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Been  P   >3.1.'60 


THE 

^3 


MERCHANTS'  MAGAZINE 


COMMERCIAL  REVIEW 


I.  mmi  HOMAK6,  (8ECB1TABT  Of  TOE  CHAMBKB  OF  OOMMEBCK  OV  THE  STATE  OF  KBW-TOSK,) 
▲2fD  WILUAM  B.  DAlfA. 


VOLUME    FORTY-FOURTH, 

FROM  JANUARY  TO  JUNE,  INCLUSIVE,  1861. 


NeiD'-fiork: 
PUBLISHED  BY   WILLIAM  B.   DANA, 

Ohambsb  of  ComcncB  and  Undxbwbitbbs*  Binu>uro,  No.  61  Azro  68  Wiluam  Stbbst. 

1861. 


b:6'Lit  B'  \'i<^ 


Econ  P    18,1.160 
CONTRIBUTORS 

TO  THE  FORTY-POURTH  VOLtMB  OF  THE 

MERCHANTS'  MAGAZINE  AND  COMMERCIAL  REVIEW. 


A.  N.  Bbll,  M.  D.,  of  Brooklyn,  L.  I. 

J.  Russell  Bradford,  of  Boston,  Mass. 

S.  Db  Witt  Bloodoood,  of  New-York  City. 

Alvin  Bronson,  Chairman  Board  of  Trade,  Oswego,  N.  Y. 

WiLLDiM  B.  Dana,  of  New-York. 

K  Haskbt  Derby,  of  Boston,  Mass. 

L.  Hamilton,  of  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

I.  Smith  Homans,  of  New-York. 

Thomas  P.  Kettell. 

Prof.  Leone  Levi,  of  London.     . 

Prof.  C.  F.  McKay,  of  Georgia. 

C.  S.  Sterling,  of  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

Isaac  H.  Upton,  Agent  N.  Y.  Board  of  Underwriters. 

Commander  J.  H.  Ward,  U.  S.  Navy. 

J    "W    RnnTT.  of  Toledo.  Ohio. 


ALPHABETICAL   INDEX 


MERCHANTS'   HACAZINE  AND   COMMERCIAL   REFIEW, 

VOLUMS  XLIV. 
FEOM  JANUAEY  TO  JUNE,  1861,  BOTH  INCLUSIVE. 

BoiTXD  BT  I.  Smith  Hoxaxs,  (Sjccestast  op  thb  Cbambbk  or  Commebos  op  thc  Btatb  op 
Nbw-Yo&k,)  akd  Wiluam  B.  Daka. 


A. 

Afc«M<««MeMt  of  ehipe,  when  Jnstlfled, 

Qaw  case,) 7T8 

AbbedEuU,  growth  of  cotton  in, 680 

Abuse  of  credit^ 896 

AeeideoU  by  raU-roadfl  in  I860, 780 

Act  aathorizing  United  BUtes  loan, 881 

AdnUratty,  Appeal  in,  (Imw  case,) 79 

"  law,  **  628 

AiHea,  eotton  in, 891,  679 

**    the  first  railway  in, 119 

Asrieoltiire,  statistics  ofl 127,  882 

oflreland, 888 

**  in  Sonth  Anstralia, 268 

AUwnj,  Inmber  trade  of, 856 

**     city  and  county,  ralnation  oil 221 

"     banlEs,  iUlnres  of, 791 

Alphabetical  arrangement  of  U.  8.  Tariflk,. .  4fi0 
American  sea  offleers  in  Great  Britain, 657 

"        street  raUways, 780 

Amsterdam,  city  oi; 697 

Ancient  oommercial  cities  of  low  oonntries,.  689 

Angola,  growth  of  cotton  fav 680 

Annnal  statement  of  marine  insurance  com- 
panies ft>r  I860, 429 

ABlwerp— AnFers.dtyoi; 698 

Arlsooa  mines  and  mining  companies, 242 

Armstrong  gnn,  how  mann&ctnred, 240 

Alia  Minor,  growth  of  cotton  in, 679 

Assay  <rfllce.  New- York, 81, 201, 880,  415 

Asaays  of  silver  ore, 222 

Asstgnment,  (law  case,) 775 

AnsMia,  cotton  in, 891 

Aaatria,  Talne  of  new  silTcr  florin, 416 

Ararage,  general,. 819 

B. 

Bsshaaiaa*  formation,  population,  ^kc,. . .    45 

Baltimore  and  Ohio  Bail-Boad, 115 

Banks  of  Albany,  &Unres  of; 791 

**       Canada,  for  January,  1861, 620 

**       nifaiois, 222 

"      SoutbCarolina,. 887 

*•       Wisconsin^ 94 

Bank  of  Exchange,  St.  Louis, 887 

"     loans.  New- York  city, 91 

**    returns,  weekly,  of  New- York,  Boston, 
Philadelphia,  Pittsburg  and  New-Orleans, 

86,  212,  886.  519 
Banking,  currency  and  finance.  Journal  of; 

^84,  212, 886,  619 

Bangor,  survey  of  lumber  at,. 858 

Barbsdoes,  growth  of  cotton  in, 662 

Barometer  and  the  weather, 860 

Bar  rolled  iron,  various  tariflb  on, 664 

ilntheGulfofBiga,. 629 


Bills  of  exchange,  rates  oil  at  New- York, 

78, 199,  829, 

Bond,  suit  on,  (law  case,) 

Books,  notices  and  reviews,  148,  271, 899, 542, 

Blockade  of  southern  ports.  President's  pro- 
clamations,   785, 

Bombay  Chamber  of  Commerce,  report  for 
the  years  1869^1860, 

Borneo,  cotton  production  oi; 

Boston  Board  of  Trade,  meeting  of, 

Boston  weekly  bank  returns, 86, 218, 

"      horse  rail-roads, 

"      importations  of  wool, 

"      steam  marine  oty, 

Brazil,  commerce  of;. 

Bremen,  emigration  fh-om, 

Brighton,  cattle  market  fbr  1860, 

Britlflh  and  American  life-boat  societies,. . . . 


leather  banicrupts.. . 
light-house  commission,. 


416 
776 
796 

786 

526 
892 

7n 

886 
875 
868 
855 


752 
519 
750 
749 
761 
690 
692 
571 


navy,. 

**         "     flogging  in, 

Bruges,  cltv  oi; 

Brussels,  city  of; 

Buchanan,  James,  views  on  tarUT, . 

ۥ 

Calli«M,  J.  C,  views  on  tariff, 565,  566 

Caloric  engines  in  Spain  and  Germany, 229 

Canada,  banks  of;  for  I860,. 620 

"       commerce  of; 637 

"       A-ee  ports  in, 662 

"       immigration  to, 887 

"       timber,  exports  of, 611 

Canals,  steam  navigation  on,. 779 

Cape  Colony,  cotton  growth  of; 681 

Carolina  Isbmds,  lanthe  Shoal, 641 

Carsofiron, 244 

Cattle  market  of  Brighton, 225 

Central  heat  of  the  earth, 898 

Centre  of  the  world, 890 

Chamber  of  Commerce,  New- York,  proceed- 
ings of; 420,  668,  768,  791 

Charter-party,  lien,  (law  case,) 72 

Charleston,  population  of, 261 

China,  tariffs  on, 664 

Chinese  merchants,  visit  to, 140 

"       proverbs, 267 

Chicago,  exports  ot 857 

^     grain  at, 858 

"       fosses  by  flre  in, 864 

"       rail-roads  of, 687 

Churches,  dimensions  of  European, 186 

Cigarette  papers, 246 

Cincinnati,  population  of, 188 

City,  population  of; 65 

Clay,  Henry,  views  on  tariflii, 568 


INDEX   TO    VOLUME   XLIV. 


Cierkfl,  English  raUway^ 252 

Clothing,  different,  United  SUtes  tarift  on,  664 

Coals  in  Bussla. 126 

Cocos  Islands,  Glendinning  Shoals, 641 

Coffee,  oonsomption  in  United  States, 860 

"      trade  of  New- York,. 729 

"      Tarious  tariflii  on,. 664 

Coin,  abrasion  of, 270 

**    sale  in  PhOadelphia, 270 

Coinage,  French, 842 

Collisions  at  sea,  prevention  of; 109 

"        in  the  harbor,  Oftw  case,). ('~ 

**        change  in  the  rule  of  damages, 

(law  case,) 627 

"        at  sea,  (law  case,) 627 

Coming  of  storms..  V. '..'.*...*..'!.' .'.'!.'.'  642 

Commerce,  American,  rise  and  progress  of .  268 

"  ofBrailV. ..: ;.  680 

**  of  Canada, 687 

**  of  France. 622 

"  of  New-York,  foreign, 691,  668 

of  Northern  Italj,..: 608 

**  of  the  prairies, 19 

**  ofToronto, 681 

Commercial  acts  and  regulations, 662 

**  chronicle  and  review, 

196,  827,  418,  666,  787 

**■  and  industrial  cities, 178,  681 

**  paper,  rates  of;. 78,198,882 

**  regulations, 

111,  282, 867,  580,  661,  784 

Commission,  rates  recommended, 284 

Compass,  its  variation  and  deviation, 189 

Comparative  puritj  of  gold  flrom  nKKlem 

mines, 840 

Comparative  table  of  prices  at  New- York  for 
the  years  1866, 1867, 1868, 1859,  I860, 1861,  210 

Connecticut,  population  of, 262 

Construction  of  steamers, 807 

Contribution  by  States  for  defence  of  Union,  790 

Copyright,  (Uw  case,) 629 

Copper  ftom  Lake  Superior,. 876 

'♦       interest  of  Michigan, 701 

"       mine  of  Minnesota, 704 

Correspondence,  foreign, 649,  792 

Cotton,  oottonixed  flax,  flbrilla, 647 

"       crop,  movement  of; 828 

**       in  AiHca, 891 

**       in  AustralU, 891 

**       in  Borneo, 892 

'*       in  India, , 268 

*'       import,  export  and  consumption  of, 

in  Great  Britain,....  854,  686,  782,  798 

"       new  route  for, 782 

"       production  of, 101 

"       rature  supply  of; 675 

"       different  U.  8.  tariflb  on, 664 

Credit, 268 

"     abuse  of; 896 

Crews  of  stranded  vessels,  saving  of, 768 

Crops,  actual  yield  oi;  per  acre, 129 

Cuba,  cotton  growth  of, 682 

*♦     flnancesof; 846 

"     sugar  crop  of;.. «. 96 

Culture  of  hemp, 254 

Cyprus,  cotton  growth  of; 679 

Dual  of  the  Amster, 697 

Damages  for  detention,  (law  case,) 629 

Dangers  of  the  sea  overcome, 641 

Dead  letters,. m  866 

Debt  of  lUinois, 220 

*♦       Pennsylvania, 221 

Delfl,  town  of;. 696 

Detroit,  trade  of, 227 

/"  "       Instaves, 788 

^/Distilled  spirits,  various  U.  S.  tariflbon,...  664 

Dry  goods  for  January, 82 

*^  "  February, 208 

"March, 884 


Dry  goo^  for  April, 417 

*^  "M!ay, 670 

"  "June,... 788 

Dubuque,  property  of;  in  the  last  seven  years,    92 

Duties  received  at  New- York, 208,  417 

Duty  on  hides,  (Ltm  case,) 775 

"     lithographs, 866 

"      mosaics, 866 

"     platepaper, 867 

"      pvrites, 286 

"     silver  watch  cases, 112 

"     skeletons, 368 

"      soda, 868 

"     trhnming  goods, 867 

Dyehig,  new  discovery  in  process  o^ 248 

Barth,  central  heat  of; 896 

Eastern  shoes  in  Pennsylvania, 228 

Egypt,  growth  of  cotton  in 679 

Egyptiim  flrigate, 749 

Electric  telegraph  flrom  Dunwich  to  Amster- 
dam,   529 

Emigration  ttom  Bremen  and  Hamburg,. . .  889 
Engines,  caloric,  in  Spain  and  Germany,...  229 

English  rail-roads,  returns  of, 872 

^*       railway  derks, 252 

Envelope  business, 143 

Erie  Rail-Boad  Company, 776 

Europe,  steam  lino  to, 624 

"       new  light-houses  in,. 686 

European  railways, 892 

Exporta  of  Chicago, 867 

♦*        Great  Britain, 798 

"        France,. 628 

"        New-York, 

88,  208,  209, 885,  886,  728,  789 
Exporta  and  importa  of  each  State  for  the 

last  four  years, 728 

Exporta  of  quicksilver, 702 

F« 

FMCI«ries  of  LowcU, 641 

Failures  in  U.  S.  for  January,  1861, 827 

♦*       reported  for  I860,. 208 

Finances  of  Cuba, 846 

"  Geoijia, 98 

"  South  Carolina, 219 

"  U.  8.,  for  I860,. 64 

Fire,  losses  by,  to  U.  8 ^  864 

"    lives  lost  by,  to  1860, 7.  280 

"    proofsafes, 860 

"    insurance  companies,  list  of;  belonging 

to  Chicago  Board  of  Undorwriten,. .  108 

"    insurance  companies,  foreign,  to  Mass.,  107 

"  "  '^  "     to  N.  Y.,  106 

Flax,  growth  o^  and  new  method  of  dressing,  647 

FlogKing  in  the  British  navy, 761 

Florto  of  Austria,  value  of; 416 

Flour,  importation  toto  Great  Britain, 849 

"    and   grain,   exporis  of,    from   Lake 

Michigan, 229,857 

"    and  wheat,  stocks  and  shipments  of;...  226 

Food  and  foreign  markets, 846 

Foreign  commerce  of  New- York,. 691 

"       correspondenoe, .'. ..  649,  792 

"       mailservlce, 866 

"       owners  of  vessels,  (law  case,) 772 

France,  changes  to  light-houses, 640 

"       commerce  of; 622 

"       dissolution  of  the  company  of  the 

oaiMB  Miaas, 795 

"       goldloanto, 844 

"       specie  movementa  in, 519 

Freight,  rates  of; Ill 

«  ♦*       at  Liverpool,. 795 

Fremont,  trade  of; 224 

Free  porta  in  Canada, .  662 

French  coinage, 842 

"      wines, 18T 

Frigate,  Egyptian, 7jg 

Fur  trade,  the  western, 108 


IKDBZ  TO    VOLUMB   ZLIT. 


Cr«s*  manafiMtore  oi; 246 

QcDcrel  STenige, 819 

6«iKMu  oommeroe  oi;. 606 

Qeorgtt,  flnanoes  oi; 98 

Germany,  marriago  in, 186 

Obent,  city  ot^ 601 

Olaaa,  dtfferent  U.  S.  tariflh  on, 064 

Gloucester,  shipping  of^ 228 

GoM,  oomparatiTe  purity  ol^  from  modem 

mines^. 840 

**    loan  to  France^ 844 

•*    mines, 248 

**    reoeired  frtnn  Oallfomia  and  exported, 

80,  200,  829,  416 

•*    region  of  Pike's  Peak, 521 

^    eoast,  cotton  growth  o^ 680 

Grain  at  Chicago,. 860 

**      nkOTonents  oli 788 

Grapea.  ooltore  of,  in  Sonoma  Valley, 180 

Great  Britain,  American  sea  officers  in, 667 

"  *♦       cotton  used,  where  from,  676,  782 

•*  "  »♦       exports  oA 798 

^*  **       impc^  export  and  oonsomp- 

tlon  of  cotton, 864 

**  **       importation  of  wheats  flour 

Into, 849 

**       raU-roadsof; 778 

**  "       timber  trade  oL 610 

"       wooltradoof, 609,600 

**  »*       year's  trade  of;. 868 

Great  Eastern,  Toyage  of; 761 

Greece,  cotton  growth  oi; 678 

Growth  of  New-Orleans, 269 

Goano.  importations  of;  under  act  of  1866,. .  784 
Golf  or  £iga,  beacons  in, ( 


H«aib«n|,  emigration  firom, I 

Hamilton,  Xlexanoer,  views  on  tarifni, 662 

»*         Canada,  trade  of; 226 

*•         County,  Ohio,  tax  of; 842 

Happiness  and  wealth, 188 

Hemp,  culture  of, 264 

Hiotory  of  the  U.  S.  tariffe  fhnn  the  tariff  of 

1789  to  that  of  1861,  inclusive, 661 

Hog  crop  of  Europe  and  America, 181 

Home  mannfhotures, 246 

Horses,  iboeing  of  cavalry, 884 

Houston,  Texas,  prosperity  oA 120 

Hmricanes  and  gales,  reoord  of; r"^ 


llll«*ia«  banks  of;. 


debt  of; 220 

**  two  mUl  tax  of, 222 

Immigration  to  Canada,..  887 

to  New-York, 887 

''  to  United  States,... 262 

Imports  of  Prance, 022 

*♦  Montreal, 227 

"  New-York, 

81,202,206,884,417,418.724,789,  790 
**          New- York,  for  the  month  of  Jan- 
nary,  for  several  vears, 888 

ImporU  of  dry  goods  at  New- York, 208 

**       and  exports  of  each  State  for  the 

last  four  vears, 728 

Iflworts  and  exports  of  naval  stores, 788 

*•    of  United  SUtes, 227 

Importations  of  guano, 784 

^  of  wool  at  Boston, 868 

InUa,  cotton  in, 268 

"         **       growth  of; 686 

**       Indigoln, 898 

Indiana,  population  of; 184 

^       real  and  personal  property  in, 847 

Insolvency  cases  in  San  Francisco  for  I860,.  620 
iBsaranee  oompanles  of  Penn.,  capital  ofl,...  862 


Insuranee,  Journal  of, 106, 280,  80 

"        marine  rates  of; 280,646 

**       mutual,  (law  case,) 617 

Iowa,  State  Bank  of, 222 

"    wheat,  production  of; 267 

Ireland,  agriculture  ofl 888 

Iron,  coat&g  with  India  Kubber, 898 

"    cars,^ 248 

»•    locomotive, 248 

"    cost  of  makinff  on  Lake  Superior, 641 

**    ships  ««.  wooden  ones, 606 

"    trade  of  Marquette, 126 

**        "    of  Scotland, 796 

"    pig,  different  U.  8.  tarilb  on, 664 

**  barroUed,dlirerentU.8.tarifhon,....  664 
**    manufactured,  dUTerent  U.S.  tarifb  on,  664 

Italy,  commerce  of  Northern, 608 

J. 

•Viiinaica«  cotton  growth  of, 682 

Jefferson,  views  on  tariffb, , 662 

Journal  of  banking,  currency  and  finance, 

84, 212,  886,  619 

"     ofinsuranoe, 106,280,862 

"     of  mercantile  law,  72,  198,  824,  616,  772 
^     of  mining  manufhctures  and  art, 

121,  240,  876,  641,  701 
"     of  nautical  intdllgence, 

109,  286, 869,  629,  688,  749 

Iiac«a.  cotton  growth  of;  680 

Lake  disasters,  iSl— 1860, 662 

'^    Michigan,  exports  of  flour  and  g^iin, 

**    Superior,  copper, 876 

^*          **       cost  of  making  iron  on, 641 

Lakes,  loss  oflife  on,  for  1860, 287 

"       losses  on, 648 

**       rail-roads  and  trade  of; 119 

**       trade  and  tonnage  of; 97 

Law,  stop,  of  Tennessee, 668 

Law  cases,  abandonment  of  vessel,  when 

Justified, 778 

Law  cases,  appeal  In  admiralty, 72 

**          assignment, 776 

"          coUulon  at  sea, 62T 

**          collision  at  sea,  right  of  way, 118 

**          change  in  the  rule  of  damages,...  627 

»'          intheharbor, 626 

"          copyright, 629 

**          duty  on  hides,  fkaudulent  Invoice,  776 

**          damages  for  detention, 629 

"          forelffu  owners  of  vessels, 772 

'*          illegal  coasting  trade, 772 

*^          innocent  holder, 826 

"          insurance, 617 

liabiUty  of  ship-owners, ....  626,  680 

**              **        owners  foreign  ships,...  624 

•*             "        forn^ect, 774 

"          libel, 628 

»*         marine  policy, 626 

**         maritime  law, 626 

'*          partners  and  agents, 616 

**■         stay  law  of  Missouri, 680 

"          suit  on  a  bond, 776 

Lead,  shipments  of; 708 

Leaky  vessels, 760 

Leather  bankrupts,  British, 619 

Leyden,  city  of; 696 

Liberia,  growth  of  cotton  in, 6T9 

Liege,  City  of; 692 

Lies  in  trade. 266 

Life-boat  societies.  British  and  AmerlcaUv ..  768 

Lifo  insurance  policies,  value  of; 68,  184 

**    lossatsea, 690 

light,  Drunmiond, 761 

Light-houses,  new  ones  in  Europe, 688,  768 

^            changes  in  France, 640 

**            commission,  British, 700 

Lisle,  or  UUe,  City  of; 698 


VI 


IKDBX  TO   TOLUMB   XLZT, 


Lltt  of  Uret,  by  law  and  oastom, 883 

Lithographs,  duty  on, 868 

LiTerpool,  rates  of  freight  at, 795 

Lives  lost  by  Area  inlMO, 281 

''     by  steamboat  aocidenU  in  I860,...  286 

Locomotiye  car,  of  Iron, 248 

London  7Vm««,  glance  at  iU  machinery, 894 

**     streets,  rail-roads  in, 779 

Louvain,  city  oi; 698 

Loss  of  screw  propellers  in  1860, 286 

'*■  on  ships  and  freights  in  1860, 602 

"  oflifeatsea, 690 

Loalsiana,  SUte  assessment  for  1860, 842 

region  o«; 129 

541 


^        sncar  re( 
Lowell,  fhctones  oC;. 


Lumber,  sonrey  of,  at  Bangor, 858 

"      tradeofAlbany 856 


Rlnchtaery  in  the  useAil  arts, 704 

Madder  trade, 100 

Madeira,  cotton  growth  oi; 679 

Madison,  James,  Tiews  on  tarlBb,. 562 

Mail  service,  foreign, 865 

Manufiustare  of  gas, 246 

Manofiftotured  iron,  varioas  U.  B.  duties  on,  564 
Manure,  production  of,  from  atmosphere,...  884 
Massachusetts,  foreign  fire  ins.  companies  in,  107 

"  population  of; 182 

"  rafi-roads,  for  1860, 687 

"  shoetradeof, 850 

•*  valuationot; 844 

Marine  insurance  in  Burope, 645 

"         companies  of  New- York,.  429 

"     losses  for  1860, 8^,  480 

•*         "     for  January,  1861, 488 

"         "     for  February,  1861, 484 

"         "    for  March,  1861, 584 

"     statistics, 428 

Mariners,  notice  to, 529,  668 

Maritime  law,  (law  case,) 626 

Marriage  in  Germany, 186 

Maryland,  census  returns  of; 260 

Marquette  iron  trade,  rise  and  progress  o^. .  125 

Maury,  physical  geography  of  the  sea, 898 

Mercantile  law,  Journal  ot 72,  m,824,  615 

"         misceUanies. 187,  268,  891,  657 

Merchants,  obituary  o^ 528 

Michigan,  copper  interests  o^ -. .  701 

"         population  of; 890 

MUitia  force  of  the  United  SUtes, 269 

Mines,  various  gold, 248 

**       and  mining  companies  of  Arizona...  242 
Mining,  manufketurea  and  art,  Journal  o^ 

121,  210,  876,  541,  701 

Minnesota  copper  mine, 704 

**         population  ot 261 

"         statistics  of; 127 

Mint  at  Phila.,  deposits  and  coinage  of, 

81,  201,  880,  415 

Missouri  stay  law,  (law  case,) 680 

Molasses,  consumption  of;  in  United  State^  854 
"        trade  of  New-Yorlc,  71^  717,  718,  HO 

Monthly  stock  table, 848 

Montr^  Imports  o^ 227 

Mosaics,  duty  on, 868 


IfmiU,  to  coat  Iron,  with  tin, 124 

Katal,  cotton  growth  ot 681 

Nautical  Intelligence  109,  ^  860,  529,  <»i3,  749 

Naval  architecture,  American, 869 

^     stores,  imports  and  exports  of  N.  Y.,  788 

Navy,  British, 749 

"       floggtagin, 761 

New  discovery  in  the  process  of  dyeing^ ....  248 

New-Jersey,  population  o^ 185 

New -Orleans,  growth  of; 269 

**  sugar  crop, 728 

**  weekly  bank  returns,. . .  88,  214,  886 

"  Op6lottsaaandGt.West*nB.B.,.  777 


New  steam  line  to  Europe, 524 

New  system  of  railway, 689 

New-York  City  Assay  OfBoeu  business  ot 

81, 201,  ^  415 

"  »*    bankloans, 91 

**  '*    cash  duUesrec*d  at,  208, 417,789 

"  "    coffee  trade  o^ 729 

**  "    enK>rts  fh>m, 

88,  208.  209,  886L  726^  789 
'*  **    fbreign  oom*roe  of;  tnirty- 

slz  years,  691 

**  **       "  "  1861, 658 

*'  '*    gold  rooM  at,  and  exported, 

80,  200,  829,  415 
"    Importso^lnNov.,  I860,.    81 
**  **  **     in  January,  for 

different  years,  888 
**  *'  ''      82,  88,  202,  206,  884 

417,  418,  724,  789,  790 
**  »*  "     and  exporu  of 

naval  stores,  788 
"  **    rate  of  bills  of  exchange, 

78, 199,  829,  416 

New-York  City  and  State  rail-roads, 878 

"•  ''    weekly  bank  returns,...  86,  212 

"        Central  BaU-Road, 260 

**  "  »*       report  ot 869 

**       foreUm  Insurance  companies  In,....  106 

**       and  Pennsvl vania  rail-roads, 870 

'*       sugar  receipts  ot 705 

Night  signals, 644 

Nile,  sources  of; 891 

Norfolk,  trade  oA 224 

North  America,  rail-roads  la, 672 

North  Carolina,  population  of; 262 

**  **        rall-roadsot 875 

Northern  Italy,  oommerce  oi; 608 

Notice  to  manners, 529,  668 

O. 

Okilvary  of  pn^ninent  merchants . . , 528 

Ocean  steamers,  number  of  passengers  by,.  228 

Odd  Fellows,  order  of,  262 

Ohio  and  Mississippi  BaU-Boad,. 778 

P. 

Paper,  new  kind,  for  cigarettes, 246 

Partners  and  agents,  (law  case,) 615 

Passengers,  number  of;  by  ocean  steamers,..  228 
Pennsylvania  and  N.Y.  rail-roads  compared,  870 

^»  debtof; 221 

"  insurance,  law  of, 107 

''  ""      companies,  capital  o^  862 

"  population  o( 888 

Peru,  cotton  growth  of; 682 

Philadelphia,  assessed  value  of  real  estate,..    OS 

"  horse  rail-roads  of; 120 

"          weekly  b»k  returns  of;  87,  218,  886 
Physical  geography  of  the  sea  and  lu  meteo- 
rology,   698 

Pickens,  of  JTom.,  views  on  tariff, 566 

Piff  iron,  different,  U.  8.  tarlflh  on, 564 

Pikers  Peak  gold  region, 521 

PitUburg  weekly  bank  returns, 89, 215,  886 

Plate  paper,  duty  on, 867 

Plows,  steel,  du^  on, 112 

Population  of  Charleston,.. 261 

'*       "Cincinnati, 188 

**       "  OonnecUcut, 262 

**       "  Indiana, 184 

"       "Maryland, 260 

"       "  Massacbusett^ 182 

"       "Michigan, 890 

"       "Minnesota, 261 

"       "New^ersey, 186 

"       "  North  Carolina, 202 

"       "Pennsylvania, 886 

"  United  States, 886,890,540 

"       "Victoria, 188 

"       "Wisconsin,  182 

"       "  various  cities  of  U.  States, ...    66 


INDEX   TO    VOLUME    XLIV. 


Vll 


Pofmlaikmmiidlbrinfttlon  of  Bahamas, 46 

-    city 65 

"    IntarMting  speeulatkm  on  Increase 

oL 186 

'*    atatlatlct  of; 18S,  260, 88«,  510 

"    western, 2«1 

Postal  department, 118,287,866,  «46 

Postage  stamps  and  stamped  envelopes, 287 

Poat-^Boe,reeeipU  and  expenditures  of; 287 

Prmirlea,  ocHnmeroe  oil 19 

Presidait^s  proclamation  blockading  sonth- 

crn  porta, 786,  786 

PrloM.  oomparatlre  table  of;  at  New-York, 

ior  tae  last  Are  years, 210 

Prodaetkm  of  manure  ih>m  tbe  atmosphere,  884 

••       of  cotton, 101 

ProflU  and  partnership, 198 

PropeUera,  screw, ^ 618 

Pf  orei'ba,  Chinese,. 267 

Prortdence,  weekly  bank  returns  of;....  90,  217 

Pablio  lands,  sUtistics  of; 268 

Pyrites,  duty  on, 286 


^■Jur«mtiB«,  its  neeeaslty,  origin,  Ae.^..  406 
^  regnlatioas,  report  of  the 

t>arth  national  quarantine  and  sanitary 

conrention, 147 

Qoartz  mills  of  Rocky  Mountains, 121 

QniefcsilTer,  exports  of; 702 

Qoldc  Toyager <^ 


WLmiUWimmdt  canal  and  steamboat  sta- 
tistical. .  116, 117, 947, 869,  687,  672,  776 

N.Y.Centrai, 960 

^  Ohio  and  Mississippi, 778 

**  Sunbury  and  Erie, 781 

Bail-roads,  a  new  system  ofl 589 

acddenu  on,  in  1860, 919,  780 

^  and  trade  of  lakes, 119 

**'  Baltimore  and  OUo, 115 

**  British, ns 

•«  English  returns  o^ 872 

••  European,. 892 

^  horse,  ofBoston  and  vicinity,...  876 

•*  **     of  Philadelphia, 120 

**■  in  streets  of  London, 779 

»*  New-York  aty  and  State, 878 

•*  of  Chicago,. 687 

••  ofMassaehQsetts,fbrl860, 687 

*^  of  New-York,  annual  report  at,,  869 

•*  of  North  America, 672 

^  of  North  Carolina, 876 

M  of  South  Carolina, 878 

^.         ofSwitzerlaBd, 118 

•*  ofTurkey, 260 

«  of  the  United  States, 871 

•»  aalesof; ^ 776 

^  the  first  African,. 119 

Randolph,  John,  views  on  tarilT,. 666 

Rateing  sunken  vessda, 760 

Bates  of  eommission  recommended, 284 

**>      commercial  paper, 78, 198,  882 

»»  iteight, rr. Ill 

•*      insurance, 280 

«      State  taxation, 621 

B«d  Strer  raft, 666 

BeetprodtT  treaty,  U.  S.  and  Canada, 160 

Bseord  of  hurricanes,  gales,  Ac, 688 

BcportofBombay  Chamber  of  Commerce,...  626 

^       wool  trade  of  Great  Britain, 609 

BevflBne  protest, 74 

Review,  historical  and  critical,  of  different 

systems  of  social  philosophy, 276 

Review  of  books  and  the  book  trade, 

148,971,899,642,796 
Ridimond,  sale  of  real  estate  in, 840 

**  sugar  refinery,. 944 

Rlae  and  progress  of  A  mftrioan  commerce,..  968 
Rodcy  Mountains,  quaru  mOls  oA 191 


Rotterdam,  city  of; 696 

Russia,  ooals  In, 126 

**       trade  and  harvest  of, 882 

S. 

SaWla  or  wooden  shoes, 946 

Safes,  fire  proof; 880 

Sale  of  coin  in  Philadelphia, 270 

Sales  of  rail-roads, 776 

San  Francisco,  Insolvency  cases  in,  for  1860,  600 

Save  It  In  something  else. 269 

Saving  crews  of  stranded  vessels, 758 

Scottish  iron  trade, 795 

Screw  propeUers, 648 

**  "         loss  of;  in  1860, 286 

Sea,  dangers  overcome, 641 

"    lossofUfeat, 690 

"    physical  geography  of, 698 

**    nrevention  of  collisions  at,. 100 

Sheroro,  growth  of  cotton  In, 679 

Ships,  Iron,  vs.  wooden, 605 

Shipping  of  Qloucester, 229  • 

ShMl,  Caroline  Islands, 641 

**      Cooos  Islands. 641 

Shoe  trade  of  Massachusetts, 860- 

Shoes,  eastern,  in  Pennsylvania,. 228 

Shoeing  of  cavalry  horses,. 884i 

Sierra  Leone,  growth  of  cotton  in, 679 

Signals,  night, 644 

SlDc  weavfcg, 128 

♦*    worm,  new,. 657 

Silver  at  the  U.  S.  mint, 846 

"     ore,  assays  of; 229 

Skeletons,  duty  on, 868 

Social  philosophy,  review  of  different  sys- 
tems,  975 

Societies,  British  and  American  Lifb-boat,. .  769 

Soda,  duty  on, 868 

South  Australia,  agriculture  of, 266 

South  Carolina,  banks  of; 887 

**  "        finances  of; 219 

"  "         rail-roads  of, 878 

Spain,  population  of;. 185 

Specie  movements  In  France, 619 

Spirits,  dlstiUed,  dUferent  U.  8.  tariffh  on, . .  664 

Statistics  of  agriculture, 127,  268,  882 

"         of  Indiana, 847 

"        ofMInnesota, 127 

**         marine, 498 

♦*         population^. 182,969,886,540 

**        post-oflloe  department, 646 

**        of  trade  and  commerce, 

96,  ^  848,  692,  782 
**        rail-road,  canal  and  steamboat, 

116,  247,  869,  687,  672,  n6 

SUtUtical  Uble  of  fkUures  fbr  1860, 204 

State  Bank  of  Iowa. 299 

^    contributions  rordefbnoe  of  the  Union,  790 

"    taxaUon,  rate  o^ 691 

States,  trade  ot 669 

SUves.  trade  oZ  year  I860, 618,  788 

Steamboat  aecidenta  in  1860, 986»  769 

Steam  line  to  Europe,  new, 524 

**      marine  of  Boston, 866 

**      navigation  on  canals, 779 

"      on  the  WeUand  canal, 657 

**      wagons  fbr  common  roads, 947 

Steamers,  construction  o^ 807 

**         number  ofpassengers  by  each  line,  998 

Stick  to  vour  own  business, 964 

Stock  Uble,  monthly, 848 

Stocks  and  shipments  of  flour  and  wheats  ■ .  996 

Stop  law  of  Tennessee, 894,  668 

Storms,  coming  ofl 649 

St.  Louis,  weekly  iwnk  returns,. ...    90, 916,  887 

St.  Mary*s,  trade  and  prospects  of; 104 

Street  railways  in  America. 780 

Submarine  telegraphic  cables, 758 

Sugar,  consumption  of;  in  United  States,. . .  928 

«     crops  of  Cuba, 96 

"  "    New-Orleans.. 798 

^     recelpU  of  the  United  States, 707 


VUl 


INDEX   TO    VOLUME   XLIV. 


Sugar  refinery  of  KIrhmcnd, 844 

"     region  of  Loalsiana, 1S9 

"     Urifton, 064 

"     trade  of  1860^ 706 

Suggeetions  as  to  Quarantine.. 408 

bummary  of  lake  disasters,  1851—1860, 088 

Sunbury  and  Erie  Rail-Road, 760 

Bunken  vessels,  raising  of^ 781 

Sweden,  Its  tarlH; 419 

Switzerland,  railways  in, 118 

T. 

Tmr««,  list  oC  by  law  and  custom, 888 

Tariff  of  United  States,  1848-1861, 487 

**     bistory  of  tbe  different  U.  8.  tariffh.. . .  661 

"     Swedish, 419 

"     Turkish, 661 

Taxation,  rates  of  different  States. 681 

Telegrapn  fh>m  Dunwich  to  Amsterdam, . . .  689 

Tel^pn4>hic  cables,  subnuurine, 768 

Tennessee,  stop  law  o^ 884,  668 

Ten  yeani  changes  o^ 141 

Texas,  raU-roads  oi; 777 

The  future  supi^y  of  cotton, 676 

"    first  African  raUway, 119 

"    GreatEastem, 761 

**    Hague,  short  account  ot, 696 

Time  gun  at  Edinburgh. 648 

Timber  trade  of  Great  Britain, 610 

Tin,  British  exports  of; 708 

Tobago,  cotton  growth  o^ 688 

Toronto,  0.  W.,  commerce  oL 681 

Trade  and  commerce,  statistics  ot 

96»  8!^  848,  688,  788 

**     and  tonnage  of  the  lakes, 97 

"     Ues, 866 

»*     marksbilL 774 

«*     ofDetrolt, 887 

*•     ofFremont, 884 

**     ofHamUton, 886 

"     of  Norfolk, 884 

"     oftheSUtos, 669 

**     of  St  Mary*8,  and  prospects  of; 101 

"     themadder, 100 

"     the  sugar,  of  San  Francisco, 108 

"     the  western  Air, 108 

Trade  winds,  remarks  on, 600 

Train's  street  railway  In  London, 779 

Treasury  instructions, 668,  786 

Trimming  goods,  dutv  on, 867 

Tunis,  cotton  growth  in, 689 

Turkey,  cotton  growth  in, 678 

Turkish  railway, 850 

V. 

1Jai«H*  State  contributions  fbr  defence  o^  790 

United  States,  area  oC 888 

**           act  authorizing  loan, 881 

^'           consumption  of  coffee, 850 

''                   ''          of  molasses,....  864 

•*                    **          ofsugar^ 888 

ioi;fbrl860, 84 

I  by  fire  in, 864 


United  SUtes,  mUitU  fbroe  o^ 859 

**  immigration  to, 868 

"  importsofl 887 

*^  mint,    Philadelphia,    opera- 

tions of; . .  81,  801,  880,  846^  416 
**  molasses  trade  ot 

716,  717,  718,  719 

<'  peculation  of; 886,640 

*'  post-office,  rcTcnue  and  ape- 

rations  o^ 118 

**  proclamation  of  President  of, 

blockading  southern  ports, 

^1^786 

"  rafl-roadsof; 871 

**  sugar  receipts  of; 707 

"  tariff  ofl861, 487 

"  tariflb   for  18^   1846,  1867, 

1 86L 409 

United  States  tarltlk,  history  ofl  fhmi  the 
first  enacted,  1789,  to  that  of  1861,  Indn- 

slve, 661 

UsefUlarts,  machineryin, 706 

T. 

Fsilaati««  of  Hamilton  Co.,  Ohio, 848 

*'  *'  life  insurance  policies, .  66,.  184 

"  "Louisiana, 848 

♦*  "Massachusetts, 844 

Venezuela,  cotton  growth  o^ 688 

Vessels,  leaky, 760 

"       sunken,  raising  of; 760 

Victoria,  population  of! 188 

Vitriol,  manufiscture  o^  in  California, 846 

W. 

Watch  CsMca.  silver,  duty  on, 118 

"       and  dock,  difference  between, ... .  184 

Wealth,  what  becomes  of  it, 897 

"       and  happiness, 188 

"       and  poverty,  nature  of; 141 

Weather  and  the  barometer, 860 

Webster  Daniel,  views  on  tarifh, 666 

Welland  canaL  steam  on, 667 

Western  population, 861 

"     waters,  disasters  on, 768 

Whale  flsherr  hi  I860, 888 

Whaling  business,  the  rig^t, 99 

Wheet,lmportation  into  Great  Britain, 849 

"    ana  flour,  stocks  and  shipments  oC, .  886 

"    production  In  Iowa, 867 

Wilmington,  N.  0.,  shipment  of  naval  stMcs,  748 

Wines,  French, 187 

Wisconsin,  banks  o^ 94 

"        population  o( 188 

Wooden  ships  vs.  iron  ships, 606 

Wooden  shoes  or  sabots, 846 

Wool  inworUtions  at  Boston, 866 

"    trade  of  Great  Britain, 609,669 

Woollens,  different,  U.  S.  tarlfh  on, 664 

Would  1  were  rich, 896 

World's  centre, 890 

Wright,  Silas,  remarks  oo  proposed  U.  8. 

tariff, .r??r. «1 


Mirthmhts*  Ma^siH^  Adx^aHnr, 


The  New  England  Mutual  Life  F  s.  Co^ 


or    BOSTON,    MASSACHUSETTe, 


fjiii 


IN  CASH, 


Wlt^ABn  rati^I^Pftf  VrtmWmnt. 

ijiriMf'ttiiiJI: 


b  '-^^    -'-'  "'fi  ifMiClilll'l^--  ■■■'  ■'■*"■ 


«<l 


The  Gebhaxd  Fire  Issiirance  Company. 

nFFlOE  N^     "'"         

tntieli  Offico,  DuIFi  Head  EAuk  v^t  aA4  id  Arttiit* 

CASH  OAPlTiXi,  $200,000. 


0.\%  Pr««l4euc, 


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lit  st^rPtmry* 


ID, 


CARROLL    &    : 

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JNCLUr       ~     -    -     -: GOODS, 


MAtfV7> 


:iA.DK 


A.  &  6.  A.  ARNOUZ, 

DRAPERS  &  TAILORS. 


B07S'  CLOTHING  MADE  TO  ORDER. 


tUTOtC 


*ttta%  w« 


;  '^ '      ! ;  I  :  j  t  '',  f 


H  0  N  T  '  8   * 


iRCHANTS'  MAGAZINE. 


BtlfAblUbed  JftlFi  lft80T  b^  i^r«etiia.ii  Hunt, 


IrOLlTMS  XLIT. 


JAIfXJARF,    LBei. 


NUMBER  I. 


OO^TTENTe    OP    NO.   1.,    VOL.    XLTV. 


iSTICLES, 


A^tT»  PAH* 

LCOIfMERCE  OF  THE  FRAIRIE3.. , .„.. Ift 

IL  II*.H\\f  A3,    TheJf  FormAttuo— PopnlaUoEi— {Jpoirrftphica!  PnniMoii— Pmductinii*— EUgi* 

pAilfin,  «tc, etO..> ^*  ...^  .r«»^...* ^^^K^,^^ 4^ 

HL  TALfTATlO^r  Of  LIP E  IKSUfiANCE  POLICIES.    Ni*.  l^.    By  Prof.  C,  F.  MaCiT,  of 

^•otfrtA ,  I.  *  ^  »...*>»....< * » p ,  .».  ^ ,.,,.,,««««.....,. , , . .    ^ 

'  If*  CI  TV  t'Or  riX  \TION.    AllantJe  CI  tie*— Popq  latin  n  -!!atl(j  ^f  Growth  ^  O^erfSu*— Bm 
Uiti  ind  Vsdria5»ft— Munnractktres— Knitf  TTork — IitPra!HiS-*Mfitropr>LltaTi  RuSlrdmis  -Pop- 
«^;(aii  trjr  W»nii—Mti moment  of  Biialneai— Thfcr4  City  of  the   Wtidd— Keal   KiUto 
B{Hi«e4jliitVmi5— liiii^iijlte    RiiiTf^^ai^y— "Prkjr^fcss— Dwtflllnft -€!ty  DIvUlf>n3— KfTcct  qf 
E^i»»j/il4'f''>t'j  "ri  BlAnhAtCtui  [flUiti— l>onalty  of  Papiiliitlon  — Tefltiuit?nt  Uoojea— 

tffrt  11**1-  *llaltlairjfft— N"flw  Orlflani— Vailej  Laities— Lakt.*  CUlo*— [nterlt>f  iltloi^Ag- 

I  of  T  btf  t  r-a  r«  0^  t1  og  — Tli4  North  vroiL  —A  tbtit t<i  Cupl  tal — Fiilu  r«  V  rogreaa . . . ,     €f» 


JDUBSIL  OF   MERCA.XTItE    LAW. 


72 
7< 


ElOmMEEClAL   OflROlllCLE   AND    RKVIGW. 


0r*^  r^  -'  ■       '  '  ■'  ;75t6Tja — I  ricrtf,^?*!  I  Cinj  lion  — PftB  Ic  «f  1 857— PhI  t  ^c^t  E ven  U 

fwiJ4   i  t'f  Pri;*5podty-HCheH.p[ics!!  of  Muney— Fort Ijrn   Hu.1i^i>c«a-- 

♦o  1!  uf  the  Wti.1t— PfcaWeiitlal  If^loctlon— Bunk  i;iiruUmont— 

'  !  M^  Hunzts— Lr>i,T  Rit^  lit  rJills—MM^ttfijf  of  Bjifik  OTIjerft— 

/  ^j'HJSd  Exoliiiiiifes— Bobtail  Rftukft— (Soutliern  Bank  a  -Spodo 

C  Jtciidqc*]*— t-rop  Muvoinynt— Rates  nf  Munpf — Etchansje— 

jiai*-*  ~  .>^MP.i>    »i»   i-.<i;^l[iud^U4iTik  of  Franco— Drains  fftr  CoU -Silver  tu  Bank  of 

IW  e  Ajii  lm  4  04  —e^tucJi  Quo  tiiX  iin  ^pecta  SAuve  [Utiiit  ^Loi^  of  tliB  CIt  jr ......  ^  IS-fl4 

IfOL,  XUn — ^310*  I,  2 


18  CONTENTS   OF   NO.  I.,   VOU  XUV. 

TAQM 

JOURNAL  OF   BANKING,    CURRENCY,   AND   FINANCE. 

United  SUtes  Finances  for  the  year  IStia 84 

City  Weekly  Bank  Beturos—Banks  of  Now  York,  Boston,  PbiladelpLia^Nev  Orleans,  Pitts- 
burg. St  Louis,  Providence 80 

New  York  Bank  Loans  -Kesolutions  of  the  New  York  Bank  Officers. 01 

Property  of  Dubuque  in  the  lost  t>e ven  Years.— 7  irginia  Public  Debt,  Septomber  30, 186a ....  93 

Abrasion  of  Coin W 

The  Assessed  Value  of  the  Keal  EsUte  of  Philadelphia.— Georgia  Finances. 98 

Banks  of  Wisconbin— Circulation  and  Securities 94 

STATISTICS    OP    TRADE    AND   COMMERCE. 

The  Sugar  Crops  of  Cuba , 98 

Trade  and  Tonnage  of  the  Lakes * 97 

The  Kight  Whaling  Business 99 

The  Madder  Trade lOU 

Cotton  Production , 101 

The  Sugar  Trade  of  San  Francisco. 103 

The  Fur  Trade  uf  the  West 108 

Trade  and  Prospects  of  St  Mary's ^ 104 

Cotton  Culture  Abandoned  in  India.— Ferries  f^om  New  York lOS 

JOURNAL   OF    INSURANCE. 

Foreign  Insurance  Companies  in  New  York 100 

Foreign  Fire  Insurance  Companies  in  Massachusetts.— Penn^lvanla  Insurance  Law 107 

List  of  Fire  Insurance  Companies 108 

NAUTICAL    INTELLIGENCE. 

Prevention  of  Collisions  at  Sea 100 

COMMERCIAL    REGULATIONS. 

Rates  of  Freight Ill 

Plow  SteeL- Silver  Watch  Cases US 

POSTAL    DEPARTMENT. 

United  SUtes  Post-offlce 118 

RAILROAD,   CANAL,  AND  STEAMBOAT  STATISTICS. 

Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad 115 

Toledo  Canal  Trade. 116 

llallroa<l  MatifcUos— The  Magnitude  of  Interests  Involved 117 

liallways  in  Switzerland lib 

iCuilroads  and  Trade  of  the  Lakes.— The  First  African  Railway 119 

Philadelphia  Uorse  Railroads.- Prospci  ity  of  Houston,  Texas. 120 

JOURNAL   OF   MINING,   MANUFACTURES,    AND   ART. 

Quartz  Mills  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 121 

Sllk-Wtavlnp 123 

])iffercnce  between  a  Watch  and  a  Clock.— To  Coat  Iron  Nails  with  Tin V24 

KlAe  and  Pi  oeress  of  the  Mai  quelle  Iron  Trade 125 

Coals  In  Russia 120 

STATISTICS   OF    AGRICULTURE,   &e. 

Statistics  of  Minnesota. 127 

Actual  Yield  of  Crops  per  Acre.— The  Sugar  Region  of  Louisiana 1*J9 

Cultivation  of  Grape  In  ^o^^)Tna  Valley..." \'M) 

Hop  Crop  of  KurypQ  and  America 1  .1 

STATISTICS    OF    POPULATION,   lit. 

Population  of  Wisconsin.— Population  of  Massachusetts. Igg 

Ccn.sUB  of  ("InclDnatl.- Populttiion  of  Victoiia 138 

I'opulatlon  <tf  In<liana 134 

lN)pulatlon  uf  >iew  Jersey— Interesting  Speculntion.-Populatlon  of  t^paln 135 

Dimensions  of  the  principal  Kuropcun  Chuiches.— Marriage  in  Germany 138 

MERCANTILE    MISCELLANIES. 

French  Wlnea 137 

Wealth  vs.  Happiness ISg 

Thfl  Compass — lis  Variation  and  Deviation 139 

A  Chinese  Merchant *.'. .  V.V.  140 

Ton  Years.— The  Nature  of  Wealth  and  Poverty ]]  141 

The  Envelop  Business !..*!!  142 

THE   BOOK   TRADE. 

notices  of  new  Books  or  new  Editions. 148-144 


HUNT'S 

MERCHANTS' MAGAZINE 


AKD 


COMMERCIAL  REVIEW. 


JANUARY,    1861. 


Art.  I.~COMHERC£  OF  THE  PRAIRIES. 

Thbrb  have  been  heretofore  from  time  to  time  published  in  this  Maga- 
zine, articles  upon  the  extent  of  the  commerce  of  the  great  Western 
prairies.  The  following  is  an  interesting  account  of  its  present  magni- 
tude, for  which  we  are  mainly  indebted  to  the  New  York  Herald : — 

Already,  in  the  latter  part  of  the  eighteenth  century,  straggling  ad- 
venturers, in  search  of  game  and  mercantile  profit,  are  known  to  have 
crossed  the  Plains  by  following  up  the  Platte  and  Missouri  rivers  to  their 
respective  headwaters.  No  written  record  has,  however,  transmitted 
their  exploits  to  posterity.  The  first  authentic  and  explicit  account  of 
journeys  across  the  Plains  are  those  of  the  exploring  expeditions  of  Lewis 
and  Clarke,  and  Major  Z.  M.  Pike.  In  Pike's  official  report  we  find  a 
brief  sketch  of  the  experience  of  what  appears  to  have  been  the  first 
white  man  that  ever  traversed  the  Plains  with  a  stock  of  mercantile 
wares.  It  seems  that  in  the  spring  of  1802,  one  Morrison,  a  merchant, 
residing  in  the  old  French  town  of  Kaskaskia,  in  Southern  Illinois,  fur- 
nished a  French  Canadian  by  the  name  of  Lalande  with  a  trading  outfit, 
which  he  desired  him  to  dispose  on  joint  account  among  the  Indians  of 
the  South  Platte  Valley.  Lalande  set  out,  and  reached  the  base  of  the 
mountains  in  safety.  On  hearing  fro.n  the  Indians  of  the  wealth  and 
populousness  of  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande,  he  made  for  New  Mexico, 
where  be  disposed  of  his  goods  at  so  great  a  profit  that  he  forgot  to  re- 
turn and  divide  it'with  his  employer.  He  settled,  lived,  and  died  in  New 
Mexico,  after  accumulating  considerable  wealth. 

Major  Pike  also  refers  to  the  adventures  of  one  James  Purley,  who, 
solitary  and  alone,  found  his  way,  with  a*  limited  supply  of  articles  of 
trade,  into  the  Mexican  possessions,  after  extensive  wanderings  on  the 
Plains. 

Upon  the  return  of  Major  Pike  to  the  Missouri  River,  his  description 
of  the  agricultural  and  mineral  resources  of  Northern  Mexico  produced 
a  great  excitement  among  the  people  of  the  border.     Some  of  the  fron* 


20  Commerce  of  the  Prairies. 

tier  traders  aoon  resolved  to  try  their  fortuoes  in  the  f^U'-off  lan9  of  prom- 
ise. Being  inured  to  the  many  hardships  and  prit^ations  incidental  to 
border  life,  the  prospect  of  a  hazardous  journey  of  many  hundreds  of 
miles  through  entirely  unknown  and  desolate  regions  had  no  terrors  for 
them.  In  the  spring  of  1812,  an  expedition  actually  embarked  from  the 
vicinity  of  the  present  Missouri  town  of  Boonville,  under  the  charge  of 
one  McEnight,  Beard,  Chambers,  and  nine  others,  all  of  whom  were  old 
and  experienced  Indian  traders.  Their  trip  across  the  Plains  was  accom- 
plished without  accident.  Sore  disappointment  was  nevertheless  in  store 
for  them.  While  Major  Pike  visited  New  Mexico,  a  friendly  government 
— the  fruit  of  a  temporarily  successful  attempt  at  revolution  and  inde- 
pendence from  old  Spain — ruled  over  that  country.  Shortly  after  his  de- 
parture, the  royalists  had,  however,  again  gained  the  ascendancy,  and 
managed  to  retain  it  up  to  the  time  of  the  arrival  of  the  Missouri  traders. 
The  old  Spanish  prohibition  of  all  foreign  commercial  intercourse  had 
again  been  revived,  in  consequence  of  which  the  Anglo-American  intrud- 
ers were  swooped  upon  by  government  officials  as  soon  as  they  had  crossed 
the  line,  their  wares  confiscated,  and  they  themselves  arrested  and  thrust 
into  a  Chihuahua  dungeon,  in  which  they  had  to  pine  for  eight  whole 
years.  Their  liberatioD  was,  indeed,  not  effected  until  the  final  overthrow 
of  Spanish  tyranny  in  1820. 

The  news  of  the  sad  fate  of  the  unlucky  twelve  duly  reached  the  An- 
glo-American border,  and  at  once  banished  all  thoughts  of  opening  a 
regular  trade  with  the  Spanish  dependencies.  Only  after  the  establish- 
ment of  Mexican  independence,  in  the  summer  of  1821,  the  attempt  was 
renewed  by  a  certain  Capt  Becknell  and  four  others,  also  Missouri  trad- 
ers. They  took  out  a  small  stock  of  calicoes,  and  were  quite  successful, 
realizing  from  $2  a  $3  per  vara  or  Spanish  yard  of  thirty-three  inches. 
Their  good  fortune  becoming  known  after  their  return  in  the  spring  of 
1822,  quite  a  number  of  parties  at  once  concluded  to  engage  in  similar 
expeditions.  From  the  year  of  1822,  indeed,  the  now  so  important  ^^w 
Mexico  or  Santa  F6  trade  may  be  said  to  have  fairly  commenced.  Among 
those  that  set  out  in  that  year  were  a  Colonel  Cooper  and  sons,  who 
started  with  $5,600  worth  of  goods  and  a  company  of  thirty  men. 

In  1823,  Nathaniel  Semes,  Philip  Thompson,  Patrick  M.  Dillon,  WiU 
son  McGunnegie,  the  Soublettes,  and  many  other  well-known  parties  who 
were  closely  identified  with  the  early  commerce  of  the  country  west  of 
St.  Louis,  interested  themselves  in  the  newly-opened  overland  traflSc. 
Thenceforth  not  a  season  elapsed  without  a  more  or  less  considerable  ex- 
port of  merchandise  from  the  Missouri  Kiver  to  the  many  towns  and 
pueblos  along  the  Upper  Rio  Grande.  In  1825,  the  trade  had  already 
attracted  so  much  attention  as  to  secure  the  survey  of  a  government 
wagon  road  from  the  Missouri  to  the  New  Mexico  line,  under  the  aus- 
pices of  Major  Sibley. 

Up  to  1824  the  goods  were  all  transported  across  on  pack  animals. 
In  the  summer  of  that  year,  however,  vehicles  began  to  be  used,  and  soon 
superseded  all  other  means*of  conveyance. 

Although  the  trade  increased  annually,  its  normal  development  was 
greatly  retarded  by  the  many  drawbacks  those  engaged  in  it  had  con- 
stantly to  encounter.  There  were,  in  the  first  place — in  addition  to  the 
natural  difficulties  of  moving  slowly  through  an  unpeopled  country,  a 
portion  of  which  was  destitute  of  timber  and  even  water — numerous 


Cbmmerce  of  the  Prairies.  21 

bands  of  marauding  Indians,  always  eager  to  waylay  the  traders,  stam- 
pede off  their  draught  animals,  plunder  and  bum  their  wagons,  and  not 
onfrequently  appropriate  their  scalps.  The  aboriginal  depredations  soon 
became  so  incessant  after  yearly  trips  had  begun  to  be  regularly  made, 
that  none  of  the  traders  dared  sally  out  alone,  their  several  trains  in 
those  eariy  days  being  but  small.  They  brought  about  a  general  annual 
rendezvous  at  what  was  then,  and  is  now,  known  as  the  Council  Grove, 
a  well-timbered  and  well-watered  spot,  about  112  miles  west  of  the  Mis- 
souri River.  The  press  of  the  whole  Union  was,  at  that  time,  in  the 
habit  of  noticing  the  departure  and  return  of  the  Sante  F6  caravan  to 
and  from  the  '*  Grove."  It  comprised,  at  times,  hundreds  of  men  and 
wagons,  and  thousands  of  horses,  mules,  and  oxeo.  Yet,  in  spite  of  this 
union  of  forces,  a  trip  was  hardly  ever  made  without  the  loss  of  both 
men  and  animals. 

But  the  aborigines  were  not  the  only  source  of  trouble.  The  innate 
lawlessness  of  the  mixed  races  inhabiting  New  Mexico  was  often  demon- 
strated to  the  American  traders  in  the  most  flagrant  manner. 

Bands  of  native  robbers  and  assassins  often  plundered  and  murdered 
them  as  relentlessly  as  the  Indians,  and  with  equal  impunity. 

Another  obstruction  to  the  uniform  success  of  the  trading  expeditions 
was  the  notorious  boundless  rapacity  of  the  Mexican  government  officers. 
From  the  governor  down  to  the  lowest  alcalde,  their  only  object  appeared 
to  be  to  enrich  themselves.  The  advent  of  the  American  merchants 
proved  most  propitious  to  their  pilfering  schemes.  The  customs  being 
arbitrarily  arranged  by  the  governors,  the  steadily  increasing  imports  of 
foreign  goods  were  soon  found  a  most  ample  means  of  filling  their  own 
coffers,  and  those  of  their  subordinates.  The  most  exorbitant  duties  were 
formally  levied,  in  order  to  induce  the  traders  to  resort  to  bribery  to 
avoid  their  payment  The  ignorance  of  the  officials  was  too  great  to 
render  the  imposition  of  specific  duties  possible.  They  were  charged 
per  wagon  loads,  from  five  hundred  to  one  thousand  dollars  being  levied 
on  each.  This  enormous  tax  compelled  importers  to  make  use  of  trick- 
ery. When  within  a  short  distance  of  the  hiding  place  of  the  custom- 
house harpies,  they  would  pile  the  load  of  two  wagons  on  one,  and  thus 
cheat  the  former. 

An  idea  of  the  extent  of  the  New  Mexico  trade  during  its  years  of  in- 
fancy may  be  formed  from  the  following  tabular  state. neat,  showing  the 
weight  of  imported  merchandise,  and  the  number  of  men  and  convey- 
ances annually  employed  in  transporting  it  across  the  Plains  during  the 
years  of  1822-31  :— 

Merohaadisa,  Men  with 

T«an.                                                               lbs.               Proprietora.    oararans.  Wagons. 

1822 15,000  SO      70  not  io  use, 

1823 12,000  80       60  •* 

1824 86,0)0  80      100  26 

1826 65,0(/)  90      180  87 

1828 150,000  ..      200  100 

1829 60.000  20       60  80 

1881 260,000  80      820  180 

The  murder  of  a  large  number  of  the  freighters  in  1828  caused  the 
falling  off  of  1829,  and  the  escort  of  the  .caravan  of  that  year  by  a  de- 
tachment of  United  States  troops. 

The  pack  animals  used  during  the  first  years  were  mostly  mules.  From 


22  Commerce  of  the  Prairies. 

1826,  nothing  but  wagone,  drawn  by  mules,  were  used  for  transportation 
purposes,  until  1829,  in  which  year  Major  Riley,  in  command  of  the  es- 
eort,  first  tried  the  capacities  of  oxen  as  propelling  powers  on  the  Plains. 
His  example  was  speedily  followed  by  the  traders,  and  the  bicorned  quad- 
rupeds have  ever  since  remained  the  principal  means  of  prairie  naviga- 
tion. 

By  degrees  the  importations  by  individual  traders  grew  so  heavy  as  to 
render  protracted  sojourns  in  the  country  necessary.  Stationary  marts 
were  opened  in  Santa  F6,  Los  Vegas,  Alberquerque,  Taos,  and  other 
towns.  Among  the  earliest  of  these  that  made  permanent  locations  were 
Dr.  Henry  Connelly,  (who  has  continued  the  leading  New  Mexico  mer- 
chant up  to  this  day,)  Dr.  Ward,  J.  B.  Doyle,  Col.  McCarty,  Messrs, 
"White,  Giddings,  Bent,  Smith,  Jackson,  the  Soublettes,  and  St.  Vrain, 
all  of  whom  hailed  from  Western  Missouri  or  St.  Louis  and  vicinity. 

In  1841,  nearly  three  hundred  wagon  loads  of  goods  left  the  Missouri 
River  for  New  Mexico.  But  the  flourishing  condition  the  overland  traffic 
had  then  already  reached,  was  seriously  interrupted  soon  afterwards  by 
the  famous  warlike  incursion  of  Texan  Rangers  into  Mexican  territory. 
Texas  then  being  yet  independent,  its  inhabitants  could  well  war  upon 
the  Mexicans  without  directly  involving  the  United  States.  But  the  sins 
of  the  former  were,  nevertheless,  sorely  avenged  upon  the  latter.  A  de- 
cree of  Santa  Anna,  prohibiting  all  importations  of  foreign  goods  as  a 
measure  of  retaliation,  virtually  stopped  the  overland  trade  for  the  time 
being.  Whatever  goods  reached  New  Mexico  from  the  United  States 
after  that,  up  to  its  conquest  by  Gen.  Kearney  in  1 846-7,  were  brought 
to  the  country  in  a  clandestine  manner. 

Many  and  intolerable  were  the  annoyances  and  persecutions  inflicted 
upon  resident  Anglo-American  traders  by  the  natives,  in  consequence  of 
the  outbreak  of  hostilities  in  1845  between  Mexico  and  the  United  States. 
The  appearance  of  Gen.  Kearney  and  his  army,  in  the  fall  of  the  follow- 
ing year,  secured,  however,  an  at  least  temporary  relief;  but  great  was 
the  disaster  brought  upon  many  of  the  foreign  merchants  by  the  coun- 
terpart of  the  Sicilian  Vespers  the  New  Mexicans  attempted  in  the  suc- 
eeding  month  of  January.  Quite  a  number  were  massacred  in  the  most 
arbarous  manner.  The  utter  rout  of  the  insurrectionists  in  the  l^^tile 
of  Taos,  in  February,  however,  restored  quietude  and  comparative  secu- 
rity to  commerce. 

After  the  conclusion  of  the  treaty  of  Guadaloupe,  and  the  transfer  of 
New  Mexico  to  the  United  States,  the  commercial  relations  of  the  two 
countries  were  at  once  strengthened  and  widened.  The  military  occu- 
pancy of  the  newly-acquired  territory  by  United  States  troops  greatly 
increased  the  safety  of  both  property  and  person,  and  soon  multiplied 
the  capital  and  the  number  of  merchants  engaged  in  the  importation  of 
Anglo-American  wares.  Hundreds  of  wagons  no  longer  sufficed  to  meet 
the  increased  demand ;  thousands  now  composed  the  caravans.  The 
whole  of  New  Mexico,  from  Taos  down  to  El  Paso,  became  dotted  with 
trading  houses,  many  of  which  branched  out  into  Chihuahua  and  what 
is  now  known  as  Arizona.  An  account  of  the  peculiarities  of  the  New 
Mexico  trade,  and  a  statistical  expositions  of  its  present  proportions,  will 
be  found  further  below. 

While  Anglo-American  commerce  gained  and  developed  anew  domain 
in  Mexican  territory,  the  great  Plains  themselves  became  the  field  of 


Commerce  of  the  Prairies.  23 

mftny  and  oontinued  mercantile  enterprises.  A  most  lively  trade  sprang 
up  between  the  border  settlements  and  the  various  Indian  tribes  from 
the  northern  line  of  Texas  up  to  the  northernmost  waters  of  the  Missouri. 
On  the  Arkansas,  as  well  as  the  Kaw,  North  and  South  Platte,  the  Mis- 
souri, and  Yellow  Stone,  trading  posts  wer^  established,  from  which  ex- 
tensive bartering  was  annually  carried  on  with  the  aborigines.  On  the 
Upper  Arkansas,  especially,  the  trading  intercourse  was  very  active  from 
an  early  day,  the  adjoining  country  forming  the  route  over  which  the 
Santa  Fe  caravans  passed  every  summer  and  fall.  In  1814,  already  Fort 
Williams,  now  known  as  Bent's  Old  Fort,  was  erected,  and  became  the 
trading  point  for  most  of  the  tribes  that  wander  between  the  PJaifls  and 
Arkansas.  Fort  St.  Vrain,  on  the  South  Platte,  and  forts  Pierre  and  Ben- 
ton, on  the  Upper  Missouri,  also  became  famous  Indian  marts.  Strange 
as  it  may  seem,  the  Indian  trade  was  nowhere  benefited  by  the  seeming 
protection  of  the  cordon  of  military  posts  that  was  graduflflly  stretched 
across  the  Plains.  The  presence  of  troops  appeared  but  to  excite,  and 
not  to  prevent,  troubles.  With  the  steady  advance  of  frontier  settlements, 
and  consequent  narrowing  of  the  aboriginal  hunting  gVounds,  the  Indian 
trade  proper  of  the  great  Plains  continually  lessons.  The  government 
subsidies  now  furnished  to  nearly  all  the  tribes  also  produced  a  corre- 
sponding decrease.  It  will  doubtless  disappear  altogether  in  the  course 
of  time  as  a  distinct  branch  of  commerce,  as  the  circle  of  civilization  will 
be  drawn  closer  and  closer  around  the  aborigines. 

A  new  phase  of  the  overland  traffic  was  inaugurated  by  the  foundation 
of  the  Mormon  realm  in  the  heart  of  Utah  Territory.  The  several  St. 
Louis  firms  who  had  been  in  the  habit  of  supplying  the  wants  of  the  Lat- 
ter Day  Saints  in  Missouri,  Illinois,  and  Iowa,  followed  in  the  wake  of 
their  customers  with  branch  establishments.  Up  to  the  beginning  of 
this  decennium,  but  little  encouragement  was,  however,  offered  to  mer- 
chants by  the  Salt  Lake  trade,  owing  to  the  straits  experienced  by  the 
colonists  during  the  first  years  after  their  settlement.  But  from  that 
time  up  to  the  beginning  of  the  troubles  with  the  Gentiles,  trade  was 
very  brisk  and  profitable.  A  large  number  of  trains,  comprising  many 
hundreds  of  wagons,  were  every  spring  sent  out  from  the  Missouri  River, 
and  both  the  demand  and  supply  grew  heavier  as  the  Mormon  population 
increased.  From  season  to  season  the  mercantile  interests  and  overland 
carrying  trade  of  Utah  expanded,  and  hundreds  of  both  Mormons  and 
Gentiles  realized  fortunes.  The  IJtah  trade  suffered  far  less  from  Indian 
depredations  than  the  New  Mexican,  owing  to  the  annual  movement  of 
numerous  Mormon  emigrant  trains  over  the  route  traveled  by  the  freight 
trains,  and  the  strong  military  occupation  of  various  points  along  it.  The 
transportation  business  to  Utah  attained  its  height  during  the  so-called 
Mormon  war.  The  presence  of  several  thousand  troops,  all  of  whom 
had  to  be  supplied  with  every  requisite  of  physical  life  from  the  East, 
necessitated  overland  freighting,  under  the  auspices  of  the  War  Depart- 
ment, on  a  truly  stupendous  scale.  The  contractors  had  no  less  than  fiv^ 
thousand  men,  three  thousand  wagons,  and  thirty-five  thousand  mules 
and  oxen,  at  work  during  the  spring  of  1858.  Private  freighting  was 
also  much  larger  during  the  summer  of  the  same  year,  as  many  commer- 
cial speculators  expected  to  turn  the  many  wants  of  the  army  that  were 
not  met  by  the  government  to  the  best  possible  advantage.  From  1858 
a  reaction  took  place,  however,  in  the  commercial  relations  of  the  Mor- 


24  Cdmmerce  of  the  Prairies. 

moD  empire.  The  partial  failure  of  crops  impoverished  many  of  Brig- 
bam  Young's  flock.  The  animosity  between  tbe  Mormons  and  Gentiles 
affected  tbe  business  affairs  of  many  merchants  of  tbe  latter  complexion. 
Mormon  traders  more  and  more  monopolized  trade.  A  senseless  over- 
stocking of  tbe  market  in  the  course  of  1858  and  1859  also  produced  a 
ruinous  competition ;  in  fine,  tbe  profits  of  most  Salt  Lake  traders  be- 
came exceedingly  scanty.  Of  late  several  very  disastrous  failures  have 
even  occurred,  and  trade  was  at  so  low  an  ebb  during  the  past  summer 
that  several  of  tbe  largest  dealers  moved  their  stock  out  of  the  country 
— a  last  and  desperate  resort,  the  cost  of  transportation  being  tbe  all  but 
principal  item  of  expense  in  tbe  overland  trafiSc.  Exclusive  of  govern- 
ment freight,  not  over  a  hundred  and  fifty  wagons  with  merchandise  left 
the  border  for  Utah  this  year,  so  large  are  the  stocks  yet  remaining  on 
hand. 

The  most  powerful  stimulus  received  by  the  commerce  of  the  great 
Plains,  was  the  verification,  in  1858  and  1859,  of  the  momentous  fact  of 
the  existence  of  large  and  individually  paying  deposits  of  precious  metals 
in  the  southern  ranges  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  During  the  heedless, 
irregular  rush  of  men  and  matters  that  signalized  the  first  stages  of  the 
Pikers  Peak  gold  fever  in  the  first  half  of  1859,  nothing  like  a  system- 
atic trade  was  carried  on.  In  the  fall  of  the  same  year,  however,  when 
material  life  had  assumed  a  more  settled  aspect,  and  the  certainty  of  the 
permanent  settlement  of  a  populous  mining  community  in  the  newly-dis- 
covered Dorado  could  no  longer  be  doubted,  commerce  commenced  flow- 
ing through  regular  channels. 

Many  of  the  leading  merchants  of  Leavenworth  City,  Atchison,  St. 
Joseph,  Nebraska  City,  Omaha,  and  Council  Bluffs  fitted  out  large  trains, 
loaded  with  heavy  stocks  of  goods,  and  opened  branch  stores  in  Denver 
City,  which  place  they  soon  created  into  a  sort  of  commercial  entrepot 
for  the  supply  of  the  necessities  of  the  mining  population.  The  extent 
of  the  Pike's  Peak  trade  at  that  time  may  be  best  judged  from  tbe  fact 
that  over  six  thousand  people  spent  the  last  winter  in  the  gold  region, 
every  material  want  of  whom  had  to  be  supplied  from  tbe  States. 

But  active  as  the  commercial  intereourse  between  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains and  the  border  States  was  during  tbe  latter  part  of  1859,  it  was 
multiplied  at  a  marvelous  rate  in  the  course  of  tbe  present  year.  The 
new  grass  had  hardly  commenced  sprouting  when  an  impatient  host, 
eager  to  pounce  upon  the  supposed  mineral  treasures  of  the  mountains, 
undertook  tbe  pilgrimage  across.  For  weeks  a  mighty  human  tide  kept 
rolling  in  unbroken  waves  over  both  the  Southern,  or  Arkansas,  and 
Northern,  or  Platte,  routes,  towards  their  golden  goal  in  the  South  Platte 
region.  From  tbe  middle  of  April  until  late  in  June  a  continuous  string 
of  wagons  was  stretched  over  tbe  road  leading  from  the  different  Missouri 
River  towns  to  tbe  base  of  the  mountains.  At  least  sixty  thousand  peo- 
ple moved  in  that  period,  with  their  goods  and  chattels,  over  the  Plains. 
All  these  tens  of  thousands  bad  to  be  fed,  clothed,  and  lodged,  and  hence 
hundreds  of  regular  freight  wagons  were  going  to  and  fro  all  summer, 
in  order  to  enable  tbe  Pike's  Peak  traders,  not  only  to  meet  the  momen- 
tary wants  of  the  population  of  the  land  of  gold,  but  also  to  lay  in  stocks 
sufficient  to  see  them  throuj3;h  tbe  winter,  during  which  the  overland 
freighting  inevitably  ceases. 

A  very  consequential  agent  in  the  development  of  the  commerce  of  the 


CbmwMTce  of  ihe  Prairies.  26 

Plains  proved  the  three  overlaixf  mail,  passenger,  and  express  routes 
opened  during  the  last  five  years,  viz.,  the  Southern  overland  mail  and 
passenger  route  from  St.  Louis,  via  Fort  Smith,  through  Northern  Texas 
and  Southern  New  Mexico  and  Arizona;  the  New  Mexican  mail  and  pas- 
senger line,  from  Independence,  Missouri,  to  Santa  F6 ;  and  the  two  ex- 
press and  passenger  lines  of  the  Central  Overland  California  and  Pike's 
Peak  Express  Company  to  Denver  and  Salt  Lake  cities.  Formerly  the 
New  Mexico  and  Salt  Lake  traders  were  obliged  to  travel  with  their  trains, 
when  making  their  purchasing  trips  to  the  East  Their  correspondence 
had  also  to  be  forwarded  in  the  same  slow  manner.  During  the  winter, 
communication  with  the  States  was,  for  the  same  reason,  absolutely  closed. 
Now,  both  their  persons  and  letters  are  landed  on  the  borders  in  as  many 
days  as  they  formerly  took  weeks.  Of  late,  a  mail  and  passenger  line 
has  also  been  started  by  the  Western  Stage  Company,  between  Omaha, 
N.  T.,  and  Denver  City,  so  that  there  is  now  a  daily  opportunity  to  cross 
the  Plains  from  the  Missouri  River  to  the  gold  fields  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains over  passenger  lines,  whose  coaches  travel  at  the  rate  of  150  miles 
per  day. 

THB  OKNTBRS  OF  THE  DIFFERENT  BRANCHES  OF  THE  OVERLAND  TRAFFIC. 

To  begin  again  with  the  New  Mexico  trade.  In  its  infancy  the  traders 
started  upon  their  annual  trips,  as  already  related,  from  the  vicinity  of 
the  present  Missouri  town  of  Boonville.  Even  those  residents  of  St. 
Louis  who  joined  the  early  expeditions,  came  up  the  river  with  their  goods 
in  so-called  Mackinaw  boats,  and  stopped  at  the  same  point.  The  town 
of  Independence  was,  however,  founded  soon  after  the  beginning  of  the 
trade,  and  speedily  became  the  great  outfitting  center  of  the  overland 
trafiSc.  It  held  this  commercial  ascendancy  from  1832  to  1838,  during 
which  period  it  commanded  all  but  a  small  fraction  of  the  profits  arising 
from  the  New  Mexican  trade.  Its  merchants  accumulated  vast  fortunes, 
and  their  prosperity  brought  about  the  development  of  Independence 
into  one  of  the  most  flourishing  and  beautiful  towns  in  the  West.  But 
"  westward  is  the  course  of  empire."  Independence  held  its  own  as  long 
as  it  remained  without  more  westerly  rivals.  The  birth  and  growth  of 
Westport  and  Kansas  City,  directly  west  of  it,  caused  the  scepter  of  mo- 
nopoly to  slip  from  its  hands.  Already,  in  1834,  Messrs.  Bent  and  St. 
Vrain  landed  a  stock  of  goods  for  the  New  Mexico  market  at  Francois 
Cboateau's  log  warehouse,  just  east  of  the  present  site  of  Kansas  City, 
and  from  that  time  the  transfers  of  the  New  Mexican  trade  from  Inde- 
pendence to  its  two  immediate  western  neighbors  took  place  in  annually 
enlarging  proportions.  Since  1850,  nearly  all  of  it  has  passed  over  to 
them.  But  few  wagons  are  now  sent  out  from  Independence  to  New 
Mexico  dunng'the  shipping  season. 

Of  the  two  successful  competitors,  Kansas  City  has  now  the  largest 
benefit  from  the  trade.  Its  accessibility  and  direct  water  communication 
with  Eastern  markets  have  made  it  the  point  at  which  not  only  a  large 
portion  of  the  goods  yearly  forwarded  is  sold,  but  also  nearly  all  those 
bought  farther  east  are  disembarked,  stored,  and  reshipped  on  overland 
trains.  Westport,  which  is  only  three  miles  southwest  of  it,  likewise 
enjoys  a  considerable  share  of  the  trade.  Being  situated  directly  on  the 
verge  of  the  Kansas  prairies,  it  offers  greSter  inducements  as  a  mere 
starting  point  than  Kansas  City ;  but  for  receiving  and  buying,  the  pref- 
erences are  decidedly  in  favor  of  Kansas  City. 


26  (hmmerce  of  tiie  Prairies. 

Althoupfh  a  considerable  portion  oT  the  goods  annually  exported  to 
New  Mexico  is  bought  in  Kansas  Citv  and  Westport,  the  bulk  of  the 
yearly  purchases  is  noade  in  St.  Louis.  Few  only  of  the  largest  traders 
make  direct  purchases  in  the  Atlantic  cities. 

The  Indian  trade  centers  mostly  in  St.  Louis,  and  is  controlled  to  a 
large  extent  by  the  aforementioned  firms  of  that  city.  Both  the  New 
Mexican  and  Indian  traders  are  very  steady  customers.  Their  relations 
to  the  wholesale  houses  with  which  they  deal  are  generally  of  so  old  and 
intimate  a  character  that  a  change  hardly  ever  takes  place.  The  fur- 
nishing of  the  Indian  goods  bought  by  the  United  States  government 
for  gratuitous  distribution,  being  annually  given  out  under  contract  to 
the  lowest  bidders,  it  cannot  well  remain  concentrated  at  any  particular 
point.  The  transportation  to  the  different  Indian  agencies  on  the  Plains 
is  also  undertaken  by  contractors,  and  hence  no  habitual  shipping  point 
exists.  Most  of  these  goods  are,  however,  landed  and  loaded  at  Kansas 
Citv. 

The  Utah  trade  has  sought  the  more  northwesterly  Missouri  River 
towns  as  starting  and  outfitting  points  Most  of  the  supplies  for  that 
market  are  brought  up  the  river  on  boats  to  Omaha  and  Florence,  where 
they  are  transferred  to  trains.  The  latter  town  especially  has  been  the 
favorite  point  of  embarkation  of  the  Mormon  trade  and  emigrants.  Large 
outfitting  houses  for  the  particular  benefit  of  the  latter  have  been  estab- 
lished,  and  the  greater  portion  of  the  Salt  Lake  carrying  trade  is  done 
here.  The  government  supplies  for  the  military  posts  on  the  route  to 
and  in  the  Territory  of  Utah  are,  however,  loaded  by  the  contractors  at 
Fort  Leavenworth  and  Atchison. 

The  Salt  Lake  traders  buy  their  goods  in  St.  Louis,  Philadelphia,  New 
York,  and  Boston,  They  patronize  only  a  small  number  of  houses.  The 
Latter  Day  Saints  among  them  are  very  particular  to  deal  only  with  such 
Gentiles  as,  from  long  acquaintances,  are  known  to  tfiem  to  be  friends  of 
the  Mormon  cause. 

The  least  concentrated  branch  of  the  overland  commerce  is  the  Pike's 
Peak  trade.  There  is  not  a  place  on  the  Missouri  River  that,  however 
small,  is  not  represented  among  the  traders  of  the  gold  regions.  But 
Leavenworth  City  can  claim  to  do  more  business  in  that  direction  than 
any  other  town,  from  Florence  down  to  Kansas  City.  The  reason  of  it 
is,  that  all  her  merchants  have  branch  stores  in  Denver  City,  and  that 
two  of  the  largest  overland  transportation  firms  are  located  in  the  place. 
Atchison  and  St.  Joseph  rank  next,  being  the  westernmost  railroad  ter- 
mini of  the  Union.  They  have  both  become  the  most  favored  starting 
points  of  the  gold  seekers.  In  this  they  have  a  considerable  start  of 
Leavenworth.  Their  railroad  advantages  have  also  mad§  them  much 
sought  for  loading  trains.  As  far  as  trade  itself,  however,  is  concerned, 
they  still  have  to  yield  the  palm  to  Leavenworth,  although  many  of  their 
merchants  have  likewise  a  profitable  business  intercourse  with  the  mines. 
Kansas  City  has  traded  remarkably  little  with  the  Pike's  Peak  country. 
This  is  probably  owing  to  the  absorption  of  its  carrying  capacities  by  the 
New  Mexico  trade.  Nebraska  City  is  much  resorted  to  by  Pike's  Peak- 
ers,  as  a  convenient  starting  point,  and  has  also  some  trade  with  the  gold 
regions.  The  same  can  be  said  of  Plattsmouth.  Omaha  City  and  Coun- 
cii  Blufis  enjoy  extensive  ancf  profitable  trade  and  lively  travelini^  inter- 
course with  the  mines,  both  being  nearest  to  them  of  all  Missouri  River 
towns  and  cities. 


Commerce  of  the  Prairies.  27 

Leavenworth  City,  Atchison,  and  Bt.  Joseph  are  all  three  termini  of  the 

?ai«enger  and  express  line  of  the  Central  Overland  California  and  Pike's 
^eak  Express  Company.  Omaha  is  that  of  the  mail  and  passenger  line 
of  the  Western  Stage  Company.  Kansas  City  is  as  yet  without  direct 
oommunication  with  Denver  City. 

0HARACTERI6TIC8  OF  THE  OVERLAND  TRADE. 

The  wants  of  a  country  are  always  regulated  by  the  means  of  its  peo- 
ple to  satisfy  them.  The  New  Mexicans,  although  inhabiting  a  region 
of  great  agiicultural,  mineral,  and  pastoral  resources,  cannot  be  said  to 
be  a  wealthy  people.  It  is  true  there  are  men  of  fortune  among  them, 
but  this  number  appears  insignificant  when  compared  with  that  of  the 
people  at  large.  The  average  well  being  that  one  finds  among  all  classes 
in  the  United  States  does  not  prevail  in  New  Mexico,  where  the  means 
of  the  people  barely  suffice  to  eke  out  a  most  frugal  subsistence. 

Fortunately  for  the  generality  of  the  New  Mexican,  the  smallness  of 
their  means  is  compensated  by  a  simplicity  of  physical  habits  that  enables 
them  to  manifest  content  and  happiness  in  spite  of  poverty.  It  would 
be  hard,  indeed,  to  find  a  relatively  poorer,  and  at  the  same  time  happier, 
people  than  that  of  New  Mexico.  It  can  certainly  live  on  much  less, 
and  enjoy  much  more,  than  Anglo-Americans. 

The  New  Mexicans  devote  comparatively  more  of  their  means  to  the 
outward  than  to  the  inward  body.  They  are  fond  of  spirituous  bever- 
ages, but  not  particular  about  the  character  of  their  food.  They  know 
Jitlle  of  the  so-called  pleasures  of  the  table.  Their  dress,  however,  is  the 
object  of  great  care  and  expense.  Both  males  and  females  delight  in 
showy  adornments  of  their  persons,  and  this  propensity  shapes  the  char- 
acter of  the  trade  to  a  great  degree. 

In  the  early  days  of  the  foreign  traffic  with  New  Mexico,  when  the 
wants  of  the  natives  had  not  yet  been  qualified  by  a  contact  with  Anglo- 
American  habits  and  customs,  the  variety  of  imported  goods  was  rather 
limited.  Groceries  and  flash  calicoes  constituted  the  main  stock.  The 
gaudier  the  colors  of  the  latter,  the  better  favor  they  found.  A  buflf-col- 
ored  kind  was  especially  popular.  As  the  intercourse  between  New 
Mexico  and  the  East  grew  more  intimate,  the  goods  introduced  from  year 
to  year  became  more  varied,  and  now  very  few  articles  that  merchants  in 
the  Western  States  keep  on  hand  will  not  be  found  in  the  assortment 
taken  out  by  the  New  Mexican  traders. 

There  are,  however,  some  peculiarities  in  their  importations.  They 
consist  in  an  uncommonly  large  demand  for  calicoes,  bleached  domestics, 
and  hosiery,  particularly  for  female  use.  The  number  of  white  stockings 
bought  by  the  Mexican  women  is  said  to  be  astonishing.  The  diminutive 
character  of  their  pedal  extremities  renders  a  prevalence  of  small  sizes 
necessary.  For  the  same  reason,  dealers  in  shoes  that  do  business  with 
New  Mexico  traders,  have  articles  in  this  line  expressly  made  to  meet 
the  tiny  requirements  of  the  senoritas  in  this  respect. 

Fancy  dry  goods  are  introduced  on  a  limited  scale  only,  the  few  people 
of  wealth  being  the  purchasers.  What  few  are  imported  are,  however, 
usually  articles  of  a  very  costly  quality. 

Of  late  large  quantities  of  ready-made  clothing  and  furnishing  goods 
have  been  consumed  by  the  New  Mexican  market,  thereby  indicating 
that  the  old  Spanish  notions  of  dress  are  giving  way  to  the  Anglo-Amer- 
ican style  of  garments. 


28  Cbmmerce  of  the  Prairies. 

The  settlement  of  maDy  Americans  in  New  Mexico  has  for  some  time 
induced  the  annual  import  of  considerable  quantities  of  Eastern  flour 
into  that  Territory.  It  is  true  the  amount  of  breads! ufl*s  ordinarily  raised 
in  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande  is  sufficient  for  the  home  demand.  But 
the  primitive  mode  of  working  up  the  wheat  into  flour,  still  adhered  to 
by  the  natives,  makes  it  incompatible  with  Anglo-American  stomachs. 
The  foreign  flour  is,  of  course,  held  much  higher  than  the  domestic. 

Pork  in  its  various  forms,  such  as  bacon,  hams,  <!bc.,  also  constitutes  a 
leading  article  of  import. 

In  former  years  the  exports  made  from  New  Mexico,  in  exchange  for 
Anglo-American  goods,  were  principally  gold  and  silver  coin  and  bullion 
and  mules.  The  latter  branch  has  at  this  time  all  but  dwindled  away, 
owing  to  the  extensive  mule  breeding  in  several  of  the  Western  States. 
The  exports  of  precious  metals  have  also  greatly  decreased  during  the 
last  few  years.  The  cause  of  the  diminution  is  the  paralysis,  from  vari- 
ous causes,  of  silver  and  gold  mining  throughout  the  Territory.  The 
surplus  of  both  coin  and  bullion  has  been  carried  oflf  by  the  steady  draft 
for  the  purposes  of  commerce,  and  the  balance  now  extant  in  the  Terri- 
tory is  barely  adequate  to  the  wants  of  the  inhabitants.  Eastern  pay- 
ments, which  but  a  short  time  since  were  wholly  made  bv  consignments 
of  coined  and  other  silver  and  gold,  are  now  made  by  tLe  New  Mexico 
merchants  through  drafts  on  the  sub-treasurers  of  the  United  States,  ob- 
tained from  the  military  and  civil  officers  stationed  in  the  Territory. 

The  falling  oflf  in  the  export  of  the  enumerated  articles  has  been  made 
up  by  an  increase  in  that  of  others.  Thus,  the  exportation  of  wool  has 
above  all  been  carried  on  very  largely  during  the  last  five  years.  In  1859, 
nearly  nine  hundred  thousand  pounds  arrived  on  the  Missouri  River  from 
New  Mexico,  and  this  year's  shipments  are  expected  to  exceed  one  mil- 
lion. The  excellent  natural  pasturage  of  the  Territory  is  likely  to  make 
sheep  breeding  one  of  the  principal  native  pursuits,  and  steadily  swell 
the  yearly  wool  clip. 

Mexican  wool  is  worth  about  14  cents  per  pound  on  the  Missouri  River. 
Its  export  largely  benefits  the  transportation  house?  that  do  freifijhting  for 
New  Mexico  traders,  inasmuch  as  it  secures  return  loads  to  them — an  ad- 
vantage not  enjoyed  by  the  overland  freighters  to  any  other  portion  of 
the  country  west  of  the  great  Plains.  The  freight  is  from  four  to  five 
cents  per  pound. 

Goat  and  sheep  skins  also  constitute  an  already  important  article  of 
export.  Some  thirty  thousand,  worth  about  twenty-five  cents  each,  were 
brought  in  last  year;  also  some  dry  hides,  tallow,  and  a  variety  of  furs. 

The  value  of  the  merchandise  taken  into  New  Mexico  this  year  is  esti- 
mated by  competent  judges  at  about  two  millions  of  dollars.  On  this 
investment  a  profit  of  about  forty  per  cent  is  realized.  In  past  years 
traders  were  not  satisfied  with  less  than  from  one  to  four  hundred  per 
cent.  Competition  has  now  cut  down  the  enormous  exactions  of  yore. 
The  number  of  Anglo-American  traders,  large  and  small  ones,  is  about 
two  hundred  and  seventy  at  the  present  time. 

But  a  comparatively  small  number  of  native  Mexicans  are  engaged  in 
merchandising.  The  leading  houses  among  them  are  several  of  the  Armijo 
family,  perhaps  the  wealthiest  in  New  Mexico;  Perea  &  Co.  and  Joseph 
Mercure,  all  of  whom  are  located  in  Santa  F6. 

The  value  of  the  exports  from  the  Territory  during  the  present  year  is 
about  $400,000. 


Oordmerce  of  the  Prairies.  29 

Tbe  above  valuations  of  imports  and  exports  do  not  represent  all  the 
capital  invested  in  the  New  Mexico  trade.  In  the  transportation  business, 
which  it  has  created,  millions  are  also  employed,  as  will  be  shown  under 
the  appropriate  head. 

The  Indian  trade  proper  of  the  great  Plains  has,  as  remarked  in  a  pre- 
ceding portion  of  this  article,  fallen  off,  owing  to  the  encroachments  made 
bj  civilization  upon  that  formerly  undisputed  dominion  of  the  aborigines. 
Tlie  tens  of  thousands  of  half-civilized  redskins,  confined  in  so-called  re- 
serves in  the  Indian  Territory  and  Eastern  E^ansas  and  Nebraska,  have 
already  learned  too  much  to  continue  their  former  trading  ways.  Most 
of  them  have  become  familiar  with  the  real  value  of  mercantile  wares, 
and,  like  their  white  neighbors,  no  longer  limit  their  trading  relations  to 
certain  places  and  parties,  but  trade  wherever  they  can  buy  cheapest. 
Most  of  the  permanently  located  tribes  receive  provisions,  groceries,  cloth- 
ing, blankets,  farming  utensils,  &c.,  from  the  government,  as  a  portion  of 
their  annuities,  which  supplies  naturally  limit  their  purchases.  Yet,  after 
all,  even  the  civilized  Indian  is  an  incorrigible  spendthrift,  and  generally 
squanders  his  means  in  the  most  foolish  and  reckless  manner.  As  soon 
as  he  receives  his  cash  annuities,  he  mounts  his  pony  and  is  ofif  to  trade. 
Once  about  buying,  Uncle  Sam's  eagles  do  not  jingle  long  in  his  pocket. 
He  is  not  satisfied  until  his  last  dollar  is  spent,  and  even  afler  that  is  gone 
he  will  persist  in  buying,  in  case  the  merchant  is  willing  to  trust  him  until 
next  pay  day.  Of  the  million  and  a  half  of  dollars  now  annually  dis- 
tributed among  the  Indians  settled  on  the  border,  most  find  their  way 
into  the  tills  of  the  frontier  merchants. 

The  wares  mostly  in  demand  among  the  savages  are  arms,  powder,  lead, 
tobacco,  sugar,  cofiee,  candles,  beads,  calicoes,  blankets,  saddles,  bridles, 
ribbons,  and  trinkets  of  every  description.  Flour  and  bacon  are  also 
readily  disposed  of,  as  agriculture  is  attempted  on  the  smallest  scale  only 
by  a  few  of  the  wild  tribes.  In  exchange,  the  traders  receive  gold  and 
silver,  furs,  dressed  skins,  beaded  Indian  garments,  dried  meats,  ponies — 
in  short,  anything  of  commercial  currency  the  aborigines  are  willing  to 
part  with ;  and  what  is  an  Indian  unwilling  to  give  when  an  article  pleases 
his  primitive  taste  ?  Papooses  and  squaws  are  then  as  unhesitatingly 
bartered  away  as  moccassins  and  buffalo  robes. 

Tbe  profits  of  the  traders  are  enormous.  A  few  pounds  of  flour  or 
sugar  are  given  for  the  most  valuable  furs.  Rings,  that  cost  a  few  cents 
in  the  East,  bring  as  many  dollars.  Bacon  is  usually  made  to  bring  about 
half  a  dollar  per  pound,  and  all  other  articles  are  held  at  corresponding 
rates. 

The  quantity  of  furs  and  dressed  deer,  elk,  and  antelope  skins  exchanged 
for  goods  by  the  traders  is  very  great.  Of  the  furs,  buffalo  robes  consti- 
tute the  bulk.  The  furs  and  skins  obtained  from  the  Indians  of  the 
Plains,  nearly  all  find  their  way  through  various  channels  to  St.  Louis. 
Those  from  the  Upper  Missouri  country  are  brought  down  that  river 
every  summer  by  the  so-called  **  mountain  fleet"  of  light  draught  steam- 
boats, and  those  from  the  Platte,  Kansas,  Arkansas,  Colorado,  and  Grande 
valleys  by  returning  freight  trains.  The  annual  value  of  these  exports 
is,  of  course,  not  uniform.  It  usually  represents  several  hundred  thou- 
sands of  dollars. 

Some  of  the  Indian  traders  have  stationary  posts.  Others  lead  a  wan- 
dering life,  visiting  tribe  after  tribe.  To  tbe  former  class  belong  the 
wealthiest  of  the  profession. 


80  Commerce  of  the  Prhiries, 

While  many  merchanU,  interested  in  the  commerce  of  the  Platte, 
trade  exclusively  with  the  Indians,  a  number  of  those  located  in  New 
Mexico,  Pike's  Peak,  and  Salt  Lake,  likewise  dispose  of  more  or  less  goods 
among  them. 

The  Salt  Lake  trade,  although  more  varied  than  that  with  the  aborig- 
ines, is  far  less  profitable.  It  is  true  imported  wares  always  bring  good 
prices  when  sold ;  but  the  heavy  cost  of  freighting,  the  interest  on  the 
capital  invested  lost  during  the  long  time  consumed  by  the  overland 
transportation,  <fec.,  necessitates  these,  while  the  constant  overstocking  the 
Utah  market  has  labored  under  during  the  last  year  rendered  quick  sales 
impossible.  The  Mormons,  furthermore,  are  not  a  well-to-do  people. 
Their  means  are  so  limited  that,  even  if  they  desired,  they  could  not  well 
become  extravagant  purchasers.  They  dress  and  live  poorly.  The  com- 
forts and  luxuries  of  Eastern  life  are  known  to  but  few  of  them. 

Cheap  dry  goods  and  clothing,  boots  and  shoes,  groceries  and  liquors, 
and  hardware,  constitute  the  bulk  of  the  imports  into  Utah.  Of  provis- 
ions, all  that  are  wanted  for  home  consumption,  with  the  exception  of 
pork,  are  produced  in  the  Territory.  Of  wheat,  a  surplus  has  been 
raised  more  latterly,  for  which  a  market  has  been  found  tnis  summer  in 
the  Pike's  Peak  settlements.  But  flour  and  some  fairs  and  skins  are  about 
the  only  articles  exported  from  Mormondom.  A  manufacturing  interest 
is  gradually  growing  up  among  Young's  people  that  promises  to  cause, 
before  long,  a  still  farther  decrease  in  tJbe  importation  of  certain  Eastern 
goods. 

It  is  doubtful  whether  the  value  of  the  imports  of  1860  exceed  half  a 
million  of  dollars. 

The  dimensions  of  the  newly  opened  overland  trade  to  the  gold  and 
silver  mines  of  the  eastern  and  western  declines  of  the  Rocky  Mountains 
eclipse  altogether  those  of  the  New  Mexioo,  Indian,  and  Utah  trade.  It 
is  already  characterized  by  all  the  energy  and  enterprise  of  Anglo-Amer- 
ican business  life.  Having  to  do  with  greater  consumers,  it  is  far  ahead, 
both  as  to  quantity  and  quality  of  imports.  The  truth  that  there  are  no 
better  buyers  anywhere  on  the  globe  than  Anglo-Americans,  is  amply 
illustrated  by  the  rapid  and  stupendous  development  of  Pike's  Peak  com-' 
meice.  They  will  enjoy  all  the  bodily  and  intellectual  well  being  they 
have  been  brought  up  to,  no  matter  how  difficult  and  expensive  it  may 
prove  to  secure  it.  Nor  has  the  knowledge  of  this  ingrained  propensity, 
always  to  live  as  well  as  possible,  failed  to  be  duly  acted  upon  by  those 
that  undertook  to  provide  commercially  for  the  various  wants  of  the  tens 
of  thousands  that  so  speedily  congregated  in  the  Dorado  of  the  Rooky 
Mountains.  Although  hardly  two  years  have  elapsed  since  the  first  gold 
hunters  made  their  appearance  at  their  base,  money  will  now  buy  not 
only  all  direct  necessaries,  but  most  of  the  comforts  of  Anglo-American 
life.  In  Denver  City  whole  streets  have  been  built  up  in  less  than  twelve 
months  with  brick  and  frame  edifices  for  business  purposes,  many  stories 
high,  and  filled  from  roof  tocellar  with  every  production  of  Anglo- Amer- 
ican industry  that  can  possibly  be  demanded  in  that  market.  On  the  Ist 
of  August  last,  goods,  the  first  cost  of  which  was  over  a  million  and  a 
half  of  dollars,  and  whose  real  value,  as  retailed,  represented  at  least  four 
millions,  were  stored  in  that  place  alone,  while  in  all  the  other  towns  of 
the  gold  regions,  and  throughout  the  mines,  immense  quantities  of  wares, 
imported  directly  from  the  States  to  the  several  localities,  were  likewise 
ofi'ered  for  sale. 


Cbmmeroe  of  the  Prairies.  31 

That  trade  in  the  Pike's  Peak  country  was  at  once  conducted  on  so 
broad  a  basis  is  doubtless  attributable,  in  some  degree,  to  the  fact  that 
thus  far  the  recently  invaded  land  of  gold  has,  barring  the  yield  of  gold 
and  a  crop  of  vegetables,  remained  an  absolutely  unproductive  country. 
Every  pound  of  breadstuffs  had  to  be  imported,  which  necessity  alone  at 
once  called  a  huge  transportation  business  and  provision  trade  into  ex- 
istenc-e.  Over  one  hundred  and  sixty  thousand  sacks  of  flour  have  indeed 
been  hauled  to  the  gold  regions  since  the  Ist  of  April  last  from  the  Mis- 
souri River  towns,  New  Mexico,  and  Utah,  which  retail  on  an  average  at 
$12  per  sack.  The  importations  of  groceries  are  equally  enormous. 
These  two  branches  form,  in  fact,  the  bulk  of  the  Pike's  Peak  trade. 

Although  the  Pike's  Peak  market  is  well  stocked  with  every  kind  and 
grade  of  goods,  all  are  not  in  good  demand.  Groceries,  provisions,  boots 
and  shoes,  clothing,  cheap  dry  goods,  building  hardware,  tobacco,  liquors, 
aaddlery,  glass,  and  some  few  other  articles  have  always  sold  well,  while 
fancy  dry  goods,  fine  clothing,  furnishing  goods,  costly  furniture,  and  such 
like,  were  not  very  eagerly  sought,  nor  will  they  be  until  the  general 
anxiety  to  make  money  will  have  given  way  to  a  stronger  disposition  to 
enjoy  it. 

The  above  enumerated  staple  articles  bring  very  satisfactory  profits, 
although  they  are  necessarily  held  high,  because  of  the  expensive  over- 
land transportation  of  nearly  700  miles. 

It  is  estimated  that,  the  winter  stocks  having  now  nearly  all  been  im- 
ported, about  two  millions  and  five  hundred  thousand  dollars'  worth  of 
merchandise  has  been  carried  to  the  gold  regions  from  various  points 
since  the  Ist  of  April  last,  all  of  which  are  expected  to  be  sold  previous 
to  the  retutn  of  the  warm  season  at  a  profit  of  at  least  two  millions. 
The  cost  of  the  machinery  introduced  in  the  towns  and  mines  cannot  be 
less  than  one  million  of  dollars.  To  all  this  must  be  added  the  capital 
absorbed  by  the  gigantic  carrying  trade,  created  by  these  mercantile  and 
industrial  wants.  A  series  of  facts  and  figures,  bearing  on  this  part  of 
the  subject,  will  follow  further  below. 

The  exports  from  the  gold  regions  consist  thus  far  of  about  three  mil- 
lions' worth  of  bullion  and  fifty  thousand  dollars'  worth  of  furs  and 
dressed  ski  us. 

Judging  from  present  appearances,  only  one  or  two  more  seasons  will 
elapse  before  the  largest  portion  of  the  breadstuffs  consumed  by  the 
Pike's  Peak  people  will  be  produced  in  the  South  Platte  and  Upper  Ar- 
kansas vallejs.  That  their  climate  is  favorable  to  the  production  of  all 
cereals  has  been  fully  demonstrated  by  experimental  patches  of  wheat, 
barley,  and  oats  raised  this  summer. 

OVERLAND   TBAN8P0RTATI0N — ANNUAL   PREPARATIONS   FOR  THE    OARRYINO 

SEASON. 

The  navigation  of  the  great  prairies  of  the  West  is  as  much  depend- 
ent upon  meteorological  contingencies  as  that  of  the  sea,  and  even  more 
80.  For  while  seafarers  can  bid  defiance  to  the  whims  of  the  weather, 
they  that  propose  to  steer  across  the  Plains  have  no  alternative  but  to 
abide  by  its  caprices,  however  provoking  that  may  be.  Should  an  early 
triumph  crown  the  yearly  struggle  between  the  cold  and  warm  seasons, 
the  overland  freighter  will  take  a  corresponding  timely  start  upon  his 
wearisome  journey.    But  if,  as  it  frequently  happens,  winter  succeeds  in 


32  Cbmmerce  of  the  Prairies. 

maintaining  its  sway  long  after  the  period  assigned  to  the  rule  of  spring 
commences,  he  must,  nolens  volens^  continue  in  '^  port."  The  relative 
condition  of  the  annual  new  growth  of  grass,  regulated,  as  it  is,  by  the 
more  or  less  ready  appearance  of  the  season  of  herbal  life,  is  the  barom- 
eter that  absolutely  controls  his  movements.  Wind  and  rain  will  not 
retard  him.  He  will  mind  them  no  more  than  he  that  is  tossed  about 
on  the  uproarious  ocean.  Protracted  frosts  alone  are  terrors  to  him,  aa 
their  unseasonable  infliction  always  seriously  interferes  with  the  attiring 
of  the  Plains  in  their  luxuriant  summerly  verdure. 

But  whether  loathed  delay  or  early  embarkation  be  in  store  for  the  prairie 
travelers,  their  departure  from  their  several  winter  quarters  is  always  pre- 
ceded by  weeks  of  active  preparations,  so  that  they  may  be  ready  to  start 
whenever  the  vegetation  of  the  Plains  is  sufficiently  resuscitated  to  warrant 
it. 

The  overland  traders  appear  in  the  Eastern  markets  as  the  earliest  among 
spring  buyers,  in  order  to  have  their  invoices  on  the  frontier  at  the  time  of 
the  reopening  of  the  transportation  season.  The  hotel  keepers  and  whole- 
sale dealers  of  the  Western  cities  know  exactly  the  time  when  they  may 
expect  the  yearly  visits  of  those  well  dressed  individuals,  with  deeply  bronised 
countenances,  that  come  from  the  far  West,  with  ^'pockets  full  and  spirits 
easy."  They  loom  up  as  unfailingly  as  the  migratory  birds  that  winter  in 
southerly  climes. 

The  old  accounts  being  squared — although  buying  largely  on  credit  they 
but  seldom  ask  extensions — and  the  new  purchases,  mostly  comprising  stocks 
intended  to  last  a  whole  season,  being  made,  they  seek  the  Missouri  River 
towns  to  superintend  the  arrival,  storage,  and  final  shipment  for  the  Plains 
of  their  several  invoices. 

Many  of  the  freighters  are  in  the  habit  of  going  into  winter  quarters  on 
the  western  verge  of  the  Plains,  as  the  climatical  relations  of  those  regions 
render  their  natural  pasturage  more  desirable  during  the  cold  season  than 
that  of  more  easterly  latitudes.  But  whether  they  winter  their  stock  and 
shelter  their  wagons  in  the  glens  and  glades  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and 
upon  the  table  lands  of  the  Upper  Arkansas,  Platte,  and  Grand  rivers,  or 
on  the  prairies  and  in  the  bottoms  and  groves  of  Western  Missouri  and 
Iowa,  and  Eastern  Kansas  and  Nebraska,  the  month  of  March  finds  them 
all  very  busy  in  getting  everything  into  the  best  possible  order  for  the  ensu- 
ing days  of  activity. 

At  that  time  their  many  starting  points  from  Nebraska  down  to  Missouri 
reveal  a  stir,  noise,  and  bustle  similar  to  that  accompanying  the  vernal  re- 
sumption of  steam  boating  in  the  river  cities  of  the  West.  Thousands  of 
wagons  that  during  the  winter  stood  on  elevations,  in  long  rows,  forming 
solid  squares,  and  covering  acres  of  ground,  are  now  severally  hauled  forth, 
examined,  and  repaired.  Wagon  makers,  blacksmiths,  and  saddlers  are 
kept  busy  dny  and  night.  Thousands  of  draught  animals  are  driven  up  from 
the  prairies  of  the  interior  and  herded  on  the  outskirts  of  the  towns. 
Crowds  of  teamsters,  in  dirty  buckskin,  corduroy,  and  flannel — tall,  muscular 
Missourians,  agile,  talkative  Frenchmen,  and  swarthy,  sallow  looking  Mexicans 
— commence  hanging  about  the  street  corners  and  groggeries.  Towards 
the  middle  of  June  the  public  thoroughfares  resound  with  the  runrble  of 
the  clumsy,  cumbersome,  "  prairie  schooners,"  and  the  violent  vociferations  of 
drivers,  that  with  loud  cracks  from  mighty  whips  urge  patient  oxen  and 
restive  mules  towards  the  warehouses  on  the  levees,  from  which  the  cargoes 


Chmmerce  of  the  Prairies,  83 

ire  to  be  procured.  Wa^on  after  wagon  rolls  up  and  receives  its  load  and 
returns  to  the  camping  ground,  (usually  a  few  miles  back  of  the  towns,  and 
coDTenient  as  to  food,  water,  fuel,)  until  the  train  is  completed.  A  few 
days  are  then  devoted  in  camp  to  the  last  preparations  for  the  trip.  At  last, 
the  height  attained  by  the  new  grass  warranting  a  start,  the  order  of  march 
is  given,  and  the  caravan  slowly  emerges  upon  the  seemingly  boundless 
prairies  it  is  to  traverse. 

ROUTES  FOLLOWED  BT  FRBIGHTSRS  TO  NBW  MBZIOO,  PIKB's  PEAK,  AND  UTAH. 

The  course  pursued  by  overland  freighters  to  the  settled  sections,  both 
east  and  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  is  no  matter  of  choice.  It  is  abso- 
lutely fixed  by  the  necessity  of  having  water,  grass,  and  fuel  steadily  within 
reach.  These  three  articles  form,  indeed,  the  conditions  sine  qua  no\  of 
prairie  traveling.  All  the  highways  of  overland  travel  have  been  opened 
either  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  water  courses  or  as  near  to  them  as  the 
character  of  the  surlace  of  the  country  would  allow.  Yet,  although  the 
greatest  care  was  taken  to  make  the  several  routes  come  up  to  the  required 
standard,  it  was  often  found  impracticable  to  trace  them  so  as  to  place  the 
temporary  want  of  some  of  the  above  elements  beyond  all  possibility. 

The  great  Arkansas,  or  Santa  F6  route — the  first  trail  across  the  Plains 
ever  followed  by  vehicles — ^is  and  has  always  been  the  sole  channel  through 
which  all  the  carrying  trade  between  New  Mexico,  the  Indian  trading  posts 
of  the  Arkansas  Valley,  and  the  east  passes.  It  begins  on  the  Missouri  line 
just  west  of  the  town  of  Westport,  and,  after  bearing  nearly  due  south  for 
several  metres,  continues  a  little  south  of  west  at  a  gradually  increasing  dis- 
tance from  the  Smoky,  Hill  Fork  of  the  Kansas  River,  through  Council 
Grove,  (115  miles  from  the  Missouri,)  towards  the  Arkansas,  the  great  bend 
of  which  it  reaches  on  its  northern  bank  at  about  250  miles  from  Kansas 
City.  Keeping  up  the  bend,  the  road  crosses  the  river  near  Fort  Atchison, 
and,  bearing  due  southwest,  runs  to  the  Cirramon  valley,  which  it  follows 
up  for  a  considerable  distance.  Crossing  the  Cirramon,  and  leaving  it  to 
the  right,  the  road  passes  over  to  the  valley  of  the  Canadian  River,  crosses 
its  head  waters,  and,  after  touching  Fort  Union,  leads  over  one  of  the 
southern  spurs  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  into  the  Rio  Grande  Valley. 

The  entire  distance  from  Westport  to  Santa  Fe  is  about  760  miles,  and 
is  measured  by  freight  trains  in  from  forty  to  fifty  days  in  going  out,  and  in 
from  thirty  to  forty  in  returning,  provided  no  accidents  interfere. 

The  road  is  broad — the  wagon  tracks  extend  hundreds  of  feet  in  width 
nearly  all  the  way  out— and  tolerably  smooth  and  dry,  with  the  exception 
of  some  sandy  stretches  on  the  Cirramon  River,  and  some  heavy  ascents 
jast  before  passing  into  the  Rio  Grande  Valley.  Grass  is  plentiful  and 
water  likewise,  barring  the  arid  plains  along  the  Cirramon  and  Canadian,  the 
desert  like  character  of  which  has  brought  many  a  fatal  disaster  upon  New 
Mexico  caravans. 

The  overland  traffic  with  the  Pike's  Peak  region  is  not,  like  that  with 
New  Mexico,  con6ned  to  a  single  channel.  It  is  finding  its  way  both  over 
the  S<^>uthern  or  Santa  Fe  and  Northern  or  Platte  route.  That  portion  of  it 
that  follows  the  former,  instead  of  keeping  the  Santa  Fh  trail,  after  it  turns 
off"  the  Arkansas,  continues  up  the  northern  bank  of  that  river  past  the  so- 
called  Big-Timbers  and  Be^it's  F<  rt,  to  within  a  few  miles  of  the  base  of 
the  mountains,  when,  turning  due  north,  it  winds  up  to  Boiling  Spring 
Creek,  a  tributary  of  the  Arkansas — to  the  town  of  Colorado  at  the  base 

VOL.   XLIV. — NO.  I.  3 


84  Commerce  of  the  Prairies. 

of  Pike's  Peak,  and  seventy  miles  farther  north  reaches  Denver  City, 
after  passing  over  the  high  ridge  dividing  the  waters  of  the  South  Platte 
from  those  of  the  Arkansas. 

The  distance  from  the  Missouri  River,  over  the  Arkansas  route,  to  Colorado 
and  Denver,  is  from  670  to  740  miles.  Although  it  is  the  nearest  way  of 
reaching  the  southern  mines  and  towns,  and  its  excellence  for  the  safe  and 
speedy  transit  of  freight  trains  is  undeniable,  but  a  small  portion  of  tlie 
Pike's  Peak  trade  has  thus  far  availed  itself  of  its  advantages,  and  that 
simply  because  most  of  the  importations  into  the  land  of  gold  are  made 
from  frontier  towns  north  of  Kansas  City,  the  natural  eastern  outlet  of  the 
Santa  Fe  road,  and  that  hence  freighters  find  the  Northern  or  Platte  route 
shorter.  The  many  Indian  depredations  committed  duriuff  the  last  year 
along  the  Upper  Arkansas,  had  also  a  good  deal  to  do  with  directing  the 
transportation  business  to  the  Platte  Valley. 

The  Platte  route  has  as  many  eastern  ramifications  as  there  are  outfitting 
and  starting  points  north  of  the  Kansas  River.  They  severally  terminate 
in  Leavenworth  City ,  Atchison,  and  Elwood,  (directly  opposite  St.  Joseph, 
Missouri,)  in  Kansas  ;  and  Nebraska  City,  Plattfimouth,  and  Omaha  City,  in 
Nebraska  Territory.  Those  from  Leavenworth,  Atchison,  and  Elwood,  or 
St.  Joseph,  converge  at  a  point  only  thirty  miles  west  of  the  Missouri  River  ; 
and  the  travel  from  the  three  points  in  question  then  keeps  in  common  the 
old  military  road  from  Fort  Leavenworth  to  Fort  Kearney.  It  runs  in  a 
northwestern  direction,  across  a  goodly  number  of  creeks  and  streams  that 
water  northeastern  Kansas.  At  a  distance  of  100  miles  it  strikes  and  crosses 
the  Big  Blue^ — a  considerable  tributary  of  the  Kaw  River — and,  passing 
over  to  the  valley  of  the  Little  Blue,  follows  it  up  until  within  about  fifty 
miles  from  Fort  Kearney,  when  it  takes  a  northerly  turn  over  the  divide  of 
the  waters  of  the  Platte  and  Kansas,  and  reaches  the  Platte  River  and  the 
road  from  Plattsmouth  and  Nebraska  City  some  twelve  miles  this  side  of 
Fort  Kearney.  Another  road,  sometimes  taken  to  the  Platte  River  by 
freighters  and  emigrants  from  eastern  Kansas,  is  the  military  road  that  con> 
nects  Fort  Leavenworth  with  Fort  Kearney,  by  way  of  Fort  Riley,  there 
being  little  difference  in  the  distance,  which,  between  Leavenworth,  Atchison, 
St.  Joseph,  and  Kearney,  ranges  firom  260  to  280  miles.  The  road  is  rather 
broken,  but  not  bad  when  dry.  In  the  spring  rains  often  reduce  it  to  an 
impassable  condition,  the  heavy  freight  wagons  cutting  it  up,  and  fordings 
become  difficult  and  dangerous,  owing  to  the  often  rabid  and  mighty  rise 
of  the  water  cour-es.  During  the  annual  height  of  overland  migration, 
grass  often  becomes  very  scanty  close  to  the  road,  in  consequence  of  the 
constant  grazing  of  vast  numbers  of  draught  animals.  As  to  water,  the 
worst  stretch  of  the  road  is  that  from  the  head  of  the  Little  Blue  to  the 
l^latte  River,  some  forty  odd  miles,  where  during  high  summer  water  is  found 
only  in  pools  and  buffalo  holes. 

The  roads  from  Plattsmouth  and  Nebraska  City  join  about  thirty  miles 
frotn  the  Missouri  River.  The  road  from  these  two  places  to  Fort  Kearney 
is  certainly  the  best  of  all  the  eastern  branches  of  the  Platte  route  for  freight- 
ing purposes.  There  is  but  one  stream — Salt  Creek — of  any  moment  to 
cross,  and  that  is  paved  at  a  shallow  ford  with  solid  rock.  An  abundance 
of  grass,  and  wood,  and  water  is  also  found  all  the  way  to  Fort  Kearney. 
The  road  is  hard,  dry,  and  nearly  level  for  the  greater  part  of  the  distance, 
and  follows  the  Platte  Valley  the  last  hundred  miles.  From  Nebraska  City 
it  is  two  hundred,  and  from  Plattsmouth  about  fifteen  miles  less.     The  only 


0(yitim&rct  of  ihe  Prairies.  36 

drawback  to  this  roate  lies  in  the  unoertaiDty  of  Missouri  River  navifs^atioD, 
and  the  consequent  trouble  experienced  in  getting  freight  from  the  East  to 
the  two  eastern  termini.  This  evil  will  soon  be  remedied  by  the  completion 
of  the  Platte  Vallej  Railroad,  which  is  now  being  extended  up  the  hh  bank 
of  the  Missouri  from  St.  Joseph. 

The  road  from  Omaha  City  to  Fort  Kearney  was  first  opened  by  the 
Mormon  emigration  nearly  fourteen  years  ago.  Its  natural  excellence  is 
great,  i:  being  a  broad  trail,  with  gentle  acclivities  and  easy  fordings,  and 
nuining  over  an  undulating  prairie  country  well  wooded  and  watered. 
A  telegraph  line,  now  about  completed,  follows,  and  a  daily  stage  line  is 
also  worked  over  it  But  the  northerly  location  of  Omaha  City,  hun- 
dreds of  miles  from  the  terminus  of  any  railroad,  has  thus  far  prevented 
it«  overland  route  from  being  largely  used  by  the  regular  freighters, 
although  it  is  by  far  the  shortest  (180  miles)  to  Fort  Kearney  and  points 
farther  west.  It  is  much  traveled,  both  by  emigrants  to  Pikers  Peak  and 
California,  and  alone  used  by  the  annual  Mormon  expedition,  whose 
proper  starting  point  is,  however,  Florence,  a  town  some  three  miles  north 
of  Omaha. 

The  old  Mormon  trail  extends  up  the  north  bank  of  the  Platte,  after 
reaching  the  river  opposite  the  Fort,  and  is  uniformly  followed  by  the 
handcart,  ox  and  mule  trains  of  the  Latter  Day  Saints,  as  their  leaders 
are  always  anxious  to  avoid  intercourse  with  Gentile  travelers,  the  bulk 
of  whom  keep  up  the  south  bank. 

From  Fort  Kearney  the  carrying  trade  to  the  gold  regions  follows  a 
common  track — the  great  military  road  to  Fort  Laramie — up  to  the  Cal- 
ifornia or  lower  and  upper  crossings  of  the  South  Platte.  A  better  natu- 
ral road  does  not  exist  anywhere  in  the  United  States.  With  the  excep- 
tions of  a  few  miles  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  forking  of  the  main  Platte 
into  a  north  and  south  branch,  it  runs  up  through  the  river  bottoms,  the 
soil  of  which  has  a  large  admixture  of  sand  and  gravel — just  enough  to 
make  it  hard  and  free  from  the  protracted  effects  of  rains.  Although  a 
steady  ascent  takes  places  from  the  Missouri  .River  to  the  base  of  the 
mountains,  it  is  so  gradual  as  to  remain  imperceptible  on  all  the  routes 
across  the  Plains,  and  nowhere  more  so  than  in  the  Platte  valley.  Not 
a  single  stream  has  to  be  forded  between  Kearney  and  the  crossings — 
distance,  from  100  to  190  miles  from  the  former  point 

Here  the  travel  to  the  gold  regions  leaves  the  military  road,  which 
continues  across  the  South  to  the  North  Platte,  and  leads  up  the  former 
over  an  ancient  Indian  war  path  to  the  mouth  of  Beaver  Creek,  107 
miles  west  of  the  upper  crossing.  From  this  point  travelers  can  either 
take  a  new  cut  off  to  Denver  or  follow  the  old  track  along  the  South 
Platte,  past  Fremont's  Orchard  to  Fort  St  Vrain,  (an  abandoned  trading 
post,)  and  thence  down  the  sudden  southwesterly  turn  of  the  river  to  its 
junction  with  Cherry  Creek,  on  both  sides  of  which  the  metrouplis  of  the 
gold  regions  extends.  The  distance  over  the  former  is  182,  and  over  the 
latter  220,  miles  from  the  upper  ford  of  the  South  Platte. 

From  within  30  miles  of  that  point  to  within  40  of  Denver,  frequent 
deserts — at  times  only  a  few  hundred  yards  and  again  many  miles  in 
width — ^intervene  and  badly  obstruct  the  passage  of  all  vehicles.  The 
heavy  freight  w^ons  are  always  obliged  to  double  team  in  order  to  get 
through  its  sand,  which  often  lies  several  feet  thick.  A  sandy  belt  seems 
to  stretch  over  the  entire  length  of  the  Plains,  from  the  Upper  Missouri 


36  Commerce  of  the  Prairies. 

down  to  Northern  Texas,  between  the  102d  and  104tb  degrees  of  west- 
ern longitude ;  at  least,  more  or  less  deep  sand  prevails  within  those 
limits  on  ail  the  routes. 

Another  common  feature  of  the  several  overland  routes  Is  the  utter 
absence  of  timber,  commencing  at  about  100  degrees  and  30  minutes 
west  longitude,  and  extending  to  the  west  for  from  150  to  200  miles. 
The  bofs  de  vache^  or,  less  elegantly  expressed,  the  dried  buffalo  dung,  is 
the  only  fuel  on  those  treeless,  forsaken  stretches. 

During  the  last  two  years  determined  and  continued  efforts  have  been 
made  by  the  people  of  Leavenworth  City  and  other  interested  Kansas 
towns  to  attract  freighters  and  emigrants  to  the  so-called  Smoky  Hill 
route,  a  continuation  of  the  military  road  to  Fort  Riley,  up  the  fork  of 
the  Kansas  River  of  like  name.  But  although  recent  explorations  have 
proved  the  possibility  of  opening  a  good  route  practically  for  the  heaviest 
of  freight  wagons,  and  certainly  more  direct  than  that  up  the  Platte 
through  that  valley,  the  very  fact  that  it  has  not  been  traveled  up  to  this 
time,  and  that  not  a  human  habitation  is  found  on  the  last  400  miles  of 
it,  has  damaged  its  prospects,  and  will  continue  to  do  so  until  the  con- 
struction of  the  contemplated  railroad  from  Leavenworth  up  the  Kansas 
valley  to  Fort  Riley  shall  have  added  an  additional  inducement  for  its 
more  general  adoption. 

The  Utah  carrying  trade  passes  over  the  eastern  branches  of  the  Platte 
route  to  their  junction  at  Fort  Kearney.  Thence  the  great  portion  of  it 
keeps  up  the  south  bank  of  the  Platte  to  either  of  the  crossings,  after 
passing  which  it  makes  over  the  divide  of  the  waters  of  the  two  forks  of 
the  river  to  its  northern  one,  and  then  follows  this  to  Fort  Laramie.  The 
Mormon  element,  as  already  mentioned,  usually  continues  its  westerly 
course  up  the  north  bank  of  the  river  to  the  same  point  Both  roads 
then  join  and  run  up  the  south  bank  of  the  north  fork  to  the  mouth  of 
Deer  Creek.  At  this  point  it  crosses  over  to  the  north  bank,  which  it 
keeps  through  the  Rattlesnake  Mountains  until  it  strikes  the  Sweetwater. 
Following  this  through  the  South  Pass,  it  changes  its  heretofore  north- 
westerly to  a  southwesterly  course,  across  Green,  Black,  and  Bear  Rivers 
to  Fort  Bridger,  and  thence  to  the  different  Mormon  settlements.  The 
length  of  the  route  ranges  from  1,100  to  1,250  miles,  according  to  the 
location  of  the  starting  points. 

The  road  is  good,  save  many  sandy,  barren  spots  on  its  western  portion. 
The  great  number  of  fordings  from  the  South  Platte  crossings  all  the 
way  out  likewise  obstruct  the  progress  of  trains  in  rainy  seasons.  Wood 
is  comparatively  more  plentiful  than  on  both  the  routes  to  New  Mexico 
and  the  Pikers  Peak  country. 

Freighters  to  the  gold  regions  have  all  made  two  trips  during  the 
present  season,  each  of  which  occupied  from  sixty  to  seventy-five  days. 
To  Salt  Lake,  however,  only  one  trip  can  be  made  each  season.  It  is 
made  in  from  one  hundred  to  one  hundred  and  thirty  days. 

The  Indian  trade  is  supplied  both  by  carrying  means  of  its  own  and 
the  freighters  to  New  Mexico,  Pike's  Peak,  and  Utah,  the  principal  trad- 
ing post  being  located  in  close  proximity  to  the  several  routes  to  those 
regions.  Those  in  the  Upper  Missouri  country  obtain  their  goods  by 
water;  hence  are  the  most  favored  among  the  merchants  of  the  Plains 
as  to  cheapness  or  expeditiousness  of  transportation. 

The  daily  augmenting  number  of  mail  and  express  stations,  United 


Commerce  of  the  Prairies.  37 

States  post-ofBces,  trading  bouses,  stock  ranches,  blacksmith  shops,  etc., 
on  the  route  to  Pike's  Peak  and  Utah,  has  done  awaj,  to  a  great  extent, 
with  the  helplessness  experienced  in  former  days  by  freighters  and  emi- 
grants in  case  of  accidents. 

FREIGHTING   LIFB    ON   THB   GREAT   PLAINS. 

Life  on  the  Plains  differs  as  much  from  that  in  the  settled  sections  of 
the  West  as  the  life  of  inland  navigators  from  that  of  regular  seafarers. 
There  is  indeed  so  much  originality  and  freshness,  so  much  of  the  ro- 
mantic and  adventurous,  in  the  experience  of  those  that  annually  make 
the  great  prairies  the  scene  of  their  woes  and  joys,  that  the  reader  may 
not  be  ungrateful  for  the  following  description  of  its  many  interesting 
peculiarities. 

The  axiom  that  ^'  in  union  there  is  strength  "  is  strictly  acted  upon  by 
the  overland  freighters.  Considerations  of  mutual  protection  and  assist- 
ance prevent  them  from  sending  out  single  wagons.  They  are  always 
combined  into  trains  comprising  from  a  dozen  to  as  many  as  seventy-five, 
and  at  tiroes  even  a  hundred  vehicles;  twenty-five  is,  however,  the  num- 
ber usually  composing  a  train. 

The  vehicles  are  not  of  a  uniform  description.  The  time-honored  con- 
trivances, still  mostly  in  use,  C'Onsist  of  a  four-wheeled  body,  made  in  the 
most  substantial  manner,  and  carrying  a  huge  box,  of  a  tapering  shape, 
much  like  a  fiatboat,  some  sixteen  feet  long  at  the  top  and  twelve  at  the 
bottom,  four  feet  wide  and  five  feet  high.  The  whole  is  surmounted  by 
a  double  cover  of  sheets  of  osnaburg,  resting  on  a  succession  of  bows. 
These  immense  structures,  facetiously  denominated  **  prairie  schooners," 
are  made  to  carry  from  ^\q  to  seven  thousand  pounds  each.  Of  late  a 
smaller  kind  of  vehicle,  nearly  like  the  ordinary  farmers'  wagons,  have 
been  largely  employed.  Opinions  as  to  their  respective  preferableness 
greatly  ftffer  among  the  freighters. 

The  draught  animals  in  most  general  use  at  this  moment  are  oxen.  In 
their  selection  more  attention  is,  of  course,  paid  to  strength  of  body  than 
purity  of  blood.  Such  stock  is  promiscuously  raised  in  large  numbers 
all  over  the  prairies  of  the  border.  Most  of  it  is  grass  fed,  and  unac- 
customed to  any  kind  of  shelter — two  most  essential  qualities  while 
doing  freighting  service  on  the  Plains.  Their  work  is  hard  and  treat- 
ment bad ;  and  hence,  like  the  stage  horses  of  Eastern  cities,  they  are 
soon  used  up.  Two  seasons  are  all  they  are  expected  to  go  through. 
On  the  lapse  of  these  they  are  fixed  up  for  the  beef  market. 

Horses  are  seldom  used  for  pulling  heavy  loads  across  the  Plains. 
Mules,  however,  are  extensively  employed,  owing  to  their  great  powers 
of  endurance.  As  five  yoke  of  oxen  cost  no  more  on  the  frontiers  than 
one  pair  of  good  mules,  only  the  United  States  government  (in  the  trans- 
portation of  military  stores)  and  the  wealthier  among  the  freighters,  that 
find  an  object  in  making  quick  trips,  can  afford  them. 

One  teamster  for  each  wagon  is  attached  to  the  train.  Under  his 
charge  there  is  one  yoke  of  oxen  or  one  pair  of  mules  for  every  thousand 
pounds  of  freight. 

From  four  to  ten  extra  hands  further  accompany  each  train,  to  fill  pos- 
sible vacancies  and  do  all  work  not  strictly  coming  within  the  province 
of  the  driver.  One  or  more  so-called  mess  wagons,  carrying  cooking 
and  eating  utensils,  and  the  provisions  respectively  allowed  to  the  sever^ 


88  Commerce  of  ihe  Prairies, 

messes  into  whicb  the  **  orew  "  of  the  train  is  divided,  also  fonn  part  of 
the  cortege,  under  the  special  superintendence  of  an  equal  number  of 
eooks,  whose  duties  are  confined  to  the  gratification  of  stomacbial  crav- 
ings. 

The  whole — drivers,  cooks,  extra  hands,  oxen,  mules,  and  wagons — is 
under  the  supreme  command  of  the  *^  wagon  or  trainmaster "  and  his 
assistant,  both  of  whom  are  vested  with  authority  as  plenary  as  that  ac- 
corded to  ofiScers  of  vessels  at  sea.  Sometimes  the  owners  of  the  trans- 
ported goods,  who  then  exercises  the  functions  of  a  supercargo,  travel 
with  the  trains,  but  leave  the  direction  of  their  movements  to  the  train- 
masters. 

The  task  imposed  upon  the  latter  is  by  no  means  an  easy  one,  and 
henee  great  care  it  taken  in  their  selection.  They  have  all  been  for  tens 
of  years  inured  to  the  difficulties,  hardships,  and  dangers  of  freighting 
on  the  Plains.  Nine  out  of  every  ten  commenced  their  career  as  lowly 
teamsters,  and  succeeded,  by  long  and  faithful  services  only,  in  attaining 
their  present  positions.  They  are  all  men  of  great  physical  vigor  and 
undaunted  courage,  ready  resolution  and  tkreless  execution.  They  know 
how  to  command  and  how  to  enforce  obedience.  But  not  all  their  char- 
acteristics are  equally  laudable.  They  can  swear  worse  than  Turks ;  they 
love  whisky;  they  never  shrink  from  a  fight;  they  are  experts  in  the 
use  of  bowie-knife  and  revolver ;  they  are  often  guilty  of  barbarous  ty- 
ranny, and  abuse  their  subordinates  as  cruelly  with  words  and  deeds  as 
our  ocean  captains  and  mates.  The  oxwhip  and  bullets  are  frequently  re- 
sorted to  by  them  as  means  of  preserving  discipline. 

Although  atrocities  never  become  imperative,  it  cannot  be  denied  that 
the  law  of  self-preservation  necessitates  great  rigor  on  their  part  towards 
the  ^*  crews."  They  consist  mostly  of  desperadoes  and  villains  from  all 
parts  of  the  globe — fighting  men,  border  ruffians,  escaped  convicts,  un- 
punished thieves  and  assassins ;  in  short,  the  moral  scum  and  dregs  of 
both  the  East  and  West  enlist  in  their  ranks  as  a  last  refuge.  From  the 
great  number  of  drivers  wanted  every  spring,  and  their  thankless,  toil- 
some work  and  slavish  treatment,  the  demand  always  transcends  the  sup- 
ply, and  hence  a  "  character  "  is  never  required  at  the  "  recruiting  office." 
The  only  qualification  demanded  is  a  knowledge  of  the  use  of  the  whip, 
of  bovine  nature,  and  the  meaning  of  '*  gee  "  and  "  haw."  That  "  moral 
persuasion  "  would  fall  short  of  effect  in  the  management  of  such  motley, 
dare-devilish  elements  is  obvious. 

Such  is  the  personnel  of  the  caravans  launched  every  spring  upon  the 
Plains.  On  the  first  day  of  the  journey  a  few  miles  only  are  generally 
made,  in  order  to  have  time  to  acquaint  men  and  animals  with  their  re- 
spective duties.  But  from  the  second  the  regular  routine  of  freighting 
life  is  strictly  enforced. 

Long  before  daylight  every  morning  the  whole  camp  is  aroused  by  the 
guards.  Reluctantly  the  sleepers  crawl  out  of  their  tents  and  wagons,  in 
which  they  had  found  rest  from  the  fatigues  of  the  preceding  day.  The 
time  between  rising  and  breakfast  is  devoted  to  yawning  and  stretching 
the  limbs,  stifl'ened  by  the  hardness  of  their  primitive  couches.  Their 
toilet  is  soon  made.  Washing  and  combing  are  looked  upon  as  super- 
fluities by  the  genuine  "  bull  whacker."  The  cooks  only  go  through  a 
superficial  lavation  of  their  digits  previous  to  diving  them  in  doughy  depths. 
The  preparation  of  the  morning  or  any  other  repast  does  not  tax  their 


Commerce  of  the  Prairies.  89 

time  or  culinary  accomplish meDts  to  an  unusual  extent.  Bread  baked 
in  pans  and  pregnated  with  a  superabundance  of  saleratus,  boiled  rice 
and  beans,  fried  bacon,  and,  perhaps,  dried  apples,  form,  together  with 
^flapjacks,''  and  an  nndefinable  concoction  passing  for  coffee,  the  simple, 
unvarying  bill  of  fare. 

Breakfast  being  completed — the  dewy  prairie  carpet  representing  the 
table  cloth  and  dirty  tins  the  dishes — the  command  of  the  wagon-master  to 
^ drive  up"  is  heard.  The  teamsters  all  sally  out  to  assist  the  night 
herders  in  getting  the*  animals  within  the  elliptical  enclosure  denomina- 
ted "  corral,"  nightly  constructed  out  of  the  wagons,  with  an  opening  at 
one  end.  The  quadrupeds  being  all  crowded  between  the  vehicles,  ropes 
are  stretched  across  the  inlet,  and  all  hands  go  to  work  saddling,  har- 
nessing, yoking,  chaining.  For  a  short  time  the  utmost  uproar  and  con- 
fusion then  predominates.  The  drivers  belch  forth  oaths  and  curses 
in  furious  succession.  Their  lashes,  fists,  and  feet  belabor  the  animals 
most  mercilessly.  In  return  the  mules  rear  and  kick,  and  the  oxen  butt 
and  balk.  Distressed  braying  and  lowing  sound  on  all  sides.  But  be- 
fore the  lapse  of  many  minutes  order  comes  out  of  chaos,  and  each  of 
the  conflicting  elements  finds  its  proper  place.  At  last  the  commander- 
in-chief  gives  the  sign  of  readiness  by  mounting  his  mule,  and  before 
sun-up  the  whole  of  the  caravan  is  moving  along  the  road. 

Whoever  has  journeyed  over  the  Plains  will  readily  acknowledge  that 
the  grandest  sights  to  be  enjoyed  are  a  buffalo  herd  fiying  from  hunters 
and  freight  trains  in  full  motion.  When  the  traveler  is  yet  afar  off,  the 
approach  of  the  trains  is  revealed  in  an  unmistakeable  mannet.  Should 
the  wind  carry  the  sound  in  the  right  direction,  the  jarring  and  creaking 
of  the  wagons,  the  reverberations  of  cracking  whips,  and  the  incessant 
**gee-ho's"  and  "ho-haw's"  of  the  teamsters  will  be  carried  through  the 
rarified  atmosphere  to  his  ears  long  before  the  caravan  itself  will  burst 
upon  his  vision.  Having  neared  within  a  few  miles,  the  train  rises  grad- 
ually into  sight,  just  as  ships  appear  to  emerge  from  below  the  horizon. 
The  whole  being  in  view,  the  shming  white  of  the  covers  and  the  hull- 
like appearance  of  the  wagons  produces  a  striking  resemblance  to  a  fleet 
sailing,  with  all  Canvass  spread,  over  a  seeming  sea. 

On  nearing  still  closer  he  will  first  come  up  with  the  train-master,  who 
always  keeps  a  mile  or  so  ahead  of  the  caravan,  pre-examining  the  con- 
dition of  the  road,  looking  out  for  camping  places,  etc.,  etc.,  and  leaving 
the  immediate  charge  of  the  train  to  his  assistant.  Next  he  will  meet 
the  carriage  of  the  proprietor  of  the  cargo,  should  he  accompany  the 
train,  and,  finally,  the  sluggish,  tardy  file  of  ** prairie  schooners"  will 
pass  before  him. 

The  close  review  will  convince  him  at  once  that  *^  distance  lends  en- 
chantment to  the  view."  The  main  features  of  the  aspect — panting, 
melancholy  oxen,  and  the  hardest  looking  specimens  of  humanity  he 
ever  gazed  upon,  worrying  sullenly  along — are  little  apt  to  produce  any 
thing  like  admiration.  The  shapeless,  perforated  slouched  hats;  the  full 
grown,  unkempt  chevelures  and  beards ;  the  ragged  shirts  and  inexpressi- 
bles (coats  are  entirely  out  of  place  on  the  Plains,)  and,  above  all,  the 
thick  encrustations  of  sweat  and  dust,  evidently  of  many  days'  standing, 
on  their  hands  and  faces,  will  hardly  tickle  his  sense  of  the  beautiful. 
As  to  looks,  indeed,  Mississippi  steamboat  crews  are  perfect  dandies  com- 
pared with  those  of  the  praine  fleets. 


40  Commerce  of  the  Ptairies. 

The  trains  in  going  out  move  at  the  rate  of  from  a  mile-and-a-half  to 
two  miles  per  hour,  and  from  fifteen  to  twenty  miles  per  day.  When 
the  road  is  heavy,  either  from  rain  or  sand,  much  less  is  made.  The 
daily  distances  traveled  have  to  depend  very  frequently  on  the  location 
of  suitable  camping  places.  The  wagon-masters,  knowing  every  inch  of 
the  ground,  can  always  regulate  their  diurnal  movements  in  advance. 

In  the  forenoon,  after  journeying  until  the  sun  is  within  an  hour  or  so 
of  the  meridian,  the  train  is  brought  to  a  stop,  after  turning  a  little  off 
the  road.  If  water  was  known  to  be  unobtainable  before  starting,  that 
indispensable  necessity  was  brought  along  in  the  casks  that  every  wagon 
carries.  The  animals  being  unhitched  to  graze,  the  men  quietly  await 
their  dinner.  The  preparation  of  this  often  sorely  puzzles  the  cooks  in 
the  timberless  regions,  if  the  loads  should  be  too  heavy  to  allow  the 
carrying  of  a  supply  of  fuel.  The  only  resort  then  is  the  "  buffalo  chips," 
in  the  frantic  search  of  which  they  have  to  set  out  with  bags  as  soon  as 
the  train  has  come  to  a  halt.  But  even  this  fails  at  times,  when  the 
messes  have  to  content  themselves  with  slices  of  raw  bacon  and  bread. 

The  dinner  being  eaten,  the  crew,  with  the  eicception  of  the  herders, 
sleep  away  the  hot  noon  hours.  At  two  o'clock  the  wagon-master  again 
rouses  the  camp,  and  the  scenes  of  the  morning  are  once  more  gone 
through.  Before  three  o'clock  the  train  is  again  on  the  road  and  plods 
on  until  sunset,  when  the  day's  work  is  brought  to  an  end.  The  "corral  " 
is  again  formed  ;  the  animals  let  loose ;  the  different  night  watches  and 
herders  appointed ;  the  supper  cooked  and  swallowed ;  the  pipes  smoked ; 
the  incidents  of  this  and  other  journeys  discussed  ;  and  at  nine  o'clock 
all  those  who  are  exempt  from  night  duties  repose  in  Morpheus'  arms. 

This  is  the  daily  run  of  the  freighter's  life.  The  only  diversification  of 
its  dull  rotation  is  an  occasional  hunt,  a  break  down,  with  its  vexations 
and  extra  labor;  the  excitement  produced  by  the  supposed  or  actual  vi- 
cinity of  hostile  Indians,  and  last,  not  least,  the  terror  of  all  prairie  men 
— the  stampede  of  their  animals.  This  worst  aflfliction — the  result  of 
Indian  stratagem,  attacks  of  wolves,  and  other  causes  of  sudden  fright — 
never  happens  without  entailing  hours,  and  not  seldom  days  and  weeks, 
of  often  but  partially  successful  attempts  at  recapture,  involving  a  chase 
of  hundreds  of  miles  over  trackless,  destitute  regions. 

Having  reached  the  point  of  destination,  the  cargoes  are  discharged 
as  fast  as  possible,  and,  after  a  day  or  two  of  rest,  the  return  trips  en- 
tered upon.  It  is  accomplished  in  much  better  time  than  the  journey 
out  The  Pike's  Peak  and  Salt  Lake  freighters,  who  are  compelled  to 
return  entirely  empty,  usually  couple  two  of  their  wagons  and  have  them 
pulled  by  one  team,  while  the  other  is  being  driven  along.  Going  in,  at 
times,  tells  worse  upon  the  oxen  than  going  out,  as  they  endure  hard 
work  better  than  fast  traveling. 

Arriving  in  port,  the  caravan  is  either  dissolved  by  discharging  and 
paying  off  the  men,  stowing  away  the  wagons  and  sending  the  animals 
out  on  pasture,  or  the  train  receives  a  second  load  and  is  at  once  turned 
back.  In  either  case  the  hands  get  whatever  wages  they  have  earned  on 
the  first  trip.  They  are  no  sooner  in  receipt  of  their  balances — like  the 
•ailors  they  receive  advances,  not  in  cash,  but  condemned  army  muskets, 
clothing,  blankets,  etc.,  etc.,  are  forced  upon  them  in  a  way  at  exorbitant 
prices — when  most  fall  into  the  hands  of  land  sharks,  in  the  shape  of 
Jewish  sellers  of  clothing,  who  lurk  in  crowds  about  the  freighting  otilces 


Oommirce  of  the  Prairies.  41 

on  the  return  of  the  trains,  and  with  the  persistency,  impudence,  and 
blandishments  of  their  prototypes  in  Chatham-street,  never  rest  until  at 
least  a  portion  of  the  victim's  earnings  has  found  its  way  into  their 
pockets. 

After  washing,  shaving,  and  dressing  the  "Jacks"  of  the  prairies  pro- 
ceed to  have  a  high  old  time  on  benders,  the  intensity  of  which  is  only 
equaled  by  those  mariners  love  to  indulge  in  on  returning  from  a  cruise. 
The  "  bull  whackers  "  reveal,  indeed,  the  same  exuberant  fondness  of  vul- 
gar physical  pleasures  and  reckless  improvidence.  The  first  days  of  their 
renewed  stay  amidst  civilized  surroundings  are  uniformly  spent  in  unin- 
terrupted debauchery,  and  after  emptying  the  cup  of  riotous  living,  it 
happens  in  most  cases  that  they  find  themselves  stripped  of  the  fruits  of 
their  labors  and  privations  of  months,  and  once  more  obliged  to  "  ship  " 
or  starve. 

The  annual  freighting  season  but  seldom  extends  over  the  15th  of  Oc- 
tober.    On  the  1st  of  November  winter  quarters  are  universally  occupied. 

STATISTICS. 

The  collection  of  correct  figures  in  relation  to  the  overland  transpor- 
tation business  proved  no  easy  matter.  A  similar  task  having  never  been 
undertaken,  all  guidance  for  the  investigation  was  wanting,  and  the  scat- 
tered character  of  the  sources  of  information — from  Florence,  N.  T., 
down  to  Westport,  Mo. — still  increased  the  attending  diflSculties.  Abso- 
lute completeness  is,  therefore,  not  claimed  for  the  subjoined  statistical 
tables ;  but  whatever  has  been  given  is  taken  from  the  books  of  ware- 
housemen, and  hence  can  be  relied  on  as  correct. 

In  the  New  Mexico  as  well  as  the  Pike's  Peak,  Indian,  and  Utah  traffic, 
the  transporting  business  is  transacted  partly  by  the  traders  themselves, 
and  partly  by  persons  that  devote  their  time,  labor,  and  capital  solely  to 
the  carrying  trade  proper.  The  equipment  of  trains  requires  a  large  out- 
lay of  capital,  which  has  necessarily  to  remain  idle  for  one  half  of  every 
year,  so  that  traders  find  it  hardly  less  profitable  to  pay  freight  and  in- 
vest their  means  in  merchandising,  than  to  do  their  own  freighting,  the 
saving  often  coming  short  of  the  expenses  and  the  loss  of  interest  on  the 
capital  represented  by  vehicles  and  animals  during  their  idleness  in  the 
winter  season. 

The  following  expositions  shows  the  number  of  men,  wagons,  and  ani- 
mals employed  in  the  carrying  trade,  together  with  the  weight  of  the 
merchandise  transported  from  the  several  outfitting  and  starting  points. 
Ejinsas  City  being  all  but  exclusively  engaged  in  the  New  Mexico  traffic, 
the  figures  under  that  head  reflect  that  branch  of  overland  transportation 
only.  The  number  of  carriers  in  that  line  has  been  found  to  exceed  two 
hundred,  and  hence  only  aggregate  numbers  have  been  given,  to  save  space. 

The  numbers  appearing  in  connection  with  Leavenworth  City  and  other 
points  north  of  Kansas  City  show  the  carrying  means  employed  in  the 
Pike's  Peak  and  Utah  trafllc. 

In  conjunction  with  private  freighting,  appears  that  done  by  contract- 
ors under  the  auspices  of  the  War  Department.  All  the  military  posts 
of  Ejinsas,  Nebraska,  Utah,  and  New  Mexico  obtain  their  supplies  of  ar- 
ticles of  wear,  provisions,  arms,  ammunition,  grain  for  stock,  etc.,  etc., 
through  them. 


42 


Commerce  of  the  Prairies. 


STATEMENT  SHOWINO  THE  EXTENT  OF  THE  OVERLAND  TRANSPORTATION  BITSI- 
NEBS  OF  VARIOUS  MISSOURI  RIVER  TOWNS  TO  NEW  MEXIOO,  THE  PIKB*8 
PEAK  GOLD  REGIONS,  UTAH,  AND  POINTS  ON  THE  PLAINS. 

FROM  KANSAS  CITT — KIW  MBZIOO  T&ADB. 
ON  PRIVATE  AOOOUMT. 

Weight 
Nftme  of  freighten.  Men.  Hors'a.  Mulee.   Okod.  WagODB.  of  freight        Dettin*Uon. 
. 6,984  464  6,9S8  17,336  2,170  11,680,000    New  Mexico. 


Irwin,  Jaekman  <b  Co.,  12 
trains 

Russell,  Majors  &  Waddell 
— by  their  sub-contract- 
ors, Alexander  Majors, 
Briant  &.  Bernard,Ohilds, 
Hayes  <&  Ck>.,  <b  Thomp- 
son <{c  Levander  —  21 
trains 

Total  from  Kansas  City 

FROM  LEAVENWORTH 


FOR  GOVBRMMBNT. 


410...       82    4,ld4     817     1,837,686  ForU Garland, 

Union,  <b  Wise. 


690...      184    6,480     646    2,971,488  Forts  Lamed, 
7,084  464  6,149  27,920  8,088  16,489,124 

OITT  TO  pike's  peak,  UTAH,  AND  INTERMEDIATE  POINTS. 


ON  PRIVATB  AOOOUNT. 

Men.  Hoi 
Jones  <&  Gartwright,  24 

trains 7^0  . 

D.  D.  White  A  Co. 96  . 

Clayton,  Lowe  A  Co 66  • 

L.  Bartolei 86  . 

Please,  Byers  <&  Co. . . . .  60  • 
Sevend  small  firms,  with 

from  6  to  9  teams  each  48  . 


ales. 

Oxen. 

Wagons. 

Freight 

Destination. 

96 

6,844 

624 

8,744,000 

Denver  City. 

12 

890 

78 

468,000 

M 

40 

400 

60 

226,690 

tf 

8 

260 

86 

180,000 

M 

6 

800 

18 

160,000 

U 

11       428       42       210,000 


Russell,  Majors  <&  Waddell 
— by  their  sub  contract- 

orr,  A.  Majors — 6  trains  192 

To.  from  Leav  enVth  city  1 ,2 1 6 


FOR  THE  007ERNMBNT. 


88     1,842     166       728,492  Forts  Lamed, 

, —   _ Union  and 

206  10,962  1,002    6,666,082      Garland. 


FROM  ATCHISON  TO  PIKE*8  PEAK,  UTAH,  AND  INTERMEDIATE  POINTS. 
ON  PRIVATE  AOOOUNT. 

Men.  Hora^ 

D.  D.  White  <&  Co.,  start 
trains  both  from  Lea- 
venworth and  Atchison  120  .. 

M.  EUbach  (t(  Co. 69  .. 

J,  B.  Doyle  t  Co.,  2  trains  72  . . 

Roberts  <fc  Lauderdale ...  40  . . 

HughMurdock 81  .. 

J.  Samuels. 12  . . 

G.H.  Gratiot 80  .. 

Freeport  Mining  Co. ...  •  11  . . 

Almy<&  Fisher 18  .. 

B.F.  Coons 24  .. 

M.  Marten 16  .. 

Wallingford  <b  Murphy. .  26  . . 

Penton  <fc  PuroeU 16  .. 

J.  Ifi.  Walker 80  . . 

Livingston,  Bell  <&  Co.. . .  64  . . 

T.Kundaon 20  .• 


iules. 

Freight 

Destination. 

22 

1,642 

102 

760,000 

Denver  City. 

72 

660 

68 

166.340 

(( 

12 

640 

60 

241,904 

u 

6 

880 

82 

170,000 

(( 

8 

168 

28 

112.000 

« 

8 

120 

10 

48,000 

m 

6 

240 

20 

61,980 

« 

8 

122 

10 

41,000 

M 

8 

120 

10 

40,000 

M 

4 

180 

28 

81,600 

«l 

6 

86 

10 

86.467 

i( 

6 

186 

20 

70,000 

U 

4 

100 

12 

60,000 

M 

6 

200 

26 

100,000  Salt  Lake  City. 

8 

600 

60 

187,000 

U 

66 

•  •  • 

16 

48,000 

C( 

Commerce  of  the  Prairies. 


43 


Ok/too  <k  Lowe 12 

Oaberi  <fc  Gerrish 40 

DanaiDg  &  Mason 89 

Beviu  <fc  Miller. 66 

Oldham. 14 

John  Dold  <b  Brother  ...         88 
W.S.  Williams,  N.  P.  Per- 

Z,  Myers  &  Lode  hart, 
B.  Qaylord,  Baker  ^ 
Reed,  J.  M.  Broadwell, 
Maxwell  <fc  Walker,  K 
R.  Watson,  Tim  Oood- 
ale,  F.  Boisyesh,  J.Fer- 
rier,  J.  0.  Dayis  <b  Co., 
W.  K  Brown  A  Co.,  W. 
KinkeaH,  Arnold  <b  Mar- 
tan,  Blake  A  Kelly,  and 
Clingham  <b  Broi,  from  2 
to  8  wagons  each—to- 
gether.        126 


ilet. 

Oxen.    1 

Wagons. 

Freight        DestlnAtion. 

[0 

•  • . 

10 

30,000     Denver  City. 

6 

460 

88 

166,000  Salt  Lake  City. 

8 

860 

88 

160,000     Denver  City. 

9 

600 

49 

260,000 

2 

100 

12 

660,000 

4 

420 

86 

ITl.OOO 

117       612       81       271,600     Denver  City. 


Irwin,  Jackman  <b  Co.,  out- 
fitting depots  both  in 
Kansas  City  and  Atchi- 
son, 20  trains 


rOB  THS  OOVXRNMBMT. 


76    6,240     620    8,120,000  Forts  Kearney, 

— — Laramie  and 

472  18,640  1,280    6,097,948  Utah  territory. 


660 
Total  from  Atchison.. .     1,691 
FROM  ST.  JOSEPH  TO  THE  PIEB's  PEAK  GOLD  REGIONS,  UTAH,  AND  WAT  POINTS. 

No  regular  outfitting  houses  being  located  here,  the  names  and  seve- 
ral returns  of  the  freighters  could  not  be  had.  The  keepers  of  the  two 
steam  ferries  across  the  Missouri  at  the  same  place  conduct,  however,  a 
register  of  the  freight  wagons  that  crossed  over  since  the  1st  of  March 
last.  According  to  their  count  there  started  for  the  Plains  from  St.  Jo- 
seph (emigrant  wagons  excluded) : — 


Men.  Moles  AhorsM.  0z«n. 
496  620  3,960 


Wagons. 
478 


Freight,  (4,000  lbs.  to  each  wagon)  1,672,000 

nOK  VBBBISXA  OITT  (TO  PIU's  PIAK  GOLD  aaOIONS  AND  WAT  POINTs)  AND  DEMTXa  CITT. 


Alez.  Majors, 

AB.  Byram 

Hawkee  A  NochoUs 


trains. 


Men.  Hon^s.  Mules.  Oxen.    Wagons.    Freight 
800     ..      100  10,084      632     4,992,000 
82     ..  4        410       82        192,000 

64     ..  9        624       62        812,000 


Total  Nebraska  City.. .       896 


113  11,118      716     6,496,000 


King  A  Wood,  4  trains.. . 

H.  Z.  Chapman 

J.T.AB.  A.  Brown.... 

Twenty- one  difiterent  par- 
ties, with  from  2  to  7 
wagons  each — together 

Toul  firom  Omaha  City 


raoM  OMAHA  orrr. 

Hon.  Hors's 
186  260 

84  ... 

40     74 

Moles. 

'so 

Oxen.  Wagons. 
...      120 
82 
...        86 

Freight 

840,000 

90,000 

86,000 

Destination. 
Denver  Oity 

114     48 

84 

840 

84 

208,000 

U 

824  877 

114 

840 

272 

718,000 

44  Commerce  oj  the  Prairies. 

BIOAPITULATIOII. 

Men.  Horeei.  Miil«ii  Oxen.  WafOBS.  Frei^t 

Kansas  Citj 7,084  464  6,149  27,920  8,088  16,489,184 

LeaveDworth  City 1,216  ...  206  10,952  1,008  6,666,088 

Atchiaon 1,691  ...  472  U.640  1,280  6.007.948 

StJosepb 490  ...  520  8,980  418  1,672,000 

Nebraska  City 896  ...  118  11,118  916  5,496,000 

Omaha  City. 824  877  114  840  272  718,000 

Grand  totaL 11,601       844      7,574      67,950      6,922      86,074,149 

Or,  in  other  words,  11,601  men,  844  borses,  7,675  mules,  67,960  oxen, 
6,932  wagons,  36,074,149  pounds,  or  about  18,000  tons  of  freigbt. 

A  fuIJ  rigged  "prairie  Efcbooner,"  spanned  with  the  usual  number  of 
six  yoke  of  oxen,  will  extend  over  a  length  of  about  70  feet.  If  the 
6,900  wagons  should,  therefore,  be  brought  into  one  line  with  their  four- 
legged  means  of  motion,  they  would  cover  a  distance  of  over  126  miles. 

From  the  table  it  will  be  seen  that  Messrs.  Alexander  Majors,  Irwin, 
Jackman  <fe  Co.,  Jones  <fe  Cartwright,  and  D.  D.  White  k  Co.  are  the 
heaviest  freighters.  Mr.  Majors  sent  out,  during  the  last  seasons,  no  less 
than  fifty-one  trains  of  twenty-six  wagons  each,  on  the  War  Department's 
as  well  as  bis  own  account.  About  1,600  men,  15,600  oxen,  and  300 
mules  were  employed  by  him.  Messrs.  Irwin,  Jackman  <fe  Co.,  had  thirty- 
two  trains  of  twenty-six  wagons  each  running,  worked  by  1,060  men, 
160  mules,  and  10,345  oxen.  Messrs.  Jones  h  Cartwright  fitted  out 
twenty-four  trains  of  equal  number  of  wagons,  operated  with  730  men, 
96  mules,  and  6,844  oxen.  D.  D.  White  <fe  Co.  equipped  seven  trains, 
employing  216  men,  118  mules,  and  2,432  oxen. 

The  amount  of  capital  invested  is,  of  course,  very  large,  the  average 
cost  of  a  train  of  twenty-six  wagons  being  about  $15,000. 

The  operating  expenses  of  each  train  are  from  two  to  four  thousand 
dollars,  according  to  the  length  of  the  trip  and  the  wages  paid.  Wj^gon 
masters  receive  ^om  $100  to  $160  per  month  and  ^^  found  P  teamsters 
of  Caucassian  descent  from  $20  to  $25,  and  Mexicans  (mostly  employed 
by  New  Mexico  freighters,)  $15  per  month  and  "found."  The  govern- 
ment freighters  receive  from  $1  40  a $1  75,  according  to  the  stage  of 
the  season,  for  every  hundred  pounds  carried  one  hundred  miles.  The 
private  freighters  charge  from  Ij^c.  to  2c.  for  the  same  by  weight  and 
distance,  the  rise  and  fall  being  likewise  regulated  by  the  season — the 
rates  being  highest  in  the  early  spring  and  late  fall,  and  lowest  in  mid- 
summer. At  these  rates  enormous  profits  are  always  realized,  if  extra- 
ordinary accidents — such  as  heavy  losses  of  cattle — do  not  happen.  One 
trip  usually  realizes  the  original  cost  of  the  train. 

In  preceding  estimates  the  value  of  the  exports  and  imports  of  the 
several  regions  supplied  by  the  overland  traffic  during  the  season  just 
closed  was  given  for — 

New  Mexico,  at  about $8,000,000 

The  Pike*8  Peak  gold  regions 6,000,000 

UUh....   600.000 

The  Indian  trade 1,000.000 

Total $10,600,000 

But  in  order  to  arrive  at  a  full  idea  of  the  capital  employed  in  the 
commerce  of  the  great  Plains  we  must  add  the  amount  invested  in  the 
carrying  trade.    This  will  foot  up— 


Bahamas.  45 

Wa^M  of  1 1,000  teamsten,  receiving  on  an  average  175  per  month  |826,000 

Value  of  844  horaes,  at  $126  eaoh 105,400 

*          7,674  mulee        "             948,760 

67,950  oxen,  at  186  each 1,878,600 

**  6.922  wagons,  at  $1 60  each,  including  cost  of  covers,  yokes, 

ehaipi,  etc^  etc 1,088,800 

ProviaioDa  ibr  men 260,000 

Total $6,6  4  6,900 

Add  the  above 1 0,600,000 

Srand  total,  abont |16,000,OoO 

CommandiDg  as  the  foregoing  figures  may  appear,  it  should  not  be  for- 
gotten in  contemplating  thera  that,  in  reference  to  the  carrying  trade, 
only  those  data  were  given  that  were  accessible.  Many  freighters  have  no 
regular  places  of  business,  and,  from  their  constant  locomotion,  can  be 
found  only  during  their  short  sojourns  at  the  outfitting  points.  Quite  a 
Dumber  of  traders  that  do  their  own  freighting  furthermore  load  trains 
directly  from  the  landing  places,  without  the  mediation  of  warehousemen, 
and  start  out  without  being  heard  of. 

It  would  be  likewise  well  to  consider  that  every  overland  emigrant  is 
a  freighter  on  a  small  scale,  as  he  travels  with  his  own  conveyances  and 
always  carries  a  complete  outfit,  intended  to  last  several  months.  Allow- 
ing one  vehicle  and  two  yoke  of  oxen,  or  a  pair  of  mules,  to  every  four 
persons — a  presumption  which  competent  judges  will  certainly  deem 
rather  below  than  above  the  truth — some  five  millions  more  would  be 
added. 


Art.  n.-BAHAMAS 

TBIIB  rOKMATIOir— POPXri.l.TIOII— OaOOBAPHIOAL  POBmOW — PBODUOnOKS— KLIOIBILITT    AS    ▲    El- 
•OB  POE  UTTAXZDe—WEKOKIHO— 6FOMOB  BUSDrBSS— BXPSEIMKNT  OP  MMAMOIPATION,  ETC.,  Era 

MoeT  countries  become  subjects  of  commercial  interest  in  proportion 
to  the  variety  and  value  of  their  productions.  The  group  of  islands  we 
are  about  to  consider,  are  an  object  of  terror  on  account  of  the  vast 
destruction  of  the  products  of  human  industry  they  cause.  They  have 
recently,  however,  become  attractive,  as  one  of  the  most,  if  not  most 
eligible  and  accessible  resorts  for  invalids,  who  strive  to  escape  the  un- 
relieved severity  of  our  Northern  winter. 

This  range  of  islands  stretches  nearly  from  Florida  to  Hayti,  extend- 
ing from  the  Matinilla  Reef  in  latitude  27*»  50'  N.,  longitude  79°  6'  W., 
to  Turk's  Island  21°  23'  N.,  longitude  71°  6'  W.,  a  distance  of  about  650 
miles.  Tbey  are  of  coral  formation,  with  the  slightest  possible  covering 
of  soil,  honey  combed  all  over,  especially  on  the  shores,  in  many  places 
affording  capacious  basins,  such  as  are  used  for  the  manufacture  of  the 
world  known  Turk's  Island  salt.  Long  ages  have  the  untold  myriads 
upon  myriads  of  animalculae  toiled  in  building  them  up.  Our  peninsula 
of  Florida  is  of  a  similar  formation,  as  well  as  the  numberless  islands  and 
reefe  winding  around  its  southernmost  extremity,  and  reaching  from 
Cape  Florida  to  the  Tortugas,  a  distance  of  200  miles.  The  little  fillibusters 
are  at  work  as  busily  as  in  the  ages  past,  pushing  on  their  scheme  for  the 


46  Bahamoi. 

annexation  of  Cuba  to  Florida,  sooner  or  later,  to  be  arrested,  however, 
by  water  too  deep  for  them  to  cross.  Agassiz  has  made  a  calculation, 
that  at  their  present  rate  of  progress,  it  has  taken  185,000  years  to  con- 
struct the  peninsula  of  Florida.  The  Bahamas  may  hare  been  commenced 
as  an  incidental  enterprise  30,000  or  40,000  years  later. 

One  of  these  islands  has  been  rendered  classic  and  immortal  as  the 
spot  where  Columbus  landed  on  the  memorable  12th  of  October,  1492. 
He  called  it  San  Salvador,  (Holy  Saviour,)  in  gratitude  for  his  deliverance 
and  success.  It  is  also  called  Guanihani,  and  among  sailors  and  wreckers, 
Cat  Island,  a  designation  that  by  concert,  should  be  scouted  and  repudiated 
alike  by  mariners,  merchants,  and  geographers,  as  altogether  too  trifling 
and  vulgar  to  be  applied  to  a  spot  of  so  much  historical  interest.  The 
honor  has  been  claimed  for  Watling's  Island,  as  the  sp^t  upon  which  the 
great  navigator  first  landed,  but  the  general  verdict  seems  to  be,  that  it 
was  on  Watling^s  Island,  that  the  keen  eye  of  Columbus  himself,  during 
the  anxious  watchings  of  the  previous  night,  discovered  flitting  lights, 
but  that  it  was  upon  San  Salvador  that  he  first  set  his  foot. 

The  external  presentation  of  these  islands  and  reefs  was  such,  that  the 
early  Spanish  navigators  designated  them  in  their  own  language  as  Los 
Cayos,  "  The  Rocks,"  Hence,  on  maps  yet  extant,  they  are  called  **  The 
Lucays  or  Bahamas."  The  word  "  Key,"  as  applied  to  similar  islands  on 
our  own  ©oasts,  from  the  Spanish  (7ayo,  is  now  thoroughly  Anglicized, 
and  adopted  in  our  language.  The  English,  on  some  of  their  maps  adopt 
the  word,  but  retain  very  nearly  the  Spanish  orthogri^hy  "  Cay."  There 
must  be  more  than  500  of  these  islands,  varying  from  one  square  mile 
in  area,  to  islands  of  more  than  100  miles  in  length.  The  largest  are 
Great  Bahama,  Abaco,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera,  Exuma,  St. 
Salvador,  Crooked  Island,  and  Inagua.  Nineteen  only  of  the  whole 
range  are  inhabited.  The  aggregate  area,  deemed  worthy  of  survey  by 
the  British  Government,  is  2,842,000  acres,  or  4,440  square  miles,  a  trifle 
less  in  extent  than  the  State  of  Connecticut.  Less  than  half  a  million  of 
acres  have  ever  been  improved  or  appropriated.  The  remainder  lies  un- 
occupied, mostly  covered  with  impenetrable  thickets,  and  forests  of  trees 
of  small  growth. 

The  chief  towns  are  at  Nassau,  Harbor  Island,  and  Turk's  Island,  each 
on  the  smaller  islands  of  the  group.  The  population  is  at  present 
estimated  at  28,000,  of  whom  8,000  are  whites,  and  20,000  are  blacks. 
Of  these,  2,000  whites  at  least,  and  7,000  blacks,  are  concentrated  in  and 
about  the  town  of  Nassau,  on  the  island  of  New  Providence,  the  seat  of 
government  of  the  whole  range,  except  Turk's  Island,  which  has  recently 
been  set  off  under  a  separate  presidency.  The  population  has  greatly 
increased,  and  the  exports  nearly  doubled  since  the  passage  of  the  British 
Emancipation  Act  of  1834,  which  appropriated  £20,000,000  to  purchase 
and  give  freedom  to  the  slaves  of  the  British  West  Indies.  At  that  time 
the  slaves  upon  the  Bahamas  were  set  free. 

These  islands  have  a  lean  and  scanty  history.  Passed  by  as  worthless, 
by  the  great  and  rapacious  conquistadors  and  voyagers,  alike  by  Cortez, 
Rzarro,  and  De  Soto,  scorned  dike  by  searchers  for  gold  or  for  glory, 
or  for  the  fabled  fountains  that  were  to  confer  perpetual  youth  on  all 
who  laved  therein,  they  were  long  almost  entirely  neglected.  They  were 
deemed  worthy  of  being  subjected  to  her  sway,  however,  by  England  in 
1829,  whose  vast  and  indiscriminate  appetite,  has  alike  brought  within 


Bahamas.  47 

her  stomaob,  more  ^*  capacious"  than  even  that  of  Cardinal  Wolsey,  little 
barren  rocks  and  vast  empires,  and  who  reckons  among  her  seventy 
dependencies,  Pitcairn's  Island,  with  its  79  people,  and  British  India  with 
her  160,000,000. 

The  Spaniards  landed  on  New  Providence  in  1641,  took  possession, 
and  murdered  the  English  Governor.  The  English  recaptured  the  islands 
in  1666.  The  French  and  Spaniards  in  1703  landed  at  New  Providence, 
laid  waste  the  town  of  Nassau,  murdered  nearly  all  the  English  inhabi- 
tants, and  burnt  alive  Clark,  the  Governor.  Among  those  who  escaped 
were  two  small  children,  a  boy  and  a  girl,  who  reached  a  vessel  in  the 
harbor  bound  for  Boston.  A  daughter  of  that  boy,  was  the  mother  of 
John  Brooks,  a  Revolutionary  soldier,  and  forty  years  ago  Governor  of 
Massachttsetts. 

The  harbor  of  Nassau,  then  became  a  refuge  of  freebooters,  the  original 
Jlibustier$.  Too  hotly  pursued  from  the  Windward  Islands,  Jamaica,  and 
the  Spanish  main,  they  placed  the  large  islands  of  Cuba  and  Hayti 
between  them  and  their  pursuers,  and  sought  a  place  of  safety  in  the 
snug  harbor  of  Nassau.  Their  chief  leader  was  called  **  Black  Beard,^' 
and  of  him  many  traditions  yet  exist  among  the  islanders.  Buccaneer- 
ing was  a  semi-reputable  trade,  tolerated  then,  fu  noWy  among  us,  while 
committed  against  a  foreign  and  helpless  people,  punishable  only  when 
formidable  to  British  commerce.  Sir  Henry  Morgan  became  very  rich 
in  his  piratical  forays,  was  knighted,  and  made  Governor  of  Jamaica. 
The  lesser  knights  were  frequently  strung  up  by  the  dozens.  Old  Port 
Royal,  near  Kingston,  the  chief  town  of  Jamaica,  vestiges  of  which  the 
divers  have  been  bringing  to  daylight,  after  their  watery  burial  of  158 
years,  which  was  submerged  by  the  convulsions  of  an  earthquake  in  1692, 
was,  plainly  speaking,  but  a  nest  of  these  fi Hi  busters,  or  pirates.  Con- 
clusive evidence  exists  that  a  Governor  of  North  Carolina  acted  in  collu- 
sion with  "  Black  Beard,"  when  he  made  one  of  his  sudden  business  ex- 
cursions from  New  Providence  over  to  the  American  coast. 

The  pirates  becoming  too  pestilent  and  dangerous,  the  British  Govern- 
ment sent  over  Woodes  Rogers  in  1718,  vested  with  the  powers  of 
Governor  of  the  Bahamas,  and  authorized  him  to  issue  a  proclamation, 
pardoning  all  who  would  surrender.  He  surprised  a  fleet  of  a  dozen  or 
more  vessels  in  the  harbor,  manned  by  400  pirates,  a  fraction  only  escap- 
ing. Under  his  proclamation,  300  pirates  surrendered  and  were  pardoned. 
A  few  of  these  escaped,  and  again  became  pirates.  Some  of  them  settled 
upon  the  islands,  and  pursued  the  ordinary  avocations  of  life. 

For  more  than  half  a  century  little  seems  to  have  been  cared,  or  known, 
or  said  about  the  islands.  We  note  that  among  the  list  of  governors 
daring  the  intermediate  period,  appears  the  name  of  Shirley,  who  was  a 
Royal  Governor  of  Massachusetts.  In  1776,  Commodore  Hopkins  of  our 
infant  navy,  landed  at  Nassau,  took  possession  of  the  forts  and  town,  and 
brought  otf  to  the  United  States,  the  governor  Montfort  Brown. 

The  Spaniards  recovered  possession  of  New  Providence  in  1781.  In 
1783,  Colonel  Deveau  and  some  royalists  from  South  Carolina,  recaptured 
it  for  the  British  crown.  Soon  after,  Lord  Dunmore,  the  refugee  Governor 
of  Virginia,  became  Governor  of  the  Bahamas.  Aged  negroes  are 
now  living  at  Nassau,  who  remember  Lord  Dunmore,  and  his  "  wild  son. 
Colonel  Jack  Murray."  New  Providence  received  quite  an  accession  to 
its  population  from  loyalists  who  fled  from  our  Southern  States  during 
the  Revolution. 


48  Bahamas. 

Since  that  period  the  islancls  have  remained  an  expensive  colony  of  the 
British  crown,  the  population  meagre,  making  small  progress,  till  during 
the  last  quarter  of  a  century,  and  even  now  embracing  the  limited  num- 
ber we  have  named. 

The  Colonial  Government  consists  of  the  Governor,  appointed  by  the 
crown,  an  Assembly  of  about  twenty-eight  members,  a  Legislative  Council, 
which  is  a  kind  of  quan  Senate,  and  an  Executive  Council  appointed 
also  by  the  crown  for  life. 

We  happened  to  be  present  at  the  last  opening  of  the  miniature  Parlia- 
ment, which  was  really  done  with  considerable  state.  The  Governor, 
Bayley,  was  escorted  to  the  halls  by  the  black  military  in  their  picturesque 
Zouave  costume,  preceded  by  the  excellent  African  band  of  music.  Sur- 
rounded by  his  Council,  seated  in  his  chair,  dressed  in  military  garb,  hia 
sword  by  his  side,  his  chapeau  upon  his  head,  he  received  the  Speaker 
and  the  Assembly,  they  all  the  wiiile  standing.  The  Speaker  informed 
the  Governor  that  he  himself  had  been  chosen  Speaker,  and  asked  approval 
of  the  choice.  He  th^n  demanded  for  the  members  freedom  of  speech, 
freedom  from  arrest,  and  free  access  to  his  (the  Governor's)  person.  The 
Governor  graciously  approved  the  choice,  and  granted  the  privileges 
demanded.  Still  sitting  and  covered,  he  delivered  a  speech,  which,  upon 
the  principle  that  "  brevity  is  the  soul  of  wit,"  must  have  been  excellent 
Our  ex-President  Pierce,  who  was  then  sojourning  at  Nassau,  with  his 
invalid  wife,  was  present.  We  trust  he  did  not  deem  it  a  reflection  on 
the  long-winded  messages  of  our  presidents  and  governors. 

The  Speaker  of  the  Assembly  is  paid.  The  members  are  not  Every 
member  of  the  present  Assembly  for  the  "Out  Islands,"  as  they  are 
called  at  the  seat  of  government,  was  chosen  from  the  merchants,  pro- 
fessional men,  and  goveinment  officials  residing  at  Nassan.  This  makes 
a  neat  tea  party  arrangement  all  around.  It  does  not  comport  very  well 
with  our  ideas  of  popular  representation,  still,  as  the  laws  enacted  are 
generally  wholesome  and  just,  no  complaint  is  made,  and  very  little 
jealousy  exists  among  the  "  Out  Islanders."  Even  this  little  assembly  is 
human.  It  is  divided  into  a  government  party  and  an ti- government 
party,  and  they  fell  to  abusing  each  other  as  vulgarly  and  violently  as 
though  tliey  had  got  their  education  in  our  American  Congress. 

The  right  of  suffrage  is  extended  alike  to  black  and  white,  the  chief 
qualification  being  that  a  voter  must  be  a  householder,  "  must  boil  his 
own  pot,"  as  they  express  it,  or  otherwise  must  be  possessed  of  property 
to  the  amount  of  £100.  The  qualification  of  a  member  of  the  Assembly 
is,  that  he  shall  be  possessed  of  property  to  the  amount  of  £500. 
Colored  men  as  well  as  white  men  are  eligible  to  the  Assembly,  and  two 
members  of  mixed  blood  now  hold  seats  in  that  body  recognized  as 
equals  and  gentlemen. 

The  administration  of  justice  is  prompt  imd  certain.  The  courts  are 
on  the  model  of  the  common  law  courts  of  Westminister,  the  practice 
based  upon  that  in  the  Court  of  King's  Bench.  Blacks  as  well  as  whites 
are  capable  of  being  jurymen,  if  able  to  read  ai»d  write,  which  a  large 
proportion  of  them  are  taught  to  do,  since  they  were  emancipated  in 
1834.  Dropping  into  a  court  of  justice,  we  there  saw  a  jury  empanneled, 
consisting  of  six  white  men,  three  men  of  unmistakeable  African  origin, 
and  three  of  mixed  blood. 

The  most  eligible  way  of  reaching  the  islands  is  by  the  British  mail 


Bahamas.  49 

stearaer  Earnak,  which  sails  every  four  weeks  from  the  Cunard  docks, 
Jersey  City.  The  voyage  is  a  delightful  one.  The  writer  bid  adieu  the 
last  winter  to  his  friends  at  Jersey  City,  all  muffled  in  furs,  at  2  P.  M., 
the  thermometer  at  5®  below  zero,  and  our  ship  was  boarded  by  govern- 
ment officials  and  others,  in  white  roundabouts  and  palm  leaf  hats,  the 
thermometer  at  78**  above  zero,  in  just  five  days.  The  afternoon  of  the 
first  day  was  severely  cold.  It  remained  so  during  the  second  day,  but 
towards  night  the  passengers  began  to  throw  off  their  overcoats.  On  the 
morning  of  the  third  day  we  were  in  the  Gulf  Stream,  as  the  soothing 
breezes  indicated,  the  water  standing  at  a  temperature  of  nearly  80°,  and 
the  sailors  were  scampering  about  the  decks  barefooted.  Our  cabin  fires 
were  all  out,  the  port  holes  open,  and  it  was  too  warm  in  the  cabin  for 
comfort.  Although  familiarized  from  boyhood  with  such  scenes,  a  man 
with  a  soul  under  his  shirt,  can  never  step  upon  the  deck  of  a  proud  ship, 
without  feeling  exhilarated,  without  feeling  a  re-repeated  impression  that 
there  is  no  nobler  proof  of  the  power  of  man  over  the  elements,  of  mind 
over  matter,  than  a  majestic  ship.  The  famous  lines  of  Byron  recur, 
changing  the  pronoun  which  his  supreme  egotism  prompted  him  to 
employ : — 

**  Once  more  upon  the  waters !    Yet  cmce  more  1 
And  the  waves  bowed  beneath  her  as  a  steed 
That  knows  his  rider." 

Our  ship  was  only  a  second  or  third  rate  craft  of  her  kind ;  yet  how 
proudly  she  bore  us  onward.  Against  a  strong  wind,  against  the  Gulf 
Stream  current,  onward  she  went  at  the  rate  of  200  miles  per  day,  toward 
our  destination.  Limited  as  such  speed  is,  in  these  days,  for  steamers,  if 
it  had  been  possible  to  have  continued  our  course  in  a  direct  line  towards 
the  equator,  we  should  have  reached  it  in  twelve  days  from  New  York. 

Nassau  is  entirely  anomalous.  There  is  no  other  town  on  this  hemisphere 
that  resembles  it.  Our  own  Key  West  resembles  it  in  the  fact  that  it  is 
built  upon  a  great  reef  of  coral,  and  in  the  fact  that  wrecking  is  the  chief 
pursuit  of  the  inhabitants.    In  all  other  respects  they  are  unlike. 

On  landing  at  Nassau,  the  most  striking  feature  in  the  vegetation, 
causing  you  to  realize  at  once,  what  you  have  often  dreamed  of  in  imagina- 
tion, that  you  are  under  a  tropical  sun,  is  the  cocoa-nut  tree.  It  is 
scattered  about  in  the  yards,  gardens,  and  fields,  the  fruit  pendant  in 
large  clusters.  The  lower  leaves,  sometimes  twenty  feet  in  length,  wither 
and  fall  to  the  ground,  new  ones  springing  out  and  unfolding  from  the  top. 
A  long  shaft  is  thus  thrown  upward  of  a  cork  like  porous  nature,  that 
can  hardly  be  called  wood.  A  huge  tuft  of  foliage  and  fruit  rests  upon 
the  top.  A  portion  of  one  of  the  three  black  West  India  regiments, 
officered  by  white  men,  which  the  British  maintain,  is  stationed  here. 
These  soldiers,  in  their  picturesque  Zouave  costume,  coming  in  the  range 
of  vision  with  the  tall  cocoa  palm,  almost  persuades  a  man  that  he  is 
suddenly  transported  to  Egypt  or  some  Oriental  clime. 

The  structures  and  the  streets  of  Nassau  present  to  us  a  novel  appear- 
ance. The  forts,  the  public  buildings,  churches,  an<l  dwelling  houses,  are 
all  built  of  blocks  of  concrete,  rotten  coral,  smoothed  and  plastered  over 
with  the  same  material,  and  often  painted  with  fancy  tints.  The  town  is 
upon  a  hill  side,  which  rises  to  the  height  of  about  100  feet.  It  seems 
to  have  been  quite  customary  at  Nassau,  when  a  man  desired  to  build,  to 
select  his  lot,  scrape  off  the  thin  surface  soil,  quarry  his  material  in  blocks 

TOL.  XLIY, NO.  I,  4 


60  Bahamas. 

for  his  buildings  and  fences,  throw  the  soil  over  the  unoccupied  area,  and 
let  the  trees  and  shrubs  spring  up  and  grow  again.  Streets  have  been 
cut  through  the  hill  in  the  rear  of  the  town  for  material  for  public  build- 
ings. When  a  street  is  made,  the  top  soil  is  scraped  off  the  whole  length, 
leveled ;  then  pulverized  coral  is  spread  over  it.  The  rains,  and  even  the 
slight  dews,  by  operation  on  the  lime,  cement  it  together,  and  in  a  brief 
time  jou  have  an  undeviated  road,  as  level  as  a  floor,  perfectly  clean,  and 
dazzling  to  the  eye.  We  never  have  seen  streets  so  perfect  and  so  clean. 
They  are  narrow,  and  no  two  of  them  parallel,  being  laid  out  on  the 
plan  of  the  Spainards,  who  first  commenced  the  town.  There  is  not  a 
chimney  in  a  dwelling  house  from  one  end  of  the  town  to  the  other. 
No  fires  are  wanted  for  a  century,  except  for  mechanical  purposes,  or  for 
cooking,  and  the  kitchen  is  a  little  building  by  itself,  and  far  off  in  the 
rear  of  the  back  yard  as  it  can  conveniently  be  built. 

Fruits  peculiar  to  the  islands  are  numerous;  among  them  are  the 
orange  and  lemon,  and  half  a  score  of  other  varieties  of  the  citric  genus. 
They  range  from  the  citron  and  shaddock,  which  are  nearly  the  size  of  a 
man's  head,  to  the  tiny  lime  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  The  pine  apple, 
the  banana,  the  plantain,  the  sapadille,  the  mammee,  the  pawpaw,  the 
mange,  and  a  dozen  other  kinds  of  fruit  grow  almost  spontaneously. 
Here  and  there  are  a  few  stray  trees  of  the  date  palm,  the  bread  fruit,  and 
the  ^g.  Grapes  and  peaches,  which  no  tropical  fruit  except  the  orange 
and  pine-apple  rival  in  the  deliciousness  of  their  flavor,  will  not  thrive 
upon  the  islands. 

Sweet  potatoes  and  yams  are  abundant.  Of  so  easy  cultivation  are 
these  roots,  that  it  is  said  that  from  a  single  acre  of  land  can  be  produced 
perpetually,  supply  for  the  daily  wants  of  a  family  of  five  persons.  The 
vegetables  common  to  our  latitude  can  all  be  produced  between  the  months 
of  October  and  March,  although  hut  little  attention  is  paid  to  their  culture. 
Squashes,  turnips,  beets,  corn,  and  corn  fodder,  cabbages,  radishes,  lettuce, 
and  potatoes  can  be  found  in  the  Nassau  market,  evidently,  however,  the 
results  of  unskillful  and  negligent  culture  in  a  climate  where  they  could 
easily  be  brought  to  perfection. 

All  the  soil  upon  the  islands  is  triturated  or  pulverized  coral,  mingled 
with  a  meagre  vegetable  accumulation.  Here  are  afforded  striking  and 
conclusive  illustrations  of  the  fact,  that  vegetation  derives  a  large  share 
of  its  nutriment  from  the  atmosphere.  Trees  of  magnitude  grapple 
themselves  upon  almost  a  bare  surface,  insinuating  their  roots  into  every 
hole  and  crevice.     Small  forests  of  pines  thus  sustain  themselves.     Scatter- 


Bahamas.  61 

oar  severe  And  changeable  climate.  The  pecaliaritj  of  the  climate  is  ita 
great  uniformity.  During  the  months  of  December,  January,  and 
February,  the  average  temperature  of  the  hours  between  sunrise  and  sun- 
set was  76®  Fahrenheit,  the  average  temperature  of  the  nights  was  67®. 
The  average  of  November  and  March  was  81®  for  the  day  time,  79®  for 
the  night.  During  summer,  ihe  themometer  rarely  rises  above  90®  at 
mid-day,  and  during  winter,  during  the  coldest  hour  of  the  night,  it  never 
sinks  below  60®.  The  average  temperature  from  November  to  March, 
inclusive,  taking  both  night  and  day  into  account,  was  73®. 

The  prevailing  winds,  which  blow  with  almost  the  regularity  of  the 
trades,  are  from  a  northeasterly  direction.  Indeed,  they  may  be  called 
trade  winds.  Blowing  as  uniformly  and  gently  now  as  then,  they  are  the 
same  breezes  that  wafted  over  Columbus  and  his  frail  shallops  in  safety. 
There  is  no  chill  in  the  winds,  blow  though  they  may,  from  any  direc- 
tion. In  Italy,  people  try  to  get  along  without  fires,  but  chilling  and 
penetrating  blasts,  the  "  tramontanes,"  often  sweep  down  from  the  Alps 
and  the  Appenines,  and  the  consequence  is,  that  all  delicate  persons,  and 
indeed  most  strangers,  suffer  from  the  contact  Cold  winds  come  down 
from  the  Alleghanies  over  the  peninsula  of  Florida.  "Northers"  sweep 
over  the  attractive  table  lands  of  Texas.  Only  during  a  few  days  in  the 
year  do  winds  reach  the  Bahamas  from  the  northwest,  and  then  they  are 
modified  by  crossing  the  Gulf  Stream  which  stands  at  the  temperature  of 
78®  or  more.  The  atmosphere  is  vitiated  by  few  fogs,  and  no  smokes  or 
miasma  of  any  kind,  and  few  places  on  the  globe  can  be  found  where 
the  air  is  more  uniform,  and  less  mingled  with  alien  ingredients.  At  the 
same  time  there  is  an  almost  imperceptible  dampness  pervading  the 
atmosphere  of  the  night,  of  which  a  person  in  sound  health  is  not  con- 
scious. At  Key  West,  on  the  same  latitude,  this  moisture  causes  a  slight 
mould  upon  books,  furniture,  <fec  Among  a  thousand  invalids,  no  two 
would  be  afiected  exactly  in  the  same  manner.  In  the  nature  of  the  case 
some  would  be  affected  injuriously.  What  is  balm  to  the  many,  might 
be  poison  to  the  few.  Perhaps  invalids  who  always  find  themselves  worse 
upon  the  sea  shore,  had  better  seek  a  high  interior  table  land  than  the 
Bahamas. 

The  first  effect  of  the  climate  upon  a  northern  constitution  is  enervat- 
ing, there  being  no  bracing  effect  from  any  breeze.  A  cold  clear  air  may 
be  exactly  what  some  invalids  require,  and  this  may  accouni  for  the  fact, 
that  not  only  here,  but  at  Madeira,  in  Florida,  and  elsewhere,  some  invalids 
begin  to  sink  more  rapidly  simultaneously  with  their  landing. 

Marvelous  tales  are  told  of  the  recovery  or  renovation  of  persons  who 
have  resorted  to  the  islands  for  relief.     Several  American  gentlemen  re- 


52  Bahamas, 

Sometimes  no  organ  is  in  its  normal  condition.  Restore  the  other  organs* 
and  the  lungs  perform  their  functions  again.  Perhaps  the  true  philosophy 
of  change  in  climate  consists  alone  in  the  better  opportunity  attbrde<l  to 
bring  back  all  the  human  functions  to  an  harmonious  action  and  co-opera- 
tion. While  so  much  is  said  favorable  to  the  climate,  truth  requites  the 
statement  that  some  invalids  seemed  to  be  precipitated  rapidly  towards 
their  end  by  their  change  of  residence.  In  a  few  cases  their  dif^ease  did 
not  seem  to  be  arrested/ and  there  was  neither  waste  nor  improvement 
visible  to  their  friends. 

Charming  as  the  climate  may  be,  there  is  great  doubt  whether  Nassau, 
or  any  other  part  of  the  Bahamas,  will  become  a  favorite  resort  of  invalids 
from  "the  States,"  on  account  of  the  great  inconveniences  to  which  they 
are  subjected  for  want  of  suitable  hotels  and  boarding-houses.  Govern- 
ment has  erected  an  hotel,  yet  of  very  limited  accommodations.  All  ex- 
perience proves  that  such  establishments  in  the  lung  run  will  be  poorly 
and  extravagantly  kept,  and  their  charges  proportionally  exorbitant. 
Invalids  must  have  nutricious  food  in  variety.  Simple  it  may  be,  but  it 
must  be  good  and  regularly  supplied.  Food  is,  in  one  sense,  medicine. 
An  invalid  coming  from  the  cold  and  bracing  North,  and  from  the  com- 
forts of  a  Northern  home,  chafes  and  suffers  under  meagre  regimen. 
Again,  invalids  should  find  recreation  and  exercise  in  the  open  day.  The 
climate  of  the  Bahamas  prohibits  exercise  in  the  open  air,  except  to 
robust  persons,  between  the  hours  of  nine  and  four.  Yet  still  the  invalid 
should  find  attractions  out  of  doors.  Exercise  on  horseback  is  desirable 
to  some,  in  protected  vehicles  to  others.  The  roads,  though  they  afford 
little  variety  of  scene,  are  perfect.  Again,  invalids  come  from  the  mass 
of  the  people,  the  majority  poor.  Young  professional  men  with  limited 
means,  constitute  nearly  one-half  of  the  invalids  of  our  country,  who  fly 
from  the  rigors  of  our  climate.  Many  invalids  must  be  accompanied  by 
one  or  more  of  their  families.  High  prices  may  shut  them  out  entirely. 
The  tendency  at  Nassau  now  is  to  glide  into  extortionate  charges  for 
every  possible  luxury,  and  some  of  the  necessaries  of  life.  It  is  now 
positively  so,  in  regard  to  horse  and  carriage  hire.  Invalids  will  not  re- 
sort to  Nassau,  if  they  can  reside  at  Tampa  Bay  at  half  the  cost.  The 
expense  now  of  poor  accommodations  is  quite  reasonable.  We  speak  of 
the  dangers  and  the  tendency.  Let  the  boarding-houses  be  furnished  as 
the  hotel  established  under  government  auspices  now  is.  Let  ice  be  sup- 
plied constantly,  which  the  government  itself  is  encouraging  by  bounty. 
Let  the  best  of  meats  and  provisions  be  supplied  by  the  regular  packets. 
Let  adequate  attention  be  given  to  raising  garden  vegetables.  These 
added  to  the  excellent  fruits,  fish,  and  turtle  peculiar  to  the  islands,  will 
enable  landlords  to  furnish  satisfactory  board  at  reasonable  rates.  Last 
winter  milk  was  twenty-eight  cents  per  quart.  Eggs  were  thirty-eight 
cents  per  dozen.  The  best  of  turkies  were  three  dollars  each.  Sugar 
cured  hams  were  twenty  cents  per  pound.  Good  fresh  meats  were  sold 
^t  same  or  higher  price.  The  price  of  many  vegetables  in  the  market 
were  equally  exorbitant,  where  they  can  actually  be  raised  cheaper  than 
we  could  produce  them.  Why  is  it  ?  The  population  being  dependent 
on  government  employment,  on  wrecking,  on  sponge  raking,  turtle  fish- 
ing, &o,j  all  precarious  or  semi-gambling  pursuits,  but  little  attention  is 
paid  to  agriculture,  or  those  industrial  employments  that  require  steady, 
devoted  industry.  In  this  connection  we  might  say  that  all  domesticaed 
mnimals  are  of  an  inferior  kind. 


Bahamas,  53 

The  cbief  pnr&tiit  of  the  people  of  all  the  Bahamas,  except  perhaps 
Turk's  Island,  is  wrecking.  Huzza !  the  negroes  are  running !  the  drays 
are  rattling !  a  whole  fleet  ©f  small  schooners  are  entering  the  harbor 
with  flags  gaily  streaming.  What  does  it  all  mean  ?  Two  large  ships 
bound  from  New  York  to  New  Orleans,  laden  with  merchandise,  have  been 
wrecked,  and  the  fleet  of  wreckers,  more  than  thirty  of  them,  are  coming 
in  loaded  with  the  rescued  cargoes.  The  ships  were  wrecked  on  the 
Banks  just  eastward  of  the  Gulf  Stream.  Look  at  the  charts,  and  you 
will  perceive  that  for  thousands  of  miles  of  area,  the  soundings  laid  down 
are  but  from  two  to  four  fathoms,' with  here  and  there  sharp  coral  reefs 
cropping  out.  A  very  ^eligible  ground,  you  see  it  is,  for  either  accidental 
or  designed  wrecks.  Remember,  the  Bahamas  stretch  for  hundreds  of 
miles,  directly  across  one  of  the  world's  greatest  highways,  aflbrding  few 
channels  between  them,  and  intercepting  almost  the  whole  of  the  gigantic 
commerce  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  with  the  rest  of  the  globe.  All  the 
wrecks  or  cargoes  are  brought  into  Nassau,  inasmuch  as  the  Admiralty 
Court  sits  there.  Salvage  is,  however,  generally  settled  by  a  reference 
to  the  Chamber  of  Commerce.  That  salvage  is  always  liberal,  ranging 
from  thirty  to  eighty  per  cent. 

The  extent  of  the  business  is  hardly  credible.  During  the  first  three 
months  of  the  present  year  sixteen  vessels  were  wrecked,  injured,  or 
picked  up  upon  the  Bahamas,  ranging  from  a  ship  of  1,000  tons  to  a 
small  schooner  of  145  tons.  Their  aggregate  tonnage  was  6,150  tons. 
The  aggregate  value  of  vessels,  cargoes,  and  freights  was  about  $700,000. 
The  agijregate  property  lost  was  $475,000.  The  amount  saved  was 
$225,000.  But  the  salvage,  expenses,  commissions,  <fec.,  must  have  been 
$125,000,  leaving  to  owners  and  underwriters  $100,000,  out  of  $700,000, 
or  one-seventh  of  the  whole.  These  estimates  are  made  from  the  best 
information  that  could  be  acquired.  From  data  obtained  at  Nassau  from 
persons  cognizant  of  the  current  business,  we  found  that  the  aggregate 
?alue  of  eighty  vessels  wrecked,  and  their  cargoes  and  freights,  during 
fifteen  months  previous  to  the  first  day  of  January  last,  was  over  $2,600,000. 
About  the  same  proportion,  one-seventh,  was  saved.  The  hulls  are  almost 
universally  scuttled  and  burned. 

There  are  about  250  licensed  wrecking  vessels,  embracing  those  of  every 
shape  and  size,  and  about  2,500  men  licensed  to  pursue  the  business. 
Some  of  them  have  other  regular  occupations,  but  take  out  licenses  that  they 
may  be  prepared  for  emergencies.  The  two  chief  ports  of  the  wreckers 
are  Nassau  and  Harbor  Island.  The  wreckers  are  sailed  on  shares,  the 
officers,  the  men,  and  the  vessel  drawing  stipulated  proportions  of  the 
salvage  awarded.  The  crews  are  principally  colored  men.  So  also  are 
some  of  the  captains.  The  wreckers  are  very  adventurous.  As  divers 
they  exhibit  almost  incredible  skill  and  daring,  often  diving  into  the  lower 
holds  of  vessels,  through  two  hatchways,  and  there  among  floating  goods, 
and  in  water  tainted  with  dirt,  groceries,  dye  stuflfs,  and  all  sorts  of 
villainous  compounds,  fastening  the  grappling  irons  to  packages,  and  escap- 
ing to  the  light  again  unharmed.  This  is  done  by  men,  who,  on  dry  land, 
cannot  be  persuaded  or  hired  to  do  one  day's  work  of  profitable  labor  a 
weekf 

Wrecking  is  regulated  by  provincial  statutes,  which  are  very  full,  pro- 
viding for  punishment  of  every  abuse,  and  upon  the  face  of  them  appear 
equitable  and  just,  but  they  seem  to  be  cobwebs,  restraints  in  theory  and 


5:1:  Bahamas. 

not  in  practice.  The  nature  of  the  pursuit  enables  transgressors  to  es- 
cape detection,  and  there  is  too  much  reason  to  believe  that  a  large  pro- 
portion of  the  vessels  are  designedly  run  into  danger,  and  willfully 
abandoned  to  wreckers  by  the  masters  and  crews  of  the  vessels  wrecked. 
The  merchants  of  the  town  and  "  Out  Islands"  own  the  wrecking  vessels. 
They  buy  the  cargoes  at  auction  at  about  sixty  per  cent  of  their  value, 
except  cargoes  of  cotton,  coffee,  <fec,  for  which  competition  now  compels 
the  purchase  at  something  like  tbeir  value.  They  close  up  the  business 
on  commission.  They  decree  the  salvage,  as  a  Chamber  of  Commerce. 
Thus,  by  snug  arrangements  all  around,  handsome  profits  are  saved,  and 
the  town  therefore  is  financially  prosperous  and  wealthy. 

The  contrast  between  wrecking  at  Key  West  and  the  Bahamas  is  very 
striking.  The  number  of  vessels  licensed  at  Key  West  is  about  forty, 
and  of  men  240,  some  of  whom  pursue  also  the  business  of  fishing. 
Their  field  of  disasters  extends  200  miles,  from  Cape  Florida  to  the 
Tortugas.  Vessels  incur  precisely  similar  dangers  as  among  the  Bahamas, 
and  tbeir  rescue  is  no  more  difficult  or  hazardous.  Yet  while  fiineteen- 
twentieths  of  the  hulls  of  vessels  wrecked  on  the  Bahamas  are  totally 
lost,  four-fifths  at  least  are  saved  upon  our  own  coasts.  The  following 
tabular  statement  of  the  number  of  vessels  wrecked  during  ten  years 
upon  the  Florida  Reefs  and  islands,  their  value,  salvage,  and  expenses, 
is  taken  from  Judge  Marvin's  able  and  valuable  work  on  "Salvage": — 

,  Vessels.  Value.  Salvsge.    Total  expenses* 

1848 41  $1,282,000  $128,000  $2U0,0«0 

1849 46  1,806,000  127,870  219,160 

1860 80  929,800  122,881  200,860 

1851 84  •   960,000  76,860  166,000 

1862 28  676,000  80,112  168,000 

1868 69  1,973,000  174,860  880,100 

1854 59  2,469,600  82,400  211,808 

1866 80  2.844,077  100,496  190,910 

1866 71  2,000,000  163,117  262,664 

1867 60  1,887,960  101,890  181,272 

Total ...       499      $16,266,427       $1,168,919      $2,126,884 

It  thus  appears  that  while  on  the  Florida  shores  about  eigkty-stven  per 
cent  of  the  total  value  of  vessels  and  cargo  is  saved,  on  the  Bahamas 
but  2^o\xi  jourteen  per  cent  is  saved.  What  renders  these  comparative 
results  still  more  amazing,  is  the  fact  that  the  wreckers  of  Florida  are 
mostly  native  Bahamans  or  their  sons.  They  are  nicknamed  "Couchs," 
and  the  portion  of  Key  West  they  inhabit  is  called  "Couch-town," 
{coucha  is  Latin  and  Spanish  for  shell,  from  which  the  words  "couch" 
and  "  couch  "  shells  are  derived.)  Of  the  tonnage  three-fourths,  and  of 
the  total  property  lost  on  the  Bahamas  during  the  last  winter,  seven- 
eighths  belonged  to  the  United  States.  The  total  annual  loss  of  American 
shipping  and  property  on  the  B-thamas  cannot  be  less  than  two  milliona 
of  dollars^  an  amount  equal  to  the  net  earnings  for  export  of  300,000  of 
our  people,  taking  the  aggregate  national  exports  as  a  test.  Such  an 
appalling  destruction  will  in  some  way  work  out  its  remedy,  for  it  is  per- 
fectly demonstrated  in  Florida,  that  measures  can  be  taken  coraprehen-. 
sive  and  efficient  enough  to  prevent  or  to  save  three-fourths  of  the  loss. 
American  commerce  owes  a  great  debt  to  the  Hon.  William  Marvin, 
United  States  Judge  for  the  Southern  District  of  Florida,  for  the  fearless- 
ness, fidelity,  and  ability,  with  which  he  has  administered  justice  over  this 
important  and  delicate  subject. 


Bahamas.  65 

The  sponge  business  is  largely  pursued  here.  The  exports  of  this 
trticle  amount  annually  to  about  $200,000.  It  is  almost  entirely  the 
growth  of  the  last  twenty  years.  During  that  period  the  article  has  nearly 
quadrupled  in  value,  and  has  been  applied  to  a  great  variety  of  new  pur- 
poses, especially  in  France.  The  sponge  is  compressed  in  powerful  presses, 
and  sacked  like  cotton.  It  is  assorted  and  graded,  samples  being  fastened 
on  each  package  to  show  its  quality.  It  is  fished  or  raked,  or  grappled 
up  from  the  clear  sandy  bottom  at  the  depth  of  twenty,  forty,  and  even 
sixty  feet,  and  often  far  out  from  the  shore.  The  water  is  so  transparent 
that  the  growing  sponge  is  visible  on  the  bottom.  The  sponge  is  the 
covering,  the  habitation,  of  the  lowest  order  of  animated  nature.  Indeed, 
organization  can  hardly  be  detected  in  the  animal.  The  sponge  when 
first  taken  from  the  water  is  black,  and  at  once  becomes  offensive  to  the 
smell.  It  will  almost  cause  the  flesh  it  touches  to  blister.  The  first  pro- 
cess is  to  bury  it  in  the  sand,  where  it  remains  for  two  or  three  weeks, 
when  the  gelatinous  animal  matter  seems  to  be  absorbed  or  destroyed, 
or  eaten  by  the  insects  that  swarm  in  the  sand.  The  boatmen  who  ob- 
tain it  are  paid  in  shalres  by  the  owners  of  the  boats.  This  therefore 
becomes  a  precarious  and  semi-gambling  pursuit,  like  wrecking,  highly 
attractive  to  the  colored  population.  - 

Although  the  Turk's  Island  salt  is  almost  entirely  exported  from  that 
island,  the  chances  for  manufacturing,  or  rather  securing  it,  are  abundant 
on  many  of  the  islands.  The  mistaken  popular  belief  is,  among  us,  that 
this  salt  is  mined  or  quarried.  Large,  shallow  reservoirs  are  found  ex- 
cavated in  the  coral  near  the  shores.  Shaped  and  cleaned,  the  sea  water 
is  admitted  and  enclosed.  During  the  hot  months  of  the  summer,  there 
being  little  or  no  rain,  the  evaporation  goes  on  with  great  rapidity,  and 
the  salt  is  precipitated  and  crystalized  in  those  beautiful  and  massive 
forms,  in  which  it  is  exported.  The  salt  trade  might  be  increased  to  an 
indefinite  extent,  and,  indeed,  is  now  pursued  from  Inagua,  and  some  other 
islands.  The  simon  pure  article  of  Turk's  Island  salt  is  made,  or  rather 
makes  itself,  at  Key  West  in  a  limited  quantity. 

If  the  industry  of  the  islands  was  employed  in  that  direction,  immense 
quantifies  of  pine  apples,  oranges,  lemons,  limes,  bananas,  plantains, 
cocoa-nuts,  sweet  potatoes,  yams,  &c.,  might  be  produced  for  export. 

The  trade  in  turtle  and  turtle  shell  might  be  largely  increased.  Three 
species  of  turtle  are  now  captured  in  abundance.  The  giant-sized  sea 
turtle,  with  heads  shaped  like  a  hawk's  bill,  of  which  we  sometimes  sed 
specimens  upon  our  docks,  is  not  desirable  as  an  article  of  food.  The 
tortoise  proper,  which  alone  affords  the  tortoise  shell  of  commerce,  is  a 
rather  small-sized  variety,  and  not  regarded  as  valuable  food.  The  turtle 
of  ctuinierg  and  epicures  exists  in  far  greater  abundance,  and  the  pursuit 
of  it  could  be  made  far  more  lucrative  than  it  ever  has  been. 

The  effect  of  the  British  Emancipation  Act  on  the  African  race  on 
these  islands  is  a  subject  of  interest  and  curiosity.  Their  fate  here  can 
be  no  test  of  the  great  experiment.  Simultaneously  with  the  operation 
of  the  act,  the  wrecking  and  sponge  business  largely  increased.  These 
pursuits  have  engrossed  the  attention  of  a  majority  of  the  adult  males, 
and  inspires  men  with  all  the  excitementthat  pertains  to  games  of  chance. 
While  on  the  one  hand,  if  the  emancipated  man  was  disposed  to  bend 
his  energies  to  steady  pursuits,  he  is  enticed  by  attractions  he  cannot  re- 


56  Bahamas. 

gist  to  these  precarious  oallings ;  on  the  other  hand,  if  he  is  inclined  to 
sink  into  entire  indolence  and  stagnation,  here  pursuits  are  opened  to 
stimulate  and  arouse  him  to  earn  irregular  but  ample  support. 
^  Columbus  found  the  islands  thickly  inhabited  by  Indians.  Like  the 
Caribs,  they  have  disappeared — the  last  remnant  of  them  within  the 
memory  of  the  oldest  inhabitants.  The  great  mass  of  the  present  popula- 
tion are  an  indolent,  rollicking,  singing,  good-natured  people,  who  let  the 
morrow  take  care  of  itself.  When  the  wrecking  and  sponge  money  is 
exhausted,  they  can  buy  corn  brought  ^^  from  the  States,"  and  crack  up 
enough,  in  their  crude  mills,  similar  to  coffee  mills,  to  last  a  family  a 
week,  at  a  cost  of  fifty  cents.  Cheap  fish  in  variety  and  abundance, 
variegated  with  all  the  colors  of  the  rainbow,  almost  too  brilliant  and 
beautiful  to  be  eaten,  can  always  be  had  fresh  from  the  ocean.  Fish, 
hominy,  sweet  potatoes,  yams,  and  bananas,  are  the  chief  food  of  the 
mass  of  the  population,  as  soon  as  the  calamity  befalls  them  of  a  scarcity 
of  wrecks.  As  for  clothing,  very  little  of  the  cheapest  kind  of  coarse 
cloth,  usually  wrecked  goods,  will  suflBce,  though  when  wrecking  is  good, 
and  abundance  of  articles  thrown  ashore  and  sold,  they  dash  out  in  finery 
and  spurious  jewelry  to  the  extent  of  their  means.  They  are  orderly  and 
observant  of  law,  and  lean  with  implicit  reliance  and  confidence  on  the 
white  race  for  counsel  and  advice  in  every  emergency.  The  schools,  sus- 
tained by  the  government,  are  well  attended,  and  the  race  make  rapid 
progress  in  elementary  studies.  White  and  black  children  attend  these 
schools  indiscriminately,  as  the  families  do  the  churches.  The  police  of 
the  town  is  almost  entirely  constituted  of  colored  men,  and  they  prove 
true  to  their  responsibilities.  At  the  same  lime  it  is  patent  to  every 
observer,  that  the  same  vices,  and  same  looseness  of  morals,  common  to 
all  races,  white  and  black,  in  the  tropical  regions,  exist  here. 

The  assumption  frequently  made  in  our  country,  that  the  African  race 
has  made  greater  progress  in  civilization  in  slavery  during  two  centuries, 
than  in  their  own  land  in  all  the  centuries  past,  is  thoroughly  refuted  by 
fact^  at  the  Bahamas.  That  portion  of  the  colored  population  which  is 
the  most  thrifty,  most  intelligent,  most  self-reliant,  and  most  orderly,  are 
mostly  fresh  from  Africa,  of  the  tribe  of  Nangoes,  living  in  a  settlement 
by  themselves,  and  speaking  their  own  language.  They  furnish  the 
Nassau  market  principally  with  vegetables.  The  greatest  share  of  the 
soldiers,  and  the  band  of  musicians,  are  native  Africans,  preferred  by  the 
oflBcers  to  those  of  American  birth.  A  large  proportion  of  the  colored 
population  are  natives  of  Africa,  bearing  on  their  faces  the  scars  cut  and 
scored  upon  in  their  native  land  in  obedience  to  their  superstitions  or 
customs. 

Members  of  different  tribes  swarm  and  associate  together,  speaking 
their  own  several  tongues,  humming  their  own  crude  chants,  and  dancing 
their  uncouth  dances.  The  Nangoes,  the  Maudingoes,  the  Eboes,  the 
Congoes,  the  Lucumis,  the  Crauraarturs,  the  Nicabars,  are  some  of  the 
designations  by  which  they  are  designated.  By  physical  characteristics, 
members  of  different  tribes  are  instantly  detected  by  the  slave  buyers  in 
Cuba,  and  so  superior  are  some  tribes  to  others,  that  they  bring  thirty  or 
forty  per  cent  more  in  the  market.  During  the  past  summer,  a  slaver 
was  wrecked  on  the  island  of  Abaco,  driven  wide  from  her  course  to  Cuba. 
She  sailed  from  Africa  with  400  captives,  and  360  were  rescued  by  the 


Bahamas.  57 

wreoken,  40  having  perished  on  the  passage.  They  were  mostly  in  a 
very  squalid  condition,  young  and  naked.  What  must  have  been  their 
surprise  on  landing  on  the  docks  at  Nassau,  to  be  greeted,  seized  upon, 
clothed,  and  fed  by  their  own  countrymen,  speaking  their  own  language. 
Yet  such  was  doubtless  the  case,  and  they  were  immediately  merged  in 
these  small  but  kindred  communities. 

On  account  of  the  peculiar  circumstances  affecting  the  case,  no  very 
definite  inference  can  be  found  as  to  the  political  effect  of  the  Emancipa- 
tion Act  on  the  colored  race,  except  that  it  must  be  confessed,  that  to 
make  a  free  man  out  a  slave  is  itself  a  gigantic  success,  whether  he  is  or 
is  not  morally  or  intellectually  elevated. 

It  is  a  problem  whether  any  great,  populous,  and  highly  civilized 
nation  can  exist,  of  any  blood  or  origin,  in  the  tropical  regions  of  the 
earth.  We  live  centrally  in  the  temperate  zone.  We  live  where  men 
must  work  and  think,  or  they  must  starve  and  freeze.  When  we  read  of 
the  spontaneous  growth,  the  perpetual  verdure,  and  almost  intoxicating 
breezes  of  the  tropics,  we  at  first  might  presume  that  there  is  the  region 
for  the  most  perfect  development  of  our  race.  But  all  observation  and 
all  history  prove,  that  beneath  those  radiant  skies,  fanned  by  those  balmy 
breezes,  man  is  indolent,  enervated,  and  disarmed  of  ambition  and  energy. 
With  very  little  exertion  he  can  supply  his  food.  As  for  clothing  and 
shelter  he  needs  but  little.  There  he  will  neither  starve  nor  freeze,  no 
matter  whether  he  works  or  thinks.  Waddy  Thompson,  in  his  work  on 
MexivK),  says,  that  in  traveling  from  Vera  Cruz  to  Mexico  arid  back,  he 
did  not  see  a  single  man,  woman,  or  child  at  work,  and  that  while  the 
population  of  Massachusetts  was  about  one-tenth  as  great  as  that  of 
Mexico,  its  productions  were  nearly  in  an  inverse  ratio  with  the  number 
of  the  respective  populations.  Intellectual  and  muscular  vigor  springing 
from  the  constant  necessity  for  self-preservation,  stimulated  inventive 
genius,  and  a  keen  zest  for  social  enjoyment,  all  conspire  to  impress  with 
high  civilization  the  people  of  the  temperate  zone.  This  view  of  a  great 
Uw  ii  not  changed  by  the  fact  that  refined  and  educated  communities 
are  found  in  the  tropics.  Wherever  such  a  community  of  the  Caucasian 
race  is  found,  it  fills  all  the  offices  of  government,  the  military  and  judicial 
stations.  They  control  the  business  and  financial  affairs,  and  fill  the  pro- 
fessions and  controlling  pursuits.  The  few  are  stimulated  by  the  same 
motives  as  their  kith  and  kin  in  other  climes,  enjoying  all  the  advantages, 
and  exempt  from  all  the  perils  and  exposures  of  an  enervating  climate. 
The  question  is,  whether  within  the  tropics  the  mass  of  a  great  and 
populous  nation  of  Caucasian  origin,  would  not  rather  recede  than  ad- 
vance in  the  arts  and  refinements  of  civilization. 


58  Valuation  of  Lifo  Insurance  Pohciea. 

Art.  III.-TAIUATION  OF  LIFE  INSURANCE  POLICIES. 


RVMBIB  IX. 


We  have  now  completed  the  collection  and  construction  of  the  tables 
of  mortality,  from  which  we  believe  the  most  satisfactory  average  can  be 
obtained  for  the  true  valuation  of  our  life  policies.  The  number  amounts 
to  forty,  and  comprises  the  mortality  for  Carlisle  and  Northampton ;  for 
England,  Sweden,  Prussia,  Hanover,  Saxony,  and  Norway ;  for  English, 
German,  and  American  life  companies ;  for  English  annuitants,  and  Eng- 
lish and  Scottish  friendly  societies.  The  number  is  sufficiently  large  to 
reduce  very  much  the  irregularities  and  accidental  errors  of  each,  if  not 
to  eliminate  them  entirely. 

It  is  only  by  large  and  accumulated  observations,  that  the  true  law  of 
mortality  can  be  obtained.  If  but  a  single  family  were  observed,  or  a 
dozen  families,  or  even  a  hundred,  the  mortality  at  each  period  of  life 
could  not  be  bad  with  accuracy.  So  of  the  proportion  between  the  two 
sexes,  or  any  other  phenomenon  dependent  upon  numerous  and  complex 
causes.  The  same  necessity  of  numerous  observations  belongs  to  inorganic 
as  to  living  matter.  Whenever  we  are  ignorant  of  the  cause,  or  ol  the 
intensity  or  law  of  causation,  or  when  the  causes  are  too  numerous  or 
complex  to  be  subject  to  calculation,  the  multiplication  of  observations 
is  necessary  to  reveal  the  law,  and  the  more  they  are  repeated,  the  more 
accurately  will  the  law  be  obtained.  With  an  unloaded  and  perfect  die, 
the  chance  of  throwing  an  ace  is  exactly  one-sixth.  But  if  we  should 
observe  a  dozen  or  a  hundred  throws,  the  aces  might  vary  considerably 
from  a  sixth  of  the  whole  number.  But  if  the  throws  were  continued 
for  a  thousand  times,  the  result  would  be  nearer  a  sixth  ;  and  for  a  mil- 
lion of  times,  it  would  be  still  nearer.  So  with  the  equality  of  the  sexes. 
In  a  single  family  the  children  might  be  all  boys  or  all  girls.  In  a  half 
dozen  families  the  inequality  would  not  be  so  great.  In  a  thousand,  the 
true  ratio  of  105  or  .106  boys  to  100  girls  would  be  approached.  In  a 
whole  State  the  approximation  would  be  still  nearer.  And  so  in  human 
mortality,  the  larger  the  number  of  observations,  the  more  surely  will 
the  true  rate  for  every  period  of  life  be  accurately  determined. 

This  extension  of  observations  should  also  embrace  many  years  as  well 
as  many  persons.  Years  of  general  health,  and  also  of  epidemics ;  of 
famine  and  scarcity,  as  well  as  of  abundance  and  plenty ;  of  excessive 
and  of  diminished  sickness;  of  the  prevalence  of  one  particular  set  of 
diseases,  and  then  of  another  class ;  and  for  all  this  a  long  period  is 
necessary.  As  the  future  lives  of  the  insured  will  cover  a  long  series  of 
years,  and  every  variety  of  seasons  and  of  diseases,  so  the  past  experience 
from  which  we  predict  the  future  should  be  alike  extensive. 

Not  only  should  our  observations  be  extensive  as  to  numbers,  and  as 
to  time,  but  also  as  to  space.  A  large  town  may  happen  to  represent 
very  well  a  whole  country,  but  it  is  accidental  and  very  improbable.  The 
cities  differ  from  the  villages ;  large  cities  differ  from  small  ones,  and  the 
country  from  the  town.  The  valleys  and  the  hills  have  not  the  same 
mortality.  The  residents  along  the  water  courses  may  be  more  or  less 
healthy  than  on  the  uplands  where  the  atmosphere  is  dry.  The  sea  shore 
may  not  be  like  the  interior,  nor  the  region  of  fogs  and  rains  like  the 


Valuation  of  Life  Insurance  Policies.  69 

dryer  and  clearer  table  lands  where  the  sun  shines  more  regularly.  As 
our  assured  extend  from  Maine  to  Iowa,  where  e^ery  variety  of  Northern 
climate  prevails,  the  experience  ^hich  we  use  for  our  calculations  should 
embrace  a  like  extent  and  variety. 

So  also  as  to  race ;  our  people  are  Saxons,  and  Celts,  and  Teutonic, 
and  Sclavonic,  and  Frank ;  and  though  most  of  them  are  from  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland,  many  are  from  Germany  and  other  countries  of 
Europe.  The  difference  of  race  though  small,  is  real.  Not  only  do  these 
various  people  bring  with  them  here  the  peculiarities  of  their  race,  but 
many  of  their  habits,  and  vices,  and  customs,  which  effect  their  health  and 
tbeir  mortality.  Our  observations  should  therefore  be  not  English  only, 
but  should  include  other  nations. 

The  insured  are  also  of  very  many  classes  in  society.  They  embrace 
the  merchants  and  their  clerks,  the  clergy  and  the  teachers,  the  mechanics 
and  the  superintendents  of  our  workshops ;  the  professional  men  and  those 
who  receive  salaries.  They  include  the  active  and  the  sedentary ;  those 
whose  employments  are  confining,  and  those  who  are  much  in  the  open 
air;  those  who  have  healthy  and  unhealthy  trades ;  those  who  wear  and 
tear  the  brain  with  thought  or  business,  or  plodding  schemes,  and  those 
who  pass  their  days  in  pleasure,  ease,  and  comfort.  In  fact,  every  con- 
dition of  society  is  found  among  our  insured  lives,  except  the  very  rich 
and  the  very  poor. 

Now  this  exclusion  of  the  very  rich  is  not  important,  as  it  is  difficult 
to  say  whether  their  mortality  is  higher  and  lower  than  the  general  average 
of  society.  Guy's  table  for  the  English  peerage,  gives  a  higher  rate  than 
Parr's  for  the  whole  English  people.  Bui  this  is  not  permanent,  and  may 
be  reversed  hereafter,  as  the  cause  is  probably  in  their  vices,  and  excesssive 
indulgences,  and  bad  habits,  which  may  be  temporary.  Among  other 
rich  persons  these  evil  influences  may  not  overbalance  the  good  effects  of 
comfort,  intelligence,  and  travel,  and  medicial  skill,  and  careful  nursing. 

The  exclusion  of  the  poor  is  probably  advantageous.  For  squalor,  and 
starvation,  and  irregular  and  insufficient  supplies  of  food.  And  bad  lodg- 
ings, and  foul  air,  and  narrow  streets,  and  deficient  clothing,  and  neglect 
in  sickness,  and  exposure  to  the  inclemencies  of  tlie  weather  and  of  the 
seabons,  must  raise  the  mortality  of  the  very  poor  above  the  average  of 
the  general  population.  But  there  is  another  class  of  the  poor  whose 
chances  of  life  are  above  the  average.  The  hard  working  laborers,  the 
industrious  artisans,  who  are  not  so  poor  as  to  be  in  want  of  food,  or  fuel, 
or  clothing,  or  lodging,  are  the  healthiest  and  most  long-lived  of  the 
whole  population.  At  least  the  statistics  which  Neison  has  collected  and 
analyzed  favor  this  proposition,  and  many  reasons  can  be  given  for  its 
truth.  So  that  the  exclusion  of  the  poor,  by  embracing  this  class,  is  of 
bnt  little  advantage. 

As  the  insured  embrace  so  large  a  portion  of  the  whole  community, 
excluding  only  a  class  of  persons  whose  general  mortality  differs  but  lit- 
tle from  the  rest,  there  would  seem  to  be  no  objection  to  combining  their 
experience  with  the  general  experience  of  the  whole  people.  They  com- 
prise so  great  a  variety  of  persons  that  it  is  not  probable  their  mortality 
will  differ  from  that  of  the  general  population. 

In  fact,  the  experience  of  insurance  companies  gives  a  higher  mortality 
than  Carlisle,  and  if  the  first  years  after  admission  be  not  counted,  it  is 
worse  than  Farr's.    Below  is  a  comparison  of  the  rate  of  mortality  in  the 


104 

160 

804 

649 

.140 

lift 

176 

882 

664 

.167 

118 

149 

290 

687 

.ISO 

126 

180 

820 

666 

.189 

60  Valuation  of  Life  Insurance  Policiee. 

seventeen  London  life  oflSces,  with  and  without  the  first  year's  experience, 
and  the  rate  at  Carlisle  and  in  Parr's  English,  from  1888  to  1844 : — 

Ages,         M.       JO.      .40.       60.        60.       70.        80. 

Seventeen  London  offices         .0073  84 

Seventeen  after  let  year.        .0088  96 

Carlisle  adjusted 0070  87 

England,  1838  to  1844. .         .0080  98 

At  five  out  of  seven  of  these  ages,  the  Actuaries'  table  gives  a  higher 
mortality  than  the  Carlisle,  and  the  exclusion  of  the  first  year  brings  the 
average  rate  up  to  Farr's  No.  2.  So  that  when  the  influence  of  the 
medical  examination  of  new  members  is  not  counted,  the  mortality  in  the 
English  life  offices  is  above  the  rate  for  the  whole  population. 

It  would  seem  therefore  probable,  that  the  class  who  are  insured,  are 
not  more  likely  to  be  long-lived  than  the  general  population  of  the  country. 
And  many  other  reasons  can  be  given  for  this  anticipated  result.  The 
companies  are  liable  to  imposition  by  unhealthy  lives;  the  most  vigorous 
are  not  disposed  to  apply  for  insurance,  and  if  circumstances  induce  them 
to  do  BO,  they  are  more  likely  to  withdraw  than  others ;  and  many  of  the 
applicants  are  of  broken  and  desperate  fortunes,  whose  blasted  hopes  and 
corroding  anxieties  bring  them  to  an  early  grave. 

We  think,  therefore,  thai  the  extension  of  our  observations  should  in- 
clude not  only  numbers,  time,  space,  countries,  and  races,  but  also  all 
classes  of  society.  And,  therefore,  the  large  collection  of  good  and  reliable 
tables  we  have  made,  can  be  combined  to  advantage  to  predict  the  future 
mortality  of  our  insured. 

This  is  especially  appropriate,  because  the  experience  of  insurance  com- 
panies that  we  possess,  is  their  whole  experience,  which  is  not  at  all  what 
we  want.  When  we  undertake  to  value  the  policies  of  a  life  office  they 
have  all  been  running  for  some  time.  Many  are  recent,  it  is  true,  but 
many  have  been  in  existence  five,  ten,  or  fifteen  years.  And  what  we 
wish  to  know  is,  the  probable  duration  of  the  lives  of  each  different  set. 
Mr.  James,  of  the  Girard  office,  has  indicated  the  proper  course  to  pursue 
in  such  circumstances,  but  it  involves  so  much  labor,  and  so  many  separate 
calculations,  that  it  is  not  likely  to  be  adopted.  His  calculations,  based 
on  the  experience  of  the  seventeen  London  offices,  for  the  separate  sets 
of  policies,  showed  that  an  advance  of  fourteen  per  cent  over  the  general 
experience  of  these  offices  was  needed,  to  obtain  the  proper  valuation  in 
the  particular  cases  he  was  considering.  The  reason  of  this  is,  that  the 
whole  experience  is  not  the  same  as  the  future  experience — that  the  past 
has  been  less  than  the  future  will  be — that  the  recent  members  have  not 
sutfered  the  same  mortality  as  those  who  have  been  long  insured. 

This  general  reason,  and  these  calculations  of  Mr.  James,  indicate  that 
the  whole  experience  of  insurance  companies  give  too  low  a  mortality, 
especially  for  the  early  years  of  life  when  new  members  are  admitted. 
And  as  this  error  of  these  tables  will  be  corrected  by  combining  them 
with  others  giving  the  general  experience  of  the  whole  community,  we 
have  another  argument  in  favor  of  taking  the  average  of  all  our  tables. 

Another  evidence  in  favor  of  the  propriety  of  combining  all,  is  the 
near  agreement  between  them,  especially  the  best — those  founded  on  the 
largest  numbers,  or  those  derived  from  the  most  accurate  observations. 
To  express  this  agreement  more  precisely  we  have  compared  the  average 
table  with  the  others  for  every  five  years  from  the  age  of  fifteen  to  ninety, 


Valttaiion  of  Life  Insurance  PoUcies.  61 

and  hare  foand  that  at  every  period  more  than  half  the  forty  tables  are 
within  ten  per  cent  of  the  average,  and  that  only  four  or  five  vary  from 
it  at  any  age  as  much  as  twenty-five  per  cent.  And  these  four  or  five 
were  in  all  cases  tables  that  deserve  but  slight  weight  in  the  proposed 
combination.  At  some  ages  twenty-seven  out  of  forty  were  within  ten 
per  cent,  and  at  some  only  three  varied  as  much  as  twenty-five  per  cent. 
Another  reason  in  favor  of  the  combination  is  that  the  average  table 
is  very  near  to  the  best  tables,  and  generally  between  the  best.  Of  our 
several  tables,  Farr'a  No.  2  and  the  Actuaries'  are  the  most  esteemed  ; 
another  £hat  we  think  worthy  of  much  estimation  is  the  one  derived 
from  the  experience  of  the  London  companies,  after  excluding  the  first 
year  of  each  policy.  We  have  compared  the  average  table  with  these 
three,  and  with  the  Carlisle  and  Davies'  Equitable,  and  here  is  the  result, 
the  numbers  below  expressing  the  percentage  of  each  table  above  the 
average  by  +,  and  below  by  — : — 

Age.,    !0.      :0.      40.      M.      60      70.      ^0.      90. 

Ptnr'sNo.2 4+  6+       2+       8+  0  \+  2—  8— 

Actoariea' 8—  9—     I©—      8—  6—  0  1—  11  + 

Actuariea*  after  iBt  year....  14+  1—6—0  4+  2—  11+  21+ 

CtfUele  adjosf^d 9-f  2+       3+     19—  2—  17—  12—  11  — 

Dafies*  equitable 18—  0          2-f       4+  6—  19—  6—  «— 

The  mode  of  reading  the  above  is  that,  at  the  age  of  twenty,  Farr's 
No.  2  gives  a  mortality  four  per  cent  higher  than  the  average  of  our 
forty  tables,  and  the  Actuaries'  eight  per  cent  below. 

This  near  agreement  of  the  average  with  the  best  tables  might  be  ex- 
pected, from  the  greater  weight  allowed  them  in  the  combination,  but 
still  it  is  an  argument  in  favor  of  the  reliability  of  the  result. 

To  these  general  reasons  in  favor  of  combining  all  these  tables,  we  will 
add  that  there  is  nothing  in  the  climate  or  position  of  the  different  coun- 
tries that  would  make  their  mortalities  difier  from  our  Northern  States. 
All  are  so  far  north  as  to  be  free  from  the  malarious  influences  of  heat, 
and  none  are  liable  to  the  depressing  efiects  of  cold.  The  fogs  of  Eng^ 
land,  and  the  changeable  and  damp  winds  due  to  her  insular  position,  do 
not  make  her  more  unhealthy  than  other  countries.  And  the  cold  win* 
ters  of  Sweden,  though  depressing  and  injurious  to  the  feeble,  are  brac- 
ing and  stimulating  to  the  strong  and  vigorous,  and  beneficial  rather  than 
injurious.  Nor  do  they  differ  much  in  other  particulars  which  influence 
longevity.  England  has  more  large  cities  than  Sweden  or  Prussia,  but 
if  her  population  be  considered  the  difference  is  small.  The  habits,  com- 
forts, intelligence,  morality,  medical  skill,  and  employments  are  not  dis- 
similar. The  race  is  generally  Teutonic;  the  density  of  population, 
though  differing  considerably,  is  not  important  except  in  the  cities  ;  the 
religion  is  for  the  most  part  Protestant;  vices  and  luxuries  are  no  where 
excessive ;  education  is  general ;  poverty  and  want  are  pretty  equally 
distributed ;  and  though  uniformity  in  none  of  these  things  prevails,  the 
dissimilarity  is  never  great  or  important. 

For  our  country,  so  different  in  many  respects  from  each  of  the  Euro- 
pean countries  whence  we  sprung,  and  yet  so  similar  to  them  all,  it  is 
the  more  appropriate  to  embrace  all  their  statistics  in  one  general  ave- 
rage to  obtain  tne  mortality  which  we  may  here  anticipate,  giving,  how- 
ever, to  Great  Britain,  whence  most  of  us  have  come,  a  greater  influence 
on  the  result. 


t>2  Valuaiion  of  Life  Insurance  Policies. 

If  we  combine  all,  it  is  not  necessary  or  proper  to  give  each  one  an 
equal  influence  in  producing  the  result;  some  are  more  accurate  than 
others,  some  more  esteemed,  some  founded  on  larger  numbers,  or  on 
longer  continuance  of  observations,  or  on  experience  more  like  ours,  and 
all  these  things  should  have  their  proper  weight  in  obtaining  the  average. 

If  all  the  facts  were  equally  accurate  and  reliable,  and  all  equally  well 
suited  to  our  wants,  the  proper  mode  of  combination  would  be  to  collect 
all  the  living  and  the  dying  at  each  age,  or  for  each  decade,  and  form  a 
table  from  the  sums  thus  obtained.  But  if  this  were  done,  the  English 
Registrars'  observations  would  outweigh  all  the  rest,  and  the  superior  ac- 
curacy of  some  of  the  other  observations,  and  their  similarity  to  the  cases 
to  which  we  wish  to  apply  them,  would  lose  their  proper  influence  on 
the  result  The  course  we  have  thought  best,  is  to  obtain  the  rate  of  mor- 
tality for  each  age  and  each  set  of  observations,  and  multiply  this  by  a 
number  representing  the  value  of  this  set,  then  divide  the  sum  of  all 
these  products  by  the  sum  of  all  the  multipliers.  As  the  rate  of  mortal- 
ity varies  very  rapidly  for  each  age,  this  element  is  well  suited  for  this 
purpose,  and  if  the  proper  weight  is  given  to  each  table  the  result  cannot 
fail  to  be  satisfactory.  * 

To  the  Actuaries'  table  we  have  assigned  the  largest  influence  in  our 
combination,  giving  it  a  weight  of  fifteen,  and  a  like  weight  to  the  table 
we  have  constructed  from  the  same  materials.  These  large  numbers  are 
due  to  it  for  the  extent  of  its  observations,  both  as  to  numbers  and  time, 
and  for  the  accuracy  and  care  with  which  it  has  been  prepared  and  con- 
structed. The  likeness  also  between  the  classes  of  its  members  and  our 
life  insurers  is  another  reason  in  its  favor. 

To  Farr's  No.  2  for  males,  and  to  our  reconstruction  of  this  table,  as 
also  to  our  table  for  males  and  females  for  the  same  seven  years  from 
1838  to  1844,  we  have  given  a  weight  of  ten.  The  immense  numbers 
on  which  these  tables  are  based,  and  the  care  with  which  they  have  been 
prepared,  entitle  them  to  this  large  weight  in  our  combination.  Besides 
these  three,  we  have  given  the  same  weight  to  the  English  table  from  1845 
to  1854,  and  to  the  experience  of  the  seventeen  London  offices  after  the 
first  year  was  excluded  from  the  observations. 

To  the  two  tables  of  Finlaison,  to  Farr's  Northampton,  and  to  Neison's 
Scottish  and  English  Friendly  Societies,  we  have  only  given  a  weight  of 
one.  All  of  these  five  are  irregular,  anomalous,  and  but  slightly  esteemed. 
They  have  other  defects  which  we  will  not  stop  to  particularize. 

To  Milne's  Carlisle,  although  adjusted  to  some  extent,  we  have  only 
allowed  a  weight  of  three ;  but  to  our  reconstruction  of  this  table,  which 
is  nearly  the  same  with  it,  except  that  it  is  free  from  its  irregularities, 
we  have  given  a  weight  of  five.  These  numbers  are  too  large  for  the 
limited  experience  on  which  this  table  was  based,  but  they  are  given  be- 
cause of  the  estimation  in  which  it  has  been  held,  and  the  near  agree- 
ment of  its  general  results  with  those  derived  from  the  best  tables. 

To  the  three  Swedish  tables  since  1795  we  have  assigned  a  weight  of 
five,  but  Price's  Sweden  we  have  only  multiplied  by  two.  To  the  three 
English  tables  for  the  year  1841,  including  Farr's  No.  1,  we  have  given 
a  weight  of  five ;  as  also  to  Neison's  for  the  three  years  from  1839  to 
1841,  to  Davies'  Equitable,  to  Morgan's  Equitable,  to  the  Eagle  and  the 
Amicable,  to  Gotha  and  the  fifth  year  of  the  insurers  in  the  London  ofli- 
ces,  and  also  to  the  experience  in  these  offices  when  the  eflect  of  selec- 


Vaiitatian  of  Life  Insurance  PoUcies.  63 

tion  was  exhausted.  To  Saxooy,  and  Norway,  and  Prussia,  and  Hanover 
we  have  only  given  a  weight  of  three;  as  also  to  Babbage's  Equitable, 
and  the  experience  of  the  English  offices  in  towns.  To  the  two  tables 
founded  on  the  policies  and  lives  in  the  Economic  Society  we  have  given 
a  weight  of  two.  For  the  three  American  tables  we  have  assigned  a 
weight  of  three  to  the  first,  which  gives  the  experience  of  the  Mutual 
Life  of  New  York,  four  when  this  is  joined  to  the  Mutual  Benefit,  and 
six  when  both  are  united  with  the  New  York  Life  and  the  results  in  Massa- 
ohusets  for  1859.  This  completes  our  series  of  tables,  and  makes  the 
total  amount  of  weights  to  be  two  hundred,  of  which  one  hundred  U- 
longs  to  the  cities  and  countries,  and  one  hundred  to  the  life  oompanits 
and  friendly  societies. 

We  have  not,  however,  allowed  the  full  weight  to  the  Life  Companies' 
experience  at  the  earlier  ages.  Beginning  at  fifteen,  the  sum  of  their 
assigned  weight  was  only  twenty,  two  more  were  added  at  each  age  up 
to  lifty-five,when  their  full  influence  was  allowed.  This  was  done  because 
of  the  small  numbers  in  these  companies  at  the  earlier  ages,  and  because 
of  the  objections  to  their  experience  at  this  time  of  life. 

The  resulting  average  was  then  adjusted  by  taking  the  geometrical 
mean  of  five  contiguous  rates,  and  the  final  result  is  inserted  in  column 
second  of  the  table  below. 

In  column  third  will  be  found  the  number  of  the  living  at  every  age 
in  a  stationary  population  according  to  the  average  rates  of  mortality, 
the  basis  of  the  table  being  700,000  at  the  age  of  fifteen.  These  num- 
bers are  not  however  used  in  the  subsequent  calculations;  but  the  loga- 
rithm of  the  living  obtained  by  adding  the  logarithm  of  70,000,000  to 
the  logarithm  of  the  chance  of  living  for  one  year  at  every  successive 
age  from  fifteen  to  the  end  of  life,  thus  preserving  all  the  fractions  from 
one  year  to  another. 

The  fourth  column  contains  the  expectation  of  life  at  every  age.  It 
agrees  very  closely  with  Farr's  No.  2.  At  the  earlier  ages  it  is  from  a 
fi^h  to  a  tenth  of  a  year  higher,  in  middle  life  nearly  the  same,  and  at  old 
age  a  little  less: — 

Ages.     JO.        10.       40.       50.       60.      70.      80.      90. 

Parr's  No.  2 89.99     88.21     26.46     19.87     18.60    8.66    4.97    2.80 

Theaveraga 40.19     88.84     26.66     19.86     18.63     8.64    4.83     2.68 

QtU'saverage 40.16     88.18     26.83     19.14     18.65     8.64    4.78     2.11 

The  next  three  columns  contain  the  logarithms  of  the  quantities  usually 
styled  D,  N,  and  M,  counting  interest  at  four  per  cent,  which  will  enable 
any  one  to  use  this  average  table  for  any  of  the  purposes  of  life  insu- 
sance.  These  have  been  carefully  calculated  in  duplicate  to  secure  accu- 
racy, and  the  correctness  of  every  result  tested  by  obtaining  from  them 
the  annual  premiums  in  the  eighth  column  by  two  independent  methods. 
This  is  a  severe  test,  and  detects  the  smallest  error.  The  first  method 
used  the  living  only  at  each  age,  and  the  second  both  the  living  and  the 
dying.  Thus,  at  the  age  of  fifteen  Log.  D  —  Log.  N  gives  for  a  natural 
number  .0506889,  and  v  —  1  being  .0384615,  the  annual  premium,  which 
is  the  difierence  of  these  two,  is  .0122274.  I3ut  Log.  M  —  Log.  N  gives 
for  a  natural  number  .0122274  as  the  premium,  which  is  the  same  as  be- 
fore. The  work  having  been  done  in  duplicate,  and  tested  in  this  way 
at  every  age,  the  fullest  confidence  may  be  placed  in  the  arithmetical  ac- 
curacy of  the  c^ilculations. 


64 


Valuation  of  Life  Insurance  Policies. 


Column  ninth  contains  the  value  of  an  annuity  payable  at  the  end  of 
ilie  year,  corresponding  to  Mr.  Milne's  A.  The  proofs  of  all  these  tables 
have  been  very  carefully  read  and  compared  with  the  original  calcula- 
tions. 

Having  now  obtained  what  we  regard  as  the  most  reliable  life  table,  we 
will  proceed  in  our  next  and  last  article  to  discuss  the  several  modes  of 
valuing  life  policies. 

Loearithm 
of  M. 
6.9720190 
69609916 
6.9496^95 
6.9379968 
a9261207 
6  9140443 
6.901b094 
6.8894404 
6.8769765 
6.8644410 
6.86 1  (-061 
6.8392439 
6.8966118 
6.8139653 
6.8012988 
6.7886056 
6.775*^934 
6.7631564 
6.7503897 
6.7875885 
6.7247495 
6.7118566 
6.6989066 
6.6858879 
6.6727855 
6.6595996 
6.6463190 
6.6329337 
6.6194453 
6.6U58450 
6.5921257 
6.5782612 
6.5642175 
6.5499680 
6.5354497 
6  5206286 
6  5054343 
6.4898341 
6.4737615 
6.4571506 
6.4899391 
6.4.Kn442 
6.4033799 
6.8^88569 
6.8633671 
6.3418149 
6.3190988 
6.2951158 
6.2698031 
6.248(1809 
6.2148764 
6.1851068 
ai536714 
6.1204598 
6.0852936 
6.0479917 
6.0083884 
6.9660900 
5.9209924 
6.8727993 
5.8212224 
5.7669603 
5.7066545 
5.6429781 
6.5745237 
5.5009069 
5.4217078 
5.3365048 
5.2449176 


Ezpeot&t'n  Lofrarithm 

LogarithxQ 

Age. 

Mortality. 

Living. 

-.ooot^ 

of  life. 

of  D. 

ofN. 

15 

.006^9 

43.74 

7.5895979 

a8846848 

.00661 

695597 

43.01 

7..'>69e243 

8.8620933 

17...... 

.       .00690 

690999 

42.29 

7.6499107 

a8393508 

* 

.00718 

686231 

41.68 

7.5298704 

&8164658 

19 

.00744 

681304 

40.88 

7.5097076 

a7934057 

.00768 

676235 

40.19 

7.4894310 

a7701977 

21 

.00791 

671042 

39.49 

7.4690494 

a7468281 

.00812 

665734 

saeo 

7.4485671 

a7232928 

23 

.00832 

660328 

38.11 

7.4279929 

a6996869 

.00851 

664834 

37.48 

7.4073312 

8.6757045 

25 

.00869 

649261 

36.75 

7.3865861 

a6516393 

.00887 

643619 

36.06 

7  3657623 

a6273844 

27 

.00905 

637910 

35.88 

7.8448596 

8.6029813 

.00924 

632137 

34.70 

7.8288179 

86782719 

29 

.00944 

626296 

34.02 

73028131 

a5533966 

.00964 

620384 

33.84 

7.2816605 

8.52b2955 

31 

.00985 

614404 

32.66 

7.2604208 

a5029.'>86 

.01007 

608352 

31.98 

7.2890879 

8.4773741 

33 

.01030 

602226 

31.80 

7.2176591 

6.46l.')304 

.01054 

596023 

30.62 

7.1961294 

a4264l44 

35 

.01080 

589741 

29.94 

7.1744942 

8.8990126 

.01107 

683371 

29.26 

7.1527450 

a3723103 

37 

.01136 

676914 

28.58 

7.1808772 

6.8452921 

.01167 

570360 

27.91 

7.1088^21 

8.81-9409 

39 

.01199 

563704 

27.23 

7.0b67.S08 

a2902395 

.01288 

666945 

26.55 

7.0644787 

a2621687 

41 

.01269 

660078 

25.88 

7.0420573 

8.2337079 

.01306 

543097 

25.21 

7.0194774 

a2048349 

43 

.01345 

536005 

24.58 

6.9967349 

ai75626l 

.01386 

528795 

2a86 

6.9738207 

ai45755l 

45     .... 

.01481 

521466 

23.19 

6.9507259 

ai  164935 

.01481 

514004 

22.52 

6.9274880 

a0847100 

47 

.01536 

5U6392 

21.85 

6.9089197 

a06337l2 

.01598 

498613 

31.18 

a880l638 

8.C12I44JI 

49 

.01668 

490645 

20.52 

6.F561344 

7.9888810 

.01746 

4^2462 

19.86 

6.S8I7959 

7.9556497 

51 

.01832 

474088 

19.20 

6.8071128 

7.9217034 

.01928 

465363 

18.55 

6.7820494 

7.t?869951 

53 

.02035 

46G881 

17.91 

6.7565610 

7.8514741 

.02153 

447094 

17.27 

6.7305986 

7.8150886 

55 

.02285 

437468 

16.64 

6.7041127 

7.7777794 

.02432 

427472 

16.01 

6.6770406 

7.7394800 

57 

.02595 

417076 

15.40 

6.6493147 

7.7001435 

.02777 

406268 

14  80 

a0208626 

7.6596888 

59 

.02977 

394971 

14.21 

6.5915983 

7.6180326 

60 

.08197 

883213 

13.63 

6-5614396 

7.5751  l/iS 

.03435 

370961 

1306 

6.53029.'.  1 

7.5308511 

62 

.03690 

358219 

12.51 

6.4980H15 

7.4851549 

.039*52 

845001 

11.97 

6.4647195 

7.4879870 

64 

.04251 

331882 

11.44 

6  4301293 

7.3t90997 

.04659 

817247 

10.92 

6.3942301 

7.83B5346 

66 

.04889 

802783 

10.42 

6.3669318 

7.2861237 

.06243 

287980 

9.98 

6.3181292 

7.2817357 

68 

.05682 

272882 

9.45 

6.2777071 

7.1752256 

.06057 

2,')7513 

f.99 

6.2354986 

7.1164818 

70 

.06624 

24I9I6 

a54 

6.191^296 

7.0051803 

.07038 

226133 

8.10 

6.1449964 

6.9912817 

72 

.07601 

210217 

7.67 

6.0962686 

6.9245825 

.08213 

194239 

7.26 

6.0449025 

6.8647164 

74 

.08878 

178288 

6.87 

5.9906551 

6.78159(^8 

.09601 

162460 

6.49 

5.9332450 

6.7049314 

76 

.1039 

146862 

6.18 

5.8728752 

6.6244455 

.1124 

181603 

5.78 

5.8076984 

6.5898647 

78 

.1316 

116811 

5.45 

5.7888823 

6.4608597 

.1315 

102606 

6.13 

5.6665413 

6.3571416 

80 

.1421 

89114 

4.83 

5.5872778 

6.2583694 

.1534 

76461 

4.55 

6.5036811 

6.1642009 

82 

.1653 

64723 

4.28 

5.4143261 

6.0442841 

.1777 

64024 

4.08 

5.3188331 

6.9282601 

Animal 

ValM  of 

iremlam. : 

annaity. 

.012237 

ia7S» 

.012557 

lacoi 

.012890 

ia473 

.013229 

ia343 

.013574 

18.318 

.013927 

laoes 

.014288 

17.95T 

.014660 

17.899 

.015045 

17.6W 

.015443 

17.551 

.015857 

17.410 

.016268 

17.265 

.016787 

17.116 

.017207 

ia964 

.017697 

16.807 

.018310 

ia645 

.018747 

ia4ao 

.019310 

16.310 

.019900 

iai34 

.020620 

M5.954 

.021171 

15.769 

.021855 

15.4T9 

.022574 

15.884 

.03:4.332 

15J83 

.024139 

14.977 

.034971 

14.765 

.026859 

14.547 

.026798 

14.898 

.02n91 

14.093 

.028846 

13.857 

.029966 

ia614 

.081157 

13.364 

.033422 

13.108 

.033769 

13.844 

.035302 

12.575 

.036760 

12.800 

.088347 

19.019 

.040073 

11.733 

.041907 

11.448 

.043859 

11.14« 

.045937 

10.849 

.048146 

ia546 

.050494 

10.242 

.0.'i29e8 

9.935 

.055633 

9X28 

.058489 

9.830 

.061410 

9013 

.0645n0 

a707 

.U67^99 

8.402 

.071447 

8.099 

.075221 

7.-.  96 

.079247 

7.496 

.088548 

7.196 

.068152 

6.808 

.093081 

6.609 

.098358 

a809 

.104006 

aoi9 

.110043 

5.734 

.116487 

5.454 

.128867 

5.179 

.130705 

4.911 

.188521 

4.660 

.146S25 

4.897 

•165687 

4.i5S 

.164961 

3.916 

.174798 

a689 

.185143 

a472 

.195984 

3.366 

.207328 

3.009 

C%  Population. 


65 


Ag^ 

MortidltT. 

Ezpectafn  Logarithm 
LiTing.     of  life.        of  D. 

Logarithm 
ofN. 

T^garithm 

Ajintial  Yalueof 
premium,  annuity. 

84 

.1906 

44424 

3.«0 

5.2168201 

5.8057527 

6.1466142 

.219211 

2.881 

.2040 

85957 

3J>8 

5.1070600 

5.67684H5 

5.0412488 

.281686 

2.702 

86 

.4179 

28632 

3.37 

4.9918297 

5.5395833 

49284627 

.244838 

2.530 

J2323 

228«5 

3.16 

4.8660587 

5.3949210 

4-8078841 

.258779 

2.336 

88 

J2474 

171t-5 

2.96 

4.7362168 

5.2417150 

4.6791295 

.273788 

2.208 

J2637 

12933 

2.77 

4.5957477 

5.0791459 

4.5416707 

.290089 

2.044 

W 

.2«I4 

9528 

2.58 

4.4457692 

4.9061599 

4.3946.'>92 

.807968 

1.887 

.3007 

6848 

2.40 

4.2852230 

4.7214552 

4.2870379 

.327780 

1.730 

n 

.8222 

4785 

2.22 

4.1128582 

4.5233787 

4.0675871 

.350113 

1.574 

.8468 

3244 

8.04 

3.9269214 

4.8097222 

3.8845960 

.375798 

1.414 

B4 

.3759 

2119 

1.85 

8.7249343 

4.0774793 

3.6855904 

.405612 

1.252 

.4112 

1322 

1.67 

3  5031552 

8.8S24966 

8.4668818 

.44fmn 

1.092 

H..  .. 

.4545 

779 

1.48 

3.2.^60696 

3.5890370 

3.2228010 

.482796 

0.918 

.5077 

425 

1.8U 

2.9758511 

8  2191387 

2.9455716 

.532639 

0.694 

« 

.6727 

909 

1.12 

2.6510475 

2.8514944 

2.6287038 

.591S47 

0.587 

.6515 

89 

0.95 

2.2647471 

2.4193841 

2.2402225 

.669046 

OJt'S 

10f».... 

.7468 

31 

0.79 

1.7899166 

1.8957198 

t7680644 

.745323 

0.276 

.e6i« 

8 

0.64 

1.1763469 

1.2306063 

1.1569956 

.844091 

0.183 

K«.... 

1.000 

I 

0.50 

0.3004497 

0.3004497 

0J2854164 

.961538 

aooo 

Art.  IT.— CITY  POPULATION. 


XTXAimC  ClTIBS—rOFfrLATION— RATIO  Of  OROWTH -0Vl»rt0W— B08T0H  AND  TICIMAOB— MAKVFAC- 
TITKBa — new  TORS -IKCRBAtB—MBTROPOUTAM  RAILROADt— POPrLATlOll  BT  WARDt— MOVBMKRT 
or  BCfllVRSt — THIRD  CITT  OF  THE  WORLD— RBAL  R8TATB  tPBCULATIOMt— BXTtNSlTB  RECOVERY 
— PROORRtS — DWBLLTMOB— CITT  DIV18IOM8— EPFECT  OF  RAILROADS— LOTS  OM  MAKBATTAH  KLAMB 
— DEHfITT  OF  POPULATIOM— TEMEMBMT  HOrSES  — BROOKLYW— CITT  RAILROADS— PHILADELPHIA — 
POPULAnOM  BT  WARDS— COMPARISON— NEWARK,  N.  J.— BALTIMORE— NEW  ORLEANS— TaLLBT  CITIES 
—LAKE  raTIES— INTERIOR  CITIES — ACORBOATR  OF  THIRTT-FITE  CITIES — THE  NORTHWEST— AT- 
l>AimC  OAPITAL— FimRB  POORBB8. 

The  comparative  growth  of  cities  is  always  an  interesting  branch  of 
statistical  research,  and  the  late  returns  of  the  census  give  many  impor- 
tant facts  in  relation  to  the  leading  cities  of  the  Union.  The  enumera- 
tions of  the  leading  Atlantic  cities^ show  the  following  results: — 

reiO.         18!0.         1880.         1840.         1840.  1860. 

Boston 88,260  48,298  61,892  98,883  186,881  177,902 

Providence 1(»,071  11,767  16,382  23,171  41,518  49,914 

New  York 96,873  123,706  202,689  312,710  616,647  821,113 

Brooklyn 4,402  7,175  16.396  86,283  96,8.S8  278,826 

Newark 6,607  10,958  17,t>90  88,894  72,056 

Philadelphia...  111,210  187,097  188,961  268,087  408.762  568,084 

Baltimore 85,887  62,738  80,625  102,318  169,064  218,(n2 

Richmond. 9,785  12,067  16,060  20,163  27,670  »7,UC8 

Washington....  8,208  13,247  18,827  28,864  40,001  61,4<0 

Cbarleston 24.711  24,7S0  80,289  29,261  42,985  40,1^^5 

NewOrleans  ;.  17,242  27,176  46310  102,193  116,876  170,766 

Savannah 6,215  7.623  7,776  11,214  16.312  16,000 

Total 366,800       478,076       696,660    1,029,322      1,649,732      2,618,484 

These  aggregates  show  that  the  twelve  cities  named  had  five  per  cent 
of  the  whole  population  of  the  Union  in  1810,  and  the  proportion  rose 
regularly  to  6^  per  cent  in  1850,  to  8f  per  cent  in  1860.  In  nearly  all 
these  cities,  however,  tlie  population  since  the  era  of  railroads  has  flowed 
over  into  the  surrounding  country,  thus  spreading  the  dwellings  of  those 
who  carry  on  the  business  for  which  the  city  is  important.  In  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Boston  there  are  thirteen  towns  that  are  commanded  by  rail- 

VOL.    XUV. KG.   I.  5 


66  Oiiy  Population. 

roads,  and  which  contain  the  dwellings  of  Boston  business  men.  The 
aggregate  of  Boston  and  those  towns  compared  with  the  rest  of  the  State 
is  as  follows : — 

18S0.  18$§.  1860. 

Boston. 186,881  161,42»  17*7,902 

Thirteen  towns. 76,688  97,198  117,492 

Total 213,664  258,622  296,894 

Rest  of  Massachusetts 780,960  864,420  988,102 

Total  Massachusetts 994,514         1,128,042         1,281,496 

Thus  Boston  may  be  said  to  contain  one-fourth  of  the  population  of 
the  State.  The  thirteen  cities  of  Massachusetts  have  a  population  of 
441,987,  or  85  per  cent  of  the  whole  population  ;  in  1850  the  same  cities 
bad  a  population  of  824,845,  or  88j^  per  cent  of  the  whole  population. 
It  is  to  be  borne  in  mind,  however,  that  the  towns  around  Boston  are 
those  which  concentrate  the  population  the  most  rapidly,  and  one-third 
of  the  whole  State  population  lives  within  a  radius  of  twelve  miles  of 
Boston,  dependent  upon  its  commerce  and  manufactures. 

The  population  and  valuation  of  the  city  of  New  York  have  probably 
received  the  most  marked  development  The  increase  of  the  populatioa 
from  1850  to  1860  nearly  equaled  the  sum  of  the  entire  population  in 
1840.  The  progiess  of  the  population  has,  however,  been  in  the  upper 
part  of  the  island,  following  the  course  of  the  railroads,  which,  since 
1852,  have  so  powerfully  aided  in  the  expansion  of  the  city  in  a  northerly 
direction.  The  following  is  a  table  from  official  sources  of  the  popula- 
tion of  each  ward,  according  to  the  national  census  for  each  decade  and 
the  State  census  for  the  intermediate  terms : — 

POPVLATION   or  NSW  TORK  CITT. 

Wards.    1810.    1815.    1840.    1845.    1850.    1855.   1860. 

1....         11.881         10,880         10.629         12.280  19,764  18,468  18,120 

8,203           7,549           6,394           6,962  6,665  8,249  8,000 

9,699         10.884         11,581         11,900  10,866  7,909  8,757 

12,706         16,439         16,770         21.000  28,260  22,895  21.994 

17,722         18,495         19,159         20,362  22,686  21,617  22,841 

18,670         16.827         17,198         19,348  24.698  26,562  26,698 

15,873         21,481         22,982         26,666  82,690  84,422  40,006 

20,729         2S,570         29,073         80,900  84.612  34,052  89,722 

22.810         20,618         24,796         80,907  40,657  39.982  44.886 

16,438         20,926         29,026         20.993  23,816  26,878  29,051 

14.916         26,845         17,062         27,269  48,768  62,979  69,668 

11,808         24,487         11,668         18,878  10,451  17,656  80,648 

12,598         17.180         18.517         22,411  28,246  26,597  82,917 

14,288         17,306         20,236         21,108  2o,196  24.764  28.087 

18,202         17,755         19.422  22,564  24,046  27,588 

22,278         40,360  62.882  89,828  46.188 

18,619         27,147  43,766  69,548  72,956 

81,646  89,416  67,464 

18,465  17.866  82,841 

47,065  67,554 

27,014  65,406 

22,605  61,764 


4... 

6... 

«... 

7... 

8... 

9... 
10... 
11... 
12... 
18... 
14... 
15... 
16... 
17... 
18... 
19... 
20... 
21... 
22... 


Total     202,689      270,089       812,710       371,228      616,647      629.810       821,118 


Oity  Population.  67 

In  compariDg  the  above  figures,  as  tbey  have  been  recorded  in  the  re- 
respective  years  in  which  the  estimates  were  made,  it  will  be  observed 
that  the  increase  of  the  population  in  the  up-town  wards  has  been  quite 
large,  while  that  of  some  of  the  wards  in  the  lower  part  of  the  city  has 
considerably  fallen  off.  Extension  of  business  has  required  a  correspond- 
ing extension  of  territory.  Down-town  limits  have  become  circumscribed 
within  the  last  five  years.  What  was  formerly  the  aristocratic  resting 
places  of  solid  old  Knickerbockers  has  been  occupied  by  the  substantial 
warehouses  of  merchants.  Westward  the  course  of  empire  has  taken  its 
way,  in  truth ;  and  if  the  progress  continues  as  it  has  commenced  a  few 
years  from  now  will  see  the  whole  of  the  lower  portion  of  the  city  ab- 
sorbed by  trade,  while  the  people  will  legitimately  press  upwards  and 
develop  the  resources  of  the  city  in  that  direction.  The  ancient  **  up- 
town "  has  become  the  modern  "  down-town  " — the  old  has  given  place 
to  the  new,  and  the  time-honored  monuments  of  old  New  York  are  rap- 
idly crumbling  away  under  the  advancing  footsteps  of  improvement. 

From  the  foregoing  table  it  may  appear  that  the  increase  is  not  as  great 
as  is  actually  the  case ;  but  it  is  to  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  estimates 
were  made  in  June — a  time  when  a  large  number  of  our  citizens  are  ab- 
sent in  the  country.  It  is  fair  to  presume,  therefore,  that  many  thou- 
sands have  been  omitted  from  the  census,  and  that  if  it  were  oorect  the 
number  would  be  nearer  nine  hundred  thousand  than  the  number  men- 
tioned above.  This  being  the  case.  New  York  occupies  the  third  posi- 
tion in  the  cities  of  the  world  outside  China  and  Japan,  with  which  at 
the  present  moment  London,  Paris,  and  New  York  are  not  to  be  com- 
parchd. 

In  1830  there  commenced  that  season  of  real  estate  speculation  which 
carried  property  in  the  upper  part  of  the  island  to  exorbitant  prices  in 
1836.  The  reaction  then  commenced,  and  the  year  1843  gave  the  lowest 
point  for  real  estate  values.  The  general  business  of  the  city  then  began 
to  recover,  and  the  course  was  upward  with  a  steady  progress.  The  for- 
eign famine  of  1847-48  gave  a  great  impulse  to  business,  and  being  fol- 
lowed by  large  immigration  and  the  successive  opening  of  railroads,  each 
adding  to  the  city's  business,  as  new  lines  of  steamboats  still  further 
helped  to  concentrate  business  in  New  York.  With  the  growth  of  busi- 
ness the  population  overflowed  into  Brooklyn,  Williamsburg,  New  Jersey, 
and  the  river  counties.  By  this  operation  the  personal  valuation  of  the 
city  was  checked,  since  persons  living  out  of  the  city  were  not  easily 
reached.  The  gold  discoveries  gave  a  new  impulse  to  business,  and  the 
Crystal  Palace  of  1853  also  lent  its  aid,  while,  in  the  same  year,  the  in- 
troduction of  Metropolitan  roads  at  once,  as  it  were,  gave  the  means  of 
spreading  up  town,  and  the  upper  part  of  the  island  was  rapidly  peopled. 
The  Central  Park  added  to  the  attraction  in  that  direction.  The  dwell- 
ings of  the  wealthy  portion  of  the  population  have  migrated  as  regularly 
as  the  means  of  doing  so  have  been  extended.  Thirty  years  since  only 
11,000  persons  were  to  be  found  above  Fourteenth-street,  and  the  real 
estate  valuation  above  that  line  was  but  $3,6  i4,980.  If  we  now  divide 
the  island  into  three  districts,  viz. :  below  Canal-street ;  between  Canal 
and  Fourteenth-street ;  and  above  Fourteenth-street,  and  take  the  popu- 
lation and  valuation  of  each  district,  we  have  results  as  follows  for  many 
periods : — 


68 


1886.. 
1848.. 
I860.. 
1855.. 
I860.. 


1886.. 
1848.. 
I860.. 
1865.. 
I860.. 


Oity  Population. 

/—Below  Cknal-Btreet— — 
Population.         Valuation. 

79,674 

91,797 
107,867 

94,718 

96,110 

/—Above  Fonrteenth-et — » 
Population.  Yal  nation. 

24,437 

68,728 
118.369 
271.882 
428,428 


$84,284,119 

71,908,806 

99,734.878 

112,920,877 

126,290.582 


#-0»nal  to  Fonrteefifl»-at-^ 
Popolatlon.  Valuation. 

170.078 
226,708 
294,668 
268,210 
801,580 


$91,620,617 
78,829,609 
96,407,149 
94,680,899 

110,719,891 


|67,837,««7 

19,212.699 

67.044,726 

120,624,690 

162,528,196 


Population. 
270,089 
871,283 
616,894 
629,810 
821,118 


-TotaL- 


Valnation. 
$283,742,802 
164,960,614 
252,1 86,75S 
886,976,866 
898,688,619 


With  the  year  1886  the  fictitious  real  estate  valuation  culminated,  and 
prices  declined  over  the  whole  island  to  the  year  1843.  From  that  time 
it  rose  again,  but  beJow  Fourteenth- street.  In  the  next  ^se  years  the 
city  railroads  caused  a  positive  decline  of  over  31,000  inhabitants  be- 
tween Canal  and  Fourteenth-street ;  and  below  Canal  no  doubt  many 
went  over  to  Brooklyn,  thus  leaving  a  decline  of  over  12,000  in  this  sec- 
tion. The  rush  "  up- town  "  was  so  great  in  the  five  years  that  158,000  per- 
sons were  added  to  the  number  there,  and  the  real  estate  more  than  doubled, 
while  a  decline  took  place  between  Canal  and  Fourteenth-streets.  In 
the  last  five  years  the  population  of  the  lower  part  of  the  city  has  slightly 
recovered,  while  above  Fourteenth-street  151,000  has  again  been  added 
to  the  population,  and  $40,000,000  to  the  r^al  estate.  This  has  been  the 
effect  of  metropolitan  railroads  down  the  great  avenues.  In  the  same 
period  railroads  have  spread  over  Brooklyn  and  Williamsburg,  which  are 
now  united,  and  the  population  of  both  cities  (New  York  and  Brooklyn) 
is  now  1,094,438,  against  612,885  in  1850.  The  occupation  of  Manhat- 
tan Island  goes  on  with  this  rapidity  by  means  of  the  railroads  that  have 
greatly  reduced  the  importance  of  distance  from  places  of  business. 

Notwithstanding  the  immense  size  this  city  has  reached,  it  has  not  as 
yet  covered  half  its  boundary  ;  54,725  lots  have  been  built  upon  or  other- 
wise improved,  while  there  yet  remains  86,761  vacant  or  unimproved 
lots.  Probably  fifty  years  will  hardly  pass  before  the  latter  will  be  im- 
proved ;  and  if  Brooklyn  and  its  suburbs  are  in  the  meantime  consolidated 
with  this  city.  New  York  will  become  a  metroj>olis  scarcely  less  than  Lon- 
don. The  following  shows  the  number  of  improved  and  unimproved  or 
vacant  lots  in  eacli  ward  : — 


Wards. 
1.... 
2 


Iijiproved.  Vnlinproved.  Total- 


4. 
5. 
6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 


2,083 

24 

2,i)67 

1,214 

1 

1.21  f. 

1,'J.S2 

6 

l.'J87 

1,.N58 

40 

l,«y8 

1,986 

12 

1,947 

1.261 

11 

1,-72 

2,682 

420 

2,962 

2,706 

31 

2,7  Sfi 

3,660 

405 

4,065 

1,647 

22 

1,669 

2,534 

656 

3,190 

2.0H2 

64,289 

66,301 

Ward.«. 

1» 

14 

16 

l«i 

17 

18    ... 

19 

2U 

21 

22 


Improved.  Unimproved.  Total. 


Total. 


1,608 

lai 

1,639 

1.6.SI 

6 

1,637 

2,017 

89 

2,706 

8,709 

1,045 

4.754 

8,659 

229 

8,788 

4,165 

2.491 

6,646 

2,065 

12.977 

15,046 

4,276 

1.721 

6.996 

8,441 

1,647 

6.088 

8.699 

10,6b9 

14,268 

64,725       86.761      141,486 

The  density  of  the  [mpulation  in  the  section  crossinor  the  isian  1  on  a 
belt  between  Canal  and  Fourteenth-street  has  been  largely  increased,  and 
tenement  houses  accommodate  large  numbers.     These  houses  have  of 


City  Population, 


69 


late  been  built,  to  some  extent,  on  improved  plans,  by  which  "  all  the 
modern  improvements  "  are  supplied  to  the  occupants  of  rooms  on  rea- 
sonable terms.  A  late  report  of  the  Sanitary  Association  gives  the  fol- 
lowing facts  in  relation  to  the  occupancy  of  houses : — 

Three  years  since  the  number  of  buildings  of  all  descriptions  in  this 
city  was  some  53,000.  The  city  is  divided  into  twenty-two  wards.  In 
1856,  nineteen  of  these  wards  contained  a  population  of  536,027  inhab- 
itants, divided  into  112,833  families,  averaging  a  little  less  than  five  souk 
in  each  family.  For  the  accommodation  of  these  112,833  families,  re- 
siding in  nineteen  wards,  there  were  36,088  dwellings,  averaging  about 
three- and-one-half  families  occupying  an  entire  house.  There  are 
but  12,717  of  these  family  occupying  an  entire  house;  7,148  of  these 
dwellings  contain  two  families  ;  4,600  contain  each  three  families. 
Thus,  while  24,465  of  these  dwellings  shelter  but  36,213  families,  the 
remaining  13,623  houses  have  to  cover  76,620  families,  averaging  nearly 
six  families  to  each  house,  showing  that  about  three-fourths  of  the  whole 
population  of  New  York  live  averaging  but  a  fraction  less  than  six  fami- 
lies in  a  house,  while  only  about  one  family  in  ten  occupy  a  whole  house. 
The  following  table  will  show  how  the  families  are  apportioned  to  these 
dwellings: — 


Oonuining 
fkinUiof^ 

1  family 

2  families 
8       « 

4  « 

5  •* 
«       *• 

7  ** 

8  *• 

9  •* 
10  *• 
U  " 
12 


No. 

Con  tal  Dins 

ISio, 

hoosea. 

flimUles. 

hoTues. 

12,717 

18  fomilies 

800 

7,148 

14 

«i 

168 

4,600 

15 

a 

90 

8,256 

16 

u 

289 

2,0Sd 

17 

tt 

58 

1,960 

18 

u 

63 

1,487 

19 

u 

15 

1.444 

20 

«4 

166 

356 

21 

tt 

9 

656 

22 

M 

28 

175 

28 

tt 

6 

277 

24 

<i 

58 

ContaiDlng 
families. 

25  families 

26  •• 

27  « 

28  " 

29  •* 
80  •* 
32       " 

84  « 

85  " 

86  " 

87  •* 
38       •* 


No. 

Oontalnlng 

No. 

loaes. 

fttmlliea. 

houMa. 

9 

40  families 

26 

42 

" 

I 

48 

a 

1 

45 

tt 

1 

48 

<i 

4 

60 

tt 

2 

54 

«t 

1 

56 

»c 

2 

57 

tt 

6 

87 

tt 

1 

94 

tt 

1 

There  are  many  single  blocks  of  dwellings  containing  twice  the  num- 
ber of  families  residing  on  the  whole  of  Fifth  Avenue,  or  than  a  contin- 
uous row  of  dwellings  similar  to  those  on  the  Fifth  Avenue  three  or  four 
miles  in  length.  There  is  a  multitude  of  these  squares,  any  of  which 
contain  a  larger  population  than  the  whole  city  of  Hartford,  which 
covers  an  area  of  seven  miles. 

There  are  in  Brooklyn  4,483  houses,  which,  according  to  the  report  of 
the  superintendent  of  the  police,  have  from  three  to  one  hundred  persons 
each.  The  city  railroads,  as  we  have  said,  have  been  the  means  of  ex- 
tending the  dwelliogs.  There  are  five  of  these  roads  that  run  longitudi- 
nally from  the  Park  to  Harlem  River,  and  these  carried  the  following 
number  of  passengers  in  1859  : — 


No.  paswngori. 

Beooipts. 

No.  passengers.     Becolpta. 

Third  Avenue 

9,974,101 

$502.9.>l 

Qarlem 

8,493.113         261.988 

Eu^hth     " 

7,589,997 

379,500 



Sixth 

6.479,129 

328.956 

Total.... 

82,718,351    $1,780,656 

Second    " 

6,182,011 

262.166 

Thus,  passages  equal  to  more  than  the  whole  number  of  persons  in  the 
United  States  were  made  in  those  vehicles  last  year.  Their  effect  has 
been  doubtless  to  reduce  the  number  of  persons  in  single  houses,  by 
giving  each  family  the  command  of  a  whole  house  for  the  same  terms. 


70 


Oiiy  Population. 


The  population  of  Philadelphia  has  grown  more  rapidlj  than  Boston, 
but  the  city  has  been,  since  1854,  made  to  embrace  the  whole  county, 
and  horse  railroads  have  been  availed  of  to  an  extent  greater  than  any 
other  city.  Owing  to  the  consolidation  of  the  city  and  the  new  arrange- 
ment it  is  difficult  to  compare  by  wardsi  with  the  former  census.  The 
present  population  is,  however,  as  follows : — 


POFITLATION  OF   PHILADBLFHIA. 


"War<lfl. 

1 

2 

8.... 

4 

6 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 


87,078 
28,097 
19,916 
28,688 
24,888 
14,928 
81,897 
27,811 
17,216 
21,967 


Warda. 

11 

12 

18 

14 

16 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20..... 


16,717 
16,811 
20,132 
24,336 
82,481 
20,092 
28,828 
20.470 
89,271 
89,162 


Warda. 

21 

22 

28 

24 


Pop.  1860... 
"     1860... 


17,164 
17,288 

24,093 
23,791 


668,084 
408,762 


Inc.  in  10  years.       169,272 


Until  the  year  1854,  at  which  time  consolidation  went  into  effect,  the 
city  and  county  were  separate.  By  the  act  of  consolidation  the  city 
limits  were  extended  over  the  entire  county,  and  the  last  census  includes 
this  territory.  Prior  to  1790  there  was  no  count  made  of  the  inhabi- 
tants in  the'rural  portion  of  the  county.  In  the  figures  given  above  only 
dwellings  are  included  in  the  census  of  1^60,  and  no  account  is  taken  of 
stores,  manufactories,  work-shops,  or  public  buildings.  It  follows  that 
the  people  of  Philadelphia  are  pretty  well  housed,  when  they  have  nearly 
90,000  houses  to  shelter  a  population  of  568,000  souls.  There  is  no 
doubt  that  the  population  of  the  city  is  much  larger  than  the  figures  re- 
turned by  the  Deputy  United  States  Marshal  would  denote.  The  returns 
were  collected  in  the  summer,  when,  as  in  New  York  and  Boston,  very 
many  families  were  absent  from  the  city.  Their  houses  being  closed,  the 
marshals  were  unable  to  obtain  the  desired  statistics  when  they  made 
their  regular  rounds,  and  thousands  were  missed  in  this  way.  An  evi- 
dence of  these  serious  omissions  is  furnished  by  the  fact  that  the  census 
returns  give  the  number  of  deaths  which  occurred  in  the  city  during  the 
year  ending  June  Ist,  1860,  as  6,076 ;  while  the  records  of  the  board  of 
health  prove  that  during  that  period  the  deaths  really  numbered  10,000. 

The  population  of  New  York  has  increased  far  more  rapidly  than  either 
Boston  or  Philadelphia,  but  it  is  the  point  of  immigration  from  £urope. 
Boston  and  Philadelphia  are  both  manufacturing  cities,  and  the  latter  in 
that  respect  increases  by  far  the  most  rapidly,  because  the  manufacture  is 
more  distributed  among  individuals,  and  less  under  the  control  of  corpo- 
rations. The  supply  of  raw  materials,  fuel,  and  water  is  abundant,  and 
means  of  locomotion  through  horse  railroads  greater  than  in  any  other 
city. 

In  Philadelphia  the  average  number  of  inmates  to  a  house  is  about 
seven  ;  in  New  York  it  is  about  fifteen.  The  numerous  tenement  houses 
of  New  York,  in  which  hundreds  of  people  are  crowded,  are  unknown  in 
Philadelphia,  where  nearly  every  family  has  a  distinct  domicil  of  its  own. 
The  facts  we  have  stated  show  that,  while  New  York  has  the  larger  pop- 
ulation, Philadelphia  has  much  the  larger  number  of  houses. 

In  1»20,  that  is,  before  the  opening  of  the  Erie  Canal,  Philadelphia 
was  more  populous  than  New  York. 


City  Population.  71 

The  population  of  Newark,  N.  J.,  rather  more  than  doubled  in  the  ten 
years  to  1850,  and  in  the  last  ten  years  it  has  again  doubled  under  the 
influence  of  its  manufacturing  prosperity.  It  bears  to  New  York  some- 
thing like  the  relation  that  Providence  bears  to  Boston. 

The  population  of  Baltimore  has  increased  in  the  last  ten  years  less 
rapidly  than  in  the  previous  decade,  when  it  first  felt  the  influence  of  the 
Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad.  Washington  and  Richmond  also  present 
a  considerable  increase,  although  they  are  not  commercial  cities.  In 
Charleston  there  is  an  apparent  aggregate  decrease,  but  that  is  exclu- 
sively among  the  blacks.  The  white  population  has  increased  from 
20,012  to  28,327,  or  more  than  11  per  cent.  The  city  of  New  Orleans 
shows  a  large  increase,  greater  in  proportion  than  any  other  city,  except 
New  York.  The  growing  wealth  and  trade  of  that  city  attracts  thither 
great  numbers,  and  the  population  is  apparently  more  permanent  than  it 
formerly  was.  The  great  increase  in  the  business  of  that  city  has  been 
mainly  from  the  river  trade,  which,  drained  from  various  directions  on 
the  great  valley,  has  poured  through  the  river  cities  to  swell  the  volume 
of  the  New  Orleans  traflSc.  The  principal  cities  of  the  rivers  have  in- 
creased as  follows  in  population : — 


St  Loab.. 
Looisville. . 
Nashviile. . 
Gincinoati. 
Pittsburg  . 


CHIBr  VALLBT  CITIES. 

1810. 

1820. 

1830. 

1840. 

18S0. 

1860. 

1,600 

4.598 

5,852 

16,469 

77,860 

160,677 

1,357 

4,012 

10,841 

21,210 

48,194 

70,226 

.... 

.... 

6,566 

6.929 

10,478 

28,715 

?,640 

9.642 

24.881 

46,838 

115,436 

158,851 

4,768 

7,248 

12,568 

21,115 

46,601 

48.804 

Total 10,266       25,500        69.158      112,051       293,569        462,178 

The  five  leading  cities  of  the  valley  increased  in  the  decade  to  1850, 
during  which  the  canals  began  to  exert  an  influence  on  their  trade, 
about  181,000  souls,  of  which  the  largest  portion  was  in  Cincinnati.  In 
the  last  decade  railroad  building,  land  speculation,  and  immigration  have 
all  exerted  an  influence  upon  the  tributary  country,  driving  trade  in  upon 
each  of  those  centers,  and  the  increase  has  been  168,000  souls,  of  which 
the  largest  proportion  is  in  St.  Louis.  But  during  the  last  ten  years  those 
cities  have  encountered  a  more  active  rivalry  in  the  growth  of  the  lake 
cities,  which  have  successfully  attracted  a  large  portion  of  the  business 
of  the  belt  of  country  bounded  by  the  lakes,  the  Ohio  River,  and  the 
Mississippi  River,  by  means  of  the  railroads  and  the  attraction  of  capital 
operating  through  those  points. 

CHIEF  LAKB   CITIES. 

1840.  1850.  1860. 

BuflWo 18,213  42,261  81,541 

Lockport 6,600  12.323  9,962 

Cleveland 6.071  17,034  48,550 

Detroit. 9,102  21,019  46,884 

Chicago 4,479  28.269  109,420 

Milwaukee 1,700  20,061  46.826 


Total 46.065  140,967  335,683 

The  increase  in  those  cities  has  been,  it  appears,  to  1840,  95,000  per- 
sons, of   which  increase  Chicago,  at  the  other  end  of  the  lakes,  had 


72 


OUy  Population. 


as  large  a  share  as  Buffalo,  at  this  end.  In  the  last  ten  years  the 
aggregate  increase  has  been  194,700  souls,  of  which  81,000  has  inured 
to  Chicago,  while  Buffalo  has  increased  but  39,000,  or  less  than  half  the 
increase  of  Chicago.  This  great  apparent  prosperity  of  the  former  city 
has  grown  out  of  the  immense  concentration,  not  only  of  railroads  at 
that  point,  but  of  the  expenditure  for  railroad  construction  on  a  radius 
of  100  miles,  all  of  which  has  reflected  upon  Chicago  as  a  focus.  That 
region  is  now  to  a  considerable  extent  settled,  and  every  year  must  add 
to  the  immense  quantities  of  produce  that  will  seek  Chicago  as  the  pri* 
mary  point  of  shipment  This  growth  of  lake  cities  is  very  remarkable, 
and  the  more  so  if  we  compare  it  with  the  population  of  the  prominent 
internal  cities  of  the  Atlantic  States,  where  manufacturing  may  be  as- 
sumed as  the  chief  element  of  growth,  as  follows: — 


"Worcester. .... 

Bangor. 

Auhum....... 

Kocbester    . . . 

Utica 

Canandai^ua. . 
Newbarg 


1840. 

7,49*7 
8,627 
6,626 
20,191 
12,782 
5,662 
6,000 


\m. 

17,049 
14,882 

9,648 
86,408 
17,565 

6,143 
11,415 


1860. 
24,963 
16,499 
10,965 
48,096 
22,871 

7,091 
15,180 


Harrisburg  . . . 

1840. 
5,986 

1850. 
7.834 

1860. 
14.862 

Lancaster  . . . . 

8,417 

12,869 

17,642 

Reading 

8,410 

12,748 

28,176 

Alexandria.... 

8,469 

8,784 

ii,ii« 

Wilmington. . . 

8,867 

18,979 

21,224 

Total 

101,014 

171,112  288.784 

The  growth  here  presented  has  been  but  62.672,  or  86  per  cent  only  ia 
the  last  ten  years.  The  whole  growth  of  all  the  cities  in  the  last  twenty 
years  have  been  as  follows : — 

1840.  18S0. 

1,029,322  1,649,782 

112,051  298,669 

46,066  140,967 

101,014  171,112 


Twelve  Atlantic  cities 

Five  Valley 

Six  Lake 

Twelve  Interior     " 


1 860.  per  cent. 

2,618,984  60 

462,173  68 

886,633  130 

288,784  86 


Total  growth.. 


1,288,452         2,255,380         8,660,574 


62 


Thus  the  lake  cities  have  shown  by  far  the  largest  proportional  in 
crease,  and  the  increase  of  the  valley  cities,  as  well  as  those  of  the  At- 
lantic and  the  interior,  has  been  in  a  declining  ratio.  The  large  railroad 
expenditure,  migration,  and  speculative  movement  during  the  last  ten 
years  have  made  the  lake  country  the  focus  of  migration,  and  St.  Louis 
has  largely  benefited  by  the  same  state  of  atfairs,  since  the  affluents  that 
feed  its  trade  have  been  swollen  by  the  settlement  and  improvement  of 
the  whole  northwest  region.  That  region  is  now  well  supplied  with  rails, 
that  will  require  a  large  production  of  grain  and  other  produce  to  pay 
the  interest  on  the  cost  of  their  construction,  and  their  competition  for 
the  freights  will  no  doubt  reduce  the  rates  of  transportation --4,0  a  mini- 
mum^ and  therefore  favor  the  business  of  cities  at  their  terujini.  The 
value  of  the  produce  will  be  governed,  as  a  matter  of  course,  by  the  state 
of  the  markets  of  sale.  In  other  words,  its  value  must  fluctuate  with 
the  crops  of  Europe.  The  resources  of  that  region  are,  however,  equal 
to  any  demand,  and  it  is,  by  the  continued  smoothing  of  the  way  to  mar- 
ket, brought  daily  nearer  to  the  European  centers  of  demand. 

The  Atlantic  cities,  by  reason  of  great  attraction  that  the  West  has 
presented  to  the  enterprising,  were  to  some  extent  retarded  of  their 
growth.  The  effect  of  the  new  means  of  communication  with  the  more 
thickly  settled  West  must  now  be  to  make  the  Atlantic  interests  resume 


Journal  of  Mercantile  Law.  78 

tbeir  march.  The  Atlantic  border  is  to  a  greater  extent  the  owner  of 
western  roads,  and  the  revenue  of  those  roads,  amounting,  to  those  which 
center  in  Chicago  alone,  to  some  $18,000,000  per  annum,  will  be  sent 
East  with  other  large  sums.  The  capital  that  so  long  set  in  a  westerly 
current  now  sets  East  with  accumulated  interest,  acc-ompanied  by  the  vast 
tide  of  yearly  swelling  produce.  There  is  not  likely  to  be  a  similar  large 
absorption  of  capital  in  the  building  of  railroads  for  the  present,  while 
every  effort  will  be  made  to  make  those  in  operation  profitable.  Under 
the  supposition  that  the  $160,000,000  which  has  been  expended  in  west- 
ern railroads  shall  be  recovered  through  the  operation  of  those  roads,  and 
become  applicable  to  new  enterprises,  an  abundant  supply  of  capital 
may  be  fairly  looked  for  in  all  the  industries  of  the  eastern  cities,  and 
their  growth  thus  receive  a  new  impulse,  we  may  observe  the  city  popu- 
lation gain  gradually  upon  the  aggregate.  Thus  the  thirty-three  cities 
enumerated  held  1^  per  cent  of  the  national  population  in  1840.  In 
1850  they  contained  9f  per  cent,  and  in  the  present  year  they  hold  Hi 
per  cent  of  the  population  of  the  Union.  The  city  of  New  York,  in- 
cluding Brooklyn,  has  gained  most  rapidly  in  that  respect.  A  new  im- 
pulse will  in  all  probability  now  for  a  season  be  given  to  city  accumula- 
tions, until  one  of  those  periodical  revulsions  again  scatters  the  popula- 
tion upon  the  broad  domain  of  the  government. 


JOURNAL  OF  MERCANTILE  LAW. 


APPEAL   IN   ADMIRALTY — CHARTER  PARTY — LIEN. 

In  the  United  States  Circuit  Coart. — October  30.  Before  Hon.  Judge  Nel- 
son.   Robert  Latta  vs.  the  cargo  of  the  ship  Hermitage. 

Nelson,  0.  J. — The  libel  was  filed  in  this  case  in  rem.  against  the  cargo  of 
the  vessel  t^  recover  a  freight  under  a  charter  party.  This  charter  party  was 
entered  also  between  the  libelant  and  Messrs.  Abrauchbs,  Almeida  &  Co., 
merchants,  for  the  employment  of  the  vessel  from  the  port  of  New  York  to  the 
west  coast  of  Africa,  on  a  trading  voyage,  and  back  to  New  York,  with  the 
privilege  of  continaing  the  voyage  for  a  year.  The  owner  engaged  to  keep  the 
vessel  well  fitted,  tight,  and  staunch,  and  provided  with  every  requisite  neces- 
sary for  such  trading  voyage,  excepting  captain,  crew,  and  provisions,  and  that 
the  whole  vessel,  (with  the  exception  of  the  cabin,  the  deck,  and  necessary  room 
for  the  accommodation  of  the  crew  and  stowage  of  sails  and  cables,)  would  be 
at  the  sole  use  and  disposal  of  the  charterers,  and  that  no  goods  or  merchandise 
would  be  laden  on  board  otherwise  than  from  them,  and  the  owner  also  bound 
himself  to  receive  on  board  the  vessel  during  the  voyage,  all  such  lawful  goods 
and  merchandise  as  the  charterers  might  think  proper  to  ship.  The  charterers 
engaged,  on  their  part,  to  provide  the  vessel  at  all  times  with  sufficient  ballast, 
and  to  pay  for  charter  or  freight  during  the  voyage  $450  per  month,  and  all 
foreign  and  domestic  port  charges,  &c.,  payable  as  follows : — 3800  at  the  expira- 
tion of  every  four  months  in  New  York,  and  in  full  on  discharge  of  vessel.  The 
charters  to  commence  when  in  her  berth  for  loading  and  reported  to  charterers, 
and  cease  when  the  vessel  shall  have  returned  and  discharged  her  cargo  in  New 
York.  For  the  fulfillment  of  the  several  stipulations  each  party  bound  himself  to 
'  the  other — the  one  the  ship  and  tackle,  the  other  the  merchandise  laden  on  board. 
The  cargo  was  put  on  board  the  vessel  in  this  port  by  the  charterers  preparatory 
to  the  voyage,  but  before  she  started  on  her  voyage  a  question  arose  upon  the 
c<Mi8traction  of  the  charter,  or  rather  in  respect  to  the  rights  of  the  charterers 


74  Jouraal  oj  Mercantile  Law. 

nDder  it ;  the  latter  claiming  the  cabin  for  the  accommodation  of  pMseogers  to 
be  received  on  board,  which  was  denied  by  the  owner,  and  thereupon  the  charterers 
commenced  taking  out  the  cargo  and  reiused  to  go  on  with  the  charter  party. 
This  libel  is  filed  to  recover  freight  for  the  use  of  the  vessel  for  the  time  engaged, 
and  damages  for  the  non-fulfillment  of  the  charter  party.  The  case  does  not  fall 
within  that  class  of  cases  where  nothing  has  been  done  under  charter  of  the  ves- 
sel, that  is,  DO  goods  placed  on  board,  nor  the  voyage  entered  upon,  in  which 
there  can  be  no  lien  upon  the  vessel  or  cargo  under  tie  charter  party.  In  these 
cases,  whether  the  breach  of  the  agreement  is  on  the  part  of  the  owner,  or  of 
the  charterer,  there  can  be  no  proceeding  in  rem.  against  vessel  or  cargo,  as  no 
lien  has  attached  for  the  benefit  of  either  party.  For  here  the  voyage  had  com- 
menced upon  the  very  terms  of  the  agreement  between  the  parties,  the  goods 
were  put  on  board  the  vessel,  and,  if  the  lien  attached  at  all,  attached  as  sooa 
as  they  were  laden  on  board  ;  and  so  far  as  the  form  of  the  remedy  is  conceived , 
it  is  the  same  as  if  the  voyage  had  been  broken  up  by  the  charterers  at  any 
other  point  in  the  course  of  the  voyage,  after  the  vessel  had  been  out  a  week, 
month,  or  longer.  The  real  question,  therefore,  in  the  case,  is  whether  the  claim 
set  up  by  tlie  charterers  to  put  passengers  on  board  to  occupy  the  cabin  was  well 
founded.  If  it  was,  then  the  refusal  was  a  breach  of  the  charter,  and  the 
charterers  had  a  right  to  put  an  'end  to  the  contract  If  not,  they  were  in  fault, 
and  the  cargo  is  chargeable  for  freight  and  damages.  Now,  the  charter,  which 
is  a  very  special  and  well  drawn  instrument,  clear  and  readily  understood  in  every 
part  of  it,  in  terms  reserves  the  cabin.  It  is  insisted,  however,  that  this  is  a 
mistake,  and  is  inconsistent  with  other  parts  of  the  instrument,  and  that  with- 
out the  use  of  the  cabin  to  the  charterers,  the  voyage  could  not  be  performed, 
and  thus  the  reservation  would  defeat  the  contract.  But  if  there  has  been  any 
mistake  in  the  charter,  or  if  its  terms  do  not  express  the  intent  of  the  parties, 
there  is  another  mode  of  settling  the  question  than  calling  on  the  court  in  this 
proceeding  to  disregard  its  clear  and  undoubted  meaning,  and  that  is,  to  insti- 
tute a  proceeding  to  reform  the  contract.  And  as  to  the  objection  that  the  clear 
words  of  the  charter  would  necessarily  defeat  the  whole  object  of  it,  and  purpose 
of  the  parties  in  entering  into  it,  we  are  unable  to  see  this  consequence.  We 
do  not  think  the  reservation  necessarily  excludes  the  master  from  the  cabin,  for, 
althoagh  he  is  appointed  by  the  charterers,  he  was,  in  a  qualified  sense,  the  mas> 
ter  of  the  owner.  The  owner  had  duties  to  perform  in  respect  to  the  vessel,  and 
some  of  them  approximately  belonging  to  the  master,  and  m  which  be,  as  mas- 
ter, was  speciftUy  concerned.  lu  our  construction  of  the  charter,  the  possession 
of  the  vessel  was  not  to  be  exclusively  in  the  charterers,  not  so  as  admitted  by 
the  terms  of  the  instrument,  nor  necessarily  so,  in  any  judgment,  regarding  the 
nature  and  purpose  of  the  voyage.  This  is  our  view  upon  the  words  and  by  the 
parties  to  the  contract,  and  we  must  look  to  them  in  endeavoring  to  ascertain 
their  meaning.  As  it  respects  the  lien  upon  the  cargo  on  board,  the  charter  is 
express — so,  upon  the  vessel,  if  the  breach  of  the  contract  had  been  on  the  part 
of  the  owner.  The  decree  below  reversed  and  decree  for  libelant  with  reference 
to  clerk  to  ascertain  the  freight  and  damages. 

BEVENDE  PBOTEST — IMPORTANT  TO  IMFORTEBS. 

In  the  United  States  Circuit  Court. — October  31.  Before  Hon.  Judge  Nel- 
son.   Greene  C.  Bronsou  vs.  John  G.  Boker,  el  al. 

Nelson,  C.  J. — The  principal  question  in  this  case  is  whether  or  not  the 
protest  is  sufiBciently  explicit  within  the  requirements  of  the  act  of  Congress. 
The  words  are,  that  before  making  payment  of  the  duties  the  importer  must  pro- 
test in  writing,  signed  by  him  or  his  agent,  setting  forth  distinctly  and  specifically 
the  grounds  ot  objection  to  the  payment  of  the  duties.  In  Greely  and  Burgess, 
(18  Howard,  410,]  the  following  words  were  held  sufficient  to  take  an  objection 
on  the  trial  that  the  appraisers  had  not  made  the  proper  examination  of  the 
goods  from  the  several  packages  as  required  by  the  act : — "  That  the  goods  were 
not  fairly  and  faithfully  examined  by  the  appraisers."    In  that  case  the  article 


OomTnercial  Chronicle  and  Beview.  75 

imported  was  sugar  from  Oaba,  and  the  samples  upon  which  the  assessment  was 
made  had  been  drawn  from  the  casks  aod  exposed  for  some  time  to  the  air,  and 
would  not  afford  a  true  criterion  by  which  to  judge  of  the  value.  The  majority 
of  the  judges  were  of  the  opinion  that  the  protest  was  sufficiently  specific  to 
coY^  this  objection.  In  the  present  case  the  question  of  appraisal  arises  in  re- 
gard to  an  importation  of  liquors,  and  the  objection  is  that  the  examination  was 
defective  in  not  examining  samples  from  the  stated  number  of  packages  required, 
and  also  that  neither  packages  nor  samples  were  examined  by  the  appraisers. 
The  words  in  the  protest  are  claimed  to  cover  the  objection,  and  because  the 
appraisers  "  had  not  used  or  employed  a  sufficient  means,  or  made  sufficient  ex- 
amination of  said  brandies  "  to  determine  their  value.  It  may  be  sufficient  to 
distinguish  this  case,  so  far  as  the  sufficiency  of  the  protest  is  concerned,  from 
the  case  above  referred  to  ;  but  the  words  in  the  connection  found  could  affi)rd 
but  little  information  to  the  Collector  of  the  real  ground  of  the  objection.  They 
are  found  among  a  mass  of  objections  covering  almost  every  one  that  can  arise 
under  the  revenue  laws,  and  extending  over  some  sheets  of  foolscap.  Certainly 
the  Collector  would  be  obliged  to  go  over  the  entire  process  of  carrying  goods 
through  the  Custom-house  in  every  instance  of  entry,  in  order  to  meet  the  almost 
counUess  objections  enumerated  on  this  paper.  The  protest  seems  to  have  been 
without  reference  to  anv  specific  objection,  but  with  a  view  to  hit  any  that  might 
bkppen  in  the  course  of  levying  the  duties.  We  think  the  departure  from  the 
strict  construction  of  the  act,  in  the  case  above  referred  to,  has  led  to  this  general 
and  indefinite  statement  of  the  objections,  and  that  it  may  be  necessary  for  Con- 
gress to  interfere  and  correct  the  abuse.  The  trial  in  this  case  was  emhe.rrassed  on 
account  of  the  loss  of  the  papers  in  the  Custom-house,  and  it  is  exceedingly 
doubtful  if  the  truth  of  the  transaction  appeared  on  the  trial,  for  the  want  of 
the  proper  preparation  of  the  defence.  We  shall  grant  a  new  trial,  with  an 
order  to  enable  the  government  to  furnish  the  proper  evidence,  if  in  their  power, 
but  it  must  be  on  terms,  on  payment  of  the  costs  of  the  last  circuit. 


COMMERCIAL  CHRONICLE  AND  REVIEW. 


PSBIODIC4L  DtSTUKtAllCIt— CRIOIT  ITtTIIM— IMORBAfllD  OAUTIOit^PAllIO  Of  1847— POLITICAL 
KTBNTfl — RKMKWKD  DISTRUST— KLRMKNTS  OF  »ROiPKRITY— CBRAPMIISS  OF  MONET— FORKION 
BALA1ICB3— aPKCIB  IN  THB  CITT— RBtOCRCRS  OF  TUB  WBST— PRBMDBMTlAL  BLBCllON— BANK 
CURTAILMBirr— DAMOBR  OF  SUflPBHllON— RBDBBMIMa  BANKS- LOW  RATB  OF  BILLS— MBBTINO  OF 
B4XK  OFFICCRB— BXCUANOB  OOMMITTBB — RLBARINO-HOUSB  RZCHANaBS— BOSTON  BAHXt— SOUTH- 
BRJf  BAVKB— SPRCIB- BZPANSB  OF  LOAXS— INTBRMAL  BZCBAMOBe-CROP  MOVBMBNT— RATBS  OF 
MOJ«BT  — BXCHANOB— LOWBR  RATBS— MONEY  IN  BNO LAND— BANK  OF  FRANCE— DRAINS  FOR  COIN— 
SILVER  14  BANK  OF  FRANCE  — GOLD  FOR  AMERICA— STOCK  QUOTATION- SPECIE  MOVEMENT— LOSS 
OF  TUB    CITT. 

Thb  disturbances  which  from  various  causes  periodically  overtake  the  finan- 
cial world  seem  of  late  to  have  increased  in  frequency  and  intensity,  and  it  may 
be  owing  in  some  degree  to  the  fact  that  commercial  men  have  come  to  be  more 
thoroughly  convinced  of  the  precarious  nature  of  the  credit  system,  on  which  a 
very  large  portion  of  the  business  of  the  country  is  conducted.  The  knowledge 
that  so  many  business  men  incur  obligations  to  an  aggregate  of  which  their  real 
capital  proves  but  comparatively  a  small  per  cent,  induces  all  to  seek  safety  by 
contraction  at  the  very  first  sign  of  trouble,  real  or  imaginary.  The  commercial 
enterprises  are  apparently  like  a  fleet  of  the  little  Nautilus,  which,  on  the  smooth 
sea,  rise  and  spread  a  tiny  sail,  but  at  the  first  ripple  all  collapse  and  sink  to  the 
bottom  for  safety.  The  effects  of  the  panic  of  1857  had  hardly  passed  out  of 
the  market,  and  hoises  tainted  with  extension  had  just  recovered  a  little  strength, 
when  the  course  of  political  events  again,  as  it  were  in  advance,  prostrated  credit 


76  Commercial  Chronicle  and  Review. 

by  awakening  political  fears.  The  result  was  worse  for  those  who  had  out- 
standing obligations  than  at  any  former  crisis  up  to  that  time.  All  the  elements 
of  a  season  of  the  greatest  prosperity  existed  in  all  parts  of  the  country.  The 
largest  cotton  crop  ever  known  had  sold  well ;  the  agricultural  crops  were  abun- 
dant, with  prospects  of  large  sales  ;  the  raw  materials  of  manufacture  were  io 
good  supply,  capital  cheap,  and  labor  plentiful.  The  cheapness  of  money  through 
the  summer  had  enabled  importers  to  remit  not  only  in  full  but  in  advance,  and 
the  supply  of  bills,  against  increased  shipments  of  breadstuffs,  was  such  as  to 
reduce  the  rate  of  sterling  to  a  point  unusually  Ipw  for  the  season,  affording  an 
indication  that  the  balance  due  Europe  was  less  than  is  generally  the  case  in 
the  autumn.  As  a  consequence  the  export  of  specie  had  nearly  ceased,  and  the 
amount  in  the  city  had  accumulated  to  $27,834,000,  Nov.  3,  being  $3,000,000 
more  than  for  the  same  date  of  the  previous  year.  The  government  5's  were 
at  three  per  cent  premium,  and  all  State  stocks  commanded  high  rates.  The 
Western  banks,  in  order  to  move  the  breadstufis,  had  increased  their  circulation, 
and  to  do  so  had  been  large  purchasers  of  State  stocks.  The  prospect  was  thea 
that  all  that  Western  country,  which  had  been  so  long  under  a  cloud,  would  be- 
come large  purchasers  of  goods  in  the  spring,  in  addition  to  the  large  probable 
wants  of  the  South.  Manufacturers  and  importers  were  preparing  to  supply 
that  anticipated  demand  which  should  swell  the  receipts  of  railroads  and  make 
good  the  revenues  of  the  government,  while  raising  freights  and  restoring  value 
to  shipping.  Under  such  circumstances  capital  circulated  freely,  and  if  there 
was  any  drawback  it  was  in  the  condition  of  Europe,  whose  wants  of  food  might 
possibly  detract  from  the  value  of  cotton.  In  this  state  of  affairs  the  results  of 
the  Presidential  election  came  with  a  blight  upon  the  market.  Threats  of  dis- 
union caused  an  alarm  to  which  the  banks  were  the  first  to  give  practical  effect 
by  curtailing  their  discounts  at  the  time  when  the  community  required  expan- 
sion. The  banks  at  the  South  first  refused  to  discount  the  usual  cotton  drafts 
payable  after  the  1st  of  November.  The  New  York  banks  at  once  held  up 
their  lines  of  discounts,  the  money  pressure  became  intense,  sterling  bills  could 
not  be  sold,  houses  under  Western  drafts  were  thus  heavily  embarrassed,  and  ex- 
change all  over  the  country  rose  rapidly  on  New  York.  All  the  wheels  of  com- 
merce were  becoming  clogged,  and  the  danger  of  a  general  suspension  of  the  mer- 
chants was  imminent.  The  banks  could  not  hope  to  stand  up  against  sucli  a 
catastrophe.  Some  mode  of  action  was  indispensable.  In  1857  similar  difficul- 
ties were  increased  by  a  panic  in  country  money,  caused  by  the  failure  of  banks 
and  brokers  connected  with  the  Ohio  Life  and  Trust  Company.  The  pressure  of  the 
country  money  upon  the  redeeming  banks  in  New  York  forced  curtailment  upon 
them  to  an  extent  that  made  them  creditors  at  the  Clearing-house,  thus  compel- 
ling the  other  banks  to  follow  in  the  same  direction,  notwithstanding  repeated 
promises  of  expansion  made  to  the  public.  The  merchants  and  depositors  be- 
coming exasperated  drew  their  deposits  and  exting^iished  the  banks  in  suspen- 
sion. In  the  present  case  the  uncurrent  money  pressure  did  not  occur,  but  the 
point  was  to  relieve  the  exchange  markets,  and  allow  the  banks  to  extend  their 
loans  to  customers,  by  relieving  them  from  the  liability  to  pay  specie  at  the 
clearing4iouse  for  the  balances  that  might  there  arise  against  them.  For  this 
purpose,  at  a  meeting  of  bank  officers,  a  committee  was  appointed   to  buy 


Cbmmercial  Chronicle  and  Eeview.  77 

$2,500,000  of  sterling  ezchaDge.    The  effect  of  this  was  to  bring  a  great  many 
prirate  buyers  into  the  market,  and  the  committee  did  not  get  the  whole  amount, 
aod  on  the  2l8t  of  November  the  bank  officers  held  a  meeting,  the  proceedings 
of  which  will  be  found  under  another  head.    The  result  was  to  appoint  a  com- 
mittee of  five  who  should  receive  from  each  bank  on  deposit  bills  receivable, 
United  States  stocks  or  treasury  notes,  or  New  York  stocks,  and  to  issue  cer- 
tificates, bearing  7  per  cent,  of  the  denomination  of  $5,000  and  $10,000.  to  an  ag- 
gregate of  $5,000,000.    Those'  certificates  to  be  taken  in  payment  of  balances 
instead  of  specie — the  amount  of  which  in  all  the  banks  was  to  be  made  a  com- 
mon fund.    To  this  all  the  banks  assented  except  the  Chemical.    Thus  armed, 
the  banks  were  not  only  to  extend  their  discounts  to  the  merchants,  but  to  aid 
other  cities  by  not  drawing  specie  for  balances  due.     The  Boston  banks,  follow- 
ing the  same  plan,  extended  their  limit  of  bills  taken  at  the  clearing-house  in 
settlement  of  balances  instead  of  specie,  from  $500  to  a  range  from  $10,000  to 
$100,000,  according  to  the  capital  of  the  bank  tendering  them.     Being  thus 
relieved  from  mutual  demands  for  specie,  if  the  New  York  banks  would  refrain 
from  drawing,  they  could  get  along.    The  banks  at  the  South  having  suspended, 
with  the  exception  of  those  at  New  Orleans,  and  the  foreign  exchanges  requir- 
ing no  specie,  there  was  apparently  no  demand,  nevertheless  the  amount  in  New 
York  fell  from  $27,834,100,  Nov.  3,  to  $21,688,000,  Dec.  8,  or  $6,146,000.  in 
addition  to  $4,063,049  received  from  California,  making,  together,  $10,209,(^9 
that  disapppeared.    Many  of  the  banks,  in  accordance  with  mutual  agreement, 
extended  their  loans,  which  have,  as  seen  in  the  table  of  weekly  returns  hereto 
annexed,  risen  some  millions.    It  is  very  evident  that  the  whole  of  this  operation 
was  a  virtual  suspension  of  specie  payments,  and  was  favored  by  the  absence  of 
any  export  demand  for  specie  at  the  moment.    Its  practical  effect  was  temporary. 
The  operation  was  based  on  the  belief  that  the  assets  of  the  merchants  who  owe 
the  banks  are  good  and  collectable ;  that  as  soon  as  the  exchange  machinery,  by 
which  the  produce  finds  its  way  to  market,  is  again  in  operatic  n,  the  country 
would  again  pay  up.  and  the  new  loans  would  *'  run  off*''  under  the  operation  of 
those  payments.     The  more  so  that  most  business  enterprises  came  to  a  stand, 
orders  for  goods  were  countermanded,  manufacturers  rapidly  curtailed  and  dis- 
charged hands,  and  every  branch  of  business  that  would  require  money  was  cur- 
tailed— no  new  paper  being  made — and  every  day  bringing  with  it  some  payments, 
an  inevitable  fall  in  th6  value  of  money,  signifying  complete  stagnation  of  busi- 
ngs, was  likely  to  take  place. 

The  rates  of  currency  and  checks  on  leading  points  were  as  follows,  showing 
the  difiiculty  that  was  to  be  encountered  in  the  collection  of  those  debts 
which  are  depended  upon  to  meet  debts  due  banks : — 

Checks.  CnrreDcy.  ' 

Boston 4        |ai    Chicago , 

Philadelphia 2^       2^  a  8      St  Louis , 

Baltimore ...    .......  4         4|a..     Detroit 

Virginia ..         9    a  10    Cincinnati- ,, 

South  Carolina. . .         9    a  10    New  Orleans 


Checks.  Currency. 

12 

12 

a  15 

12 

12 

a  IS 

2 

2 

a  .. 

2 

n 

a    8 

H 

4 

a  .. 

These  rates  were  a  serious  drawback  upon  collections,  and  the  derangement  of 
the  exchanges,  i>reveuting  the  movement  of  the  crops  which  accumulated  at 
many  points.     There  was  every  appearance  of  a  "  lock  up,"  although  they  in- 


78  Commercial  Chronicle  and  Tteview. 

creased  the  mntual  exchange  rates  to  $10,000,000,  and  the  measures  of  the  banks 
gave  but  little  relief.  The  best  paper  was  discounted,  and  no  new  paper  was 
made  ;  but  the  large  mass  that  was  pressing  for  money  was  of  a  character  that 
the  banks  scrutinized.  The  rates  of  money,  under  these  conflicting  elements, 
were  very  variable,  ranging  as  follows : — 

t On  call ,  , Indorsed. »      Single  Other  Not  well 

Stocks.  Other.  60dftjs.     4a0mos.     names.  good.  known. 

Jan.  1st,  1869.     4a4i4a6  4a6       6ad6a7  7a8  8a  10 

Feb.  let 6a6  6a7  6a6      6a7      7a  7i  8a9  9a  10 

Mar.  let 4a5  4ia6  4ia5i6ia6i6a7  7a8  9a  10 

Apr.  iBt 4a5  5a6  5a5i6a6|64a7  8a9  9a  10 

May  1  at 6    a6  6    a7  6    a  6^    6i  a  6      7    a9  9  a  10  )0al2 

Jan.  l8t 6    a7  7    a8  6i  a  7      7    a8      8    a9  9  a  10  10a  12 

July  let 5    a6  6    a7  6^  a  7       7    a  7i    8    a9  10al2  12  a  15 

Aug.  let 6    a7  7    a8  6^  a  7i    7    a8      8    a9  11  a  18  12  a  15 

SeptUt 5ia6  7    a8  6    a7      7    a  7i    8    a  8^  11  a  14  12  a  16 

Oct  1st 6ia7  6    a7  6i  a  7      7    a8      8    a9  10  a  12  12  a  18 

Nov.lBt 5    a5i  6    a7  6i  a  7i    7i  a  8      8i  a  9i  12a]5  12  a  18 

Declst 6a5i6a7  6a7      7a8i8a9  9a  10  12  a  18 

Dec.l7tb 5ia6  6    a7  7    a  7i    7^  a  8i    8    a  9  9  a  10  18  a  18 

Jan.  Ist,  I860..     6    a  6i  6^  a  7  7    a  7i    7i  a  8^    7i  a  8  9  a  10  12  a  18 

Jau.lSth. 7    a7i  7    a  7i  8^  a  9      9    a  9i    9    a  10  lOall  15  a  20 

Feb.  let 6    a  6i  7    a  7i  8^  a  9      9    a  9i    9    a  10  11  a  12  15  a  20 

Feb.  15th 5    a6  6    a7  7    a  7i    7i  a  8      8ia9i  10al2  16  a  18 

Mar.  let 6i  a  6  6    a7  7    a  7^    7i  a  8      8i  a  9^  10  a  12  15  a  18 

Mar.  15th 6    a  6i  6i  a  6  6    a7       7i  a  8       8i  a  9^  10  a  12  15  a  18 

Apr  1st 6    a5i  6    a  5i  5^  a  6       C    a  ffi    6i  a  7i  9  a  10  11  a  13 

Apr.  15th 6    a6i  6    a6i  5ia6       6    a  6^     6i  a  7i  9  a  10  11  a  13 

May  let 6    a  5i  6    a  6i  6    a  6.     6    a  6^     6^  a  7i  9  a  10  11  a  12 

May  15th....     6a6  6a6i6a6       6a7       6ia7i  9a  10  10  a  12 

June  let 4fa5  6a6i5a6      6a7       6ift7i  8a9  9a  10 

June  15th....     4ia6  5a6  4ia6       5a54    64a6  6a  7i  8a    9 

July  let 6a5i54a6  ..a5       5a6      6ia6  7a  7i  8a    9 

July  15th 6a5i5ia6  ..a6       6a6      6ia6  7a  7t  8a9 

Aug.  let 6a6       6a7  5a6       6a6i6ia7  7ia8i  9a  10 

Au^.  15th 5ia6  6a7  6a6i6a7       64a7i8a9  9a  10 

Sfpt  let 6a7  7a9  6ia7       7a9       8a9  9a  12  12  a  24 

Sept.  15th 6    a7  6^  a  7  7    a  7i     7i  a  8       6i  a  7^  9    a  9^  lOalOJ 

Oct  let 61a7  7    a8  6i  a  7       6^  a  7|    8    a  6^  0    a  10  12a20 

Oct  15th 6ia7  7    a8  6i  a  7       6^  a  7i     8    a  g^  9    a  10  12a20 

Nov.  let 6ia7      7    a8  6i  a  7      7    a  7i     8    a9  10    a  12  12al6 

Nov.  16th 7    a8       7    a9  8    a9       9    a  10     9    a  12  14    a  15  15a24 

Dec  let 7    a9       9    a  10  10    a  12  12    a  16  15    a  18  24    a  36  ..a.. 

Dec  16th 6    a7      9    a  11  12    a  16  16  *  a  18  20    a  ....    a  ..  ..  a  .. 

The  call  loans  were  of  course  for  the  best  securities  at  good  margins,  and  the 
rates  for  paper  were  without  much  regular  classification  ;  those  who  generally 
deal  in  commercial  paper  having,  to  some  extent,  withdrawn  from  the  market 
The  difficulty  was  not  that  money  was  scarce,  bat  that  there  was  no  disposition 
to  lend.  The  rates  of  exchange  present  similar  features  to  a  very  extraordinary 
extent,  being  as  follows : — 

RATES  OP  BILLS  IN  NEW  TORE. 

London.              Paris.  Amsterdam.  Frankfort  Htmbnrg.  Borlin. 

Jan.  I..  9    a  9|  5.18fa6.17i  4l|a41f  4lfa4li  86^  a  S6f  78.a7Kf 

15..  8ia  9  6.2Ha5.18f  4U  a  4H  41^  a  41^  86f  a  86f  78f  a  7.Si 

Feb.  1..  8ia  9  6.1S|a6.17i  41i  a  41i  41|a41f  S6|  a  3tff  73|  a  7.Sf 

15..  8ia  9  6.18fa5.17i  4l|a41i  41ia41|  86^  a  86^  78|  a  73^ 

Mar.l..  8fa  9  5.17ia5.15  41ia41J  41fa41i  8§|  a  86^  78^ » 78^ 

15..  8fa  Si  6.17ia5.16f  41ia41f  41fa41£  Sdf  a  86|  78ia78f 

Apr.l..  8fa  8|  5.18fa6.16i  41i  a  41^  41ia4lf  86|  a  86f  78i  a  78f 

16..  8ia  8|  6.16ia6.17i  41fa414  41ia41f  se^  a  86^  78ia78} 


Cbmmereial  Chronicle  and  Review.  79 


London. 

Parl^. 

AxDsterdftm. 

Fnuikfort. 

Hambtirg. 

Bremen. 

Mayl.. 

n^  H 

6.18ia6.12i 

41ia4lt 

41ia42 

861  a  861 

78ia731 

15.. 

9|a    9i 

5.13|a6.18i 

41f  a41J 

4l|a42 

861  a  87 

73Ja781 

Jan.  1 . . 

9fa    n 

5.18ia6.12i 

41f  a4H 

4Ha42 

87    a  871 

785  a  781 

16.. 

9ia    9f 

5.18f  a6.12i 

41f  a41i 

4Ha42 

861  a  871 

731  a  781 

Julyl.. 

9ia    9i 

5.18f  a5.1Si 

4l|a41i 

41Ja42 

861  a  37 

781  a  731 

16.. 

n»   H 

6.18f  a5.18i 

4Ua41f 

41f  a41J 

861  a  8'7 

781  a  781 

Aug.l.. 

9ia    9* 

6.18f  a6.18i 

41ia41f 

4Ha42 

861  a  87 

781  a  781 

15.. 

9ial0 

6.18ia6.18i 

41ia4H 

411  a  42 

861  a  871 

781  a  781 

Sep.1.. 

91  a  10 

6.14f  a6.18i 

41ia41i 

411  a  42 

861  a  87 

731  a  781 

16.. 

9fa    91 

6.14f  a6.18i 

41ia41f 

4H  a  42 

861  a  361 

731  a  781 

Oct  1.. 

9ia    n 

6.16ia6.14f 

41ia41i 

41* a  411 

861  a  861 

781  a  781 

15.. 

8ia    9 

6.l7ia5.16f 

41ia41f 

411  a  411 

86i  a  861 

781  a  781 

NOY.l.. 

8    a    8f 

6.20    a6.17i 

41ia41i 

411  a  411 

861  a  861 

72    a  73 

16.. 

5    a    6i 

6.80    a6.28i 

40i  a  40i 

401  a  411 

85i  a  861 

721  a  721 

Decl.. 

1    a    5 

6.47ia6.40 

89i  a  40^ 

40    a  401 

841  a  851 

691  a  761 

16.. 

1    a    4 

6.60    a  6.60 

89    a89i 

89    a89i 

841  a  841 

721  a  781 

The  quotations  were  for  the  leading  names — document  bills,  or  those  drawn 
against  produce  with  bills  lading  attached,  were  97  a  98,  at  which  rates  business 
was  scarcely  possible,  in  face  of  weak  markets  abroad.  These  lower  rates  in 
usual  times  wouM  attract  remittances,  or  those  who  have  to  pay  for  goods 
abroad,  but  these  had  mostly  made  their  remittances,  and  there  was  nothing  to 
support  the  market.  The  maturity  of  those  bills  brought  gold  from  Europe 
at  a  profit,  but  the  moment  for  such  an  operation  was  very  inauspicious,  since  the 
drain  of  gold  for  corn  and  war  expenses  had  produced  uneasiness  and  caused  a 
rise  in  the  rate  of  interest  in  London  from  41,  Nov.  8,  to  6,  Nov.  13,  about 
which  time  the  Bank  of  England  loaned  to  the  Bank  of  France  £2,000,000  of 
gold  on  deposit  of  £2,000,000  of  silver.  By  this  transaction  it  was  revealed 
that  the  $85,000,000  specie  held  by  the  Bank  of  France  is  nearly  all  silver, 
while  the  demand  upon  the  bank  was  for  gold.  Rather  than  pay  out  the  silver, 
or  sell  it  for  gold,  either  of  which  measures  would  have  led  to  disturbance,  re- 
course was  had  to  pledging  it  with  the  Bank  of  England  for  gold.  This  trans. 
action  it  was  hoped  would  remove  uneasiness  and  induce  a  decline  in  interest ; 
but  immediately  following  came  the  disastrous  news  from  New  York,  which  in- 
volved not  only  a  cutting  off  of  the  receipts  of  gold  thence,  but  caused  a  new 
and  unexpected  drain.  The  news  was  also  of  a  character  to  affect  disastrously 
American  credit,  since  it  showed  a  decline  of  13  per  cent  in  United  States  gov- 
^nment  stocks,  solely  from  fear  of  disunion,  which  event  would  reduce  the 
States  to  the  condition  of  the  bankrupt,  "  disorderly  houses"  of  South  Amer- 
ica, and  leave  the  separate  States  a  prey  to  every  spoiler.  The  quotation  of 
United  States  stocks  were  as  follows  : — 


6'8,1868. 

6*8, 1874. 

5*8, 1865. 

Virginia.  Tennessee.  Mbsouxi 

110 

103 

106 

91             91             82 

96 

89 

92 

73             66             62 

September  80 

December  10. 

The  first  news  from  the  United  States,  however,  produced  little  effect  upon 
the  London  market,  although  about  $2,000,000  gold  was  immediately  shipped 
for  New  York. 

Such  a  prospect  was  likely  to  cause  a  reflux  of  securities  to  the  United  States, 
and  the  more  so  that  Mr.  Grow,  of  the  dominant  party  in  the  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives, refused  to  pledge  the  public  lands,  or  give  any  security  for  the  out- 
standing public  debt  The  discredit  thus  attached  to  American  credit  by  no 
means  favored  a  speedy  return  of  confidence  in  bills.  The  specie  movement  was 
•8  follows : — 


80  Commercial  Chronicle  and  Beview^ 

GOLD  ESOKIVKD  FROM  OAUFORNU  AMD  KXPOBTBD  FROM  NSW  YORK  WRXKLT,  WITH  TBS 
AMOUNT  OF  8PKC1B  IK  8UB-TREA60RT,  AMD  TBR  TOTAL  IN  TBS  OITT. 

, 1849. >  , 1860.- 


Specie  In  Total 

Reeefyed.  Exported.  Beoeived.  Exported.  8iib>trea8ur7.    in  the  citj. 

Jan.  7 $1,062,668     $86,080  $7,787,966  $26,600,6M> 

14 $1,876,300  218,049  1.788,666  88,482  7.729,646  26,470,612 

21 667.398     259,400  8,862,486  27,686,970 

28 1,210,718  467,694  1,760,682  81,800  8,967,128  29,020,862 

Feb.   4 606,969  94,569  427,467  9,010,669  28,984,870 

11 1,819,928  861,560  1,476,621  92,860  9,676,782  29,464,29© 

18 1,018,780     692,997  10,012,672  80,608,762 

26 1,287,967  858,364  1,898,179  202,000  8,966,208  29,729,199 

Mar.  8 1,427,666  882,608  667,282  8,734,028  81,820,840 

10 988,180  807,106  1,198,711  115,478  8,287,909  80,189,089 

17 870,678  162,000  429,260  8,099,409  81,271,217 

24 208,965  896,886  466,116  8,122,672  81.408,876 

81 1,082,814  1,848,069  166,110  706,006  8.026,492  81,447,261 

Apr.  7 676,107     810,088  7,562,886  80,162,017 

14 1,404,210  1,637,104  1,146,211  680,010  7,714,000  81,640,982 

21 1,496,889     241,608  7,681,488  80,764,897 

28..  k...     1,728,862  1,680,748  1,466,887  1,774,767  7,668,728  80,848,682 

May  6 2,169,197     2,866,117  7.041,148  30,866,889 

12 1,480,116  1,9-26,491  1,882,768  683.881  6,589,414  29,819,801 

19 2.223,678     1,261,177  6,864,148  80,699.841 

26 1,988,669  6,126,648  1,619,708  1,817,778  6,982,660  80,414,487 

June  2 2,325,972     1.719,188  6,621,100  81,196,668 

9 1,513,978  1.877,294     1,542,466  6,620,622  80,406.203 

16 1.669,268  1,886,662  2,626,478  6,426,766  80,687.000 

22 1,620,781     1.417,757  6,826,894  29,677,811^ 

29 2,041,287  1,861,168  1,541,680  1.962,776  6,258,857  28,717,607 

July  9 1,398,886     1,166,778  6,187,468  27.989,162 

14 1,786,861  2,495,127  1,514,884  1,288,186  6,404,867  28,166,061 

21 2,080,220  673,290  1,624,280  6,482,789  28.876,488 

28 2,146,000  2,344,040     1,880,497  6.112.942  28,212,668 

Aug    4 1,284.855  988,676  1,739,259  6,569,922  27,688,011 

11 1,860,274  1.605,889  1,006,288  1,86'',198  6,782,684  27,812,274 

18 1.694,988     2,188,281  6,902.850  26,911.000 

26 2,126,832  1,684,879  798,882  1,780,696  5,985,645  26,106,279 

Sept  1 *962,030  609,649  960.000  1,302  266  6,607,627  24.642,700 

8 2,046,006  2,863,385     1,198.893  5,883,660  24  721,300 

16 1,760,381  791,660  1,088,928  6,686.867  24,697.800 

22 2,042,363  2,727,194     688,848  6,448,804  24,486,400 

29 1,414,690  1,202,657  900,700  5,223,482  25,400,400 

Oct    7 f^.860,670  727,981      689,419  4,991,676  25.189,800 

16 1,883,670  1,430,883  1,971,646  16,679  4,496,881  24,770,669 

20 1,109,603  810,225  1,088.439  4,564,642  26,669,870 

27 1,871,654  2,05i*,492      361,808  4,887,003  27,685,500 

Nov.  3 1,519.678  1,241,939  ;i88,750  5,686,258  27,834,100 

10 1.568,107  1,068,407      "195,320  6,733,746  26,862,100 

17 1,800,991  911,620  138,700  6.018,564  24.482,974 

24 1,721,842  none.  1,087,071  13,448  4,308.668  28,068.041 

Dec.    1 940,201  822,419  86,850  8,702,751  22,244,613 

8 1,869,429  675,697     44,023  3,125,300  21,688,043 


Total 41,345,436    68,775,583  82,480,035  41,701,274     

In  this  return  we  observe  that,  while  the  exports  were  far  less  than  last  year, 
the  receipts  of  Erold  exceeded  them  by  $3,395,963,  notwithstanding  which  the 
amount  in  the  city  fell  to  ^6,146,057,  making  about  31 0,000,000  that  disappeared, 

♦  From  Now  Orleans.  t  1300,000  silver  from  Mexico. 


Oommercial  CJironicle  and  Review. 


81 


and  the  weekly  table  of  bank  returns  annexed  shows  that  the  banks  of  neigh- 
boring cities  also  reduced  their  coin.  The  operations  of  the  New  York  assaj- 
office  did  a  much  larger  business  for  the  month  than  usual,  and  the  amount  there 
deposited  was  mostly  ordered  into  coin,  which  fact  produced  greater  activity  at 
the  Philadelphia  mint,  where  the  coinage  of  the  present  year  has  been  very  large 
as  compared  with  last  year  : — 


MKW  rORK  ASSAY  OFFICE. 


-Foreign.- 


, United  states. . 

Payment* 

Silver. 

la 

Gold. 

Coin. 

Bullion. 

Bars. 

Coin. 

2,478.000 

1,800 

20,000 

647,000  1,910,000 

951,000 

.... 

7,500 

982,000 

90.000 

267,000 

1,100 

2,500 

180,000 

142,600 

188,000 

3,700 

8,800 

187.000 

70,000 

176,000 

7,000 

16.500 

280,000 

45,000 

147,000 

1,760 

2,760 

158,000 

88,500 

159,600 

1,200 

8,000 

140,000 

72,000 

208,000 

1,000 

8,900 

190,000 

79.000 

)     828,000 

.... 

8.500 

850,000 

67,000 

1,183.000 

1,000 

12,600 

800,000 

958,000 

8,423,000 

.... 

27,000 

67.000  8,500,000 

Gold.  '         Silver, 

Coin.       BolUon.      Coin.  Bullion. 

Jan.  14,000    18,000     11,200  14,000 

Feb.    6,000    28,000      6,500  24,000 

Mar.    8,000     16,000    28,400  6,500 

Apr.    8,000    32.000     14,500  10,000 

May  11.200     20,800     25,600  18,000 

Jqd6  12,000     19.000     10,000  4,000 

July     9,500     18,000    12,800  8,000 

Aug.  12.000     14,000     16,000  14,100 
Sept  18,000    41,000      7,600    14,000 

Oct..     7,000     10,000      6.400  88,000 

Nov.    14,000     18,000    80,800  9,000 

Tot  113,700  122.800  161,600  68,600  9,498,500  18,550  110,250  3,881,000  8,259,000 

'59    115,000  122,000  430,680  70,900  2,980,600  18,900    88.820  2,971,0001,297,100 


UNITED  STATES  MINT.  PHILADELPHIA. 


January 

February . . . , 

Mtrch 

April 

lUy 

Jnne.. 

July 

August  . . . . . 
September  . . 

October. 

November. . , . 


4 Deposits. » 

Gold.  Silver. 

$200,000     $41,000 
1,888,578       85,573 


144,478 

281,891 

90,828 

64,893 

97,041 

132438 

2,174,100 

457.750 

1,623,679 


82,255 
49,764 
72.468 
64,676 
14.181 
22.741 
29,537 
45,829 
19.820 


Gold. 

$1,024,568 

1,682.160 

817,451 

262,766 

183,004 

63,718 

101,975 

2,181,460 

367.873 

1.680,640 


-Coinage.— 


Silver. 
$41,000 

21,600 
182,989 

88,481 

81,100 

97,160 

87.000 
No  coinage. 

86,000        4,000 

54,678       10,000 

80,700       11,000 


Cents. 
$24,000 
24,000 
29,000 
80,000 
85,000 
24,000 
16,660 


Total 
$1,090,568 
1,677,760 
479,440 
821,188 
249,104 
184,878 
206,686 

2,221,460 

422,049 

1,622.840 


ToUl,  I860.. 
ToUl,  1859.. 


$7,915,268  $477,324     $7,545,091  $620,559  $207,660    $9,086,422 
1,881,753     850.927       1.282,219     970,996     323,000       4,808.896 


The  imports  at  the  port  for  the  month  of  November  exceeded  by  $526,154 
those  of  the  same  month  last  year,  bat  the  proportion  put  upon  the  market  was 
less  under  the  inflaence  of  political  causes.  The  accumulation  in  bond  was  over 
$2,000,000  :— 

POaSION  IMP0ET8  AT  NEW   TOEK  IN  NOVEHBKB. 

1857. 

Eatered  for  consumption $2,792,185 

Entered  for  warehousing 5,82 1,588 

Free  goods. 1.776.384 

Specie  and  bullion 8.027,808 


1858. 

18§9. 

1860. 

$7,350,322 

$9,978,720 

$8,625,416 

1,725,318 

2,794,108 

8,961,652 

1,425,520 

1.955,087 

2,487,290 

90,446 

167,087 

446,798 

Total  entered  at  the  port . . . 
Withdrawn  from  warehouse.. 


$13,417,960  $10,591,606  $14,895,002  $15,421,156 
8,162,316       2,124,655       1,970.134       1,597,801 


The  effect  of  the  panic  in  1857  manifested  itself  in  large  entries  for  warehouse, 
and  extraordinary  imports  of  specie.  The  effjct  has  been  similar  this  year,  but 
safiBcient  time  had  not  elapsed  to  allow  the  sp3cie  to  arrive.    The  sterling  bills 

VOL.  LXIV. — HO.  I.  6 


82  Commercial  Chronicle  and  Review, 

fell  to  par,  and  the  gold  from  Califoraia  ceased  to  go  abroad,  which  was  eqaal 
to  an  import  of  specie.  The  imports  at  New  York,  siuce  January  l&t,  are  leas 
than  last  year,  and  less  than  in  1857 : — 

POBSIOIf   IMPORTS  AT  NSW   TOEK   POR   KLIYRN   MONTHS,  FROM  JANUARY    lV« 

1857.  1858.  1859.  1^60. 

Entered  for  coDsumptioD- 120,107,089  98,167,226  168,721,999  149,286.262 

Entered  for  war ebouBiDg 79,088,886  24,115,146    83,840,184  89,175,088 

Free  goods 19,068.484  20.089,088     26,573,198  25,867,868 

Sptrcie  and  bullion 12,216,910  2,'.Hi0,987       2,681,787  2,678,269 

Total  entered  at  the  port 221,421,818  189.528,442  226.257.118  217.007,427 

Withdrawn  from  warebouee 87,024,982    85,684.657     25,016,885    29,857,721 

The  imports  of  dry  goods  during  the  month  of  November  show  a  decline  from 
the  corresponding  month  last  year,  but  still  in  excess  of  the  receipts  of  previous 
years  for  the  same  month.  The  increase  of  goods  warehoused  shows  the  effect 
of  the  panic  which  set  in  in  November.  The  quantity  put  in  bond  was  about 
as  large  as  in  the  panic  year,  1857  : — 

IMPORTS  OF   FOREIGN   DRY   GOODS  AT  NEW   TOEE  FOR  THE  MONTH  OF    V0VKMBK&. 
E.NTERKD   FOR   OONSDMFTION. 

1857.     1858.    1859.    1860. 

Manufactures  of  wool $182,088  $1,052,067  $1,830,208  $1,465,422 

Manufacturee  of  cotton. 67,042  687,889  939,007  448,431 

Manufactures  of  Filk 88,748  1,019,817  1,406,928  1,441.427 

Manufactures  of  flax 56,012  465,008  664,648  405,2S8 

Miscellaneous  dry  gooda 59,281  265,760  858,220  485,265 

TotaL 1398,171     $3,490,041     $6,199,066    $4,195,828 

WITHDRAWN    FROM  WAREHOUSE. 

1857.     1858.     1859.     1860. 

Manufactures  of  wool $1 54,950  $208.01 1  $128,886  $100,809 

Manufactures  of  cotton 74.239  72,658  43,090  40,218 

Manufactures  of  silk 127,187  78,766  47,660  42.388 

Manufactures  of  flax 26,715  117,901  74,568  29,094 

Miscellaneous  dry  goods 42,818  102,151  68,698  28,822 

Total $426,409       $574,482       $842,881       $285,781 

Add  entered  for  consumption 398,171       8,490,041      5,199,066      4,195.828 

Total  thrown  upon  market. .       $828,580    $4,064,628    $6,541,447    $4,431,609 

ENTERED  FOR  WAREHOUSING. 

1857.  1858.  1859.  1860. 

Manufactures  of  wool $424,866  $117,077  $848,028  $846,958 

Manufactures  of  cotton 620,983  200,469  849,168  648,848 

Manufactures  of  silk 488,688  96,766  150,680  242,428 

Manufactures  of  flax 290,811  55,684  80,641  858,247 

Miscellaneous  dry  goods 280,579  49,169  97.886  116,252 

Total $2,055,927       $518,114     $1,025,902     $1,601,728 

Add  entered  for  consumption  ...  898,171       3,490,041       5.199,066      4,195,828 

Totalenteredattheport....     $2,464,098    $4,008  156    $6,224,968    $5,797,556 
This  leaves  the  total  imports  of  dry  goods  at  New  York,  since  January  1st, 
nearly  88,000,000  less  than  in  the  corresponding  period  of  last  year.    The 
warehousing  account  shows  an  excess  entered  for  warehouse,  indicating  an  accu- 
mulation in  bond : — 


Commercial  Chronicle  and  Review.  83 

tVPORTS  or  rOKKION   DET  GOODS  AT  THE  POET  OP  MEW  TOBK,  FOE    KLBYBN  MONTHS, 

PEOX  JANUAET    IST. 
ENTEEED   POE   00M8UMPTIOM. 

18S7.     18S8.    18S9.     I860. 

Manafmctares  of  wool $19,848,504  $15,961,689  $81,627,415  $29,297,899 

Maoafactdres  of  cottoD 18.911,067       8,774,610     20.679,678     18,619,867 

Manu&ctares  of  8ilk 22.141,161     16,844,300    80,088,842    81.761.840 

Manufactures  of  flax 6.170,527      4,240,801       9,880,326      6,249,107 

MiacellaD60U8  dry  goods 6,550,187       8,190,458      6,294.699      5,725,000 

ToUl $66,116,896  $49,001,658  $96,921,265  $86,652,718 

WITHDEAWN   FEOM   WAEEHOU8E. 

18§7.     1858.     18a    1860. 

Manufactures  of  wool $5,081,888  $4,507,287  $2,849,283  $8,198,752 

Maoufactures  of  cotton 2.813,062  8,417,410  1.605,916  2,840,177 

Maoofactures  of  silk 4.089,982  8.198,729  872,496  1,404.425 

Manufactures  of  flax 1,420,743  2,058,461  998,116  801.461 

Miscellaneous  dry  goods 775,453  1,814,250  487,675  544,161 

TotoL $14,081,128  $14,496,097    $6,658,486    $8,283,976 

Add  entered  for  consumption.. . .     66,1 16,896     49,001,658     99,921,255     86,652,718 

Totol  thrown  on  market....  $80,197,624  $63,497,755  108,579,741  $94,946,689 

ENTEEED  FOE  WAEEHOU8INO. 

1857.     1858.     1859.    1860. 

Manufactures  of  wool $7,854,770  $2,120,741  $8,888,218  $8,599,071 

Manufactures  of  cotton 4,178.679  1.927,260  1,788.076  2,882,926 

Manufactures  of  Bilk 6,013.955  1,172.588  938,224  1,619.287 

Manufactures  of  flax 2,561,074  864,418  880,987  829,699 

Miscellaneous  dry  goods 1,904,663  584,819  584,018  669,688 

Total $22,518,141     $6,669,271    $7,474,468     $9,600,666 

Add  entered  for  consumption  . . .     66.116,896    49,001,658    96.921,255    86,652,718 

ToUl  entered  at  the  port...  $88,629,587  $55,670,929  104,395,718  $96,253,379 
The  export  trade  for  the  month  shows  an  extraordinary  increase  over  any 
previous  year,  arising  from  the  considerable  and  continued  shipments  of  bread, 
stofl^.  at  a  time  when  the  cotton  movement  is  slack  : — 

KXFOETS  FEOM  NEW   TOEE  TO  POEEION   FOETB  POE  THE   MONTH  OP  NOVBMBBE. 

18§7.  18^8.  1859.  1860. 

Domestic  produce $5,245,599  $3,481,654  $5,323,611  $11,262,701 

Foreign  merchandise  (free) 886,528  129,671  177,288  400,218 

Foreign  merchandise  (dutiable)....  1,194,865  254.810  639,638  84,167 

Specie  and  bullion 3,239,231  471,970  4,388,123  525,091 

Totalexporte $10,065,713     $4,337,605  $10,523,660  $12,272,177 

ToUl.  exclusive  of  specie.. . .       6,32M82       8,865,636       6,140,437     1 1.747,086 

The  exports,  exclusive  of  specie,  are  very  large  as  compared  with  the  last  year, 

and  those  previous  to  the  last : — 

EXPOETS  FEOM  NEW  TORE  TO  FOREIGN  PORTS  FOE  TEN  MONTHS,  FROM  JANUAET  1. 

1857.     1858.     1859.     1860. 

Domestic  produce $58,970,897  $50,249,635  $53,547,359  $84,857,351 

Foreign  merchandise  (free) 8,72%297       1,416,295  2.758,046  2,161,409 

Foreign  merchandise  (dutiable)..       6,104,554       3,600,167  4,569,642  4,931.696 

Specie  and  bullion 36.825,122     24,103,223  67,*i53,737  41,988.670 

Total  exporte 106,626,870    79,869,320  128.523,787  133.939,286 

Total,  exclusive  of  specie.. . .     68,801,748    65,266,097     60,875,050    91,950,616 


84  Journal  of  Banking ^  Currency ^  and  finance. 

The  exports,  exclusive  of  specie,  have  risen  to  nearly  892,000,000,  a  larger 
amoant  than  ever  before,  and  one  that  almost  rivals  the  large  freight  export  of 
New  Orleans.  The  specie  export  has  been  at  the  same  time  larger  than  in  any 
year  except  the  last.  The  state  of  affairs  now,  however,  point  to  a  return  of 
specie. 

The  cash  revenue  shows  a  very  considerable  decrease  as  compared  with  the  last 
year,  both  for  the  month  and  for  the  eleven  months : — 

CASH  DUTIES  RBCEIVKD  AT  NEW    TORE. 

\m.  1859.  I860. 

First  Biz  months $11,089.112  57  $19,912,181  99  $18,889,679  00 

In  July 8,887.305  88  4,861,246  89  4,604,066  00 

Id  August 8,645,119  01  4,248,010  48  4,496,248  00 

In  September 2.672,986  68  2,908,509  95  8,088,808  00 

In  October. 2,084,884  48  2,818,760  82  2,682,078  00 

In  November 1,706,629  47  2,167,164  48  1.794,149  00 

Total  Bince  Jan.  let  ...      $24,465,886  46      $86,990,864  66      $84,866,618  00 


JOURNAL  OF  BANKING,  CURRENCY,  AND  FINANCE. 


UNITED  STATES  FINANCES  FOR  THE  YEAR  1860. 

The  report  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  on  the  public  finances  for  the 
year  1860  gives  the  following  statement  of  the  revenue : — 

Mis-         Treasmy 
Customs.           Lands.         oellaneous.       notes.         Loans.  Total 

Sept  30/59.  15,947,670  62  470,244  62  379,650  61  3,611,800  210,000  20,013,865  86 
Dec.  81,  '69.  10,785,849  93  445,535  36  149,392  76  4,064,600  60,000  15,505,278  06 
Mar.  31,  '60.  14,962,788  68  605,691  84  246,447  86  6.668,200  1,110,000  22.412,022  87 
June  80, '60.  11,491,207  64  367,185  90  286,278  68  6,181,200 18,216,867  12 

Total 181,091,809  48 

The  expenditure  daring  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30, 1860,  was  as  follows  : 

For  the  quarter  ending  September  80,  1869 $20,007,174  76 

For  the  quarter  ending  December  81,  1859 16,025,526  69 

For  the  quarter  ending  March  81. 1860 20,877,502  70 

For  the  quarter  ending  June  30,  1860 21.051,898  67 

Which  amount  of $77,462,102  72 

Was  applied  to  the  respective  branches  of  the  public  service  as  follows : — 

To  civil,  foreign  intercourse,  and  miscellaneous  services $27,969,870  84 

To  services  of  Interior  Department,  (Indians  and  pensions.) 3,955,686  69 

To  services  of  War  Department 16,'iu9,767  10 

To  services  of  Navy  Department 1 1,513,160  19 

To  the  public  debt 17,618,628  00 

Exhibited  in  detail  in  statement  No.  1 $77,462,102  72 

Deducting  the  expenditure  for  the  fiscal  year  1860  from  the  aggre- 
gate receipts  during  that  year,  there  remained  in  the  Treasury 
on  the  Ist  of  July,  1860,  the  balance  of $8,629,206  71 


Journal  of  Banking,  Currency^  and  Finance.  85 

Tbe  receipts  for  the  first  quarter  of  the  fiscal  year  1861,  from  July  1  to  September 
30. 1860,  were— 

From  customs $16,119,881  22 

From  public  laDds 281,100  84 

From  miscellaneous  sources 318,857  98 

16,719,790  04 

The  estimated  receipts  during  the  three  remaining  quarters  of  the  current  fiscal  year 
1861,  are — 

From  customs $40,000,000  00 

From  public  lands 2,250,000  00 

From  miscellaneous  sources 760,000  00 

From  loan  authorized  June  22, 1860 21,000,000  00 

64,000,000  00 

Making  tbe  total  of  ascertained  and  estimated  means  for  tbe  ser- 
vice of  the  current  fiscal  year,  1861 $84,848,996  76 

The  expenditures  of  the  first  quarter  of  the  current  fiscal  year,  (that  ending  Septem- 
ber ;fO,  I860,)  were  as  follows:— 

For  civil,  foreign  intercourse,  and  miscellaneous 
services. $6,440,008  77 

For  services  of  Interior  Department,  (Indians 
and  pensions) 1,679.275  24 

For  service  of  War  Department 6,362,771  42 

For  service  of  Navy  Department 2,678,678  88 

For  payment  of  creditors  of  Texas,  per  act  of 
February  28, 1865 1,282  81 

For  redemption  of  Treasury  notes 875,000  00 

For  interest  on  public  debt 1 16,660  47 

16,643,472  59 

The  estimated  expenditure  from  appropriations  heretofore  made  by 
law,  doriog  the  three  remaining  quarters  of  the  current  fiscal 
year,  1861,  according  to  the  report  of  tbe  Register,  is. 46,935,232  58 

The  loan  of  June  22. 1860,  the  amount  of  which  is  stated  among 
the  means  of  the  fiscal  year  1861,  is  expressly  required  to  be  ap- 
plied to  the  redemption  of  Treasury  notes — tne  amount  of  those 
notes  and  interest  thereon,  deducting  $376,000  redeemed  during 
the  first  quarter,  as  stated  in  the  expenditure  of  that  quarter,  is        20,624,600  00 

Making  the  a^egate  expenditure,  ascertained  and  estimated,  for 

the  current  fiscal  year  1861 $84,103,105  17 

Which  amount,  deducted  from  the  total  of  ascertained  and  estima- 
ted means  for  the  service  of  the  current  fiscal  year  1861,  as  be- 
fore stated,  leaves  a  balance  in  the  Treasury  on  July  1, 1861,  be- 
ing the  commencement  of  the  fiscal  year  1862,  of 245,891  58 

The  forgoing  statement  assumes  that  the  whole  sura  embraced  in  the  esti- 
mated expenditure  for  the  remaining  three  quarters  of  the  current  fiscal  year 
will  be  actually  called  for  within  the  year.  The  amount  stated,  $46,935,232  68, 
does  not  include  the  entire  balance  of  the  appropriations  heretofore  made  by 
law,  but  guch  sums  as  the  respective  Departments  have  indicated  may  probably 
be  required.  But  in  practice  for  many  years  past  the  sums  drawn  from  the 
Treasury  during  any  year  have  been  much  less  than  the  amounts  estimated  as 
required  within  such  year,  according  to  the  character  of  the  appropriations  and 
the  exigencies  of  the  public  service.  It  may  be,  therefore,  fairly  anticipated 
that,  should  the  operations  of  the  Government  proceed  in  their  ordinary  course, 
at  least  four  millions  of  dollars  more  may  be  deducted  from  the  estimated  ex- 
penditure of  the  current  fiscal  year,  increasing  the  balance  in  the  Treasury  on 
July  1, 1861,  to  that  extent 


86 


Journal  of  Banking,  Currency^  and  Finance. 


CITT    WKERLT    BANK    RETURNS. 

NEW  TORE  BANK  EBTUEN8.— (CAPITAL,  JAN.,  I860,  $69»838,682;  1861,  $69,890,4'76.) 


Jan.  7 
U 
21 
28 

Feb.  4 
11 
18 
26 

Mar.  8 
10 
17 
24 
31 

Apr.  7 
14 
21 
28 

Mbj  5 
12 
19 
26 

June  2 

9 

16 

23 

80 

July  7 
14 
21 
28 

Aug.  4 
11 
18 
26 

Sept.1 
8 

16 
22 
29 

Oct.  6 
13 
20 
27 

Nov.  8 
10 
17 
24 

Dec  1 
8 
16 


LoAns. 
124,697,668 
128,682,414 
128,846,981 
128,088,626 
124,091,982 
128,886,629 
124,206,081 
124,898,289 
126,012,700 
127,802,778 
127,662,848 
127,618,607 
128.888,228 
180,606,781 
129,919,016 
128,448,868 
127,086,667 
127,479,620 
126,184.682 
124,988,889 
126,110,700 
124,792.271 
126,481.963 
126,899,997 
126,886.666 
127.208,201 
127.244,241 
127,123,166 
128,427,489 
129,074,298 
180,118,247 
129,866,179 
129,950,346 
180,678,997 
129,029,176 
127.999,889 
127,002,728 
125,802,644 
124.849,426 
128.387,167 
122,807,188 
121,903.602 
123.362,626 
126.234,684 
126,686,716 
123.271,024 
122.618,464 
129,637,459 
130,214,368 
131,740,132 


Specie. 
17,868,784 
18,740,866 
19,288,194 
20,068,789 
19,924,801 
19,787,667 
20,691,189 
20,778.896 
28,086,812 
21,861,180 
28,171,888 
28,286,204 
28.420.769 
22.699,182 
28,626,982 
28,288,814 
28.279.809 
28.816.746 
22,780,887 
23.786,198 
23,431,773 
24,686,467 
28.786,581 
24.110.668 
28,360,921 
22.484.260 
22,751,694 
28,641,867 
23,448,644 
28,099,726 
22,128,189 
21,679.740 
21,008,701 
20,119,779 
19,086,029 
19.187,718 
18,960,749 
18,988,608 
20,177,986 
20,147.828 
20.273,708 
22,116,228 
22.798,690 
22,194.982 
21,126,429 
19.464,410 
18,769.878 
18,541.762 
18,662,743 
18,348,898 


Circalatlon. 
8,689,068 
8,090,648 
7,880,865 
7,760,761 
8,174,460 
8.186,109 
8,060,001 
7,928.696 
8,166.026 
8.419.688 
8,880,999 
8.886,266 
8,444,827 
8,929,228 
8,776.297 
8,790,469 
8.749,048 
9,891.861 
9,168,811 
9,086,522 
8,826,478 
8.774,068 
8.999,948 
8,828,786 
8,779,116 
8,746,182 
9,b43,727 
8.075,628 
8.833,619 
8,760.262 
9.176,886 
9.129,836 
9,088.648 
9,142.006 
9.268,682 
9,688,824 
9,494.832 
9,480.871 
9.487,637 
9,670,607 
9,387,283 
9.261,990 
9,123,108 
9,429,428 
9.648,112 
9,266,317 
8,968,442 
8.806,944 
8.956.193 
8,675.793 


DepoeiU. 
97,493,709 
99,247,748 
99,644,128 
98,620.798 
99,476,480 
98.146,463 
100,887,061 
100,622,481 
108,668,462 
104,818,906 
108,660.981 
107,606,896 
106,811,664 
109,198,464 
109.168,868 
108.146,288 
108,206,728 
108,606.888 
108,038,848 
106,229,724 
104,488.186 
104,268,786 
108.886,091 
104,081,268 
102,787.066 
102,496,762 
108,450,426 
1C6,899,678 
107,717,216 
106,624,100 
107,264,777 
105,505,899 
105,690,481 
104,423,122 
102,229.586 
101,186,086 
101,117,627 
101.311,780 
101.688.834 
103,281,058 
100,753,186 
104,092,366 
106.999,879 
109,868.013 
105,661,805 
104,803,728 
99,616.606 
104.864.889 
102.072.145 
101,932,071 


Average 
olearlDgs. 
22.684,864 
23,868.980 
22,818,647 
21,640,967 
21,898,786 
21.674,908 
22,061,811 
22,161,604 
22,787.290 
28,791,958 
26,562,858 
26,897,976 
22,889.628 
26,666,629 
24,266,270 
25.768,785 
21,891,290 
26,646.068 
27,802,174 
25.389.444 
24,809,496 
22.888,107 
22,176,108 
22,492,614 
22.116,242 
21,809,058 
22,119,106 
28.466.447 
23.467,781 
21,289,450 
28,417,789 
22,626,292 
22,984.865 
22.438,949 
22.661,086 
24,072.405 
24.267,872 
25,666.849 
26,150,441 
28,104,322 
25,930,584 
27,837,519 
28,988.760 
28,678,601 
26.520,609 
28.6:4,065 
25.680,807 
23,631,621 
19.887,978 
17,717.677 


AotnAl 
deposlU. 
74,808.865 
76,888,768 
76.880,681 
76.879,826 
77,677,694 
76,471,065 
78.826,240 
78,470,977 
80,876,172 
81,021,948 
82,998,128 
82,107.419 
88.422.031 
83,686,885 
84.897,693 
82,386,498 
81,816,488 
81,V69,825 
80.236,674 
80,890.280 
80,123,640 
81,380,678 
80,609,988 
81.588.664 
80,620.818 
81,187.709 
81,831,820 
82.943.281 
84,259.48* 
84.284,660 
83,846,988 
82,879,107 
82.756,116 
81.98^178 
79.663,998 
77.112.681 
76.869.766 
76.764.931 
76.883,898 
76,176,736 
74.822.601 
76,564.837 
78.066.619 
79.679,412 
79,025,296 
76.18^,663 
74,086.799 
80,722.718 
82,184,167 
83,214,394 


BOSTON  BANES.— (capital,  JAN.,  1859.  f  36,125,433;  1860,  $37,258,600.) 


Jan.     2 
16  , 
23 
80  , 

Feb.    6  , 


Loans. 
69,807,666 
60,068,941 
69,917,170 
69,491.887 
60,706,422 


Specie. 
4,674,271 
4.478,841 
4,182,114 
4,172,826 
4,249,694 


Circalatlon. 

6,479,488 

6,770,624 

6,486,189 

6,199,486 

6,307,922 


Deposits. 
18.449,806 
17,768.002 
17.378.07o 
17,488,064 
17,900,002 


Due 
to  banks. 
7,646,222 
7,867,400 
7.784,169 
7,888,370 
7.269,703 


Due 
from  banks. 
6,848,874 
6,786,288 
6.616,582 
6.517.641 
6.656.460 


Journal  of  Baring,  Currency,  and  Finance. 


87 


Dae 

Due 

L0M». 

Specie. 

OirculAtlon. 

DepoelU. 

to  banks. 

18  .. 

69.998,784 

4,462,698 

6,864.820 

17,271,596 

7,426,589 

6,593,702 

20  ,. 

60.118,886 

4,577,884 

6.805,587 

17,597.881 

7,480.060 

6,549,882 

27  .. 

59,927,917 

4,714.084 

6,411.578 

18.020.289 

7,700,580 

7,480,954 

lUrehS  .. 

59.998,784 

5,034,787 

6,896,656 

18,645,621 

7,786,290 

7,768,074 

12  .. 

59,886,196 

5,828.610 

6,430,648 

18,898.298 

7,715,668 

7,890.985 

19.. 

60,258,208 

5,446,840 

6,405,084 

18,660,206 

26  .. 

60.180,209 

5,627,961 

6,828,278 

18,742.817 

8V85*l!6l6' 

7,804,222 

Apr. 

2  .. 

60,050,958 

6,045,703 

6,840.268 

19.262,894 

8,478,775 

8,080,21$ 

9  .. 

60,668,669 

6,820.551 

7,758.491 

20,469.898 

9,206,161 

9,788,121 

16  .. 

61,189,629 

6.289,719 

7,267.165 

20,291,620 

9,160,868 

8,814,812 

28  .. 

61.035,965 

6,816,952 

7.152.766 

20,266,917 

9,065,077 

8,188,121 

80.. 

61,269,552 

6,317,999 

6.992.908 

20,195,951 

9,278.658 

7,948.086 

May 

7  .. 

61,614,199 

6,811,714 

7.822.818 

20.810,086 

V>.116.614 

8,824.891 

14  .. 

61,744,290 

6,268.536 

7.076.071 

20,758,862 

9,210.182 

8.209.699 

21  .. 

61,724,621 

6.268,919 

7.081,806 

20,726,996 

9,197.894 

8.241.899 

28  .. 

61,258,986 

6.201,118 

6,660.596 

20,820,518 

9.067.822 

8.272.557 

June 

i    4  .. 

61,585,669 

6,192,465 

6.800.711 

20,656,296 

9,172.878 

8,866,511 

11  .. 

62.846.519 

6,800,700 

7,090,282 

20,228.677 

9,629,488 

7,867,489 

18  .. 

63.086,958 

6,322,698 

7,165,468 

20,677,586 

9,988,840 

7,991,098 

26  .. 

63.557,165 

6,262,980 

7,188,826 

20,760,678 

10,807,194 

8,188,802 

Joly 

2  .. 

64,172,028 

6,059,870 

6,926.022 

20,828.714 

10,800,178 

7,527,888 

9  .. 

65,089,469 

6.087,718 

7,932,668 

21,133,176 

11,804,898 

9,106,876 

16  .. 

65.158,418 

5,685.920 

7,560,686 

20.312,421 

11,098,806 

7,996,222 

28  .. 

643862,961 

6,885,628 

7,623,745 

19,761,818 

11,098,127 

8,158,426 

80  .. 

64,460,289 

6,212,470 

6,848,884 

19,296,464 

10,368,708 

6.96M14 

Aug 

.     6  .. 

64,777.968 

5,164,006 

7,127,254 

19,610,274 

9.923,981 

7,878,456 

18.. 

64,840.527 

5,128.628 

7,075,440 

19,167.661 

9.861,112 

6,816,660 

20  .. 

64,650,278 

5,068,926 

7,107,097 

18,700,624 

9.772,783 

6,7*^  1,286 

27  .. 

64.216,845 

4,966,105 

6,790,847 

18,966,057 

9,666,546 

6,966,287 

Sept 

.    8  .. 

64.064,818 

6,051,016 

6,769,683 

19,285,884 

9,681,886 

7,364,997 

10  .. 

64,568,627 

5,330,367 

7,241,099 

19,297,692 

9,483.486 

7,288,107 

17  .. 

64,739,871 

5.381,366 

7,078,175 

19.032,822 

9.479,905 

6,765.991 

24  .. 

64,639.800 

5,376,494 

7,151.186 

19.458.088 

9,466,841 

7,218.410 

Oct 

1  .. 

64,662.239 

5,377,112 

7.188,844 

19,900,786 

9,439,696 

7,626.447 

8  .. 

64,671,820 

5,315,009 

7.951.028 

20,811,889 

9.604,474 

8.639,105 

15  .. 

64,488,073 

6,277.870 

7.761,043 

20,608.408 

9,419,914 

8,805,406 

22  .. 

64,213.174 

5,196.698 

7,966,762 

20,606,806 

9.708,676 

9.061,273 

29  .. 

63,822,865 

6,089,490 

7,642,859 

20,269,916 

9,070,687 

8,215,468 

Not 

5  .. 

64,040.882 

4,866.065 

7,607.932 

20,096.690 

9,015,647 

8,186.684 

12  .. 

64.089.033 

4,818,274 

7.791,905 

19,647,449 

9,083,185 

8.023,214 

19  .. 

64,160.613 

4,618,341 

7,705,674 

19,384,862 

9,121,890 

8,341,583 

26  .. 

62,719.567 

8,890,074 

7,345,893 

17,964,675 

8.384,922 

7,916,718 

Dec. 

8  .. 

62.069.772 

3,563,167 

7.469,877 

17.827,860 

7,886,884 

7.993,210 

10  .. 

61,870,665 

3,632,677 

7,244,907 

17,176,778 

7.684.065 

7.723,272 

PHILAOELPHI4  BANKS.- 

-(capital,  JAN.,  1860,  $11,7^8,190.) 

Dtte. 

Loani 

Specie.           GIroulatlon. 

Deposits. 

Due  banks. 

Jan. 

2... 

25,886,387         4,460,261         2,866,601 

14.982.919 

2,619,192 

9.... 

25,248,051         4.458,252         2,676,628         1 

14,161,487 

2,696,212 

16... 

25,275,219        4,661,998         2»672,730         1 

14,984,517 

2.663,449 

23..., 

25,445.737         4,514,679         2,644,191 

15,064,970 

2,601,271 

80.... 

25,526,198         4,686,821         2,601,760 

15.401.915 

2,619,573 

Feb, 

6..., 

25.493,975         4,669,929         2,656,810 

15,409,241 

2,674,015 

18..., 

25,493,975         4.669,929         2,656,310 

15.409,241 

2,574,01. *) 

20.... 

25.458,854         4.681.866         2.663,695 

14,864.302 

2,782,30rt 

27... 

26,668,918         4,706,108         2,658,192 

14,690.092 

8,115,01<' 

Mar 

5... 

25,742,447         4,816,062         2,697,108 

16.192,971 

8,138,812 

12.... 

25,742,447         4,816,052         2,697,108 

15,192,971 

8,188,312 

19.... 

25,832,077         4,878.419         2,788,846 

15,206.432 

8,209,55:; 

26..., 

26.043,772         4,992,642         2.784,773 

15.698.622 

3,198,53(> 

April  2.... 

26,406,229         5.080,274         2,868,812 

15,558.269 

8.662.757 

9.... 

27.214.254         5,'209,576         3,528,762 

16,528.762 

4,086.69r» 

16..., 

27,444,580         6,4 16,7  IJ         8,252,186 

16,012,140 

4,1 64,67  Ji 

88 


Journal  of  Banking^  Ourrency^  and  Finance. 


28.. 

80.. 
May    7.. 

14.. 

21.. 

28  . 
June  4.. 

11.. 

18.. 

26.. 

July    2.. 

9., 

16., 

28.. 

80., 
Aog.   6,, 

18.. 

20., 

27.. 
Sept.  8.. 

10.. 

17.. 

24.. 

Oct      1.. 

8  . 

16.. 

22.. 

29.. 
Nov.    6 . . 

12.. 

19.. 

26.. 


Jao.   7  .. 

14  .. 

21  .. 

28  .. 
Feb.  4.. 

11  .. 

18.. 

26.. 
Mar.  3  . . 

10.. 

17.. 

24., 

81  .. 
Apr.  7  . . 

14.. 

21  .. 

28.. 
May   6  . . 

12.. 

19.. 

26.. 

June  2 . . 

9  .. 

16  .. 

23.. 
July   7.. 

14  .. 


Loaofl. 
27,646,861 
27,671,002 
27,690,212 
27,463,881 
27.401,926 
27,288,982 
27,171,002 
27,046.016 
26,882,709 
26,780,688 
26,886,868 
26,836,868 
26,878,486 
26,842,748 
26,861,776 
26,986,227 
26,880,807 
26.836,887 
27,096,028 
27,096,028 
27,224,180 
27,492,869 
27,760,486 
27,988,768 
28,118,980 
28,119,888 
28,288.640 
28,806,277 
27,900,887 
27.864,669 
26,776,878 
26,676,322 


Specie. 
6,464,280 
6,468,470 
6,477,019 
6,687,860 
6,867,416 
4,886,679 
4,682,610 
4,183.667 
4,222,644 
4,829,688 
4,806.866 
4,806,866 
4,403,167 
4,668,641 
4,249,804 
4,800,448 
4,768,406 
4,771,772 
4,757.917 
4,267,917 
4.768,709 
4,741,624 
4,682,878 
4,676,099 
4,661,947 
4,607,980 
4,667,486 
4.417.421 
4.167,967 
4,011,948 
4,116,982 
8,844,642 


Circulation. 

8,164,286 

8,087,846 

2.968,444 

2,944,246 

2,870.617 

2,818,719 

2,824,471 

2,810,662 

2,726,269 

2,664,608 

2,960,881 

2,960,881 

2,869,862 

2,821,082 

2,786,718 

2,887.207 

2,849,840 

2,864,663 

2,886,624 

2,886,624 

2,891,376 

2,909,887 

2,887,640 

2,882.280 

8,006,864 

8,016.060 

2,888,804 

2.849.768 

2,887,618 

2,892,212 

2,791,762 

2,640,912 


Deposits. 
16,618,616 
16.629,891 
16,763,609 
16,489,872 
1«,422,886 
16,884,908 
16,620,293 
16,698,909 
16,642.689 
16,648,488 
16.824,891 
16,824,891 
16,796,206 
16.966,784 
16,086,967 
16,869,626 
16.671,260 
16,688.818 
16,928,769 
16,928,769 
16,108,816 
16,818,616 
16,463,442 
16,862,688 
16,879,468 
16,786,988 
16,861,020 
16,816,668 
16,739,826 
16,264,246 
16,833,121 
14,699,679 


NEW  0RLBAM8  BANKS. — (CAPITAL,  JAN.,  1860,  |1 8,917,600.) 


Short  loans. 
26,022,466 
24,928,909 
24,699,024 
24,916,431 
26,146,274 
26,197,361 
26,005,962 
24,397,286 
24,946.210 
24,088,800 
24,064,846 
28,832,766 
23,674,714 
28,107,740 
22.422.203 
22.380,038 
21,437.974 
21,487,974 
20,646,629 
19.886,119 
18,688,492 
18,282,807 
17,428,118 
16.864.692 
16,821.969 
16,627,126 
16,796,886 


Spe<;le. 
12,234,448 
12,836.736 
12,821,411 
12,818,159 
12,760,642 
12,741,881 
12,894,621 
12,946,204 
12,962,002 
18,089,092 
12,729,866 
12.610,790 
12,487,196 
12,868,071 
12,290,639 
12,100,687 
11,910,861 
11,910,361 
11,672,864 
11,706.007 
11,698,719 
11,191,024 
11,072.236 
10,698,369 
10,223.276 
9,883.812 
9,698,964 


Ciroolation. 

12,088,494 

12,417,847 

12,809,612 

12,882,184 

13,216,494 

18,848,924 

18,468,989 

18,600.419 

18,860,899 

18,726,664 

18,797,164 

13,886,766 

18,976,624 

14,100,890 

18,688,089 

12  999,204 

12,788,749 

12,788,749 

12,268,444 

12,163,609 

11,900.864 

11,791,799 

11,672,269 

11,889,889 

11,188,484 

1U,92J,067 

10,696.884 


Deposits. 
18,668,804 
18,678,288 
18.664,866 
19,677,121 
19,666.806 
19,244,847 
19,908,619 
19,218,690 
20,116,272 
19,711,428 
19,804,618 
19,102,068 
18,681,020 
18,070.209 
17,849.018 
18.380.033 
17,699,688 
17,699,638 
17,442.974 
17,260.226 
17,938,774 
16,986,666 
16.989,687 
16,106,686 
16,819.947 
14,671,491 
14,667,417 


Exchange. 
7,323,650 
7,410,360 
7,423,629 
8,144,681 
8,003,880 
7,349,366 
7,886,609 
8,088,929 
8,027,049 
8,682,012 
8,498,790 
8,842,699 
8,149,061 
8,660,117 
8,179,441 
7,649,069 
7,686,684 
7,686,684 
7,213,883 
6,909.886 
6.699,676 
6,173,788 
6,968,996 
6,688,880 
6,067,682 
4,648,896 
4,128,242 


Due  bank. 

8,986,110 

8,902,614 

8,781,987 

4,209.845 

4,086,882 

3,974,869 

8,744,431 

3,128,287 

8,109,689 

8,060,616 

8,169.819 

8,159,819 

8,818,196 

8,099.667 

8,211,866 

8,097,689 

8,261,684 

8,276,688 

8,185,826 

8,235,107 

8.243,168 

8,806.117 

8,161,218 

8.800,364 

8,183,699 

8,124.499 

8,126.237 

8,148,617 

2,669,627 

2,427,168 

2,424,087 

2,720,674 


Distant 
balances. 
1,567.174 
1,887,704 
1,877,796 
1,603,768 
1,618,086 
1,896,160 
1,470,787 
1,686,626 
1,092,476 
1.601,149 
1,718,810 
1,788,246 
1,610.499 
1,942,066 
1,608,468 
1,649,060 
1.877,017 
1,877.017 
1.768.871 
1,680.480 
1.596,210 
1,469,061 
1,442,041 
1,666,076 
1,739,481 
1,601,640 
1,401,804 


JowmaX  of  Banking^  Currency^  and  Finance. 


Distant 

Short  loana. 

Bpede. 

OircnlatioiL 

Depoeits. 

Exchange. 

balancee. 

21  .. 

16»946,426 

9,644,798     10,810,824 

t     14,826,547 

8,706,020 

1,512,608 

28.. 

17,802,024 

9,607,448     10,07 1,88J 

14,858.384 

8,219,947 

1.168,961 

Aug.  4  .  • 

19,006,961 

9,780,180       9.786,684 

14,264,107 

2.900,089 

1,818,898 

11  .. 

19,888,879 

9.846,181       9.626,984 

14,868,664 

2,665,160 

1,182,881 

18.. 

20,318,484 

9,801,188       9,867,964 

14.107,285 

2,119,789 

1,299,462 

26  ., 

21,832,818 

9,900,424       9,268,874 

13,614,301 

1,756,084 

1,846,814 

Sept  1  .. 

22,049,988 

9,907.617       9,196,144     13,808,771 

1,431,800 

1,081,228 

8.. 

22,241.708 

9,989,917       9,066,744 

[     18,556,781 

1,808,873 

929,618 

16.. 

28,144,167 

9,861,218       8.929,404 

[     18,646,294 

1,844,890 

1,078,178 

22.. 

28,871,978 

9.816.247       8.872,808 

18,403,926 

1.463,612 

1,077.600 

2».. 

24,286,860 

9,691.812       8,762,844     18,978.081 

2,016,820 

880,688 

Oet    6.. 

24,670.487 

9,766,171       8,683,765 

)     14.084,071 

2,186,911 

810,469 

18.. 

24,680,084 

9,988,481       8,344,10S 

14,88^090 

2,291,278 

810,460 

20.. 

^                     27.. 

Not.  8  . . 

24,670,161 

9,988.226       8.296,66(J 

\     14,759,566 

8,087,812 

797,404 

24.466,180 

10,008,169       8,163,10S 

15,581,396 

8,940,930 

691,524 

24,440.677 

10.048.180       8.267,044     16,439.008 

4,226,168 

891,986 

10.. 

28.448,641 

10,219,761       8,068,235 

1     15,581,600 

4,918,074 

721,008 

17.. 

22.698,487 

10,850,025       7,892,024 

[     16,377.764 

5,082,846 

849.955 

24.. 

22.141,224 

11,060,867       7,463,235 

)     14,948,286 

5,160,208 

1,173,087 

Dec   1  .. 

21,682,976 

10,626,491       7,170,291 

14.689,064 

6,880,298 

871,775 

piTTSBUEa  BANKS.— (capital,  $4,160,200 

) 

Loans. 

Specie. 

Circulation. 

Deposits. 

Dae  banks. 

Jan.  16... 

7,202,867 

980,630 

2,080,548 
2,012,478 
1,896,863 
1,907,828 

1,527,548 
1,645,108 
1,555,686 
1,609,692 
1,602,811 

804,562 

23... 

7  060.471 

1,022,278 

1,003,037 

997,689 

961,638 

266.076 

80... 

6,989,820 

266,804 

FeU  6... 

6,984,209 

230,426 

18... 

6,989,062 

1,883,093 

191,222 

20... 

6,967,621 

988,806 

1,868,598 
1,821,288 

1,648,708 
1,760,957 

175,051 

27... 

7,022,280 

991,877 

224.484 

Mar.  6... 

7,101,469 

1,018,266 

1,871,878 

1,768,879 
1,651,216 
1,636,887 
1,572,130 
1,601,167 

278,348 

12... 

7,086,624 

999,098 

1,901,643 

197,007 

19... 

7,066,774 

1,004.750 

1,945,828 

198,556 

26... 

7,088,891 

981,660 

1,980,732 

192,411 

Apr.  2... 

7.166,877 

1,005,416 

2,086,683 

191,101 

9... 

7,206,737 

990,962 

2,072,373 

1,693,230 

171,100 

16... 

7.159-668 

1,018,445 

2,071,878 

1,651,362 

187,256 

28... 

7,2 

78,279 

1,156,278 

2,024,138 

1.897,498 

240,143 

i                      80... 

7,234.761 

1,141.873 

1,995,053 

1,913,537 
1,913,687 

176,671 

^              May   6... 

7,284,761 

1.141.378 

1,996,063 

175,671 

14... 

7.263,197 

l.«88.851 

2,011,258 

1.890,810 

215,765 

19... 

7,196,493 

1.133,719 

2,022,988 

1,906,773 

213,944 

27... 

7.190,192 

1,122,057 

1,952,683 

1,918,321 

206,816 

Jooe  4... 

7,282,968 

1,089,751 

1,907,248 

1,919,908 

277,978 

11... 

7,214,889 

1,126,808 

1,919,688 

1,892,800 

240.728 

18... 

7,247,641 

1,102,446 

2,029,558 

1,743,916 

271,062 

26... 

7,291,888 

1,150,248 

2,048,858 

1,779,762 

315,858 

JaJyl4... 

7,310,668 

1,068.974 

2.071,448 

1,818,515 

289,882 

21... 

7,294,891 

1.088,220 

2,073,693 

1,846,879 

205,011 

28... 

7,216,944 

1,098.084 

2,069,803 

1,861.817 

167,671 

Aug.  6... 

7,208,067 

1,180.002 

2.018,628 

1,860,848 

234,846 

18... 

7,lb8,260 

1,123,027 

1,990,498 

1,868,759 

175.924 

20... 

7,093,091 

1,162,198 

2,007,658 

1,859,418 

239,790 

27... 

7,047,761 

1,167.384 

2,084.758 

1.843,750 

232,181 

Septs... 

7,146,776 

1,169,428 

2.124,008 

1,905,667 

240.419 

10... 

7,189,664 

1,226,151 

2.196,573 

1,904,828 

222,155 

17... 

7,121,227 

1,188,707 

2,299,438 

1,819,248 

210,274 
238.058 

'  24... 

7.107,947 

1,246,526 

2,841,868 

1,831.865 

Oct    8... 

7,109,678 

1,818,187 

2,854,303 

1,962,570 

211,260 

16... 

7,048.606 

1,316,266 

2.834.208 

1,959,786 

186,111 

22... 

7,122,862 

1,817,061 

2,443.188 

1.924,511 

215,888 

29... 

7,109,206 

1,879,694 

2,424,788 

1,949,736 

244,908 

Nov.   6... 

7,262,699 

1,400,486 

2,416.718 

2,088,882 

260,121 

90              Journal  of  Banking,  Ourrency,  and  Finance. 

Loans.               Specie.           Circulation.  DeposltB. 

12 7,192,918         1,419,264         2,384.496  2,077,671 

Id 7,280,768         1,408,688         2,609,791  1,948,888 

26 7,287,895         1,290,069         2,518,097  1,866,161 

Dec.    8 7,806,180         1.819,860         2,483.686  1,961,797 

10 7,286,706         1,814.236         2,494,871  1,906,987 

ST.  LOUIS  BANKS. 

Exchange.  Cironlation. 

J«^n-  *l 4,878,848  688,666 

14 4.467,518  620,806 

21 4,862,699  602,176 

28 4,290,668  496,880 

Feb.   4 4,149.286  467.096 

11 4,048.698  424,606 

18 8,906,896  891,606 

26 8,961,488  899.085 

March  8 8.891,268  896.906 

10 8,998,827  877,985 

17 8,968,924  877,866 

24 8,880.916  866,246 

81 8,790,29 1  840.096 

AprQ  7 3,862,464  844,680 

14 8,868,845  825,960 

21 3,862,614  814,860 

28 8,694,817  806,760 

May   6 8,609,648  801,800 

12 8,688,644  294,116 

19 8,695,707  286,140 

26 3,767,986  278,640 

June  2 8,879,617  256,210 

9 8,823,785  258,780 

16 8,888,768  244,860 

28 3,967,082  286,935 

80 8,825,428  206,749 

July  7 8,786,695  199,885 

14 8,892,096  1 62,026 

21 8,679,192  191,876 

28 8,625,838  177.620 

Aug.  4 8.626,098  178,810 

11 S.640,196  176,116 

18 8.560,267  188,876 

25 8.699,470  220,605 

Sept.  1 8,688,644  222,600 

8 8,680,708  288,190 

16 8,778,1 86  240,660 

22 8,814,868  268,606 

29 8,995,986  240,800 

Oct.   6 4,027,366  286.766 

13 4,126,668  264,950 

20. 4,262,411  289,210 

27 4,391,887  277.285 

Nov.   3 4,477,847  816,800 

10 4,484,016  298,866 

17 4,474,864  274,125 

26 4,499,182  236,970 

Dec.   1 4.666,218  229,020 

8 4,880,801  246,810 

PROVIDKNCB  BAKES. — (CAPITAL,  $14,903,000.) 

Loans.               Specie.          Gircnlation.  Deposits. 

Jan.   2 19,144,864         816.917         2,011,836  2,685,486 

Feb.   6 19,144,846         826,297         1,958,640  2,666,168 

Mar.  8 19,009,266         842,966         1,917,698  2,698,169 

Apr.  1 18,686,210         848,992         1,962,022  2,640,170 


Bne  banks. 
178.026 
192,986 
821.010 
272,208 
248,248 

Specie. 

662.766 

642,497 

680,754 

668.885 

690^02 

626.048 

689,460 

680.877 

689,801 

661.802 

641,268 

664,179 

686,984 

667.821 

676,868 

601,014 

678,284 

746.176 

808,918 

826,793 

671.669 

627,942 

656,368 

682,917 

705,764 

804.988 

791,729 

684,368 

752,897 

658.852 

683,795 

637,810 

714.046 

728.845 

700.897 

714,496 

709,198 

679,617 

722,868 

677,622 

646,196 

652.686 

670,566 

697,780 

696,928 

548,896 

611,666 

494,785 

515,482 


Dae  banks. 
988,608 
921,779 
970,971 

1,040,260 


Journal  of  Banking^  Ourrenct/y  and  linance.  91 


Specie. 

Cironlatioii. 

Depoaits. 

DuebankB. 

448,413 

2.046.690 

2,778,248 

1,866,071 

422,726 

1,988,264 

2,844,012 

1,210,104 

480,128 

2,168,904 

2,790,587 

1,116,961 

\        897,286 

2,218,847 

2,748,678 

1,169,800 

867,188 

2,128,967 

2.526,948 

1.082,109 

r         887.861 

2,188.847 

2,690,108 

894,204 

)         868,661 

2,092,267 

2,728,904 

1,170,866 

)         848,168 

1,992,968 

2,648,282 

1,164,102 

Maj  7 18,898,668 

Jane  4 18,891,907 

July  2 19,248,061 

Aug.  6 19,680,296 

Sept  8 19,666,718 

Oct.     1 19,884,817 

Not.  15 19,901.828 

Dec    8 19,748,480 

SEW  YORK  BANK  LOANS. 

RESOLUTIONS  OF   THE   NEW  YORK  BANK  OFFICERS. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  officers  of  the  banks  of  the  city  of  New  York,  at  the 
Merchants'  Bank,  on  Wednesday,  the  2l8t  of  November,  1860,  the  following 
proceedings  were  unanimously  adopted,  viz. : — 

In  order  to  enable  the  banks  of  the  city  of  New  York  to  expand  their  loans 
and  discounts,  and  also  for  the  purpose  of  facilitating  the  settlement  of  the  ex- 
changes between  the  banks,  it  is  proposed  that  any  bank  in  the  Clearing-house 
Association,  may,  at  its  option,  deposit  with  a  committee  of  five  persons — to  be 
appointed  for  that  purpose — an  amount  of  its  bills  receivable  ;  United  States 
stock,  Treasury  notes,  or  stocks  of  the  State  of  New  York,  to  be  approved  by 
said  Committee,  who  shall  be  authorized  to  issue  thereupon  to  said  depositing 
bank  certificates  of  deposit  bearing  interest  at  seven  per  cent  per  annum,  in 
denominations  of  five  and  ten  thousand  dollars  each,  as  may  be  desired,  to  an 
amount  equal  to  seventy-five  per  cent  of  such  deposit.  These  certificates  may 
be  used  in  settlements  of  balances  at  the  Clearing-house,  for  a  period  of  thirty 
days  from  the  date  thereof,  and  they  shall  be  received  by  creditor  banks,  during 
that  period,  daily,  in  the  same  proportion  as  they  bear  to  the  aggregate  amount 
of  the  debtor  balances  paid  at  the  Clearing  house.  The  interest  which  may  ac- 
crue upon  these  cerliticates  shall,  at  the  expiration  of  the  thirty  days,  be  appor- 
tioned among  the  banks  which  shall  have  held  them  during  that  time. 

The  securities  deposited  with  said  Committee,  as  above  named,  shall  be  held 
by  them  in  trust  as  a  special  deposit,  pledged  for  the  redemption  of  the  certifi- 
cates issued  thereupon. 

The  Committee  shall  be  authorized  to  exchange  any  portion  of  said  securities 
for  an  equal  amount  of  others,  to  be  approved  by  them  at  the  request  of  the 
depositing  bank,  and  shall  have  power  to  demand  additional  security  either  by 
an  exchange  or  an  increased  amount,  at  their  discretion. 

The  amount  of  certificates  which  this  Committee  may  issue  as  above  shall  not 
exceed  five  million  dollars. 

This  agreement  shall  be  binding  upon  the  Clearing-house  Association  when 
assented  to  by  three-fourths  of  its  members. 

Resolved^  That  in  order  to  accomplish  the  purpose  set  forth  in  this  agreement, 
the  specie  belonging  to  the  associate  banks  shall  be  considered  and  treated  as 
a  common  fund  for  mutual  aid  and  protection,  and  the  Committee  shall  have 
power  to  equalize  the  same  by  assessment  or  otherwise. 

For  this  purpose  statements  shall  be  made  to  the  Committee  of  the  condition 
of  each  bant  on  the  morning  of  every  day  before  commencement  of  business,  which 
shall  be  sent  with  the  exchanges  to  the  manager  of  the  Clearing-house,  specify- 
ing the  following  items,  viz. : — 

1.  Loans  and  discounts. 

2.  Deposits 

3.  Loan  certificates. 

4.  Specie. 

Retolted,  That  after  the  1st  of  February  next,  every  bank  in  the  Clearing- 
house Association  shall  have  on  hand  at  all  times,  in  specie,  an  amount  equal  to 
one  fourth  of  its  net  liabilities,  and  any  bank  whose  specie  shall  fall  below  that 


92 


Journal  of  Banking^  Currency^  and  finance. 


proportion,  shall  not  make  loans  or  disconnts  nntil  their  position  is  re  established  ; 
and  we,  as  members  of  the  Clearing  house  Association,  agree  that  we  will  not 
continue  to  exchange  with  any  bank  which  shall  show  by  its  two  successive 
weekly  statements  that  it  has  violated  this  agreement. 

The  Chairman  appointed  the  following  named  gentlemen  as  the  Committee  : — 

MOSES  TAYLOE,  of  the  City  Bank. 
JAMES  PUNNETT,  of  the  Bank  of  America. 
R.  W.  HOWES,  of  the  Park  Bank. 
A.  8.  ERASER,  of  the  Seventh  Ward  Bank, 
O.  P.  LEVEBICH,  of  the  Bank  of  New  York. 


JOHN  A.  STEVENS,  Chairman. 


Adjourned. 
W.  F.  HooKEB,  Secretary.  

PROPERTY  OF  DUBUQUE  IN  THE  LAST  SEVEN  TEARS. 

There  are  few  things  more  suggestive  than  the  following,  which  we  find  in  the 
Dubuque  Herald : — 

A  look  into  the  City  Assessor's  books  for  the  last  seven  years,  gives  one  an 
idea  of  the  changes  that  have  rolled  over  Dubuque  in  that  time.  The  figures 
show  assessments  as  follows  : — 


1864. 
1855. 
1856. 
1857  „ 


12.702,088 
4,328,660 
8,221,228 

10,200,000 


1868. 
1859. 
1860. 


6,080,917 
4,854,002 
2,626.863 


From  the  above  it  will  be  seen  that  there  was  a  regular  ascent  in  value,  which 
culminated  in  1857,  and  a  regular  decline  which  brings  us  about  where  we  were 
when  we  started  in  1854. 


TIRQINIA  PUBLIC  DEBT,  SEPTEMBER  30,  1860. 

Amount  of  certificates  of  State  6  per  cent  regis- 
tered debt $18,486,641  63 

Amount  of  certificates  of  State  5  per  cent  regis- 
tered debt 822,000  00 

Aggregate  amount  of  the  registered  debt  of  the 

State $18,768,641  63 

Amount  of  certificates  of  debt  issued  in  the  form 

of  coupon  bonds,  payable  in  New  York 12,624,600  00 

Amount  of  certificates  of  debt  issued  in  the  form 

of  6  per  cent  sterling  coupon  bonds,  payable 

in  London 1,866,000  00 

Aggregate  public  debt 83,248,14168 

ABRASION  OF  COIIV. 

The  officers  of  the  Assay-office,  in  the  United  States  mint,  have  just  concluded 
some  interesting  experiments  on  the  question  whether  the  amount  of  wear  on 
coin  is  increased  by  extending  its  surface.  The  generally  received  opinion  is 
that  it  is.  But  the  fact  is  the  reverse.  The  annual  wear  on  the  Spanish  quarters 
is  considerably  less  than  on  our  quarters  of  smaller  diameter ;  and  the  same  re- 
sult is  found  in  comparing  the  thick  and  thin  gold  dollars.  The  thin  dollar,  the 
last  issue,  wears  the  least.  It  is  accounted  for  from  the  fact  that  the  thin  coin 
receives  a  greater  compression ;  and  also  to  the  less  momentum  which  an  article 
of  extended  surface  moves.  If  the  diameter  of  our  larger  gold  coins  be  made 
greater,  the  thickness  will  not  be  sufficient  to  allow  of  the  substitution,  by 
rogues,  of  platinum  instead  of  the  gold  which  they  remove  from  the  center  of 
the  coin,  a  fraud  much  practiced  at  the  present  time. 


Journal  of  Banking^  Currency^  and  Finance. 


98 


TflE  ASSESSED  VALUE  OF  THE  REAL  ESTATE  OF  PHIUDELFHIA. 

The  following  statement  exhibits  the  assessment  for  1860,  as  compared  with 
tlie  triennial  assessment  made  in  1859 : — 

-Value .  , Valao 


Wvds. 

1 

2 

< 

4..... 
5 


1860. 

.       $6,842,788 

3,618,931 

2,692,496 

3,027,000 

18,693,319 

6 21,280,480 

7 7,606,632 

18,261,847 
12,055,500 
8,177,000 
4,619,608 
4,051,926 
6,601,850 


9.. 
10.. 
11.. 
12.. 
18.. 


18§9. 

$6,238,600 

3,620,836 

2,641,821 

3,022,280 

13,684,970 

21,283.471 

7,388,687 

12,946,000 

11,246,000 

8,185,600 

4,614,500 

3,077,976 

6,378,800 


WardB. 

14 

16 

16 

17 

18..    .. 

19 

20 

21 

22 

28 

24 


1860. 
6,077,166 
7,623,800 
8.187,048 
2.060,800 
2,676,600 
6,649,300 
7,536,719 
3,093,329 
4,711,172 
4,907,283 
6,625,951 


5,077,176 
6,819,630 
8,072,776 
1,995.890 
2.6'?2,890 
6,622,465 
7,844,526 
2,916,451 
4,431,460 
4,900,885 
5,123,160 


Total $156,773,748  $153,000,286 


GEORGIA  FINANCES. 
In  this  Magazine,  (vol.  xliii.,  page  222,)  will  be  found  the  valaations  of  Geoiv 
gia  for  the  last  year.    The  following  is  contained  in  the  report  of  Peterson 
Thwkjltt.  the  Controller  of  the  State.    His  report  is  for  the  year  ending  Octo- 
ber 20, 1860  :— 

The  cash  balance  in  the  treasury  is $274,820  54 

Deduct  undrawn  appropriatioos 241,727  90 

Leaying  a  net  surplus  of $83,092  64 

The  Controller  states  that  the  good  assets  of  the  State  amount  to  8807,025, 
In  those  assets  he  does  not  include  the  Western  and  Atlantic  Railroad,  which 
belongs  to  the  State,  and  which  paid  into  the  treasury,  as  net  earnings,  in  18699 
$420,000,  and  in  I860,  $450,060. 

The  receipts  into  the  treasury  for  the  past  year  from  taxes,  net  earnings  of 
State  road,  bank  dividends,  and  all  sources,  amounted  to  $1,453,930  78.  The 
expenditures  for  all  purposes  were  $1,179,110  24,  leaving  a  balance  of 
$274,820  54. 

The  following  table  shows  the  total  value  of  the  various  items  of  taxation  in 
Georgia  in  1859  and  1860  :— 

Property  subject  to  taxation.  Value  in  1859.  Yalao  in  1860. 

Land $149,647,880  $161,764,956 

Slaves. 271,620,504  302,694,865 

City  and  town  property 82,129,814  85,139,416 

Money  and  solvent  debts. 96,124,701  107,386,268 

MerchaDdise 13,531,687  15,577,198 

Shipping  and  tonnage 631,781  943,940 

Stocks,  manufactures,  etc 4,428,132  4,084,252 

Household  and  kitchen  furniture 2,260,937  2,374,284 

Other  property  not  mentioned 39,315,089  42,427,295 

Total $609,589,975  $672,292,44^ 

Number  of  polls. 98,946  99,748 

"        of  professions 2,888  2,699 

**        of  dentists 92  96 

"        of  daguerrean  artists 57  66 

*•        of  free  negroes. 1,213  1,225 

"        of  acres  of  land ^ 33,459,228  33,345,289 

ofelaves. 443,364  460,038 


94  Journal  of  Banking^  Currency^  and  Finance. 

In  1 859  the  increased  valae  of  taxable  properly  over  1858  was  $70,534,762  ; 
and  this  year  the  increase  is  $62,702,872,  making  an  increase  over  the  past  two 
years  of  $133,237,234. 

OEORQIA  PUBLIC    DEBT — IN   BONDS. 

Due  in  1861,  7  per  cent  Central  Bank  bonds 110,000 

1862,        "                    "                ••     82,600 

1868,        *=                    ♦•                **     46,600 

"       1864,        "                    a                ..     60,000 

1862,        "                    u                u     100,000 

•*       1868,  6  percent,  now  redemabl«* 28,000 

♦*       1866,        -                       "              16.600 

1868,        "                       ••             190.000 

"       1869,        *•                        ••              262,600 

1869.6  percent,              "             72.000 

1870, 6  per  cent,             "             102,600 

1871,  "          "      166,260 

1872,  "          "      622,000 

1872,  7  per  cent,  redeemable  in  1862 100,000 

1878. 6  per  cent,               **                 171,000 

1874,        «                         "                  76,000 

1874.7  percent,                "                  177,000 

1878, 6  pel  cent,                *»                  100,000 

1879,  **                         "                  200.000 

1880.  "                         "                  150,000 


Total  public  debt  in  bonds $2,670,760 

There  are  twenty-five  banks  in  operation  in  Georgia,  with  an  authorized  capi- 
tal of  $17,000,000,  but  they  only  employ  $9,028,078.  The  tax  in  this  State  on 
bank  stock  is  39  1-16  cents  on  the  one  hundred  dollars,  or  six  times  more  than 
other  capital. 

There  are  eighteen  agencies  of  South  Carolina  banks  in  Georgia,  and  they 
pay  taxes  only  to  the  amount  of  $1,830  44. 

The  Controller's  report  contains  a  list  of  the  names  of  agents  and  names  of 
insurance  companies  in  Europe  and  America  which  pay  taxes  in  the  State.  The 
total  tax  paid  by  them  is  $1,578  68. 

The  report  also  gives  a  synopsis  of  the  several  bank  charters,  when  the  banks 
were  chartered,  the  time  the  charters  expire,  the  capital  stock,  the  amount  of 
business  authorized  to  be  done  in  proportion  to  the  capital  stock  paid  in,  the 
the  personal  liability  clause,  etc. ;  also  a  list  of  the  banks  which  withdrew  from 
business  with  credit,  banks  chartered  that  have  never  gone  into  operation,  banks 
that  went  into  operation,  but  failed,  or  that  suspended  specie  payments  and  busi- 
ness altogether. 

Altogether  the  report  of  the  Controller- General  of  Greorgia  is  a  valuable  and 
interesting  document  to  financial  circles. 


BA5KS  OF  WISCONSIN— CIRCUUTION  AND  SECURITIES. 

From  the  report  of  the  State  Bank  Controller,  we  give  the  following  facts  in 
relation  to  the  condition  of  the  Wisconsin  banks  on  the  1st  day  of  October, 
1860.  The  whole  amount  of  circulating  notes  outstanding  was  $4,451,572, 
which  was  secured  by  public  stocks  at  par  value,  and  specie,  as  follows  : — 


*  The  state  of  Qeoreia.  in  1848,  reserved  to  Iteelf  the  right  to  redeem  certain  bonds  after  ten 
years.    Theee,  amounting  $218,000,  are  within  that  reserration. 


Journal  of  Banking^  Ourrency^  and  Finance.  95 

WiMoinin  6  per  cents. $100,000  00 

Minnesota  8  per  cents. 78,000  00 

CaliforoiA  7  per  cents 884,000  00 

Georgia  6  per  cents $88,600 

Georgia  7  per  cents 20,000 

68,600  00 

Illinois  %  per  cents 608,280  00 

Iowa  7  per  cents. 18,000  00 

Indiana  5  per  cents $78,700 

Indiana  2^  per  cents 8,000 

86,700  00 

Kentucky  6  per  cents 28,000  00 

Louisiana  6  per  cents $10,000 

Looiaiana  6  per  cents 166,600 

166,600  00 

Missouri  6  per  cents 1,408,000  00 

Michigan  6  per  cents 205,600  00 

North  Carolina  6  per  cents 696,600  00 

Ohio  6  per  cents 176,000  00 

Tenneseee  6  per  centa 834,000  00 

Virginia  5  per  cents $9,600 

Virginia  6  per  cents. 179,000 

188,600  00 

Racine  and  Mississippi  Railroad  bonds,  8  per  cent '. 27,000  00 

Milwaukee  and  Watertown  Railroad  bonds,  8  per  cent 60,000  00 

Total  bonds $4,861,680  00 

Specie 148,429  60 

Total $6,000,009  60 

The  increase  of  securities  during  the  year  was  $87,208  50 ;  the  increase  of 
outstanding  circulation  during  the  same  period  was  $43,451.  The  present  Bank 
Controller,  since  his  entrance  upon  the  duties  of  the  office,  has  spared  no  pains 
to  get  rid  of  Missouri  and  Virginia  stocks,  and  to  supply  their  place  with  other 
securities.  The  following  table  shows  the  increase  and  decrease  in  the  several 
kinds  of  securities  during  the  twelve  months  prior  to  October  Ist. 

The  increase  has  been  in  the  following  securities : — 

Minnesota  8  per  cents $78,000  00 

California  7  per  cents. 260,000  00 

Georgia  6  per  cents 8,000  00 

Iowa  7  per  cents 8,000  00 

Indiana  6  per  cents $28,700 

Indiana  2^  per  cents 8,000 

81,700  00 

Kentucky  6  per  cents. 12,000  00 

Louisiana  6  per  centa 8,000  00 

Michigan  6  per  cents 68,000  00 

North  Carolina  6  per  cents 290,000  00 

Tennessee  6  per  cents 127,000  00 

Totol $886,700  00 

Less  decrease  in — 

MisBOuri  6  per  cents $547,000  00 

Virginia  6  per  cents 96,000  00 

Virginia  6  per  cents 8,000  00* 

Ohio  6  per  cents 65,000  00 

Illinois  6  per  cents 39,640  00 

Pennsylvania  6  per  cents 9,000  00 

Specie 48,961  60 

798,491  60 

Total $87,208  60 


96  Statistics  of  Trade  and  Commerce. 


STATISTICS  OF  TRADE  AND  COMMERCE 


THE  SUGAR  CROPS  OF  CUBA. 

There  are  at  present,  or  were  in  full  operation  during  the  last  season,  1,365 
sugar  estates  in  this  island,  which  produced,  this  year,  1,127,348,750  lbs.,  equal 
to  563.674  tons  of  sugar.  Out  of  these  1,365  plantations,  there  are  949  using 
steam  power ;  7  with  water  power,  and  409  with  ox  power,  the  old  or  primitive 
style. 

The  total  extent  of  land  planted  with  cane  on  these  plantations  is  691,917 
acres,  while  the  area  on  the  estates  used  for  other  purposes,  viz. :  cattle  fields, 
fruit,  vegetable  gardens,  etc.,  comprise  1,289,650  acres,  or  nearly  double  the 
quantity  used  for  cane,  which  is  about  one-forty-fourth  of  the  area  of  the  island, 
which  amounts  to  30,741,000  acres.  The  average  yield  per  acre  was  about 
1,400  weight,  realizing,  at  four  cents  per  pound,  about  $62  76. 

If  the  weight  of  each  box  of  sugar  is  put  down  at  the  average  of  425  lbs., 
net,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  whole  production  of  the  year  is  equal  to  2.662,508 
boxes,  which,  at  the  prices  that  have  ranged  since  January,  can  be  well  esti- 
mated at  817  per  box,  making  the  total  value  of  the  crop  ^5,093,860.  If  to 
this  we  add  the  value  of  the  molasses  and  rum  produced  on  our  sugar  estates,  it 
will  swell  the  amount  to  a  very  large  extent. 

It  is  worthy  of  notice,  that  the  proportion  of  production  to  the  land  under 

cultivation  is  much  smaller  in  the  Western  than  in  the  Eastern  department — the 

latter  yielding  at  the  rate  of  nearly  6  boxes  to  the  acre,  whilst  the  former  is 

little  over  3|  boxes,  and  yet  the  number  of  estates  in  the  Eastern  department 

are  less  than  one-third  of  those  in  the  Western.    This  is  a  matter  worthy  the 

attention  of  the  planters  in  this  section  of  the  island,  as  we  believe  it  is  a  fact 

which  has  not  hitherto  been  proven,  although  often  alluded  to.    For  the  present 

we  must  limit  our  figures  to  the  following  : — 

Departments.  No.  estates.    Acres  cano.  Sugar,  lbs. 

Western I,0fi5         641,680         1,02  5f, 880,260 

Eastern SCO  50,233  104,468,600 

Total 1,366         691,913         1,127,348,750 

Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  the  production  of  sugar  this  year  reached  563,674 
tons,  which,  if  our  memory  is  not  amiss,  is  more  than  double  the  quantity  ever 
produced  in  Louisiana  in  any  year,  (1863,  we  believe,  was  the  largest  crop,  i. «., 
269,360  tons ;)  the  number  of  plantations  in  Louisiana  this  year  being  1,308, 
or  57  less  than  in  Cuba.  The  production  of  our  plantations  in  1859  and  1860» 
calculating  the  weight  of  boxes  at  425  lbs.  net  each,  and  the  hhds.  et  1,200, 
1,350, 1,450,  and  1,500,  according  to  the  different  sections  of  the  country,  is 
estimated  to  have  been— 

. 18S9 ,      , 1860.- s 

M  Boxes.  Hhds.  Boxes.  Ebds. 

Western  Department 1,181,923        287,167        1,810,830        887,041 

Eastern  "  7,786  68,460  6,612  81,019 

Total 1,839,668        866,617         1,816,042        418,050 

If  we  calculate  the  excess  in  weight  this  year  at  the  rate  of  425  lbs.  per  box. 


Statistics  of  Trade  and  Commerce.  97 

the  trae  result  will  appear  to  be  equal  to  153,600  bxB.  more  this  year  than  last. 
As  compared  with  the  crop  id  Lonisiana  in  1860,  the  figures  will  staud  thus : — 

Tons.  Tons. 

Caba 608,280         Average  per  estate  about....        876 

LouiMana. 114,000  .«  «  a     giy 

Showing  in  favor  of  the  former  an  excess  of  389,000  tons,  which  is  due  entirely 
to  difference  of  latitude  and  the  absence  of  frosts,  there  being  more  care  and 
skill  expended  in  Louisiana  in  briugiog  the  crop  to  maturity  than  in  Cuba, 
where  the  climate  favors  the  planter. 

It  will  be  seen  by  the  annexed  table  that  the  amount  of  steam  and  animal 
power  employed  in  Louisiana  is  relatively  greater  than  that  employed  in  Cuba, 
where  a  crop  four  times  larger  is  grown  : — 

S«tatM.    St*m  power.  An*ml  power.  Water.  Pt.  ct  8t*zxL 

Cuba 1,366  949  409  7  7o 

LouisiaDa 1,808  992  816  .  76 

There  is  not  on  the  surface  of  the  globe  another  country  which  yields  such 
rich  returns  for  the  labors  of  the  agriculturist  as  Cuba,  or  whose  land  owners 
are  so  wealthy  as  a  class.  The  incomes  derived  from  the  sugar  estates  range  from 
$5,000  to  $200,000,  and,  as  several  of  these  are  in  the  hands  of  one  proprietor, 
the  revenues  of  individuals  are  in  many  instances  almost  regal  in  their  amount 
No  small  proportion  of  these  incomes  are  spent  here,  it  being  the  custom  of  the 
wealthy  Cuban  families  to  send  their  children  to  the  United  States  to  be  edu- 
cated, and  to  pass  themselves  a  portion  of  the  year  at  our  Northern  watering- 
places.  The  names  of  the  Alfonsos,  the  Aldamas,  the  San  Febnandos,  the 
MoNTALNOs,  the  Herreras,  and  the  Duquesnes  are  almost  as  familiar  at  those 
places  as  those  of  our  own  commercial  magnates.  If  we  were  to  estimate  the 
sum  annually  expended  by  Cubans  in  this  country  at  85,000,000  we  should  not 
be  (ar  from  the  truth.  Besides  the  sums  which  they  leave  here,  they  also  spend  a 
large  amount  annually  on  the  continent  of  Europe.  There  is  scarcely  a  country, 
in  fact^ which  offers  any  attraction  that  does  not  benefit,  more  or  less,  by  the 
wealth  of  the  Cuban  aristocracy. 


TRADE  AND  T0NM6E  OF  THE  LAKES. 

We  extract  Uom  the  New  York  World  the  following  remarks  in  relation  to 
tbe  lake  trade : — 

The  immense  amount  of  surplus  produce  which  the  Northwest  is  now  forward- 
ing to  the  Eastern  markets,  and  the  consequent  increased  transportation  of  re- 
turn merchandise,  has  given  new  life,  activity,  and  importance  to  the  tonnage  of 
the  great  lakes.  Not  less  than  $600,000,000  of  property  will  be  transported, 
both  ways,  over  this  national  highway  in  the  twelve  months  next  following  the 
first  of  last  August.  This  is  a  trade  greater  than  the  entire  foreign  commerce 
of  the  United  States,  and  serves  to  give  us  enlarged  ideas  of  the  extent  of  our 
country,  and  the  magnitude  of  its  internal  commerce. 

The  chain  of  inland  lakes  upon  which  this  vast  trade  is  carried  on  is  the  long- 
est on  the  globe.  The  territory  drained  by  them  has  an  area  of  over  600,000 
square  miles,  of  the  most  populous  and  productive  lands  in  the  Union.  The  ex- 
tent of  these  great  waters  is  as  follows : — 

Length,  Breadth,    Area,   i  Length,  Breadth,    Area, 

muea.     miles,  eq.  mile«.  miles,     miles,  aq.milea. 

Lake  Superior  . .       420       160       82,000    Lake  Erie 260         80         »,600 

Lake  Michtgao...       820       100      22,000   Lake  Ontario  .. .       190        40        6,300 

Lake  Huron 270       160       20,400  

Lake  St  Clair  . .         26         20  8001  Total 1,476  90,600 

VOL.  XLIV. — KO.  I.  7 


98  Statistics  of  Trade  and  Commerce. 

The  tonnage  of  the  great  lakes  is  now  about  450,000  tons,  valaed  at  aboot 
$20,000,000,  and  is  divided  among  the  several  classes  as  follows : — 


No.  Yalae. 

Brigs 100    11,000,000 

Schooners 1 ,000      8,600,000 


No.  Value. 

Steamers 160    $4,600,000 

Pfopellera 200      6,000,000 

Barks. 60         800,000 

Total 1,610  $19,800,000 

From  the  fall  of  1857  to  June  last,  this  large  amount  of  marine  property,  to- 

f  ether  with  vast  interests,  docks  and  canaUboats,  gradually  declined  in  value, 
he  total  value  of  the  lake  marine  was  not  to  exceed  $14,000,000  or  $15,000,000. 
Warehouses  could  be  bought  at  large  discounts  upon  the  original  cost  Canal- 
boats  rotted  on  the  banks,  or  were  sunk  and  deserted.  Freights  had  ran  down 
to  3  a  5  cents  per  bushel  on  wheat  from  Lake  Michigan  ports  to  Buffalo,  and 
from  thence  to  New  York  in  proportion. 

From  New  York  to  Liverpool,  in  April  last,  only  5d.  a  6d.  could  be  obtained 
for  wheat  Vessels  went  begging  all  over  the  world.  From  the  great  lakes 
some  twenty  vessels  went  into  the  ocean  trade.  Steam-tugs  went  from  Lake 
Michigan  to  New  Orleans  and  Galveston  in  search  of  employment  or  purchasers. 
Instead  of  an  increased  tonnage  in  1859,  for  the  country,  of  500,000  tons,  as 
>usual,  the  increase  fell  off  to  150,000  tons.  And  in  place  of  the  usual  annual 
increase  of  60,000  tons  on  the  lakes,  not  8,000  tons  were  added — or  only  half 
euough  to  cover  the  loss  bv  destruction  at  sea.  Nearly  all  the  great  transpor- 
tation companies  of  the  lakes  were  compelled  to  suspend,  and  the  marine  prop- 
erty was  either  bid  in  at  nominal  suras,  or  sold  at  ruinous  prices.  Vessel  own- 
ers were  the  most  pitiable  of  property  holders,  and  their  propellers  and  schoon- 
ers rocked  lazily  against  the  deserted  docks  of  the  harbors.  Two  splendid  pro- 
pellers, that  cost  $100,000,  were  bought  last  June  by  the  New  York  Central 
Railroad  Company  for  $50,000,  and  this  is  a  fair  criterion  for  hundreds  of  trans- 
actions in  vessel  property — from  last  January  to  July.  Fast-sailing  schooners 
(A  1)  of  20,000  bushels  capacity,  sold  for  $7,000  and  $8,000,  which  oost,  one 
or  two  years  before,  one  dollar  a  bushel  to  build.  The  immolate  cause  of  thb 
downfall  of  the  lake  marine,  was  small  crops,  and  a  severe  railroad  competition. 
But  the  great  crop  of  1860  at  home,  and  the  short  crop  abroad,  has  changed  the 
fortunes  of  the  shipping  interests  of  the  country  as  much,  perhaps,  as  of  any 
business  in  the  land.  In  New  York,  vessels  now  readily  get  12d.  a  I3d.  for 
wheat  to  Liverpool,  and  500,000  bushels  per  week  at  that.  From  Chicago  and 
Milwaukee,  ever  since  harvest,  vessels  have  had  more  than  they  could  do  at  16 
a  20  cents  per  bushel  for  wheat  to  Buffalo.  From  Buffalo  to  New  York,  the 
price  is  18  a  20  cents  per  bushel,  and  the  tolls  to  the  State  have  increased  be- 
yond all  precedent 

This  almost  miraculous  turn  in  the  tide  of  marine  tonnage,  and  consequent 
increased  values,  has  made  the  fortunes  of  thousands  of  vessel  owners  throughout 
the  country,  and  particularly  of  the  great  lakes.  Vessels  bought  in  June  have 
already  paid  for  themselves  in  many  cases.  Before  the  close  of  navigation,  the 
grain  fleets  of  these  great  waters  will  have  cleared  a  sum  equal  to  3ieir  entire 
norainal  value  in  June  last  It  is  a  small  estimate  to  say  that  the  increased 
value  of  the  entire  lake  tonnage  is  not  less  than  $10  per  ton,  or  $4,500,000. 

In  connection  with  this  great  increase  in  the  values  of  shipping,  and  closely 
allied  to  it,  is  the  warehouse  property  of  the  lake  ports.  Notwithstanding  the 
great  incentive  to  unusual  activity,  the  vessels  will  leave  half  the  surplus  crop 
in  the  Northwest  at  the  close  of  navigation,  December  Ist  For  four  months 
this  will  be  brought  forward  to  the  lake  ports— at  Cleveland,  Toledo,  Detroit, 
Milwaukee,  and  Chicago — for  storage.  As  the  warehouse  capacity  of  these 
ports  is  insufficient  for  the  probable  winter  receipts,  storage  is  now  talked  up  to 
almost  fabulous  rates,  and  will  unquestionably  yield  a  handsome  income  to  the 
owners. 

Also  in  this  same  connection,  the  ship-building  will  again  be  renewed,  not 
only  on  the  lakes  but  throughout  the  country.  As  a  large  portion  of  this  work 
is  done  in  winter  months,  it  adds  to  the  business  of  the  locality  where  performed , 


Statistics  of  Trade  ani  Commerce.  99 

at  a  season  when  most  needed.     The  tonnage  to  be  bailt  at  the  diiOTerent  lake 
ports  the  coming  season  will  reach  50,000  tons,  valned  at  82,500,000. 

We  might  continue  to  enumerate  the  various  interests  of  the  country,  which 
have  been  favorably  affected  by  the  recent  advance  in  marine  property,  until  we 
had  exhausted  most  of  the  employments  of  capital  and  labor.  In  the  great 
crash  of  1857  no  branch  of  American  enterprise  and  industry  went  to  a  more 
ruinous  level  than  the  mercantile  marine,  and  it  is  gratifyii  g  that  in  the  recov- 
ery  no  interest  goes  higher  in  the  scale  of  prosperity.  There  is  a  poetical  and 
practical  justice  that  **  they  who  go  down  to  the  sea  m  ships,  that  do  business  in 
great  waters,"  should  receive  an  ample  compensation  for  the  risks  and  perils  of 
kke  and  ocean  navigation. 


THB  RIOHT  WHALUre  BUSINESS. 

We  are  indebted  to  Henrt  F.  Thomas,  Esq.,  for  the  following  table,  which 
shows  the  importation  of  whale,  elephant,  humpback,  and  blackfish  oil  into  the 
United  States  for  the  present  and  several  years  past,  with  an  estimate  of  the 
amount  to  arrive  during  the  remainder  of  the  year,  with  other  important  statis- 
tics  respecting  the  consumption  and  price  of  oil. 

It  will  be  seen  by  these  figures  that  the  stock  on  hand  is  very  much  less  than 
a  year  ago,  and  that  the  expected  arrivals  are  also  less  than  in  the  latter  half  of 
1859.  The  number  of  vessels  employed  in  the  business  in  the  North  Pacific, 
Ocfaotsk,  and  Arctic  seas  is  51  less  than  last  year,  and  has  been  decreasing  several 
years.  The  inference  f^om  these  facts  is  that  the  recent  rise  in  oils  is  likely  to 
continue,  and  a  further  advance  is  not  improbable.  One  of  our  largest  manu- 
facturers, and  a  large  purchaser  within  a  few  weeks,  has  acted  on  the  belief 
that  there  was  to  be  no  more  favorable  time  to  purchase,  for  several  months  at 
least 

There  has  been  imported,  by  the  arrival  of  107  ships,  barks,  etc,  in- 

eluding  freighters. bbls.  114,404 

Yet  to  arrive,  including  ships  Black  Sea  and  Syren,  14  vessels,  with  17,208 

Total 181,612 


Hm  import  was  in  1853  .bbls.  260,114 

«         1864 819,837 

"         1866 184,016 

1866 197,890 


The  import  was  in  1867.  .bbls.  280,941 

1868 186,496 

1859 199,312 

1860 181,612 


Showing  the  quantity  to  arrive  in  1860  to  be  67,704  bbls.  less  than  in  1859,  and 
52,403  bbls.  less  than  in  any  year  since  1853. 

Stock  on  hand  in  the  Uoited  States  on  the  first  of  January  in  each  year  as 
follows : — 


1863 bbls.  8,210 

1864 28,000 

1866 25,000 

1856 38,637 


1857 bbls.  45,000 

1868 92,193 

1859 82,191 

1860 95,245 

Showing  the  consumption  to  have  been  in — 

1868 240,824  bbls.,  average  price  581  cents  per  gallons. 

1864 322,837  "  "  6S|    " 

1856 170,478  "  "  71.3" 

1866 191,427  »«  "  79i  " 

1867 188,749  **  "73^- 

1868 196,498  "  "  •  52   " 

1869 186,268  "  «  48i  **     *• 


100  Statistics  of  Trade  and  Commerce. 

Import  from  Aug.  1,  1869,  to  Jan.  1, 1860 bble.  86,612 

Estimated  import  from  Aug.  1,  1860,  to  Jan.  1, 1861 17,208 

Less 18,404 

Stock  on  hand  Augost  1, 1869,  was bbls.  146,000 

•*                "        1 ,  I860,  is 86,676 


Less 69,426 

Thfe  number  of  whaleships  at  the  North  in  the  year  1859,  was — 

American 186 

Foreign 27 

Total 218 

The  number  in  1860  is — 

American ^ 141 

Foreign 21 

Total 162 

Less  number  at  the  North  this  year  than  last,  51  ships. 


Tfl£  MADDER  TRADE. 

For  the  following  statement  of  the  madder  trade  we  are  indebted  to  Mr. 
Charles  H.  Hawks'  Monthly  Madder  Circular,  for  July,  1860.  The  stock  of 
French,  in  Boston  and  Providence,  in  importers*  and  speculators'  hands,  was 
325  casks  ;  Dutch,  in  Boston,  50  casks  ;  Dutch  garancine,  in  Boston,  40  casks ; 
French  madder,  in  New  York,  including  lots  to  arrive  not  already  contracted 
for,  616  casks ;  Dutch,  in  New  York,  in  importers'  and  speculators*  hands,  500 
casks  ;  Dutch  and  French  garancine,  in  New  York,  460  casks. 

The  following  are  the  shipments  of  madder  and  garancine,  from  Marseilles  to 

the  United  States  to  July  1st,  1860  :— 

Madder.  Garancine. 

In  January casks  466  210 

February 720  862 

March   469  862 

April 412  268 

May 160  247 

June 475  218 

Total  receipts  for  first  six  months 2,618  1,682 

The  following  is  the  total  shipment  of  madder  and  garancine.  in  casks,  from 

Marseilles  to  New  York  and  Boston,  for  the  years  following  : — 

Equal  to  Total 

Madder.       Garancine.    madder,  madder. 

1854 4,684              60              90  4,774 

1865 6,561            296            444  6,996 

1866 4,798            4,798 

1857. 8,286            170            256  8,541 

1858. 6,949            854            581  6,430 

1869 8,666         1,412         2,118  6,684 

Or  total  shipments  for  six  years. 82,272 

Or  an  average  per  year  of 6,879 

The  total  imports  of  madder  roots  into  Boston,  for  the  month  of  June,  1860, 
was  400  bales. 

By  the  above,  it  is  shoWn  that  the  importations  of  both  madder  and  garancine, 
for  tfie  past  six  months,  were  only  equal  to  the  average  importation  of  the  past 


Statistics  of  Trade  and  Commerce.  101 

six  years  for  the  same  period  of  time,  and  estimating  that  the  consamption  shoald 
natarally  increase,  (now  estimated  at  6  a  7,000  casks  annually  in  the  United 
States,)  and  that,  with  the  adyanced  prices  on  the  other  side,  many  orders  will 
be  cot  off,  it  is  but  fair  to  look  for  a  corresponding  rise  in  price  on  this  side,  on 
all  good  and  reliable  brands.  Many  of  oar  manufacturers  fear  to  purchase  here, 
thinking  that  they  do  not  secure  as  pure  an  article  as  when  ordered  through 
their  own  agents  abroad.  There  are  some  grounds  for  this  belief,  as  very  impure 
and  mixed  French,  as  well  as  Dutch,  madders  have  been  and  are  still  imported, 
but  it  is  doing  our  merchants  great  injustice  to  believe  that  there  are  none,  or  even 
but  few,  who  can  and  do  import  madder  free  from  all  adulteration,  and  many  of 
these  goods  are  of  the  very  same  brands  ordered  by  manufacturers  themselves. 
By  watching  the  markets  closely,  there  are  times  when  both  articles  can  be  bought 
to  better  advantage  in  our  home  markets  than  to  be  entirely  bound  to  foreign 
markets.  Madder  root  is  likely  to  be  more  freely  used  hereafter,  and  several  of 
our  largest  manufacturers  now  grind  the  article,  their  experience  showing  them 
that  they  obtain  a  better  and  more  desirable  color  from  the  root  ground  here, 
than  from  the  imported  madder  itself.  The  Smyrna  root  has  thus  far  proved 
superior  to  all  others  imported,  although  several  parcels  are  now  on  the  way  from 
Bombay,  and  in  course  ot  being  ordered  on  trial. 


COTTON  PRODUCTION. 

The  New  York  Shipping  List  remarks  : — Not  a  little  anxiety  has  been  ex- 
cited among  the  cotton  manufacturers  of  England  by  the  prevalence  of  an 
opinion  that  the  demand  for  cotton  is  increasing  much  more  rapidly  than  is  the 
slave  population  of  the  United  States.  It  is  supposed  that  each  slave  can  pro- 
duce a  fixed  quantity  and  no  more,  and  that,  as  the  increase  of  the  number  of 
slaves  is  limited  by  certain  fixed  natural  taws,  the  limit  of  the  production  of 
cotton  is  defined  by  the  ratio  in  which  that  part  of  the  population  is  augmented. 
This  method  of  estimating  the  prospective  crops  of  the  United  States  is  com- 
monly resorted  to  by  writers  and  practical  men  in  Europe,  with  all  confidence 
that  its  results  are  as  certain  as  the  demonstrations  of  Euclid.  It  is  singular 
that  it  should  never  have  occurr^  to  these  parties  that  it  might  be  well 
to  test  their  calculation  by  the  facts  of  experience.  Nothing  could  be  easier, 
and  one  would  suppose  nothing  more  accordant  with  common  sense.  To  have 
done  so,  however,  would  have  scarcely  accorded  with  the  purpose  which  writers 
on  this  subject  across  the  Atlantic  generally  have  in  view,  viz. :  to  depreciate 
the  capacity  of  North  America  as  a  cotton  producing  country. 

A  simple  comparison  of  any  two  decades  in  the  history  of  our  cotton  crops 
would  have  shown  the  entire  fallacy  of  their  estimates.  They  would  have  ascer- 
tained that  what  they  assume  as  a  fixed  fact,  viz. :  an  unfluctuating  proportion 
between  the  number  of  the  slave  population  and  amount  of  cotton  produced,  is  in 
truth  a  mere  fiction,  and  that  consequently  the  ground  work  of  their  calculations  is 
fiidlacious.  It  has  not  yet  been  ascertained  what  is  the  largest  amount  of  cotton 
that  can  be  produced  by  slave  labor  in  this  country  ;  for  the  crops  have  been 
constantly  increasing  in  a  larger  proportion  than  has  the  slave  population.  In 
proportion  as  the  value  ot  cotton  has  advanced,  the  slave  population  has  been 
drafted  from  other  pursuits  to  the  cotton  plantations ;  and  hence  it  will  be  found 


102  Statistics  of  Trade  and  Commerce. 

that  the  productioD  of  other  staples  In  the  South  has  progressed  mnch  less  rap- 
idly than  has  the  growth  of  cotton. 

In  1800,  when  the  cotton  crop  was  only  35,000  bales,  the  number  of  slaves 
in  the  country  was  857,095,  showing  an  average  of  twenty-four  slaves  to  the  bale. 
Twenty  years  later  the  number  of  slaves  had  nearly  doubled,  while  the  produc- 
tion of  cotton  had  increased  nearly  fifteen  fold,  eo  that  then  there  were  three 
slaves  to  each  bale  of  cotton.  During  the  ten  succeeding  years  the  cotton  crop 
increased  in  the  ratio  of  seventy-five  per  cent,  and  the  number  of  slaves  thirty- 
three  per  cent,  which  brought  down  the  number  of  slaves  to  each  cotton  bale  to 
2^.  From  1830,  up  to  the  present  time,  the  proportion  has  continued  to  decline 
steadily,  until  now  the  production  of  cotton  is  as  li  bale  to  each  of  the  slave 
population. 

The  following  table  shows  this  progress  during  each  decade  since  1800: — 

Crop,  BIftvepop-  Slftres 

bales.  ulation.  p«r  btto. 

1800 85,000  857,096  28 

1820 509,158  1,624,580      8 

1880 870,416  2,006,471      2i 

1840 2,177,682  6,486,226      li 

1 850 2,796,796  8,204.051      H 

1 860 4,600,000  4.000,000      9-10 

It  is  strikingly  apparent  from  this  comparison  that  the  number  of  the  slave 
population  is  a  most  imperfect  criterion  by  which  to  judge  of  the  probable 
future  production  of  this  staple.  Experience  teaches  us  to  expect  a  larger  ratio 
of  increase  in  the  cotton  crop  than  in  the  number  of  slaves ;  but  how  much 
larger  the  ratio  will  prove  in  the  former  case  than  in  the  latter,  it  is  impossible 
to  estimate.  This  must  depend  to  a  certain  extent  on  the  numbers  that  can  yet 
be  drawn  from  other  kinds  of  labor  by  reason  of  the  greater  profitableness  of 
cotton  culture.  But  not  by  any  means  on  this  alone,  nor  perhaps  on  this  chiefly. 
The  most  advanced  planters  have  shown  that  very  much  may  be  done  towards 
increasing  the  produce  per  acre  by  improved  methods  of  culture.  The  history 
of  agriculture  during  the  last  ten  years  shows  that,  by  skillful  management,  land 
may  be  made  to  produce  nearly  double  what  it  has  yielded  under  old  systems  of 
culture  ;  and  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  introduction  of  the  same  enlight- 
ened views  among  the  Southern  planters  will  issue  in  a  large  increase  in  our  cot- 
ton crops,  and  the  more  so  as  the  fertility  of  the  virgin  soil  has  to  such  a  krge 
extent  become  exhausted  as  to  cause  a  need  for  artificial  aids. 


TH£  SUGAR  TRADE  OF  SAN  FRANCISCO. 

The  San  Francisco  Sugar  Refining  Company  publish  the  following  circular 
in  relation  to  the  sugar  trade  of  that  port : — 

Estimated  stock  of  sugar  and  syrup  held  in  San  Francisco,  Nov.  1, 1860,  (in 
first  hands) :  Eaw  sugars — Light  grocery  grades  of  China,  Batavia,  and  Siam, 
5,078,000  lbs.,  do.  for  refining,  (San  Francisco  Sugar  Refining  Co.,)  3,048,242 
lbs.  Yellow — Grocery  sugars,  including  New  Orleans,  Sandwich  Islands,  and 
coffee  crushed,  1,062,000  lbs.  Refined  sugars — Crushed,  powdered,  etc.,  Eastern 
and  California  manufacture,  1,456,000  lbs.  Total,  10,644,242  lbs.  Syrups— 
about  106,000  gallons. 

Quantity  of  domestic  refined  sugars  manufactured  in  San  Francisco  during 


Statistics  of  Trade  and  Oommerce.  108 

October,  1860  :  AiVliite  sngars— Crashed,  powdered,  etc.,  2,310  bbls.  and  1,330 
boxes ;  cofiee  crashed  sugars,  912  bbls. ;  syrap,  23,800  gallons. 

Sugars  on  the  way  to  San  FraDcisco  from  Eastern  ports :  Manifested  up  to 
and  inelading  the  Skylark,  New  York.  Sept.  27, 1860, 5,093  bbls.  and  1,596  half 
bbls. ;  maoifeeted  up  to  and  including  the  Syren,  Boston,  Sept.  26, 1860,  317 
bhds, ;  reported  from  Cuba  direct,  the  Emily  W.  Seaboume,  light  muscovado 
Bogar,  about  700,000  lbs.  (Advices  of  shipments  from  the  Sandwich  Islands, 
Manila,  China,  Siam,  Batavia,  and  Calcutta  are  not  received  in  advance  of 
arrivals.) 

Estimated  consumption  of  sugar  and  syrup  in  California.  Oregon,  and  British 
Columbia,  per  month,  based  on  the  consumption  from  1st  January,  1858,  to  31st 
December,  1859,  (24  months:)  Refined  sugars — Consumption  in  24  months, 
98,830  bbls.  Yellow  sugars — Consumption  in  24  months  equal  to  67,072  bbls. 
In  yellow  sugars  are  included  coffee  crushed.  West  India,  New  Orleans,  Sand- 
wich Islands,  Bally  sugar  from  Calcutta  and  Mauritius,  the  whole  imports  in 
bbls.,  hhds.,  and  bags,  24  months,  deducting  parcels  taken  out  of  the  market  for 
export  or  refining.  East  India  sugars — Light  grocery  kinds,  consumption  in 
24  months,  16,827,387  lbs.  In  this  grade  are  included  China,  Slam,  Batavia, 
Date,  and  Mexican  sugars,  taking  total  imports  and  deducting  exports  and  par- 
cels taken  for  refining.  Average  monthly  consumption  of  sugar,  2,181,424  lbs., 
including  823,600  lbs.  refined,  656,825  lbs.  yellow,  and  701,000  lbs.  East  Indies. 

The  population  of  the  State  has  received  but  a  slight  increase  since  the  ave- 
rage of  the  above  dates.  At  the  present  time  the  arrivals  and  departures  by 
the  seaboard  are  about  equal.  The  Indian  troubles  in  the  spring  of  1860,  have 
almost  entirely  prevented  overland  emigration. 

The  Pacific  Refinery  Company's  works  are  in  progress.  It  is  expected  to  be 
in  operation  by  the  1st  of  July,  1861 — capacity  about  10,000,000  pounds  per 
annum.  The  two  refineries  in  California  will  then  be  adequate  to  refine 
22,000,000  pounds  annually. 


THE  FUR  TRADE  OF  THE  WEST. 

The  St.  Louis  Democrat  has  some  statistics  showing  the  extent  of  the  fur  trade 
in  that  city,  from  which  we  find  that  the  number  of  robes  from  the  Upper 
Missouri  is  larger  than  last  season's  receipts.  The  collections  from  the  Red 
River  of  the  North,  or  the  robes  sold  at  St.  Paul,  are  some  3,000  less  than  last 
year's,  and  a  falling  off  of  some  4,000  robes  is  also  noted  in  the  collections  from 
the  Upper  Platte  and  Arkansas  rivers,  as  the  hunting  grounds  in  that  direction 
are  becoming  frequented  by  gold  hunters,  and  the  place  of  the  Indian  is  being 
occupied  by  the  whites.  In  the  receipts  from  the  Osage  country  there  is  a  fall- 
ing off  this  year  of  nearly  one-half;  last  season  some  6,000  to  7,000  robes  were 
had  from  tbat  sourco— this  year  not  exceeding  2,000  to  2,500. 

The  bufiblo  robes  from  the  Upper  Missouri  this  year,  as  we  learn  from  the  two 
bouses  which  receive  them,  number  66,000,  besides  the  usual  proportion  of  other 
furs.  Those  from  the  Platte  region  11,000,  with  some  forty  packs,  or  500  robea, 
yet  to  come  in,  and  from  the  Osage  some  2,000  to  2,500 — in  all  79,600  buffalo 
robes,  besides  the  red  calf  skins.  These,  at  $3  25  per  robe,  the  price  at  which 
the  main  bulk  has  already  been  sold,  amounts  to  $258,700.    Of  these  were  re- 


104  Statistics  of  Trade  and  Cbmmerce. 

ceived  28,000  robes,  together  with  the  usual  proportion  of  other  furs,  by  the 
steamer  Spread  Eagle,  recentlj  arrived  from  the  Upper  Missouri,  350  miles 
above  the  mouth  of  the  Yellow  Stone,  consigned  to  and  sold  by  Robert  Camp- 
bell &  Co.  Since  then  the  steamers  Key  West  and  Chippewa,  which  ascended 
the  Missouri  all  the  way  to  Fort  Benton,  arrived  in  St.  Louis  with  Pierkb 
Chouteau  &  Co.'s  collection,  consisting  of  30,000  buffalo  robes,  50  packages, 
or  1,300  red  calfskins,  2,270  wolf  skins,  2,800  prairie  fox  skins,  5,000  pounds 
deer,  and  9,860  pounds  elk  skins ;  8  bales  of  bear  skins,  7  bales  of  antelope, 
&c.  Thus  making  66,000  buffalo  robes  from  the  country  of  the  Blackfeet  Indians 
at  the  head  of  the  Missouri  River,  or  some  three  thousand  miles  from  the  mouth 
of  that  stream.  In  round  numbers,  the  receipts  of  robes  at  St.  Louis  this  year 
may  be  placed  at  80,000.  These,  it  must  be  recollected,  are  all  tanned  by  Indian 
squaws  alone,  the  braves,  or  lords  of  creation,  not  stooping  to  such  menial  toil. 
They  do  the  hunting  alone.  Immense  numbers  of  buffalo  are  killed  for  meat 
alone,  and  in  summer  and  other  seasons  when  the  skin  is  comparatively  bare  of 
wool  or  hair,  and  comparatively  worthless.  The  robes  taken  in  winter  are  best. 
Probably  not  over  a  tenth  of  those  slaughtered  furnish  us  robes ;  so  that  the 
whole  number  of  buffalo  killed  during  the  season  will  reach  800,000 ;  quite  a 
sizable  drove,  yet  one  that  would  scarcely  be  missed  out  of  the  immense  herds 
that  yearly  roam  over  the  vast  plains  of  the  Missouri  River. 

The  number  of  robes  on  the  market  this  year  will  be  considerably  less  than 
last  season.  Owing  to  the  pressure  of  1857,  and  the  warm  winter  of  1858,  large 
numbers  of  robes,  some  50,000,  were  left  over  in  New  York. 


TRADE  AND  PROSPECTS  OF  ST.  MARY'S. 

The  St.  Mary's  Advertiser  has  been  furnished  with  the  following  statement  of 

the  export  traffic  from  St.  Mary's  during  the  past  year : — 

Ayeragt  ToUl 

price.  value. 

Wheat bush.             157,800          $0  90  1142,020  00 

Barley,  peas 8,460            0  60  4,226  00 

Oats 79,076            0  28  24,881  00 

Pork lbs.             187,870             0  06  11.242  20 

Butter 46,000             0  12i  6,626  00 

Timber cubic  feet  6,088,680  8  per  M.        48,808  64 

Sundries lbs.             998,719            0    6  49,686  95 

Total 27,466,602  $285,487  79 

These  returns  are  compiled  from  authentic  sources.  The  classified  articles  ol 
produce  comprise  the  actual  quantities  purchased  by  the  different  buyers  in  the 
Bt.  Mary's  market,  in  the  course  of  the  last  season.  The  timber  and  miscellaneous 
goods  were  purchased  either  in  St.  Mary's,  or  adjacent  townships,  and  shipped 
from  this  station  in  the  nine  months  ending  June  last 

As  a  wheat  market,  St.  Mary's  has  hitherto  labored  under  difficulties  and  dis- 
advantages which  will  not  cramp  its  operations  in  future.  For  some  time  dur- 
ing the  briskest  of  the  wheat  buying  season  last  year,  our  wheat  market  was 
almost  shut  against  the  farmers.  The  railway — embarrassed  with  the  new  ar- 
rangements of  its  through  line — could  not  furnish  cars  for  shipping  more  than 
a  small  proportion  of  the  wheat  brought  in  for  sale ;  and  there  was  then  no 
storage  accommodation  in  the  village.    Such  impediments  discouraged  the  larger 


Statistics  of  Trade  and  Commerce.  105 

dfLBS  of  boyers  from  locating  their  agents  here  last  season  ;  and  the  few  buyers 
in  the  market  were  often  brought  to  a  dead  lock  by  these  and  other  incidental 
obstructions.  Thus  were  the  farmers  often  obliged  to  take  the  road  to  Strat- 
ford or  London  with  their  wheat,  when  they  would  have  given  St.  Mary's  the 
preference,  had  our  market  been  properly  accommodated. 

For  the  ensuing  year  we  have  no  such  stringency  to  dread.  The  railway 
accommodation  will  be  ample.  There  has  been  a  new  wheat  store  erected  for 
Mr.  McLean,  at  the  railway  switch,  capable  of  storing  16,000  bushels  of  wheat, 
ai^  Kveral  others  are  either  built,  or  in  the  course  of  building,  that  will  hold 
about  30,000  bushels  more.  We  have  been  informed  that  two  of  the  leading 
produce  houses  in  Toronto  intend  to  place  agents  this  season  in  our  market 
We  may  therefore  with  confidence  anticipate  for  our  wheat  market,  in  the  ensu- 
ing season,  abundant  supply  of  accommodation,  buyers  and  funds.  Under  such 
improved  circumstances,  and  with  the  prospect  of  an  abundant  harvest,  we  make 
a  moderate  calculation  if  we  multiply  last  year's  wheat  returns  by  three,  to  form 
an  estimate  of  what  we  may  expect  to  do  in  the  ensuing  season. 

The  population  of  St  Mary's,  calculated  from  the  last  school  census,  is  about 
3,000.  With  such  a  population  and  so  fair  a  prospect,  the  "  Stone  Village  " 
cannot  fail  to  secure  the  favorable  attention  of  business  people  generally. 


COTTON  CULTURE  ABANDONED  IN  INDU. 

Foreign  papers  contain  the  following  very  significant  paragraph,  showing 
that  alter  all  the  protracted  efforts  to  grow  cotton  in  the  British  Indian  posses- 
sions, the  attempt  has  been  at  length  abandoned  as  hopeless  : — 

In  the  annual  report  of  the  Bombay  Chamber  of  Commerce  a  statement 
announces  that  the  Indian  Government  had  finally  abandoned,  as  being  hopele^ 
failures,  their  experiments  at  cotton-growing  in  that  country.  These  experi- 
ments had  commenced  as  far  back  as  1789,  and  were  prosecuted  almost  without 
intermission  during  the  seventy-two  years  that  have  since  elapsed.  They  had 
coet  from  first  to  last,  £360,000,  and,  as  the  report  states,  had  absorbed  "  the 
energies  and  intelligence  of  governors,  collectors,  commissioners,  American 
planters,  and  pains  taking  amateurs."  Yet  the  result  of  all  this  prolonged  effort 
and  enormous  outlay  had  been  nothing  but  a  continued  series  of  disappointments. 
One  solitary  success  is  recorded  as  having  been  achieved,  on  **  a  small  scale,"  by 
Mr.  Shaw,  Collector  at  Dharwar,  who,  taking  up  the  enterprise  in  1840,  upon 
an  area  of  only  two  hundred  acres,  developed  the  results  so  rapidly  that  in  1851 
there  were  31,688  "knpas"  planted  with  American,  and  224,314  with  native 
cotton,  and  in  185C  the -area  increased  to  156,316  kupas  appropriated  to  the 
American,  and  230,567  to  the  native  variety  of  the  plant.  It  does  not  appear 
that  Mr.  Shaw  was  assisted  by  any  government  grant  in  this  work  ;  and,  at  all 
events,  all  direct  co-operation  of  the  State  with  the  cultivation  of  cotton  is  now 
Bommarily  abandoned. 

FERRIES  FROM  NEW  TORE.  T 

To  Across  the 
Williamsburg.        Hudson. 

Number  of  ferries 4  4 

Average  length  in  rods 620  800 

Greatest  number  of  boats  run 11  lo 

Smallest  number  of  boats  run 4  4 

Average  fare  for  foot  passengers 2-^  c.  2  c. 

Rent  paid  for  slips $7,000  $12,000 


106 


Journal  of  Insurance. 


JOURNAL  OF  INSURANCE. 


FOREIGBT  UrSURAHrCE  GOMPMIES  Iff  ffEW  ¥ORK. 

LIST  OF  INeUEAirOB  OOMPANIBS  OF  OTHKR  8TATK8  THAT  HATS  OOKPUBD  WITH  TBI  IW8U- 
BAMOE  LAWS  OF  NEW  TOES,  AND  HATE  BEEN  ADMITTSD  TO  TEANBAOT  THE  BUSINESS  OF 
INSUBANOE  IN  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  TOBK,  FOB  THE  TBAB  I860. 


Fire  Insurance  eompAnles.       Location. 

iStna. Hartford,  Ot 

American  Fire Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Atlantic  Fire  and  Marine.  Proyidence,  R.  L 
Char.  Oak    **         «        .Hartford,  Ot 

OityPire "  " 

*•        New  Haren,  Ot. 

Oommoowealth Philadelphia,  Pa. 

OoDoecticat  Fire Hartford,  Ot 

Franklin  Fire Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Hampden  Fire Springfield,Ma88. 

Hartford  Fire. Hartford,  Ot 

Hope* Providence,  R.  L 


Fire  insarance  companies.      Location. 

Jersey  Oity Jersey  Oity,  N.  J. 

Maseaeoit 8pringfield,MaBS. 

Merchants.* Hartford,  Ot 

New  Eng.  Fire  <b  Marine .       "  " 

North  iuneriean  Fire. .  .Boetoo,  Mass. 

Norwich  Fire Norwich,  Ot 

Phoenix Hartford,  Ot 

Providence  Washington  Providence,  R.  I. 

Reliance  Mutual Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Springfield  Fire  A  Mfir.  .Sprin^eld,Ma8«. 

State  Fire New  Haven,  Ot. 

Western  Massachasett8..Pittefield,  Mass. 


Insarance  companies. 
American  Matnal  Life 
Connecticut        ** 
Massachusetts     ** 


Oompanj. 
Unity  . . . 


LIFE  INSDBANOB  COMPANIES. 
Location. 
..New  Haven,  Ot 
.Hartford,  Ot 
..Spriogfidd,r 


Insarance  companies. 
Mutual  Benefit  Life. 
National  **   . 

N.Eog.  Mutual  "   .. 

FOBBIGN  FIBB  IN8UBAN0B  00MPANIB8. 


Location. 
,  .Newark,  N.  J. 
.  .Montpelier,  Vt 
•Boston,  Mass. 

Location. 
,  .London,  England* 


FOBBIGN  LIFE  INSUBANOE  COMPANIES. 


Name.  Location. 

Albion London,  Eng. 

British  Commercial  Life..      "*  ** 

Internal  Life "  " 


Name.  Location. 

Royal London,  Eng. 

Liverpool  and  London. . .  .Liverpool,  Eng. 
Colonial  Life Edinburgh,  "* 


INSUBANCE  COMPANIES  OF  OTHEB  STATES  AND  FOBEION  C0UNTBIE8  THAT  HAVE  BEEN  BB- 
FUSED  CEBTIFIOATES,  WITH  THE  BEA80N8  FOB  8U0H  BEPUSALS. 

Fire  Insarance  companies.  Location.  Seasons  for  reftisal. 

Home New  Haven,  Ot  See  annual  report 

Oirard  Fire  and  Marine Philadelphia,  Pa.  **  *" 

Great  Western  Ins.  and  Trust  Co **  «  « 

Conway  Fire Conway,  Mass.  •*  " 

Hamilton  Mutual Salem,        **  a  a 

Augusta  Ins.  and  Bank  Company  . . .  .Atlanta,  Ga. 

American Boston,  Mass. 

Boylston  Fire  and  Marine. '*  *' 

Franklin ** 

Neptune **  ** 

Merchants. "  " 

Manufacturers **  ^ 

Insurance  Co.  of  North  Amerca Phiadelphia,  Pa. 

Delaware  Mutual  Safety ** 

Union  Mutual ** 


Unites  Ma.  <!kFl  risks. 


Quaker  City. 

Roger  Williams. Providence,  R.  L 

American " 

EUiott 

Merchants 


Royi 


jrpool  and  London jjiverpooi 

al. London, 


See  annual  report 
;  UniUs  Ma.  <b  Fi.  risks. 
Assets  not  examined. 
Insufficient  capital. 
Unites  Ma.  <b  Fi.  risks. 
Statement  informal 
Unites  Ma.  <fc  FL  risks. 
See  annual  report 


Jovmal  of  Imuranee. 


lOT 


FOREIttI  FIRE  DTSUIUHCE  COMPANIES  IN  MASSACHUSETTS. 


WAMm,  AOBKCU8,  AXOUXT  07  PRSllIUir  BIOBITBD,  AMD  AMOUNT  OF  TAl  PAID  BT  FORBIGK 
Fl&K  IKSUEAHOB  OOMPAIOU  DOIMO  BUSINESS  IN  MAS8A0BU8BTTS  FOE  THE  TBAB  ENDING 

iiovBifBBE  1st,  1859. 

Hame  of  oompaBy. 

MtDti Hartford, 

Anstio New  York, 

AtUode,  (F.  and  M.) Provideoce, 

American  Ezchange New  York, 


Ag«ndM.  Pre*m  reo^d.  Am*t  Uz 


Oliy  Fire New  HsTeo, 

«        Hartfoid, 

Charter  Oak,  (F.  and  M.) « 

Ooofcinental  Fire ** 

Connecticut New  York, 

IMawar e  Mntaal Phfladel pbia, 

Fulton. New  York, 

Goodhue 

Bartford Hartford, 

Howard. New  York, 

Home. ** 

Humboldt "" 

Indemnity ** 

Irvmg " 

Lamar ** 

Lafayette. Brooklyn, 

Liverpool  and  London. London,  Eng^ 

Mercantile  Mutual New  York, 

Mercantile  Fire. ** 

Manhattan ** 

Metropolitan. " 

Market. 

Mercbanta*,  (F.  and  M.) Provideuce, 

Merchants*,. Hartford. 

Niagara New  York, 

Nonh  American ** 

Norwich Norwich, 

New  England,  (F.  and  M.) Hartford, 

North  American ** 

Northern London, 

Phcenix. Hartford, 

"      Brooklyn, 

BoyaL laverpool, 

Resolute New  York, 

Boger  Williams Providence, 

Security New  York, 

Standard. 

ITnity. London, 

Washington ^.  •  • Providence, 


20 


67,866 
1,708 

16,619 
478,000 
119,240 

18,626 
9,648 

18,666 
8,767 
2,071 

17,416 

6,468 

809 

27,820 
2,644 

22,871 

4,408 

676 

2,779 

2,810 

88,618 

22,864 

11,804 
750 
6,889 
6,669 
449 
1,688 
6,186 
1,047 
6,494 
2,926 
4,826 

10,076 
1,778 
2,617 
2,286 

28,181 
896 
1,819 
1,469 
181 
8,882 
1,699 


$84  17 

882  87 

9  67 

2  40 

•  •  •  •  • 

'41*48 

622  46 

129  06 

6  19 

62  90 

448  87 

88  16 

18  64 

66  68 

46  21 

16  72 

228  64 

286  08 

16  00 

107  78 

181  18 

8  98 

82  76 

..•••• 

20  96 

109  88 

'l7  *78 

46  72 
281  82 

7  94 
26  89 
29  20 

8  62 
18  88 
81  99 


There  is  oo  data  by  which  to  determine  the  amonot  of  loss  sastained  by 
these  compaDies  in  the  State,  for  the  same  period,  given  in  the  Massachusetts 
Gommissoners'  Report,  from  which  we  have  taken  our  figures. 


PEraSTLVANIA  I5SURANCE  UW, 

A  FTTSTHSR  SUPPLBlfENT  TO  THB  ACT,  ENTFTLED  "AN  ACT  RELATIVE  TO  AOBN* 
CIE8  OF  FOBEIOK  INSURANCE,  TRUST,  AND  ANNUITY  COMPANIES,''  APPROVED 
APRIL   NINTH,   ONE   THOUSAND   EIGHT  HUNDRED  AND  FIFTY-SIX. 

Whereas,  The  county  of  Wayne,  by  reason  of  its  limited  area,  and  small 
population,  is  deprived  of  the  benefit  of  said  act,  as  do  foreign  insurance,  trust, 
or  annuity  company  will  pay  the  license  fee  required  by  said  act ;  therefore — 


108 


Joumal  of  Insurance. 


Section  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the 
Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania,  in  General  Assembly  met,  and  it  is  hereby  en- 
acted by  the  authority  of  the  same,  That  the  agent  or  agents  of  any  such 
company  or  companies  for  the  county  of  Luzerne,  having  complied  with  the  terms 
of  said  act,  shall  be  authorized  to  do  business  for  such  company  or  companies  in 
said  county  of  Wayne,  and  with  like  effect,  and  as  fully  as  if  the  same  were 
done  in  his  or  their  proper  county  :  Provided,  That  any  party  insured  by  any 
such  agent  or  agents,  within  the  county  of  Wayne,  may  prosecute  any  claim, 
growing  out  of  such  insurance,  against  such  company  or  companies,  in  the  Com* 
mon  Pleas  of  Wayne  County ;  and  in  such  case  process  shall,  for  such  purpose, 
extend  to  Luzerne  County,  and  be  served  on  such  agent  or  agents  residing 
therein. 

JOHN  11  THOMPSON,  Speaker  of  the  Houae  of  BepreMntativea,  pr»  Urn, 

WM.  M.  FBANCIS,  Speaker  of  the  Senate. 

Approved  the  second  day  of  April,  Anno  Domini,  one  thousand  eight  hun- 
dred and  sixty. 

WM.  P.  PACKEB. 


LIST  OF  FIRE  mSURAlfCE  COMPAlflES 

BBLONGIKO  TO  THB  OHIOAGO  BOARD  OF  UNDBRWBITEaS,  ICABOH   18tH,  1860, 


Name.  locfttton. 

Astor New  Yoric  city. 

Hanover " 

Park 

Fulton *• 

Resolute. '* 

Brevoort ** 

CornEzchaDge ** 

Firemen's  Fund. " 

Larayelte " 

OommoDwealth •  ** 

Home •* 

Niagara ** 

Washington " 

Citizens ••  ** 

Humboldt «• 

Relief « 

Lorillard * 

Indemnity " 

Arctic. « 

Lamar ** 

Howard ** 

Manhattan « 

Market •* 

Irving. " 

iEtna « 

Republic •* 

Commercial " 

Continental ** 

Security ** 

North  American *• 

Goodhue. ** 

New  Amsterdam " 

American  Elxchange. ...  ** 

Mercantile ** 

Standard " 


Name. 

Atlantic 

Montauk 

Phoeoiz 

North  Western 

Buffalo  Mutual 

Phila.  Fire<b  Life 

Girard 

Quaker  City 

Prov.  Washington 

Roger  Williams 

Hopa 

Charter  Oak. 

Merchants. 

Connecticut. 

Atlantic 

JStna 

Hartford. 

City  Fire 

North  American 

PhcBuiz 

New  England 

City  Fire 

State  Fire 

Norwich    

Springfield 

Massasoit 

Hampden 

Conway 

Western  Massachusetts 
Commercial  Mutual. . . 

Fir  emeus' 

City  Insurance  Co 

North.  Assurance  Co.  • 

Unity 

Liverpool  and  London. 


Location. 
Brooklyn. 


Oswego,  N.  Y. 

Buffalo. 

Philadelphia. 
*( 

M 

Providence. 

« 

Hartford,  Ct 


New  Haven. 
If 

Norwich. 
Springf'ld,Ma 


Conway,  Mass 
Pittsfield,   •* 
Cleveland,  0. 
Chicago,  IIL 
Peoria,  111. 
London,  Eng. 


Nautical  Intelligence.  109 


NAUTICAL  INTELLIGENCE. 


PREVENTION  OF  COUISIONS  AT  SEA. 
Lieat.  Daniel  Avmeri,  of  oar  navy,  has  prepared  an  admirable  system  of 
lights  and  helm  signals  for  sail  and  steam  vessels — one  which,  if  introduced,  will 
nndonbtedly  lessen  the  risks  of  collisions  at  sea.  The  collisions  at  sea,  and  on 
oar  lakes,  have  been  so  freqaent  daring  the  past  few  years,  that  any  me-ans  which 
will  lessen  the  chances  of  sach  dangers  should  be  at  once  adopted.  Lieut. 
Ajdcbri*s  system  has  been  submitted  to  the  consideration  of  th^  Chamber  of 
Commerce,  and  it  is  proposed  to  ask  Congress  to  adopt  it.  The  following  are  the 
details  of  his  plan  : — Steam  vessels,  when  under  way,  will  carry  after  night — 

1.  A  bright  white  light  at  the  foremast  head,  pivoted  so  as  to  remain  per- 
pendicalar ;  showing  from  ahead  to  two  points  abaft  both  beams  ;  a  red  light  on 
the  port  side,  and  a  green  one  on  the  starboard  side.  The  side  lights  to  show 
from  ahead  to  four  points  abaft  the  beam  on  their  respective  sides,  and  to  be 
filled  with  side-covering,  so  as  not  to  show  across  the  deck.  The  lantern  to  be 
made  as  per  pattern,  slung  in  gimbals,  and  not  less  in  size,  and  of  as  good  quality 
as  those  to  be  seen  at  the  principal  custom-houses,  and  prescribed  for  this  class 
of  vessels. 

2.  Propellers,  when  under  steam,  or  steam  and  fore  and  aft  sails,  will  carry 
the  lights  of  steam  vessels ;  but  when  under  square  sails,  with  or  without  steam, 
will  carry  the  light  of  a  sail  vessel. 

3.  Steam  vessels  will  employ  the  whistle  when  a  collision  is  feared,  as  fol- 
lows : — A  long  whistle  (twenty  seconds)  will  indicate  that  the  vessel  making  the 
signal  has  put  her  helm  to  port.  Two  short  whistles  or  blows,  (two  seconds  each, 
separated  by  an  interval  of  two  seconds,)  will  indicute  that  the  vessel  making 
them  has  put  her  helm  starboard,  which  must  never  be  done  except  when  the 
opposite  course  would  throw  the  vessel  into  immediate  danger,  or  to  pass  astern 
of  a  vessel  whose  coarse  is  nearly  at  right  angles  to  ^er  own,  which  would  be 
shown  by  the  lights. 

4.  In  case  two  steamers  should  give  opposite  whistles,  when  standing  nearly 
head  on,  both  engines  will  b&  instantly  stopped  and  reversed  and  the  helms  put 
sport,  unless  the  lights  of  the  other  vessel  should  point  out  the  answer.  They 
will  not  go  ahead  until  they  have  a  full  understanding,  by  the  one  repeating  the 
whistle  of  the  other,  when  they  will  act  accordingly. 

5.  Steamers,  when  under  weight  in  fogs,  will  employ  the  whistle  at  distances 
not  greater  than  half  a  marine  mile  apart,  as  follows : — When  steering  north, 
one  long  whistle,  (ten  seconds,)  followed,  after  an  interval  of  two  seconds,  by  a 
short  whistle  (one  second.)  When  steering  east,  one  long  whistle,  and  after  a 
similar  interval,  three  short  ones.  Steering  south,  one  long  whistle,  followed  by 
two  short  ones.  Steering  west,  one  long  whistle  and  four  short  ones.  For  N. 
E.,  S.  B.,  S.  W.,  and  N.  W.,  the  signal  of  the  north  or  south  point  will  be  made 
first,  to  be  followed  after  an  interval  of  five  seconds  by  the  east  or  west  signal, 
omitting  for  the  last,  the  long  whistle,  thus,  N.  E.  would  be  a  long  whistle 
followed  by  a  short  one,  an  interval  of  five  seconds  and  three  additional  short 
ones.  Steamers  should  whistle  as  near  the  course  they  may  be  steering  as  pos- 
sible, which  can  always  be  done  within  two  points. 


110  Ncmticdl  InUiUtgenee. 

6.  Sail  vessels,  when  under  way  after  night,  will  carry  a  bow  lantern,  having 
a  visible  arc  of  225® ;  90®  on  the  port  side  being  screened  red,  and  90®  on  the 
starboard  side  green,  leaving  between  them  a  white  or  unscreened  arc  of  45®. 
Care  must  be  taken  to  fit  the  center,  or  white  section,  to  show  directly  ahead. 
It  will  be  carried  on  the  bowsprit  cap  when  the  weather  will  admit,  and  in  heavy 
weather  to  show  under  the  foot  of  the  foretopsail,  and  secured  to  the  mast  In 
fore  and  aft  vessels  it  may  be  fitted  on  any  part  of  the  foremast  that  will  effect 
the  object.  In  every  case  it  must  be  pivoted  so  as  to  remain  perpendicular  when 
the  vessel  heels,  and  will  be  of  the  size  and  pattern  to  be  seen  at  the  principal 
custom-houses. 

7.  Sail  vessels  will  be  provided  with  a  flash  pan  as  per  pattern ;  aleo  a  suitable 
powder  flask  and  percussion  caps  convenient  for  immediate  use. 

8.  When  thrown  upon  a  vessel  on  the  starboard  tack,  a  white  or  green  light 
on  her  lee  bow,  as  a  precaution,  and  to  forewarn  the  other  party,  flashes  may  be 
made,  but  not  doing  so  will  not  make  the  starboard  tack  culpable  in  the  event  of 
collision.  She  has  the  right  of  road ;  but  for  her  own  safety,  she  should  forewarn, 
and  even  go  about  if  necessary,  when  coming  suddenly  on  a  sail  in  thick  weather. 

9.  When  those  upon  a  vessel  on  the  port  tack  see  a  white  or  red  light  on  her 
lee  bow.  and  there  is  danger  of  collision,  she  will  bear  away  until  the  light  is 
abeam,  and  come  up  to  course  as  it  draws  aft.  The  port  tack  must  always  give 
way  when  meeting  another  vessel  by  the  wind  on  the  opposite  tack. 

10.  Vessels  going  free  will  be  enabled  to  pass  astern  of  vessels  by  the  wind, 
through  the  color  of  the  bow  lanterns  as  seen  by  them.  If  those  upon  a  vessel 
going  free,  see  a  green  light,  it  may  be  necessary  to  put  the  helm  starboard,  or 
if  a  red  one,  aport,  to  pass  astern.  In  all  cases  it  is  the  duty  of  the  vessel  going 
free  to  avoW  the  collision. 

11.  Those  upon  a  vessel  on  either  tack  seeing  a  sail  to  windward  going  free, 
(as  will  be  known  by  seeing  a  white  light,)  may  make  flashes  as  a  warning,  but 
a  failure  to  do  so  will  not  imply  neglect,  or  relieve  the  other  party  from  the  re- 
sponsibility of  a  collision.  ^ 

12.  Those  upon  sail  vessels  in  fogs  will  use  a  "  fog  horn  '*  at  suitable  intervals, 
as  follows : — When  by  the  wind  on  the  port  tack,  one  blast ;  when  by  the  wind 
on  the  starboard  tack,  two  distinct  blasts  ;  when  the  wind  is  ft*om  four  points 
on  the  port  quarter  to  abeam,  five  distinct  blasts ;  when  the  wind  is  from  four 
points  on  the  starboard  quarter  to  abeam,  three  distinct  blasts ;  with  the  wind 
Turther  aft,  four  distinct  blasts. 

13.  A  steamer  will  slow  down  or  stop  engine  if  necessary,  and  indicate  to 
sail  vessels  as  to  steamers  how  she  has  put  the  helm.  A  long  whistle  (twenty 
seconds)  aport,  two  short  ones  (of  ten  seconds  each)  a-starboard.  The  sail  ves- 
sel will  always  act  in  accordance  with  signal  when  it  is  heard.  (This  is  to  meet 
such  cases  as  occur  in  thick  weather,  when  the  distance  may  be  so  short  as  to 
require  the  prompt  action  of  both  parties.) 

14.  Id  case  of  collision,  it  is  the  absolute  duty  of  vessels  to  endeavor  to  re- 
main by  one  another  until  the  extent  of  injury  is  ascertained,  and  in  case  a  steam 
vessel  should  require  assistance,  it  will  be  asked  by  a  long  continued  use  of  tho 
steam  whistle ;  and  if  a  sail  vessel,  a  continued  use  of  the  flash-pan. 

15.  All  vessels  at  anchor  will  hoist  after  night  a  lantern  showing  a  bright 
white  light  all  around  the  horizon. 


Ooinmercial  Begulaiions,  111 

16.  A  failDre  to  be  provided  with  a  proper  lantern  or  lanterns,  or  to  keep  them 
properly  placed  and  lighted,  or  to  have  flash-pan  ready  for  use,  or  to  use  steam 
whistle  or  **  fog  horn  '^  as  directed,  will  subject  the  captain  or  culpable  person 
in  case  of  loss  of  life  through  collision,  to  trial  for  manslaughter,  and  upon  con- 
Tiction  thereof,  to  its  penalties,  and  in  case  of  no  loss  of  life,  to  a  fine  not  ex- 
ceeding $ . 

17.  AU  vessels  will  carry  '  regulations ''  as  established  by  law,  conveniently 
placed  for  reading  in  the  apartment  of  all  persons  having  charge  of  the  deck,  as 
well  as  in  the  captain's  cabin.  A  failure  to  do  so  will  subject  the  captain  to  a 
fine  not  exceeding  9 . 


COMMERCIAL  REGULATIONS. 


RATES  OF  FRSIOHT. 
The  following  is  the  schedule  of  rates  to  the  principal  points  East  and  West, 
as  established  by  the  freight  agents  : — 

Cinelnzuktl  to—  let  cIms.  8d  class.  3d  cltss.  4tb  class.  Flour. 

New  York,  ail  rail $185  $105  85  55  $1  lu 

^           rail  and  water 1  21  97  80  50  1  00 

BoetOD,  all  rail 145  118  90  60  120 

rail  and  water 1  87  1  05  85  55  110 

Piuladelphia,  ail  rail 120  95  80  50  100 

rail  and  water 112  87  75  45  90 

Baltimore,  all  rail 110  85  70  45  90 

**         rail  and  water 102  77  65  40  80 

Buffiilo,  all  rail 66  55  45  80  55 

"        rail  and  water 58  47  40  25  45 

Dunkirk,  rail  and  water 58  47  40  25  45 

Albany,  lYoy,  and  ScheDectady,  all  rail. .. .  1  85  1  08  88  55  1  lu 

rail  and  water  128  98  88  50  100 

Detroii 40  85  25  20  40 

Cleveland • 40  85  25  20  40 

Toledo 40  85  25  20  40 

Cnicago,  all  rail 75  60  50  85 

Milwaukee,  all  rail 75  60  50  40 

Sandusky,  all  rail 40  85  25  20  40 

From  IndianapoUs  to—  1st  class.  2d  doss.  3d  class.  4th  class.  Flomr. 

Bo8U«,raa 156  118  98  60  120 

**       rail  and  water 1  42  1  10  88  55  110 

BrewYork,raa 140  110  88  55  110 

"           rail  and  water 132  102  88  50  100 

Philadelphia 125  100  88  50  100 

Baltimore 115  90  78  45  90 

BuflEalo,rail 66  56  45  80  60 

raUand  water 58  47  40  25  50 

Dunkirk,  rail  and  water 58  47  40  26  50 

Pittsburg 58  47  40  25  50 

BeUair 45  40  85  28  45 

Bridgeport 49  44  89  27  53 

Cleveland 40  85  25  20  40 

Sandusky   40  85  26  20  40 

Columbus 40  83  28  15  80 

Grain  same  as  fourth  class. 

The  above  rates  were  concurred  iu  by  the  committee  of  five  presidents,  who 

also  established  the  following  prices  to  Southern  points,  being  an  advance  of 
about  live  cents  per  cwu  ou  previous  rated  : — 


1 1 2  Commercial  JRegulaiions. 

CJInclnnatti  to—  4tbekaa.         Pork.  WWskj. 

Richmond,  Va 58  1  84  1  87 

Petersburg,  Va. 60  ....  1  96 

Charleston,  S.  0 70  ....  217 

The  rate  for  floor  to  Charleston  was  fixed  at  91  35. 

Frqpi  Loaiarllle  to~                                                Ist  dais.  2d  eUss.  8d  dsss.  4t]i  dsas.  Floor. 

New  York,rail. 146  116  96        60  120 

rail  and  water 140  110  90        55  110 

Boston,  rail 165  1  25  1 00        66  ISO 

**       rail  and  water 150  120  95        60  120 

Philadelphia,  rail 130  105  90        56  110 

Baltimore,  rail 120  95  80        50  140 

Buffiilo,raiL 76  66  55        40  90 

•♦      rail  and  water 70  60  60        88  60 

Detroit 60  60  40        26  20 

Milwaukee 96  76  66        65  60 

PorUand 165  126  107         16  166 

Quebec 166  135  110        76  166 


FLOW  STEEL. 

TsEASUST  DxpABTinirr,  October  90, 1860. 
8iR : — I  acknowledge  the  fecdpt  of  your  report  of  the  27th  ultimo  on  the 
appeal  of  Messrs.  Courtkey  &  Tennent  from  your  decision  assessing  a  duty  of 
16' per  cent  under  the  classification  in  schedule  E  of  the  tariff^  of  1857,  of '*  steel, 
not  otherwise  provided  for,"  on  certain  bundles  and  plates  of  steel  not  less,  each, 
than  six  inches  in  width,  nor  more  than  |  of  an  inch  in  thickness,  imported  by 
them,  and  invoiced  as  "  German  steel,"  and  denominated  "  plow  steel,"  as  indicat- 
ing the  purpose  for  which  they  are  designed.  The  importers  claim  entry  at  12 
per  cent  under  the  classification  in  schedule  F  of  "  steel  in  bars,  cast,  shear,  or 
German."  The  articles  in  this  case  are  not  considered  as  "  bars  "  by  the  Cus- 
tom-house officials  at  the  principal  ports,  within  the  meaning  of  the  law  and  the 
sense  of  that  term  as  used  in  commerce,  and  in  that  view  the  Department  con- 
curs. It  is  unnecessary  to  decide  whether  the  steel  in  question  is  "  cast,  shear, 
or  German,"  it  not  being  imported  in  the  form  that  would  entitle  it  to  entry  un- 
der the  classification  claimed  by  the  importers.  Your  assessment  of  a  duty  of 
15  per  cent  as  "steel  not  otherwise  provided  for,"  under  schedule  E,  is  affirmed. 
I  am,  very  respectfully, 

HOWELL  COBB,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 
Wm.  F.  Coloook,  Esq.,  Collector,  dec,  Charleston,  8.  C. 


SILVER  WATCH  CASES, 

TsKABiTBT  DKrASTMun,  October  29,  I860. 
Sir:— I  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  report  of  the  16th  ultimo  on  the 
question  presented  by  the  appeal  of  Messrs.  Palmers  &  Batchelders  as  to  the 
rate  of  duty  to  be  charged  on  an  importation  of  silver  watch  cases.  The  only 
essential  points  presented  are,  whether  the  cases  in  question,  without  any  move- 
ments or  works,  are  to  be  regarded  as  "  parts  of  watches,"  and,  if  so,  whether 
those  now  in  controversy  are  finished  or  unfinished ;  a  duty  of  8  per  cent  having 
been  levied  by  you  under  the  classification  in  schedule  G  of  "  watches  and  parts 
of  watches,"  and  the  importers  claiming  to  enter  them  at  4  per  cent  under  the 
classification  in  schedule  H  of  "  watch  materials  and  unfinished  parts  of  watches." 
I  am  of  the  opinion  that  the  case  may  be  considered,  within  the  fair  meaning  of 
the  law,  as  a  "  part "  of  the  ''  watch,"  and  this  construction  is  believed  to  be 
fortified  by  the  usages  of  the  trade,  as  well  as  its  special  fitness  for  that  purpose 
and  no  other.  It  would  seem,  also,  from  an  inspection  of  the  sample  submitted, 
that  the  cases,  in  this  instance,  must  be  regarded  as  *'  finished,"  no  substantial 
addition  or  change  being  required  to  adapt  them  at  once  to  the  purposes  intended. 
Your  decision  assessing  a  duty  of  8  per  cent  under  the  classification  in  schedule 
G  of  *•  watches  and  parts  of  watches,"  is  affirmed.    I  am,  very  respectfully, 

HOWELL  COBB,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 
Jamks  6.  WnrrNZT,  Esq.,  Collector,  Ac^  Boston,  Mass. 


Postal  JDepartmenU 


118 


POSTAL  DEPARTMENT. 


UmTED  STATES  POST-OFFICE. 

The  report  of  the  Postmaster-General  for  the  year  ending  June  30, 1860,  gives 
the  following  as  the  revenae  and  expenditure  of  the  Department:— 


^   The  expenditures  of  the  Department  in  the  fiscal  year  ending 

amounted  to  $19,170>609  99,  viz. :— 

For  transportaUoo  of  inland  mails,  including  payments  to  route 

agents,  local  agents,  and  mail  messengers 

For  traospoftation  of  foreign  mails,  to  wit : — 
Between  New  York,  Southampton,  and  Havre.. .         $280,843  42 
Between  Liverpool,  New  York,  and  Philadelphia.  50,795  48 

Between  New  York,  New  Orleans,  and  Havana  .  10,210  92 

Between  New  York  and  Havana 48,918  81 

Between  New  Orleans  and  Vera  Cruz 1,9 11  ]  5 

Between  New  Orleans  and  Havana 7,497  88 

Between  Portland  and  Liverpool 74,451  97 


June  30,  1860, 
$18,485,225  70 


Between  New  York  and  San  Francisco. 
Mails  across  the  Isthmus  of  Panama. . . 

Panama  and  Astoria  mails 

Expenses  of  mail  agents. 


$187,500  00 

75.000  00 

94,884  50 

1,920  47 


For  compensation  to  postmasters 

For  clerks  in  post-offices 

For  ship,  steamboat,  and  way  letters 

For  office  furniture  for  poet-offices 

For  advertising 

For  mail  bags.. 

For  blanks. 

For  mail  locks,  keys,  and  office  stamps 

For  mail  depredations  and  special  agents 

For  postage  stamps 

For  stamped  envelops 

For  wrapping  paper 

For  payments  to  letter  carriers 

For  repayments  for  dead  letters 

For  interest  under  act  February  15, 1860 

For  miscellaneous  payments      

For  payments  for  balances  due  on  British  mails.. . . 
For  payments  for  balances  due  on  Bremen  mails  . . 
For  payments  for  balances  due  on  Hamburg  mails. 
For  payments  for  balances  due  on  French  mails.. . . 


Deduct  for  transportation  in  1859 $8,771,050  87 

Deduct  payments  under  other  heads  of  appropria- 
tions for  1859 524,958  89 


469,624  18 


858,^  97 

2,562.868  10 

966,689  47 

18,658  08 

2,214  80 

88,778  94 

56,710  89 

-  164,517  61 

8,082  30 

46,194  77 

47,848  00 

50,162  27 

86,606  78 

208,506  22 

14  61 

141,066  08 

213,777  72 

260.036  44 

28,459  55 

17,884  77 

86,161  55 

$19,170,782  15 


4,296,009  26 

Leaving  the  actual  expenditure  for  1860 $14,874,772  89 

On  the  30th  of  June  last,  there  were  in  operation  8,502  mail  routes.    The 

number  of  contractors  was  7,445.    The  length  of  these  routes  is  estimated  at 

240,594  miles,  divided  as  follows,  viz. : — 

Railroad 27,1 29  I  Coach 54,577 

Steamboat 14,976  j  Inferior  modes 143,912 

The  gross  revenue  for  the  year  1860,  including  receipts  from  letter  carricra 

and  from  foreign  postages,  amounted  to  3B,518,067  40,  as  stated  below  :— 

YOU  XLIV. NO.   !•  8 


114  Postal  Department 

Letterpoetege $861,162  17 

RegiBtered  letters 26.088  84 

Stamps  sold 6,706,8\f5  20 

Newspapers  and  pamphlets 627,086  69 

Fines • -  6  00 

Receipts  on  account  of  emolctments 91,694  Oi 

Receipts  on  account  of  letter  carriers 208,606  22 

Receipts  on  account  of  dead  letters. 8,803  68 

£ztra  compensation  o?ercharged 278  02 

Miscellaneous  receipts 4,282  64 

Total  revenue 18,618,067  40 

Being  an  increase  of  near  seven  per  cent  over  the  revenue  of  the  year  ending 
Jane  30, 1859. 

The  total  annnal  transportation  of  mails  was  74,724,776  miles,  costing 
$8,808,710,  and  divided  as  follows,  viz.:— 

BailroacH  27,653,749  miles,  at  $3,349,662,  about  12.11  centea  mile. 

Steamboat.  3,951,268  miles,  at  $L073,852,  about  20.7  cenU  a  mile. 

Coach,  18,653,161  miles,  at  $2,550,365,  about  13.67  cents  a  mile. 

Inferior  modes,  24,466,598  miles,  at  $1,834,831,  about^  7.45  cents  a  mile. 

Compared  with  the  sei  vice  reported  June  30, 1869,  there  is  a  decrease  of  19,458 
miles  in  the  length  of  mail  routes ;  of  7,583,626  miles  in  the  annual  transporta- 
tion, about  9.20  per  cent ;  and  of  $660,047  in  the  cost,  about  7  per  cent. 

The  aggregate  length  of  railroad  routes  has  been  increased  1.119  miles,  and 
the  annual  transportation  thereon  385,465  miles,  about  1.4  per  cent,  at  a  cost  of 
$105,688,  or  3.26  per  cent 

The  length  of  steamboat  routes  is  diminished  4,233  miles  ;  the  annual  trans- 
portation 618,694  miles,  about  13.53  per  cent ;  and  the  cost  $83,991,  about  7.25 
per  cent. 

The  length  of  coach  routes  is  decreased  8,464  miles ;  4.795,237  miles  in 
annual  transportation,  about  9.45  per  cent ;  and  in  cost  $98,015,  or  5.07  per  cent. 

Appended  to  this  report  is  a  table  showing  in  detail  the  mail  service  of  every 
grade,  as  existing  in  each  separate  State  and  Territory  on  the  30th  June  last. 

The  lettings  of  new  contracts  for  the  term  commencing  Ist  of  July  last, 
embraced  five  States — New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  Maryland,  and  Ohio. 

The  following  table  shows  the  new  service  as  in  operation  on  the  30th  of 
September  :— 

Miles  in  Miles  of  annual 

length.  transport  ition.  Cost. 

Railroad «,478  6,669,627  1849,866 

Steamboat 847  174.408  17,002 

"With  celerity,  certamty,  and  security            24,999  7,067,866  882,188 

Total 81,819  18.801,901  11,249,001 

Compared  with  the  service  on  the  30lh  of  June  last,  the  length  of  routes  by 
railroad  is  diminished  57  miles,  and  by  steamboat  increased  42  miles ;  the  coach 
and  inferior  mode  of  service  in  this  section  having  been  merged  into  one  class  at 
the  last  letting,  styled  **  star  "  or  with  *♦  celerity,  certainty,  and  security,"  there 
is  shown  an  increase  of  the  latter  over  the  former  combined  of  354  miles  in  the 
length  of  routes ;  the  annual  transportation  is  increased  1,246,448  miles,  and  the 
cost  $45,008. 
On  the  80th  of  June  last,  there  were  in  the  service  474  route  agents,  at 

a  compeosation  of $872,240 

40  local  agents,  at  a  compensatioo  of 26,479 

1,649  mail  meseengers 208.948 

68  railroad  baggage-masters  in  charge  of  the  express  mails,  at  a  com* 

pensatioQ  of 8,100 

$614,767 
This  amount  added  to  the  cost  of  service  as  in  operation  on  the  80th 
of  June. 8,808,710 

flakes  the  total  on  the  80th  of  June  last 19,428,477 


Railroad^  Canalj  and  JSeamboai  Statistics. 


115 


RAILROAD,  CANAl,  AND  STEAMBOAT  STATISTICS. 


BALTIMORE  AND  OHIO  RAILROAD. 

The  twenty-fonrth  annual  report  of  this  great  work  contains  the  following 
accoQDt : — The  aggregate  revenaes.  working  expenses,  and  net  results  of  the 
Main  Stem,  Washington  Branch,  and  Northwestern  Virginia  Railroad,  for  the 
fiscal  years,  terminating  respectively  30th  Sept.,  1859  and  1860,  have  been,  viz. : 


Washington  Branch , 

Northwestern  Viiginia  Bailroad 


Total. 


Main  Stem 

Washington  Branch 

Northweatem  Virginia  Railroad.. 


1859. 

$3,618,618  46 
442.219  63 
240,171  29 

1860. 
$3,922,202  96 
442,880  44 
269,208  12 

Increaia. 
$308,584  49 
20,660  91 
29,031  88 

$4,801,009  27 

■XPXNBES. 

I8i9. 

$1,684,997  84 
173,679  26 
198,279  68 

$4,664,286  60 

1860. 
$1,616,616  61 
173.042  33 
194,686  66 

$368,277  28 

Decrease. 

$68,882  28 

636  92 

8,683  98 

Total $2,056,947  67      $1,984,244  69        $72,708  08 

Total  increase  of  gross  revenue $368,277  23 


Total  decrease  of  working  expenses . 


72,708  08 


Total  increase  of  net  earnings $426,980  81 

An  aggregate  reduction  is  shown  of  $72,703  08  in  working  expenses,  com- 
pared with  the  preceding  year,  although  the  large  additional  traffic  has  improved 
the  revenue  $353,272  23.  making  an  increased  net  gain  of  $425,980  31.  The 
same  comparison  with  1858  exhibits  an  increase  of  gross  revenue  of  $80,373  73, 
and  a  reduction  in  working  expenses  of  $1,002,661  13,  presenting  an  increased 
net  gain  of  $1,083,034  86. 

The  progress  of  the  sinking  funds,  for  the  past  five  years,  is  presented  in  the 

subjoined  statement : — 

siNKisro  rxj:niys  fbom  Ist  ocTOBsa,  1866,  to  80th  SBPriMBsa,  1860. 

Sinking  fund  for  the  redexnption  of  the 
Ground  rents 


Totals  of  the  three  sinking  ftinds  for 

five  years  from  Ist  October,  1856,  to 

the  3Uth  September,  It^. 

1866 $489,086  17 

1857 683,754  41 

1868 937,234  18 

1869 1,145,556  42 

I860 l,?56,37l  35 


Five  million 

loan. 

1856.... 

$442,144  51 

1857.... 

510.979  42 

1853.... 

616.676  81 

1859.... 

671,614  76 

I860.... 

712,846  86 

Mortgage 
debts,  on  Gzm  stut*n. 
$20,000  00  626,941  66 
187,333  83  85,441  66 
270,66?  66  46,941  66 
413,221  73  60,719  98 
668,555  06     74,969  98 


The  increase  from  $489,086  17  in  1856  to  $1,356,371  35  in  1860,  proves  the 
system  adopted  by  the  company  to  be  successful.  In  addition  to  the  accretions 
from  the  interest  on  the  investments  held  in  the  sinking  funds,  it  will  be  recol- 
lected that,  under  the  resolution  adopted  on  the  17th  Dec,  1856,  $113,333  33 
are  to  be  annually  appropriated  to  the  reduction  of  the  mortgage  debts,  and 
$6,000  are  also  to  be  invested  for  the  redemption  of  ground  rents  on  Camden 
Station.    Upwards  of  $200,000  per  year  are  now  withdrawn  from  the  current 


116  Railroad,  Ganal,  and  Steamiboat  /Statistics. 

earnings,  for  the  purchase  of  the  mortgage  bonds  and  indebtedness  of  the  com- 
pany. Ample  provision  is  thns  wisely  made  for  the  payment  of  the  entire 
funded  debt 

The  company  has  since  proceeded  in  the  delivery  of  the  bonds  of  1862,  and  in 
the  payment  in  full  of  the  entire  amount  of  interest  accrued. 


TOLEDO  CANAL  TBADE. 


The  Toledo  Blade  remarks :— In  looking  over  the  table  of  canal  receipts  and 
shipipents  published  in  our  commercial  column,  one  can  but  notice  the  evidences 
of  a  great  change  in  the  mode  of  transportation  since  the  opening  of  our  Soutb- 
•ern  and  Southwestern  lines  of  railroads.  The  canal  once  brought  in  nearly  all 
our  produce,  and  took  away  our  merchandise  for  the  interior.  That  this  state 
•of  things  is  greatly  changed,  the  figures  abundantly  show — and  more  than  this* 
they  show  that  for  many  kinds  of  freight  the  railroads  are  preferred  more  and 
more  every  year.  Rates  and  competition  affect  this  somewhat,  but  in  the  fol- 
lowing recapitulation  of  the  receipts  and  shipments  of  a  few  leading  articles 
for  the  past  three  years,  it  will  be  seen  that  items  in  which  our  business  has 
largely  increased  during  this  time,  have  fallen  off,  or  have  barely  held  their  own, 
in  the  annual  returns  of  canal  business : — 

aKOKIPTB. 

Articles.  1858.  ISM.  1860. 

Flour bbU.  149,629  1 62,490  149.720 

Wheat bush.  1,847,166  766,988  1,161.809 

Com 988,866  120,606  1,798,671 

Barley 8,012  8,984  619 

Rye 4.781  870             

Oata 24,808  6,916  116 

Pork  and  bacon bulk  1,007,719  1,114,848  824,240 

Pork bbls.  6,608  7,426  8,627 

Beel 867  2,064  748 

Staves Na  970,671  1,708,976  1,172.709 

Lumber feet  868,622  1,826.287  1,440,816 

BHIPMKMTS. 

Fi8h bbls.  2,178  1,076  2,679 

Salt 6fi,166  71.514  56,146 

Oats bush.  88,899  47,990  28,676 

Barley 88,142  100  44,781 

Rye 10,814 

Shingles 6,881,600  1 1,996,764  6,839,000 

Lath 4,8y  2.884  6,028,566  5,892,000 

Lumber feet  10,887,^60  12,818.716  10,667,141 

In  the  face  of  an  immeii5C  iucrease  in  our  grain  rocoipts  over  18.')8,  it  will  be 
seen  that  the  canal  shuwd  a  lalliug  oil'  on  wheat,  just  holds  its  own  on  flour, 
and  ouly  shows  an  iucroaso  iu  the  item  of  corn.  The  decrease  in  pork  and  beef 
is,  albo,  ?omc\\l:ut  under  like  circuuifetance^.  In  oats  there  is  a  dtcrvuse  both  in 
receipts  and  shipnients.  So  far  as  barley  is  coucerued,  Toledo  has  snipped  to 
the  interior  more  than  she  has  received  from  that  direction,  and  has  imported 
several  cargroes  Irom  Canada.  Staves  sliow  an  increase,  indicating  a  fair  degree 
of  gain  iu  this  pretty  extensive  item  of  our  business. 


Railroad^  Oanal^  and  Steamboat  Statistics.  117 

RAILROAD  STATISTICS— THE  MAGiriTUDE  OF  IffTERESTS  INVOLVED. 

The  Railroad  Record  says :— Our  readers  well  koow  that  there  are  now  id  the 
UDited  States  nearly  30,000  miles  of  railroad  in  operation.  This  fact,  when 
we  consider  it  in  relation  to  the  newness  of  the  country,  the  little  time  required 
to  accomplish  it,  the  vastness  of  capital  suddenly  invested,  and  the  extraordinary 
change  produced  in  commercial  movements,  is  one  of  overwhelming  magnitude. 
Certainly  no  one  who  lived  twenty  years  ago  would  have  believed  it  possible,  or 
would  believe  it  now  without  the  evidence  of  his  own  eyes  and  that  of  others. 
It  typifies,  more  than  any  other  element  in  the  country,  the  commercial  spirit  of 
the  age.  For  all  this  is  done  merely  to  produce  a  quicker  movement  of  commerce. 
It  is  not  commerce  itself,  but  merely  one  of  the  machines  it  employs.  If,  then, 
commerce  can  afford  to  expend  such  vast  sums  for  a  machine  to  facilitate  its  own 
movement — a  mere  carriage — of  what  immense  magnitude  and  value  must  that 
commerce  itself  be?  Every  year  gives  more  and  more  evidence  of  the  absorb- 
ing infiuence  of  commerce  over  all  other  things.  What  is  to  be  its  limit  we 
cannot  imagine.  Machinery  takes  the  place  of  all  natural  operations,  and  even 
the  simple  employments  of  agriculture  seem  to  give  way  before  the  introduction 
of  commercial  appliances.  We  would  confine  ourselves  here,  however,  to  the 
mere  statistics  of  this  machine — the  railroad.  Let  us  take  out  a  few  elementary 
t^ts  in  this  vast  machinery.  We  cannot  arrive  at  exactness,  but,  having  the 
units  of  certain  of  the  most  important  roads  of  the  country,  we  may  safely  take 
them  as  a  basis  for  the  whole  : — 

Length  of  roads . .  miles  80,000 

Aggregate  coet $1,1 76,000,000 

Locomotives. 6,000 

Wood  conaomed . .  cords  8,000,000 

Employees 80,000 

Taking  these  aggregates,  we  have  some  curious  consequences  : — 
1.  The  capital  employed  in  railroads  is  about  double  that  of  all  the  incorpo- 
rated banks  of  the  United  States.  2.  The  gross  receipts  on  railroads  is  a  good 
deal  more  than  the  income  (or  proSta)  of  all  the  banks.  3.  But  when  we  com- 
pare the  operations  of  the  two  machines  we  fiud  this  important  difference,  that 
the  cost  of  operating  the  banks  is  very  small,  while  the  cost  of  operating  the 
railroads  is  very  great.  In  one  case  capital  only  is  handled,  while  in  the  latter, 
not  only  capital,  but  a  vast  and  cumbrous  machinery  of  men,  vehicles,  and  roads. 
There  is  another  difference  also.  Banks  have  the  power  to  create  capital,  in  the 
shape  of  paper  money,  on  which  they  make  a  profit  without  any  cost.  Rail- 
roads cannot  do  this,  ilt  is  obvious  that,  as  the  laws  now  are  in  the  United 
States,  banks  enjoy  superior  advantages.  Notwithstanding,  well-managed  rail- 
roads, in  good  position,  have  yielded  largo  profits.  In  time,  four-fifths  of  all  the 
roads  will  be  good  stock.  4.  The  number  of  locomotives  is  at  least  6,000,  or 
one  to  each  five  miles.  Taking  into  view  the  new  roads  and  the  repairs,  we  may 
assume  that  one-fifth  of  these  (1,200)  must  be  renewed  each  year,  which,  at  an 
average  cost  of  $9,000  each,  amounts  to  an  expenditure  of  510,000.000  a  year 
for  locomotives  alone.  Passenger  and  freight  cars  will  be  35.000,000  more, and 
thus  we  have  $15,000,000  per  annum  paid  for  making  carriages  only  for  the  use 
of  railroads.  6.  The  80,000  employees  we  may  put  down  at  a  dollar  per  day, 
although  that  must  be  too  low — the  oflScers'  salaries  being  generally  high.  This 


Passenger  cars 

Freight  cars , 

6.000 
80,000 

Passengers  carried. . . . 
Freight  carried...  .tons 
Gross  receipts 

42,000,000 

86,000,000 

$120,000,000 

118  Bailroad^  Oanal,  and  Steamboat  Statistics, 

is  $24,000,000  per  annum.  6.  For  labor  and  material,  railroads  pay  at  least 
$40,000,000  per  annam,  independent  of  the  iron  snperstracture.  7.  Let  ns  now 
regard  this  as  an  economical  element  in  the  country,  as  it  regards  other  voca- 
tions. We  may  regard  100,000  men  as  the  unit,  furnished  by  railroads,  to  be 
supplied  with  food  (Vom  the  agricultural  resources  of  the  nation.  The  relative 
proportion,  in  families,  shows  that  each  able-bodied  man  is  equivalent  to  a  pop- 
ulation of  four  times  the  number.  We  have,  then,  400,000  persons,  subsisting 
upon  the  receipts  of  railroads,  to  be  supplied  with  food.  Taking  meat  and  bread 
alone,  this  will  require  4,000  lbs.  of  each  per  day—equal  in  value  to  $12,000,000 
per  annum.  In  the  two  articles  of  meat  and  bread  the  railroads  pay  farmere 
this  great  sum  of  money.  We  need  not  pursue  the  inquiry  in  detail  any  further. 
It  is  obvious,  that  for  timber,  iron,  paints,  mechanical  aid,  etc  ,  the  roads  must 
pay  millions  more,  which  go  into  the  pockets  of  farmers  and  mechanics — and 
thus  many  more  laborers  are  employed,  and  great  sums  of  money  circulated 
through  the  country.  As  an  economical  machine,  the  railroad  is  of  great  value 
to  the  country.  Here  we  may  compare  it  with  the  banks,  which  have  no  con- 
nection with  the  labor  of  the  country  whatever.  The  banks  reap  the  largest 
profits  for  themselves,  but  the  railroads  are  of  much  the  greatest  value  to  the 
people.  8.  Another  element  of  great  importance  is  the  consumption  of  wood 
or  fuel.  Supposing  it  to  be  wood  alone,  (as  it  is  mainly,)  the  cost  of  fuel,  at 
an  average  of  $2  per  cord,  is  $6,000,000  per  annum.  This  also  is  mainly  paid  to 
farmers.  If  this  wood  averages  50  cords  per  acre,  it  will  require  60,000  acres  of 
woodland  to  supply  this  demand  per  annum.  It  probably  requires  more,  for  the 
yield  is  probably  not  so  much  per  acre.  9.  The  statistics  show  that  42,000.000 
passengers  pass  over  the  roads  each  year.  If  so,  each  one  of  the  whole  Ameri- 
can population  would  average  one  trip  and  a  half. 


RAILWAYS  IN  SWITZEBLAND. 

The  Price  Current  gives  the  following,  relating  to  the  Swiss  railways : — 

The  railway  system  of  Switzerland  is  making  rapid  progress.  It  already  fur- 
nishes an  almost  unbroken  connection  between  all  the  most  considerable  towns 
of  the  confederacy,  and  bids  fair  soon  to  scale  the  gigantic  barrier  of  the  Alps, 
and  to  form  a  junction  with  the  roads  which  in  various  directions  cross  tjie  great 
Lombard  plain  and  penetrate  the  mountain  regions  of  Piedmont  on  the  west 
and  south.  The  Swiss  Central  Ruilway,  leading  from  Basil  towards  Berne,  after 
piercing  the  mountain  wall  of  the  Hauenstein,  by  a  tunnel  twenty-seven  hundred 
yards  in  length,  branches  or  falls  into  other  roads,  which  run  in  every  direction. 
From  Olten  a  line  runs  northeast  to  Baden,  Zurich,  St.  Gall,  and  doubling  the 
mountain  cape,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Rhine  into  Lake  Constance,  it  ascends 
for  the  most  part  the  left  bank  of  that  river  to  Chur  in  the  Orisons.  From  Aar- 
burg  another  line  runs  to  Lucerne.  A  third,  from  Herzogenbuchsee,  by  Solo- 
thurn,  Neufchatel,  Toerdon,  and  Lausanne,  extends  to  Geneva,  having  only  a 
small  link  yet  incomplete  along  the  Lake  of  Bienne ;  and  yet  a  fourth,  from  the 
same  point  to  Berne  and  Thun.  Here  the  last  named  line  strikes  the  stupendous 
mountain  range  of  the  Bernese  Oberland.  The  Jungfrau,  Eigber,  Moncb, 
Sehreckhorn,  and  Fluster- Aarhown  will  hardly  permit  their  untrodden  snows, 
during  the  present  century,  to  be  trampled  by  the  hoofs  of  the  iron  horse.  A 
road  is  in  progress  from  Berae  to  Lausanne,  by  the  way  of  Freiburg,  and  on  the 
first  of  the  present  month  was  opened  as  far  as  the  latter  city.  Another,  passing 
irom  Lausanne  around  the  eastern  end  of  Lake  Geneva,  will  soon  connect  the  city 
of  Geneva  with  the  so-called  Italian  line  in  the  Yallais.    This  latter  railway  ez- 


Bailroad^  Oanaly  and  Steamboat  Statistics.  119 

tends  from  the  eastern  end  of  the  lake  ap  the  valley  of  the  Bhone.  During  the 
present  season  it  has  been  completed  as  far  as  Sion.  From  this  point,  the  capi- 
tal of  the  Canton,  it  is  to  be  carried  to  Brieg,  and  is  destined  to  scale  the  Alps, 
by  the  great  Simplon  pass.  A  line  across  the  Alps  is  also  in  contemplation  fnr- 
toer  east  bj  some  one  of  the  Grison  passes ;  and  I  have  recently  read  an  article 
io  one  of  the  Swiss  joarnals,  warmly  defending  the  claims  of  the  Lukmanier 
ronte,  by  the  valleys  of  the  Yorder,  Rhine,  and  Models,  which  was  surveyed 
aome  years  since. 

In  my  last  I  gave  some  acconnt  of  ray  visit  to  the  field  of  Morgarten.  In 
this  I  mast  transport  myself  to  the  Canton  of  Berne.  The  approaching  evening 
of  one  of  the  last  days  of  June  found  me  seated  in  one  of  the  railway  trains,  on 
the  line  between  Herzogenbuchsee  and  Berne.  Two  years  since,  on  this  line, 
the  passengers  were  obliged  to  alight  some  two  miles  north  of  the  city,  to 
which  they  were  conveyed  by  omnibusses.  At  present,  as  above  stated,  the  line 
is  finished  to  Than.  Passing  the  former  terminus,  the  road  crosses  Aarby,  a 
bridge  suspended  at  a  fearful  height  above  the  river-bed,  and  reaches  the  elevated 
peninsula,  npon  which  the  town  is  built,  in  the  rear  or  western  extremity  of  the 
city.  Here  I  found  a  magnificent  depot,  corresponding  in  the  solidity  of  its 
structure  with  the  well  known  massive  architecture  of  Berne. 


RAILROADS  AND  TRADE  OF  THE  LAKES. 

As  the  statistical  tables  show  that  the  great  trade  of  the  lakes  is  mainly  de- 
rived from  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi,  and  as  the  distance  on  the  several  railroads 
and  canals  leading  to  the  lakes  is  greater  than  from  Pittsburg  to  Philadelphia, 
with  the  fact  that  the  distance  and  cost  of  transportation  on  the  rivers  and  lakes 
are  the  same,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  cost  from  any  of  the  points  on  the  Missis- 
sippi or  the  Ohio  to  Buffalo  will  vary  but  little  from  the  cost  to  Philadelphia. 
This  important  fact,  if  true,  will  change  materially  the  destiny  of  trade,  and,  if 
not  looked  into,  m&y  seriously  affect  the  interests  of  our  city.  From  Cairo  to 
Chicago  the  distance  by  the  Illinois  Central  is  367  miles,  which,  as  the  average, 
is  fixed  at  3  cents  per  mile,  the  cost  would  be  $11  01  per  ton  ;  thence  to  Buffalo, 
by  the  lake,  (about  1,000  miles,)  the  cost  for  transportation,  at  three  mills  per 
ton  per  mile,  would  add  $3  per  ton — making  $14  01  from  Cairo  to  Buffalo. 
From  Cairo  to  Pittsburg  the  distance,  by  river,  is  950  miles,  which,  at  3  mills 
per  ton,  the  cost  would  be  $2  85  ;  thence  to  Philadelphia,  by  the  Pennsjlvania 
Central,  (353  miles,)  at  3  cents  per  ton  per  mile,  the  cost  ($10  59)  would  make 
$13  44,  and  leave  57  cents  in  favor  of  Philadelphia.  On  any  of  the  other  routes 
the  results  are  the  same— or  so  near  it  that  it  is  not  worth  while  to  make  the 
estimate.  From  Cincinnati  to  Buffalo  the  cost  is  $8  23,  and  thence  over  the 
Central,  to  New  York,  the  entire  cost  to  New  York  is  $17  61,  while  through 
Pennsylvania  $12  98  covers  all  the  expense  from  Cincinnati  to  New  York. 


THE  FIRST  AFRICAN  RAILWAY. 

The  first  African  railroad  was  inaugurated  the  25th  June  last  It  is  called  the 
Natal  Railway,  and  connects  the  capital  of  the  colony,  Petre  Maritzburgh,  with 
Cape  Town.  The  whole  enterprise  has  been  successfully  carried  through  by  the 
colonists,  no  foreign  aid  having  been  received,  and  very  important  advantages 
are  expected  to  arise  from  the  sure  and  rapid  communication  between  the  inte- 
rior and  the  coast.  A  train  in  motion  was,  of  course,  an  extaordinary  novelty 
for  the  natives,  and  many  of  the  Caffres  at  fir^t  tried  to  measure  fleetness  with 
the  iron  horse,  but  they  soon  had  to  give  up  the  race. 


120  Jiailroadj  Canal^  and  Steamboat  Statistics. 

PfllUDELPfllA  HORSE  RAILROADS. 

The  capital  of  EDgland  and  the  money  center  of  the  world  is  aboat  to  yield 
to  the  innovation  of  city  passenger  railroads ;  for,  at  the  next  session,  Parlia- 
ment will  nndoubtedly  pass  a  bill  authorizing  their  construction,  under  such 
restrictions  and  limitations  as  may  be  supposed  judicious. 

The  following  shows  the  length  of  road  and  number  and  amount  of  shares 
authorized  by  passenger  railroad  companies  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia  :— 

No.  of  fihares  Amoont 

„  Length  of  (|5<')  an-  of  capital 

Name  of  road.                                                                alngle  track,    thorlxed.  authorix'd. 

Fifth  and  Sixth  streets mOes  16i  10,000  $600,000 

West  Philadelphia. 12^  10,000  600,000 

Tenth  and  Eleventh  ttreets 7f  10.000  600.000 

Spruce  and  Pine  streets 6|  20,000  1,000,000 

Race  and  Vine  streets 6  10.000  600,000 

Second  and  Third  streets 18  1 0,000  600.000 

Philadelphia  and  Darby 6  1 0,000  600,000 

Girard  College 6  10,000  600,000 

Green  and  Coates  streets. 10  10,000  600.000 

■  Arch-etreet  and  Fairmount 6^  1 0,000  600,000 

Ridge-ave.  and  Manayunk 8|  10,000  600,000 

Fourth  aud  Eighth  (Germantown^ 19  10,000  600,000 

Richmond  and  Schuylkill [ 7              2,000  100,000 

Heetcnville  and  Fairmount 1              6,000  800,000 

Seventeenth  and  Nineteenth «  10,000  600,000 

Chestnut  and  Walnut 4  10,000  60©.000 

Thirteenth  and  Fifteenth 6  10,000  600,000 

Delaware  Company,  (24th  Ward) 4              8,000  1 60,000 

Total 164J         174,000       $8,660,000 

Some  of  the  companies  have  issued  the  whole  number  of  shares  authorized  ; 
others  have  issued  over  8100,000  worth  of  stock  per  mile  of  single  track  laid. 
Nearly  all  of  them  have  funded  debts  secured  by  mortgage  upon  their  depots, 
cars,  horses,  and  rails.  It  is  estimated  that  the  actual  outlay  in  building  and 
equiping  the  eighteen  roads  was  about  $2,000,000.  This  includes  an  investment 
of  about  $300,000  in  cars,  mostly  built  within  the  limits  of  the  city,  and  about 
a  half  million  of  dollars  in  depots  and  other  real  estate,  out  of  which  both  land 
speculators  and  mechanics  have  made  good  profits. 


FROSPERITT  OF  HOUSTON,  TEXAS. 

A  letter  from  Houston,  Texas,  with  which  New  Orleans  is  soon  to  be  in  direct 
railroad  communication,  says: — Between  800  and  1.000  men  are  daily  engaged 
in  beautifying  and  adorning  the  city.  More  than  100  buildings,  mostly  of  a 
spacious  and  costly  character,  are  being  erected.  Five  railroads  concentrate  at 
this  point.  About  700  bales  of  cotton  have  arrived  daily  at  this  place  during 
the  current  month. 

The  various  rai'road  companies  connecting  with  this  city  are  pushing  their 
operations  ahead  with  vigor.  It  is  thought  that  500  miles  of  railroads  will  be 
in  operation  in  Texas  by  the  Ist  of  January,  1861. 


Journal  oj  Mining^  Manufacturesy  and  Art.  121 


JOUKNAL  OF  MINING,  MANUFACTURES,  AND  ART. 


QUARTZ  MILLS  OF  THE  ROCKT  MOUNTAINS. 

Tbe  mode  of  working  quartz  mills  is  thus  described  by  a  correspondent  of  the 
WarU:— 

In  the  bills  aronnd  Mountain  City,  a  gold-bearing  quartz  rock  is  found  in 
streaks  or  veins.  It  is  obtained  by  a  tunneling  process.  On  the  side  of  the 
mountains  tbe  blossom  rock  is  seen,  which  indicates  a  vein  of  qnnrtz.  The 
miners  then  commence  a  tunnel  into  the  hill  following  the  course  of  tbe  vein.  In 
the  quartz  the  gold  exists  in  very  fine  particles — an  impalpable  powder,  and  to 
separate  it  the  rock  must  likewise  be  reduced  to  the  same  state^  which  is  done 
by  pounding  or  grinding,  the  first  by  the  use  of  Gate's  stamp  crusher,  the  last 
by  Ellithorpe's  grinder.  The  former  is  the  most  simple  process,  consequently 
popular  with  the  miners,  and  the  Gate's  mills  are  more  numerous,  ten  to  one,  in 
this  neighborhood,  than  the  EUithorpe. 

The  mills  are  of  different  sizes,  some  having  six  stamps,  while  others  have 
twenty-four.  The  most  common  is  the  six,  a  great  many  having  twelve  and  fit- 
teen  stamps,  all  driven  by  either  steam  or  water  power.  A  twenty-horse  power 
engine  will  drive  a  twenty-four  stamp  mill ;  the  average  is  about  a  horsepower 
to  one  stamp. 

The  stamps  vary  in  weight  from  two  hundred  to  seven  hundred  pounds  each. 
Tbe  experience  of  our  mill-men  teaches  that  a  four  hundred  stamp  is  heavy 
enough  for  all  practical  purposes ;  the  stamps  that  are  heavier  smash  up  the  ma- 
chinery, and  are  used  to  the  serious  detriment  of  the  proprietors  thereof;  there- 
fore, the  best  size  to  bring  out  is  stamps  of  four  hundred  pounds.  These  stamps 
are  round,  and  about  six  inches  in  diameter,  their  length  depending  upon  tne 
weight  desired.  Fourteen  inches  is  considered  the  most  convenient  leno^th.  These 
are  firmly  attached  to  a  bar  of  iron  three  inches  in  diameter  and  eight  feet  long, 
called  the  stems. 

The  stems  and  collar  serve  as  a  handle  to  the  stamps,  by  which  they  are  lifted 
up ;  half  the  length  of  the  stems,  an  iron  collar  is  fitted,  flat  on  the  underside. 
These  stems  and  stamps  are  fitted  into  a  wooden  frame,  which  stands  perpendic- 
ular, through  which  they  work  up  and  down. 

A  box  made  of  iron  or  wood,  very  strong,  and  placed  upon  a  solid  foundation, 
about  three  feet  long  and  one  foot  wide,  open  at  one  side,  which  is  made  of  a  net 
work,  or  perforated  sheet-iron,  open  at  the  top.  The  two  ends  and  front  side 
are  tight,  which  are  about  twenty  inches  high  ;  this  is  the  mortar,  or  battery, 
into  which  the  rock  is  placed,  and  two  or  three  stamps  fall  into  it ;  a  twenty-four 
stamper  has  eight  of  these  batteries. 

Back  of  the  stems,  near  the  collar,  there  is  a  heavy  shaft,  horizontal  across 
the  frame,  to  which  are  attached  arms  called  cams,  about  twenty  inches  long,  of 
a  Ferpentine  shape.  When  the  stamps  are  down,  the  collar  is  near  the  shaft  or 
foot  of  the  cams.  As  the  shaft  revolves,  the  cams  lift  the  stems  by  the  collar 
until  they  slip  over  the  end  and  fall  into  the  battery.  As  it  moves  up  over  the 
cams,  the  fricticn  gives  a  rotary  motion  to  the  stamps,  which  prevents  them  fall- 
ing in  the  same  place,  and  wearing  ofi*  more  on  one  side  than  the  other. 

On  the  back  of  the  battery,  below  it,  is  a  wooden  platform,  called  an  apron, 
three  feet  wide,  and  of  various  lengths.  At  the  top,  a  plate  of  sheet-copper, 
quicksilvered,  is  attached,  the  whole  width  of  the  apron,  and  about  two  feet  of 
its  length  ;  below  this,  the  platform  is  cut  into  grooves,  across  it.  Often  slats 
are  put  in  the  same  as  slats  to  a  window  blind,  opening  towards  the  battery,  on 
an  angle  of  about  sixty  degrees.  Tbe  crevices  thus  made  are  filled  with  quick- 
silver.    This  platform  is  stationary. 

At  the  end  of  the  apron,  and  below  it,  is  a  box,  three  feet  wide  at  the  upper 
end,  and  six  inches  high,  which  decreases  in  width  until  it  is  about  twenty  inches 


122  Journal  of  Mining^  Manufactures^  and  ArU 

wide.  The  bottom  of  this  sluice  is  covered  with  quicksilvered  copper  sheeting. 
Below  this  joint  of  sluice  there  are  others,  extending  sometimes  filty  feet — the 
longer  the  better — twenty  inches  wide,  and  the  sides  six  inches  high,  the  bottom 
of  which  is  covered  either  with  copper  prepared  with  quicksilver,  or  ripple  bars 
across  the  bottom.  Frequently  perforated  sheet-iron  is  placed,  and  often  a 
woolen  blanket*-  At  the  end  of  the  sluices  a  barrel  is  sunk  below  it,  or  a  box 
of  qnicksilver  is  placed. 

From  the  front  side  the  quartz  is  shoveled  in,  and  a  stream  of  warm  water, 
about  six  quarts  per  minute,  is  discharged  into  the  battery.  The  stamps  go  up 
and  down,  each  one  making  thirty  strokes  per  minute ;  the  quartz  is  pounded 
into  powder ;  a  teaspoonfull  of  quicksilver  is  put  into  the  battery  every  half 
hour ;  the  warm  water  makes  the  silver  active ;  the  splashing  of  the  water  by 
the  fall  of  the  stamps  keeps  the  whole  mass  in  constant  agitation.  A  portion 
of  the  fine  gold  comes  in  contact  with  the  silver,  and  becomes  amalgamated  with 
it.  As  the  auartz  becomes  powdered  it  is  splashed  through  the  net-work  on  to 
the  apron,  where  a  portion  of  the  gold  dust,  that  has  not  become  amalgamated 
in  the  battery,  comes  in  contact  with  the  copper  sheeting,  and  is  fastened  to  it. 
The  water,  fine  quartz,  and  gold  dust  pass  over  the  sheet  copper,  and  a  portion 
of  the  gold  comes  in  contact  with  the  quicksilver  in  the  crevicea,  where  it  is 
likewise  held  fast ;  if  it  passes  over  that,  it  falls  into  the  sluice,  where  other 
copper  sheeting,  prepared  in  the  same  way  as  on  the  apron,  gathers  a  portion  ; 
the  ripple  bars  below  do  the  same,  also  the  blanket,  and  as  a  last  resort  the  mass 
falls  into  the  barrel  or  box  at  the  end  ;  the  water  passes  off,  and  the  fine  quartz, 
or  trailings,  as  it  is  called,  is  retained,  from  which  it  is  thrown  out  on  the  bank, 
the  gold  settling  at  the  bottom. 

I  have  never  seen  quartz  ground  fine  enough  yet  to  secure  all  the  gold,  and 
these  trailings  must  contain  ac  least  forty  per  cent  of  its  original  amount  of  duat. 
The  gold  is  so  fine  that  it  will  not  sink  as  readily  as  one  would  wish  ;  it  floats 
on  the  surface  like  gold  leaf.  If  the  ore  is  coarse,  in  nuggets,  it  is  easily  re- 
tained by  the  use  of  ripple  bars,  of  simple  construction  ;  but  when  it  is  as  fine 
as  the  ashes  of  roses,  it  is  a  very  difficult  matter ;  and  an  invention  that  would 
secure  the  entire  amount  of  gold  from  the  quartz  would  be  invaluable. 

I  am  informed  by  Mr.  B.  M.  Shrrman,  recently  from  your  city,  where  he  is 
well  known  to  the  denizens  of  Wall-street,  that  a  gentleman  there,  of  the  highest 
scientific  and  mechanical  attainments,  has  invented  an  instrument,  or  a  process, 
by  which  the  above  named  object  is  attained.  If  so,  our  miners  are  very  desir- 
ous to  have  the  same  put  to  the  test,  and  if  successful  the  inventor's  fortune  is 
made.  To  this  country  alone  such  an  invention  would  be  worth  millions  of 
dollars. 

Generally  once  a  week  the  quartz  mills  are  stopped  for  the  purpose  of  clean- 
ing up.  The  amalgam,  quicksilver  and  gold,  are  taken  from  the  battery,  scraped 
from  the  copper  plates,  drawn  from  the  crevices  and  ripple  bars,  taken  from  the 
blanket  and  sluice  after  the  perforated  iron  sheeting  is  removed  ;  also  what  re- 
mains in  the  box  or  barrel  at  the  end  of  the  sluice ;  the  whole  mass  is  put  into 
pans  containing  warm  water,  where  it  is  washed  clean  of  the  sand  or  fine  quartz, 


Journal  of  Mining^  Afanti/actures,  and  Art  123 

Abandoned  by  onr  mill-men^  and  the  prooees  of  retaining  the  gold  as  described 
above  depended  apon. 

Great  care  should  be  taken  in  the  constraction  of  quartz  mills.  The  manu- 
facturer should  make  them  as  simple  as  possible,  ay  old  iog  complicity  as  much  as 
be  can.  A  simple  trip-hammer  is  preferable  for  crushing  quartz  to  a  card  ma- 
chine in  a  cotton  mill ;  as  few  cog-wheels  and  fancy  contrivances  in  crushing  the 
quartz  is  desirable,  reserving  the  theory  and  delicate  machinery  for  the  separa- 
tion of  the  gold  from  the  quartz  after  being  crushed. 

The  Ellithorpe  mill  is  constructed  to  grind  the  quartz  into  powder  between 
the  t«»eth  of  several  wheels,  like  a  corn  and  cob  crusher— the  first  pair  breaking 
the  quartz  into  pieces  the  size  of  an  egg  ;  the  second  smaller,  and  so  on,  untfl 
the  last  pair  reduces  it  to  powder,  when  it  is  subjected  to  the  same  process  as 
that  of  the  other  mills  described  above.  These  mills  have  not  been  put  into 
operation  much  yet.  All  are  waiting  for  the  completion  of  a  ditch,  which  is  to 
furnish  an  abundant  supply  of  water. 

One  thing  about  the  boiler.  To  manufacture  steam  the  locomotive  boiler  is 
objectionable,  for  the  reason  that  the  flues  are  so  small,  and  the  fuel  being  pine 
fills  them  up  with  soot,  and  it  is  with  great  difficulty  and  loss  of  time  that  they 
are  cleaned. 

The  double  fined  boiler  with  stationary  engine  is  far  more  preferable,  and  gives 
g^reater  satisfaction  to  the  proprietors.  The  engine  should  stand  by  itself,  and 
not  over  the  boiler,  nor  resting  upon  it. 

The  advantage  of  warm  water  over  cold  in  the  batteries  is  generally  conceded, 
and  the  usual  way  of  warming  the  water  is  by  using  the  waste  steam,  which 
passes  into  the  tank,  and  coming  in  contact  with  a  large  body  of  water  is  soon 
condensed,  and  has  but  little  effect. 

The  best  contrivance,  and  the  cheapest,  ig  to  construct  a  small  tank,  three  feet 
square  and  four  feet  high  ;  within  six  inches  of  the  top  put  in  a  false  bottom  of 
sheetriron  or  wood,  perforated  with  small  holes ;  on  to  this  draw  the  water,  in  a 
sufficient  amount  to  supply  the  battery,  (a  gallon  and  a  half  a  minute,)  and  as 
it  rains  through  into  the  box,  every  drop  comes  in  contact  with  the  exhaust 
steam  from  below,  and  is  speedily  heated. 


SILKWEAFIN6. 
This  branch  of  manufacture  has  hitherto  received  less  assistance  from  ma- 
chinery than  any  other.  In  plain  silk- weaving  the  process  is  much  the  same  as 
in  the  weaving  of  woolen  and  cotton ;  but  in  Prance,  and  elsewhere,  the  weaver 
is  assbtpd  only  by  a  machine  for  the  even  distribution  of  the  warp,  which  con- 
sists sometimes  of  as  many  as  eight  thousand  separate  threads  in  a  breadth  of 
half  a  yard  or  twenty  inches.  What  is  called  the  Jacquard  loom,  invented  by 
a  weaver  of  Lyons,  has  been  employed  for  many  years,  and  has  been  the  means 
of  facilitating  and  cheapening  the  production  of  fancy  or  figured  silks,  to  an 
extraordinary  extent.  Patterns  which  required  the  greatest  degree  of  skill,  as 
well  as  the  most  painful  labor,  are  produced  by  this  machine  by  weavers  of 
ordinary  skill,  and  with  but  little  more  labor  than  that  required  in  weaving  plain 


124  Journal  of  Mining^  Manufactures^  and  Art 

cepting  for  the  commonest  goods,  it  does  not  possess  any  great  advantage  over 
the  hand-loom,  as  the  delicacy  of  the  material  to  be  worked,  and  the  attention 
which  must  be  given  to  the  process  of  the  weft,  frequently  render  it  necessary 
to  stop  the  machine. 

The  employment  of  silk-weaving  by  hand-loom  is  said  to  be  very  injurious  to 
health.  This  is  indicated  by  the  great  mortality  which  prevails  among  the 
weavers  at  Lyons,  where  there  are  probably,  within  the  city  and  immediate 
neighborhood,  from  thirty  to  forty  thousand  hand-looms.  None  but  those  of 
the  most  robust  and  healthy  organization  can  resist  the  peculiar  strain  upon  tha 
constitution  which  is  incident  to  this  system  of  work. 

An  invention,  by  a  citizen  of  Lyons,  has  recently  been  made  public,  which  is 
called  automatic-weaving.  It  is  a  combination  of  steam  or  water-power  with 
hand-weaving,  which,  for  economy  of  expense,  increase  of  produce,  and  salubrity 
of  labor,  is  said  to  be  very  satisfactory  in  its  results.  The  mechanism  enables 
the  weak  and  infirm,  and  even  the  crippled  invalid,  to  earn  a  livelihood  at  the 
loom.  The  invention  is  calculated  to  benefit  both  employer  and  workman  ;  but 
at  Lyons,  where  the  silk-weavers  exist  in  a  condition  of  practical  slavery,  and 
where,  to  a  great  extent,  the  workman  is  held  as  of  less  importance  than  the 
work,  it  is  anticipated  that  much  opposition  will  be  manifested  to  its  introduc- 
tion. 

DIFFEREHrCE  BETWEEN  A  WATCH  AND  A  CLOCK. 
A  watch  differs  from  a  clock  in  its  having  a  vibrating  wheel  instead  of  a  vi- 
brating pendulum  ;  and,  as  in  a  clock,  gravity  is  always  pulling  the  pendulum 
down  to  the  bottom  of  its  arc,  which  is  its  natural  place  of  rest,  but  does  not 
fix  it  there,  because  the  momentum  acquired  during  its  fall  from  one  side  carries 
it  up  to  an  equal  height  on  the  other — so  in  a  watch  a  spring,  generally  spiral, 
surrounding  the  axis  of  the  balance-wheel,  is  always  pulling  this  towards  a  mid- 
dle position  of  rest,  but  does  not  fix  it  there,  because  the  momentum  acquired 
during  its  approach  to  the  middle  position  from  either  side  carrier  it  just  as  far 
past  on  the  other  side,  and  the  spring  has  to  begin  its  work  again.  The  bal- 
ance wheel,  at  each  vibration,  allows  one  tooth  of  the  adjoining  wheel  to  pass, 
as  the  pendulum  does  in  a  clock,  and  the  record  of  the  beats  is  preserved  by  the 
wheel  which  follows.  A  main  spring  is  used  to  keep  up  the  motion  of  the  watch, 
instead  of  the  weight  used  in  a  clock ;  and  as  the  spring  acts  equally  well  what- 
ever be  its  position,  a  watch  keeps  time  although  carried  in  the  pocket,  or  in  a 
moving  ship.  In  winding  up  a  watch,  one  turn  of  the  axle  on  which  the  key  is 
fixed  is  rendered  equivalent,  by  the  train  of  wheels,  to  about  four  hundred  turns 
or  beats  of  the  balance-wheel ;  and  thus  the  exertion  during  a  few  seconds  of 
the  hand  which  winds  up,  gives  motion  for  twenty-four  or  thirty  hours. 


TO  COAT  IRON  NAILS  WITH  TIN. 
Take  the  nails  which  are  to  be  operated  upon,  and  place  them  in  a  stoneware 
dish,  containing  I  part  (by  measure)  of  sulphuric  acid  and  8  parts  of  water. 
Agitate  them  in  this  until  the  oxyd  is  removed  from  their  surfaces  ;  then  pour 
oflF  the  acidulous  liquor,  and  wash  them  well  in  plenty  of  hot  soft  water.  Now 
place  them  in  the  stoneware  vessel,  and  pour  in  a  dilute  solution  of  tin  dissolved 
in  muriatic  acid,  sufficient  to  cover  them.    The  vessel  is  then  slightly  inclined 


Journal  of  Mining^  Manufactures^  and  Art  126 

nnti]  all  the  nails  lie  together  at  one  side.  When  this  is  efiected,t  immerse  a 
small  strip  of  copper  at  a  short  distance  apart,  and  connect  this  with  the  nails 
by  a  copper  wire.  In  a  very  short  period  of  time  the  nails  will  be  covered  with 
ft  deposit  of  tin,  when  they  may  be  removed,  washed  and  dried.  The  nibs  of 
steel  pens  may  be  coated  with  tin  in  the  same  manner.  By  dipping  cleaned  iron 
Daib  in  molten  tin,  they  will  also  receive  a  covering  of  this  metal. 


RISE  AND  PROGRESS  OF  THE  MARdUETTE  IRON  TRADE. 

A  Marquette,  (Mich.,)  paper  gives  the  following  account  of  the  iron  trade  of 
that  section : — Clonds  and  darkness  rest  npon  the  early  history  of  the  Marquette 
iron  trade.  Previous  to  1857,  scarcely  a  trace  of  it  can  be  found.  And,  indeed 
previous  to  that  year,  there  was  but  little  of  system  in  it,  operations  were 
desultory,  and  results  small.  But,  from  that  time,  the  business  has  been 
systematized,  and  prosecuted  with  vigor  from  year  to  year,  until  it  has  grown 
to  its  present  proportions.  The  following  table  will  exhibit  the  increase  of  pro- 
duct from  the  epoch  above  mentioned,  down  to  the  present  time: — 

IRON    ORE. 

Product  of  iron  ore  in  1857 tons  27,000 

•*                 "             1868 80,827 

"             1869 80,000 

1860 160.000 

Total  in  the  four  years 287,827 

And  next  year's  increase  will  be  fully  equal  to  that  of  the  last. 

PIO  lEOM. 

Product  of  pig  iroo  in  1858 tons  2,000 

1859 6,000 

«  1860 5,000 

Total  in  the  three  years 18,000 

CASTINGS. 

Our  two  foundries  have  been  in  operation  a  little  over  two  years,  and  their 
product  is  as  follows,  or  very  near  it : — 

Product  of  Marquette  foundry. tons  2,000 

Product  of  Lake  Superior  foundry 1,500 

Total 8,500 

There  were  also  300  tons  of  blooms  shipped  in  1857,  and  how  much  previously 
we  do  not  know.  That  branch  of  the  manufacture,  however,  has  been  aban- 
doned. 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  product  of  pig  iron  has  fallen  off  the  last  year.  That 
haa  been  owing  to  temporary  causes,  considerable  time  having  been  taken  up  in 
repairs,  and  in  introducing  improvements  with  a  view  to  increased  product  in 
future  years.  The  prospect  now  is,  that  next  year's  product  will  reach  10,000 
tou3,  il  not  a  higher  figure.  But  two  stacks  have  been  in  blast  at  all  the  past 
year,  except  the  three  or  four  weeks'  run  of  the  new  furnace  at  the  Chocolate, 
whereas  next  year  there  will  be  four  at  least  in  blast,  and  five,  if  both  stacks  of 
the  Pioneer  Company  are  fired  up  ;  and  the  new  impulse  given  to  the  iron  trade 
will  be  likely  to  bring  all  the  available  facilities  of  production  into  requisition. 


126  Journal  of  Mining^  MdnuJaciureSy  and  Art. 

The  blast  furnace  at  "Wyandotte  last  year,  with  only  eight  feet  boshj  tamed 
out  thirty-five  hundred  tons  of  pig.  At  the  same  ratio  of  production,  our  five 
furnaces,  should  they  all  be  in  operation,  ought  to  turn  out  fifteen  to  twenty 
thousand  tons,  worth,  say  $400,000. 

The  aggregate  amount  of  ore  brought  down  by  the  Marquette  and  Bay  de 
Noc  Railroad  the  present  season  for  the  diflerent  iron  companies,  is  as  follows* 
viz. : — 

JackBon  Company. .tons  62,980 

Cleveland  Company 47,889 

Lake  Superior  Ck>mpany 89,894 

Total 160,268 

Pig  iron  for  Pioneer  Iron  Company tons  8,060 

for  S.  R.  Gay 988 

**        for  S.  R.  Gay  bj  teams 867 

Northern  Iron  Company 1 50 

Total 6,000 

This  may  be  called  a  great  season's  business,  when  it  is  considered  that  there 

was  some  interruption  in  the  spring  by  delay  in  opening  the  canal,  and  still  more 

in  the  fall  by  reason  of  the  withdrawal  of  the  sail  vessels,  and  of  the  repairs 

upon  the  road.    The  Pioneer  works  too  have  lost  considerable  time  in  repairs 

and  making  improvements.    The  aggregate  avails  foot  up  as  follows:  — 

182,000  tons  iron  ore,  gross  weight $896,000 

6,000  tons  pig  iron 126,000 

$621,000 

This  will  give  quite  a  handsome  profit  to  the  iron  companies. 

I^et  us  see,  quarrying  the  ore  at  60  cents  a  ton,  would  amount  to. . .  $76,000 

Railroad  charges,  one  dollar  a  ton 1 50,000 

Total $225,000 

Net  profit 171,000 

An  amount  which  would  pay  a  good  round  interest  on  a  pretty  big  pile  of 
capital. 

COALS  IN  RUSSIA. 

The  consumption  of  coals  in  Russia  has  risen  very  rapidly  since  the  last  war. 
In  1857,  the  quantity  imported  into  St.  Petersburg  was  142,000  tons,  while,  in 
1858,  the  quantity  shipped  to  the  same  port  was  270,000  tons,  giving  an  increase 
of  128,000  tons  in  that  city  alone.  There  is  considerable  demand  for  them  for 
use  in  steamboats,  manufactories,  and,  to  a  certain  extent,  in  railways  ;  they  are 
also  used  in  workshops  and  factories.  Hitherto  it  has  been  considered  more 
economical  and  less  injurious  to  the  machinery  to  use  wood,  but  the  supply  of 
wood  not  being  equal  to  the  demand,  and  railways  extending  so  rapidly  in  Russia, 
the  use  of  coal  there  is  likely  greatly  to  increase.  The  mines  in  the  Ural  Moun- 
tains will  probably  reduce  the  demand  a  little  when  they  get  into  proper  work- 
ing order,  and  railways  are  opened  out  that  far  East ;  but  that  will  not  be  for 
some  years  to  come.  The  Russian  government  uses  annually  in  St.  Petersburg 
36,000  tons,  the  price  for  steam  purposes  being  about  248.  per  ton  ;  for  house 
purposes,  about  30s.  per  ton  delivered. 


.^ 


Statistics  of  AgricuUurey  etc.  127 


STATISTICS  OF  AGRICULTURE,  &c. 


STATISTICS  OF  MINNESOTA. 
In  Febniary,  1860|  the  office  of  "  CommissioDer  of  Statistics  of  MioDesota" 
was  created,  and  the  CommissioDer  has  made  a  report  on  Tarioas  departments. 
Id  relation  to  agricultnie,  he  reports  that  it  was  ascertained,  from  the  official 
returns  by  coanties,  that  in  1859  the — 

Whole  number  of  acres  coltivatod  was 454,800 

Knmber  of  farms. 21,600 

Ayerage  number  of  acres  tilled  in  each  farm 21 

PRODUCTS. 

Acres.  Bosh,  lunrested.  At.  yield. 

Wheat 164,966  8,288,900  20 

Corn 182,066  8,130,600  28 

Oats 104,800  8,420,000  84 

Potatoes 17,000  2,228,300  126 

This  exhibit  the  Commissioner  justly  regards  as  a  very  creditable  one  for  a 
State  so  new  as  Minnesota,  and  it  cannot  be  wondered  that  he  should  make  the 
following  comparison  between  the — 

COMPARATIYX  YIELD  OF  STATES. 


Bush,  to 
1  inhabit 

Minnesota,  1869 ISf 

Ohio,  1 869,  (greatest  known  yield)  17 

Ohio,  average  yield  for  9  years. .  8 

Michigao,  1848,  (greatest  yield)..  23^ 

Michigan,  1849 ]2i 


Boab.to 
1  inhabit 

Wisconsin,  1849 14 

Illinois.  1849 11 

Iowa,  1849 8 

"      1856 9 

«      1859 8i 


A  comparison  of  actual  quantities  shows  that  Minnesota  raised  in  1859,  in 
what  may  be  called  the  fourth  year  of  her  agricultural  existence,  with  a  popu- 
lation of  175,000,  more  than  fifty  per  cent  more  wheat  than  was  raised  in  Iowa, 
with  a  population  of  633,449,  and  more  than  one-fourth  the  wheat  crop  of  Ohio, 
as  estimated  by  the  Commissioner  of  Statistics  of  that  State. 

He  assumes  the  following  to  be  the — 

COltPAEATlYK   WHEAT  CROP  OF   1859. 

Popalation.      No.  of  bash.  [  Popalation.      No.  of  bosh. 

Minnesota,....         176,001)        3,288.9UU    Ohio 2,600,000      12,000.000 

Iowa 688,449         2,105,608 1  Wisc'nsin,  1860        304,766        4,286,131 

The  average  crop  of  wheat  in  Minnesota  is  fixed  at  twenty  bushels,  but  Mr. 
Wheelock  says  that  if  the  local  estimates  were  taken  as  received  the  yield  would 
have  to  be  called  twenty-three  bushels  per  acre.  But,  says  the  Commissioner, 
experience  has  taught  us  to  allow  largely  for  the  disposition  to  base  general  in- 
ferences on  the  most  striking  and  notorious  instances,  and  for  the  general  habit 
of  confounding  a  usual  result  with  an  average  one. 

In  regard  to  the  surplus  left  in  Minnesota  last  fall  after  the  close  of  naviga- 
tion, the  Commissioner  says  that  five  or  six  bushels  of  wheat  per  capita  is  the 
rule  of  consumption.  It  is  estimated  that  each  horse  will  consume  sixty 
bushels  of  oats,  the  number  of  horses  on  the  basis  of  W  isconsin  being  about 


128  Statistics  of  Agriculture^  etc. 

18,000.    The  surplus  of  wheat  and  oats  remaining  over  for  the  spring  trade 

would,  therefore,  be  as  follows : — 

Whett  Oats. 

Whole  crop  of  1869 8,288,900        8,420,000 

Fall  export,  1869 869,626     

Reserved  for  consumption 1,000,000     

Reserved  for  seed 600,000—1,869,626        1,600,000 

Remaining  for  spring  shipment I,419,t76        1,920,000 

Returns  subsequently  obtained  from  the  different  transportation  lines  and 
other  sources,  proved  this  estimate  to  be  nearly  correct  The  Commissioner 
draws  a  strong  picture  of  the — 

PROGRESS  OF  AGRICULTURE   IN  MINNESOTA. 

The  Territory  was  organized  in  1849,  when  most  of  the  population  of  6,000 
souls  were  attached  to  the  Indian  trade.    The  national  census  of  1850,  gave  the 

following  results :  — 

Wheat                  Corn.  Oats. 

1849 1,401      16,726  80,682 

1869 8,288,000  8,180,000  8,420,000 

The  real  agricultural  history  of  the  State  did  not  commence,  however,  until 

1854,  when  the  Sioux  were  finally  removed,  so  that  a  fair  comparison  would  be 

the  following  ^— 

Acres  tilled.  Wheat                 Com.  Oatsi 

1864 15,000  r,000      88,600  168.000 

1869 464,000  8,288,000  8,180,000  8,420,p00 

Thus  in  five  years  from  the  actual  commencement  of  her  agricultural  growth, 
Minnesota  has  produced  a  surplus  of  over  5,000,000  bushels  of  grain,  and  in  the 
meanwhile  has  fed  a  population  which  has  increased  from  35,000  to  175,000. 

The  copy  of  Mr.  Wheelook's  report  which  came  to  our  notice  was  one  of 
the  second  edition,  and  published  so  recently  that  the  Commissioner  was  ena- 
bled to  insert  the  following  general  estimate  of  the  crop  of  1860.  His  personal 
observation  and  the  official  returns  recently  received,  convince  him — 

1.  That  the  tilled  breadth  of  1860  is  one-third  larger  than  1859. 

2.  That  the  breadth  of  wheat  sown  was  nearly  doubled.  This  increase  was 
very  considerable  in  the  Southeastern  counties,  but  in  the  Western  and  North- 
ern sections  of  the  State  the  area  is  three  or  four  times  as  great,  and  more  than 
half  of  the  whole  tilled  breadth  of  the  State  was  in  wheat. 

3.  There  was  a  large  increase  in  the  average  yield  per  acre,  variously  esti- 
mated at  from  15  to  30  per  cent. 

4.  This  fruitfulness  extends  to  all  crops,  including  corn,  oats,  potatoes,  and  hay. 

5.  The  head  of  grain  is  better  filled,  and  the  grain  better  developed  than  last 
year. 

G.  The  wheat  crop  has  not  met  a  single  check,_nor  suSered  from  the  depreda- 
tions of  a  single  insect,  so  far  as  ascertained. 

7.  The  breadth  of  corn  and  oats  planted  is  much  less  than  last  year,  but  if  the 
corn  is  harvested  without  accideut,  the  aggregate  will  be  more  than  half  that  of 
last  year. 

8.  The  wheat  crop  of  Minnesota  in  18C0,  with  a  yield  of  23  bushels  per  acre, 
will  reach  an  aggregate  of  over  6,000,000  bushels,  of  which  4,500,000  wi'l  be 
surplus  ;  and  that  this  is  by  50  per  cent  the  largest  recorded  crop  of  wheat,  in 


Statistics  of  Agriculture^  etc.  129 

proportion  to  the  population,  ever  previously  produced  in  ai»y  State  of  the 
Union,  being  more  than  half  the  whole  crop  of  Ohio  in  1859,  and  equal  to  36 
bushels  of  wheat  to  every  individual  in  the  State.  The  foregoing  calculations 
are  made  apon  an  assured  basis  of  fact,  without  reference  to  current  opinions 
opon  the  subject. 

ACTUAL  YIELD  OF  CROPS  PER  ACRE. 
Any  one  mach  acquainted  with  farmers  must  be  aware  of  their  general  dis- 
position to  overestimate  their  crops ;  but  we  suspect  that  those  most  familiar 
with  this  trait  of  human  nature  will  be  surprised  at  the  actual  yield  of  the  lead- 
ing staples  in  the  fertile  State  of  Ohio,  as  shown  by  the  following  statistics  from 
the  office  of  the  Auditor  of  the  State,  which  we  find  in  a  recent  number  of  the 
Slate  Journal : — 

Wheat.— Number  of  acres  sown,  1,790,627  ;  bushels  produced,  13,345,844  ; 
average  per  acre,  7i  bushels. 

Cork. — Acres  sown,  2,339,204 ;  bushels  produced,  69,372,343  ;  average  per 
acre,  30  bushels. 

Oats. — Acres  sown,  644,954 ;  bushels  produced,  15,055,059 ;  average  per 
acre,  23^  bushels. 

Ryb. — Acres  sown,  98,011 ;  bushels  produced,  561,065  ;  average  per  acre,  5| 
bushels. 

Barley. — Acres  sown,  102,729  ;  bushels  produced,  1,639,388  ;  average  per 
acre,  16  bushels. 

Buckwheat. — Acres  sown,  149,645  ;  bushels  produced,  2,222,083 ;  average 
per  acre,  15  bushels. 

Meadow. — Acres,  1,340,566  ;  tons  of  hay  produced,  1,365,888  ;  average  per 
acre,  1  ton. 

Wheat  Crop. — Smallest  average  per  acre :  Trumbull  County,  ^  bushel ; 
Hahuuing,  i  bushel;  Columbiana,  I  bushel ;  Stark,  1  bushel.  Largest  average 
per  acre:  Ottawa  County.  17  bushels  ;  Erie,  16  bushels  ;  Sandusky,  16  bushels; 
Lucas,  16  bushels.  Smallest  crop  in  one  county  :  'IVumbull,  2,084  bushels ; 
Mahoning,  6,510 ;  Portage,  10.373  bushels;  Geauga,  11,078  bushels.  Largest 
crop  in  one  county :  Butler,  589,076  bushels  ;  Seneca,  502,500  bushels ;  Mont- 
gomery, 461,214  ;  Highland,  399,005  bushels. 

THE  SUGAR  REGIOIf  OF  LOUISIANA. 

We  give,  says  the  Charleston  NewSy  an  interesting  extract  from  a  letter,  by  a 
gentleman  of  letters  and  education,  who  has  been  making  a  brief  visit  to  one  of 
the  richest  sugar  regions  in  Louisiana,  which  may  help  our  readers  to  some 
additional  statistics  of  the  Southwest :  — 

I  have  been  looking,  for  a  season,  over  that  beautiful  portion  of  the  sugar  re- 
gion of  Louisiana,  known  abroad,  generally,  as  the  Grasse  Tele — taking  its 
name  from  a  stream  connecting  the  Mississippi  River  with  the  gulf,  and  which 
Mr.  LoNQFELLOW  has  immortalized  in  his  beautiful  paem  of  Ecangellney  under 
the  name  of  Plaquemine.  I  have  a  friend  who  possesses  a  sugar  estate  on  its 
now  classic  banks;  and  it  is  such  a  beautiful  and  attractive  region  that  I  have 
resolved  to  spend  a  portion  of  the  summer  with  him,  amid  its  genial  influences. 
Here  you  meet  daily  the  identical  colony  of  Acadians  which  the  poet  represents 
as  emigrating  from  Canada,  and  taking  up  their  abode  under  our  gleaming 
Southern  suns.  These  people  all  speak  the  French  language  still ;  live  to  them- 
M'ive^ ;  and  have  little  intercourse  with  the  world,  contenting  themselves  with 
ihe  satisfaction  of  a  few  simple  wants ;  cultivating,  with  their  own  hanrls,  their 
immble  acres ;  rearing  a  few  cattle,  and,- occasionally,  manufacturing  a  few  bar- 

VOL.   LXIV, — NO.   I,  9 


180  Statisiics  oj  AgricuJiure^  etc. 

rels  and  hogsheads  for  the  wealthy  planters.  They  are  a  strange,  clannish 
people,  resembling  much,  in  appearance  and  habits,  the  race  of  Gipsies.  They 
are  electors ;  and,  it  is  said,  always  act  with  the  party  which  is  most  lavish  of 
its  bribes.  I  am  sure,  if  Mr.  Longfellow  had  ever  seen  this  Acadian  colony 
before  composing  his  EcangelwCt  he  would  have  despaired  of  ever  investing 
them  with  any  ot  the  charms  of  poetry  ;  and  even  in  C  anada  they  were  probably 
the  same  people  in  habits  as  now. 

The  sugar  planters  here  are  all  wealthy ;  small  capitalists  being  unable  to  con- 
duct Euch  expensive  establishments.  They  (the  planters— not  the  Acadians) 
make,  yearly,  frpm  300  to  1,800  hogsheads  of  sugar,  weighing,  each,  1,200  pounds, 
at  an  average  price  of  six  cents  per  pound.  1  he  molasses  defrays  the  current 
plantation  expenses.  The  smallest /orcc  on  any  one  plantation  is  never  below 
ti I ty  effective  hands,  nor  ever  above  eighty.  Mr.  Lapice,  a  South  Carolinian 
by  birth,  is  the  largest  planter  in  the  State,  making,  annually,  over  2,000  hogs- 
heads. The  largest  sugar  crop  ever  made  was  that  of  1837,  which  reached 
500,000  hogsheads ;  but  the  average  crop  is  about  300,000.  Sugar  planting  is 
a  much  more  profitable  investment  than  cotton.  When  properly  conducted,  it 
yields  a  premium  of  al^out  20  per  cent  on  the  investment.  Cotton,  rarely  over 
10,  even  in  the  most  favorable  latitudes  and  on  the  best  soils. 


CULTIVATION  OF  GRAPE  IN  SONOMA  VALLEY. 

We  have  been  favored,  says  the  California  Farmert  with  a  valuable  history 
•of  the  progress  made  in  the  planting  of  vinyards  and  in  wine-making  in  Sonoma 
Valley,  which  we  know  will  be  of  interest  to  all  who  have  at  heart  the  real 
welfare  of  our  State. 

The  vinyards  of  California,  with  the  presses  running  over  with  "  new  wine," 
are  emblematic  of  the  continuous  flood  of  wealth  which  is  to  be  derived  trom 
this  source.  The  wine,  wool,  and  grain  will  soon  become  the  great  triple  chain 
that  will  strengthen  and  bind  together  the  different  counties  and  their  interests, 
and  make  our  State  distinguished  for  those  immense  products,  each  of  which  will 
•count  in  millions  of  dollars  annually! 

The  number  of  grape  vines  planted  in  Sonoma  Valley  is  789,500.  The  num- 
ber of  foreign  vines  planted  by  each  individual  is  as  follows: — Colonel  A. 
Haraszthy,  tiOO  in  bearing,  4,000  two  years  old,  4,000  one  year  old,  20,000 
planted  last  winter.  General  M.  G.  Vallejo,  1,000  two  years  old,  2,000  one 
year  old.  L,  H.  S.  Williams,  720  two  yero-s  old,  4.760  one  year  old.  W.  Hood, 
1,0C0  one  year  old,  1,000  planted  last  winter.  W.  Shaw,  4,000  one  year  old, 
5,000  planted  last  winter.  John  Swktt,  6,000  planted  last  winter.  The  re- 
mainder are  native  vines. 

Wine  and  Brandy  Made. — The  number  of  gallons  of  wine  and  brandy  made 
by  each  individual  is  as  loUows : — Colonel  A.  Haraszthy,  12,000  in  185b, 
10,800  in  1859  ;  General  M.  G.  Vallejo,  4,000  in  1858,  6,000  in  1859.  Of 
brandy,  Colonel  Haraszthy  made  260  gallons  in  1858,  and  300  in  1859  ;  all 
that  is  reporlnl. 

Average  uf  Graphs  to  thk  Vinb. — The  average  number  of  pounds  of 
grapes  to  the  vine,  produced  by  each  individual,  is  as  follows:  — Colonel 
Haraszthy,  25  ;  M.  G.  Vallejo,  25  ;  Krohn  &  Williams,  20 ;  G.  P.  Swipt, 
20;  F.  Sears,  10;  Lewis  Adler,  25;  N.  Carrigrr,  20;  Mrs.  M.  P.  Hill, 
20  ;  O'Brien,  20  ;  G.  E.  Watrish,  10  ;  Mulin  &  Grenen,  20 ;  0.  C.  Craiok, 
15;  Mrs.  Harris,  15  ;  Judge  Bright,  15;  H.  Brookman,  15;  Wm.  Booos 
20 ;  G.  T.  PoDLi,  16. 


/Rustics  of  AgricuUurej  etc.  181 

HOP  CROP  OF  EUROPE  AND  AMERICA. 

The  following  retuTDS  of  the  hop  crop  is  given  by  a  New  York  honse  in  the 
trade,  with  the  remark  that  in  presenting  the  following  comparative  statement 
of  the  hop  crop  of  Europe  and  America,  I  woald  respectfully  solicit  a  careful 
and  considerate  attention  to  the  same,  and  would  simply  remark,  by  way  of  intro- 
dootion,  that,  while  estimates  must  always  be  merely  approximations  to  actual 
facts.  I  have  endeavored  scrupulously  to  avoid  all  extremes,  preferring  to  err,  if 
at  all,  on  the  conservative  side : — 

OOMPABATIVB  STATBMBIfT. 

Average  Sttlin«l« 

crop.  for  IdQO. 

Bohemia bales             4«>,U00  6,500 

Belgium 75,000  18,500 

Fraoce 10,000  5,000 

Braoswick ^ 5,000  2,500 

Bavaria 1 00,000  25,000 

Poland 7.000  8,500 

Oreat  Britab 250,000  80,000 

Total 487,000  91,000 

Stock  of  old  hops  in  Great  Britain 180,000  

Len  ooe-third  to  be  equal  to  new. 60,000  120,000 

Total  supply  io  Europe 211,000 

Amraal  coDSumption  in  Great  Britain 200,000  ....•• 

Aiioaal  consumption  on  the  ooDtioeut 250,000  460,000 

Apparent  deficit  in  supply  as  compared  with  consumption  of  Europe.. .  289,000 

Estimated  crop  of  American  hops  this  year « 60,000 

Stock  of  old  hops  in  America « «..••  25,000  

Lees  one-third  to  be  equal  to  new 8,883  16,667 

Total  supply  in  America • 76,607 

Annual  consumption  in  America» 55,000 

Surplus  of  American  hops 21,667 

This  surplus  has  already  be3Q  alno^t  di^p>?3l  of.  the  exports  and  engagementa 
to  Europe  to  date  having  been  about  5,03  J  bilei  of  old  hops,  and  about  15,000 
bales  of  new.  The  old  h^pa  in  Amarici  are  c!iiii3y  composed  of  the  growth  of 
1855-6-7,  the  consumption  for  the  past  two  years  having  been  about  on  a 
par  with  the  production  in  Boglan  1,  fro  n  ail  I  can  learn,  the  stock  of  old  hops 
consists  also  of  the  surplus  grjwtb  of  th3  yair^  nimsd,  the  large  crop  there  last 
year  having  been  require!  to  mike  up  the  diSciency  which  occurred  in  Germany. 

The  tendency  ot  prices  in  our  market  is  decidedly  upward,  and  it  is  now  diffi* 
cult  to  make  purchases  at  the  annexeJ  quotations: — 1855-6-7,  10  a  14  cents 
per  pound  ;  185S  and  1859, 16  a  22  ;  and  1860,  30  a  37.  The  outside  price  for 
new  hops  is  for  a  strictly  prime  quality,  which  is  always  a  comparatively  scarce 
article ;  but  it  is  well  to  remark  that  the  quality  of  our  crop  this  year  is  io 
general  most  excellent,  very  few  of  really  inferior  quality  having  yet  come  for- 
ward. 


182 


Statistics  of  Population^  etc. 


STATISTICS  OF  POPULATION,  &c. 


POPUUTION  OF  WISCONSIN. 


The  following  table  shows  the  progress  of  population  in  the  State  of  Wis- 
consin during  the  last  twenty  years.  We  have  prepared  the  table  by  counties 
in  their  numerical  order,  and  it  exhibits  the  singular  characteristic  of  the  south- 
ern counties  being  densely  populated,  while  the  population  of  the  northern  coun- 
ties is  scattered  and  sparse ;  but  the  railroads  in  progress  of  construction  in 
that  section  will  carry  immigration  with  them  : — 


1840.      \m.  18G0. 

Milwaukee..,.       5,606     81,077  62.887 

Dane 814     16,639  48,412 

Rock 1,101     20,760  87,688 

Jefferson 914     16,817  87,460 

Dodge 67     1 9,1 88  36,086 

FondduLac.          189     14,610  84,202 

Grant 8,926     16,169  81.176 

Waukesha. 19,268  26,828 

Sheboygan....          133       8,879  26.726 

Walworth 2,611     17,862  26.628 

Columbia 9,664  24,664 

Winnebago...          186     10,167  23.788 

Washington...          843     19,486  28.628 

Manitowoc....          286       8,702  22,406 

Racine 8,476     14,973  21,411 

Greene 933      8,666  19,866 

Iowa 8,978       9,626  19.828 

Sauk 102      4,871  18,971 

Lafayette 11,631  18,824 

Ozaukee 16,801 

Kenosha 10,784  18,864 

Green  Lake 12,670 

La  Crosse 12,186 

Brown 2,107      6,216  11,800 

Bad  Ax 11,012 

Richland 908  9.720 

Outagamie 9,602 

Waupacca 8,919 

Waushara 8,816 

Juneau 8,7  7l 


Monroe 

Marquette.... 
CraiKcford.. . . 

Calumet 

Portage 

Adams 

Keewaunee. .. 

Pierce  

Jackson  

Oconto 

Eau  Claire... 

Door 

Marathon .... 

Wood 

Chippewa  . . . 
Shawana..... 

Clark 

St  Croix  ...  1 

Polk.. 

Dallas 

Burnett 

Buffalo. 

Trempeleau 

Dunn , 

Pepin 

Douglas . . . 
Ashland . . . 
La  Poiote.. 

Total. 


1840. 

18 

,602 
276 
62S 


*  •  •  •  I 


809 


;[ 


ioav. 

low* 

8,417 

,641 

8,236 

,498 

8.071 

,748 

7,907 

,260 

7,630 

187 

7,004 

.... 

6,682 

• .  • . 

4,677 

>... 

4.134 

•  •  •  • 

8,691 

•  •  • . 

8,212 

2,987 

e'os 

2,898 

>  •  • . 

2,426 

616 

1,894 

... 

829 

» •  • . 

798 

624 

6,820 

... 

6,480 

» . . . 

4,986 

489 

1,691 

80.945  805,391  777,771 


POPUUTION  OF  MASSACHUSETTS. 

The  following  table  shows  the  population  of  Massachusetts  for  1860,  as  taken 
by  the  United  States  Marshals,  compared  with  the  returns  for  1840  and  1860, 
exhibiting  a  progressive  increase  quite  satisfactory  : — 


Middlesex.. 
Suffolk.... 
Essex..... 
Worcester. . 
Norfolk  . . . 

Bristol 

Plymouth  . 
Hampden  . 


1840. 
106,611 
96,773 
94,987 
96.318 
63.140 
60.164 
47,873 
87,366 


161,388 

144,617 

181,300 

180.789 

78.892 

76,192 

65,69t 

61,283 


18(l0. 

216,434 

192,762 

165,635 

159,644 

108.065 

93,^11 

66,734 

67,892 


Berkshire  . 
Hampshire. 
Barnstiible. 
Franklin  .. 
N^antucket. 
Dukes  .... 


1840. 

41,716 

80,897 

82,548 

28,812 

9,012 

8,958 


1850. 
49,591 
85,782 
85,276 
80,870 
8.462 
4,640 


I860. 

66,188 
87.877 
86,010 
81,499 
6,097 
4,401 


ToUl. . .     737,699     994,514  1,281,497 


Statistics  of  Population^  etc. 


133 


The  following  table  gives  tbe  popniation  of  some  of  the  principal  cities  and 
towns  for  1860 : — 


Boetoo 177,902 

Lowell    86,848 

Oambridge 26,07  4 

Roxbury 25,187 

Charles  town....  26,075 

New  Bedford. . .  22,809 

Salem. 22.256 

Lynn 19,108 

Taunton 15,880 

Springfield. 16,200 


Pall  River.. 
Gloucester  . 
Dorchester  . 
Newton.... 
Somerville  . 
WeymoQCh. 
Adams  . . . . 


Qumcy 

:3outh  Danvers. 


14.026 
10,904 
9,769 
8,885 
8.026 
7,742 
6,926 
6,778 
6,549 


Waltham 

6.397 

Dedham 

6,832 

West  Roxbury.. 

6,311 

Woburn :.. 

6,287 

Marlborough.... 

6,911 

Maiden 

6,866 

Brookline 

6,764 

Randolph 

6.768 

Barnstable 

6.133 

OESrSUS  OF  CINCINNATI. 


Colr'd  males.     ColrM  fo. 

Under  21  y'rs  Und'r  21  y'rs 
21  y'rs.  •&  up.  21  y'rs.  &  up. 
85     no     114     132 
47       42       64       48 
14       11       14       17 
96     111     128     162 


Mr.  C.  8.  Williams  has  completed  his  census  of  Cincinnati,  as  authorized  by 

tbe  City  Council,  and  his  report,  as  given  below,  was  submitted  to  that  body  by 
the  Mayor,  and  approved.  It  increases  the  population  over  that  taken  by  au- 
tiiority  of  the  general  government  about  10,000  : — 

White  males.  White  females. 

Under    21  y'r«  Under     2ly'» 

Wards.  21  y'rs.   and  up.   31  y'rs.  and  up. 

FiTBt. 1,840     2,166  2,048     2,068 

Second. 923     2,097  947     1,018 

Third 1,888     2,945  1997     1.905 

Fourth. 1,712     2,308  1.763     1,707 

Fifth. 1,300     1.884  1,640     1,611 

Sixth 1,804     2.042  2,014     1.969 

Seventh 1.980     2.041  1.972     1,896 

Eighth 8.290     8,460  3.659     8,462 

Ninth 2.308     2.676  2,284     2,864 

Tenth 2,816     8,086  2.910     2,742 

Eleventh. 8,908     8,776  8,842     3,567 

Twelfth. 4,992    6,088  6,078     4,680 

Thirteenth 1,641     1,715  1,637     1,615 

Fourteenth 1,853     2.649  2,194     2.502 

Fifteenth. 2,726     2,852  3,272     3,350 

Sixteenth. 2,782     2,797  3,012     2.620 

Seventeenth 1,024       997  1,086       956 

Pabliclnstitutee...           227       332  77        278 

River  and Oanal...             12     1,862  7         19 


48 
67 
48 
18 

9 
13 

6 
16 


86 
64 
31 
12 
16 
9 
4 
14 


88 
48 
16 
10 
11 
8 
18 


43 
96 
40 
18 
13 
13 
6 
13 


258     257     296     817 
45       40       66       76 


94 
28 


66 

18 

1 

7 

81 


84     103 
27       28 

4 

..       16 


Total 

8,663 

6,185 

8,791 

7,977 

6,494 

8,143 

8,050 

13,930 

9.669 

11,649 

16,107 

19,844 

7,786 

9,426 

12,537 

11,307 

4,069 

926 

1,996 


Total  of  the  Wards. 


171,298 


POPULiTIOW  OF  VICTOBIA. 

Quarterly  abstract  showing  the  papulation  of  Victoria  on  the  31st  March, 

1860  :— 

Males.  Females.  Persona 

Population  on  the  Slat  December,  1859 886,658         194,876         629,938 

Ino'ease  by  excess  of  immigration  over  emigra- 
tion (by  eea)  during  the  quarter  ending  3Ut 
March,  1860 997  1.174  2.171 

loerease  by  births  over  deaths  during  the  quar- 
ter ending  Slat  March,  1860 658  1.248  1,901 

Total 837.218        196.792         634,005 

Increase  daring  the  quarter 1,656  2.417  4.072 


184 


StatisUca  of  Population^  etc 


POPUUTIOH  OF  III DIAIA. 

The  complete  census  of  the  State  of  Indiana  is  now  pablished  by  the  Marsha). 
The  result  shows  a  gratifying  increase  in  the  population  of  this  prostperons 
State.  We  have  compiled  the  following  table  from  official  sources,  having  ar- 
ranged the  counties  in  their  numerical  order  in  the  census  of  1860,  so  as  to  show 
at  a  glance  the  concentration  of  population  around  those  cities  and  towns  which 
have  become  the  receiving  and  distributing  points  for  the  produce  of  her  fertile 
yalleys,  such  as  Indianapolis  in  Marion  County ;  Richmond  in  Wayne ;  Fort 
Wayne  in  Allen  ;  Terre  Haute  in  Vigo ;  New  Albany  in  Floyd ;  Evansville  id 
Vanderberg,  Ac : — 


1840. 

18iO. 

1860. 

Marion... 

16,080 

24,108 

40,861 

Wayne 

28,290 

25,820 

29,617 

Allen 

6,942 

16,919 

29,826 

Tippecanoe.... 
Jefferson 

18,724 

19.877 

26,768 

16,614 

28.916 

26,044 

Dearborn 

19,827 

20,166 

24,467 

Vigo 

12,076 

15,289 

28,527 

Laporte 

8,184 

12,146 

23,047 

Elkhart 

6,660 

12,690 

20,996 

Montgomery... 

14,488 

18.084 

20.922 

Putnam 

16.848 

18,616 

20,729 

Vanderberg. . . 

6,250 

11,414 

20,627 

Clark 

14,596 

15,828 

20,466 

Henry  .  • 

15,128 

17.606 

20,269 

Floyd 

9,454 

14,876 

20.090 

Franklin 

18,349 

17,968 

19.670 

Shelby . 

12,006 

16,502 

19,578 

Ripley. 

10,392 

14,820 

19,119 

Randolph 

10,684 

14,726 

19,016 

Harrison 

12.459 

16,286 

18,667 

St.  Joseph. 

6,425 

10,964 

18,464 

Kosciusko 

4,170 

10,248 

18,027 

Washington... 

16,269 

17,040 

17,908 

Bartholomew.. 

10,042 

12,428 

17,787 

Wabash 

2.756 

12,188 

17,626 

Hamilton 

9.855 

12,684 

17,310 

Decatur 

12,171 

16,107 

17,211 

Hendricks  .... 

11,264 

14,«83 

17,004 

Miami 

8,048 

11,804 

16,861 

Cass 

5,480 

11,021 

16,829 

Boone 

8.121 

11,681 

16.821 

MadisoD. 

8,874 

12.376 

16,574 

Jackson. 

8,961 

11,047 

16,442 

Rush... 

16,456 
9,683 

16,445 
12.649 

16,201 

Posey 

16,185 

Grant 

4,876 

11,092 

16,170 

Knox 

10,627 

11,084 

16,067 

Greene 

8,821 

12.813 

16,048 

Morgan 

10,741 

14,676 

16,082 

Fountain 

11,218 

18,268 

16,972 

Delaware 

8.843 

10,848 

15,865 

Lawrence 

11,782 

12,097 

15,708 

Parke 

13,499 

14,968 

15,448 

Sullivan 

8,816 

10,141 

16,882 

Huntington. . . . 

1,679 

7,860 

14,986 

Johnson....  ••• 

9,852 

12,101 

14,866 

Jennings 

8,829 

12,096 

14,748 

1840. 

Howard. 

Clinton 7,608 

Gibson. 8,977 

Noble 2,702 

Owen 8,869 

DeKalb 1.968 

Carroll 7,819 

Daviess 6.720 

Warrick 6,321 

Spencer. 6,806 

Switzerland...  9,920 

Monroe 10,148 

Hancock 7.585 

Marshall  ....  1,651 

Clay 6,6«7 

Orange 9,602 

Perry 4,656 

Lagrange 3,664 

Jay 8,868 

Wells 1,822 

Whitlev 1,237 

Dubois. 8,632 

Steuben 2,578 

Porter 2,162 

Pike 4,769 

Warren 5,656 

Lake 1,468 

Fayette 9,8  ;i7 

Fulton 1,993 

Adams 2,261 

Martin 3,876 

White 1,882 

Crawford 6,282 

Tipton 

Scott       4.242 

Union 8.017 

Brown 2,864 

Pulaski 661 

Ohio .... 

Vermillion....  8.274 

Jasper. 1,267 

Blackford 1,226 

Stark 149 

Benton 

Newton 


18§0. 

6,667 

11,869 

10.771 

7,946 

12.106 

8,261 

11,016 

10,862 

8,811 

8,616 

12.932 

11,286 

9.698 

6,848 

7.944 

10,809 

7.268 

8.887 

7,047 

6.152 

6.190 

6.321 

6.104 

6,234 

7.720 

7,887 

8.991 

10.217 

6.982 

6,797 

6,941 

4.761 

6,624 

8.582 

6,835 

6,944 

4,846 

2,696 

6,808 

8,661 

8,640 

2,860 

667 

1,144 


I860. 

14,626 

14,468 

14,467 

14,887 

14,b08 

13,895 

18,649 

13,486 

13,295 

18,027 

12,884 

12,809 

12,781 

12,724 

12,174 

12,000 

11.867 

11,868 

11,182 

10,887 

10.761 

10,486 

10,474 

10,802 

10,188 

10,074 

10,000 

9,882 

9,427 

9,252 

8,976 

8,601 

8.830 

8,192 

7,338 

7.171 

6,608 

6.708 

6.475 

6,061 

4,806 

4,128 

8.209 

2,482 

2,264 


Total. . . .  686,866  923,430  1,850,000 


Statistics  of  Population,  etc. 


135 


POPULATIOlf  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Tbe  population  of  New  Jersey  for  i860  shows  a  decided  iDcrease,  mainly 
confined,  however,  to  the  counties  immediately  adjoining  New  York  city,  or 
within  the  circnit  of  its  trade  : — 

1840.     1850.      I860. 

BMex. 44,621  78,960  98,916 

Hadsoo 9,488  21,822  65,928 

Mercer. 21,602  27,992  89,9e9 

Burlington....  8*2,881  48,208  89,858 

MoDmoath... ..  82,909  80,818  87,900 

Middlesex....  21,893  28,685  86,886 

Morris 25,844  80,158  84,699 

Oanaden 26,422  84,169 

HoDterdon....  24,789  28,990  88,664 

Passaic  r 16,784  22,669  29,021 

Warren 20,866  22,868  28,408 

Sussex. 21,770  22,989  28,691 


1840. 

Somerset 17,466 

Cumberland  ..      14,874 

Salom 16.024 

Bergen 18,228 

Union 

Gloucester ....     25,488 

Atlantic 8,726 

Ocean 

Gape  May 5,824 

Total  ....  878,806 


1850. 

1860. 

19,692 

28,200 

17,189 

22.606 

19,467 

22,484 

14,725 

21.619 

20,615 

14,655 

18,448 

8,961 

11,786 

10,082 

11,209 

6.438 

7,162 

189,656  660,098 

MTTERESTING  SPECULiTIOW. 


In  the  year  1815,  the  late  Elkanah  Watson,  as  appears  in  "  Men  and  Times 
of  the  Bevolution," — page  522,  2d  ed. — made  and  published  the  following  esti- 
mate of  the  probable  population  of  the  United  States  for  a  long  series  of  years. 
Tbe  actual  result  thus  far  shows  a  singular  approximation  to  the  calculation. 
He  calculated  that  the  population  would  be — 


1820. 
1830. 
1810. 
1850. 
1860. 
1870. 
1880. 
1890. 
1900. 
1980. 
1950. 
1970. 
2000. 


9,625.784  ;  ihn  actual  result  was. 

12,833.645;  tho  actual  re^iult  was. 

17,116,526;  the  actml  result  was. 

28,185,368;  the  actual  result  was. 

81,763.864 

42,828,482 

66.450,241 

77,266.989 
100.355,892 

183.0(10,000,  in  round  numbers. 
177,000,000 
236,00^,000 
283,000,000  " 


9,688.151 
12,866,020 
17,062,666 
28,191,876 


1694... 

1768-9 
1787.  . 


P0PITLATI0.V  OP  SPAm. 
Official  estimates  of  the  population  of  Spain,  in  many  respects  necessarily 
imperfect  and  urreliable,  were  made  in  1768-9, 1833,  1845,  and  1850.    The 
published  results  were  as  follows  : — 

8.207,000 1  1883 12,287,000 

9,160,000    1846 12,163,000 

10.263,000    1 850 10,042,000 

1797 10,551,000  | 

The  new  enumeration  proves  that  the  inhabitants  of  the  kiaglom  number 
15,464,000  people,  cxistioT:  in  an  area  of  194,782  square  miles ;  thus  giving  a  pop- 
ulation of  nearly  79  for  every  square  mile,  a  density  about  one  third  that  of 
Great  Britain.  Pour  cities  of  the  realm  contain  over  100,000,  namely: — 
Madrid,  with  281,170 ;  Barcelona,  with  183,787  ;  Seville,  112,529,  and  Valencia, 
with  106,435. 


136  J^tistics  of  Popuhtiony  etc. 

DIMENSIONS  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  EUROPEAN  CHURCHES. 

The  Roman  Adverliser,  in  an  article  compiled  to  show  the  impossibility  of 
St.  Peter's,  at  Rome,  being  ever  crowded,  gives  some  curious  statistics  as  to  the 
comparative  capacity  of  the  most  celebrated  churches  in  Europe.  We  add  a 
column,  exhibiting  the  number  of  square  yards.  Those  who  attended  at  St 
Peter's  during  the  august  ceremonies  of  Christmas  day  might,  perhaps,  have 
imagined  that  temple,  in  all  parts  open  to  the  public  during  the  function,  as 
much  crowded  as  possible.  To  show  the  impossibility  of  St.  Peter's  being  ever 
crowded,  we  annex  the  following  statistics  of  its  capabilities,  as  compared  with 
other  great  churches,  allowing  four  persons  to  every  quadrate  meter  (square 
yard)  : — 

Persona.       8q.  yardf. 

St.  Peter's 54,000           13,600 

Milan  Cathedral 87.000  9.5?50 

St.  Paul's,  at  Rome 82,000  8.000 

St.  Paul's,  at  London 26,600  6.400 

St.  Petronio,  at  Bologna 24,400  6,100 

Florence  Caihedral 24,800  6,076 

Antwerp  Cathedral * .  24.090  6,000 

St  5>op»iia'8,  Conetantinople 28,000  6,760 

St.  John  Lateran ,' 22,900  6,726 

Notre  Dame,  at  Paris 21,000  6,260 

Piea  Cathedral 18,000  8,260 

St.  Stephen's,  at  Vienna 12,400  8,100 

St.  Doniinic'e,  at  Bologna 12.000  8,000 

St  Peter's,  at  Bologna 11,400  «,860 

Cathedral  of  Sienna 11.000  2,760 

St  Marks,  Venice 7,000  1.760 

The  piazza  of  St.  Peter's,  in  its  widest  limits,  allowing  12  persons  to  the 
square  yard,  holds  624,000 ;  allowing  four  to  the  same,  drawn  up  in  military 
array,  202,000.  In  its  narrower  limits,  not  comprising  the  porticos  or  the  P  * 
azza  Rustiencei,  474,000,  crowded,  and  138,000  in  military  array  to  the  quadrate 
metre. 

MARRIAGE  LY  OERMAlfr. 

Marriage  in  Germany  is  preceded  by  the  following  forms  and  ceremonies : — 
Ist,  proposal ;  2d,  betrothal ;  3d,  a  public  dinner  or  supper  of  announcement ; 
4th,  the  protocoling  or  testimonials  required  by  government — being,  1st,  acerti- 
ficate  of  vaccination  ;  2d,  a  weekday  school  ticket,  in  proof  of  regular  attend- 
ance there ;  a  certificate  of  attendance  upon  a  religious  teacher— 4th,  a  certifi- 
cate of  conformation  ;  5th,  a  conduct  certificate ;  6th,  a  service  book  ;  7th,  a 
wanderbuch,  (this  refers  to  the  compulsory  travels  of  their  handworks  burchen 
or  handicraftsmen  ;)  8th,  an  apprentice  ticket ;  9th,  a  statement  made  and  sub- 
stantiated as  to  property,  which,  if  not  satisfactory  according  to  circumstances, 
destroys  the  whole  thing  ;  10th,  a  permission  from  the  parents  ;  11th,  residence, 
permission  ticket ;  12th,  a  certificate  as  to  the  due  performance  of  militia  duties ; 
13th,  an  examination  ticket;  14th,  a  ticket  of  business,  or  occupation,  at  the 
time.  The  higher  classes  have  more  difficulties  than  these.  Thus  a  Bavarian 
officer  cannot  marry  until  he  has  provided  £40  per  annum  for  his  future  family. 


Mercantile  Miscellanies.  137 


MERCANTILE  MISCELLANIES. 


FRENCH  WINES. 


At  present  there  are  some  twelve  or  thirteen  thousand  vinyard  proprietors. 
The  vine  growing  districts  are  divided  into  the  Coteaux,  the  Graves,  and  the 
Palas.  The  Coteaux  are  the  mountain  slopes,  often  so  steep  that  they  could  be 
applied  to  no  other  purpose,  and  generally  composed  of  marl,  chalk,  and  argilla- 
ceoas  substances,  so  badly  mixed  near  the  summit  as  to  offer  very  serious  im- 
pediments to  cultivation.  The  Graves  are  plains  of  diluvian  origin,  consisting 
of  sand,  pebbles,  and  gravel,  intermixed  as  if  by  the  rapid  action  of  a  current 
of  water.  The  Palus  are  deep,  fat  soils,  apparently  the  slow  formed  sediment 
of  standing  water,  and  the  wines  made  in  these  show  a  remarkable  fitness  for 
transportation,  and  are  sent  in  large  quantities  to  India  and  America.  Many 
of  the  communes  have  an  European  celebrity.  The  Medoc  district  lies  between 
the  Gironde  River  and  the  Gulf  of  Gascony,  and  is  devoted  exclusively  to  the 
production  of  the  finest  qualities.  The  commune  of  Blanquefort  is  noted  for  a 
delicious,  dry,  white  wine,  and  the  red  wines  of  this  region  are  free  from  that 
earthy  flavor  which  is  the  common  defect  of  wines  raised  on  the  plain.  The 
neighboring  canton  of  Cantenac  is  also  famous  for  the  softness  and  bouquet  of 
its  wines,  and  to  the  south  lies  Margaux,  on  a  flinty  gravel,  where  about  1,000 
tons  are  raised  annually. 

The  celebrated  estate  of  Chateau  Margaux  produces  rather  more  than  on^ 
hondred  tuns,  and  is  eagerly  welcomed  all  over  the  continent.  The  Champagne 
district  comprises  the  Ardennes,  Marne,  Aube,  and  Haute  Marne.  In  the  Marne 
the  product  of  the  arrondissement  of  Epernay  is  calculated  at  the  value  of  three 
milHoD  francs  per  annum;  that  of  Reims  at  six  millions;  that  of  Yitry  at 
nearly  a  million  and  a  half.  The  best  red  wines  go  to  the  low  countries,  Prus- 
sia, and  the  Rhenish  Provinces ;  the  Sillery  comes  principally  to  England.  Here 
the  greatest  care  is  necessary ;  every  imperfect  grape  is  excluded,  and  every 
rough  motion  guarded  against.  The  must,  having  been  pressed,  is  turned  into 
a  vat  for  some  hours  to  deposit  its  grosser  lees ;  it  is  then  allowed  to  Cerment, 
and  by  Christmas,  when  the  fermentation  is  well  over,  and  the  weather  dry  and 
frosty,  the  wine  is  racked  and  fined.  These  processes  are  repeated  at  different 
intervals,  according  as  the  wine  is  intended  to  be  mousseux  or  still.  The  pro- 
cess of  bottling  is  excessively  troublesome.  In  the  first  place  the  wine  is  very 
capricious  about  becoming  effervescent.  Sometimes  the  desired  change  takes 
place  in  a  fortnight,  sometimes  not  for  many  weeks.  Sometimes,  when  it  has 
obstinately  withstood  every  attempt  for  a  length  of  time,  it  will  become  spark- 
ling without  the  least  apparent  reason.  The  bottling  is  done  by  workmen  in 
sets  of  five,  called  ateliers,  each  man  having  his  own  portion  of  the  task.  M. 
MoBT,  at  Epernay,  has  seldom  less  than  half  a  million  bottles  to  be  thus  filled, 
and  often  ten  ateliers  at  work  at  the  same  time. 

The  bottles,  when  filled,  are  carried  into  vaults  excavated  in  the  chalk  rock, 
and  here  numbers  explode  from  the  formation  of  carbonic  acid  gas.  Sometimes, 
in  July  and  August,  the  explosions  have  been  known  to  range  as  high  as  40  per 


1^8  Mercantile  Miscellames, 

cent  of  the  whole  nomber.  The  proprietor  generally  acquiesces  in  the  loss  of  8 
per  cent,  but  after  that  stage  the  gas  is  considered  to  be  becoming  •*  farious," 
the  bottles  are  taken  down,  placed  in  a  lower  cellar,  flooded  with  cold  water, 
and  sometimes  uncorked.  In  September  the  breakage  ceases,  and  in  October 
another  process  is  commenced.  A  deposit  has  by  this  time  formed  in  the  bot- 
tles, and  to  get  rid  of  it  they  are  placed  topsy-turvy  for  some  days,  and  slightly 
tapped  at  intervals.  This  disengages  the  deposit,  and  makes  it  fall  on  the  cork. 
A  clever  workman  then  cuts  the  fastenings,  lets  ofl*  the  cork,  which  carries  the 
deposit  along  with  it,  and  a  fresh  one  is  then  inserted  before  the  wine  has  time 
to  escape.  If  wine  is  kept  long,  it  is  sometimes  subjected  to  several  of  these 
degagements,  whereby  greater  purity  is  obtained,  and  its  costliness,  of  course, 
seriously  enhanced. 

The  only  other  district  we  can  notice  is  that  of  Drome,  which  is  the  native 
soil  of  Hermitage.  Real  Hermitage  is  made  from  the  Scyras,  a  Persian  grape, 
and  is  found  on  the  hills  from  St.  Vallier  to  Tain.  It  goes  on  improving  for 
ten  or  fifteen  years,  and  is  generally  not  bottled  till  it  is  five  or  six  years  old. 
The  white  Hermitage  is  made  from  the  Roussanne  grape,  and  is  extraordinarily 
slow  in  the  process  of  fermentation.  The  annual  yield  of  real  white  Hermitage 
is  probably  not  more  than  120  casks  of  210  litres  apiece.  It  will  keep  perfectly 
good  for  a  century,  though  after  thirty  years  its  perfume  and  taste  are  slightly 
modified.  The  straw  Hermitage  is  the  best  of  the  French  vins  de  liqueur.  The 
most  perfect  grapes  are  chosen  and  laid  to  dry  upon  straw  for  five  or  six  weeks  ; 
they  are  then  plucked  from  the  stems  and  carefully  pressed.  Little  of  it  is  made, 
and  its  price  is  enormous,  from  the  frequent  failures  against  which  the  manufac- 
turer has  to  contend,  since  it  is  only  when  the  grape  is  in  a  particular  stage  of 
maturity  and  the  weather  precisely  suitable,  that  Hermitage  Paille  can  be  (uc- 
oessfully  produced. 

WEALTH  T8.  HAPPIlfESS. 

The  insuflBciency  of  mere  wealth  to  confer  happiness  is  strikingly  illustrated 
in  the  life  of  Nathan  Myrrs  RoTHscnn.D,  the  Jew,  who  died  in  London  some 
years  ago,  "  one  of  the  most  devout  worshipers  that  ever  laid  a  withered  soul 
on  the  altar  of  Mammon."  For  years  he  wielded  the  purse  of  the  world,  open- 
ing and  closing  it  to  kings  and  emperors  as  he  listed,  and  upon  certain  occasions 
was  supposed  to  have  more  influence  in  Great  Britain  than  the  proudest  and  . 
wealthiest  of  her  nobles — perhaps  more  influence  than  the  houses  of  Parliament 
together.  He  once  purchased  bills  of  the  government  in  a  single  day  to  the 
amount  of  twenty  millions,  and  also  the  gold  which  he  knew  the  government 
would  have  to  pay  them  ;  and  with  the  profits  of  a  single  loan  purchased  an  es- 
tate which  cost  him  seven  hundred  thousand  dollars.  But  with  the  clearest  and 
widest  comprehension  in  money  matters,  with  the  most  piercing  insight  into  all 
possible  eff*ecting  causes  in  the  money  market,  and  with  ingenuity  to  effect  the 
profouudest,  most  subtle,  and  most  unsuspected  combinations — an  ingenuity  be- 
fore which  all  the  other  prodigies  of  calculations  sink  into  insignificance — he 
was,  withal,  a  little  soul.  He  exercised  his  talents  and  calculating  powers,  not 
only  for  the  accumulation  of  millions,  and  the  management  of  national  creditors, 
but  also  for  the  determination  of  the  smallest  possible  pittance  on  which  a  clerk's 


Mercantile  MtsceUantes.  139 

•oal  cofild  be  reiaiDed  in  connection  with  his  body.  To  part  with  a  shilling  in 
the  waj  of  charity  cut  him  to  the  heart.  One  of  his  grand  rules,  *'  Never  to 
have  anything  to  do  with  an  unlucky  roan  or  place" — which  was  also  one  of 
John  Jacob  Astor's  principles — however  shrewd  in  a  worldly  point  of  view, 
was  the  very  quintessence  of  selfishness  and  Mammonism.  He  was,  in  short,  a 
thorough-going  Mammon-worshiper — his  soul  converted  into  a  machine  or  engine 
for  coining  guineas,  and  every  emotion,  immortal  longing,  dead  within  him. 
Gaineas  he  did  coin  to  a  sum  almost  fabulous ;  but  with  all  his  colossal  wealih 
he  was  profoundly  unhappy ;  and  with  sorrowful  earnestness  once  exclaimed,  to 
one  congratulating  him  on  the  gorgeous  magnificence  of  his  palatial  mansion, 
and  thence  inferring  that  he  was  happy,  "  Happy !  me  happy  /" 


THE  COMPASS— ITS  VARIATION  AND  DEVIATION. 

To  Christopher  Columbus  is  justly  attributed  the  discovery  of  the  variation 
of  the  compass,  and  to  Dampibr  that  of  local  aUraclion,  or  the  deviation  of  the 
needle  from  its  true  meridian.  The  variation  is  far,  open,  and  above  board,  but 
the  deviation  is  a  secret  enemy,  concealed  from  observation,  and  unless  detected 
and  its  effects  avoided  by  due  allowance,  the  destruction  of  the  ships  and  loss  of 
life  is  tolerably  certain.  The  names  of  Flanders  and  Barlow  deserve  to  be 
honorably  mentioned  in  connection  with  local  attraction,  who  tried  many  experi- 
ments and  made  many  useful  discoveries,  among  which  may  be  mentioned  that 
important  one  that  all  the  influences  of  iron  bodies  exerted  on  the  compass  are 
on  their  surfaces.  Experiments  will  show  that  the  compass  will  give  different 
bearings  of  the  same  object  when  placed  in  different  parts  of  the  ship ;  that 
when  the  ship's  head  is  on  the  magnetic,  north  or  south,  there  is  no  perceptible 
effects  from  local  attraction,  because  when  the  ship  is  in  that  position  the  attrac- 
tion of  the  various  masses  of  iron  on  board  acts  in  unison  with  the  magnetism 
of  the  earth  ;  and  when  the  ship's  head  is  on  the  east  or  west  points,  the  local 
attraction  is  the  greatest,  and  at  the  intermediate  points  the  deviation  of  the 
needle  varies  nearly  in  the  proportion  of  the  sine  of  the  angle  between  the  bear- 
ing of  the  ship's  bead  and  the  magnetic  meridian  to  radius,  and  the  maximium 
of  deviation  in  the  same  compass  will  be  different  in  different  parts  of  the  ship 
and  in  different  parts  of  the  world ;  or,  that  the  force  of  the  local  attraction  of 
the  vessel  varies  with  the  dip  of  the  magnetic  needle,  or  in  proportion  to  the 
distance  from  the  magnetic  equator.  The  Polar  expedition  from  England  in 
lbl8.  afforded  Professor  Barlow  (a  name  well  known  in  the  annals  of  science) 
an  admirable  opportunity  for  confirming  still  further  the  laws  laid  down  by  Flan- 
ders, as  the  ships  passed  through  a  considerable  variety  of  variation,  and  also 
approach  the  north  magnetic  pole.  Constant  observations  were  accordingly 
made  on  board  the  Alexandria  and  Isabella,  at  the  suggestion  of  the  professor, 
and  it  was  found  l>efore  they  had  nearly  reached  Greenland  that  the  compasses 
of  one  ship  differed  as  much  as  11°  from  those  of  the  other  ship,  and  that  the 
same  compass  gave  different  results  to  the  extent  of  10°  in  different  parts  of  the 
same  ship.  As  the  two  vesst^ls  passed  up  Davis  Straits  the  compasses  became 
sluggish ;  and  in  the  subsequent  voyage  of  Sir  E.  Perry,  as  he  passed  through 
Barrow  Straits,  they  became  totally  useless;  thus  confirming  the  conclusion  of 
Flanders,  that  although  the  absolute  magnetic  force  of  the  earth  would  be 
greatest  at  the  magnetic  polf..  yet  its  horizontal  or  directive  power  would  then 
entirely  cease,  having  become  gradually  less  in  proportion  as  the  angle  increased, 
which  the  dipping  needle  makes  with  the  horizontal  plane.  But  while  the  hori- 
zontal needle  is  thus  forsaken  by  the  earth's  magnetic  power,  the  various  magnetic 
bodies  in  the  ship  which  surround  it  are  still  acting  on  it  with  a  directive  force 
which  relatively  increases  as  the  directive  force  of  the  magnetic  pole  diminishes. 

The  discordance  in  the  variations  observed  at  sea,  and  the  difficulty  of  arriv- 
iog  at  the  actual  inclination  which  the  magnetic  meridian  makes  with  the  true 


140  Mercantile  Miscellanies. 

one,  can  only  Im^  attributed  to  the  want  of  a  doe  observance  of  the  foregoing 
facts.  But  those  facts  are  now  so  universally  admitted  that  it  is  unnecessary  to 
multiply  proofs  either  of  their  existence,  or  of  the  evil  consequences  which  must 
arise  from  their  neglect.  Whatever  may  be  the  number  of  compasses  carried  to 
sea  in  a  merchant  ship,  one  only  at  a  time  should  be  used  on  deck,  and  that  should 
be  always  in  the  binnacle,  its  proper  place. 

Most  ships,  however,  have  a  double  or  second  binnacle,  and  the  compass  in 
the  one  serves  as  a  check  on  the  other.  But,  like  two  of  a  trade,  they  seldom 
agree,  wrangling  or  disputing  about  a  half  or  a  quarter  of  a  point.  If  this 
difference  was  constant,  it  might  be  reconciled,  and  be  considered  one  and  the 
same  thing,  but  that  is  not  the  case.  A  good  steering  compass,  being  once  in- 
stalled in  the  binnacle,  becomes  responsible  for  the  whole  magnetic  affairs  of  the 
ship,  a  most  onerous  duty,  but  one  that  it  is  quite  capable  of  undertaking. 
Magnetism,  under  its  most  finished  appliances,  is  but  an  unsatisfactory  subject 
Id  point  of  precision.  It  can  scarcely  be  ranked  among  the  sciences.  Indeed, 
the  more  perfect  the  needles  are  the  more  evident  become  their  discordances  ;  and 
any  magnetic  needle  is  but  a  means  of  knowing  at  all  times  the  direction  of  the 
true  meridian  by  applying  its  ascertained  variation.  Two  magnetic  needles  are 
seldom  known  to  give  the  same  magnetic  meridian,  even  when  free  from  local 
attraction.  The  natural  conclusion  of  all  this  is,  that  we  must  not  attempt  to 
deal  with  the  compass  by  hairs*  breadths.  If  we  can  be  certain  always  that  it 
will  give  a  bearing  within  the  same  degree  of  the  horizon,  in  our  dealings  with 
it,  we  shall  have  good  reason  to  be  satisfied.  What  is  a  degree  of  the  horizon  ? 
About  twice  the  diameter  of  the  sun.  The  navigation  of  a  ship  would  be  per- 
fect, indeed,  if  after  a  voyage  she  would  make  a  lighthouse  within  these  limits. 
Such  perfection  is  not,  however,  to  be  expected  in  all  cases  in  the  present  imper- 
fect state  of  our  mercantile  marine,  nor  can  it  be  so  while  men,  ignorant  of  our 
language,  green  hands,  ignorant  of  their  duty,  are  shipped  for  seamen,  and  doU 
lars  are  cousidered  the  first  qualification  to  procure  commandof  a  ship,  and  while 
natural  science,  seamanship,  and  habitual  sobriety  are  scarcely  recognized  as 
qualifications  in  officers.  Therefore  compasvses  graduated  to  degrees,  without 
affecting  minutes,  may  well  be  said  to  be  sufficient  for  all  the  common  purposes 
of  navigation. 

A  CHINESE  MERCHABTT. 

I  lately  visited,  says  a  correspondent  in  the  Gazette  de  Frartee,  the  estate  of  a 
Chinese  merchant  of  Canton,  named  Portingda,  and  on  which  he  spends 
3,000,000  francs  a  year — an  immense  sum  in  a  country  where  labor  is  to  be  had 
almost  for  nothing.  The  property  is  larger  than  a  king's  domain.  This  China- 
man made  his  fortune  in  the  opium  trade,  and  is  said  to  possess  more  than 
100,000,000  francs.  He  has  fifty  wives  and  eighty  domestics,  without  counting 
thirty  gardeners,  laborers,  &c.,  and  owns  in  the  north  of  China  a  still  finer  estate. 
He  has  a  great  liking  for  the  French  and  receives  them  well.  When  I  went 
with  two  friends  to  visit  his  mansion,  he  had  just  left,  but  I  was  received  by  a 
steward  who  conducted  us  over  the  house  and  grounds.  In  front  of  the  house 
is  a  vast  garden,  in  which  are  the  rarest  flowers,  and  a  wide  alley  leads  to  the 
principal  entrance.  The  apartments  are  vast,  the  floors  being  in  marble ;  they 
are  ornamented  with  columns  of  the  same  material  and  of  sandal- wood,  encrusted 
with  motber-o'-pearl,  gold,  silver,  and  precious  stones.  Splendid  looking  glasses 
of  a  prodigious  height,  furniture  in  precious  wood  covered  with  Japan  lacquer, 
and  magnificent  carpels  of  velvet  and  silk  decorate  the  rooms.  The  apartments 
are  separated  from  each  other  by  movable  partitions  of  cypress  and  sandal- wood, 
which  are  ornamented  with  charming  designs,  and  cut  right  through  the  wood, 
60  to  permit  one  room  to  be  seen  from  the  other.    From  the  ceilings  are  sus* 


Mercantile  Miscellanies.  141 

pended  cbandeliers  ornameDted  with  precious  stones.  There  are  more  than  thirty 
piles  of  baildings  in  the  whole  edifice,  which  are  united  by  covered  galleries 
with  colamns  and  pavements  in  marble.  The  lodgings  of  the  women  are  decorated 
with  more  than  Eastern  splendor.  An  entire  army  might  be  lodged  in  the  house 
and  grounds.  Water  courses,  on  which  are  gilded  junks,  traverse  them  in  all 
directions ;  and  at  intervals  are  vast  basins,  in  which  are  swans,  ibises,  and  an 
inOnite  variety  of  birds.  There  are  also  pagodas  nine  stories  high,  which  are 
very  remarkable ;  some  are  in  marble,  others  in  sandal-wood,  carved  with  great 
art.  In  the  gardens  are  extensive  aviaries  of  the  rarest  and  most  beautiful 
birds.  In  front  of  the  women's  apartments  is  a  theater  in  which  a  hundred  actors 
can  perform,  and  so  placed  that  people  ic  the  apartments  can  see  without  diffi- 
culty. Near  the  outer  door  is  a  printing  office,  in  which  M.  Portingua  causes 
the  memoirs  of  his  family  to  be  prepared  for  posterity. 


T£N  YEARS. 

The  changes  which  have  taken  place  between  1860  and  1860  in  the  economic 
condition  of  our  country  are  very  great.  In  that  period  the  gold  mines  have 
been  discovered  in  California  and  Australia.  In  1840  we  had  $4  paper  circula- 
tion to  $1  of  specie ;  in  1850  only  $3  to  $1 ;  in  1860  less  than  $2  to  $1.  In  1849 
the  product  of  precious  metals  was  ^95,000,000 ;  in  1859  it  was  ^264,000,000. 
The  whole  amount  now  in  the  world  is  estimated  'at  $10,000,000,000,  of  which 
six-tenths  is  silver.  It  was  always  supposed  that  a  sudden  increafie  in  the  quantity 
of  money  increases  prices.  This  has  not  provM  true,  for  in  spite  of  the  influx 
of  gold,  and  in  spite  of  the  repeal  of  the  English  corn  laws,  which  has  enabled 
us  to  export  immense  quantities  of  flour  and  grain,  prices  in  general  are  lower 
and  wages  higher  than  they  ever  were  before.  Tables  show  that  prices  generally 
daring  forty  years  were  highest  in  1837  and  lowest  about  1843.  Flour  was  so 
scarce  in  1847  that  we  imported  $5,000,000 ;  its  average  price  for  forty  years 
has  been  $6  54  per  barrel.  The  sale  of  tea  has  increased  in  twenty-five  years 
from  13,000,000  to  36,000,000  pounds,  the  average  price  for  that  period  has 
been  48  cents.  The  cotton  crop  has  increased  in  forty  yeara  from  180,000,000 
to  1,800,000,000  pounds.  A  great  demand  for  breadstuSs  from  1850  to  1857 
occasioned  by  railway  labor  and  the  repeal  of  the  British  corn  laws,  kept  prices 
generally  on  the  advance ;  but  in  1857,  on  account  of  the  abundant  crops,  the 
slackening  of  the  shipping  and  railway  interests,  and  a  glutted  cotton  market,  a 
downward  tendency  prevailed.  Our  exports  of  breadstufl*s  from  1850  to  1860 
were  $480^000.000.  Prices  do  not  seem  generally  to  be  affected  by  thc^fluctua* 
tions  of  paper  currency.  In  1849  the  bank-note  circulation  was  $119,000,000 ; 
in  1852,  $173,000,000 ;  in  March,  1858,  it  was  $120,000,000,  shortly  after  which 
it  rose  to  $156,000,000. 

THE  NATURE  OF  WEALTH  AND  POVERTY. 

Men  rarely  know  the  meaning  of  the  word  *'  rich."  It  is  a  relative  word, 
implying  its  opposite  "  poor,"  as  positively  as  the  word  "  north  "  implies  its  op- 
posite **  south."  Men  nearly  always  speak  and  write  as  if  richea  were  absolute, 
and  it  were  possible,  by  following  certain  scientific  precepts,  for  every  body  to 
be  rich.  Whereas  riches  are  a  power  like  that  of  electricity,  acting  only  through 


142  Mercantile  Miscellanies. 

iDequalities  or  negatioDS  of  itself.  The  force  of  the  gainea  yon  have  in  yoar 
pocket  depends  wholly  oo  the  default  of  a  gaioea  in  your  neighbor's  pocket. 
If  be  did  not  want  it,  it  would  be  of  no  use  to  you ;  the  degree  of  power  it  pes* 
Besses  depends  accurately  upon  the  need  or  desire  he  has  felt  for  it ;  and  the  art 
of  making  yourself  rich,  in  the  ordinary  mercantile  economist's  sense,  is  there- 
fore equally  and  necesarily  the  art  of  keeping  your  neighbor  poor.  An  accu- 
mulation of  real  property  is  of  little  use  to  its  owner  unless,  together  with  it,  he 
has  commercial  power  over  kbor.  Thus,  suppose  any  person  to  be  put  in  pos- 
session of  a  large  estate  of  fruitful  land,  witii  rich  beds  of  gold  in  its  gravel, 
countless  herds  of  cattle  in  its  pastures ;  houses  and  gardens,  and  storehouses 
full  of  useful  stores;  but  suppose,  after  all,  that  he  could  get  no  servants.  Id 
order  that  he  may  be  able  to  have  servants  some  one  in  his  neighborhood  must 
be  poor,  and  in  want  of  his  gold  or  his  corn.  Assume  that  no  one  is  in  want  of 
either,  and  that  no  servants  are  to  be  had.  He  must  therefore  bake  his  own 
bread,  make  his  own  clothes,  plow  his  own  ground,  and  shepherd  his  own  flocks. 
His  gold  will  be  as  useful  to  him  as  any  other  yellow  pebbles  on  his  estate.  His 
stores  must  rot,  for  he  cannot  consume  them.  He  can  eat  no  more  than  another 
man  could  eat,  and  wear  no  more  than  another  man  could  wear.  He  must  lead 
a  life  of  severe  and  common  labor  to  procure  even  ordinary  comforts :  he  will 
be  ultimately  unable  to  keep  either  houses  in  repair  or  fields  in  cultivation,  and 
forced  to  content  himself  with  a  poor  man's  cottage  and  garden  in  the  midst 
of  a  desert  of  waste  land  trampled  by  wild  cattle  and  encumbered  by  ruins  of 
palaces  which  he  Will  hardly  moc}i  at  himself  by  calling  "  his  own." 


THE  ENVELOP  BUSINESS. 

This  has  now  become  one  of  the  most  important  branches  of  business,  and  a 
large  capital  is  invested  in  it  in  various  places.  Envelops  were  not  introduced 
into  Great  Britain  until  the  year  1839,  and  it  was  many  years  after  that  before 
they  became  generally  used  there.  In  this  country  it  was  not  until  the  year 
1845  that  they  were  adopted,  but  in  1850  it  is  said  100  out  of  every  112  letters 
were  protected  by  an  envelop,  and  since  that  time  they  have  almost  universally 
been  employed.  For  some  time  envelops  were  cut  out  and  folded  by  hand,  bat 
the  increasing  demand  soon  led  to  the  invention  of  machines  for  this  purpose. 
In  this  country  Mr.  Gerald  Sickles,  of  New  York,  was  the  first  to  perfect  a 
machine,  which  answered  a  very  good  purpose  for  a  while,  but  it  is  now  super- 
seded by  others  of  a  much  better  order,  and  at  the  present  time  Messrs.  Trum- 
bull, Waters  &  Co.,  of  this  city,  are  supposed  to  own  the  patent  of  the  best 
machine  for  the  manufacture  of  envelops  which  is  used.  It  is  the  invention  of 
Dr.  R.  L.  LTawes,  of  this  city,  who  is  the  originator  of  the  envelop  business 
here.  The  present  firm  of  Trumbull,  Waters  &  Co.  have  in  use  seventeen  of 
these  machines,  the  capacity  of  each  being  10,000  per  day.  They  employ  steam 
power,  and  produce  about  60,000,000  envelops  annually,  which  are  valued  at 
$1  75  a  thousand  on  an  average,  and  which  find  a  market  in  all  parts  of  the 
country,  they  being  sold  to  jobbers  in  every  principal  city  of  the  Union.  The 
largest  shipment  in  any  one  lot  was  seven  tons  sent  to  one  jobber  to  fill  an  order. 
They  manufacture  250  varieties  and  sizes,  and  of  all  styles,  and  employ  seventy- 
fire  persons  in  the  business. 


The  Book  Trade.  148 


THE  BOOK  TRADE. 


L — Notes  on  ike  Parables  of  our  Lord.  By  Richard  Oheneyix  Trench. 
12mo.,  pp.  288.     New  York  :  D.  Appleton  &  Co. 

All  freely  acknowledge  the  great  superiority  of  Dean  Trench's  work  on  the 
Parables  to  any  other  on  the  subject  in  the  English  language.  Unsurpassed  by 
none  in  depth  of  spiritual  insight,  or  in  truly  evangelical  sentiment,  it  is  un- 
rivaled by  any  in  elaborateness  and  critical  value.  The  author  would  seem  to 
have  left  nothing  unexamined  that  could  by  poasibility  throw  even  a  side-light 
on  these  mysticisms.  To  the  Christian  student  the  book  is  invaluable.  But 
the  size  and  consequent  cost  of  the  work  have  kept  it  beyond  the  easy  reach  of 
very  many.  In  addition  to  which  full  one  third  of  the  book  is  in  the  shape  of 
notes  in  other  languages,  Greek,  Latin,  French,  and  German.  A  chief  object 
of  the  present  volume  is  to  meet  the  wants  of  the  large  class  of  readers  just  re- 
ferred to  ;  it  has  been  thought  also  that  **  Bible  Classes  "  will  be  alike  profited 
and  pleased  with  its  use,  inasmuch  as  the  substance  of  the  larger  work  is  given 
in  very  nearly  the  author's  own  words,  the  reduction  in  size  having  been  mainly 
effect^  by  the  omission  of  detailed  accounts  of  erroneoas  views  and  their  refuta- 
tion, and  of  most  of  the  notes,  these  last  after  having  been  carefully  translated 
and  inwoven  with  the  text.  Thus  little  of  interest  to  the  general  reader  has 
been  omitted  in  this  humbler  volume. 

2. — The  Heroes  of  Europe :  a  Biographical  Outline  of  European  History,  from 
A.  D.  700  to  A.  D.  1700.  By  Henry  G.  Hewlett.  12mo.,  pp.  370.  Bos- 
ton :  Ticknor  &  Fields. 

This  work,  the  author  tells  us,  in  his  otherwise  inexcusable  omission  of  Englisl  • 
men.  has  been  intended  as  a  companion  to  Mr.  J.  G.  Edgar's  Heroes  of  Eng- 
land. The  plan  and  scope,  however,  of  the  two  volumes  are  materially  differeu*. 
Mr.  Edgar  confining  himself  to  the  biographies  of  those  heroes,  who,  against  the 
enemies  of  their  country  have  fought  her  buttles  on  sea  and  land,  while  the  author 
of  the  present  work  has  given  a  wider  meaning  to  the  word  hero,  and  endeavond 
to  furnish  a  biographical  outline  of  European  history  from  the  eighth  to  the 
eighteenth  century.  With  this  aim  he  has  been  influenced  in  his  selection  of 
heroes,  less  by  a  consideration  of  their  personal  eminence  than  of  their  repre- 
sentative value.  Particular  epochs,  movements,  and  episodes  have  thus  been 
illustrated  in  a  single  sketch,  and  threads  of  connection  preserved  throughout 
the  series.  Thus  in  a  few  pages  we  have  brief  but  perfectly  accurate  and  coin- 
prehensive  sketches  of  the  lives  and  achievements  of  such  men  as  Charlemagne, 
Hiiderbrand,  Godfrey  de  Bouillon,  Cosmo  di  Medici,  Niccolo  Macchiavelli, 
Bayard,  Gustavus  Vasa.  Conde  the  Great.  Richelieu,  Wallenstein,  &c.,  &c.,  mak- 
ing up  a  most  readable  and  instructive  volume. 

Z,—Hume  Ballads  and  Posms.    By  John  Greenlbap  Whittier.     12mo.,  pp. 
210.     Boston  :  Ticknor  &  Field. 

The  reading  public  are  all  familiar  with  Whittier's  poems,  and  the  fragments 
we  every  now  and  then  see  flying  around,  marked,  as  they  always  are,  by  deep 
feeling,  delicate  sentiment,  and  lively  fancy.  In  this  little  volume,  styled  Home 
Ballads,  he  mixes  up  with  legends  matters  of  fact  and  every-day  life,  which,  as 
usual,  he  clothes  with  the  liveliest  aspirations  of  fancy.  As  a  poet,  Mr.  Whit- 
tier no  doubt  possesses  distinctive  talent.  His  sentiments  are  always  pure  and 
high,  and  his  mind  creative  and  fanciful ;  but  to  our  mind  too  much  of  an 
alchemist  by  half,  and  often  influenced  by  undue  sympathies  to  the  building  up 
of  deities  which  some,  no  doubt,  would  analyze  as  Puritanical  bigotry,  height- 
ened by  imagination,  attempting  to  lift  mountains  of  fate. 


144  The  Book  IVade. 

4.'- Faithful  Forever.    By  Coventry  Patmore,  author  of  "The  Angel  in  the 
House."    12mo.,  pp.  240.    Boston  :  Ticknor  &  Fields. 

We  liked  to  have  called  this  a  mere  bundle  of  senseless  trash,  void  of  rhyme 
cr  reason  ;  but,  on  a  closer  inspection,  find  it  to  be  a  very  fair  household  poem, 
evincing  considerable  poetic  merit,  as  is  proven  by  the  extract  below  of  an  old 
man's  experience  of  wedlock.  Others  have  gone  much  further  than  this  in  way 
ol'  eulogy,  pronouncing  the  whole  poem  as  a  finished  and  tender  work  of  a  very 
noble  art : — 

"  Few,  if  't  were  known,  wed  whom  they  would  ; 

And  this,  like  all  God's  laws,  is  good. 

For  naught's  so  sad  the  whole  world  o'er 

As  much  love  which  has  once  been  more. 

Glorious  for  warmth  and  light  is  love  ; 
But  worldly  things  in  the  rays  thereof 
Extend  their  shadows,  every  one 
False  as  the  image  which  the  sun 
At  noon  or  eve  dwarfs  or  protracts, 
A  perilous  lamp  to  light  men's  acts  I 
By  Heaven's  King,  impartial  plan. 
Well  wived  is  he,  that's  truly  man, 
If  but  tlie  woman's  womanly, 
As  sure  I  am  your  choice  must  be. 
Lust  of  the  eyes  and  pride  of  life 
Perhaps  she's  not    The  better  wife  I 
]f  it  be  thus,  if  you  have  known 
(As  who  has  not?)  some  heavenly  one 
AVhom  the  dull  background  of  despair 
Help'd  to  show  forth  supremely  fair  ; 
Tf  memory,  still  remorseful  shapes 
Young  passion  bringing  Eschoi  grapes 
To  travelers  in  the  wilderness, 
This  truth  will  make  regret  the  less ; 
Mighty  in  love  as  graces  are 
God's  ordinance  is  mightier  far ; 
And  he  who  is  but  just  and  kind 
And  patient,  shall  for  guerdon  find, 
Before  long,  that  the  body's  bond 
Is  all  else  utterly  beyond 
In  power  of  love  to  actualize 
The  soul's  bond  which  it  signifies, 
And  ever  to  deck  a  wife  with  grace 
External  in  the  form  and  face. 
A  five  years'  wife  and  not  yet  fair? 
Blame  let  the  man,  not  nature  bear !"  etc.,  etc. 

5.— r/ie  Conduct  of  Life.     By  R.  W.  Emerson.     12rao.,  pp.  288.     Boston : 
Ticknor  &  Fields. 

In  this  we  have  a  number  of  essays  from  the  well-known  and  popular  pen  of 
Ralph  Waldo  Emerson,  embracing  the  topics  of  common  life,  such  as  Power, 
Wealth,  Culture,  Behavior,  Worship,  Beauty,  Illusions.etc,  etc.,  written  in  that 

f)ungent,  happy  strain  for  which  he  is  remarkable.  What  Emerson  is  particu- 
nrly  good  at  is  description,  or  rather  celebration.  He  very  seldom  leaves  us 
any  available  rules  to  go  by,  tending  to  enhance  our  own  power  or  enlarge  our 
fields  of  action  ;  and  yet  his  vigor  is  contagious,  aud  is  sure  to  sot  us  thmking 
strongly  for  the  moment,  but,  to  use  a  simile  of  his  own,  what  he  says  is  like  the 
cement  which  the  peddler  sells  at  the  door  ;  he  makes  broken  crockery  hold  with 
it,  but  you  can  never  buy  of  him  a  bit  of  the  cement  which  will  make  it  hold 
when  he  is  gone. 


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VOLUME  XLIV.  FEBRUARY,    1861.  NUMBER  IL 


CONTENTS    OF    NO.  II.,    VOL.    XLIV. 


IBTICLES. 

AST.  PAOB 

L  QUARANTINE  REGITLATIONS :  Proceedings  and  Debatet  of  the  Fourth  National 
Quarantine  and  Sanftanr  Convention,  held  in  the  city  of  Boston,  Jane  14, 1.%  and  16. — 
Keported  for  the  Olty  OoancU  of  Boston.  Quarantine  Regulations*  as  approved  bj  the 
National  Quarantine  and  danltarv  Asioclatlun  of  the  United  dtates,ltf9n.— A  Report  bj 
A.  N.  Bell,  Klisha  Harris,  and  NVilsun  Jewell.  By  Dr.  A.  N.  Bell,  late  Surgeon  in  the 
United  States  Navy 14T 

IL  BECIPROCITr— UNITED  8TATE3  AND  CANADA.     By  Alvix  Beon80»,  Chair- 
man of  the  Oswego  Board  of  Trade 160 

IIL  OOM\fEROIAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL  0ITIE3  OP  THE  UNITED  8TATE3.  No. 
i.xxvtt[.  BOSTON,  MASSAOHUSETrS.  Influence  of  Railroads— Population— Val- 
natlon— Machine  Improvements— Concentration— Boston  the  Center— Industrial  Statis- 
tics—Employment  for  Wom<^n— All  New  Bnzland— New  England  Society— Its  Origin 
— Operatives— Sales— Suspension  — Sesumptlon — Extension  of  Business— The  Past 
Year— Manufiicturing  Activity— Boston  Snipping  List— Markets— Shipping —Mills— 
The  Coming  ITear— Food  and  Materials  —Boots  and  Shoes— Shipping  Interest— Cotton 
—Domostioa— Fish— Floor— Qraln— Wool— Leather. 178 

IT.  VALUATION  OP  LIFE  INSURANCE  POLICIES.    No.  x.    By  Prot  C.  P.  MoCat,  of 

Georgia 184 

JOURNAL  OF  MERCANTILE   LAW. 

Proflti  a&d  Partnership 196 

COHIERCIAl  CHRONICIE  AND   REVIEW. 

PioliUcal  Influences— Subsidence  ot  Panic— Risks  and  Obligations— Civil  War— Failures  in  the 
United  States— Stas^nation  of  Enterprise- Decline  in  Demand  fL>r  Capital— Banic  Retnrns— 
Spring  Business -Large  Exports— Wheat  Value- National  Balance— Low  Rates  of  Bz- 
e&fcnge— Future  Elements  of  Soeculation —Rates  of  Money— Treasury  Notes— Government 
liOftn  -Higher  Rates -Stock  Market— Department  Fraud— Influence  on  Prices- Rate*  oi 
Kicohaoge— Specie  Arrivals— Disposition— Assay-offlce— Mint- Western  Exchange 196-SIl 

VOL.   XLIV, NO.   II,  10 


146  00KTBNT8   OF   NO.   II.,  VOL.  ZUV. 

PAOB 

JOURNAL  OF   BANKING,    CDBBENCT,   AND   FINANCE. 

Olty  Week! V  Bank  Retuni»~B&Dk«  of  New  York,  Boston,  PhilAdelpblo,  N«w  Orleaos,  Pitts- 
burg, 8 1  loula,  Providence 212 

Plke'8  Peak  Gold  Region 217 

Louisiana  YaluaUon 218 

South  Carolina  Debt  and  Finances 210 

Illinois  Bute  Debt 280 

Assessed  Valuation  of  tbe  City  and  County  of  Albany.— Debt  of  Pennsylvania 291 

Illinois  Two  Mill  Tax.— Esmeralda  Assays.- SUte  Bank  of  Iowa.— Illinois  Banks. 222 

STATISTICS    OF    TRADE    AND    COMMERCE. 

The  Whale  Fishery  in  1B60 28$ 

Fremont  Trade.— Trade  of  Norfolk 284 

Brighton  Cattle  Market  for  1860 825 

Trade  of  Hamilton.— Stock  and  Shipments  of  Flour  and  Wheat 8;26 

United  States  Importations.— Trade  of  Detroit— Imports  of  Montreal 287 

Eastern  Shoes  in  Philadelphia.— Number  of  Passengers  by  each  line  of  Steamers 8S8 

United  States  Consumption  of  Sugar 888 

Shipping  of  Gloucester.— Exports  of  Flour  and  Grain  from  Lake  Michigan 899 

Caloric  Engines  in  Spain  and  Germany.... , 9S9 

JOUBNAL  OF    INSUBANCE. 

Rates  of  Insurance 280 

Lives  Lost  by  Fire  during  1860 931 

COMMERCIAL    REGULATIONS. 

List  of  Tares  allowed  by  Law  and  Custom 292 

Pyrites. 285 

NAUTICAL    INTELLIGENCE. 

steamboat  Accidents  during  I860.— Screw  Propellers. 236 

The  Death  Record  on  the  Lakes  for  1860 187 

POSTAL    DEPABTMENT. 

General  Post-office 287 

JOUBNAL   OF   MINING,   HANUFACTEBE8,    AND   ABT. 

How  the  Armstrong  Gun  is  Manufactured 940 

Mines  and  Mining  Companies  of  Arizona 949 

New  Discovery  in  the  Process  of  Dyeing 843 

Richmond  Sugar  Eeflnery.— Iron  Cars 844 

Home  Manullwturcs —Sabots,  or  Wooden  Shoes 945 

Manutoatnre  of  Gas.— Cigarette  Papers 946 

RAILROAD,   CANAL,  AND  STEAMBOAT  STATISTICS. 

steam  Wagons  for  Common  Boi^ 247 

Iron  Locomotive  Car 948 

Railroad  Accidents  during  the  year  1860 949 

A  Railway  in  Turkey.— hew  York  Central  Railroad 850 

English  Railway  Clerks 959 

STATISTICS   OF    AGRICULTURE,   fte. 

Cotton  in  India 958 

Culture  of  Hemp— Use,  etc 954 

Wheat  Production  in  Iowa. 957 

Public  Lands.— Agriculture  in  South  Austialia. 96t 

STATISTICS   OP   POPULATION,  *e. 

Militia  Force  of  the  United  States— Growth  of  New  Orleans 959 

Census  SUtistics  of  Maryland  960 

Population  of  Charleston.- Western  Population.— Minnesota 961 

Connecticut— Order  of  Oddfellows 909 

North  Carolina  Census.— Immigrstion  into  the  United  States 968 

MEBCANTILE  MISCELLANIES. 

Rise  and  Progress  of  American  Commerce 968 

Stick  to  your  own  Business 964 

LiesinT.ade 966 

Chinese  Proverbs 967 

Credit 868 

*♦  Save  it  in  Something  else  *». 960 

Coin  Sale  In  Philadelphia 970 

THE   BOOK   TRADE. 

Vetices  of  new  Books  or  new  Editionsi , 971-879 


HUNT'S 

MERCHANTS' MAGAZINE 


AND 


COMMERCIAL  REVIEW. 


FEBRUARY,  1861. 


Art.   L-tUARANTDIE  BE6UIATI0NS. 

Proc€eding9  and  Debate$  of  the  Fourth  National  Q^aTantine  and  Banitary  Oonten- 

turn,  held  in  the  eity  of  Boeton,  June  14, 15,  and  16. — Riportid  fob  ths  Oitt 

OovnosL  or  Boston. 
Quarantine  Regvlaiioney  ae  approved  by  the  National  Quarantine  and  Banitary  Ae- 

eociation  of  the  United  Btatee,  1860. — A  Report  by  A.  N.  Bsll,  Eli8HA  Habei*, 

AKo  Wilson  Jkwell. 

Db.  Wilson  Jewell,  of  Philadelphia,  after  an  experience  of  eight 
years  as  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Health  of  that  city,  and  after  a  care- 
ful examination  into  the  practical  working  of  the  quarantine  laws  of  the 
United  States,  became  convinced  that  they  were  the  outgrowth  of  dogmas 
based  upon  obsolete  theories ;  '*  that  they  embarrassed  commerce,  oppressed 
the  merchant,  imposed  severe  restrictions  on  the  healthy,  inflicted  cruel- 
ties on  the  sick,  and,  when  rigidly  enforced,  became  the  ready  means  of 
disseminating  and  entailing  disease  and  death.  These  glaring  imperfec- 
tions, and  the  inconsistency  of  quarantine  enactmeuts  with  each  other  in 
the  different  States,  together  with  the  frequent  embarrassments  arising 
from  abortive  efforts  to  enforce  and  apply  quarantine  regulations,  en- 
gaged my  serious  attention.  Thus  circumstanced,  I  was  prompted  to  the 
inquiry— -how  can  a  revision  of  the  present  ill-advised  systems  of  quar- 
antine laws  be  most  judiciously  and  extensively  effected  f  A  uniform 
code  of  regulations,  operating  alike  in  all  our  seaports,  and  offering  the 
least  hinderance  to  an  active  commerce,  and  with  a  humane  regard  for  the 
health  of  the  passengers  and  crews,  and  t  he  comfort  of  the  sick  on  board 
of  all  vessels  detained  at  quarantine  stations,  suggested  itself  as  the  only 
correct  fundamental  principle  for  accomplishing  the  necessary  reform  in 
quarantine  le^slation. 

^A  knowledge  of  the  fact  that,  with  the  great  commercial  nations  of  £u- 
fope,  the  efficiency  of  quarantine  had  assumed  a  very  commanding  post- 


148  Quarantine  Regvlations. 

tioD  among  the  topics  in  the  science  of  hygiene,  and  had  led  to  the  hold- 
ing of  a  Cmference  Sanitaire  in  Paris  in  186 1-2,  offered  to  my  mind  the 
idea  that  a  national  convention  of  judicious  and  well-informed  delegates 
from  the  seaboard  cities  of  our  Atlantic  States,  might  be  influential  in 
adjusting  disputed  points,  and  become  the  medium  through  which  com- 
merce could  be  relieved  from  the  trammels  that  existing  codes  of  laws 
had  unuecessarily  imposed  upon  it"  Following  up  these  reflections,  on 
the  10th  of  November,  1866,  at  a  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Health  of 
Philadelphia,  Dr.  Jewell  offered  and  obtained  the  adoption  of  the  follow- 
ing resolution : — 

*•  Resolved,  That  a  committee  of  three,  with  the  president,  be.  appointed  to 
correspond  with  the  Boards  of  Health  of  New  York,  Boston,  Baltimore,  and 
New  Orleans,  on  the  propriety  of  calling  a  convention  of  delegates  from  the 
various  boards  of  health  m  the  maritime  cities  of  the  United  States,  for  the 
purpose  of  a  conference  in  relation  to  the  establishment  of  a  uniform  system  of 
revised  quarantine  laws." 

As  chairman  of  the  committee  under  this  resolution  of  the  Philadel- 
phia Board  of  Health,  Dr.  Jewell  urged  the  importance  of  a  revised  and 
uniform  system  of  quarantine  laws  for  the  protection  of  the  maritime 
cities  of  the  United  States;  and  in  response  to  his  call,  the  first  Sanitary 
Congress  in  America  was  held  in  the  Supreme  Court-room,  in  Philadel- 
phia, May  13th,  1867.  The  Convention  remained  in  session  three  days, 
and  resulted  in  the  adoption  of  a  series  of  recommendations  pertinent  to 
quarantine  reform.  It  was  at  this  first  meeting  of  individuals  declaring 
for  a  reform  in  quarantine  regulations,  that  the  *^  Quarantine  and  Sani- 
tary Convention"  received  its  name. — Introduction  to  the  report  of  th$ 
third  national  quarantine  and  sanitary  convention.    By  Wilson  Jewell. 

^^Hunfs  Merchants*  Magazine  for  October,  (1856,)  contains  a  very  able 
article  on  the  subject  of  quarantine,  written  by  Dr.  A.  N.  Bell,  of  Brook- 
lyn. Dr.  Bell  was  formerly  a  surgeon  it  the  U.  S.  Navy,  and  has  had 
favorable  opportunities  for  investigating  the  subject  of  which  he  treats. 
His  view  is  that  infectious  diseases  are  propagated  by  things^  and  not  by 

f persons,  and  he  therefore  argues  against  a  quarantine  as  applied  to  the 
atter,  who  should  be  cleansed  from  infectious  things,  and  allowed  their 
freedom.  He  recommends  the  erection  of  warehouses  at  a  sufficient  dis- 
tance from  the  city,  where  every  infected  ship  should  be  unladen,  and 
then  purified  and  allowed  to  proceed  on  its  voyage,  or  go  to  sea  again." — 
N,  Y,  Journal  of  Commerce, 

The  article  in  our  Magazine,  of  which  we  have  quoted  the  above  no- 
tice, gave  a  brief  history  of  quarantine  from  its  origin,  identifying  it  with 
a  belief  in  the  contagiousness  of  epidemic  diseases,  which  belief  was  com- 
mon in  the  fourteenth  century ;  and  forcibly  depicted  the  inconsistency 
of  such  false  dogmas  with  the  present  certainties  of  science. 

** Everywhere  dense  population,  misery,  want,  and  filth  constitute  the 
source  as  well  as  the  contagion  of  epidemics,  but  at  this  very  day,  the  1st 
day  of  September,  1866,  almost  in  the  center  of  one  of  the  largest  commer- 
cial cities  in  the  world,  is  gathered  the  detritus  of  every  sickly  clime,  to  be 
crammed  in  and  crowded  round  the  quarantine  of  New  York  I  Do  the 
filthy  rags  of  the  tropics — for  there  has  been  an  infected  ship  and  cargo 
of  them  at  New  York  quarantine  since  June  last — grow  less  "  conta- 
gious "  from  the  heat,  darkness,  and  confinement  of  the  hold  of  a  ship  \ 


Quarantine  Reguhiions.  149 

Do  the  putrid  hides  of  South  America  and  the  goat  skins  of  Cape  de 
Verdes  become  tanned  of  their  poison  by  wreaking  it  on  the  inhabitants 
of  a  populous  city  ?  Ay  1  they  do.  Onb  Hundred  and  Fifty  of  such 
Ships  and  such  CAROoas.are  now  surrounded  by  the  shores  of  New 
York  bay  I 

"  But,  alas !  for  the  poor  passengers  and  sailors,  they  are  quarantined  ; 
many  of  them  quarantined  as  are  the  victims  of  this  relic  of  barbarism, 
on  the  Bay  Ridge  from  Fort  Hamilton  to  Brooklyn. 

**  Yet  these  ships  and  these  cargoes  are  now  as  they  would  have  been 
centuries  ago  ;  they  are  as  the  thirty  feet  deep  of  slime  from  the  table 
lands  of  Abyssinia  deposited  in  the  lap  of  Egypt,  as  the  Hooghly  exhal- 
ing its  putrid  remains,  or  as  the  gleanings  of  the  Father  of  Waters,  in 
which  crocodiles  only  can  revel — all,  all  these  things  lost  sight  of  in  the 
heartless  selfishness  which  dictates  a  quarantine  for  persons — a  seclusion 
of  the  sick  and  needy  !  It  is  an  anomaly  in  the  age  of  Christianity  and 
civilization.  In  the  midst  of  free  schools,  free  academies,  and  public 
charities,  we  are  appalled  by  an  infatuated  fanaticism  which  should  only 
be  measured  by  the  ages  which  gave  it  birth.  Every  ennobling  senti- 
ment of  the  human  soul  revolts  with  horror  at  the  idea  of  the  seclusion 
which  the  enforcers  of  quarantine  would  practice  upon  one  in  the  time  of 
greatest  need.  It  is  adverse  to  every  impulse  of  sympathy — antagonistic 
to  all  the  kindly  emotions  of  the  heart,  it  inculcates  a  beastly  selfishness 
and  fraticidal  barbarism  which  has,  in  the  nature  of  causes,  always  brought 
upon  the  enforcers  of  it  a  retributory  certainty  of  infliction  with  the  worst 
horrors  of  their  imagination,  in  a  degree  of  concentrated  strength  pro- 
portionate to  their  etforts  to  restrain  it.  The  barricaders  of  black  death 
who  were  infatuated  by  the  hideoifs  terror  of  judgments  inflicted  for 
secret  sins,  were  in  some  degree  excusable  in  acts  measured  by  the  light 
of  science,  but  that  such  inhumanity,  such  remorseless  heartlessness  and 
cowardly  selfishness  should  exist  and  be  tolerated  now,  is  surely  the  most 
inconceivable  incident  of  barbarism  connected  with  the  present  age. 

"There  are  at  this  time  agitators  for  the  removal  of  the  New  York 
quarantine  from  its  present  site  to  a  greater  distance  from  this  city,  with 
the  avowed  object  of  effecting  a  more  perfect  seclusion  of  the  sick.  Surely 
every  individual  of  common  intelligence  can  now  comprehend  the  prac- 
tical truth,  that  pure  air  is  the  only  real  security  against  epidemics.  In 
all  the  regulations  of  quarantine  this  prime  necessity  has  ever  been  over- 
looked ;  confinement  in  a  foul  atmosphere  has  been  the  distinguishing 
feature  of  sickly  ships,  quarantine  hospitals,  and  lazarettos,  in  all  ages, 
everywhere ;  they  convert  common  fevers  into  pestilence,  which,  in  their 
attempt  to  restrain,  they  oftentimes  render  contagious,  and  they  are  of 
all  others  the  most  concentrated  foci  of  disease.  They  constantly  avert 
the  attention  of  the  public  from  the  true  precautionary  sanitary  measures, 
under  the  absurd  impression  that  epidemics  can  be  shut  out  or  barricaded 
like  unwelcome  visitors. 

*'  It  is  unnecessary  now  to  state  that  there  is  no  disease  to  which  man- 
kind is  heir,  contagious  or  non-contagious,  which  may  not  be  aggravated 
by  the  infliction  of  quarantine  on  persons ;  and  quarantines,  as  hereto- 
fore conducted,  are  necessarily  dangerous  and  disease-producing  in  pro- 
portion to  the  strictness  with  which  the  laws  that  govern  them  are  enforced. 
What  is  the  disease  which  any  community  would  fear  from  contagion  \ 
Smallpox  is  perhaps  the  most  pre-eminently  contagious  epidemic  that 


150  Qitarantine  Begulationa. 

prevails,  but  can  it  prevail  in  anj  civilized  community  in  the  world  f 
Certainly  not.  The  guard  against  it  from  contact  is  perfect  by  vaccina- 
tion, which  can  be  made  universal  without  an  item  of  expense  to  the  city 
or  State.  There  is  no  disease  compatible  with  cleanliness  which  may  oc- 
cur at  all,  that  can  be  otherwise  influenced  than  aggravated  by  the  quar- 
antine of  persons. 

"  But  of  things.  Well  ventilated  and  cleanly  ships  rarely  or  never  have 
to  stand  quarantine,  no  matter  what  their  cargo,  or  port  from  which  they 
last  cleared. 

"  Ships  which  are  built  without  proper  provision  for  fresh  air,  over- 
crowded with  passengers,  or  not  kept  clean,  are  those  which  come  into 
port  infected.  That  a  large  number  of  such,  congregated  together,  may 
prove  a  fruitful  source  for  epidemics,  there  is  abundant  evidence :  a  prom- 
inent exemplification  now  exists  at  the  New  York  quarantine.  And  the 
spread  of  disease  from  them  can  only  be  measured  by  the  conditions  ade- 
quate to  its  support 

"  If  ships  are  properly  ventilated  and  kept  clean  they  are  the  most  healthy 
of  human  abodes,  because  they  have  the  freest  access  of  pure  air.  Ships 
without  proper  provision  for  fresh  air  sometimes  lie  for  long  periods  in 
sickly  harbors  and  take  in  such  cargoes  as  may  render  it  impossible  to 
prevent  their  accumulating  the  seeds  of  disease ;  others  take  on  board 
loads  of  human  beings  with  closely  packed  clothing  and  rubbish,  fre- 
quently from  the  vilest  dens  of  corruption ;  and  others  are  freighted  with 
filthy  rags,  hides,  etc.,  liable  to  contain  infection  to  begin  with,  and  sure 
to  generate  it  if  not  exposed  to  the  free  access  of  air,  which  will  multi- 
ply and  break  forth  with  violence  commensurate  with  the  conditions 
which  favor  it.  On  arrival,  the  practice  of  quarantine  is,  if  any  one  on 
board  is  sick  of  an  infectious  disease,  not  only  to  detain  such  one  on 
board  to  continue  inhaling  the  poison  which  is  destroying  life,  but  to  de- 
tain all  the  rest,  likewise,  till  they  are  also  poisoned ;  the  alternative  to 
this  is  the  quarantine  hospital,  to  be  surrounded  by  misery  in  order  to 
alleviate  it!  Nor  does  it  end  here ;  the  ship  and  cargo  of  poison  is  an- 
chored in  the  midst  of  a  populous  community  for  the  exhalations  which 
arise  from  her  hold  to  poison  the  air  they  breathe — disease  and  death 
thus  stabbing  in  the  dark,  while  the  victim  is  under  a  false  sense  of  secu- 
rity from  the  traitor  he  has  nourished  in  his  bosom. 

"  Can  any  one  now  survey  the  quarantine  ground  and  harbor  of  New 
York — and  other  quarantines  are  just  as  bad — and  view  the  crape-clad 
mansions  which  border  the  finest  bay  in  the  world,  without  revolting  from 
his  inmost  soul  aganst  quarantines  ? 

''But  what  should  be  done  with  infected  ships  and  cargoes;  the  in- 
fected THINGS  which  entail  disease  and  death  ?  The  principles  of  econ- 
omy alone  will  dictate  a  ready  reply.  Let  warehouses  be  erected,  with 
proper  provision  for  security  and  the  admission  of  free  air — nature's 
great  disinfector — at  a  sufl5cient  distance  from  the  city,  and  there  let 
every  infected  ship  be  at  once  unladen,  and  the  ship  ventilated  and  per- 
mitted to  go  to  sea  again. 

"  And  of  persons^  would  any  one,  can  any  one,  apply  quarantine  to 
himself,  and  say,  seclude  them  from  all  human  sympathy,  from  the  ten- 
der look,  the  gentle  hand,  the 

"  No,  never  1  Persons  communicate  no  infection,  carry  no  epidemics. 
Banish  the  very  name  of  quarantine,  as  applied  to  them,  and  require 


Quarantine  Begulations,  151 

• 
that  th«y  only  be  detained,  when  necessary,  long  enough  to  secure  clean- 
liness, and  prohibit  the  taking  of  clothing,  baggage,  and  the  like,  which 
has  been  subject  to  infection,  till  it  is  cleansed  and  purified. 

"  Things,  and  not  persons,  cause  and  propagate  disease." — Merchants* 
Magazine,  Oct.,  1856. 

Concurrent  with  the  views  embodied  in  the  foregoing  extracts.  Dr. 
E^isha  Harris,  of  New  York,  at  that  time  physician-in  chief  of  the  Ma- 
rine Hospital,  was  practically  working  out,  so  far  as  possible  under  ex- 
isting laws,  a  system  of  executive  management  of  quarantine,  applicable 
to  all  the  varying  conditions  of  climate  and  commerce.  In  his  annual 
report  for  the  year  1856,  the  origin  and  progress  of  things  infected  with 
yellow  fever,  in  contradistinction  from  the  persons  to  whom  the  things 
communicated  this  much-dreaded  disease.  Dr.  Harris  mapped  out,  as  it 
were,  the  very  paths  and  by-ways  of  disease  into  populous  communities. 
And  it  is  from  such  reports  as  this  that  a  system  or  code  of  marine  hy- 
^ene  has  been  deduced  of  universal  application. 

The  second  Quarantine  and  Sanitary  Convention  was  held  in  Baltimore, 
April  29th,  1858.  The  third,  in  New  York,  April  2'7th,  1859,  and  the 
fourth,  in  Boston,  June  14th,  1860. 

At  the  third  National  Quarantine  and  Sanitary  Convention,  held  in 
New  York,  the  following  resolutions  were  adopted  : — 

Resolvedt  That  the  operations  of  quarantine  should  not  be  confined  to  the 
warm  months  of  the  year,  inasmuch  as  a  vessel  arriving  in  mid- winter  with 
small-pox  or  typhus  on  board,  is  as  legitimate  a  subject  for  quarantine  as  one 
arriving  in  mid-summer. 

Resolcedt  That  the  adoption,  by  the  commercial  nations,  of  a  sound  and  well- 
digested  code  of  marine  hygiene,  and  of  the  necessary  measures  for  insuring  its 
strict  enforcement,  would  tend  greatly  to  alleviate  the  evils  of  the  present  sys- 
tem of  quarantine,  and  promote  the  comfort  of  passengers  and  crew. 

Resolved,  That  this  convention  appoint  a  committee  to  consider  and  report 
in  what  manner  the  foregoing  resolutions  may  be  most  effectually  carried  oat. 

Resolved^  That  the  committee  report,  at  the  next  meeting  of  this  convention, 
(in  Boston,  June  14,  I860,)  specific  recommendations  of  principles  and  measures 
of  quarantine,  as  severally  applicable  to  yellow  fever,  cholera,  typhus  fever,  and 
small-pox,  having  reference  also  to  the  variations  which  different  localities  require. 

The  report,  by  Drs.  Bell,  Harris,  and  Jewell,  is  in  response  to  these 
resolutions.  These  gentlemen,  it  appears  through  the  State  Department 
of  the  U.  S.  and  other  sources,  obtained  the  quarantine  regulations  of  all 
the  chief  commercial  nations.  From  these,  and  their  own  experience, 
they  have  presented  a  report  incorporating  a  sound  and  well-digested  code 
of  marine  hygiene.  They  have  preceded  this  with  a  brief  history  of  quar- 
antine reform  in  Europe,  and  **find,  with  chagrin,  that,  after  diligent  in- 
vestigation, the  quarantine  regulations  of  the  United  States  are  nearly 
identical  with  the  most  odious  restrictions  of  Europe  thirty  years  ago. 
They  are  in  effect  the  same  laws  as  those  imposed  by  England  in  colonial 
times,  for  the  protection  of  America  from  **  plague  or  other  malignant 
distempers,"  and  in  several  of  the  States  it  yet  remains  an  indictable 
offence,  with  a  large  penalty,  for  any  person  to  come  into  the  State  from 
any  place  infected  with  a  contagious  disease.  The  quarantine  laws  still 
presume  that  certain  diseases  are  communicable  from  the  sick  to  the  well, 
under  all  circumstances,  and  that  such  diseases  are  capable  of  being 
transmitted  to  new  and  distant  localities,  independent  of  all  conditions. 


152  Quarantine  ItegiUaiians. 

m 

Tbey  also  presume  that  the  germs  of  all  diseases  regarded  by  quarantine 
oflBcials  as  contagious  or  infectious,  may  lie  dormant  in  the  systems  of 
persons  who  are  apparently  well,  but  who  may  afterwards  sicken,  and 
then  become  the  radiating  centers  of  infection.  Based  upon  these  con- 
clusions, the  time  and  duration  of  quarantine  pretend  to  depend  upon 
the  real  or  suspected  presence  of  the  apprehended  disease,  in  the  person- 
nel of  any  vessel  during  the  voyage  and  at  the  time  of  arrival,  the  kind 
of  cargo,  and  whether  there  has  been  any  communication  with  other  vessels, 
persons,  or  things  during  the  voyage.  These  requirements,  however,  are 
of  short  duration,  and  usually  limited  to  the  warm  season  of  the  year. 
This  rSsume  is  a  fair  representation  of  the  quarantine  regulations  of  the 
United  States,  while  there  are  no  exceptions  to  the  incongruities  herein 
stated." 

The  report  then  proceeds  to  point  out  the  special  defects  and  wants 
that  are  acknowledged  to  exist  in  all,  or  at  least  most,  of  the  ports  in  the 
civilized  world. 

On  quarantine  docks  and  warehouses  they  incorporate  an  able  report 
made  to  the  same  Convention,  by  Drs.  John  W.  Sterling,  Alex.  H.  Ste- 
vens, and  J.  McNulty.  Following  this — the  specific  measures  of  quaran- 
tine,  severally  applicable  to  yellow  /ever,  cholera,  typhus,  and  small-pox^ 
with  (he  Variations  which  different  localities  require;  quarantine  hospi- 
tals, and  the  proper  care  of  the  sick,  location,  construction,  and  the  ex- 
ecutive management  of  quarantine  hospitals,  docks,  and  warehouses,  are 
all  discussed  in  a  masterly  manner,  and  utilized  to  the  simplest  compre- 
hension.   And  then  follows  the — 

CODE  OF  MARINE  HYGIENE. 

DBOLARATIONS. 

1.  Every  organized  government  has  the  right  of  protecting  itself 
against  the  introduction  of  infectious  diseases,  and  of  putting  any 
country,  place,  or  thing  in  quarantine  which  would  introduce  infec- 
tious diseases ;  provided,  however,  that  no  sanitary  measures  shall  go 
so  far  as  to  exclude  or  drive  from  port  a  vessel,  whatever  may  be  her 
condition. 

2.  The  only  diseases  at  present  known,  against  the  introduction  of 
which  general  quarantine  regulations  should  be  enforced,  are  plague, 
yellow  fever,  cholera,  small-pox,  and  typhus  fever.  As  regards  plague, 
the  European  Congress  at  Paris  had  the  right  to  settle  the  question  for 
the  nations  there  represented ;  and  inasmuch  as  they  and  the  other  na- 
tions of  the  eastern  continent  have  reason  to  subject  the  plague  to  quar- 
antine restrictions,  the  States  of  America  yield  implicit  obedience  to 
that  convention. 

3.  All  quarantine  regulations,  of  any  place  whatever,  should  bear  with 
equal  force  against  the  toleration  or  propagation  of  disease  as  against  its 
introduction ;  and  authority  to  prevent  the  introduction  of  disease  in  any 
place  should  be  equally  applicable  against  its  exportation. 

4.  All  quarantinable  diseases  are  chiefly  introduced  and  propagated  by 
the  material  of  commerce ;  and  it  is  therefore  against  it  that  quarantine 
restrictions  should  be  instituted,  and  thot  against  Uiq personnel ;  excepting, 
however,  persons  with  no  evidence  of  vaccination,  and  known  to  have 
been  exposed  to  small-pox ;  such  persons  shall  be  vaccinated  as  soon  as 


Quarantine  BeguUttiona.  168 

possible,  and  detained  until  the  vaccinia  shall  have  taken  effect ;  other- 
wise they  may  be  detained  fourteen  days  from  the  time  of  the  known 
exposure. 

6.  The  application  of  quarantine  regulations  shall  be  regulated  by  the 
official  declaration  of  the  constituted  sanitary  authority  at  the  port  of 
departure  where  the  malady  exists.  The  cessation  of  these  measures 
shall  be  determined  by  a  like  declaration  that  the  malady  has  ceased — 
after,  however,  the  expiration  of  a  fixed  delay  of  thirty  days  for  the 
plague,  fifteen  days  for  yellow  fever,  and  ten  days  for  cholera. 

6.  It  is  obligatory  on  all  vessels  to  have  a  bill  of  health  ;  this  shall 
consist  of  two  kinds  only,  a  clean  bill  and  a  gross  bill — the  first  for  the 
attested  absence  of  disease,  and  the  second  for  the  attested  presence  of 
disease.  The  bill  shall  state  the  hygienic  state  of  the  vessel ;  and  a  ves- 
sel in  a  bad  condition,  even  with  a  clean  bill  of  health,  shall  be  regarded 
as  a  vessel  having  a  gross  bill,  and  shall  be  submitted  to  the  same  regime. 

7.  The  plague,  yellow  fever,  and  cholera  being  the  only  maladies  that 
entail  general  measures,  and  place  in  quarantine  those  places  whence  they 
proceed,  the  restrictions  enforced  against  these  diseases  shall  not  be  ap- 
plied to  any  other  suspected  or  diseased  vessel. 

8.  The  power  of  applying  the  general  principles  of  this  code,  and  of 
acceding  to  its  provisions,  are  expressly  reserved  to  those  nations  and 
governments  who  consent  to  accept  the  obligations  it  imposes;  and  all 
the  administrative  measures  proceeding  from  it  shall  be  determined  by 
international  sanitary  regulations,  or  by  a  convention  of  the  representa- 
tives of  the  governments  which  have  adopted  it. 

9.  This  code  shall  continue  in  force  and  vigor  among  the  governments 
adopting  it  for  five  years,  and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  any  party  wishing 
to  withdraw  from  its  observance,  at  the  end  of  that  time  to  officially  de- 
clare his  intention  six  months  before  the  term  expires ;  if  there  be  no 
such  notice,  the  code  shall  be  regarded  as  in  force  one  year  lunger,  and 
thus  it  shall  continue  year  after  year,  with  all  the  governments  accepting 
it,  until  after  due  notice,  six  months  before  withdrawal. 

PROVISIONS  IN  DETAIL. 

I. MEASURES   RELATING   TO    DEPARTURE. 

10.  Measures  relating  to  departure  comprise  observation,  inspection, 
and  the  ascertaining  of  the  sanitary  state  of  the  place  and  vicinity ; 
the  examination  and  ascertaining  of  the  hygienic  state  of  the  vessel 
which  is  about  leaving,  of  its  cargo  and  provisions,  of  the  health  of  the 
crew,  and,  if  there  are  any  passengers,  of  their  health  also  ;  and  lastly, 
of  the  bill  of  health,  and  all  relating  thereto.  These  observations,  inspec- 
tions, and  examinations  shall  be  confined  to  the  authorities  hereinafter 
designated. 

11.  All  vessels  before  lading,  must  be  visited  by  a  delegate  of  the 
sanitary  authority,  who  shall  be  a  doctor  of  medicine,  and  submit  to 
hygienic  measures,  if  deemed  necessary.  The  vessel  shall  be  visited  in 
all  her  parts,  and  her  hygienic  state  ascertained.  The  authority  shall  in- 
quire into  the  state  of  the  provisions  and  beverages,  in  particular  of  the 
potable  water  and  the  means  of  preserving  it;  he  shall  also  inquire  into 
the  state  of  the  crew,  and  in  general  into  every  thing  relating  to  the 
maintenance  of  health  on  board.  If  any  person  has  been  shipped,  hav- 
ing a  transmissible  disease,  such  person  shall  be  forthwith  discarded. 


154  Quaraniine  Begviationa. 

12.  Gbargts  shall  not  be  made  until  after  the  yisit,  and  the  aocom- 
plishment  of  the  measures  judged  indispensable  by  the  sanitary  authority. 

13.  Captains  and  masters  shall  furnish  to  the  sanitary  authority  all  the 
information  and  all  the  evidence,  to  the  best  of  their  knowledge,  demanded 
of  them.  If  the  sanitary  authority  judges  necessary,  and  does  not  be- 
lieve himself  sufficiently  informed  by  the  captain  or  other  persons  in  charge, 
he  can  proceed  to  a  new  visit,  after  the  lading  of  the  ship,  in  order  to 
assure  himself  if  all  the  prescribed  hygienic  measures  have  been  observed. 

14.  These  various  visits  shall  be  made  without  delay,  and  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  avoid  unnecessary  loss  to  the  ship. 

15.  Vessels  carrying  a  foreign  flag  shall  be  visited  by  the  sanitary 
authority,  with  the  consul  or  consular  agent  of  the  nation  to  which  the 
vessels  belongs. 

16.  The  number  of  passengers  embarking  on  sailing  vessels  or  steamers, 
the  arrangement  of  their  accommodations,  and  the  quantity  of  provisions 
on  board  for  the  probable  length  of  voyage  shall  be  determined  by  the 
particular  regulations  of  different  governments  adopting  this  code.  But 
m  no  case  should  the  number  of  individuals  to  be  accommodated  on  board 
any  vessel,  or  in  any  apartment  provided  for  the  accommodation  of  crew 
or  passengers,  exceed  in  ratio  one  individual  to  every  four  hundred  cubic 
feet  of  air  space,  together  with  provision  for  effectual  ventilation  in  all 
weathers. 

17.  Passenger  vessels  of  whatever  size,  and  all  vessels  carrying  sixty 
persons,  or  a  smaller  number,  including  crew,  shall  furnish  themselves 
with  the  necessary  medicines  and  apparatus  for  the  treatment  of  the  most 
ordinary  diseases  and  accidents  likely  to  happen  on  board.  And  it  shall 
be  t<he  duty  of  the  sanitary  administration  of  each  government  to  make 
out  a  catalogue  of  the  medicines  and  apparatus,  and  detailed  instructions 
for  their  use  on  board  all  vessels  of  this  class. 

18.  All  seagoing  passenger  vessels,  and  all  vessels  having  a  larger 
number  of  persons  on  board  than  named  in  the  last  preceding  article, 
shall  carry  a  doctor  of  medicine,  approved  of  by  the  sanitary  authority. 

19.  Bills  of  health  shall  not  hereafter  be  delivered  until  after  the  ful- 
fillment of  the  regulations  herein  specified. 

20.  Vessels  of  the  navy  and  revenue  vessels  shall  not  be  subject  to  the 
preceding  regulations.  ^ 

21.  In  ordinary  times,  fishing-vessels,  pilot-boats,  vessels  in  the  coast- 
ing trade,  of  the  same  country,  and  canals  boats,  need  not  carry  a  bill  of 
health ;  the  sanitary  regulations  of  this  class  of  vessels  shall  be  deter- 
mined  by  the  local  authorities. 

22.  No  vessel  shall  have  more  than  one  bill  of  health.  • 

23.  Bills  of  health  shall  be  delivered  in  the  name  of  the  local  govern- 
ment by  the  sanitary  authority,  vised  by  the  consuls  or  commercial  agents, 
and  be  of  credit  in  the  ports  of  all  governments  adopting  this  code. 

24.  The  bill  of  health  shall  contain  the  name  of  the  vessel,  the  name 
of  the  captain,  or  master,  and  the  results  of  the  examination,  relating  to 
the  tonnage,  merchandise,  crew,  and  passengers ;  it  shall  state  the  exact 
sanitary  condition  of  the  place,  the  hygienic  state  of  the  ship,  and 
whether  there  are  any  sick  on  board.  In  short,  the  bill  shall  contain  all 
the  information  that  can  enlighten  the  sanitary  authority  of  the  port  of 
destination,  to  give  him  as  exact  an  idea  as  possible  of  the  public  health 
at  the  place  of  departure  and  environs ;  of  the  state  of  the  ship,  h^r 


Qiuiraniine  BeguhMona.  155 

cargo,  the  health  of  the  orew  and  passengers.  The  environs  are  those 
places  in  habitual  communication  with  the  port  of  departure,  and  possess- 
ing the  same  sanitary  relations. 

25.  Whenever  there  prevails  at  the  place  of  departure,  or  in  its  envi- 
rons, one  of  the  three  maladies  reputed  to  be  importable  or  transmissible, 
and  when  the  sanitary  authority  shall  have  declared  its  existence,  the 
bill  shall  give  the  date  of  the  declaration.  It  shall  give  the  date  of  the 
cessation  of  the  same  when  the  cessation  shall  have  been  established. 

26.  In  conformity  to  the  provisions  of  article  6,  the  bill  of  health  must 
be  either  Clean  or  Ghrosa,  The  sanitary  authority  shall  always  pronounce 
upon  the  existence  or  non-existence  of  disease  at  the  port  of  departure. 
Doubtful  cases  shall  be  interpreted  in  the  most  prudent  sense — and  the 
bill  shall  be  gross.  In  regard  to  passengers,  for  those  whose  health  may 
be  suspected,  the  sanitary  authority  may  demand  the  certificate  of  a  doc- 
tor of  medicine,  known  to  him  to  be  of  good  standing,  and  if  any  pro- 
posed passenger  is  thus  found  to  be  in  a  condition,  comprising  the  health 
of  the  ship  or  of  persons  on  board,  he  shall,  upon  the  direction  of  the 
sanitary  authority,  be  prohibited. 

27.  Bills  of  health  can  only  be  considered  as  valid  when  they  have 
been  delivered  within  the  forty-eight  hours  last  preceding  departuj-e.  If 
the  departure  is  delayed  beyond  this  period,  the  bill  must  be  vised  by  the 
authority  delivering  it,  stating  whatever  change  may  have  taken  place. 

28.  The  existence  of  transmissible  or  importable  disease  in  the  quarantine 
establishment  of  any  place  shall  not  alone  be  considered  cause  sufficient 
for  a  gross  bill  of  health. 

II. — SANITARY   MBASURBS   DURINO   THS  TOTAGB. 

29.  All  vessels  at  sea  shall  be  kept  in  a  good  state  of  ventilation  and 
cleanliness.  And  to  this  end  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  sanitary  author- 
ity at  the  port  of  departure,  to  see  that  every  vessel  is  provided  with  the 
necessary  means,  and  that  captains  and  masters  are  sufficiently  conver- 
sant with  the  use  of  those  means,  for  the  purposes  indicated. 

80.  Captains  and  masters  shall  conform  to  the  instructions  of  the 
sanitary  authority ;  otherwise,  on  arriving,  they  shall  be  considered  as 
having  a  gross  bill  of  health,  and  be  treated  accordingly. 

31.  Physicians  attached  to  sea-going  vessels  shall  be  considered  as  the 
agents  of  the  sanitary  authority,  and  it  shall  be  their  special  mission  to 
watch  the  health  of  the  crew  and  passengers,  to  see  that  the  rules  of 
hygiene  are  observed,  and,  on  the  arrival  of  the  vessel,  to  give  an  account 
of  the  circumstances  of  the  voyage.  They  must  also  keep  an  exact  re- 
cord of  all  circumstances  of  interest  to  the  public  health,  meteorological 
observations,  etc.,  and  note  with  particular  care  the  history  and  treat- 
ment of  all  the  diseases  and  accidents  that  occur. 

32.  In  vessels  carrying  no  physician,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  master 
or  captain  to  fulfill,  as  far  as  practicable,  the  obligations  of  the  last  pre- 
ceding article. 

33.  All  captains  or  masters  touching  at  or  communicating  with  a  port, 
shall  have  their  bills  of  health  vised  by  the  sanitary  authority ;  or,  in 
default  of  such  authority,  by  the  delegated  officer  of  the  local  police. 

34.  It  is  forbidden  to  the  sanitary  authority  at  the  port  where  a  ves- 
sel touches,  or  holds  communication,  to  retain  the  bill  of  health  given  at 
the  port  of  departure. 


156  Quarantine  Begulatians, 

35.  In  cases  of  death  at  sea  from  a  disease  of  a  suspected  character, 
the  wearing  apparel  and  bedding  which  have  been  used  by  the  deceased 
in  the  course  of  his  sickness,  shall  be  burnt  if  the  ship  is  at  anchor;  if 
en  rouie^  thrown  into  the  sea,  with  the  necessary  precaution  that  they 
shall  not  float.  Other  articles  belonging  to  the  deceased  shall  be 
immediately  aired  or  otherwise  purified. 

III. — SANITARY   MEASURES    ON   ARRIVAL. 

36.  All  vessels  on  arrival  shall  submit  to  an  examination  and  question- 
ing. The  examination  and  questioning  shall  be  made  by  the  sanitary 
authority  delegated  for  that  purpose ;  and  the  result  shall  be  recorded 
upon  a  special  register. 

37.  All  vessels,  furnished  with  a  clean  bill  of  health,  which  have  had 
during  the  voyage  no  disease  or  communication  of  a  suspected  nature, 
and  which  present  a  satisfactory  hygienic  condition,  shall  be  admitted  to 
ir^e^  pratique  immediately  after  examination. 

38.  There  being  no  evidence  that  any  disease  was  ever  introduced  into 
a  community  by  persons  who  had  been  quite  healthy  during  the  voyage, 
and  were  so  on  arrival,  such  persons  should  not  be  detained  under  the 
apprehension  that  disease  may  be  dormant  in  their  systems.  All  well  per- 
sons shall  be  allowed  free  pratique,  excepting  only  the  temporary  delay 
provided  in  article  4  for  smallpox,  immediately  after  arrival. 

39.  Whenever  there  are  sick  on  board,  they  shall  be  removed  as 
promptly  as  possible  from  the  vessel  to  clean  and  airy  rooms  on  shore,  or 
to  a  floating  hospital  moored  in  a  healthy  situation.  The  detention  of 
such  persons  in  an  infected  ship  is  obviously  most  objectionable,  and  should 
be  allowed  under  no  circumstances  whatever, 

40.  The  experience  of  quarantine  shows  that  the  fears  of  pestilential 
disease  being  introduced  by  the  ordinary  cargoes  of  dry  and  imperishable 
goods  is  groundless,  and  that  with  the  temporary  exceptions  hereinafter 
provided,  such  cargoes  shall  be  admitted  to  free  pratique  immediately 
after  examination.  Nevertheless,  there  are  numerous  articles  of  com- 
merce which  should  not  be  landed  except  under  special  restrictions,  and 
apart  from  all  populous  neighborhoods. 

41.  The  application  of  sanitary  measures  to  merchandise  shall  be 
arranged  in  three  classes : — 1.  Merchandise  to  be  submitted  to  an  obligatory 
quarantine  and  to  puriflcation ;  2.  Merchandise  subject  to  an  optional 
quarantine ;  and  3.  Merchandise  exempt  from  quarantine. 

The  1st  class  comprises  clothing,  bedding,  personal  baggage,  and  dun- 
nage, rao^s,  paper,  paper-rags,  hides,  skins,  feathers,  hair,  and  all  other  re- 
mains of  animals,  woolens,  and  silks 

The  2d  class  comprehends  cotton,  linen,  and  hemp ;  and  cattle. 
The  3d  class  comprehends  all  merchandise  not  enumerated  in  the  other 
two  classes. 

42.  With  a  pross  bill  and  existing  quarantinable  disease  on  board,  or 
if  there  has  been  any  such  disease  on  board  within  the  ten  days  last  pre- 
ceding, merchandise  of  the  first  class  shall  always  be  landed  at  the 
quarantine  warehouse  or  other  place  provided,  distant  at  least  two  miles 
from  all  populous  neighborhoods,  and  there  submitted  to  the  necessary 
measures  for  purification.  Merchandise  of  the  second  class  may  be  ad- 
mitted to  free  pratique  immediately,  or  transferred  to  the  warehouse, 
according  to  circumstances,  at  the  option  of  the  sanitary  authority,  with 


Quarantine  Begulatiom.  167 

due  regard  to  the  sanitary  regulations  of  the  port.    Merchandise  of  the 
ihird  class  shall  be  declared  free  and  admitted  without  unnecessary  delay. 

43.  In  all  cases  of  a  gross  bill,  letters  and  papers  shall  be  submitted 
to  the  usual  purifications ;  but  articles  of  merchandise,  or  other  things 
not  subject  to  purifying  measures,  in  an  envelop  officially  sealed,  shall 
immediately  be  admitted  to  free  pratiquej  whatever  may  be  the  bill  of 
health.  And  if  the  envelop  is  of  a  substance  considered  as  optional,  its 
admission  shall  be  equally  optional. 

44.  A  foul  ship  is  much  more  to  be  dreaded,  as  a  vehicle  of  introduc- 
ing disease,  than  anything  she  has  on  board  ;  and  vessels  in  a  filthy,  un- 
wholesome state,  whether  there  has  been  sickness  on  board  or  not,  should 
not  be  allowed  to  enter  a  crowded  port,  or  to  lie  alongside  a  wharf  or 
other  ships,  until  they  have  been  broken  out,  duly  cleansed,  and  ventilated. 

45.  If  a  vessel,  though  furnished  with  a  clean  bill  of  health,  and  hav- 
ing had  during  the  voyage  no  case  of  sickness,  yet  be  found  in  a  bad  or 
infected  state,  or  in  h  condition  which  the  sanitary  authority  judges  com- 
promising to  the  public  health,  the  vessel  and  cargo  shall  be  detained 
until  the  ca^e  has  been  considered  by  the  authority ;  his  decision  how- 
ever, shall  be  rendered  within  twenty-four  hours. 

46.  If  in  the  judgment  of  the  sanitary  authority  the  vessel  requires  it, 
he  may  order  the  following  hygienic  measures : — Baths  and  other  bodily 
care  for  the  jocr^onne/,  washing  or  disinfecting  means  for  clothing;  dis- 
placement of  merchandise  on  board,  or  a  complete  breaking  out ;  subjec- 
tion to  high  steam,  incineration  or  submersion  at  a  distance,  in  the  sea, 
of  infected  articles;  the  destruction  of  tainted  or  spoiled  food  or  bever- 
ages; the  complete  ejection  of  water;  thorough  cleansing  of  the  hold, 
and  the  disinfection  of  the  well;  in  short,  the  complete  airing  and 
ventilation  of  the  vessel  in  all  her  parts,  by  the  use  of  force-pumps,  steam, 
fumigation,  washing,  rubbing,  or  scraping,  and  finally  sending  to  an 
isolated  anchorage  ground.  Whenever  these  divers  operations  are  deemed 
necessary,  they  shall  be  executed  in  the  more  or  less  complete  isolation 
of  the  vessel,  according  to  circumstances,  but  always  before  admission  to 
free  pratique, 

47.  All  vessels  having  no  bill  of  health,  which,  by  reason  of  the  place 
from  whence  they  came,  could  not  obtain  one,  or  in  case  of  accidental 
loss  of  bill,  shall  submit  to  restrictions  according  to  circumstances,  de- 
pending upon  the  judgment  of  the  sanitary  authority,  in  conformity  with 
the  provisions  herein  established. 

48.  AH  bills  showing  evidence  of  erasure  or  alteration  shall  be  con- 
sidered null,  and  shall  incur  the  conditions  of  the  last  preceding  article, 
without  prejudice  to  the  proceedings  which  may  be  instituted  against  the 
authors  of  the  alterations. 

49.  A  doubtfnl  case,  reported  in  an  unsatisfactory  manner,  shall  always 
be  interpreted  in  the  most  prudent  sense.  The  vessel  shall  be  provisionally 
detained. 

60.  Admission  to  free  pratique  shall  be  preceded  by  as  many  visits  to 
the  vessel  as  the  sanitary  authority  may  judge  necessary. 

51.  No  vessel  can  be  put  in  quarantine,  without  a  stated  decision  of 
the  sanitary  authority.  The  captain  or  master  of  the  vessel  shall  be  in- 
formed immediately  after  of  this  decision. 

52.  A  vessel  shall  have  the  right,  except  when  they  have  plague,  yel- 
low fever,  or  cholera  on  board,  of  putting  to  sea,  in  preference  to  being 


168  Quara/niine  Beguhtians. 

quarantined ;  and  in  the  exercise  of  tbis  right,  if  the  vessel  has  not 
arrived  at  the  port  of  destination,  the  bill  of  health  shall  be  returned  ; 
the  sanitary  authority,  however,  shall  mention  upon  such  bill  the  length 
and  circumstances  of  the  detention,  also  the  condition  of  the  vessel  on 
reputting  to  sea.  But  before  the  exercise  of  this  right,  the  sanitary 
authority  must  assure  himself  that  the  sick  will  be  taken  care  of  for  the 
remainder  of  the  voyage ;  and  take  charge  of  such  of  the  sick  as  prefer 
to  remain. 

53.  Besides  the  specific  measures  in  the  foregoing  regulations,  the 
sanitary  authority  of  each  country  or  port  has  the  right,  according  to 
article  1,  in  the  presence  of  immediate  danger,  to  take  the  responsibility 
of  applying  such  additional  measures  as  may  be  deemed  indispensable 
for  the  protection  of  public  health. 

54.  Notwithstanding  the  preceding  regulations,  whenever  the  sanitary 
state  is  positively  healthy,  vessels  going  from  one  port  to  another  in  the 
same  country  can,  in  virtue  of  the  particular  sanitary  regulations  of  each 
country,  be  freed  from  sanitary  examinations.  And,  in  ordinary  times, 
by  virtue  of  declarations  exchanged  between  the  contracting  nations,  all 
vessels,  proceeding  or  intending  to  proceed  from  one  of  two  countries  to 
the  ports  of  the  other,  may  also  be  free  from  examination. 

IT. — KXECUTTVK   ARRANGEMENTS. 

55.  Every  seaport  town  requiring  the  obligations  of  quarantine,  should 
have  a  quarantine  hospital  for  sick  persons,  warehouses  for  infected  goods, 
with  the  necessary  docks,  and  a  designated  anchorage  ground  for  infected 
vessels ;  these  several  parts  of  the  establishment  shall  be  at  such  a  dis- 
tance and  direction  from  each  other,  and  all  populous  neighborhoods, 
infections,  and  infectable  places,  as  to  endanger  the  life  of  no  one. 

56.  On  the  arrival  of  infected  vessels  at  the  quarantine  establishment, 
all  well  persons  shall  be  admitted  to  free  pratique  as  soon  as  possibly  con- 
sistent  with  the  foregoing  regulations ;  sick  persons  shall  be  immediately 
transferred  to  the  quarantine  hospital,  or  to  hospital  ships,  and  the  ves- 
sel unladen  as  soon  as  practicable.  All  merchandise  shall  be  placed  in 
capacious  and  perfectly  secure  warehouses,  and  there  freely  exposed  to 
the  air,  and  moved  from  time  to  time  to  insure  its  perfect  ventilation. 

57.  Merchandise  coming  from  different  vessels  and  places  in  quarantine, 
at  difierent  times,  shall  be  kept  separate,  and  placed  as  much  as  possible 
in  different  warehouses. 

58.  Merchandise  of  the  first  class  (Art  41)  shall  be  submitted  to  such 
measures  of  purification  as  the  sanitary  authority  shall  judge  necessary. 
No  putrified  animal  or  vegetable  substances,  or  substances  likely  to  pu- 
trify,  shall  be  admitted  into  the  warehouse.  All  such  substances  shall  be 
rendered  innoxious  or  destroyed. 

59.  The  clothes  and  iiunnage  of  passengers  contaminated  with  the 
infection  of  different  diseases  shall  be  exposed  to  ventilation  in  different 
places. 

60.  Each  quarantine  establishment  shall  have  one  or  more  warehouses 
specially  appropriated  to  the  reception  of  purified  merchandise,  to  which 
all  merchandise  may  be  removed  so  soon  as  it  shall  be  deemed  by  the 
sanitary  authority  admissible  to  pratique, 

61.  Letters  or  dispatches  shall  be  so  purified  that  the  writing  may  not 
be  effected*    Consuls  and  representatives  of  foreign  countries  have  the 


Qtmrantine  BegulatUma.  169 

right  to  be  present  at  the  openiDg  and  purification  of  letter-bags  or  other 
mail  packages  addressed  to  them  or  designed  for  their  country.  Post- 
masters shall  have  the  same  right  as  consuls  and  foreign  representatives. 

62.  AlPgovernments  and  places  adopting  this  code  shall,  as  soon  as 
practicable,  provide  the  necessary  arrangements  and  appurtenances  for 
fnlfilling  the  obligations  it  imposes. 

68.  In  case  of  the  arrival  of  infected  vessels  at  a  port  not  provided 
with  a  quarantine  establishment,  vessels  or  hulks  may  be  appropriated  to 
the  service  of  the  sick,  and  also  for  the  reception  of  merchandise ;  but 
in  such  cases  they  shall  be  disposed  in  such  a  manner  as  will  permit  the 
separation  of  the  sick  and  assure  the  best  conditions  of  hygiene,  especially 
ventilation.  But  under  no  circumstances  whatever  shall  sick  persons  be 
kept  in  proximity  with  infected  goods.  Well  persons  shall  have  their 
liberties  as  soon  as  practicable,  consistent  with  the  preceding  regulations; 
and  all  other  measures  essential  for  the  protection  of  public  health,  shall 
be  instituted  according  to  the  exigencies  of  the  case,  provided  they  are 
not  inconsistent  with  the  tenor  and  spirit  of  these  regulations. 

V. — BANrrABT   AUTHORITIBS. 

64.  Sanitary  authorities  shall  be  established  upon  a  uniform  basis  by 
the  countries  or  governments  adopting  this  code,  and  shall  be  composed, 
first,  of  a  responsible  agent  of  the  government,  who  shall  be  a  doctor  of 
medicine ;  and,  second,  of  a  local  sanitary  council  or  board  of  health. 

In  addition  to  the  above  report,  presuming  it  to  be  adopted,  your  com- 
mittee beg  leave  to  offer  the  following  resolutions : — 

Resolcedf  That  this  report  be  referred  back  to  the  committee,  with  directions 
to  negotiate  with  our  National  Government,  or  Department  of  State,  to  secare, 
by  convention  or  otherwise,  the  national  and  international  adoption  of  a  code 
based  upon  the  principles  hereinbefore  set  forth. 

Resohed,  That  a  committee  of  one  from  each  State  represented  in  this  con- 
vention be  designated  by  the  delegates  of  the  several  States,  and  appointed  by 
the  chairman  of  the  convention,  with  power  to  confer  with  the  governments  of 
their  respective  States  for  the  adoption  of  such  code.* 

Resolved,  That  the  local  sanitary  authorities  of  the  several  States  and  muni- 
cipalities in  the  United  States  be  furnished  with  a  copy  of  this  report,  and  that 
they  are  hereby  respectfully  requested  to  carry  into  effect  all  its  specific  recom- 
mendations, and  the  general  provisions  of  the  code,  without  waiting  for  their 
national  and  international  adoption. 
Respectfully  submitted, 

A.  N.  BELL.  Cfcatmum, 
ELI8HA  HAREI8. 
WILSON  JEWELL, 

B.  D.  ABNOLD,t 
H.  O.  OLABK. 

*  By  Tote  of  the  oonventloii,  it  was  Besolved,  ''That  the  Committee  on  Bzterasl  Hygiene  have 
power  and  be  directed  to  select  a  salUble  person  ttom  each  State  not  represented  in  this  oonren- 
tion  to  aid  in  carrying  ont  the  objects  of  the  second  resolation  of  their  report"  The  following 
persons  were  appointed  flrom  the  States  represented  ;~Goy.  Emerson,  of  Penn. ;  Dr.  Gann,  N.  T. : 
Dr.  Snow,  B.  L ;  Dr.  Moriarty,  Mass. ;  Dr.  J.  A.  Nichols,  N.  J. ;  Dr.  0.  B.  Guthrie,  Tenn. ;  Dr. 
Thompson,  Ohio;  Dr.  Kemp,  Md. 

t  It  was  voted,  on  motion  of  the  chairman  of  the  committee  sabmittlng  the  report  on  External 
Hygiene,  ^  that  two  additional  members,  appointed  by  the  chair,  should  be  added  to  .that  commit- 
tee.    Drs.  B.  D.  Arnold  and  U.  G.  Clark  were  appointed. 


160  ReciprocUy — United  States  and  Canada. 


Art.  n.-RECIPEOCITY— UNITED  8TATE8  AND  CANADA* 

The  Hon.  Israel  T.  Hatch  having  made  a  report  to  the  Treasury  De- 
partment adverse  to  the  reciprocity  treaty  hetween  the  United  States  and 
Canada,  and  a  report  was  made  by  Mr.  Taylor  to  the  same  department 
in  a  contrary  sense,  the  Committee  of  the  Oswego  Board  of  Trade  has 
made  a  report  sustaining  Mr.  Taylor,  by  its  chairman,  Alvin  Bronson, 
proceeding  as  follows : — 

Before  entering  upon  the  discussion  of  this  treaty,  a  brief  allusion  to 
the  former  commercial  relations  of  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States, 
will  be  appropriate. 

The  famous  Navigation  Laws  of  Great  Britain  are  familiar  to  commer- 
cial men.  Their  origin  was  in  1651 ;  their  object,  the  monopoly  of  her 
own  trade  and  that  of  her  colonies,  to  the  exclusion  of  all  other  nations. 
By  their  operation  she  drove  Holland,  her  principal  rival,  from  the  ocean 
during  the  last  century  ;  and  when  by  treaty  she  acknowledged  our  in- 
dependence, she  applied  the  system  to  us  in  all  its  rigor,  subsequently 
modified  a  little  by  an  occasional  treaty,  relaxed  and  enforced  by  orders 
in  council,  as  the  exigencies  of  war,  famine,  or  plenty  dictated.  Her  ut- 
most skill  was  exerted  to  cripple  and  restrict  our  trade,  and  ours  to  coun- 
teract and  defeat  her  measures.  We  followed  her  enactments  step  by 
step,  by  retaliation  and  sharp  reprisal,  down  to  1849,  when,  instead  of 
driving  us  from  the  ocean,  as  had  been  the  fate  of  Holland,  we  had,  un- 
der this  damaging  warfare,  well  nigh  divided  the  trade  of  the  world  with 
her,  having  at  the  present  time  equal  tonnage  with  the  mistress  of  the 
seas. 

In  1849,  Sir  Robert  Peel  swept  these  ancient  and  odious  Navigation 
Laws  from  the  British  statutes,  with  the  exception  of  some  slight  rem- 
nants. Our  retaliating  measures  fell  with  them — we  having  enacted  a 
law  in  the  early  part  of  the  present  century,  tendering  reciprocal  free 
trade  to  all,  and  under  it  had  formed  treaties  of  commerce  with  several 
European  nations. 

Sir  Robert  yielded  this  conflict  ip  the  most  gracious  manner  possible. 
While  abrogating  her  Navigation  Laws  and  her  long- cherished  Corn 
Laws,  Great  Britain  opened  her  ports  to  the  admission  of  most  of  the 
raw  materials  for  manufactures,  and  all  agricultural  products,  free  of  duty, 
other  than  nominal  duties  to  preserve  a  record  of  trade;  demanding  no 
equivalent,  and  stipulating  for  no  relaxation  of  restrictions  or  duties  in 
return  for  this  boon. 

Another  commercial  movement  in  the  same  direction  preceded  this 
two  years.  In  1847,  Great  Britain  withdrew  her  protection  of  the  trade 
and  her  pupilage  over  her  North  American  colonies,  withholding  her 
bounty  or  discriminating  duty  on  colonial  products,  and  on  trade  through 
the  St.  Lawrence,  with  the  exception  of  square  timber,  (which  till  the 
last  year  enjoyed  a  greatly  diminished  bounty  or  protection,  now  wholly 
withdrawn ;)  Canada  was  left  free  to  regulate  her  own  trade,  and  con- 
struct her  own  tariff.  Availing  herself  of  her  newly-acquired  power,  she 
raised  the  duty  on  British  manufactures  from  5  to  7i  per  cent,  and  re- 
duced duties  on  our  manufactures  from  12  to  7i  per  cent,  thus  abolishing 
differential  duties.  She  also  tendered  us  by  legislation  reciprocal  free 
trade  in  all  the  commodities  of  the  two  countries,  which  we  did  not  ac- 
cept. 


Reciprocity — United  States  and  Canada.  161 

Such  was  the  condition  of  things  in  Great  Britain  and  her  American 
colonies,  and  such  our  relations  with  both  in  1854,  when  the  treaty  of 
reciprocity  was  negotiated  and  ratified,  each  province  being  a  party  and 
ratimng  for  itself. 

This  treaty  provides  for  the  free  navigation  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  Lake 
Michigan,  and  the  canals  of  Canada ;  abrogates  the  restrictions  on  the 
fisheries,  and  exempts  from  duty  the  following  natural  products,  viz.,  of 
the  sea,  of  mines,  of  the  forest,  of  animals  and  their  products,  and  of  the 
soil. 

It  is  not  alleged,  so  far  as  regards  the  free  articles  of  the  schedule, 
that  the  treaty  nas  not  been  earned  out  in  good  faith  by  all  parties;  but 
Mr.  Hatch  avers  that  it  has  been  violated  in  spirit  and  letter  by  Canada, 
in  her  tariff  of  duties  on  our  manufactures,  and  on  foreign  products 
which  she  has  been  accustomed  to  purchase  in  our  markets,  and  also  in 
circumventing  our  Debenture  Laws,  and  in  thwarting  our  restrictions  on 
lake  coasters.  Your  committee  will  address  themselves  to  these  infrac- 
tions of  the  treaty  before  they  examine  its  working  and  its  merits. 

TREATY  YIOLATSD. 

Mr.  Hatch  says  a  treaty  broken  is  a  treaty  no  longer ;  and  proceeds 
to  show  that  Canada  has  violated  this  treaty  by  raising  her  tariff  of  duties 
on  our  manufactures,  (from  12  to  an  average  of  16  per  cent  according  to 
Mr.  Taylor,)  and  also  by  protective  and  discriminating  duties,  intended 
to  shut  out  our  manufactures  from  her  markets,  and  divert  our  trade  from 
its  accustomed  channels.  This  being  the  great  feature  of  his  report,  has 
been  sedulously  labored  and  skillfully  elaborated  through  many  pages  of 
the  work. 

Canada,  like  the  State  of  New  York,  has  embarked  in  an  expensive 
system  of  canals,  without  much  regard  to  revenue.  Both  parties  and 
both  systems  were  avowed  rivals  and  competitors  for  the  same  trade,  viz., 
the  trade  of  each  other  and  the  trade  of  the  West  beyond  and  remote 
from  both.  New  York  in  this  sharp  competition  has  embarrassed  her- 
self, and  has  been  driven  for  relief  to  direct  taxation ;  but  for  the  Fed- 
eral Government  standing  in  her  way,  she  would  have  sought  this  relief 
in  the  more  secret  and  insidious  method  of  taxing  imports  and  consump- 
tion. 

Canada  has  even  outdone  us  in  extravagance  and  improvidence,  and 
has  well  nigh  swamped  herself;  not  only  by  her  unproductive  canals, 
but  she  too,  like  ourselves,  has  committed  the  folly  of  subsidizing  her 
railroads ;  not  like  us,  to  the  tune  of  three  or  four,  but  twenty  millions, 
and  all  hopelessly  sunk. 

She  must  seek  relief  in  revenue  or  repudiation.  More  fortunate  than 
New  York,  the  Imperial  Government  having  left  the  door  wide  open  for 
indirect  taxation,  she  has  taken  a  leaf  from  our  federal  book,  and  im- 
posed taxes  on  imported  manufactures  and  other  products,  almost  as 
heavy  as  our  federal  impositions.  Hers  average,  according  to  Mr.  Taylor, 
16,  while  ours  average  21  per  cent,  ours  being  still  some  26  per  cent 
higher  than  hers.  She  has  also  copied  another  feature  from  our  book — 
that  of  protection  to  domestic  industry,  to  render  herself  independent  of 
both  Old  and  New  England. 

Of  her  revenue  tariff,  prompted  by  poverty,  we  have  no  right  to  com- 
plain. Protection  Is  a  problem  for  her  to  solve.  Whether  it  is  wise  for 
Tou  xuy. — KG.  II.  11 


162  Eeciprocity —  United  States  and  Canada. 

a  jouDg  people,  like  Canada,  with  illimitable  forests,  an  ansple  and  grow- 
ing market  at  her  door  for  her  sawed  lumber,  and  an  unlimited  market 
across  the  ocean  for  her  squared  timber,  with  a  soil  productive  of  bread, 
and  in  England  and  the  Lower  Colonies  an  ample  market,  whether  it 
reaches  them  through  the  Hudson  or  the  St.  Lawrence ;  with  labor  dear 
and  capital  scarce ;  whether  it  is  wise  for  such  a  people  to  seek  a  change 
of  industry  by  copying  from  Old  or  even  New  England,  time  must  de- 
monstrate. 

Mr.  Hatch  not  only  charges  the  infraction  of  the  treaty  upon  this 
tariflf,  but  represents  it  as  a  breach  of  faith,  an  act  of  ingratitude  after 
receiving  the  benefits  of  the  treaty,  and  a  great  wrong  inflicted  upon  us. 

It  should  be  recollected  that  Canada  suddenly  awoke  from  her  splen- 
did dream  of  monopoly  to  find  herself  loaded  with  a  debt  of  fifty  millions 
of  dollars,  sixteen  of  which  was  sunk  in  the  crowning  folly  of  the  Grand 
Trunk  Railway;  with  an  annual  deficit  of  four  millions  of  revenue.  It 
matters  little  to  us  whether  she  imposes  this  deficit  upon  her  consump- 
tion, including  our  manufactures  and  those  of  Great  Britain,  or  whether 
she  raises  the  required  revenue  by  direct  taxation ;  both  impoverish  her 
alike,  and  lessen  her  ability  to  purchase  and  consume  our  products.  But 
Mr.  Hatch  presses  this  grievous  wrong  and  imposition  into  his  service 
with  skill  and  industry,  reiterates  the  charge  with  every  variety  of  ex- 
pression, such  as  "  taxing  our  labor  to  build  works  to  rival  and  rob  us  of 
our  commerce ;"  "  by  imposing  extraordinary  taxes  upon  the  products  of 
American  industry,  she  is  compelling  us  to  bear  her  burdens,  created  to 
sustain  gigantic  rivalries,  worthy  of  imperial'ambition,  for  supremacy  by 
land  and  water  over  our  inland  commerce,  and  for  the  grave  influence 
which  thus  may  be  exercised  upon  our  political  career,"  leaving  the  im- 
pression that  we  are  a  greatly  injured  nation,  and  that,  too,  by  a  people 
on  whom  we  have  just  bestowed  boundless  benefits. 

In  pushing  his  complaints  so  far,  he  has  betrayed  Mr.  Ely  into  the 
avowal,  in  his  Congressional  speech,  that  we  pay  these  duties^  not  Canada, 

The  plain  English  of  all  this  declamation  is,  that  Canada  takes  three 
or  four  millions  of  our  fabrics  and  products  for  consumption,  imposing 
upon  herself,  through  her  tariflf,  a  heavy  duty. 

England,  too,  is  subjected  to  the  same  imposition  and  the  same  suflfer- 
ing,  and  bears  it  with  becoming  equanimity,  and  would  willingly  relieve 
**  the  fruits  of  our  industry,"  as  Mr.  Hatch  has  it,  from  these  impositions, 
by  furnishing  these  three  or  four  millions  herself,  to  be  taxed  as  best  suits 
the  interests  or  theories  of  Canada. 

We  desire  to  treat  Mr.  Hatch  with  the  respect  due  to  his  talents  and 
his  position,  but  if  he  will  indulge  in  clap-trap  he  must  not  ask  us  to 
treat  it  with  the  gravity  of  an  argument. 

If  it  is  a  great  wrong  to  impose  duties  on  our  manufactures,  it  must 
be  right  to  protect  and  fabricate  them  for  herself;  yet  here,  too,  Mr. 
Hatch  finds  a  fruitful  topic  of  complaint.  Here  lies  the  sum  and  sub- 
stance of  the  infraction  of  the  treaty.  The  parties  agree  to  exchange 
bread  and  meat  without  duty,  and  forthwith  Canada  raises  her  duty  on 
cotton  fabrics  and  whisky,  which  were  not  embraced  in  the  free  schedule. 

Had  Mr.  Morrei's  bill  passed  Congress,  raising  duties  and  imposing 
specific  and  protective  duties  on  similar  articles,  we,  too,  should  have 
come  under  Mr.  Hatch's  charge  of  treaty  breakers. 

Although  a  union  exists  between  Canada  East  and  Canada  West,  there 


Reciprocity — United  States  and  Canada.  16S 

u  not  harmony.  The  Lower  Province  found,  when  the  staple  and  other 
natural  products  of  Upper  Canada  were  relieved  from  duty,  and  from 
the  formalities  and  expenses  of  our  debenture  bonds,  that  a  strong  impulse 
was  given  to  her  trade  with  us,  and  through  us  with  the  Lower  Provinces 
and  Great  Britain.  To  counteract  this  tendency,  and  force  her  trade  and 
allure  ours  to  the  St.  Lawrence,  the  undue  power  of  Lower  Canada,  which 
was  paramount  in  the  union,  was  called  into  requisition,  and  arrayed 
against  Canada  West  and  our  channels  of  trade.  The  gratuitous  use  of 
her  locks  and  canals  was  tendered  to  the  trade  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  «nd 
her  discriminating  duties  were  shaped  to  promote  it.  This  legislation, 
unfriendly  and  unwise,  as  your  committee  believe,  has  well  nigh  proved 
abortive.  The  Montreal  Herald  reports  the  arrival  to  September  27th, 
1854,  (the  first  year  of  reciprocity,)  258  vessels,  tonnage  71,072;  and 
in  1860,  140  vessels,  tonnage  82,460,  and  this  is  the  port  at  which  the 
provincial  trade  centers,  with  the  exception  of  the  timber  trade  of  Que- 
bec; no  more  than  a  natural  increase  of  trade  without  the  effect  of  dis- 
crimination. 

Hr.  Hatch's  remedy,  or  retaliation  for  this  hostility  from  one-half  of 
one  of  these  five  contracting  parties  is,  to  abrogate  the  treaty  with  all ; 
revive  our  duties;  retire  from  the  St.  Lawrence;  withdraw  our  debenture 
facilities  from  Upper  Canada,  and  thus  compel  her  to  trade  through  the 
St,  Lawrence,  playing  into  the  hands  of  Lower  Canada;  a  system  of 
non-intercourse,  which  would  reduce  a  trade  of  more  than  forty  to  less 
than  ten  millions  again. 

We  cannot,  in  justice  to  our  citizens  and  our  creditors,  counteract 
these  measures  by  the  gratuitous  use  of  our  locks  and  canals ;  but  your 
committee  believe  sound  wisdom  dictates  that  we  cherish  free  trade  with 
all  the  provinces;  counteract  their  protective  and  discriminating  policy 
by  continued  and  increased  facilities  in  our  own,  and  to  other  markets 
through  our  channels.  We  would  drive  them  from  the  forge  and  the 
anvil,  to  the  forest  and  the  saw  mill,  by  buying  their  boards;  and  from 
the  spindle  and  loom,  to  the  plow,  by  transporting  its  products  through 
the  cheapest  channel  to  the  best  market.  A.  little  patience  and  good 
temper  on  our  part  will  set  all  right 

Canada  West,  with  her  fine  climate,  rich  soil,  and  commercial  capabil- 
ities, will  grow  populous  and  rich,  and  soon  assert  and  maintain  her 
rights,  and  under  a  liberal  and  just  policy  minister  largely  to  our  pros- 
perity. She  is  already  taking  efficient  measures  to  reform  the  govern- 
ment and  secure  the  power  due  to  her  population. 

CANAL  AND  RAILWAY  RIYALRT. 

Mr.  Hatch  inculcates  the  theory  with  zeal  and  industry,  that  the  two 
Canadas,  the  British  capitalist,  and  the  imperial  government,  have  com- 
bined to  monopolize  the  trade  of  the  Far  West,  by  means  of  canals  and 
railroads,  without  regard  to  income  or  profit 

The  same  theory  has  been  widely  propagated  by  our  railroads,  and 
great  merit  claimed  for  counteracting  this  gigantic  monopoly.  Mr.  Hatch 
says,  page  34 : — "  The  changes  to  be  produced  by  this  grasping  monopoly 
will  be  developed  with  the  rapidity  characteristic  of  modern  times.  They 
will  include  the  whole  system  of  our  commercial  industry." 

Again,  page  35,  "This  vast  commercial  struggle,  where  monopoly  is 
the  end  to  be  gained,  must  terminate  in  a  colossal  combiDation  of  Amer- 


164  Redprociiy —  United  States  and  Canada. 

icaD  capital  and  ability,  or  the  field  mast  be  abandoned  to  their  royal 
rival."     Here  we  have  eloquent  declamation  to  propagate  a  bald  fiction. 

Canada,  one  of  the  British  provinces,  has  inaugurated  a  system  of 
canals  with  her  own  means  and  her  own  credit,  *'  out  of  all  proportion  to 
her  wants,"  as  Mr.  Hatch  avers,  looking  to  the  trade  of  the  West. 

New  York,  one  of  the  United  States,  has  done  precisely  the  same 
thing ;  the  magnitude  of  her  works  is  out  of  all  proportion  to  her  wants. 
The  railroads  of  both  Canada  and  New  York  are  constructed  and  man- 
aged by  private  capitalists,  and  both  upon  the  same  scale,  and  looking  to 
the  Far  West  for  patronage ;  the  New  York  roads  subsidized  moderately, 
and  the  Canadian  largely,  by  the  local  governments.  All  were  gainful 
schemes;  many  have  proved  delusive  ones;  none  have  been  prompted 
by  politics  or  patriotism.  It  is  believed  that  more  British  eapital  is  em- 
barked in  our  railroads  and  canals,  seeking  Westerif  trade,  than  in  simi- 
lar Canadian  works. 

The  British  Government  constructed  the  Rideau  Canal,  127  miles  in 
length,  soon  after  the  war,  from  her  military  chest ;  it  is  in  no  sense  a 
rival  for  trade.  The  Commissioners  of  the  Board  of  Works  say  in  their 
report,  December,  1869,  page  23,  that  "  the  work  was  handed  over  to 
this  department  in  a  dilapidated  condition,  demanding  a  large  expendi- 
ture of  money ;  that  its  revenues  are  derived  chiefly  from  local  traffic, 
lumber,  iron  ore,"  <fec.  Herein  is  comprised  the  much  bruited  royal  mo- 
nopoly, the  imperial  prodigality  to  ruin  our  trade  and  drive  us  from  the 
field. 

It  should  be  remembered,  if  all  these  fears  are  realized ;  if  British 
capital  could  be  enlisted  to  build  and  maintain  roads  and  canals,  and 
tender  them  to  commerce  gratuitously,  and  thus  furnish  the  cheap  chan- 
nel for  trade  between  the  Atlantic  and  the  lakes,  even  then  the  majar  in- 
terest of  the  lake  region  would  be  promoted — the  minor  interest  only 
injured.  The  agriculturist,  the  great  producer  and  consumer,  would  en- 
joy this  bounty,  this  free  road  to  market,  while  the  defeated  lines  of  com- 
merce would  sufier  a  diminution  of  patronage,  and  be  compelled  to  turn 
over  their  supernumeraries  to  the  more  favored  occupation. 

The  Rochester  boat-builder  and  the  Buffalo  and  Oswego  boatmen  must 
turn  farmers,  but  the  lake  coaster  would  still  pursue  the  trade  to  Montreal 
and  Quebec,  and  the  Atlantic  ship  would  compete  for  it  at  Quebec  and 
Portland.  New  York  city  might  sufier,  but  Detroit  and  Milwaukee  need 
not  be  alarmed.  The  day  for  protection  and  monopoly  has  gone  by. 
The  Grand  Trunk,  with  its  magnificent  and  alarming  proportions,  must 
sustain  itself  or  sink.  Canada  is  paralyzed,  and  cannot  come  to  its  relief. 
British  capital  will  no  longer  bear  depleting,  and  Great  Britain,  under  a 
revised  and  liberal  policy,  has  secured  a  large  share  of  the  trade  of  our 
continent,  and  cares  not  whether  it  reaches  her  through  the  St.  Lawrence, 
the  Hudson,  or  the  Chesapeake ;  knowing,  as  she  does,  that  the  more 
numerous  its  competing  channels,  the  more  they  minister  to  the  prosper- 
ity of  herself  and  her  colonies. 

The  Montreal  Witness,  in  a  recent  issue,  says: — "The  afi'airs  of  the 
Grand  Tnmk  Railway  appear  to  be  approaching  a  crisis,  and  it  is  gene- 
rally anticipated  that  the  whole  concern  will  have  to  be  sold  for  debt." 
The  same  article  attributes  its  misfortunes  to  bad  and  corrupt  manage- 
ment, and  they  might  have  added  appropriately,  from  Mr.  Hatch's  report, 
that  they  transport  flour  from  the  Mississippi  to  Portland  for  prices 
fabulously  low. 


Beciprocity — United  States  and  Canada.  165 

In  discussing  the  raptrits  and  working  of  the  treaty,  the  following  heads 
may  be  disposed  of  brieflvt  ^  it  is  believed  nobody  complains  of  them 
but  Mr.  Hatch,  viz.,  the  Fisheries,  the  St.  Lawrence,  Animals,  and  Min- 
erals. 

In  relation  to  the  fisheries,  all  will  admit  that  a  subject  of  national 
disquietude  has  been  disposed  of.  A  branch  of  industry,  though  regu- 
lated by  treaty,  demanding  to  be  watched  over  by  the  men-of-war  of  both 
contracting  parties,  was  troublesome  and  dangerous.  The  duty  of  this 
hostile  armiiment  was  to  keep  the  fisherman  to  the  prescribed  line  in  pur- 
suit of  his  game,  which  line  was  on  the  ocean  at  a  definite  number  of 
leajBTues  or  miles  from  headlands  and  bays.  A  better  contrivance  to  era- 
broil  friendly  nations  in  war  could  not  have  been  devised  by  the  wit  of 
man.  -  It  matters  but  little  who  catch  the  fish,  provided  the  consumer 
can  have  them  at  a  cheap  rate,  free  from  duty.  As  a  school  for  seamen, 
its  effects  are  neutralized,  when  each  maritime  nation  protects  its  own 
fisheries. 

Of  the  St.  Lawrence,  while  exclusively  navigated  by  Great  Britain,  it 
has  been  the  fashion  to  disparage  its  value  and  importance,  on  account 
of  its  high  latitude,  environed  and  crowded  by  islands,  ice-bound  and 
befogged  for  half  the  year.  But  since  we  have  acquired  a  right  to  this 
channel  by  treaty,  by  abrogation  of  the  English  Navigation  Laws,  and 
by  modern  international  law,  as  expounded  at  Vienna  by  the  Congress 
of  Sovereigns  in  1816,  it  is  pertinent  to  inquire  whether  it  is  as  worth- 
leas  as  Mr.  Hatch  and  his  coadjutors  would  make  it.  The  American 
lakes  and  their  outlet  occupy  a  section  of  that  belt  which  carries  forward 
the  entire  commerce  of  the  globe;  their  latitude  not  as  high  as  that  of 
the  English  Islands,  or  the  Baltic  Sea.  The  navigation  of  Ontario  and 
the  St.  Lawrence  is  practicable  as  long  as  that  of  the  Hudson,  and  is  sa/e 
and  profitable  for  the  same  period  of  the  year,  as  that  of  Lake  Erie  and 
the  Erie  Canal.  The  summer  temperature  of  the  North  invites  and  al- 
lures the  traffic  of  the  valleys  of  the  lakes,  and  the  Upper  Mississippi, 
through  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  while  the  fervid  heat  of  the  South 
repels  this  trade  through  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Winter  reverses  this 
traffic.  Nature  has  establishd  reciprocity  among  all  the  channels  of  com- 
merce, and  forbids  our  impeding  any  by  selfish  and  hostile  enactments. 

For  most  of  the  period  since  we  became  a  nation,  Quebec  has  been  the 
field  of  more  traffic,  and  the  resort  of  more  foreign  tonnage,  than  any 
other  port  on  the  continent.  When  the  St.  Lawrence  was  improved  at 
^reat  expense,  the  inland  and  coasting  trade  alone  was  provided  for.  It 
IS  estimated  by  the  Board  of  Works  that  another  foot  of  water  may  be 
obtained  through  this  channel  at  the  moderate  cost  of  a  million  of  dol- 
lars, conforming  it  in  depth  to  the  Welland  Canal,  greatly  promoting 
the  lake  and  Atlantic  trade,  and  rendering  it  far  more  efiective  than  the 
gratuitous  use  of  locks.  It  cannot  be  doubted  that  with  its  slight  im- 
provement, and  some  modification  in  the  structure  of  our  lake  coasters, 
a  large  amount  of  tonnage  will  seek  the  Atlantic  markets  through  this 
channel,  during  the  summer,  as  regular  traders,  and  a  much  larger  amount 
as  winter  approaches,  to  secure  occupation  in  milder  climates.  But  mo. 
nopoly  is  inhibited  by  climate  to  any  and  all  routes. 

The  Detroit  Tribune^  in  a  late  issue,  gives  a  list  of  lake  coasters  seek- 
ing the  Atlantic  for  employment,  comprising  ten  barks,  five  brigs,  forty- 
one  schooners,  one  propeller,  and  eight  tugs  within  the  last  two  years ; 


166 


Reciprocity —  United  States  and  Canada. 


total  tonnage  of  all,  except  the  tugs,  18,085  ton«.  Two  of  the  barks 
and  one  schooner  are  Canadian  vessels.  Two  of  the  schooners  only  have 
been  wrecked. 

Total  entries  of  sea-going  vessels  for  Canada,  inwards  and  outwards, 
for  the  year  1859,  British,  colonial,  and  foreign  vessels  included,  number 
3,333;  tonnage,  1,282,233  tons. 

Of  animals  and  their  products,  it  will  be  sufficient  to  say,  that  the  ex- 
changes between  Canada  and  ourselves  seem  to  balance  each  other  with 
remarkable  accuracy.     We  copy  from  Mr.  Uatch's  tables : — 


IMPORTED  IKTO  OANADA. 

1 856 $2,896,888 

1867 *       2,184,889 

1868 1,464,878 


IMPORTED  DfTO  UMITCD  STATES. 

1866 $2,876,888 

1867 1.974,616 

1868 2,281,786 


Total 16,496,060  Total $6,681,690 

In  this  trade  there  seems  to  be  sufficient  reciprocity  to  satisfy  the 
most  captious. 

MINBRAL8. 

* 

Your  committee  are  not  aware  that  any  other  minerals  than  coal  are 
exchanged  under  the  treaty.  We  subjoin  the  amount  of  imports  and  ex- 
ports for  the  last  three  years  of  the  treaty  : — 


IMPORTED  INTO  OAXADA. 


1866, 

1867 
1858  , 


$448,984 
609,494 
824,874 


IMPORTED  INTO    DNITBD  STATES. 


1866. 

1867« 
1868.. 


$84,228 

189,894 

98,406 


Total $1,822,862  Total $867,627 

Here  we  find  three  and-one-half  times  as  much  coal  exported  to  Canada 
from  the  mines  of  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  and  perhaps  Northern  Virginia, 
as  are  imported  from  England  and  Nova  Scotia  to  our  Atlantic  ports. 
Yet  Mr.  Hatch  would  invoke  from  the  federal  government  a  protective 
and  prohibitory  duty  on  this  diminutive  quantity  of  coal ;  thereby  en- 
hancing its  cost,  and  stinting  the  supply  to  New  England  of  an  article 
of  prime  necessity  in  her  rigorous  climate,  denuded  of  timber,  and 
destitute  of  this  mineral,  so  important  an  element  in  her  manufacturing 
industry.  Mr.  Hatch  insists  that  we  may  impose  these  duties  on  our 
citizens  without  any  fear  of  similar  impositions  by  Canada  on  hers.  He 
says,  she,  too,  has  a  rigid  climate,  her  forests  are  fast  disappearing,  her 
minerals  are  all  metals,  and  demand  our  coal  for  smelting  them;  and  it 
would  have  been  in  harmony  with  his  report,  if  he  had  added  her  future 
great  manufacturing  cities,  which  are  to  grow  up  under  protective  foster- 
ing, must  have  coal.  And,  by  the  bye,  it  occurs  to  us  to  inquire  how  New 
England,  with  her  fuel  heavily  taxed,  is  to  compete  with  Canadian  manu- 
factures protected  by  a  provident  and  paternal  government.  How  is  she 
to  furnish  the  "fruits  of  her  industry,"  as  Mr.  Hatch  has  it,  cheap  enough 
to  bear  Canadian  taxation  ? 

This  treaty,  in  minerals,  works  in  this  wise : — We  import  into  New 
England,  $120,000  worth  of  coal  per  annum.  The  Federal  Government 
loses  duty,  probably  on  half  this  amount,  or  20  per  cent  on  $60,000,  be- 
ing $12,000  per  annum,  while  we  open  a  trade  in  coal  through  the  canals 
and  railroads  of  New   York,  Pennsylvania,  and  Ohio,  of  nearly   half  a 


Redprociiy —  United  States  and  Canada.  167 

million  aDoually,  yielding  large  revenues  to  these  States,  and  profitable 
occupation  to  their  citizens.  Pennsylvania  coal  is  now  competing  at 
Montreal  with  that  of  Liverpool  and  Nova  Scotia,  aided  by  the  gratuitous 
use  of  the  St.  Lawrence  locks. 

PRODUCTS   OF   THE   BOIL   AND   THE    FOREST. 

These  features  of  the  treaty  demand  a  more  elaborate  discussion,  from 
the  doubts  entertained  of  their  utility,  and  the  opposition  provoked  by 
them  to  its  ratification,  and  also  from  the  hostile  attacks  upon  them  since 
it  has  been  in  operation. 

Of  bread  stuffs,  the  staple  of  both  Canada  West  and  of  the  States 
bordering  on  the  lakes,  their  exchange  generally  does  not  involve  the 
question  of  revenue  or  consumption^  it  is  merely  a  question  of  commerce 
or  transportation. 

Two  countries  contiguous  to  each  other,  producing  a  surplus  of  the 
same  commodity,  will,  when  not  impeded  by  artificial  means,  seek  the 
same  markets  for  this  surplus,  and  through  the  cheapest  channels.  Hence, 
if  our  entire  crop  should  seek  a  foreign  market  through  the  St.  Lawrence, 
it  would  in  no  manner  depress  or  impair  the  value  of  the  Canada  crop. 
If  a  single  barrei  of  our  flour  or  many  barrels  should  fall  into  their  con- 
sumption, another  barrel  or  an  equal  number  of  barrels  of  provincial 
flour  would  take  their  place  and  seek  a  foreign  market.  So  ajjain,  if  the 
Canadian  surplus  should  seek  a  foreign  market  through  the  Hudson,  it 
would,  in  no  manner,  affect  our  farmers  or  our  revenue.  All  the  clamor, 
therefore,  about  the  Canadians  overwhelming  us  with  breadstuffs,  ruin- 
ing our  markets,  running  a  muck  with  our  farmers,  taking  the  bread  out 
of  their  mouths,  and  our  "carrying  coals  to  Newcastle"  when  our  flour 
goes  to  Canada,  is  idle  declamation,  mere  clap-trap.  The  truth  is,  those 
who  provide  the  best  channel  for  these  surpluses,  partake  most  largely  of 
the  benefits  of  the  treaty,  and  minister  most  to  the  prosperity  of  the  pro- 
ducer, whether  a  subject  of  the  queen  or  a  citizen  of  the  republic. 

Here  we  might  quote  Mr.  Hatch,  who,  in  his  zeal  to  establish  the 
inequality  of  the  treaty,  has  unwittingly  admitted  and  affirmed  its  equality 
and  reciprocal  working. 

Page  24,  Mr.  Hatch  says: — "As  Canada  produces  more  wheat  and 
flour  than  she  can  use,  our  shipments  to  her  are  not  made  for  consump- 
tion, but  must  compel  the  return  of  the  same  or  an  equivalent  to  us, 
chiefly  in  a  manufactured  condition,  at  the  expense  of  the  milling  interests 
of  this  country,  or  its  shipment  to  Europe  in  foreign  vessels,  at  the  ex- 
pense of  our  American  bottoms."  This  is  all  true,  but  it  happens  to  be 
but  half  the  truth.  As  we,  too,  produce  more  wheat  and  flour  than  we 
can  use,  when  Canadian  wheat  and  flour  come  here,  it  is  not  for  consump- 
tion, but  must  be  returned,  or  its  equivalent,  chiefly  in  a  manufactured 
condition,  at  the  expense  of  the  milling  interests  of  Canada,  or  shipped 
to  Nova  Scotia,  Great  Britain,  or  elsewhere,  mostly  in  American  bottoms, 
at  the  expense  of  foreign  vessels.  Had  Mr.  Hatch  completed  the 
paragraph,  and  told  the  whole  truth,  he  would  have  established  our  pro- 
position. Thus  far,  our  channels  have  enjoyed  these  benefits  in  a  higher 
degree  than  those  of  Canada. 

There  are,  however,  some  exceptions  to  the  rule  here  laid  down.  One 
branch  of  this  trade,  and  an  important  branch,  that  does  not  come  under 
the  head  of  transportation  or  of  reciprocity,  so  far  as  breadstuffs  are  con- 


168  EedprocUy —  Untied  States  and  Canada. 

cerned,  is  Indian  corn  and  its  products.     During  the  year  ending  June 
30,  1859,  we  exported  to  Canada,  corn  and  its  products  comprising: — 

Indian  meal,  lard,  pork,  hams,  and  bacon,  of  the  aggregate  value  of. . .      $1,180,878 
Same  articles  to  the  other  British  American  provinces 1,127,206 

Together- $2,808,078 

This  agricultural  product  goes  into  consumption,  and  is  expended  largely 
in  their  fisheries,  lumbering,  and  shipping,  and  for  the  manufacture  of 
whisky.  This  corn  and  its  products  go  far  toward  the  payment  of  our 
imports  of  the  products  of  the  forest;  which  in  1858,  amounted  to 
$3,290,383 — and  this,  too,  is  an  article  of  consumption.  An  exchange 
as  beneficial  to  both  parties  as  an  exchange  of  commodities  between  the 
tropics  and  the  temperate  zone. 

Corn  is  produced  in  great  abundance,  and  at  small  cost  on  the  rich 
bottoms  of  the  Ohio,  the  Wabash,  and  the  Illinois,  and  matured  by  a 
warm  climate  before  the  frost  overtakes  it.  While  the  pine  lumber,  a 
necessary  article  of  consumption  in  building,  fencing,  and  manufactures, 
is  produce^  in  a  high  latitude,  on  a  sterile  and  cheap  land. 

On  lumber,  the  Federal  Government  has  sacrificed  a  small  amount  of 
revenue,  while,  by  its  freedom  and  expansion.  New  York  has  acquired  a 
large  canal  revenue,  and  her  citizens  extensive  and  profitable  occupation. 

Our  lake  shipping  share  most  largely  in  its  transport,  and  our  canals 
monopolize  it. 

There  is  still  another  exception  to  this  rule,  another  portion  of  this 
exchange  of  breadstufi's  which  is  reciprocal  and  goes  into  consumption. 
Canada  East  consumes  largely  of  the  spring  wheat  of  Wisconsin  and 
Illinois,  taking  it  partly  in  the  berry  direct  from  these  States,  and  partly 
in  flour  ground  in  the  State  of  New  York.  She  prefers  this  wheat  to  the 
fine  article  from  Canada  West,  partly  from  habit  and  partly  from  economy. 
She  has  been  accustomed  to  raise  her  full  supply  of  this  description  of 
grain,  but  at  times,  from  failure  of  crops  and  diminished  culture,  she  pro- 
bably draws  half  her  supply  for  a  population  of  a  million  from  abroad. 
A  cheap  article,  exempt  from  duty,  has  allured  her  to  our  prairie  States 
for  this  supply.  On  the  other  hand,  New  England  consumes  largely  of 
the  fine  wheat  and  flour  of  Canada  West,  since  her  accustomed  supply 
of  Genesee  has  failed,  and  since  its  exemption  from  duty  has  brought  it 
within  her  reach. 

From  an  exhibit  of  the  trade  and  commerce  of  Toronto,  (C.  W.,)  for 
18o9,  we  make  the  following  extracts: — "The  demand  for  our  flour  dur- 
ing the  past  year,  has  been  from  Montreal  and  Quebec  for  the  lower  grades, 
while  for  fancies  and  extras,  purchases  have  been  mainly  made  for  Bos- 
ton and  other  New  England  markets."  Again,  "The  manufacturing  dis- 
tricts of  the  New  England  States  require  a  description  of  flour  superior 
to  any  that  has  hitherto  been  produced  in  the  West," 

Of  barley  it  says : — "Over  167,000  bushels  have  been  exported  the 
last  year ;  the  purchases  for  export  were  mainly  with  a  view  to  the 
Albany  market,"  (breweries.) 

"  The  import  of  Indian  corn  at  this  point  last  year,  for  the  manufacture 
of  whisky,  amounts  to  143,524  bushels,  valued  at  $100,3  i3."  Here  is 
reciprocity  ;  with  this  difl^erence,  we  ebtain  the  best  beverage. 

Revive  the  duty  of  20  per  cent  on  bread,  yielding  but  a  paltry  revenue 


Beciprociiy — United  States  and  Canada.  169 

to  the  Federal  Government,  an  extensive  and  beneficial  trade  ^ould  be 
broken  up.  Canada  East  would  be  compelled  to  eat  a  white  and  a  dear 
loaf,  while  New  England  would  have  the  alternative  of  a  taxed  loaf,  or  a 
brown  one.  Illinois  and  Wisconsin  would  flood  their  single  market,  al- 
ready overstocked,  with  spring  wheat.  And  here  we  may  repeat  the 
question,  how  is  New  England  to  compete  with  the  protected  manufac- 
tures of  Canada,  with  her  bread  taxed,  as  well  as  her  fuel?  It  is  apparent 
that  free  trade  in  breadstuffs,  a  subject  so  fruitful  of  cavil  and  clamor,  is 
not  so  barren  of  benefits  as  a  superficial  observer  would  imagine.  Their 
exchange  for  consumption,  so  far  as  it  goes,  is  highly  beneficial  to  both 
parties,  the  remainder  having  the  choice  of  the  cheapest  and  best  channel 
to  a  distant  market,  exempt  from  duty,  and  free  from  the  formalities  and 
expenses  of  our  debenture  system. 

The  free  importation  of  Canada  lumber  is  fraught  with  benefits  to  all. 
On  our  part,  the  carrier,  the  canals,  and  the  consumer  share  largely  and 
directly  in  these  benefits,  and  the  jnanufactures  of  New  England  and 
New  York  incidentally.  Canada  finds  appropriate  and  profitable  occupa- 
tion in  its  preparation  and  transport,  and  derives  from  its  sale  an  ample 
fund  with  which  to  purchase  from  us  her  agricultural  implements,  her 
building  materials,  and  staple  fabrics  for  consumption. 

Your  Committee  are  not  familiar  with  the  lumber  trade  on  the  seaboard, 
but  observe  in  the  statistics  of  trade  that  we  export  to  the  Lower  British 
North  American  Provinces,  pitch  pine,  locust,  hickory,  black  walnut,  and 
oak,  which  they  do  not  produce;  and  it  is  believed  that  Maine  finds  some 
equivalent  in  the  free  use  of  the  St.  Johns  River,  for  the  competition  of 
New  Brunswick  in  the  pine  lumber  trade. 

Our  debenture  system  Mr.  Hatch  treats  as  a  proffered  boon,  rejected 
and  thwarted  by  Canada.  So  far  from  a  boon,  its  aim  and  object  was  to 
promote  our  carrying  trade,  by  alluring  to  our  Atlantic  ports  the  pro- 
ducts of  other  nations,  to  be  again  distributed  to  their  respective  markets, 
exempt  from  duty,  other  than  a  commission  or  tax  of  2^  per  cent.  Its 
operation  was  extended  to  Canada  and  New  Mexico  by  act  of  Congress, 
August,  1846.  Now,  inasmuch  as  Lower  Canada  has  endeavored,  by 
discriminating  duties  and  protective  laws,  to  annul  an«i  counteract  the 
operation  of  this  debenture  system,  and  force  Canada  West,  as  Mr.  Hatch 
says,  to  import  her  tropical  products  by  a  circuit  through  the  St.  Lawrence, 
of  a  thousand  miles,  therefore  he  would  annul  the  law,  and  compel  Upper 
Canada  to  import  and  export  through  this  circuitous  channel,  thus  play- 
ing into  the  hands  of  Lower  Canada,  and  yielding  this  valuable  branch 
of  the  carrying  trade. 

We  subjoin  extracts  from  oflScial  tables  of  Canada  "  Trade  and  Naviga- 
tion "  for  1859,  page  199  :— 

Imported  through  the  United  States  under  debenture  bonds,  in  value.        $4,646,491 

Of  which  pays  26  per  cent  duty $28,662 

20ana  16  percent 4,278  287 

"         10  and  6  per  cent 120,647 

Purchased  in  the  United  States,  products  of  other  countries 6,861,865 

Foreign  products $9,898,866 

ProdocU  of  United  States 12,237,641 

Of  which  pays  26  per  cent  duty. $140,61 1 

**         20Eod  16  percentduty 2,487,261 

**  10  and  6  per  cent  duty. 606,724 

Free  goods. 8,040,226 

Total  imports $22, 1 86,897 


170  Reciprocity — United  States  and  Canada. 

Of  the  foreign  products,  tea  amounts  to  5,825,052  pounds,  of  the  value 
of  $2,071,339,  which  is  imported  from  China  in  American  bottoms,  ex- 
ported to  Canada  through  our  canals  and  railroads,  yielding  freight, 
warehouse  charges,  and  mercantile  profits.  It  is  difficult  to  imagine  a 
more  suicidal  measure  than  the  one  proposed  by  Mr.  Hatch,  of  repealing 
the  Debenture  Laws,  so  far  as  they  relate  to  Canada. 

OOASTINa   TRADE. 

The  only  remaining  subject  of  criticism  and  complaint  is  the  interna- 
tional coasting  trade.  Mr.  Hatch  says: — '*In  this  competition  of  ship- 
ping, American  ship-owners  run  a  raco  in  fetters.  The  staple  manu- 
facture of  Canada  has  long  been  that  of  ship  building  for  exportation," 
Ac.  If  this  be  so,  the  result  tells  well  for  the  bottom  and  speed  of  the 
American  ship-owner. 

By  referring  again  to  report  of  the  Canadian  Board  of  Works,  page 
143,  we  find  the  tonnage  of  the  lakes  and  St  Lawrence  for  1859,  divided 
as  follows,  viz. : — 

American  vetisele,  1,206,  tonnage 819,460 

Canadian  vessels*,     829.  tonnage 70,784 

By  referring  again  to  report  of  ** Trade  and  Navigation"  of  Canada 
for  1S59,  page  275,  it  appears  that  the  coiisting  trade  to  atd  from  66 
Canadian  ports,  is  divided  as  follows: — 

Entries  inward  and  oatward  of  American  steam  and  sail  vessels,  .tonnage    4.682,894 

•*  **  Canadian  "  •*  2,868,986 

(Ferries  excluded.) 

The  British  navigation  laws  forbid  to  American  vessels  the  coasting 
trade  of  the  British  North  American  Provinces,  while  our  retaliatory 
laws  forbid  to  provincial  vessels  our  coasting  trade.  All  discriminating 
restrictions  on  direct  trade  between  these  provinces  and  the  States  have 
been  removed,  while  coasting  restrictions  have  been  greatly  modified  and 
ameliorated. 

We  find  in  United  States  "  Commercial  Relations,"  vol.  I.,  pages  66 
and  57,  tbe  following  remarks;  after  alluding  to  the  restrictions  on  trade 
with  the  British  West  and  East  Indies,  it  says: — "With  the  North 
American  provinces,  however,  a  system  of  tbe  most  liberal  and  unrestricted 
character  has  l>een  adopted,  which,  to  a  great  extent,  places  commercial 
intercourse  between  the  United  States  and  these  provinces  on  the  footing 
of  an  unfettered  coasting  trade."  Passenger  vessels  are  allowed  to  land 
on  the  opposite  coasts,  from  point  to  point;  passengers  with  their  bag- 


Beciproeify — United  States  and  Canada.  171 

Lake  Ontario  to  a  New  York  port,  would  be  lawful,  though  the  identical 
goods  may  have  constituted  the  freight  for  both  voyages,  having  passed 
from  the  upper  to  the  lower  lakes  by  a  railway.  The  same  license  or 
latitude  would  be  extended  to  an  American  bottom  if  similar  cjwes  should 
occur,  which,  from  the  nature  of  the  trade,  are  not  so  frequent. 

From  the  tenor  of  Mr.  Hatch's  argument,  the  impression  is  left  on 
the  general  reader,  that  this  is  a  violation  of  the  spirit  of  the  treaty, 
whereas,  it  is  a  mutual  relaxation  of  coasting  restrictions,  a  violation  of 
the  spirit  of  the  British  navigation  laws,  a  remnant  of  barbarism  two 
hundred  years  old — a  remnant  which  it  is  believed  every  commercial 
man  on  either  side  of  the  lakes  would  be  glad  to  see  abolished  ;  and  it 
is  a  subject  of  regret  that  the  treaty  did  not  abolish  this  troublesome  re- 
striction, at  least  between  us  and  British  North  America. 

The  growth  and  magnitude  of  our  trade  with  these  Provinces  is  so 
well  known  that  it  is  not  deemed  necessary  to  load  this  report  with  fig- 
ures  and  statistics.  We  only  subjoin  the  aggregate  of  this  trade  at  three 
distinct  and  well  defined  periods  in  its  history.  The  first,  1830,  when 
the  British  navigation  and  our  retaliatory  laws  were  in  full  operation. 
The  second,  1840,  when  a  relaxation  of  these  measures,  produced  by 
Mr.  McLane's  negotiations,  had  operated  for  ten  years;  and  the  third,  in 
1855,  when  the  debenture  law  had  been  in  operation  nine,  and  the  treaty 
of  reciprocity  two  years : —  f 

1880,  Imports  from  British  (forth  American  Pro^ces. $650,308 

*•      Exportsto  same JL 8,786,878 

Total 4fi 14,436,676 

1840,  Importe ' $2,007,767 

**      Exports. 6,098.260 

Total $8,101,017 

1866,  Imports  from  Canada. $12,182,814 

"      other  British  N.  Am.  Provinces. . .  2,964,420 

Totol  imports $  16,1 86,7  84 

"      Exporte  to  Canada 18,720,844 

other  British  N.  Am.  Provinces 9,086,676 

Total  exports $27,806,020 

Importsand  exporte  total $42,942,764 

It  will  be  perceived  that  the  amount  of  exports  over  imports  are  suffi- 
cient to  satisfy  those  who  deem  the  balance  of  trade  an  important  element 
in  commercial  exchanges. 

The  discussion  of  canal  and  railroad  rivalry,  and  the  debenture  and 


172  Hectprocity — United  States  and  Canada. 

enue  we  did  enjoy  before  the  treaty  would,  under  augmented  duties  and 
multiplied  restrictions,  have  dwindled  to  a  mere  bagatelle. 

We  have  shown  incidentally,  that  the  small  loss  of  revenue  to  the  fed- 
eral government  on  mineral  and  forest  products  has  been  restored  many 
fold  to  the  frontier  States ;  that  products  of  the  soil  in  transitu  would 
escape  taxation  under  our  debenture  law.  If  New  England  could  be 
made  to  yield  to  the  federal  treasury  every  fifth  loaf  of  her  Canada  bread, 
and  every  fifth  bushel  of  her  Nova  Scotia  coal,  it  would  not  prove  a 
financial  achievement  to  excite  much  exultation.  It  is  true,  as  Mr.  Hatch 
avers,  we  have  numerous  custom-houses  on  the  frontier,  and  he  might 
have  added  on  the  seaboard  alto,  attended  with  heavy  expenses,  and 
yielding  little  or  no  revenue.  This  is  incident  to  our  revenue  system; 
one  oflSce  collects  revenue  from  the  honest  importer,  while  ten  oflScers, 
with  their  cutters  and  numerous  officials,  are  stationed  as  sentinels,  not 
to  collect,  but  to  protect  revenue  by  guarding  against  fraudulent  impor- 
tations. 

We  know  of  no  other  remedy  for  this  evil  on  this  frontier,  than  the 
adoption  of  the  German  Zolverein,  which  is  said  to  be  operating  over  a 
population  of  more  30,000,000.  It  is,  in  effect,  like  collecting  the  rev- 
enues of  the  lake  frontier  at  Quebec  and  Portland,  aqd  distributing  them 
per  capita  over  the  whole  region ;  abolishing  custom-houses  by  the  hun- 
dred, and  disbanding  armies  of  public  functionaries.  Some  of  the  most 
enlightened  statesmen  of  Canada  advocate  this  reform. 

If  our  exposition  of  the  terms  and  working  of  the  treaty  is  a  faithful 
one,  it  proves  that  there  has  been  no  infraction  of  it,  that  its  benefits 
have  proved  reciprocal,  that  the  unfriendly,  and,  as  we  believe,  unwise 
legislation  of  Canada,  has  well  nigh  proved  abortive,  and  will  probably 
work  its  own  cure.  We  would  remove  all  coasting  restrictions  by  leg- 
islation or  by  treaty.  After  this,  if  the  contracting  parties  can  devise 
other  and  better  means  of  carrying  on  their  governments  than  through 
the  custom-house,  then  a  system  of  perfect  freedom  and  reciprocity  of 
trade  may  be  inaugurated ;  then  British  North  America  will  yield  to  us 
all  the  benefits  of  federal  States,  without  the  tax  and  burthen  of  their 
government. 

Widely  different  are  the  results  of  Mr.  Hatch's  labor;  he  finds  a  bro- 
ken treaty,  conferring  great  benefits  on  one  party,  and  inflicting  great 
injuries  upon  the  other.  In  his  zeal  to  make  out  a  case,  he  has  involved 
himself  in  numerous  absurties  and  contradictions.  On  the  one  hand  he 
alarms  us  by  an  appalling  conspiracy  to  monopolize  the  lake  trade,  and 
tur!)  all  through  the  St.  Lawrence ;  on  the  other,  scouts  this  navigation 
as  worthless,  and  says  Canada  sends  to  our  markets  six  times  as  much 
breadstuffs  as  the  British,  through  this  protected  channel.  He  abuses 
Canada  for  "  taxing  the  products  of  our  industry,"  which  means,  when 
explained,  for  taxing  herself  when  she  consumes  our  fabrics,  and  still 
more,  when  she  refuses  to  take  them,  and  fabricates  for  herself.  He  be- 
rates her  for  overwhelming  us  and  our  markets  with  her  products,  and 
still  more  when  she  withholds  and  attempts  to  send  them  down  the  St. 
Lawrence,  and  that,  too,  by  the  gratuitous  use  of  her  locks.  He  complains 
that  Canada  West  is  obliged,  by  Provincial  discriminating  and  specific 
duties,  to  import  her  tropical  and  otlier  products  through  the  St.  Law- 
rence, by  a  circuit  of  a  thousand  miles,  and  at  the  same  time  proposes  to 
withhold  our  debenture  facilities,  by  the  operation  of  which  she  can  os- 


Cbmmercial  and  Industrial  OitUs  of  the  United  States.     173 

cape  this  imposition  and  avoid  this  circuitous  voyage.  It  would  seem 
his  commission  does  not  restrict  him  to  the  exposure  of  abuses,  but  com- 
prehends their  cure  also.  For  this  purpose  he  would  repeal  the  Debent- 
ure Laws,  enforce  the  coasting  restrictions,  re-impose  duties  on  the  list 
of  free  goods,  and  that,  too,  perhaps  through  the  agency  of  the  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury,  (as  **  a  treaty  broken  is  a  treaty  no  longer,")  without 
waiting  the  ten  years  prescribed  by  the  treaty,  or  the  action  of  the  treaty- 
making  power.  He  would  retrace  the  path  of  commercial  reform,  go 
back  a  hundred  years,  to  the  age  of  restriction,  retaliation,  and  non-inter- 
course, when  two  ships  of  different  national  character  were  required  to 
perform  the  work  of  one,  thus  doubling  the  labor  and  cost  of  exchanging 
commodities. 


Aft.IIL— COMBERCIAl  AND  INDUSTRIAL  CITIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


V^BO 


MUMBSB  LXXTm. 


8T0N,    MASSACHUSETTS. 


IICTLUBNOS  OF  RAILSOADS—POPULATIOIf— TALUATION— MACnUfX  IMPSOTBMKim—OOIfOKKTRATIOIf 
—B08T0IV  TDK .CBKTBB—INDIT8TBIAL  STATISTICS — EMPLOTMBMT  FOB  WOMBH — ALL  MBW  Blf GLAND 
— HBW  BMOLaITD  SOOIBTT— its  OBIOIN  —  OPKBATIYES— SALBS— SUSPBlfSIOM— BBSUUPTION— BZTBll- 
6I0N  OF  BUSINBSS— THB  PAST  TBAB^MARVFAOTUBIRO  AOTITITT— BOSTON  SHIPPING  LIST— MAB- 
KBTB—SRIFPINO— MILLS— TBB  OOMIKO  TBAB— FOOD  AND  MaTBBIALS— BOOTS  AND  SHOtS— SBIPPMO 
INTBBBST—OOTTOlf—DOllBSTIOB— FISH— rLOUB—OBAIN— WOOL— LBATHXB. 

The  annual  reports  of  the  trade  of  Boston  show  a  considerable  degree 
of  prosperity,  indicative  of  the  concentration  of  business  that  is  produced 
by  the  influence  of  railroads.  The  population  and  valuation  of  the  city 
has  been  as  follows : — 


FOPULATION  AMD  VALUAnON  OF  BOSTON. 


1800 
1810  . 

1820  , 
1880  , 


PopnlBtion. 
24,987 
88,787 
43,298 
61,892 


YshiBtion. 
$16,095,7l»0 
18,460.600 
88,289,200 
69,686,000 


PopalBtloiL  VBloBUon. 

1840 98,388  |94,581,6U0 

1860 186.881  180,000.600 

1866 160,608  241,982,200 

1860 177.902  811,978,663 


The  valuation  in  the  last  ten  years  has  increased  $131,900,000,  and  in 
the  last  five  years  the  increase  has  been  greater  than  the  whole  value  of 
the  city  in  1830,  up  to  which  time  the  railroads  had  not  come  into  ope- 
ration, either  in  Boston  or  in  those  remote  sections  where  of  late  such 
large  markets  for  New  England  manufactures  have  grown  up.  The  im- 
provements in  machines,  and  the  concentration  of  capital  in  Boston, 
have,  as  it  were,  constantly  attracted  thither  raw  materials  to  be  wrought 
up  into  goods,  which,  mingling  with  the  New  York  importations,  have 
found  sale  for  Massachusetts  labor  in  every  section  of  the  country  to 
which  rails  penetrate.  While  the  surrounding  States  have  been  large 
producers  of  the  goods  owned  in  and  Shipped  from  Boston,  there  has 
been  apparently  a  constant  concentration  of  labor  in  the  city.  The  cen- 
sus returns  of  the  industrial  statistics  of  Boston,  of  which  the  following 
is  a  summary,  show  the  number  of  establishments,  amount  of  capital , 
value  of  articles  used,  and  the  yearly  products  in  each  ward : — 


174  Commercial  and  Industrial  OUiea  of  the  United  States: 

No.  estob-     Capital 

WardA.  lUhm'ta.  employed. 

1...  12  $467,000 

2...  63  1,802,000 

8...  812  2,308.000 

4...  2!  8  2,484.000 

6...  12  62,000 

6.,.  48  120,000 

7...  77  909.000 

8...  69  889.000 

9...  7  28,000 

10...  62  874,000 

11...  80  780,000 

12...  42  2,617,000       8,478,000       6,710,000       2,886     69,400        66          904 


llAterfals 

P^of 

P^of 

uflcd- 

Prodnotai 

Men. 

men. 

Women, 

.women. 

$700,000 

$1,211,000 

246 

$9,020 

6e 

$800 

?,620.000 

4,669.000 

1,908 

62.890 

11 

186 

6,088,000 

8.416.000 

2,780  100.660 

619 

10,194 

8,474,000 

7,268,000 

2,599 

78.480 

2,160 

84,841 

78,000 

266,000 

116 

6,000 

24 

880 

841,000 

609,000 

260 

8,600 

2 

25 

2,601.000 

8.697.000 

1,120 

86,100 

1,065 

16,100 

678.000 

1.979,000 

727 

87,000 

208 

4,605 

106,000 

186.000 

49 

8,700 

6 

70 

866.000 

838,000 

686 

18,000 

29 

884 

668,000 

2,270,000 

787 

49,000 

78 

1,666 

Total       931  $12,846,000  $19,862,000  $87,947,000     18,410  471,700   4,809  $68,408 

It  will  be  seen  bj  the  above  that  the  monthly  pay  roll  for  the  manu- 
facturing establishments  of  the  city  is,  for  men,  $471,700;  for  women, 
$68,403.  This  amounts  to  $6,481,206  a  year.  The  above  does  not  in- 
clude the  great  building  interest  of  the  city — carpenters,  masons,  paint- 
ers, and  slaters  not  being  reported,  except  in  two  or  three  wards,  where 
their  numbera  are  small.  The  largest  number  of  establishments  is  in 
ward  8,  and  here,  too,  the  amount  of  products  and  the  lAimber  and 
monthly  pay  of  men  are  the  largest.  In  ward  4  there  is  the  largest  num- 
ber of  persons  employed,  and  in  ward  12  the  capital  is  the  largest.  In 
ward  2  ship-building  was  not  carried  on  to  any  great  extent  for  the  year 
covered  by  the  report,  and  consequently  the  aggregate  is  much  smaller 
than  it  would  otherwise  have  been. 

The  aggregate  of  products,  it  will  be  seen,  is  $37,947,000,  but  there 
are  some  omissions,  which  would  have  swelled  the  amount  to  upward  of 
$40,000,000. 

One  important  omission  is  that  of  the  great  Boston  Gas  Company, 
which  employs  a  large  number  of  men  and  annually  produces  gas  to  a 
heavy  amount  in  value. 

The  productions  of  the  dentists  of  Boston,  of  whom  there  are  95,  have 
been  also,  except  in  a  few  instances,  altogether  omitted. 

These  city  manufactures,  as  we  have  said,  are,  however,  not  an  expo- 
nent of  the  vast  interests  which  Boston  has  in  the  products  of  the  New 
England  States,  for  most  of  which  she  furnishes  the  capital.  Of  late, 
efforts  have  been  made  to  restore  to  Boston  the  control  of  the  sale  of  her 
goods,  by  ceasing  to  send  them  to  New  York  and  other  cities  through 
the  hands  of  agents,  and  attracting  buyers  there.  This  is  described  by 
Lorenzo  Sabine,  Esq.,  Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Trade,  as  follows: — 

The  New  England  Society  was  incorporated  in  1826,*  with  ample 
powers  and  important  privileges;  and  its  records  show  that  during  the 
thirty-four  years  of  its  existence,  some  of  the  most  honored  men  of  Mas- 
sachusetts and  of  New  England  have  assisted  in  the  direction  of  its 
affairs.  Its  income  from  real  and  personal  estate  is  limited  to  six  thou- 
sand dollars  annually,  by  a  provision  in  the  charter;  but  it  may  promote 
and  encourage  domestic  manufactures  of  every  description,  as  well  as 
mechanical  skill  in  every  department  of  industry,  by  public  sales  and  ex- 
hibitions of  the  products  of  the  arts,  by  awarding  premiums  for  new  in- 

«  The  persons  named  In  the  oh*rter  are  FatriokT.  Jaokaon,  Jetse  Fntnam,  John  DogffeU.  Henrr 
A.  B.  Dearborn. 


Boston^  Massachnseits,  176 

ventions  and  for  tbe  best  specimens  of  skill,  by  inducing  any  new  dis- 
coveries which  may  be  made  in  other  countries,  and  by  collecting  tnodeli 
of  inventions  at  home  or  abroad,  and  communicating  the  same  to  the 
manufacturers  and  mechanics  of  New  England ;  and  generally,  by  the 
adoption  of  such  measures  as  the  members  of  the  corporation  may  think 
will  at  any  time  tend  to  the  advancement  of  mechanical  and  nianufac- 
turing  skill ;  while  two  public  sales  may  be  held  annually,  without  pay- 
ment of  the  tax  imposed  on  goods  sold  at  auction,  on  the  single  condi- 
tion that  the  articles  offered  at  these  public  sales  shall  be  of  the  growth 
and  manufacture  of  the  United  States.  Originally,  its  officers  were  a 
president,*  ten  vice-presidents,  twenty-five  directors,  a  treasurer,  a  secre- 
tary, and  two  standing  committees;  but  in  1829,  the  number  of  vic^- 
presidents  was  reduced  to  four,  and  of  directors  to  twelve. 

Its  earliest  measure  was  the  establishment  of  periodica]  exhibitions 
and  sales  of  domestic  goods  by  auction  in  Boston,  the  city  government 
granting  the  free  use  of  Quincy  Hall  for  the  purpose.  The  first  sale  was 
on  the  11th  of  September,  1826,  and  the  second  on  the  24th  of  the  fol- 
lowing month.  These  were  succeeded  by  annual  or  semi-annual  sales 
for  several  years,  with  beneficial  results.  Indeed,  the  plan  of  disposing 
of  manufactures  by  auction  brought  American  fabrics  into  notice;  called 
public  attention  to  the  manufacturing  interest;  attracted  buyers  to  the 
city  from  all  parts  of  the  country;  secured  a  home  market;  and  fixed 
the  price  of  the  staple  productions  of  our  looms  in  a  manner  not  then 
to  have  been  otherwise  accomplished.  The  fairs  and  sales  were,  how- 
ever, suspended  in  1832,  "owing  to  temporary  circumstances,  and  inac- 
tivity on  the  part  of  the  society,"  and  were  not  resumed  until  1859. 

In  1840,  a  committee  appointed  the  previous  year  to  devise  ways  and 
means  for  the  promotion  ot  the  interests  and  objects  of  the  society,  made 
a  report,  in  which  they  remark  that  its  charter  is  "a  great  boon,"  and  of 
▼ast  importance  to  the  people  of  New  England,  and  should  be  estimated 
and  preserved ;  and  they  recommended  the  roost  rigid  "  observance  of 
all  the  formalities  and  technicalities"  of  that  instrument,  and  of  the  by- 
laws, as  well  as  the  keeping  of  accurate  records  of  their  transactions,  in 
the  belief  that  the  time  would  come  when  the  powers  and  privileges 
granted  by  the  Legislature,  **  might  be  exercised  with  manifest  advan- 
tage.^ In  the  judgment  of  the  oflicersf  of  the  past  year,  the  period 
thus  anticipated  has  arrived.  At  the  annual  meeting,  January  12,  i859, 
a  committee  of  fivej  were  charged  with  the  duty  of  inquiring  into  the 
expediency  of  re-establishing  tbe  semi-annual  sales;  and,  on  the  21st  of 
that  month,  a  report  was  made,  in  which  all  concurred  in  advising  the 
measure.    The  result  was  the  appointment  of  a  second  committee  of  fif- 

*  Levi  LIdooIq  (then  OoTornor  of  the  Commonwealth)  was  the  first  president  His  saooessors 
are  Nathan  Appletun,  (In  1835;)  Abbott  Lawrence,  (in  1«:548;)  David  Sears,  (in  lb52;)  Samuel  Law- 
rence, (in  1856;)  Thomas  G.  Cary,  (in  1856,)  and  Deming  Jarves,  (In  IWW  ) 

or  the  officers  eleoted  In  IS^Ai,  twenty -three  have  laid  down  mortality. 

t  The  officers  elected  January  12, 1859,  were  as  follows:— 

President— Thomas  G.  Cary. 

Vice-Presidents— Levi  Lincoln,  William  Stnrgis,  James  W.  Paige,  Deming  Jarrea. 

Directors -Thomas  Motley,  James  Bead,  Jonn  A.  Lowell,  James  M.  beebe,  Edward  Brooks, 
Henry  llall,  James  K.  Mills,  Edward  U.  Eldridge,  William  Appleton,  Bamnel  Torrey,  Francis 
Skinner,  Ames  A.  Lawrence. 

Committee  on  Accounts— Samuel  Torrey  and  Patrick  T.  Jaokion. 

BecTotary— Peter  Bntler. 

Treasnrer— Abbott  Lawrence. 

*  Thomas  G.  Cary,  J.  Wiley  Edmands,  Nathan  Appleton,  Bei^amin  B.  BateSi  James  W.  Paige 
and  Amot  A.  Lawrenee. 


176      Commercial  and  Industrial  Oiiies  0/  the  United  States : 

teen,*  to  correspond  with  the  manufacturers  of  New  England,  in  order 
to  ascertain  whether  a  suflBcient  qnantity  of  goods  would  be  contributed 
to  attract  buyers,  and  if  so,  to  make  the  necessary  arrangements. 

The  answers  afforded  such  encouragement  that  the  committee  proceeded 
to  appoint  the  time  and  place  for  a  sale,  and  to  engage  the  services  of 
auctioneers.!  The  catalogues  of  the  various  kinds  of  goods  contributed 
occupy  one  hundred *and  ten  printed  quarto  pages;  and  as  several  lots 
were  doubled,  the  quantity  actually  sold  was  considerably  larger  than 
was  promised ;  while  the  "  outside  transactions,"  or  private  purchases, 
were  projbably  quite  half  in  amount  to  those  at  auction.  Of  the  sale 
itself,  and  of  the  policy  of  serai-annual  sales  hereafter,  we  forbear  to 
speak,  simply  on  the  ground  of  decorum.  The  New  England  Society  is 
under  the  control  of  gentlemen  who  are  entirely  competent  to  decide 
every  question  which  concerns  it ;  who  possess  full  knowledge  of  the  de- 
precatory comments  of  persons  and  newspapers  in  other  cities,  and  who 
are  well  acquainted  with  the  opinions  expressed  here,  as  to  the  degree  of 
success  which  attended  the  endeavor  in  July,  to  restore  to  Boston  its 
former  position  in  vending  our  manufactures,  and  we  would  not  intrude 
with  advice  or  suggestion. 

The  general  business  of  Boston  for  the  past  year  promised  well  until 
the  election  brought  with  it  its  disturbing  causes.  The  manufacturers 
were  well  employed,  and  the  flow  of  food  and  raw  materials  into  Boston 
for  distribution  to  the  manufacturing  districts  gave  evidence  of  a  healthy 
activity,  and  goods  in  return  flowed  freely  back  for  shipment  The  an- 
nual report  of  the  Boston  Shipping  List  remarks : — 

Up  to  the  middle  of  November,  all  departments  of  our  trade  were  in 
a  very  flourishing  condition.  The  West,  enriched  with  most  bountiful 
orops  at  a  time  when  short  supplies  in  Europe  guarantied  good  prices — 
the  South,  with  cotton  crop  prospects  falling  somewhat  short  of  last  year, 
but  as  all  the  leading  markets  were  advancing  for  this  staple,  with  manu- 
facturers fully  employed  at  home  and  abroad,  a  better  range  of  prices 
was  likely  to  make  up  for  the  deficiency  of  the  crop — all  conveyances  by 
lake  and  river,  canal  and  railroad,  profitably  crowded  with  produce  seek- 
ing an  outlet  at  the  seaboard,  giving  more  employment  to  the  shipping 
interest  and  better  freights  than  had  been  obtained  for  several  years — 
manufacturers  very  generally  employed  and  preparing  for  increased 
activity  in  all  departments — it  was  no  wonder  that  the  suddenness  of  the 
panic  in  November,  together  with  its  novel  and  uncertain  character,  put 
a  stop  to  all  kinds  of  business,  and  upset  for  the  time  being  all  calcula- 
tions for  the  future. 

The  receipts  of  the  various  articles  of  produce,  with  some  few  excep- 
tions, show  a  fair  increase  over  previous  years.  The  increase  of  58,272 
bales  of  cotton,  over  the  very  large  receipts  of  last  year,  is  an  indication 
that  the  cotton  mills  of  New  England  have  been  fully  employed.  The 
activity  of  the  trade  in  1860,  in  connection  with  the  prosperity  of  the 
two  previous  years,  has  placed  this  department  of  our  industry  in  a  very 
flourishing  position.     Woolen  manufacturers  have  also  enjoyed  a  very 

*  Demlng  Jmtm,  David  Sears,  Henry  A.  Whitne j,  J.  Wiley  Edmands,  James  M.  Beebe.  Amoa 
A.  Lawrence,  Be^iamln  E.  Batea,  Tyler  Batcheller,  Angmttas  Lowell,  Patrick  T.Jackson,  George 
O.  Biehardaon,  B.  M .  Mason,  Henry  A.  Bice,  and  Alexander  H.  Elce. 

t  The  eentlemen  employed  were  Messrs.  Townsend,  Mallard  A  Oowing,  N.  A.  Thompson  A  Co., 
8amael  Hateb,  and  John  H.  Osgood,  all  of  Boston. 


Boston^  Massachusetts. 


177 


beftltby  and  profitable  trade  during  tbe  year.  Fears  are  entertained, 
however,  tbat  the  coming  year  will  be  an  unfavorable  one  for  tbe  manu- 
facturing business  on  account  of  our  present  political  and  financial 
troubles.  Manufacturers,  in  consequence,  now  move  witb  tbe  greatest 
caution.  Purchases  of  the  raw  material  are  made  only  as  wanted  to  com- 
plete assortments,  as  it  is  thought  advisable  to  reduce  present  stocks 
rather  than  add  to  them,  which  is  usually  done  at  this  season.  Our  cot- 
ton mills,  with  goods  sold  up  comparatively  close,  and  a  fair  export  and 
borne  demand  for  the  most  desirable  fabrics,  will  continue  the  production 
without  much  abatement  for  the  present,  but  woolen  manufacturers  will 
reduce  the  production  to  some  extent  unless  confidence  is  soon  restored 
to  business  circles. 

Breadstufis,  provisions,  and  produce  generally  have  met  with  a  very 
fair  demand.  Great  Britain  has  purchased  largely  of  these  products  the 
past  year,  and  good  prices  have  been  realized.  With  the  West  and  South 
our  trade  has  been  comparatively  large,  and  with  the  facilities  afforded 
by  new  steamship  lines  to  the  South,  tbe  prospect  of  a  largely  increased 
trade  was  quite  promising  for  the  future.  With  Canada  our  produce 
trade  is  increasing  quite  rapidly.  This  trade  is  yet  in  its  infancy,  as  only 
a  few  years  have  passed  since  produce  from  that  section  sought  our  mar- 
ket to  any  extent,  but  now  large  supplies  of  flour,  oats,  peas,  barley,  but- 
(ter,  hogs,  and  other  articles  are  daily  arriving  and  make  up  no  inconsider- 
able item  of  our  aggregate  receipts.  The  value  of  some  few  article  of  pro- 
duce received  from  the  South,  the  West,  and  the  Canadasin  1860,  nearly 
all  of  which  is  consumed  in  this  neighborhood,  is  estimated  as  follows : — 


Cotton $20,000,000 

Flour 7,000,000 

Corn 1,500,000 

Gate 600,000 

Coal 8,000,000 

Hides 2,000,000 


Leather. « 

Provisions.. 

Naval  stores 

Butter  and  cheese.. 
Wool 


10,000,000 

8,000.000 

700,000 

8,600,000 

6,000,000 


The  boot  and  shoe  trade  shows  a  falling  off  of  92,000  oases  compared 
witb  1869,  the  quantity  forwarded  from  our  city  by  water  and  railroad 
comprising  658,000  cases  against  760,000  cases  last  year,  a  falling  off  in 
business  equal  to  $3,500,000.  The  prospects  of  the  trade,  which  were 
encouraging  early  in  November,  have  again  become  uncertain  by  the 
occurrences  of  the  past  six  weeks,  and  manufacturers  do  not  look  for  any 
activity  for  the  present 

Calcutta  goods,  with  the  exception  of  gunny  cloth,  have  moved  off 
quietly  during  the  year,  but  at  prices  on  the  whole  which  were  not 
satisfactory.  The  imports  of  the  year  show  a  falling  off  in  nearly  all  the 
leading  items,  such  as  linseed,  saltpeter,  gunny  bags,  and  cloth,  compared 
with  last  year.  The  markets  of  the  country,  however,  have  been  amply 
supplied  with  Calcutta  goods,  and  the  amount  taken  for  consumption, 
based  upon  the  movements  of  previous  years,  have  fallen  short  of  expecta- 
tion. 

The  shipping  interest  has  been  more  fully  employed  and  better  paid 
than  for  several  years.  Tbe  large  amount  of  breadstuffs  going  forward 
to  Europe  has  given  employment  to  all  available  tonnage,  while  vessels 
engaged  in  the  East  India  trade,  and  other  branches  of  our  commerce, 
have  obtained  very  remunerative  rates,  forming  quite  a  favorable  con- 

VOU  XLIV. — NO.  u,  12 


178      Commercial  and  Indvstrial  Cities  of  the  United  States: 

trast  with  the  general  dullness  which  prevailed  throughout  the  year  1859. 
The  arrivals  and  clearances  have  been  as  follows : — 


Ships. 

Barks. 

Brigs.  Schooners. 

Total. 

Ships. 

Barks. 

Brigs.  BchooDers. 

TotaJ. 

I860,. 

187 

869 

866 

1,879 

8,291 

122 

F69 

860 

1.907 

8,288 

1869.. 

248 

881 

811 

1,649 

8,089 

177 

880 

767 

1,672 

2,886 

1868.. 

171 

824 

764 

1,488 

2,747 

189 

802 

722 

1,608 

8,066 

1867.. 

246 

894 

769 

1^09 

2,906 

214 

869 

671 

1,669 

2,818 

1866.. 

241 

861 

728 

1,877 

2.692 

2)0 

867 

766 

1,6)8 

2.940 

1866.. 

227 

826 

849 

1,682 

8,084 

198 

398 

948 

1,769 

8,298 

1864.. 

246 

896 

888 

1,667 

8,091 

288 

894 

878 

1,671 

8,171 

1868.. 

203 

888 

882 

1,666 

2,984 

160 

872 

912 

1,629 

8,078 

1862.. 

286 

832 

840 

1,466 

2,864 

188 

860 

889 

1,486 

2,868 

1861.. 

191 

288 

817 

1,642 

2,688 

188 

849 

806 

1,660 

2,848 

Besides  the  above  47  steamers  have  arrived  during  the  jear,  and  48 
have  cleared. 

The  business  in  some  of  the  leading  articles  have  been  as  follows: — 
Cotton. — All  good  cotton  arriving  during  the  first  ten  months  of  the 
year  found  a  ready  sale  at  comparatively  high  prices,  but  with  more 
abundant  supplies  of  inferior  descriptions,  low  grades  were  less  sought 
after.  Our  market  in  October  was  more  active  and  buoyant  than  any 
previous  month  of  the  year,  the  injury  to  the  crop  inducing  manufac- 
turers to  purchase  quite  freely  on  the  spot  and  to  arrive.  The  political 
and  financial  troubles  the  past  six  weeks  nearly  put  a  stop  to  business} 
and  prices  have  been  irregular  and  unsettled,  afthough  near  the  close  of 
the  year  a  much  better  feeling  prevails.  Purchases  to  some  extent  early 
in  December  were  made  at  1  a  2  cents  per  pound  decline,  but  the  market 
has  since  recovered  and  present  current  rates  are  within  ^  a  ^  cents  per 
pound  of  the  highest  point  of  the  year.  The  arrivals  of  the  year  show 
an  increase  of  68,272  bales  over  last  year,  and  are  the  largest  ever  re- 
ceived. The  bulk  of  this  increase  has  been  received  during  the  past  four 
months,  and  was  contracted  for  at  comparatively  high  prices  in  the  lead- 
ing Southern  markets.  Buyers  who  looked  to  our  market  for  supplies 
have  been  able  to  purchase  on  much  easier  terms.  The  activity  among 
our  manufacturers  has  continued  through  the  year  without  abatement, 
and  the  consumption  of  the  article  has  steadily  increased.  The  prospects 
of  the  comhig  year  open  quite  unfavorably,  to  say  the  least  The  highest 
and  lowest  prices  for  five  years  have  been  as  follows : — 

aflDDLING  FAIR  NBW  0ELCAN8. 

1860 12fal4  11867 12  a  ]8i 

1869 124al4   1866 11  a  14| 

1868 11    al4i| 

The  receipts  have  been  as  follows : — 
I860 bales        881,966 


1869 828.694 

1868 279,628 


1867 bales        211,604 

1866 286,664 


Domestics. — The  demand  for  cotton  goods  has  continued  without 
much  abatement  nearly  the  entire  year,  and  the  production  of  all  our 
leading  mills  has  found  a  ready  sale  at  good  and  remunerating  prices. 
The  market  opened  with  an  active  demand  in  January  last  for  consump- 
tion and  export,  and  large  contracts  were  made  early  in  the  year  for 
drills,  heavy  sheetings,  and  other  desirable  goods,  the  engagements  of 


BosioUf  MiassachiiseUs.  179 

drills  extending  in  some  instances  throughout  the  year.  Brown  drills 
opened  at  8J  a  9  cents,  and  the  entire  production  of  the  year  has  been 
sold  mostly  at  these  figures,  although  at  the  close  8^  cents  is  the  current 
rate.  All  other  leading  styles  of  cotton  goods  have  sustained  very  good 
and  uuiform  prices  during  the  year.  The  coniparative  exports  from  Bos- 
ton and  New  York  the  past  five  years  have  been  as  follows : — 

Boston.  New  York.  Total 

•1860 packages            86,804  86,069  121.863 

1869 * 88,862  74,649  107,911 

1858 81,421  69,994  91,416 

1867 80,969  26,668  67,612 

1866 89,740  84,782  74^22 

The  prospects  of  the  trade  the  coming  year  are  not  so  encouraging  as 
last  year.  Our  exports  to  the  East  Indies  have  been  materially  checked 
for  some  months  past,  and  drills  begin  to  accumulate  in  the  hands  of 
manufacturers.  The  Western  trade  promises  fair,  but  to  what  extent  the 
political  and  financial  excitement  will  interfere  with  operations  with  the 
South  and  West  remains  to  be  seen.  The  trade  for  a  month  or  two  past 
Lave  been  disposed  to  purchase  lightly,  but  as  there  is  only  a  small  stock 
of  desirable  goods  in  the  hands  of  manufacturers,  no  material  change  in 
prices  is  looked  for  at  present.  To  California  the  shipments  have 
amounted  to  4,367  packages  against  6,800  packages  in  1850, 6,922  pack- 
ages in  1858,  2,947  packages  in  1857,  5,161  packages  in  1856,  9,992 
packages  in  1855,  1,601  packa£;es  in  1854,  and  6,524  packages  in  1853. 
The  highest  and  lowest  prices  for  heavy  sheetings  and  drills  for  five  yeara 
have  been  as  follows  : — 

Sheetliigs.  DHUb.  Exports.  Yalao. 

1860 8ia»i  8ia9  86,804  $2,181,926  94 

1869 8ia9  8^9  88.862  1,974.408  84 

1868 7ia8|  8^  a  8^  81,421  1,769.70121 

1867 8ia9i  8i  a  9^  80,959  1,907.165  22 

1866. 7f  a  8f  7f  a  8f  89.740  2.219,668  99 

DrEwooDs. — The  highest  and  lowest  prices  for  some  years  have  been 
as  follows : — 

8t  Domingo  logwood.  SftpitfVood.  Lima  woo<L 

1860 $18  00  a  $17  00  $40    a  $46  $62^  a  $76 

1869 12  60a    16  60  40    a    62i  66    a    87i 

1858 10  76a    16  00  47^  a    76  90    a  126 

1867 10  00a    22  00  65    a  100  86    a    95 

1866 16  00a    22  60  60    a    66  70    a    90 

Fish. — Prices  of  mackerel  have  been  quite  irregular  the  past  year,  ow- 
ing to  the  variety  of  qualities  embraced  in  the  catch.  For  six  weeks  past 
prices  have  been  quite  unsettled,  and  fare  sales  for  cash  have  been  made 
at  very  low  figures.  Early  in  the  season  the  prospects  of  the  catch  were 
very  unfavorable,  all  vessels  from  the  bay  returning  with  unusually  small 
fares,  but  during  October  and  November  shore  mackerel  were  caught 
quite  freely,  and  the  bay  fieet  toward  the  end  of  the  season  were  more 
fortunate.  The  returns  of  the  Inspector  are  likely,  in  consequence,  to 
add  up  much  larger  than  last  year,  of  which  no  inconsi4erable  part  are 
medium  2's.  The  highest  and  lowest  prices  for  some  years  past  have 
been  as  follows : — 


180      Oommerdal  and  Industrial  Cities  of  the  United  States: 

No.  1.  No.  2.  No.  8. 

1860 $18  00  a  $18  60  |6  50  a  U  00  $6  00  a  $10  SO 

1859 14  00a    17  00  11  50a  15  50  8  00a     1100 

1858 9  00a    16  UO  8  00  a  14  00  6  00  a     1100 

1857 8  00a     14  00  7  00  a  18  00  6  50a      9  00 

Medium  and  large  codfish  have  been  comparatively  uniform  in  price 
during  the  year.    • 

Large.  Small 

1860 $8  00  a  $4  25  $1   25  a  $2  60 

1859 8  00a    4  50  2  00a    8  25 

The  exports  of  fish  have  been  as  follows : — 

1860.  1859.  18i8. 

Codfish    drnma  9,67 6  8,4 89  9,286 

Codfish boxes  7,720  6,620  8.579 

Codfish qtls.  88,886  88,702  66,218 

Mackerel bW  46,167  56,041  77,198. 

Herring boxes  1 25,277  92,074  85,881 

Flour* — The  fiour  market  maintained  a  very  uniform  tone  until  the 
middle  of  November,  and  prices  were  less  fluctuating  than  in  any  pre- 
vious year  for  ten  years,  the  variations  of  the  different  brands,  except  a 
few  of  the  very  choice  grades  of  superior,  not  exceeding  25  a  50  cents 
per  barrel.  The  first  six  months  of  the  year  the  export  demand  anticipated 
was  not  realized,  and,  with  a  large  stock  of  old  wheat  and  fiour  on  band, 
and  the  prospect  of  a  larger  crop  than  for  many  years,  nothing  could 
have  prevented  prices  from  touching  a  very  low  point  except  the  failure 
of  the  crops  in  Europe,  which  at  that  time  became  quite  apparent.  From 
September  to  early  in  November  the  movements  in  breadstuffs  were 
more  extensive  than  at  any  previous  period  in  the  history  of  the  trade. 
Every  conveyance  has  been  called  into  requisition  to  convey  the  suiplus 
products  of  the  West  to  the  seaboard,  and  this  surplus  has  been  freely 
taken  for  the  English  market,  the  shipments  to  that  destination  largely 
exceeding  any  previous  year.  Notwithstanding  this  extensive  export  de- 
mand, prices  rapidly  declined  the  last  of  November  and  early  in  Decem- 
ber, ranging  some  two  weeks  ago  from  t4  26  a  $4  50  for  the  common. 
For  four  weeks  in  November  and  early  in  December  the  article  was  almost 
unsaleable,  which,  at  a  time  when  our  harvest  receipts  were  coming  for- 
ward, greatly  depresaid  the  trade.  This  state  of  things  was  brought 
about  by  the  unsettled  state  of  political  affairs,  the  unexpected  and  strin- 
gent money  market,  and  the  difficulty  of  negotiating  excbange.  Within 
the  past  two  weeks  the  advance  has  been  as  rapid  as  the  decline  a  few 
weeks  previous,  and  the  current  prices  at  the  close  of  the  year  are  $5  25 
for  common.  The  injury  to  the  choice  winter  wheat  in  the  vicinity  of 
St.  Louis  has  materially  reduced  the  quantity  of  choice  flour  received 
from  that  section,  but  the  choice  family  brands  of  Baltimore  have  in  part 
made  up  this  deficiency.  From  Canada  very  choice  flour  has  been  re- 
ceived, but  not  to  such  an  extent  as  last  year,  but  from  Ohio  and  Michi- 
gan the  flour  received  gives  more  than  the  usual  satisfaction.  The  highest 
and  lowest  prices  of  Western  fancy,  extra,  and  superior  flour,  including 
choice  St.  Louis,  for  five  years  past,  have  been  as  follows  : — 

FsDcj.  Extn  &  saperlor.  Bontbem.  Extra  &  anpeiior. 

18«0. $4,60  a  «5  87  $4  75  a  %9  00  $6  5u  a  f  6  26  |6  UO  a  «8  75 

1869 4  50a  7  60  6  00  a  10  60  6  60  a  8  00  6  50  a  9  60 

1868 4  26a  5  76  4  50  a  8  25  4  76  a  6  76  6  60  a  7  0<» 

1807 4  50  a  7  60  6  00  a  10  60  6  60  a  8  00  6  00  a  9  50 

1866 6  00a  9  26  6  76  a  11  00  6  50a  9  50  7  50a  11  00 


Boston^  Massachusetts. 


181 


The  stock  on  hand  is  estimated  at  275,000  bbls.  against  260,000  bbls. 
in  1858,  225,000  bbls.  in  1857,  150,000  bbls.  in  1856,  150,000  bbls.  in 
1865,  and  75,000  bbls.  in  1854.     The  arrivals  have  been  as  follows : — 


By  Western  Railroad 

Northern 

•  Fitchburf 

Boston  and  Maioe... 

Providence , 

Fall  River 

From  New  York,. ... 

Albany  

New  OrleaoB , 

Fredericksburg , 

OeorgetowQ , 

Alexandria 

Richmond , 


.bbls. 


802,462 
60,68Y 
85,787 
14,808 
85,492 

1.178 

25,881 

260 

11.212 

7,862 
10,592 
12,054 
77,876 


From  Philadelphia 

Baltimore 

Portland 

Delaware. 

Norfolk  and  porta  in  Va... 
Other  ports 


Total  1860 bblfl. 

1859 

1858 

1857 

1856 


105,616 

168.481 

217.897 

8,723 

1,978 

26,657 

1,164,782 
1,049,186 
1,227,689 
1,049,028 
1,009,450 


Grain. — Prices  of  corn  ruled  highest  in  January  last,  when  sales  wera 
made  at  90  a  i  2c.  for  Southern  yellow  and  85  a  90o.  for  white  and 
mixed.  From  these  price  there  was  a  gradual  decline,  the  market  touch- 
ing the  lowest  point  in  December,  when  sales  of  yellow  were  made  at 
67  a  68c.,  knd  western  mixed,  65  a  66c.  per  bushel.  The  present  current 
rates  are  76c.  for  old  yellow  and  75c.  for  western  mixed,  with  which 
quality  our  market  has  been  liberally  supplied.  Our  receipts  show  an  in- 
crease of  276,709  bushels  compared  with  last  year.  The  highest  and 
lowest  prices  for  five  years  have  been  as  follows : — 


1860. 
1859.. 
1858.. 


.bush. 


65  a  I  92 
81  a  1  16 
60  a    110 


1867. 
1856.. 


.bu(h. 


66a«l  05 
66  a    1  06 


The  receipts  of  corn  have  been  as  follows : — 


From 

New  Orleans bosh.  62,850 

Virginia 214,61 6 

Maryland 296,886 

PenoayWania. 186,235 

Delaware 79,844 


From 

New  York  SUte. bush.  862,41 7 

Other  places 886,402 

Total,  1860. 2,098,260 


The  receipts  of  corn,  oats,  rye,  and  shorts  for  five  years  have  been  at 
follows : — 

Corn.  Oats.  Bye.  Shorts. 

1860 bush.      2,098.250  1,467,611  88,156  661,795 

1869 1,821,541  1,188,495  24,920  -448,492 

1858 2,447,814  989,691  45,604  464,274 

1867 2,178,755  758,859  89,164  882.322 

1856 2,608,553  866,280  40,258  814,292 

Wool. — In  January  last  the  market  opened  dull  for  domestic  wool,  and 
from  January  to  June  the  tone  of  the  market  was  rather  ilownward,  prices 
during  that  time  having  declined  from  5  a  6c.  per  lb.,  ruling  in  June  from 
30  a  tJOc.  for  fleece,  and  30  a  52c.  for  pulled.  The  movements  of  manu- 
Ikcturers  and  speculators  in  the  wool-growing  districts  the  last  of  June, 
and  the  eagerness  with  which  the  new  clip  was  purchased  by  them  at  an 
advance  of  2  a  3c.  per  Ib^  in  many  instances,  on  the  previous  year's  prices, 
caused  a  much  better  feeling,  and  improved  prices  were  realized  until  the 
sudden  stringency  of  the  money  market  in  November  put  a  stop  to  all 
business.  The  demand  for  some  months  past  has  been  almost  exclusively 
confined  to  the  medium  grades  of  fleece,  and  there  is  in  consequence  a 


182      Commercial  and  Industrial  Oiiies  of  the  United  States: 

very  good  supply  of  fine  wool  on  hand,  while  early  in  the  year  low  and 
medium  grades  were  neglected.  The  demand  for  woolen  goods  has  been 
quite  equal  to  expectation,  the  production  of  all  our  leading  mills  having 
been  sold  readily  at  satisfactory  prices,  but  the  prospect  ahead  is  not  con- 
sidered very  encouraging  on  account  of  the  embarrassed  state  of  all  branches 
of  trade.  Manufacturers  have,  in  consequence,  reduced  the  production  to 
some  extent,  and  the  business  is  likely  to  be  quite  small  for  the  present 
The  prices  previous  to  tbe  panic  ruled  from  80  a  67c.  for  fleece,  and  86  a 
56  for  No.  1  to  extra  pulled,  but  the  few  transactions  since  have  been  prin- 
cipally at  5  a  6c.  per  lb.,  decline  from  these  figures.  The  stock  is  estimated 
at  2,000,000  lbs.,  against  2,500,000  lbs.  in  1859.  The  receipts  have  been 
as  follows  :— 


I860. 
1869. 
1858., 
1867. 
1866.. 


Domestic 

4 Foreign. . 

Bales. 

Bftles. 

QaintalB. 

48,974 

80,160 

16,471 

46,868 

86,708 

88,774 

32.806 

19,882 

10,322 

28,783 

87,680 

18,847 

88,711 

14,478 

17,766 

Exchange. — Bankers'  60  day  bills  on  London  ruled  from  ^  a  10  per 
cent  premium,  from  January  to  early  in  November ;  but  for  the  past  six 
weeks  the  rates  have  been  almost  entirely  nominal,  ruling  from  par  to  5 
per  cent  premium,  with  sales  principally  at  2  a  5  per  cent  during  that 
time. 

Specie, — The  export  of  specie  for  the  last  nine  years  has  been  as  fol- 
lows : — 


I860.... 

$1,666,647  00 

1867.... 

19.712,769  15 

1864.... 

17,413.437  82 

1859 

6,049,420  66 

1866.... 

2,227.069  08 

1868.... 

6,768,617  88 

1868.... 

2,708,863  64 

1966.,.. 

14.869,470  86 

1852.... 

8,496,006  22 

Boots  and  Shoes. — The  year  just  closed  must  again  be  putdown  as 
one  of  comparative  dullness  and  inactivity  in  the  boot  and  shoe  trade. 
Prices  during  the  year  have  ruled  low  and  unsatisfactory,  if  we  except 
some  favorite  styles  of  work,  and  the  amount  of  goods  sold  show  a  con- 
siderable falling  off  compared  with  previous  years.  The  spring  trade 
was  quite  backward,  and  active  operations  did  not  commence  before  the 
middle  of  January.  At  the  commencement  buyers  had  everything  their 
own  way  ;  the  desire  to  close  up  stocks  on  the  part  of  holders  was  so 
great  that  they  were  almost  allowed  t^  fix  their  own  prices.  A  strike 
among  the  workmen  in  February,  which  bec4ime  quite  extended,  afiforded 
a  partial  relief  to  the  market  by  reducing  the  production  of  desirable 
work,  and  for  the  balance  of  the  season  comparatively  better  prices  were 
obtained  for  the  styles  of  goods  most  aflfected  by  the  strike.  The  fall 
trade  was  but  a  moderate  one,  and  disappointed  expectation.  Neither 
the  South  nor  the  West  purchased  to  the  extent  expected,  and  notwith- 
standing the  production  in  the  interval  between  the  spring  and  fall  busi- 
ness was  less  than  for  some  previous  years,  still  stocks  were  ample  for  all 
•  the  requirements  of  trade,  with,  in  fact,  an  oversupply  of  ordinary  work 
on  the  markeL  Tbe  position  of  the  trade  at  the  close  of  the  season  was, 
however,  more  favorable  than  some  previous  years.  The  stock  of  all 
good  and  desirable  work  was  sold  up  close,  and  the  market  was  also  re- 
lieved suflBciently  of  other  descriptions  to  insure  a  healthy  trade.  Our 
manufacturers  were  looking  forward  for  a  large  increase  in  the  demand 


Boston,  Massachusetts.  183 

from  the  West,  on  account  of  the  general  prosperity  of  that  section, 
which  it  was  believed  would  more  than  make  up  for  any  falling  off  from 
other  quarters,  but  the  sudden  and  unexpected  money  crisis  in  November 
last,  extending  to  all  branches  of  trade  and  all  sections  of  the  country, 
has  changed  the  aspect  of  things,  and  will  no  doubt  seriously  interrupt 
the  trade  for  the  present.  For  a  month  or  two  past  manufacturers  have 
been  curtailing  operations,  and  the  production  of  goods  is  now  much 
smaller  than  for  any  previous  year  for  some  time.  Both  dealers  and 
manufacturers  look  forward  to  a  very  unsatisfactory  trade,  but  have  been 
warned  in  season  to  prepared  for  such  a  state  of  things.  The  shipments 
to  California  during  the  year  have  been  light  compared  with  previous 
years.  We  look  for  some  increase  in  the  exports  to  that  market  the 
coming  year.  The  shipments  amount  to  38,774  cases  in  1860,  against 
60,254  cases  in  1859,  64,577  cases  in  1858,  32,868  cases  in  1857,42,258 
cases  in  1856,  64,958  cases  in  1855,  87,621  cases  in  1854,  and  87,916 
cases  in  1853.  The  quantity  of  boots  and  shoes  cleared  at  the  custom- 
house has  been  as  follows : — 

I860 cases  196491  11867 cases  284,422 

1 869 283,246    1866 224,822 

1868 222,284| 

The  quantity  forwarded  by  railroad  has  been  463,000  cases,  which 
would  make  the  as:gregate  amount  of  goods  forwarded  from  our  city,  hf 
water  and  railroad,  658,000  cases,  against  750,000  cases  in  1859,  a  fall- 
ing off  of  92,000  cases  compared  with  last  year,  equal  to  $3,500,000. 

Leather. — The  market  for  leather  has  been  very  dull  throughout  the 
year,  and  prices  have  ruled  quite  low,  but  more  uniform  than  compared 
with  some  previous  years.  Manufacturers  have  purchased  sparingly,  and 
there  has  been  scarcely  a  week  when  the  market  could  be  called  active. 
The  receipts  this  year,  if  will  be  observed,  are  made  up  from  every  possi- 
ble source,  by  railroad  and  water,  and  comprise  491,304  sides  and  216,854 
bundles,  equal  to  3,100,000  sides  of  leather,  the  estimated  value  of  which 
is  about  $10,000,000.  The  highest  and  lowest  prices  for  ten  years  have 
been  as  follows : — 

HBMLOOK,  BUENOS  ATRES,  AND  ORINOOa 

4 B«c«Ipt8. » 

Per  lb.  Sides.  Bnndlet. 

1860 18    a22i  491,804  216,864 

1869 17ia27  446,396  140,062 

1868 17    a26i  817.494  147,820 

1867 -...             17    a84  817,648  109,118 

1856 2H  a  84  220,016  181,128 

GuNNT  Bags. — For  the  first  three  months  of  the  year  the  market  was 
very  dull  for  gunny  bags,  and  prices  declined  from  lOJ  a  lOlc.  in  January 
to  8|-  a  9^c.  tor  light  and  heavy  bags  early  in  April.  During  April  some 
5,000  bales  were  purchased  on  speculation  and  for  consumption  at  from 
8|  a  lie.  and  from  May  to  October  the  article  was  held  firm,  with  a  spec- 
ulative inquiry,  some  19,000  bales  having  been  sold  and  resold  during 
that  time,  prices  touching  13i  a  14c.  for  heavy  bags  the  last  of  Septem- 
ber. Since  October  there  has  been  scarcely  enough  doing  to  make  a 
price.  The  stock  in  first  hands  is  4,000  bales  against  6,808  bales  in  1859, 
14,700  bales  in  1858,  13,500  in  1857,  13,000  bales  in  1856,  1,000  bales 
in  1855,  and  5,000  bales  in  1854.  The  highest  and  lowest  prices  for 
some  years  have  been  as  follows : — 


184  Valuation  of  Life  Insurance  Policies. 


I860 8iaU 

1859 9    a  12i 

1868 8ialli 


1867 lOf  aUi 

1866 10    al7 


The  imports  have  been  as  follows : — 


other 
Boston.  porta. 

1860 bales  8,480        JJ,078 

1869 10,988         8,981 


Other 
Boston.  porta. 

186Yi bales        18,298        1,696 

1856 28,074         1,860 


1868 14,191         2,070 

Gunny  Cloth. — Prices  of  gunny  cloth  in  January  last  ruled  from  12 
a  12ic.  with  sales  mostly  at  12ic.  in  January,  February,  and  early  in 
March.  From  the  middle  of  March  to  the  let  of  July  there  was  an  ex- 
tensive speculative  movement,  and  prices  advanced  from  12^c.  in  March 
to  17c.,  at  which  figure  some  sales  were  made  the  last  of  June.  Upwards 
of  80,00Q  bales  were  sold  and  resold,  to  arrive  and  on  the  spot,  during 
that  time.  This  movement  was  based  on  the  advance  in  East  India 
fre^gbis  and  in  consequence  the  increased  cost  of  importation,  moderate 
shipments  from  Calcutta,  in  connection  with  the  fact  that  the  consump- 
tion of  the  article  had  rapidly  increased  in  1858  and  1869,  with  the  pros- 
pect;, of  a  further  increase  in  1860.  It  is  now  evident  that  prices  were 
run  up  too  rapidly  and  prematurely.  High  rates  of  freight  did  not  check 
the  shipments  from  Calcutta  to  the  extent  expected,  while  the  injury  to 
the  cotton  crop  reduced  materially  the  estimated  amount  required  for 
consumption.  Since  July  prices  have  been  steadily  declining,  and  the 
rates  current  for  some  weeks  past,  from  8i  a  9c.  cash,  are  the  lowest  the 
article  has  ever  touched  in  this  market.  These  low  figures  have  in  part, 
however,  been  in  consequence  of  the  pressure  in  the  money  market,  and 
the  unsettled  state  of  affairs  at  the  South,  where  this  article  is  consumed. 
The  highest  and  lowest  prices  for  some  years  have  been  as  follows : — 

I860 8ial7    11868 lOJ  a  IH 

1869 , 11    al8    |l867 9f  a  14i 


Arl.  IT.-TALUATION  OF  LIFE  INSURANCE  POLICIES. 


Having  now  completed  in  our  previous  numbers  the  collection  of 
materials  for  our  average  rates  of  mortality,  and  combined  them  all  in  a 
single  table,  which  we  think  more  worthy  of  confidence  than  any  other, 
because  of  the  large  number  and  long  continuance  of  the  observations 
on  which  it  is  based,  of  the  great  variety  of  the  sources  whence  it  is 
derived,  of  its  freedom  from  the  defects,  errors,  and  anomalies  incident 
to  local,  temporary,  and  select  observations,  and  of  its  combining  all  the 
best  materials  that  have  been  accumulated  in  the  last  hundred  years, 
giving  to  each  their  appropriate  influence  according  to  their  worth  and 
reliability,  we  proceed  to  indicate  the  use  of  this  table,  and  the  method 
of  valuation  which  we  think  most  worthy  of  adoption  by  our  American 
life  companies. 

The  usual  object  of  this  valuation  is  to  determine  the  earnings  of  a 


Valiuztion  of  Life  Insurance  Policies.  186 

life  company  before  making  a  dividend  to  the  stockholders  or  the  insured. 
We  have  insisted  in  the  July  number  of  this  Magazine  for  1860,  that  in 
making  these  dividends  no  future  expected  profits  should  be  anticipated 
and  counted  among  the  present  assets ;  that  the  gain  from  the  smaller 
mortality  during  the  early  years  of  the  policy  should  not  be  distributed 
as  an  earned  profit,  but  reserved  for  subsequent  contingencies;  that  a 
large  share  of  the  loading  is  not  added  for  expenses,  but  for  the  possibility 
of  an  adverse  fluctuation  in  the  mortality  and  other  future  contingen- 
cies, and,  therefore,  that  this  share  of  that  part  of  the  premium  which 
is  paid  in  advance  for  future  hazards  should  be  reserved ;  that  the  true 
or  best  table  of  mortality  should  be  used  in  the  valuations;  and  that  if 
any  of  the  premiums  that  have  been  already  contracted  for,  should  be 
too  small  for  the  future  risk,  the  deficiency  should  be  made  up  out  of  the 
present  means  before  any  distribution  ( f  profits ;  and  that  every  one  of 
these  allowances  are  necessary,  not  merely  as  prudent  and  wise  precau- 
tions to  give  stability  and  security  to  the  company,  but  as  proper  and 
indispensable  elements  of  the  true  valuations  of  the  policies,  which  can- 
notbe  neglected  in  the  just  discrimination  between  the  rights  and  claims 
of  the  present  and  future  members  of  the  company. 

We  mean  by  true  valuation  not  the  net,  or  the  mathematical,  or  the 
gross,  or  the  loaded,  or  the  prudent,  but  what  is  demanded  by  strict  and 
exact  justice,  as  well  as  by  a  wise  and  provident  judgment  of  the  perma- 
nent interests  of  the  company. 

To  confirm  and  establish  these  positions,  we  would  suggest  that  the 
proper  way  of  considering  a  valuation,  is  to  inquire  how  much  of  the 
past  payments  have  been  made  for  past  hazards,  and  how  much  for 
future.  All  that  has  been  received  for  the  former  and  not  yet  expended 
or  due  is  earned ;  all  that  has  been  received  for  the  latter  belongs  to  the 
future  stockholders  and  dividends,  and  is  not  available  for  present  distri- 
bution. 

The  usual  mode  of  considering  this  subject  is  to  estimate  the  present 
worth  of  the  future  premiums,  and  of  the  future  liabilities,  and  the  difference 
of  these  is  taken  as  the  value  of  the  policies.  But  it  is  not  difiScultfrom 
this  stand-point  to  form  the  most  erroneous  conclusions,  deluding  the 
directors  and  managers  of  the  company,  and  ruinous  to  its  best  interests. 
The  marginal  additions  on  all  the  future  premiums  that  may  or  may  not 
be  received,  may  be  reckoned  among  the  present  assets;  the  gains  from 
the  selection  of  lives,  from  lapsed  policies,  from  a  high  rate  of  interest^ 
from  profitable  investments,  and  from  an  expected  diminution  of  mortality, 
may  be  anticipated,  and  the  directors  and  stockholders  made  to  believe 
that  they  have  earned  hundreds  of  thousands  of  dollars,  when  they  have 
in  fact  been  losing  every  year,  by  appropriating  more  than  their  real 
earnings  to  dividends,  losses,  and  expenses. 

Dr.  Farr  tells  of  a  company  that  had  expended  nearly  all  of  its  re- 
ceipts, and  then  figured  up  a  profit  of  *4 80,000.  Statements  have  been 
published  in  which  the  earnings  were  reported  at  more  than  five  times 
the  whole  receipts.  Companies  that  have  been  receiving  nearly  twice  as 
large  premiums  as  they  would  themselves  have  charged  for  the  risks 
that  have  been  already  incurred,  bave  counted  the  whole  balance  on  hand 
as  profits,  and  sometimes  even  more  than  this.  In  this  way  the  publio 
have  been  deceived,  and  the  company,  and  perhaps  the  actuary  himself, 
deluded  and  ensnared. 


186  Valitaiion  of  Life  Insurance  Policies. 

Now,  if  they  had  considered  what  part  of  the  past  payments  had  been 
made  for  future  hazards,  it  is  not  probable  they  would  have  fallen  into 
any  such  mistakes.  From  both  points  of  view  correct  conclusions  may 
be  obtained,  but  we  prefer  to  look  at  the  past  and  actual,  and  not  the 
future  and  the  uncertain. 

It  follows  immediately,  from  this  mode  of  consideration,  that  the  com- 
puter has  nothing  to  do  with  the  premiums  that  are  charged,  unlessthey 
are  too  low  for  the  risk  that  was  assumed.  His  only  business  is  to  inquire 
how  much  has  been  received  for  future  hazards,  and  if  more  than  this  is 
on  hand  it  is  earned.  With  the  future  gains,  whether  they  are  possible, 
probable,  or  certain,  he  has  nothing  to  do. 

Now,  in  order  to  learn  what  has  been  paid  for  the  future,  we  have  only 
to  consider  how  much  more  ought  to  be  charged  to  the  policy-holder  at 
his  present  age,  than  when  his  policy  was  first  issued.  This  differehce> 
multiplied  by  the  value  of  an  annuity  at  the  present  age  of  the  insured, 
gives  the  usual  formula,  (p  —  P)  (I  +  A^)  where  jo  and  P  represent  the 
proper  premiums  at  the  age  of  entrance  and  the  present  age,  and  A  the 
value  of  an  annuity  of  one  dollar  at  the  present  age  of  the  insured. 
These  premiums  are  not  gross,  because  the  expenses  on  them  have  been 
already  incurred.  They  are  not  net,  or  just  sufficient  to  cover  the  aver- 
age or  probable  mortality,  because  every  company  charges  not  only  for 
the  real  risk  and  expenses,  but  also  a  margin  for  the  possibility  of  an  in- 
crease in  the  mortality  over  the  average,  and  for  other  future  contingen- 
cies. While  ten,  fifteen,  or  twenty  per  cent  at  farthest,  on  the  net  pre- 
mium, will  cover  expenses,  it  is  common  to  add  a  loading  of  thirty  or 
forty  per  cent.  The  usual  American  premiums  at  thirty,  thirty-fire,  and 
forty,  are  2.36,  2.76,  and  3.20,  while  by  the  Carlisle  table  they  are  1.76, 
2.02,  and  2.37 ;  by  Farr's  they  are  1.84,  2.14,  and  2.62;  and  by  our 
average  table  they  are  1.82,  2.12,  and  2.60;  showing  an  excess  of  mo.re 
than  twenty-five  per  cent  over  the  largest  premiums,  about  thirty  percent 
over  ours,  and  thirty-five  per  cent  above  the  Carlisle.  Now,  the  average 
expenses  of  the  sixteen  American  companies  doing  business  in  Massachu- 
setts are  only  ten  per  cent,  which  is  less  than  half  of  the  loading.  Almost 
all  of  the  other  contingencies,  except  the  fluctuations  in  the  mortality, 
are  provided  for  in  the  low  rate  of  interest.  So  that  about  half  of  the 
loading  is  charged  for  the  possible  excess  of  mortality.  It  follows,  there- 
fore, that  ten  or  fifteen  per  cent  is  usually  added  to  the  premiums  for 
this  future  contingency,  and  ought  therefore  be  reserved ;  and,  therefore, 
that  p  and  P  should  be  ten  or  fifteen  per  cent  in  advance  of  the  net  pre- 
miums. As  it  was  right  and  proper  to  charge  this  at  first,  it  is  just  and 
prudent  that  it  should  be  appropriated  to  the  purpose  for  which  it  was 
paid. 

It  is  also  evident  from  the  mode  of  consideration  we  have  suggested, 
that  the  true  table  of  mortality  should  be  used,  and  that  any  saving  by 
a  low  mortality  in  the  early  years  of  the  policy  belongs  to  the  future, 
since  the  past  hazard  is  the  actual  and  not  the  average. 

And  here  we  will  introduce  the  opinion  of  Mr.  Farren  to  confirm  th« 
correction  we  suggested  in  the  July  number  for  this  deterioration  of  life. 
We  concluded  from  Mr.  Higham's  discussion  of  the  London  observations, 
that  the  principal  effect  of  selection  was  in  the  first  year.  Mr.  Farren, 
"  after  eliminating  the  influence  of  selection  over  the  first  year,  concludes," 
from  the  same  observations,  *'  that  the  rates  of  mortality  of  persons  in- 


Valitation  of  Life  Insurance  Policies.      *  187 

sured,"  "  would  not  particularly  differ  from  those  prevailing  among  the 
male  population  at  large,  taken  indiscriminately,  without  regard  to  health." 
The  correction  we  suggested  for  this  first  year's  deterioration,  was  to 
reduce  P  a  fourth  or  a  third  of  its  value.  The  mortality  given  by  Mr. 
Highara  for  the  first  year  of  insurance,  compared  with  the  corresponding 
rate  in  the  actuaries'  table,  is  as  follows : — 

Ages,           U.  10.  ».  40.  4i. 

Firstyear 004U  482  674  620  848 

Actuaries' toble ...         .00777  842  929  1086  1*221 

Differences 00368  860  856  416  378 

DlvidedbyA+1 00019  20  21  26  26 

The  average  of  these  is  .00022,  and  as  they  differ  but  little,  and  the 
correction  is  only  approximate,  it  will  be  better  to  use  this  average  for 
the  reduction  of  P  than  the  one  suggested  before,  especially  as  the  num- 
bers given  by  Mr.  Farren  differ  considerably  from  those  of  Mr.  Iligham. 

If  any  of  the  premiums  charged  by  any  particular  company  are  so 
low  that,  when  reduced  by  the  usual  percentage  of  the  company's  ex- 
penses, they  become  less  than  P,  these  reduced  premiums  must  be  sub- 
stituted for  P  in  this  formula;  because,  if  any  losing  contracts  have  been 
made,  sufficient  must  be  reserved  out  of  the  present  means  to  make  up 
any  deficiency  from  this  source. 

We  shall  now  illustrate  the  modes  of  computation  that  have  been 
adopted  by  different  actuaries,  and  then  compare  some  of  these  with  the 
actual  experience  of  the  London  life  offices.  The  valuable  contributions 
of  Mr.  James,  to  the  recent  Convention  of  Life  Insurance  Officers  at 
New  York,  will  enable  us  to  present  the  most  conclusive  and  satisfactory 
evidence  of  the  propriety  of  the  method  of  valuation  we  have  recom- 
mended. 

Most  of  the  plans  that  have  been  adopted  may  be  embraced  in  the 
following  formula: — 

JJ  =(1+^  \      (ap  —bP     +  c\ 

1.  Let  a  and  b  be  unity,  c  zero,  jt?  and  P  the  net  Northampton  three 
per  cent  premiums,  A  the  Northampton  value  of  an  annuity,  m  the  age 
when  insured,  and  m  x  the  present  age,  and  we  have  the  method  em- 
ployed by  Mr.  William  Morgan,  Actuary  for  the  Equitable.  As  the 
Northampton  table  is  very  defective,  this  plan  values  neither  the  liabilities 
nor  the  premiums  correctly ;  and  the  only  thing  to  recommend  it,  is  that 
the  tabular  mortality  being  too  high,  the  net  reservation  is  enough  to 
meet  the  adverse  fluctuations  to  which  a  company  is  exposed.  This  for- 
mula is  now  seldom  I'sed. 

2.  Let  a,  6,  and  c,  be  the  same  as  before,  P  the  actual  charged  pre- 
miums, and  p  the  true  premium,  or  that  derived  from  what  is  esteemed 
the  best  table,  and  A  the  true  annuity.  This  is  the  plan  adopted  by 
Neison  and  Wool  house.  It  anticipates  all  the  future  profits,  and  counta 
them  already  earned,  reserves  nothing  for  expenses  or  future  contingen- 
cies, and  is  suited  only  to  delude  the  directors  and  the  public,  and  lead 
the  company  to  ruin  and  bankruptcy. 

3.  Let  a,  b,  and  c,  be  as  before,  and  p  and  P  the  actual  preiniums. 
This  is  the  formula  used  by  Bowditchfor  the  Massachusetts  Hospital,  and 


188  Po/tfo/um  €f  IaJ€  Insurance  Pohdts, 

em  on  the  safe  fide.  It  reserres  all  tbe  loaJing  on  the  pajmeats  that 
bare  been  made  for  future  risks,  and  as  part  of  ibis  has  been  alrukjj  paid  oat 
for  eipenfes,  the  reserve  is  larger  thaa  is  oecessary.  As,  hoverer,  it 
allows  Dothing  for  the  deterioration  of  life,  its  resenratlon  is  but  liuie  in 


4.  Let  a,  fr,  and  c,  be  the  same  as  before,  and  p  aisd  P  the  troe  Bet 
preroiams,  and  A  tbe  true  aoncity.  This  is  the  method  used  by  the 
Massachusetts  CommissioDers,  who  have  adopted  tbe  Actaaries'  as  the 
troe  table.  It  gives  the  reserre  too  small,  because  it  couois  all  tbe  load- 
ing OD  the  past  payments  for  future  risks  as  already  earoed.  and  makes 
Bo  arowaoce  for  the  depreciation  of  life,  except  vhal  is  due  to  tbe  in- 
creasei  age  of  tbe  insured.  Besides  this,  the  table  used  as  the  true  one 
not  only  *•  understates  tbe  value  of  the  sums  insured,**  according  to  the 
high  authority  of  Dr.  Farr,  but  a!so  **  overstates  the  value  of  the  pre- 
miums, and  consequently  underrates,''  by  both  tlese  errors,  the  proper 
reserve.  And  if  this  could  be  said  in  Ecgland,  it  is  still  more  likely  to 
be  true  in  tbe  Cnited  States. 

Some  may  suppose  that  the  use  of  four  per  cent  interest  in  the  calcu- 
lations may  be  a  sufficient  offset  to  these  defects.  But  it  must  be  re- 
membered that  four  per  c^nt  is  the  net  interest  at  which  a!I  the  receipts 
Mte  supposed  to  be  continually  compounded  without  any  loss  of  time, 
after  deducting  the  expenses  of  investing  and  managing  the  funds,  tbe 
salaries  and  fees  of  officers  and  solicitors  employed  in  making  the  invest- 
ment%  the  losses  and  depreciation  of  stocks,  tiie  non-payment  of  loans, 
the  loss  of  interest  when  money  is  detained  by  agents,  transmitted  from 
distant  places,  transferred  from  one  investment  to  another,  or  lying  idle 
in  bank,  as  well  as  tbe  possible  reduction  of  interest  in  the  long  future 
period  during  which  the  policy  may  be  in  existence.  Premiums  are  not 
always  promptly  paid,  and  when  received  they  cannot  be  immediately 
loaned  on  satisfactory  security.  Losses  are  often  settled  before  tbe  insu- 
rance year  has  expired.  All  these  and  other  things  bring  down  the  rate 
of  interest  much  below  the  nominal.  Dr.  Farr  thinks  three  per  cent  the 
proper  rate  in  England,  and  tbe  Xew  York  Life  Convention  decided  in 
favor  of  four  for  this  country.  And  they  are  to  be  commended,  we  think, 
for  this  decision.  Higher  net  rates  involve  hazard  in  the  investment,  and 
this,  in  the  long  run,  tends  to  bring  down  tbe  rate  to  that  on  the  best  securi- 
ties, which  is  lower  than  6ve,  even  in  this  country. 

The  high  authority  of  an  official  valuation  ougb%  by  all  means,  be 
on  the  safe  side.  Some  of  our  American  companies  need  to  be  warned 
of  the  dangers  they  incur  from  their  large  dividends,  or  instifficient  pre- 
miums, or  extra  hazardous  risks,  and  we  would  counsel  the  commissoners 
to  allow  for  every  contingency.  Very  high  authority  in  Boston  has  given 
them  the  same  counsel  we  have  here  suggested,  and  we  shall  hope  to  see 
them  use  a  better  table,  and  increase  their  valuation  so  as  to  provide  for 
the  two  contingencies  we  have  mentioned  above. 

5.  Let  b  and  c  be  the  same  as  before,  but  a  .71,  or  .72,  or  .75,  p  the 
actual  premium,  and  P  the  true,  and  A  the  true  annuity.  This  plan  is 
used  by  one  of  our  American  companies — tbe  Carlisle  being  taken  for 
tlie  true  table.  The  object  of  using  a  fraction  for  &  is  to  reduce  the 
charged  to  tbe  net  premium,  and  this  purpose  determines  its  magnitude. 
This  plan  is,  therefore,  nearly  the  same  as  the  preceding,  except  that  tbe 
Carlisle  table  is  adopted,  which  has  a  less  mortality  than  tbe  Actuaries*, 


Valtuition  of  Life  Insurance  PolicUs,  189 

mod  is  more  irreffular  and  defective.  We  think  this  formula  gives  the 
reserve  too  small,  because  of  the  low  mortality  of  the  table,  the  omis- 
sion of  all  the  loading  on  the  past  payments,  and  of  any  allowance  for  the 
deterioration  of  life. 

6.  Let  a  and  c  be  as  at  first,  and  h  only  .80,  and  p,  P,  and  A  the  true 
values.  This  is  recommended  by  Dr.  Farr.— (Reg.  Gen,  Rep.,  vol  12, 
page  Ixiii.)  It  gives  an  ample  reserve,  and  might  suit  for  an  old  office 
like  the  Equitable,  but  it  is  not  at  all  adapted  to  most  companies.  For  the 
first  few  years  the  reservation  would  exceed  the  whole  receipts. 

7.  Let  c,p,  Py  and  A  be  the  same  as  in  the  last  method,  but  a  and  h 
equal  and  more  than  unity,  say  1.10  or  1.15.  This  formula  is  used  by 
some  of  our  best  American  companies,  and  is  admirable.  It  adds  a  per- 
centage to  the  rt'serve,  thus  retaining  out  of  the  payments  that  have  been 
made  for  future  risks,  the  loading  that  was  added  for  future  contingen- 
cies; not  the  whole  loading  on  this  payment,  but  the  remainder  that  it 
left  after  paying  expenses.  As  ten  or  fifteen  per  cent  has  been  paid  by 
the  insured  for  their  future  security,  it  is  wrong  to  divide  this  araon^^ 
the  present  members,  some  of  whose  policies  will  soon  terminate  by 
death  or  purchase,  or  among  the  present  stockholders,  who  have  yet  no 
claim  to  the  money  not  earned.  As  every  company  ought  to  require  for 
the  hazards  it  assumes  at  least  ten  or  fifteen  per  cent  beyond  expenses, 
to  provide  for  the  contingency  of  a  higher  mortality  than  the  tabular 
rate,  it  ought  to  keep  its  future  risks  secured  in  like  manner.  This  for- 
mula does  no  more,  then,  than  retain  for  the  future  members  what  they 
have  paid  for  the  futnre  hazard,  and  for  the  future  security  what  ought 
to  be  retained.  We  thiuk  1.10  is  the  least  value  that  should  be  given 
to  a  and  6,  and  prefer  1.15 ;  some  will  think  the  use  of  1.20  more  pru- 
dent. 

8.  Let  all  be  the  same  as  in  the  preceding  case,  and  c  be  .00022,  and 
the  formula  will  then  embrace  the  depreciation  of  life  for  the  first  year 
after  the  issue  of  the  policies,  according  to  the  experience  of  the  seven- 
teen London  offices  on  62,537  insurances.  This  makes  the  formula  all 
that  can  be  desired,  especially  if  our  average  table  be  used  for  -4,/?,  and  P. 

9.  Another  method  of  making  an  allowance  for  the  possible  increase 
of  mortality  above  the  tabular  amount,  is  to  construct  a  table  with  a  rate 
of  mortality  ten,  twenty,  or  twenty-five  per  cent  above  the  average  or 
true,  and  to  calculate  the  reservation  by  such  a  table.  As  the  mortality 
is  as  likely  to  be  excessive  in  one  future  year  as  another,  and  as  any 
general  cause,  like  climate,  epidemics,  or  new  diseases,  will  probably 
fall  on  each  age  of  life,  not  indiscriminately,  but  in  proportion  to  the 
weakness  of  the  vital  energies,  that  is,  in  proportion  to  the  ordinary 
mortality  at  any  age,  the  proper  mode  of  anticipating  this  liability  is  to 
add  a  percentage  to  the  true  or  average  rate  of  mortality  at  every  period 
of  life,  and  to  compute  the  liability  from  such  a  table.     This  has  the 


190  Valuation  of  Life  Insurance  Policies. 

should  be  ten,  twenty,  or  twenty-five  per  cent  higher  than  is  given  by 
the  tables. 

As  we  think  such  a  mode  of  valuation  is  better  than  adding  a  per- 
centage to  the  reserve,  we  have  constructed  the  tables  at  the  end  of  this 
article  by  increasing  the  average  rate  of  mortality  twenty-five  per  cent. 
The  usual  columns,  D,  N,  M,  and  A,  as  well  as  the  premiums  for  each 
age,  counting  the  rate  of  interest  four  per  cent,  will  be  found  under  their 
appropriate  heads.  These  have  been  all  calculated  in  duplicate,  and  the 
results  tested  by  obtaining  the  premiums  from  D  and  N,  and  also  from 
N  and  M,  and  the  agreement  of  these,  even  to  the  eighth  decimal  place, 
is  a  proof  of  the  arithmetical  correctness  of  all  the  numbers  in  every 
column.  The  proofs  have  been  carefully  read,  and  it  is  believed  all  the 
figures  are  correctly  printed.  Some  may  think  that  twenty-five  per  cent 
is  too  large  an  addition  for  this  contingency,  but  as  it  does  not  give  a 
larger  reserve  than  the  ten  per  cent  added  in  the  seventh  and  eighth 
methods  of  valuations,  this  objection  cannot  be  sustained. 

10.  If  to  this  be  now  added  the  saving  in  the  first  year  of  life,  by 
making  c  equal  .00024,  which  is  the  average  correction  by  Higham's  ob- 
servations, when  divided  by  the  1  +  A  of  this  table,  we  shall  finally  have 
what  we  regard  as  the  most  satisfactory  mode  of  valuation. 

11.  If  five  per  cent  should  be  added  to  the  result  of  this  method,  by 
making  a  and  b  1.05,  for  the  purpose  of  meeting  any  other  future  con- 
tingency besides  the  exposure  to  adverse  fluctuations  of  mortality,  we 
shall  have  a  final  valuation^  covering  every  liability  and  securing  safety 
and  stability  and  permanence  beyond  fear,  doubt,  or  suspicion. 

We  will  now  give  two  examples  of  these  different  modes  of  valuation, 
so  as  to  compare  the  result  with  one  another,  and  note  the  difl*erenceB 
between  them.  Suppose  two  policies  for  $10,000  each,  to  be  taken  at 
the  ages  of  thirty  and  forty,  the  premiums  being  15236  and  $320,  and  let 
it  be  required  to  value  the  policies  after  ten  premiums  have  been  paid 
and  just  before  th«  eleventh  is  due.  The  several  values  will  be  as  fol- 
lows : — 

1  W.  Morgan :  Nortbampton  three  per  cent ;  using  the 

actual  premiums  for  P,  because  they  are  smaller  than  P      $1'',644  86  and  $1,786  98 

2  Woolhouse  <&  Neinon :  Carlisle  four  per  cent 24  27  227  72 

8     Bowditch:  Using  4.60  for  fifty  and  Carlisle  for  A.,         1«850  22  1,941  66 

4  Wright  &  Sargeant ;  Actuaries*  four  per  cent 1.079  27  1,629  92 

4A  James:  Actual  experience  of  the  17  London  offices.  1,176  80  1,652  12 

5  American  :  Using  the  Carlisle  table  and  .71  for  a. .  880  22  1,286  46 

6  Dr.  Farr;  Farr's  No.  2,  4  per  cent,  using  bis  20  perct  1,647  86  2,202  94 

7  American :  Farr's  No.  2,  ueine  1 .  10  for  a  and  6. . . .  1,177  06  1,686  28 

7  A  American :  Using  our  av.  table,  and  1 .  10  for  a  and  b        1,172  46  1,724  78 

8  American :  Same  as  the  last,  but  counting  deteriora- 
tion of  life 1,207  18  1,751  84 

8 A  The  same  as  the  last,  but  counting  a  and  6  at  1 .  16.         1,260  48  1,830  24 

9  The  average  table,  with  26  per  cent  inc.  of  mortality        1,142  97  1,677  11 

10  Same  as  the  last,  but  counting  depreciation  of  life..         1,178  66  1,706  77 

11  Sameas  the  last,  but  counting  a  and  6  I.  U5 1,286  70  1,790  62 

Of  these,  1  is  too  large,  especially  at  the  younger  ages;  2  does  not 
compare  at  all  with  the  rest ;  3  and  6  are  too  large  at  all  ages ;  4  and  6  are 
too  small,  especially  for  recent  policies;  of  the  rest,  we  regard  8  and  10 
as  giving  the  least  that  is  consistent  with  justice,  propriety,  and  safety; 
8  A  and  11  are  more  prudent  and  preferable,  especially  for  the  United 
States. 


Valuation  of  Life  Insurance  Policies,  191 

We  will  now  compare  some  of  these  raetbods  with  the  actual  experi- 
ence of  the  seventeen  London  offices,  and  thus  submit  them  to  the  test 
of  actual  trial  on  by  far  the  largest  experience  that  has  ever  been  col- 
lected. The  contributions  of  Mr.  James  enables  us  to  say  how  much 
ought  to  be  reserved  on  a  policy  issued  at  the  age  of  thirty  that  had 
been  running  any  number  of  years,  by  comparing  it  with  thousands  of 
other  policies  issued  by  those  London  companies  at  the  same  age.  So 
also  for  other  ages  than  thirty,  the  insurances  made  at  any  age  being  all 
kept  by  themselves  and  traced  through  their  whole  duration,  without 
being  mixed  up  with  other  policies  issued  at  different  ages. 

This  is  obviously  the  true  test  of  any  plan  of  valuation.  Every  policy 
to  be  valued  is  compared  with  others  issued  under  exactly  the  same  cir- 
cumstances, and  the  computed  value  compared  with  the  real.  Below  is 
a  table  of  values  at  thirty-five,  and  also  the  average  for  twelve  policies, 
all  for  $10,000,  at  six  ages :  on«  at  25,  two  at  30,  three  at  35,  three  at 
40,  two  at  45,  and  one  at  50,  which  numbers  will  nearly  represent  the 
admissions  of  our  American  offices. 

The  first  column  contains  the  valuation  according  to  the  actual  expe- 
rience of  the  seventeen  London  offices;  the  second,  the  Massacliusetta 
valuation,  according  to  the  general  experience  of  those  offices  when  the 
young  and  old  policies  are  all  combined;  the  third  and  fourth,  the  valu- 
ations given  by  our  eighth  and  tenth  methods,  which  we  have  stated  to 
be  the  very  lowest  that  ought  to  be  adopted.  -4,/?,  and  P  being  taken 
from  our  average  tables,  and  1.10  being  used  for  a  and  6  as  in  the  eighth 
method  above  explained. 

/        Policies  issued  at  35. »  /——Average  of  six  ajgea.      - » 

James.  WHght  Eighth.  Tenth.  James.  Wright  Eighth.  Tenth. 

Firstyear $lh9    $114    $161     9160  $177     $U4    $179    »177 

Twoyeare 288       234       289       285  821       273       827       822 

Three  years 407       856      420      418  464      416      478      470 

Four  years 5S6      482       555       544  612       561       685       621 

Five  years 672      618      698      679  764      710      791       778 

Average  of  five  years.          401      858      424      416  468      419      482      474 

Ten  years 1,891     1,834    1,446    1,412  1,563    1,506    1,64.H    1,605 

Twenty  years. 8,064    8,013    8,255    8,155  8.830    8,288    8,478    3,439 

This  comparison  shows  that  the  Massachusetts  method,  although  found- 
ed on  the  general  experience  of  the  London  offices,  gives  a  less  valuation 
for  all  ages  than  the  real  experience  of  those  offices  when  the  insurances 
are  assorted  so  as  to  tell  the  mortality  on  policies  precisely  similar  to  those 
that  are  to  be  valued  ;  the  deficiency  being  as  much  as  twenty-five  per 
cent  below  the  proper  result  in  the  first  year,  and  ten  per  cent  below 
when  the  average  duration  of  the  pplicies  is  two  or  three  years;  <he  per- 
centage of  deficiency  decreasing  as  the  policies  become  older.  It  also 
shows  that  our  eighth  and  tenth  methods  give  results  just  sufficient  to 
meet  the  deaths  at  the  early  ages  of  insurance,  leaving  nothing  for  the 
chance  of  adverse  fluctuations  of  mortality;  while  at  the  older  ages, 
when  the  policies  have  had  a  long  continuance,  only  three  or  four  per 
cent  is  allowed  for  this  and  other  future  contingencies.  These  results 
satisfy  us,  and  we  think  they  should  satisfy  every  one,  that  these  two 
plans  give  the  least  valuation  that  ought  to  be  adopted  to  comply  with 
the  demands  of  justice  and  safety,  and  that  the  eleventh  is  to  be  preferred, 
if  prudence  and  undoubted  security  are  thought  to  be  more  important 
than  justice  and  safety. 


192 


Valtuttion  of  Life  Insurance  Policies. 


E(l.21) 

Living, 

Log.D. 

Log.N. 

Log.M. 

Premlnm. 

15.. 

.00786 

7000 

7  6895979 

8.8666822 

7.0244891 

.0148849 

16.. 

.00826 

6946 

7.5691876 

8.8430026 

7.0122604 

.0147668 

17.. 

.00863 

6888 

7.5485020 

8.8192483 

6.9996449 

.0161494 

18.. 

.00898 

6828 

7.5277046 

8.7963180 

6.9867008 

.0165376 

19.. 

.00980 

«767 

7.6067586 

8.7712096 

6  9734687 

.0159316 

20.. 

.00960 

6704 

7.4866624 

8.7469202 

6.9600028 

.0163886 

21.. 

.00988 

6640 

7.4644397 

8.7224461 

6.9463416 

.0167464 

22.. 

.01016 

6674 

7.4480942 

8.6977827 

6.9326217 

.0171688 

23.. 

.01040 

6507 

7.4216802 

8.6729248 

6.9185661 

.0176062 

24., 

.01064 

6440 

7.4000666 

8  6478661 

6.9046108 

.0180669 

26.. 

.01086 

6871 

7  8788776 

8.6225996 

6.8908765 

.0186268 

26.. 

.01109 

6802 

7.8666020 

8.6971170 

6.8761962 

.0190148 

27.. 

.01182 

6232 

7.3.347264 

8.6714096 

6.8619670 

.0195286 

28.. 

.01166 

6161 

7.3127478 

8.6454678 

6.8476956 

.0200562 

29.. 

.01180 

6090 

7.2906692 

8  6192800 

6.8833894 

.0206115 

SO.. 

.01206 

6018 

7.2684806 

8.4928868 

6.8190819 

.0211982 

81.. 

.01231 

6946 

7.2461828 

8.4661282 

6.8046317 

.0218016 

82  . 

.01258 

5873 

7.2287696 

8.4391289 

6.7901856 

.0224417 

88.. 

.01287 

5799 

7.2012882 

8.4118893 

6.7766896 

.0281127 

84.. 

01318 

5724 

7.1785793 

8.8842392 

6.7611305 

.0288172 

86.. 

.01860 

5649 

7.1657888 

8.8568129 

6.7464947 

.0246674 

86.. 

.01884 

6672 

7.1828476 

8.8280487 

6.7317816 

.0268360 

87.. 

.01420 

5496 

7.1097616 

8.2994136 

6.7169791 

.0261657 

88.. 

.01458 

5417 

7.0865171 

8.2704029 

6.7020768 

.0270198 

89.. 

.01499 

5338 

7.0631062 

8.2409913 

6.6870650 

.0279302 

40.. 

.01642 

5258 

7.0396124 

8.2111558 

6.6719246 

.0288914 

41.. 

.01586 

6177 

7.0167301 

8.1808782 

6.6566474 

.0299071 

42.. 

.01682 

6096 

6.9917686 

8.1601172 

6.6412369 

.0809827 

48.. 

.01681 

6012 

6.9675741 

8  1188596 

6.6266866 

.0321288 

44.. 

.01788 

4928 

6.9481788 

8.0870692 

6.6099817 

.0333359 

46.. 

.01789 

4842 

6.9186526 

8.0547119 

6.5941087 

.0846256 

46.. 

.01851 

4766 

6.8986794 

8  0217609 

6.6780461 

.0359994 

47.. 

.01920 

4668 

6.8685820 

7  9881456 

6.6617567 

.0374687 

48.. 

.01998 

4678 

6.8480791 

7.9638527 

6.5451959 

.0390250 

49.. 

.C2086 

4487 

6.8172807 

7.9188254 

6.6283051 

.0406898 

60.. 

.02182 

4393 

6.7910965 

7.8880189 

6.4110291 

.0424634 

61.. 

.02290 

4297 

6.7644820 

7.8468649 

6  4983076 

.0443550 

62.. 

.02410 

4199 

6.7873877 

7.8088211 

6.4750761 

.0463718 

68.. 

.02644 

4098 

6.7097596 

7.7703218 

6.4662622 

.0486222 

64.. 

.02692 

8998 

6.6816849 

7.7807997 

6.48rt7878 

.06r8146 

66.. 

.02866 

8886 

6.6626600 

7.6901866 

6  4165748 

.0682584 

66.. 

.08040 

8776 

6.6280327 

7.6484063 

6.8965.335 

.0658684 

67.. 

.08244 

3660 

6.6925920 

7  6058787 

6.3785514 

.0586371 

68.. 

.03471 

8641 

6.6612365 

7.6610190 

6  8505191 

0616886 

69.. 

.08722 

8418 

6.6288610 

7.6162873 

6.8263105 

.0647262 

60.. 

.08996 

8291 

6.4968547 

7  4679394 

6  3007968 

.0680646 

61.. 

.04298 

8160 

6.46061C7 

7.4190261 

6.2738609 

.0716871 

62.. 

.04612 

8024 

6.4245211 

7.3683924 

6.2453887 

.0768849 

68.. 

.04962 

2886 

6.8869814 

7.815^269 

6  2162766 

.0793141 

64.. 

.06814 

2742 

6.8478911 

7.2616060 

6.1884800 

.0885469 

66.. 

.06699 

2596 

6.8071486 

7.2049967 

6  1497506 

.0880552 

66.. 

.06111 

2448 

6.2646266 

7.1462604 

6.1141860 

.0928722 

67.. 

.06664 

2298 

6.2202079 

7.0851088 

6.0764608 

.0980297 

68.. 

.07089 

2148 

6.1787362 

7.0218701 

6.0865778 

.1086636 

69.. 

.07671 

1997 

6.1250027 

6.9548447 

6.9942712 

.1096032 

70.. 

.08156 

1846 

6.0737776 

6.8858028 

6  9498009 

.1168774 

71.. 

.08798 

1696 

6.0197998 

6.8124986 

6  9018966 

.1227149 

72.. 

.09601 

1646 

6.9627709 

6.7861693 

6.8502434 

.1800892 

78.. 

.1026 

1899 

6.9028818 

6.6560813 

6.7955269 

.1878782 

74.. 

.1109 

1256 

6.8883341 

6.6717796 

6.7369521 

.1462769 

76.. 

.1200 

1116 

6.7702514 

6.4880770 

6.6741834 

.1652586 

76.. 

.1298 

982 

6.6977007 

6.8896629 

6.6066219 

.1648887 

77.. 

.1406 

866 

6.6202866 

6.2908677 

6.6810290 

.1760687 

Annuity. 

17.92276 

17.78788 

17.65290 

17.61888 

17.88468 

17.24988 

17.11867 

16.97681 

16.83689 

16.69838 

16  64777 

16.89868 

16.24688 

16.08911 

16.92820 

15.76298 

16.59861 

16.41948 

16.24066 

16.05688 

14.86826 

14.67469 

14.47676 

14  27164 

14.06212 

18  84720 

13  62689- 

18.40004 

18.16726 

12.92807 

12.68280 

12.42986 

12.17084 

11.90646 

11.68411 

11.86718 

11.07488 

10  78782 

10.49640 

10.20121 

9.90276 

9.60166 

9.29880 

8  99499 

8.69117 

8.88826 

8.08689 

7.78762 

7.49062 

7.19628 

6.90410 

6.61419 

6.82648 

6.04101 

6  75887 

6.47926 

6.20488 

4.98469 

4.67087 

4.41809 

4.16209 

8.91888 

8.68861 


Journal  of  Mercantile  Law. 


193 


E(li».)  Living. 

Log.D. 

78.. 

.162U 

786 

6  6874990 

79.. 

.1644 

628 

6.4488616 

80.. 

.1776 

621 

6.8588267 

81.. 

.1917 

428 

6.2518764 

82.. 

.2066 

846 

6.1424167 

88.. 

.2221 

276 

6.0248746 

84.. 

.2882 

214 

4.8987650 

86.. 

.2660 

163 

4  7686727 

86.. 

.2724 

121 

4.6186966 

87.. 

.2904 

88.2 

4.4685650 

88.. 

.8098 

62.6 

4.2976862 

89.. 

.8296 

48  2 

4.1197914 

90.. 

.8517 

29.0 

8.9290921 

91.. 

.8769 

18.8 

8  7288847 

92.. 

.4027 

11.7 

8.6020566 

98.. 

.4^85 

7.00 

8.2612147 

94.. 

.4699 

8.97 

2.9978813 

95.. 

.6140 

2.10 

2.7047068 

96.. 

.5681 

1  02 

2.8748087 

97.. 

.6346 

.441 

1.9926586 

98.. 

.7159 

.161 

1.6883937 

99.. 

.8144 

.046 

0.9748316 

100. 

1.000 

.008 

0.2268768 

Log.N. 
6.1866479 
6.0762065 
6.9698792 
5.8865921 
6.7043707 
6.5661968 
5  4176606 
6.2608969 
6.0946661 
4.9178467 
4.7298742 
4.6296821 
4.8168760 
4.0885789 
8.8878071 
8.6689271 
8.2744781 
2.9481186 
2.6806408 
2.1688840 
1  6596002 
1  0461470 
0.2263768 


Log.M. 
5.4668306 
6.8716618 
6.2806881 
6  1826784 
6.0767760 
4.9626684 
4.8897766 
4.7076214 
4.6656131 
4.4182007 
4.2498048 
4.0746114 
8.8864084 
8.6836082 
8.4642707 
8.2268911 
2.9645554 
2  6744171 
2.8466798 
1.9674810 
1.6167817 
0.9546870 
0.2098429 


Prcminm. 

.1859014 

.1978989 

.2095361 

.2228245 

.2357243 

.2497281 

.264.3724 

.2797206 

.2958840 

.8128629 

.8810782 

.8608160 

.8724196 

.3968048 

.4231200 

.4689040 

. 4898*^60 

.6324748 

.6883582 

.6^43878 

.7180116 

.8101026 

.9615886 


Annultj. 
8.45707 
8.28980 
8  03280 
2.88455 
2.64716 
2.46994 
2.80214 
2.14286 
1.99187 
1.84687 
1.70607 
1.66886 
1.48379 
1.80009 
1.16661 
1.08101 
0.89277 
0.76151 
0  60817 
0.46445 
0.32192 
0.17846 
0.00000 


XKRATa  in  THB  I.iL8T  NUMBKB. 

For  18.343,  annaity  at  age  18,  read  18.346.       |     For  .036760,  premium  at  age  50,  read  .08672& 


JOURNAL  OF  MERCANTILE  LAW. 


PROFITS    AND   PARTNERSHIP. 

In  the  Supreme  Judicial  Court  of  Massachusetts.  Before  Judge  Metcalp. 
Dana  H.  Fitch  aud  others  vs.  Samuel  P.  Harrington  and  others. 

1.  An  agreement  between  one  partner  and  a  third  person,  that  the  latter  shall  participate  in  that 

partner's  share  of  the  profits  of  the  firm,  as  profits,  renders  him  liable  as  a  partner  to  the 
creditors  of  the  firm,  althongh,  as  regards  the  other  members  of  the  firm,  he  is  not  their  oo- 
partner. 

2.  Tne  acts  and  declaration  of  a  person  not  a  partner  are  not  admissible  to  charge  him  as  apartner, 

without  showing  that  they  were  brought  home  to  the  plalntilTs  knowledge. 

Action  on  a  promissory  note  signed  by  the  name  of  Whittbmore,  Harrington 
k  Co.    Trial  li^fore  Mbtcalf,  J.,  who  signed  this  bill  of  exceptions : — 

"  Samuel  P.  Harrington  alone  made  defence ;  and  the  only  question  was, 
whether  he  was  liable,  as  a  partner,  with  the  other  defendants. 

**  It  was  in  eyidence  that  the  firm  of  WHrrrsMORE,  Harrington  Sc  Co.  was 
form^  in  July,  1856.  and  carried  on  business  until  the  latter  part  of  October, 
1857,  when  they  stopped  payment ;  and  that  the  notes  in  suit  were  given  for 
articles  used  in  the  business  of  the  firm. 

"  The  plaintiffs  introduced  evidence  tending  to  show  that  Samuel  P.  Har- 
rington was  a  member  of  said  firm,  as  between  the  partners  themselves ;  that 
the  share  in  the  concern,  standing  in  the  name  of  Leonard  Harrington,  (one 
of  the  members  of  the  firm,)  was  owned  jointly  by  Leonard  and  Samuel  P. 
Harrington  ;  that  Samuel  P.  held  himself  out  to  the  plaintiffs,  and  also  to  the 
public  at  large,  as  one  of  the  partners  in  the  firm  ;  and  that  the  plaintifife  gave 
credit  to  Whittbmore,  Harrington  &  Co.,  under  the  belief  that  he  was  a 
partner. 

**  The  defendant,  Samuel  P.  Harrington,  introduced  evidence,  tending  to 
show  that  he  was  not  a  partner  in  the  firm  ;  that  he  had  not  held  himself  out  as 
such  to  the  public  at  large,  nor  to  the  plaintifis ;  that  he  had  no  interest  in  the 
share  of  the  concern  standing  in  the  name  of  Leonard  Harrington  ;  and  that 
he  was  not  known  nor  recognized  as  a  partner  by  the  members  of  the  firm. 

TOL.  xLiv. — wo.  II.  13 


194  Journal  of  Mercantile  Law. 

**  The  plaintiffs  requested  the  court  to  instruct  the  jury,  that  although  Samuel 
P.  Harrington  was  not  known  by  the  members  of  the  firm  generally  to  be  a 
partner,  yet  if  the  share  in  the  partnership  concern,  which  share  stood  in  the 
name  of  Leonard  Harrington  only,  was  owned  jointly  by  Leonard  and 
Samuel  P  ,  and  Samuel  P.,  as  between  him  and  Leonard,  was  entitled  to  the 
profits,  if  any,  which  might  be  derived  from  that  share,  he  (Samuel  P.)  was  a 
partner  in  the  firm,  as  to  the  plaintiffs,  and  liable  to  them  in  this  action  ;  that 
if  he  held  himsell  out  as  a  partner  in  the  firm,  under  such  circumstances  as  to 
induce  the  plaintiffs  to  give  credit  to  the  firm  under  that  belief,  though  he  was 
not  iu  reality  a  partner,  he  was  still  liable  to  them  as  such  ;  and  that  his  acts 
and  declarations,  if  made  publicly,  though  not  brought  to  the  knowledge  of  the 
plaintiffs,  were  competent  evidence  that  he  so  held  himself  out,  and  thereby  in- 
duced the  plaintiffs  to  give  credit  to  the  firm,  under  the  belief  that  he  was  a 
partner. 

"  The  court  declined  to  give  instructions  in  the  terms  requested  ;  but  instructed 
the  jury  as  follows: — That  if  Samuel  P.  Harrington  was  a  member  of  the  firm, 
when  the  notes  in  suit  were  given,  he  was  liable  in  this  action,  whether  the 
plaintiffs  then  knew  or  did  not  know  that  he  was  a  partner,  or  whother  they  did 
or  did  not  give  credit  to  the  firm  on  the  belief  that  he  was  a  partner ;  that  if 
he  was  not  a  member  of  the  firm,  yet,  if  by  his  acts  and  declarations,  which 
were  brought  home  to  the  knowledge  of  the  plaintiffs,  he  led  them  to  believe 
that  he  was  a  member  of  the  firm,  and  to  give  credit  to  the  firm  in  that  belief, 
he  was  liable  to  them  in  this  action  ;  that  his  acts  and  declarations  to  persons 
other  than  the  plaintiffs  were  evidence  for  the  jury  to  consider,  in  determining 
the  question  whether  he  was  a  member  of  the  firm  ;  but  if  such  acts  and  declara- 
tions did  not  satisfy  the  jury  that  he  was  a  member  of  the  firm,  then  they  were 
not  evidence  which  would  render  him  liable  to  the  plaintiffs,  unless  knowledge 
of  them  was  brought  home  to  the  plaintiffs,  and  induced  them  to  give  credit  to 
the  firm  in  the  belief  that  he  was  a  member  of  the  firm  ;  that  if  the  share  in 
the  partnership  concern,  which  share  stood  in  the  name  of  Leonard  Harrington 
only,  was  owned  jointly  by  him  and  Samuel  P.  Harrington,  then  Samuel  P. 
was  liable  in  this  action  ;  but  if  there  was  a  sub-partnership  between  Leonard 
and  Samuel  P.,  by  which  Samuel  P.  was  to  share  in  the  profits  of  the  firm,  to 
which  profits  Leonard  was  entitled,  this  alone  would  not  make  Samuel  P.  liable 
for  the  debts  of  the  firm. 

•'  The  jury  returned  a  verdict  for  the  defendant,  and  the  plaintiffs  excepted  to 
the  instructions  given  to  the  jury." 

The  opinion  of  the  court  was  delivered  by 

Mbtcalf,  J. — We  are  all  of  opinion  that  the  plaintiffs  are  entitled  to  a  new 
trial,  for  the  reason  that  the  instruction  respecting  a  sub  partnership  between 
Leonard  Harrington  and  Samuel  P.  Harrington,  given,  as  it  was,  without 
any  explanation,  may  have  misled  the  jury.  That  part  of  the  instructions  was 
given  on  the  authority  of  Collyer  on  Partnership,  (3d  ed.,)  section  194,  which 
was  cited  by  the  defendants'  counsel  at  so  late  a  stage  of  the  trial,  that  the 
court  had  no  opportunity  to  examine  the  position  there  laid  down,  which  is 
thus : — "  Although  the  delectus  personoB,  which  is  inherent  in  the  nature  of 
partnership,  precludes  the  introduction  of  a  stranger  against  the  will  of  any  of 
the  copartners,  yet  no  partner  is  precluded  from  entering  into  a  sub-partnership 
with  a  stranger ;  nam  socii  mei  sociuSf  mens  socius  non  est-  In  such  case,  the 
stranger  may  share  the  profits  of  the  particular  partner  with  whom  he  contracts, 
and,  not  being  engaged  to  the  general  partnership,  will  of  course  not  be  liable 
for  their  debts." 

The  only  decided  cases  which  Mr.  Collyer  cites,  in  support  of  this  position, 
are  that  of  Sir  Charles  Raymond,  referred  to  by  Lord  Eldon,  in  Ex  parte 
Barrow,  2  Rose,  255,  and  that  of  Bbown  vs  De  Tastet,  Jac.  284.  In  the  case 
in  2  Rose,  Lord  Eldon  said  : — **  I  take  it  to  have  been  long  since  clearly  estab- 
lished, that  a  man  may  become  a  partner  with  A.,  where  A.  and  B.  are  partners, 
and  yet  not  be  a  member  of  that  partnership  which  existed  between  A.  and  B. 
In  the  case  of  Sir  Charles  Raymond,  a  banker  in  the  city,  a  Mr.  Fletcher 


Journal  of  Mercantile  Law.  195 

agreed  with  Sir  Charles  Raymond,  that  he  should  be  interested  so  far  as  to  re- 
ceive a  share  of  his  profits  of  the  business,  and  which  share  he  had  a  right  to 
draw  out  from  the  firm  of  Raymond  &  Co.  But  it  was  held,  that  he  was  no 
partner  in  that  partnership,  had  no  demand  against  it,  had  no  account  in  it,  and 
that  he  must  be  satisfied  with  a  share  of  the  profits  arising  and  given  to  Sir 
Charles  Raymond."  In  the  case  in  Jacob,  it  was  decided,  that  where  one  of 
several  partners  had  agreed  with  a  third  person  to  give  him  a  moiety  of  his  share 
in  the  concern,  the  Court  of  Chancery  might  decree  an  account  between  them, 
without  making  the  other  partners  parties  to  the  bill.  These  cases  show  this 
only : — That  as  between  the  members  of  the  firm,  inter  sese,  Mr.  Fletcher,  in 
the  first  case,  and  the  third  person  in  the  other  case,  were  not  copartners.  They 
decided  nothing  as  to  the  liability  of  either  to  the  creditors  of  the  existing  firm. 

But  Mr.  Collyer  also  cites  2  Bell  Com.  636,  where  it  is  said : — **  There  may 
be  a  sub-contract,  by  which  a  stranger  may  be  admitted  to  divide  with  any  of 
the  partners  his  share  of  the  profits.  The  other  partners  are  not  bound  to  take 
notice  of  this  sub-contract ;  nor  is  there  any  responsibility  attached  to  it,  by 
which  the  stranger,  as  sharing  in  the  profit  of  the  concern,  becomes  liable  for 
the  debts  of  the  partnership."  Erskine's  Institutes,  and  the  case  of  Fairholm 
M.  Majoribanks,  decided  in  Scotland  in  1725,  are  cited  in  support  of  this  posi- 
tion. In  looking  at  3  Ersk.  Inst,  (ed.  of  1828,)  sections  21,  22,  we  find  that 
nothing  is  there  said  concerning  the  liability  of  such  stranger  for  the  debts  of 
the  partnership.  Mr.  Erseine  says,  "  if  any  of  the  partners  shall  assume  a  third 
person  mto  partnership  with  him,  such  assumed  person  becomes  partner,  not  to 
the  company,  but  to  the  assumer."  We  have  not  seen  the  report  of  Fairholm 
vs.  Majoribanks.  But  Mr.  Stare  cites  that  case  and  Erskine's  Institutes,  in 
support  of  the  following  passage  in  his  work  on  partnership  : — *  Sub  contracts 
between  partners  and  other  persons,  by  which  a  beneficial  interest  in  the  partner- 
ship is  granted,  do  not  create  new  partners.  The  partner  himself  remains  alone 
liable  to  company  creditors."  He  adds  a  quotation  from  the  Digest,  which  is 
silent,  however,  as  to  such  other  persons'  liability  for  the  debts  of  the  partner- 
ship. Stark  on  Part.  165.  It  would  seem,  therefore,  that  the  Scotch  writers, 
Mr.  Bell  and  Mr.  Stark,  have  stated  the  doctrine  which  Mr.  Collyer  has  re- 
peated, only  as  an  inference  of  their  own  from  the  established  law,  that  such  a 
sub-contract  as  those  writers  mention,  between  one  member  of  a  firm  and  a 
stranger,  does  not  make  the  stranger,  as  between  him  and  the  firm,  their  copart- 
ner ;  and  hence  that  the  law  of  Scotland,  as  to  such  stranger's  liability  for  the 
debts  of  the  firm,  may  not  differ  from  the  law  of  England  and  of  this  country. 
Indeed,  it  is  hardly  to  be  supposed  that  it  was  decided  in  Fairholm  vs.  Majori- 
banks, that  such  a  stranger  was  not  liable  for  the  debts  of  the  firm  in  a  case  in 
which,  by  the  English  law  and  ours,  he  would  have  been  liable.  For  both  Mr. 
Bell  and  Mr.  Stark,  as  well  as  Mr.  Collyer,  correctly  state  the  English  law 
on  this  point,  without  an  intimation  that  the  Scotch  law  is  different,  except  by 
subsequently  inserting  the  passage  which  the  defendants'  counsel  cited  at  the 
trial  of  the  present  case.  2  Bell  Com.  625,  626,  Stark  on  Part.  137  et  seq» 
Collyer  on  Part,  book  i.,  c.  1. 

Now,  what  is  our  law  and  the  law  of  England  on  this  subject  ?  We  under- ' 
stand  it  to  be  thus : — An  agreement  between  one  copartner  and  a  third  person, 
renders  him  liable,  as  a  partner,  to  the  creditors  of  the  firm,  although  as  between 
himself  and  the  members  of  the  firm,  he  is  not  their  copartner ;  but  if  such  third 
person,  by  his  agreement  with  one  member  of  the  firm,  is  to  receive  compensa- 
tion for  his  labor,  services,  &c.,  in  proportion  to  the  profits  of  the  business  of 
the  firm,  without  having  any  specific  hen  on  the  profits,  to  the  exclusion  of  other 
creditors,  he  is  not  liable  for  the  debts  of  the  firm.  Denny  m.  Cabot,  6  Met. 
90-94.  Bradley  vs.  White,  10  Met.  305.  Holmes  vs.  Old  Colony  Railroad,  5 
Qray,  58.  Burckle  vs.  Echart,  3  Comst.  132  3  Kent  Com.  (6tb  ed.)  33  et, 
seq.    Parsons'  Merc.  Law,  168,  and  note. 

in  order  to  en8U)le  the  jury  to  decide  whether  Samuel  P.  Harrington  was 
liable  for  the  debts  of  the  firm  of  Whittemore,  Harrington  &  Co.  by  reason 
of  a  sub-partnership  between  him  and  Leonard  Harrington,  they  should  have 
received  instractions  more  definite  and  discriminating  than  they  could  derive 


196  Commercial  Chronicle  and  Review, 

from  the  mere  words  of  Mr.  Collyer.  The  kind  of  agreement  which  would 
render  Samuel  P.  liable  for  the  debts  of  the  firm,  and  the  kind  of  agreement 
which  would  not  render  him  liable  therefor,  should  have  been  so  explained  to 
them  that  they  might  intelligently  decide  wheUier  the  agreement  between  the 
two  (if  any  was  proved)  was  such  as  did  or  did  not  render  Sammel  P.  liable  as 
a  partner,  for  the  debts  due  from  the  firm  to  the  plaintifi^. 


COMMERCIAL  CHRONICLE  AND  REVIEW. 


POLITICAL  IVrLUBVCBB— 8UB8IDBKCB  OF  PAKIO— B18K8  AKD  0BL1OATI0N8— CIVIL  WAK—  FAIL17RB8  IH 
TBB  UHITBD  8TATB8— 8TAONAT10M  OP  BMTBRPRieB^DKCLIMB  IM  DBHAND  FOR  CAPITAL— BARK  RB- 
T0RM8— 8tRIHO  Blt8UIB88— LAROB  XZP0Ra8— WBBAT  VALUB— RaTIOKAL  BALAMCB—LOW  RATB8  OP 
BZCBAROB— FUTURB  ELBIIKMT8  OF  ^PBCULATIOH— RATB8  OP  MORBY— TRBA8URT  M0TB8— eOV- 
BRRMBMT  LOAM— BI9BBR  RATK8— STOCK  MARKKT— DXPARTMKKT  FRAUD— IRPLUBRCB  OR  PRICX8  — 
RATB  OP  BZCBAROB— fPkCIB  ARRIVALS  — DI8P08ITIOR—A88AT-OPFICB—MIRT—WBSTBRR  BZ- 
CBANOBB. 

The  political  events  which  produced  the  financial  panic  on  the  announcement 
of  the  Presidential  election  in  November  have  continued  to  assume  greater  im- 
portance in  the  same  direction,  and  to  threaten  the  most  serious  results  for  the 
future.  Nevertheless,  the  "  panic  "  feeling  which  had  been  manifest  gradually 
disappeared,  and  commercial  fears  subsided  in  proportion.  The  first  efiect  of 
serious  difficulties  is  always  to  alarm  those  who  have  outstanding  risks  and  ob- 
ligations that  may  be  affected,  and  there  is,  as  a  matter  of  course,  a  general  and 
simultaneous  effort  to  cover  those  risks  and  use  every  effort  to  prepare  for  the 
obligations,  and  these  efforts  produce  an  unusual  demand  for  money  at  any  price. 
This  is  the  more  stringent  and  the  more  marked  when  the  evils  are  of  an  unusual 
character,  and  bear  on  their  face,  as  now,  the  portentious  feature  of  disunion 
and  civil  war,  with  all  its  horrors  in  the  background.  Annexed  hereto  we  give 
the  statistics  of  the  New  York  Commercial  Agency,  which  indicates  the  effect 
of  the  panic  upon  those  houses  which  were  caught  with  outstanding  obligations 
they  could  not  meet  in  face  of  the  paralysis  in  collection.  The  pressure,  how- 
ever created,  where  the  general  state  of  affairs  is  sound,  cannot  but  be  brief,  since 
new  enterprises  are  at  once  abandoned  and  propositions  for  new  business  at  least 
postponed,  and  the  lapse  of  a  very  little  time  brings  with  it  the  maturity  and 
cancelment  of  contracts  and  the  withdrawal  of  risks.  The  sudden  stringency 
at  once  gives  place  to  ease,  and  the  falling  value  of  money  or  capital  marks 
the  stagnation  of  those  business  enterprises  which  usually  demand  it.  The 
bank  returns,  which  we  publish  as  usual,  illustrate  the  operation.  Under  the 
demand  of  November  the  loans  rose  $10  000,000,  and  the  price  of  money  was 
yery  high.  That  amount  seems,  however,  to  have  sufficed  to  cover  immediate 
wants,  and  the  discounts  fell  $6,000,000  to  Jan.  1,  by  means  of  payment  under 
collections.  The  low  rates  of  bills  and  the  high  rates  of  money  drew  specie 
rapidly  from  Europe,  and  some  $10,000,000  arrived  thence  up  to  the  first  week 
in  January,  in  face  of  an  export  of  $6,000,000  in  the  same  period  last  year 
making  a  difference  of  $16,000,000  in  the  exchanges  abroad.  At  the  same  time 
the  Western  exchanges  fell  to  reasonable  rates,  permitting  of  collections,  while 
Southern  credit  with  banking  houses  were  very  generally  cut  off.    While  no 


Commercial  Chronicle  and  Review.  197 

new  notes  having  been  created  for  new  business,  the  bank  line  of  cfisconnts 
drops  of  its  own  weight,  and  the  rate  of  money  declines  still  farther.     The 
osaal  spring  business  has  not  been  provided  for,  and  manafactaring  has  been 
checked.    That  is  to  say,  the  demand  for  capital  in  its  nsnal  employments  has 
been  curtailed  to  an  extent,  if  we  take  the  magnitude  of  interests  into  consid- 
eration, seldom  before  realized.    Fortunately,  at  such  a  juncture,  the  state  of  the 
foreign  markets  has  been  such  as  to  attract  unusual  quantities  of  produce,  and 
the  exports  from  the  port  of  New  York,  as  will  be  found  in  the  trade  tables, 
have,  in  the  last  quarter  of  1860,  been  thirty  per  cent  larger  than  ever  before 
in  the  history  of  the  country.    This  embraces  farm  produce  or  food  to  an  ex- 
traordinary extent.    The  export  of  wheat  and  flour  from  the  United  States, 
since  September  1,  exceeds  by  325,000,000  the  exports  of  the  same  articles  in 
1859,  for  the  same  period  in  which,  also,  there  has  been  a  considerable  decline 
in  the  amount  of  goods  imported.    The  demand  for  cotton  abroad  has  also  been 
active,  giving  full  credits  against  that  article,  and  there  has  also  been  a  disposi- 
tion to  invest  in  stocks  at  the  low  prices  caused  by  the  panic.    The  result  is, 
then,  following— a  balance  in  favor  of  the  country  left  by  last  year's  trade,  a 
larger  export  of  domestic  produce,  including  cotton  and  breadstuffs,  and  of 
stocks,  on  one  hand,  with  a  smaller  present  and  prospective  import  of  goods  in 
return.    The  commercial  operation  has  been,  then,  to  throw  the  balance  largely 
in  favor  of  the  country,  or,  in  other  words,  to  make  specie  the  best  article  of 
importation.    There  has  accordingly  been  considerable  receipts,  and  the  extent 
to  which  this  will  be  carried  must  depend  upon  the  import  trade,  since  there  is 
little  doubt  but  that  food  and  cotton  will  go  largely  abroad.    If  importers  hesi- 
tate about  ordering  goods  the  proceeds  of  the  produce  sales  must  come  back  in 
coin.    The  internal  exchanges,  under  the  same  influences,  show  the  same  results, 
since  the  large  remittance  of  produce,  with  restricted  purchases  of  goods,  are 
followed  by  a  marked  decline  in  the  rates  of  exchange  on  New  York  at  all  points 
of  the  interior,  and  collections  have  been  made  in  a  manner  to  greatly  ease  the 
city  payments.  . 

The  political  difficulties  once  settled,  there  is  but  little  doubt  that  a  period  of 
commercial  enterprise  and  prosperity  would  manifest  itself  far  in  excess  of  any 
previous  example.  The  pendency  of  such  serious  calamities  as  dissolution  and 
civil  war  make  all  other  considerations  give  place  in  their  presence.  The  re- 
moval of  those  fears  make  the  evils  of  mere  commercial  revulsion  appear  light, 
and  such  periods  of  depression  are  generally  followed  by  the  boldest  enterprises. 
The  troubles  of  1850  were  followed  by  the  excitement  of  1853,  and  their  recur- 
rence in  1854  preceded  the  great  activity  of  1856.  The  country  now,  with  its 
railroadd  built,  with  its  working  capital  larger  and  more  available  than  ever,  is 
in  a  position  to  develop  trade  and  prosperity  in  a  manner  heretofore  unexam- 
pled. On  the  other  hand,  should  the  difficulties  unfortunately  not  be  brought 
to  a  close,  trade  will  doubtless,  to  a  limited  extent,  be  continued,  food  will  grow, 
and  industrjkwill  be  productive  ;  whether  it  can  be  permanently  protected  in  its 
development,  surrounded  by  hostile  political  exigencies,  is  matter  of  serious 
doubt.  The  Mexican  people,  thanks  to  their  genial  climate  and  spontaneous 
fruits  of  the  earth,  can  live  amidst  their  anarchy.  The  North  cannot  follow  that 
example — a  peaceful  Union  or  a  bloody  transit  to  a  state  of  despotism  seems  to 


146  OOKTBNTS   OF   NO.   11^   VOL,  XUV. 

TAQM 

JOURNAL  OF   BANKING,    CURSBNCT,   AND   FINANCE. 

City  Weekly  Bftnk  BetnrDs— Banks  of  New  York,  Boston,  Philadelpbia,  New  Orlesns,  Pitts- 
burg, 8 1  lx)uls,  Providence SIS 

Pike's  Peak  Gold  Region 817 

Louisiana  Valuation 818 

South  Carolina  Debt  and  Finances 810 

llUnois  State  Debt 880 

Assessed  Valuation  of  the  City  and  County  of  Albany.— Debt  of  Pennsylvania 2JM 

Illinois  Two  Mill  Tax.— Esmeralda  Assays.— State  Bank  of  Iowa.— Illinois  Banks. 823 

STATISTICS    OF    TRADE    AND    COMMERCE. 

The  Whale  Fishery  in  laeo 898 

Fremont  Trade.— Trade  of  Norfolk 894 

Brighton  Cattle  Market  for  1860 S85 

Trade  of  Hamilton.— Stock  and  Shipments  of  Flour  and  Wheat 2:20 

United  States  Importations.— Trade  of  Detroit— Imports  of  Montreal 337 

Eastern  Shoes  in  Philadelphia.- Number  of  Passengers  by  each  line  of  Steamers SS8 

United  States  Consumption  of  Sugar 398 

Shipping  of  Glonoester.— Exports  of  Floor  and  Qraln  firom  Lake  Michigan 290 

Caloric  Engines  in  Spain  and  Qermany...., ,. 230 

JOOBNAL  OF    INSURANCE. 

Bates  of  Insnranoe 880 

Lives  Lost  by  Fire  daring  1860 831 

COMMERCIAL    REGULATIONS. 

List  of  Tares  allowed  by  Law  and  Custom 3SS 

Pyrites. 885 

NAUTICAL    INTELLIGENCE. 

steamboat  Accidents  during  I860.— Screw  Propellers. SM 

The  Death  Record  on  the  Lakes  for  1860 987 

POSTAL    DEPARTMENT. 

Gtncnl  Port-offle« 8*7 

JOURNAL   OF   MINING,   MANUFACTURES,    AND   ART. 

How  the  Armstrong  Gun  is  Manofoctured 940 

Mines  and  Mining  Companies  of  Arizona 948 

New  Discovery  in  the  Process  of  Dyeing ,343 

Richmond  Sugar  Reanery.— Iron  Cars 344 

Home  Manufiwturcs —Sabots,  or  Wooden  Shoes 945 

Manafo3tare  of  Gas.— Cigarette  Papers 946 

RAILROAD,  CANAL,  AND  STEAMBOAT  STATISTICS. 

Steam  Wagons  for  Common  Roi^ 347 

Iron  Locomotive  Car • 948 

Railroad  Accidents  during  the  year  1860 349 

A  Railway  in  Turkey.— Mew  York  Central  Railroad 900 

English  Railway  Clorks 958 

STATISTICS    OF    AGRICULTURE,   &e. 

Cotton  in  India 958 

Culture  of  Hemp— Use,  etc 354 

Wheat  Production  In  Iowa. S57 

Poblic  Lands.— Agriculture  in  South  Aosti  alia. 95« 

STATISTICS   OF    POPULATION,   tt. 

Militia  Force  of  the  United  States— Growth  of  New  Orleans , 959 

Census  SUtUtics  of  Maryland  980 

Population  of  Charleston.- Western  Population.— Minnesota 961 

Connecticut-Order  of  Oddfellows 988 

North  Carolina  Census.— Immigration  into  the  United  States 988 

MERCANTILE  MISCELLANIES. 

Rise  and  Progress  of  American  Commerce 968 

Stick  to  your  own  Business 964 

LlesinT.ade 966 

Chinese  Proverbs 967 

Credit 968 

"Save  it  in  Something  else »». 960 

Coin  Sala  in  Philadelphia 970 

THE   BOOI   TRADE. 

NotioM  of  new  Books  ornew  Editions. 971-S79 


HUNT'S 

MERCHANTS' MAGAZINE 


AND 


COMMERCIAL  REVIEW, 


FEBRUARY,  1861. 


Art.   I.-«DABiNTIRE  BEGUIATIOIIS. 

ProceedinffB  und  D^bnUa  of  the  Fourth  Natumal  Q^arantifi«  and  Sanitary  Oonvfn- 

Hon,  held  in  the  city  of  Boston,  June  14, 16,  and  16.— Rbpobtbd  fob  thk  Oitt 

OouNoiL  or  Boston. 
Quarantine  Regtdatione,  ae  approved  by  the  National  Quarantine  and  Sanitary  Ae- 

soeiation  of  the  United  Statee,  I860.— A  Report  by  A.  N.  Bill,  Elibha  Harbis, 

AND  Wilson  Jewell. 

Dr.  Wilsok  Jbwbll,  of  Philadelphia,  after  an  experience  of  eight 
years  as  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Health  of  that  city,  and  after  a  care- 
fal  examination  into  the  practical  working  of  the  quarantine  laws  of  the 
United  States,  became  convinced  that  they  were  the  outgrowth  of  dogmas 
based  upon  obsolete  theories;  '*  that  they  embarrassed  commerce,  oppressed 
the  merchant,  imposed  severe  restrictions  on  the  healthy,  inflicted  cruel- 
ties on  the  sick,  and,  when  rigidly  enforced,  became  the  ready  means  of 
disseminating  and  entailing  disease  and  death.  These  glaring  imperfec- 
tions, and  the  inconsistency  of  quarantine  enactments  with  each  other  in 
the  different  States,  together  with  the  frequent  embarrassments  arising 
from  abortive  efforts  to  enforce  and  apply  quarantine  regulations,  en- 
gaged my  serious  attention.  Thus  circumstanced,  I  was  prompted  to  the 
inquiry— how  can  a  revision  of  the  present  ill-advised  systems  of  quar- 
an  tine  laws  be  most  judiciously  and  extensively  effected  f  A  uniform 
eode  of  regulations,  operating  alike  in  all  our  seaports,  and  offering  the 
least  hinderance  to  an  active  commerce,  and  with  a  numane  regard  for  the 
health  of  the  passengers  and  crews,  and  the  comfort  of  the  sick  on  board 
of  all  vessels  detained  at  quarantine  stations,  suggested  itself  as  the  only 
correct  fundamental  principle  for  accomplishing  the  necessary  reform  in 
quarantine  legislation. 

^A  knowledge  of  the  fact  that,  with  the  great  commercial  nations  of  En- 
rope,  the  efficiency  of  quarantine  had  assumed  a  very  commanding  posi- 


148  Quarantine  Regulations. 

tioD  among  the  topics  in  the  science  of  hygiene,  and  had  led  to  the  hold- 
ing of  a  Canfkrtnce  Sanitaire  in  Paris  in  186 1-2,  offered  to  my  mind  the 
idea  that  a  national  convention  of  judicious  and  well-informed  delegates 
from  the  seaboard  cities  of  our  Atlantic  States,  might  be  influential  in 
adjusting  disputed  points,  and  become  the  medium  through  which  com- 
merce could  be  relieved  from  the  trammels  that  existing  codes  of  laws 
had  unnecessarily  imposed  upon  it"  Following  up  these  reflections,  on 
the  10th  of  November,  1866,  at  a  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Health  of 
Philadelphia,  Dr.  Jewell  offered  and  obtained  the  adoption  of  the  follow- 
ing resolution : — 

"  Resolved,  That  a  committee  of  three,  with  the  president,  be.  appointed  to 
correspond  with  the  Boards  of  Health  of  New  York,  Boston,  Baltimore,  and 
New  Orleans,  on  the  propriety  of  calling  a  convention  of  delegates  from  the 
various  boards  of  health  m  the  maritime  cities  of  the  United  States,  for  the 
purpose  of  a  conference  in  relation  to  the  establishment  of  a  uniform  system  of 
revised  quarantine  laws.'' 

As  chairman  of  the  committee  under  this  resolution  of  the  Philadel- 
phia Board  of  Health,  Dr.  Jewell  urged  the  importance  of  a  revised  and 
uniform  system  of  quarantine  laws  for  the  protection  of  the  maritime 
cities  of  the  United  States;  and  in  response  to  his  call,  the  first  Sanitary 
Congress  in  America  was  held  in  the  Supreme  Court-room,  in  Philadel- 
phia, May  Idth,  1867.  The  Convention  remained  in  session  three  days, 
and  resulted  in  the  adoption  of  a  series  of  recommendations  pertinent  to 
quarantine  reform.  It  was  at  this  first  meeting  of  individuals  declaring 
for  a  reform  in  quarantine  regulations,  that  the  *^  Quarantine  and  Sani- 
tary Convention  "  received  its  name. — Introduction  to  the  report  of  the 
third  national  quarantine  and  sanitary  convention.    By  Wilson  Jewell, 

^^MunVs  Merchants^  Magazine  for  October,  (1856,)  contains  a  very  able 
article  on  the  subject  of  quarantine,  written  by  Dr.  A.  N.  Bell,  of  Brook- 
lyn. Dr.  Bell  was  formerly  a  surgeon  it  the  U.  S.  Navy,  and  has  had 
favorable  opportimities  for  investigating  the  subject  of  which  he  treats. 
His  view  is  that  infectious  diseases  are  propagated  by  things^  and  not  by 
persons,  and  he  therefore  argues  against  a  quarantine  as  applied  to  the 
latter,  who  should  be  cleansed  from  infectious  things,  and  allowed  their 
freedom.  He  recommends  the  erection  of  warehouses  at  a  sufficient  dis- 
tance from  the  city,  where  every  infected  ship  should  be  unladen,  and 
then  purified  and  allowed  to  proceed  on  its  voyage,  or  go  to  sea  again." — 
N,  Y,  Journal  of  Commerce, 

The  article  in  our  Magazine,  of  which  we  have  quoted  the  above  no- 
tice, gave  a  brief  history  of  quarantine  from  its  origin,  identifying  it  with 
a  belief  in  the  contagiousness  of  epidemic  diseases,  which  belief  was  com- 
mon in  the  fourteenth  century ;  and  forcibly  depicted  the  inconsistency 
of  such  false  dogmas  with  the  present  certainties  of  science. 

** Everywhere  dense  population,  misery,  want,  and  filth  constitute  the 
source  as  well  as  the  contagion  of  epidemics,  but  at  this  very  day,  the  1st 
day  of  September,  1 866,  almost  in  the  center  of  one  of  the  largest  commer- 
cial cities  in  the  world,  is  gathered  the  detritus  of  every  sickly  clime,  to  be 
crammed  in  and  crowded  round  the  quarantine  of  New  York  I  Do  the 
filthy  rags  of  the  tropics — for  there  has  been  an  infected  ship  and  cargo 
of  them  at  New  York  quarantine  since  June  last — grow  less  "  conta- 
gious "  from  the  heat,  darkness,  and  confinement  of  the  hold  of  a  ship  f 


Quarantine  Regulations.  149 

Do  the  putrid  hides  of  South  Americ-a  aud  the  goat  skins  of  Cape  de 
Verdes  become  tanned  of  their  poison  by  wreaking  it  on  the  inhabitants 
of  a  populous  city  ?  Ay  1  they  do.  One  Hundred  and  Fiftt  of  suoh 
Ships  AND  such  Cargoes,  are  now  surrounded  by  the  shores  of  New 
York  bay ! 

"  But,  alas !  for  the  poor  passengers  and  sailors,  they  are  quarantined  ; 
many  of  them  quarantined  as  are  the  victims  of  this  relic  of  barbarism, 
on  the  Bay  Ridge  from  Fort  Hamilton  to  Brooklyn. 

**  Yet  these  ships  and  these  cargoes  are  now  as  they  would  have  been 
centuries  ago ;  they  are  as  the  thirty  feet  deep  of  slime  from  the  table 
lands  of  Abyssinia  deposited  in  the  lap  of  Egypt,  as  the  Hooghly  exhal- 
ing its  putrid  remains,  or  as  the  gleanings  of  the  Father  of  Waters,  in 
which  crocodiles  only  can  revel — all,  all  these  things  lost  sight  of  in  the 
heartless  selfishness  which  dictates  a  quarantine  for  persons — a  seclusion 
of  the  sick  and  needy  !  It  is  an  anomaly  in  the  age  of  Christianity  and 
civilization.  In  the  midst  of  free  schools,  free  academies,  and  public 
charities,  we  are  appalled  by  an  infatuated  fanaticism  which  should  only 
be  measured  by  the  ages  which  gave  it  birth.  Every  ennobling  senti- 
ment of  the  human  soul  revolts  with  horror  at  the  idea  of  the  seclusion 
which  the  enforcers  of  quarantine  would  practice  upon  one  in  the  time  of 
greatest  need.  It  is  adverse  to  every  impulse  of  sympathy — antagonistic 
to  all  the  kindly  emotions  of  the  heart,  it  inculcates  a  beastly  selfishness 
and  fraticidal  barbarism  which  has,  in  the  nature  of  causes,  always  brought 
upon  the  enforcers  of  it  a  retributory  certainty  of  infliction  with  the  worst 
horrors  of  their  imagination,  in  a  degree  of  concentrated  strength  pro- 
portionate to  their  etforts  to  restrain  it.  The  barricaders  of  black  death 
who  were  infatuated  by  the  hideoifs  terror  of  judgments  inflicted  for 
secret  sins,  were  in  some  degree  excusable  in  acts  measured  by  the  light 
of  science,  but  that  such  inhumanity,  such  remorseless  heartlessness  and 
cowardly  selfishness  should  exist  and  be  tolerated  now,  is  surely  the  most 
inconceivable  incident  of  barbarism  connected  with  the  present  age. 

"There  are  at  this  time  agitators  for  the  removal  of  the  New  York 
quarantine  from  its  present  site  to  a  greater  distance  from  this  city,  with 
the  avowed  object  of  effecting  a  more  perfect  seclusion  of  the  sick.  Surely 
every  individual  of  common  intelligence  can  now  comprehend  the  prac- 
tical truth,  that  pure  air  is  the  only  real  security  against  epidemics.  In 
all  the  regulations  of  quarantine  this  prime  necessity  has  ever  been  over- 
looked ;  confinement  in  a  foul  atmosphere  has  been  the  distinguishing 
feature  of  sickly  ships,  quarantine  hospitals,  and  lazarettos,  in  all  ages, 
everywhere ;  they  convert  common  fevers  into  pestilence,  which,  in  their 
attempt  to  restrain,  they  oftentimes  render  contagious,  and  they  are  of 
all  others  the  most  concentrated  foci  of  disease.  They  constantly  avert 
the  attention  of  the  public  from  the  true  precautionary  sanitary  measures, 
under  the  absurd  impression  that  epidemics  can  be  shut  out  or  barricaded 
like  unwelcome  visitors. 

*'  It  is  unnecessary  now  to  state  that  there  is  no  disease  to  which  man- 
kind is  heir,  contagious  or  non-contagious,  which  may  not  be  aggravated 
by  the  infliction  of  quarantine  on  persons ;  and  quarantines,  as  hereto- 
fore conducted,  are  necessarily  dangerous  and  disease- producing  in  pro- 
portion to  the  strictness  with  which  the  laws  that  govern  them  are  enforced. 
What  is  the  disease  which  any  community  would  fear  from  contagion ! 
Small-pox  is  perhaps  the  most  pre-eminently  contagious  epidemic  that 


150  Qtiarantine  JBegulaticns. 

prevails,  but  can  it  prevail  in  anj  oivilized  community  in  the  world  f 
Certainly  not.  The  guard  against  it  from  contact  is  perfect  by  vaccina- 
tion, which  can  be  made  universal  without  an  item  of  expense  to  the  city 
or  State.  There  is  no  disease  compatible  with  cleanliness  which  may  oc- 
cur at  all,  that  can  be  otherwise  influenced  than  aggravated  by  the  quar- 
antine of  persons, 

"  But  of  things.  Well  ventilated  and  cleanly  ships  rarely  or  never  have 
to  stand  quarantine,  no  matter  what  their  cargo,  or  port  from  which  they 
last  cleared. 

**  Ships  which  are  built  without  proper  provision  for  fresh  air,  over- 
crowded with  passengers,  or  not  kept  clean,  are  those  which  come  into 
port  infected.  That  a  large  number  of  such,  congregated  together,  may 
prove  a  fruitful  source  for  epidemics,  there  is  abundant  evidence :  a  prom- 
inent exemplification  now  exists  at  the  New  York  quarantine.  And  the 
spread  of  disease  from  them  can  only  be  measured  by  the  conditions  ade- 
quate to  its  support 

'4f  ships  are  properly  ventilated  and  kept  clean  they  are  the  most  healthy 
of  human  abodes,  because  they  have  the  freest  access  of  pure  air.  Ships 
without  proper  provision  for  fresh  air  sometimes  lie  for  long  periods  in 
sickly  harbors  and  take  in  such  cargoes  as  may  render  it  impossible  to 
prevent  their  accumulating  the  seeds  of  disease ;  others  take  on  board 
loads  of  human  beings  with  closely  packed  clothing  and  rubbish,  fre- 
quently from  the  vilest  dens  of  corruption ;  and  others  are  freighted  with 
nlthy  rags,  hides,  etc.,  liable  to  contain  infection  to  begin  with,  and  sure 
to  generate  it  if  not  exposed  to  the  free  access  of  air,  which  will  multi- 
ply and  break  forth  with  violence  commensurate  with  the  conditions 
which  favor  it.  On  arrival,  the  practice  of  quarantine  is,  if  any  one  on 
board  is  sick  of  an  infectious  disease,  not  only  to  detain  such  one  on 
board  to  continue  inhaling  the  poison  which  is  destroying  life,  but  to  de- 
tain all  the  rest,  likewise,  till  they  are  also  poisoned ;  the  alternative  to 
this  is  the  quarantine  hospital,  to  be  surrounded  by  misery  in  order  to 
alleviate  it  1  Nor  does  it  end  here ;  the  ship  and  cargo  of  poison  is  an- 
chored in  the  midst  of  a  populous  community  for  the  exhalations  which 
arise  from  her  hold  to  poison  the  air  they  breathe — disease  and  death 
thus  stabbing  in  the  dark,  while  the  victim  is  under  a  false  sense  of  secu- 
rity from  the  traitor  he  has  nourished  in  his  bosom. 

"  Can  any  one  now  survey  the  quarantine  ground  and  harbor  of  New 
York — and  other  quarantines  are  just  as  bad — and  view  the  crape-clad 
mansions  which  border  the  finest  bay  in  the  world,  without  revolting  from 
his  inmost  soul  aganst  quarantines  ? 

**But  what  should  be  done  with  infected  ships  and  cargoes;  the  in- 
fected THINGS  which  entail  disease  and  death  ?  The  principles  of  econ- 
omy alone  will  dictate  a  ready  reply.  Let  warehouses  be  erected,  with 
proper  provision  for  security  and  the  admission  of  free  air — ^nature's 
great  disinfector — at  a  suflScient  distance  from  the  city,  and  there  let 
every  infected  ship  be  at  once  unladen,  and  the  ship  ventilated  and  per- 
mitted to  go  to  sea  again. 

"  And  of  persons^  would  any  one,  can  any  one,  apply  quarantine  to 
himself,  and  say,  seclude  them  from  all  human  sympathy,  from  the  ten- 
der look,  the  gentle  hand,  the 

"  No,  never  1  Persons  communicate  no  infection,  carry  no  epidemics. 
Bauish  the  very  name  of  quarantine,  as  applied  to  them,  and  require 


Quarantine  Regulations.  151 

• 
that  th«y  only  be  detained,  when  necessary,  long  enough  to  secure  clean- 
liness, and  prohibit  the  taking  of  clothing,  baggage,  and  the  like,  which 
has  been  subject  to  infection,  till  it  is  cleansed  and  purified. 

"  Things,  and  not  persons,  cause  and  propagate  disease." — Merchants^ 
Magazine,  Oct.,  1866. 

Concurrent  with  the  views  embodied  in  the  foregoing  extracts,  Dr. 
Elisha  Harris,  of  New  York,  at  that  time  physician-in  chief  of  the  Ma- 
rine Hospital,  was  practically  working  out,  so  far  as  possible  under  ex- 
isting laws,  a  system  of  executive  management  of  quarantine,  applicable 
to  all  the  varying  conditions  of  climate  and  commerce.  In  his  annual 
report  for  the  year  1856,  the  origin  and  progress  of  things  infected  with 
yellow  fever,  in  contradistinction  from  the  persons  to  whom  the  things 
communicated  this  much-dreaded  disease.  Dr.  Harris  mapped  out,  as  it 
were,  the  very  paths  and  by-ways  of  disease  into  populous  communities. 
And  it  is  from  such  reports  as  this  that  a  system  or  code  of  marine  by- 
giene  has  been  deduced  of  universal  application. 

The  second  Quarantine  and  Sanitary  Convention  was  held  in  Baltimore, 
April  29th,  1868.  The  third,  in  New  York,  April  2'rth,  1859,  and  the 
fourth,  in  Boston,  June  14th,  1860. 

At  the  third  National  Quarantine  and  Sanitary  Conventicm,  held  in 
New  York,  the  following  resolutions  were  adopted  : — 

Resolved^  That  the  operations  of  quarantine  should  not  be  confined  to  the 
warm  months  of  the  year,  inasmuch  as  a  vessel  arriving  in  mid-winter  with 
small-pox  or  typhus  on  board,  is  as  legitimate  a  subject  for  quarantine  as  one 
arriving  in  mid-summer. 

Resolved,  That  the  adoption,  by  the  commercial  nations,  of  a  sound  and  well- 
digested  code  of  marine  hygiene,  and  of  the  necessary  measures  for  insuring  its 
strict  enforcement,  would  tend  greatly  to  alleviate  the  evils  of  the  present  sys- 
tem of  quarantine,  and  promote  the  comfort  of  passengers  and  crew. 

Resolved,  That  this  convention  appoint  a  committee  to  consider  and  report 
in  what  manner  the  foregoing  resolutions  may  be  most  effectually  carried  out. 

ResolDcd,  That  the  committee  report,  at  the  next  meeting  of  this  convention, 
(in  Boston,  June  14,  I860,)  specific  recommendations  of  principles  and  measures 
of  quarantine,  as  severally  applicable  to  yellow  fever,  cholera,  typhus  fever,  and 
small-pox,  having  reference  also  to  the  variations  which  different  localities  require. 

The  report,  by  Drs.  Bell,  Harris,  and  Jewell,  is  in  response  to  these 
resolutions.  These  gentlemen,  it  appears  through  the  State  Department 
of  the  U.  S.  and  other  sources,  obtained  the  quarantine  regulations  of  all 
the  chief  commercial  nations.  From  these,  and  their  own  experience, 
they  have  presented  a  report  incorporating  a  sound  and  well-digested  code 
of  marine  hygiene.  They  have  preceded  this  with  a  brief  history  of  quar- 
antine reform  in  Europe,  and  **  find,  with  chagrin,  that,  after  diligent  in- 
vestigation, the  quarantine  regulations  of  the  United  States  are  nearly 
identical  with  the  most  odious  restrictions  of  Europe  thirty  years  ago. 
They  are  in  efifect  the  same  laws  as  those  imposed  by  England  in  colonial 
times,  for  the  protection  of  America  from  **  plague  or  other  malignant 
distempers,"  and  in  several  of  the  States  it  yet  remains  an  indictable 
offence,  with  a  large  penalty,  for  any  person  to  come  into  the  State  from 
any  place  infected  with  a  contagious  disease.  The  quarantine  laws  still 
presume  that  certain  diseases  are  communicable  from  the  sick  to  the  well, 
under  all  circumstances,  and  that  such  diseases  are  capable  of  being 
transmitted  to  new  and  distant  localities,  independent  of  all  conditions. 


152  Quarantine  iiegviatuma. 

« 
Tbej  also  presume  that  the  germs  of  all  diseases  regarded  bj  quarantine 
officials  as  contagious  or  infectious,  may  He  dormant  in  the  systems  of 
persons  who  are  apparently  well,  but  who  may  afterwards  sicken,  and 
then  become  the  radiating  centers  of  infection.  Based  upon  these  con- 
clusions, the  time  and  duration  of  quarantine  pretend  to  depend  upon 
the  real  or  suspected  presence  of  the  apprehended  disease,  in  the  person- 
nel of  any  vessel  during  the  voyage  and  at  the  time  of  arrival,  the  kind 
of  cargo,  and  whether  there  has  been  any  communication  with  other  vessels, 
persons,  or  things  during  the  voyage.  These  requirements,  however,  are 
of  short  duration,  and  usually  limited  to  the  warm  season  of  the  year. 
This  resume  is  a  fair  representation  of  the  quarantine  regulations  of  the 
United  States,  while  there  are  no  exceptions  to  the  incongruities  herein 
stated." 

The  report  then  proceeds  to  point  out  the  special  defects  and  wants 
that  are  acknowledged  to  exist  in  all,  or  at  least  most,  of  the  ports  in  the 
civilized  world. 

On  quarantine  docki  and  warehouses  they  incorporate  an  able  report 
made  to  the  same  Convention,  by  Drs.  John  W.  Sterling,  Alex.  H.  Ste- 
vens, and  J.  McNulty.  Following  this — the  specific  measures  of  quaran- 
tine^ severally  applicable  to  yellow  Jever^  cholera^  typhus^  and  small-pox^ 
with  the  i*Uriaiions  which  different  localities  require;  quarantine  hospi- 
tals, and  the  proper  care  of  the  sick,  location,  construction,  and  the  ex- 
ecutive management  of  quarantine  hospitals,  docks,  and  warehouses,  are 
all  discussed  in  a  masterly  manner,  and  utilized  to  the  simplest  compre- 
hension.    And  then  follows  the — 

CODE  OF  MARINE  HYGIENE. 

DECLARATIONS. 

1.  Every  organized  government  has  the  right  of  protecting  itself 
against  the  introduction  of  infectious  diseases,  and  of  putting  any 
country,  place,  or  thing  in  quarantine  which  would  introduce  infec- 
tious diseases ;  provided,  however,  that  no  sanitary  measures  shall  go 
so  far  as  to  exclude  or  drive  from  port  a  vessel,  whatever  may  be  her 
condition. 

2.  The  only  diseases  at  present  known,  against  the  introduction  of 
which  general  quarantine  regulations  should  be  enforced,  are  plague, 
yellow  fever,  cholera,  small-pox,  and  typhus  fever.  As  regards  plague, 
the  European  Congress  at  Paris  had  the  right  to  settle  the  question  for 
the  nations  there  represented ;  and  inasmuch  as  they  and  the  other  na- 
tions of  the  eastern  continent  have  reason  to  subject  the  plague  to  quar- 
antine restrictions,  the  States  of  America  yield  implicit  obedience  to 
that  convention. 

3.  All  quarantine  regulations,  of  any  place  whatever,  should  bear  with 
equal  force  against  the  toleration  or  propagation  of  disease  as  against  its 
introduction ;  and  authority  to  prevent  the  introduction  of  disease  in  any 
place  should  be  equally  applicable  against  its  exportation. 

4.  All  quarantinable  diseases  are  chiefly  introduced  and  propagated  by 
the  material  of  commerce ;  and  it  is  therefore  against  it  that  quarantine 
restrictions  should  be  instituted,  and  not  against  m^ personnel ;  excepting, 
however,  persons  with  no  evidence  of  vaccination,  and  known  to  have 
been  exposed  to  small>pox ;  such  persons  shall  be  vaccinated  as  soon  as 


Qtiarantine  Begulations.  158 

possible,  and  detained  until  the  vaccinia  shall  have  taken  effect ;  other- 
wise they  may  be  detained  fourteen  days  from  the  time  of  the  known 
exposure. 

5.  The  application  of  quarantine  regulations  shall  be  regulated  by  the 
oflScial  declaration  of  the  constituted  sanitary  authority  at  the  port  of 
departure  where  the  malady  exists.  The  cessation  of  these  measures 
shall  be  determined  by  a  like  declaration  that  the  malady  has  ceased — 
after,  however,  the  expiration  of  a  fixed  delay  of  thirty  days  for  the 
plague,  fifteen  days  for  yellow  fever,  and  ten  days  for  cholera. 

6.  It  is  obligatory  on  all  vessels  to  have  a  bill  of  health  ;  this  shall 
consist  of  two  kinds  only,  a  clean  bill  and  a  gross  bill — the  first  for  the 
attested  absence  of  disease,  and  the  second  for  the  attested  presence  of 
disease.  The  bill  shall  state  the  hygienic  state  of  the  vessel ;  and  a  ves- 
sel in  a  bad  condition,  even  with  a  clean  bill  of  health,  shall  be  regarded 
as  a  vessel  having  a  gross  bill,  and  shall  be  submitted  to  the  same  regime. 

7.  The  plague,  yellow  fever,  and  cholera  being  the  only  maladies  that 
entail  general  measures,  and  place  in  quarantine  those  places  whence  they 
proceed,  the  restrictions  enforced  against  these  diseases  shall  not  be  ap- 
plied to  any  other  suspected  or  diseased  ves.sel. 

8.  The  power  of  applying  the  general  principles  of  this  code,  and  of 
acceding  to  its  provisions,  are  expressly  reserved  to  those  nations  and 
governments  who  consent  to  accept  the  obligations  it  imposes;  and  all 
the  administrative  measures  proceeding  from  it  shall  be  determined  by 
international  sanitary  regulations,  or  by  a  convention  of  the  representa- 
tives of  the  governments  which  have  adopted  it. 

9.  This  code  shall  continue  in  force  and  vigor  among  the  jojovernments 
adopting  it  for  five  years,  and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  any  party  wishing 
to  withdraw  from  its  observance,  at  the  end  of  that  time  to  oflScially  de- 
clare his  intention  six  months  before  the  terra  expires ;  if  there  be  no 
such  notice,  the  code  shall  be  regarded  as  in  force  one  year  longer,  and 
thus  it  shall  continue  year  after  year,  with  all  the  governments  accepting 
it,  until  after  due  notice,  six  months  before  withdrawal. 

PROVISIONS  IN  DETAIL. 

I. MEASURES    RELATING   TO   DEPARTURE. 

10.  Measures  relating  to  departure  comprise  observation,  inspection, 
and  the  ascertaining  of  the  sanitary  state  of  the  place  and  vicinity ; 
the  examination  and  ascertaining  of  the  hygienic  state  of  the  vessel 

which  is  about  leaving,  of  its  cargo  and  provisions,  of  the  health  of  the 
crew,  and,  if  there  are  any  passengers,  of  their  health  also  ;  and  lastly, 
of  the  bill  of  health,  and  all  relating  thereto.  These  observations,  inspec- 
tions, and  examinations  shall  be  confined  to  the  authorities  hereinafter 
designated. 

11.  All  vessels  before  lading,  must  be  visited  by  a  delegate  of  the 
sanitary  authority,  who  shall  be  a  doctor  of  medicine,  and  submit  to 
hygienic  measures,  if  deemed  necessary.  The  vessel  shall  be  visited  in 
all  her  parts,  and  her  hygienic  state  ascertained.  The  authority  shall  in- 
quire into  the  state  of  the  provisions  and  beverages,  in  particular  of  the 
potable  water  and  the  means  of  preserving  it;  he  shall  also  inquire  into 
the  state  of  the  crew,  and  in  general  into  every  thing  relating  to  the 
maintenance  of  health  on  board.  If  any  person  has  been  shipped,  hav- 
ing a  transmissible  disease,  such  person  shall  be  forthwith  discarded. 


154  Qiuircmiine  BegulcUions, 

12.  Cbarff6s  shall  Dot  be  made  until  after  the  Tisit,  and  the  accom- 
plishment of  the  measures  judged  indispensable  bj  the  sanitary  authority. 

13.  Captains  and  masters  shall  furnish  to  the  sanitary  authority  all  the 
information  and  all  the  evidence,  to  the  best  of  their  knowledge,  demanded 
of  them.  If  the  sanitary  authority  judges  necessary,  and  does  not  be- 
lieve himself  sufficiently  informed  by  the  captain  or  other  persons  in  charge, 
he  can  proceed  to  a  new  visit,  after  the  lading  of  the  ship,  in  order  to 
assure  himself  if  all  the  prescribed  hygienic  measures  have  been  observed. 

14.  These  various  visits  shall  be  made  without  delay,  and  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  avoid  unnecessary  loss  to  the  ship. 

15.  Vessels  carrying  a  foreign  flag  shall  be  visited  by  the  sanitary 
authority,  with  the  consul  or  consular  agent  of  the  nation  to  which  the 
vessels  belongs. 

16.  The  number  of  passengers  embarking  on  sailing  vessels  or  steamers, 
the  arrangement  of  their  accommodations,  and  the  quantity  of  provisions 
on  board  for  the  probable  length  of  voyage  shall  be  determined  by  the 
particular  regulations  of  different  governments  adopting  this  code.  But 
m  no  case  should  the  number  of  individuals  to  be  accommodated  on  board 
any  vessel,  or  in  any  apartment  provided  for  the  accommodation  of  crew 
or  passengers,  exceed  in  ratio  one  individual  to  every  four  hundred  cubic 
feet  of  air  space,  together  with  provision  for  effectual  ventilation  in  all 
weathers. 

17.  Passenger  vessels  of  whatever  size,  and  all  vessels  carrying  sixty 
persons,  or  a  smaller  number,  including  crew,  shall  furnish  themselves 
with  the  necessary  medicines  and  apparatus  for  the  treatment  of  the  most 
ordinary  diseases  and  accidents  likely  to  happen  on  board.  And  it  shall 
be  t-lie  duty  of  the  sanitary  administration  of  each  government  to  make 
out  a  catalogue  of  the  medicines  and  apparatus,  and  detailed  instructions 
for  their  use  on  board  all  vessels  of  this  class. 

18.  All  sea-going  passenger  vessels,  and  all  vessels  having  a  larger 
number  of  persons  on  board  than  named  in  the  last  preceding  article, 
shall  carry  a  doctor  of  medicine,  approved  of  by  the  sanitary  authority. 

19.  Bills  of  health  shall  not  hereafter  be  delivered  until  after  the  ful- 
fillment of  the  regulations  herein  specified. 

20.  Vessels  of  the  navy  and  revenue  vessels  shall  not  be  subject  to  the 
preceding  regulations.  , 

21.  In  ordinary  times,  fishing-vessels,  pilot-boats,  vessels  in  the  coast- 
ing trade,  of  the  same  country,  and  canals  boats,  need  not  carry  a  bill  of 
health ;  the  sanitary  regulations  of  this  class  of  vessels  shall  be  deter- 
mined by  the  local  authorities. 

22.  No  vessel  shall  have  more  than  one  bill  of  health.  • 

23.  Bills  of  health  shall  be  delivered  in  the  name  of  the  local  govern- 
ment by  the  sanitary  authority,  vised  by  the  consuls  or  commercial  agents, 
and  be  of  credit  in  the  ports  of  all  governments  adopting  this  code. 

24.  The  bill  of  health  shall  contain  the  name  of  the  vessel,  the  name 
of  the  captain,  or  master,  and  the  results  of  the  examination,  relating  to 
the  tonnage,  merchandise,  crew,  and  passengers;  it  shall  state  the  exact 
sanitary  condition  of  the  place,  the  hygienic  state  of  the  ship,  and 
whether  there  are  any  sick  on  board.  In  short,  the  bill  shall  contain  all 
the  information  that  can  enlighten  the  sanitary  authority  of  the  port  of 
destination,  to  give  him  as  exact  an  idea  as  possible  of  the  public  health 
at  the  place  of  departure  and  environs ;  of  the  state  of  the  ship,  h^r 


QtMrcmUne  BeguhtioM.  165 

cargo,  the  health  of  the  orew  and  passengers.  The  environs  are  those 
places  in  habitual  communication  with  the  port  of  departure,  and  possess- 
ing the  same  sanitary  relations. 

25.  Whenever  there  prevails  at  the  place  of  departure,  or  in  its  envi- 
rons, one  of  the  three  maladies  reputed  to  be  importable  or  transmissible, 
and  when  the  sanitary  authority  shall  have  declared  its  existence,  the 
bill  shall  give  the  date  of  the  declaration.  It  shall  give  the  date  of  the 
cessation  of  the  same  when  the  cessation  shall  have  been  established. 

26.  In  conformity  to  the  provisions  of  article  6,  the  bill  of  health  must 
be  either  Clean  or  Choss,  The  sanitary  authority  shall  always  pronounce 
upon  the  existence  or  non-existence  of  disease  at  the  port  of  departure. 
Doubtful  cases  shall  be  interpreted  in  the  most  prudent  sense — and  the 
bill  shall  be  gross.  In  regard  to  passengers,  for  those  whose  health  may 
be  suspected,  the  sanitary  authority  may  demand  the  certificate  of  a  doc- 
tor of  medicine,  known  to  him  to  be  of  good  standing,  and  if  any  pro- 
posed passenger  is  thus  found  to  be  in  a  condition,  comprising  the  health 
of  the  ship  or  of  persons  on  board,  he  shall,  upon  the  direction  of  the 
sanitary  authority,  be  prohibited. 

27.  Bills  of  health  can  only  be  considered  as  valid  when  they  have 
been  delivered  within  the  forty-eight  hours  last  preceding  departure.  If 
the  departure  is  delayed  beyond  this  period,  the  bill  must  be  vised  by  the 
authority  delivering  it,  stating  whatever  change  may  have  taken  place. 

28.  The  existence  of  transmissible  or  importable  disease  in  the  quarantine 
establishment  of  any  place  shall  not  alone  be  considered  cause  sufficient 
fnr  a  gross  bill  of  health. 

II. — BANITART   MEASURES   DURINO   THE   VOTAOE. 

29.  All  vessels  at  sea  shall  be  kept  in  a  good  state  of  ventilation  and 
cleanliness.  And  to  this  end  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  sanitary  author- 
ity at  the  port  of  departure,  to  see  that  every  vessel  is  provided  with  the 
necessary  means,  and  that  captains  and  masters  are  sufficiently  conver- 
sant with  the  use  of  those  means,  for  the  purposes  indicated. 

80.  Captains  and  masters  shall  conform  to  the  instructions  of  the 
sanitary  authority ;  otherwise,  on  arriving,  they  shall  be  considered  as 
having  a  gross  bill  of  health,  and  be  treated  accordingly. 

31.  Physicians  attached  to  sea-going  vessels  shall  be  considered  as  the 
agents  of  the  sanitary  authority,  and  it  shall  be  their  special  mission  to 
watch  the  health  of  the  crew  and  passengers,  to  see  that  the  rules  of 
hygiene  are  observed,  and,  on  the  arrival  of  the  vessel,  to  give  an  account 
of  the  circumstances  of  the  voyage.  They  must  also  keep  an  exact  re- 
cord of  all  circumstances  of  interest  to  the  public  health,  meteorological 
observations,  etc.,  and  note  with  particular  care  the  history  and  treat- 
ment of  all  the  diseases  and  accidents  that  occur. 

82.  In  vessels  carrying  no  physician,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  master 
or  captain  to  fulfill,  as  far  as  practicable,  the  obligations  of  the  last  pre- 
ceding article. 

83.  All  captains  or  masters  touching  at  or  communicating  with  a  port, 
shall  have  their  bills  of  health  vis^  by  the  sanitary  authority ;  or,  in 
default  of  such  authority,  by  the  delegated  officer  of  the  local  police. 

34.  It  is  forbidden  to  the  sanitary  authority  at  the  port  where  a  ves- 
sel touches,  or  holds  communication,  to  retain  the  bill  of  health  given  at 
the  port  of  departure. 


156  Quarantine  Begidations. 

35.  In  cases  of  death  at  sea  from  a  disease  of  a  suspected  obaraeter, 
the  wearing  apparel  and  bedding  which  have  been  used  by  the  deceased 
in  the  course  of  his  sickness,  shall  be  burnt  if  the  ship  is  at  anchor ;  if 
en  roiite,  thrown  into  the  sea,  with  the  necessary  precaution  that  they 
shall  not  float.  Other  articles  belonging  to  the  deceased  shall  be 
immediately  aired  or  otherwise  purified. 

III. — SANITARY   MBASURES    ON    ARRIVAL. 

36.  All  vessels  on  arrival  shall  submit  to  an  examination  and  question- 
ing. The  examination  and  questioning  shall  be  made  by  the  sanitary 
authority  delegated  for  that  purpose;  and  the  result  shall  be  recorded 
upon  a  special  register. 

37.  All  vessels,  furnished  with  a  clean  bill  of  health,  which  have  had 
during  the  voyage  no  disease  or  communication  of  a  suspected  nature, 
and  which  present  a  satisfactory  hygienic  condition,  shall  be  admitted  to 
free  pratique  immediately  after  examination. 

38.  There  being  no  evidence  that  any  disease  was  ever  introduced  into 
a  community  by  persons  who  had  been  quite  healthy  during  the  voyage, 
and  were  so  on  arrival,  such  persons  should  not  be  detained  under  the 
apprehension  that  disease  may  be  dormant  in  their  systems.  All  well  per- 
sons shall  be  allowed  free  pratique^  excepting  only  the  temporary  delay 
provided  in  article  4  for  smallpox,  immediately  after  arrival. 

39.  Whenever  there  are  sick  on  board,  they  shall  be  removed  as 
promptly  as  possible  from  the  vessel  to  clean  and  airy  rooms  on  shore,  or 
to  a  floating  hospital  moored  in  a  healthy  situation.  The  detention  of 
such  persons  in  an  infected  ship  is  obviously  most  objectionable,  and  should 
be  allowed  under  no  circumstances  whatever. 

40.  The  experience  of  quarantine  shows  that  the  fears  of  pestilential 
disease  being  introduced  by  the  ordinary  cargoes  of  dry  and  imperishable 
goods  is  groundless,  and  that  with  the  temporary  exceptions  hereinafter 
provided,  such  cargoes  shall  be  admitted  to  free  pratique  immediately 
after  examination.  Nevertheless,  there  are  numerous  articles  of  com- 
merce which  should  not  be  landed  except  under  special  restrictions,  and 
apart  from  all  populous  neighborhoods. 

41.  The  application  of  sanitary  measures  to  merchandise  shall  be 
arranged  in  three  classes : — 1.  Merchandise  to  be  submitted  to  an  obligatory 
quarantine  and  to  purification ;  2.  Merchandise  subject  to  an  optional 
quarantine;  and  3.  Merchandise  exempt  from  quarantine. 

The  1st  class  comprises  clothing,  bedding,  personal  baggage,  and  dun- 
nage, rags,  paper,  paper-rags,  hides,  skins,  feathers,  hair,  and  all  other  re- 
mains of  animals,  woolens,  and  silks 

The  2d  class  comprehends  cotton,  linen,  and  hemp;  and  cattle. 
The  3d  class  comprehends  all  merchandise  not  enumerated  in  the  other 
two  classes. 

42.  Witt)  a  gross  hill  and  existing  quarantinable  disease  on  board,  or 
if  there  has  been  any  such  disease  on  board  within  the  ten  days  last  pre- 
ceding, merchandise  of  the  first  class  shall  always  be  landed  at  the 
quarantine  warehouse  or  other  place  provided,  distant  at  least  two  miles 
from  all  populous  neighborhoods,  and  there  submitted  to  the  necessary 
measures  for  purification.  Merchandise  of  the  second  class  may  be  ad- 
mitted to  free  pratique  immediately,  or  transferred  to  the  warehouse, 
according  to  circumstances,  at  the  option  of  the  sanitary  authority,  with 


Quarantine  Hegulatuma.  167 

dae  regard  to  the  sanitarj  regulations  of  the  port.    Merchandise  of  the 
third  class  shall  be  declared  free  and  admitted  without  unnecessary  delay. 

43.  In  all  cases  of  a  gross  bill,  letters  and  papers  shall  be  submitted 
to  the  usual  purifications ;  but  articles  of  merchandise,  or  other  things 
not  subject  to  purifying  measures,  in  an  envelop  officially  sealed,  shall 
immediately  be  admitted  to  free  j^ra^tgue,  whatever  may  be  the  bill  of 
health.  And  if  the  envelop  is  of  a  substance  considered  as  optional,  its 
admission  shall  be  equally  optional. 

44.  A  foul  ship  is  much  more  to  be  dreaded,  as  a  vehicle  of  introduc- 
ing disease,  than  anything  she  has  on  board  ;  and  vessels  in  a  filthy,  un- 
wholesome state,  whether  there  has  been  sickness  on  board  or  not,  should 
not  be  allowed  to  enter  a  crowded  port,  or  to  lie  alongside  a  wharf  or 
other  ships,  until  they  have  been  broken  out,  duly  cleansed,  and  ventilated. 

45.  If  a  vessel,  though  furnished  with  a  clean  bill  of  health,  and  hav- 
ing had  during  the  voyage  no  case  of  sickness,  yet  be  found  in  a  bad  or 
infected  state,  or  in  a  condition  which  the  sanitary  authority  judges  com- 
promising to  the  public  health,  the  vessel  and  cargo  shall  be  detained 
until  the  ch^^e  has  been  considered  by  the  authority ;  his  decision  how- 
ever, shall  be  rendered  within  twenty-four  hours. 

46.  If  in  the  judgment  of  the  sanitary  authority  the  vessel  requires  it, 
be  may  order  the  following  hygienic  measures: — Baths  and  other  bodily 
care  for  the  joer^onnc/,  washing  or  disinfecting  means  for  clothing;  dis- 
placement of  merchandise  on  board,  or  a  complete  breaking  out ;  subjec- 
tion to  high  steam,  incineration  or  submersion  at  a  distance,  in  the  sea, 
of  infected  articles ;  the  destruction  of  tainted  or  spoiled  food  or  bever- 
ages; the  complete  ejection  of  water;  thorough  cleansing  of  the  hold, 
and  the  disinfection  of  the  toell ;  in  short,  the  complete  airing  and 
ventilation  of  the  vessel  in  all  her  parts,  by  the  use  of  force-pumps,  Rteam, 
fumigation,  washing,  rubbing,  or  scraping,  and  finally  sending  to  an 
isolated  anchorage  ground.  Whenever  these  divers  operations  are  deemed 
necessary,  they  shall  be  executed  in  the  more  or  less  complete  isolation 
of  the  vessel,  according  to  circumstances,  but  always  before  admission  to 
free  pratique, 

47.  All  vessels  having  no  bill  of  health,  which,  by  reason  of  the  place 
from  whence  they  came,  could  not  obtain  one,  or  in  case  of  accidental 
loss  of  bill,  shall  submit  to  restrictions  according  to  circumstances,  de- 
pending upon  the  judgment  of  the  sanitary  authority,  in  conformity  with 
the  provisions  herein  established. 

48.  AH  bills  showing  evidence  of  erasure  or  alteration  shall  be  con- 
sidered null,  and  shall  incur  the  conditions  of  the  last  preceding  article, 
without  prejudice  to  the  proceedings  which  may  be  instituted  against  the 
authors  of  the  alterations. 

49.  A  doubtfnl  case,  reported  in  an  unsatisfactory  manner,  shall  always 
be  interpreted  in  the  most  prudent  sense.  The  vessel  shall  be  provisionally 
detained. 

60.  Admission  to  free  pratique  shall  be  preceded  by  as  many  visits  to 
the  vessel  as  the  sanitary  authority  may  judge  necessary. 

61.  No  vessel  can  be  put  in  quarantine,  without  a  stated  decision  of 
the  sanitary  authority.  The  captain  or  master  of  the  vessel  shall  be  in- 
formed immediately  after  of  this  decision. 

52.  A  vessel  shall  have  the  right,  except  when  they  have  plague,  yel- 
low fever,  or  cholera  on  board,  of  putting  to  sea,  in  preference  to  being 


168  Quarantine  RegvlaiionM. 

quarantined ;  and  in  the  exercise  of  tbis  right,  if  the  vessel  has  not 
arrived  at  the  port  of  destination,  the  bill  of  health  shall  be  returned  ; 
the  sanitary  authority,  however,  shall  mention  upon  such  bill  the  length 
and  circumstances  of  the  detention,  also  the  condition  of  the  vessel  on 
reputting  to  sea.  But  before  the  exercise  of  this  right,  the  sanitary 
authority  must  assure  himself  that  the  sick  will  be  taken  care  of  for  the 
remainder  of  the  voyage ;  and  take  charge  of  such  of  the  sick  as  prefer 
to  remain. 

53.  Besides  the  specific  measures  in  the  foregoing  regulations,  the 
sanitary  authority  of  each  country  or  port  has  the  right,  according;  to 
article  1,  in  the  presence  of  immediate  danger,  to  take  the  responsibilily 
of  applying  such  additional  measures  as  may  be  deemed  indispensable 
for  the  protection  of  public  health. 

54.  Notwithstanding  the  preceding  regulations,  whenever  the  sanitary 
state  is  positively  healthy,  vessels  going  from  one  port  to  another  in  the 
same  country  can,  in  virtue  of  the  particular  sanitary  regulations  of  each 
country,  be  freed  from  sanitary  examinations.  And,  in  ordinary  times, 
by  virtue  of  declarations  exchanged  between  the  contracting  nations,  all 
vessels,  proceeding  or  intending  to  proceed  from  one  of  two  countries  to 
the  ports  of  the  other,  may  also  be  free  from  examination. 

IT. — EXEGimYE   ARRANGEMENTS. 

56.  Every  seaport  town  requiring  the  obligations  of  quarantine,  should 
have  a  quarantine  hospital  for  sick  persons,  warehouses  for  infected  goods, 
with  the  necessary  docks,  and  a  designated  anchorage  ground  for  infected 
vessels ;  these  several  parts  of  the  establishment  shall  be  at  such  a  dis- 
tance and  direction  from  each  other,  and  all  populous  neighborhoods, 
infections,  and  infectable  places,  as  to  endanger  the  life  of  no  one. 

56.  On  the  arrival  of  infected  vessels  at  the  quarantine  establishment, 
all  well  persons  shall  be  admitted  to  free  pratique  as  soon  as  possibly  con- 
sistent with  the  foregoing  regulations ;  sick  persons  shall  be  immediately 
transferred  to  the  quarantine^ hospital,  or  to  hospital  ships,  and  the  ves- 
sel unladen  as  soon  as  practicable.  All  merchandise  shall  be  placed  in 
capacious  and  perfectly  secure  warehouses,  and  there  freely  exposed  to 
the  air,  and  moved  from  time  to  time  to  insure  its  perfect  ventilation. 

57.  Merchandise  coming  from  different  vessels  and  plac-es  in  quarantine, 
at  difierent  times,  shall  be  kept  separate,  and  placed  as  much  as  possible 
in  different  warehouses. 

58.  Merchandise  of  the  first  class  (Art  41)  shall  be  submitted  to  such 
measures  of  purification  as  the  sanitary  authority  shall  judge  necessary. 
No  putrified  animal  or  vegetable  substances,  or  substances  likely  to  pu- 
trify,  shall  be  admitted  into  the  warehouse.  All  such  substances  shall  be 
rendered  innoxious  or  destroyed. 

59.  The  clothes  and  ilunnage  of  passengers  contaminated  with  the 
infection  of  different  diseases  shall  be  exposed  to  ventilation  in  different 
places. 

60.  Each  quarantine  establishment  shall  have  one  or  more  warehouses 
specially  appropriated  to  the  reception  of  purified  merchandise,  to  which 
all  merchandise  may  be  removed  so  soon  as  it  shall  be  deemed  by  the 
sanitary  authority  admissible  to  pratique. 

61.  Letters  or  dispatches  shall  be  so  purified  that  the  writing  may  not 
be  effected.    Consuls  and  representatives  of  foreign  countries  have  the 


Qtmrantine  JRegulations,  169 

rigbt  to  be  present  at  the  opening  and  purification  of  letter-bags  or  other 
mail  packages  addressed  to  them  or  designed  for  their  country.  Post- 
masters shall  have  the  same  right  as  consuls  and  foreign  representatives. 

62.  AH 'governments  and  places  adopting  this  code  shall,  as  soon  as 
practicable,  provide  the  necessary  arrangements  and  appurtenances  for 
fulfilling  the  obligations  it  imposes. 

63.  In  case  of  the  arrival  of  infected  vessels  at  a  port  not  provided 
with  a  quarantine  establishment,  vessels  or  hulks  may  be  appropriated  to 
the  service  of  the  sick,  and  also  for  the  reception  of  merchandise ;  but 
in  such  cases  they  shall  be  disposed  in  such  a  manner  as  will  permit  the 
separation  of  the  sick  and  assure  the  best  conditions  of  hygiene,  especially 
ventilation.  But  under  no  circumstances  whatever  shall  sick  persons  be 
kept  in  proximity  with  infected  goods.  Well  persons  shall  have  their 
liberties  as  soon  as  practicable,  consistent  with  the  preceding  regulations ; 
and  ail  other  measures  essential  for  the  protection  of  public  health,  shall 
be  instituted  according  to  the  exigencies  of  the  case,  provided  they  are 
not  inconsistent  with  the  tenor  and  spirit  of  these  regulations. 

V. BANITART   AUTH0RITIS8. 

64.  Sanitary  authorities  shall  be  established  upon  a  uniform  basis  by 
the  countries  or  governments  adopting  this  code,  and  shall  be  composed, 
first,  of  a  responsible  agent  of  the  government,  who  shall  be  a  doctor  of 
medicine;  and,  second,  of  a  local  sanitary  council  or  board  of  health. 

In  addition  to  the  above  report,  presuming  it  to  be  adopted,  your  com- 
mittee beg  leave  to  offer  the  following  resolutions : — 

Resdcedf  That  this  report  be  referred  back  to  the  committee,  with  directions 
to  negotiate  with  oar  National  Government,  or  Department  of  State,  to  secure, 
by  convention  or  otherwise,  the  national  and  international  adoption  of  a  code 
based  upon  the  principles  hereinbefore  set  forth, 

Resohed,  That  a  committee  of  one  from  each  Stale  represented  in  this  con- 
vention be  designated  by  the  delegates  of  the  several  States,  and  appointed  by 
the  chairman  of  the  convention,  with  power  to  confer  with  the  governments  of 
their  respective  States  for  the  adoption  of  such  code.* 

Resohed,  That  the  local  sanitary  authorities  of  the  several  States  and  muni- 
cipalities in  the  United  States  be  famished  with  a  copy  of  this  report,  and  that 
they  are  hereby  respectfully  requested  to  carry  into  effect  all  its  specific  recom- 
mendations, and  the  general  provisions  of  the  code,  without  waiting  for  their 
national  and  international  adoption. 
Respectfully  submitted, 

A.  N.  BELL,  Ckairmam, 
ELISHA  HARRIS, 
WILSON  JEWELL, 

B.  D.  ABNOLD,t 
H.  O.  OLA££. 

*  By  Tote  of  the  conrention,  it  waa  Resolred,  '*  That  the  Oommittee  on  External  Hygiene  have 
power  and  be  directed  to  select  a  saltable  person  from  each  Btate  not  represented  in  this  oonven- 
tion  to  aid  in  carrying  ont  the  objects  of  the  second  resolatlon  of  their  report^'  The  following 
persons  were  appointed  from  the  States  represented ;— Got.  Emerson,  of  Penn.;  Dr.  Gunn,  N.  T. : 
Dr.  Snow,  E.  L ;  Dr.  Morlarty,  Mass. ;  Dr.  J.  A.  Nichols,  N.  J. ;  Dr.  O.  B.  Guthrie,  Tenn. ;  Dr. 
Thompson,  Ohio;  Dr.  Kemp,  Md. 

t  It  was  voted,  on  motion  of  the  chairman  of  the  oommittee  submitting  the  report  on  External 
Hygiene,  ''that  two  additional  members,  appointed  by  the  ohair,  should  be  added  to  that  commit- 
tee.   Drs.  S.  D.  Arnold  and  H.  G.  Clark  were  appointed. 


160  Heciproeify — United  States  and  Canada. 


Art.  II.-BECIPBOCITY— UNITED  STATES  AHD  CANADA. 

The  Hon.  Israel  T.  Hatch  having  made  a  report  to  the  Treasury  De- 
partment adverse  to  the  reciprocity  treaty  between  the  United  States  and 
Canada,  and  a  report  was  made  by  Mr.  Taylor  to  the  same  department 
in  a  contrary  sense,  the  Committee  of  the  Oswego  Board  of  Trade  has 
made  a  report  sustaining  Mr.  Taylor,  by  its  chairman,  Alvin  Bronson, 
proceeding  as  follows : — 

Before  entering  upon  the  discussion  of  this  treaty,  a  brief  allusion  to 
the  former  commercial  relations  of  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States, 
will  be  appropriate. 

The  famous  Navigation  Laws  of  Great  Britain  are  familiar  to  commer- 
cial men.  Their  origin  was  in  1651 ;  their  object,  the  monopoly  of  her 
own  trade  and  that  of  her  colonies,  to  the  exclusion  of  all  other  nations. 
By  their  operation  she  drove  Holland,  her  principal  rival,  from  the  ocean 
during  the  last  century  ;  and  when  by  treaty  she  acknowledged  our  in- 
dependence, she  applied  the  system  to  us  in  all  its  rigor,  subsequently 
modified  a  little  by  an  occasional  treaty,  relaxed  and  enforced  by  orders 
in  council,  as  the  exigencies  of  war,  famine,  or  plenty  dictated.  Her  ut- 
most skill  was  exerted  to  cripple  and  restrict  our  trade,  and  ours  to  coun- 
teract and  defeat  her  measures.  We  followed  her  enactments  step  by 
step,  by  retaliation  and  sharp  reprisal,  down  to  1849,  when,  instead  of 
driving  us  from  the  ocean,  as  had  been  the  fate  of  Holland,  we  had,  un- 
der this  damaging  warfare,  well  nigh  divided  the  trade  of  the  world  with 
her,  having  at  the  present  time  equal  tonnage  with  the  mistress  of  the 


In  1849,  Sir  Robert  Peel  swept  these  ancient  and  odious  Navigation 
Laws  from  the  British  statutes,  with  the  exception  of  some  slight  rem- 
nants. Our  retaliating  measures  fell  with  them — we  having  enacted  a 
law  in  the  early  part  of  the  present  century,  tendering  reciprocal  free 
trade  to  all,  and  under  it  had  formed  treaties  of  commerce  with  several 
European  nations. 

Sir  Robert  yielded  this  conflict  ip  the  most  gracious  manner  possible. 
While  abrogating  her  Navigation  Laws  and  her  long-cherished  Corn 
Laws,  Great  Britain  opened  her  ports  to  the  admission  of  most  of  the 
raw  materials  for  manufactures,  and  all  agricultural  products,  free  of  duty, 
other  than  nominal  duties  to  preserve  a  record  of  trade;  demanding  no 
equivalent,  and  stipulating  for  no  relaxation  of  restrictions  or  duties  in 
return  for  this  boon. 

Another  commercial  movement  in  the  same  direction  preceded  this 
two  years.  In  1847,  Great  Britain  withdrew  her  protection  of  the  trade 
and  her  pupilage  over  her  North  American  colonies,  withholding  her 
bounty  or  discriminating  duty  on  colonial  products,  and  on  trade  through 
the  St.  Lawrence,  with  the  exception  of  square  timber,  (which  till  the 
last  year  enjoyed  a  greatly  diminished  bounty  or  protection,  now  wholly 
withdrawn ;)  Canada  was  left  free  to  regulate  her  own  trade,  and  con- 
struct her  own  tariff.  Availing  herself  of  her  newly-acquired  power,  she 
raised  the  duty  on  British  manufactures  from  6  to  7i  per  cent,  and  re- 
duced duties  on  our  manufactures  from  12  to  7i  per  cent,  thus  abolishing 
differential  duties.  She  also  tendered  us  by  legislation  reciprocal  free 
trade  in  ail  the  commodities  of  the  two  countries,  which  we  did  not  ac- 
cept. 


Reciprocity —  United  States  and  Canada.  161 

Such  was  the  condition  of  things  in  Great  Britain  and  her  American 
colonies,  and  such  our  relations  with  both  in  1854,  when  the  treaty  of 
reciprocity  was  negotiated  and  ratified,  each  province  being  a  party  and 
ratifying  for  itself. 

This  treaty  provides  for  the  free  navigation  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  Lake 
Michigan,  and  the  canals  of  Canada ;  abrogates  the  restrictions  on  the 
fisheries,  and  exempts  from  duty  the  following  natural  products,  viz.,  of 
the  sea,  of  mines,  of  the  forest,  of  animals  and  their  products,  and  of  the 
soil. 

It  is  not  alleged,  so  far  as  regards  the  free  articles  of  the  schedule, 
that  the  treaty  has  not  been  carried  out  in  good  faith  by  all  parties ;  but 
Mr.  Hatch  avers  that  it  has  been  violated  in  spirit  and  letter  by  Canada, 
in  her  tariff  of  duties  on  our  manufactures,  and  on  foreign  products 
which  she  has  been  accustomed  to  purchase  in  our  markets,  and  also  in 
circumventing  our  Debenture  Laws,  and  in  thwarting  our  restrictions  on 
lake  coasters.  Your  committee  will  address  themselves  to  these  infrac- 
tions of  the  treaty  before  they  examine  its  working  and  its  merits. 

TRBAT7  YIOLATXD. 

Mr.  Hatch  says  a  treaty  broken  is  a  treaty  no  longer ;  and  proceeds 
to  show  that  Canada  has  violated  this  treaty  by  raising  her  tariff  of  duties 
on  our  manufactures,  (from  12  to  an  average  of  16  per  cent  according  to 
Mr.  Taylor,)  and  also  by  protective  and  discriminating  duties,  intended 
to  shut  out  our  manufactures  from  her  markets,  and  divert  our  trade  from 
its  accustomed  channels.  This  being  the  great  feature  of  his  report,  has 
been  sedulously  labored  and  skillfully  elaborated  through  many  pages  of 
the  work. 

Canada,  like  the  State  of  New  York,  has  embarked  in  an  expensive 
system  of  canals,  without  much  regard  to  revenue.  Both  parties  and 
both  systems  were  avowed  rivals  and  competitors  for  the  same  trade,  viz., 
the  trade  of  each  other  and  the  trade  of  the  West  beyond  and  remote 
from  both.  New  York  in  this  sharp  competition  has  embarrassed  her- 
self, and  has  been  driven  for  relief  to  direct  taxation ;  but  for  the  Fed- 
eral Government  standing  in  her  way,  she  would  have  sought  this  relief 
in  the  more  secret  and  insidious  method  of  taxing  imports  and  consump- 
tion. 

Canada  has  even  outdone  us  in  extravagance  and  improvidence,  and 
has  well  nigh  swamped  herself;  not  only  by  her  unproductive  canals, 
but  she  too,  like  ourselves,  has  committed  the  folly  of  subsidizing  her 
railroads ;  not  like  us,  to  the  tune  of  three  or  four,  but  twenty  millions, 
and  all  hopelessly  sunk. 

She  must  seek  relief  in  revenue  or  repudiation.  More  fortunate  than 
New  York,  the  Imperial  Government  having  left  the  door  wide  open  for 
indirect  taxation,  she  has  taken  a  leaf  from  our  federal  book,  and  im- 
posed taxes  on  imported  manufactures  and  other  products,  almost  as 
heavy  as  our  federal  impositions.  Hers  average,  according  to  Mr.  Taylor, 
16,  while  ours  average  21  per  cent,  ours  being  still  some  25  per  cent 
higher  than  hers.  She  has  also  copied  another  feature  from  our  book — 
that  of  protection  to  domestic  industry,  to  render  herself  independent  of 
both  Old  and  New  England. 

Of  her  revenue  tariff,  prompted  by  poverty,  we  have  no  right  to  com- 
plain.   Protection  is  a  problem  for  her  to  solve.    Whether  it  is  wise  for 

TOU  XUT. — HO.  n.  11 


162  RedprocUy —  United  States  and  Canada. 

a  young  people,  like  Canada,  with  illimitable  forests,  an  ample  and  grow- 
ing market  at  her  door  for  her  sawed  lumber,  and  an  unlimited  market 
across  the  ocean  for  her  squared  timber,  with  a  soil  productive  of  bread, 
and  in  England  and  the  Lower  Colonies  an  ample  market,  whether  it 
reaches  them  through  the  Hudson  or  the  St.  Lawrence ;  with  labor  dear 
and  capital  scarce;  whether  it  is  wise  for  such  a  people  to  seek  a  change 
of  industry  by  copying  from  Old  or  even  New  England,  time  must  de- 
monstrate. 

Mr.  Hatch  not  only  charges  the  infraction  of  the  treaty  upon  this 
tariff,  but  represents  it  as  a  breach  of  faith,  an  act  of  ingratitude  after 
receiving  the  benefits  of  the  treaty,  and  a  great  wrong  inflicted  upon  us. 

It  should  be  recollected  that  Canada  suddenly  awoke  from  her  splen- 
did dream  of  monopoly  to  find  herself  loaded  with  a  debt  of  fifty  millions 
of  dollars,  sixteen  of  which  was  sunk  in  the  crowning  folly  of  the  Grand 
Trunk  Railway ;  with  an  annual  deficit  of  four  millions  of  revenue.  It 
matters  little  to  us  whether  she  imposes  this  deficit  upon  her  consump- 
tion, including  our  manufactures  and  those  of  Great  Britain,  or  whether 
she  raises  the  required  revenue  by  direct  taxation ;  both  impoverish  her 
alike,  and  lessen  her  ability  to  purchase  and  consume  our  products.  But 
Mr.  Hatch  presses  this  grievous  wrong  and  imposition  into  his  service 
with  skill  and  industry,  reiterates  the  charge  with  every  variety  of  ex- 
pression, such  as  "  taxing  our  labor  to  build  works  to  rival  and  rob  us  of 
our  commerce;"  "by  imposing  extraordinary  taxes  upon  the  products  of 
American  industry,  she  is  compelling  us  to  bear  her  burdens,  created  to 
sustain  gigantic  rivalries,  worthy  of  imperial  ambition,  for  supremacy  by 
land  and  water  over  our  inland  commerce,  and  for  the  grave  influence 
which  thus  may  be  exercised  upon  our  political  career,"  leaving  the  im- 
pression that  we  are  a  greatly  injured  nation,  and  that,  too,  by  a  people 
on  whom  we  have  just  bestowed  boundless  benefits. 

In  pushing  his  complaints  so  far,  he  has  betrayed  Mr.  Ely  into  the 
avowal,  in  his  Congressional  speech,  that  we  pay  these  duties^  not  Canada. 

The  plain  English  of  all  this  declamation  is,  that  Canada  takes  three 
or  four  millions  of  our  fabrics  and  products  for  consumption,  imposing 
upon  herself,  through  her  tariff,  a  heavy  duty. 

England,  too,  is  subjected  to  the  same  imposition  and  the  same  suffer- 
ing, and  bears  it  with  becoming  equanimity,  and  would  willingly  relieve 
**the  fruits  of  our  industry,"  as  Mr.  Hatch  has  it,  from  these  impositions, 
by  furnishing  these  three  or  four  millions  herself,  to  be  taxed  as  best  suits 
the  interests  or  theories  of  Canada. 

We  desire  to  treat  Mr.  Hatch  with  the  respect  due  to  his  talents  and 
his  position,  but  if  he  will  indulge  in  clap-trap  he  must  not  ask  us  to 
treat  it  with  the  gravity  of  an  argument. 

If  it  is  a  great  wrong  to  impose  duties  on  our  manufactures,  it  must 
be  right  to  protect  and  fabricate  them  for  herself;  yet  here,  too,  Mr. 
Hatch  finds  a  fruitful  topic  of  complaint.  Here  lies  the  sum  and  sub- 
stance of  the  infraction  of  the  treaty.  The  parties  agree  to  exchange 
bread  and  meat  without  duty,  and  forthwith  Canada  raises  her  duty  on 
cotton  fabrics  and  whisky,  which  were  not  embraced  in  the  free  schedule. 

Had  Mr.  Morrel's  bill  passed  Congress,  raising  duties  and  imposing 
specific  and  protective  duties  on  similar  articles,  we,  too,  should  have 
come  under  Mr.  Hatch's  charge  of  treaty  breakers. 

Although  a  union  exists  between  Canada  East  and  Canada  West,  there 


Beciprociiy — United  States  and  Canada.  168 

is  not  harmony.  The  Lower  Province  found,  when  the  staple  and  other 
natural  products  of  Upper  Canada  were  relieved  from  duty,  and  from 
the  formalities  and  expenses  of  our  debenture  bonds,  that  a  strong  impulse 
was  given  to  her  trade  with  us,  and  through  us  with  the  Lower  Provinces 
and  Great  Britain.  To  counteract  this  tendency,  and  force  her  trade  and 
allure  ours  to  the  St.  Lawrence,  the  undue  power  of  Lower  Canada,  which 
was  paramount  in  the  union,  was  called  into  requisition,  and  arrayed 
against  Canada  West  and  our  channels  of  trade.  The  gratuitous  use  of 
her  locks  and  canals  was  tendered  to  the  trade  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  and 
her  discriminating  duties  were  shaped  to  promote  it.  This  legislation, 
unfriendly  and  unwise,  as  your  committee  believe,  has  well  nigh  proved 
abortive.  The  Montreal  Herald  reports  the  arrival  to  September  27th, 
1854,  (the  first  year  of  reciprocity,)  253  vessels,  tonnage  71,072;  and 
in  1860,  140  vessels,  tonnage  82,460,  and  this  is  the  port  at  which  the 
provincial  trade  centers,  with  the  exception  of  the  timber  trade  of  Que- 
bec; no  more  than  a  natural  increase  of  trade  without  the  effect  of  dis- 
crimination. 

Hr.  Hatch's  remedy,  or  retaliation  for  this  hostility  from  one-half  of 
one  of  these  ^ve  contracting  parties  is,  to  abrogate  the  treaty  with  all ; 
revive  our  duties ;  retire  from  the  St.  Lawrence ;  withdraw  our  debenture 
facilities  from  Upper  Canada,  and  thus  compel  her  to  trade  through  the 
St.  Lawrence,  playing  into  the  hands  of  Lower  Canada;  a  system  of 
non-intercourse,  which  would  reduce  a  trade  of  more  than  forty  to  less 
than  ten  millions  again. 

We  cannot,  in  justice  to  our  citizens  and  our  creditors,  counteract 
these  measures  by  the  gratuitous  use  of  our  locks  and  canals;  but  your 
committee  believe  sound  wisdom  dictates  that  we  cherish  free  trade  with 
all  the  provinces ;  counteract  their  protective  and  discriminating  policy 
by  continued  and  increased  facilities  in  our  own,  and  to  other  markets 
through  our  channels.  We  would  drive  them  from  the  forge  and  the 
anvil,  to  the  forest  and  the  saw  mill,  by  buying  their  boards;  and  from 
the  spindle  and  loom,  to  the  plow,  by  transporting  its  products  through 
the  cheapest  channel  to  the  best  market.  A  little  patience  and  good 
temper  on  our  part  will  set  all  right. 

Canada  West,  with  her  fine  climate,  rich  soil,  and  commercial  capabil- 
ities, will  grow  populous  and  rich,  and  soon  assert  and  maintain  her 
rights,  and  under  a  liberal  and  just  policy  minister  largely  to  our  pros- 
perity. She  is  already  taking  eflScient  measures  to  reform  the  govern- 
ment and  secure  the  power  due  to  her  population. 

CANAL  AND  RAILWAY  RIYALRT. 

Mr.  Hatch  inculcates  the  theory  with  zeal  and  industry,  that  the  two 
Canadas,  the  British  capitalist,  and  the  imperial  government,  have  com- 
bined to  monopolize  the  trade  of  the  Far  West,  by  means  of  canals  and 
railroads,  without  regard  to  income  or  profit. 

The  same  theory  has  been  widely  propagated  by  our  railroads,  and 
great  merit  claimed  for  counteracting  this  gigantic  monopoly.  Mr.  Hatch 
says,  page  34 : — "  The  changes  to  be  produced  by  this  grasping  monopoly 
will  be  developed  with  the  rapidity  characteristic  of  modern  times.  They 
will  include  the  whole  system  of  our  commercial  industry." 

Again,  page  35,  "This  vast  commercial  struggle,  where  monopoly  is 
the  end  to  be  gained,  must  terminate  in  a  colossal  combination  of  Amer- 


164  Redprociiy —  Untied  States  and  Canada. 

icaD  capital  and  ability,  or  the  field  must  be  abandoDed  to  their  royal 
rival."     Here  we  have  eloquent  declamation  to  propagate  a  bald  fiction. 

Canada,  one  of  the  British  provinces,  has  inaugurated  a  system  of 
canals  with  her  own  means  and  her  own  credit,  *'  out  of  all  proportion  to 
her  wants,"  as  Mr.  Hatch  avers,  looking  to  the  trade  of  the  West 

New  York,  one  of  the  United  States,  has  done  precisely  the  same 
thing;  the  magnitude  of  her  works  is  out  of  all  proportion  to  her  wants. 
The  railroads  of  both  Canada  and  New  York  are  constructed  and  man- 
aged by  private  capitalists,  and  both  upon  the  same  scale,  and  looking  to 
the  Far  West  for  patronage ;  the  New  York  roads  subsidized  moderately, 
and  the  Canadian  largely,  by  the  local  governments.  AH  were  gainful 
schemes;  many  have  proved  delusive  ones;  none  have  been  prompted 
by  politics  or  patriotism.  It  is  believed  that  more  British  eapital  is  em- 
barked in  our  railroads  and  canals,  seeking  Westertf  trade,  than  in  simi- 
lar Canadian  works. 

The  British  Government  constructed  the  Rideau  Canal,  127  miles  in 
length,  soon  after  the  war,  from  her  military  chest ;  it  is  in  no  sense  a 
rival  for  trade.  The  Commissioners  of  the  Board  of  Works  eay  in  their 
report,  December,  1869,  page  23,  that  "  the  work  was  handed  over  to 
this  department  in  a  dilapidated  condition,  demanding  a  large  expendi- 
ture of  money ;  that  its  revenues  are  derived  chiefly  from  local  traffic, 
lumber,  iron  ore,"  <fec.  Herein  is  comprised  the  much  bruited  royal  mo- 
nopoly, the  imperial  prodigality  to  ruin  our  trade  and  drive  us  from  the 
field. 

It  should  be  remembered,  if  all  these  fears  are  realized ;  if  British 
capital  could  be  enlisted  to  build  and  maintain  roads  and  canals,  and 
tender  them  to  commerce  gratuitously,  and  thus  furnish  the  cheap  chan- 
nel for  trade  between  the  Atlantic  and  the  lakes,  even  then  the  major  in- 
terest of  the  lake  region  would  be  promoted — the  minor  interest  only 
injured.  The  agriculturist,  the  great  producer  and  consumer,  would  en- 
joy this  bounty,  this  free  road  to  market,  while  the  defeated  lines  of  com- 
merce would  suffer  a  diminution  of  patronage,  and  be  compelled  to  turn 
over  their  supernumeraries  to  the  more  favored  occupation. 

The  Rochester  boat-builder  and  the  Buffalo  and  Oswego  boatmen  must 
turn  farmers,  but  the  lake  coaster  would  still  pursue  the  trade  to  Montreal 
and  Quebec,  and  the  Atlantic  ship  would  compete  for  it  at  Quebec  and 
Portland.  New  York  city  might  suffer,  but  Detroit  and  Milwaukee  need 
not  be  alarmed.  The  day  for  protection  and  monopoly  has  gone  by. 
The  Grand  Trunk,  with  its  magnificent  and  alarming  proportions,  must 
sustain  itself  or  sink.  Canada  is  paralyzed,  and  cannot  come  to  its  relief. 
British  capital  will  no  longer  bear  depleting,  and  Great  Britain,  under  a 
revised  and  liberal  policy,  has  secured  a  large  share  of  the  trade  of  our 
continent,  and  cares  not  whether  it  reaches  her  through  the  St.  Lawrence, 
the  Hudson,  or  the  Chesapeake;  knowing,  as  she  does,  that  the  more 
numerous  its  competing  channels,  the  more  they  minister  to  the  prosper- 
ity of  herself  and  her  colonies. 

The  Montreal  Witness,  in  a  recent  issue,  says: — "The  affairs  of  the 
Grand  Trunk  Railway  appear  to  be  approaching  a  crisis,  and  it  is  gene- 
rally anticipated  that  the  whole  concern  will  have  to  be  sold  for  debt." 
The  same  article  attributes  its  misfortunes  to  bad  and  corrupt  manage- 
ment, and  they  might  have  added  appropriately,  from  Mr.  Hatch's  report, 
that  they  transported  flour  from  the  Mississippi  to  Portland  for  prices 
fabulously  low. 


Reciprocity — United  States  and  Canada,  165 

In  discussing  the  roerite  and  working  of  the  treaty,  the  following  heads 
may  be  disposed  of  briefly,  as  it  is  believed  nobody  complains  of  them 
but  Mr.  Hatch,  viz.,  the  Fisheries,  the  St.  Lawrence,  Animals,  and  Min- 
erals. 

In  relation  to  the  fisheries,  all  will  admit  that  a  subject  of  national 
disquietude  has  been  disposed  of.  A  branch  of  industry,  though  regu- 
lated by  treaty,  demanding  to  be  watched  over  by  the  men-of-war  of  both 
contracting  parties,  was  troublesome  and  dangerous.  The  duty  of  this 
hostile  armament  was  to  keep  the  fisherman  to  the  prescribed  line  in  pur- 
suit of  his  game,  which  line  was  on  the  ocean  at  a  definite  number  of 
leagues  or  miles  from  headlands  and  bays.  A  better  contrivance  to  era- 
broil  friendly  nations  in  war  could  not  have  been  devised  by  the  wit  of 
man.  -  It  matters  but  little  who  catch  the  fish,  provided  the  consumer 
can  have  them  at  a  cheap  rate,  free  from  duty.  As  a  school  for  seamen, 
its  effects  are  neutralized,  when  each  maritime  nation  protects  its  own 
fisheries. 

Of  the  St.  Lawrence,  while  exclusi^rely  navigated  by  Great  Britain,  it 
has  been  the  fashion  to  disparage  its  value  and  importance,  on  account 
of  its  high  latitude,  environed  and  crowded  by  islands,  ice-bound  and 
befogged  for  half  the  year.  But  since  we  have  acquired  a  right  to  this 
channel  by  treaty,  by  abrogation  of  the  English  Navigation  Laws,  and 
by  modern  international  law,  as  expounded  at  Vienna  by  the  Congress 
of  Sovereigns  in  1815,  it  is  pertinent  to  inquire  whether  it  is  as  worth- 
less as  Mr.  Hatch  and  his  coadjutors  would  make  it.  The  American 
lakes  and  their  outlet  occupy  a  section  of  that  belt  which  carries  forward 
the  entire  commerce  of  the  globe;  their  latitude  not  as  high  as  that  of 
the  English  Islands,  or  the  Baltic  Sea.  The  navigation  of  Ontario  and 
the  St.  Lawrence  is  practicable  as  long  as  that  of  the  Hudson,  and  is  safe 
and  profitable  for  the  same  period  of  the  year,  as  that  of  Lake  Erie  and 
the  Erie  Canal.  The  summer  temperature  of  the  North  invites  and  al- 
lures the  traffic  of  the  valleys  of  the  lakes,  and  the  Upper  Mississippi, 
through  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  while  the  fervid  heat  of  the  South 
repels  this  trade  through  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Winter  reverses  this 
traffic.  Nature  has  establishd  reciprocity  among  all  the  channels  of  com- 
merce, and  forbids  our  impeding  any  by  selfish  and  hostile  enactments. 

For  most  of  the  period  since  we  became  a  nation,  Quebec  has  been  the 
field  of  more  traflic,  and  the  resort  of  more  foreign  tonnage,  than  any 
other  port  on  the  continent.  When  the  St.  Lawrence  was  improved  at 
great  expense,  the  inland  and  coasting  trade  alone  was  provided  for.  It 
is  estimated  by  the  Board  of  Works  that  another  foot  of  water  may  be 
obtained  through  this  channel  at  the  moderate  cost  of  a  million  of  dol- 
lars, conforming  it  in  depth  to  the  Welland  Canal,  greatly  promoting 
the  lake  and  Atlantic  trade,  and  rendering  it  far  more  effective  than  the 
gratuitous  use  of  locks.  It  cannot  be  doubted  that  with  its  slight  im- 
provement, and  some  modification  in  the  structure  of  our  lake  coasters, 
a  large  amount  of  tonnage  will  seek  the  Atlantic  markets  through  this 
channel,  during  the  summer,  as  regular  traders,  and  a  much  larger  amount 
as  winter  approaches,  to  secure  occupation  in  milder  climates.  But  mo. 
nopoly  is  inhibited  by  climate  to  any  and  all  routes. 

The  Detroit  Tribune^  in  a  late  issue,  gives  a  list  of  lake  coasters  seek- 
ing the  Atlantic  for  employment,  comprising  ten  barks,  five  brigs,  forty- 
one  schooners,  one  propeller,  and  eight  tugs  within  the  last  two  years; 


166 


Reciprocity —  United  States  and  Canada. 


total  tonnage  of  all,  except  the  tugs,  18,086  tonfi.  Two  of  the  barks 
and  one  schooner  are  Canadian  vessels.  Two  of  the  schooners  only  have 
been  wrecked. 

Total  entries  of  sea-going  vessels  for  Canada,  inwards  and  outwards, 
for  the  year  1869,  British,  colonial,  and  foreign  vessels  included,  number 
3,333;  tonnage,  1,282,233  tons. 

Of  animals  and  their  products,  it  will  be  sufficient  to  say,  that  the  ex- 
changes between  Canada  and  ourselves  seem  to  balance  each  other  with 
remarkable  accuracy.    We  copy  from  Mr.  Hatch's  tables : — 


IMPORTED  IHTO  CANADA. 

1 866 $2,896,888 

1857 •   2.1 84,889 

1868 1,464,878 


IMPORTED  INTO  UNITED  STATES. 

1866 $2,876,888 

1867 1,974,616 

1868 2,281,786 


Total $6,496,060  Total $6,681 ,690 

In  this  trade  there  seems  to  be  sufficient  reciprocity  to  satisfy  the 
most  captious. 

MINERALS. 

Your  committee  are  not  aware  that  any  other  minerals  than  coal  are 
exchanged  under  the  treaty.  We  subjoin  the  amount  of  imports  and  ex- 
ports for  the  last  three  years  of  the  treaty : — 


IMPORTED   INTO  CANADA. 


1866, 

1867 
1868  , 


$448,984 
609,494 
824,874 


IMPORTED   INTO    UNITED  STATES. 


1866.. 
1867-. 
1868... 


$84,228 

189,894 

98,405 


Total $1,822,862  Total $867,627 

Here  we  find  three  and-one-half  times  as  much  coal  exported  to  Canada 
from  the  mines  of  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  and  perhaps  Northern  Virginia, 
as  are  imported  from  England  and  Nova  Scotia  to  our  Atlantic  ports. 
Yet  Mr.  Hatch  would  invoke  from  the  federal  government  a  protective 
and  prohibitory  duty  on  this  diminutive  quantity  of  coal ;  thereby  en- 
hancing its  cost,  and  stinting  the  supply  to  New  England  of  an  article 
of  prime  necessity  in  her  rigorous  climate,  denuded  of  timber,  and 
destitute  of  this  mineral,  so  important  an  element  in  her  manufacturing 
industry.  Mr.  Hatch  insists  that  we  may  impose  these  duties  on  our 
citizens  without  any  fear  of  similar  impositions  by  Canada  on  hers.  He 
says,  she,  too,  has  a  rigid  climate,  her  forests  are  fast  disappearing,  her 
minerals  are  all  metals,  and  demand  our  coal  for  smelting  them ;  and  it 
would  have  been  in  harmony  with  his  report,  if  he  had  added  her  future 
great  manufacturing  cities,  which  are  to  grow  up  under  protective  foster- 
ing, must  have  coal.  And,  by  the  bye,  it  occurs  to  us  to  inquire  how  New 
England,  with  her  fuel  heavily  taxed,  is  to  compete  with  Canadian  manu- 
factures protected  by  a  provident  and  paternal  government.  How  is  she 
to  furnish  the  "fruits  of  her  industry,"  as  Mr.  Hatch  has  it,  cheap  enough 
to  bear  Canadian  taxation  ? 

This  treaty,  in  minerals,  works  in  this  wise : — We  import  into  New 
England,  $120,000  worth  of  coal  per  annum.  The  Federal  Government 
loses  duty,  probably  on  half  this  amount,  or  20  per  cent  on  $60,000,  be- 
ing $12,000  per  annum,  while  we  open  a  trade  in  coal  through  the  canals 
and  railroads  of  New   York,  Pennsylvania,  and  Ohio,  of  nearly   half  a 


Oommerdal  Chronicle  and  JSeview.                   201 
, 1860. ,  , 1881. . 

6p«cl«  In  Totftl 

B«o«iTed.       Exported.     Secclyed.       Ezx>ort«d.  sab-treMor  j.     In  the  dty. 

Jan.    7 $85.080 1  {'JseilOO* $8,645,487  $28,485,000 

14 $1,788,666         88,482 1  }  4 Jq  ^q* 2,584,455     29,046,800 

Total 1,788,666       178,562     6.667,176     

The  export  of  specie  of  coarse  stopped  short,  aod  the  metal  flowed  into  the 
port  from  both  East  and  West,  raising  the  amount  in  the  city  some  $8,000,000 
between  December  15  and  January  12.  But  there  were  also  considerable  sums 
in  the  savings  banks  and  other  institutions  than  banks  and  Treasury.  The 
amount  received  in  the  five  weeks  to  January  12,  was,  it  appears,  $13,467,109, 
without  any  exports.  The  amount  in  the  banks  and  Treasury  increased  in  the 
same  time  §8,000,000,  leaving  $5,400,000  that  went  elsewhere.  The  foreign 
gold  pressed  upon  the  mint,  since,  under  present  laws,  it  is  not  a  legal  tender 
in  the  foreign  shape,  although  an  effort  was  made  to  have  the  law  altered  in 
that  respect    The  operations  of  the  New  York  assay-office  were  as  follows  : — 

NBW  TOftk  ABSATOmOI. 

4                      Foreign.- >    <             United  States. ->          Payments 

Gold.  Silver.  tiilyer.                              in 

Coin.       Bnllion.  Coin.     Bullion.       Gold.  Coin.     Ballion.       Bars.          Coin. 

Jan.  14,000     18,000  11,200     14,000  2,478,000  1,800    20,000  647,000  1,910,000 

Feb.    5.000    28,000  6,600    24,000     951,000      7,600  932,000       90,000 

Mar.    8,000     15,000  28,400      5,500     267,000  1,100       2,500  180,000      142,600 

Apr.    8,000    82,000  14,500      10,000     183.000  3,700       8.800  187,000       70,000 

May  11,200     20,800  25,500     18,000     176,000  7.000     16,500  280,000       45,000 

Jane  12,000     19.000  10,000       4,000     147.000  1,750       2,750  168,000       88,600 

July     9,600     18,000  12,800       8,000     159,500  1,200       3,000  140,000       72,000 

Aug.  12,000     14,000  16,000     14,100     208.000  1,000       8,900  190,000       79,000 

Sept.  13,000     41.000  7,500     14,000     823,ei»0      8,600  850,000       57,000 

Oct..     7,000     10,000  6,400     88,000  1,183.000  1,000     12,600  800,000     958,000 

Nov.    14,000     18,000  30,800      9,000  8,423,000      27,000       67  000  8,500,000 

Dec8,622,770  875,890  90,000     20,000  2,776,600  88,000     89,820        7.563,170 

'60  8,736,470  998,690  264,600  78,600  12,275,100  106,660  200,070  3,881,000  15,822,000 
'59      125,000  147,000  431,580  79,900    4,005,600    14,400    99.320  8,971,000    1,629,100 

The  deposits  of  United  States  gold  had  become  large  in  October  for  turning 
into  coin,  and  still  larger  in  November.    In  December  the  arrivals  from  abroad 
doubled  the  applications,  and  for  that  month  $7,563,170  was  required  in  coin 
raisinsr  the  aggregate  for  the  year  to  ten  times  that  of  1859.      The  mint  could 
not  respond  to  this  demand,  but  its  operations  were  as  follows  : — 

UNITED  STATES  MINT,  PHILADELPHIA. 


168  Beciprocity —  United  States  and  Canada. 

cerned,  is  Indian  corn  and  its  products.     During  the  year  ending  June 
30,  1859^  we  exported  to  Canada,  corn  and  its  products  comprising : — 

Indian  meal,  lard,  pork,  hams,  and  bacon,  of  the  aggregate  value  of. . .      $1,180,878 
Same  articles  to  the  other  British  American  provinces 1,127,205 

Together- $2,808,078 

This  agricultural  product  goes  into  consumption,  and  is  expended  largely 
in  their  fisheries,  lumbering,  and  shipping,  and  for  the  manufacture  of 
whisky.  This  corn  and  its  products  go  far  toward  the  payment  of  our 
imports  of  the  products  of  the  forest;  which  in  1858,  amounted  to 
$3,290,383 — and  this,  too,  is  an  article  of  consumption.  An  exchange 
as  beneficial  to  both  parties  as  an  exchange  of  commodities  between  the 
tropics  and  the  temperate  zone. 

Corn  is  produced  in  great  abundance,  and  at  small  cost  on  the  rich 
bottoms  of  the  Ohio,  the  Wabash,  and  the  Illinois,  and  matured  by  a 
warm  climate  before  the  frost  overtakes  it.  While  the  pine  lumber,  a 
necessary  article  of  consumption  in  building,  fencing,  and  manufactures, 
is  produce^  in  a  high  latitude,  on  a  sterile  and  cheap  land. 

On  lumber,  the  Federal  Government  has  sacrificed  a  small  amount  of 
revenue,  while,  by  its  freedom  and  expansion,  New  York  has  acquired  a 
large  canal  revenue,  and  her  citizens  extensive  and  profitable  occupation. 

Our  lake  shipping  share  most  largely  in  its  transport,  and  our  canals 
monopolize  it. 

There  is  still  another  exception  to  this  rule,  anotlier  portion  of  this 
exchange  of  breadstuft's  which  is  reciprocal  and  goes  into  consumption. 
Canada  East  consumes  largely  of  the  spring  wheat  of  Wisconsin  and 
Illinois,  taking  it  partly  in  the  berry  direct  from  these  States,  and  partly 
in  flour  ground  in  the  State  of  New  York.  She  prefers  this  wheat  to  the 
fine  article  from  Canada  West,  partly  from  habit  and  partly  from  economy. 
She  has  been  accustomed  to  raise  her  full  supply  of  this  description  of 
grain,  but  at  times,  from  failure  of  crops  and  diminished  culture,  she  pro- 
bably draws  half  her  supply  for  a  poptilation  of  a  million  from  abroad. 
A  cheap  article,  exempt  from  duty,  has  allured  her  to  our  prairie  States 
for  this  supply.  On  the  other  hand,  New  England  consumes  largely  of 
the  fine  wheat  and  flour  of  Canada  West,  since  her  accustomed  supply 
of  Genesee  has  failed,  and  since  its  exemption  from  duty  has  brought  it 
within  her  reach. 

From  an  exhibit  of  the  trade  and  commerce  of  Toronto,  (C.  W.,)  for 
1859,  we  make  the  following  extracts: — **The  demand  for  our  flour  dur- 
ing the  past  year,  has  been  from  Montreal  and  Quebec  for  the  lower  grades, 
while  for  fancies  and  extras,  purchases  have  been  mainly  made  for  Bos- 
ton and  other  New  England  markets."  Again,  "The  manufacturing  dis- 
tricts of  the  New  England  States  require  a  description  of  flour  superior 
to  any  that  has  hitherto  been  produced  in  the  West." 

Of  barley  it  says : — "Over  167,000  bushels  have  been  exported  the 
last  year ;  the  purchases  for  export  were  mainly  with  a  view  to  the 
Albany  market,"  (breweries.) 

"  The  import  of  Indian  corn  at  this  point  last  year,  for  the  manufacture 
of  whisky,  amounts  to  143,524  bushels,  valued  at  $100,3  i3."  Here  is 
reciprocity  ;  with  this  diff*erence,  we  obtain  the  best  beverage. 

Revive  the  duty  of  20  per  cent  on  bread,  yielding  but  a  paltry  revenue 


Beciprocity — United  States  and  Canada.  169 

to  the  Federal  GovernmeDt,  an  extensive  and  beneficial  trade  would  be 
broken  up.  Canada  East  would  be  compelled  to  eat  a  white  and  a  dear 
loaf,  while  New  England  would  have  the  alternative  of  a  taxed  loaf,  or  a 
brown  one.  Illinoia  and  Wisconsin  would  flood  their  single  market,  al- 
ready overstocked,  with  spring  wheat.  And  here  we  may  repeat  the 
question,  how  is  New  England  to  compete  with  the  protected  manufac- 
tures of  Canada,  with  her  bread  taxed,  as  well  as  her  fuel?  It  is  apparent 
that  free  trade  in  breadstuff's,  a  subject  so  fruitful  of  cavil  and  clamor,  is 
not  so  barren  of  benefits  as  a  superficial  observer  would  imagine.  Their 
exchange  for  cx>nsumption,  so  far  as  it  goes,  is  highly  beneficial  to  both 
parties,  the  remainder  having  the  choice  of  the  cheapest  and  best  channel 
to  a  distant  market,  exempt  from  duty,  and  free  from  the  formalities  and 
expenses  of  our  debenture  system. 

The  free  importation  of  Canada  lumber  is  fraught  with  benefits  to  all. 
On  our  part,  the  carrier,  the  canals,  and  the  consumer  share  largely  and 
directly  in  these  benefits,  and  the  j;nanufacture8  of  New  England  and 
New  York  incidentally.  Canada  finds  appropriate  and  profitable  occupa- 
tion in  its  preparation  and  transport,  and  derives  from  its  sale  an  ample 
fund  with  which  to  purchase  from  us  her  agricultural  implements,  her 
building  materials,  and  staple  fabrics  for  consumption. 

Your  Committee  are  not  familiar  with  the  lumber  trade  on  the  seaboard, 
but  observe  in  the  statistics  of  trade  that  we  export  to  the  Lower  British 
North  American  Provinces,  pitch  pine,  locust,  hickory,  black  walnut,  and 
oak,  which  they  do  not  produce;  and  it  is  believed  that  Maine  finds  some 
equivalent  in  the  free  use  of  the  St.  Johns  River,  for  the  competition  of 
New  Brunswick  in  the  pine  lumber  trade. 

Our  debenture  system  Mr.  Hatch  treats  as  a  proffered  boon,  rejected 
and  thwarted  by  Canada.  So  far  from  a  boon,  its  aim  and  object  was  to 
promote  our  carrying  trade,  by  alluring  to  our  Atlantic  ports  the  pro- 
ducts of  other  nations,  to  be  again  distributed  to  their  respective  markets, 
exempt  from  duty,  other  than  a  commission  or  tax  of  2^  per  cent.  Its 
operation  was  extended  to  Canada  and  New  Mexico  by  act  of  Congress, 
August,  1846.  Now,  inasmuch  as  Lower  Canada  has  endeavored,  by 
discriminating  duties  and  protective  laws,  to  annul  an<i  counteract  the 
operation  of  this  debenture  system,  and  force  Canada  West,  as  Mr.  Hatch 
says,  to  import  her  tropical  products  by  a  circuit  through  the  St.  Lawrence, 
of  a  thousand  miles,  therefore  he  would  annul  the  law,  and  compel  Upper 
Canada  to  import  and  export  through  this  circuitous  channel,  thus  play- 
ing into  the  hands  of  Lower  Canada,  and  yielding  this  valuable  branch 
of  the  carrying  trade. 

We  subjoin  extracts  from  ofllcial  tables  of  Canada  "Trade  and  Naviga- 
tion "  for  1859,  page  199  :— 
Imported  through  the  United  States  under  debenture  bonds,  in  value.        $4,546,491 

Of  which  pays  ^6  per  cent  duty $28,662 

20  and  16  percent 4,278  2»7 

"         10and6  percent 120,647 

Pnrcbased  in  the  United  States,  products  of  other  countries 6,861,866 

Foreign  products $9,898,866 

Products  of  United  States 12,287,641 

Of  which  pays  26  per  cent  duty. $140,61 1 

**         20  and  16  per  cent  duty 2,487,261 

**         10  and  6  per  cent  duty 606,724 

Free  goods. 8,040,226 

Total  importe $22, 1 S 6,897 


170  Beciprocity — United  States  and  Canada. 

Of  the  foreign  products,  tea  amounts  to  5,825,052  pounds,  of  the  value 
of  $2,071,839,  which  is  imported  from  China  in  American  bottoms,  ex- 
ported to  Canada  through  our  canals  and  railroads,  yielding  freight, 
warehouse  charges,  and  mercantile  profits.  It  is  difficult  to  imagine  a 
more  suicidal  measure  than  the  one  proposed  by  Mr.  Hatch,  of  repealing 
the  Debenture  Laws,  so  far  as  they  relate  to  Canada. 

OOASTINO   TRADE. 

The  only  remaining  subject  of  criticism  and  complaint  is  the  interna- 
tional coasting  trade.  Mr.  Hatch  says: — **In  this  competition  of  ship- 
ping, American  ship-owners  run  a  race  in  fetters.  The  staple  manu- 
facture of  Canada  has  long  been  that  of  ship  building  for  exportation," 
<fec.  If  this  be  so,  the  result  tells  well  for  the  bottom  and  speed  of  the 
American  ship-owner. 

By  referring  again  to  report  of  the  Canadian  Board  of  Works,  page 
143,  we  find  the  tonnage  of  the  lakes  and  St.  Lawrence  for  1859,  divided 
as  follows,  viz. : — 

American  veHsels,  1,206,  tonnage 819,460 

Canadian  vessel.s     829.  tonnage 70,784 

By  referring  again  to  report  of  '*  Trade  and  Navigation "  of  Canada 
for  1859,  page  275,  it  appears  that  the  coasting  trade  to  atid  from  66 
Canadian  ports,  is  divided  as  follows: — 

Entries  inward  and  oatward  of  American  eteam  and  sail  vessels,  .tonnage    4.682,894 
**  **  Canadian  "  "  .•••.••••     2,868,986 

(Ferries  excluded.) 

The  British  navigation  laws  forbid  to  American  vessels  the  coasting 
trade  of  the  British  North  American  Provinces,  while  our  retaliatory 
laws  forbid  to  provincial  vessels  our  coasting  trade.  All  discriminating 
restrictions  on  direct  trade  between  these  provinces  and  the  States  have 
been  removed,  while  coasting  restrictions  have  been  greatly  modified  and 
ameliorated. 

We  find  in  United  States  "  Commercial  Relations,"  vol.  L,  pages  66 
and  57,  the  following  remarks;  after  alluding  to  the  restrictions  on  trade 
with  the  British  West  and  East  Indies,  it  says: — "With  the  North 
American  provinces,  however,  a  system  of  the  most  liberal  and  unrestricted 
character  has  been  adopted,  which,  to  a  great  extent,  places  commercial 
intercourse  between  the  United  States  and  these  provinces  on  the  footing 
of  an  unfettered  coasting  trade."  Passenger  vessels  are  allowed  to  land 
on  the  opposite  coasts,  from  point  to  point;  passengers  with  their  bag- 
gajje,  family  stores,  implements  of  trade,  <fec. 

The  treaty  of  reciprocity,  by  opening  the  navigation  of  the  St. 
Lawrence,  the  canals,  and  Lake  Michigan,  has  still  further  relaxed  these 
restrictions.  Our  vessels,  passing  down  the  St.  Lawrence,  or  through  it 
to  the  ocean.  Are  obliged  to  pass  several  Canadian  ports  of  entry,  and  are 
allowed  to  lighten  at  the  locks,  and  reload  at  Montreal  or  Quebec;  or 
pass  the  locks  partly  loaded,  and  fill  up  below  for  a  foreign  voyage. 
While  through  the  intervention  of  the  Canadian  railways,  a  coa>ting 
trade  is  sanctioned,  which  would  otherwise  be  unlawful.  A  voyage  from 
Michigan  to  New  York  in  a  Canadian  bottom  would  not  be  lawful,  but 
a  voyae:e  from  Chicago  to  Port  Sarnia,  Windsor,  or  Port  Colbourn  on 
lakes  Uuron  and  Erie,  and  again  from  Hamilton  or  Port  Dalhousie  on 


Reciprocity — United  States  and  Canada.  171 

Lake  Ontario  to  a  New  York  port,  would  be  lawful,  though  the  identical 
goods  may  have  constituted  the  freight  for  both  voyages,  having  passed 
from  the  upper  to  the  lower  lakes  by  a  railway.  The  sanae  license  or 
latitude  would  be  extended  to  an  American  bottom  if  similar  cases  should 
occur,  which,  from  the  nature  of  the  trade,  are  not  so  frequent. 

From  the  tenor  of  Mr.  Hatch's  argument,  the  impression  is  left  on 
the  general  reader,  that  this  is  a  violation  of  the  spirit  of  the  treaty, 
whereas,  it  is  a  mutual  relaxation  of  coasting  restrictions,  a  violation  of 
the  spirit  of  the  British  navigation  laws,  a  remnant  of  barbarism  two 
hundred  years  old — a  remnant  which  it  is  believed  every  commercial 
man  on  either  side  of  the  lakes  would  be  glad  to  see  abolished  ;  and  it 
is  a  subject  of  regret  that  the  treaty  did  not  abolish  this  troublesome  re- 
striction, at  least  between  us  and  British  North  America. 

The  growth  and  magnitude  of  our  trade  with  these  Provinces  is  so 
well  known  that  it  is  not  deemed  necessary  to  load  this  report  with  fig- 
ures and  statistics.  We  only  subjoin  the  aggregate  of  this  trade  at  three 
distinct  and  well  defined  periods  in  its  history.  The  first,  1830,  when 
the  British  navigation  and  our  retaliatory  laws  were  in  full  operation. 
The  second,  1840,  when  a  relaxation  of  these  measures,  produced  by 
Mr.  McLane's  negotiations,  had  operated  for  ten  years;  and  the  third,  in 
1855,  when  the  debenture  law  had  been  in  operation  nine,  and  the  treaty 
of  reciprocity  two  years : —  f 

1880,  Imports  from  British  North  American  Pro^ces $650,303 

«*     Exportsto  same A. 8,786,878 

Total 4P. $4,436,676 

1 840,  Imports $2,007,767 

•*      Exports. 6,098,260 

Total $8,101,017 

1866,  Imports  from  Canada. $12,182,814 

"  **  "      other  British  N.  Am.  Provinces. . .  2,964,420 

Total  Imports $16,156,784 

"      Exports  to  Canada 18,720,344 

"  **  other  British  N.  Am.  Provinces 9,086,676 

Total  exports $27,806,020 

Imports  and  exports  total $42,942,764 

It  will  be  perceived  that  the  amount  of  exports  over  Imports  are  suffi- 
cient to  satisfy  those  who  deem  the  balance  of  trade  an  important  element 
in  commercial  exchanges. 

The  discussion  of  canal  and  railroad  rivalry,  and  the  debenture  and 
coasting  laws,  does  not  belong  to  our  subject,  but  has  been  forced  upon 
us  by  Mr.  Hatch,  who  has  pressed  them  into  his  service  in  his  crusade 
against  the  treaty. 

REVENUE. 

On  the  loss  of  revenue  by  the  treaty,  Mr.  Hatch  has  discanted  largely, 
has  taxed  his  imagination  to  swell  it  to  a  fabulous  amount;  he  has,  by  a 
refinement  of  cruelty,  tantalized  us  by  parading  the  millions  we  might 
have  pocketed  if  we  had  made  the  free  goods  pay  duty,  millions  which 
we  could,  by  no  possible  scheme,  ever  touch.    The  truth  is,  the  little  rev- 


172  Bectprodty —  United  States  and  Canada. 

enue  we  did  enjoy  before  the  treaty  would,  under  augmented  duties  and 
multiplied  restrictions,  have  dwindled  to  a  mere  bagatelle. 

We  have  shown  incidentally,  that  the  small  loss  of  revenue  to  the  fed- 
eral government  on  mineral  and  forest  products  has  been  restored  many 
fold  to  the  frontier  States ;  that  products  of  the  soil  in  transitu  would 
escape  taxation  under  our  debenture  law.  If  New  England  could  be 
made  to  yield  to  the  federal  treasury  every  fifth  loaf  of  her  Canada  bread, 
and  every  fifth  bushel  of  her  Nova  Scotia  coal,  it  would  not  prove  a 
financial  achievement  to  excite  much  exultation.  It  is  true,  as  Mr.  Hatch 
avers,  we  have  numerous  custom-houses  on  the  frontier,  and  he  might 
have  added  on  the  seaboard  also,  attended  with  heavy  expenses,  and 
yielding  little  or  no  revenue.  This  is  incident  to  our  revenue  system; 
one  oflBce  collects  revenue  from  the  honest  importer,  while  ten  officers, 
with  their  cutters  and  numerous  officials,  are  stationed  as  sentinels,  not 
to  collect,  but  to  protect  revenue  by  guarding  against  fraudulent  impor- 
tations. 

We  know  of  no  other  remedy  for  this  evil  on  this  frontier,  than  the 
adoption  of  the  German  Zolverein,  which  is  said  to  be  operating  over  a 
population  of  more  30,000,000.  It  is,  in  effect,  like  collecting  the  rev- 
enues of  the  lake  frontier  at  Quebec  and  Portland,  aqd  distributing  them 
per  capita  over  the  whole  region ;  abolishing  custom-houses  by  the  hun- 
dred, and  disbanding  armies  of  public  functionaries.  Some  of  the  most 
enlightened  statesmen  of  Canada  advocate  this  reform. 

If  our  exposition  of  the  terms  and  working  of  the  treaty  is  a  faithful 
one,  it  proves  that  there  has  been  no  infraction  of  it,  that  its  benefits 
have  proved  reciprocal,  that  the  unfriendly,  and,  as  we  believe,  unwise 
legislation  of  Canada,  has  well  nigh  proved  abortive,  and  will  probably 
work  its  own  cure.  We  would  remove  all  coasti?ig  restrictions  by  leg- 
islation or  by  treaty.  After  tins,  if  the  contracting  parties  can  devise 
other  and  better  means  of  carrying  on  their  governments  than  through 
the  custom-house,  then  a  system  of  perfect  freedom  and  reciprocity  of 
trade  may  be  inaugurated ;  then  British  North  America  will  yield  to  us 
all  the  benefits  of  federal  States,  without  the  tax  and  burthen  of  their 
government 

Widely  different  are  the  results  of  Mr.  Hatch's  labor;  he  finds  a  bro- 
ken treaty,  conferring  great  benefits  on  one  party,  and  inflicting  great 
injuries  upon  the  other.  In  his  zeal  to  make  out  a  case,  he  has  involved 
himseif  in  numerous  absurties  and  contradictions.  On  the  one  hand  he 
alarms  us  by  an  appalling  conspiracy  to  monopolize  the  lake  trade,  and 
turn  all  through  the  St.  Lawrence;  on  the  other,  scouts  this  navigation 
as  worthless,  and  says  Canada  sends  to  our  markets  six  times  as  much 
breadstuff's  as  the  British,  through  this  protected  channel.  He  abuses 
Canada  for  "  taxing  the  products  of  our  industry,"  which  means,  when 
explained,  for  taxing  herself  when  she  consumes  our  fabrics,  and  still 
more,  when  she  refuses  to  take  them,  and  fabricates  for  herself.  He  be- 
rates her  for  overwhelming  us  and  our  markets  with  her  products,  and 
still  more  when  she  withholds  and  attempts  to  send  them  down  the  St. 
Lawrence,  and  that,  too,  by  the  gratuitous  use  of  her  locks.  He  complains 
that  Canada  West  is  obliged,  by  Provincial  discriminating  and  specific 
duties,  to  import  her  tropical  and  other  products  through  the  St.  Law- 
rence, by  a  circuit  of  a  thousand  miles,  and  at  the  same  time  proposes  to 
withhold  our  debenture  facilities,  by  the  operation  of  which  she  can  es- 


(hmmercial  and  Industrial  Oities  of  the  United  States,      173 

cape  this  imposition  and  avoid  this  circuitous  voyage.  It  would  seem 
his  commission  does  not  restrict  him  to  the  exposure  of  abuses,  but  com- 
prehends their  cure  also.  For  this  purpose  he  would  repeal  the  Debent- 
ure Laws,  enforce  the  coasting  restrictions,  re-impose  duties  on  the  list 
of  free  goods,  and  that,  too,  perhaps  through  the  agency  of  the  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury,  (as  **  a  treaty  broken  is  a  treaty  no  longer,")  without 
waiting  the  ten  years  prescribed  by  the  treaty,  or  the  action  of  the  treaty- 
making  power.  He  would  retrace  the  path  of  commercial  reform,  go 
back  a  hundred  years,  to  the  age  of  restriction,  retaliation,  and  non-inter- 
course, when  two  ships  of  different  national  character  were  required  to 
perform  the  work  of  one,  thus  doubling  the  labor  and  cost  of  exchanging 
commodities. 


irf. III.— COMMERCIAL  AND  IHDUSTBIAl  CITIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


^ 


MUMBSR  LXXTXXX. 


BOSTON,    MASSACHUSETTS. 


IinrLirSKOS  or  railroads— population— TALrATION—MACniNll  UfPROTRMRim— OONOnrrRATIOlf 
—BOSTON  THR  ORNTBR— IND1T8TRIAL  8TATIBTIC8— RMPLOTMRNT  FOB  WOMBN — ALL  NBW  BNGLAND 
— NRW  RNOLaND  BOCIBTT— its  ORIGIN— OPKRATITES—SALRS—SUSPRNSION—RRSUVPTION—RXTRN- 
BfON  or  BUSINRSa— THB  past  TRAR— MANUFACTUBINQ  AOTIVnr— boston  SniPPINO  LIST— MAR- 
KRTS— SHIPPING— MILLS— THB  COMING  TRAk— FOOD  AND  MaTRRIALB— BOOTS  AND  SHOES— SUIPPING 
INTRRRBT—OOrrON—DOMBSTIOB— FISH— FLOUR— GRAIN— WOOL— LMATHRR. 


The  annual  reports  of  the  trade  of  Boston  show  a  considerable  degree 
of  prosperity,  indicative  of  the  concentration  of  business  that  is  produced 
by  the  influence  of  railroads.  The  population  and  valuation  of  the  city 
baa  been  as  follows : — 


POPULATION  AND  VALUATION  OF  BOSTON. 


1800 
1810 

1820 
1880 


PopnlftUon. 
24,987 
88,787 
4S.298 
61,892 


Yslnatlon. 
$15,096,700 
18,450.600 
88,289,200 
59,586,000 


Popolstlon. 

1840 98,383 

1860 186.881 

1865 160,608 

1860 177.902 


YaluAtion. 
$94,581,600 
180,000,600 
241,982,200 
811,978,663 


The  valuation  in  the  last  ten  years  has  increased  $131,900,000,  and  in 
the  last  five  years  the  increase  has  been  greater  than  the  whole  value  of 
the  city  in  1830,  up  to  which  time  the  railroads  had  not  conae  into  ope- 
ration, either  in  Boston  or  in  those  remote  sections  where  of  late  such 
large  markets  for  New  England  manufactures  have  grown  up.  The  im- 
provements in  machines,  and  the  concentration  of  capital  in  Boston, 
have,  as  it  were,  constantly  attracted  thither  raw  materials  to  be  wrought 
up  into  goods,  which,  mingling  with  the  New  York  importations,  have 
found  sale  for  Massachusetts  labor  in  every  section  of  the  country  to 
which  rails  penetrate.  While  the  surrounding  States  have  been  large 
producers  of  the  goods  owned  in  and  shipped  from  Boston,  there  has 
been  apparently  a  constant  concentration  of  labor  in  the  city.  The  cen- 
sus returns  of  the  industrial  statistics  of  Boston,  of  which  the  following 
is  a  summary,  show  the  number  of  establishments,  amount  of  capital , 
value  of  articles  used,  and  the  yearly  products  in  each  ward : — 


174      Oommercial and  Industrial  (XUea  of  the  United  States: 


No.  estab< 

.     CftDltal 
employed. 

IfAtarials 

Par  of 

PftTOf 

W«rdA 

.    ILjhm'ta. 

used. 

Prodnctfli 

Men. 

men. 

Women,  women. 

1... 

12 

$467,000 

$700,000 

$1,211,000 

245 

$9,020 

62 

$800 

2... 

68 

1,802,000 

?,62O.0OO 

4,669.000 

1,908 

52.890 

11 

185 

8... 

812 

2,308.000 

5,083.000 

8.416.000 

2,780  100,660 

619 

10,194 

4... 

218 

2,484,000 

8,474,000 

7,268,000 

2,699 

78.480 

2,160 

84.841 

6... 

12 

62,000 

78,000 

266,000 

115 

6,000 

24 

880 

6... 

48 

120,000 

841.000 

509,000 

260 

8,500 

2 

25 

7... 

77 

969,000 

2,601.000 

8.697.000 

1,120 

85,100 

1,055 

15.100 

8... 

69 

889.000 

578.000 

1.979,000 

727 

87.000 

208 

4,605 

«... 

7 

28,000 

106.000 

136.000 

49 

8,700 

5 

70 

10... 

62 

874.000 

866,000 

833,000 

685 

18.000 

29 

884 

11... 

80 

780,000 

658,000 

2,270.000 

787 

49,000 

78 

1,566 

12... 

42 

2.617,000 

8,478.000 

6,710,000 

2,885 

69,400 

56 

904 

TotoL      981  $12,845,000  $19,852,000  $87,947,000     18.410  471,700   4,809  $68,408 

It  will  be  seen  by  the  above  that  the  monthly  pay  roll  for  the  manu- 
facturing establishments  of  the  city  is,  for  men,  $471,700;  for  women, 
$68,403.  This  amounts  to  $6,481,206  a  year.  The  above  does  not  in- 
clude the  great  building  interest  of  the  city — carpenters,  masons,  paint- 
ers, and  slaters  not  being  reported,  except  in  two  or  three  wards,  where 
their  numbers  are  small.  The  largest  number  of  establishments  is  in 
ward  8,  and  here,  too,  the  amount  of  products  and  the  tAimber  and 
monthly  pay  of  men  are  the  largest  In  ward  4  there  is  the  largest  num- 
ber of  persons  employed,  and  in  ward  12  the  capital  is  the  largest.  In 
ward  2  ship-building  was  not  carried  on  to  any  great  extent  for  the  year 
covered  by  the  report,  and  consequently  the  aggregate  is  much  smaller 
than  it  would  otherwise  have  been. 

The  aggregate  of  products,  it  will  be  seen,  is  $87,947,000,  but  there 
are  some  omissions,  which  would  have  swelled  the  amount  to  upward  of 
$40,000,000. 

One  important  omission  is  that  of  the  great  Boston  Gas  Company, 
which  employs  a  large  number  of  men  and  annually  produces  gas  to  a 
heavy  amount  in  value. 

The  productions  of  the  dentists  of  Boston,  of  whom  there  are  95,  have 
been  also,  except  in  a  few  instances,  altogether  omitted. 

These  city  manufactures,  as  we  have  said,  are,  however,  not  an  expo- 
nent of  the  vast  interests  which  Boston  has  in  the  products  of  the  New 
England  States,  for  most  of  which  she  furnishes  the  capital.  Of  late, 
efforts  have  been  made  to  restore  to  Boston  the  control  of  the  sale  of  her 
goods,  by  ceasing  to  send  them  to  New  York  and  other  cities  through 
the  hands  of  agents,  and  attracting  buyers  there.  This  is  described  by 
Lorenzo  Sabine,  Esq.,  Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Trade,  as  follows: — 

The  New  England  Society  was  incorporated  in  1826,*  with  ample 
powers  and  important  privileges;  and  its  records  show  that  during  the 
thirty-four  years  of  its  existence,  some  of  the  most  honored  men  of  Mas- 
sachusetts and  of  New  England  have  assisted  in  the  direction  of  its 
affairs.  Its  income  from  real  and  personal  estate  is  limited  to  six  thou- 
sand dollars  annually,  by  a  provision  in  the  charter;  but  it  may  promote 
and  encourage  domestic  manufactures  of  every  description,  as  well  as 
mechanical  skill  in  every  department  of  industry,  by  public  sales  and  ex- 
hibitions of  the  products  of  the  arts,  by  awarding  premiums  for  new  in- 

*  The  persons  nuned  in  the  ohsrter  ut  Patrick  T.  JaoUon,  Jeaae  Pntnam,  John  Doggett,  Honif 
A.  B.  Dearborn. 


Boston^  AfassachiLaeiis.  175 

ventions  and  for  the  best  specimens  of  skill,  by  inducing  any  new  dis- 
coveries which  may  be  made  in  other  countries,  and  by  collecting  inodela 
of  inventions  at  home  or  abroad,  and  communicating  the  same  to  the 
manufacturers  and  mechanics  of  New  England ;  and  generally,  by  the 
adoption  of  such  measures  as  the  members  of  the  corporation  may  think 
will  at  any  time  tend  to  the  advancement  of  mechanical  and  n)anufac- 
turing  skill ;  while  two  public  sales  may  be  held  annually,  without  pay- 
ment of  the  tax  imposed  on  goods  sold  at  auction,  on  the  single  condi- 
tion that  the  articles  offered  at  these  public  sales  shall  be  of  the  growth 
and  manufacture  of  the  United  States.  Originally,  its  officers  were  a 
president,*  ten  vice-presidents,  twenty-five  directors,  a  treasurer,  a  secre- 
tary, and  two  standing  committees;  but  in  1829,  the  number  of  vice- 
presidents  was  reduced  to  four,  and  of  directors  to  twelve. 

Its  earliest  measure  was  the  establishment  of  periodical  exhibitions 
and  sales  of  domestic  goods  by  auction  in  Boston,  the  city  government 
granting  the  free  use  of  Quincy  Hall  for  the  purpose.  The  first  sale  was 
on  the  11th  of  September,  1826,  and  the  second  on  the  24th  of  the  fol- 
lowing month.  These  were  succeeded  by  annual  or  semi-annual  sales 
for  several  years,  with  beneficial  results.  Indeed,  the  plan  of  disposing 
of  manufactures  by  auction  brought  American  fabrics  into  notice;  called 
public  attention  to  the  manufacturing  interest ;  attracted  buyers  to  the 
city  from  all  parts  of  the  country ;  secured  a  home  market;  and  fixed 
the  price  of  the  staple  productions  of  our  looms  in  a  manner  not  then 
to  have  been  otherwise  accomplished.  The  fairs  and  sales  were,  how- 
ever, suspended  in  1832,  "owing  to  temporary  circumstances,  and  inac- 
tivity on  the  part  of  the  society,"  and  were  not  resumed  until  1859. 

In  1840,  a  committee  appointed  the  previous  year  to  devise  ways  and 
means  for  the  promotion  of  the  interests  and  objects  of  tbe  society,  made 
a  report,  in  which  they  remark  that  its  charter  is  **  a  great  boon,"  and  of 
vast  importance  to  the  people  of  New  England,  and  should  be  estimated 
and  preserved ;  and  they  recommended  the  most  rigid  *'  observance  of 
all  the  formalities  and  technicalities"  of  that  instrument,  and  of  the  by- 
laws, as  well  as  the  keeping  of  accurate  records  of  their  transactions,  in 
the  belief  that  the  time  would  come  when  the  powers  and  privileges 
granted  by  the  Legislature,  "might  be  exercised  with  manifest  advan- 
tage." In  the  judgment  of  the  oflficersf  of  the  past  year,  the  period 
thus  anticipated  has  arrived.  At  the  annual  meeting,  January  12,  1859, 
a  committee  of  fivej  were  charged  with  the  duty  of  inquiring  into  the 
expediency  of  re-establishing  the  semi-annual  sales;  and,  on  tiie  21st  of 
that  month,  a  report  was  made,  in  which  all  concurred  in  advising  the 
measure.    The  result  was  the  appointment  of  a  second  committee  of  fif- 

*  L«Ti  Lincoln  (then  OoTernor  of  tho  Commonwealth)  was  the  flnt  president  His  successors 
are  Nathan  Appletun,  (in  1835;)  Abbott  Lawrence,  (in  1*948;)  David  Sears,  (in  1852;)  bamuel  Law- 
rence, On  1^ ;)  Thomas  Q.  Cary,  (in  1856,)  and  Doming  Jarves.  (in  IWH) ) 

or  the  officers  elected  in  18^  twenty -three  have  laid  down  mortaUtj. 

t  The  officers  elected  January  12, 1859,  were  as  follows:— 

President— Thomas  G.  Gary. 

Yice-Prosldents—Levi  Lincoln,  William  Stnrgis,  James  W.  Paige,  Deming  Jarre*. 

Directors -Thomas  Motley,  James  Eead,  John  A.  Lowell,  James  M.  Beebe,  Edward  Brooks, 
Henry  Uall,  James  K.  Mills,  Edward  U.  Eldridge,  WUUam  AppletoD,  Samuel  Torrey,  Francis 
Bkinner,  Ames  A.  Lawrence. 

Committee  on  Accounts -Samuel  Torrey  and  Patrick  T.  Jackson. 

Becrotory— Peter  Butler. 

Treasurer— Abbott  Lawrence. 

X  Thomas  6.  Cary,  J.  Wiley  Edmands,  Nathan  Appleton,  Bei\Jamin  EL  Bates,  James  W.  Paige 
and  Amos  A.  llawrenoe. 


176      Cbmmercial  and  Industrial  Oities  of  the  United  States: 

teen,*  to  correspond  with  the  manufacturers  of  New  England,  in  order 
to  ascertain  whether  a  sufficient  qnantity  of  goods  would  he  contributed 
to  attract  buyers,  and  if  so,  to  make  the  necessary  arrangements. 

The  answers  afiforded  such  encouragement  that  the  committee  proceeded 
to  appoint  the  time  and  place  for  a  sale,  and  to  engage  the  services  of 
auctioneers.!  The  catalogues  of  the  various  kinds  of  goods  contributed 
occupy  one  hundred*and  ten  printed  quarto  pages;  and  as  several  lots 
were  doubled,  the  quantity  actually  sold  was  considerably  larger  than 
was  promised ;  while  the  "  outside  transactions,"  or  private  purchases, 
were  proi)ably  quite  half  in  amount  to  those  at  auction.  Of  the  sale 
itself,  and  of  the  policy  of  serai-annual  sales  hereafter,  we  forbear  to 
speak,  simply  on  the  ground  of  decorum.  The  New  England  Society  is 
under  the  control  of  gentlemen  who  are  entirely  competent  to  decide 
every  question  which  concerns  it ;  who  possess  full  knowledge  of  the  de- 
precatory comments  of  persons  and  newspapers  in  other  cities,  and  who 
are  well  acquainted  with  the  opinions  expressed  here,  as  to  the  degree  of 
success  which  attended  the  endeavor  in  July,  to  restore  to  Boston  its 
former  position  in  vending  our  manufactures,  and  we  would  not  intrude 
with  advice  or  suggestion. 

The  general  business  of  Boston  for  the  past  year  promised  well  until 
the  election  brought  with  it  its  disturbing  causes.  The  manufacturers 
were  well  employed,  and  the  flow  of  food  and  raw  materials  into  Boston 
for  distribution  to  the  manufacturing  districts  gave  evidence  of  a  healthy 
activity,  and  goods  in  return  flowed  freely  back  for  shipment  The  an- 
nual report  of  the  Boston  Shipping  List  remarks : — 

Up  to  the  middle  of  November,  all  departments  of  our  trade  were  in 
*  very  flourishing  condition.  The  West,  enriched  with  most  bountiful 
orops  at  a  time  when  short  supplies  in  Europe  guarantied  good  prices — 
the  South,  with  cotton  crop  prospects  falling  somewhat  short  of  last  year, 
but  as  all  the  leading  markets  were  advancing  for  this  staple,  with  manu- 
facturers fully  employed  at  home  and  abroad,  a  better  range  of  prices 
was  likely  to  make  up  for  the  deficiency  of  the  crop — all  conveyances  by 
lake  and  river,  canal  and  railroad,  profitably  crowded  with  produce  seek- 
ing an  outlet  at  the  seaboard,  giving  more  employment  to  the  shipping 
interest  and  better  freights  than  had  been  obtained  for  several  years — 
manufacturers  very  generally  employed  and  preparing  for  increased 
activity  in  all  departments — it  was  no  wonder  that  the  suddenness  of  the 
panic  in  November,  together  with  its  novel  and  uncertain  character,  put 
a  stop  to  all  kinds  of  business,  and  upset  for  the  time  being  all  calcula- 
tions for  the  future. 

The  receipts  of  the  various  articles  of  produce,  with  some  few  excep- 
tions, show  a  fair  increase  over  previous  years.  The  increase  of  58,272 
bales  of  cotton,  over  the  very  large  receipts  of  last  year,  is  an  indication 
that  the  cotton  mills  of  New  England  have  been  fully  employed.  The 
activity  of  the  trade  in  1860,  in  connection  with  the  prosperity  of  the 
two  previous  years,  has  placed  this  department  of  our  industry  in  a  very 
flourishing  position.    Woolen  manufacturers  have  also  enjoyed  a  very 


*  Deming  Jarves,  David  Sean,  Heniy  A.  Whitnejr,  J.  Wilej  Edmands,  James  M.  Beebe^Amos 
L  Lawrence,  B'      •    ^  ^  -      -«.-. -        ..  ~.. 

G.  Bichardaon, 


A.  Lawrence,  BeiOamin  E.  Bates,  Tyler  Batcheller,  Augustas  Lowell,  Patrick  T.Jackson,  Qtwgt 
*      *    n,  B.  11.  Mason,  Henry  A.  Bice,  and  Alexander  H.  Bice. 


t  The  genflemen  employed  were  Messrs.  Townsend,  Mallard  &  Cowing,  N.  A.  Thompson  &  Co.^ 
Samuel  Hateb,  and  John  H.  Osgood,  all  of  Boston. 


Boston,  Massachusetts. 


177 


healthy  and  profitable  trade  during  the  year.  Fears  are  entertained, 
however,  that  the  coming  year  will  be  an  unfavorable  one  for  the  manu- 
facturing business  on  account  of  our  present  political  and  financial 
troubles.  Manufacturers,  in  consequence,  now  move  with  the  greatest 
caution.  Purchases  of  the  raw  material  are  made  only  as  wanted  to  com- 
plete assortments,  as  it  is  thought  advisable  to  reduce  present  stocks 
rather  than  add  to  them,  which  is  usually  done  at  this  season.  Our  cot- 
ton mills,  with  goods  sold  up  comparatively  close,  and  a  fair  export  and 
home  demand  for  the  most  desirable  fabrics,  will  continue  the  production 
without  much  abatement  for  the  present,  but  woolen  manufacturers  will 
reduce  the  production  to  some  extent  unless  confidence  is  soon  restored 
to  business  circles. 

Breadstuffs,  provisions,  and  produce  generally  have  met  with  a  very 
fair  demand.  Great  Britain  has  purchased  largely  of  these  products  the 
past  year,  and  good  prices  have  been  realized.  With  the  West  and  South 
our  trade  has  been  comparatively  large,  and  with  the  facilities  afforded 
by  new  steamship  linea  to  the  South,  the  prospect  of  a  largely  increased 
trade  was  quite  promising  for  the  future.  With  Canada  our  produce 
trade  is  increasing  quite  rapidly.  This  trade  is  yet  in  its  infancy,  as  only 
a  few  years  have  passed  since  produce  from  that  section  sought  oui*  mar- 
ket to  any  extent,  but  now  large  supplies  of  flour,  oats,  peas,  barley,  but- 
iter,  hogs,  and  other  articles  are  daily  arriving  and  make  up  no  inconsider- 
able item  of  our  aggregate  receipts.  The  value  of  some  few  article  of  pro- 
duce received  from  the  South,  the  West,  and  the  Canadasin  1860,  nearly 
all  of  i^hich  is  consumed  in  this  neighborhood,  is  estimated  as  follows : — 


CJottoD $20,000,000 

Flour 7,000,000 

Com 1 ,600,000 

Oats 600,000 

Goal 8,000,000 

Hides 2,000,000 


Leather.. 

ProTisioDs. 

Naval  stores 

Butter  and  cheese.. 
Wool 


10,000,000 

8,000,000 

700,000 

8,600,000 

6,000,000 


The  boot  and  shoe  trade  shows  a  falling  off  of  92,000  cases  compared 
with  1859,  the  quantity  forwarded  from  our  city  by  water  and  railroad 
comprising  658,000  cases  against  750,000  cases  last  year,  a  falling  off  in 
business  equal  to  $3,500,000.  The  prospects  of  the  trade,  which  were 
encouraging  early  in  November,  have  again  become  uncertain  by  the 
occurrences  of  the  past  six  weeks,  and  manufacturers  do  not  look  for  any 
activity  for  the  present 

Calcutta  goods,  with  the  exception  of  gunny  cloth,  have  moved  off 
quietly  during  the  year,  but  at  prices  on  the  whole  which  were  not 
satisfactory.  The  imports  of  the  year  show  a  falling  off  in  nearly  all  the 
leading  items,  such  as  linseed,  saltpeter,  gunny  bags,  and  cloth,  compared 
with  last  year.  The  markets  of  the  country,  however,  have  been  amply 
supplied  with  Calcutta  goods,  and  the  amount  taken  for  consumption, 
based  upon  the  movemeuts  of  previous  years,  have  fallen  short  of  expecta- 
tion. 

The  shipping  interest  has  been  more  fully  employed  and  better  paid 
than  for  several  years.  The  large  amount  of  breadstuffs  goiwg  forward 
to  Europe  has  given  employment  to  all  available  tonnage,  while  vessels 
engaged  in  the  East  India  trade,  and  other  branches  of  our  commerce, 
have  obtained  very  remunerative  rates,  forming  quite  a  favorable  con- 

TOL.  xuv. — NO.  u.  12 


178      Commercial  and  Industrial  Cities  of  the  United  States: 

tra&t  with  the  general  dullness  which  prevailed  throughout  the  year  1859. 
The  arrivals  and  clearances  have  heen  as  follows : — 


Ships. 

Barks. 

—AiTlTed. 

Brigs.  Schooners. 

Total. 

Ships. 

— Cleared. 

Barks.    Brigs.  Schooners. 

Total. 

I860.. 

187 

869 

866 

1,879 

8,291 

122 

?69 

860 

1.9(»7 

3.238 

1869.. 

248 

881 

811 

1,649 

8,089 

177 

880 

767 

1,672 

2,886 

1868.. 

171 

824 

764 

1,488 

2.747 

189 

302 

722 

1.608 

8,066 

1867.. 

246 

894 

769 

1.609 

2,906 

214 

869 

671 

1,669 

2,818 

1866.. 

241 

861 

728 

1,877 

2,692 

2)0 

867 

766 

1,618 

2,940 

1866.. 

227 

826 

849 

1,682 

3,084 

198 

898 

948 

1,769 

8,298 

1864.. 

246 

896 

888 

1.667 

8,091 

288 

894 

878 

1,671 

8,171 

1868.. 

203 

888 

882 

1,666 

2.984 

160 

872 

912 

1,629 

8,078 

1862.. 

2S6 

832 

840 

1,466 

2,864 

188 

860 

889 

1,486 

2,868 

1861.. 

191 

288 

817 

1,642 

2,888 

188 

849 

806 

1,660 

2,848 

Besides  the  above  47  steamers  have  arrived  during  the  year,  and  48 
have  cleared. 

The  business  in  some  of  the  leading  articles  have  been  as  follows : — 
Cotton. — All  good  cotton  arriving  during  the  first  ten  months  of  the 
year  found  a  ready  sale  at  comparatively  high  prices,  but  with  more 
abundant  supplies  of  inferior  descriptions,  low  grades  were  less  sought 
after.  Our  market  in  October  was  more  active  and  buoyant  than  any 
previous  month  of  the  year,  the  injury  to  the  crop  inducing  manufac- 
turers to  purchase  quite  freely  on  the  spot  and  to  arrive.  The  political 
and  financial  troubles  the  past  six  weeks  nearly  put  a  stop  to  business} 
and  prices  have  been  irregular  and  unsettled,  afthough  near  the  close  of 
the  year  a  much  better  feeling  prevails.  Purchases  to  some  extent  early 
in  December  were  made  at  1  a  2  cents  per  pound  decline,  but  the  market 
has  since  recovered  and  present  current  rates  are  within  i  &  ^  cents  per 
pound  of  the  highest  point  of  the  year.  The  arrivals  of  the  year  show 
an  increase  of  68,272  bales  over  last  year,  and  are  the  largest  ever  re- 
ceived. The  bulk  of  this  increase  has  been  received  during  the  past  four 
months,  and  was  contracted  for  at  comparatively  high  prices  in  the  lead- 
ing Southern  markets.  Buyers  who  looked  to  our  market  for  supplies 
have  been  able  to  purchase  on  much  easier  terms.  The  activity  among 
our  manufacturers  has  continued  through  the  year  without  abatement, 
and  the  consumption  of  (be  article  has  steadily  increased.  The  prospects 
of  the  coming  year  open  quite  unfavorably,  to  say  the  least  The  highest 
And  lowest  prices  for  five  years  have  been  as  follows : — 

SflDDLING  FAIK  NBW  0ELSAN8. 

I860 12fal4  11867 12  a  18i 

1869 124al4   1866 11  a  14f 

1858 11    al4i| 

The  receipts  have  been  as  follows : — 

I860 bales        881,96611867 bales        211.604 

1869 823,694     1866 286,664 

1868 279,628  I 

Domestics. — The  demand  for  cotton  goods  has  continued  without 
much  abatement  nearly  the  entire  year,  and  the  production  of  all  our 
leading  mills  has  found  a  ready  sale  at  good  and  remunerating  prices. 
The  market  opened  with  an  active  demand  in  January  last  for  consump- 
tion and  export,  and  large  contracts  were  made  early  in  the  year  for 
drills,  heavy  sheetings,  and  other  desirable  goods,  the  engagements  of 


Boston^  MassachitseUs.  179 

drills  extending  in  some  instances  throughout  the  year.  Brown  drills 
opened  at  8}  a  9  cents,  and  the  entire  production  of  the  year  has  been 
sold  mostly  at  these  figures,  although  at  the  close  8^  cents  is  the  current 
rate.  All  other  leading  styles  of  cotton  goods  have  sustained  very  good 
and  uuiform  prices  during  the  year.  The  comparative  exports  from  Bos- 
ton and  New  York  the  past  five  years  have  been  as  follows : — 

Boston.  New  York.  ToUU 

'  1860 packages            85,80i            86,059  121,868 

1869 ' 88,862             74,549  107,911 

1858 81,421             69,994  91,416 

1867 80,969             26,668  67,612 

1866 89,740            84,782  74,622 

The  prospects  of  the  trade  the  coming  year  are  not  so  encouraging  as 
last  year.  Our  exports  to  the  East  Indies  have  been  materially  checked 
for  some  months  past,  and  drills  begin  to  accumulate  in  the  hands  of 
manufacturers.  The  Western  trade  promises  fair,  but  to  what  extent  the 
political  and  financial  excitement  will  interfere  with  operations  with  the 
South  and  West  remains  to  be  seen.  The  trade  for  a  month  or  two  past 
have  been  disposed  to  purchase  lightly,  but  as  there  is  only  a  small  stock 
of  desirable  goods  in  the  hands  of  manufacturers,  no  material  change  in 
prices  is  looked  for  at  present.  To  California  the  shipments  have 
amounted  to  4,367  packages  against  6,800  packages  in  1859, 6,022  pack- 
ages in  1858,  2,947  packages  in  1857,  5,101  packages  in  1856,  9,992 
packages  in  1855,  1,601  packages  in  1854,  and  6,524  packages  in  1853. 
The  highest  and  lowest  prices  for  heavy  sheetings  and  drills  for  five  yeara 
have  been  as  follows : — 

Sheetings.         DrlllB.  Exports.  Yalae. 

I860 8ia»f  8ia9  86,804  $2,181,926  94 

1869 8ia9  8^  a  9  88,862  1,974,408  84 

1868 7ia8|  8|  a  8^  81,421  1.769,70121 

1867 ^A^  8ia9i  80,959  1,907,166  2« 

1866.. 7fa8|  7f  a  8|  89,740  2.219,668  8» 

DvEwooDs. — The  highest  and  lowest  prices  for  some  years  have  been 
as  follows : — 

8t  Domingo  logwood.  BapM%ood.  Lima  wood. 

1860 |1800a|l7  00  $40   a  |46  $52^  a  $76 

1869 12  60a     16  60  40    a    62^  66    a    87i 

1858 10  76a    16  00  474a    75  90    a  126 

1867 10  00a    22  00  65    a  100  86    a    96 

1866 •  16  00a    22  60  50    a    66  70    a    90 

Fish. — Prices  of  mackerel  have  been  quite  irregular  the  past  year,  ow- 
ing to  the  variety  of  qualities  embraced  in  the  catch.  For  six  weeks  past 
prices  have  been  quite  unsettled,  and  fare  sales  for  cash  have  been  made 
at  very  low  figures.  Early  in  the  season  the  prospects  of  the  catch  were 
very  unfavorable,  all  vessels  from  the  bay  returning  with  unusually  small 
fares,  but  during;  October  and  November  shore  mackerel  were  caught 
quite  freely,  and  the  bay  fleet  toward  the  end  of  the  season  were  more 
fortunate.  The  returns  of  the  Inspector  are  likely,  in  consequence,  to 
add  up  much  larger  than  last  year,  of  which  no  inconsi4erable  part  are 
medium  2's.  The  highest  and  lowest  prices  for  some  years  past  have 
been  as  follows : — 


180      Commercial  and  Industrial  Cities  of  the  United  States: 

No.  1.  Ha  2.  No.  8. 

1860 $18  00  a  $18  60  Id  50  a  14  00  $5  00  a  $10  60 

1869 14  00a    17  00  11  60  a  15  60  8  00a     1100 

1868 9  00a     16  UO  8  00a  14  00  6  00a     1100 

1867 8  00a     14  00  7  00  a  18  00  6  60a      9  00 

Medium  and  large  codfish  have  been  comparatively  uniform  in  price 
during  the  year.    . 

Large.  BmftlL 

1860. $8  00a  $4  26  $1  25a  $2  60 

1869 8  00a    4  60  2  00  a    8  26 

The  exports  of  fish  have  been  as  follows : — 

1860.  1869.  18i8. 

Oodfish    droms  9,676  8,489  9,286 

Oodfieh boxes  7,720  6,620  8.679 

Oodfish qtls.  88,886  88,702  66,218 

Mackerel bhls.  46,1 67  66.041  77,1 98. 

Herring boxes  1 26,277  92,074  86,881 

Flour. — ^The  flour  market  maintained  a  very  uniform  tone  until  the 
middle  of  November,  and  prices  were  less  fluctuating  than  in  any  pre- 
vious year  for  ten  years,  the  variations  of  the  difl^erent  brands,  except  a 
few  of  the  very  choice  grades  of  superior,  not  exceeding  26  a  60  cents 
per  barrel.  The  first  six  months  of  the  year  the  export  demand  anticipated 
was  not  realized,  and,  with  a  large  stock  of  old  wheat  and  flour  on  hand, 
and  the  prospect  of  a  larger  crop  than  for  many  years,  nothing  could 
have  prevented  prices  from  touching  a  very  low  point  except  the  failure 
of  the  crops  in  £urope,  which  at  that  time  became  quite  apparent.  From 
September  to  early  in  November  the  movements  in  breadstuffs  were 
more  extensive  than  at  any  previous  period  in  the  history  of  the  trade. 
Every  conveyance  has  been  called  into  requisition  to  convey  the  surplus 
products  of  the  West  to  the  seaboard,  and  this  surplus  has  been  freely 
taken  for  the  English  market,  the  shipments  to  that  destination  largely 
exceeding  any  previous  year.  Notwithstanding  this  extensive  export  de- 
mand, prices  rapidly  declined  the  last  of  November  and  early  in  Decem- 
ber, ranging  some  two  weeks  ago  from  14  26  a  $4  60  for  the  common. 
For  four  weeks  in  November  and  early  in  December  the  article  was  almost 
unsaleable,  which,  ac  a  time  when  our  harvest  receipts  were  coming  for- 
ward, greatly  depresatd  the  trade.  This  state  of  things  was  brought 
about  by  the  unsettled  state  of  political  affairs,  the  unexpected  and  strin- 
gent money  market,  and  the  difiiculty  of  negotiating  excbange.  Within 
the  past  two  weeks  the  advance  has  been  as  rapid  as  the  decline  a  few 
weeks  previous,  and  the  current  prices  at  the  close  of  the  year  are  $6  26 
for  common.  The  injury  to  the  choice  winter  wheat  in  the  vicinity  of 
St.  Louis  has  nraterially  reduced  the  quantity  of  choice  flour  received 
from  that  section,  but  the  choice  family  brands  of  Baltimore  have  in  part 
made  up  this  deficiency.  From  Canada  very  choice  flour  has  been  re- 
ceived, but  not  to  such  an  extent  as  last  year,  but  from  Ohio  and  Michi- 
gan the  flour  received  gives  more  than  the  usual  satisfaction.  The  highest 
and  lowest  prices  of  Western  fancy,  extra,  and  superior  flour,  including 
choice  St.  Louis,  for  ^vq  years  past,  have  been  as  follows  : — 

Fsii«7.  Sztn  4  anperlor.  Southern.  Extra  A;  snperior. 

I860. $4.60  a  f6  87  $4  76  a  ^9  00  $6  6U  a  $A  26  |6  00  a  ^%   76 

1869 4  60  a  7  60  6  00  a  10  60  6  60  a  8  00  6  60  a  9  6U 

1868 4  26  a  6  76  4  60  a  8  26  4  76  a  6  76  6  60  a  7  0(» 

1897 4  60  a  7  60  6  00  a  10  60  6  60  a  8  00  6  00  a  9  60 

1866. e  00  a  9  26  6  76  a  11  00  6  60  a  9  60  7  60  a  11  00 


Boston^  MdssachuseUs. 


181 


The  stock  on  hand  is  estimated  at  276,000  bbls.  against  260,000  bbls. 
in  1858,  226,000  bbls.  in  1857,  150,000  bbls.  in  1856,  150,000  bbls,  in 
1865,  and  75,000  bbls.  in  1854.     The  arrivals  have  been  as  follows : — 


By  Western  Railroad 

Northern , 

•  Fitchbar^ 

Boston  and  Maine.. 

Providence 

Fall  River 

From  New  York.. . . . 

Albany  

New  Orleans  ..... 

Fredericksburg 

Georgetown 

Alexandria 

Richmond 


..bbU. 


802.462 
60,68*7 
85,787 
14.808 
86,492 

1.178 

25,881 

260 

11,212 

7,862 
10,592 
12.054 
77,876 


From  Philadelphia 

Baltimore 

Portland 

Delaware. 

Norfolk  and  ports  in  Va... . 
Other  ports 


Totall860 bbls. 

1859 

1868 

1857 

1866 


106,516 

168.481 

217.897 

8,723 

1,97» 

26,667 

1,164.782 
1.049,186 
l,2i7,639 
1,049.028 
1,009,460 


Grain. — Prices  of  corn  ruled  highest  in  January  last,  when  sales  were 
made  at  90  a  t  2c.  for  Southern  yellow  and  85  a  00c.  for  white  and 
mixed.  From  these  price  there  was  a  gradual  decline,  the  market  touch- 
ing the  lowest  point  in  December,  when  sales  of  yellow  were  made  at 
67  a  68c.,  lind  western  mixed,  65  a  66c.  per  bushel.  The  present  current 
rates  are  76c.  for  old  yellow  and  75c.  for  western  mixed,  with  which 
quality  our  uiarket  has  been  liberally  supplied.  Our  receipts  show  an  in- 
crease of  276,709  bushels  compared  with  last  year.  The  highest  and 
lowest  prices  for  five  years  have  been  as  follows : — 


1860. 
1859.. 
1868.. 


.  bush. 


66  a  f  92 
81  a  1  15 
60  a    1  10 


1857. 
1856., 


.bu>h. 


65afl  09 
56  a    1  06 


The  receipts  of  corn  have  been  as  follows : — 


From 

New  Orleans bosh.  62,860 

Virginia 214,616 

Maryland 296.886 

PennByWania. 186,235 

Delaware 79.844 


From 

New  York  Stote. bush.  862,41 7 

Other  places 886.402 

Total.  1860 2,098,260 


The  receipts  of  corn,  oats,  rye,  and  shorts  for  five  years  have  been  at 
follows : — 

Corn.  Oatai  Bye. 

1860 bush.             2,098,260  1,467,611  88,156 

1869 1,821,541  1,188.495  24.920 

1858 2,447,814  989,691  45,604 

1867 2,178,755  752,859  89.164 

1866 2.608,553  866,280  40,258 


Shorts. 
651,795 
448,492 
464.274 
382,322 
814,292 


Wool. — In  January  last  the  market  opened  dull  for  domestic  wool,  and 
from  January  to  June  the  tone  of  the  market  was  rather  downward,  prices 
during  that  time  having  declined  from  5  a  6c.  per  lb.,  ruling  in  Juno  from 
30  a  60c.  for  fleece,  and  30  a  52c.  for  pulled.  The  movements  of  manu- 
facturers and  speculators  in  the  wool-growing  districts  the  last  of  Juno, 
and  the  eagerness  with  which  the  new  clip  was  purchased  by  them  at  an 
advance  of  2  a  3c.  per  lb.,  in  many  instances,  on  the  previous  year's  prices, 
caused  a  much  better  feeling,  and  improved  prices  were  realized  until  the 
sudden  stringency  of  the  money  market  in  November  put  a  stop  to  all 
business.  The  demand  for  some  months  past  has  been  almost  exclusively 
confined  to  the  medium  grades  of  fleece,  and  there  is  in  consequence  a 


182      Commercial  and  Industrial  Oiiies  of  the  United  States: 

very  good  supply  of  fine  wool  on  hand,  while  early  in  the  year  low  and 
medium  grades  were  neglected.  The  demand  for  woolen  goods  has  been 
quite  equal  to  expectation,  the  production  of  all  our  leading  mills  having 
been  sold  readily  at  satisfactory  prices,  but  the  prospect  ahead  is  not  con- 
sidered very  encouraging  on  account  of  the  embarrassed  state  of  all  branches 
of  trade.  Manufacturers  have,  in  consequence,  reduced  the  production  to 
some  extent,  and  the  business  is  likely  to  be  quite  small  for  the  present. 
The  prices  previous  to  the  panic  ruled  from  89  a  67c.  for  fleece,  and  36  a 
55  for  No.  1  to  extra  pulled,  but  the  few  transactions  since  have  been  prin- 
cipally at  5  a  6c.  per  lb.,  decline  from  these  figures.  The  stock  is  estimated 
at  2,000,000  lbs.,  against  2,600,000  lbs.  in  1869.  The  receipts  have  been 
as  follows  :— 


I860. 
1869. 
1868.. 
1867. 
1866.. 


Domestic 

. Foreign. . 

Balea. 

Bales. 

QninUls. 

48,974 

80,160 

16.471 

46.868 

86,708 

88,774 

82.806 

19,882 

10,322 

28,788 

87,680 

18,847 

88,711 

14,478 

17,766 

Exchange. — Bankers'  60  day  bills  on  London  ruled  from  8f  a  10  per 
cent  premium,  from  January  to  early  in  November ;  but  for  the  past  six 
weeks  the  rates  have  been  almost  entirely  nominal,  ruling  from  par  to  5 
per  cent  premium,  with  sales  principally  at  2  a  6  per  cent  during  that 
time. 

Spkcie. — The  export  of  specie  for  the  last  nine  years  has  been  as  fol- 
lows : — 


I860.... 

$1,666,647  00 

1867.... 

$9,712,769  15 

1864.... 

$7,418,487  82 

1869.... 

6,049,420  66 

1866.... 

2,227.069  08 

1868.... 

6,768,617  88 

1858.... 

2.708,863  64 

1S65.... 

14,869,470  86 

1862.... 

8,496,006  29 

Boots  and  Shoes. — The  year  just  closed  must  again  be  put  down  as 
one  of  comparative  dullness  and  inactivity  in  the  boot  and  shoe  trade. 
Prices  during  the  year  have  ruled  low  and  unsatisfactory,  if  we  except 
some  favorite  styles  of  work,  and  the  amount  of  goods  sold  show  a  con- 
siderable falling  off  compared  with  previous  years.  The  spring  trade 
was  quite  backward,  and  active  operations  did  not  commence  before  the 
middle  of  January.  At  the  commencement  buyers  had  everything  their 
own  way  ;  the  desire  to  close  up  stocks  on  the  part  of  holders  was  so 
great  that  they  were  almost  allowed  to  fix  their  own  prices.  A  strike 
among  the  workmen  in  February,  which  became  quite  extended,  afiforded 
a  partial  relief  to  the  market  by  reducing  the  production  of  desirable 
work,  and  for  the  balance  of  the  season  comparatively  better  prices  were 
obtained  for  the  styles  of  goods  most  aflfected  by  the  strike.  The  fall 
trade  was  but  a  moderate  one,  and  disappointed  expectation.  Neither 
the  South  nor  the  West  purchased  to  the  extent  expected,  and  notwith- 
standing  the  production  in  the  interval  between  the  spring  and  fall  busi- 
ness was  less  than  for  some  previous  years,  still  stocks  were  ample  for  all 
•  the  requirements  of  trade,  with,  in  fact,  an  oversupply  of  ordinary  work 
on  the  market  The  position  of  the  trade  at  the  close  of  the  season  was, 
however,  more  favorable  than  some  previous  years  The  stock  of  all 
good  and  desirable  work  was  sold  up  close,  and  the  market  was  also  re- 
lieved sufficiently  of  other  descriptions  to  insure  a  healthy  trade.  Our 
manufacturers  were  looking  forward  for  a  large  increase  in  the  demand 


Boston,  Massachusetts. 


183 


from  the  West,  on  account  of  tbe  general  prosperity  of  that  section, 
which  it  was  believed  would  more  than  make  up  for  any  falling  ofif  from 
other  quarters,  but  the  sudden  and  unexpected  money  crisis  in  November 
last,  extending  to  all  branches  of  trade  and  all  sections  of  the  country, 
has  changed  the  aspect  of  things,  and  will  no  doubt  seriously  interrupt 
the  trade  for  the  present.  For  a  month  or  two  past  manufacturers  have 
been  curtailing  operations,  and  the  production  of  goods  is  now  much 
smaller  than  for  any  previous  year  for  some  time.  Both  dealers  and 
manufacturers  look  forward  to  a  very  unsatisfactory  trade,  but  have  been 
warned  in  season  to  prepared  for  such  a  state  of  things.  The  shipmenta 
to  California  during  the  year  have  been  light  compared  with  previous 
years.  We  look  for  some  increase  in  the  exports  to  that  market  the 
coming  year.  The  shipments  amount  to  38,774  cases  in  1860,  against 
50,254  cases  in  1859,  64,577  cases  in  1858,  32,868  cases  in  1857,42,258 
cases  in  1856,  64,958  cases  in  1855,  37,621  cases  in  1854,  and  37,916 
cases  in  1853.  The  quantity  of  boots  and  shoes  cleared  at  the  custom- 
house has  been  as  follows : — 


I860 

cases 

196,191 
283,246 
222,284 

1867 

1869 

1866 

1858 

234,422 
224.323 


The  quantity  forwarded  by  railroad  has  been  463,000  cases,  which 
would  make  the  aggregate  amount  of  goods  forwarded  from  our  city,  hf 
water  and  railroad,  658,000  cases,  against  750,000  cases  in  1859,  a  fail- 
ing off  of  92,000  cases  compared  with  last  year,  equal  to  $3,500,000. 

Leather. — The  market  for  leather  has  been  very  dull  throughout  the 
year,  and  prices  have  ruled  quite  low,  but  more  uniform  than  compared 
with  some  previous  years.  Manufacturers  have  purchased  sparingly,  and 
there  has  been  scarc-ely  a  week  when  the  market  could  be  called  active. 
The  receipts  this  year,  if  will  be  observed,  are  made  up  from  every  possi- 
ble source,  by  railroad  and  water,  and  comprise  491,304  sides  and  216,854 
bundles,  equal  to  3,100,000  sides  of  leather,  the  estimated  value  of  which 
is  about  810,000,000.  The  highest  and  lowest  prices  for  ten  years  have 
been  as  follows: — 

HElfLOOK,  BOKNOB  ATRBS,  AMD  ORINOOa 
1860 

1869 

1868 

1867 

1856 

GuNNT  Bags. — For  the  first  three  months  of  the  year  the  market  was 
very  dull  for  gunny  bags,  and  prices  declined  from  lOj-  a  lOfcin  January 
to  8f  a  9^c.  lor  light  and  heavy  bags  early  in  April.  During  April  some 
5,000  bales  were  purchased  on  speculation  and  for  consumption  at  from 
8|  a  lie.  and  from  May  to  October  the  article  was  held  firm,  with  a  spec- 
ulative inquiry,  some  19,000  bales  having  been  sold  and  resold  during 
that  time,  prices  touching  13i  a  14c  for  heavy  bags  the  last  of  Septem- 
ber. Since  October  there  has  been  scarcely  enough  doing  to  make  a 
price.  The  stock  in  first  bands  is  4,000  bales  against  6,808  bales  in  1850, 
14,700  bales  in  1858,  13,500  in  1857,  13,000  bales  in  1856,  1,000  bales 
in  1855,  and  5,000  bales  in  1854.  The  highest  and  lowest  prices  for 
some  years  have  been  as  follows : — 


P«rlb. 

8ld«s. 

BnndleB. 

18  a22i 

491,804 

216,864 

17ia27 

446,896 

140,062 

17  a26i 

817,494 

147,820 

17  a  84 

817,648 

109,118 

21ia84 

220,016 

181,128 

184  Valuation  of  Life  Insurance  Policies. 


1867 lOf  al4i 

1866 10    an 


Other 
Boston.  porta. 

1867i bales        18/298         1,696 

1866 28,074         1,860 


1860 BihU 

1869 9    al2i 

1868 Sialli 

The  imports  have  been  as  follows: 

Other 
Boston.  ports. 

1860 bales  8,480        8.078 

1869 10,988         8.981 

1868 14.191         2,070 

Gunny  Cloth. — Prices  of  gunny  cloth  in  January  last  ruled  from  12 
a  12ic.  with  sales  mostly  at  12ic.  in  January,  February,  and  early  in 
March,  From  the  middle  of  March  to  the  Ist  of  July  there  was  an  ex- 
tensive speculative  movement,  and  prices  advanced  from  12|c.  in  March 
to  17c.,  at  which  figure  some  sales  were  made  the  last  of  June.  Upwards 
of  80,00Q  bales  were  sold  and  resold,  to  arrive  and  on  the  spot,  during 
that  tindie.  This  movement  was  based  on  the  advance  in  East  India 
freights  and  in  consequence  the  increased  cost  of  importation,  moderate 
shipments  from  Calcutta,  in  connection  with  the  fact  that  the  consump- 
tion of  the  article  had  rapidly  increased  in  1858  and  1869,  with  the  pros- 
peel^  of  a  further  increase  in  1860.  It  is  now  evident  that  prices  were 
run  up  too  rapidly  and  prematurely.  High  rates  of  freight  did  not  check 
the  shipments  from  Calcutta  to  the  extent  expected,  while  the  injury  to 
the  cotton  crop  reduced  materially  the  estimated  amount  required  for 
consumption.  Since  July  prices  have  been  steadily  declining,  and  the 
rates  current  for  some  weeks  past,  from  8i  a  9c.  cash,  are  the  lowest  the 
article  has  ever  touched  in  this  market  These  low  figures  have  in  part, 
however,  been  in  consequence  of  the  pressure  in  the  money  market,  and 
the  unsettled  state  of  afi'airs  at  the  South,  where  this  article  is  consumed. 
The  highest  and  lowest  prices  for  some  years  have  been  as  follows : — 

I860 8ial7    11868 10^  a  16 

1869 , 11     al3    |l867 9*  a  Ui 


Art.  IF.-YAIUATION  OF  LIFE  INSURANCE  POLICIES. 


MUMBBB  Z. 


Having  now  completed  in  our  previous  numbers  the  collection  of 
materials  for  our  average  rates  of  mortality,  and  combined  them  all  in  a 
single  table,  which  we  think  more  worthy  of  confidence  than  any  other, 
because  of  the  large  number  and  long  continuance  of  the  observations 
on  which  it  is  based,  of  the  great  variety  of  the  sources  whence  it  is 
derived,  of  its  freedom  from  the  defects,  errors,  and  anomalies  incident 
to  local,  temporary,  and  select  observations,  and  of  its  combining  all  the 
best  materials  that  have  been  accumulated  in  the  last  hundred  years, 
giving  to  each  their  appropriate  influence  according  to  their  worth  and 
reliability,  we  proceed  to  indicate  the  use  of  this  table,  and  the  method 
of  valuation  which  we  think  most  worthy  of  adoption  by  our  American 
life  companies. 

The  usual  object  of  this  valuation  is  to  determine  the  earnings  of  a 


Valuation  of  Life  Insurance  Policies.  186 

life  company  before  making  a  dividend  to  the  stockboldere  or  the  insured. 
We  have  insisted  in  the  July  number  of  this  Magazine  for  1860,  that  in 
making  these  dividends  no  future  expected  profits  should  be  anticipated 
and  counted  among  the  present  assets ;  that  the  gain  from  the  smaller 
mortality  during  the  early  years  of  the  policy  should  not  be  distributed 
as  an  earned  profit,  but  reserved  for  subsequent  contingencies;  that  a 
large  share  of  the  loading  is  not  added  for  expenses,  but  for  the  possibility 
of  an  adverse  fluctuation  in  the  mortality  and  other  future  contingen- 
cies, and,  therefore,  that  this  share  of  that  part  of  the  premium  which 
is  paid  in  advance  for  future  hazards  should  be  reserved ;  that  the  true 
or  best  table  of  mortality  should  be  used  in  the  valuations;  and  that  if 
any  of  the  premiums  that  have  been  already  contracted  for,  should  be 
too  small  for  the  future  risk,  the  deficiency  should  be  made  up  out  of  the 
present  means  before  any  distribution  ( f  profits ;  and  that  every  one  of 
these  allowances  are  necessary,  not  merely  as  prudent  and  wise  precau- 
tions to  give  stability  and  security  to  the  company,  but  as  proper  and 
indispensable  elements  of  the  true  valuations  of  the  policies,  which  can- 
n  ot  be  neglected  in  the  just  discrimination  between  the  rights  and  claims 
of  the  present  and  future  members  of  the  company. 

We  mean  by  true  valuation  not  the  net,  or  the  mathematical,  or  the 
gross,  or  the  loaded,  or  the  prudent,  but  what  is  demanded  by  strict  and 
exact  justice,  as  well  as  by  a  wise  and  provident  judgment  of  the  perma- 
nent interests  of  the  company. 

To  confirm  and  establish  these  positions,  we  would  suggest  that  the 
proper  way  of  considering  a  valuation,  is  to  inquire  how  much  of  the 
past  payments  have  been  made  for  past  hazards,  and  how  much  for 
future.  All  that  has  been  received  for  the  former  and  not  yet  expended 
or  due  is  earned ;  all  that  has  been  received  for  the  latter  belongs  to  the 
future  stockholders  and  dividends,  and  is  not  available  for  present  distri- 
bution. 

The  usual  mode  of  considering  this  subject  is  to  estimate  the  present 
worth  of  the  future  premiums, and  of  the  future  liabilities,  and  the  difference 
of  these  is  taken  as  the  value  of  the  policies.  But  it  is  not  diflScultfrom 
this  stand-point  to  form  the  most  erroneous  conclusions,  deluding  the 
directors  and  managers  of  the  company,  and  ruinous  to  its  best  interests. 
The  marginal  additions  on  all  the  future  premiums  that  may  or  may  not 
be  received,  may  be  reckoned  among  the  present  assets;  the  gains  from 
the  selection  of  lives,  from  lapsed  policies,  from  a  high  rate  of  interest, 
from  profitable  investments,  and  from  an  expected  diminuiion  of  mortality, 
may  be  anticipated,  and  the  directors  and  stockholders  made  to  believe 
that  they  have  earned  hundreds  of  thousands  of  dollars,  when  they  have 
in  fact  been  losing  every  year,  by  appropriating  more  than  their  real 
earnings  to  dividends,  losses,  and  expenses. 

Dr.  Farr  tells  of  a  company  that  had  expended  nearly  all  of  its  re- 
ceipts, and  then  figured  up  a  profit  of  *4 80,000.  Statements  have  been 
published  in  which  the  earnings  were  reported  at  more  than  five  times 
the  whole  receipts.  Companies  that  have  been  receiving  nearly  twice  as 
large  premiums  as  they  would  themselves  have  charged  for  the  risks 
that  have  been  already  incurred,  have  counted  the  whole  balance  on  hand 
as  profits,  and  sometimes  even  more  than  this.  In  this  way  the  public 
have  been  deceived,  and  the  company,  and  perhaps  the  actuary  himself, 
deluded  and  ensnared. 


186  Valtiation  of  Life  Insurance  Policies. 

Now,  if  they  had  considered  what  part  of  the  past  payments  had  been 
made  for  future  hazards,  it  is  not  probable  they  would  have  fallen  into 
any  such  mistakes.  From  both  points  of  view  correct  conclusions  may 
be  obtained,  but  we  prefer  to  look  at  the  past  and  actual,  and  not  the 
future  and  the  uncertain. 

It  follows  immediately,  from  this  mode  of  consideration,  that  the  com- 
puter has  nothing  to  do  with  the  premiums  that  are  charged,  unlessthey 
are  too  low  for  the  risk  that  was  assumed.  His  only  business  is  to  inquire 
how  much  has  been  received  for  future  hazards,  and  if  more  than  this  is 
on  hand  it  is  earned.  With  the  future  gains,  whether  they  are  possible, 
probable,  or  certain,  he  has  nothing  to  do. 

Now,  in  order  to  learn  what  has  been  paid  for  the  future,  we  have  only 
to  consider  how  much  more  ought  to  be  charged  to  the  policy  holder  at 
his  present  age,  than  when  his  policy  was  first  issued.  This  difference^ 
multiplied  by  the  value  of  an  annuity  at  the  present  age  of  the  insured, 
gives  the  usual  formula,  (p  —  P)  {I  +  A^)  where ^  and  P  represent  the 
proper  premiums  at  the  age  of  entrance  and  the  present  age,  and  A  the 
value  of  an  annuity  of  one  dollar  at  the  present  age  of  the  insured. 
These  premiums  are  not  gross,  because  the  expenses  on  them  have  been 
already  incurred.  They  are  not  net,  or  just  suflScient  to  cover  the  aver- 
age or  probable  mortality,  because  every  company  charges  not  only  for 
the  real  risk  and  expenses,  but  also  a  margin  for  the  possibility  of  an  in- 
crease in  the  mortality  over  the  average,  and  for  other  future  contingen- 
cies. While  ten,  fifteen,  or  twenty  per  cent  at  farthest,  on  the  net  pre- 
mium, will  cover  expenses,  it  is  common  to  add  a  loading  of  thirty  or 
forty  per  cent.  The  usual  American  premiums  at  thirty,  thirty-five,  and 
forty,  are  2.36,  2.75,  and  3.20,  while  by  the  Carlisle  table  they  are  1.76, 
2.02,  and  2.37 ;  by  Farr's  they  are  1.8i,  2.14,  and  2.62;  and  by  our 
average  table  they  are  1.82,  2.12,  and  2.60;  showing  an  excess  of  mo.re 
than  twenty-five  per  cent  over  the  largest  premiums,  about  thirty  percent 
over  ours,  and  thirty-five  per  cent  above  the  Carlisle.  Now,  the  average 
expenses  of  the  sixteen  American  companies  doing  business  in  Massachu- 
setts are  only  ten  per  cent,  which  is  less  than  half  of  the  loading.  Almost 
all  of  the  other  contingencies,  except  the  fluctuations  in  the  mortality, 
are  provided  for  in  the  low  rate  of  interest.  So  that  about  half  of  the 
loading  is  charged  for  the  possible  excess  of  mortality.  It  follows,  there- 
fore, that  ten  or  fifteen  per  cent  is  usually  added  to  the  premiums  for 
this  future  contingency,  and  ought  therefore  be  reserved  ;  and,  therefore, 
that  p  and  P  should  be  ten  or  fifteen  per  cent  in  advance  of  the  net  pre- 
miums. As  it  was  right  and  proper  to  charge  this  at  first,  it  is  just  and 
prudent  that  it  should  be  appropriated  to  the  purpose  for  which  it  was 
paid. 

It  is  also  evident  from  the  mode  of  consideration  we  have  su^ested, 
that  the  true  table  of  mortality  should  be  used,  and  that  any  saving  by 
a  low  mortality  in  the  early  years  of  the  policy  belongs  to  the  future, 
since  the  past  hazard  is  the  actual  and  not  the  average. 

And  here  we  will  introduce  the  opinion  of  Mr.  Farren  to  confirm  th« 
correction  we  suggested  in  the  July  number  for  this  deterioration  of  life. 
We  concluded  from  Mr.  Higham's  discussion  of  the  London  observations, 
that  the  principal  effect  of  selection  was  in  the  first  year.  Mr.  Farren, 
**  after  eliminating  the  influence  of  selection  over  the  first  year,  concludes," 
from  the  same  observations,  *'  that  the  rates  of  mortality  of  persons  in- 


Valiuition  of  Life  Insurance  Policies.      *  187 

sured  "  "  would  not  particularly  differ  from  those  prevailing  among  the 
male  population  at  large,  taken  indiscriminately,  without  regard  to  health." 
The  correction  we  suggested  for  this  first  year's  deterioration,  was  to 
reduce  P  a  fourth  or  a  third  of  its  value.  The  mortality  given  by  Mr. 
Highara  for  the  first  year  of  insurance,  compared  with  the  corresponding 
rate  in  the  actuaries'  table,  is  as  follows: — 

Ages,  U.  to.        IS.       40.        4£. 

FiTBtyear 00414  482  674  620  848 

Actuaries' table .00777  842  929  1086  1221 

Differences 00368  860  855  416  878 

DividedbyA+l 00019  20  21  26  25 

The  average  of  these  is  .00022,  and  as  they  differ  but  little,  and  the 
correction  is  only  approximate,  it  will  be  better  to  use  this  average  for 
the  reduction  of  P  than  the  one  suggested  before,  especially  as  the  num- 
bers given  by  Mr.  Farren  differ  considerably  from  those  of  Mr.  Higham. 

If  any  of  the  premiums  charged  by  any  particular  company  are  so 
low  that,  when  reduced  by  the  usual  percentage  of  the  company's  ex- 
penses, they  become  less  than  P,  these  reduced  premiums  must  be  sub- 
stituted for  P  in  this  formula;  because,  if  any  losing  contracts  have  been 
made,  sufficient  must  be  reserved  out  of  the  present  means  to  make  up 
anydeficiency  from  this  source. 

We  shall  now  illustrate  the  modes  of  computation  that  have  been 
adopted  by  different  actuaries,  and  then  compare  some  of  these  with  the 
actual  experience  of  the  London  life  offices.  The  valuable  contributions 
of  Mr.  James,  to  the  recent  Convention  of  Life  Insurance  Officers  at 
New  York,  will  enable  us  to  present  the  most  conclusive  and  satisfactory 
evidence  of  the  propriety  of  the  method  of  valuation  we  have  recom- 
mended. 

Most  of  the  plans  that  have  been  adopted  may  be  embraced  in  the 
following  formula: — 

P^  =(1  +  ^  \      (ap  —bP     +  c\ 

m  +  X        \  m  +  xj\m  +  x  m         j 

1.  Let  a  and  b  be  unity,  c  zero,  p  and  P  the  net  Northampton  three 
per  cent  premiums,  A  ihe  Northampton  value  of  an  annuity,  m  the  age 
when  insured,  and  m      x  the  present  age,  and  we  have  the  method  em- 

Sloyed  by  Mr.  William  Morgan,  Actuary  for  the  Equitable.  As  the 
forthampton  table  is  very  defective,  this  plan  values  neither  the  liabilities 
nor  the  premiums  correctly ;  and  the  only  thing  to  recommend  it,  is  that 
the  tabular  mortality  being  too  high,  the  net  reservation  is  enough  to 
meet  the  adverse  fluctuations  to  which  a  company  is  exposed.  This  for- 
mula is  now  seldom  psed. 

2.  Let  a,  6,  and  c,  be  the  same  as  before,  P  the  actual  charged  pre- 
miums, and  p  the  true  premium,  or  that  derived  irom  what  is  esteemed 
the  best  table,  and  A  the  true  annuity.  This  is  the  plan  adopted  by 
Neison  and  Woolhouse.  It  anticipates  all  the  future  profits,  and  counts 
tbem  already  earned,  reserves  nothing  for  expenses  or  future  contingen- 
cies, and  is  suited  only  to  delude  the  directors  and  the  public,  and  lead 
the  company  to  ruin  and  bankruptcy. 

3.  Let  o,  6,  and  c,  be  as  before,  and  p  and  P  the  actual  premiums. 
This  is  the  formula  used  by  Bowditchfor  the  Massachusetts  Hospital,  and 


188  Valuation  of  Life  Insurance  Policies. 

errs  on  the  safe  side.  It  reserves  all  the  loading  on  the  payments  that 
have  been  made  for  future  risks,  and  as  part  of  this  has  been  already  paid  out 
for  expenses,  the  reserve  is  larger  than  is  necessary.  As,  however,  it 
allows  nothing  for  the  deterioration  of  life,  its  reservation  is  but  little  in 
excess. 

4.  Let  a,  h,  and  c,  be  the  same  as  before,  and  p  and  P  the  true  net 
premiums,  and  A  the  true  annuity.  This  is  the  method  used  by  the 
Massachusetts  Commissioners,  who  have  adopted  the  Actuaries'  as  the 
true  table.  It  gives  the  reserve  too  small,  because  it  counts  all  the  load- 
ing on  the  past  payments  for  future  risks  as  already  earned,  and  makes 
no  allowance  for  the  depreciation  of  life,  except  what  is  due  to  the  in- 
creased age  of  the  insured.  Besides  this,  the  table  used  as  the  true  one 
not  only  "understates  the  value  of  the  sums  insured"  according  to  the 
high  authority  of  Dr.  Farr,  but  also  "  overstates  the  value  of  the  pre- 
miums, and  consequently  underrates,"  by  both  these  errors,  the  proper 
reserve.  And  if  this  could  be  said  in  England,  it  is  still  more  likely  to 
be  true  in  the  United  States. 

Some  may  suppose  that  the  use  of  four  per  cent  interest  in  the  calcu- 
lations may  be  a  sufficient  oflfset  to  these  defects.  But  it  must  be  re- 
membered that  four  per  cent  is  the  net  interest  at  which  all  the  receipts 
are  supposed  to  be  continually  compounded  without  any  loss  of  time, 
after  deducting  the  expenses  of  investing  and  managing  the  funds,  the 
salaries  and  fees  of  officers  and  solicitors  employed  in  making  the  invest- 
ments, the  losses  and  depreciation  of  stocks,  the  non-payment  of  loans, 
the  loss  of  interest  when  money  is  detained  by  agents,  transmitted  from 
distant  places,  transferred  from  one  investment  to  another,  or  lying  idle 
in  bank,  as  well  as  the  possible  reduction  of  interest  in  the  long  future 
period  during  which  the  policy  may  be  in  existence.  Premiums  are  not 
always  promptly  paid,  and  when  received  they  cannot  be  immediately 
loaned  on  satisfactory  security.  Losses  are  often  settled  before  the  insu- 
rance year  has  expired.  All  these  and  other  things  bring  down  the  rate 
of  interest  much  bdojv  the  nominal.  Dr.  Farr  thinks  three  per  cent  the 
proper  rate  in  England,  and  the  New  York  Life  Convention  decided  in 
favor  of  four  for  this  country.  And  they  are  to  be  commended,  we  think, 
for  this  decision.  Higher  net  rates  involve  hazard  in  the  investment,  and 
this,  in  the  long  run,  tends  to  bring  down  the  rate  to  that  on  the  best  securi- 
ties, which  is  lower  than  five,  even  in  this  country. 

The  high  authority  of  an  official  valuation  ought,  by  all  means,  be 
on  the  safe  side.  Some  of  our  American  companies  need  to  be  warned 
of  the  dangers  they  incur  from  their  large  dividends,  or  insufficient  pre- 
miums,  or  extra  hazardous  risks,  and  we  would  counsel  the  commissoners 
to  allow  for  every  contingency.  Very  high  authority  in  Boston  has  given 
them  the  same  counsel  we  have  here  suggested,  and  we  shall  hope  to  see 
them  use  a  better  table,  and  increase  their  valuation  so  as  to  provide  for 
the  two  contingencies  we  have  mentioned  above. 

6.  Let  b  and  c  be  the  same  as  before,  but  a  .71,  or  .72,  or  .75,  p  the 
actual  premium,  and  P  the  true,  and  A  the  true  annuity.  This  plan  is 
used  by  one  of  our  American  companies — the  Carlisle  being  taken  for 
the  true  table.  The  object  of  using  a  fraction  for  h  is  to  reduce  the 
charged  to  the  net  premium,  and  this  purpose  determines  its  magnitude. 
This  plan  is,  therefore,  nearly  the  same  as  the  preceding,  except  that  the 
Carlisle  table  is  adopted,  which  has  a  less  mortality  than  the  Actuaries^ 


Valuation  of  Life  Insurance  Policies.  189 

mnd  is  more  irregular  and  defective.  We  think  this  formula  gives  the 
reserve  too  small,  because  of  the  low  mortality  of  the  table,  the  omis- 
sion of  all  the  loading  on  the  past  payments,  and  of  any  allowance  for  the 
deterioration  of  life. 

6.  Let  a  and  c  be  as  at  first,  and  h  only  .80,  and  /?,  P,  and  A  the  true 
values.  This  is  recommended  by  Dr.  Farr. — (Reg.  Gen.  Rep.,  vol  12, 
page  Ixiii.)  It  gives  an  ample  reserve,  and  might  suit  for  an  old  oflSce 
like  the  Equitable,  but  it  is  not  at  all  adapted  to  most  companies.  For  the 
first  few  years  the  reservation  would  exceed  the  whole  receipts. 

7.  Let  c,^,  P,  and  A  be  the  same  as  in  the  last  method,  but  a  and  h 
«qual  and  more  than  unity,  say  1.10  or  1.15.  This  formula  is  used  by 
some  of  our  best  American  companies,  and  is  admirable.  It  adds  a  per- 
centage to  the  reserve,  thus  retaining  out  of  the  payments  that  have  been 
made  for  future  risks,  the  loading  that  was  added  for  future  contingen- 
cies; not  the  whole  loading  on  this  payment,  but  the  remainder  that  is 
left  after  paying  expenses.  As  ten  or  fifteen  per  cent  has  been  paid  by 
the  insured  for  their  future  security,  it  is  wrong  to  divide  this  amon^^ 
the  present  members,  some  of  whose  policies  will  soon  terminate  by 
death  or  purchase,  or  among  the  present  stockholders,  who  have  yet  no 
claim  to  the  money  not  earned.  As  every  company  ought  to  require  for 
the  hazards  it  assumes  at  least  ten  or  fifteen  per  cent  beyond  expenses, 
to  provide  for  the  contingency  of  a  higher  mortality  than  the  tabular 
rate,  it  ought  to  keep  its  future  risks  secured  in  like  manner.  This  for- 
mula does  no  m^re,  then,  than  retain  for  the  future  members  what  they 
have  paid  for  the  future  hazard,  and  for  the  future  security  what  ought 
to  be  retained.  We  think  1.10  is  the  least  value  that  should  be  given 
to  a  and  6,  and  prefer  1.15 ;  some  will  think  the  use  of  1.20  more  pru- 
dent. 

8.  Let  all  be  the  same  as  in  the  preceding  case,  and  c  be  .00022,  and 
the  formula  will  then  embrace  the  depreciation  of  life  for  the  first  year 
after  the  issue  of  the  policies,  according  to  the  experience  of  the  seven- 
teen London  offices  on  62,537  insurances.  This  makes  the  formula  all 
that  can  be  desired,  especially  if  our  average  table  be  used  for  A^p^  and  P. 

9.  Another  method  of  making  an  allowance  for  the  possible  increase 
of  mortality  above  the  tabular  amount,  is  to  construct  a  table  with  a  rate 
of  mortality  ten,  twenty,  or  twenty-five  per  cent  above  the  average  or 
true,  and  to  calculate  the  reservation  by  such  a  table.  As  the  mortality 
is  as  likely  to  be  excessive  in  one  future  year  as  another,  and  as  any 
general  cause,  like  climate,  epidemics,  or  new  diseases,  will  probably 
fall  on  each  age  of  life,  not  indiscriminately,  bu;t  in  proportion  to  the 
weakness  of  the  vital  energies,  that  is,  in  proportion  to  the  ordinary 
mortality  at  any  age,  the  proper  mode  of  anticipating  this  liability  is  to 
add  a  percentage  to  the  true  or  average  rate  of  mortality  at  every  period 
of  life,  and  to  compute  the  liability  from  such  a  table.  This  has  the 
advantage  over  the  preceding  mode  in  this,  that  it  provides  for  the  con- 
tingencies that  are  anticipated  in  the  exact  ratio  of  that  liability  on  each 
policy.  Instead  of  a  vague,  general  allowance  for  this  contingency  on 
all  the  contracts  of  the  office,  it  estimates  the  precise  liability  in  each 
separate  engagement  of  the  company,  and  provides  what  is  needed  to 
meet  it.  The  interpretation  of  the  valuation  by  such  a  table  would  be 
that  it  shows  how  much  of  the  present  means  are  needed  to  meet  the 
future  risks  already  paid  for  by  the  insured,  provided  the  future  mortality 


190  Valuation  of  Life  Insurance  Policies. 

should  be  ten,  twenty,  or  twenty-five  per  cent  higher  than  ib  given  by 
the  tables. 

As  we  think  such  a  mode  of  valuation  is  better  than  adding  a  per- 
centage to  the  reserve,  we  have  constructed  the  tables  at  the  end  of  this 
article  by  increasing  the  average  rate  of  mortality  twenty-five  per  cent. 
The  usual  columns,  D,  N,  M,  and  A,  as  well  as  the  premiums  for  each 
age,  counting  the  rate  of  interest  four  per  cent,  will  be  found  under  their 
appropriate  heads.  These  have  been  all  calculated  in  duplicate,  and  the 
results  tested  by  obtaining  the  premiums  from  D  and  N,  and  also  from 
N  and  M,  and  the  agreement  of  these,  even  to  the  eighth  decimal  place, 
is  a  proof  of  the  arithmetical  correctness  of  all  the  numbers  in  every 
column.  The  proofs  have  been  carefully  read,  and  it  is  believed  all  the 
figures  are  correctly  printed.  Some  may  think  that  twenty-five  per  cent 
is  too  large  an  addition  for  this  contingency,  but  as  it  does  not  give  a 
larger  reserve  than  the  ten  per  cent  added  in  the  seventh  and  eighth 
methods  of  valuations,  this  objection  cannot  be  sustained. 

10.  If  to  this  be  now  added  the  saving  in  the  first  year  of  life,  by 
making  c  equal  .00024,  which  is  the  average  correction  by  Higham's  ob- 
servations, when  divided  by  the  1  +  A  of  this  table,  we  shall  finally  have 
what  we  regard  as  the  most  satisfactory  mode  of  valuation. 

11.  If  Qve  per  cent  should  be  added  to  the  result  of  this  method,  by 
making  a  and  b  1.05,  for  the  purpose  of  meeting  any  other  future  con- 
tingency besides  the  exposure  to  adverse  fluctuations  of  mortality,  we 
shall  have  a  final  valuation^  covering  every  liability  and  securing  safety 
and  stability  and  permanence  beyond  fear,  doubt,  or  suspicion. 

We  will  now  give  two  examples  of  these  different  modes  of  valuation, 
so  as  to  compare  the  result  with  one  another,  and  note  the  diff'erences 
between  them.  Suppose  two  policies  for  $10,000  each,  to  be  taken  at 
the  ages  of  thirty  and  forty,  the  premiums  being  $236  and  $320,  and  let 
it  be  required  to  value  the  policies  after  ten  premiums  have  been  paid 
and  just  before  th«  eleventh  is  due.  The  several  values  will  be  as  fol- 
lows : — 

1  W.  Morgan :  Northampton  three  per  cent ;  usin;^  the 

actual  premiums  for  jP,  because  they  are  smaller  than  P      $f ,644  86  and  f  1  .'ISe  98 

2  Woolhouse  &  Nelson :  Carlisle  four  per  cent ^  "^ 

8     Bowditch :  Using  4.60  for  fifty  and  Oarlifile  for  A„ 

4     Wright  <b  Sargeant;  Actuaries'  four  per  cent 

4A  James:  Actual  experience  of  the  17  XiOndoo  offices. 
6     American :  Using  the  Carlisle  table  and  .71  for  a. . 

6  Dr.  Farr :  Farr's  No.  2,  4  per  cent,  using  bis  20  perct 

7  American :  Farr's  No.  2,  using  1 .  10  for  a  and  6 . . . . 

7  A  American :  Using  our  av.  table,  and  1 .  10  for  a  and  b 

8  American :  Same  as  the  last,  but  counting  deteriora- 
tion of  life 

8 A  The  same  as  the  last,  but  counting  a  and  6  at  1 . 1 5. 

9  The  average  table,  with  26  per  cent  inc.  of  mortality 

10  Same  as  the  last,  hut  countmg  depreciation  of  life.. 

11  Same  as  the  last,  but  counting  a  and  b  1  .U5 

Of  these,  1  is  too  large,  especially  at  the  younger  ages;  2  does  not 
compare  at  all  with  the  rest ;  3  and  6  are  too  large  at  all  ages ;  4  and  5  are 
too  small,  especially  for  recent  policies;  of  the  rest,  we  regard  8  and  10 
as  giving  the  least  that  is  consistent  with  justice,  propriety,  and  safety; 
8  A  and  11  are  more  prudent  and  preferable,  especially  for  the  United 
States. 


24  27 

227  72 

1,860  22 

1,941  66 

1,079  27 

1,629  92 

1,176  80 

1,662  12 

880  22 

1,286  46 

1,647  86 

2,202  94 

1,177  06 

1,686  28 

1,172  46 

1,724  78 

1,207  13 

1,761  84 

1,260  48 

1,880  24 

1,142  97 

1,677  11 

1,178  66 

1,706  77 

1,286  70 

1,790  62 

Valuation  of  Life  Insurance  Policies,  191 

We  will  now  compare  florae  of  these  methods  with  the  actual  experi- 
ence of  the  seventeen  London  offices,  and  thus  submit  them  to  the  test 
of  actual  trial  on  by  far  the  largest  experience  that  has  ever  been  col- 
lected. The  contributions  of  Mr.  James  enables  us  to  say  how  much 
ought  to  be  reserved  on  a  policy  issued  at  the  age  of  thirty  that  had 
been  running  any  number  of  years,  by  comparing  it  with  thousands  of 
other  policies  issued  by  those  London  companies  at  the  same  age.  So 
also  for  other  ages  than  thirty,  the  insurances  made  at  any  age  being  all 
kept  by  themselves  and  traced  through  their  whole  duration,  without 
being  mixed  up  with  other  policies  issued  at  different  ages. 

This  is  obviously  the  true  test  of  any  plan  of  valuation.  Every  policy 
to  be  valued  is  compared  with  others  issued  under  exactly  the  same  cir- 
cumstances, and  the  computed  value  compared  with  the  real.  Below  is 
a  table  of  values  at  thirty-five,  and  also  the  average  for  twelve  policies, 
all  for  $10,000,  at  six  ages :  ono  at  25,  two  at  30,  three  at  35,  three  at 
40,  two  at  46,  and  one  at  50,  which  numbers  will  nearly  represent  the 
admissions  of  our  American  offices. 

The  first  column  contains  the  valuation  according  to  the  actual  expe- 
rience of  the  seventeen  London  offices;  the  second,  the  Massachusetts 
valuation,  according  to  the  general  experience  of  those  offices  when  the 
young  and  old  policies  are  all  combined ;  the  third  and  fourth,  the  valu- 
ations given  by  our  eighth  and  tenth  methods,  which  we  have  stated  to 
be  the  very  lowest  that  ought  to  be  adopted.  -4,/?,  and  P  being  taken 
from  our  average  tables,  and  1.10  being  used  for  a  and  b  as  in  the  eighth 
method  above  explained. 

/ Policies  issued  at  35. »  /—-Average  of  six  ajjea.— — > 

James.  Wright  Eighth.  Tenth.  James.  WrighL  Eighth.  Tenth. 

First  year fl5V    $114    $161     $160  $177     $134    $179     $177 

Two  years 288       234       289       286  821       273       8'i7       822 

Three  years 407       866      420      418  464      416      478      470 

Foar  years 686       482       666       644  612       661       686       621 

Five  years 672      618       698      679  764       710      791       778 

Average  of  fiye  years.          401       868      424      416  468      419      482      474 

Ten  years 1,891     1,834    1,446    1,412  1,663    1.606    1,643    1,606 

Twenty  years. 8,064     8,018    8,266    3,165  8,330    8,238    8,478    3,439 

This  comparison  shows  that  the  Massachusetts  method,  although  found- 
ed on  the  general  experience  of  the  London  oflSces,  gives  a  less  valuation 
for  all  ages  than  the  real  experience  of  those  offices  when  the  insurances 
are  assorted  so  as  to  tell  the  mortality  on  policies  precisely  similar  to  those 
that  are  to  be  valued ;  the  deficiency  being  as  much  as  twenty-five  per 
cent  below  the  proper  result  in  the  first  year,  and  ten  per  cent  below 
when  the  average  duration  of  the  pplicies  is  two  or  three  years;  <he  per- 
centage of  deficiency  decreasing  as  the  policies  become  older.  It  also 
shows  that  our  eighth  and  tenth  methods  give  results  just  sufficient  to 
meet  the  deaths  at  the  early  ages  of  insurance,  leaving  nothing  for  the 
chance  of  adverse  fluctuations  of  mortality;  while  at  the  older  aores, 
when  the  policies  have  had  a  long  continuance,  only  three  or  four  per 
cent  is  allowed  for  this  and  other  future  contingencies.  These  results 
satisfy  us,  and  we  think  they  should  satisfy  every  one,  that  these  two 
plans  give  the  least  valuation  that  ought  to  be  adopted  to  comply  with 
the  demands  of  justice  and  safety,  and  that  the  eleventh  is  to  be  preferred, 
if  prudence  and  undoubted  security  are  thought  to  be  more  important 
than  justice  and  safety. 


192 


Valuation  of  Life  Insurance  Policies, 


E(l.85.) 

Living, 

Log.D. 

Log.N. 

Log.M. 

Premlom. 

15.. 

.00786 

7000 

7  6896979 

8.8665822 

7.0244891 

.0148849 

16.. 

.00826 

6945 

7.5691376 

8.8430026 

7.0122604 

.0147668 

17.. 

.00863 

6888 

7.6486020 

8.8192488 

6.9996449 

.0161494 

18.. 

.00898 

6828 

7.5277045 

8.7958180 

6.9867008 

.0165376 

19.. 

.00980 

6767 

7.5067686 

8.7712095 

6  9784687 

.0159816 

20.. 

.00960 

6704 

7.4866624 

8.7469202 

6.9600028 

.0163386 

21.. 

.00988 

6640 

7.4644897 

8.7224461 

6.9463415 

.0167454 

22.. 

.01015 

6674 

7.4430942 

8.6977827 

6.9326217 

.0171688 

23.. 

.01040 

6607 

7.4216302 

8.6729248 

6.9185661 

.0176052 

24.. 

.01064 

6440 

7.4000666 

8  6478661 

6.9046108 

.0180669 

25.. 

.01086 

6871 

7  8788776 

8.6226995 

6.8908755 

.0185258 

26.. 

.01109 

6802 

7.8566020 

8.6971170 

6.8761962 

.0190142 

27.. 

.01182 

6282 

7.8847254 

8.6714095 

6.8619670 

.0196285 

28.. 

.01155 

6161 

7.3127478 

8.6464678 

6.8476955 

.0200652 

29.. 

.01180 

6090 

7.2906692 

8  5192800 

6.8888894 

.0206115 

«0.. 

.01205 

6018 

7.2684806 

8.4928868 

6.8190819 

.0211982 

81.. 

.01231 

6946 

7.2461828 

8.4661282 

6.8046817 

.0218016 

82.. 

.01258 

6878 

7.2287696 

8.4391289 

6.7901856 

.0224417 

88.. 

.01287 

6799 

7.2012382 

8.4118398 

6.7766896 

.0281127 

84.. 

01818 

6724 

7.1786793 

8.8842392 

6.7611305 

.0288172 

85.. 

.01860 

6649 

7.1667888 

8.8668129 

6.7464947 

.0246574 

86.. 

.01884 

5672 

7.1828476 

8.8280437 

6.7817816 

.0258860 

87.. 

.01420 

6496 

7.1097616 

8.2994136 

6.7169791 

.0261657 

88.. 

.01458 

6417 

7.0866171 

8.2704029 

6.7020768 

.0270198 

89.. 

.01499 

5838 

7.0681052 

8.2409913 

6.6870660 

.0279302 

40.. 

.01642 

6268 

7.0396124 

8.2111668 

6.6719246 

.0288914 

41.. 

.01686 

6177 

7.0157301 

8.1808782 

6-6566474 

.0299071 

42.. 

.01682 

5095 

6.9917686 

8.1601172 

6.6412369 

.0809827 

48.. 

.01681 

5012 

6.9676741 

8  1188596 

6.6256866 

.0821238 

44.. 

.01788 

4928 

6.9481788 

8.0870692 

6.6099817 

.0333869 

45.. 

.01789 

4842 

6.9185626 

8.0647119 

6.6941087 

.0846266 

46.. 

.01861 

4766 

6.8986794 

8  0217609 

6.5780461 

.0359994 

47.. 

.01920 

4668 

6.8686320 

7  9881466 

6.6617667 

.0874637 

48.. 

.01998 

4578 

6.84B0791 

7.9538627 

6.6461969 

.0890260 

49.. 

.C2086 

4487 

6.8172807 

7.9188264 

6.6288051 

.0406898 

60.. 

.02182 

4898 

6.7910965 

7.8830189 

6.4110291 

.0424684 

51.. 

.02290 

4297 

6.7644820 

7.8468'?49 

6  4983075 

.0448650 

52.. 

.02410 

4199 

6.7378877 

7.8088211 

6.4750751 

.0468718 

58.. 

.02644 

4098 

6.7097696 

7.7708213 

6.4662622 

.0485222 

54.. 

.02692 

8998 

6.6816849 

7.7807997 

6.48rt7878 

.05('8146 

55.. 

.02866 

8886 

6.6626600 

7.6901866 

6  4165748 

.0682584 

66.. 

.08040 

3776 

6.6280827 

7.6484063 

6.8955335 

.0558684 

67.. 

.03244 

3660 

6.6925920 

7  6058787 

6.8785514 

.0586371 

58.. 

.08471 

8541 

6.6612365 

7.6610190 

6  3505191 

0615886 

59.. 

.08722 

8418 

6.5288610 

7.5152378 

6.8263106 

.0647252 

60.. 

.08996 

8291 

6.4968547 

7  4679394 

6  8007968 

.0680646 

61.. 

.04298 

8160 

6.46061C7 

7.4190261 

6.2738609 

.0716871 

62.. 

.04612 

8024 

6.4246211 

7.3683924 

6.2453887 

.0768849 

68.. 

.04952 

2885 

6.8869814 

7.815^269 

6  2152765 

.0798141 

64.. 

.05814 

2742 

6.8478911 

7.2616060 

6.1884800 

.0885469 

65.. 

.05699 

2596 

6.8071435 

7.2049967 

6  1497606 

.0880562 

66.. 

.06111 

2448 

6.2646265 

7.1462604 

6.1141860 

.0928722 

67.. 

.06554 

2298 

6.2202079 

7.0861088 

6.0764608 

.0980297 

68.. 

.07089 

2148 

6.1787862 

7.0218701 

6.0366778 

.1086686 

69.. 

.07671 

1997 

6.1260027 

6.9648447 

5.9942712 

.1096082 

70.. 

.08165 

1845 

6.0787776 

6.8868023 

6  9498009 

.1158774 

71.. 

.08798 

1695 

6.0197998 

6.8124985 

5  9018956 

.1227149 

72.. 

.09501 

1646 

5.9627709 

6.7861698 

5.8602484 

.1800892 

78.. 

.1026 

1899 

5.9023818 

6.6560818 

5.7965269 

.1878782 

74.. 

.1109 

1256 

5.8888341 

6.6717795 

5.7869621 

.1462769 

75.. 

.1200 

1116 

5.7702514 

6.4880770 

6.6741824 

.1552585 

76.. 

.1298 

982 

5.6977007 

6.8896629 

6.6066219 

.1648887 

77.. 

.1405 

855 

5.6202865 

6.2908577 

5.58&0290 

.1750537 

Annnlty. 

17.92276 

17.78788 

17.65290 

17.51888 

17.88468 

17.24988 

17.11867 

16.97681 

16.83589 

16.69338 

16  64777 

16.89868 

16.24588 

16.08911 

15.92820 

15.76298 

15.59861 

15.41948 

15.24056 

15.05688 

14.86825 

14.67459 

14.47576 

14  27164 

14.06212 

18  84720 

18  62689- 

18.40004 

18.16726 

12.92807 

12.68230 

12.42986 

12.17084 

11.90546 

11.68411 

11.85718 

11.07488 

10  78782 

10.49640 

10.20121 

9.90276 

9.60166 

9.29880 

8  99499 

8.69117 

8.88826 

8.08689 

7.78762 

7.49062 

7.19628 

6.90410 

6.61419 

6.82648 

6.04101 

6  76887 

6.47925 

5.20488 

4.93469 

4.67087 

4.41809 

4.16209 

8.91888 

8.68851 


Journal  of  Mercantile  Law. 


198 


E(l.25.)  Living. 

Log.D. 

Log.N. 

78.. 

.152U 

785 

5  5874990 

6.1865479 

79.. 

.1644 

6-28 

5.4488616 

6.0762066 

80.. 

.1776 

621 

5.8588267 

6.9693792 

81.. 

.1917 

428 

6.2618764 

5.8866921 

82.. 

.2066 

846 

5.1424167 

5.7043707 

88.. 

.2221 

275 

5.0248745 

6.5661968 

84.. 

.2882 

214 

4.8987650 

6  4176606 

85.. 

.2550 

163 

4  7686727 

6.2608969 

86.. 

.2724 

121 

4.6186956 

5.0946651 

87.. 

.2904 

88.2 

4.4685650 

4.9178467 

88.. 

.8098 

62.6 

4.2975852 

4.7298742 

89.. 

.3296 

48  2 

4.1197914 

4.5295821 

90.. 

.8517 

29.0 

3.9290921 

4.8158760 

91.. 

.8769 

18.8 

8  7238847 

4.0885789 

92.. 

.4027 

11.7 

8.5020556 

8.8878071 

98.. 

.4?  85 

7.00 

8.2612147 

8.5689271 

94.. 

.4699 

8.97 

2.9978813 

8.2744781 

95.. 

.5140 

2.10 

2.7047068 

2.9481185 

96.. 

.5681 

1  02 

2.3748087 

2.5806408 

97.. 

.6346 

.441 

1.9926586 

2.1588840 

98.. 

.7159 

.161 

1.6388987 

1  6596002 

99.. 

.8144 

.046 

0.9748816 

1  0461470 

100. 

1.000 

.008 

0.2268768 

0.2263768 

Log.  M. 
6.4558306 
6.8715618 
6.2806881 
5  1825784 
6.0767760 
4.9626684 
4.8897766 
4.7076214 
4.6656181 
4.4182007 
4.2498048 
4.0746114 
8.8864084 
8.6836082 
8.4642707 
8.2258911 
2.9645554 
2  6744171 
2.8465798 
1.9674810 
1.6167817 
0.9546870 
0.2093429 


Promlum. 
.1859014 
.1978989 
.2095361 
.2228245 
.2867243 
.2497281 
.2648724 
.2797206 
.2958340 
.8128629 
.8810782 
.3608160 
.3724196 
.8968048 
.4281200 
.4589040 
.4898^^60 
.6824748 
.5838582 
.6^43878 
.7180116 
.8101026 
.9615886 


Annuity. 
8.46707 
8.28980 
8  03280 
2.88465 
2.64716 
2.46994 
2.80214 
2.14286 
1.9918T 
1.84687 
1.70607 
1.66886 
1.48379 
1.80009 
1.16661 
1.08101 
0.89277 
0.76161 
0.60817 
0.46445 
0.82192 
0.17846 
0.00000 


ESRATA  Ur  THK  LABT  NUMBKR. 

For  18.343,  annuity  at  age  18,  read  18.346.       |     For  .036760,  premlnm  at  age  50,  read  .086726^ 


JOURNAL  OF  MERCANTILE  LAW. 


PROFITS    AND   PARTNERSHIP. 

In  the  Supreme  Judicial  Court  of  Massachusetts. .  Before  Judge  Metcalf. 
Dana  H.  Fitch  and  others  vs.  Samuel  P.  Harrington  and  others. 

1.  An  agreement  between  one  partner  and  a  third  person,  that  the  latter  shall  participate  in  that 

partner'^  share  of  the  profits  of  the  firm,  as  profits,  renders  him  liable  as  a  partner  to  the 
eredltors  of  the  firm,  although,  as  regards  the  other  members  of  the  firm,  he  Is  not  their  co> 
partner. 

2.  The  acts  and  declaration  of  a  person  not  a  partner  are  not  admissible  to  charge  him  as  a  partner, 

without  showing  that  they  were  brought  home  to  the  plaintifTs  knowledge. 

Action  on  a  promissory  note  signed  by  the  name  of  Whittemore,  Harrington 
k  Co.    Trial  before  Metcalf,  J.,  who  signed  this  bill  of  exceptions : — 

"  Samuel  P.  Harrington  alone  made  defence ;  and  the  only  question  was, 
whether  he  was  liable,  as  a  partner,  with  the  other  defendants. 

•*  It  was  in  evidence  that  the  firm  of  Whittemore,  Harrington  &  Co.  was 
formed  in  July,  1856,  and  carried  on  business  until  the  latter  part  of  October, 
1857,  when  they  stopped  payment ;  and  that  the  notes  in  suit  were  given  for 
articles  used  in  the  business  of  the  firm. 

"  The  plaintifils  introduced  evidence  tending  to  show  that  Samuel  P.  Har- 
rington was  a  member  of  said  firm,  as  between  the  partners  themselves ;  that 
the  share  in  the  concern,  standing  in  the  name  ot  Leonard  Harrington,  (one 
of  the  members  of  the  firm,)  was  owned  jointly  by  Leonard  and  Samuel  P. 
Harrington  ;  that  Samuel  P.  held  himself  out  to  the  plaintiflb,  and  also  to  the 
public  at  large,  as  one  of  the  partners  in  the  firm ;  and  that  the  plaintiff  gave 
credit  to  Whittemore,  Harrington  &  Co.,  under  the  belief  that  he  was  a 
partner. 

**  The  defendant,  Samuel  P.  Harrington,  introduced  evidence,  tending  to 
show  that  he  was  not  a  partner  in  the  firm  ;  that  he  had  not  held  himself  out  as 
such  to  the  public  at  lai^e,  nor  to  the  plaintifis ;  that  he  had  no  interest  in  the 
share  of  the  concern  standing  in  the  name  of  Leonard  Harrington  ;  and  that 
he  was  not  known  nor  recognized  as  a  partner  by  the  members  of  the  firm. 

tol.  xliv. — wo.  II.  13 


194  Journal  oj  Mercantile  Law. 

**  The  plaintiffa  requested  the  court  to  instruct  the  jury,  that  although  Samuel 
P.  Harrinqton  was  not  known  by  the  members  of  the  firm  generally  to  be  a 
partner,  yet  if  the  share  in  the  partnership  concern,  which  share  stood  in  the 
name  of  Leonard  Harrington  only,  was  owned  jointly  by  Leonard  and 
Samuel  P  ,  and  Samuel  P.,  as  between  him  and  Leonard,  was  entitled  to  the 
profits,  if  any,  which  might  be  derived  from  that  share,  he  (Samuel  P.)  was  a 
partner  in  the  firm,  as  to  the  plaintifls,  and  liable  to  them  in  this  action  ;  that 
if  he  held  himselt  out  as  a  partner  in  the  firm,  under  such  circumstances  as  to 
induce  the  plaintiffs  to  give  credit  to  the  firm  under  that  belief,  though  he  was 
not  in  reality  a  partner,  he  was  still  liable  to  them  as  such  ;  and  that  his  acts 
and  declarations  if  made  publicly,  though  not  brought  to  the  knowledge  of  the 
plaintiffs,  were  competent  evidence  that  he  so  held  himself  out,  and  thereby  in- 
duced the  plaintiffs  to  give  credit  to  the  firm,  under  the  belief  that  he  was  a 
partner. 

**  The  court  declined  to  give  instructions  in  the  terms  requested  ;  but  instructed 
the  jury  as  follows: — That  if  Samuel  P.  Harrington  was  a  member  of  the  firm, 
when  the  notes  in  suit  were  given,  he  was  liablo  in  this  action,  whether  the 
plaintiffs  then  knew  or  did  not  know  that  he  was  a  partner,  or  whether  they  did 
or  did  not  give  credit  to  the  firm  on  the  belief  that  he  was  a  partner ;  that  if 
he  was  not  a  member  of  the  firm,  yet,  if  by  his  acts  and  declarations,  which 
were  brought  home  to  the  knowledge  of  the  plaintiffs,  he  led  them  to  believe 
that  he  was  a  member  of  the  firm,  and  to  give  credit  to  the  firm  in  that  belief, 
he  was  liable  to  them  in  this  action  ;  that  his  acts  and  declarations  to  persons 
other  than  the  plaintiffs  were  evidence  for  the  jury  to  consider,  in  determining 
the  question  whether  he  was  a  member  of  the  firm  ;  but  if  such  acts  and  declara- 
tions did  not  satisfy  the  jury  that  he  was  a  member  of  the  firm,  then  they  were 
not  evidence  which  would  render  him  liable  to  the  plaintiffs,  unless  knowledge 
of  them  was  brought  home  to  the  plaintiffs,  and  induced  them  to  give  credit  to 
the  firm  in  the  belief  that  he  was  a  member  of  the  firm  ;  that  if  the  share  in 
the  partnership  concern,  which  share  stood  in  the  name  of  Leonard  Harrington 
only,  was  owned  jointly  by  him  and  Samuel  P.  Harrington,  then  Samuel  P. 
was  liable  in  this  action  ;  but  if  there  was  a  sub-partnership  between  Leonard 
and  Samuel  P.,  by  which  Samuel  P.  was  to  share  in  the  profits  of  the  firm,  to 
which  profits  Leonard  was  entitled,  this  alone  would  not  make  Samuel  P.  liable 
for  the  debts  of  the  firm. 

*'  The  jury  returned  a  verdict  for  the  defendant,  and  the  plaintiffs  excepted  to 
the  instructions  given  to  the  jury." 

The  opinion  of  the  court  was  delivered  by 

Mbtcalf,  J. — We  are  all  of  opinion  that  the  plaintiffs  are  entitled  to  a  new 
trial,  for  the  reason  that  the  instruction  respecting  a  sub  partnership  between 
Leonard  Harrington  and  Samuel  P.  Harrington,  given,  as  it  was,  without 
any  explanation,  may  have  misled  the  jury.  That  part  of  the  instructions  was 
given  on  the  authority  of  Collter  on  Partnership,  (3d  ed.,)  section  194.  which 
was  cited  by  the  defendants'  counsel  at  so  late  a  stage  of  the  trial,  that  the 
court  had  no  opportunity  to  examine  the  position  there  laid  down,  which  is 
thus : — "  Although  the  delectus  person(B,  which  is  inherent  in  the  nature  of 
partnership,  precludes  the  introduction  of  a  stranger  against  the  will  of  any  of 
the  copartners,  yet  no  partner  is  precluded  from  entering  into  a  sub-partnership 
with  a  stranger ;  nam  socii  mei  socius^  mens  socius  non  est  In  such  case,  the 
stranger  may  ehare  the  profits  of  the  particular  partner  with  whom  he  contracts, 
and,  not  being  engaged  to  the  general  partnership,  will  of  course  not  be  liable 
for  their  debts." 

The  only  decided  cases  which  Mr.  Collyer  cites,  in  support  of  this  position, 
are  that  of  Sir  Charles  Raymond,  referred  to  by  Lord  Eldon,  in  Ex  parte 
Barrow,  2  Rose,  255,  and  that  of  Brown  vs  De  Tastet,  Jac.  284.  In  the  case 
in  2  Rose,  Lord  Eldon  said  : — •*  I  take  it  to  have  been  long  since  clearly  estab- 
lished, that  a  man  may  become  a  partner  with  A.,  where  A.  and  B.  are  partners, 
and  yet  not  be  a  member  of  that  partnership  which  existed  between  A.  and  B. 
Id  the  case  of  Sir  Charles  Raymond,  a  banker  in  the  city,  a  Mr.  Fletcher 


Journal  of  Mercantile  Law.  195 

agreed  with  Sir  Charles  Raymond,  that  he  shoald  be  interested  so  far  as  to  re- 
ceive a  share  of  bis  profits  of  the  business,  and  which  share  he  had  a  right  to 
draw  out  from  the  firm  of  Raymond  &  Co.  But  it  was  held,  that  he  was  no 
partner  in  that  partnership,  had  no  demand  against  it,  had  no  account  in  it,  and 
that  he  must  be  satisfied  with  a  share  of  the  profits  arising  and  given  to  Sir 
Charles  Raymond."  In  the  case  in  Jacob,  it  was  decided,  that  where  one  of 
several  partners  had  agreed  with  a  third  person  to  give  him  a  moiety  of  his  share 
in  the  concern,  the  Court  of  Chancery  might  decree  an  account  between  them, 
without  making  the  other  partners  parties  to  the  bill.  These  cases  show  this 
only: — ^That  as  between  the  members  of  the  firm,  inter  sese,  Mr.  Fletcher,  in 
the  first  case,  and  the  third  person  in  the  other  case,  were  not  copartners.  They 
decided  nothing  as  to  the  liability  of  either  to  the  creditors  of  the  existing  firm. 

But  Mr.  Collyer  also  cites  2  Bell  Com.  636,  where  it  is  said: — "There  may 
be  a  subcontract,  by  which  a  stranger  may  be  admitted  to  divide  with  any  of 
the  partners  his  share  of  the  profits.  The  other  partners  are  not  bound  to  take 
notice  of  this  sub-contract ;  nor  is  there  any  responsibility  attached  to  it,  by 
which  the  stranger,  as  sharing  in  the  profit  oi  the  concern,  becomes  liable  for 
the  debts  of  the  partnership."  Erskine's  Institutes,  and  the  case  of  Fairholm 
vs.  Majoribanes,  decided  m  Scotland  in  1725,  are  cited  in  support  of  this  posi- 
tion. In  looking  at  3  Ersk.  Inst.,  (ed.  of  1828.)  sections  21,  22,  we  find  that 
nothing  is  there  said  concerning  the  liability  of  such  stranger  for  the  debts  of 
the  partnership.  Mr.  Erseinb  says,  "  if  any  of  the  partners  shall  assume  a  third 
person  mto  partnership  with  him,  such  assumed  person  becomes  partner,  not  to 
the  company,  but  to  the  assumer."  We  have  not  seen  the  report  of  Fairholm 
vs.  Majoribanks.  But  Mr.  Stare  cites  that  case  and  Erskinb's  Institutes,  in 
support  of  the  following  passage  in  his  work  on  partnership  : — *  Sub  contracts 
between  partners  and  other  persons,  by  which  a  beneficial  interest  in  the  partner- 
ship is  granted,  do  not  create  new  partners.  The  partner  himself  remains  alone 
liable  to  company  creditors."  He  adds  a  quotation  from  the  Digest,  which  is 
silent,  however,  as  to  such  other  persons'  liability  for  the  debts  of  the  partner- 
ship. Stark  on  Part.  155.  It  would  seem,  therefore,  that  the  Scotch  writers, 
Mr.  Bell  and  Mr.  Stark,  have  stated  the  doctrine  which  Mr.  Collyer  has  re- 
peated, only  as  an  inference  of  their  own  from  the  established  law,  that  such  a 
sub-contract  as  those  writers  mention,  between  one  member  of  a  firm  and  a 
stranger,  does  not  make  the  stranger,  as  between  him  and  the  firm,  their  copart- 
ner ;  and  hence  that  the  law  of  Scotland,  as  to  such  stranger's  liability  for  the 
debts  of  the  firm,  may  not  differ  from  the  law  of  England  and  of  this  country. 
Indeed,  it  is  hardly  to  be  supposed  that  it  was  decided  in  Fairholm  vs.  Majori- 
banks, that  such  a  stranger  was  not  liable  for  the  debts  of  the  firm  in  a  case  in 
which,  by  the  English  law  and  ours,  he  would  have  been  liable.  For  both  Mr. 
Bell  and  Mr.  Stark,  as  well  as  Mr.  Collyer,  correctly  state  the  English  law 
on  this  point,  without  an  intimation  that  the  Scotch  law  is  different,  except  by 
subsequently  inserting  the  pas.«age  which  the  defendants'  counsel  cited  at  the 
trial  of  the  present  case.  2  Bell  Com.  625,  626,  Stark  on  Part.  137  et  seq. 
Collyer  on  Part,  book  i.,  c.  1. 

Now,  what  is  our  law  and  the  law  of  England  on  this  subject  ?  We  under- ' 
stand  it  to  be  thus : — An  agreement  between  one  copartner  and  a  third  person, 
renders  him  liable,  as  a  partner,  to  the  creditors  of  the  firm,  although  as  between 
himself  and  the  members  of  the  firm,  he  is  not  their  copartner ;  but  if  such  third 
person,  by  his  agreement  with  one  member  of  the  firm,  is  to  receive  compensa- 
tion for  his  labor,  services,  &c.,  in  proportion  to  the  profits  of  the  business  of 
the  firm,  without  having  any  specific  lien  on  the  profits,  to  the  exclusion  of  other 
creditors,  he  is  not  liable  for  the  debts  of  the  firm.  Denny  w.  Cabot,  6  Met. 
90-94.  Bradley  vs.  White,  10  Met.  305.  Holmes  vs.  Old  Colony  Railroad,  5 
Gray,  68.  Burckle  vs.  Echart,  3  Comst.  132  3  Kent  Com.  (6th  ed.)  33  et. 
seq.    Parsons*  Merc.  Law,  168,  and  note. 

In  order  to  enable  the  jury  to  decide  whether  Samuel  P.  Harrington  was 
liable  for  the  debts  of  the  firm  of  Whittemore,  Harrington  Sl  Co.  by  reason 
of  a  sub-partnership  between  him  and  Leonard  Harrington,  they  should  have 
received  iDstractions  more  definite  and  discriminating  than  they  could  derive 


196  Commercial  Chronicle  and  Review. 

from  the  mere  words  of  Mr.  Collyeb.  The  kiDd  of  agreement  which  would 
render  Samuel  P.  liable  for  the  debts  of  the  firm,  and  the  kind  of  agreement 
which  would  not  render  him  liable  therefor,  should  have  been  so  explained  to 
them  that  they  might  intelligently  decide  whether  the  agreement  between  the 
two  (if  any  was  proved)  was  such  as  did  or  did  not  render  Sammel  P.  liable  as 
a  partner,  for  the  debts  due  from  the  firm  to  the  piaintifi^. 


COMMERCIAL  CHRONICLE  AND  REVIEW. 


rOLlTICAL  IMrLUBl«CKB->llUB81DBRCB  OP  PAMC— RISK!  AMD  OBUOATIOIIS— CIVIL  WAR—  PAILVRKS  IH 
THE  UMITID  BTATK8— BTAOVATION  OP  KXTKRPRI8K— DBCLIMK  IM  DKMAMD  POR  CAPITaL^-BAKK  RK- 
TURJI8 — ftRUfO  BITBIJIRSS-— LARGK  X1P0R18  — WBRAT  VALCK— ltATl01>AL  BALAMCR— LOW  RATB8  OP 
BXOBAMei — PUTVRR  ELBMICMT8  OP  f>PICULATlOK»RATBB  OP  MOMRY— TRRA8URT  M0TR8— OOV- 
RRHMXIIT  LOAM— BIOBRR  RATES— 8T0CK  MARXKT— DRPARTMRKT  PRACD— IMPLURMCX  OM  PR1CR8  — 
RATE  OP  RXCBAMOX— SPECIE  ARRIVALS  — DI8POaiTlOM  —  AB8AT-OPPlCE—MIMT—WE8TERB  EX- 
CBAMOE8. 

The  political  events  which  produced  the  financial  panic  on  the  announcement 
of  the  Presidential  election  in  November  have  continued  to  assume  greater  im- 
portance in  the  same  direction,  and  to  threaten  the  noost  serious  results  for  the 
future.  Nevertheless,  the  "  panic  "  feeling  which  had  been  manifest  gradually 
disappeared,  and  commerci^l  fears  subsided  in  proportion.  The  first  efiect  of 
serious  difficulties  is  always  to  alarm  those  who  have  outstanding  risks  and  ob- 
ligations that  may  be  afiected,  and  there  is,  as  a  matter  of  course,  a  general  and 
simultaneous  effort  to  cover  those  risks  and  use  every  effort  to  prepare  for  the 
obligations,  and  these  efibrts  produce  an  unusual  demand  for  money  at  any  price. 
This  is  the  more  stringent  and  the  more  marked  when  the  evils  are  of  an  unusual 
character,  and  bear  on  their  face,  as  now,  the  portentious  feature  of  disunion 
and  civil  war,  with  all  its  horrors  in  the  background.  Annexed  hereto  we  give 
the  statistics  of  the  New  York  Commercial  Agency,  which  indicates  the  efi*ect 
of  the  panic  upon  those  houses  which  were  caught  with  outstanding  obligations 
they  could  not  meet  in  face  of  the  paralysis  in  collection.  The  pressure,  how- 
ever created,  where  the  general  state  of  aflfairs  is  sound,  cannot  but  be  brief,  since 
new  enterprises  are  at  once  abandoned  and  propositions  for  new  business  at  least 
postponed,  and  the  lapse  of  a  very  little  time  brings  with  it  the  maturity  and 
cancelment  of  contracts  and  the  withdrawal  of  risks.  The  sudden  stringency 
at  once  gives  place  to  ease,  and  the  falling  value  of  money  or  capital  marks 
the  stagnation  of  those  business  enterprises  which  usually  demand  it.  The 
bank  returns,  which  we  publish  as  usual,  illustrate  the  operation.  Under  the 
demand  of  November  the  loans  rose  $10  000,000,  and  the  price  of  money  was 
very  high.  That  amount  seems,  however,  to  have  sufficed  to  cover  immediate 
wants,  and  the  discounts  fell  $6,000,000  to  Jan.  1,  by  means  of  payment  under 
collections.  The  low  rates  of  bills  and  the  high  rates  of  money  drew  specie 
rapidly  from  Europe,  and  some  $10,000,000  arrived  thence  up  to  the  first  week 
in  January,  in  face  of  an  export  of  $6,000,000  in  the  same  period  last  year 
making  a  diflference  of  $16,000,000  in  the  exchanges  abroad.  At  the  same  time 
the  Western  exchanges  fell  to  reasonable  rates,  permitting  of  collections,  while 
Southern  credit  with  banking  houses  were  very  generally  cut  off.    While  do 


Oommercial  Chronicle  and  Review.  197 

new  notes  having  been  created  for  new  business,  the  bank  line  of  discounts 
drops  of  its  own  weight,  and  the  rate  of  money  declines  still  farther.  The 
nsnal  spring  basiness  has  not  been  provided  for»  and  manafactaring  has  been 
checked.  That  is  to  say,  the  demand  for  capital  in  its  nsnal  employments  has 
been  curtailed  to  an  extent,  if  we  take  the  magnitude  of  interests  into  consid- 
eration, seldom  before  realused.  Fortunately,  at  such  a  juncture,  the  state  of  the 
foreign  markets  has  been  such  as  to  attract  unusual  quantities  of  produce,  and 
the  exports  from  the  port  of  New  York,  as  will  be  found  in  the  trade  tables, 
have,  in  the  last  quarter  of  1860,  been  thirty  per  cent  larger  than  ever  before 
in  the  history  of  the  country.  This  embraces  farm  produce  or  food  to  an  ex- 
traordinary extent.  The  export  of  wheat  and  flour  from  the  United  States, 
since  September  1,  exceeds  by  $25,000,000  the  exports  of  the  same  articles  in 
1859,  for  the  same  period  in  which,  also,  there  has  been  a  considerable  decline 
in  the  amount  of  goods  imported.  The  demand  for  cotton  abroad  has  also  been 
active,  giving  full  credits  against  that  article,  and  there  has  also  been  a  disposi- 
tion to  invest  in  stocks  at  the  low  prices  caused  by  the  panic.  The  result  is, 
then,  following — a  balance  in  favor  of  the  country  left  by  last  year's  trade,  a 
larger  export  of  domestic  produce,  including  cotton  and  breadstuff's,  and  of 
stocks,  on  one  hand,  with  a  smaller  present  and  prospective  import  of  goods  in 
return.  The  commercial  operation  has  been,  then,  to  throw  the  balance  largely 
in  favor  of  the  country,  or,  in  other  words,  to  make  specie  the  best  article  of 
importation.  There  has  accordingly  been  considerable  receipts,  and  the  extent 
to  which  this  will  be  carried  must  depend  upon  the  import  trade,  since  there  is 
little  doubt  but  that  food  and  cotton  will  go  largely  abroad.  If  importers  hesi- 
tate about  ordering  goods  the  proceeds  of  the  produce  sales  must  come  back  in 
coin.  The  internal  exchanges,  under  the  same  influences,  show  the  same  results, 
since  the  large  remittance  of  produce,  with  restricted  purchases  of  goods,  are 
followed  by  a  marked  decline  in  the  rates  of  exchange  on  New  York  at  all  points 
of  the  interior,  and  collections  have  been  made  in  a  manner  to  greatly  ease  the 
city  payments.  . 

The  political  difficulties  once  settled,  there  is  but  little  doubt  that  a  period  of 
commercial  enterprise  and  prosperity  would  manifest  itself  far  in  excess  of  any 
previous  example.  The  pendency  of  such  serious  calamities  as  dissolution  and 
civil  war  make  all  other  considerations  give  place  in  their  presence.  The  re- 
moval of  those  fears  make  the  evils  of  mere  commercial  revulsion  appear  light, 
and  such  periods  of  depression  are  generally  followed  by  the  boldest  enterprises. 
The  troubles  of  1860  were  followed  by  the  excitement  of  1853,  and  their  recur- 
rence in  1854  preceded  the  great  activity  of  1856.  The  country  now,  with  its 
railroads  built,  with  its  working  capital  larger  and  more  available  than  ever,  is 
in  a  position  to  develop  trade  and  prosperity  in  a  manner  heretofore  unexam- 
pled. On  the  other  hand,  should  the  difficulties  unfortunately  not  be  brought 
to  a  close,  trade  will  doubtless,  to  a  limited  extent,  be  continued,  food  will  grow, 
and  industrjkwill  be  productive  ;  whether  it  can  be  permanently  protected  in  its 
development,  surrounded  by  hostile  political  exigencies,  is  matter  of  serious 
doubt.  The  Mexican  people,  thanks  to  their  genial  climate  and  spontaneous 
fruits  of  the  earth,  can  live  amidst  their  anarchy.  The  North  cannot  follow  that 
example — a  peaceful  Union  or  a  bloody  transit  to  a  state  of  despotism  seems  to 


198  Commercial  Chronicle  and  Review. 

be  the  alterDative.  The  States  of  Europe  want  the  breadstoffs  of  the  North 
aDd  the  cotton  of  the  South  ;  both  are  becoming  annually  more  indispensable 
to  them,  and  the  more  so  that  a  general  war  seems  to  lower  upon  the  continent. 
The  discharge  of  bank  loans  by  payment,  while  little  new  paper  is  making, 
and  the  collections  in  various  parts  of  the  country,  tend  to  send  capital  back  to 
the  center,  hence  the  rates  gradually  fall,  and  were,  to  the  middle  of  the  month, 
as  follows : — 

I On  call »  4 Indorsed. »      Single  Other  Not  well 

Stocks.  Other.  60  days.     4  a  6  mos.     names.  good.  known. 

Jan.  Ist,  1869.  4a4i4a6  4a6       6a6      6a7  7a8  »alO 

Feb.  iBt 6a6  6a7  6ad       6a7       7a  7^  8a9  9a  10 

Mar.  Ut 4a6  4ia6  4ia5^5ia6i6a7  7a8  9a  10 

Apr.  let 4a6  5a6  6a5i6a6i6ia7  8a9  9a  10 

May  let 6a6  6a7  6a6i6ia6       7a9  9a  10  iOal2 

JuD.  let 6    a7  7    a8  6i  a  7       7    a8       8    a9  9  a  10  10  a  12 

July  let 6    a6  6    a7  6^  a  7       7    a  7i     8    a  9  10  a  12  12  a  16 

Aug.  let 6a7  7a8  6^a7i7a8       8a9  11  a  18  12  a  16 

Sept.  let 6ia6  7    a8  6    a7       7    a  7i     8    a  8i  11  a  14  12  a  16 

Oct.  let.. 6ia7  6a7  6ia7       7a8       8a9  10  a  12  12  a  18 

Nov.let 6    a6i  6    a7  6i  a  7i    7i  a  8      8^  a  9i  12  a  16  12  a  18 

Pec.  let 6a6^6a7  6a7       7a8i8a9  9a  10  12  a  18 

Dec.l7th 6ia6  6    a7  *?    a  7i    7i  a  8i    8    a  9  9  a  10  12  a  18 

Jan.  let,  I860..  6    a  6i  6^  a  7  7    a  7i    7^  a  8^    7i  a  8  9  a  10  12  a  18 

Jan.l6th 7    a  7i  7    a  7i  8i  a  9       9    a  9i     9    a  10  lOall  15  a  20 

Feb.  let 6    a  6^  7    a  7^  8i  a  9       9    a  9^     9    a  10  Ha  12  16  a  20 

Feb.  16th 6    a6  6    a7  7    a  7i    7i  a  8       8^  a  9^  10  a  12  16  a  18 

Mar.  let 5i  a  6  6    a7  7    a  7i    7i  a  8       6^  a  9^  10  a  12  16  a  18 

Mar.  16th 6    a  6i  6i  a  6  6    a7       7i  a  8       8^  a  9^  10  a  12  16  a  18 

Apr  let 6    a  6^  6    a  6i  6i  a  6      6    a  6^    6i  a  7i  9  a  10  11  a  18 

Apr.  16th 6    a  64  6    a  6^  6i  a  6       6    a  6^     6i  a  7^  9  a  10  11  a  18 

May  let 5    a  6i  6    a  6^  6    a6      6    a  6i     6^  a  7i  9  a  10  11  a  12 

May  16th....  6a6  6a6i6a6       6a7       6ia7i  9a  10  10  a  12 

June  let 4fa6  6a6i6a6       6a7       6i&7i  8a9  9a  10 

June  16th 4ia6  6a6  4ia6       6a6i6ia6  6a  7^  8a9 

July  let 6a6i6ia6  ..a6       6a6       6ia6  7a  7i  8a9 

July  16th 6a6i6ia6  ..a6       6a6      6ia6  7a  7|  8a9 

Aug.  let 5a6  6a7  6a6       6a6i64a7  7ia8i  9a  10 

Aug.  16th 6ia6  6a7  6a6i6a7       6ia7iSa9  9a  10 

Sept  let 6a7  7a9  6ia7       7a9       8a9  9a  12  12  a  24 

Sept  15th 6    a7  6i  a  7  7    a  7^     7i  a  8       6i  a  7i  9    a  9^  10alO| 

Oct  let 6ia7  7    a8  6i  a  7       6i  a  7^    8    a  8|  9    a  10  12a20 

Oct  16  th 6ia7  7    a8  6i  a  7       6i  a  7i     8    a  8^  9    a  10  12a20 

Nov.let 6ia7  7    a8  6^  a  7       7    a7i     8    a9  10    al2  12a  16 

Nov.  16th 7    a8  7    a9  8    a9       9    a  10    9    a  12  14    a  16  16a 24 

Dec  let 7    a9  9    a  10  10    a  12  12    a  15   16    a  18  24    a  86  ..a.. 

Dec.  16th 6    a7  9    a  11  12    a  16  15    a  18  20    a  ....    a  . .  ..a.. 

Jan.   let,  1861.  6i  a  6^  8    a  10  10    a  12  13    a  15  )8    a  ..  ..    a  ..  ..a.. 

Jan.   15th 6    a6  6    a7  7    a8       8    a9      8    a  10  12    a  16  18  a24 

The  decline  in  rates  at  call  give  support  to  the  stock  market,  and  the  supply 
of  good  business  paper  is  not  equal  to  the  demand.  The  large  class  tainted 
with  renewals  and  surrounded  with  circumstances  that  weaken  full  confidence* 
finds  great  diflficully  in  negotiation.  The  effect  of  panic  upon  imports  manifests 
itself  in  a  decline  of  the  government  revenues,  causing  the  Treasury  Department 
to  offer  $5,000,000  of  treasury  notes  at  a  moment  of  excitement,  and  when  ru- 
mors of  immense  defalcations  in  the  War  Department  were  upon  the  market. 
The  loan  was  in  danger  of  falling  through,  when  a  number  of  banks  and  others 
interested  in  the  payment  of  the  public  interest  January  1,  offered  for  $1,500,000 


Commercial  Chronicle  and  Review.  199 

of  the  notes  at  twelve  per  cent  interest,  on  condition  that  the  money  shoold  be 
specially  appropriated  to  the*  interest.  Other  bids  were  made  at  rates  running 
op  to  thirty  six  per  cent ;  nltiraately  the  whole  amount  was  taken  at  twelve  per 
cent.  These  subsequently  rose  to  three  per  cent  premium,  when  the  new  Sec- 
retary, the  Hon.  John  A.  Dix.  offered  the  remaining  $5,000,000,  with  the 
promise  that  that  amount  would  suflBce  the  present  government.  There  were 
$12,200,000  offered  at  a  range  of  8J  a  11  per  cent,  and  the  whole,  $5,000,000, 
was  awarded  at  lOf  average. 

The  general  stock  market,  the  course  of  which  for  the  past  year  will  be  seen 
in  the  monthly  table  in  the  financial  department,  improved  and  remained  Srm. 
The  facts  that  leaked  out  in  relation  to  the  abstraction  of  bonds  from  the  In- 
dian Department  indicated  that  most  of  the  sales  of  the  stocks  of  Missouri,  Ten- 
nessee, and  other  stock,  which  so  heavily  depressed  the  market  during  the  excite- 
ment, were  of  the  abstracted  bonds,  sold  to  raise  money,  and  were  not  private 
sacrifices  through  fear  of  disunion.  Missouri  fell  from  76  to  62,  and  Tennessee 
from  80  to  64J.  Those  sales  had  a  powerful  influence,  that  ceased  with  the 
pressure  to  sell.    The  abundance  of  money  again  stiffened  the  value  of  stocks. 

The  rates  of  exchange  that,  during  the  panic,  fell  to  such  low  rates,  rose  under 
returning  confidence,  but  still  remained  low  under  the  influence  of  continued 
large  exports  of  produce.    The  rates  were  as  follows  : — 

RATB8  OF  BILLS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

London.  Paris.  Arosterdom.     Frankfort.  Hamburg.       Borlin. 

Jan.  1..  e    a  9f  6.18ta5.l7i  4lfa41f  4Iia41|  86^  a  86f  73    a  7^ 

15..  8}a  9  6.21ia5.18f  41ia41i  41ia41i  86f  a  36f  78|  a  78i 

Feb.l..  8Ja  «  6.18Ja6.17i  41ia4li  4l|a41J  8«|  a  8Hf  73|  a  78f 

15..  8ia  9  5.18ia6.17i  41|a4U  41ia4lf  86^  a  36^  7Sfa78i 

Mar.l..  8|a  9  5.17^a5.l5  4iia41}  41ia41^  86i  a  86|  78fa78i 

15..  8^a  8i  5.17ia5.15f  41fa41f  41fa4U  86i  a  86*  73i  a  7Sf 

Apr.l..  8|a  8^  5.18fa5.16i  4U  a  41^  4lia4l|  86f  a  86f  73^  a  78| 

16..  8fa  %l  5.l6ia6.17i  41|a4H  41fa11|  86*  a  86f  78ia73f 

Mayl..  9ia  9*  5.18ia6.12i  41ia41f  41|a42  86f  a  86|  73i  a  73J 

15..  9fa  9f  5.l3fa6.18i  41ia41|  4»ia42  3flf  a  37  73|  a  73^^ 

JoD.1..  9fa  »f  5.18ia5  12i  41|a41|  4l|a42  87    a  87^  78|  a  78| 

15..  9M  H  5   13f  a5.l2i  4lfa4lJ  41|a42  86f  a  37^  73|  a  73^ 

Julyl..  9ia  H  5.l8ia6.13i  41fa4li  41*  a  42  86f  a  37  73*  a  73^ 

15..  9ia  91  6.18ta5.l8i  4Ua41f  41|  a  41*  86|  a  87  78*  a  73| 

Aug.  1..  9fa  9i  6.13|a5.l8i  4lia41f  41*  a  42  .S6f  a  37  73*  a  73| 

15..  9|alO  6.18*a5.18i  4l*a4U  41ia42  86|  a  87i  73*  a  73* 

Sep.l..  9*alO  5.Ufa5.18i  41*a4l|  4l|  a  42  86|  a  37  73|  a  78* 

16..  9*a  9|  5.l4|a5.13i  4l|a41*  41*a42  86*  a  86*  73f  a  73| 

Oct.l..  9*a  9^  5   15*a5.l4*  41*a41*  4l*a41i  86*  a  86*  78*  a  78* 

15..  8*a  9  5   17*a5.15*  41*a4l*  41*  a  41*  86i  a  86*  78*  a  73* 

Nov.l.  .  8    a  S*  6.20    a6.17i  41*  a  41*  4l|a41i  86^  a  86*  72    a  78 

16..  5    a  6*  5.30    a6.28i  4u*  a  40^  40*  a  41i  85^  a  36^  72*  a  72^ 

Decl..  1     a  5  5.47*  a  6.40  39i  a  40*  40    a  40*  84*  a  35^  69*  a  7h* 

15..  1     a  4  6.rtO    a  5.60  8iJ    a  39}  39    a  39}  34*  a  84*  72*  a  73* 

Jan.  1..  2}  a  5  5.4U    a  6.45  38*  a  89*  89*a3U|  34}  a  35  68*  a  69} 

15..  5*  a  6}  6.30    a  5.33*  40    a  40*  40}  a  40*  86}  a  85*  70*  a  70* 

The  quotation  for  sterling  on  bankers,  sixty-day  names,  ditto  sight,  6*  a  7  ; 
but  good  commercial  bills  sold  at  4  a  4}  do.,  with  bills  of  lading  3*  a  4.  These 
rates  were  low,  but  the  bills  being  negotiable,  the  produce  went  freely  forward, 
and  the  arrivals  of  specie  continued  considerable  from  Europe  as  well  as  from 
Oalifornia,  as  follows  : — 


200  Gofnmercial  Chronicle  and  Beview. 

GOLD  RBOEIYED  FROM  OALIFORNIA  AND  BXPORTEO  rBOM  NBW  YORK  WEBKLT,  TFITH  THE 
AMOUNT  OF  8PB01K  IN  8UB-TREA8URT,  AND  THE  TOTAL  IN  THE  CITT. 


-I860.. 


^  specie  in  ToUl 

^                           Beoelved.  Exported.       Beoeived.  Exported,  snb-treasorr.    in  tbc  city. 

Jan.  7 $1,062,568     186,080  ♦7,787,966  $26,600,69» 

14 $1,876,800  218,049     1,788.666  88,482  7.729,646  26,470,612 

21 667,898     269,400  8,862,486  27,686,970 

28 1,210,718  467,694     1,760,682  81,800  8,967,128  29,020,862 

Feb.   4 606,969          94,669  427,467  9,010,669  28,984,870 

11 1,819,928  861,660     1,476,621  92,860  9,676,782  29,464,299 

18 1,018,780     692,997  10.012,672  80,608.762 

26 1,287,967  868,864     1,898,179  202,000  8,966,208  29,729,199 

Mar.  8 1,427,666       882,608  667,282  8,784,028  81,820,840 

10 988,180  807,106     1.198.711  116,478  8,287.909  80,139,089 

17 870,678        162,000  429,260  8,099,409  81,271,247 

24 208,966        896,886  466,116  8,122,672  81,408,876 

31 1,082.814  1,848,069        166,110  706,006  8,026,492  81,447,261 

Apr.  7 676,107     810,088  7,662,886  80.162.017 

14 1,404,210  1,687,104     1,146.211  680,010  7,714,000  81,640,982 

21 1,496,889     241,608  7,631,488  80,764,897 

28 1,728,862  1,680,748     1,466,887  1,774,767  7,668,728  80,848,682 

May   6 2,169.197     2,866,117  7,041,148  30,866,889 

12 1,480.116  1,926,491     1,882,768  688.881  6,639,414  29,819,801 

19 2,223,678     1,261,177  6,864,148  80,699,841 

26 1,988,669  6,126,648     1,619,708  1,817,778  6,982,660  80,414,487 

June  2 2,826,972     1,719,188  6,621,100  81,196,668 

9 1,613,978      1.877.294     1,642,466  6,620.622  80,406,208 

16 1.669,268     1,886,662  2,626,478  6,426,765  80,687,000 

22 1,620,781     1,417,757  6,826,894  29,677,816 

29 2,041,287  1,861,163     1,641,680  1,962,776  6,268,857  28,717,607 

July  9 1,898,886     1,166,778.  6,187,468  27,989,162 

14 1,786,861  2,495,127     1,614,884  1,288,186  6,404,867  28,166,061 

21 2,030,220        673,290  1,624,280  5,482,789  28,876,488 

28 2,146,000     2,844,040     1,880,497  6,112,942  28,212,668 

Aug  4 1,284,856  t  988,676  1,789,269  5,659,922  27,688,011 

11 1,860,274  1,506,889  1,006,283  1,85'',198  6,732,584  27,312,274 

18 1,694,988  2,188,281  6,902,850  26,911,000 

26 2,126,882  1,684,879   798,882  1,780,696  6,986,646  26,106.279 

Sept.  1 *962,080  609,649   950.000  1,802  266  6,607,627  24.642,700 

8 2,046,006  2,863,886  1,198,898  6,883,660  24.721.800 

16 1,760,881        791,660  1,088,928  6,636,867  24,697,800 

22 2,042,868     2,727.194     588,848  6,448,804  24,486,400 

29 1,414,590     1,202,667  900,700  6,228,482  26,400.400 

Oct    7 t2»860,67p        727,981     689,419  4,991,675  26,139,800 

16 1,883,670  1,480.883     1,971,645  16,679  4,496,881  24.770,669 

20 1,109,603        810,226  1,038,439  4,564.642  26,669,870 

27 1,871.654     2,069,492     861,808  4,887,008  27,686,600 

Noy.  8 1,619,678     1.241,939  188,750  6,68t,258  27.884,100 

10 1,668,107     1,068,407      196,320  5,788,746  26,802,100 

17 1,800,991        911.620  138,700  6,018,664  24,482,974 

24 1,721,842  none.        1,087,071  13,448  4,308,668  28,068.041 

Dec.   1 940,201        822,419  86,860  8,702,761  22,244,618 

8 1,869,429        676,697     44,023  8,126,800  21,688,048 

15 673,228     1.088,231  71,000  2,663,589  12.088,000 

22 162,612     2,010  2,989,800  28,266,900 

29 1,408.284  848,868 1  J^^^J'^gL     2,222.167  25,497,168 

Total 42,735,670    69,944,681  40,280.068  41,774,284  


*  From  New  Orleans.  t  $800,000  silver  from  Mexico.  %  T^rom  Enrope. 


OomTnerdal  Chronicle  and  Review.  201 


-^  , 1861 

8p«ole  in  Total 


Beceived.       Exported.     Beoelved.       Exported.  sub-treMorj.     inthedtj. 
Jan.    7 $86,080 1  j'ggg'ioJ* $8,646,437  $28,486,000 

14 $1,788,666         88,482 1  }'JJo  ^o# 2,684,466     29.046,800 


Total 1,788,666       178,662     6,667,176 


The  export  of  specie  of  coarse  stopped  short,  and  the  metal  flowed  into  the 
port  from  both  East  and  West,  raising  the  amount  in  the  city  some  $8,000,000 
between  December  16  and  January  12.  But  there  were  also  considerable  sums 
in  the  savings  banks  and  other  institutions  than  banks  and  Treasury.  The 
amount  received  in  the  five  weeks  to  January  12,  was,  it  appears,  $13,467,109, 
without  any  exports.  The  amount  in  the  banks  and  Treasury  increased  in  the 
same  time  $8,000,000,  leaving  $5,400,000  that  went  elsewhere.  The  foreign 
gold  pressed  upon  the  mint,  since,  under  present  laws,  it  is  not  a  legal  tender 
in  the  foreign  shape,  although  an  effort  was  made  to  have  the  law  altered  in 
that  respect.    The  operations  of  the  New  York  assay-oflfice  were  as  follows  : — 

NEW  TOftk  A8BATOFFI0B. 


Gold.          SUver.                Silver. 

Psyinents 
in 

CoiD.   Ballion. 

Coin. 

Bullion.   Gold. 

Coin. 

BaUion. 

Bars. 

Coin. 

Jan.  14,000  18,000 

11,200 

14,000  2,478,000 

1,800 

20.000 

647,000  1,910.000 

Feb.  6,000  28,000 

6,600 

24,000   961,000 

.... 

7,600 

932,000 

90,000 

Mar.  8.000  16,000 

28,400 

6,600  267,000 

1,100 

2,600 

180.000 

142,600 

Apr.  8,000  82,000 

14,600 

10,000  183,000 

8,700 

8,800 

187.000 

70,000 

May  11,200  20,800 

26,600 

18,000  176.000 

7.000 

16,600 

280,000 

46,000 

Jaoe  12,000  19.000 

10.000 

4,000  147,000 

1,760 

2,760 

168.000 

88,600 

July  9,600  18,000 

12,800 

8.000  169.600 

1,200 

8,000 

140.000 

72,000 

Aug.  12,000  14,000 

16,000 

14,100  208,000 

1,000 

8,900 

190.000 

79,000 

Sept.  18,000  41,000 

7,600 

14,000  823,000 

.... 

8.600 

850,000 

67,000 

Oct..  7,000  10,000 

6,400 

88,000  1,183,000 

1.000 

12,600 

800,000 

958,000 

Nov.  14,000  18.000 

80,800 

9.000  8,423.000 

.... 

27.000 

67  000  8.600,000 

Dec.8.622,770  876,89C 

I  90,000 

20,000  2.776.600  88.000 

89,820 

•  •  •  • .  ' 

?.563,170 

*60  8,786,470  998.690  264.600  78,600  12,276,100  106,650  200,070  3,881,000  16,822,000 
'69     125,000  147,000  481,680  79,900    4,006,600    14,400    99.320  8,971,000    1,629,100 

The  deposits  of  United  States  gold  had  become  large  in  October  for  turning 
into  coin,  and  still  larger  in  November.  In  December  the  arrivals  from  abroad 
doubled  the  applications,  and  for  that  month  $7,563,170  was  required  in  coin 
raisins  the  aggregate  for  the  year  to  ten  times  that  of  1859.  The  mint  could 
not  respond  to  this  demand,  but  its  operations  were  as  follows  : — 

UNITED  STATES  MINT.  PHILADELPHIA. 

, Deposit*.— ^-x  r-  Coinage.—                      . 

Gold.  Silver.  Gold.  Silver.  Cents.  Total 

January $200,000  $41,000  $1,024,568  $41,000  $24,000  $1,090,668 

February 1,888,678  86,578  1,632,160  21.600  24.000  1,677,760 

March 144,478  82,266  817,461  182,989  29.000  479.440 

April 281.891  49.764  252,756  88,481  80,000  821,188 

May 90.828  72.468  188,004  81,100  86,000  249,104 

June 64,898  64,676  68,718  97,160  24,000  184,878 


•  From  Enrope. 


202 


Commercial  Chronicle  and  Review. 


4         Deposits. »  4    ■                  Coinage. . 

Gold.  Silver.  Gold.  Silver.         Cents.  Total. 

July 97,041  14,181  101,976  87,000       16,660  206,685 

August '           182,183  22,741  No  coinage. 

September...         2,174,100  29,687  2,181,460  86,000        4,000  2,221,460 

October 467,750  46,829  867,373  64,678       10,000  422,049 

November....         1,628.679  19,820  1,680,640  80,700       11,000  1,622,840 

December 7,148,097  71,894  4,806,620  66,660        7,000  4,880,180 

Total,1860...     115,068,866  $649,218  $11,861,711  $687,119  $214,660  $18,466,602 
Total,  1869...  1,666,262     910,660       1,465,678  1,048,646     846,000       6,810,186 

The  United  States  Mint  at  Philadelphia  and  New  Orleans  have  operated  as 

follows  for  the  year  to  December  31, 1860  :— 

, Deposits. »  4 Coinage.— » 

Gold.           Silver.              Gold.           Silver.          Cents.         Total. 
Philadelphia..     $16,063,866  $649,218  $11,861,711  $687,119  $214,660  $13,466,602 
New  Orleans  .  227,088  1,827,803  243,000  1,837,956       1,680,965 

The  progress  of  events  for  the  new  yearpoii  ts  to  still  larger  operations;  since 
the  caution  in  buying  goods,  in  face  of  large  exports  of  produce,  will  draw  the 
coin  into  the  interior,  following  the  already  falling  rates  of  internal  exchange. 

The  imports  of  the  past  year  for  the  port  of  New  York  show  a  decline  in 
dutiable  goods,  and  also  in  free  merchandise,  but  the  import  of  specie  has  been 
larger  than  for  many  years,  with  the  exception  of  the  panic  year.  The  aggre- 
gates are  as  follows : — 

FORKIGN    IMPORTS  AT  N£W    YORK. 

Years.  Dutiable.  Free  goods.  Specie.  Total. 

1850 $110,983,768  $8,645,240  $16,127,989  $186,706,942 

1861 119,692,264  9,719.771  2,049,648  181,861,678 

1862 116,886,062  12,105,342  2,408,226  129,849,619 

1868 179,612,412  12,156,887  2,429,088  194,097,662 

1864 168,494.984  16,768,916  2,107,572  181,871.472 

1855 142,900,661  14,108,946  866,631  167,860,288 

1856 198,889,646  17.902.578  1,814,426  218,666,649 

1867 196,279,862  21,440,784  12,898,083  280,618,129 

1858 128,678,256  22.024,691  2.264.120  152,867,067 

1859 213,640,863  28,708,782  2,816.421  246,165,516 

I860 201,401,683  28,006,447  8,862,880  288,260,460 

We  annex  a  comparative  summary  of  the  receipts  of  some  leading  articles  of 
foreign  merchandise  during  the  past  year.  The  sugar  imports  have  continued 
large : — 

IMPORTS    OP   A   PBW   LBADIHQ    ARTICLES  OP   GBNBRAL    MBRCHANDISB. 

1857.     18i8.      1SJ9.     1860. 

Books $663,447  $530,789  $777,470  $784.<596 

Buttons 845,466  413,868  464.649  286,831 

Cheese 120,479  96,166  101.796  165,057 

Chinaware 589,682  849,707  609,730  591.197 

Cigars 2,610,679  1,868,736  2,820,403  1,867,231 

Coal 460,399  738.696  583,613  619,787 

Coffee 7.722,162  7,823,192  8,689,520  8,246,008 

Earthenware 1,178,924  798,839  1.855,861  1,402,226 

Furs.. 1,869,923  1,750,029  2,378,174  1,971,506 

Glass,  plate 481,751  422,923  692,111  814,008 

India-rubber 609,840  687,200  707.517  1,168,388 

Indigo 457,125  846,169  690,823  486,498 

Leather  and  dressed  skins  . .  2,062,299  2.402,991  8,879,148  2,846,1 1 1 

Undressed  skins.- 6,590,178  6,804,391  8,914.682  6.144,752 

Liquors— Brandy.- 1,812,201  886,011  2,688,089  2,018,980 


Commercial  Chronicle  and  Review.  203 

mi.  \m.  1859.  I860. 

Metals— Copper  and  ore 426,474  )  ^^^  .^^  ^^e  .^^  o^o  «..« 

Sheathing  copper 248,375  \  ^^^'^^^  ^^®'^^^  ^^^'^^^ 

Iron,  bars. 8,845,101  1,629,287  8,122,572  8,098,277 

Iron,  pifiT 601,096  866,807  607,180  612,762 

Iron,  railroad 8,070,762  870,093  1,642,016  699,686 

Iron,  sheet 706,872  298,008  609,688  644,820 

Lead 2,035,464  1,492,124  1,661,996  2,012,044 

Spelter 880,434  590,149  857,867  859,620 

Steel 1,694,950  1,088,966  1,798,982  1,959,786 

Tin  and  tinplates. 4,669,951  8,667,098  4,899,906  6,006,743 

Ziuc 841,648  481.507  891,656  436.028 

Molasses 6,197.047  1,379,946  1,902,994  1,940,608 

Rag8 882,181  649,774  1,057,602  906,921 

Salt. 818,886  873,886  821,051  876,927 

Saltpeter 162,668           72,600  214,006 

Sugar. 20,698,866  17.667,676  18,700,629  26,062,1 19 

Tea. 6.899,964  6,002,032  7,540,351  8.364,122 

Watches 2,964,702  1,676,019  2,697,037  2,264,625 

Wines 2,011,691  821,606  1,757,021  8,121,946 

Wool  and  waste 1,776,673  1,113,024  8,050,672  2,751,898 

The  Mercantile  Agency,  in  reporting  their  list  of  failares  for  the  last  year, 
remarks  as  follows  : — 

For  the  nine  months  preceding  October,  the  total  number  of  failares  was 
3,076,  with  an  indebtedness  of  $45,332,138  ;  and  in  the  three  months  following, 
(October,  November,  and  December,)  852  failures,  with  liabilities  to  the  amount 
of  $38,687,633.  Recent  heavy  suspension  are  not  included.  They  would  aug- 
ment the  amount  materially.  The  first  3,076  were  failures  that  occur  in  the 
ordinary  course  of  business,  and  though  the  number  is  about  as  much  as  it  was 
at  the  same  time  the  year  preceding,  the  amount  is  much  smaller.  The  final 
weeding  out  of  the  remnants  of  1857  was  nearly  reached.  The  second  class,  by 
the  comparatively  small  number  of  houses  that  have  yielded  and  by  their  pro- 
portionately excessive  liabilities,  shows  the  effect  of  the  political  crisis.  Most 
of  them  were  houses  beyond  suspicion  both  with  the  public  and  themselves. 
This  increases  the  total  for  the  year,  showing  $S4,0l 9,771  against  $68,367,000 
for  1859. 

The  tenor  of  the  advices  which  reach  us  from  all  points  South,  warrants  us 
in  saying  that  no  one  need  doubt  the  honorable  intentions  of  the  Southern  mer- 
chant, and  that  his  indebtedness  will  be  faithfully  discharged  as  promptly  as 
events  permit.  There  will  be  delay  in  settlement,  but  this  delay  will  not  arise 
Irom  any  premeditated  cause  or  present  desire  to  postpone  payment.  The  recla- 
mations on  cotton  last  spring  and  at  present,  have  had  their  influence  in  pro- 
ducing a  stringent  money  market.  For  some  two  or  three  months  during  the 
spring,  there  was  an  average  loss  of  $7  50  per  bale  on  all  the  cotton  shipped. 
This  loss  had  to  be  met  mainly  by  bank  accommodation,  and  this  has  compelled 
renewals  in  full,  of  accommodation  paper  through  all  the  Southern  bank  cen- 
ters. This  has  in  a  measure  diverted  the  banking  capital  from  business  circles 
generally,  prevented  the  moving  of  crops,  and  in  fact  stagnated  capital  and  par- 
alyzed busmess.  Added  to  this,  want  of  confidence,  engendered  by  the  present 
political  crisis,  will  readily  show  that  a  very  general  extension  will  be  needed  by 
Southern  merchants,  and,  as  we  think,  safely  given. 

Since  the  panic  of  1857,  in  consequence  of  the  depressed  and  bankrupt  con- 
dition of  the  West,  the  Southern  trade  has  been  courted  very  generally,  and  to 
an  extent  that  induced  large  purchases  beyond  the  wants  and  necessities  of  that 
section,  The  West  has  now  recovered  herself  so  far  as  to  make  the  trade  in  that 
direction  more  de  irable,  and  it  will,  in  turn,  be  greatly  sought  after.  We 
would  guard  our  subscribers  against  encouraging  this  reaction  too  far. 


204 


Commercial  Chronicle  and  Review. 


m 

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Paetal  IkpartmenL  289 

FOECIOH  LRTBEt. 

Returned  to  Eoglaod 41,835 

♦*            France. 18,400 

•*            Bremen 6,178 

Hambuiig 2.517 

«            Pruesia 1 7 ,8 1 7 

-            Canada 26,800 

*•            New  Brunswick 2,041 

Nova  Scotia l.««8 

«            Prioce  Edward's  Island 180 

Total  number  of  foreign  letters.  % 110,911 

Persevering  efforts  have  been  made,  so  far  as  the  limited  number  of  clerks 
would  permit,  to  find  the  true  causes  for  the  non-delivery  especially  of  valuable 
letters,  and  the  result  has  been  to  confirm  the  former  experience  of  the  depart- 
ment, as  stated  in  the  annual  report  of  last  year,  and  the  special  report  of  7th 

^May  last.  For  example  :  out  of  8,002  cases,  in  which  the  inquiries  of  the  de- 
partment have  been  answered,  or  where  causes  were  patent  without  inquiry^ 

•  3,983  letters  were  misdirected,  621  illegibly  directed ,  583  directed  to  transient 
persons,  336  to  persons  moved  away,  657  not  mailed  for  want  of  postage,  885 
directed  to  fictitious  persons  or  firms,  54  without  any  address  or  direction,  34 
missent,  leaving,  out  of  8,002,  only  1,341  letters  properly  addressed,  and  only 
684  for  the  non-delivery  of  which  the  department  is  blamable,  657  having  be- 
come  dead  because  not  prepaid. 

In  reference  to  the  class  of  letters  not  containing  money  or  other  valuable 
inclosures,  a  similar  state  of  facts  oeems  to  exist.  The  number  returned  to  the 
dead  letter  office  for  want  of  postage^  during  the  past  seven  months,  to  Novem- 
ber 1,  was  22,269. 

Out  of  37,868  letters  without  inclosures,  the  number  for  want  of  proper 

direction  was •  •  10,178 

Number  entirely  without  address  or  direction 857 

Total 10,586 

Although  the  number  of  letters  conveyed  by  mail  during  the  year  has  increased 
by  many  millions,  (as  shown  by  the  increased  revenue  of  over  $500,000,)  yet 
the  whole  number  o!  dead  letters,  so  far  from  increasing,  has  rather  diminished. 
From  this  fact,  it  may  be  concluded  that  better  attention  than  formerly  is  now 
given  to  the  delivery  of  letters,  and  that  the  new  regulations  on  the  subject  have 
had  a  salutary  effect. 

If  the  proper  assistance  could  be  obtained,  further  improvements  might,  no 
doubt,  be  made,  and  the  propriety  of  authorizing  the  employment  of  temporary 
clerks  to  make  experiments  with  the  dead  letters  is  urged,  somewhat  according 
to  the  plan  proposed  in  the  special  report  of  May  7, 1860.    It  might,  perhaps, 


206  Commercial  Chronicle  and  Review. 

The  imports  of  specie  were  in  1857  much  larger  than  usual,  owing  not  only 
to  the  return  shipments  caused  by  the  beginning  of  the  revulsion,  but  also  to  the 
previous  receipts  of  foreign  coin  designed  for  reshipment  to  the  West  Indies, 
followed  by  the  high  price  of  sugar.  This  year  the  influence  of  the  panic  has 
caused  specie  to  arrive  only  in  the  Inst  month.  I'he  causes  extend,  however,  into 
the  new  year.  Under  the  head  of  dutiable,  we  have  included  above  both  the 
dutiable  entered  directly  for  consumption  and  the  goods  thrown  into  bonded 
warehouse.  In  the  extended  tables  given  below,  these  items  are  given  separately, 
although  brought  together  in  the  total.  The  following  tables  give  the  monthly 
returns  of  the  exports  under  each  head  : — 

FOREIGN  IMPOETS   KMTBBKD  AT  NEW   YORK  DURING  THE  TEARS    1857-8-9-60. 
ENTERED  FOE   CONSUMPTION. 

1857.     18§8.     I8S9.      1S60. 

January $15,800,084  $4,170,017  $15,566,727  $16,521,174 

February 18.608,989  6,840,256  16,281,446  14,467,040 

March 12,860,467  7,246,526  16,314,028  16,168.698 

April 11,166,680  5,887,546  15.696,141  10,407,966 

May 5,451.191  6,574,612  16,222,811  10.616,411 

June 2,471,728  6,662  568  14,909,815  11,870.400 

July 26.042,740  14,068,669  21 ,681,460  1 8,769,V05 

August 14,401,018  16,067,782  18.416,207  19,664.676 

September 8.841,867  11,180,528  12,470,440  11,516,189 

October 2,791,905  9.234,470  9.846,609  10,974,428 

November 2,792,186  7.860,828  9,978,720  8,626.416 

December 1 2.829,924  9,775,511  18,048,810  5,874,246 

Total $122,987,013  $102,942,787  $176,765,809  $154,660,498 

ENTERED    FOB   WAEBHOD8INO. 

January $1,969,266  $1 ,909,448  $1,201,701  $2,744,41 1 

February 8,648,996  1,880,628  1,264,502  1,526,772 

March 5,884.885  1,812,280  2,804,412  8,592,098 

April 8,168,142  2,148,241  8.764,895  4,127,857 

May 10.608,421  2,626,978  4,746,614  4,4^6,660 

June 11,640,186  2,408,788  5,401,253  4,487,109 

July 6.796,885  2,949,166  8,948.874  4.462,475 

August 8,516.089  2,146,081  2,964,044  4.182,764 

September 5.428,208  2,900,710  2.177,968  2,885,784 

October 7,866,424  2,167,678  2,194,252  2,817.461 

November 5,821,588  1.725,318  2,794.108  8,961,652 

December 8.308,464  1,520,373  3,534,920  7,666,147 

Total $78,842,849     $25,635,519    $36,875,054     $46,741,185 

FREE    GOODS. 

January $860,928  $1,716,682  $2,618,220  $2,262,688 

February 2,447,889  1,798,106  2.269,228  8,172,892 

March 2,83^,379  2,894.748  2.620,654  8,739.241 

April 966,428  2,668,881  2,802,542  2,886,849 

May 1,647,810  1,928,678  8,461,285  1,846,020 

June 957,366  953,014  8,480.361  2,765,008 

July 2,465.888  1,606.027  1,^36,147  1,694,918 

August ^..  2.062,122  2.342,741  2,920,921  2,050,665 

September 1,772,605  1.253,829  1,810.626  1,662,882 

October 1,782,845  2,061,468  1,447,448  1,911,616 

November 1,776,384  1,425,520  1,966,087  2,487.290 

December 2,377,800  1,986,608  2,145.584  2.188.579 

Total $21,444,784    $22,024,691     $28,708,782    $28,006,447 


Commercial  Chronicle  and  Review.  207 

8PB0IB   AND  BULUON. 

1857.  18§8.  1859.  1860. 

January f  886,609  $309,672  $71,303  $228,060 

February 1,02:^,718  240,069  92,209  190,175 

March. 1,061,833  277,203  81,666  88,094 

April 939,218  624,857  272,441  49,186 

May„ 1,070.883  324,640  122,436  96,060 

June 869,901  102,132  496,392  88,272 

July 605,298  86,896  176,139  64,851 

August 17,319  67,682  848,419  140,750 

Sttptember 885,286  138,283  184,553  256,695 

October 2,509,193  89,368  680,646  1,088,888 

November 8,027,803  90,446  167,0S7  446,798 

December 681,128  68,138  184,638  6,174,061 

Totol $12,898,033  $2,264,120  $2,816,421  $8,862,830 

TOTAL    IMPORTS. 

January. $19,006,782  $8,105,719  $19,447,962  $21,756,273 

February 25,524,492  9,209,043  18,848,870  19.356,879 

March 21,1 85,504  1 1.729,702  20,820,466  28,580,126 

April 21.218,318  1 1,169,025  22,426,61 9  16,971,868 

May 18,705,255  1 1,454,708  23,552,645  16,893,16 1 

June 16,839,126  10,116,442  24,069,821  19,160,789 

July 36,800,206  18,606,747  27,286,120  24,881,649 

August 19,986.493  19,624,176  24,649,691  25,938,884 

September 16,847,860  16,473,295  16,643,535  16,260,450 

October 14,489,867  18,642,984  13,617,946  16,787,242 

November 18,417,960  10,591,606  14,895,002  15,421,156 

December 9,196,811  18,844,626  18,908,898  21,253,088 


Total ..  $280,618,129  $152,867,067  $246,166,516  $288,260,460 

WITBDRAWN  FROM   WARKHOUSB. 

January $2,672,765  $4,504,691  $2,088,270  $2,964,024 

February 2,601,696  4,738,706  2,167,898  2,838,649 

March 2,639,223  4,444,415  1,712,231  2,200,117 

April 2,287,316  3,203,539  1,648,551  2,069,428 

May 2,262,178  2,690,888  1,628,434  2,475,067 

Juoe 781,099  2,860,140  2,369,281  2,268.877 

July 10,470,820  8,164,588  2,695,063  8,598,998 

August    5,624,147  8,11«,0I3  8,296.084  8,825,106 

September. 2,882,046  2,b05,062  2,893,741  4,007,272 

October 1,760,392  2,462,426  2,749,892  3,018,898 

November 8,162,816  2,124,666  1,970,134  1,697,801 

December 8,584,908  1,789,620  1,840,764  1,246,208 

Total $40,609,890     $87,499,642    $26,867,089    $81J08,924 

The  warehouse  operation  for  the  last  two  months  of  the  year  show  the  same 
effects  of  panic  as  in  1857.  The  average  quantities  warehoused  for  the  two 
months  was  half  the  arrival)  instead  of  less  than  one-fourth  as  in  the  previous 
year. 

The  imports  of  foreign  dry  goods  at  the  port  of  New  York,  for  the  year  1859. 
was  more  than  double  those  of  the  previous  year,  but  this  year  a  decline  has 
taken  place  designated  as  follows : — 


208  Commercial  Chronicle  and  Beview. 

IMPORTS  or  DRT  GOODS  AT   MEW  TOBK. 

1857.    18S8.     18S9.    1860. 

MaoufactureB  of  wool $27,489,664  $19,885,084  $S'7,829,049  $84,480,769 

Manufactures  of  cotton 18,905,686     11,057,769  24,781,164     17,881.828 

Manufactures  of  silk 28,587.260     19,668.274  88,682,648     84,9V6,867 

Manufactures  of  flax 7,960,864      5,798,807  11.110,981       7,811,612 

Miscellaneous 7,660,906      4,199,290  6,248,882      6,774,492 

Total $90,584,129  $60,005,224  $118,152,624  101,944,468 

The  decline  in  dry  goods  is  marked  under  each  general  h<^,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  silk  ;  but  in  those  goods,  as  in  general  merchandise,  the  bulk  of  the  de- 
cline is  in  the  month  of  December. 

We  recapitulate  the  comparative  totals  of  the  imports  of  dry  goods  and  general 
merchandise  for  the  conveDience  of  reference : — 

1867.  1858.  1859.  1860. 

Dry  goods $90,584,129  $60,005,224  $118,152,624  $101,944,468 

General  merchandise 127,185,967    90,448,488     129,196,471     127,468,662 

TotaL 217,720,096  150,458,662  $242,840,118  $229,408,180 

The  cash  duties  received  at  the  port  for  the  year  are  nearly  seven  per  cent  less 
than  for  the  past  year,  arising  from  the  fact  that  the  panic  sent  such  large 
quantities  into  warehouse : — 

CA8B    DUTIES  BEOKIVID   AT  NEW   TOBK. 

1858.  1859.  1860. 

January $1,641,474  59  $8,478,471  88  $8,899,166  17 

February 2,068,784  86  8,828,688  98  8,878,048  28 

March 2,218,462  15  8,164,011  25  8,477.f46  74 

April 1,786,610  41  8,212,060  49  2,444,267  96 

May 1,748,227  64  4,014,6-20  89  2,466,462  76 

June. 1,686.663  02  8,814,429  66  2,024,198  89 

July 8,887,806  88  4,861,246  89  4,504,066  04 

AugUBt 8,645.118  01  4,248,010  48  4,496,248  W) 

September 2,672,986  68  2,908,609  96  8,08b,80S  28 

October 2,064,884  48  2,818,750  S2  2,682,078  88 

November 1,706,529  47  2.157,164  48  1,7^*4,748  67 

December 2,020,895  62  2,848,888  .S9  1,171,862  74 

Total $26,476,78106    $88,884,242  95    $86,027,48151 

The  most  interesting  feature  of  the  commerce  of  the  port  is  perhaps  the  ex- 
ports, showing,  as  they  do,  such  an  immense  increase  over  any  previous  period. 
In  the  last  quarter  particularly,  the  amount  has  run  up  until  it  reaches  more 
than  half  the  dutiable  imports.    The  following  is  a  quarterly  summary  : — 

EXPORTS   FROM   MEW   TORE  TO  FOREIGN   PORTS,  EZCLCfilVE  OF  SPECIE. 

1857.     1858.     1859.    1860. 

First  quarter $19,888,847  $14,044,177  $18,725,642  $20,827,086 

Second  quarter 18,822,867     17,699,202     17,888,621     22,740,760 

Third  quarter 16,808,681     14,008,478     17.687,263     26,079,826 

Fourth  quarter. 18,898,910     18,991,861     18,788,805     88,845,108 

Total $78,864,155  $59,688,212  $67,980,821  103,492,280 


(hmmercial  Chronicle  and  Beview. 


209 


This  gives  an  increase  of  $20,000,000  oyer  the  large  exports  of  ]  856,  and  an 
increase  of  $44,000,000,  as  compared  with  1858.  The  exports  of  specie,  not 
incladed  in  the  above,  show  a  decrease  of  $27,600,000. 

We  now  annex  oar  usual  detailed  statement  showing  the  exports  of  domestic 
produce,  foreign  dutiable  and  free  goods,  and  specie  during  each  month  of  the 
last  four  years  : — 

KZPOETB  r&OM   MW  TORK  TO  FOEUON   PORTS   DURING  THE  T1AR8   1867-8-9-60. 

xx>ME8Tio  raoouoR. 

mi.           1868.  1869.  1860. 

Jannary.. $4,648,842      $4,208,800  $3,762,182  $6,299,142 

Pebroary 6,899,202         8,709,870  8,288,692  6,699,887 

March. 7,904,481         4,608,871  6,877,840  6,998,687 

AprU 6,162,160         6,618,117  6.960,921  6,688,682 

May 6,046,648         4,262,789  6,180,662  6,812,190 

June 6,896,312         6,882,939  4,880,895  8,607.774 

July- 4,278,696         4,771,962  4.988.065  7.626.718 

August 4.289,479         4,660,272  6,160,710  8,012,814 

September 4,218,964         8,621,992  4,946,612  9,232,981 

October 6,491,629         6,238,363  4,762,779  10,067,330 

November ...         6.246.699         3,481.664  6,828,611  11,262,701 

December 2.882,838         8,700,068  6.382,172  10,610,945 

Total $61,808,286     $53,949,708  $69,929,681  $96,468,296 

rORRIGN   DUTIABLE. 

January $188,408         $290,808  $282,865  $899,317 

February 868,878            826,846  263,861  681,489 

March 628,080           649,899  297,881  844.716 

April 814.343            482.393  882,289  482,489 

May 294,889            229,990  426.002  248,270 

June 612,84^            860,990  187.622  486,228 

July 682,069            277.419  282,627  232,652 

August 664,088           224.488  790.646  191,270 

September 666,1 06           204,890  686,1 32  620,394 

October 806,049            869,186  482,440  894,758 

November 1,194,866            254,810  689,688  400,218 

December. 1,226,690           487,281  481,263  838,'678 

Total $7,881,144      $4,087,898  $6,060,909  $6,766^274 

FOREION  FEES. 

January $151,920         $191,125  $119,489  $824,003 

February 176.706           186,862  188,210  844,994 

March. 488.330             27,690  200.779  286.851 

April 186.642            164.416  441,489  264,742 

May 169,461            118.799  808.096  809,921 

June 782,128            158.769  126.255  200,464 

July 407,697             70,463  880,782  140,949 

August 898,882            102,674  874.707  76,088 

September 417,670           169,868  188,072  46,620 

October. 212,448            161,068  252.878  94,175 

November 886,628           129,671  177,288  84,167 

December. 608,479           184,816  241,886  97,241 

ToUl $4,229,776      $1,601,111  $2,999,888  $2,258,710 

TOL.  XLIV. — NO.  II.  14 


210  Commercial  Chronicle  and  Review. 

8PK0IB   AND  BULLION. 

18S7.     18S8.     18i9.     1860. 

January $1,807,946  $4,746,611  $2,806,688  $868,662 

February 1,881,726  8,746,920  2,871,427  977,009 

March 2,174,966  886,194  8,848,677  2,881,668 

April 8,864,806  646,286  6.369,167  2,996.602 

May 6.789,266  1,790.776  11,421.082  6,629,986 

Juue 7,989,864  694,174  7,469,981  8,842,080 

July 8,628,877  2,801,496  10,061,019  6,663,986 

August 6,271,717  2,201.802  6.409,788  7.464,818 

September. 990,476  8,289,691  8,267,681  8,768,784 

October 297,262  8,028,406  6,844,169  2,106,896 

November 8,289,231  471,970  4.888,128  626,091 

December 7,686,082  1,898,208  2.062,129  202,401 

Total $44,860,174    $26,001,481    $69,716,866    $42,191,111 

TOTAL  BXPOBTB. 

January $6,192,116  $9,486,860  $6,419,696  $6,876,024 

February 7,770,612  7,920,497  6,107,060  7,662,879 

March 11,190,866  6,017,064  9,219,678  10,610,417 

AprU 9,026,960  6,746,211  18,088,866  10,871,416 

May 12,800,199  6,897,868  17,886,782  11,900,817 

June 14,679,148  7,486,878  12,691,168  17,836,646 

July 8,891,829  7,921,340  16.602,898  14,468,199 

August 11,609.166  7,189,186  12.726,846  16,784,980 

September 6.198,106  7,186,886  14.087,497  18,668,679 

October *..  7.807,280  8,782,016  10,882.266  12,662,668 

November 10,066,718  4,887,606  10,623.660  12,272,177 

December. 12,097,469  6,270,828  9,167,400  11,746,166 

Total $117,724,829    $86,689,648    $187,696,187    $146,688,161 

We  also  present  oar  annoal  comparative  statement  of  the  wholesale  prices  at 
this  port  of  the  leading  articles  of  loreign  and  domestic  produce,  which  will  be 
found  very  interesting.  There  are  few,  even  of  those  who  are  engaged  in  the 
trade,  who  can  remember  the  changes  in  price  from  year  to  year,  and  this  table, 
if  preserved,  will  be  found  very  useful  for  reference.  We  may  now  bring  down 
our  annual  tables  of  prices  for  January  3d  of  each  year.  The  result  is  generally 
lower  figures  notwithstanding  the  large  exports  of  produce,  under  the  supplies 
coming  from  good  harvests : — 

OOMPABATIVK  PEI0B8  AT  NBW  TOEK  ON  JANUAET  8d. 

1866.   18S7.   1868.   18i9.   1860.  1861. 

Ashes,  pota 100  lbs.      $7  00      $7  76      $6  76      $6  62^    $6  12^    $6  00 

Pearls 8  00        8  00        5  76        6  00        6  87^      6  00 

Wheat  flour,  SUte. bbL  8  81^  6  26  4  26  4  80  4  80  6  86 

Wheat,  best  extra  Geoeaee.  11  00  8  60  7  60  7  76  7  60  7  60 

Rye  flour,               **            .  6  87i  6  00  4  00  8  76  4  00  4  00 

Corn  meal.  Jersey 4  00  8  26  8  26  8  40  8  90  8  16 

Wheat,  white  Oen. .  .bush.  2  20  1  80  1  80  1  40  1  60  1  46 

White  Michigan 2  I2i  176  120  126  160  146 

White  Ohio 2  12^  1  76  116  180  146  146 

White  Southero 2  16  178  126  146  146  146 

Red  Western 190  168  110  120  180  188 

Rye,Northem 181  92  78  78  92  76 

Oats,  SUte 46  48  48  68  46^  87 

Com,  old  Western 94  68  66  78  90  72 

Com,  new  Southern. 90  67  62  76  88  72i 


Oommerdal  Chronicle  and  Remew.  211 

18i6. 

Cotton,  mid.  iiplAnd lb.  9J 

Mid  New  Orleans 9^ 

Fish,  dry  cod qtl.  4  12^ 

Froit.  buDch  raiBins box  2  87^ 

Currants lb.  20 

Hay.  shipping 100  lbs.  95 

Hemp,  r'gh  American  . .  .ton  170  00 

Hops perlb  10 

Iron,  Scotch  pig. ........  ton  82  00 

English  bars. 62  60 

J^tbs perM.  1  46 

I*»d,  Spanish ton  6  87i 

Galena 6  871^ 

Hemlock,  sole,  light lb.  28^ 

Oak,            «        " 81 

ZAme — 

Com.  Rockland bbL  1  00 

lAouors — 

6randy,  new  cognac. .  .gaL  4  76 

Domestic  whisl^ 86i 

Mol<U9U — 

New  Orleans gal  49 

Naval  Store$ — 

Crude  turpentine bbL  8  00 

Spirits        "         gaL  41 

Common  roein,  N.  C ...  bbL  1  60 

Oils,  crude,  whale gaL  80 

"     sperm.. 1  80 

Linseed. 88 

FravUumM" 

'' Pork,  old  mess. bbL  16  76 

Pork,  old  prime 14  60 

Beef,  city  mess 18  60 

Beef,  repacked  Chicago. . .  14  60 

Beef  hams,  extra 16  00 

Hams,  pickled lb.  10 

Shoulders,  pickled. 8|- 

Lard. llf 

Butter,  Ohio 20 

"      State 28 

**      Orange  County  ...  27 

Cheese. ,.  11 

Bice,good 100 Iba  6  50 

8alt^ 

liTerpool,  ground sack  92^ 

fine,AshtoD'a..  166 

Seeds,  dorer lb.  18 

Sygar-^ 

Cuba,good lb.  8 

Tallow. 18 

Whalebone,  polar 60 

Wool^ 

Common  fleece. 85           88           27           86           40           80 

The  decline  in  prices  as  compared  with  1857  extends  to  nearly  every  article 
upon  the  list,  and  is  very  strongly  marked.  Cotton  is  almost  the  only  article 
that  maintains  its  place. 


18i7. 

18i8. 

18S9. 

1860. 

1861. 

18i 

8* 

12 

11 

12* 

18i 

9 

12i 

ii# 

12f 

8  60 

8  25 

4  00 

450 

8  60 

8  80 

196 

2  05 

2  62 

176 

21 

9 

Vi 

6 

4i 

90 

66 

80 

1  00 

90 

208  00 

100  00 

126  00 

145  00 

152  50 

10 

10 

16 

16 

25 

80  00 

26  00 

26  00 

24  50 

2100 

68  00 

62  50 

66  00 

68  00 

52  00 

1  zn 

1  25 

2  12i 

200 

1  80 

6  00 

4  76 

6  50 

5  65 

6  25 

6  76 

none 

5  86 

6  77i 

6  50 

82 

22k 

24 

80 

19i 

88 

28 

80 

80 

27 

90 

86 

76 

76 

75 

6  00 

4  36 

8  00 

800 

800 

26 

22 

24i 

26 

19f 

80 

86 

87 

58 

87 

4  00 

2  87i 

8  68f 

8  48f 

2  75 

48 

88 

49 

44i 

85 

160 

1  80 

1  66 

1  66 

125 

78 

60 

56 

62 

61 

1  80 

100 

186 

140 

140 

80 

66 

66 

67 

60 

19  60 

16  40 

17  00 

16  87i 

16  00 

16  60 

18  00 

18  00 

1176 

10  60 

12  26 

10  00 

9  00 

900 

6  00 

12  26 

12  60 

9  60 

9  60 

9  00 

19  60 

16  60 

16  00 

14  60 

14  00 

lOi 

8| 

H 

H 

8 

7i 

H 

H 

6i 

5i 

I2i 

H 

Hi 

lOi 

lOf 

21 

16 

18 

16 

14 

24 

20 

20 

20 

18 

27 

24 

26 

24 

22 

m 

8 

9 

11 

10 

4  81i 

8  26 

8  60 

4  20 

160 

80 

80 

90 

1  16 

76 

166 

180 

188 

196 

160 

12i 

•i 

»* 

H 

8f 

H 

7 

7 

H 

^i 

lU 

10 

10 

lOi 

H 

66 

110 

95 

90 

88 

212 


Journal  of  Banking^  Currency^  and  tinance. 


JOURNAL  OF  BANKING,  CURRENCY,  AND  FINANCE. 


CITT    WBEKLT    BANK    RETURNS. 

NSW  TOES  BANK  BBTURNB.~(OAriTAL,  JAN.,  1860,  |69,8S8,682 ;  1 861,  $69,890,476.) 


14 
21 
28 

Feb.  4 
11 
18 
26 

Mar.  8 
10 
17 
24 
81 

Apr.  7 
14 
21 
28 

Hays 
12 
19 
26 

June  2 

9 

16 

28 

80 

July  7 
14 
21 
28 

Aug.  4 
11 
18 
26 

Septl 
8 

16 
22 
29 

Oct.  6 
18 
20 
27 

Nov.  8 
10 
17 
24 

Dec  1 

8 

16 

22 

29 

Jan.  6 
12 
19 


Loans. 
124.697,668 
123,682,414 
128,846,981 
128,088,626 
124,091,982 
128,886,629 
124,206,081 
124,898,289 
126,012,700 
127,801,778 
127.562,848 
127,618.607 
128,888,228 
180,606,781 
129,919,016 
128,448,868 
127,086,667 
127,479,620 
126,184,682 
124,938,889 
126,110,700 
124,792,271 
126,481,968 
126,899,997 
126.886.666 
127,208,201 
127.244,241 
127,128,166 
128,427,489 
129,074,298 
180,118.247 
129,866,179 
129,960,846 
130,678,997 
129,029,176 
127,999,889 
127,002,728 
126,802,644 
124,849,426 
128.887,167 
122,807,188 
121,908.602 
128,362,626 
126.284,684 
125,686,716 
128,271,024 
122,618,454 
129.687,469 
180,214,863 
181,740,182 
182,162,299 
181,816,268 
129.626,466 
129,125,616 
126,074,620 


Specie. 
17,»68,784 
18,740,866 
19,288,494 
20,068,789 
19,924,801 
19,787,667 
20,691,189 
20,778,896 
28,086,812 
21,861,180 
28,171,888 
28,286,204 
28.420.769 
22,699,182 
28,626,982 
28,238,314 
28,279,809 
28,816,746 
22,780,887 
28,736,198 
28,481,778 
24,686,457 
28,786,581 
24.110,658 
28,860,921 
22.404,250 
22,751,694 
28,641,867 
23,443,644 
28.099,726 
22,128,189 
21,679,740 
21,008,701 
20,119,779 
19,085.029 
19.187.718 
18,960,749 
18,988,608 
20,177,986 
20,147,828 
20,278,708 
22.116,228 
22.798,690 
22,194,982 
21,125,429 
19,464,410 
18,759,378 
18.541.762 
18,562,748 
18,348,898 
20,826,970 
28.276.068 
24,839,476 
26.460,988 
29,698,788 


Clrcalatloo. 
8.689,068 
8,090,648 
7,880,866 
7,760,761 
8,174,450 
8,186,109 
8,050,001 
7,928,695 
8,165,026 
8,419,688 
8,880,999 
8,885,266 
8,444,827 
8,929,228 
8,775.297 
8,790,469 
8,749,048 
9,891.861 
9.153.811 
9,085.622 
8,826.478 
8,774,068 
8.999.948 
8.828,786 
8,779:115 
8.745,182 
9,?)48,727 
8,076,628 
8,838.619 
8,760.262 
9.176,886 
9,129,885 
9,088,648 
9,142,006 
9,258,682 
9,686,824 
9,494,832 
9,480,871 
9,487,687 
9,670,607 
9,837,288 
9,261,990 
9,123,108 
9,429,428 
9,648,112 
9.266,817 
8,968,442 
8,806.944 
8,956,198 
8,676.793 
8,284,172 
8,287,682 
8,698,'i83 
8,837,198 
8,067,670 


Depoaita. 
97,4V8,709 
99,247,748 
99,644,128 
98,620,793 
99,476,430 
98,146,468 
100.887,061 
100,622,481 
108,663,462 
104,818,906 
108,560.981 
107,505,896 
106,811,654 
109,198,464 
109,158.863 
108,145,288 
108,206,728 
;  08,605,888 
108,088,648 
106,2-29,724 
104,483,186 
104,268,786 
108,886,091 
104,081,268 
102.787.056 
102,496,762 
108,450,426 
1C6,899,678 
107,717.216 
106,524.100 
107,264,777 
105,605,899 
106,«*90,481 
104,428,122 
102,229,686 
101,186,086 
101,117,627 
101.811,780 
101.688,884 
108.281,058 
100,768,185 
104.092,866 
106.999.879 
109,858,018 
106,561,806 
104.808,728 
99,616,606 
104,854,889 
102,072.145 
101,982.071 
104,128,609 
106,462,616 
105,658,408 
108.700,247 
109,891,818 


Average 
clearings. 
22,6b4,b54 
28,868,980 
22,818,647 
21,640,967 
21,898,788 
21,674,908 
22.061,811 
22,161,604 
22,787.290 
28,791,968 
25,562,868 
26,897,976 
22,889.628 
25.666.629 
24,266,270 
25.758.786 
21,891.290 
26.646.068 
27.802,174 
26,889.444 
24,809,496 
22.888.107 
22,';  7  6,1 08 
22,492,614 
22.116,242 
21,809,058 
22,119.106 
28,456,447 
28.467,781 
21,239,450 
28.417,789 
22,626,292 
22,9J»4,866 
22,488,949 
22,661,086 
24,072,405 
24,257.872 
26,656,849 
26,160,441 
28,104,822 
26,980,684 
27.837,619 
28,988,760 
28,678,601 
26,526,509 
28,614,066 
25.580,807 
23,631,621 
19,887,978 
17,717,677 
18,261,688 
19,267.022 
19.198,978 
20,561,864 
20,208,122 


Actual 
depoUta. 
74,608,866 
75.883.768 
76.880,681 
76.879,826 
77,577.694 
76,471,066 
7i',825,240 
78,470,977 
80,876,172 
81,021,948 
82,998,128 
82,107,419 
88,422.081 
88,686,885 
84,897,698 
82,386,498 
81,815,488 
81,1  69,825 
80,236,674 
80,890,280 
80,128.640 
81,880.678 
80,609,988 
81,588.664 
80,620,81? 
81,187,70* 
81,881,820 
82,948,281 
84,259,48§ 
84,284.650 
83.N4  6,988 
82,879,107 
82,756,116 
81,98i»,178 
79,668,998 
77,112,681 
76,859,766 
76,754.981 
76.888,898 
76.176,786 
74.822,601 
76,664,887 
78.066.619 
79,679,412 
79.026.296 
76,189.668 
74,n35,799 
8(»,722.718 
82.184.167 
83.214.894 
85,876.876 
87.166  694 
86,464.480 
88,148,888 
89,688,696 


Journal  of  Banking^  Currency^  and  Finance.  218 


BOSTON  BANKS.— ( 

CAPITAL,  JAN.,  1859.  f  85 

i,126,483;  18 

60,  $87,258,6 

100.) 

Dne 

Dne 

Loans. 

Specie. 

Olroalatlon. 

Depoaita. 

to  banks. 

firom  banks. 

Jacu 

2  .. 

69,807,666 

4,674,271 

6,479,483 

18,449,806 

7,646.222 

6,848,874 

16  .. 

60,068,941 

4.478,841 

6,770,624 

17,768,002 

7,867,400 

6,736,288 

28  .. 

69,917,170 

4,182,114 

6,486,189 

17,378,070 

7,784,169 

6,516,582 

80  .. 

69,491,887 

4,172,826 

6,199,486 

17,488,064 

7.888,370 

6.617,641 

Feb. 

6  .. 

60,706.422 

4,249,694 

6,307,922 

17,900,002 

7,269,708 

6,656,460 

18  ,. 

69,998,784 

4,462,698 

6,864,820 

17,271.696 

7,426,689 

6,698,702 

20  .. 

60,118,886 

4,677,884 

6,306.687 

17,597,881 

7,480  060 

6,649,882 

27  .. 

69,927,917 

4,714,034 

6,411,678 

18.020,289 

7.700,680 

7,480,964 

March  5  .. 

69.993,784 

6,034,787 

6,896,666 

18.646,621 
1M98,298 

7,786,290 

7,768,074 

12  .. 

69,886.196 

6,828,610 

6,480.643 

7,715,668 

7,890,986 

19  .. 

60,268,208 

6,446,840 

6,405.084 

18,660,206 

26  .. 

60.180,209 

5,627,961 

6,328,278 

18,742,817 

8,86l]6l6 

7,804,222 

Apr. 

2  .. 

60,060,953 

6,046.703 

6.840,268 

19.262,894 

8,473,776 

8,080.218 

9  .. 

60,668,659 

6,320,661 

7,763,491 

20,469,893 

9,206,161 

9,788,121 

16  .. 

61,189,629 

6,289,719 

7,267.165 

20,291,620 

9,160,868 

8,814,312 

28  .. 

61,035,965 

6,816,962 

7,152,766 

20,266.917 

9,066,077 

8,188,121 

80  .. 

61,259,652 

6,317,9i'9 

6,992,908 

20,196,951 

9,278,668 

7,948,086 

May 

7  .. 

61,614.199 

6,811,714 

7,322,813 

20,810,086 

^.116,514 

8,324,891 

14  .. 

61.744,290 

6,^68.636 

7,076,071 

20,768,862 

9,210,182 

8,-J09,699 

21  .. 

61,724.621 

6,268,919 

7,081,806 

20,726,996 

9,197,894 

8.241,899 

28  .. 

61,268,986 

6,201,118 

6,660,596 

20,820,618 

9,057,822 

8,272,557 

Jqdc 

\    4  .. 

61.686,669 

6.192,456 

6,800,711 

20,666,296 

9,172,878 

8,866,511 

11  .. 

62,846,619 

6,800,700 

7,090,282 

20.228.677 

9,629,483 

7,857,489 

18  .. 

68.086,953 

6,822,698 

7,166,463 

20,677,636 

9,988,840 

7,991,098 

!26  .. 

68^67,166 

6,262.980 

7,188,826 

20,760,673 

10,807,194 

8,188.802 

July 

2  .. 

64.172.028 

6,069.870 

6,926,022 

20,828,714 

10,800,178 

7,627  888 

9  .. 

65,089,459 

6,087,718 

7,932,658 

21,138,175 

11,304,898 

9,105,876 

16  .. 

65,158,418 

6,685.920 

7,660,686 

20.312,421 

11,098,306 

7.995,222 

28  .. 

64,852,961 

6,8:^6.628 

7,523.746 

19,751,318 

11,093.127 

8,158,426 

80  .. 

64,460,289 

6,212.470 

6,848,834 

19,296,464 

10,853,708 

6,961,414 

Aog. 

,     6  .. 

64,777,968 

6,164,006 

7.127,264 

19.610,274 

9,923.981 

7,878,466 

18  .. 

64,840.627 

6,128,628 

7,076,440 

19,167,661 

9,861,112 

6,816,660 

20  .. 

64,660,278 

6,068,925 

7,107,097 

18,700,624 

9,772,788 

6,761,286 

27  .. 

64416,845 
64,054,818 

4,966,106 

6,790,847 

18,966,067 

9.656,546 

6,956,287 

Sept    3  . . 

6,051,016 

6,769,683 

19,286,884 

9,681,885 

7,864,997 

10  .. 

64,668.627 

6,380,357 

7,241,u99 

19,297,692 

9,483.486 

7,238,107 

17  .. 

64,789,.S7l 

6,381,366 

7.078,176 

19,082,822 

9,479,906 

6,756.991 

24  .. 

64,639.800 

6,376,494 

7,151.186 

19,488,083 

9,466.841 

7,218,410 

Oct 

1  .. 

64,662,239 

6,877,112 

7,188,844 

19,900,786 

9,439,696 

7,626,447 

8  .. 

64,671,820 

6,815,009 

7,961,028 

20,811.889 

9.604,474 

8.639,106 

16  .. 

64,488,073 

6,277,370 

7,761.043 

20,608.408 

9,419,914 

8,806,406 

22  .. 

64,213,174 

6,196,698 

7,966,762 

20,606,806 

9,708,676 

9,061.278 

29  .. 

68,822,866 

6,089,490 

7,542,859 

20,269,916 

9,070,687 

8,216.468 

Nov. 

6  .. 

64,040.882 

4,856,055 

7,607,932 

20,096.590 

9,016,647 

8,186,684 

12  .. 

64,089,083 

4,818,274 

7,791,906 

19,647,449 

9,088,186 

8.023,214 

19  .. 

64,150,613 

4,618,841 

7,705,674 

19.884,862 

9,121,890 

8,341.688 

26  .. 

62,719,557 

8,890,074 

7,345,893 

17,964,676 

8,884,922 

7.915,'7l8 

Dec 

8  .. 

62,069,772 

8,668,157 

7.469,377 

17,827,850 

7,886,884 

7,993,210 

10  .. 

61,870,666 

3,582,677 

7,244.907 

17,176,778 

7.684,066 

7,723,272 

17  .. 

61,426,446 

3,491,848 

6,619,199 

17,295.778 

7,032.608 

7,282,821 

24  .. 

61,169,236 

8.679,262 

6,878,926 

17,628,617 

7,101,761 

7,328,908 

81  .. 

61,682,766 

8,978,807 

6,869,816 

18,101,474 

7,467,609 

7,676,209 

PHILADELPHIA  BANKS.— 

(capital,  JAN.,  1860,111,788,190.) 

Di^. 

Loans 

Speoie.          Circulation. 

DeposlU. 

Dae  bankii 

Jan. 

2..., 

26,886,887         4,450,261         2,866,601         14>^b2,9]9 

2,619,192 

9.... 

26,248,061         4,468,262         2,676.628         14,161,487 

2,596,212 

16.... 

26,276,219        4,661,998         2,672,780         14,984.617 

2,668,449 

28.... 

26,445,787         4,614,679         2,644,191         16,064.970 

2,601.271 

80.... 

26,626,198         4,686,821         2,601,760         16,401,916 

2,619,678 

Feb. 

6.... 

26.498,976         4,669,929         2,666,810         16.409,241 

2,674,01ft 

214 


Journal  of  Banking^  Currency,  and  Finance. 


18., 

20.. 

27.. 
Mar.    5.. 

12.. 

19.. 

26.. 

April  2.. 

9.. 

16.. 

28.. 

80.. 
May    7.. 

H.. 

21.. 

28.. 
June  4.. 

11., 

IS.. 

26., 

July    2., 

». 

16.. 

28. 

80., 
Aug.   6. 

18., 

20., 

27. < 
Sept  8. 

10. 

17. 

24.. 

Oct     1.. 

8   . 

16., 

22., 

29., 
Not.    6., 

12.. 

19.. 

26.. 
Dee,    8.. 

10.. 

17.. 

24.. 

81.. 


Jan.  7  .. 

14  .. 

21  .. 

28  .. 
Feb.  4  . . 

11  .. 

18.. 

26.. 
Mar.  8  . . 

10.. 

17.. 

24.. 


Louia. 
26,498,976 
26,468,864 
26,668,918 
26,742,447 
26,742,447 
26,882,077 
26,048,772 
26,406,229 
27,214,264 
27,444,680 
27,646,861 
27,671,002 
27,690,212 
27,468,881 
27,401,926 
27,288,982 
27,171,002 
27,046,016 
26,882,709 
26,780,688 
26,886,868 
26,886,868 
26,878,486 
26,842,748 
26,861,776 
26,986,227 
26,880,807 
26.886,887 
27,096,028 
27,096,028 
27,224,180 
27,492,869 
27.760,486 
27,988,768 
28,118,980 
28,119,888 
28,288,640 
28,806,277 
27,900,887 
27,864,659 
26,776,878 
26,676,822 
26,978,207 
27,087,687 
27,084,858 
27,072,905 
26,927.097 


Specie. 
4,669,929 
4,581,866 
4,706,108 
4,816,062 
4,816,062 
4,873,419 
4,992,642 
6,060,274 
6,209,676 
6,416,711 
6,464,280 
6,458,470 
6,477.019 
6,687,860 
6,867,416 
4,886,679 
4,682,610 
4,188,667 
4,222,644 
4,829,688 
4,806,866 
4,806,866 
4,408,167 
4,668,641 
4,249,804 
4,800,448 
4,768,406 
4,771,772 
4,767,917 
4,267,917 
4,758,709 
4,741,624 
4,682,878 
4,676,099 
4,561,947 
4,507,980 
4,567,485 
4,417,421 
4,167,967 
4,011,948 
4.115,982 
8.844.642 
8,883,827 
8,667,067 
8,711,247 
8,888,080 
8,884,464 


Clnnletlon. 
2,666,810 
2,668,696 
2,668,192 
2,697,108 
2,697,108 
2,788,846 
2,784,778 
2,868,812 
8,628,762 
8,262,186 
8,154,286 
8,087,846 
2,968,444 
2,944,246 
2,870,617 
2,818,719 
2,824,471 
2,810,652 
2,725,269 
2,654,608 
2,960,881 
2,960,881 
2,859,852 
2,821,082 
2,785,718 
2,887,207 
2,849,840 
2,854,653 
2,885,524 
2,835,524 
2,891,876 
2,909,887 
2,887.640 
2,832,280 
8,006,854 
8,016,060 
2,888,804 
2.849.768 
2,887,618 
2,892,212 
2,791,762 
2,640,912 
2,657,908 
2,661,196 
2.626,984 
2,629,480 
2,610,716 


Deposits. 
16,409,241 
14,864,302 
14,590.092 
16,192,971 
16,192,971 
16,206,482 
16,698,622 
16,558,269 
16.628,762 
16,012,140 
16,618,616 
16.529,891 
16,763,609 
16,489,872 
16,422,885 
16,884,908 
16,620,298 
16,698.909 
16,642.689 
16,643.488 
16,824,891 
16,824,891 
16,796,206 
16,966,784 
16,086,967 
16,36^.525 
15,671,260 
15,588,318 
16,923,769 
16,928,769 
16,108,816 
16,813,616 
16,463,442 
16,852,538 
16,879,468 
16,786,983 
16,8619)20 
16,815,668 
16,789,826 
16,264,246 
16,833,121 
14,699,679 
16,054,180 
16,178,847 
16,379,864 
16,216,612 
15,183,744 


NEW  OELKAN8  BAKK8. — (CAPITAL,  JAN.,  1860,  $18,917,600.) 


Short  loans. 
26,022,466 
24,928,909 
24,699,024 
24,916,481 
25,145,274 
26,197,851 
25,005,952 
24,897,286 
24,946.210 
24,088,800 
24,054,846 
28,832,766 


Specie. 
12,284,448 
12,886,786 
12,821,411 
12,818,169 
12,760,642 
12,741,881 
12,894,621 
12,946,204 
12,952,002 
18,089,092 
12,729,866 
12,610,790 


Circnlation. 
12,088,494 
12,417,847 
12,809,612 
12,882,184 
18,216,494 
18,848,924 
18,468,989 
13,600.419 
18,860,899 
18,726,654 
18,7^7,164 
18,886,766 


Deposits. 
18,668,804 
18.678,288 
18,664,866 
19,677,121 
19,565,806 
19,244,847 
19,908,619 
19,218,590 
20,116,272 
19,711,428 
19,804,618 
19,102,068 


Ezchsnge. 
7.323,530 
7,410,860 
7,428,629 
8,144,681 
8,008,880 
7,849,866 
7,886,609 
8,083,929 
8,027,049 
8,582,012 
8.498,790 
8,342,599 


Doe  bank. 

2,674,016 

2,782,306 

8,116,010 

8,188,812 

3,183,812 

8,209,668 

3,198,680 

8,662,767 

4,085,696 

4,164,678 

8,985.110 

3,902.614 

8,781,987 

4,209.846 

4,085,882^ 

3,974,869 

3,744,481 

3,128,287 

8,109,639 

8,060,616 

3,169,819 

8,159,819 

8,318,196 

3,099,667 

3,211,866 

8,097,889 

8,261,684 

8,276,688 

8,185,826 

8,235,107 

8,243,168 

8,806,117 

8,151,218 

8,800,354 

8,183,699 

8,124,499 

8,126,287 

8,148,517 

2,659,627 

2,427.158 

2,424,087 

2,720,674 

8.237,424 

2,896,360 

3,045,982 

8,281,098 

8,482,991 


Distant 
balances. 
1,657.174 
1,887,704 
1.877,796 
1,608,763 
1,618,086 
1,896,160 
1,470,787 
1,686,626 
1,092,476 
1.601.149 
1,718,810 
1,738,246 


Journal  of  Banking^  Currency^  and  finance. 


215 


Distant  ' 

Short  loans.        Specie.          Olrcalation.       Deposits.  Ezohange.  balances. 

81..     28,674,714     12,487,196     18,976,624     18,681,020  8,149,061  1,610.499 

Apr.*  7..     28,107,740     12,868,071     14,100,890     18,070.209  8,660,117  1,942,066 

14..     22,422,208     12,290,689     18,688,089     17,849,018  8,179,441  1,608,468 

21..     22,880,088     12,100,687     12,999,204     18,880,088  7,649,069  1,649,060 

28..     21,487,974     11,910,861     12,788,749     17,699,688  7,686,684  1,877,017 

Biay    6..     21,487,974     11,910,861     12,788,749     17,699,688  7,686,684  1,877,017 

12..     20,646,629     11,672,864     12,268,444     17,442,974  7,218,888  1,768.871 

19..     19,886,119     11,706,007     12,168,609     17,260,226  6,909,886  1,680,480 

26..     18.688,492     11,698,719     11,900,864     17,988,774  6,699,676  1,896,210 

June  2..     18,282,807     11,191,024     11,791,799     16,986,666  6,178,788  1,469,061 

9..      17,428,118     11,072,286     11,672,269     16.989,687  6,968,996  1,442,041 

16..     16,864,692     10,698,889     11.889,889     16,106,686  6,688,880  1,666,076 

23..     16,821.969     10,228,276     11,188,484     16,319,947  6,067,682  1,789,481 

July   7..     16,627,126      9,888,812     10,921,067     14,671,491  4,648,896  1,601,640 

14..     16,796,886       9,698,964     10,696,884     14,667,417  4,128,242  1,401,804 

21..     16,946,426       9,644,798     10,810,824     14,826,647  8,706,020  1,612,608 

28..     17,802,024      9,607,448     10,071,888     14.868,884  8,219,947  1,168,961 

Aug.  4..     19,006,961       9,780,180      9,786,684     14,264,107  2,900,089  1,818,898 

11..     19,388,879       9,846,181       9,626,984     14,368,664  2,666,160  1,182,881 

18..     20,318,484       9,801,183       9,867,964     14,107,236  2,119,789  1,299,462 

26..     21,832.818       9,900,424       9,268,874     13,614,301  1,766,084  1.846,814 

Septl..     22,049,988       9,907,617       9,196,144     18,803,771  1,481,800  1,081,228 

8..     22,241,708       9,989,917       9,066,744     18,666,731  1,808,878  929.618 

16..     28.144,167       9,861,218       8,929,404     18,646,294  1,844,890  1,078,178 

22..     28,871,978       9,816,24T      8,872,808     13,403,926  1,463.612  1,077,600 

29..     24,286,860       9,691,812       8,762,844     18.978,081  2.016,820  880.688 

Oct    6..     24,670,487       9,766,171       8,688,769     14,084,071  2,186.911  810,469 

18..     24,680,084      9,938,431       8,344,109     14,836,090  2,291,278  810.460 

20..     24,670,161       9,988,226       8,296,660     14,769,666  8,O.S7,312  797.404 

27..     24,466,180     10,008,169       8,168,109     16,681.396  8,940,980  691.624 

Not.  3..     24,440,677     10,043.180      8,267,044     15,439,008  4.226,168  891,986 

10..     28,448,641     10.219,761       8,063,289     16,681,600  4,913,074  721,008 

17..     22,698,487     10,860,026       7,892,024     16,877,764  6,032,846  849,966 

24..     22,141,224     11,060,367       7.468.289     14.948,286  6,160,203  1,173,087 

Dec.    1..     21,682,976     10,626,491       7,170,297     14,689.064  6,«80,298  871,776 

8..     20,238,686     11,021,820       6,863,084     16,068,126  6,830,383  794,279 

16..     19.879,680     11,860,178       6,484.922     16,625,928  6,742,700  700.126 

22..     18.684,868     12.684.493       6,249,679     16,904.311  6,709,818  803,628 

29..     18,144,481     13,666,033       6,178,374     17,036.848  6,078,418  887,188 

PITTSBUaO  BANKS. — (CAPITAL.  ^4,160,200.) 

Loans.               Specie.           Circulation.  Deposits.  Dae  baniui. 

Jan.  16 7,202,867     980,630    2,080,648  1,627,648  804,662 

23 7,060,471    1,022,278    2,012,478  1,646.108  266.076 

80 6,989,820    1.003.037    1.896,868  1.666,686  266,804 

Feb.  6 6,984,209     997,689    1.907,828  1,609,692  280,426 

18 6,989,062     961.688    1,888,093  1,602,811  191,222 

20 6,967,621     988,306    1,868.698  1,648.708  176,061 

27 7,022,230     991,377    1,821,288  1,760,967  224,484 

Mar.  6 7,101,469    1,018,266    1,871,878  1,768,879  278,848 

12 7,086,624     999,098    1,901,648  1,661,216  197,007 

19 7,066,774.    1,004.760    1,946,828  1,686,887  198,666 

26 7,088,891     981,660    1,980,782  1,672,180  192,411 

Apr.  2 7,166.377    1,006,416    2,086,688  1,601,167  191,101 

9 7,206,787     990,962    2,072,878  1,698,230  171,100 

16 7,169,668    1,018,446    2,071,878  1,661,862  187,266 

28 7,278,279    1,166,278    2,024,188  1,897,498  240,148 

80 7,284,761    1,141,878    1,996,068  1,918,687  176,671 

y  6 7,234,761    1.141,878    1,996,068  1,918,687  176.671 

14 7,268,197    1,088.861    2,011,268  1.890.810  215,768 

19 7,196,493    1,188,719    2.022,988  1,906,778  213.944 

27 7,190,192    1,122,067    1.962.688  1,918,321  206.816 

ne  4 7,282,968    1/)89,761    1,907,248  1,919,908  277.978 


216  Journal  of  Banlcing,  Currency^  and  Finance. 

^  Loiiw.  Spede.  Clrcnlstioii.  Depoeita.  Doe  banks. 

11 7,214,889    1,12M08    1.919,688    1.892,800  240,728 

18 7.247.641    1,102.446    2.029,668    1,748,916  271.062 

,   25 7,291.888    1.160.248    2,048,868    1,779,762  816.868 

Jolyl4 7,810.668    1.068,974    2,071,448    1,818,616  289,882 

21 7,294,891    1,088,220    2.078.698    1.846,879  206,011 

28 7,216,944    l,a98.084    2,069,808    1,861,817  167,671 

Aug.  6 7,208,067    1,180,002    2.018,628    1,860,848  284.846 

18 7.1?>8,260    1,123,027    1,990.498    1,868.769  176,924 

20 7,093,091    1.162,198    2,007,668    1,869.418  289,790 

27 7.047.761    1,167,884    2,084,768    1,848,760  282,181 

Sept.  8 7,146,776    1,169,428    2.124,008    1,905,667  240,419 

10 7,189,564    1,226,161    2.196.678    1,904,828  222,166 

l*? 7,121,227    1,188,707    2,299,488    1,819,248  210,274 

^   24 7,107,947    1,246,626    2.841,868    1,881,866  288,068 

Oct.  8 7.109,678    1.818.187    2.864,808    1,962,670  211.260 

15 7,048,606    1,816,266    2,884,208    1,969,786  186,111 

22 7,122,862    1,817,051    2,448.188    1.924.611  216.888 

„   29 7,109,206    1,879,694    2.424.788    1,949.786  244,908 

Nov.  6 7.262,699    1.400.485    2.416,713    2,088,882  260.121 

12 7,192.918    1,419,264    2.884.496    2.077,671  178,026 

1» 7,280.758    1,403,688    2.609,791    1,948,888  192,986 

^   26 7,287,896    1,290,069    2,513,097    1,866.161  821,010 

Dec-  8 7.806,180    1,819.860    2.488.686    1,961.797  272,203 

10 7,286.706    1,814,286    2.494,871    1,906,987  248,248 

1*^ 7,307,257    1,297.744    2,621,086    1,868,766  244,061 

24 7,298,860    1,289,988    2,688,161    1,828,041  219,061 

BT.  LOUIS  BANKS. 

EzchsDge.  Oircalation.  Specie. 

Jmn.   7 4,873,648  688,655  662,766 

14 4,467,613  620.806  642.497 

21 4,862,699  602,176  680,764 

28 4,290,663  495,880  668.886 

FeK   4 4.149,286  467,096  690,602 

11 4,048,598  424,606  625,048 

18 8,906.896  891,606  639,460 

26 8,951,488  899,086  680,877 

Mareh  8 8.891.268  896,905  689,801 

10 . .      8.998,827  877.936  651 .802 

17 8.968,924  377.866  641.262 

24 8,880.916  866.246  664.179 

81 3,790,291  840.095  685.984 

April  7 3,862.464  844,680  657,821 

14 8,868,846  325,960  676,858 

21 8,852.61 4  814,860  601.014 

25 8,694,877  806,760  678.284 

Mmj   6 3.609.648  801.800  746,176 

12 3,688.644  294,1 16  808,91 8 

19..   8,696,707  286,140  826,798 

26 3,767.986  278,540  671,669 

June  2 8,879,617  265,210  627,942 

9 3,823,786  268,780  656,868 

16 3,888,768  244,860  682,91 7 

28 3,967,082  285,935  706,764 

80 3,826,428  206,749  804,988 

July   7 8.786,696  199,886  791,729 

14 8,892.096  162,026  684,868 

21 8,679,192  191,876  762,897 

28 8,625,888  177.620  668.862 

Aug.  4 8.626,098  173,310  683.796 

11 3,540,196  176,116  687.810 


Journal  of  Banking^  Currency^  and  Finance.  217 

Exchange.  01reiil*tloii.  8peci«. 

18 8,6tfO,2tt7  188.876  7U,046 

26 8,699,470  220,605  728,846 

Sept.     1 8,688,644  222,600  700,897 

8 8,680,708  288,190  714,496 

16 8,778.1 86  240.660  709,198 

22 8,814,868  268,606  679,617 

29 8,996,986  240,800  722,868 

Oct.      6 4,027,366  266,766  677,622 

IS 4,126,663  264,950  646,1 96 

20 4,262,411  289.210  662.686 

27 4,891,887  277,286  670,666 

Not.      8 4,477,847  816,800  697,780 

10 4,484,016  298,866  696,928 

11 4»474,864  274,126  648,396 

26 4,499,182  236,970  611,666 

Dec       1 4,666,218  229,020  494,786 

8 4,880,801  246,810  616,482 

PBOYIDINOI  BANKS. — (CAPITAL,  |14,908,000.) 

Loans.              Specie.          Olrcalation.  Deposits.  Pae  banks 

Jan.  2 19,144,864    816.917    2,011,886  2,686,486  938,608 

Feb.  6 19,144.846    826,297    1,968,640  2^66,168  921,779 

Mar.  8 19,009,266    842,966    1,917,698  2,698.169  970,971 

Apr.  1 18,686,210       -843,992         1.962,022  2,640,170  1,040,260 

May  7 18,898,663        448,418         2,046,590  2,778,248  1,866,071 

June  4 18,891,907         422,726         1,988,254  2,844,012  1,210,104 

July  2 19,243,061         430,128         2,168,9<^4  2.790.687  1,115,951 

Aug.  6 19,580,296         897,286         2,218,847  2,748,678  1,169,800 

Sept.  8 19,566,718         857,188         2,128,967  2,526,948  1,082,109 

Oct.     1 19,834,817         887,851         2,188,847  2,590,103  894,204 

Not.   6 19,901,828         868,651         2,092,267  2,728,904  1,170,866 

Dec    8 19,748.430         848,168         1,992,968  2,648,282  1,164,102 

Jmu    7 19,824,406         876,404         2,019,662  2,682,258  1,107,289 


PIKE'S  PEAK  GOLD  REGION. 


Two  years  ago  the  first  house  was  built  upon  the  present  site  of  Denver,  by 
(Jen.  William  Larimer  and  his  party,  who  had  just  arrived  from  Leavenworth. 
It  was  a  rude  log.cabin,  only  six  feet  high,  with  a  dirt  roof.  Now,  Denver  has 
three  daily  newspapers,  two  churches,  a  theater,  several  brick  blocks,  which  are 
unsurpassed  in  any  city  west  of  St.  Louis,  and  a  population  of  5,000. 

A  gentleman  who  has  been  canvassing  the  mining  region  for  a  business  direc- 
tory, furnishes  some  interesting  statistics.  There  are  175  quartz  mills  in  the 
mountains,  which,  upon^  the  ground,  in  running  order,  cost  in  the  aggregate 
about  $1,800,000 ;  75  of  them  have  already  been  put  in  operation,  and  the  own- 
ers generally  state  that  they  are  doing  well. 

About  one  thousand  people  are  engaged  in  selling  goods  in  the  Pike's  Peak 
region.  The  number  of  loaded  freight  wagons  going  there  from  the  Missouri 
River  during  the  current  year  will  nearly  reach  twenty  thousand.  Messrs. 
Clark,  Gruber  &  Co.  have  already  put  in  circulation  upward  of  a  hundred  and 
twenty  five  thousand  dollars  of  their  private  coin,  and  at  the  present  rate  the 
amount  will  reach  two  hundred  thousand  before  the  first  of  January.  The  gen- 
tlemen of  this  firm,  who  have  perhaps  better  facilities  forjudging  than  any  other 
house,  estimate  the  Pike's  Peak  gold  yield  for  1860  at  five  millions.    The  mode 


218  Journal  of  Banking^  Currency,  and  Finance.  • 

of  retorting  the  gold,  and  separating  it  from  the  quicksilver,  as  famished  by 
Mr.  Frederick  Sherman,  an  assayist  on  Nevada  Gulch,  is  as  follows : — 

NivADA  OiTT,  October  25, 18W. 

Dear  Sir  : — Agreeably  to  your  wish,  I  hereby  communicate  to  you  the  usual 
mode  of  preparing  our  gold  for  the  market. 

The  precious  metal  having  been  separated  from  the  quartz  by  mercury,  is  held 
as  it  were  in  solution  by  this  fluid  metal ;  this  solution  is  strained  through  buck- 
skin. By  this  means  the  mercury  is  drained  off,  leaving  the  gold  combined  with 
a  small  portion  of  (quicksilver.  In  this  state  it  is  denominated  amalgam,  and 
contains  from  one-sixth  to  one-third  its  weight  of  gold. 

To  drive  off  the  remaining  portion  of  mercury  from  the  amalgam,  it  is  put 
into  an  iron  vessel  having  an  air-tight  cover.  To  this  cover  a  tube  is  adjusted, 
one  end  of  which  can  be  placed  in  water.  The  retort,  as  the  above  vessel  is 
called,  is  exposed  to  a  light  heat.  The  mercury  is  converted  into  vapor,  which 
passes  through  the  tube  above  mentioned,  and  is  condensed  by  the  water. 

The  gold  being  now  nearly  free  from  quicksilver,  (I  say  nearly,  for  more  or 
less  will  yet  remain,  depending  upon  the  skill  with  which  it  has  been  retorted,) 
is  denominated  gold  dust,  or  dust,  and  forms  our  circulating  medium,  very  in- 
convenient, however,  and  subject  to  much  loss,  as  the  fine  dust  will  penetrate 
the  heaviest  buckskin. 

To  obviate  this  difficulty,  much  of  it  is  melted  and  cast  into  ingots,  with  the 
weight  of  the  bar  and  the  name  of  the  assayer  stamped  thereon.  Large  quanti- 
ties are  granulated  also.  This  is  accomplished  by  pouring  the  melted  metal  into 
water ;  by  this  means  it  is  formed  into  all  shapes  and  sizes.  The  gold  needs  to 
be  much  purer  for  this  latter  process  than  for  converting  into  bars ;  but  in  both 
cases  the  loss  in  weight,  occasioned  by  the  dissipation  of  the  quicksilver,  which 
I  alluded  to  before  as  remaining  in  the  dust  after  retorting,  varies  from  60  cents 
to  $2  per  ounce. 

The  melted  gold  varies  somewhat  in  value,  depending  on  the  amount  of  silver 
and  other  alloy  contained  in  it  To  ascertain  its  exact  worth,  an  assay  must  be 
resorted  to,  performed  as  follows  : — A  small  portion,  say  500  millogrammes  of 
the  gold  to  be  valued,  is  mixed  with  a  small  portion  of  pure  lead,  and  enough 
silver  is  added  to  make  the  supposed  weight  of  silver  in  the  gold,  plus  the  amount 
now  added,  equal  to  three  times  the  weight  of  gold.  This  is  now  exposed  to  a 
white  heat  in  a  cupel,  a  small  shaped  ve^el  made  of  bone  ashes ;  the  gold,  silver, 
and  lead  melt,  the  cupel  absorb^  the  lead,  which  carries  with  it  the  copper  and 
other  base  metals. 

We  have  now  nothing  remaining  but  gold  and  silver  combined  in  a  small 
globule,  or  button  as  it  is  termed.  This  is  rolled  out  quite  thin,  and  subjected 
to  the  action  of  nitric  acid.  The  object  of  adding  the  silver  at  the  commence- 
ment  of  the  assay  will  now  be  seen  ;  had  it  not  been  done,  the  gold  would  have 
been  present  in  such  a  large  proportion  as  to  envelop  the  silver  already  in  it, 
and  p^e8erved  it  from  the  action  of  the  acid.  The  silver  being  now  removed, 
we  have  fine  gold  remaining.  This  is  now  weighed,  and  the  proportion  it  beara 
to  the  weight  first  taken  shows  the  per  cent  of  fine  gold  under  assay.  This  is 
the  course  pursued  at  the  United  States  Mint,  but  being  somewhat  expensive, 
our  gold  is  received  by  the  merchants  at  the  average  price  of  $16  per  ounce  for 
dost,  and  $18  per  ounce  for  melted  gold. 

FRED.  BHEBMAN. 


LOUISIANA  VALUATION. 

The  Auditor's  report,  published  in  January,  18C0,  shows  the  value  of  all 
property  liable  to  taxation,  in  this  State,  to  have  been,  in  1858,  $400,460,747, 
upon  which  was  levied  a  tax,  including  licenses  and  polls,  of  $1,426,329  33. 

No  report  for  the  year  1859  was  made.  But  little  change  has  been  made  in 
the  country  parishes  in  the  assessed  value  of  property,  while  the  increase  in  the 
city  has  been  30  per  cent  in  the  last  two  years. 


Journal  of  Banking^  Ourrency^  and  Finance.  219 

The  amoant  which  will  be  paid  into  the  State  treasury  by  the  parish  of  Or- 
leans, for  the  year  1860,  will  DOt  vary  much  from  $630,000,  and  allowing  that 
there  will  be  an  increase  in  the  country  parishes  of  a  few  thousand  dollars,  shows 
that  this  city  pays  to  the  State,  annually,  about  43  per  cent  of  its  revenues. 
When  this  fact  is  considered,  it  proves  the  great  injustice  inflicted  on  the  city, 
under  the  constitution,  in  the  apportionment  of  the  representation.  Taxed  to 
the  amounnt  of  43  per  cent,  our  representation  in  both  branches  of  the  Legis- 
lature can  never  exceed  25  per  cent  of  the  whole  representation. 

We  are  indebted  to  Mr.  John  A.  Watkins  for  the  following  highly  impor- 
tant tabular  statement,  showing  the  State  assessment  for  1860  of  the  value  of 
property  in  the  parish  of  Orleans : — 

BTATK  A8SE88MSNT  FOK  THB  TBAB    1860. 

YaIim  No.  Yftlae          Honee,  Stocki  Capital  and 

of  of  of  cowsn  and  in  money 

Ditt     real  estate,  slaves.  slayes.  carriages.  rewels.  at  interest  licenses.      Polls. 

1.  16,805,650  1/296  1771,200  $lll,b25  $8,000  $198,000    $10,235        669 

2.  8,482,160     1,808    1,082,950       174,976       10,000         642,800       26.776     2,064 
8.    25,467,700     1,602       911,260      240,425     692,675    21,446.256     116,565     5,287 

4.  11,204,050        962       590,250       116,700         4,000      4.599,800       29,280        969 

5.  8,202,100  1,881  816,660  188,020  5,000  1,726,660  27,345  1,123 

6.  6,115,300  1,222  721,890  55,250          829,050  14,086  697 

7.  4,921,200  748  476,400  122,060  ....  226,050  8,600  881 

8.  2,866,050  258  164,400  .55,850  818,000  297,150  8,595  884 

9.  8,044,400  600  866,850  150,625  ....  121,425  6,595  680 
10.  8,879,526  1,651  840,900  183,260  4,000  221,650  12,690  1,208 


184,448,126  11,816  16.786,240  $1,298,770  1,086,675  $29,712,780  $260,715  18,269 

Total  value  of  property  assessed. $128,271,040 

There  are  discrepancies  between  this  assessment  for  State  purposes  and  the 
following  for  municipal  account,  arising  from  the  fact  that,  by  special  I^isla* 
tion,  some  articles  are  taxed  by  the  city  which  are  exempt  for  State  purposes, 
viz. :  furniture  pays  a  city  but  not  a  State  tax,  while  bank  capital  pays  no  tax 
to  either,  except  the  free  banks,  which  pay  a  State  tax. 


SOUTH  CAR0U5A  DEBT  MD  FUfiUCES. 

The  official  returns  of  the  debt  of  South  Carolina,  September  30, 1860,  is  at 
follows : — 

8  per  cent  stock  outsaoding  Oct  Ist,  1860 $44,078  68 

6  per  cent  stock  outstaodiog.  Fire  Loan,  1888 885,807  02 

6  per  cent  bonds,  Fire  Loan,  1838 484,444  61 

6  per  cent  bonds,  Blue  Rid^  Railroad 1,810,000  00 

6  per  cent  bonds.  New  Oapitol 500,000  00 

6  per  cent  stock.  New  Oapitol,  1856 250,000  00 

6  per  cent  stock.  New  Capitol,  1 857 800,000  00 

6  per  cent  stock.  New  Oapitol,  1868,  on  1st  Oct,  1859.  •      $869,920 

Issued  this  year 80,080  400,000  00 

6  per  cent  stock,  New  Oapitol,  1859,  issued  this  year 872,210  00 

$4,046,540  16 

The  amount  due  for  surplus  revenue  is  not  included  in  the  items  of  the  public 
debt  proper,  as  the  general  government  has  repeatedly  borrowed  money  since  it 
was  divided  among  the  States,  without  demanding  payment,  there  is  no  proba. 
bility  that  the  State  will  be  required  to  refund  it.  The  amount  is  $1,051,422  09. 


220  Journal  of  Banking^  Ourrency^  and  linance. 

Daring  the  fiscal  year  the  Bank  of  the  State  redeemed  and  canceled  the  fol- 
lowing portions  of  the  public  debt : — 

6  per  cent  stock,  Fire  Loan,  1888 $842,524  56 

8  per  cent  State  Stock 15,199  89 

6  per  cent  Southwestern  Railroad  Bank 500  00 

$858,228  94 
In  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  the  act  for  the  relief  of  Jacob  Frastbk, 
passed  the  22d  day  of  Dec.,  1859,  five  bonds  of  the  Spartanburg  and  Union 
Railroad  Company,  for  five  hundred  dollars  each,  which  were  duplicates  of  the 
original  lost  bonds,  numbered  94,  95,  96,  97,  98,  were  indorsed,  after  receiving 
a  sufficient  bond  of  indemnity,  as  required  by  said  act. 

SINKING  FUND. 

The  report  of  the  Treasurer  of  the  Lower  Division  shows  that  there  was  in 
favor  of  the  State  on  the  Ist  of  October,  1860,  the  sum  of  31,889,093  35. 

The  Bank  of  the  State  passed  to  credit  of  sinking  fund  the  balance  of  net 
profits  for  the  fiscal  year,  amounting  to  $85,637  89.  after  retaining  four  various 
advances  to  the  State,  $95,595  37. 


ILLINOIS  STATE  DEBT. 


The  following  statement,  showing  that,  from  January,  1857,  to  November  30, 
1860,  the  amount  of  State  indebtedness,  principal  and  interest,  liquidated,  be- 
sides paj^ng  the  running  interest  semi  annually,  was  $2,959,746  80.  The  public 
debt  of  the  State  on  the  30th  of  November  last,  was  as  follows  : — 

Interest  Stock,  payable  at  pleasure  of  the  State $808,896  84 

New  Refunded  Stock— coupon  bonds— payable  after  1860 18,000  00 

New  Refunded  Stock,  payable  after  I8tt2 902,000  00 

Liquidation  Bonds,  payable  after  1865 $250,890  21 

New  Refunded  Stock,  payable  after  1865. .. 21,000  00  271,890  21 

«♦                 "                         "          1869 215,00000 

New  Internal  Improvement  Stock,  payable  after  1870     2,168,617  88 

New  Refunded  Stock,  payable  after  1870 198,000  00  2,866,617  88 

"                "                        "          1876 109,00000 

Interest  Bonds  of  1847,  payable  after  1877 1,584,925  82 

New  Refunded  Stock,  payable  after  1877 185,000  00  1,719,925  82 

$6,895,880  20 

Old  State  Bonds- 
Bank  of  Illinois  Bonds,  1860 $81,000 

Internal  Improvement  Bonds,  1870 42,000 

Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal  Bonds,  1 860 4,000  77,000  00 

122  Macalister  and  Stebbins'  Bands,  which,  according  to  statements, 
etc^  of  Macalister,  will,  January  Ist,  1 86 1 ,  amount  to 49,608  81 

Internal  Improvement  Scrip 28,054  86 

Six  certificates  for  arrears  of  interest 2,674  58 

$6,548,167  89 
Canal  Debt- 
Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal  Bonds,  regi  tered $2,299,096 

Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal  Bonds,  unregistered 1,878,090 

$8,672,186 
From  the  Canal  Debt  is  to  be  deducted  a  dividend  of  fk'v^  per  cent  on 
the  registered  bonds,  which  will  leave  total  Canal  Debt 8,667,280  25 


Journal  of  Banking^  Currency,  and  Finance. 


221 


ASSESSED  VALUATION  OF  THE  CITT  AND  COUNTY  OF  ALBANY. 

The  following  is  the  majority  report  adopted  by  the  Board  of  Supervisor?  of 
Albany  County. 


CITT  OF  ALBANY. 

Be*L  PenoiwL 

iBtward : $1,048,206  $7,000 

2d  ward 1,188,200       '       29.800 

8d  ward 1,616.412  110,460 

4th  ward 8,263.991  869,826 

5th  ward 8,772.1 58  4,606,008 

6th  ward. ." 2,165,578  268,181 

7thward 1,279,496  69,131 

8th  ward 1,264,630  1 6,000 

9th  ward,  east 1,890,630  120,868 

9th  ward,  west 67,886              

10th  ward,  east 2,678,1 16  26,060 

10th  ward,  west 93,160              

Total $20,808,446       $6,006,808 

TOWNS. 

Berne 888,108  86.862 

Bethlehem 1,876,085  189.028 

Coeymans 1,019,975  192,824 

Guilderland 728,962  84.091 

Knox. 269,961  72,654 

New  Scotland 1,075,120  113,360 

Rensselaerville 614,560  156,602 

Westerlo 67 1,925  1 1 6,027 

Watervliet 2,098.519  866.960 

villagea 2,686,957  897,000 

Total $11,819,167       $1,918,19* 


Total 
$1,055,206 
1,213,000 
1,726,862 
4,128,816 
8.278,161 
2,428,754 
1,838,626 
1,280,680 
2,010,998 

57,886 
2,708,166 

98,160 

$26,810,248 

463,466 

2,016,118 

1,212,299 

818,053 

842,616 

1,189,480 

771,062 

687,962 

2.450,469 

8,282,968 

$18,232,861 


DEBT  OF  PENNSYLVANIA. 

We  are  indebted  to  the  And i tor-General  for  the  following  statement  of  the 
public  debt  of  Pennsylvania : — 

BTATBJf  SNT  SBOWIMG  THE   INOhBTBDNESS  OF  THB  OOMMONWKALTH  OF  PBNNSTLVANIA  ON 
TBB  IST  DAY  OF  DBOBMBBB,  1860. 

Funded  debt,  vix.: — 

6    per  cent  loans $400,630  00 

6    per  cent  loans 86,967,296  72 

4i  per  cent  loans 881,200  00 

4    per  cent  loans 100,000  00 


Unfunded  debt,  viz. : — 

Relief  notes  in  circulation 

Interest  certificates  outstanding  , 
Interest  certificates  unclaimed .. 
Domestic  creditor's  certificates  . , 


$99,402  00 

16,0*74  80 

41,448  88 

797  10 


$37,849,126  72 


$120,721  78 

Total  State  debt  December  Ist,  1860 $87,969,847  50 

Amount  uf  public  debt  on  Dec.  1.  1859 $38,688,961  07 

Deduct  amount  paid  during  the  fiscal  year  end- 
ing with  80th  November,  1860,  viz.:— 

Loans  redeemed $664,857  66 

Relief  notes  canceled 1,811  00 

Interest  certificatea 2,439  52 

Domestic  creditor's  certificates.  6  40 


669,118  57 


$87,969,847  60 


222  Journal  of  Banking^  Currency^  and  Finance. 

ILLIffOIS  TWO  MILL  Til. 

The  followlDg  is  a  statement  of  the  receipts  into  the  treasury  od  acconnt  of 

the  two  mill  tax,  levied  under  the  State  constitution,  for  the  payment  of  the 

State  debt  :— 

Up  to  and  including  November  80, 1860 $166,788  81 

During  fiscal  term  ending  November  80, 1862 492,166  68 

«                "                    »*                   1864 701.220  99 

-                «                    -                   1866 1,118,418  14 

'*                "                   "                  1868 1,887,217  71 

From  December  1, 1868,  to  July  81, 1860 944,784  8ft 

Total  receipts  to  July  8 1, 1 860 $4,804,661  67 

ESMERALDA  ASSAYS. 

Mr.  A.  H.  MiTCHBLL,  says  a  California  paper,  has  shown  to  the  editor  of  the 

Delta  about  250  pounds  of  silver  ore  brought  from  the  Esmeralda  country. 

Specimens  from  the  following  leads  have  assayed  as  follows  to  the  ton  : — 

Aurora $6,640 

Last  Chance 4,000 

Silver  HiU 2,440 

Garibaldi 2.100 

Sonora 1,900 

Last  Rose  of  Summer 4 ,000 

Eemeralda 1,700 

Mayfield 1,900 

Bear  Flag,  (gold) 6,000 

Mr.  Mitchell  vouches  for  the  correctness  of  the  above  statement,  as  the  testa 

have  all  been  made  by  competent  assayera. 

STATE  BANK  OF  IOWA. 

The  statement  of  the  State  Bank  of  Iowa,  made  officially,  shows  its  condition 

as  follows : — 

Specie  in  the  bank. $416,889  80 

Bank  notes  on  hand 489,460  00 

Due  from  other  banks 297,716  88 

Discounts 1,1 64,666  72 

Capital  of  the  bank : 416,889  87 

Circulation 880,808  00 

Due  other  banks. 24,478  92 

Deposita 966,800  62 

The  most  noticeable  feature  in  this  statement  is  the  amount  of  circulation 

•880,308.  

ILLUrOIS  BANKS. 

By  the  creation  of  new  banks  and  extending  the  circulation  of  some  of  the 
old  ones,  the  bank  note  circulation  of  the  Illinois  banks  was  expanded  from 
$9,610,000  on  the  1st  of  July  last  to  811,010,000  October  1,  being  an  addition 
of  91,400,000,  or  more  than  fourteen  per  cent.  The  State  stocks  deposited  as 
security  for  the  redemption  of  the  circulation  July  1st,  was  $10,678,000,  or  11 
per  cent  above  the  circulation,  which  would  show  that  the  stocks  deposited 
against  the  circulation  October  1st,  amounted  to  $12,264,000.  The  circulation 
being  then  $11,010,000|  the  stocks  were  nearly  13  per  cent  above  the  circnl»- 
tion,  showing  the  average  at  which  the  stocks  were  taken  to  be  87  per  cent 


Statistics  of  Trade  and  Commerce.  228 


STATISTICS  OF  TRADE  AND  COMMERCE. 

THE  WHALE  FISHERY  IN  1860. 

The  WhOemtv!*  Shipping  List,  of  New  Bedford,  has  compiled  its  osaal  an- 
nual statement  of  the  whale  fishery  of  the  United  States  for  the  past  year  from 
which  we  extract  a  few  facts  that  will  interest  our  readers.  The  y4r  opened 
with  no  very  flattering  prospects,  and  its  success  has  only  been  about  up  tothe 
moderate  anticipations  which  were  entertained. 

The  whole  number  of  vessels  employed  in  the  American  whale  fishery  on  the 
first  of  January.  1861,  is  514,  against  669  on  the  first  of  January,  I860  show 
ing  a  diminution  of  65  vessels,  and  an  aggregate  of  18,803  tons 

The  average  prices  daring  the  past  year  have  been,  for  sperm  oil  14U  cents 
whale  0.1  49*  cents  per  gallon ;  whalebone.  Northern.  80  l-Sth  cents,  and  South' 
oea,  73f  cents  per  pound. 

rJi^  Im*"*"  "i  f  *°^  ^'^  '■*''  *••"  y**'  ^"^^  ^"^  "«  fo"o''8  --Sperm  oil 
32.<92  bbls. ;  whale  oil.  13,007  bbls. ;  and  of  whalebone.  911.226  lbs    Thow 

Z.*  ?o«  7n,°fJ"  ^^"J^^"*'  "'  '^""'  ^'^  ^^^^'  ^^'^^^  •""«••  "d  i°"whale.' 
Done,  796,703  lbs.,  and  an  excess  in  whale  oil  of  4,828  bbls 

The  news  from  the  Northern  Whaling  Fleet  the  last  season  is  very  discour- 

T^A-   ^"""Ktbe  reason  of  1860.  about  140  American  ships  cruised  North 

mcludmg  Kodiak.  Arctic.  Ochotsk  Seas.    Prom  the  information  received  it  doi 

I-Ti^*  their  average  catch  will  reach  600  bbls-tbe  lowest  average 

of  Si      whaling  business  was  pursued  in  these  seas,  according  to  the  number 

Six  ships  have  been  fitted  from  New  Bedford  the  last  year  for  Davis'  Straits 
Ztl!Z         ^'"'  "'  """  '"■"  ^"^  ^''-"-'"'O"  --^  ^^ 

Of  the  Northern  fleet  only  two  ships  have  been  lost-the  George  and  Mary 
of  New  London,  wrecked  in  Ochotek  Sea,  June  7th,  and  the  Paulina,  of  New 
Bedford  lost  lu  a  gale  of  wind  off  Lahaina,  November   16.     The  im ports  of 

Tare  It  f^f  2r'  '""  "'"  "-"^  ^""^  "^  "^  '""'  °^  ''^  "-'  y--  ''-"^ 
The  number  of  v^  employed  in  the  right  whaling  bnsiness  will  be  consid- 
erably  diminished  tAis  year.  Many  of  the  largest  will  be  withdrawn  and  put 
into  the  freighting  business,  while  others,  which  need  heavy  repairs,  will  be  sold 
and  broken  up.  r-    .  •»  t  ucbwiu 

We  annex  a  comparison  of  the  imports  : 

1864  bbls.  76.696  819.887  8,646T(» 

I" 1?8.0"  280.114  6.662.800 

1882.....  78,878  84,811  1.269.900 

1861..,..  99.891  828.488  8.966.600 

1866..:;:  72:64i  umi  voifim  ""-••  "-"^  *<«'•«<»«  «.8«».«oo 

The  imports  of  sperm  and  whale  oil  and  whalebone,  for  1860,  it  will  be  seen 
from  the  above  table,  fall  considerably  below  those  of  1859. 
The  average  prices  of  sperm  and  whale  oil  for  the  past  year  are  better  than 


.-  ..^i.  8P«™-  W1m1«.  WUlekon* 

1860  bbla.  78,708  140.006  1.887.660 

1869. 91,408  190,411  1.928.860 

1868.....  81.941  182.828  1.640,600 

1867 78.440  280.941  2.068.900 

1866.....  80,941  197,890  2.692.700 


224 


Statistics  of  Trade  and  Commerce. 


for  1859.    We  annex  a  comparison  of  the  average  prices  cf  sperm  oil,  whale, 
and  whalebone  for  the  past  twenty  years.  ^ 


Sperm.    Whale.   Bone. 

Sperm. 

Whale. 

Bone. 

1860.ct8. 

14U     49i     80  MO 

1860. .cts. 

120  7-10 

49  1-10 

84  4-10 

1869 

lUl           48i     

1849.... 

108  910 

89  9-10 

81  810 

1868 

121      64      92i 

1848.... 

lOOi 

86 

86* 

1867.... 

128i     ni           96| 

1847.... 

87i 

88f 

84 

1866.,.. 

162      I9i           68 

1846.... 

88 

82i 

88f 

1866... 

177  2-10  71  2-10  46i 

1846.... 

90i 

86| 

40 

1864.,.. 

148}     68f     89.1 

1844.... 

68 

84i 

86f 

186S.... 

1241     68i     S4i 

1848.... 

78 

88} 

28 

1862.... 

128f     68  1-6   60f 

1842.... 

94 

81* 

19  2-10 

1861.... 

127i     46  6-16  84^ 

1841 

100 

80i 

19 

FREMONT  TRADE. 

The  Fremont  Journal  has  a  very  interesting  exhibit  of  some  matters  of  trade 
at  that  point  for  the  last  year.  They  very  clearly  show  Fremont  to  be  a  place 
of  increasing  business  importance,  and  promise  well  for  the  future.  We  con- 
'dense  from  the  Journal  the  following  items : — The  total  quantity  of  grain  re- 
ceived during  the  season  was  671,533  bushels,  made  up  of  wheat,  422,405 ; 
corn,  227,758  ;  and  oats,  21,371.  The  shipments  were — wheat,  397,838  ;  corn, 
225,730 ;  oats,  18,287.  There  was  received  1,752  tons  of  merchandise,  4,011 
barrels  of  salt,  and  500  barrels  of  water  lime.  The  Journal  complains  of  the 
existence  of  two  bars  in  the  Sandusky  River,  which  very  materially  obstruct 
navigation,  and  which  it  thinks  could  be  removed  by  an  expenditure  of  $7,000 
to  $8,000.    One  firm  has  paid  the  present  season  for  lighterage  $3,000. 

The  total  arrivals  and  departures  for  the  season  were  194,  besides  the  constant 
trips  of  the  "  Bonnie  Boat,"  and  the  frequent  ones  of  the  **  North  Star  "  and 
the  "  Swan." 

In  lumber,  the  figures  exhibit  the  following  gross  amounts : — Pine  lumber, 
1,886,000  feet ;  shingles,  1,908.500 ;  ash  and  poplar,  298,364  feet;  black  wal- 
nut, 775,000  feet;  lath,  1,184,000;  staves,  250,000;  oak,  120,000  feet,  and 
5,000  cedar  posts ;  besides  350,000  feet  of  black  walnut  lumber,  shipped  by  S. 
A.  Bemekt,  of  Fostoria,  from  Fremont. 


TRADE  OF  NORFOLK. 

The  enterprising  merchants  of  Norfolk,  (who  have  long  since  learned  to  ap- 
preciate the  great  advantages  of  a  mercantile  organization,  as  maintained  in 
every  city  of  any  note,  except  Richmond,)  have  recently  put  forth  in  pamphlet 
form  the  "  Third  Annua)  Report  of  the  Merchants*  and  Mechanics*  Exchange  " 
of  that  city.  This  report  presents  information  relative  to  the  position  of  Nor- 
folk as  a  port  and  a  commercial  center,  worthy  of  note  by  those  who  take  an 
interest  in  watching  the  progress  of  commercial  cities.  Norfolk  has  but  little 
claim  as  yet  to  a  manufacturing  reputation,  though  her  citizens  maintain  that 
the  position  of  the  city  is  highly  favorable  to  such  enterprises.  The  report  ob- 
serves, on  this  point,  "  cotton  and  grain  may  be  brought  here  from  points  in  the 
cotton  and  grain  growing  districts  of  the  South,  distant  a  thousand  miles  and 
more,  without  transhipment ;  iron,  and  lead,  and  copper  ore,  or  in  pigs  and 
blooms,  from  the  inexhaustible  mines  of  Southwest  Virginia  and  East  Tennes- 
see, may  be  landed  at  our  doors  without  breaking  bulk ;  all  the  wealth  of  the 


Statistics  of  Trade  and  Commerce.  225 

soil,  and  the  riches  that  lie  buried  in  the  earth,  of  a  vast  section  of  nneqaaled 
fertility,  may  be  emptied  upon  oar  harbor  without  any  other  handling  than  is 
necessary  to  pat  it  on.  the  car  at  its-distant  point  of  shipment,  and  to  take  it  off 
when  it  reaches  our  port.  »*»«»♦ 

A  still  stronger  indaoement  is  the  fact  that  mannfactarers  here  may  acquire  a 
monopoly  of  the  business  of  a  large  portion  of  North  and  South  Carolina, 
Yirgiaia,  and  Tennessee,  in  their  products."  The  truth  of  all  this  is  not  to  be 
denied ;  but  it  is  always  to  be  remembered  in  coses  of  this  nature  that  a  city 
most  not  only  possess  good  natural  advantages  for  the  prosecution  of  a  certain 
enterprise,  but  that  the  advantages  must  be  superior  to  those  of  competing 
cities 

The  following  statement  shows  what  are  the  principal  manufactures  now  car- 
ried on  in  Norfolk,  and  the  value  of  their  products,  as  estimated  by  "  an  expe- 
rienced gentleman  "  for  the  report :— Agricultural  implements,  3100,000 ;  shooks 
and  coopers'  stuff,  $150,000 ;  carriages  and  harness,  $40,000 ;  tin  and  copper 
ware,  $36,000 ;  cigars,  $75,000  ;  iron  and  machinery,  $70,000 ;  cordage,  twine, 
and  oakum,  $30,000 ;  soap  and  candles,  $54,000 ;  rosin,  oil,  &c.,  $12,000 ;  cab- 
inet ware,  &c.,  $75,000 ;  flour  and  meal,  $110,000 ;  total  estimated  value  of 
manufactures,  $752,000.  As  a  center  for  trade  in  produce,  Norfolk  holds  a 
more  important  positioD.  The  receipts  of  produce  of  all  kinds  during  the  last 
fiscal  year  ending  June  30th,  amounted  to  upwards  of  $4,000,000,  being  dis- 
tributed among  the  following  articles  : — 

Xinaiitity.  Value. 

Com bush.  1,710,298  $1,282,720 

Cotton bales  88,198  1,600,000 

Beans  and  peas bush.  45,487  46,780 

Shingles • No.  64 ,324,1 82  7  9,1 60 

Staves 8,404,960  868,960 

Flour bbla.  66,668  388.028 

Wheat bush.  81,720  106,286 

Fish bbls.  1 6.4  60  80,000 

Tar.Aa 41,968  86,600 

Oats. bush.  47.860  1 9,000 

Dried  apples 48,962  68,000 

Apple  brandy bbls.  1,660  62,000 

Flaxseed bush,  8,709  6.000 

Dried  peaches 1 0,408  64,000 

Peanuts. 100,000  90,000 

Turpentine. bbls.  1,067  6,000 

Railroad  cross  ties Na  105,790  46,000 

Hoops. 22,000  44,000 

Total  value $4,178,864 

BRIOHTOlff  CATTLE  MARKET  FOR  1860. 

No.  Yslad. 

Beefcattle 67,986  $8,128,810 

Stores 1M86  498,695 

Sheep 226,790  708,049 

Bhoats 51.800  261.660 

Fmthogs 20,116  221,266 

Total  value $4,807,869  - 

«         1869 4,808.666 

1868 4,968,162 

▼OL.  Lxrv. — HO.  II.  16  • 


226  Statistics  of  Irade  and  Commerce. 

TRADE  OF  HAMILTON. 

The  snbjoinecl  abstract  of  the  costoms  returns  at  thj^  port,  for  the  year  end- 
ing December  Slst,  1860,  shows  a  gratifying  increase  in  the  trade  of  this  city. 
Bat  it  is  more  particularly  gratifying,  as  showing  the  immense  increiase  in  our 
export  trade,  that  increase  being  nearly  double  the  trade  of  the  previous  year. 
The  following  statement  shows  the  value  of  goods  entered  for  consumption  with 
the  amount  of  duty  collected  thereon,  for  the  year  ending  December  31, 1860 : — 

Yftlve.  Datj. 

Dutiable  good& $2,111,118  $418,149  08 

Free  goods. 266,691  

Total,  8lBt  December,  1860 $2,876,804  $418,149  08 

Total,  8lBt  December,  1869 2,228,601  849,446  96 

Increase,  1860. $148,808  $68,708  18 

The  following  statement  shows  the  value  of  exports  for  the  year  1860  :— 

Produce  of  the  mine. « $11,492 

Produce  of  the  fisheries 90 

Produce  of  the  forestM 288,240 

AnimalB  and  their  products. 4,606 

Agricultural  products 1,108,787 

Manu&cturea «84 

Other  articles 200 

Total,  1860 $1,368,948 

Total,  1869 688,628 

Increase,  1860 $666,426 


STOCK  AND  SHIPMENTS  OF  FLOUR  AND  WHEAT. 

The  season  of  canal  navigation  being  now  about  closed,  when  no  farther  re- 
oeipts  of  wheat  and  flour  can  be  expected,  and  in  view  of  the  present  condition 
of  our  own  and  other  markets,  and  the  probable  wants  for  the  coming  six  or 
seven  months,  for  a  supply  of  breadstuffs,  we  have  deemed  it  advisable  to  pre- 
pare a  statement  from  the  most  authentic  and  reliable  sources,  of  the  stock  of 
wheat  and  flour  now  on  hand  in  this  city,  thereby  showing  what  may  be  relied 
upon  for  our  own  consumption,  (which  is  estimated  at  from  55,000  to  65,000 
barrels  per  week,)  and  for  shipment : — 

Stock  of  flour  at  this  port barrels  760,888 

Stock  of  wheat  at  this  port bushels  8,668,749 

Flour,  Wheat,     . 

barrels.  bnahela. 

Export  from  New  York  to  Qreat  Britain  and  the  con- 
tinent, from  September  1  to  November  16, 1860. . .            478,686  6,420,867 

To  Liverpool 27,807  840,486 

London- 20,747  m,187 

Glasgow 2,869  22,688 

Falmouth  1,000  19,860 

Other  ports 666  

Oork ....  12,688 

Dublin.... ....  17.260 

Galway. ...  16,781 

Total 680.664  7,021,142 

To  the  continent,  September  1  to  November  20, 1860.  16,278  165,928 


Statistics  of  Trade  and  Oommerce.  227 

UJIITED  STATES  IMPORTATIOIS. 

We  annex  a  Bummary  of  the  leading  articles  imported  during  the  last  fiscal 
year,  compared  with  the  two  previous  years  : — 

1868.  1869.  1860. 

Yalne.  Yalne.  Yftlna. 

Wooleos $26,288,189  $88,801,609  $87,735,914 

Cottons 17,574.142  26,026,140  9,079,676 

Hempen  goods 594,828  482,746  726,916 

Iron,  and  manufactnres 14,458,617  14.749,056  18,464,846 

Sugar. 18,946,668  28,345,297  28,981,166 

Hemp,  nnmanoffustnred 249,417  881,581  808,568 

Salt 1,102,202  1,278,098  1,481,140 

Goal 769,926  981,780  889,384 

Total $79,978,479  $105,441,167  $97,517,055 

The  duties  levied  on  these  eight  articles  were  $26,000,000,  in  1859-60»  viz. : 

Dntiea.  Dnttea.  DatiM. 

Woolens $6,550,026  $7,195,986  $8,1 55,5 18 

Cottons 8,878,850  5.677,088  6,120,066 

Hempen  goods 89,148  60,184  115,370 

Iron,  and  manniacturea 8,407,818  8,516,878  4,895,784 

Sugar 4,647,199  6,802,871  6,948,479 

Hemp 69,860  91,679  74,056 

Salt 166,880  190,964  214,671 

Coal 184,782  228,616  201,440 

Total $17,877,614  $28,759,062  $26,120,876 


TRADE  OF  DETROIT. 

The  Detroit  Tribune  publishes  a  carefully  prepared  statement  of  the  trade 
and  commerce  of  that  city  for  the  past  year,  from  which  we  extract  the  follow- 
ing table  of  the  leading  imports  and  exports  : — 


Flour. . .  .bbls. 
Wheat...  bush. 

Com. 

Rye 

Barley 

Oats 

Wool lbs. 

live  hogs. . . • 


Imports. 

842,175 

1,694,951 

665,848 

19,123 

110,199 

179,598 

4,645,506 

61,289 


Exports. 

808,513 

1,607,757 

592.044 

10,699 

2,726 

809,205 

4,468,711 

48,259 


Imports. 

61,810 

61,421 

18,998 

8,272 

22,816 


Cattle 

Pork. . . .  .bbls. 

Beet 

Beef tea. 

Whisky  A  Al- 
cohol. ..bbla. 
SUve8....Ko.       8,674,928        4,182,100 
Lumber....  A.      13,256,752     44,684,000 


Exports. 

8,372 

49,400 

22,981 

8,861 

18,836 


IMPORTS  OF  HOiVTREAL. 

The  customs  returns  for  the  month  of  December  are  made  up,  and  they  show 
the  following  result  for  the  year  1860.  Whilst  there  is  a  very  trifliqg  addition 
to  the  value  of  goods  imported,  say  $205,176,  there  is  an  increase  in  the  duty  of 
$117,044.    Free  goods  have  largely  fallen  off  in  amount :~ 

IMPOaTS  AT  THK  POaT  OW   MONTaiAL  FOa  THE  TBAaS  1859  AND  i860. 

18)9.  I860. 

Goods  paying  duty $12,173,871  112,469,047 

Free  goods 8,616,469  8,020,092 

Total  imporU $15,690,840  $16,489,189 

Dn^ 2,886,242  2,462,286 


228 


Statistics  of  Trtuie  and  Commerce, 


EASTERH  SHOES  IH  PHIUDELPHIA. 

We  have  prepared  a  yearly  statemeDt  of  the  receipts  at  Philadelphia  of  East- 
eni  made  boots  aDd  shoes,  which  will  be  found  convenieDt  fbr  reference : — 

BXOBIPTB  or  BOOTS  AMD  8H0B8  AT  PHILAOELPBIA  FOB  THX  TBAB  1860. 


January..... 
Februury.. . . 

Harch 

April 

May 

June 

July 

Angnst 

September. . 
October  .... 
Noyember.. . 
December  . . 

Total. 


Bail 

Water. 

TotoL 

267 

2,998 

8,266 

887 

8,976 

9,862 

1,786 

6,270 

7,056 

1,898 

1,888 

8.226 

788 

1,285 

2,028 

286 

861 

1,087 

96 

6,642 

6,687 

671 

10,426 

11.096 

796 

4.472 

6,246 

1,664 

8,162 

4,806 

1,101 

8,786 

4,887 

256 

864 

1.109 

9^77 


49^98 


68.770 


NUMBER  OF  PAS8E56ER8  BT  EACH  LIHE  OF  STEAMERS. 

The  following  table  shows  at  once  the  number  of  passengers  brought  to  and 

carried  from  this  country  by  each  line  of  steamers,  during  the  past  year : — 

Eastward.     Westward.  Total. 

Ounard  line 1.622          2,714  4,386 

Onnard  line  (Boston  branch) 1,468          1,869  8,822 

Liverpool  and  New  York  screw  line. 8,241        18,848     .  27,089 

Southampton  and  Havre  (Yaoderbilt) 2,1 46          2,808  4,948 

Havre  line  (Fulton  and  Arago) -      1,642          2,128  8,766 

Havre  line  (Adriatic  and  Atlantic).. 1,870          1,196  2.666 

gWow  line 100            201  801 

Hamburg  line 8,009          8,188  11,192 

Bremen  Tine 1,496          8,948  6,448 

Galwayline- 1,621          4,244  6,866 

Gal  way  hoe  to  Boston  (one  trip  New  York) 290          1,099  1,889 

Liverpool  and  Portland  line 1,146          1,986  8,082 

Ounard's  freight  steamers  (estimated). 400            600  1,000 

Great  £astem  (one  trip) 100              42  142 

ToUlinl860- 24,644        49,796  74,440 

^\     ToUlml8^9 24,866        86,146  61,010 

Increase  in  1860  over  1869 18,480 


UNITED  STATES  CONSUMPTIOI  OF  SUGAR. 
From  the  elaborate  annual  tables  contained  in  the  New  York  Shipping  and 
Commercial  List  we  extract  the  following  figures,  showing  the  consumption  of 
home  and  imported  cane  sugar  in  the  United  States  for  many  years,  in  tons  of 
2,240  lbs.  :-r- 

00R8D1IPTI0N  or  FOBBIGN  AND  DOMBSTIO  OANB  IDGAB  BOB  THB  TBAB  BNDIMG  DBa  81. 


Tear.  Foreign.  Domestic  TotaL 

I860.. .tons  296,960  118,881  416,281 

1869 289,084  192,160  481,184 

1868 244,768  148,684  888,492 

1867 241,761   89,000  280,766 

1866. 266,292  128,468  878,760 


Year.  Foreign.  Domestic.  TotaL 

1866.. .tons  192,604  186,148  877,762 

1864 160,864  284,444  886,298 

1868 200,610  172,879  872,989 

1862 196,668  118,669  816,217 

1861 181.049  107,488  288.486 


Statistics  of  Trade  and  Chmmerce.  229 

Takiog  the  population  of  1851  at  24,000,000  in  roand  Dumber,  and  that  of 
1860  at  32,000,000  of  people,  it  follows  that  the  consamption  per  head  at  the 
former  period  was  27  lbs.,  and  id  1860,  29  lbs.  The  valae  of  the  27  lbs.  iD  1861, 
was  $1  22  ;  of  the  29  lbs.  iD  1860,  $2  03.  Thas  the  qaaotity  iDcreased  8  per 
cent,  while  the  value  iocreased  Deaily  70  per  cent. 


SHIPPING  OF  GLOUCESTER. 

The  Gloucester  Telegraph  publishes  a  list  of  all  the  vessels  above  twenty  tons 
beloogiog  to  the  district  of  Gloucester  od  the  Ist'day  of  August,  of  the  preseut 
year.  There  are  od  the  list  the  Dames  of  486  vessels,  comprising  2  barks,  4  brigs, 
456  schooDers,  23  sloops,  and  1  steamboat.  The  barks  and  brigs,  and  5  of  the 
schooners  are  registered,  the  remainder  are  enrolled,  The  registered  tooDage  is 
2,161  40  ;  the  enrolled,  34,932  31— total,  37,093  71.  This,  it  should  be  recol- 
lected, does  Dot  iDclude  the  boats,  aud  coDsequeutly  is  Dot  the  whole  tonnage  of 
the  district.  The  barks,  brigs,  steamboat,  and  364  of  the  schooners,  amounting 
to  30,164  19  tons,  hail  from  Gloucester  harbor ;  37  schooners  and  1  sloop, 
2,046  24  tons,  from  AuDisquam ;  51  schoouers  aDd  21  sloops,  4,601  34  tODS, 
from  Bockport ;  3  schooDers  aDd  1  sloop,  207  53  tODS,  from  Maocbester ;  aDd  1 
schoooer,  74  36  tODS.  from  Essex. 

The  Dumber  of  meu  aDd  boys  employed  od  board  the  fishiDg  fleet  from  Glou- 
cester harbor  this  seasoD,  is  3,958,  beiDg  390  more  thaD  were  employed  last 
seasoD. 

EXPORTS  OF  FLOUR  AND  GRAIN  FROM  LAKE  MICHIGAN. 

The  follow iDg  table  shows  the  total  shipments  of  flour  and  grain  from  Lake 
Michigan  ports  during  the  year  1860 : — 

Kxpoars  OF  rLoua  and  grain  from  laxb  Michigan  in  1860. 

Floar. 

Ohicago bueh.  718,889 

Milwaukee* 285,712 

SLJoeeph. 

Waukegao ..... 

Kenoaha. 4,160 

Racine 10,871 

Port  Washington 6,766 

Sheboygan , 27,222 

Maoitouwoc 6,000 

Green  Bay 86,1 87 

Total 1,088,146        22.227,928        14,067,616 


Wheat 

Corn. 

12,487,684 

18,948,172 

8,161,982 

114,444 

25,000 

170,000 

27»,208 

852,961 

31.410 

78.752 



80,000 

109,941 

CALORIC  ENGINES  IN  SPAIN  AND  GERMANY. 
Orders  have  been  received  in  New  York  for  nine  32-inch  and  24-inch  caloric 
engines  to  go  to  Spain.  A  manufactory  of  these  engines  on  a  large  scale  has 
been  established  at  Bookao,  Dear  Magdeburg,  by  the  Qamburg-Magdeburg  Ed- 
giDC  Oompaay,  aod  placed  under  the  charge  of  a  machinist  who  was  sent  to 
America  on  purpose  to  study  their  constructiou. 

*  Th«  flgores  for  liilwAokea  Are  the  reo«lptt  of  grain  and  flour. 


230 


Journal  of  Insurance. 


JOURNAL  OF  INSURANCE. 


RATES  OF  I5SUHA5CE. 

Atlantic  ports,  to  or  from  ports  in  Europe,  not  m  the  Northern  Sea«  ...  1    a    2 

«  "  "  "  in  the  Northern  Sea, 2    a    8 

Africa,  to  or  from,  general  liberty 2    a    2| 

"     out  and  home 4    a    & 

Apalachicola,  to  and  from 1-^a    2 

Bermuda,  to  or  from 1    a    . 

Brazils,  to  any  Atlantic  port  of  United  States l^a    If 

Buenos  Ayres,  direct a    2 

Montevido , a    \\ 

Bahamas,  to  or  from l^a    2 

Batayia,  or  any  port  in  the  Indian  Ocean 2    a    2| 

"        out  and  home 4    a    6 

Cuba,  any  one  port 1^  a    S^ 

Calcutta,  out 8    a    8^ 

**        out  and  home a    6 

CadijB. Ha    2 

Charleston,  Savannah,  and  Darien,  to  or  from fa    1 

Denmark 2    a    8 

Demerara,  out  or  home H  a    . 

Great  Britain  or  Ireland,  to  any  port,  out  or  home 1    a    2f 

•*  «  u  and  back  the  United  States 2    a    4 

Dry  goods,  home 2f  a    2 

Hardware,  home 2i  a    2t 

Gibraltar. H  a    2 

Halifax,  to  or  from .* 1    a    2 

Havre,  to  or  from 1    a    If 

**      out  and  home 2-^  a    . 

Honduras,  to  or  from. •  • . .  2    a    2i 

Laguayra If  a    . 

Lisbon,  to  or  from \\%    2 

Madeira,  Western  or  Cape  de  Yerde  Islands 2    a    . 

**  "  •*  "      outandhome 4    a    . 

Malaga U  a    2 

Trieste 2    a    2i 

"      and  back  to  the  United  States 4    a    41 

Manilla,  out  and  home 5    a    . 

MobUe Ha   2 

New  Orleans. Ha    2 

From  either  Mobile  or  New  Orleans Ha    If 

New  Orleans  or  Mobile,  to  ports  in  Europe  not  in  the  North  Sea Ha    If 

Ocracoke  Bar  (over) ]f  a    li 

Porto  Oabello If  a    . 

Rio  Janeiro  or  Pemambuco H^    H 

Russia,  different  seasons H^    ^ 

St  Domingo,  out  or  home 2    a    2i 

Smyrna  or  Constantinople... 2    a    2t 

Spanish  Main,  any  one  port,  or  between  the  Orinoco  and  the  Sabine. . .  H  *    ^ 

**  **  outandhome 8    a    6 

Specie,  by  steamers,  from  San  Francisco,  via  Aspinwall  or  Nicaragua. .  If  a    . 

Sumatra,  port  or  ports,  to  or  from 2    a    . 

St.  Croix  and  St.  Thomas,  to  or  from If  a    If 

Sweden 2    a    2^ 

Turk's  Island  and  back 4    a    6 

Valparaiso,  out  or  home 2    a    2| 

**  outandhome. 4    a    6 

Vera  Cruz,  Tampico,  etc 2    a    8i 


Journal  of  Insurance.  2S1 

Wamington,  N.  C,  to  or  from 1    a    li 

To  the  coast  of  PaUgonia,  per  aoDum 6    a  10 

To  the  Pacific,  voyage  rouo'd , 

Windward  Islaods,  to  a  port  not  British 

**  **        out  and  home 

California .   

Oregon 

00A8TWI8B  KI8KS. 

To  or  from  any  port  in  Maine  or  New  Hampshire 

**  **  Massachosetts. 

**  "  Rhode  Island  and  Oonnecticut 

**  **  Chesapeake  Bay 


4    a 

6 

Ua 

2 

8    a 

.  • 

8    a 

4 

.4ia 

5 

ia 

1 

i» 

i 

ia 

i 

ia 

i 

7    a 

8 

8    a 

9 

8    a 

10 

7    a 

8 

0    a 

10 

10    a 

, , 

12    a 

16 

YX88EL8   ON  TIME— LIBBETT   OF  TBB  OLOBB. 

Of  $80,000  value  and  upwards 

1,600  tons  and  under. 

1,600  tons  and  not  over  2,000 

Of  $20,000  value  and  upwards 

16,000      "  « 

10.000      "  "         

6,000      "  "         

8,000      "  "         16    a20 

In  all  cases  in  which  the  above  rates  are  charged,  the  grain  clause  is  inserted, 
and  Texas,  Mexico,  and  Yucatan  arc  excepted. 

LIVES  LOST  BT  FIRE  DURING  1860. 
The  table  annexed  exhibits  the  number  of  lives  which  have  been  lost  each 
month  during  the  year  just  closed  in  the  United  States,  in  buildings  which  were 
destroyed  by  fire,  compared  with  the  number  of  unfortunates  by  similar  catas- 
trophes during  1859 : — 


Januai^y. . . . 
February. . . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August . . . 
September  . 
October...., 
November. , 
December..  < 


/ — 

1860 

•        ^ 

, 

18fi9 

^ 

Fires. 

LlTesIort. 

Fires. 

lives  lost 

13 

10 

16 

29 

9 

14 

86 

7 

20 

10 

7 

22 

1 

8 

11 

1 

8 

4 

28 

8 

6 

8 

10 

9 

17 

6 

16 

Total 76  186  61  122 

The  above  table  does  not  include  the  victims  of  the  terrible  accident  at  Law- 
rence, Mass.,  which  occurred  on  the  10th  of  January. 

During  the  past  seven  years  the  number  of  lives  lost  in  burning  buildings  in 
the  United  States  is  exhibited  in  the  following  table : — 


Tears. 

1864 

Fires.] 
88 

^ives  lost 
171 
119 
188 
168 
162 

Yesrs. 

1869 

Fires.  lives  lost 
61         112 

1866 

62 

I860 

76         186 

1866 

89 

Total  in  Mven  years. 

1867 

72 

490      1,081 

1868 

.......        68 

282 


Commercial  BeguUuiona. 


COMMERCIAL  REGULATIONS. 


LIST  OF  TARES  ALLOWED  BT  UW  AND  CUSTOM. 


Almonds. 

Almonds.^ casks 

AlmoDds double  bales 

AlmoDds. .bales 

Almonds frails 

Almonds ceroons 

Almonds , bags 

Alam 

Alum. casks 

Anvils 

Bristlea 

Butter,  weighing  80  to  100  pounds kegs 

Black  plate boxes 

Oandles 

Candy, sugar  

Oheese. hampers 

Cheese bskts. 

Cheese^ boxes 

Cheese. casks  or  tube 

Cassia. boxes 

Cassia^ mats 

Chocolate boxes 

Cofiee '..bags 

Coffee •  •  •  bales 

Coffee casks 

Coffee ceroons 

Coffee. .boxes 

Cinnamon 

Cinnamon bales 

Cocoa bags 

Cocoa casks 

Cocoa ceroons 

Cocoa. bskts. 

Cloves casks 

Cloves. bags 

Cotton bales 

Cotton ceroons 

Composition  spikes  or  nails casks 

Copper^ 

Copperas 

Corks small  balee 

Corks... large  bales 

Corks double  bales 

Cordage,  twine boxes 

Cordage,  twine casks 

Cordage,  twine bales 

Currants casks 

Currants boxes 

Figs 

Figs mats 

Figs. frails 

Figs drums 

Figs casks 


Bylaw. 
P«r  cent 


8 
10 
10 
10 
20 


10 
1 
8 

12 


1 
10 


12 


By  onstom. 

8  per  cent 
16  per  cent 

8  lbs.  each. 

4  lbs.  each. 
10  per  cent. 
10  per  cent 

4  per  cent 

6  lbs.  each. 
10  per  cent 
90  lbs.  each. 
10  per  cent. 
18  lbs.  each. 

8  lbs.  each. 


15  per  cent 
actual. 

19  per  cent  or  1^  lbs. 
for  four  mats. 


6  per  cent 
16  per  cent 
actual. 

6  percent 


8  per  cent 

2  lbs.  each. 

12  lbs.  each. 

4  lbs.  each. 


10  per  cent 
6  lbs.  each. 
8  lbs.  each. 

16  lbs.  each. 

16  per  cent 

1 2  per  cent 
10  per  cent 
10  percent 

4  per  cent 
4  per  cent 
8  per  cent. 

13  per  cent 


Oommercial  Begulations. 


288 


Pish,  dry 

Fish,  dry boxes 

Flax bobbins 

GoDpowder casks 

Gunpowder ^  casks 

Gunpowder i  casks 

Glue boxes 

Glue casks 

Glue,  from  Canton boxes 

Hemp,  Manilla < bales 

Hemp,  Hamburg,  Leghorn,  Trieste 

IndigiD cases 

•Indigo .bbls. 

Indigo other  casks 

Indigo. ceroons 

Indigo bags 

Indigo mats 

Iron,  sheet boxes 

Iron,  hoop 

Iron,  Russia,  sheet * packs 

Jalap. yellow  mats 

Leao,  pigs,  bars,  sheets casks 

Lead,  white,  in  oil kegs 

Lead,  white,  in  oiL hhds. 

Lead,  white,  dry casks 

Lead,  red,  dry 

Lead,  red,  in  oil. 

Lead  shot 

Nails 

Nails.. bags 

Ochre,  dry.. . . .- casks 

Ochre,  in  oil ' 

Paris  white. 

Pepper.. 

Pepper bales 

Pepper. . .  .bags 

Pepper double  bags 

Pimento casks 

Pimento bogs 

Plums boxes 

Plums. casks 

Prunes boxes 

Paper bales 

Raisina Jars 

Raisins boxes 

Raisins casks 

Raisins frails 

Raisins drums 

Rice casks 

Salts,  Glauber. 

Salts,  Epsom 

Segars boxes 

S^ars. casks 

Shot 

Snufll 

Snu£f boxes 

Soap 

Soap,  brown,  dry casks 

Soap,  brown,  in  oil 

Spikes. 

Spikes bags 


By  law. 
Per  cent 


12 

15 

10 

8 

8 


12 
6 
2 

16 
8 


18 

18 

8 


10 


Bj  custom. 
12  per  cent 
1 2  per  cent. 

8  to  3|  lbs.  each. 
23  lbs.  each. 

9  lbs.  each. 
6  lbs.  each. 

15  per  cent 
20  per  cent 
11  per  cent 

6  lbs.  each. 
7i  lbs.  each. 

16  per  cent 


8  per  cent. 

8  per  cent 
U  to  28  lbs.  each. 
12  lbs.  each. 

8  per  cent 

8  per  cent 
100  lbs.  each. 

6  per  cent 

6  per  cent 
10  per  c^nt 

3  per  cent 


8  per  cent 
10  per  cent 
12  per  cent 
1 0  per  cent 


4  lbs.  each. 

•  • 

8  per  cent 
12  per  cent 

8  per  cent 

6,  6,  '7,  <b  8  lbs.  each. 
18  lbs.  each. 
15  per  cent 
12  per  cent 

4  per  cent. 
10  per  cent 
10  per  cent 


1 1  per  cent 


12  per  eent 
15  per  cent 

12  per  cent 

12  per  cent 

8  per  cent 

8  per  cent 


284 


Commercial  Regulations. 


.casks 
.cases 
.bdls. 


Steel 

Steel 

Steel 

Steel  from  Trieste,  in  large  size boxes 

Steel  from  Trieste,  io  second  size • 

Sheet  iron cask 

Sugar,  candy boxes 

Sugar,  canciy tube 

Sugar bags 

Sugar. boxes 

Sugar casks 

Sugar. mats 

Sugar ceroons 

Sugar. canisters 

Starch,  from  Bremen,  weigh  62  lbs.  each  .  .bxs. 

Tallow bales 

Tallow casks 

Tallow ceroons 

Tallow tube 

Tea,  Bobea chests 

Tea,  green,  (70  lbs.  and  over) boxes 

Tea,  other,  (between  60  and  70  lbs.) 

Tea,  other.  (  of  80  Ibe.).. 

Tea,  other,  (over  80  lbs.) 

Tobacco,  leaf bales 

Tobacco,  leaf,  with  extra  cover 

Tobacco,  leaf boxes 

Twine w casks 

Twine , boxes 

Twine bales 

Whiting , ,  .casks 

Wire 

Wool Ules 


Bjlsw. 
Per  o«nt 


10 


5 
16 
12 

6 


20  lbs.  each. 
18  lbs.  each. 
20  lbs.  each. 
22  lbs.  each. 


Bj  onstom. 
8  per  cent 
8  per  cent 
8  per  cent 
11  lbs.  each.  ' 
lOf  lbs.  each. 
16  per  cent 

16  per  cent 


8  per  cent 
40  lbs.  each. 
18  lbs.  each. 

8  per  cent 
12  per  cent 

8  per  cent 
16  per  cent 
22  lbs.  each. 


12 


8  lbs.  each. 
10  lbs.  each. 
16  per  cent. 

16  per  cent 

10. per  cent 
8  per  cent 
8  per  cent 


KATIS  OF  OOliMISBIONS  BECOMM EN DED  BT  TBS  CHAMBEB    OF  OOIIMBBCB  TO  BE  OBARGB» 
WBEEB   NO  EXPEX88   AGEEXMENT  TO  THE   OONTBABT   EXISTS. 


On  purchase  of  stocks,  bonds,  and  all  kinds  of  securities,  including  the  draw- 
ing of  bills  for  payment  of  same 

On  sale  of  stocks,  bonds,  and  all  kinds  of  securities,  including  remittances  in 
bills  and  guaranty 

On  purchase  or  sale  of  specie  and  bullion 

Remittances  in  bills  of  exchange 

Remittancep  in  bills  of  exchange,  with  guaranty 

Drawing  or  indorsing  bills  of  exchange 

Collecting  dividends  on  stocks,  bonds,  or  other  securities 

Collecting  interest  on  bonds  and  mortgages 

Receiving  and  paying  moneys  on  which  no  other  commission  is  received.. . . 

Procuring  acceptances  of  bills  of  exchange  payable  in  foreign  countries 

On  issuing  letters  of  credit  to  travelers,  exclusive  of  foreign  bankers'  charge 

'^here  bills  of  exchange  are  remitted  for  collection,  and  returned  under  pro- 
test for  non  acceptance  or  non-payment,  the  same  commissions  are  to  be 
charged  as  though  they  were  duly  accepted  and  paid. 

OENEBAL   BUSINESS. 

On  sales  of  sugar,  cofiee,  tea,  and  general  merchandise,  usually  sold  in  large 
quantities,  and  on  credit  under  six  months,  or  for  cash    

On  sales  of  manufactured  goods,  and  other  articles  usually  sold  on  long 

credits,  for  commissions  and  guaranty 

do„  for  cash 


Per  cent 


1 
1 


6 


Commercial  Begulaiions.  285 

On  purchase  aod  shipment  of  merchandise,  with  funds  in  hand,'on  cost  and 

charges \ 2^ 

Gollectmg  delayed  and  litigated  accounts 5 

Effecting  marine  insurance,  on  amount  insured \ 

No  charge  to  be  made  for  effecting  insurance  on  property  consigned. 

Landing  and  re-shipping  goods  from  vessels  in  distress,  on  yalue  of  inyoice  .  2^ 

do.        do.        on  specie  and  bullion i 

Receiving  and  forwarding  merchandise  entered  at  Custom-house,  on  invoice 

value  1  per  cent,  and  on  expenses  incurred .^ 24- 

On  consignments  of  merchandise  withdrawn  or  re-ehipped,  full  commissions 

are  to  be  charged,  to  the  extent  of  advances  or  responsibilities  incurred, 

and  one-half  commission  on  the  residue  of  the  value. 
On  giving  bonds  that  passengers  will  not  become  a  burthen  on  the  city,  on 

the  amount  of  the  bonds 2<^ 

The  risk  of  loss  by  robbery,  fire,  (unless  insurance  be  ordered,)  theft,  popular 

tmnnlt,  and  all  other  unavoidable  occurrences,  is,  in  all  cases,  to  be  borne 

by  the  owners  of  the  goods,  provided  due  diligence  has  been  exercised  in 

the  care  of  them. 


Op  the  purchase  or  sale  of  vessels 2( 

Disbursements  and  outfit  of  vessels Si 

Procuring  freight  and  passengers  for  Europe,  East  Indies,  and  domestic  ports  2i 

Procuriog  freight  and  passengers  for  West  Indies,  South  America,  and  other 

places 6 

Prt)curiofi:  freight  and  passengers  for  foreign  vessels,  in  all  cases. 6 

Collecting  freight » 2^ 

Collecting  insurance  losses  of  all  kinds 8i 

Chartering  vessels  on  amount  of  freight  actual  or  estimated,  to  be  considered 

as  due  when  the  charter  parties  are  signed 2^ 

But  no  charter  to  be  considered  binding  till  a  memorandum,  or  one  of  the 

copies  of  the  charter,  has  been  signed 
On  giving  bonds  for  vessels  under  attachment  in  litigated  cases,  on  amonnt 

of  liability 2i 

Q^  The  foregoing  commissions  to  be  exclusive  of  brokerage,  and  every  charge 
actually  incurred 


PYRITES. 

TaxASinKT  DBPAxnoBirT,  October  89, 1800. 
Sir  :— I  have  carefully  examined  your  report  of  the  3d  ultimo  and  the  appeal 
of  Messrs.  Becenaqbl  &  Co.  from  your  decision  levying  a  duty  of  15  per  cent 
OD  an  importation  of  merchandise — described  in  the  entry  as  **  pyrites  or  iron 
ore,"  and  in  the  invoice  as  "  pyrites,"  under  the  classification  in  schedule  E  of 
^*  mineral  and  bitnminons  sabstances,  in  a  crude  state,  not  otherwise  provided 
for,"  the  importers  claiming  to  enter  it  at  a  duty  of  4  per  cent  under  the  classifi- 
cation of  *'  brimstone,  crude,  in  bulk,"  in  schedule  H.  The  article  in  question 
is  not  ^  crude  brimstone  "  in  fact,  nor  so  known  in  commerce,  bat  is  a  chemical 
combination  of  sulphur  and  iron,  known  under  the  name  of  ''  pyrites  or  the  sn^ 
phnret  of  iron,"  from  which  sulphur  may,  by  certain  processes  be  obtained.  It 
is  not  specially  named  in  the  tariff,  but  was  properly  subjected  by  you  to  a  duty 
of  15  per  cent,  as  it  may  be  regarded  either  as  falling  under  the  classification  in 
schedule  £  to  which  you  appear  to  hare  referred  it,  or  as  non-enumerated.  In 
either  case,  it  would  be  liable  to  the  rate  of  duty  exacted  by  your  decision,  which 
is  hereby  affirmed.    I  am,  very  respectfully, 

HOWELL  COBB,  Beoretwy  of  th*  Tttmstj, 
▲vemrns  Sobsll,  Esq.,  Collector,  Ac,  N«w  York. 


286 


NhuHcal  Intelligence. 


NAUTICAL  INTELLIGENCE. 


STEAMBOAT  ACCIDENTS  DURING  1860. 
Tlie  sabjoiDcd  table  shows  the  number  of  persoDs  killed  and  woanded  by 
steamboat  accidents  on  the  inland  waters  of  the  United  States  during  the  past 
year,  compared  with  the  number  of  killed  and  woanded  by  the  same  causes  in 
1859  :— 

, 1860. >    . —1859. . 

Montht.  AcddentB.  Sailed.  Wounded.  Accidents.  Killed.    Woanded. 


January.. 
February... , 
March  . . . . , 

April 

May 

Judo 

July 

August. . . . 
September. 
October.. .. 
November. . 
December  . 


1 
7 
4 
4 
2 
1 
1 
2 
1 
4 
2 


52 
85 
29 
26 
5 

89 

40 

5 


1 
24 
17 

9 
14 

6 

4 
11 
20 
18 
10 


8 
2 
2 
5 

1 
2 
2 
2 


2 


6 

109 

46 

68 

.S 

8 

8 

1 


8 
76 

41 

18 
2 
7 


Total 29  697  184  21  242  146 

During  the  past  eight  years  the  number  of  lives  lost  and  persons  injured  by 
steamboat  accidents,  not  including  those  which  occurred  at  sea,  is  as  follows : — 


rears. 

1868 

Accidents, 
....         81 

EUled. 
819 
687 
176 
868 
822 

Wounded. 
158 
226 
107 
127 
86 

Tears. 
1868 

Accidents.  Killed.  Woanded 
27         800         107 

1854 

....         48 

1859 

21         842         146 

1865 

....         27 

1860 

29         597         184 

1866 

....         29 

Total.... 

1857 

....         80 

...       242      8,001      1.090 

SCREW  PROPELLERS. 

The  loss  of  screw  propellers  during  the  ten  years  of  lake  business,  shows,  first, 
an  increase  of  the  use  of  this  kind  of  vessels,  and  second,  the  decrease  in  dis- 
asters as  navigation  has  improved,  and  knowledge  of  managing  propellers  has 
advanced.  Many  conclusions  will  suggest  themselves  to  the  underwriter  and 
shipper  who  may  examine  the  following  tabular  statement  of  the  number,  and 

the  losses  in  dollars : — 

Wreck-  Strand-  Dam-  Jetti-     Ool- , 

Tear.  Am'tloss.  ed.  ed.     Fire.  aged.    son.    lislon.  Baised. 

1848 $89,000  .  11  1111 

1849 118,000  .  11  .1.1 

1850 16,000  .  4         1  1.8. 

1851 183,200  2  ^         ,  4    .   10    . 

1862 274,060  4  6    8  11    4    8    . 

1868 101.500  1  7    .  10    2    4    . 

1864 680,100  5  .    2  80    7    8    . 

1865 1,169,969  7  11    .  84    4   10    . 

1866 888,960  7  19    6  22    2   19    • 

1867 264.542  1  17    4  88    1    7    . 

1868 91,880  1  1    5  20    2    9    . 

Total $8,762,181       28        78      28      187      24      86        2 

Total  number  of  vessels.  ..••.•.. •  •  •  •  •  402 


Poslal  Department.  .    237 

TAB  DEATH  RECORD  ON  THE  LAKES  FOR  1860. 

Lake  DavigatioD  opened  on  the  5th  of  March,  1860>  and  closed  on  the  14th 
of  December.  The  aggregate  of  loss  of  life  is  fearfully  large.  It  is  larger  than 
that  of  any  preyious  three  seasons.  Five  hundred  and  sixty  persons  met  their 
death,  between  the  23d  of  March  and  the  2dth  of  November,  a  period  of  eight 
months,  by  water,  steam,  and  cold,  and  the  casualties  incident  to  working  sail 
vessels.    In  this  calculation  the  loss  of  the  Lady  Elgin  is  put  at  400  souls. 

Seven ty-eight  lives,  chiefly  if  not  entirely  those  of  seafaring  men,  were  sacri- 
ficed to  the  demon  of  the  waters  and  to  the  frost  and  snow  in  the  terrific  gale 
that  swept  the  lakes  on  the  23d  and  24th  days  of  November. 

Twenty  seamen,  on  nearly  as  many  different  vessels,  while  in  the  performance 
of  their  duty,  were  swept  overboard  during  the  season  and  drowned. 

Thirty-five  persons  met  their  deaths  by  being  scalded  by  violent  concussions 
or  by  being  drowned,  in  consequence  of  explosions  of  boilers.  Six  entire  crews 
were  lost,  not  one  being  left  to  tell  the  tale. 


POSTAL  DEPAKTMENT, 


OBNERAL  POST-OFFICE. 

The  following  is  a  statement  of  revenue  and  expenditures  for  eight  years, 
from  1853  to  1860,  inclusive,  and  estimates  for  1861  and  1862,  to  wit : — 

Tean.                                                         Bzp«Ddltare«.             Bevennea.  DeQoieneies. 

1868 ;  $7,y82.756C9       16,940,724  70  $2,042,03189 

1864 8,677,424  12         6,966.686  22  1,621,887  90 

1866 9,968,342  29         7,842,186  18  2,626,206  16 

1866 10,407,868  18        7,620,821  66  2,787,046  62 

1867 11,607.670  16         8,068.961  76  8,453,718  40 

1868 12,721,686  66         8,186,792  86  4,684,848  70 

1869 14,964,498  88         7,968,484  07  6,996,009  26 

1860 14,874,772  89         9,218,067  40  6,65,706  49 

1861 16,666,186  04         9,676,71100  6,988,424  04 

1862 14,966,686  28       10,888,984  60  4,666,600  68 

POSTAGE  STAMPS  AND   STAMPED  ENVELOPS. 

The  Dumber  of  postage  stamps  supplied  to  postmasters  during  the  year  ended 
June  30, 1860,  was  as  follows,  viz. : — 


One-cent 60,728,400 

Three-cent 169,463,600 

Five-cent 679,860 


Ten-cent 8,898.460 

Twelve  cent 1,668,600 

Twenty-four-cent ,  62,860 


Wholenumber 216,870.660;  value.... $6,920,939  90 

Stamped  envelops. 29,280,026  ;  value 949,377  19 

Total  amount  for  1860 $6,870,816  19 

Total  value  of  postage  stamps  and  stamped  envelops  issued  daring 

the  year  ended  June  80.  1869 6,261^88  84 

Increase  during  1860 608,782  86 

Larger  denominations  of  postage  stamps  have  been  adopted  and  introduced, 
especially  for  the  purpose  of  affording  requisite  facilities  to  prepay  the  postage 
on  letters  to  foreign  countries,  and  of  removing  all  excuses  heretofore  existing 
for  paying  such  postages  in  money.  The  new  denominations  are  twenty-four 
cents,  thirty  cents,  and  ninety  cents.  The  two  liatter  have  been  introduced  sioot 
Ist  July  last,  and  the  saleSi  up  to  November  1,  have  been  as  follows : — 


288  Postal  Department. 

Tbirty-ceDt  stamps,  140,860;  amoanting  to $42,268 

Nioe^-ceot  stamps,  16,84'» ;  amoonting  to 14,26f 

PrevioDsly  to  July  1,  there  were  issued  of  tweuty-four-cent  stamps, 

62,860 ;  amountiug  to 12,664 

From  Ist  July  to  1  st  November,  287,976 ;  amounting  to 69,1 14 

Total  issues  of  new  denomiDations,  497,026  ;  amouutiDg  to. $1 88,192 

A  Dew  die  for  emboesing  the  stamp  on  the  postage- stamped  envelops  has  been 
adopted,  which  is  believed  to  be  an  improvement  on  the  former  one,  especially 
becanse  of  reduced  size,  giving  a  neater  and  more  attractive  appearance  to  the 
envelop. 

There  has  also  been  introduced  a  novel  description  of  stamped  envelops,  em- 
bracing what  is  called  the  "  self-ruling  improvement,"  consisting  of  black  lines 
so  arranged  within  the  envelop  as  to  afford  a  correct  guide  for  writing  the  ad- 
dress of  a  letter,  but  which  lines  are  concealed  after  placing  the  letter  in  the 
envelop.    Of  these  envelops  there  has  been  issued,  up  to  November  1, 3,442,150. 

It  is  contemplated  to  introduce  immediately  two  new  denominations  of  en- 
velops :  one  embossed  with  a  one-cent  stamp,  the  other  with  both  the  one  and 
the  three-cent  stamps. 

The  one-cent  envelop  is  designed  mainly  for  circulars,  of  which  many  millions 
are  annually  distributed  through  the  mails.  The  same  envelop,  however,  will 
also  be  largely  used  for  city  correspondence. 

The  envelop  with  the  one-cent  and  three-cent  stamps  will  be  required  in  cities 
where  there  are  lamp-post  letter-boxes  or  other  depositories  for  letters,  to  be 
conveyed  by  carriers  to  the  post-office,  the  one-cent  paying  the  carrier's  fee,  and 
the  other  stamp  paying  the  postage  on  letters  to  be  sent  out  of  the  city  by  mail. 
This  envelop  will  also  be  used  by  those  who,  when  addressing  their  city  cor- 
respondents, desire  to  relieve  them  from  the  payments  of  the  carrier's  fee  for 
delivering  their  letters  at  their  domicil. 

Proposals  were  made  during  the  last  session  of  Congress  to  furnish  the  de- 
partment with  wrappers  or  envelops  embossed  with  one-cent  postage  stamps,  for 
the  purpose  of  prepaying  transient  newspapers,  and  the  subject  was  considered 
by  the  committee  on  the  post-office  and  post- roads.  Recently  similar  proposals 
(from  another  party)  have  been  made,  with  the  suggestion  that  not  merely  one- 
cent,  but  aho  two-cent  newspaper  wrappers  be  provided ;  and  the  subject  is  re- 
commend to  Congress  for  such  disposition  as  it  may  deem  necessary. 

DEAD  LKTTKEt. 

The  number  of  dead  letters  containing  money,  registered  and  sent  out 

during  the  year  ended  80th  June  last,  was. 10,460 

The  number  containing  other  articles  of  value 18,686 

Total 24,086 

Being  5,662  increase  on  the  work  of  1859. 

In  addition,  there  have  been  sent  out,  since  April  last,  6,982  other  let- 
ters, of  a  class  which  were  heretofore  either  destroyed  or  filed,  not 
containing  inclosures  of  sufficient  absolute  value  to  justify  their  regis- 
tration.   6,982 

Making  whole  number  sent 81,017 

Or  12,644  more  than  during  the  previous  year. 

Whole  number  of  dead  letters  opened  at  San  Franeiseo 76,127 


Postal  Department.  289 

rOKBION  LBTTBE8. 

Retorned  to  Eoglaad 41,836 

••            Prance. 18,400 

«            Bremen 6,178 

**            Hamburg 2,517 

"            Prussia 17.817 

•*            Canada 25,800 

*•            New  Brunswick 2,041 

Nova  Scotia l.«98 

«•            Prince  Edward's  Island 180 

Total  number  of  foreign  letters.  » 110,911 

Pereeyering  efforts  have  been  made,  bo  far  as  the  limited  number  of  clerks 
woold  permit,  to  find  the  true  causes  for  the  noo -delivery  especially  of  valuable 
letters,  and  the  result  has  been  to  confirm  the  former  experience  of  the  depart- 
ment, as  stated  in  the  annual  report  of  last  year,  and  the  special  report  of  7th 
May  last.  For  example  :  out  of  8,002  cases,  in  which  the  inquiries  of  the  de- 
partment have  been  answered,  or  where  causes  were  patent  without  inquiry 
•  3,983  letters  were  misdirected,  621  illegibly  directed,  583  directed  to  transient 
persons,  336  to  persons  moved  away,  657  not  mailed  for  want  of  postage,  885 
directed  to  fictitious  persons  or  firms,  54  without  any  address  or  direction,  34 
miasent,  leaving,  out  of  8,002,  only  1,341  letters  properly  addressed,  and  only 
684  for  the  non-delivery  of  which  the  department  is  blamable,  657  having  be- 
come dead  because  not  prepaid. 

In  reference  to  the  class  of  letters  not  containing  money  or  other  valuable 
inclosnres,  a  similar  state  of  facts  oeems  to  exist.  The  number  returned  to  the 
dead  letter  office  for  want  of  postage  daring  the  past  seven  months,  to  Novem- 
ber 1,  was  22,259. 

Out  of  37,868  letters  without  incloeures,  the  number  for  want  of  proper 

direction  was 10,178 

Number  entirely  without  address  or  direction 867 

Total 10,585 

Although  the  number  of  letters  conveyed  by  mail  during  the  year  has  increased 
by  many  millions,  (as  shown  by  the  increased  revenue  of  over  $500,000,)  yet 
the  whole  number  of  dead  letters,  so  far  from  increasing,  has  rather  diminbbed. 
From  this  fact,  it  may  be  concluded  that  better  attention  than  formerly  is  now 
given  to  the  delivery  of  letters,  and  that  the  new  regulations  on  the  subject  have 
had  a  salutary  effect. 

If  the  proper  assistance  could  be  obtained,  farther  improvements  might,  no 
doubt,  be  made,  and  the  propriety  of  authorizing  the  employment  of  temporary 
clerks  to  make  experiments  with  the  dead  letters  is  urged,  somewhat  according 
to  the  plan  proposed  in  the  special  report  of  May  7, 1860.  It  might,  perhaps, 
be  sufficient  for  the  present,  simply  to  authorize  the  use  of  the  dead  letter  money 
(which  cannot  be  restored  to  the  owners,)  inclading  what  has  heretofore  accmed 
and  that  to  accrue  in  future,  or  so  much  of  it  as  may  be  necessary,  for  the  im- 
provement ol  this  branch  of  business. 

The  new  law  concerning  the  retarn  of  letters,  upon  which  the  names  and  post- 
offices  of  the  writers  were  indorsed,  was  communicated  specially  to  all  poet- 
masters ;  but,  as  yet,  it  seems  to  have  been  measarably  inoperative. 


240  Journal  of  Mining^  Manufactures^  and  Art 


JOURNAL  OF  MINING,  MANUFACTURES,  AND  ART. 


flow  THB  ARMSTRONG  GUN  IS  MANUFACTURED. 

A  visitor  to  the  works  who  has  oever  seeo  an  Armstrong  gtiD,  roust,  as  he 
witnesses  the  snccessiye  stages  of  its  roanofacture,  be  sorely  puzzled  to  conceiye 
what  it  will  look  like  when  completed  ;  and  scarcely  less  is  the  surprise  of  any 
one  who  has  seen  the  finished  piece,  at  the  strange  shapes  which  its  component 
parts  assume  during  the  various  processes.  Let  us  begin  at  the  beginning,  and 
observe  the  various  steps,  from  first  to  last,  in  the  creation  of  the  most  perfect 
piece  of  ordnance  the  world  has  ever  seen. 

Imagine  a  very  long  thin  bar  of  the  finest  iron,  some  two  inches  square,  and 
one  hundred  and  twenty  feet  in  length — that  is  the  basis  of  a  twenty-five  pounder. 
For  convenience  in  the  manufacture,  the  bore  is  divided  into  three  pieces  0/ 
about  forty  feet  in  length.  A  one-hundred  pounder  requires  three  pieces,* 
each  of  ninety  feet  in  length.  The  manufacture  commences  in  the  forg- 
ing shop,  a  vast  dingy  shed,  where  there  is  an  incessant  din  of  hammers  and 
roaring  of  mighty  furnaces,  where  blocks  and  bars  of  iron  lie  scattered  in  seem- 
ing confusion  on  every  side — here  almost  transparent  at  white  heat,  there  glow- 
ing red  hot ;  in  one  corner  sending  out  showers  of  sparks  under  the  discipline 
of  a  huge  steam  hammer ;  in  aLother,  hissing  and  sputtering  under  a  stream  ; 
where  stalwart,  grimy  men,  with  uprolled  shirt  sleeves,  yisors  and  leather  aprons, 
are  seen  looming  through  the  smoke,  or  in  the  lull  glare  of  the  fires,  tossing 
about  red-hot  bars  with  the  indifference  of  salamanders,  and  making  the  anvils 
ring  with  thirty  Cyclops'  power. 

We  fix  our  eyes  on  a  long,  narrow  furnace,  in  which  lie  a  number  of  iron 
bars  we  spoke  of.  Suddenly  the  door  is  opened,  and  a  fierce  lurid  gleam  of  light 
is  cast  through  the  shop.  One  of  the  men  seizes  the  end  of  a  bar  in  a  pincers, 
drags  it  forth,  and  makes  it  fast  to  a  roller  which  stands  immediately  before  the 
furnace,  and  the  diameter  of  which  is  equal  to  the  rough-made  tube  of  a  twen- 
ty-five  pounder  when  first  rolled.  The  roller  is  put  in  motion,  the  bar  is  slowly 
and  closely  wound  round  it,  just  as  one  might  wind  a  piece  of  thread  round  a 
reel.  The  roller  being  turned  on  one  end,  the  spiral  tube — number  one  coil,  it 
is  termed— is  knocked  off,  restored  to  white  heat  in  another  fumace^ — for  it  has 
cooled  somewhat  in  the  rolling — and  then  flattened  down  and  welded  under  one 
of  the  steam  hammers  till  only  about  half  as  long  as  it  was.  For  a  twenty-five 
pounder  the  length  of  the  coil,  after  this  process,  is  2i  feet ;  and  three  such 
coils  are  welded  together  to  form  the  tube. 

Before  that  operation  is  performed,  however,  each  coil  is  bored  on  the  inside, 
and  pared  on  the  outside  to  within  a  very  little  of  its  proper  diameter,  so  that 
the  slightest  flaw  iii  the  welding,  if  any  exist,  may  be  detected.  Having  passed 
this  test,  a  couple  of  coils,  brought  to  a  proper  heat  by  being  placed  end  to  end 
in  a  jet  of  flame  from  a  blast  furnace,  are  welded  by  violent  blows  from  a  huge 
iron  battering-ram.  A  third  coil  is  added  to  the  other  two  in  the  same  manner, 
and  the  tube  is  complete.  Over  this  a  second  tube,  which  has  been  prepared  just 
in  the  same  way,  is  passed  while  red  hot,  and,  shrinking  as  it  cools,  becomes 


Journal  of  Mining^  Manufactures^  and  Art  241 

tightly  fastened.  This  is  termed  *'  shrinking  on."  Over  this  again  is  placed  a 
short  massive  ring  of  forged  iron,  to  which  the  trunnions,  or  handle  of  the  gun, 
are  attached. 

The  breech,  which  has  now  to  be  added,  is  composed  of  several  iron  slabs, 
something  like  the  staves  of  a  barrel,  which  are  bent  into  a  cylindrical  form, 
and  welded  at  the  edges  when  red  hot  under  the  steam  hammer.  In  the  breech 
the  fiber  of  the  metal  runs  in  the  direction  of  the  length  of  the  gun,  while  in  the 
other  parts  it  winds  round  and  round  transversely.  This  is  done  to  give  greater 
strength  to  the  breech  in  sustaining  the  whole  backward  thrust  of  the  explosion . 
The  breech  thus  formed  is  "  shrunk  "  on  to  the  rest  of  the  gun  ;  and  to  add  still 
more  to  its  strength,  two  double  coils  of  wrought  iron  are  rolled  on,  with  the 
fiber  at  right  angles  to  that  of  the  breech  underneath.  The  piece  now  exhibits- 
very  much  the  appearance  of  what  is  called  a  three-draw  telescope — the  tube, 
the  trunnion  piece,  and  the  breech,  representing  the  three  draws  of  the  glass 
when  pulled  out. 

So  much  for  the  rough  work  of  the  gun  ;  we  now  come  to  the  finer  and  more 
delicate  process.  Having  been  pared  down  on  the  outside  to  its  proper  size, 
the  gun  passes  to  the  measurers,  who,  with  an  instrument  called  a  micrometer, 
measure  each  part  with  maihematical  accuracy.  The  slightest  deviation  of  any 
portion  from  its  exact  size,  even  to  the  fraction  of  a  hair*s  breadth,  is  rigidly 
pointed  out,  and  has  to  be  amended.  The  boring  and  rifling  of  the  piece  are 
next  performed  in  a  large,  tidy,  well-lighted  room,  where  there  is  no  noise,  or 
smoke,  or  confusion,  as  in  the  forging  shop.  The  gun  is  placed  erect  in  the 
boring  machine,  and  revolves  gently  round  the  big  gimlet,  which  slowly  but 
surely  makes  its  way  downwards,  scooping  out  the  superfluous  metal  from  the 
interior  of  the  tube. 

Four  pieces  can  be  bored  at  once  by  each  machine.  This  is  the  lengthiest 
process  the  gun  has  to  go  through.  It  has  to  be  performed  twice,  each  time  oc- 
cupying six  hours.  First  the  gun  is  bored  to  within  a  one-hundredth  of  an  inch 
in  its  proper  diameter,  and  the  second  time  it  is  fiaished.  The  rifling  is  per- 
formed in  a  turning- lathe,  and  occupies  some  five  hours.  There  are  thirty-eight 
fine  sharp  grooves,  of  a  peculiar  angular  shape — **  with  the  driving  side  angu- 
lar," in  the  words  of  the  inventor,  "  and  the  opposite  side  rounded,"  and  the  turn 
of  the  rifling  is  very  slight. 

Where  the  touch-hole  of  an  ordinary  gun  would  be,  a  square  hole  is  cut  for 
the  introduction  of  the  vent  place  or  stopper,  which,  with  the  breech  screw,  com- 
pletes the  gun.  The  stopper  is  a  circular  piece  of  steel,  faced  with  copper, 
which  fits  into  the  end  of  the  rifled  barrel  with  the  most  exact  nicety.  Upon 
this  little  piece  of  metal  depends,  in  a  great  measure,  the  efficiency  of  the  gun  ; 
because,  unless  it  hermetically  closed  the  cavity,  a  portion  of  the  explosive  force 
would  escape,  and  the  discharge  would  be  weakened.  The  copper  facing  of  the 
stopper  is  prepared  with  great  care.  It  has  to  be  sharpened  with  a  file  after  so 
many  rounds,  and  a  duplicate  accompanies  every  gun.  The  touch-hole  runs 
through  the  vent-piece  down  into  the  chamber  of  the  gun.  The  breech  of  the 
gun  receives  the  power ftil  hollow  screw  which  presses  against  the  vent-piece, 
and  is  easily  tightened  or  loosened  by  means  of  a  common  weighted  handle. 
When  the  stopper  is  out,  the  gfun  is  a  hollow  tube  from  end  to  end. 

TOL.  XLIV. 1*0.   II.  16 


242  Journal  of  Mining^  Manufactures^  and  Art. 

MINES  AND  MINING  COMPANIES  OF  ARIZONA. 

We  find  in  a  late  number  of  the  Mesilla  Miner  the  following  resume  of  the 
mines  and  raining  companies  in  Arizona : — 

1st.  Fort  Fillmore  Silver  Mining  Company. — Capital  stock  $1,000,000, 
in  820  shares.  Maj.  Jno.  J.  Sprague,  U.  S.  A.,  President.  OCSce  34  Pine- 
street,  New  York.  Mines  in  Organ  Mountains,  15  miles  east  of,  and  smelting 
furnace  on  Rio  Grande,  4  miles  S.  E.  of  Mesilla.  W.  H.  Ritter,  engineer.  Has 
six  fine  veins,  yielding  $200  per  ton.  Commenced  work  in  December,  1859, 
employing  fifty  hands. 

2d.  SoNORA  Exploring  and  Mining  Company. — Organized  in  1856,  under 

charter  from  Ohio.    Capital  82,000,000,  in  8100  shares,  James  P.  Kilbreth, 

•  President,  A.   M.   Searles,   Secretary,  Andrew    J.  Talcott,  Superintendent 

Leased  to  Charles  D.  Poston.    Mine  in  Cerro  Colorado  Mountains  near  Tubac, 

ore  silver  and  copper.    First  silver  reduced  July,  1868. 

Santa  Rita  Silver  Mining  Company. — Organized  1858,  charter  from  Ohio. 
Capital  81,000,000,  in  8100  shares.  Office  167  Walnut-street,  Cincinnati, 
Ohio.  George  Mendenhall,  President ;  Horace  C.  Grosvenor,  director  of  the 
mines,  Rephael  Pumpelly,  metallurgist,  headquarters  and  mines,  Santa  Rita 
Mountains  near  Tubac.  Persons  employed  20 ;  first  silver  reduced  May  7th, 
1859.    Ore  silver,  copper,  and  lead. 

SopoRi  Mining  Company. — Organized  August,  1858.  Capital  81,000,000, 
in  8100  shares.  Office  Providence,  R.  I.  Mines  near  Sopori.  W.  B.  Sayles, 
director.    Not  working  the  mine. 

Patayonia  Mining  Company. — Private  association — Capt.  R.  S.  Ewell,  U. 
S.  A.,  President.  Mines  near  Sonoita  Creek,  in  Santa  Cruz  Mountains.  The 
mine  is  valuable,  aad  has  yielded,  with  very  little  machinery  and  poor  furnaces, 
a  fine  percentage  of  silver.     Ore  silver  and  lead. 

Union  Mining  Company. — Private  association — working  mines  near  Sonoita 
Creek  ;  under  direction  of  Col.  Titus. 

l^K  San  Antonio  Mining  Company  op  San  Francisco. — Has  suspended 
operations  for  the  present.     Ore  silver  and  lead. 

The  Cahctabi  Mining  Company. — Private  company — H.  Ehrenberg,  Presi- 
dent; William  Brown,  director  Mines  in  Papaquearia — a  new  company  now 
commencing  operations.  The  mine  is  said  to  be  very  rich.  Ore  silver  and  cop- 
per. 

San  Xavikr  Mining  Company. — Organized  in  San  Francisco  in  1857  ;  mine 
near  Tuscan.     Work  suspended. 

Arizona  Land  and  Mining  Company.— Capital  stock  82,000,000,  in  8100 
shares.  Organized  under  charter  from  Rhode  Island.  Samuel  B.  Arnold, 
President ;  W.  B.  Sayles.  director.     Not  working  mines 

Thb  Longorenia  Company. — Organized  to  work  an  old  mine  near  Tubac. 
The  work  is  progressing.    Ore  silver  and  copper. 

COPPER. 

Arizona  Copper  Mining  Company.— Capital  81,000,000,  in  8100  shares. 
Organized  1854,  in  San  Francisco,  by  E.  E.  Dunbar.  Major  R.  Allen,  U.  S. 
A.,  President.  The  company  have  expended  much  money,  and  now  have  ordered 
steam  wagons  to  transport  the  copper  to  market    This  mine  is  very  rich. 


Journal  oj  Mining^  Manufactures^  and  Art  243 

The  Santa  Rita  Copper  Mines. — Worked  by  Mr.  Siqueros  &  Son.  They 
have  not  completed  their  arraDgements  yet,  bat  are  smeltiog  three  tons  of  cop- 
per per  diem.  These  mines  were  worked  many  years  ago.  and  are  rich  and  profit- 
able.    Located  25  miles  N.  W.  of  Mowry  City,  on  Mimbrcs  River. 

The  Hanover  Copper  Mines,  six  miles  from  the  Santa  Rita  mines,  were 
discovered  March,  1859,  by  Mr.  S.  Harkle.  The  vein  is  ten  or  twelve  feet 
wide.    Messrs.  Harkle  &  Thibault  are  working  500  hands  with  great  profit. 

Messrs.  Barcla,  Dagaerre,  and  others  have  opened  a  vein  one-and-a-balf  miles 
from  the  Hanover  mine,  and  preparing  to  work. 

A  private  company  have  been  working  on  a  vein  half  a  mile  from  the  Hanover 
mine,  thought  to  be  rich. 

A  copper  mine  is  worked  40  miles  above  the  month  of  the  Gila,  on  the 
Colorado  River,  said  to  be  very  rich. 

GOLD. 

Gila  Gold  Mines. — Mnch  gold  has  been  taken  oat  of  these  mines,  located 
twenty  miles  above  the  month  of  the  Gila,  and  aboat  two  miles  from  the  river. 
Mines  are  rich,  bat  too  far  from  water,  and  the  necessaries  of  life,  to  inclade 
very  extensive  working. 

Brownsville  Gold  Placers. — Twenty  miles  N.  W.  of  Mowry  City,  on 
Mimbres  River,  are  now  worked  by  a  company  from  this  place,  who  have  dag 
a  ditch,  at  considerable  cost,  one  and-a-half  miles  long,  to  throw  the  water  on 
the  placer.    They  have  been  saCSciently  tested  to  show  that  they  are  rich. 

Col.  Snively  &  Co.  have  discovered  rich  gold  mines  16  miles  north  of  the 
Brownsville  mines,  and  are  now  working  them. 

Arizona  Exploring  and  Mining  Company. — Lately  organized,  with  ample 
means  for  prosecating  a  geological  sarvey.  Richard  Jenkins,  superintendent  ; 
Mr.  Levy,  miner.    Headquarters  Mesilla,  on  Rio  Grande. 

The  Mesilla  Land  Exploring  and  Mining  Company. — Capital  stock 
$1,000,000,  in  $100  shares.  L.  S.  Owings,  President.  Office  Grand  Plaza, 
Mesilla,  Arizona.  This  company  have  a  good  quartz  lead,  thought  to  be  very 
rich,  and  a  copper  vein.  They  propose  keeping  an  exploring  company  con- 
stantly in  the  field. 


NEW  DISCOYERT  IS  THE  PROCESS  OF  DYEING. 

The  dyeing  trade  has,  it  is  announced,  just  been  enriched  by  an  important 
discovery.  For  a  long  time  back,  the  trade  has  been  endeavoring  to  avail  itself 
of  and  to  imitate  the  green  dye  used  in  China,  (le  verl  de  Ckiney)  whose  bright- 
ness and  solidity  enjoy  such  just  celebrity.  It  appears  to  have  succeeded  in  ob- 
taining it  from  one  of  our  (French)  indigeneoas  vegetable  substances,  thanks  to 
the  investigations  of  a  chemist  at  Lyons,  who  had  been  put  on  the  right  track 
by  an  instructive  note  which  the  Chevalier  de  Montiomt  had  sent  from  China, 
along  with  samples  of  the  primary  substance,  to  the  Department  of  Commerce, 
and  which  Mr.  Rouhbr  had  brought  to  the  knowledge  of  our  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce and  Manufactures.  This  will  be  a  fresh  success  to  add  to  our  numerous 
agricultural  and  industrial  triumphs,  for  which  the  country  is  already  indebted 
to  the  intelligent  efforts  of  our  Consul-General  in  China. 


244  Journal  of  Mining^  Manvfactures^  and  Art 

RICHHOffD  SUGAR  REFI9ERT. 

The  refinery  jast  opened  at  Bichmond  is  described  as  a  building  125  feet  long 
by  50  feet  in  width,  and  five  stories  high.  It  is  built  of  brick,  io  the  most  sub- 
stantial manner,  upon  a  foundation  of  granite,  and  seems  to  be  well  adapted  to 
the  purposes  for  which  it  was  erected.  The  most  striking  feature  about  the  es- 
tablishment is  the  great  number  of  iron  and  copper  pipes,  of  difierent  sizes,  ex- 
tending  in  all  directions,  under  each  floor,  and  vertically.  These  pipes  are  in- 
tended to  conduct  the  syrups  and  steam  from  one  part  of  the  building  to  another. 
The  machinery  and  appurtenances  have  been  constructed  upon  the  most  approved 
plan,  and  in  accordance  with  the  latest  improvements.  Indeed,  it  is  said  that 
this  refinery  is  the  most  complete  one,  in  this  respect,  in  the  United  States. 
There  is  no  handling  or  dipping  here,  the  whole  process  being  carried  on  by 
mechanical  contrivances,  beginning  with  the  elevation  of  the  raw  material  from 
the  basement  to  the  upper  story.  Adjoining  the  refinery  is  a  bone  kiln,  built  of 
brick,  in  which  the  "  bone  black  "  used  in  the  refinery  will  be  made.  On  the 
Dorth  side  of  the  building  is  the  boiler  house,  containing  three  large  boilers  for 
generating  and  supplying  steam  to  the  engines  and  tanks.  The  smoke  stack  at- 
tached is  eighty  feet  in  height.  No  fire  will  be  used  in  the  building,  as  all  the 
heating  and  boiling  will  be  effected  by  means  of  steam  from  the  large  boilers. 
The  water  used  for  the  clarification  of  the  sugar  is  brought  from  Mount  Erin 
spring,  about  half  a  mile  distant,  while  the  supply  for  the  boilers  is  drawn  from 
the  river  by  means  of  a  pump  propelled  by  steam  apparatus.  All  the  machinery 
was  made  at  Messrs.  Merrick  k  Sons'  '*  Southwark  Foundry,''  Philadelphia, 
and  was  put  up  by  Mr.  Wm.  H.  Bechtel,  an  experienced  machinist.  The  es- 
tablishment will  turn  out  about  175  barrels  of  sugar  per  diem. 


IRON  CARS. 

We  notice  another  attempt  to  introduce  iron  cars  for  passenger  purposes  has 
been  recently  made.  The  side  walls  are  made  of  corrugated  sheets,  and  are  of 
two  thicknesses,  with  a  space  between.  The  advantages  claimed  for  the  iron 
cars  are  greater  lightness,  strength,  and  durability,  than  are  possessed  by  the 
ordinary  wooden  car.  There  is  a  saving  in  weight  of  30  to  35  per  cent  in  this 
car  over  those  in  common  use.  This  is  an  advantage  which  will  be  readily  ap- 
preciated by  every  railroad  man.  A  saving  of  one  to  two  thousand  pounds  in 
the  weight  of  the  vehicle  makes  a  wonderful  difference  both  to  the  power  which 
drags  it,  and  to  the  rails  over  which  it  is  drawn.  The  next  advantage  claimed 
is  greater  safety  than  in  wooden  cars.  Id  cases  of  accident  the  greatest  damage 
is  generally  done  by  the  splintering  of  the  timbers.  This  fruitful  cause  of  in- 
jury is  entirely  done  away  with  in  iron  cars.  The  worst  that  can  possibly  bap- 
pen  to  an  iron  car  is  severe  indentations  and  bruises.  We  are  glad  to  see  a  step 
made  in  this  direction.  We  regard  any  saving  in  weight  and  safety  in  a  railroad 
passenger  coach  as  a  great  gain.  The  effort  seems  to  have  been  for  the  past  few 
years  to  continue  adding 'appendage  after  appendage,  constantly  increasing  the 
weight  of  the  ears,  and  consequently  the  cost  of  transporting  passengers.  We 
trust  the  experiment  now  made  will  prove  as  successful  in  the  end  as  it  seems  to 
be  in  the  outset. 


Journal  of  Mining^  Manufax^twres^  and  ArL  245 

HOME  MANUFACTURES. 

Many  of  our  farmiDg  friends,  says  the  Californian,  who  visited  the  exhibition 
of  the  SaD  Francisco  Bay  District  Agricaltarai  Society,  doubtless  noticed  some 
samples  of  remarkably  fine  blue  vitriol,  of  California  manufacture.  Feeling 
great  interest  in  a  matter  so  intimately  connected  with  agriculture,  we  made 
some  inquiries  concerning  this  new  branch  of  home  manufacture,  and  were 
agreeably  surprised  to  find  that  it  is  manufactured  here  now  in  such  a  manner 
that  it  can  be  afiOorded  at  a  less  price,  and  that  it  is  in  reality  a  very  superior 
article,  to  any  imported,  either  from  the  Eastern  States  or  from  Europe.  Under 
the  new  process  of  refining  gold  in  the  great  establishment  of  Messrs.  Alsop  & 
Co.  and  Duncan,  Sherman  &  Co.,  large  quantities  of  pure  copper  are  used  in 
solution  with  sulphuric  acid,  and  this  forms  pure  sulphate  of  copper,  or  blue 
vitriol.  As  any  foreign  substance  would  destroy  the  properties  of  the  solution, 
it  must  necessarily  be  perfectly  pure,  and  being  formed  as  a  residuary  product  in 
very  large  quantities,  it  can  be  sold  at  far  less  rates  than  when  manufactured 
especially  for  consumption. 

More,  than  fifty  thousand  pounds  were  manufactured  in  the  few  months  that 
the  refinery  has  been  in  operation  this  season,  and  the  proprietors  anticipate 
that  their  business  will  be  so  largely  increased  during  the  coming  year,  that  they 
will  be  obliged  to  export  a  large  portion  of  their  surplus,  the  demand  on  this 
coast  not  being  equal  to  the  large  amount  they  must  necessarily  manufacture. 
We  congratulate  the  farming  interest  on  the  certainty  of  hereafter  being  able 
to  calculate  on  a  supply  of  fine  blue  vitriol  at  low  prices,  and  that  they  will  not 
l>e  the  victims  of  speculators,  who  have 'on  several  occasions  monopolized  all 
that  article  in  the  market,  and  taken  advantage  of  the  farmers'  necessities  to 
exact  an  exorbitant  price. 


SABOTS,  OR  WOODEH  SHOES. 

Many  of  our  people,  says  the  Shoe  and  Leather  Reporter,  who  look  upon 
wooden  shoes  only  as  objects  of  curiosity,  as  though  they  were  relics  of  a  bar- 
barous age,  or  the  production  of  some  benighted  heathen  of  the  East,  may  be 
surprised  to  learn  that  they  are  at  present  not  only  manufactured,  but  generally 
worn,  by  the  peasantry  of  France,  throughout  the  provinces  of  Normandy, 
Brittany,  Auvergne,  &c.  The  language  of  the  Abbe  Leblano,  written  a  cen- 
tury ago,  would  still  apply  to  a  considerable  portion  of  that  country : — "  Among 
the  curiosities  in  the  cabinet  of  natural  history  at  Oxford,  they  specially  show 
a  pair  of  {sabots)  wooden  shoes,  which  they  designate  French  shoes,  and  the  or- 
dinary shoe  of  the  nation." 

The  principal  markets  are  Paris,  Lyons,  and  Nantes,  whither  the  manufac- 
turers or  master  sabot  makers  repair  once  a  year  to  make  contracts  with  the 
tradesmen.  Thus  furnished  with  a  memorandum  of  the  number  and  variety  re- 
quired, th^y  return  and  distribute  the  work  among  the  people.  Men,  women, 
and  children  leave  the  villages  in  a  body,  and,  marching  to  the  forests,  build 
themselves  huts  of  branches,  plastered  with  mud,  and  set  about  their  task  with 
true  French  vivacity,  chatting,  singing,  and  laughing  incessantly.  Beech,  birch, 
and  sometimes  walnut  and  aspen  trees  are  cut  down  for  material,  and  then  be- 
gins the  process  of  modeling  into  boot,  shoe,  and  gaiter  sabots.     They  are 


246  Journal  of  Banking^  Ourrency^  and  Finance. 

shaped  by  the  men,  hollowed  by  the  women,  and  roughly  pared  by  the  children. 
The  latter  are  considered  as  apprentices,  but  the  others  receive  for  their  services 
respectively  two  francs,  (37ic.,)  and  fifty  centimes,  (9ic.,)  per  diem.  A  French 
paper,  the  "  Moniteur  de  la  Cordonneriei"  states  that  one  Paris  maker  alone  em- 
ploys in  the  forests  of  Sarthe,  Orne,  Cantal,  and  Vosges,  twenty-five  master 
workmen,  and  one  thoasand  peasants. 

When  the  rough  work  is  completed,  the  sabots  are  sent  directly  to  the  Paris- 
ian and  other  dealers,  by  whom  they  are  finished  and  placed  in  the  market  for 
sale.  Those  called  *•  garnished  "  are  covered  with  leather ;  but  most  of  them 
are  at  first  blackened  with  burnt  horn  and  other  animal  substances,  and  after- 
wards polished.  The  rooms  in  which  this  part  of  the  business  is  conducted  are 
continually  filled  with  effiuvia,  which  causes  serious  inroads  on  the  health  of  the 
operatives. 

The  authority  we  have  quoted  above  says  that  England,  although  regarding 
sabots  with  much  contempt,  purchases  upwards  of  10,000  francs'  worth  annually. 
The  habit  of  wearing  wooden  shoes  probably  arose  from  poverty  or  from  local 
necessity,  and  the  practice  has  so  little  to  recommend  it,  either  for  comfort  or 
cleanliness,  and  seems  so  opposed  to  the  progress  of  modern  times,  that  we  won- 
der it  has  not  long  since  been  abandoned.  There  are  millions  of  feet  in  Franco 
which  undoubtedly  will,  ere  long,  furnish  employment  to  the  manufacturers  and 
workers  of  leather  in  that  or  some  other  country. 

MANUFACTURE  OF  GAS. 
The  process  of  manufacturing  is  as  follows  :— A  panful  of  coal  is  put  into  an 
iron  retort,  under  which  is  a  furnace  that  heats  the  retort  red  hot,  turning  the 
coal  partly  into  gas  and  partly  into  coke.  The  latter  remains  in  the  retort, 
while  the  gas  passes  out  through  a  pipe  half-filled  with  water,  called  the  hydraulic 
main,  the  force  in  the  retort  being  sufficient  to  drive  it  through  the  water  and 
over  the  surface,  but  it  cannot  pass  back,  as  the  water  acts  as  a  seal  to  secure 
it.  Thence  it  is  conducted  into  a  condensing  pipe  to  the  condensing  house, 
where  its  heat  and  volume  are  reduced.  It  is  then  transmitted  to  the  purifying 
house,  where  it  passes  through  three  distinct  beds  of  lime,  which  extract  the  sul- 
phurous particles  from  it.  There  are  test  cocks  attached  to  the  purifiers,  by 
which  its  purity  is  tested.  The  cock  is  turned  to  let  the  gas  out,  and  a  piece  of 
paper  saturated  in  a  solution  of  sugar  of  lead  held  over  it,  and  if  it  stains  the 
paper  it  is  impure.  It  is  said  that  sugar  of  lead  will  detect  one  impure  part  in 
40,006  cubic  feet. 

CIGARETTE  PAPERS. 

Mention  has  been  made  of  the  discovery  of  a  new  kind  of  paper  for  making 
cigarettes,  and  a  manufactory  has  been  established  in  Algiers  for  working  this 
new  invention.  The  paper  in  question  is  made  from  the  refuse  stalks  and  por- 
tion of  the  leaves  which  have  been  hitherto  thrown  away  or  burnt  as  useless. 
It  has  been  calculated  that  the  value  of  the  rags  from  which  the  paper  for  the 
cigarettes  has  been  usually  made  amounted  annually  to  from  9,000,000  francs  to 
10,000,000  francs.  The  benefit  which  France  will  derive  from  this  invention 
may  be  therefore  readily  conceived,  and  no  doubt  can  exist  that  the  manufacture 
must  be  attended  with  great  success. 


Railroad,  Canal,  and  Steamboat  Statistics.  247 


RAILROAD,  CANAL,  AND  STEAMBOAT  STATISTICS. 


ST£AM  WAGONS  FOR  COMMON  ROADS. 

This  is  an  age  of  progress  and  improvement,  says  the  Railroad  Record,  and 
we  know  of  no  place  where  improvement  is  more  needed  or  where  there  is  a 
greater  field  for  it  than  in  the  means  of  locomotion  on  turnpikes  and  common 
roads.  When  the  steam  engine  first  began  to  exert  its  labor  saving  influence, 
considerable  attention  was  given  to  its  application  to  locomotion  ;  and  the  re- 
sol  rs  of  this  direction  of  inventive  genius  have  been  the  railroad  locomotive  of 
the  present  day.  Genius  has  had  such  a  rich  field  for  study  and  progress  in  this 
latter  and  more  perfect  mode  of  locomotion,  that  the  primary  idea  has  been,  in 
a  great  measure,  lost  sight  of  in  the  grand  developments  of  the  more  perfect 
system.  But  now  that  we  have  almost  covered  the  civilized  portions  of  the 
world  with  a  network  of  railroads,  we  are  beginning  to  revert  again  to  the  parent 
notion,  and  inquire,  is  it  feasible  to  construct  a  steam  wagon  for  traveling  on  our 
common  roads?  Can  we  successfully  introduce  steam  as  a  means  of  propulsion 
for  loaded  wagons  and  stage  coaches  traveling  on  ordinary  turnpikes?  Most 
assuredly  we  can,  provided  we  are  willing  to  undertake  the  labor  necessary  to 
make  the  practical  application  of  the  power  to  the  load.  The  locomotive  of 
thirty  years  ago  weighed  three  tons,  and  was  a  very  different  thing,  both  in 
structure  and  iippliance,  from  the  ponderous  iron-lunged  steed  that  now  sweeps 
over  our  roads  atits  easy  gait  of  thirty  miles  per  hour.  So  it  will  be  with  the 
steam  wagon,  its  first  application  will  be  far  different  from  its  perfected  form, 
and  it  is  but  reasonable  to  suppose  that  time  and  experience  will  both  improve 
and  cheapen  it.  The  perfected  machine  will  be  as  much  superior  to  the  first 
attempts  as  they  will  be  superior  to  the  present  mode  of  moving  by  horse-power. 
Bat  we  should  not,  on  that  account,  fail  to  avail  ourselves  of  the  earlier  im- 
provements as  they  are  made.  It  is  certainly  much  cheaper  to  furnish  wood  or 
coal  for  a  boiler  than  oats  or  corn  for  an  equivalent  number  of  horses.  AnJ 
for  ease  of  management  and  docility  to  the  will  of  the  driver,  there  can  be  no 
comparison  between  the  almost  animate  machine  and  the  baulky  animal,  The 
difficulties  that  have  hitherto  beset  the  inventors  of  steam  wagons  have  mostly 
arisen  from  the  fact  that  their  ideas  were  fixed  upon  too  grand  a  scale — they 
have  aimed  to  make  a  machine  of  ponderous  power,  one  that  would  carry  along 
a  huge  train  and  drag  its  hundreds  of  tons  of  burden.  A  more  practical  way 
would  be  to  begin  with  an  engine  of  given  capacity,  say  ten-horse  power,  and 
adapt  it  to  a  wagon,  and  determine  by  experiments  on  a  moderate  scale  what 
would  be  its  capacity  for  transporting  loads.  In  this  manner,  at  a  trfling  cost, 
the  most  important  question  could  be  readily  determined  and  settled.  From 
this  commencement  the  inventor  could  build  up  and  improve,  as  his  success  in 
the  first  experiment  indicated. 

In  a  recent  visit  to  New  York  city  we  had  the  pleasure  of  examining  a  road 
engine  invented  and  built  by  Mr.  J.  K.  Fisher,  and  designed  for  transporting 
passengers  at  a  rapid  rate.  The  drivers  are  two  wooden  wheels  five  feet  in  di- 
ameter and  six  inches  broad  on  the  face  of  the  tire,  driven  by  two  cylinders  of 
seven  inches  bore,  and  fourteen  inslies  stroke,  acting  directly  upon  the  driving 


248  Railroad,  Canal^  and  Steamboat  Statistics. 

wheels.  The  boiler  is  an  upright  tubular  boiler  thirty-two  inches  diameter,  five 
feet  high.  The  whole  was  originally  placed  on  a  wooden  frame  resting  on  easy 
springs,  and  was  designed  to  be  run  at  the  rate  of  twelve  to  fifteen  miles  per 
hour.  Experimental  trips  were  made,  and  a  speed  not  merely  twelve  to  fifteen 
miles,  but  twenty-two-and-a-half  miles  per  hour  obtained.  No  difficulty  was  ex- 
perienced in  ascending  hills,  the  speed,  of  course,  being  lessened.  This  engine 
is  now  undergoing  some  modifications  such  as  suggested  by  experience,  and  has 
been  placed  upon  an  iron  frame,  and  will,  we  understand,  be  shortly  tested  again. 
With  the  improvements  already  made  we  have  no  doubt  it  will  fulfill  the  most 
sanguine  expectations  of  its  inventor. 

This  experiment  on  our  own  shore,  together  with  the  success  of  recent  inven- 
tions in  England  and  Scotland,  warrant  us  in  the  belief  that  steam  will  be  suo- 
cessfully  applied  to  stage  coaches.  And  the  fact  that  a  steam  engine  has  been 
recently  constructed  which  does  successfully  drag  ten  plows  is  sufficient  evidence 
that  it  can  also  be  applied  to  slow  locomotion  for  loaded  trains.  We  hope  to 
see  more  attention  hereafter  devoted  to  this  subject. 


IRON  LOCOMOTIVE  CAR. 

A  new  iron  locomotive  has  been  built  for  the  use  of  the  Pittsburg,  Fort 
Wayne,  and  Chicago  Railroad.  This  car  is  a  novel  invention,  combining  in 
itself  all  the  parts  of  a  complete  train— engine,  baggage  car,  and  passenger  car. 
It  is  made  wholly  of  iron,  with  the  exception  of  the  flooring,  sash,  and  seat- 
trimming,  and  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  railroad  conveyances  we  ever  saw. 

The  dimensions  of  the  locomotive  car  are  77  feet  in  length  and  10  feet  in 
width.  It  contains  48  seats,  each  of  which  are  3  inches  wider  than  those  of 
the  ordinary  wooden  car,  and  are  constructed  of  iron.  They  do  not  revolve 
backwards  and  forwards,  but  are  stationary.  The  back  is  supported  merely 
by  a  piece  of  wire  net  work  stretched  between  the  two  ends,  on  one  side  of 
which,  as  well  as  on  the  seat,  is  a  covering  of  lead-colored  plush,  padded  with 
hair,  and  on  the  other  side  leather  or  the  same  material,  similarly  padded.  This 
wire  net  work  is  an  admirable  improvement,  and  contributes  much  to  the  com- 
fort of  the  seats.  Besidos,  the  seats  thus  constructed  are  very  light,  the  whole 
number  weighing  1,500  pounds  less  than  as  many  of  the  old  style  car  seats.  In 
the  center  of  the  car  is  the  saloon,  which,  in  a  pinch,  could  be  made  to  accom- 
modate three  or  four  more  persons.  Its  central  position  is  quite  an  advantage, 
as  those  who  use  it  will  not  have  to  walk  the  whole  length  of  the  car  to  get  to 
it.  The  interior  of  the  car  is  handsomely  finished  ;  but  one  blunder  has  been 
made  in  the  arrangement  of  the  windows,  which  are  so  low  that  a  person  has  to 
stoop  to  look  out  of  them.  This  arose,  we  understand,  from  giving  the  roof  an  * 
unusual  pitch,  and  will  be  remedied  in  the  next  car  that  is  made.  The  danger 
of  weakness  in  the  center  from  the  extreme  length  of  the  car  is  obviated  by 
running  an  iron  truss  between  the  trucks.  The  sides  of  the  car  are  firmly  braced 
by  rods  connecting  with  the  truss,  rendering  it  stronger  and  increasing  the  chances 
of  safety  in  case  of  a  collision.  The  driving  wheels  are  about  36  or  40  inches 
in  diameter,  and  are  propelled  by  engines  of  twenty-horse  power.  The  engines 
are  provided  with  a  small  doctor  to  supply  water  to  the  boiler.  This  is  highly 
conducive  to  safety,  but  seldom  or  never  met  with  on  locomotives.  There  is 
an  ordinary  brake  at  the  rear  end  of  the  car,  but  one  of  a  difl'erent  description 


Railroad^  Ganal,  and  Steamboat  Statistics.  249 

has  been  figured  out  by  the  makers,  and  will  be  aoder  the  immediate  control  of 
the  engineer. 

The  advantages  contemplated  by  .the  introdaction  of  this  locomotive  car  are 
several.  It  is  more  economical,  as  it  will  do  nearly  the  same  amount  of  busi- 
ness as  an  engine  and  two  cars,  with  a  baggage  car,  and  costs  less  than  the  en- 
gine alone.  The  expense  of  constructing  it  will  not  exceed  $8,500.  It  weighs 
less  than  16  tons,  while  a  train  of  equal  capacity  will  weigh  86  tons.  It  can 
be  run  120  miles  with  one  cord  of  wood,  while  an  equal  quantity  would  only 
mn  a  locomotive  40  miles.  It  is  much  safer,  both  on  account  of  its  lightness 
and  of  the  material  of  which  it  is  made.  Its  momentum,  when  going  at  a  high 
speed,  will  be  vastly  less  than  that  of  a  train  of  cars,  and  it  may  therefore  be 
stopped  at  a  shorter  notice.  Being  wholly  iron,  there  would  be  no  splinters 
flying  in  case  of  a  smash  up,  and  the  flexibility  of  the  material  would  make  the 
car  gradually  yield  to  a  violent  shock,  instead  of  going  to  wreck  at  once.  Not- 
withstanding its  lightness,  it  can  be  run  at  great  speed. 

RAILROAD  ACCIDENTS  DURING  THE  TEAR  I860. 
The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  railroad  accidents  which  have  oc- 
curred in  the  United  States  during  the  year  just  closed,  which  were  attended 
with  loss  of  life  and  injury  to  persons,  together  with  the  number  of  killed  and 
wounded,  compared  with  the  number  of  like  accidents  in  1859  : — 

, 1860. , . \m. s 

Aooidenta.  Killed.  Wounded.  Accidents.  Killed.  Wounded. 

Janjary 11  6  68  7  4  64 

February 10  8  82  9*6  18 

March 1  .  6  9  8  18 

April 6.4  17  6  8  15 

May 6  6  18  6  4  24 

June, 4  4  88  10  47  96 

July 6  6  14  9  6  27 

August 6  5  29  8  16  82 

September 7  8  68  6  4  66 

October 8  6  24  6  10              8 

November 4  7  6  6  15  86 

December 8  6  16  4  2  34 

Total 74  67  316  79         129  411 

The  above  figures  do  not  include  individual  accidents,  caused  by  the  careless- 
ness of  travelers  themselves,  or  deaths  or  injuries  resulting  from  the  reckless  con- 
duct of  persons  in  crossing  or  standing  upon  railroad  tracks  where  trains  are  in 
motion.  ^- 

The  following  additional  Clible  shows  the  number  of  accidents,  and  the  num- 
ber of  persons  killed  and  injured  by  accidents,  to  railroad  trains  during  the  last 

eight  years : — 

Aooidenta.  Killed.  Wonnded. 

1863.. 188  284  496 

1864 198  186"*  >   689 

1865 142  116    ^  ^  >689 

1866 148  Ay^  K^s.  >ft29 

1867 -o^.w.  .            126         ,  r| '^ib'"^ '^^  630 

1868.   .i 7r.r.\          >.     i82t    •  119  417 

1869 T?l^ ^.^,  >              i9\^  129  411 

1860 \jK^|fel^^^'*--                   **  ^"^  ^^^ 

Total  in  eight  yeara 977  1,166  8,926 


X 


250  Railroad^  Canal,  and  Steamboat  Statistics. 

A  RAILWAY  m  TURKEY. 

The  railway  connecting  Tchernavoda,  (Turkish,  Boghaskenl)  on  the  Danube, 
and  Kustendjie,  on  the  coast  of  the  Black  Sea,  a  distance  of  about  forty  miles, 
was  opened  October  4th.  Travelers  by  this  railway  will  avoid  the  many  dangers 
attendant  on  the  navigation  of  the  Danube  and  the  delays  so  common  at  the 
Snhna  mouth  of  that  river.  The  opening  of  this  line,*  which  is  destined  to 
stimulate  the  commercial  activity  of  the  region,  was  attended  by  many  of  the 
English  directors  of  the  undertaking,  and  the  representatives  of  Turkey,  Greece, 
Albania,  Bulgaria,  and  many  sections  of  Tartary,  whose  costumes  piesented  a 
very  picturesque  appearance.  Ethem  Pasha  represented  the  Sultan  on  this 
occasion.  The  trial  trip  went  off  most  successfully  ;  a  grand  luncheon,  in  the 
English  style,  awaited  the  guests  on  their  arrival  at  Tchernavoda  ;  and  a  yet 
grander  dinner  was  provided  for  them  on  their  return  to  Kustendjie,  at  the  "  New 
Railway  Hotel,"  in  the  garden  of  which  establishment  a  shed,  handsomely 
decorated,  had  been  erected  for  the  purpose  More  than  one  hundred  persons 
sat  down  to  this  international  banquet,  at  which  toasts  were  drunk  to  the  healtli 
of  Queen  Victoria  and  the  Turkish  Sultan,  the  Pasoa  testifving  the  most  cordial 
interest  in  the  doings  of  the  day,  and  expressing  his  hope  that  similar  lines  of 
communication  would  soon  be  opened  in  every  part  of  Turkey. 


N£W  YORK  CEIHTRAL  RAILROAD. 

The  American  Railway  Review,  which  has  now  commenced  its  fourth  volume, 
has  the  following  on  the  operations  of  this  important  railway  for  the  fiscal  year, 
ending  Sept.  30, 1860,  compared  with  previous  years  since  1857  : — 

INOOMB  ACCOUNT — BE0BIPT8. 

mi.       i8§8.       \m.       I860. 

Freight $4,669,276  $3,700,270  $8,337,148     $4,096,984 

Paeeengers 3,147,627  2,632,647  2,666,370       2,669,265 

Deficieucy  of  earnings 232,246       

Other  sources 820,388  296,495  297,881          292,042 


Total $8,027,261     $6,760,658     $6,200,849     $6,967,241 

DISBUaSEMBNTS. 

18§7.    1S58.     1859.     1860. 

Expenses  on  freight $2,269,290  $1,876,429  $1,898,166  $2,618  827 

passengers. 2.184,226  1,610,868  1,45H,274  1.665,014 

Rent  Nias^'ara  Falls  Railroad. 60,000  60,000 

Interest 970,871  976,192  970,066  985,272 

Discount  on  bonds 70,891  

Sinking  funds 113,294  118,294  116,754  116,266 

Dividend,  February 959,782  959,782  959,782  720,000 

August 969,782  959,782  720,000  720,000 

Lake  Erie  steamers 44,470  193,925       '    

Surplus  earnings 525,686       24,824  77,862 

Total $8,027,251     $6,760,058     $6,200,849     $6,957,241 

From  the  above  it  will  be  perceived  that  the  passenger  traffic  on  this  road 
has  not  increased  any  since  1857,  although  the  cost  of  the  passenger  revenues  has 
varied — being  70  per  cent  of  gross  receipts  in  1857,  64  per  cent  in  1858,  57  per 
cent  in  1859,  and  65  per  cent  in  18G0.  The  cost  of  moving  freight  was,  in 
1857,50  per  c^nt;  1858,51  per  cent;  1859,59  per  cent;  and  1860,  64  per 
cent.  Thus.Sve  ^ee  that  all  the  advantages  of  increased  freight  earnings  are 
lost  to  the  stockholders  in  the  additional  cost  of  its  transportation.  It  is  to  be 
regretted  that  no  information  from  the  company's  re[^rts  enables  the  shareholder 
to  learn  what  portion  of  this  increased  cost  is  chargeable  .to  through,  and  what 
belongs  to  local  freights.    It  was  generally  supposed  that  a  settlement  of  the 


Bailroad,  Ganalj  and  Steamboat  Statistics.  251 

difficulties  with  the  three  competing  Irnnk  lines,  in  the  antumn  of  1859,  would 
produce  a  more  remunerative  traffic  in  1860.  The  construction  account  has  been 
increased  $265,381,  and  the  transportation  expenses  upon  passengers  are  8  per 
cent — equal  to  $205,541 — and  freight  5  per  cent— or  $204,796.  These  items, 
collectively,  indicate,  if  we  understand  the  report  correctly,  that  $675,718  have 
been  spent  in  the  new  work,  extraordinary  repairs,  and  rebuilding  the  Buffalo 
Elevator,  nearly  all  of  which  items  have  been,  until  1860,  charged  to  construc- 
tion account.  Had  this  plan  been  adopted  in  former  years,  the  company  would 
doubtless  have  been  obliged  to  cut  down  its  dividends  as  far  back  as  August,  1857. 
The  following  condensed  balance  sheets  give  the  financial  condition  of  the  com- 
pany since  1857  : — 

DiBrrs. 

IW.  1858.  18a  i860. 

ConstructioD $80,616,815  $80,782,617  $80,840,714  $31,106,094 

Premium  on  conaolidation 8,369,977       8,193,000      8,016.000      7,831,000 


Cost  of  road $88,876,792  $88,826,617  $38,865,714  $88,937,094 

Mich.  Cen.  Lake  Erie  steamers.. .  198,926           

Buffalo  State  Line  Railroad  stock  667.800  667.800  667,800  657,600 

Lewiston  Railroad  stock 142,111  187,860           

Troy  Union  Railroad  stock 6,881  7,600  21,100  84,700 

Hudson  River  Bridge  stock 10,080  10,080  10,080  30,240 

Real  estate  0.  Lee  <&  Co.'s  Bink..           84,829  85,214 

Buf.  <fe  Ni.  F.  R.  R.  Ca  82,600  82,600  82,600  82,600 

Fuel  and  supplies 860,989  286,707  160,934 

Trustees  Buf.  <t  RochV.  R.  R.  Co. .  8,166  

Bills  receivabla 284,654  28,662  42,768  60,008 

Cash  and  uncollected  revenue  .. .  772,866  622.886  617,838  468,071 

Debt  certificate  sinking  fuod 682,000  792,000  967.600  1,147,600 

Trustees  Syracuse  «bU.R.R.  Co.           6.681           

Lake  propellers 841,691 


Total $41,461,664  $41,426,634  $41,883,605  $41,786,748 

ORBDITS. 

18i7.  1858.  18M.  I860. 

Capital  stock $24,186,661  $24,182,400  $24,000,000  $24,000,000 

Funded  Debt. 

Consolidated  roads  assumed 880,768  667,682  687,737  650,872 

Buffalo  A  N.  F.  R.  R.  Co.  assumed           56,000  46,000  46,000  86,000 

Debt  certificates.. 8,892,600  8,892,600  8,892,600  8,892,600 

Convertible  loan,  1864 8,000,000  8,000,000  3,000,000  3,000,000 

Consolidated  railroad  stocks 807,000  786,000  770,000  680,000 

Real  estate 204,000  200,000  196,000  175,000 

Buffalo  «b  Niagara  Falls  R.  R  Co.            93,600  93,000  90,000  86,000 

Funded  debt  consolidated  ca's.  . .             1,266,000  1,226,000  1,808,000 

Telegraph  Company 10,000  10,000  10,000          

Convertible  bonds,  1876 182,000  600.000 

Bonds  and  mortgages 266,667  264,952  264,034  253,161 

Floating  Debt 

BUlspavable 197,033  88,000       127,876 

Consolidated  roads. 22,626  1,607  .....           

Unclaimed  dividends 4,693  8,472  6,889  9,037 

Sept  expenses  paid  after  Oct  1 . .          806,071  81,926  67,666  144,817 

Intereet  not  due          **          «•     . .          861,688  829,270  889,689  328,183 

Income  account 1,826,672  1,694,326  1,619,151  1,697,012 


ToUl $41,461,664  $41,425,634  $41,888,606  $41,785,747 

The  aggregate  funded  debt  shows  no  material  change.    That  incurred  under 
the  act  of  consolidation  has  been  retired  and  replaced  by  the  bonds  of  the  com- 


252  Railroad^  Canal^  and  Steamboat  SUitistzcs. 

pany  mataring  id  1876.  We  notice,  among  the  assets  of  this  year,  $341,591  in 
lake  propellers,  which  must  strike  stockholders  with  surprise,  as  the  steamboat 
business  in  1856  and  1857  brought  the  company  in  debt  $238,395. 


ENGLISH  RAILWAY  CLERKS. 

There  are  some  16,000  clerks  employed  in  English  railways,  and  various 
benevolent  schemes  to  provide  for  the  need  and  danger  of  such  employees,  viz., 
guaranty,  superannuation,  and  life  insurance,  have,  from  time  to  time,  been 
agitated,  and,  to  some  extent,  adopted.    A  preliminary  difficulty  with  a  young 
man  seeking  employment  with  an  English  corporation  is,  to  find  security  for  his 
integrity.    The  private  system  is  being  rapidly  superseded  by  public  guaranty 
societies,  based  upon  a  fixed  scale  of  premium.    A  writer  in  Herapath's  Lon- 
don Railtoay  Journal  suggests    many  advantages  that  would  accrue  from  the 
establishment  of  a  Mutual  Guaranty  Fund  by  the  employees  themsleves.    Such 
employees  are  now  subject  to  many  onerous  charges  in  England,  such  as  the  in" 
come  tax,  (deducted  from  the  clerk  hire,)  life  insurance,  superannuation  fund, 
medical,  widows,  death  funds,  &c.    The  plan  for  general  protection  against  clerk 
peculation  is  becoming  quite  general  in  England,  extending,  now,  to  banks  and 
other  corporations.     But  to  the  writer's  suggestions  : — "  I  know  many  clerks, 
the  total  amount  of  whose  payments  to  the  guaranty  society  would  not  only  sur- 
prise shareholders,  but  would  also  prove  a  handsome  deposit  in  a  bank.    In  my 
own  case,  I  have  been  paying  between  £7  and  £8  per  annum.    For  such  pay- 
ments, clerks  receive,  virtually,  no  return  :  it  is  all  outgoing,  and  the  amount  is 
irrevocably  sunk.     Boards  of  directors  and  stafl&  of  officials  are  maintained,  and 
dividends  paid,  however,  out  of  these  premiums.    The  insurance  of  the  honesty 
of  railway  officials  must,  therefore,  prove  a  profitable  business.    After  covering 
all  losses,  what  a  large  portion  of  the  premiums  must  be  expended  in  those  things 
which  are  certainly  avoidable,  and  not  essential  to  the  end  aimed  at.    If  it  be 
possible,  then,  for  clerks  to  form  a  fund  which  shall  be  satisfactory  to  their  em- 
ployers, why  should  they  permit,  as  they  are  now  doing,  large  undertakings  to 
grow  and  flourish  out  of  the  premiums  deducted  from  their  salaries?    It  would 
seem  that  the  nivitler  only  requires  a  little  friendly  and  intelligent  cooperation, 
and  the  kindly  aid  of  leading  officers,  to  be  brought  to  a  successful  issue.    The 
amount  of  the  profits  now  being  reaped  by  others  would  be  immediately  saved, 
and  thus,  by  reducing  the  annual  premiums,  lead  to  the  direct  pecuniary  gain  of 
the  assured.    All  moneys  belonging  to  such  a  mutual  society  could,  of  course, 
be  held  and  controlled  by  the  directors  ol  the  several  companies  for  the  protec- 
tion of  the  interests  of  shareholders,  and,  at  the  same  time,  in  trust  for  the  clerks. 
In  many  cases,  the  clerks*  guaranty  premiums  are  paid  by  the  companies.     In 
such  cases,  the  directors  have  clearly  an  interest  in  furthering  any  economical 
arrangement.     A  clerks'  guaranty  fund  would  make  every  subscriber  personally 
interested  in  the  probity  of  his  colleagues.    In  adverting  to  this  subject  recently, 
at  the  office  of  one  of  the  guaranty  societies,  the  secretary  thereof  argued  that 
it  would  be  dishonorable  in  railway  men  to  attempt  such  a  scheme  as  above  pro- 
posed, on  the  ground  of  the  heavy  expenditure  which  had  been  incurred  in"  the 
formation  of  such  societies.    This  is,  of  course,  fallacious.    These  societies  can 
have  no  locus  standi  upon  such  a  ground,  any  more  than  the  older  and  more  ex- 
pensively constructed  railways  have  a  right  to  expect  higher  rates  from  the  pub. 
lie  than  newer,  more  economically  worked,  and  cheaper  competing  lines.'' 


Statistics  of  Agriculture,  etc,  25S 


STATISTICS  OF  AGRICULTURE,  &c. 


COTTON  IN  INDIA. 

A  recent  Parliamentary  document  famishes  some  new  views  as  to  the  prodnc- 
tions  of  cotton  in  India.  The  leading  point  stated  is,  that  cotfon  can  be  culti- 
vated once  in  three  years  only  on  the  same  land. 

Cotton  is  grown  in  large  quantities  in  the  Tipperah  Hills  ;  it  is  likewise  grown 
in  the  Dacca  and  neighboring  dislricts,  but  not  extensively.  The  soil  is,  no 
doubt,  suited  for  producing  the  finest  cotton.  India  has  an  abundant  popula- 
tion ;  and  no  production  is  better  suited  for  the  wives  and  families  to  be  engaged 
in  than  cotton  ;  the  soil,  climate,  and  requisites  for  irrigation,  when  that  is  re- 
quired, have  only  to  be  attended  to,  and  the  result  must  be,  with  rail  and  other 
means  of  transport,  an  abundant  supply  of  the  finest  cotton,  and  at  a  lower  price 
produced  than  from  any  other  part  of  the  world.  The  chances  are,  that  cotton 
may  be  produced  more  cheaply  in  India  than  in  the  United  States.  Whilst  a 
man  is  paid  a  dollar  a  day  in  America,  with  slave  labor,  in  India  he  get?  2d.  or 
3d.  a  day.  There  is  an  ample  supply  of  labor  for  collecting  a  largely  increased 
cultivation  of  cotton.  The  present  cost  of  cultivation  is  only  8s.  per  acre ;  and 
for  crops  more  highly  cultivated,  it  would  not  exceed  16s.  for  labor  and  seed. 
Cotton,  quite  equal  to  the  average  of  American,  might  be  delivered  at  a  seaport, 
from  any  part  of  India,  at  a  cost  of  l^d.  per  lb.  But  this  low  cost  of  produc- 
tion would  not  much  affect  prices  in  Liverpool,  till  India  cotton  is  produced  in 
BuflScient  quantity.  To  reduce  prices  in  Liverpool,  2,000.000  bales  in  excess  of 
the  present  supply,  are  wanted  from  India ;  and  to  produce  this  quantity,  by 
the  present  method  of  cultivation,  would  require  an  extra  42,000,000  acres  of 
land,  allowing  a  crop  of  cotton  from  it  once  in  3  years,  and  an  extra  4,000,000 
or  5,000,000  of  laborers.  In  the  opinion  of  Mr.  Warden,  however,  cotton  in 
India,  though  it  may  be  much  improved,  can  never  be  brought  to  equal  Ameri- 
can cotton.  The  seed  itself  degenerates  The  uncertainty  of  the  market  is  one 
obstacle  to  the  growth  of  cotton  in  India.  Major  Winoath  stated  that,  although 
cotton  may  be  extensively  cultivated  in  India,  a  sufficient  quantity  cannot  at  any 
time  be  relied  upon  to  make  this  country  independent  of  American  cotton. 
The  production  of  cotton  in  India  is  determined  entirely  by  the  price.  With  a 
short  crop  in  America  the  price  rises  ;  and  if  the  price  of  cotton  in  the  markets  of 
the  world  falls,  then  the  cultivation  of  cotton  in  India  is  immediately  contracted. 
Cotton  can  only  be  cultivated  once  in  three  years,  advantageously  on  the  same 
land.  It  most  soils,  where  land  is  allowed  to  be  fallow,  a  rotation  of  crops  is 
not,  however,  largely  practiced. 

Major-General  Tremenherb  thought  it  desirable  that  the  European  should 
purchase  his  cotton  and  look  after  its  production  and  packing  and  cleaning. 
The  effect  of  irrigation  on  the  cotton  plant,  is  to  raise  it  from  a  small  stunted 
plant,  producing  50  or  60  lbs.  of  clean  cotton  per  acre,  to  a  large  perennial  plant, 
producing  500  or  600  lbs.  of  cotton  to  the  acre,  quite  equal  in  quality  to  any- 
thing produced  in  America,  and  worth  150  per  cent  more  than  the  present  na- 
tive field-grown  cotton.  In  South  Mahratia  the  cotton  plant  is  an  annual,  the 
seed  is  sown  towards  the  end  of  the  monsoon,  when  the  ground  is  fall  of  moist- 


254  Statistics  oj  Agriculture,  etc. 

nre ;  the  bash  seldom  exceeds  tbree-and-a-balf  feet  in  height,  and  forty  pounds 
per  acre  of  cleaned  cotton  is  considered  a  fair  crop.  After  the  cotton  is  collected, 
the  bushes  are  pulled  up  and  burnt,  as  they  all  die  during  the  hot  weather  from 
want  of  moisture.  By  irrigatiug  cotton,  the  same  bushes  are  retained  for  years. 
In  quality  and  quantity  irrigated  cotton  is  considerably  better  than  field-culti- 
vated cotton.  A  great  obstruction  to  the  cultivation  of  cott(  n  is  the  want  of 
means  of  transit  When  railways  penetrate  the  interior  of  India  in  any  direc- 
tion, the  cost  of  transport  to  the  seaboard  will  be  so  much  reduced  as  to  enable 
supplies  to  be  contributed  by  districts  which  are  now  beyond  the  reach  of  the 
market.  In  Lower  and  Eastern  Bengal  the  main  difficulty  of  cultivation  is  on 
the  score  of  inland  transport.  The  land  and  water  carrriage  is  about  equal  to 
the  value  of  the  article.  Cotton  is  grown  in  large  quantities  in  Tipperah  Hilla 
and  near  Dacca.  The  experimental  farm  at  Dacca,  however,  proved  a  decided 
failure.  One  year  they  wanted  seed  ;  another  year  they  wanted  money  ;  another 
year  a  blight  came  over  it ;  another  year  a  hailstorm  came,  and  at  last  came  a 
season  of  caterpillars.  Considerable  quantities  of  New  Orleans  cotton  are  grown 
in  the  Dharwar  and  in  the  South  Mabratta  countries.  In  Guzerat,  great  quan- 
tities of  cotton  might  be  produced  at  low  prices.  But  in  the  Jroach  district, 
government  spent  large  sums  of  money  in  an  experimental  farm  which  proved 
a  decided  failure.  Cotton  is  extensively  grown  in  Khandeish,and  in  Mysore  Mr. 
Mangles  stated  that  the  East  India  (ompauy  have  been  unjustly  vilified  on  the 
score  of  the  cultivation  of  cotton,  and  showed  that  they  had  gone  to  considera* 
ble  expense  in  order  to  promote  the  cultivation  of  it.  He  argued  that  the  sys- 
tem of  land  revenue  and  of  land  tenure  was  no  more  a  hinderance  to  the  profitable 
cultivation  of  cotton,  than  it  is  to  that  of  indigo,  jute,  oil  seeds,  etc.  European 
agency  has  never  been  properly  supplied,  although  its  wants  are  unquestionable, 
for  the  cultivation  of  cotton,  and  for  seeing  to  the  packing  or  screwing  and 
transit  Mr.  Mangles  expressed  a  doubt  as  to  the  use  of  irrigation  in  the  cul- 
tivation of  cotton. 

CULTURE  OF  HEMP— USE,  ETC. 

Hemp  is  of  great  use  in  the  arts  and  manufj\cture3,  furnishing  thread,  cloth, 
and  cordage.  The  article  bears  a  near  analogy  to  flax,  not  only  io  form,  but 
also  in  culture  and  use.  The  bark  of  the  stalk,  as  io  flax,  is  the  chief  object  for 
which  it  is  cultivated,  but  is  coarser  as  well  as  stronger  in  the  fiber  than  flax. 
When  grown  for  seed  it  is  a  very  exhaustive  crop,  but  when  pulled  green  it  is 
considered  as  a  cleaner  of  the  ground.  In  Great  Britain,  its  cultivation  is  not 
deemed  profitable,  so  that  notwithetanding  the  encouragement  it  has  received 
from  the  government  of  that  country,  and  the  excellent  quality  of  English  hemp, 
it  is  but  little  grown  there,  except  in  a  few  districts.  It  grows  well  on  strong 
soils,  and  hence  on  newly  cleared  lands.  Soon  after  flowering,  the  male  plants 
may  be  pulled,  and  the  female  plants  allowed  to  remain  some  weeks  longer,  to 
mature  the  seed.  These  do  not  preserve  their  vitality  longer  than  a  year,  owing 
to  the  larga  quantity  of  oil  in  them.  The  males  are  tied  immediately  in  bundles, 
the  roots  cut  ofiT  while  fresh,  the  upper  leaves  also  beaten  off",  and  it  is  an  eligible 
practice  to  immerse  them  in  water,  without  delay,  for  rotting.  The  females, 
which  are  three  times  mare  numerous  than  males,  should  be  pulled  very  carefully, 
without  shaking  or  inclining  the  summits.    The  seed,  when  separated,  should  be 


Statistics  of  Agriculture,  etc.  255 

spread  out  and  turned  at  intervals  and  exposed  to  a  current  of  air ;  otherwise, 
they  ferment. 

The  comparative  value  of  different  sorts  of  hemp,  as  it  regards  durability,  is 
easily  and  speedily  tested  by  any  one,  since  nearly  all  kinds  are  very  short  lived 
when  exposed  to  causes  favorable  to  decay.  The  Manilla  will  last  some  four  or 
five  months,  as  used  in  the  summer  season  upon  our  steamboats.  The  Sisal, 
which  is  often  sold  under  the  name  of  the  former,  will  not  last  much  more  than 
half  as  long.  The  Russian  hemp,  when  moist  and  warm,  will  lose  its  strength 
in  about  three  weeks ;  the  American  water-rotted  in  two  weeks,  and  the  dew- 
rotted  in  from  five  to  ten  days.  Different  experiments,  however,  exhibit  different 
results  in  respect  to  the  durability  and  strength  of  the  various  kinds  of  hemp. 

In  Russia,  hemp  is  assorted,  according  to  its  quality,  into  clean  hemp  or  firsts, 
out-shot  hemp  or  seconds,  half-clean  hemp  or  thirds,  and  hemp  codilla.  Of  the 
first  three  sorts  an  immense  amount  is  annually  brought  from  the  interior  beyond 
Moscow,  its  quality  very  much  depending  on  the  region  in  which  it  is  produced. 
That  brought  from  Karatshev  is  the  best ;  next  to  this,  that  produced  in  Beleo  ; 
hemp  from  Ysbatsk  is  considered  inferior  to  the  latter.  As  soon  as  the  hemp  is 
brought  down  in  the  spring,  or  in  the  course  of  the  summer,  it  is  selected  and 
made  up  into  bundles  with  great  impartiality  and  exactness.  A  bundle  of  clean 
hemp  weighs  from  fifty-five  to  sixty-five  poods;  a  bundle  of  the  out  shot,  forty- 
eight  to  filty.five;  and  a  bundle  of  half-clean,  forty  to  forty-five — one  pood  be- 
ing equivalent  to  thirty  six  pounds.  The  external  marks  of  good  hemp  are,  its 
being  of  an  equal  green  color  and  free  from  spills ;  but  its  good  quality  is  proved 
by  the  strength  of  the  fiber,  which  should  be  tine,  thin,  and  long.  The  first  sort 
is  quite  clean  and  free  from  spills  ;  the  out-shot  is  less  so ;  and  the  half-clean 
contains  a  greater  portion  of  spills,  and  is  moreover  of  mixed  qualities  and 
colors.  The  part  separated,  or  picked  out  in  cleaning  hemp,  is  called  codilla, 
and  is  generally  made  up  in  quite  small  bundles. 

Manilla  hemp,  commonly  called  Manilla  white  rope,  affords  the  material  of  the 
most  valuable  cordage  which  the  indigenous  products  of  the  Archipelago  yield ^ 
This  is  known  under  the  name  of  Manilla  rope,  and  is  equally  applicable  to 
cables,  and  to  standing  or  running  rigging.  Jute  consists  of  the  fibers  of  two 
plants,  called  the  chonch  and  isbund,  extensively  cultivated  in  Bengal,  and  form- 
ing, in  fact,  the  material  of  which  gunny  bags  and  gunny  cloth  are  made.  It 
comes  into  competition  with  flax,  tow,  and  codilla,  in  the  manufacture  of  stair 
and  other  carpets,  bagging  for  cotton,  and  other  goods,  and  suck  like  fabrics, 
being  thus  extensively  used.  But  jute  is  unsuitable  for  cordage  and  other  articles 
into  which  hemp  is  manufactured,  from  its  snapping  when  twisted,  and  rotting 
in  water.  The  attention  of  practical  men  has  been  directed,  for  a  considerable 
time  past  to  the  remarkable  hemp-like  qualities  of  the  China  grass.  It  is  very 
strong  and  beautiful  in  the  fiber,  and  a  simple  and  efficacious  mode  has  been  de- 
vised for  preparing  it ;  this  method  depends  chiefly  on  the  solvent  powers  of  a 
hot  solution  of  carbonate  of  soda. 

The  process  of  rotting  consists  in  the  decomposition  of  the  substance  which 
envelops  and  unites  the  fibers,  and,  among  the  English  producers,  it  is  regarded 
as  taking  place  much  more  rapidly  in  stagnant  pools  than  in  running  water  or 
extensive  lakes,  in  warm  weather  than  the  reverse.  The  time  requisite  varies 
from  five  to  fifteen  days,  even  in  stagnant  water.    The  water  in  which  hemp  has 


256  Statistics  of  Agriculture^  etc. 

been  rotted  has  a  disagreeable  odor  and  taste,  proying  fatal  to  Sshes.  When 
water  is  not  at  band,  hemp  may  be  rotted  in  the  open  air  bj  means  of  spread- 
ing it  at  night  upon  the  green-sward,  and  heaping  it  together  in  the  morning, 
before  the  sun's  rays  have  much  power.  In  wet  weather,  it  may  be  left  on  the 
ground  during  the  whole  day  ;  and  should  the  nights  be  very  dry,  it  is  better  to 
water  it.  This  method  is  called  demrotting,  and  is  very  tedious.'  Another 
method  again,  is  by  placing  it  in  a  pit,  and  covering  it  over  with  one  foot  of 
earth,  after  having  watered  it  abundantly  a  single  time  ;  but  even  this  method 
requires  double  the  time  of  water.  After  being  rotted  and  rapidly  dried,  it  is 
ready  for  canting,  beating,  &c. 

These  processes  vary  considerably,  however,  in  different  places,  and  the  general 
oporation  may  be  said  to  be  one  of  no  little  nicety  and  hazard.  Thus  it  will  be 
influenced  by  the  strength  and  vigor  of  the  plant,  the  moisture  or  dryness  of  the 
season,  the  temperature  of  the  nir  during  the  process,  as  well  as  the  soil  from 
which  the  plant  was  produced.  If  the  operation  is  carried  too  far,  not  only  the 
woody  matter,  but  the  fibers  also,  will  be  destroyed  dr  injured — and  if  not  far 
enough,  it  has  generally  been  thought  that  the  article  tVill  not  dress ;  and  thus, 
after  a  good  crop  has  been  produced,  it  may  be  much  injured,  if  not  spoiled,  in 
the  incipient  stage  of  its  manufacture. 

Exceeding  good  huckabacks  is  made  from  hemp,  for  towels  and  common  table- 
cloths. Low  priced  hempen  cloths  are  quite  suitable  for  wear  by  those  who  are 
engaged  in  the  coarser  kinds  of  labor,  and  the  finer  varieties  of  the  fabric  are 
sometimes  very  strong  and  warm.  They  possess  this  advantage  over  most  de- 
scriptions of  linen — that  their  color  improves  in  wearing,  while  that  of  linen 
deteriorates.  But  the  great  consumption  of  hemp  is  in  the  manufacture  of  sail- 
cloth and  cordage,  for  which  purposes  it  is  peculiarly  fitted  by  the  strength  of 
its  fiber.  More  than  one  hundred  and  eighty  thousand  pounds  of  rough  hemp 
are  used  in  the  cordage  of  a  first-rate  men-of-war,  including  rigging  and  sails. 

In  rope  making,  the  fibers  of  hemp  which  compose  a  rope  seldom  exceed  in 
length  three  feet  and  a  half,  at  an  average.  They  must,  therefore,  be  twined 
together  so  as  to  unite  them  into  one — this  union  being  effected  by  the  mutual 
circumtorsion  of  the  two  fibers.  If  the  compression  thereby  produced  be  too 
great,  the  strength  of  the  fibers  at  points  where  they  join  will  be  diminished  so 
that  it  becomes  a  matter  of  great  consequence  to  give  them  only  such  a  degree 
of  twist  as  is  essential  to  their  union.  The  first  part  of  the  process  of  rope 
making  by  hand,  is  that  of  spinning  the  yarns  or  threads,  which  is  done  in  man* 
ner  analagous  to  that  of  ordinary  spinning.  The  spinner  carries  a  bundle  of 
dressed  hemp  round  his  waist,  the  two  ends  of  the  bundle  being  assembled  in 
front.  Having  drawn  out  a  proper  number  of  fibers  with  his  hand,  he  twists 
them  with  his  fingers,  and  fixing  this  twisted  part  to  the  hook  of  a  whirl,  which 
is  (Jriven  by  a  wheel  put  in  motion  by  an  assistant,  he  walks  backwards  down 
the  ropewalk,  the  twisted  part  always  serving  to  draw  out  more  fibers  from  the 
bundles  round  his  waist. 

1*he  spinner  takes  care  that  the  fibers  are  equally  supplied,  and  that  they  always 
enter  the  twisted  parts  by  their  ends,  and  never  by  their  middle.  As  soon  as  he 
has  reached  the  termination  of  the  walk,  a  second  spinner  takes  the  yarn  off  the 
whirl  and  gives  it  to  another  person  to  put  upon  a  reel,  while  he  himself  attaches 
his  own  hemp  to  the  whirl  hook,  and  proceeds  down  the  walk.    When  the  per- 


Statistics  of  Agriculture^  etc. 


257 


80D  at  the  reel  begins  to  tarn,  the  first  spinner,  who  has  completed  his  yarn 
holds  it  firmly  at  the  end,  and  advances  slowly  op  the  walk,  while  the  reel  is  turn- 
ing, keeping  it  equally  tight  all  the  way,  till  he  reaches  the  reel,  where  he  waits 
till  the  second  spinner  takes  his  yarn  off  the  whirl-hook,  and  joins  it  to  the  end 
of  that  of  the  first  spinner,  in  order  that  it  may  follow  it  on  the  reel. 

The  next  part  of  the  process  previous  to  tarring,  is  that  of  warping  the  yarns, 
or  stretching  them  all  to  one  length,  and  also  in  putting  a  slight  turn  or  twist 
into  them.  The  third  process  is  the  tarring  of  the  yarn.  Sometimes  the  yarns 
arc  made  to  wind  off  one  reel,  and,  having  passed  through  a  vessel  of  hot  tar, 
are  wound  upon  another,  the  superfluous  tar  being  removed  by  causing  the  yarn 
to  pass  through  a  hole  surrounded  with  spongy  oakum ;  but  the  preferable 
method  is  thought  to  be  to  tar  it  in  skeins  or  hanks,  which  are  drawn  by  a  cap- 
stan with  a  uniform  motion  through  the  tar  kettle — great  care  being  necessary 
ID  this  process  that  the  tar  is  neither  boiling  too  fast  or  too  slow.  Yarn  for 
cables  requires  more  tar  than  for  hauser-laid  ropes ;  and  for  standing  and  run- 
ning rigging,  it  requires  merely  to  be  well  covered.  The  last  part  of  the  pro- 
cess is  to  lay  the  cordage.  For  this  purpose  two  or  more  yarns  are  attached  at 
one  end  to  a  hook.  The  hook  is  then  turned  the  contrary  way  from  the  twist 
of  the  individual  yarn,  and  thus  forms  what  is  called  a  strand.  Three  strands, 
sometimes  four,  besides  a  central  one,  are  then  stretched  at  length,  and  attached 
at  one  end  to  three  contigious  but  separate  hooks,  but  at  the  other  end  to  a 
tingle  hook ;  the  progress  of  the  twists  of  the  strands  round  their  common  axis 
is  80  regulated  that  the  three  strands  receive  separately  at  their  opposite  ends 
JQSt  as  much  twist  as  is  taken  out  of  them  by  their  twisting  the  contrary  way 
in  the  process  of  combination. 

WHEAT  PRODUOTIOil  IN  IOWA. 
We  find  a  communication  in  the  Bellevue  Courier  which  shows  the  wheat  pro 
duct  of  Jackson  County  for  1860  to  be  627,024.  The  statement  is  founded  upon 
reports  made  by  reliable  persons  in  every  township  but  four  ;  and  from  the  four 
townships  from  which  no  report  was  obtained,  the  amount  of  their  production 
is  estimated  from  other  data : — 
Townslilpft. 

Van  Boreo. 

Iowa. 

Prairie  Springs 

Jackson 

Farmers*  Creek 

Otter  Creek 

Tete  des  Morts 

Maquoketa 

Moomoutb 

Brandon  

Fairfield 

Union 

Perry 

Sooth  Fork. 

Richland 

Butler. 

WaebiogtoD •  • 

BeUevoe.. •  • •  • 

Add  1 .  10  to  report  of  towns 


No.  aere«. 

No.  basbels. 

At.  yield. 

2,697 

60,077 

28  23.100 

2,210 

49.260 

22  28.100 

2.400 

48,279 

18    8.100 

1,946 

48,986 

22  67.100 

940 

26,028 

26  62.100 

2,049 

44,181 

21  86.100 

1,766 

81,476 

17  88.100 

1,819 

29,246 

22  17.100 

867 

20,826 

24    2  100 

466 

9,806 

20 

1,717 

88,227 

22  26.100 

882 

8.729 

22  86.100 

1,863 

88,807 

21 

•  •  •  • 

27,100 

.  • 

•  •  •  • 

88,807 

•  • 

.  •  •  • 

88,807 

.  ,* 

.  •  •  • 

18,000 

.  • 

.  •  •  • 

20.000 

•  • 

•  •  •  • 

46.946 

•• 

Total  estimated 

VOL,  XLIV. — HO.  n. 


17 


627,024 


268  Statistics  of  AgriciUturej  etc. 

PUBUC  LilfDS. 

It  appears  from  the  aoDual  report  of  the  CommissioDer  of  the  General  Land 
Office  that  the  area  of  the  several  States  and  Territories  of  the  United  States  is— 

Square  miles. 8,010,870 

Acres 1 ,926,686,800 

To  which  added  water  surface,  lakes,  rivers,  etc,  we  have  a  surface  of  over 
3,250,000  square  miles. 

Pursuant  to  executive  orders  there  have  been  proclaimed  for  sale  during  the 
five  quarters  ending  September  30, 1860, 16,385,361  acres,  and  during  the  past 
month,  viz. :  under  date  22d  October,  1860,  in  California,  3,685,287  acres. 

By  acts  of  Congress  of  1856  and  1857  grants  were  made  to  eight  States  to 
aid  in  the  construction  of  forty-five  railroads,  as  follows : — 


Michigan acres  967,666 

MiseiseippL 171,550 

Minnesota. 681,904 


Iowa acres  2,481,641 

Alabama 1,868.276 

Florida, 1,769,160 

LouiBiana 996,845 

WiscoDsio 211,068  Total 8,977,004 

SUMMARY  OF  OPERATIONS  FROM  MAROH  1,  1867,  TO  8SPTBMBIR  80,  1860. 

Public  lands  and  private  claims  surveyed acres  64,018,666 

Quantity  sold  for  cash 14,847,887 

Purchase  money $9,160,777  86 

Located  and  bounty  land  warrants 16,676,962 

Certified  under  railroad  grants 8.977,004 

Approved  to  States  under  swamp  lands 6,482,268 

Emoraced  by  surveys  returned  for  confirmed  private  claims  in  Cal- 
ifornia.   8,101,228 


Total 47,484,889 

These  land  sales  are  embraced  in  171,211  certificates  of  purchase. 


AORICULTURE  15  SOUTH  AUSTRAUA. 

The  Colonial  Government  Gazette  publishes  an  extract  of  the  agricultural 
statistics  of  the  last  season,  but  the  detailed  tabular  statements  have  not  yet 
been  issued.  It  appears  that  the  total  number  of  acres  under  cultivation  in  the 
colony  last  season,  inclusive  of  50,266  acres  in  fallow,  was  361,884^  acres, show- 
ing an  increase  in  the  land  crop,  as  compared  with  the  previous  year,  of  39,445^ 
acres.  The  area  on  which  wheat  crops  were  grown  was  218,216  acres,  and  the 
total  yield  was  2,103,411  bushels  ;  being  an  increase  over  the  previous  year  of 
area  to  the  extent  of  29,513  acres,  but  a  decrease  in  the  total  amount  produced 
of  6,133  bushels.  It  follows,  of  course,  that  the  average  yield  of  wheat  at  the 
last  harvest  must  have  been  miserably  small ;  it  is  stated  in  the  abstract  before 
US  at  9  bushels  36  pounds.  In  barley  there  has  been  a  falling  off  in  both  area 
and  yield,  as  compared  with  the  previous  year,  to  the  extent  of  986  acres  and 
64,822  bushels.  The  average  yield  of  barley  is  stated  at  12  bushels  44  pounds. 
In  oats  there  has  been  a  decrease,  amounting  to  76^  acres  and  528  bushels.  In 
potatoes  there  has  been  an  increase  of  cultivation,  with  a  decrease  of  produce 
— 570  acres  in  excess  of  the  breadth  of  the  previous  year  having  been  put  un- 
der crop,  while  the  yield  fell  short  of  the  previous  year,  by  4,323|  tons.  Hay 
stands  in  the  same  position,  the  area  under  crop  having  been  increased  by  9,291^ 
acres,  and  the  produce  having  fallen  short  by  2,798i  tons. 


i&ati3tics  of  Population^  etc. 


269 


STATISTICS  OF  POPULATION,  &c. 


mLITIA  FORCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

The  following  is  aD  abstract  of  the  United  States  militia,  from  the  Army 
Register* : — 

Tetr. 

Alabama^.  .^ 1851 

Arkaosas. 1854 

Oalifornia 1867 

Gonnecticot. 1858 

Delaware 1 857 

Florida.  1845 

Oeor^a. ., 1850 

Illinois. 1855 

Indiana. 1882 

Kntucky. 1852 

Louisiana • 1 858 

Maine 1856 

Maryland 1 838 

Massachusetts^ 1860 

Michigan 1854 

Minnesota 1851 

Mississippi 1888 

Missouri 1858 

New  Hampshire 1854 

New  Jersey 1852 

New  York 1860 

North  Carolina. 1846 

Ohio 1845 

Pennsylvania. 1855 

Rhode  Island 1858 

South  Carolina 1856 

Tennessea 1840 

Texas 1847 

Vermont 1848 

Virginia 1858 

Wbconsin 1856 

District  of  Columbia 1852 

Utah  Territory 1858 

Total 68,589        2,086,520       2,862,614 


Officera. 

Men. 

Total. 

2,882 

78,880 

76,662 

!,182 

84,922 

86,064 

880 

207,400 

207.780 

298 

51,812 

51,606 

447 

8,782 

9,229 

620 

11,602 

12,122 

5,050 

78.649 

78,699 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  • .  • 

257,420 

2,861 

61,062 

68,918 

4,870 

84.109 

88,979 

2,788 

88.496 

91,284 

804 

78,249 

78,552 

2,897 

44,467 

46,864 

608 

158,966 

155,889 

2,888 

94,286 

97,094 

7 

1,996 

2.008 

825 

85,259 

88,084 

88 

117,959 

118.047 

1.227 

82,811 

88,588 

n  •  •  • 

81.984 

7.888 

454,606 

469,480 

4,267 

75.181 

79,484 

2,051 

174,404 

176,456 

.  • .  • 

147,978 

156 

16,555 

16,711 

2,599 

88,478 

86,072 

8,607 

67,645 

71,252 

1,248 

18,518 

19,766 

1,088 

22,827 

28,916 

•  •  •  • 

150,000 

1,142 

50,179 

61,821 

226 

7,975 

8,201 

285 

2,686 

2,281 

GROWTH  OF  NEW  ORLEANS. 


Id  1810  the  total  population  of  the  city  was  17,242.  The  census  for  1820 
gives  a  population  of  27,176.  In  1830  the  returns  show  46,310  inhabitants* 
In  1840  we  had  a  population  of  102,193.  The  census  of  1850  gives  us  116,375 
souls,  and  that  for  1860  swells  the  number  up  to  170,766.  With  the  single  ex- 
ception of  the  period  from  1840  to  1860,  the  growth  of  New  Orleans  has  not, 
since  1810,  fallen  below  46  per  cent  in  ten  years,  and  its  increase  during  the  last 
decade  is  nearly  in  the  ratio  of  the  growth  of  New  York,  and  above  that  of 
Philadelphia  and  Boston  for  the  same  period. 


*  No  retarna  from  Iowa  and  Oregon,  and  the  Territories  of  New  Mexico,  Wuhlngtoni  Kmum, 
and  Nebraska. 


260  Statistics  of  Popiilatum^  etc. 

CENSUS  STATISTICS  OF  MiRTLAKD. 

The  following  table  will  show  the  census  retarns  of  the  State  of  Maryland, 
together  with  the  comparisons  of  the  census  which  was  taken  in  1860.  It  will 
be  observed  that,  as  far  as  Baltimore  city  and  Howard  County  are  concerned, 
there  cannot  be  any  comparison  made,  for  the  reason  that  the  returns  of  the 
seventh  census  made  an  aggregate  of  both  Baltimore  city  and  county,  and  since 
that  time  Howard  County  was  established  by  an  act  of  the  General  Assembly 
of  the  State,  being  formed  from  sections  of  Anne  Arundel  and  Baltimore 
Counties : — 

Free  inhabitants.*    , — Blaves. ,     , — Deathfl.~>      r— Dwellinfa.-> 

oonnues.        1^60.   i8M.  1860.  18§0.  1860.  18M.   1860.  1860. 

AUegbany 28,«80  21,683  844  724  500  160  4,534  8.850 

Anne  Arundel....  16,179  16,542  7,870  11,249  148  496  2,984  3,712 

Baltimore 51,450      8,170  ....  650  ...  18,829  .... 

Oalvert 6,889  8,680  4,518  4,486  205  91  1,116  1,006 

Oarolioe. 10,409  6,096  789  808  89  76  1,865  1,526 

OarroU 28.559  18,667  802  975  208  168  4,455  8,467 

Cecil 22,891  15,472  951  844  240  229  4,114  8,066 

Charles 6,846  5,655  9,618  9,584  260  298  1,392  1,885 

Dorchester. 16,204  10,747  4,128  4,282  182  187  8,178  2,706 

Frederick 48,681  83.814  8,248  8,913  882  581  7,627  6,897 

Harford 21,747  14,418  l,8i8  2,166  865  246  8,998  2,977 

Kent 10,781  5,616  2,568  2,627  118  127  1,892  1,684 

MoDtgomery 18,086  9,485  6,368  6,114  260  287  1,S01  1,028 

Prince  George's...  10,866  8,90111,656  11,610  222  449  2,029  1,876 

Queen  Anne^s 11,817  6,986  4,177  4,270  161  824  2.U84  1,864 

St.  Mary's 8,684  6,228  6,560  6,842  198  270  1,861  1,512 

Somerset 19,976  18,885  6,097  5,588  178  526  8,462  8,168 

Talbot 11,077  7,084  8,756  4,184  246  240  2,024  1,761 

Washington 28,122  26,980  1,126  2,090  214  859  6,288  5,062 

Worcester 16,555  18,401  3,602  8,444  162  246  8.161  2,884 

Howard 10,621      2,894  ....  154  ...  1,802      

Baltimore  city. .. .  211,824  174,868  8,218  6,718  2,688  4,286  88,161  80,066 

ToUl 646,288  492,666  85,882  90,868     105,667  81,708 

It  will  be  perceived  that  the  increase  of  population  in  the  State  for  the  last 
ten  years  is  148,631.  The  decrease  in  the  number  of  slaves  is  4,986  ;  decrease 
of  deaths,  3,224,  and  the  increase  in  the  number  of  dwellings  23,859.  It  is 
worthy  of  remark  that  the  above  returns  are  complete,  and  compiled  from  the 
official  returns,  with  the  exception  of  Alleghany  County,  in  which  several  small 
precincts  in  the  mountain  region  of  the  county  are  yet  to  hear  from.  The  total 
amount  of  the  population  in  the  State  is  731,565,  whilst  that  of  the  year  1850 
was  583,034. 

In  1850  the  State  bad  90,368  slaves,  and,  as  the  number  now  is  85,882,  the 
decrease  is  4,986.  The  decennial  movement  of  population  in  Maryland,  since 
the  year  1790,  is  shown  by  the  following  figures  : — 

Years.  Whites.  SlsTes.                Total. 

1790 216,692  108,086  819,728 

1800 286,918  105,635  841,648 

1810 269,084  1 1 1,602  880.54  6 

1820 299,962  107,398  407,860 

1880 844,046  102,994  447,040 

1840 880,812  89,787  470,049 

1850 492,666  90,868  688,084 

I860 646,288  85,882  781,666 


Statistics  of  Population^  etc. 


261 


POPULATION  OF  CHARLESTON. 

Bj  these  tables  it  will  be  seen  that  since  1850  the  increase  of  white  inhabi- 
tants has  been  3,315,  while  the  number  of  slaves  has  decreased  3,926  within  the 
same  period  ;  the  free  colored  having  also  decreased  184.  It  will  be  borne  in 
miod,  88 js  the  Charleston  Mercury,  that  the  recent  censas  was  taken  daring  the 
period  that  there  was  an  unusual  absence  of  our  citizens,  in  their  annual  migra  - 
tion  to  the  Northern  and  other  summer  resorts.  The  larger  relative  increase  of 
the  Upper  as  compared  with  the  Lower  Wards  is  to  be  partly  ascribed  to  the 
fact  that  the  auprmentation  being  largest  of  the  working  classes,  cheaper  rents, 
in  a  class  of  houses  for  which  there  was  abundant  room  in  the  suburbs,  has  had 
much  to  do  in  producing  the  difference  : — 

POPULATION  OP  TAB  OtTT   OF  CQARLB8T0N   ACOORDINO  TO  THE  0BN8US  OP    1860. 


Wards. 

1.. 


4. 
6. 


Ward. 
1.... 
2   ... 


White.  Free  colM.  BUvea.  ToUL 

2.897         79  1,120  8,696 

2,049         99  2.727  4,875 

8,854       288  1,648  5,740 

4.685       728  8,268  8,666 

2,589       687  1,445  4,671 


Warda. 

6 

7.... 

8..,. 


White.  Free  cord. 
8,428       766 
1,880       160 
2,495       501 


SUyea. 

2,000 
584 
879 


Total. 
6,198 
2,579 
8,876 


Total       28,827    3,257       18,606    40,195 


0BN8D8  OP    1860. 


White.  Free  cord.  SUvee.  Total 

2.807        165  2,446  5,418 

2,760       819  8,209  6,278 

4.886       518  8,241  8,148 

6,499       997  5,796  12,292 


Neck 
Total 


White.  Free  cord.    Slavea.      Total 
4,670    1,442         4,848     10,862 


20,012    8,441       19,582     42,986 


WESTERN  POPULATION., 

Mississippi  returns  a  population  of  783,715,  being  an  increase  of  187,189  in 
ten  years.  This  is  rather  more  than  the  population  of  Wisconsin,  which  foots 
np  at  777,771.  Mississippi  was  admitted  as  a  State  in  1817,  having  been  first 
settled  in  1698.  Wisconsin  was  admitted  in  1848,  and  first  settled,  like  Missis- 
sippi, in  the  latter  part  of  the  17th  century.  The  progress  of  the  two  States 
compare  thus : — 


Tear. 

1800. 
1810. 
1820. 
1880. 
1840. 
I860. 
1860. 


Mlwlflslppi. 

8,860 

40.852 

75,448 

186.621 

876,651 

606,626 

788,716 


Tear. 
1886.  . 
1840. . 
1842. . 

1846.  . 

1847.  . 
1850.  . 
1860. 


Wiseoneln 

11.688 

80,945 

44,478 

155.277 

210,646 

805.891 

777,771 


MINNESOTA. 

The  following  is  the  summing  up  of  the  marshal  of  the  census  of  Minnesota : 

Total  population. 176,625 

Number  of  farms. 19,095 

Number  of  maonfaeiuriog  establishments 668 

Number  of  deaths 1,295 

The  total  area  of  Minnesota  is  estimated  at  81,159  square  miles,  so  the  popu- 
lation of  the  State  on  the  Ist  of  June,  1860,  was  a  little  over  two  persons  to  the 
square  mile. 


262  Statistics  of  Papulation^  etc. 

CONNECTICUT. 

The  following  table  gives  a  summary  of  the  new  census  as  complete  as  prac- 
ticable, and  will  interest  the  pablic  : — 

Conntiea.  1840.  1850.            Qain.  I860.  0«ln. 

Hartford 55,629  69,957  14,828  90,065  20,108 

Kew  Haven 48,619  65,688  16,969  97,462  81,874 

New  London 44,468  51,812           7,849  61,882  10,020 

Fairfield 49,917  59,776      *    9,858  77,685  17,910 

Windham 28,080  81,081           8,001  84,618  8,587 

Litchfield 40,448  85,268           4,805  47,866  2,618 

Middlesex 24,879  27,216          2,887  81,086  8,870 

Tolland 17,980  20,091           2,111  21,224  1.188 

Total 210,015       870,782        60,756      461,888        91,066 

The  gain  for  the  last  ten  years  is  greater  than  for  fifty  years,  from  1790  to  1840. 

ORDER  OF  ODDFELLOWS. 
At  a  meeting  of  the  Order,  Mr.  Kidder  gave  some  interesting  statistics  of 
their  progress  daring  the  past  thirty  years,  from  which  we  glean  the  following : — 

1810.  1818.  1860.  Aggregate. 

Number  of  Lodges 58  114  8,548  8,648 

loitiations 1,598  2.006  16,980  408,680 

Members 8,086  8,176  178,818                

Revenue 116,727  48  $47,181  04  $1,260,904  08  $19,846,841  92 

Brothers  relieved 231  16,276  824,726 

Widowed  families  relieved 28  2,629  85.350 

Deaths 16  1,597  24,211 

Paid  for  relief. $4,606  66  $548.746  95  $7,202,874  87 

educating  orphans. 815  92  12,692  07  165,803  87 

burying  dead 617  85  59.754  88  1,208,849  96 

Aggregate  amount  relief.....            6,440  81  621,193  90  8,478,628  41 

The  system  of  benefits  went  into  effect  in  1838.  The  aggregate  of  benefits 
above  given  is  consequently  for  only  twenty-three  years. 

The  aggregate  amount  of  relief  is  exclusive  of  special  applications  for  assist- 
ance from  widows  and  non-aflBliated  brethren,  and  of  contributions  made  outside 
the  Order  by  Lodges  during  the  prevalence  of  cholera  and  yellow  fever,  which 
have  been  very  considerable. 


NORTH  CAROLINA  CENSUS. 

The  following  is  a  statement  of  the  population  by  the  census  of  1860,  as  com- 
pared with  that  of  1850.  The  free  colored  for  1860  is  included  under  the  gen- 
eral heading  of  free  : — 


I860.. 
1850.. 


Free. 

BUves. 

Free  colored. 

Total     Federal  pop. 

687,880 

889,867 

1,027,197         891,250 

568,028 

288,548 

27,468 

869,039         768,619 

IMMIORATION  TO  THE  UBTITED  STATES. 

There  is  a  considerable  increase  in  the  immigration  of  the  past  year,  the  total 
number  being  put  down  at  103.621,  distributed  as  follows  : — New  York,  44,000  ; 
Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey,  14,000  ;  New  England,  12,000  ;  Southern  States, 
4.000  ;  Ohio.  Indiana,  Illinois,  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Iowa,  Minnesota,  and  Cal- 
ifornia, 20,000 ;  Kansas,  Nebraska,  New  Mexico,  and  Canada,  10,000. 


Mercantile  MisceUarUei.  263 


MERCANTILE  MISCELLANIES. 


RISE  AUD  PROGRESS  OF  AMERICAU  COMMERCE. 

Before  entering  upon  the  regular  stady  of  the  question,  we  woald  say  a  few 
words  relative  to  the  national  marine  or  navy  of  the  United  States,  which  if  it 
was  to  US,  as  to  other  nations — a  cnmbersome  excrescence — we  should  pass  over 
io  silence.  But  it  must  be  taken  into  consideration  from  the  day  that  the  worm- 
eaten  barriers,  which  separated  nationalities,  crumbled  beneath  the  breath  of 
intelligent  fraternity ;  from  the  day  on  which  the  American  Republic  ceased  to 
be  subject  to  a  jealous,  malevolent  European  power,  we  shall  endeavor  to  prove, 
in  a  few  words,  that  this  country  is  not  so  weak  in  maritime  or  naval  power  as 
they  would  make  us.  In  spite  of  the  just  aversion  manifested  by  the  American 
people-to  a  large  and  expensive  standing  army  and  navy,  we  must  remember 
that  we  should  not  leave  without  the  means  of  defence  our  vast  sea  coast,  which 
is  bat  too  accessible  to  our  neighbors  who  may  become  our  enemies. 

Id  the  month  of  January,  1855,  our  navy  consisted  of  eleven  shipsof-the-line, 
thirteen  frigates,  nineteen  sloops,  three  brigs,  two  schooners,  five  vessels  serving 
as  store  ships,  and  twenty-four  steamers  of  war  ;  add  to  this  some  half  a  dozen 
steam  frigates.  Of  these,  there  are  now  thirty  two  vessels  in  commission,  em- 
ploying in  the  entire  naval  service  four  thousand  five  hundred  men. 

What  is  this  small  number  of  ships  and  men,  when  compared  with  the  mam- 
moth fleets  of  England  or  France  ?  The  British  navy  consisted,  in  the  same 
year,  of  five  hundred  and  forty-four  frigates  and  sloopsof  war,  one  hundred  and 
fifty  small  vessels,  ninety-four  ships  of- the-line,  and  seventy-two  gun  boats -re- 
quiring one  hundred  and  fifly  thousand  men !  Now,  would  it  not  appear  absurd 
to  suppose  that  our  small  navy  could  cope  with  the  enormous  one  of  England  ? 
Yet  in  the  war  of  1812  it  was  proven  that  it  is  not  sufficient  to  have  the 
superiority  of  numbers  to  bear  oflf  the  victory.  We  have  a  maritime  force  in 
our  merchantships,  which  are  at  all  times  ready  to  be  employed  in  their  country's 
service ;  for  which  their  superior  construction,  their  solidity  and  swiftness, 
admirably  fits  them.  The  facilities  for  building,  and  the  dispatch  with  which 
any  number  of  ships  can  be  built,  launched,  and  fitted  out,  gives  us  advantages 
which  other  nations  do  not  enjoy.  The  Missouri  and  Mississippi  made  on  their 
trial  trip,  on  the  Delaware,  nearly  twenty-four  miles  per  hour.  But  our  ships- 
of-war  have  proven  their  superiority  over  those  of  equal  rate,  belonging  to  other 
nations.  One  of  our  seventy-four  gun  ships  is  equal  to  a  ship  of  one  hundred 
guns  of  the  British  or  French  navy,  as  our  ships  carry  more  instead  of  less  gun 
than  their  rate,  and  heavier  metul  than  European  vessels  of  the  same  class.  The 
British  are  perfectly  well  aware  of  this  fact ;  for  in  the  London  TitneSy  of  the 
29th  of  March,  1856,  the  following  remarks  appeared  : — "  We  have  observed 
-that  an  American  line-of-battle-ship  excites  the  admiration  of  all  observers  for 
her  number  of  guns,  weight  of  metal,  sailing  qualities,  and  enormous  armament. 
They  carry,  together  with  heavy  guns,  twenty-two  seventy-four  pounders  I  Our 
government  would,  perhaps,  do  well  to  profit  by  the  example,  and  arm  our  line- 
of-battle- ships  in  the  same  manner.    In  the  last  war  with  America  we  were 


264  Mercantile  Miscellanies, 

generally  beaten,  more  by  their  weight  of  metal,  than  from  any  lack  of  skill  oi 
courage  on  oar  part"  Certainly  the  writer  of  the  above  placed  his  thnmb  on 
one  of  the  causes  of  the  numerous  defeats  experienced  by  the  British  fleet  in  the  last 
war  with  this  country.  He  might  have  attributed  our  victories,  in  a  great  mea- 
sure, to  the  superiority  of  the  American  commodores — to  the  skill,  intrepidity, 
and  bravery  of  our  Perry,  Chauncet,  Decatur,  and  others.  These  illustrious 
seamen  proved  by  their  success  that  the  victory  does  not  depend  upon  the  grade 
of  the  commander,  and  that  the  republicans  of  the  Union  in  interdicting  the 
grade  of  admiral  in  their  national  marine;  did  not  rob  it  of  any  of  its  strength 
or  its  superiority.  It  matters  little  whether  the  oflBcer  who  leads  our  navies  to 
battle  be  called  commodore  or  admiral.  The  officer  who  directs  a  fleet  should 
be  chosen  from  among  the  most  able,  and  not  from  among  those  who  have  the 
greatest  interest  at  Washington.  The  triumphs  of  our  navy  in  the  war  of  1812, 
at  a  time  when  our  Republic  might  be  said  to  be  but  in  its  infancy,  gave  ample 
scope  for  the  hope  that  the  emblem  of  our  freedom — the  glorious  flag  of  a  free 
people,  will  never  be  lowered  without  being  gallantly  defended.  During  that 
campaign  of  three  years,  against  the  greatest  power  of  Europe,  then  in  the 
pleutitude  of  her  power,  it  was  our  lot,  almost  invariably,  to  encounter  them 
under  the  disadvantage  as  to  numerical  force ;  and  it  required  no  small  degree 
of  ability  and  courage  to  triumph  over  the  British  sailor,  and  to  call  forth  the 
following  tribute  of  praise  from  even  the  enemy  with  whom  we  were  at  war : — 
"  I  fully  and  voluntarily  give  to  Americans  my  humble  tribute  of  praise  for  the 
ability  and  the  courage  of  their  officers  and  seamen.  All  nations  can,  perhaps, 
furnish  men  of  equal  skill  and  courage,  equally  capable  of  those  magnanimous 
and  chivalrous  actions,  which  bespeak  a  great  and  free  people  ;  but  the  military 
courage  that  has  been  made  manifest  during  the  short  period  of  American  his- 
tory, only  shows  that  that  people  are  not  inferior  to  any  on  the  face  of  the  earth  I" 
It  is,  above  all,  in  our  patriotism,  in  the  sentiment  of  liberty,  that  we  depend  ; 
upon  the  love  of  liberty  and  our  country  that  we  place  our  chief  reliance  in  the 
hour  of  danger.  It  is  this  which  would,  in  a  case  of  necessity,  enable  us  to 
launch  in  a  single  month  a  thousand  ships— intrepid  pricateerSt  the  terror  of  our 
enemies — of  foreign  merchantmen.  The  pollers  of  Europe  are  well  aware  that 
our  naval  strength  lies  in  our  merchant  ships  ;  hence  their  earnest  desire  that 
Mr.  Marcy  should  strictly  adhere  to  the  treaty  of  16th  of  April,  1845,  and  re- 
nounce the  natural  right  of  war— to  arm  letters  of  mark.  This  was  fortunately 
refused,  because  the  right  of  neutrality  was  not  guarantied  inviolate ;  and  be- 
cause our  maxim,  "  free  ships  make  free  goods,"  "  the  ships  being  neutral  render 
the  merchandise  neutral,"  was  not  adopted  by  the  governments  of  Europe,  and 
hence  we  remain  doubly  armed — with  a  small  but  well  equipped,  well  managed, 
and  well  commanded  navy,  the  largest  mercantile  marine  in  the  world,  the 
smallest  schooner  of  which  can  within  a  month  be  transformed  into  a  formidable 
corsair !  All  that  is  required  is  that  which  our  floating  schools  are  calculated 
to  supply — an  adequate  number  of  able  American  seamen. 

STICK  TO  YOUR  OWN  BUSINESS. 
It  is  not  peculiar  to  this  country,  says  the  Boston  Journal,  to  "  run  everything 
into  the  ground,"  as  the  phrase  goes,  but  it  certainly  is  done  to  a  greater  ex- 


MBTcaniUe  MisceUaniei.  265 

tent,  and  with  more  rapidity  here  than  elsewhere.  No  matter  what  branch  of 
business  may  be  established — anything,  from  the  growing  of  potatoes  to  the 
manufactare  of  gold  watches  ;  from  the  cutting  of  timber  in  the  forest,  to  the 
manafactnre  of  ships  and  honses  ;  for  trade  to  the  Isle  of  Shoals,  to  voyages  to 
the  extremes  of  the  earth — anything  and  everything  which  has  the  credit  of  be- 
ing profitable,  is  rushed  into  by  all  ^orts  of  people,  till  the  tables  are  fairly 
turned,  and  great  losses  follow  great  profits.  Without  going  back  many  years, 
we  have  twice  seen  the  lumbering  business  in  Maine,  from  a  state  of  ordinary 
activity,  which  left  a  handsome  profit  to  those  engaged  in  it,  swelled  up— prices 
raised — lands  changing  hands  at  rapidly  rising  rates,  thousands  of  people  rush- 
ing into  it  who  did  not  know  hemlock  from  maple,  and  twice  collapsed,  to  the 
infinite  damage  of  all  concerned.  Twice  have  we  seen  ship-building  in  New 
England  carried  to  the  same  extremes.  Men  did  not  know  a  schooner  from  a 
ship,  taking  up  their  investments  in  stocks  and  mortgages,  even  borrowing  money 
on  accommodation  paper,  in  their  haste  to  share  in  the  fabulous  profits  to  be 
made  by  navigation,  with  the  same  results.  So  of  all  other  kinds  of  business, 
oar  readers  can  readily  recall  without  our  aid,  the  ups  and  downs  that  have 
taken  place  within  twenty  years,  and  it  is  safe  to  say  that  in  all  our  pursuits, 
there  has  not  been  one  of  any  note  which  has  not  within  that  time  been  "  run 
into  the  ground."  All  these  failures  are  the  result  of  enterprise,  doubtless,  but 
of  a  very  poor  sort  of  enterprise,  which  depends  upon  the  judgment  of  others, 
and  follows  the  lead,  without  question,  of  whoever  says,  •*  I  have  made  money." 
It  is  safe,  therefore,  to  predicate  of  any  business,  that  when  it  pays  large  profits, 
its  race,  as  a  proJUable  business,  will  speedily  be  run — so  may  many  who  strike 
in  speedily,  while  the  late  comers  will  not  only  ruin  themselves,  but  cut  down 
the  profits  of  their  predecessors  to  a  point  so  fine,  as  to  leave  them  merely  nominal, 
if  not  worse.  Another  disadvantage  of  this  course  of  things  is,  that  credit  is 
thereby  expanded  to  a  serious  extent,  because  men  who  embark  in  a  business 
which  has  the  reputation  of  being  profitable  are  not  much  scrutinized.  "  He  is 
in  the  shoe  business — everybody  is  making  money  at  that — of  course  his  note  is 
good."  Or,  **  He  is  in  the  book  trade  ;  see  how  many  men  have  got  rich  in  it ; 
why  should  not  he?"  Or,  "  He  owns  a  ship,  and  a  ship  in  these  times  is  a  for- 
tune to  any  man."  And  so  the  new  shoe-man,  or  book-man,  or  ship-owner,  if  he 
has  sense  enough  to  look  wise,  and  modestly  admits,  when  pressed  to  it,  that 
"  his  business  is  really  not  a  bad  one,"  will  soon  get  a  line  of  credit  far  beyond 
his  real  deserts,  spread  himself  on  it,  compete  sharply  for  business,  sell  without 
profit,  trust  others  as  freely  as  others  trust  him,  and  finally  collapses — an  empty 
shell  being  left  where  his  creditors  all  along  believed  in  a  full  egg.  As  a  general 
rule,  these  collapses  happen  to  the  latest  comers,  tor  the  reason  that  the  old  es- 
tablished conoerns  in  any  trade  are  able  to  make  the  two  ends  meet,  where  the 
new  ones  will  lose  ten  per  cent.  But  the  result  is  the  same,  namely,  to  bring 
the  business  into  discredit,  as  well  as  destroy  for  a  time  all  the  profits  of  it. 
We  have  seen  the  time  when  the  book-trade  notes  were  looked  upon  with  any- 
thing but  favor ;  when  sboe-and-leather  paper,  even  with  large  rates  of  exchange, 
did  not  tempt  shrewd  bankers;  when  to  be  known  as  a  large  owner  of  ships 
was  withering  to  a  man's  credit. 

The  misfortunes  we  have  spoken  of  arise  from  the  eager,  restless,  money-get- 
ting spirit  which  is  never  satisfied  with  small  things,  but  is  ever  on  the  watch 


266  Mercantile  MiaceUaniea. 

for  some  opeDing  which  promises  a  fortune  speedily,  aod  rushes  into  whatever 
other  pe6ple  appear  to  be  getting  rich  by,  in  too  many  cases  without  the 
slightest  knowledge  of  the  business  itself.  Those  who  are  brought  up  to  a  busi- 
ness— who  know  all  about  it — should  never  leave  it  for  something  which  looks 
better.  By  sticking  to  what  they  know  they  will  generally  get  a  living— some- 
times get  rich ;  by  rushing  into  something  new,  they  will  learn  too  late  for 
remedy  that  they  have  lost  the  bone  and  have  not  seized  the  shadow  even.  The 
man  who  knows  all  about  a  ship,  from  the  keel  up,  who  understands  all  her  wants, 
and  the  cheapest  way  to  supply  them ,  will  make  a  living  profit,  while  the  amateur, 
who  only  knows  what  others  tell  him,  will  lose.  The  foreign  trader,  who  knows 
exactly  the  wants  of  the  market  to  which  he  sends  his  ships,  will  succeed ;  while 
another  who  gets  his  information  from  the  prices-current,  and  general  informa- 
tion which  is  open  to  everybody,  will  fail.  So  in  any  other  business.  Let  every 
one  stick  to  what  he  knows.  By  following  this  rule  a  man  will  oftentimes  find 
himself  far  astern,  apparently,  of  his  more  adventurous  neighbors  ;  but  in  nine 
cases  out  of  ten,  at  the  end  of  thirty  years  he  will  look  back  from  the  safe  posi- 
tion he  occupies,  upon  the  wrecks  of  those  same  adventurers  all  along  the  road. 
Stick  to  the  occupation,  trade,  or  business,  that  you  know  all  about 


UES  IJV  TRADE. 

Men  of  scrupulous  veracity  in  the  common  relations  of  life  often  justify  them- 
selves in  deceptions  of  trade  by  the  plea  that  such  deceptions  are  common,  and 
it  is  only  by  shrewdness  that  one  can  hope  for  eminent  success.  But  lying  is 
lying  everywhere,  and  every  man  is  forbidden  to  follow  the  multitude  in  doing 
evil.  The  Brilish  Mercantile  Courier  says  that  it  is  a  vulgar* fallacy  that  lies 
are  lies  only  when  spoken.  Some  persons  even  assume  that  lies  are  not  lies  if 
uttered  to  push  the  sale  of  merchandise — at  least,  that  they  are  only  "  white 
lies."  The  essence  of  a  lie  consists  in  the  attempt  to  deceive — in  making  a  false 
representation.  Whatever  be  the  motive,  if  it  involves  deception,  it  is  a  breach 
of  the  moral  law. 

There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  shopman  who  asserts  that  a  print  will  wash 
when  he  knows  it  will  not  utters  a  deliberate  lie.  If  he  make  the  assertion  with 
mental  reservation  that  *'  all  the  color  will  vanish  in  the  process  "  it  is  still  a 
lie,  and  even  if  he  is  doubtful  on  the  point  it  is  equally  so,  because  he  attempts 
to  make  an  impression  on  the  mind  of  his  customer  that  may  be  adverse  to  the 
truth.  The  tickets  with  figures  and  hair-like  strokes,  too  often  exhibited  in  win- 
dows— the  calling  "  Hoyle*s  "  prints  which  are  not  Hoyle*s,  and  flannels  "  real 
Welch  *'  which  are  not  real  Welch,  and  such  like,  are  lies  of  too  gross  a  charac- 
ter to  require  one  word  of  comment. 

Concealment  of  truth  comes  under  the  same  category  of  lying.  The  publisher 
who  appends  critical  notices  of  reviewers  to  his  list  of  books,  leaving  out  quali- 
fying passages,  lies.  So  does  the  shopman  who  purposely  conceals  defects — the 
manufacturer  who  sends  a  34  inch  cloth  for  what  is  usually  36  inches  wide,  and 
the  shoemaker  who  supplies  Northampton  made  for  "  bespoke  "  boots. 

The  sale  of  adulterated  goods  or  articles,  with  false  labels,  must  be  condemned 
by  all  as  unadulterated  lying  ;  but  it  is  said  by  some,  whose  moral  perceptions 
are  not  very  clear,  that  to  label  a  200-yard  reel  of  cotton  *•  Warranted  300 
yards  *'  is  not  wrong,  because  it  is  generally  understood  not  to  measure  what  it 


MefcaniHe  Miscellanies.  267 

is  called.  Then,  why  is  it  done  7  Why  not  label  it  200  yards,  which  is  the 
troth  ?  Simply  becaase  there  are  those  who  do  not  understand  it,  and,  placing 
reliance  on  the  dealers,  purchase  it  for  what  it  is  called.  Lies  consist  not  in  the 
verbal  atterance,  but  in  the  idea  they  intend  to  convey.  The  footman  who  says 
that  his  mistress  is  **  not  at  home,"  although  he  utters  a  verbal  falsehood,  is  not 
really  guilty  of  lying,  for  it  is  a  mere  polite  form  of  expressing  her  wish  not  to  be 
seen,  and  is  recognized  in  high  life  as  such.  It  is,  however,  an  immoral  custom, 
as  it  familiarizes  the  servant  to  tampering  with  truth. 

It  is  possible  also  to  speak  verbal  truth  which  is  substantially  a  lie.  Hor- 
rocks  is  an  eminent  manufacturer  of  calicos.  Another  man  of  the  same  name 
might  start  a  manufactory  of  similar  goods,  but  of  an  inferior  quality  ;  and  the 
tradesman  who  assured  his  customers  that  a  roll  of  his  calico  was  of  Horrocks' 
make,  would  be  uttering  a  lie,  which,  at  the  same  time,  would  be  verbally  true, 
his  intention  being  to  impress  the  buyer  with  the  idea  that  it  was  from  the  looms 
of  the  famous  Horrocks — the  Horrocks  par  excellence. 

Lies  may  be  acted  as  well  as  spoken.  The  wearing  of  imitation  jewelry  is  a 
lie  ;  the  physician  who  directs  his  servant  to  call  him  out  of  church  in  the  mid- 
dle of  the  sermon  acts  a  lie — so  does  the  grocer  who  has  his  cart  emblazoned 
with  his  name  driven  hither  and  thither,  without  any  other  object  than  to  lead 
his  neighbors  to  imagine  he  is  doing  a  large  trade,  and  the  draper  who  tickets 
goods  in  his  windows  at  fabulously  low  prices,  to  induce  the  supposition  that  all 
his  wares  are  sold  at  similar  prices.  Indeed,  in  trade,  there  are  more  lies  acted 
than  spoken.  Placing  the  best  fruit  on  the  top  of  the  basket — turning  in  the 
end  of  a  dirty  piece  of  gooda— displaying  an  article  in  a  fictitious  light—placing 
packages  outside  the  door  addressed  with  aristocratic  names — and  a  thousand 
other  false  actions  which  might  be  cited,  are  all  acted  violations  of  the  truth, 
»nd  although  they  are  looked  upon  by  the  commercial  world  as  very  venal  peo- 
adilloes,  are  really  as  much  lying  as  the  most  deliberate  verbal  falsehoods ;  and 
80  long  as  this  systematic  deceptiveness  characterizes  the  English  tradesman  the 
sneer  which  the  First  Napoleon  threw  in -our  teeth,  that  we  were  a  **  nation  of 
shop  keepers,"  possesses  a  sting  which,  without  that,  would  be  indicative  of  our 
greatest  national  glory — to  wit,  universal  national  industry. 


CHINESE  PROVERBS. 

Plant  a  flower  with  care,  and  it  may  not  grow  ;  stick  in  a  willow  at  random, 
and  it  forms  a  thick  shade. 

Old  age  is  like  a  candle  in  the  wind — easily  blown  out. 

To  show  the  value  of  secresy,  an  emperor  made  a  statue  of  gold  with  its 
mouth  closed. 

Love  of  gain  turns  wise  men  into  fools. 

He  who  has  many  acquaintances  will  be  mixed  up  with  many  troubles. 

To  be  over-prudent  is  not  much  better  than  folly. 

A  scholar's  children  are  familiar  with  books ;  a  farmer's  sons  are  versed  in 
the  seasons. 

Wife,  fortune,  children,  and  profession,  are  all  predestined. 

A  wife  should  excel  in  four  things^ — virtue,  speech,  person,  and  needlework. 

High  trees  feel  the  wind  ;  lofty  station  is  obnoxious  to  danger. 


268  Mercantile  lEscellaniee, 

A  certain  sage  feared  the  testimooy  of  four  witnesses — heaven,  earth*  his 
neighbor,  and  himself. 

To  contrive  is  man's  part ;  to  accomplish  is  heaven's. 

Those  above  should  not  oppress  those  below. 

He  who  could  see  only  three  days  into  futurity  might  enrich  himself  forever. 

If  a  chattering  bird  be  not  placed  in  the  mouth,  vexation  will  not  sit  between 
the  eyebrows. 

To  be  fully  fed,  and  warmly  clothed,  and  to  dwell  at  ease  without  learning,  is 
little  better  than  a  bestial  state. 

Prosperity  produces  liberality  and  moderation  of  temper. 

An  illiterate  person  is  like  a  dry  inkstone ;  turn  it  upside  down,  not  a  drop 
of  ink  comes  from  it. 

A  good  rat  will  not  injure  the  grain  near  its  own  hole.     (It  is  an  ill  bird,  Ac.) 

Think  how  you  can  sell  a  thing  before  buying  it. 

Produce  much,  consume  little,  labor  diligently,  spend  cautiously — the  way  to 
get  rich. 

To  persecute  the*  unfortunate,  is  like  throwing  stones  on  one  fallen  into  a  well. 

He  who  has  a  yellow  face  and  white  teeth  is  an  opium  smoker. 

When  paths  are  constantly  trodden  they  are  kept  clean  ;  but  when  abandoned 
the  weeds  choke  them  up,  so  weeds  choke  the  mind  in  the  aboence  of  employ- 
ment. 

CREDIT. 

We  like  the  prompt,  energetic  individual  who  is  always  on  time,  who  drives 
his  business,  and  never  allows  it  to  drive  him.  If  a  little  more  of  the  prompt 
activity  of  some  men  could  be  infused  into  the  masses,  the  wheels  of  business 
would  never  be  clogged,  and  no  stagnation  would  ever  be  felt  in  the  ever-moving 
waters  of  stirring,  active  industry.  Engagements  would  be  met  at  the  minute, 
and  no  delay  would  ever  hamper  the  projects  of  him  who  is  bound  to  succeed, 
because  everything  is  done  at  just  the  right  moment.  There  is  no  end  to  the 
confusion  which  may  ensue,  when  one  fails  to  be  present  at  a  specified  time,  and 
what  may  seem  a  mere  trifle  to  the  individual,  who  thinks  that  one  minute  can 
be  of  no  possible  importance,  may  be  traced  through  its  successive  consequences, 
and  in  the  end  the  aggregate  damage  to  those  who  have  been  compelled  to  wait 
only  a  minute  will  be  astounding ;  and  the  thoughtless  cause  of  the  whole  dis- 
turbance, if  be  could  behold  the  results  of  his  carelessness,  would  be  overwhelmed 
with  confusion.  There  arc  many  who  do  not  realize  that  time  is  money,  that 
minutes  make  hours,  and  that  hours  wasted  can  never  be  recalled.  Such  per- 
sons can  have  no  excuse  for  their  conduct,  and  if  they  find  others  outstripping 
them  in  worldly  prosperity,  they  must  attribute  their  own  failure  to  thoughtless- 
ness, and  ought  not  to  charge  upon  ill-fortune  the  results  of  their  own  lack  of 
promptness.  It  is  better  to  be  ten  minutes  before  the  time  than  one  instant  be- 
hind ;  and  if  such  were  made  a  general  rule  by  all,  none  would  be  subjected  to 
the  disappointment  of  seeing  the  steamboat  plank  hauled  in  just  as  they  were 
about  to  set  foot  upon  it,  and  the  cars  would  never  be  seen  whirling  out  of  one 
end  of  the  depot  just  as  the  tardy  passenger  enters  the  other.  One  minute  be- 
hind time,  and  the  bank  will  be  closed,  notes  will  go  to  protest,  and  misfortunes 
in  business  will  follow,  which  will  require  months  to  remedy.    Delays,  too,  are 


Mercantile  Miscellanies.  269 

dangerous,  and  the  lack  of  courage  to  undertake  what  may  sometimes  appear 
hazardous  and  uncertain,  in  the  case  of  one  who  is  not  prompt  to  see  and  use 
the  favorable  moment,  affords  the  opportunity  to  the  energetic,  go-ahead  man 
to  carve  out  for  himself  a  long- coveted  fortune.  While  one  should  ever  bear  in 
mind  the  rule  which  we  have  before  mentioned,  we  would  not  advise  him  to  waste 
time  by  unnecessary  haste,  and  it  should  ever  be  remembered  that  time  may  be 
wasted  by  being  too  soon  as  well  as  by  being  too  late.  All  our  affairs  should 
be  so  regulated  that  by  making  a  reasonable  allowance  for  unforseen  delays,  and 
a  difference  of  watches,  not  a  minute  shall  be  unprofitably  employed.  By  so 
doing  we  shall  be  surprised  at  the  amount  of  work  which  will  be  accomplished, 
and  our  systematic  employment  of  time  will  be  productive  of  much  personal 
success,  and  we  shall  thereby  contribute  our  share  in  the  general  progress  of  the 
world. 

The  man  who  is  noted  for  promptness  of  character  inspires  all  with  whom  he 
may  have  dealings  with  confidence,  and  the  community  learns  to  look  up  to  him 
for  example.  If  anything  relating  to  the  public  weal  is  to  be  undertaken,  he  is 
to  be  consulted,  and  his  advice  is  deemed  of  the  utmost  importance.  Is  a4»y 
thing  requiring  skill  and  energy  to  be  accomplished,  he  is  the  one  to  be  entrusted 
with  its  management  and  direction,  for  the  people  know  that  whatever  he  under- 
takes, will  be  done  promptly,  at  exactly  the  right  lime,  and  when  it  is  done  it  will 
be  done.  Nothing  will  fail  in  his  hands  for  want  of  decision  or  through  pro- 
crastination, which  is  the  thief  of  time.  Think  of  thb,  ye  loiterers,  and  remem- 
ber that  you  owe  the  world  something,  and  that  time  and  tide  wait  ior  no  man. 
In  this  active,  stirring  country  of  ours  there  is  no  room  for  the  lazy,  prodigal 
spendthrift  of  time,  and  he  who  sees  the  boat  leave  him  behind,  or  hears  the 
train  thundering  out  of  the  depot  without  him,  must  not  complain  of  his  ill-luck, 
but  must  remember  that  the  world  cannot  afford  to  wait  for  him,  and  if  he  wishes 
to  be  in  the  first  rank,  he  must  be  up  and  dressed,  ready  at  the  instant,  and  set- 
ting this  good  example  to  others  he  will  reap  the  fruits  which  they  may  find 
sometimes  snatched  from  their  grasp,  and  the  glittering  prize  which  another 
more  prompt  might  win,  will  never  be  seen  borne  away  just  at  the  moment  it  is 
ready  to  be  caught  in  hand. 

«  SAVE  IT  IN  SOMETUmO  ELSE." 
It  is  an  every-day  expression,  with  people  about  to  indulge  in  a  questionable 
expense,  "  Oh  !  it  won!t  cost  much  after  all,  and  we  can  '  save  it  in  something 
else.' "  There  are  hundreds  of  households  where  these  or  similar  words  have 
been  used  this  very  day.  Does  a  husband  wish  one  costly  delicacy  for  his  dinner, 
which  his  careful  wife  thinks  they  cannot  afford,  he  quiets  her  scruples  or  forces 
her  to  deny  herself  what  is  positively  needful,  by  telling  her  she  "  can  save  it  in 
something  else."  Is  a  wife  determined  to  outshine  her  neighbors  in  a  dress? 
she  passes  lightly  over  her  extravagances  in  milliners  and  mantua-makers,  by 
assuring  her  husband  volubly  that  she  can  "  save  it  in  something  else."  Does  a 
man  who  can  illy  afford  it,  buy  a  fast  trotter  ?  he  is  sure  to  inform  you  that  he 
can  *<  save  it  in  something  else."  Is  a  woman  bent  on  giving  an  extravagant 
party  ?  she  has  her  answer  ready,  **  I  can  save  it  in  something  else."  Barely  is 
a  foolish  expenditure  entered  on,  an  expenditure  which  is    beyond  a  person's 


270  Mercantile  Miscellanies. 

means,  than  the  reply  is  not  made  to  the  conscience,  if  not  to  others,  "  I  can 
save  it  in  something  else." 

In  point  of  fact,  however,  the  saving  is  never  made.  Those  who  are  first  to 
launch  into  extravagance  are  always  the  last  to  retrench.  The  habit  of  self- 
indulgence,  which  is  the  cause  of  yielding  to  one  temptation,  is  continually  in 
the  way  to  prevent  resisting  others.  Neither  the  husband,  who  cannot  deny 
himself  a  good  dinner,  nor  the  wife,  who  is  unable  to  resist  the  purchase  of  a 
costly  dress,  are  the  persons  to  **  save  it  in  something  else."  If  the  folly  is 
remedied  at  all  it  is  because  the  husband  has  a  self-sacrificing  wife,  who  deprives 
herself  of  comforts  to  keep  the  family  from  running  into  debt,  or  the  wife  has  a 
patient,  economical  husband,  who  lives  like  a  hermit,  that  she  may  dress  like  a 
duchess.  Our  experience  of  human  nature  has  yet  to  furnish  us  with  a  solitary 
instance  in  which  selfishness  of  this  kind  did  n^t  pervade  the  entire  character. 
The  saving  is  never  anything  which  the  guilty  person  likes.  Those  who  insist 
on  gratifying  themselves,  when  they  know  they  cannot  afford  it,  do  it  invariably 
at  the  expense  of  others.  From  the  husband  who  practically  stints  his  wife,  to 
the  spendthrift  who  cheats  everybody,  his  tailor  included,  those  who  talk  of 
*'  saving  it  in  something  else,"  actually  enjoy  themselves  at  the  cost  of  innocent 
parties. 

There  is  but  one  road  to  economy.  Without  self-denial,  nobody  can  avoid 
extravagance,  for  we  all  have  something  that  we  dearly  wish  for,  and  the  desire 
to  indulge  ourselves  is  as  powerful  in  one  as  in  another.  Virtue  does  not  con' 
sist  in  never  being  tempted,  but  in  successfully  resisting  temptation.  Those  who 
lament  so  loudly  that  they  cannot  be  as  economical  as  others,  because  they  have 
what  they  call  more  elegant  tastes,  are  simply  more  self-indulgent.  Luxury  is 
the  same  sweet  singing  syren  to  us  all.  A  just  man  schools  himself  to  resist  her 
allurements,  but  a  weak  one  abandons  himself  to  her  wiles.  It  is  insulting  the 
long,  hard,  severe  discipline  which  habituates  a  man  to  self-denial,  to  tell  him 
that  he  is  lucky  in  being  made  of  sterner  stuff  than  others  who  cannot  emulate 
him  ;  for  if  those  others  would  do  battle  as  strongly  and  perseveringly  with  their 
foibles,  would  learn  to  go  without  the  luxuries  and  elegances  they  cannot  afford, 
they  also  would  become  of  sterner  stuff.  The  evil  lies  in  ourselves  always. 
"  Oh !  save  it  in  something  else  "  means  '*  somebody  else  must  save,  for  I  will 
not,"  and  is  the  type  of  a  selfish  nature.    This  is  plain  speaking ;  but  it  is  truth. 

COIN  SALE  Iff  PHILADELPHIA. 

Extraordinary  high  prices  for  coins  were  realized  at  an  auction  sale  recently 
held  in  Philadelphia.  The  following  are  some  of  the  prices,  showing  the  extreme 
rates:— A  Martha  Washington  half-dime  brought  $17;  a  Washington  cent, 
small  eagle,  319  60 ;  a  Washington  cent,  different  die,  $59  ;  Liberty  Cap  cent 
of  1793,  $17  50 ;  a  cent  of  1799,  $13  ;  a  cent  of  1829,  proof,  $10 ;  a  cent  of 
1831,  proof,  $13  ;  a  half-cent  of  1842,  proof,  $23  50  ;  a  half-cent  of  1844,  proof, 
$11  50 ;  a  half-cent  of  1846,  proof,  $10  76  ;  an  experimental  piece  of  1836,  fly- 
ing eagle  silver  dollar,  (Gobrect,)  fine  proof,  $23  52 ;  a  flying  eagle  dollar  t)f 
1838,  proof,  $22  ;  a  flying  eagle  dollar  of  1839,  proof,  $23  50 ;  a  pattern  three- 
cent  piece  of  1849,  $14.  The  sale  of  ninety-six  copper  cents  amounted  to 
$281  17,  and  forty-eight  half-cents  to  $136.  Eight  hundred  and  one  lots 
brought  $2,057. 


The  Book  Trade.  271 


THE  BOOK  TRADE. 


1. — Personal  History  qf  Lord  Bacon  from  Unpublished  Papers.  By  William 
Hepworth  Dixon,  of  the  Inner  Temple.  12mo.,  pp.  424.  Boston  :  Ticknor 
&  Fields. 

It  was  bat  a  month  or  two  back  we  had  occasion  to  notice  Mr.  James  Sped- 
ding's  collection  of  the  works  of  that  great  author  and  official,  Francis  Bacon, 
denominated  the  wisest  and  brightest  mind  of  the  16th  century,  now  being  in 
course  of  publication  by  Messrs.  Brown  &  Taggard,  of  Boston.  In  this  volume 
we  have  his  personal  history,  bearing  the  imprint  of  Messrs.  Ticknor  &  Co., 
publishers.  Of  Bacon's  great  acquirements,  both  in  literature  and  the  arU, 
there  has  latterly  been  but  one  opinion,  though  scorned  at  by  many  enemies  of 
bis  time.  Besides  the  acuteness  and  real  wisdom  displayed  in  his  numerous 
essays,  his  philosophical  researches  in  mastering  the  secrets  of  nature  and  apply- 
ing them  to  human  use  are  deserving  of  still  greater  credit.  He  clearly,  for 
instance,  invented  a  thermometer;  he  institued  ingenious  experiments  on  the 
compressibility  of  bodies,  and  on  the  density  and  weight  of  air,  besides  suggest- 
ing chemical  processes.  He  suspected  the  law  of  universal  attraction,  afterwards 
demonstrated  by  Newton ;  and  he  likewise  foresaw  the  true  explication  of  the 
tides,  and  the  cause  of  colors,  which  he  truly  ascribed  to  the  manner  in  which 
bodies,  owing  to  their  different  texture,  reflect  the  rays  of  light.  But  as  Bacon 
grew  older  his  moral  dignity  proved  not  on  a  level  with  his  intellectual  penetra- 
tion. Giving  himself  up  to  improvidence,  his  want  of  money  betrayed  him  into 
practices  of  corruption  while  Lord  Chancellor,  which  ended  in  his  disgraceful 
tall,  added  to  fine  and  imprisonment  But  in  the  lapse  of  time  his  unworthy 
deeds  have  mostly  dropped  away  from  memory,  leaving  the  greatness  and  use- 
fulness of  his  thoughts  a  monument  of  imperishable  glory. 

2. —  Considerations  vn  some  of  the  Elements  and  Conditions  of  Social  Welfare 
and  Human  Progress,  By  0.  S.  Henry,  D.  D.  12mo.,pp.  415.  New  York  : 
D.  Appleton  &  Uo. 

The  pieces  contained  in  this  volume  consist  of  a  number  of  lectures  delivered 
by  the  author  at  various  times  before  such  special  bodies  as  the  pupils  of  the 
New  York  University,  Geneva  College,  University  of  Vermont,  etc.,  etc ,  com- 
bining in  their  scope  various  topics,  such  as  "  The  importance  of  Elevating  the 
Intellectual  Spirit  of  the  Nation,"  "  The  Position  and  Duties  of  the  Educated 
Men  of  the  Country,"  "  California  :  the  Historical  Significance  of  its  Acquisi- 
tion," **  The  True  Idea  of  Progress,"  **  The  Destination  of  the  Human  Race," 
"  Politics  and  the  Pulpit,"  "  Corruption,  Violence,  and  Abuse  of  Suffrage,**  in- 
cluded in  which  are  three  letters  addressed  to  the  Hon.  Joshua  Quincy,  on  Pres- 
ident making.  These  ingenious  addresses,  touching  upon  the  great  problems  of 
human  thought  and  embracing  questions  of  the  highest  practical  interest,  are 
not  without  value,  particularly  those  in  relation  to  the  working  of  our  political 
institutions  and  our  future  fortunes  as  a  nation. 

3. — The  Mother  in  Law,  a  Tale  of  Domestic  Life.  By  Mrs.  Emma  D.  E.  N. 
SouTHWORTH.    12mo.,  pp.  497.    Philadelphia  :  T.  B.  Peterson  &  Brothers. 

Is  another  new  tale  by  that  well  known  and  much  esteemed  authoress,  Mrs. 
Southworth.  It  represents  the  imperial  days  of  Old  Virginia,  when  her  sons 
and  daughters  almost  vied  with  Europe  in  aristocratic  pride  and  dignity,  and  is 
told  in  her  usually  happy  strain.  Copies  of  the  book  will  be  sent  to  any  part 
of  the  United  States  free  of  postage  on  persons  remitting  the  price  to  the 
Messrs.  Petersons,  the  publishers. 


272  The  Booh  Trade. 

4. — Education;  Intellectual,  Moral,  and  Physical,  By  Herbebt  Spenceb, 
author  of  "  Social  Statistics,"  "  The  Principles  of  Psychology,"  and  "  Essays  ; 
Scientific,  Political,  and  Speculative."  12mo.,  pp.  283.  New  York :  D. 
Appleton  &  Co. 

The  four  chapters  contained  in  this  work  originally  appeared  in  the  English 
reviews  as  separate  articles,  severally  treating  different  divisions  of  the  eubgect, 
where  they  claimed  for  themselves  nmch  attention,  but  an  interdict  being  putOD 
their  publication  in  a  collected  form  in  England,  by  the  proprietors  of  one  of 
the  reviews,  the  Messrs.  Appletons  believing  Mr.  Spencer's  researches  into  the 
science  of  life  and  laws  of  mental  development  combine  a  masterly  analysis  in 
bringing  to  bear  the  latest  results  bearing  on  the  art  of  teaching,  have  resolved 
to  give  it  an  American  issue,  knowing  that  it  must  prove  useful  to  instructors 
and  school  directors,  and  become  a  valuable  addition  to  the  literature  of  educa- 
tion ;  and,  at  the  same  time,  serve  to  make  known  an  author,  the  strength  and 
depth  of  whose  thought  is  as  remarkable  as  the  clearness  and  vigor  of  style  in 
which  it  is  expressed. 

6. — Reminiscences  of  Scottish  Life  and  Character.  By  E.  B.  Ramsay,  M.  A., 
LL.  D.,  Dean  of  Edinburgh.    12mo.,  pp.  297.    Boston  :  Ticknor  &  Fields. 

There  are  doubtless  many  families  and  many  individuals  scattered  throughout 
this  country  who.  from  ties  of  kindred  or  from  their  own  recollections  of  the 
Land  o'  Cakes,  will  leel  their  hearts  glow  with  emotion  when  they  read  stories 
'  such  as  these  on  such  subjects  as  the  religious  feelings  and  religious  observances 
of  the  Scotch,  old  Scottish  conviviality,  old  Scottish  domestic  servants,  humor 
proceeding  from  Scottish  language,  including  Scottish  proverbs,  Scottish  stories 
of  wit  and  humor,  etc.,  etc.  The  quaint  mode  of  expression  pertaining  to 
the  old  Scotch  dialect  has  always  been  proverbial,  and  when  combined  with 
the  natural  simplici  ty  of  the  Scottish  character,  possesses  a  charm  far  above 
what  we  deem  common-place  smartness.  As  Pope  has  it,  •*  There  is  majesty  in 
simplicity  which  is  far  above  the  quaintness  of  wit"  The  object  had  in  pub- 
lishing the  little  volume  is  to  furnish  a  class  of  anecdotes  peculiar  to  Scotland, 
and  to  preserve  a  page  of  their  domestic  national  annals  which,  in  the  eyes  of 
rising  generations,  is  fast  fading  into  oblivion. 

%.^ Autobiography  of  the  Rev,  Dr,  Alexander  Carlyle,  Minister  of  Inveresk.  Con- 
taining Memorials  of  the  Men  and  Events  of  his  Time.  12mo.,  pp.  471. 
Boston  :  Ticknor  &  Fields. 

This  will  be  found  a  deeply  interesting  volume  to  all  those  interested  in  Eng 
lish  church  history  so  far  back  as  the  beginning  of  the  present  century,  embrao 
ing,  as  it  does,  the  private  diary  of  Alexander  Carlyle,  D.D.,  for  fifty  years 
minister  of  Inveresk,  who,  if  persons  be  estimated  by  the  influence  they  have  im- 
parted from  mere  personal  character  and  ability,  was  a  very  remarkable  man. 
Born  in  a  simple  manse,  learned,  eloquent,  liberal,  and  exemplary  in  his  manners, 
he  ever  remained  that  type  of  humble  respectability — a  village  pastor.  His  lot 
not  being  cast  in  any  of  those  revolutionary  periods  which  gave  men  of  his 
stamp  a  place  in  history,  he  seemed  pervaded  with  but  one  ambition  to  dignify 
his  calling  by  bringing  it  forth  in  the  world,  and  making  for  it  a  place  along 
with  rank  and  distinction  of  every  kind.  He  was  eminently  a  good  man,  and 
his  autobiography  will  be  found  one  of  great  interest  as  historically  connected 
with  men  and  events  of  his  time.  The  style  is  easy,  rambling,  and  familiar, 
and  shows  the  author  to  have  been  possessed  of  a  gocnd  memory,  great  observa- 
tion, and  much  penetration. 


0;  the  DiffmmL  Sj/stmM  cf  Social  Philosophy.  287 

But  the  moat  important  and  overwhelming  objection  to  a  ajstem  of 
•ooiety  founded  upon  the  prinoiple  of  communi$m  ia  the  great  difficulty 
which  such  looietiee  must  experience  whenever  they  attain  any  notewor- 
thy magnitude  and  embrace  all  deecriptione  of  mankind,  mpr^Mrvrnj/M^ 
joint  eamingi^  or  aggrtgat$  revenue  of  ike  eociety^  Jrom  m%stgi)plicat%on 
eaut  waete.  It  would  be  impossible  for  the  ingenuity  of  man  to  devise  a 
better  method  for  economizing  wealth,  or  preserving  it  from  misapplica- 
tion and  waste,  than  that  of  leaving  it  to  the  watchfulness  and  frugality 
of  its  individual  possessor,  reckless  as  individuals  sometimes  are  in  squan- 
dering their  own  possessions.    No  mav  is  so  WAieHFUL  and  oonbidbbatb 

OF  THB  COMMON  IIITaBBSTB  OF  MANKIHD  AS   HB  IB  OF  BIB  OWN  INDIVUHJAL 

IHTKEBBTS.  This  is  the  great  fact,  or  law,  which,  independently  of  other 
sufficient  objections,  conclusively  demonstrates  the  fallaciousness  and  fu- 
tility of  the  principle  of  communiem  as  the  basis  of  human  society.  We 
find  this  great  fundamental  law  clearly  enough  illustrated  in  the  notori- 
ous fact  that  all  enterprises  undertaken  on  the  public  account  are  far 
more  expensive  and  less  economically  managed  than  those  prosecuted  on 
individual  responsibility. 

How  then  is  the  aggregate  annual  revenue  of  your  communist  society 
to  be  preserved  from  misapplication  and  waste,  when  it  shall  have  ex* 
panded  into  an  empire  embracing  thirty  millions  of  people  f  The  total 
earnings  of  the  whole  society  are  the  common  property,  and  must  go 
into  the  oommon  coffers  of  the  whole  society.  How  is  so  vast  a  reve- 
nue to  be  guarded  and  protected  from  embezzlement  and  roguery  ?  The 
most  approved  and  rigid  system  of  financial  administration  that  the  ac- 
cumulated experience  and  wisdom  of  ages  have  established  for  human 
society  would  strive  in  vain  adequately  to  protect  it.  With  all  the  safe- 
guards that  modem  legislation  has  thrown  around  the  treasury  department 
of  state  governments,  it  has  been  found  impossible  to  protect  it  from 
peculation  and  fraud.  Gigantic  frauds  and  peculations  upon  the  public 
treasury  are  of  frequent  occurrence  in  the  most  enlightened  and  civilized 
communities  of  Christendom.  How  much  greater  would  be  these  frauds 
and  peculations  if  the  whole  joint  revenues  or  earnings  of  these  commu- 
nities wei-e  collected  into  the  common  coffers  of  the  State,  instead  of  the 
small  proportion  of  those  revenues  that  are  collected,  in  the  shape  of 
taxes,  for  State  uses  f 

Qreat  complaint  is  often  made  by  mankind,  and  by  none  more  loudly 
than  by  these  advocates  of  communiem,  the  Owenites,  Fourierites,  and  the 
like,  against  the  oppressive  and  injurious  nature  of  State  taxes ;  and  they 
consider  a  tithe,  or  a  tax  amounting  to  a  tenth  part  only  of  every  one's 
individual  revenue^  as  very  burdensome,  although  the  real  effect  of  the 
tax  is  nothing  more  than  to  make  the  government  of  the  State  the  dis- 
tributor of  a  tenth  part  of  the  a^regate  revenue  of  the  society,  which 
tenth  part,  in  such  case,  goes  to  maintain  the  functionaries  of  government. 
And  yet  these  very  Owenites  and  Fourierites  advocate  a  plan  whereby  the 


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|t4,l50— Unlrtcumborod   Real  E»tat«>  (wonb)  $77,4^^,51' 

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re 


2&0  Beview^  Historical  and  Oriticalf 

eral  are  willing  to  submit  to  such  an  arbitrary  and  meddlesome  govern* 
ment  as  that  of  the  Shaker  sect  But  there  must  inevitably  be  a  fiailiog, 
under  that  system,  of  society,  as  to  those  extraordinary  efforts  to  which, 
after  all,  we  are  indebted  for  nearly  all  the  great  contributions  to  art  and 
science,  which  are  the  main  promoters  and  supporters,  both  of  the  mate- 
rial and  spiritual  interests  of  mankind. 

Of  all  lands  of  effort,  intellectual  effort  is  the  most  laborious,  irksome, 
and  painful.  Yet  it  is  precisely  this  kind  of  effort  to  which  mankind  are 
indebted  for  their  most  valuable  improvements — to  their  inventions  in  art 
and  discoveries  in  science.  How  few  comparatively  would  be  stimulated 
to  put  forth  those  efforts,  and  this  too,  with  that  extraordinary  degree  of 
2eal  necessary  to  successful  achievements,  under  a  system  of  society  in 
which  those  efforts  would  redound  only  to  the  general  good  of  manland, 
without  any  special  and  particular  advantage  to  themselves  f  Is  there  any 

E reposition  of  moral  science  more  mathematically  certain,  and  indisputa- 
le,  than  this,  that  extraardinaty  effort  requires  extraordinary  stimulus^ 
and  i$  entitled  to  extraordinary  compensation  f  Yet  in  this  unnatural  and 
subversive  system  of  society,  it  is  expected,  by  its  advocates,  that  extra- 
ordinary efforts  are  to  be  obtained  from  merely  ordinary  stimulants  and 
hopes  of  reward. 

It  may  indeed  be  contended,  that  the  higher  orders  of  genius  are  suffi- 
ciently stimulated  to  exertion  by  the  pure  love  of  truth,  and  desire  for 
achievements — that  the  Platos  and  Humboldts  of  humanity  rise  superior 
to  considerations  of  merely  personal  advantage  and  motives  of  merely 
personal  ambition,  in  their  efforts  to  advance  the  cause  of  science.  Un- 
doubtedly this  is  true,  to  some  extent,  and  to  a  far  greater  extent  with 
the  higher  eiders  of  men  of  genius  than  with  the  lower.  But  it  is  not 
true  to  a  sufficient  extent  to  break  the  force,  materially,  of  the  consider- 
ation against  which  it  is  urged.  For  men  of  the  very  highest  order  of 
genius  are  undoubtedly  influenced,  to  a  considerable  degree,  by  motives 
of  personal  ambition,  the  hope  of  personal  advantage,  and  the  like,* 
while  with  the  vast  majority  of  mankind  such  influences  are  paramount, 
and  almost  exclusive  in  their  sway. 

Can  any  one  doubt,  then,  that  under  the  communist  system  of  society 
there  would  be  an  incalculably  lower  standard  of  attainment,  and  general 
proficiency,  in  art  and  science,  than  under  the  individualized  system,  un- 
der which  mankind  have  hitherto  almost  invariably  lived  f  Where 
would  be  found  the  inventors  and  discoverers  of  this  state  of  society  I 
Who  would  be  the  Watts,  the  Arkwrights,  the  Jacquards,  the  Whitneys, 


HUNT'S 


MERCHANTS'  MAGAZINE. 


EstabUslked  Jnly^  18899  ^T  Freeman  Hnnt. 


VOLUME  XLIV.  taAROH,    1861.  NUMBER  HI. 


CONTENTS    OF    NO.  III.,   VOL.    XLIV. 


AETICIES. 

L  BEVIEW.  niSTORtOAL  ACTD  CRlTICiU  OP  THE  DIFFERKITTJ  8TSTBM8  OF^  " 
eOGIAL  PHtW)3aPar;  OR,  INTRaDUCTlQW  TO  A  MORE  00MPBEHEN8IYB 
BTATEM.  Past  ii.  The  Third  OlaM  of  tlie  Pdttlcil  Scby  :.U  A  Critical  Oomp»ri»on 
^r  It  TTitli  th0  First  jvud  t^Gocjnil  Ckwca— Th^  Two  Qrand  Di  vtalons  of  the  Olaas  SUted 
AAd  De<flnM— The  Flnt  Dl^blon  showD  to  «rnbr&<^Ha  hU  the  Tartotlea  of  Commnnlsm— 
Th«  Thro«  Graad  Objo«tl£>q3  whkb  rianiunstriit^j  tba  Fsiii:u;y  af  Oommonlsm  as  a  baaU 
^^^       «f  Ifttmiin  Boddtf ^VHrJcviia  A Jrodat^s  <}f  Socio.!;  Eerarm  briefly  alladed  to— Owen  and 

FQDrterParUcukrljNoUoadajidUrlUf^iiiir  EuLminod,....,,*.., «..  ST5 

IL  C0N8TBITCTI0N  OF  8TEAMEBS.  Constniotloii  of  Steamen— Side  wheels  and  Screws 
—Wheel  Shafts— Screw  Shaft— Blementa  of  the  Sorew— Steerage— Oonolusion.  Bj  J. 
H.  Wabo,  Commander,  XT.  S.  Nary 807 

m.  GENERAL  AYESAGE.    By  J.  Bnsaxu.  BaADroRD,  Esq.,  Boston,  Masa S19 

JOURNAL  OF  HEECANTILE   LAW. 

stop  Law  In  Tennessee 3S4 

Innocent  Holder 3S5 

C09HERCIAI  CHEONIGLE  AND   RETIEW. 

Position  of  Oommere«— Political  Cloads— Merehandlse  on  the  Market— New  Tariff— Adrerae 
Infloenoe— State  of  Trade  West  and  Soath— Stagnation  of  Bnslnesa— Failaree  in  Janoary— 
1857  and  1861— Ezporfes— Exchange— Fall  In  Rates— Check  npon  Exports— Cotton  Statement  * 
— Splnnera— Actlvi^  of  ICanolkctarers— Breadstaffs— Bates  of  Billa— Specie  Movement — 
Assay-office— Mint^€k>Tornment  Flnaneea— State  Indorsement^New  Loan— $35^000,000 
Loan  Law— Bates  of  Money— Foreign  Markets- Exports 8S7-06 

▼OL.  XLIV. — NO.  ni.  18 


292  jRevieWj  Historical  and  Critical, 

Robert  Owen  baa  been  so  often  referred  to,  already,  in  the  course  of 
this  review,  and  his  most  prominent  abd  distinguishing  ideas  so  clearly 
pointed  out,  that  little  need  here  be  said  concerning  him,  and  that  little 
18  but  little  more  than  a  repetition  of  what  has  been  already  said,  although 
incidentally,  rather  than  with  any  particular  reference  to  the  part  he  has 
played  in  the  history  of  social  philosophy,  or  the  particular  place  he  oc- 
cupies as  a  representative  of  any  particular  class  of  sociological  ideas.* 
In  common  with  all  of  his  class,  (which  is  the  class  now  under  particular 
consideration^  or  the  Third  Class  of  the  Political  School,  according  to  the 
classification  which  we  have  ventured  to  adopt  of  the  multitudinous  forms 
of  sociological  opinion,)  Robert  Owen  evidently  supposed  that  the  social 
ills  of  mankind,  or,  rather,  those  natural  ills  of  mankind  which  are 
observable  under  every  form  of  human  society,  are  referable,  mainly,  if 
not  exclusively,  to  some  faulty  or  erroneous  organism  of  society,  which  it 
is  possible  radically  to  change.  He  imagined  that  an  organization  of 
society  was  possible,  in  which  those  ills  would  entirely  disappear,  and  that 
he  had  discovered  that  organization.  What  that  organization  was,  as  well 
as  the  general  scope  of  Owen's  theory  of  society,  cannot  well  be  more 
briefly  expressed  than  by  himself,  in  the  recapitulation  of  his  work,  enti- 
tled Book  of  the  New  Moral  World.  "  To  effect  these  changes,"  he  says, 
**  there  must  be  not  only  a  new  organization  of  society,  on  the  principle  of 
attractive  union,  instead  of  repulsive  individualism^  bnt  there  must  be, 
also,  an  entirely  new  *  classification  of  society,'  according  to  age,  and  not 
according  to  the  birth  or  wealth  of  individuals."!  Thus  it  appears  that 
this  superficial  and  undiscerning  reasoner,  in  his  allusion  to  the  different 
principles  of  classification  that  may  be  adopted  for  human  society,  and 
while  making  special  reference  to  those  of  age,  birth,  and  wealth,  over- 
looks the  most  important  of  all,  though,  like  all  the  most  important  prin- 
ciples, to  be  sure,  the  most  diflScult  to  be  actualized,  the  principle  of  cloths- 
ijication  according  to  talent^  capacity^  or  merit — which  was  the  principle 
adopted  by  St.  Simon,  though,  like  all  simple  or  single  principles,  utterly 
delusive,  as  a  panacea  for  social  ills,  were  it  possible  to  enforce  it,  since 
human  society  is,  and  must  ever  be,  when  in  a  high  state  of  civilization, 
an  arrangement  of  vast  and  bewildering  complexity,  extending  far  beyond 
the  scope  of  such  visionaries  as  Owen  and  St.  Simon,  and  the  ken  of  their 
philosophy. 

Having  the  sagacity  to  discern,  and  fully  recognizing  the  great  truth 
in  social  science,  that  in  order  to  reform  society,  it  is  necessary  to  reform 
men,  Robert  Owen  had  the  weakness  to  suppose  that  the  reformation  of 
men  was  no  very  diflBcult  task,  that  a  system  of  education  was  possible 
which  would  invest  all  men  with  exalted  characters,  and  that  he  had  dis- 
covered that  system.  On  this  point  his  own  words  briefly  express  his 
extravajrant  delusion.     Thus  he  savs  in  one  nlace  :  "  Bv  this  simnle.  easv. 


HUNT'S 

MERCHANTS'  MAGAZINE 


AND 


COMMERCIAL  REVIBW. 


MARCH,   1861. 


Art.  L— SEnEWi  HISTOSICAI IHD  CUTICIL,  OF  TIE  SITPEKERT  8TSTEI8 
OF  SOCIAL  PULOSOPIT  :* 

OB,  IHTRODUOTION  TO   A  MOBS  OOMPBSHSNSIYX  8T8TBM. 

PAR  XI. 

IBM  rWatD  CULM  or  THB  POLCROAL  SOBOOI/— ▲  OimOAL  00MPABI80K  OP  R  win  IBBIXmr  AHDtBO" 
OMD  OI.A86B-THSTW0  OftAKD  DITUIOim  OP  THB  CLASS  STATED  AlTD  DBmm>-^THS  TXBST  Vl- 
TlSIOir  SBOWK  TO  XXBSAOS  ALL  THB  TAXIBTIBS  OP  OOMKUHIBX— TKB  THBBB  OBAVD  OBJBOTIOlIt 
WnOB  DKIf  ONBTRATB  THB  PALLAOT  OP  OOMMinnBM  AS  A  BASIS  OP  MiniAH  SOOIBTT— TAXI008  ADTO- 
OATBS  or  SOCIAL  BBPOBM  BBXBPLT  ALLODBD  TO— OWBH  AMP  POVBIBB  PASnOVLABLT  VOTMBD  ABB 
CBRIOALLT  BXAMIHBD. 

The  third  class  of  the  political  school  of  sociological  ideas,  upon  the 
coosideration  of  which  it  is  proposed  now  to  enter,  is,  by  far,  the  most 
erroneous  of  the  whole  school,  and,  at  the  same  time,  by  £ftr,  the  most 
bold  in  its  aims  at  social  improvement,  the  most  diversified  in  its  views, 
and  the  most  suggestive  of  deep  and  searching  reflections  upon  the  vast 
and  complex  problem  of  human  society.  This  class  has  been  already 
defined  as  embracing  those  which  aim  at  improving  the  social  condition  to 
an  extent  totally  impracticable^  and  utterly  chimerical  to  calculate  on^  and 
which  either  propose^  (as  one  division  of  the  class  do,)  to  use  government^ 
or  the  politiccU  authority  of  the  community y  as  a  means  far  attaining  this 
impracticable  end^  or,  (as  another  division  of  the  class  do,)  in  their  frantic 
ravings  against  all  government,  as  the  great  paramount  cause  of  social  ills, 
propose  a  total  abolition  of  all  government,  prospectively,  if  not  imjnedi- 
ately,  as  an  indispensable  prerequisite  to  the  realization  of  their  delusive 
dreams. 

It  is  in  this  class  that  the  distinctive  peculiarities  and  fundamental 
errors  of  the  whole  school  are  most  distinctly  and  conspicuously  illus- 

»  SatoMd  Moording  to  Mk  sot  of  Ooasress,  ia  tbs  fe»r  1850,  by  Obo.  W.  At  JHa  A.  Wood,  iatiio 
Clerk's  Offloe  of  tho  District  Court  of  tSo  Unitod  Stotes,  for  ths  soathern  district  of  New  York. 


276  BevieWf  Siatorical  and  Critical^ 

trated.  For  the  first  and  second  classes,  as  already  remarked,*  illustrmte 
these  errors  negatively^  rather  than  positively.  They  may  be  regarded 
as  attributing  the  social  grievanoes  of  mankind  to  political  causes,  be- 
cause they  do  not  aim  at  any  other  than  political  instrumentalities  for 
the  improvement  of  the  social  condition,  although  they  do  ^ot,  like  the 
third  class,  positively  assert  that  those  grievances  are  to  be  attributed  to 
political  causes,  as  their  sole,  or  principal,  essential  causea.  The  social 
philosophers  of  the  first  and  second  classes  have,  indeed,  omitted  to 
attempt  any  diagnosis  of  the  social  diseases  which  they  have  attempted, 
very  imperfectly,  or  erroneously,  to  treat  They  seem  to  have  been  com- 
pletely engrossed  with  questions  as  to  what  political  expedients  are  most 
tondfjuive  to  the  welfare  of  society,  or  the  body  politic,  and  have  not  given 
any  particular  attention  to  the  pathology  of  the  body  politic,  or  the  na- 
ture and  causes  of  those  social  ills  which  demand  remedial  appliances. 
They  seem  to  have  followed  merely  their  instincts,  which,  wisely  enough, 
taught  them,  that  there  was  much  to  be  done  for  human  society  by 
political  institutions,  without  consulting  their  reasons,  as  to  how  far  such 
influences  tended  to  benefit  humanity.  In  this  they  have  been  much 
more  at  fault  than  those  of  the  third  class,  who  have,  far  more  judiciously, 
inquired  into  the  nature  and  causes  of  the  social  grievances  which  they 
have  sought  to  remedy ;  for  assuredly  nothing  can  conduce  so  much  to 
the  discovery  of  the  proper  mode  of  treating  any  disease,  whether  bodily 
or  social,  as  a  just  and  clear  appreciation  of  its  nature  and  causes.  But 
the  grettt  error  of  these  social  doctors  of  the  third  class  has  been  that, 
in  inquiring  after  the  real  nature  or  essential  cause  of  the  social  ills 
which  they  have  aspired  to  remedy,  they  have  palpably  mistaken  it 
They  have  mistaken  the  symptoms  of  the  disease  for  its  cause,  the  mere 
branches  of  the  tree  for  its  roots,  and  have  been,  in  consequence,  led  not 
only  into  very  serious  errors  of  practice,  but  such  as  are  positively  injurious 
in  their  tendency  and  effects. 

The  three  diflerent  classes  of  the  Political  School  of  Sociology  may  be 
briefly  characterized  as  follows : — ^The  great  fault  of  the  first  class  has 
been,  that  they  have  not  carried  their  investigations  into  the  philosophy 
of  society  far  enough  to  discover,  that  after  political  institutions  have  ex- 
hausted all  their  legitimate  expedients  for  the  improvement  of  society, 
there  is  still  an  outlying  rej^on  of  social  evil,  altogether  beyond  the 
reach  of  their  remedial  appliances ;  that  of  the  second  class  has  been, 
that,  in  endeavoring  to  improve  society,  to  a  far  greater  and  more  com- 
prehensive extent  than  the  philosophers  of  the  first  class  have  aimed  at, 
they  have  mistaken  the  proper  methods  for  attempting  this  improvement, 
and  have  endangered  the  permanent  welfare  of  society  by  striving  for  a 
political  organism  which  transcends  the  legitimate  and  proper  function 
of  State  government ;  that  of  the  third  class  has  been,  that  they  have 
mistaken  the  real  nature  and  fundamental  causes  of  the  ills  they  have 
sought  to  remedy.  In  short,  the  error  of  the  first  class  has  been  rather 
an  error  of  omission  merely,  in  the  work  they  have  undertaken,  that  of 
the  second  class  has  been  one  of  method,  while  that  of  the  third  class  has 
been  an  error  as  to  the  real  nature  of  the  work  to  be  performed. 

The  ^r«^  class  may  be  assimilated  to  those  physicians  .who  prescribe 
for  their  patients  a  very  judicious  regimen  and  course  of  medicine,  and 

•  S«e  nmnber  Ix.  of  this  reTi«w,  In  October  number  of  BCagarine  for  1860. 


Of  the  Different  J^etam  of  Social  Philosophy.  277 

tbere  aid  their  course  of  treatment.  The  ueond  claea  may  be  assimilated 
to  those  physicians  who,  in  addition  to  specific  regimen  and  medicine, 
recomn^nd,  for  their  patients,  general  attention  to  diet,  clothing,  and 
exercise,  but  should  deliver  them  over  for  these  purposes  to  venal  and  cor- 
rupt hosjMtals,  interested  in  neglecting  and  misusing  their  invalids.  The 
thiini  class  may  be  assimilated  to  those  physicians,  or  rather  quacks  and 
mountebanks  in  medical  science,  who  pretend  to  have  discovered  the 
cause  and  cure  of  all  diseases,  when  in  fact  they  do  not  understand  the 
real  nature  of  any,  and  who  prescribe,  as  a  cure  all  for  every  disease, 
tome  wretched  noitrum^  which  is  really  a  cure  for  none,  but  tends,  on 
the  contrary,  in  a  multitude  of  cases,  seriously  to  impair  the  general 
health  and  constitution  of  the  invalid. 

What  the  philosophers  of  the  first  class  have  aimed  to  do  at  all,  how- 
ever partial  it  may  have  been,  they  have,  in  the  main,  aimed  at  well. 
What  those  of  the  second  class  have  aimed  to  do,  thou|;h  more  compre- 
hensiye  and  extensively  useful,  they  have  adopted  an  improper  method 
for  striving  to  accomplish.  But  those  of  the  third  class  have  not  aimed 
at  anything  of  real  or  substantial  utility.  Setting  out,  from  the  start, 
with  a  fundamental  error  as  to  the  real  cause  of  the  ills  they  have  com- 
batted,  they  have  proceeded  throughout  upon  erroneous  ideas  as  to  the 
work  to  be  performed. 

In  so  far,  indeed,  as  the  first  and  second  classes  have  adopted  the  error, 
that  the  eocial  griivancee  of  mankind  are  referable,  mainly  and  funda- 
mentally,  to  political  causes,  it  has  been  merely  a  giMei  adoption  on  their 
part — a  qualified,  partial,  and  negative  adoption,  (if  it  be  proper  so  to 
speak,)  vHiich  has  not  so  far  pervaded  the  general  scope  or  animus  of 
their  speculations  as  to  vitiate  materially  their  ideas.  But  the  third  class 
have  been  so  thoroughly  pervaded  and  imbued  with  the  error,  that  all  their 
ideas  have  been  vitiated  thereby.  They  have  been  betrayed  into  all  the 
greater  errors,  because  they  have  erred  systematically,  and  with  a  dis- 
tinct recognition  and  deliberate  adoption  of  the  fundamental  error  upon 
which  they  have  proceeded — just  as  a  methodical  and  scientific  svstem 
of  error  is  more  serious  than  an  informal  one,  which  may  perchance 
occasionally  stumble  on  the  truth,  not  having  any  formally  inaugurated 
error  or  fixed  idea  to  exclude  it,  and  as  a  fool,  secundsm  artem,  is  of  all 
fools  the  greatest.  For  Bacon  has  justly  said  that  ^^  the  apotheosie  of  error 
is  the  greatest  error  of  all,  and  when  folly  is  worshiped  it  is,  as  it  were, 
a  plague  spot  upon  the  understanding."*  And,  in  like  manner,  it  may  be 
said,  that  the  most  deliberate  and  emphatic  adoption  of  an  error,  is  the 
worst  error  of  all,  and  when  a  fundamental  mistake  in  science  is  formally 
inaugurated,  it  is  the  most  conclusive  bar  to  the  entrance  of  any  just 
opinions,  and  most  completely  vitiates  scientific  endeavor. 

Nay,  moreover,  and  what  is  more  important  than  all,  the  philosophers 
of  the  first  and  second  classes^  if  they  had  failed  to  conduct  mankind  any 
great  way  towards  a  complete  system  of  Social  Philosophy,  have  failed 
also  to  do  them  any  actual  harm.  But  those  of  the  third  class  have  in- 
•fiicted  positive  mischief  on  mankind,  by  their  erroneous  searchings.  They 
have  urged  mankind  to  positively  iniurious  courses  of  conduct,  by  the 
mistaken  ideas  which  they  have  inculcated  as  to  the  real  causes  of  human 
suffering,  in  the  social  state,  as  by  inciting  them,  unnecessarily,  to  revolu- 

*  BMNoTam  OrgMUUB,  book  ^ftpburlam  65. 


278  Beview^  Eutorioal  and  CHtiGC^ 

tions  and  eivil  oommotions,  whieh,  in  die  greater  number  of  oasea,  do 
▼ast  mischief  without  any  good. 

But  that  which  most  clearly  distinguiahea  thia  third  dast  of  the  Politioal 
School  from  the  other  two,  as  the  very  terms  of  our  deinition  of  the 
three  classes  indicate,  is  that  it  aims  at  impoisibilitiei,  thknerai — that  it 
seeks  to  improve  the  social  condition  to  an  extent  utterallj  impracticable 
— that  it  proceeds  upon  the  idea  of  the  PBRrBoriBiUTr  or  mah,  as  an 
attainable  end. 

It  is  difficult,  (if  at  all  possible,)  to  detect  any  logical  connection  be- 
tween the  two  ideas,  that  government  is  the  essential  cause  of  the  social 
grievances  of  mankind,  aiind  that  man  is  a  being  of  capabilities  for  per- 
fection ;  and  yet  it  is  a  singular  and  noteworthy  fact,  that  they  have 
generally,  if  not  invariably,  co-existed.  The  former  of  the  two  ideas 
may,  indeed,  not  unfrequently  be  found  unconnected  with  the  latter ;  but 
the  latter  is  rarely,  if  ever,  to  be  met  with,  except  in  connection  with  the 
former.  Wherever  we  meet  with  the  idea,  that  man  ia  endowed  with 
capabilities  for  perfection,  we  are  almost  sure  to  meet  with  the  idea,  in 
intimate  association  therewith,  that  polidcal  institutions*  are,  either  the 
sole  or  most  important  essential  causes,  which  prevent  those  ci^abilities 
from  being  developed.  Wherever  we  find  an  advocate  of  this  delusive 
and  insane  idea  of  human  perfectibility,  there  we  are  almost  sure  to  find 
the  loudest  and  most  insane  declaimer  against  governments,  and  the  ex- 
isting order  of  society.  Both  of  these  ideas  are  united  in  the  dan  of 
sociological  doctrines  now  under  particular  consideration. 

The  fundamental  idea  of  this  whole  olass,  in  all  its  manifold  varieties 
and  shades  of  opinion,  as  to  the  cause  of  those  social  grievances  whidi  > 
all  must  admit  it  would  be  desirable  to  remove,  were  it  possible,  and  in 
so  far  as  it  is  possible,  is  succinctly  expressed  by  a  late  writer,  whoseema 
to  aspire  to  the  honors  of  quackery  in  social  science — ^Mr.  Stephen  Pearl 
Andrews,  an  American  contributor  to  the  cause  of  dtluticn  m  this  im- 
portant field  of  scientific  inquiry.  In  a  late  publication,  entitled  **  Ooat 
the  Limit  of  Price,  a  Scientific  measure  of  Honesty  in  trade,  as  one  of  the 
fundamental  principles  in  the  Solution  of  the  Social  Problem,'' this  writer 
says,  ^*  There  are  few  persons  who  do  not  recognize  the  fact  that  there  is 
some  subtle  and  undiscovered  cause  of  manifold  evils  lying  hid  down  in 
the  very  foundations  of  our  existing  social  fabric,  and  which  it  is  ex- 
tremely desirable  should  be  eradicated,  by  some  means,  however  mueh 
they  may  dififer  with  reference  to  the  instrumentalities  through  which  the 
amelioration  is  to  be  sought  for.^f 

This  is  the  superficial  idea  which  pervades  and  characterizes  the  whole 
class.  They  look  merely  to  the  foundations  of  the  mating  eoeial  fdhrie 
afid  the  framework  of  society,  in  the  causes  of  social  ills.  They  do  not 
think  of  looking  to  the  foundations  of  human  character,  the  fundamental 
principles  of  human  nature,  and  the  eternal  conetitutian  and  /ramnoark 
of  the  univeree,  in  which  those  causes  are  to  be  found  deeply  and  ineradi- 
cally  fixed — those  principles  of  human  nature,  and  that  eternal  constitu- 
tion of  things,  on  which  every  existing  social  fabric  rests,  as  the  mere 
spire  of  some  grand  temple  rests  upon  the  walls  of  the  temple,  or  rather 

*  The  term  •*  politioal  instftatloBt "  is  here  iiaed  in  Iti  brotdett  sesie,  ftsd  m  eompmbeafUMr 
wbateyer  in  the  customs  or  principles  of  societj  takes  the  form  of  Uw  or  carries  withTt  the  force 
of  law. 

t  Bee  the  work  referred  to,  In  the  text,  ehap.  L,  sea  ir^  page  ML 


Of  the  D^fbnnt  SfysUma  of  Social  PhOoscphy.  279 

M  ih«  temple itMtf  reeU  upon  Uie  solid  earth.  Tliey  do  not  consider 
that  the  fabric  of  human  society  must  every  where,  like  the  spire  of  the 
iemple,  and  the  temple  itself,  be  sulject,  not  only  to  the  imperfections  of 
the  human  architect,  but  to  Uie  defects  inherent  in  the  materials  on  which 
he  has  to  work,  and  the  insufficiency  of  the  foundation,  as  the  sandy, 
miry,  or  sideling  ground,  on  which  he  may  have  to  build ;  and  that  it 
must  be,  moreover,  exposed  to  all  thevicissitudes,  the  alternations  of  heat 
and  cold,  of  sunshine  and  storm,  to  which  the  moral,  not  less  than  the 
material,  atmosphere  is  subject,  and  to  all  the  deteriorating  and  destruc- 
tive agencies  to  which  the  moral,  not  less  than  the  material,  universe  is 
exposed,  in  both  of  which,  alike,  the  anoblb  or  dbath  as  well  of  lifb 
are  constantly  on  the  wing.  They  do  not  consider  that  kutrieanes^  which 
infest  the  moral  not  less  than  the  material  world,  may  hopelessly  damage 
the  social  edifice,  however  skillfully  it  may  be  constructed,  and  that  eorS^ 
quakes  may  disfigure  it,  shatter  its  walls,  or  utterly  demolish  it  Such  a 
hurricane  is  that  which  is  now  sweeping  over  the  great  American  con- 
federacy.  Such  an  earthquake  is  that  which  is  now  convulsing  Americui 
society,  the  effects  of  which,  on  the  social  fabric  of  Uie  American  people 
no  one  can  fully  estimate. 

This  controlling  idea  of  the  class  under  consideration,  is  also  manifest 
in  the  writings  of  the  late  Robert  Owen,  a  somewhat  prominent,  and  in 
tome  respects  highly  meritorious,  member  of  the  class.  In  his  roork  en- 
titled '*  Book  of  the  New  Moral  World,  containing  the  National  System 
of  Society,''  this  writer  siays,  '*  Thus  it  was  that  in  uie  days  of  Washington^ 
Adams,  Jefferson,  Ac,  not  one  of  them  ever  imagined  that  the  countless 
evils  suffered  by  humanity  eminated  from  a  few  fundamental  errors  upon 
which  society  had  ever  alone  been  based."* 

Here  the  weak  and  superficial  idea,  on  which  this  whole  class  is  founded, 
crops  out  into  the  most  glaring  prominence.  Robert  Owen,  in  common 
with  many  others  of  his  class,  would  have  us  to  believe  that  oi/  the  eaun^ 
hee  evils  suffered  by  humanittf  are  owing  merely  to  a  few  fundamental 
errors  in  the  organism  of  society,  and  which,  if  he  were  permitted  to 
have  the  regulation  of  human  affairs,  for  a  score  or  two  ofyears,  he  could 
entirely  remove,  and  thus  utt^'ly  eradicate  human  ills.  He  had  not  the 
sagacity  to  discern  that  **  the  countless  evils  suffered  by  humanity"  are, 
in  reality,  owing,  fundamentally,  and  for  the  most  part,  incurably,  to 
fundamental  evils  or  defects  in  the  very  nature  or  organism  of  humanihf 
— ^nay,  still  more  fundamentally,  to  evils  or  defects  in  the  whole  orgamem 
of  the  universe^  with  which  humanity  is  inseparably  connected,  and  of  which 
it  is  as  inseparably  a  part  as  the  twigs  of  a  tree  are  of  the  branches  to 
which  they  belong,  and  of  the  common  trunk  whence  both  twigs  and 
branches  proceed,  and  that,  as  the  defects,  the  germs  of  disease  and  de- 
cay, which  are  inherent  in  the  tree,  run  through  all  its  parts,  and  equally 
affect  its  trunk,  its  branches,  its  twigs,  its  foliage,  and  its  fruit,  so  the 
Refects  or  evils,  which  are  inherent  in  all  organic  being,  in  the  great  tree 
of  universal  life,  run  through  all  its  thousand-fold  ramifications,  and 
manifest  themselves  in  man,  and  in  all  the  works  of  his  hand,  and  the 
devices  of  his  head.  He  had  not  the  penetration  to  see  that  '*  the  count- 
less evils  suffered  by  humanity,"  which  have  been  the  endless  theme  of 
superficial  declamation,  in  all  ages,  are  but  the  widely-scattered  leaves 

*  8MW0fkrtli»rMdtotii«eKt,ptrtv.,«kftp.U]MBoUS. 


280  Smnew,  mstarieal  and  CMioai^ 

of  the  great  trbb  or  xtil,  which  oyerahadowt  the  universe — that  th^j^ 
are  the  natural  offspring  of  that  all-penrading  spuut  or  xyzl  which  so 
completely  invests  the  universe,  and  infuses  itself  into  all  created  U^ioga, 
that  the  farseeing  and  godlike  Plato  doubted  whether  God  himself  was. 
able  completely  to  subdue  it,  but  which  the  short-sighted  Bobert  Owen 
vainly  imagined  he  could  entirely  conquer,  and  banish  from  the  realma 
of  humanity,  by  his  peculiar,  and,  in  some  respects,  highly  meritorious^ 
plan  for  educating  boys.* 

This  class  of  speculators  in  Sociology  have  a  ready  explanation  for 
whatever  grievances  may  be  observed  in  the  social  state.  Like  the  quacks 
in  medicine,  who  attribute  all  the  ailments  of  the  human  body  to  some 
impurities  of  the  blood,  these  quacks  in  Sociology  attribute  all  the  ail- 
ments  of  society,  or  the  body  politic,  to  some  defects  or  imperfections  in 
the  organism  of  society,  either  in  respect  to  purely  political  arrangements, 
or  somewhat  Ynore  fundamental  matters. 

Do  they  observe  a  vast  disparity  in  individual  fortunes,  some  few  of 
exorbitant  wealth,  many  of  straitened  circumstances,  and  not  a  few  is 
extreme  destitution  f  If  it  is  in  a  State  where  inequality  of  fortunes  ia 
positively  encouraged,  or  upheld,  by  the  political  institutions,  as  in 
Britain,  it  is  owing,  they  say,  very  obviously,  to  those  positive  encourage* 
ments — to  the  primogeniture  and  entail  laws.  U  it  is  in  a  State  wlier^ 
inequality  of  fortunes  is  not  positively  encouraged,  but  barely  tolerated 
by  the  political  institutions,  as  in  Belgium  and  France,  where  property 
descends,  by  act  of  law,  equally  to  all  the  children,  where  the  entaitmeni 
of  estates  is  expressly  forbidden,  and  where,  as  in  France^  parents  are  not 
allowed,  (except  to  a  very  limited  extent,)  to  dispose  of  their  estates  by 
will,  so  as  to  defeat  their  children's  right  to  an  equal  distribution  of  thena^ 
they  say  it  is  owing,  in  some  way  or  other,  to  the  unjust  principles  on 
which  the  government  is  framed  and  administered,  to  its  anti-republican 
character,  to  the  enormous  expensiveness  of  the  public  administration, 
and  the  large  proportion  of  the  means  of  the  people  that  are  appropriated 
by  the  public  treasury  to  maintain  extravagant  State  officials.  If  it  is  in 
a  State  whwe,  not  only  is  inequality  of  fortunes  not  at  all  encouraged 
by  the  political  institutions,  but  where  the  government  is  framed  and  ad* 
ministered  upon  the  most  just  and  equitable  principles  that  have  yet  been 
found  practicable,  on  any  large  scale,  where  the  expenses  of  the  govern- 
ment are  light,  where  the  officials  of  government  obtain  only  a  very- 
meagre  and  parsimonious  allowance  from  the  public  treasury,  and  where 
a  republioan  simplicity  prevails  in  all  the  departments  of  the  public  ad- 
ministration, as  in  the  United  States  of  Aooerica — if,  even  in  a,State  like 
this,  a  vast  disparity  of  individual  fortunes  is  sUll  found  to  exist,  and  a 
vast  deal  of  social  privation  to  be  experienced,  it  is  owing,  say  these 
Solons  in  Social  Philosophy,  to  ^^  some  subtle  and  undiscovered  cause  of 
manifold  evils,  lying  hid  down  in  the  very  foundati<Mis  of  our  existing 
social  fabric,"  or,  as  others  might  prefer  to  express  it,  and  in  the 

*  The  most  promln«Qt  esttnttal  ide*  of  Bob«rt  Ow«n*B  pUn  for  social  reform*  m  bofore  l]ioid«nt«l]j 
noticed,  in  this  review*  is  the  necessity  for  reforming  mankind,  which  he  proposed  to  do,  mainlr, 
through  the  instramentaUtj  of  an  improrod  system  of  education,  based  vpon  tho  idea  that  meifs 
eharaoters  are  not  of  their  own  creation,  bat  the  creation  of  the  circumstances  by  which  they  art 
•orronnded  fh>m  infkncy  to  old  age.  He  had  the  timerity  and  weakness  to  snppoee  that  be  oonM 
ao  fbndamentally  and  extenalTely  ohanae  the  eireumstanees  by  which  mea  are  flarrounded,  and 
thereby  so  ftmdamen tally  and  completely  change  their  characters,  as  to  make  all  men  good,  per- 
fectly good,  so  that  there  should  be  no  otII  among  men,  either  morally  or  phyaleally.  Tois  is  the 
whole  snbetasce  of  Bobert  Owan't  ftorm  prqiMt  nuaiaad  np  ia  «  few  worda. 


Of  Ihe  DiffgrmL  SjfiteM  of  S&(M^  281 

phraseologj  of  l{|Ir.  Robert  Owen,  it  is  owing  to  "a  few  fuDdamental  errors 
upon  which  society  has  erer  alone  been  based." 

Is  the  business  of  a  country  deranged  from  any  of  the  natural  revul- 
sions of  trade,  or  inevitable  oscillations  in  the  course  of  nature ;  these 
superficial  reasoners  lay  Uie  blame  on  government.  Are  the  laborers  in 
any  branch  of  business  out  of  employment  in  consequence  of  some  un- 
avoidable derangement  in  the  economy  of  the  State,  or  from  the  partial 
or  general  redundance  of  the  laboring  population;  the  government 
must,  in  their  estimation,  bear  the  blame,  for  it  is  the  duty  of  government, 
they  say,  UyfumUh  employment  for  its  citizens* — as  if  it  could  possibly 
be  in  the  power  of  human  governments  to  create  an  indefinite  and  un- 
limited demand  for  labor,  and  to  furnish  it  with  employment,  when  all 
the  departments  of  the  national  industry  are  overstocked  with  laborers. 
Nay,  is  a  man  oppressed  by  the  number  of  bis  children,  in  consequence 
of  his  own  foll^  and  crime  in  bringing  ofiispring  into  the  world,  when  he 
is  too  poor  to  maintain  even  himself,  alone,  in  proper  comfort ;  the  fault 
must,  in  the  estimation  of  these  savans^  even  in  this  case,  be  laid  to  the 
account  of  government 

The  most  palpable  and  barefaced  expression  of  this  controlling  idea  of 
the  class  of  sociological  opinions  under  consideration,  has  been  lately 
afforded  by  Mr.  Elihu  Burritt,  the  celebrated  American  linguist,  commonly 
known  as  "  the  learned  blacksmith."  This  erudite  disciple  of  Vulcan, 
traveling  through  England,  in  the  summer  of  1846,  and  meeting  with  a 
brother  disciple  of  the  same  trade,  at  his  anvil,  who  was  sorely  oppressed 
with  poverty,  having  to  support  a  family  oifive  persons,  on  Bsven  shillings 
a  week,  and  being  compelled,  in  order  to  earn  that  smsdl  pittance,  to  put 
hie  son,  a  boy  of  only  nine  years,  to  hard  smithy  work,  who  was  thereby 
stinted,  dwarfed,  and  prematurely  '*  case-hardened  into  all  the  induration 
of  toiling  m.anhooil,"  instead  of  addressing  himself  to  the  boy's  father, 
and  reproving  him  for  his  folly  and  crime,  in  begetting  the  boy,  when  he 
could  not  earn  but  seven  shillings  a  week,  and  therefore  could  not  possibly 
maintain  even  himself,  much  less  a  family,  in  proper  comfort  and  decency, 
he  breaks  out  into  senseless  and  ridiculous  exclamations  against  Lord 
John  Russell,  then  Prime  Minister  of  Britain.  **  Oh  I  Lord  John  Russell," 
he  exclaims,  **  think  of  it.  Of  this  Englishman's  son,  placed  by  his  mother, 
scarce  weaned,  on  a  high  cold  stone,  barefooted,  before  the  anvil ;  there 
to  harden,  scar,  and  blister  its  young  hands  by  beating  and  hammering 
ragged  nail  rods  for  the  sustenance  her  breast  can  no  longer  supply. 
Lord  John,  look  at  those  nails,  as  they  lie  hissing  on  the  block.  Know 
you  their  meaning,  use,  and  language  t  Please  your  worship,  let  me  tell 
you,  I  have  made  nails  before — they  are  iron  exclamation  points^  which 
this  unlettered,  dwarfish  boy  is  unconsciously  arraying  against  you,  against 
the  British  Government,  and  the  misery  of  British  literature,  for  cutting 
him  off  without  a  letter  of  the  English  alphabet,  when  printing  is  done 
by  steam — for  incarcerating  him,  for  no  sin  on  his  or  his  parents'  side 

but  poverty,  into  a  six  by  eight  prison  of  hard  labor,  a  youthlese  being."f 

< ^______ 

•  Tliit  moBfltraiu  ide*,  the  oflbpfrlna  of  th«  most  piUAil  ignonnoe  of  the  Uws  of  Sooiologv  and 
mere  PoUtioel  Boonomr,  was  pat  forth  by  Um  Bed  Kepablloaae  of  Fnnee  daring  the  reTolutfonaiy 
«Wa  of  1848  end  1649,  in  tbet  coontrj. 

t  See  Elihn  BorriU's  letter  in  4th  pace  of  Bichmond  ( Va.)  CkrUUiin  Advtaf^  of  Febmaiy  86Ui, 
1847,  and  in  West  Jersey  Ttltgraph,  of  prior  date,  whence  it  was  copied  by  the  jSdv^cate. 

It  may  be  worth  while  to  wmtak,  thai  in  so  fitf  as  Lord  John  BnsseU  may  be  Jnetiy  ehareeable 
with  neglect  of  popnlar  edncatton,  with  iuTlnf  so  negleeted  the  edoeatlon  of  the  boy'ft  fittner  in 


282  JReview,  Btstorioal  and  CHtical^ 

This  pestiferous  error  in  Social  Philosophy,  that  political  itistitutioos, 
(or  the  framework  of  society,)  are,  in  some  way  or  other,  the  essenthd 
and  really  efficient  causes  of  those  social  ills  which  it  is  the  proper  aim 
of  social  science  to  remedy,  or  to  mitigate,  presents  itself  in  so  many 
difPerent  f^rms,  in  all  ages  and  countries,  that  it  is  quite  impossible  to 
assign  to  it  any  local  habitation  or  chronological  epoch.  We  may  dis- 
cern it  in  the  shouts  of  the  Roman  rabble  that  stood  around  Tiberius 
Gracchus,  when  he  advocated  his  famous  project  for  the  reviral  of  the  old 
Licinian  law,  restricting  landed  possessions  to  500  acres,  a  law  good 
enough  in  its  intentions,  but  futile  in  its  operations,  and  waging  vain  war 
with  the  unutterable  laws  of  nature.  We  may  discern  it  in  the  frantic 
excesses  of  the  French  Jacobins  during  the  ever-memorable  epoch  of  the 
first  French  revolution.  We  may  discern  it  in  the  monstrous  doctrine 
put  forth  by  the  Red  Republicans  of  France,  during  the  last  French  revo- 
lution of  1848,  that  it  is  the  duty  of  government  to  find  employment  for 
its  citigens,  and  that,  consequently,  the  government  is  to  be  held  responsible 
if  any  of  its  citizens  are  out  of  employment.  We  may  discern  it  in  the 
revolutionary  schemes  of  the  English  chartists.  We  may  discern  it  in 
the  discontent  of  the  lower  orders,  and  their  proneness  to  revolution,  in 
al(  countries  in  which  tbe  political  institutions  are  not  framed  upon  such 
principles  as  appear  just  and  equitable  to  the  obvious  and  common  view, 
however  well  adapted  to  the  actual  condition  of  the  community.  We 
may  discern  it  in  the  innumerable  projects  for  revolution  or  social  re- 
form, by  which  this  age,  beyond  all  others,  is  infested — in  the  projects  of 
the  "An ti -Renters,"  "Land  Reformers,"  and  the  like  of  the  Owenites, 
Fourierites,  St.  Siraonites,  and  Shakerites.  For  although  the  error  in 
question  is  not  confined  to  any  local  habitation  or  chronological  epoch, 
yet  it  has  been  much  more  prevalent,  or  at  least  more  prominently  de- 
veloped, in  the  present  than  in  former  times — an  observation,  indeed, 
which  may  be  applied  generally  to  the  class  of  sociological  opinions  un- 
der consideration,  and  of  which  this  error  is  the  most  essentially  dis- 
tinguishing idea.* 

And  here  it  may  be  proper  to  remark,  that  it  should  not  appear  strange, 
or  irreconcilably  contradictory,  that,  while  the  second  class  of  the  school 
of  sociolop^ical  opinions  under  consideration,  was  more  prevalent  in  ancient 
than  in  modem  times,  and  conformably  with  what  might  be  reasonably 
expected,  as  being  more  essentially  erroneous  than  the  first  class,  the  third 
class,  which  is  still  more  erroneous  than  the  second,  should  be  more  pre- 
valent, or,  at  least,  more  prominently  developed,  in  modern  than  in  an 
cient  times.  This,  too,  will  be  found,  on  a  thorough  examination,  to  be 
consistent  with  the  suggestions  of  reason.    It  will  be  found  to  be  in  ac- 

this  ease,  that  he  did  not  realize  the  Deceaeity  for  abstaining  from  marriage,  antil  he  ooald  better 
his  fortunes,  his  lordship  Is  Justly  amenable  to  the  censore  which  Mr.  Barritt  eeeks  to  fasten  npo« 
him.  But  tnis  matter  again  of  popnlar  edneatlon  is  a  Atf  more  difficult  one  than  is  commonly 
imagined.  It  is  one  thing  to  discern  what  onght  to  be  done,  or  is  needed,  and  quite  another,  maA 
Ikr  more  difllonlt,  to  dtsoem  k«w  UiaUH  egmtad.  How  to  set  tdnoation  or.  knowledfe  into  tte 
brains  of  a  population  who  are  so  much  preesed  by  the  necesntles  of  bare  life  that  they  c»n  scarcely 
spare  time  for  sleep,  much  less  for  mental  culture,  fh>m  the  dredgery  of  hard,  bmitUying  Ubor,  B 
ft  question  demanding  the  oonsidention  of  <hr  deeper  thinkers  thsn  Mr.  EUhu  Burritt  has  proT*d 
himself  to  be.  The  firttiah  Parliament  have  repeatedly  strivMi,  but  in  Tain,  against  the  gl«a 
difficolUes  which  oppose  the  elforts  of  philanthropy  in  this  directioB,  by  their  ftitile  l*wa  fdr  ■•- 
ttriotlBg  the  hours  of  Ubor  among  children. 

•  It  has  been  already  dearly  remarked,  that  the  meet  eleaWy  distinguishing  idea  of  the  obsa,  laMt 
Mief  in  the  perfectlbnity  of  man.    (See  pace  flT8  of  this  article  )   But  the  error  in  quMUoa  it  ttie 
t  ttst»tmii$  distingniahtng  one,  theoghleM  pataat  to  the  eom»en  vleir. 


Of  iht  D^^srmt  J^imni  of  Social  Philosophy.  28$ 

oordancd  with  the  general  law,  that,  ihe  higher  ths  wrgoMism^  the  greater 
the  adaptibiiity  to  both  good  and  evil^  truth  and  error. 

It  i8  sot  at  all  incoDsietent  with  this  general  law,  that,  ii  the  ruder 
stages  of  organic  development,  whether  in  social  or  zoological  life,  or 
rather,  in  scientific,  or  intellectual,'  as  well  as  in  animal  life,  in  opinion,  as 
well  as. in  actual  formation,  imperfections  and  rude  formations  should  be 
Bdore  preTalent,  more  general,  than  in  the  highest  stages  t>f  development, 
und  yet  that,  in  these  higher  stages  of  development,  extraordinary  imper- 
fections or  malformations  should  be  also  more  prevalent.  In  the  one 
case,  rude  formation,  or  manifestation,  is  the  ruUy  in  the  other  it  is  the 
exception.  Nor  is  it  at  all  extraordinary  that  the  malfomuUUm^  where 
rude  formation  is  the  exeepHonj  should  be  greater  Uian  where  such 
formation  is  the  rule. 

The  law  that  the  higher  the  orgamem  the  greater  the  adaptihiHtg,  and 
eoneequentig  liabilitg,  to  both  good  and  evil,  is  not  inconsistent  with  the  other 
equally  well  established  law  or  fact,  •which,  at  first  view,  might  appear 
contradictory,  that,  in  the  lower  .stages  of  all  organic  development,  the 
general  and  prevalent  formation  is  inferior  to  what  we  find  in  the  higher 
stages.  It  is  entirely  consistent  with  this  last  stated  law,  that,  in  the 
higher  stages  of  organic  development,  we  shoiild  find  the  greatest  and 
most  strongly  marked  malformations — that  where  the  highest  forms  of 
excellence  are  found,  there  also  the  highest  forms  of  deformity  should  be 
found,  and  that  the  ancient  proverb  should  find  substantial  verification, 
^  where  truth  most  abounds,  there  also  does  error  most  abound." 

These  fundamental  principles  are  plainly  enough  illustrated  in  the  realm 
of  zoological  life.  For  while  among  the  lower  orders  of  animals,  as 
among  those  of  the  reptilian  class,  for  example,  tthe  prevalent  formation 
is  far  inferior  to  what  prevails  among  the  higher,  as  the  mammaUcm,  and 
among  the  lower  orders  of  the  mammalian  class  it  is  inferior  to  what  pre- 
vails among  the  highest,  or  the  human  race,  yet  monstrosities  and  utter 
{abortions  of  nature  are  more  frequent  among  the  latter  than  the  former 
— as  calves  with  four  heads  and  seven  legs,  children  deformed  in  all  their 
Umbs,  or  blind,  deaf  and  dumb,  idiotic,  or  insane. 

Nor  do  we  find  these  principles  less  clearly  and  forcibly  illustrated  in 
functional  than  in  mere  anatomical  organism,  or,  rather  in  cerebral,  than 
in  more  animated  life.  For  while  among  the  lower  order  of  animals  the 
brute  passions  are  much  more  prevalent  than  among  the  higher,  or  the 
human  race,  yet  among  the  latter  we  sometimes  fic^  those  passions  car- 
ried to  a  far  greater  ami  more  deplorable  excess  than  among  the  brutes. 
For  example,  among  tigers  ferocity  is  far  more  prevalent  than  among 
men ;  yet  some  men  are  more  ferocious  than  tigers.  Again,  among  swine 
libidinousness  is  far  more  prevalent  than  among  men ;  yet  some  men  are 
more  libidinous  than  swine.  The  brute  tiger  is  content  to  destroy  his 
victim — it  is  the  human  tiger  alone  that  delights  in  torturing  him.  The 
brute  libertine  craves  only  the  natural  gratification  of  his  lust,  and  with 
that  IS  satisfied.  It  is  reserved  for  the  human  libertine,  to  cherish  un- 
natural  passions — to  refine  upon  his  lust,  until  it  can  only  be  gratified  by 
an  indulgence  highly  seasoned  with  iniquity^  an  indulgence  whose  incense 
is  the  agony  of  intmolated  virtue. 

And  as  it  is  in  zoology,  in  these  respects,  so  we  find  it  also  in  sociology. 
While  in  earlier  times  the  ideas  in  sociology  which  generally  prevailed 
were  inferior,  decidedly,  to  what  they  are  in  modem  tames,  and  were  rude 


284  JSeview^  Historical  and  Oridoal^ 

in  eoraparifion  with  them,  jet  we  nowhere  find,  among  the  sociological 
speculations  of  antiquity,  anj  snch  monstrosities  as  have  been  put  forth 
in  modem  times  by  Rousseau,  Condoreet,  Godwin,  Owen,  and  Fourier, 
not  to  name  a  host  of  others,  less  known  to  unenyiable  fame. 

The  class  of  sociological  opinions,  or  doctrines,  now  passing  under 
particular  review,  the  Third  Class  of  the  Political  School,  (as  we  have 
designated  it,)  presents,  as  already  intimated,  two  essentially  different 
phcues,  and  separates  into  two  widely  diverging  divmons — the  one  seek* 
ing  to  employ  government,  or  the  general  force  of  ^looiety,  to  a  far  greater 
extent  than  it  has  hitherto  been  employed  among  human  societies,  but 
upon  essentially  different  principles  from  those  on  which  it  has  hitherto 
been  employed,  and  the  other  aiming  at  the  total  abolition  of  all  govern- 
ment, or  control  by  the  general  force  of  society — the  one,  in  short,  seek- 
ing to  merge  th$  individual  completely  in  ike  eodety,  and  the  other  seek- 
ing to  effect  the  complete  triumph  of  4he  individual  over  society.  Widely 
divergent,  however,  as  are  these  two  divisions  of  the  class,  they  unite  on 
this — their  common  standinff  ground — that  mankind  are  endowed  with 
capabilities  for  moral  and  physical  perfection,  and  that  government,  or 
political  authority,  as  it  has  nitherto  been  employed  in  human  society, 
has  been  the  main  cause  or  obstacle  which  has  prevented  these  capabili- 
ties from  being  developed  and  manifested. 

To  the  riRST  of  these  two  divisions  belong  Owen,  Fourier,  and  the  com- 
munists in  general ;  to  the  second,  Rousseau,*  Condoreet,  and  Godwin, 
with  a  long  catalogue  of  kindred  spirits^  whose  essential  ideas  will  be 
sufficiently  illustrate  and  commented  on,  in  what  it  is  proposed  to  say 
of  these  three,  and  more  particularly  of  the  last  named. 

'  The  first  division  of  the  class,  and  all  those  various  projects  for  social 
reform  which  take  the  form  of  Communism,  as  all  of  this  division  do, 
are  liable  to  these  three  grand  and  insuperable  objections  ; — 1st,  That 
they  must  either  so  value  the  springs  of  industry  as  to  diminish  seriously 
the  production  of  wealth,  or  they  must  be  sustained  by  governments  of  far 
more  rigid,  intermeddlesome,  and  offensive  powers  than  have  ever  yet 
been  deemed  tolerable  by  civilized  communities.  2d,  That  they  must 
unavoidably  so  impair  economy  in  the  preservation  and  distribution  of 
wealth,  or  the  aggregate  earnings  of  the  national  industry,  as  to  occasion 
great  misapplication  and  waste  of  those  aggregate  earnings.  8d,  That 
they  must,  unavoidably  and  under  any  circumstances,  tend  to  lower,  in- 
calculably, the  level  of  civilization  and  human  attainments  in  arts  and 
gdeuce. 

The  practical  refutation  of  all  schemes  for  a  society  founded  upon  the 
the  principle  of  eommuniam  is,  in  fact,  afforded  by  the  familiar  proverb 
that  **  what  is  everybody's  busiuess  is  nobody's  business,"  an  argument 
which,  as  we  have  before  had  occasion  to  remark,  was  urged  against  that 
system  of  society,  some  two  thousand  years  ago,  by  Aristotle,  in  his  re- 
ply to  the  vagaries  of  Plato  in  relation  to  community  of  property,  wivea, 
and  children.! 

*  Haying  already  noticed  Boassean  as  belonglDg  to  tha  flnt  olau  of  the  Politioal  School,  it  may 
ba  necessary  to  explain  how  it  is  that  he  is  referred  to  here  as  belongtsg  to  the  third  class.  The 
aacplaaationlB  this:  By  his  ^  Social  Oontraot*"  Bonsseaa  Is  affiliated  with  Ute  flrst  class-by  his  "*  In- 
equality of  Mankind*  with  the  third,  and  to  this  third  class  Indeed  he  eseentiaUy  belonged,  althotfk 
his  work  on  the  **  Sooial  Contract  ^  deseryee  to  be  dilTerently  classed. 

t  8m  No.  iy.  of  thU  raviaw  lA  Jaaiarj  N<^  laos,  of  JKfMiaiUs*  ^itfMfos,  ToL  «l,  p.  31. 


Of  the  I^SbrerU  SyainM  of  Social  Philosophy.  285 

In  short,  the  philosophy  of  the  whole  matter  nuij  be  summed  up  iu 
this  one  sentence :  Wealth  can  only  be  produced,  or  human  subsistence 
earned,  by  severe,  untiring  labor,  persevered  in  under  many  discourage- 
ments, and  nothing  less  than  the  quickening,  intense  stimulus  of  individ- 
ual acquiiitiveness  is  adequate,  in  the  long  run,  and  with  the  vast  major- 
ity of  mankind,  to  insure  the  exertion  of  this  indispensable  labor. 
Where  this  stimulus  to  labor  is  destroyed,  as  it  is  in  all  communities  in 
which  the  principle  of  communism  is  carried  into  full  effect,  its  place  can 
only  be  supplied  by  the  principle  of  coercion^  which,  according  to  the 
essential  idea  and  life-sustaining  principle  of  communism,  must  be  ap- 
plied by  the  commoH  force  of  the  community,  which  common  force  must 
t>e  lodged  in  its  general  government,  or  political  authority,  whatever  that 
may  be.  In  other  words,  communist  societies  must  be  sustained  by  gov- 
ernments (whether  monarchical,  aristocratical,  or  democratical,)  of 
the  most  vigilant,  prying,  and  inter  meddlesome  character — ^govern- 
ments which  shall  extend  a  system  of  espionage  throughout  the  whole 
community,  and  play  the  overseer  to  etvery  man,  with  a  view  to  compel- 
ling every  one  to  do  his  duty — governments,  in  short,  which  shall  exer- 
cise very  much  the  same  strict  control  over  their  subjects  that  the  over- 
$eer  of  a  Georgia  or  Mississippi  cotton  field  exercises  over  the  slaves  en- 
trusted to  his  authority.  Accordingly  we  find  that  the  only  societies,  of 
any  noteworthy  magnitude,  in  which  the  eommumst  principle  has  been 
even  partially  carri^  into  effect,  that  of  the  Incas  of  Peru  and  of  the 
Slave  States  of  the  American  Union,  have  been  those  in  which  a  very 
large  proportion  of  the  society,  all,  in  short,  to  whom  the  communist 
principle  has  been  actually  applied,  were  veritable  slaves.  It  should 
hardly  be  necessary  here  to  remark,  in  addition  to  what  has  been  before 
said  on  this  point,*  that  society  in  the  slaveholding  States  of  the  Amer- 
ican Union,  in  so  far  as  the  slave  population  is  concerned,  is  founded, 
substantially,  and  in  the  main,  on  the  principle  of  communitm^  the  earnings 
of  the  slavee  in  every  separate  commune^  family,  or  plantation,  ffoing  into 
the  common  coffers,  granaries,  and  storehouses  of  the  establishment,  to 
be  distributed  thence  according  to  the  wants  of  the  slaves  and  the  pleas- 
ure of  the  master. 

In  regard  to  those  very  small  societies,  like  those  of  the  Shaker  sect, 
in  which  the  principles  of  communism  is  fully  carried  out,  and  in  respect 
to  every  member  of  the  society,  it  is  to  be  observed  that  the  fact  of  their 
not  exhibiting  in  any  marked  manner  any  very  (tensive  feature  of  gov- 
ernment, or  interferences  with  personal  liberty,  is  no  valid  argument 
whatever  against  the  view  here  presented,  as  to  the  necessarily  slavish 
character  of  all  societies  in  which  the  principle  of  communism  is  rendered 
actually  operative,  on  any  large  scale.  These  Shaker  societies  owe  their 
exemption  from  any  such  palpable  manifestations  of  rigorous  government, 
partly  to  the  excellent  character  of  the  individuals  composing  them,  and 
their  eminent  fitness  to  do  their  duty  without  the  stimulus  either  of  in- 
dividual acquisitiveness  or  coercion,  (in  which  r^peots  they  are  much 
superior  to  the  generality  of  mankind,  and  constitute  a  really  select  and 
superior  class  of  men)  and  partly,  if  not  mainly,  to  their  insignificance — 
to  the  limited  range  of  their  operations,  resulting  from  the  smallness  of 
their  numbers,  and  the  fewness  and  simplicity  of  their  wants. 

•  8m  Ho.  UL  of  this  rtTl«v,  la  DMamb*r  N<k  for  ISSS  ^tMmrdumU'  M^gaxine^  toL  41,  p.  Mk 


286  HevieWf  Eutarioal  and  Oritiedlf 

It  IB  with  thete  Shdcer  tocietieB,  in  this  respeet,  as  ire  have  had  oeoa* 
sioD  to  remark,  it  was  with  the  ancient  nations  in  respect  to  the  great 
fallacy  in  social  science,  that,  it  is  the  duty  of  ffovemmenty  or  the  general 
Jorce  of  society^  to  evpervise  and  control  the  religume  conduct  and  opmUme 
af  the  Htieen,*  So  long  as  mankind  had  no  religious  opinions  to  which 
they  attached  any  great  value,  no  religious  opinions  which  penetrated 
Tcry  deeply  into  their  moral  sentiment,  or  influenced  materially  either 
their  private  or  public  conduct,  this  erroneous  principle  did  not  manifest 
itself  in  any  very  injurious  consequences.  But  when  they  came  at  last 
to  embrace  a  religion  to  which  they  did  attach  great  value,  which  pene* 
trated  very  deeply  into  their  moral  sentiments  and  emotional  nature,  and 
which  exerted  an  important  influence  in  their  public  as  well  as  private 
actions,  then  it  was  quickly  discerned  with  what  tremendous  power  of 
mischief  this  hitherto  harmless  principle  was  fraught — then  it  was  dis* 
covered  that  it  was  the  embryo  of  formidable  evil — the  egg  of  the  tin- 
hatched  crocodile. 

In  like  manner,  so  long  as  the  Shaker  societies  are  restricted  to  t^- 
lagee  <^  eome  three  or  four  thoueand  persone,  and  embrace  only  those  few 
individuals  who  are  by  nature  peculiarly  adapted  to  such  a  form  of  soci- 
ety, no  very  objectionable  manifestations  of  political  authority  are  likely 
to  be  needed  or  exhibited  by  them.  But  let  these  Shaker  societies  be 
expanded  into  empiree  of  three  or  Jour  miUione^  not  to  say  of  thirty  or 
forty  mUlione  (^  people^  and  let  them  come  to  embrace  men  of  all  des- 
criptions of  character,  the  indolent  as  well  as  the  industrious,  the  turbu- 
lent as  well  as  the  orderly,  the  vicious  as  well  as  the  virtuous,  then  it 
would  be  found  that  the^  would  need  the  most  rigorous  and  arbitrary 
government— *nay,  then  it  would  be  found  that  the  government  which 
they  now  have,  and  which,  apparently,  is  so  mild  and  gentle,  is  in  reality 
an  embryo  despotism  of  the  most  unlimited  sway — then  it  would  be  found 
that  the  venerated  and  beloved  "  chief  elder ''  of  the  village,  whose  sov- 
ereign will  is  the  supreme  law  of  the  society,  and  whose  authority,  abso- 
lute as  it  is,  is  now  regarded  with  as  little  repugnance  as  parental  au- 
thority in  the  domestic  household,  would  expand  into  the  dimensions  of 
a  potentate  of  really  more  sweeping  prerogatives  than  the  Sultan  of  Tur- 
key or  the  Great  Mogul.  In  order  to  make  all  members  of  the  commu- 
nity do  their  duty,  to  which  in  a  communist  society  men  cannot  have 
any  motive  except  a  vague  sense  of  self-interest,  the  still  more  feeble 
sense  of  duty,  or  the  fear  of  punishment,  from  the  common  force  or  polit- 
ical authority  of  the  society — in  order  to  make  all  the  members  of  the 
Shaker  community  do  their  duty  when  it  should  have  expanded  into  an 
empire  of  thirty  millions,  embracing  all  descriptions  of  human  character, 
the  monarch  of  the  society,  or  "  chief  elder,"  as  he  is  now  modestly 
styled,  would  have  to  be  entrusted  with  a  vast  police  force  and  large 
standing  armies  to  enforce  his  imperial  authority.  Thus  clothed  with 
legal  and  actual  powers  of  such  vast  proportions,  wherein  would  he  differ 
from  other  of  the  most  absolute  potentates  of  the  earth !  What  guar- 
anty would  there  be  that  he  would  not  vastly  abuse  his  extraordinary 
powers — unless  indeed  he  should  chance  to  be  one  of  those  rare  and  ex- 
traordinary characters  that  occasionally  loom  up  like  ocuee  in  the  deeert 
of  human  character,  an  Antonine,  Alfred,  or  Washington? 

*  8m  No.  X.  of  tkbierlew,  In  Dooombor  No.,  186S,  of  JMm/Uato*  M$gniii§t  vol.  43,  p.  IM. 


Of  the  Different  Sjfsisms  of  Social  Philosophy.  287 

But  the  most  important  and  overwheloiiiig  objeotioB  to  a  aystem  of 
society  founded  upon  the  principle  of  communism  is  the  great  difficulty 
which  Buch  societies  must  experience  whenever  they  attain  any  notewor^ 
thy  magnitude  and  embrace  all  descriptions  of  mmkindt  in preaervinff  the 
joint  earnings^  or  aggregate  revenue  of  the  tociety^  from  mieapplication 
and  waste.  It  would  be  impossible  for  the  ingenuity  of  man  to  devise  a 
better  method  for  economizing  wealth,  or  preserving  it  from  misapplica- 
tion and  waste,  than  that  of  leaving  it  to  the  watchfulness  and  frugality 
of  its  individual  possessor,  reckless  as  individuals  sometimes  are  in  squan- 
dering their  own  possessions.    No  mav  is  bo  wat#bful  and  oonsideratb 

or  THB  common  IMTSRBSTS  of   mankind  as   hi  IB  or  BIB  OWN  INDIVmUAL 

INTSRSBTB.  This  is  the  great  fact,  or  law,  which,  independently  of  other 
sufficient  objections,  conclusively  demonstrates  the  fallaciousness  and  fu- 
tility of  the  principle  of  communism  as  the  basis  of  human  society.  We 
find  this  great  fundamental  law  clearly  enough  illustrated  in  the  notori- 
ous fact  ^at  all  enterprises  undertaken  on  the  public  account  are  far 
more  expensive  and  less  economically  managed  than  those  prosecuted  on 
individual  responsibility. 

How  then  is  the  aggregate  annual  revenue  of  your  communist  society 
to  be  preserved  from  misapplication  and  waste,  when  it  shall  have  ex* 
panded  into  an  empire  embracing  thirty  millions  of  people  ?  The  total 
earnings  of  the  whole  society  are  the  common  property,  and  must  go 
into  the  common  coffers  of  the  whole  society.  How  is  so  vast  a  reve- 
nue to  be  guarded  and  protected  from  embezzlement  and  roguery  ?  The 
most  approved  and  rigid  system  of  financial  administration  that  the  ac- 
cumulated experience  and  wisdom  of  ages  have  established  for  human 
society  would  strive  in  vain  adequately  to  protect  it.  With  all  the  safe- 
guards that  modem  legislation  has  thrown  around  the  treasury  department 
of  sute  governments,  it  has  been  found  impossible  to  protect  it  from 
peculation  and  fraud.  Gigantic  frauds  and  peculations  upon  the  public 
treasury  are  of  frequent  occurrence  in  the  most  enlightened  and  civilized 
communities  of  Christendom.  How  much  greater  would  be  these  frauds 
and  peculations  if  the  whole  joint  revenues  or  earnings  of  these  commu- 
nities wei'e  collected  into  the  common  coffers  of  the  State,  instead  of  the 
small  proportion  of  those  revenues  that  are  collected,  in  the  shape  of 
taxes,  for  State  uses  f 

Great  complaint  is  often  made  by  mankind,  and  by  none  more  loudly 
than  by  these  advocates  of  communism^  the  Owenites,  Fourierites,  and  the 
like,  against  the  oppressive  and  injurious  nature  of  State  taxes;  and  they 
consider  a  tithe^  or  a  tax  amounting  to  a  tenth  part  only  of  every  one's 
individual  revenue,  as  very  burdensome,  although  the  real  effect  of  the 
tax  is  nothing  more  than  to  make  the  government  of  the  State  the  dis- 
tributor of  a  tenth  part  of  the  a^regate  revenue  of  the  society,  which 
tenth  part,  in  such  case,  goes  to  maintain  the  functionaries  of  government. 
And  yet  these  very  Owenites  and  Fourierites  advocate  a  plan  whereby  the 
whole  revenue  of  society  must  pass  into  the  bands  of  the  State  govern- 
ment,  and  be  subjected  to  the  control  of  its  peculating  officials. 

Aristotle  mentions,  as  an  extraordinary  instance  of  the  unjust  and 
tyrannical  exercise  of  political  authority,  that  Dyonisius  of  Syracuse  had 
so  multiplied  taxes  that,  within  the  space  of  five  years,  the  property  of 
every  individual  in  the  State  had  passed  into  the  royal  treasury.^     Yet 

*  Bee  Ari8totle*B  PoliUos,  book  t^  oh.  9. 


288  Beview,  Historical  and  Oritical^ 

these  Owenites  and  Fourierites,  in  their  extreme  horror  of  such  govern- 
ments  as  that  of  Djonisias,  propose  a  form  of  society  whereby  the  prop- 
erty of  every  iDdividual  Id  the  society  shall  pass,  every  year,  into  the 
State  treasury,  or  rather  shall  be  pertnanently  Tested  in  the  State  treas- 
ury and  be  subject  to  its  control. 

But  it  may  be  urged,  there  is  no  danger  that  the  property,  tft  joint 
revenue,  of  a  society  will  be  misapplied,  to  any  great  extent,  where,  by 
the  very  theory  and  constitution  of  the  society,  all  are  equai  owners  of 
the  property  and  equal  sharers  of  its  profits,  and  are  therefore  equally 
interested  in  their  preservation.  Very  little  danger,  perhaps,  so  long  as 
your  society  is  no  larger  than  a  common  debating  club,  or  a  Shaker  com- 
munity, where  the  emolumente  of  office  are  not  sufficient  to  tempt  ava- 
rice, nor  its  circle  of  operations  comprehensive  enough  to  elude  common 
observation.  But  try  your  Fourierite  society  on  the  great  British  Em- 
pire, with  its  30,000,000  of  people,  a  net  land  rental  of  45,000,000  pounds 
sterling,  and  an  agricultural  product,  alone,  of  670,000,000  pounds. 
Let  all  these  rents,  or,  (rents  being  abolished  under  this  joint  stock  sys- 
tem of  society,)  let  all  this  agricultural  production,  whether  in  actual 
produce,  or  partly  in  that  and  partly  in  money,  pass  into  the  hands  of 
government  officials  to  be  kept  under  the  locks  and  keys  of  government, 
and  to  be  distributed,  either  in  equal  or  rateable  eharee,  to  all  the  inhabi- 
tants, by  heads  of  families.  Who  will  undertake  to  estimate  the  amount 
of  corruption,  swindling,  and  abuse  of  the  common  interests  that  would 
be  experienced  under  such  circumstances  ? 

It  is  notorious  that  in  the  city  of  New  York  it  is  almost  impossible  to 
get  even  a  street  £^raded  without  outrageous  fraud  and  imposition  on 
property  holders,  by  the  plundering  officials  of  the  city  government. 
How  much  greater  would  be  such  frauds  and  impositions  in  a  state  of 
society  in  which  all  the  great  interests  of  the  society  and  the  total  joint 
revenue  of  its  industry  have  to  be  entrusted  to  the  management  of  gov- 
ernment officials  ? 

In  the  single  county  of  Hamilton,  in  the  State  of  Ohio,  in  the  single 
operation  of  building  a  court-house  and  jail,  at  an  estimated  cost  of 
$250,000,  an  ample  allowance  for  the  undertaking,  if  conducted  with  the 
proper  economy  and  prudence,  the  public  have  already  had  to  pay  up- 
wars  of  $750,000,  and  the  work  is  not  now  completed,  after  a  lapse  of 
nearly  ten  years  from  its  commencement  in  1851.  Where  has  all  the 
squandered  public  money,  in  this  case,  gone?  Into  the  pockets  of  dis- 
honest and  reckless  public  officials,  and  their  colluding  favorites,  to  be 
partitioned  "for  the  common  defence  and  general  welfare,"  among  polit- 
ical sharks  and  official  vampires !  How  then  would  your  Fourierite  soci- 
ety work  in  Hamilton  County,  with  its  provincial  Cincinnati!  Nay, 
how  would  it  work  in  the  great  British  Empire,  with  its  metropolitan 
London  \ 

But  the  advocates  of  communism  will  probably  tell  us  that  the  rulers 
and  officials  of  a  communist  society  are  expected  to  be  strictly  honest 
men.  Most  indubitably !  And  where  are  we  to  find  these  strictly  hon- 
est men  f  In  Plato's  ideal  Republic,  assuredly,  in  Morels  Utopia,  God- 
win's Political  Justice,  and  other  like  phantom  castles,  built  high  up  in 
the  air,  like  the  castle  of  Jack  the  Giant-killer,  so  famed  in  nursery  le- 
gends. 

The  difficulty  of  obtaining  'strictly  honest  men,  in  other  words,  good 


Of  the  Different  Systems  of  Social  Philosophy.  289 

snd  true  men,  has  been  the  grand  difficulty  that  has  ever  blocked  the 
way  of  efforts  for  reform  and  a  permanent  amelioration  of  the  condition 
of  humanity.  If  we  could  only  get  these  strictly  honest  men,  then  any 
form  of  society  would  be  good  enough ;  and  without  these  no  form  will 
avail  much,  since  human  society  must  ever  be  a  mere  production  or  repro- 
duction of  the  individuals  composing  it,  into  whose  character  its  own 
must  ever  be  resolvable.  It  is  the  fact  that  strictly  honest  men — good 
and  true  men — are  so  few,  which  renders  it  necessary,  on  the  one  band, 
that  we  should  have  government  at  all,  and,  on  the  other,  renders  it  ad- 
visable that  we  should  have  as  little  as  we  can  possibly  do  with — both 
facts  of  great  and  almost  equal  value  in  social  science,  yet  neither  of 
which  seems  to  be  known,  or,  at  least,  duly  estimated,  by  many  who  ven- 
ture to  speculate  on  *^  social  reform." 

The  third  grand,  objection,  already  stated,  to  a  system  of  society  found- 
ed upon  the  principle  of  communism,  that  it  must  inevitably  tend  to  lower 
incalculably  the  level  of  civilization  and  human  attainment  in  art  and 
sciencSy  results  from  the  two  already  considered,  but  principally  the  first, 
or  rather  from  the  principles  on  which  those  two  objections,  and  princi- 
pally the  first,  are  founded.  For  although  rigid  government  or  constraint 
by  the  general  force  of  the  community,  when  aided  by  other  influences 
which  the  principle  of  communism  is  able  to  enlist,  may  be  a  tolerably 
efficient  substitute  for  the  stimulus  of  individual  acquisitiveness  and  am- 
bition, it  can  never  be  a  sufficient  substitute,  or  full  equivalent  therefor. 
Constraint  cannot  engender  such  powerful  impulse  to  activity  as  allure^  • 
ment  or  spontaneous  desire.  The  fear  of  punishment,  as  a  stimulus  to  ex- 
ertion, can  never  be  a  full  equivalent  for  the  hope  of  reward  ;  nor  can  a 
vague,  general  sense  of  interest,  such  as  a  communist  society  inspires  in 
its  members,  (and  no  other,)  compensate  for  the  loss  of  the  direct  and 
apecific  sense  of  interest  which  inspires  men  in  a  state  of  nature,  and  in 
a  natural  state  of  society.  The  incentives  which  actuate  the  slave  can 
never  adequately  compare  with  those  of  the  freeman,  nor  can  the  love  of 
our  neighbor,  or  mankind  in  general,  be  any  other  than  a  feeble  senti- 
ment in  comparison  with  self-love. 

With  all  the  appliances,  therefore,  which  the  communist  system  of 
society  can  bring  to  bear  upon  mankind  to  stimulate  them  to  exertion, 
that  system  must  fail  to  actualize  so  large  a  momentum  of  effort  or  labor 
as  the  individualized  and  independent  system,  which  is  undoubtedly  the 
normal  and  natural  one,  as  is  proved,  clearly  enough,  by  the  fact  that 
human  society,  everywhere,  and  almost  invariably,  takes  that  form  spon- 
taneously. Yet  it  is  upon  this  momentum  that  civilization,  with  its  thou- 
sand-fold developments,  absolutely  depends.  With  its  diminution  must 
come  diminution  of  production,  both  in  respect  to  material  products  and 
intellectual  ideas,  and  a  consequent  lowering  of  the  general  condition  of 
humanity ;  for  labor  is  undoubtedly  the  great  parent  of  wealth,  both 
physical  and  intellectual,  and  the  quantum  of  wealth  must  ever  be  pro- 
portionate to  the  quantum  of  efibrt  employed  in  its  production. 

Under  the  com  muni  ty-of-property,  or  community-of-labor-and-profit, 
'system,  in  which  the  specific  and  immediate  sense  of  self-interest  is  sup- 
planted by  a  vague,  general,  and  remote  sense  of  personal  advantage,  and 
in  which  the  individual  is,  in  short,  completely  merged  in  the  society, 
there  may  be,  indeed,  sufficient  effort  calculated  on  to  produce  the  com- 
mon necessaries  of  life  in  abundance,  that  is,  provided  mankind  in  gen- 

VOL.  xuv. — HO,  uu  19 


290  Beview^  Hisiorioal  and  Oniiodl, 

eral  are  willing  to  submit  to  such  an  arbitrary  and  meddlesome  gorem* 
ment  as  that  of  the  Shaker  sect  But  there  must  inevitably  be  a  failing, 
under  that  system,  of  society,  as  to  those  extraordinary  efforts  to  which, 
after  all,  we  are  indebted  for  nearly  all  the  great  contributions  to  art  and 
science,  which  are  the  main  promoters  and  supporters,  both  of  the  mate- 
rial and  spiritual  interests  of  mankind. 

Of  ail  lunds  of  effort,  intellectual  effort  is  the  most  laborious,  irksome, 
and  painful.  Yet  it  is  precisely  this  kind  of  effort  to  which  mankind  are 
indebted  for  their  most  Taluable  improvements — to  their  inventions  in  art 
and  discoveries  in  science.  How  few  comparatively  would  be  stimuhUed 
to  put  forth  those  efforts,  and  this  too,  with  that  extraordinary  degree  of 
zeai  necessary  to  successful  achievements,  under  a  system  of  society  in 
which  those  efforts  would  redound  only  to  the  general  good  of  mankind, 
without  any  special  and  particular  advantage  to  themselves !  Is  there  any 

E reposition  of  moral  science  more  mathematically  certain,  and  indisputa- 
le,  than  this,  that  extraordinary  effort  requires  extraordinary  stimulue, 
and  i$  entitled  to  extraordinary  eompeneation  f  Yet  in  this  unnatural  and 
subversive  system  of  society,  it  is  expected,  by  its  advocates,  that  extra- 
ordinary efforts  are  to  be  obtained  from  merely  ordinary  stimulants  and 
hopes  of  reward. 

it  may  indeed  be  contended,  that  the  higher  orders  of  genius  are  suffi- 
ciently stimulated  to  exertion  by  the  pure  love  of  truth,  and  desire  for 
achievements — that  the  Platos  and  Hum  bold  ts  of  humanity  rise  superior 
to  considerations  of  merely  personal  advantage  and  motives  of  merely 
personal  ambition,  in  their  efforts  to  advance  the  cause  of  science.  Un- 
doubtedly this  is  true,  to  some  extent,  and  to  a  far  greater  extent  with 
the  higher  ciders  of  men  of  genius  than  with  the  lower.  But  it  is  not 
true  to  a  sufficient  extent  to  break  the  force,  materially,  of  the  consider- 
ation against  which  it  is  urged.  For  men  of  the  very  highest  order  of 
genius  are  undoubtedly  influenced,  to  a  considerable  degree,  by  motives 
of  personal  ambition,  the  hope  of  personal  advantage,  and  the  like,* 
while  with  the  vast  majority  of  mankind  such  influences  are  paramount, 
and  almost  exclusive  in  their  sway. 

Can  any  one  doubt,  then,  that  under  the  communiet  system  of  society 
there  would  be  an  incalculably  lower  standard  of  attainment,  and  generid 
proficiency,  in  art  and  science,  than  under  the  individualized  system,  un- 
der which  mankind  have  hitherto  almost  invariably  lived  f  Where 
would  be  found  the  inventors  and  discoverers  of  this  state  of  society  I 
Who  would  be  the  Watts,  the  Arkwrights,  the  Jacquards,  the  Whitneys, 
the  Fitches,  the  Fultons  and  the  Guttenbergs,  of  such  a  system  of  society, 
to  say  nothing  of  the  Newtons,  the  Humboldts,  and  Platos  f  Can  it  be 
believed,  that,  if  mankind  had  always  lived  under  such  a  social  system, 
they  would  now  possess  the  magnetic  telegraph,  locomotion  by  steam, 
either  on  land  or  water,  the  steam  engine  itself,  even  as  a  stationary  mo- 
tor, or  even  the  printing  press  ? 

In  this  connection,  also,  it  may  be  important  to  remark,  that  those  in- 
significant societies,  like  the  Shaker  communities,  which  have  demon- 
strated the  communist  system  to  be  at  all  possible,  are  indebted  largely 

•  The  embittered  controTenr  between  Newton  and  Leibntti  ts  to  their  matnal  clalmi  of  prior- 
ity in  dieooveiy  m  to  aome  of  their  great  mathematical  ideas,  immj  be  eited  in  iUostratlon  on  this 
l>otnt 


Of  the  D^erent  Syii&m  of  Social  Philosophy.  291 

for  the  limited  blessiDgt  which  they  enjoy  to  that  very  systam  of  society 
which  they  have  reDounced,  and  whose  many  advantages  they  live  in  the 
very  midst  of,  and  enjoy,  while  they  denounce  it.  They  are  mere  para- 
Htes  in  the  body  of  that  system  which  they  avowedly  abhor,  and  flourish 
by  the  sustenance  and  support  which  they  derive  therefrom,  like  the 
miitUtoe  on  the  boughs  of  the  oak. 

There  is  not  one  of  these  Shaker  societies  that  does  not  avail  itself  of 
the  shovel,  the  hoe,  and  the  spade,  the  plow,  the  anvil,  and  the  loom, 
the  chair,  the  chum,  and  the  cart-wheel,  every  one  of  which  they  have 
borrowed  from  that  system  of  society  which  they  affect  to  have  wholly 
abjured,  and  not  one  of  which  it  is  at  all  certain  that  they  would  ever 
have  enjoyed,  had  mankind  always  lived  in  that  state  which  they  claim 
to  regard  as  the  true  ideal  of  human  society.  And  should  it  be  objected 
to  this  view,  by  superficial  reasoning,  that  we  not  unfrequently  find  use- 
ful inventors  among  these  Shakers,  it  may  very  obviously  be  replied,  that 
many  of  them  have  obtained  their  education  in  that  highly  advanced 
state  of  civilization  which  their  sect  claim  to  ha^e  renounced,  and  that, 
moreover,  living  in  the  midst  of  this  high  state  of  civilization,  they  can- 
not wholly  escape  its  beneficial  influences,  in  stimulating  and  inspiring 
them  to  thought  and  activity,  just  as  the  man  who  lives  low  down  in  the 
valley,  but,  surrounded  by  towering  heights  and  Alpine  grandeur,  catches 
inspiration  therefrom,  which  he  would  never  experience  if  he  lived  in  a 
monotonous,  far-reaching,  dead  level  plain— emblematical  of  the  state  to 
which  the  communist  system  of  society,  if  fully  carried  out,  would  re- 
duce the  whole  human  race. 

Before  ending  this  general  view  of  communism,  it  may  be  proper  to 
remark,  that  there  is  undoubtedly  much  that  is  valuable  in  the  principle, 
though  difficult  to  be  realized,  without  encountering  other  principles 
which  more  than  countervail  its  utility,  and  that  it  is  altogether  probable 
that  the  principle  might  be  advantageously  introduced  into  human  socie- 
ty, to  a  somewhat  greater  extent  than  it  has  hitherto  been,  on  any  large 
scale.  But  this  further  introduction  of  the  communist  principle,  as  we 
have  already  had  occasion  incidentally  to  remark,  concerning  the  relaxa- 
tion of  the  political  authority  of  states,'^  and  as  we  shall  presently  have 
occasion  more  particularly  to  notice,  must  come,  if  it  come  at  all,  with  a 
gradual  and  general  improvement  of  humanity.  How  far,  or  in  what 
particular  respects,  the  introduction  of  this  principle  would  be  advisable, 
though  a  highly  important  and  difficult  question,  it  would  be  scarcely 
consistent  with  the  character  of  this  review  to  consider.  Nor  will  its 
consideration  be  entered  upon  here. 

With  these  general  observations,  we  might  conclude  our  review  of  the 
principle  of  communism,  as  a  basis  of  human  Society,  and  of  the  first 
division  of  the  class  under  consideration,  all  of  whom  advocate  the  prin- 
ciple, or  some  form  or  other.  But  some  particular  notice  of  some  of  the 
more  prominent  and  notable  exponents  of  the  principle  cannot  well  be 
omitted.  Among  the  most  prominent  and  notable  of  those  exponents 
have  undoubtedly  been  Robert  Owen  and  Charles  Fq^rier— the  former  of 
whom  may  be  regarded  as  a  characteristic  exponent  of  the  Anglo  Saxon, 
and  the  latter  of  the  Gallican,  or  French,  style  of  thought. 

•  B«e  NOb  x.  of  tliit  Bertow  in  Deoember  Ho.  of  JitrckMU§'Jitigasin$i  tn  18M,  toL  43;  pp.  070-71. 


292  Review^  Eislorical  and  Critical^ 

Robert  Owen  has  been  bo  often  referred  to,  already,  in  the  course  of 
this  review,  and  his  most  prominent  atid  distinguishing  ideas  so  clearly 
pointed  out,  that  little  need  here  be  said  concerning  him,  and  that  little 
is  but  little  more  than  a  repetition  of  what  has  been  already  said,  although 
incidentally,  rather  than  with  any  particular  reference  to  the  part  he  has 
played  in  the  history  of  social  philosophy,  or  the  particular  place  he  oc- 
cupies as  a  representative  of  any  particular  class  of  sociological  ideas.* 
In  common  with  all  of  his  class,  (which  is  the  class  now  under  particular 
consideration,  or  the  Third  Class  of  the  Political  School,  according  to  the 
classification  which  we  have  ventured  to  adopt  of  the  multitudinous  forms 
of  sociological  opinion,)  Robert  Owen  evidently  supposed  that  the  social 
ills  of  mankind,  or,  rather,  those  natural  ills  of  mankind  which  are 
observable  under  every  form  of  human  society,  are  referable,  mainly,  if 
not  exclusively,  to  some  faulty  or  erroneous  organism  of  society,  which  it 
is  possible  radically  to  change.  He  imagined  that  an  organization  of 
society  was  possible,  in  which  those  ills  would  entirely  disappear,  and  tiat 
he  had  discovered  that  organization.  What  that  organization  was,  as  well 
as  the  general  scope  of  Owen's  theory  of  society,  cannot  well  be  more 
briefly  expressed  than  by  himself,  in  the  recapitulation  of  his  work,  enti- 
tled 6ook  of  the  New  Moral  World.  "  To  efi*€ct  these  changes,"  he  says, 
'*  there  must  be  not  only  a  new  organization  of  society,  on  the  principle  of 
attractive  union,  instead  of  repulsive  individualism^  bnt  there  must  be, 
also,  an  entirely  new  *  classification  of  society,'  according  to  age,  and  not 
according  to  the  birth  or  wealth  of  individuals."!  Thus  it  appears  that 
this  superficial  and  undiscerning  reasoner,  in  his  allusion  to  the  diflferent 
principles  of  classification  that  may  be  adopted  for  human  society,  and 
while  making  special  reference  to  those  of  «ge,  birth,  and  wealth,  over- 
looks the  most  important  of  all,  though,  like  all  the  most  important  prin- 
ciples, to  be  sure,  the  most  diflScult  to  be  actualized,  the  principle  of  class- 
ification according  to  talent^  capacity,  or  merit — which  was  the  principle 
adopted  by  St.  Simon,  though,  like  all  simple  or  single  principles,  utterly 
delusive,  as  a  panacea  for  social  ills,  were  it  possible  to  enforce  it,  since 
human  society  is,  and  must  ever  be,  when  in  a  high  state  of  civilization, 
an  arrangement  of  vast  and  bewildering  complexity,  extending  far  beyond 
the  scope  of  such  visionaries  as  Owen  and  St.  Simon,  and  the  ken  of  their 
philosophy. 

Having  the  sagacity  to  discern,  and  fully  recognizing  the  great  truth 
in  social  science,  that  in  order  to  reform  society,  it  is  necessary  to  reform 
men,  Robert  Owen  had  the  weakness  to  suppose  that  the  reformation  of 
men  was  no  very  difiScult  task,  that  a  system  of  education  was  possible 
which  would  invest  all  men  with  exalted  characters,  and  that  he  had  dis- 
covered that  system.  On  this  point  his  own  words  briefly  express  his 
extravagant  delusion.  Thus  he  says  in  one  place :  "  By  this  simple,  easy, 
straightforward  mode  of  proceeding,  measures,  the  most  effectual,  will  be 
adopted  to  prevent  one  human  being  from  acquiring  a  single  inferior 
quality,  either  of  body  or  mind,  and  it  is  believed  that  the  concentrated 
wisdom  of  society  in  this  rational  state  of  existence  will  be  competent  :o 

•  See  anu  article  No.  rilL,  of  thia  revievr,  in  Jaly  No.,  I860,  of  MerckanW  Ma^atine,  or  toI.  43, 
pp.  39, 80  and  31,  of  Magazine.  Bee  also  pp.  279  and  380,  of  present  article,  and  note  to  page  last 
namcMl. 

t  8ee  **  Owen's  Book  of  the  New  Moral  World,  eontainlng  the  Rational  System  of  Sodety'*— 
general  recapitulaUon,  p.  283  of  work.   First  American  edition,  1845. 


Of  the  Different  Systems  of  Social  Philosophy.  293 

effect  this  all-important  purpose.'^*  Thus  it  plainly  appears,  that  this 
deluded  visionary  deemed  it  an  easy  matter  to  prevent  any  one  human 
being  from  acquiring  a  single  inferior  quality,  either  of  body  or  mind, 
whereas,  on  the  contrary,  all  true  philosophers  must,  by  this  time,  have 
discovered,  and  come  clearly  to  know,  that  the  faults,  imperfections,  or 
inferiorities  of  men,  not  less  than  their  opposite  qualities — nay,  that  the 
vices  of  men  not  less  than  their  virtues,  are  as  fixed  and  immutable  facts 
in  nature  as  any  other — that  the  sixty-two  or  more  elementary  substan- 
ces, which  chemical  science  recognizes,  as  existing  in  the  material  world, 
are  not  more  indisputable  and  indestructible,  than  are  all  the  known 
varieties  of  human  character,  bad  as  well  as  good — that  it  would  be  as 
idle,  vain,  and  preposterous,  to  attempt,  by  any  possible  system  of  educa- 
tion, or  training,  of  whatever  sort,  to  reduce  all  these  varieties  of  mankind 
to  any  one  character,  or  standard  of  character,  as  to  reduce  all  the  elemen- 
tary substances  of  the  material  world  to  one  kind  of  substance,  as  gold — 
nay,  moreover,  what  it  seems  never  tx)  have  entered  into  the  philosophy 
of  such  superficialists  to  imagine,  that  if  they  should  succeed  in  making 
all  men  of  one  common  character,  if  they  should  succeed  in  making  all 
men  merely  wise  and  virtuous,  they  would  be  found  to  have  work^ 
incalculable  mischief  instead  of  good,  to  have  subverted  the  real  plan  of 
creation,  and  to  have  achieved  as  barren  a  triumph  as  those  chemists 
were  aiming  at,  who  wasted  their  time,  through  long  ages,  in  foolish 
endeavors  to  turn  inferior  metals  into  gold — that  in  short  vice  and  virtue, 
or,  in  larger  terms,  evil  and  good,  are,  in  all  probability,  as  inseparable, 
necessary,  and  vital  parts  of  the  great  plan  of  creation,  so  little  compre- 
hended by  human  intelligence,  as  pain  and  pleasure,  falsehood  and  truth, 
darkness  and  light,  repulsion  and  attraction,  disease  and  health,  decay 
and  regeneration,  death  and  life. 

Robert  Owen  was  inspired  with  the  more  extraordinary  confidence  in 
the  practicability  of  greatly  reforming  men,  or  as  he  more  peculiarly  ex- 
pressed it,  of  rendering  them  "rational,"  by  the  system  of  education 
which  he  recommended,  from  the  fact  that  that  system  was  based  upon 
a  radically  and  fundamentally  different  theory  of  Ethics  from  that  which 
has  hitherto  prevailed  in  the  world,  because  it  was  based  upon  what  he 
termed  "  true  first  principles,"  or,  as  he  has  in  one  place  expressed  him- 
self, upon  "the  All-Glorious  Science  of  the  influence  of  circumstances 
over  human  character."!  In  this  Owen  has  shown  himself,  like  many 
other  enthusiasts,  to  have  greatly  exaggerated  the  importance  of  his  cher- 
ished idea,  and  to  have  anticipated  from  it  results  which  it  is  altogother 
unreasonable  and  chimerical  to  calculate  on. 

The  doctrine  on  which  Owen  desired  to  have  education  and  the  whole 
system  of  ethics  and  society  founded,  the  doctrine  of  "  circumstances,"  as 
many,  in  common  with  himself,  have  styled  it,  or  the  doctrine  of"  moral 
necessity,"  as  others  have  commonly  designated  it, — the  doctrine  which 
asserts  that  the  moral  world  is  governed  by  fixed  and  inevitable  laws,  not 
less  than  the  physical,  that  the  laws  of  mind  are  as  uniform  and  invariable 
as  those  of  matter;  that  the  idea  of  the  absolute  tree  agency  of  man,  in 
respect  to  moral,  any  more  than  to  merely  physical  action,  is  a  delusion, 
similar,  though  of  a  directly  converse  nature,  to  that  which  causes  men, 

♦  See  Book  of  the  New  Moral  World,  part  1^  oh.  x.,  p.  42. 

t  Bee  Book  of  the  New  Moral  World,  part  yI^  ch.  5,  p.  319,  of  first  Ajnerlotfi  edl^on. 


294  JRevieWj  Eistorioal  and  Oritical, 

in  the  absence  of  higher  astronomical  knowledge,  to  imagine  their  world 
the  center  of  the  universe,  with  the  sun  and  stars  all  revolving  round  it — 
the  doctrine  which  asserts  that  men  are  no  more  retponnhh  for  their 
maraly  than  for  their  intellectual  and  physical  natures,  that  they  are  no 
more  culpable  for  the  complexion  of  tneir  characters,  than  for  the  com- 
plexion of  their  skins,  that,  in  short,  all  crime,  all  vice,  is  dieease,  moral 
disease,  disease  of  the  spul,  correspondent  to  the  thousandfold  varieties  of 
disease  of  the  body,  and  ought  to  be  treated  as  such — sometimes,  indeed, 
with  the  sharp  surgical  practice  of  the  executioner's  scalpel,  the  guillotine, 
or  the  gallows,  but  always  with  kindness,  and  in  sorrow,  with  Christian 
forbearance,  gentleness,  and  love — this  great  doctrine,  utterly  subversive, 
as  it  is,  of  much  that  has  been  hitherto,  generally,  and  almost  universally, 
received  among  mankind,  or  at  least  the  commonalty,  or  slightly  informed 
part  of  mankind,  is  undoubtedly  tbus  ;  and  it  is  high  time  that  the  theo- 
logical codes,  the  ethical  codes,  and  the  criminal  jurisprudence  codes  of 
the  world,  and  the  whole  system  of  the  world's  training,  and  of  mutual 
intercourse  among  mankind,  had  been  reformed,  and  conformed  to  this 
GREAT  TRUTH.     Nor  Can  there  be  any  reasonable  doubt  that  important 
advantages  would  result  to  mankind  from  the  general  recognition  of  this 
truth — since  truth  must  ever  be  supposed,  in  the  long  run,  to  conduce  to 
human  good,  however  opposite  may  appear  its  tendencies  to  the  first  and 
common  view.    But  to  suppose,  as  Owen  did,  that  the  introduction  of 
this  doctrine,  as  the  basis  of  education,  would  completely  reform  man- 
kind, render  them  ^superior  to  both  moral  and  physical  disease,  place 
them  beyond  the  reach  of  mental  as  well  as  bodily  ills,  and,  in  short,  per- 
fect the  condition  of  humanity,  is  visionary,  weak,  peurile.    It  is  to  be  cai^ 
ried  away  by  delusion,  infatuation  with  an  idea.    It  is  as  if  a  man  should 
be  so  carried  away  by  his  admiration  for  some  new  discovery  in  science,  or 
invention  in  art,  or  some  recently  introduced  fertilizing  agent  in  agriculture, 
as  guano,  or  the  like,  as  to  anticipate  from  it  the  complete  perfection  of  the 
state  of  man,  or  the  realization  of  that  delusive  dream  of  ^  a  golden  age" 
for  the  human  race,  which  seems  still  to  float  vaguely  in  many  minds. 
Many  have  been  the  discoveries,  inventions,  and  improvements,  which  man- 
kind have  experienced,  and  yet  they  are  far  from  having  realized  that  golden 
age  which  the  poets  sing  of,  but  which  it  is  utterly  unworthy  of  philoso- 
phers to  calculate  on,  or  to  anticipate.   The  Copernican  theory  of  the  solar 
system  has  been  promulgated  and  adopted,  the  religious  reformation  inau- 
gurated by  Luther  has  been  successfully  established,  America  has  been  dis- 
covered by  Columbus,  the  Arcana  Scelestia  of  Swedenborg  has  been  publish- 
ed, the  printing  press  has  been  invented,  the  steam-engine  has  been  fabri- 
cated, and  applied  to  locomotion  by  land  and  water,  as  well  as  to  station- 
ary machinery,  the  magnetic  telegraph  has  been  put  in  operation,  and 
guano  has  been  extensively  imported  from  the  Peruvian  coast — but  "  the 
Millenium"  has  not  yet  come,  the  reign  of  perfect  bliss  has  not  yet  been 
inaugurated  on  earth — sickness  and  sorrow,  poverty  and  suffering,  vice  and 
degradation,  injustice,  oppression,  and  falsehood,  still  flourish  in  the  world, 
as  well  as  health  and  happiness,  wealth  and  pleasure,  virtue  and  nobility, 
justice,  mercy,  and  truth,  and  will  continue  to  flourish  **  unto  the  last  syl- 
lable of  recorded  time,"  and  in  despite  of''  all  that  saint,  sage,  or  sophist 
ever  write"  to  the  contrary.     Yet  the  amiable  Robert  Owen  was  weak 
enough  to  imagine  that  all  these  ills  would  vanish,  so  soon  as  mankind 
had  adopted  the  form  of  society  which  he  recommended,  and  had  come  to 


Of  the  Different  Syitemg  of  Social  PhOoaophy.  295 

be  generallj  educated  and  traiDed  aocording  to  "the   All-Glorious 
SoiBNCB  of  the  influence  of  circumstaDceB  over  human  character.'^ 

What  vimonarj  and  extravagant  ideas  he  entertained  as  to  the  results 
which  might  be  anticipated  from  his  system  of  education,  it  is  best  that 
we  should  let  Mr.  Owen  declare  in  his  own  language.  They  will  be  man- 
ifest from  the  following  passage  of  his  work,  already  often  referred  to,  and 
which  will  serve,  at  the  same  time,  to  illustrate  the  remark  before  made 
in  this  review,  that  the  delusive  idea  of  the  perfectibility  of  man  is  gene- 
rally to  be  found  associated  with  the  idea,  that  the  social  ills  of  mankind 
are  referable  mainly  to  political  causes  ;*  for  it  plainly  enough  marks  Mr. 
Owen  as  a  believer  in  the  former  of  these  ideas,  while  we  have  repeatedly 
noticed  before  that  he  was  the  upholder  of  the  latter.  Here  is  the  pas- 
sage, in  which  this  amiable  philanthropist,  but  evidently  deluded  enthu- 
siast, says  enough  for  himself  to  relieve  us  from  any  necessity  for  saying 
more  about  him :  '^  Hail,  friends  of  man,  the  approaching  day,  when  the 
knowledge  of  the  science  of  the  formation  of  the  character  of  man  shall 
be  universally  known  and  practiced,  when  it  it  shall  be  so  well  known 
and  practiced  that  not  an  inferior  human  being  shall  be  formed,  at  ma- 
turity, to  walk  the  earth,  or  disturb  the  universal  happiness  of  man,  or  his 
progeny,  in  whatever  country  or  clime  he  may  be  found  !"f 

Of  all  the  advocates  of  the  communistic  system  of  society,  and  of  all  the 
advocates  of  social  reform  who  have  aimed  at  impracticable  results,  in  any 
f  jrm,  Charles  Fourier,  who,  as  his  biographers  inform  us,  entered  into 
life  at  Besancon,  in  France,  on  the  7th  of  April,  1772,  and  departed,  at 
Paris,  on  the  10th  of  October,  1837,  was  the  most  illustrious,  alike  for 
the  transcendant  order  of  his  genius,  the  grandeur  of  his  general  concep- 
tions iu  science,  and  the  plausibility,  attractiveness,  and  real  conformity 
to  nature,  in  many  respects,  of  that  fictitious  system  of  society  which  he 
advocated,  as  a  substitute  for  the  natural  system,  or  for  that  actual  system 
of  society  which,  whatever  phase  it  may  present  in  any  age  or  country, 
must  have  been,  everywhere,  the  slow  and  gradual  formation  of  the  womb 
of  surrounding  circumstances,  and  is,  everywhere,  to  be  regarded  as  the 
legitimate  offspring  of  natural  development.  While  the  views  of  Fourier 
coincided,  in  the  main,  with  those  of  Owen,  as,  for  example,  in  respect  to 
the  substitution  of  communism  or  association^  as  he  termed  it,  for  individ- 
ualism^ as  to  the  vast  influence  of  the  organism  of  society  in  determining 
its  destiny,  and  as  to  the  possibility  of  perfecting  human  society  under  a 
proper  organism,  they  were  predicated  upon  a  far  larger  range  of  ideas 
and  far  grander  general  conceptions,  and  were,  at  one  and  the  same  time, 
both  more  extravagant  and  yet  more  conformable  to  truly  philosophical 
principles.  If,  indeed,  the  views  of  Owen,  respecting  the  principles  of 
society  and  the  possibility  of  human  attainment,  appear  to  us  extrava- 
gant, those  of  Fourier  must  appear  in  a  high  degree  transcendental.  If 
one  astonish,  the  other  must  astound,  us.  In  passing  from  a  survey  of 
the  views  of  Owen,  as  a  social  reformer,  to  those  of  Fourier,  we  are  apt 
to  experience  similar  sensations  to  those  which  we  mio^ht  be  expected  to 
experience,  if,  after  beholding  a  man  on  lofty  stilts,  stalking  across  hay- 
ricks, and  performing  gymnastic  evolutions  of  an  extraordinary  nature, 

•  960  avU  page  278  of  the  preMnt  article. 

t  See  B<K»k  of  the  New  Moral  World,  part  iL,  oh.  4,  p.  59,  of  edition  before  dted. 


296  Review^  Historical  and  Critical^ 

we  should  turn  to  behold  one  on  '^  seven  leagne  boots,"  bestriding  Alps, 
and  gyrating  among  the  clouds. 

In  Owen  and  Fourier  the  respective  traits  of  Anglo-Saxon  and  Gallican 
intellects  are  indeed  strongly  and  strikingly  illustrated.  Regarding  Owen 
as  an  exponent  of  An^lo-Saxon  transcendentalism  in  sociology,  and  Fou- 
rier, as  he  indisputably  was,  as  an  exponent  of  Gallican,  the  former  ap- 
pears very  tame  in  comparison  with  the  latter.  And  this  is  entirely  in 
accordance  with  what  might  be  anticipated.  For  the  fort  of  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  is  his  sturdy  common-sense,  and  application  of  well  tried  princi- 
ples to  practical  uses,  while  that  of  the  Gallican  is  his  transcendental  genius, 
and  endeavor  to  compass  impossibilities.  In  taking  leave,  therefore,  of 
common-sense,  of  which  indeed  he  seems  to  have  possessed  but  a  very 
small  share,  Owen  parted  from  that  which  is  the  most  distinctive  merit  of 
his  race ;  and,  in  attempting  to  deal  with  transcendental  ideas,  he  under- 
dertook  a  task  for  which  neither  he,  nor,  probably,  any  of  his  raco,  was, 
by  any  means,  peculiarly  well  fitted.  In  fact,  French  transcendentalism, 
and  genius  for  bold  original  conception,  as  far  transcend  the  Anglo-Saxon, 
as  transcendentalism  in  general  transcends  the  ordinary  habits  of  thought* 
In  no  less  proportion  do  the  speculations  of  Fourier  transcend  and  excel 
those  of  Owen,  in  transcendental  sociology ;  for  of  this  character,  undoubt- 
edly, were  the  speculations  of  both  in  social  philosophy. 

While  the  views  of  Fourier  far  transcend  those  of  Owen,  in  boldness, 
extravagance,  and  impracticability,  they  are,  nevertheless,  at  the  same  time, 
more  rational,  more  philosophical,  and  more  conformable  to  admitted 
principles  of  science,  at  least  in  their  fundamental  and  vital  relations. 
In  respect  to  these,  their  more  important  relations,  they  are  much  less 
liable  to  criticism,  however  much  more  impracticable  and  wildly  extrav- 
agant, as  they  undoubtedly  are,  in  many  of  their  details.  The  different 
views  of  these  two  reformers,  on  one  important  point,  will  illustrate  this 
observation.  Thus,  Owen,  rightfully  acknowledging  the  grand  necessity 
of  reforming  or  improving  men  in  order  to  reform  or  improve  human  socie- 
ty* weakly  imagined,  as  we  have  heretofore  shown,  that  this  could  be 
done  without  any  great  difficulty,  and  that  he  had  discovered  the  grand 
secret  whereby  the  total  reformation  of  mankind,  in  their  individual  as 
well  as  collective  characters,  was  to  be  effected.  Fourier,  on  the  con- 
trary, while  equally  recognizing  the  necessity  of  either  reforming  men,  or, 
at  least,  of  neutralizing  their  vices  and  follies,  which,  were  it  practicable, 
would  be  virtually  equivalent  to  a  reformation,  was  altogether  too  much 
of  a  philosopher  to  imagine  that  the  vices  or  follies  of  men  could  be  real- 
ly cured,  to  any  great  or  general  extent,  or  that  their  characters  could  be 
radically  changed  from  what  is  commonly  called  bad  to  good.  Far  from 
it.  On  the  contrary,  throughout  his  voluminous  and  vast  effusions,  he 
constantly  sets  his  face  against  this  un philosophical  idea,  and  distinctly 
sets  forth  the  opposite  one,  that  all  the  varieties  of  human  character,  boui 
as  well  as  good,  are  immutable,  and  are  to  be  accepted  as  indestructible  ele- 
mentary principles — a  great  fact,  indeed,  worthy  of  a  sounder  reasoner  than 
Fourier,  and  a  fact  which  has  been,  hitherto,  altogether  too  little  known 

*  As  elsewhere  before  observed,  Owen  does  not  expressly  recognize  or  assert  this  great  tmthf  in 
social  science,  which  the  author  of  this  Bcview,  here,  as  elsewhere,  asserts  in  his  own  language, 
from  his  anxiety  to  make  a  truth  of  so  much  importance,  and  yet  so  little  generally  understood,  or 
considered,  as  prominent  as  possible.  Yet  Owen,  though  he  does  not  expressly  assert  or  recognize 
the  truth,  tacitly  and  tmplieoly  does  so,  plainly  enough. 


Of  the  Different  Systems  of  Social  Philosophy.  297 

and  considered  in  ethics,  theology,  and  sociology.  All  that  Fourier  aimed 
at,  therefore,  with  a  view  to  perfecting  human  society,  was  to  place  man- 
kind under  such  a  social  system,  or  organization — the  state  of  harmony 
he  termed  it — as  would,  in  his  imagination,  harmonize  all  the  vices  ofmen^ 
and  make  them  conduce  to  the  general  good,  as  well  as  to  the  particular 
happiness  of  their  individual  possessors.  Thus  he  tells  us,  in  a  passage 
that  will,  presently,  be  more  critically  examined,  for  it  is  a  pregnant  one, 
"Tiberius,  in  harmony,  will  be  just  as  noble,  and  more  valuable,  than 
Fenelon."*  Wherein  he  most  probably  displayed  a  lack  of  discernment 
in  this  remark,  we  shall  presently  have  occasion  to  notice. 

It  seems  to  be  the  general  opinion  in  regard  to  Fourier,  that  he  was 
merely  one  of  the  many  deluded  visionaries,  in  regard  to  the  reformation 
of  human  society,  by  whom  the  present  age  has  been  so  signally  infested. 
But  such  is  a  very  inadequate  estimate  to  form  of  this  extraordinary, 
though  undoubtedly  deluded,  man.  Charles  Fourier  was,  indisputably, 
one  of  the  boldest,  most  original,  most  profound,  and  grandly  suggestive 
thinkers  (though  altogether  too  dogmatical)  in  the  dominions  of  funda- 
mental philosophy  and  universal  science,  that  ever  lived.  The  controlling 
and  paramount  idea,  the  grand  aim  of  all  his  speculations  was,  indeed,  the 
realization  of  a  perfect  system  of  society,  or,  as  he  regarded  it,  a  harmon- 
ized system  of  society — the  system  of  society  designed  by  Providence^  as  he 
supposed.  But  to  this  grand  aim  he  endeavored,  like  a  true  philosopher, 
to  bring  the  batteries  of  universal  science,  though  not  with  the  most  dis- 
tinguished success,  by  any  means,  nor  conformably  to  the  tactics  of  the 
most  approved  philosophical  method.  One  of  his  biographers  has  justly 
said,  *'  The  writings  of  Fourier  embrace  a  vast  variety  of  subjects,  cosmog- 
ony, psychology,  social  and  political  economy,  historical  and  metaphysical 
philosophy,  commerce,  politics,  and  morals ;  in  a  word,  all  the  questions 
which  come  under  the  head  of  universal  philosophy  have  been  treated  by 
Fourier,  in  his  peculiar  style  and  method.  It  is  diflScult  to  say  which  of 
these  subjects  was  the  most  important  in  Fourier's  own  estimation.  He 
has  evidently  treated  them  as  parts  of  one  general  system  of  nature, 
united  by  one  principle  and  governed  by  one  universal  law,  which  he 
names  the  law  of  movement.  His  system  of  association  is,  however,  the 
work  he  dwelt  upon  with  most  persistency,  through  life,  subordinating 
all  his  other  studies  to  that  science."f 

It  is  very  diflScult  to  determine  how  such  a  man  as  Fourier  deserves  real- 
ly to  be  estimated.  Such  a  combination  ot  grandeur  with  littleness,  of  sa- 
gacity with  folly,  of  rationality  with  insanity,  of  solid  sense  with  wild  ex- 
travagance, of  undoubted  love  and  veneration  for  truth  with  intolerable 
egotism  and  arrogance,  of  sound  principles  of  philosophy  with  unwarrant- 
able dogmatism,  and  an  eminently  unphilosophical  spirit  of  valuable  in- 
tuitions with  imperfect  conceptions  for  their  realization,  of  corrct  general 
ideas  with  eminently  faulty  details,  and,  in  short,  of  profound  and  rarely 
valuable  fundamental  principles  of  general  science  with  a  wretchedly  falla- 
cious and  delusive  system  of  practical  conclusions  deduced  from  them,  and 
especially  in  respect  to  their  applications  to  the  particular  science  which 

*  See  Foorier^s  Passions  of  the  Son],  ae  translated  by  Morellf  partlv^  seoUon  li.,  ch.  6,  or  Epl> 
mediate  chapter,  as  he  styles  it,  or  vol.  U.,  page  397  of  work,  as  published  in  London  edition  of  ISol. 

t  See  Introdaotlon  to  Morell^g  translation  of  Fonrler's  Passions  of  theSool,  by  Hugh  Doaghertj, 
p.  T.  of  London  edition  of  185L 


298  Beview^  Hiaiorical  and  OriUcalf 

was  the  grand  coDtrolliDg  aim  of  all  his  speonlatiooa,  the  Boknoe  of  soci- 
ology— such  a  combiDation  of  discordant  traits  forms  a  character  which  it 
might  well  puzzle  the  most  profound  critic  and  analyst  of  character,  a 
Macaulay  and  Plutarch  combined,  accurately  to  delineate,  or  jusUy  to 
estimate. 

As  already  more  than  once  remarked,  in  the  coarse  of  this  review,* 
Fourier  bears  a  strong  resemblance,  on  many  important  points,  to  two 
illustrious  characters  of  preceding  times,  Swedenborg  and  Plato.  In  this 
comparison,  however,  it  is  important  to  remark  that  Swedenborg  was  un- 
doubtedly the  superior  of  Fourier,  as  was  Plato,  though  not  so  indisput- 
ably the  superior  of  both,  despite  the  inferiority  of  his  age  in  knowledge ; 
for  Plato  always  bore  the  part  of  the  philosopher,  even  in  his  errors,  and 
his  transcendent  reason  never  toppled  on  its  lofty  throne,  as  did  that  of 
Swedenborg,  to  say  nothing,  in  this  connection,  of  poor,  egotistical,  de- 
luded, half-demented  Fourier.  The  most  important  points  (in  addition 
to  those  before  stated^  on  which  these  extraordinary  characters  so  strong- 
ly resembled  each  other,  were  the  grandeur  of  their  general  ideas  with 
the  unworthiness  or  fallaciousness  of  their  practical  applications  of  them, 
their  boldness,  their  originality,  their  dogmatical  spirit,  their  contempt  of 
ordinary  conventionalities,  either  in  conduct  or  opinion,  their  profundity, 
their  obscurity  of  thought,  the  facility  with  which  they  passed,  at  a  sin- 
gle step,  from  the  simplest  to  the  grandest  themes,  as  if  all  things  were 
alike  commonplaces  in  the  capacious  abodes  of  their  thought,  and  the 
sublime  indifference  with  which  they  discoursed  about  the  profoundest 
mysteries  of  creation,  as  if  they  held  converse  alike  with  men  and  gods. 
On  all  these  points  the  resemblance  between  Fourier  and  Swedenborg, 
however,  is  far  stronger  than  between  either  of  them  and  Plato.  There 
is,  moreover,  a  special  resemblance  between  the  fundamental  ideas  of  these 
two,  so  strong  as  to  justify  the  following  remark  of  a  late  writer,  '*  The 
revelations  of  Swedenborg,  by  which  I  mean  his  grand  cosmogonic  and 
psychological  generalizations,  all  point  to  that  social  order  which  Fourier 
has  described  as  the  true  social  code  pre-established  for  humanity  by  its 
Maker."f 

Fourier  and  Swedenborg  are  indeed  enigmas  difficnlt  to  be  solved. 
When  we  wander  through  the  vast  platitttdei  of  Fourier's  transcendental- 
ism, in  relation  to  the  subversions  and  restorations  to  harmony  of  the 
universe,  about  '^  the  universal  language  spoken  in  all  the  harmonized 
worlds,"  of  which  ours  is  not  yet  one,  but  soon  to  become  so,  under  the 
influence  of  his  grand  revelations  concerning  the  laws  of  '*  passional  at- 
traction," and  by  our  "  initiation  into  the  theories  of  universal  analogy," 

•  See  No.  !▼.  of  this  reTlew  In  Jan.  No.,  I860,  otMereUnts*  Ma£iin§,  or  voU  42,  p.  S5 ;  alio  No. 
▼liL  of  review  in  September  No.,  1860,  of  Magazino,  or  voL  43,  pp.  894^ 

t  See  the  anonvmooa  work  entitled  "The  Tme  Organisation  of  the  New  Obnrch,  aa  Indicated  In 
the  writings  of  Slmannel  Swedenborg  and  demonstrated  bj  Charles  Fonrier,**  Introdnetion  to  work 
p.  93— New  York  edition  of  1848.  It  may  be  worthy  of  mention,  that,  when  (he  author  of  this 
reriew  was  writing  in  December.  1869,  the  article  on  Grecian  Sociology,  in  whleh  he  first  assiml* 
lated  Fourier  to  Swedenborg  and  Plato,  he  was  not  aware  that  any  one  had  erer  done  so  before, 
and  felt  some  hesitancy  as  to  the  adrisability  of  making  the  comparison.  He  snbseqnently  met 
with  the  work  just  quoted  from,  in  which  the  parallel  oetween  Fourier  and  Swedenborg  is  hx 
Bore  closely  drawn  than  by  himseU.  Similar  observations  to  this,  as  the  reader  may  have  ob- 
served, the  author  has  before  had  occasion  to  make  in  the  course  of  this  publication,  and  ther 
seem  to  illustrate  very  correctly  the  habiU  of  thought  of  the  author  under  the  inflnenee  of  which 
his  views  has  been  conceived  and  thus  Ikr  published.  He  has  not  considered,  to  any  great  extent, 
the  opinions  of  others  with  a  view  to  forming  his  own,  but  haa,  on  the  eontrarv,  dnwn  his  opin- 
ions, at  first  hand,  from  nature,  In  the  original  fountains  of  his  own  brain,  ana  has  subsequently 
•ought  to  test  their  correctness  by  eonsulting  the  opinions  of  others.  In  doing  this  he  has  been 
gratified  to  find,  in  a  multitude  or  insUnces,  that  his  own  views  .have  been  signally  sanottoned  by 
those  of  other  and  highly  approved  thinkers. 


Of  the  Different  Si/items  of  Social  Philosophy.  29» 

about  the  *'  sidereal  teleg;niph,^*  which  is  shortly  to  be  established  be- 
tween our  globe  and  the  other  planets,  by  means  of  this  universal  lan- 
guage about  ^  dead  worlds,"  like  our  moon,  *^  dismantled  worlds,"  like 
our  earth,  and  the  fully  *'  harmonized  moon-bearing  worlds,"  with  a  full 
cortege  of  satellites,  like  Jupiter,  Saturn,  and  Herschel,  and  the  respec- 
tive characters  of  their  inhabitants,  we  are  apt  to  exclaim  this  is  the 
veriest  grandiloquence  of  deluded  enthusiasm  or  the  merest  rhapsody  of 
madness ;  and  yet,  in  the  next  moment,  we  may  find  ourselves  looking 
forth  from  the  transcendental  heights  to  which  we  have  been  translated 
by  the  genius  of  Fourier,  upon  a  prospect  which,  however  transporting, 
wears  so  much  the  hues  and  lineaments  of  the  unmistakable  realities  of 
creation,  that  we  may  be  prompted  to  exclaim — are  these,  in  truth,  the 
mere  ravings  of  insanity,  or  are  they  the  grand  utterances  of  a  prophetic 
genius  inspired  far  beyond  the  ordinary  capacities  of  men  \  The  like 
perplexity  of  judgment  we  are  apt  to  experience  in  following  Swedenborg 
through  the  vast  JtranscendentaJ  platitudes  of  his  Arcana  Seeleetia — the 
greater  in  the  case  of  Swedenborg,  because  the  reliability  of  his  transcen- 
dental revelations  might  seem  to  be  attested  by  the  many  undoubted 
proofs  he  gave  of  miraculous  or  marvellous  powers. 

And  yet,  if  the  deductions  of  sober  and  enlightened  reason  may  be 
relied  upon,  we  need  have  no  hesitation  in  pronouncing  that  the  oracular 
announcements  of  both  Swedenborfi^  and  Fourier  are  unreliable  and  delu- 
sive ;  that,  though  they  may  have  been  prophets  and  poet-philosophers, 
they  were,  like  other  prophets,  by  no  means  infallihly  intpired ;  that 
they  were  highly  commissioned  geniuses,  like  many  others,  sent  upon 
errands  which  they  did  not  fully  comprehend,  but  greatly  misinterpreted; 
that,  in  short,  they  were  men  of  extraordinary  intellectual  powers,  which, 
not  being  well  balanced,  swerved  greatly,  at  times,  from  the  plumb  line 
of  reason,  and  fell  into  the  devious  wanderings  of  irrationality  and  insanity. 

But  what  then !  Shall  we  say  that  the  utterances  of  such  men  as 
Swedenborg  and  Fourier  are  to  be  neglected  because  they  were,  on  some 
points,  deluded — insane  t  This  would  be  a  judgment  unworthy  of  idiocy, 
or,  in  the  mildest  lan&;uage,  of  infancy.  Wisely  has  it  been  said,  in 
every  sense,  that  *'  a  wise  man  will  learn  something  even  from  a  fool, 
while  a  fool  will  not  learn  anything  even  from  a  wise  man."  If  some- 
thing may  be  learned  even  from  fools,  may  not  something  also  be  learned 
from  madmen  f  Or  can  it  be  doubted  that  really  wise  men,  truly  dis- 
cerning, calm-thinking  philosophers,  may  learn  much,  and  derive  many 
valuable  suggestions,  from  such  inspired  madmen  as  Emanuel  Sweden- 
borg and  Charles  Fourier  ?f 

*  Let  those  to  whom  this  Ide*  of  Fourier's,  ss  to  a  tidenal  telefra^  tppeftrs  partfooUtflj  wUd 
ftud  chimerical,  be  pleased  to  remember,  that,  when  Fourier  uttered  it,  some  twentj-fiTe  or  thirtj 

fftars  ago,  the  Mvii^aiM  telegraph  bj  electricity,  now  ftallj  Inaugorated, would  have  appeared  almost* 
not  quite,  as  wild  and  chimerical,  as  does,  now,  that  of  a  tiderfl  tdtrrapk.  If,  indeed,  there  are 
•rofivU  eotumn*^  ss  others  beaide  Fourier  have  BUDpo6ed,of  electricitv,  for  example,  extending  ft'om 
planet  to  planet,  and  sun  to  sun,  if  it  be  true  that  all  the  planets  and  sll  the  worlds  are  bound  together 
by  great  §waths  of  tieeirieitp  if  there  are,  indeed,  great  ^uif^trfrnt  ot  elecMeltr  coursing  through 
the  rast  oceans  of  space,  and  washing  against  the  snores  of  every  world,  who  shall  be  so  bold  as  to 
■ay  that  the  time  may  not  come  when  men  shall  be  so  advanced  in  science  as  to  transmit  to  dis- 
tant world,  and  receive  back,  in  reply,  telegraphic  dispatches,  along  these  column8»  bands,  or  giA> 
streams  of  electric  fluid? 

t  it  ispropar  to  mention  that  in  what  Is  here  said  of  Swedenborg  as  a  deluded  enthusiast,  and 
Bcarly  afflnlUzed  with  Fourier,  reference  is  intended  only  to  Swedenborg  as  the  ptfchoio/tist,  and 
not  to  awedenborg  as  the  pkygiolofin  or  naturalist.  Swedenborg,  in  his  great  work  on  ^  The  Ani> 
mal  Kingdom,**  proved  himselil  in  every  respect,  a  true  phUosopner.  It  was  only  when  he  under- 
took to  soar  into  the  psychological  kingdom,  or  his*'  Arcana  8celeetia,>*  that  he  seemed  to  have  got 
beside  himselil  Fourier,  on  the  other  hand,  in  all  his  writings,  betrays  the  man  of  ft«e  ideas  spun 
out  into  the  most  extravagant  and  insane  extremes.  The  rather  small  proportion  of  really  valua- 
ble truth  which  seems  to  have  been  committed  to  him,  in  hla  insane  applioatton  of  it,  he  has  torn 
to  **  rags  and  veiy  tatters.** 


800  BevieWy  Historical  and  Oriticalj 

That  which  most  emiDently  and  worthily  distiDguished  Fourier,  in 
coTDinon  indeed  with  Swedenborg,  was  his  thorough  conception  of  the 
idea  of  universal  Unity  and  universal  analogy,  or,  as  Swedenborg  styled 
it,  correspondence,  and  his  constant  endeavor  to  conform  all  his  scientific 
speculations  to  this  idea.* 

"  All  is  linked  together  in  the  system  of  nature,"  he  tells  us.  In  the 
same  connection,  and  in  accordance  with  this  great  fact,  he  asserts  "  that 
astronomy,  which  is  the  interpreter  of  material  harmonies  for  the  stars, 
is  also  the  interpreter  of  social  harmonies  for  their  creatures.^f  Accord- 
ingly, and  in  conformity  with  this  grand  conception,  we  find  him,  through- 
out his  voluminous  discourses,  drawing  illustrations  indifferently  from  the 
grandest  and  most  insignificant  objects — from  the  sidereal  vault  or  a 
Parisian  ball-room.  It  would  be  difficult  to  give,  in  so  few  words,  a  more 
correct  idea  of  this  distinguished  characteristic  of  Fourier  than  by  quot- 
ing the  words  of  one  his  biographers,  Pellarin,  in  regard  to  his  great 
work  on  "  The  Theory  of  Universal  Unity,"  which  was  first  published 
under  the  title  of  "  Treatise  on  Domestic  Agricultural  Association,"  in 
1822 — "How  can  we  give,  in  a  few  lines,  an  idea  of  this  colossal  work? 
It  is  there  that  Fourier,  taking  the  passional  organization  of  man  as  the 
archetype  of  the  universe,  according  to  that  thought  of  Schelling  often 
quoted  by  him,  'the  universe  is  made  upon, the  model  of  the  human 
soul,'  assigns  the  order  of  the  distribution  of  worlds  with  the  same  assu- 
rance as  if  he  had  been  present  at  the  councils  of  God  himself.  It  is 
there  that,  applying  everywhere  his  law  of  the  series,  he  establishes  the 
connection  of  the  destinies  of  all  beings,  travenes  the  whole  scale  of  crea- 
tion, sometimes  clearing,  at  a  single  bound,  the  interval  which  separates 
the  two  extremes,  the  infinitely  great  and  infinitely  small,  never,  however, 
losing  sight  of  either  in  his  speculations,  whether  the  most  grand  or, 
apparently,  the  meanest  and  most  trivial.  In  the  midst  of  these  flights 
through  spaces  where  no  one  .can  follow  him  without  dizziness,  he  never 
forgets  the  first  immediate  object  of  his  work,  assooiation."J 

These  general  remarks  on  the  character  of  Fourier  and  his  speculations 
in  general,  will  prepare  us  the  better,  in  some  measure,  to  comprehend 
and  appreciate  his  complex  and  impracticable  views  of  society.  Some 
tolerably  correct  general  notion  of  those  views  may  be  obtained  from  the 
following  outline.  Fourier  conceived  that  there  was  some  particular  and 
special  form  best  fitted  for  human  society,  under  all  circumstances — a 
true,  divinely-intended  organization  for  associated  humanity — a  fully 
harmonized  condition,  possible  for  men,  which  had  never  yet  been  real- 
ized, or  its  principles  known,  on  this  globe,  though  long  known  and  real- 
ized by  the  more  favored  inhabitants  of  many  other  worlds—"  the  fully 
harmonized  planets,"  as  he  styled  them ;  that  this  true  organization  for 
society  was,  however,  discoverable  by  the  inhabitants  of  this  globe ;  that 
he  had  made  the  important  and  grand  discovery,  deducing  it  from  the 
laws  of  universal  analogy,  more  especially  as  manifested  in  the  "  passions 
of  the  human  soul ;"  that  this  discovery  ought  to  have  been  made  at 
least  two  thousand  years  ago,  in  the  age  of  Pericles,  and  would  have  been 
made,  probably,  had  not  the  human  mind  about  that  time  fallen  into  a 

•  See  Paatlonf  of  the  Soal,  vol.  L,  p.  138,  London  ed^  1801. 
t  See  Passions  of  the  Soul,  toI.  L,  p.  184,  London  ed.,  1851. 
$  See  Pellarin's  Life  of  Fourier,  «s  translated  by  Shaw,  p.  42,  New  York  edL,  184a 


Of  the  Different  Systems  of  Social  Philosophy.  801 

languor  and  feebleness  from  which  it  has  been  slow  in  recovering ;  and 
that,  moreover,  that  the  discovery  would  have  been  made  much  earlier 
than  that,  and  indeed,  that  mankind  would,  long  before  that  time,  have 
been  brought  into  the  true  social  style,  or  state  of  social  harmony,  in- 
stinctively or  naturally,  and  without  the  aid  of  scientific  discovery,  by 
the  improved  material  condition  of  our  globe^  if  it  had  not  been  for  the 
great  catastrophe  which  it  experienced  in  the  deluge,  which  was  occa- 
sioned, as  he  informs  us  with  the  most  serious  audacity,  **  by  the  death 
throes  of  the  moon,"  which  occurred  about  that  time,  and  which  so  vitiated 
the  "aromas"  of  our  planet  as  to  swell  the  race  of  serpents  up  to  one 
hundred  and  thirty  tribes,  and  that  of  bugs  to  forty-three  varieties,  and 
to  produce  other  deplorable  results  upon  the  animal,  as  well  as  vegetable, 
kingdom,  and  greatly  to  retard  the  progress  of  mankind  towards  har- 
mony;  that  in  consequence  of  this  great  catastrophe  suffered  by  our 
globe,  it  would  have  been  at  least  two  centuries  yet  before  mankind  could 
have  attained  the  state  of  harmony,  had  it  not  been  for  the  grand  scien- 
tific discovery  of  himself,  Fourier,  which  has  opened  the  way  for  them  to 
enter,  at  once,  into  a  state  of  social  harmony  and  terrestial  bliss. 

Fourier  imagined  that  in  order  to  ascertain  what  this  true  form  of 
society  was,  it  was  only  necessary  to  look  into  the  human  soul,  and  ascer- 
tain how  that  was  organized,  what  were  its  essential  and  elementary 
Eassions  or  impulses,  (substantially  the  idea  before  expressed  by  Plato,^ 
ut  much  more  elaborately, and  at.the  same  timeless  scientifically jUd^xn^dL 
out  by  Fourier ;)  that,  inasmuch  as  all  things  are  linked  together  in 
nature  by  the  chain  of  universal  analogy,  the  real  structure  of  the  soul 
might  be  discovered  and  illustrated  by  an  analysis  of  the  gamut  of  the 
musical  notes ;  that  as  every  complete  musical  octave  has  seven  active 
and  essential  notes,  and  five  neuter  or  accessory  ones,  making  in  all  twelve 
distinct  notes,  so  the  human  soul  has  twehe  elementary  noteSy  passions,  or 
impulses,  five  of  sense^  four  of  affection j  and  three  of  order  or  system,  all 
of  which  require  full  development ;  that  these  twelve  elementary  passions, 
however,  by  their  various  combinations,  in  different  individuals,  are  capa- 
ble of  producing  a  far  greater  number  of  distinct  individual  characters ; 
that  in  order  to  form  a  perfect  social  organism,  or  complete  "  social  man," 
or,  in  other  words,  one  "  entire  human  soul,"  it  is  necessary  to  bring 
together  all  these  distinct  varieties  of  individual  characters  or  soul  in 
"  symmetrical  distribution,"  to  harmonize  them,  and  give  full  play  to  all 
their  different  leading  traits  ;  and  that  there  are,  as  he  has  discovered, 
(though  by  what  process,  either  of  induction  or  deduction,  he  has  made 
the  discovery,  he  does  not  deign  to  inform  us,)  in  the  human  race,  eight 
hundred  and  ten  different  species  of  individual  souls  or  characters,  male  and 
female,  the  males  exceeding  the  females  about  as  twenty-one  to  twenty. 

Upon  this  meagre  induction  of  speculations,  or  dogmatical  assumptions, 
almost  wholly  unsustained  by  any  practical  observations  or  experiments, 
Fourier  concluded  that  the  perfect  and  complete  human  society  or  social 
unit,  which  he  termed  phalanx,  {la  Phalange)  comprised  just  eight  hun- 
dred and  ten  persons,  each  one  of  which  should  represent  some  one  of 
the  individual  varieties  of  mankind,  so  long,  that  is,  as  they  should  all 
be  in  health  and  of  an  age  fit  to  perform  industrial  duty ;  but  that,  inas- 
much as  this  could  not  be  depended  upon,  and  eight  hundred  and  ten  per- 

*  See  arUole  on  OreoUn  Sooiologj,  toU  xliL,  p.  S3-3-4,  of  MerchantM*  Majratin*, 


802  Review^  Historical  (vnd  Onticdlf 

manentlj  active  peroons  oonld  mMotain  at  least  twice  their  own  aomber, 
about  twice  that  number,  or  sixteen  hundred  and  twenty  persons,  of  all 
ages  and  sexes,  were  necessary  to  form  a  complete  "  industrial  hiye,"  social 
unity,  or  phalanx.  Fourier  imagined,  in  the  plenitude  of  his  childish 
simplicity  and  dogmatical  arrogance,  that  mankind  thus  brought  together 
in  distinct  self-sustaining  communities  of  sixteen  hundred  and  twenty 
persons,  according  to  their  proper  affinities  and  harmonies,  and  being 
called  upon  to  pe^orm  those  offices  for  which  they  had  both  a  peculiar 
taste  and  talent,  would  find  labor  attractive,  travail  aiirayant^  and  would 
need  no  extraneous  stimulants  to  industry.  He  was,  moreover,  weak 
enough  to  imagine  that  full  play  being  thus  given  to  all  the  natural  pas- 
sions of  men,  and  that  too  in  what  he  called  *'  harmonious  development," 
instead  of  the  present  '*  subversive  development,'*  as  he  termed  it,  so  far 
from  experiencing  any  injury,  from  this  unrestrained  license  of  human 
passions,  duly  harmonized^  would  realize  extraordinary  prosperity  and 
happiness,  and  find,  in  this  life,  enjoyments  not  unworthy  of  a  terrestial 
paradise. 

Surely,  views  so  wild  and  impracticable,  however  plausible  and  capti- 
vating in  some  of  their  aspects,  need  but  little  comment.  They  will  be 
dismissed  from  further  consideration  here,  with  the  remark  that,  in  en- 
tertaining them,  Fourier  committed  two  grand  errors,  which  it  may  be 
worth  while  briefly  to  notice,  the  more  especially  as  they  are  errors  that 
are  entertained,  either  in  whole  or  in  part,  by  a  multitude  of  false  reasoners, 
beside  Fourier,  in  social  science,  and  other  sciences  intimately  related  to 
mankind. 

I.  It  was  a  grand  error  in  Fourier  to  suppose  that  because  there  may 
be  J  and  doubtless  w,  a  natural,  true,  and  proper  system  of  society  for  man- 
kind  J  this  system  is  some  other  than  that  which  we  see,  and  to  which  men 
have  taken  spontaneously,  under  the  various  circumstances  by  which  they 
have  been  surrounded.  How  else  do  we  or  can  we  ascertain  the  natural, 
true,  and  proper  habits  of  any  plant  or  animal,  than  by  observing  what 
are  its  actual  habits?  And  why  does  not  this  rule  apply  to  man,  as  well 
as  to  all  other  animals  and  vegetables  f  Why  is  instinct,  which  is  ad- 
mitted to  be  an  infallible  guide  for  all  other  animals  to  their  true  desti- 
nation in  life,  unreliable  only  in  man  f  It  is  a  very  great  and  serious  er- 
ror in  philosophy  to  suppose  so.  The  instincts  of  man,  though  more  in- 
distinct than  those  of  the  lower  animals,  a];e,  after  all,  the  most  reliable 
indications  to  him  of  his  true  direction  and  destiny ;  and  it  is  altogether 
probable  that  much  more  serious  errors  are  committed  by  men  from  de- 
fects of  reason  than  of  instinct.  Indeed,  no  one  was  ever  a  more  stren- 
uous advocate  of  this  idea,  in  the  main,  than  Fourier  himself,  though  he 
loses  sight  of  it  entirely  when  it  fails  to  chime  with  his  fanciful  and  em- 
inently contracted  theory.  Thus  we  find  that  the  main  point,  in  the  ex- 
isting order  of  civilized  society  everywhere,  against  which  he  directs  the 
batteries  of  his  indignation,  is  its  systematic  endeavor  to  repress  the  nat- 
ural passions  of  the  soul,  to  which  he  aims  to  give  full  play,  confidently 
asserting  their  divinity  of  origin  and  destiny,  from  the  simple  fact  that 
they  exist. 

The  real  secret  or  fundamental  source  of  Fourier's  error  on  this  point, 
was  the  mistake,  so  common  with  half-way  philosophers,  and  especially 
French  philosophers,  of  presumptuously  undertaking  to  pass  final  judg- 
ment on  nature  from  his  own  low  stand-point,  and  audaciously  assuming 


Of  the  Different  Systems  of  Social  Philosophy.  SOS 

tbat  this  and  that  are  wrong,  because  to  his  contracted  view  it  appears 
so.  Thns  we  find  him,  with  the  most  astounding  audacity  and  most  im- 
aginable assurance,  asserting  '^  that  roan  has  been  exceedingly  ill  used 
l^  nature,"  because  he  cannot  see  so  well  as  the  eagle  and  the  cock,  the 
owl  and  the  oat,*  and  tbat  this  ill  usage  of  man  ought  to  be  rectified, 
and  will  be,  so  soon  as  our  planet  geiz  fully  harmonized^  which  it  will  do 
in  two  centuries  more  at  the  latest,  when  man  will  attain  a  power  of 
▼ision  far  exceeding  that  of  all  the  lower  animals,  as  he  ought  certainly 
to  have. 

Thus,  again,  we  find  him,  with  less  audacity  and  transparent  folly,  as- 
serting, in  the  passage  already  quoted  in  part,  '^  Tiberius,  in  harmony, 
will  be  just  as  noble,  and  more  valuable,  than  Fenelon  ;  you  must  then 
accuse,  not  Tiberius,  but  civilization,  which  knows  not  how  to  make  use 
of  this  rich  character,  which  is  an  ambiguous  triraixth."f  It  seems  never 
to  hare  occurred  to  Fourier,  that  perhaps  Tiberius  was  already  in  har- 
mony, and  did  not  need  his  ridiculous  harmonic  principles  to  render  him 
so.  Fourier,  with  all  his  vast  romancings  through  space,  did  not  have 
comprehensiveness  enough  of  apprehension  to  comprehend  the  idea  of  a 
grand  concord  of  discords,  nor  to  discern  that,  most  probably,  to  an  all- 
seeing  eye,  and  an  all-discerning  mind,  the  universe  is  already  in  harmony 
with  all  its  lights  and  shadows,  pains  and  pleasures,  goods  and  ill,  truths 
and  falsehoods.  He  was  not  really  a  profound  enough  reasoner  to  com- 
prehend that  if,  indeed,  he  could  exterpate  all  lying,  all  falsehood,  from 
men,  as  he  aimed  at  doing,  he  would  perhaps  have  dried  up  one  of  the 
grand  fountains  of  human  happiness,  and  left  to  human  life  too  much  of 
the  stseets  without  the  requisite  acidities  of  creation.  His  was  not  the 
soul  to  comprehend  the  profound  language  of  Bacon,  a  true  master  of 
the  human  soul,  **  A  mixture  of  lies  doth  ever  add  pleasure.  Doth  any 
man  doubt  that,  if  there  were  taken  from  men^s  minds  vain  opinions,  flat- 
tering hopes,  false  valuations,  imaginations  as  one  would,  and  the  like 
vinum  Daemonium,  (as  a  father  calls  poetry,)  that  it  would  leave  the 
minds  of  a  number  of  men  poor  shrunken  things,  full  of  melancholy 
and  indisposition,  and  unpleasing  to  themselves  ?"J  Fourier  does  not 
seem  to  have  been  at  all  conversant  either  with  the  grand  sentiment  of 
Pope — 

"  All  nature  is  bat  art  unknown  to  thee ; 
All  chance,  direction  which  thou  canst  not  see ; 
All  discord,  harmony  not  understood ; 
All  partial  evil,  uniyersal  ^ood ; 
And  spite  of  pride — in  erring  reason's  spite, 
This  much  is  clear — whatever  is  is  rigfU,**% 

It  is  true  that  Fourier  has  presented  this  unphilosophical  idea,  that 
there  is  something  essentially  wrong  in  the  existing  order  of  things,  whether 
in  Sociology  or  in  Physiology,  in  a  very  plausible  form,  and  such  as  may 
serve  to  stagger  criticism  for  a  moment.    He  maintains  that  mankind  are 

*  See  PMsiont  of  the  Bool,  as  trsnilated  by  Morell,  part  L,  oh.  8,  or  toL  L,  P>  S8,  London  edition 
of  185 J. 

t  860  samo  work,  part  It.,  sea !!.,  oh.  S)  styled  Epi  mediate  Chapter,  or  roL  IL,  p .  897. 

t  The  author  is  not  able  to  refer  to  the  work  in  which  this  langoage  is  nsed  bjr  Bacon,  though 
it  bears  the  nnmlsukable  impress  of  his  genius.  It  was  met  with  in  a  note  to  an  English  transla- 
tion of  OoDthe's  Finst 

S  Essay  on  Man. 


804  RevieWy  Misioriccd  and  Critical^ 

not  as  yet  in  their  inu  natural  state,  or  state  of  full  normal  development. 
He  maintaiDs,  as  a  part  of  his  general  system  of  cosmogony  and  fundar 
mental  philosophy,  that  both  the  material  and  humanitarian  or  moral 
systems  of  the  universe  are  subject  to  alternate  periods  oftubversian  and 
harmony^  the  former  of  which  lie  also  calls  tranHtions  and  states  of  itm^ 
in  some  places,  while  in  other  places  he  attempts  to  draw  important  dis- 
tinctions between  subversion  and  transition — that  in  these  periods  of  sub- 
versions, the  springs  of  universal  movement,  in  the  passional  and  mate- 
rial world  alike,  operate  in  subversive  play,  and  in  direct  contradictioa 
to  their  natural  course,  producing,  for  example,  night  instead  of  day, 
winter  instead  of  summer,  caterpillar  instead  of  butterfly,  comet  instead 
of  planet.  He  maintains,  further,  that  our  planet,  and  all  its  inhabitants, 
are,  as  yet,  in  the  subversive  state,  or  state  of  limbo^  and  have  not  yet  at- 
tained to  their  true  normal  development.  He  vouchsafes,  however,  to 
imforni  us,  that  this  state  will  not  continue  much  longer — that  the  hu- 
man race  is  destined  to  remain  80,000  years  on  this  globe,  about  6,000 
years  in  a  state  of  anterior  subversion,  4,000  in  posterior  subversion,  and 
Y0,000  in  twenty-four  dij/erent  phases  of  harmony ^  or  true  hiimanitarian 
life — that  this  period  of  anterior  subversion  is  now  near  its  close,  and 
mankind  are  nearly  approximated  to  the  period  of  full  and  blissful  har- 
monic development. 

In  reply  to  these  grandly  romantic  speculations,  it  is  sufficient  to  say 
that  they  are  wholly  unsustained  by  any  data  sufficient  for  scientific  con- 
clusion, and  that  they  are  rendered  only  a  little  plausible  by  a  few  strained 
analogies,  while  far  more  numerous  and  important  ones,  of  a  contradic- 
tory bearing,  have  been  wholly  overlooked.  One  only  of  those  c-ontra- 
dictory  analogies,  and  one  which  is  far  more  germain  to  the  point  in 
issue  than  those  cited  by  Fourier,  will  be  noticed  here.  According  to 
Fourier's  favorite  idea  of  universal  analogy,  and  indeed  by  his  own  ex- 
press assertions  in  various  places,  the  life  of  the  individual  man  is  the 
type  of  every  other^  and  of  course,  more  especially,  of  the  life  of  the  race 
of  mankind.  Now  let  us  inquire  how  does  the  analogy  drawn  from  this 
individual  life  of  man  testify  as  to  Fourier's  fanciful  and  delusive  idea 
about  70,000  years  of  harmonized  bliss  in  the  lifetime  of  the  race.  Is 
there  any  essential  difference  between  the  functional  life  of  the  individual 
man  in  the  different  ages  of  his  existence  ?  Is  it  not  the  same  in  the  boy 
oi  five  years,  the  man  of  twenty-five^  and  the  veteran  oi  seventy  ?  Is  not 
man  in  the  prime  cf  life,  the  vigor  of  inanhood,  still  liable  to  pain  and 
penury,  and  "all  the  countless  ills  that  flesh  is  heir  to,"  as  well  as  in 
youth  and  old  age  ?  Where,  then,  is  the  probability  or  rationality  of  the 
idea  that  the  race  of  mankindy  during  the  70,000  years  of  their  middle 
age,  are  destined  to  enjoy  a  state  of  harmonic  development  directly  the 
reverse  of  that  which  they  have  experienced  during  the  earlier  period  of 
their  existence  already  past?  It  is  a  peurile  imagination,  utterly  unsus- 
tained by  scientific  testimony,  and  unworthy  of  a  philosopher. 

H.  It  was  a  second  grand  error  in  Fourier,  and  greater  than  the  first, 
to  suppose  tJiat,  if  indeed  there  is  any  other  right  state  of  society  than  that 
which  we  find  actually  existing  in  its  different  phases  among  mankind^ 
either  he  or  any  other  man  can  construct  it  artificially^  or  by  the  aid  of 
merely  scientific  principles.  This  is  about  as  wise  as  to  imagine  than  an 
individual  man,  a  living  human  soul,  can  be  made  artificially,  and  by 
means  of  a  scientific  calculation  of  the  exact  quantity  of  carbon,  hydro- 


Of  the  Different  Syskme  of  Social  Philosophy.  805 

ges^  nitrogen,  And  other  ingredients  it  takes  to  form  a  man.  We  know 
that  human  ingenuity  is  adequate  to  do  mueh,  but  it  can  never  actually 
oreate  life,  either  vegetable  or  animal,  individual  or  social,  by  any  artifi- 
cial means  or  scientific  appliances,  however  skillful.  It  may  make  a 
steam-engine  and  an  automaton,  but  it  can  never  make  a  man,  or  a  so- 
ciety of  men.  All  it  can  do,  towards  either  of  these  last  named  results, 
is  to  perform  certain  acts  which  will  set  in  motion,  or  bring  into  play, 
certain  oecnlt  and  profoundly  unknown  forces  of  nature.  It  can  never 
accomplish  anything  in  this  line,  except  by  drawing  on  the  vast  resources 
of  nature,  her  boundless  skill  as  exhibited  in  her  eternal  workshops,  and 
the  result  of  her  agency  in  such  cases  can  never  be  calculated,  with  any 
certainty,  by  human  intelligence. 

No  human  society  was  ever  yet  the  creation  of  human  ingenuity  solely, 
nor  to  any  other  extent  so,  than  to  a  very  limited  one.  There  is,  in  all 
human  societies  a  great  deal  more  that  lies  beyond  the  reach  of  human 
creation  and  control,  than  within  them,  and  the  really  most  important 
part  of  a  nation's  laws  will,  accordingly,  be  found  to  be  those  that  are 
not  written.  A  nation  or  society  cannot  be  created  de  novo  or  ah  origine^ 
conformably  to  the  views  of  any  human  designer.  Nor  can  it  ever  be 
ushered  into  existence,  except  after  a  long  and  elaborate  process  of  ante- 
rior formation,  which  must  forever  defy  the  utmost  human  ingenuity  or 
wisdom  to  calculate  the  results  of. 

In  short,  incubation  it  indispensable  to  the  creation  of  national  or  social 
UfCj  as  well  as  of  tWivu{tfa^---nay,  moreover,  incubation^  gestation^  and 
parturition.  There  is  no  other  way  of  creating  men  than  the  natural 
one — by  begetting  babies ;  and  the  way  of  creating  or  begetting  empires, 
nations,  or  societies,  is  like  unto  it  In  either  case,  the  little  that  human 
ingenuity  can  do  towards  controlling  the  result  aimed  at  is  as  nothing 
compared  with  what  it  cannot  do.  By  strict  attention  to  the  laws  of 
geneiUogg  in  the  case  of  individual  life,  and  of  ethnology  in  the  case  of 
national,  and  to  the  influence  of  circumstances  in  both  cases,  something 
may  be  effected.  If,  for  example,  you  wish  to  create  a  certain  style  of 
man,  all  you  can  do  is  to  unite  in  wedlock  a  certain  style  of  man  to  a 
certain  style  of  woman,  and  attend  strictly  to  the  health  and  habits, 
mental  and  bodily,  of  the  woman,  during  the  period  of  her  gestation. 
If  you  wish  to  create  a  certain  style  of  society,  or  nation,  all  you  can  do 
is  to  unite  a  certain  style  of  men  to  a  certain  style  of  local  circumstances^ 
having  regard  to  soil,  climate,  geographical  feature,  and  general  adapt- 
ability as  to  occupation,  and  then  attend  to  the  habits  of  your  society, 
as  far  as  possible,  during  its  embryo  state,  or  the  period  of  its  gestation. 
This  is  all  that  the  most  renowned  founders  of  States  have  ever  done,  or 
been  able  to  do.  What  did  Alexander  and  Peter  the  Great,  in  founding 
their  renowned  cities  of  Alexandria  and  Petersburg?  The  one  merely 
united  the  Egyptians  and  Grecians  to  the  local  circumstances  surounding 
the  mouth  of  the  Nile,  on  the  Mediterranean  Sea ;  and  the  other  united 
the  Russians  to  the  local  circumstances  concentrated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Neva,  on  the  Baltic.  In  short,  all  they  did  was,  they  married  the  rack 
to  the  oiftcuMsTANOES.  Nature  did  all  the  rest.  Had  Peter  colonized 
his  city  with  Ei^yptians  and  Greeks,  or  had  he  located  his  Russians  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Nile,  the  result  would  have  been  very  different  from  that 
which  has  followed  his  work;  and  all  that  Fourier  and  other  presumptu- 

VQL.  LXIV. — HO.  lU.  20 


806      Review  of  the  Different  Systems  of  Social  Philosophy. 

0U8  aspirers  to  the  power  of  dictating  the  deetiny  of  hamanitj  may  have 
striven  for,  to  the  contrary,  would  have  heen  vain  and  fotile. 

What,  again,  could  the  utmost  human  sagacity  and  ingenuitj^  hare 
done,  towards  designedly  controlling  the  destiny,  or  forming  the  charac- 
ter, of  one  of  the  latest  horn  and  most  distinguished  of  existing  nationa, 
now  threatened,  apparently,  with  premature  death — the  Americans?  It 
could  have  done  nothing  more  than  look  to  the  charactef  of  those  who 
sailed  in  the  May  Flower,  and  those  who  settled  at  Jamestown  ard  other 
points,  attend  to  the  local  circumstances  of  their  places  of  settlement, 
and  the  various  political,  as  well  as  local  influences,  by  which  they  were 
surrounded  during  their  long  period  of  gestation^  extending  through 
nearly  two  centuries,  until  the  nation  was  actually  delivered  on  the  4th 
of  July,  l^^e. 

Fourier  needed  council  from  the  great  mind  of  Bacon,  and  the  idea 
with  which  he  seemed  to  be  thoroughly  animated,  in  all  his  philosophical 
discourses — that  the  subtlety  of  nature  greatly  exceeds  that  of  num — and 
that,  consequently,  however  skillfully  man  may  contrive,  he  must  ever 
fall  behind  the  skill,  the  subtlety,  and  intricacy  of  nature.  And  yet  it 
should  seem  that  Fourier,  of  all  men,  ought  to  have  been  one  of  the  very 
last  to  need  council  on  this  point,  in  respect  to  the  organization  of  hu- 
man society ;  for  this  much  must  be  accorded  to  him,  that  he  seemed  to 
appreciate  well  its  vast  complexity^  at  the  same  time  that  he  wretchedly 
failed  to  appreciate  the  vast  difficulty  and  utter  impracticability  of  its 
being  mastered  or  controlled  by  human  ingenuity.  While  most  analysts 
of  society  have  been  content  to  reduce  it  to  three  main  elements,  asihe 
oood,  bady  and  indifferentj  the  rtcA,  poor^  and  middle  conditioned^  or  the 
like,  Fourier  had  reduced  the  composite  structure,  of  what  he  calls  truly 
harmonized  human  society,  to  not  less  than  810  different  elements,  each 
one  of  which,  he  maintains,  must  be  present,  in  its  proper  proportion, 
and  without  any  other  element,  in  order  to  constitute  such  a  society. 
And  yet  he  maintains  that  human  ingenuity  is  adequate  to  the  stupen- 
dous work  of  organizing  such  a  system  of  society,  that  his  sagacity  and 
skill  could  easily  compass  it,  and  that  mankind  and  civilization,  and  all 
its  philosophy,  were  despicably  stupid,  because  they  would  not  commit 
themselves  to  his  directions.  Was  there  ever  a  doctrine  more  completely 
suicidal?  Was  ever  delusion  more  evidently  manifested!  Assuredly, 
Fourier,  like  many  of  his  brother  reformers  of  society,  belonged  to  that 
class,  of  whom  it  has  been  written,  "^  Esteeming  themselves  wise,  they 
became  fools,"* 

*  The  foregoing  outline  of  Fonrier*s  views  of  society  have  been  condensed  almost  entirely  firom 
bia  work  on  ^  The  Paaaions  of  the  Unman  Sonl,^'  through  whioh  they  lie  scattered  in  desultory 
and  vast  confusion.  Of  this  work,  Mr.  Hugh  Dougherty,  one  of  the  expounders  and  biographers 
of  Fourier,  has  said.  *•*>  In  a  purely  scientific  view,  the  analyses  of  the  passions  may  be  deemed  the 
most  important  of  h's  works,  since  he  builds  his  whole  social  theory,  and  all  hit  aoientific  aynthe- 
sia,  on  this  analyses. '  See  Dougherty^s  Introduction  to  Morell's  translation  of  the  PaMions  o  fthe 
&ouU  page  5,  ol  Loa  Ion  edition  of  1851. 


Gonstruetion  of  Reamers.  807 


Art.  II.-C0NSTBBCTION  OP  8TBAIBI8.* 

OOaSTKVOnOir  OrST&UIIBS^BIDBirHULi  AXD  lOBKWt— WHSKL  tHATTB— MSBIT  BBAVT— SLBXIHTS 
OF  TBB  tOBBW— 0raBBAGB— OOXOLiraiOV. 

A  PBOMiNSNT  consideratioa  in  constructing  steamers  is  to  obtain  in 
tbem  the  least  resistance  proportional  to  the  displacement,  consistent 
with  the  strength  and  stability  requisite  for  the  service  to  be  performed. 
If  this  service  regards  only  speed  under  steam  alone,  and  is  to  be  per- 
formed in  smooth  water,  the  resistance  may  be  reduced  very  much  by 
giving  great  length  as  compared  with  the  beam  or  breadth.  In  this 
manner  the  displacement  may  be  doubled  without  an  increase,  but  on  the 
contrary  a  reduction,  of  resistance,  by  rendering  the  water  lines  ^'  easier  ;*' 
that  is,  by  reducing  the  angles  with  which  the  vessel  enters  and  leaves 
the  water.  For  smooth  water,  there  is  scarcely  a  limit  to  the  application 
of  this  principle,  except  steering  in  crooked  channels  and  turning  in  com- 
paratively narrow  places,  also  that  imposed  by  the  friction  arising  from 
length. 

But  these  excessively  long  vessels  are  objectionable  as  steamers  on  the 
ocean  for  several  reasons.  Of  these,  one  is  the  enormous  weight  of  the 
engines  and  boilers  concentrated  within  a  small  space  near  the  center  of 
the  vessel,  which,  when  the  two  extremities  are  sustained  by  the  tops  of 
two  waves,  being  partially  forsaken  by  the  trough  of  the  sea,  will  settle, 
and  occasion  leaks,  unless  the  vessel  is  constructed  with  an  extraordinary 
degree  of  strength  proportioned  to  the  length. 

Again ;  if  a  very  long  vessel,  heading  a  heavy  sea,  is  raised  at  the  bow 
by  a  wave,  and  that  wave  passes  under  her  to  the  center,  sustaining  that 
part,  the  bow  will  overhang  the  wave  and  drop,  opening  the  butts  of  the 
planks,  and  occasioning  there  also  strain  and  leak. 

The  kind  and  degree  of  strength  necessary  to  prevent  the  extremities 
and  the  center  of  a  long  steamer  alternately  settling  in  the  manner  de- 
scribed, are  given  chiefly  by  the  side  planks.  If  the  sides  are  deep,  so 
that  this  planking  has  great  breadth,  the  vessel  will  be  correspondingly 
strong — otherwise  weak.  Several  long  river  boats,  with  no  great  depth 
of  sides,  have  broken  at  sea  and  foundered.f 

A  limit  to  the  strength  produced  by  depth  of  sides  is  prescribed  by 
the  practicable  height  and  depth  of  the  vessel,  which  must  bear  a  cer- 
tain relation,  and  both  may  be  too  great;  one  for  stability  and  as  afford- 
ing an  object  for  opposing  winds,  and  the  other  for  draft  of  water  and 
passage  of  bars  found  at  the  entrance  of  most  harbors. 

A  second  objection  to  these  excessively  long  vessels  is,  that  if  in  a 
gale  steam  fails,  they  fall  into  the  trough  of  the  sea,  and  there  remain  in 
spite  of  every  effort  hitherto  tried,  sails  or  drags,  and  wallow  until  their 
decks  are  swept,  and  they  founder.  The  San  Francisco  and  Central 
America  are  memorable  instances. 

A  third  objection  is  urged  in  certain  cases,  as  men-of-war  to  compose 

*  steam  for  the  Million :  a  Popular  Treatise  oa  Steam,  and  its  Application  to  the  neeftil  Arta, 
especially  Navigation.    By  J.  H.  Wabd»  Commander,  U.  8.  Navy.   New  York:  D.  Van  Noetrand. 

t  The  **hog  frame"  is  an  expedient  to  compensate  for  want  of  depth  of  sides*  bnt  at  sea  is  not 
reliable.  The  bow  and  stern,  too,  not  being  '*  water  borne,*'  are  hons  by  braces,  and  other  expedi- 
ents, which  also,  although  well  enough  in  smooth  water  alone,  and  well  enough  as  auxiliary  to 
deep  sides  at  sea,  are  not  there  a  good  sole  dependence. 


308  Ccmsiruciion  of  JSeaniers. 

the  body  of  a  fleet,  which  it  is  desirable  to  compact  and  maneuver  quickly, 
and  within  a  reasonable  space.^ 

In  regard  to  size  of  vessels,  their  capacity  to  carry  fuel,  power,  <fec.,  is 
as  the  displacement.  The  resistance,  to  which  the  power  must  be  pro- 
portioned, is  as  the  area  of  the  greatest  immersed  section.  But  as  ves- 
sels increase  in  dimensions,  their  forms  being  similar,  the  capacity  in- 
creases as  the  cube  of  any  given  dimension  ;  whilst  the  area  of  the  im- 
mersed section,  consequently  the  resistance,  increases  only  as  the  square 
of  that  dimension.!  Hence,  increasing  the  size  of  a  vessel  so  as  to  double 
her  resistance,  and  double  the  cost  of  running  her  by  doubling  the  quan- 
tity of  fuel  consumed  in  a  given  time,  more  than  doubles  her  capacity  to 
■carry  freight,  fuel,  Ac, ;  which  explains  why  large  vessels  of  any  kind 
are  found  most  profitable  where  there  is  employment  enough  for  them, 
and  why  large  steamers  can  keep  the  sea  longer,  and  accomplish  longer 
voyages  with  the  fuel  they  are  capable  of  carrying,  than  smaller  steamers. 

Let  there  be  taken,  for  example,  two  vessels,  one  30  feet  wide,  150  feet 
long,  and  drawing  10  feet  water;  and  another  40  feet  wide,  200  long, 
and  also  drawing  10  feet.  The  displacement  (or  capacity  to  carry)  of 
one  is  represented  by  45,000,  the  product  of  the  three  measurements ; 
und  :he  displacement  of  the  other  by  96,000.  The  relative  resistances 
are  represented  by  800  and  400 ;  that  is,  the  capacity  of  the  larger  ves- 
sel is  more  than  100  per  cent  greater  than  the  smaller,  and  her  resistance, 
and  consequently  her  power  and  expense,  are  greater  by  only  33  per  cent. 

But,  by  art.  8,  the  depth  must  grow  with  the  length,  at  sea,  for  strength. 
It  must  also  increjise  in  order  to  give  lateral  hold  in  the  water  to  corre- 
spond with  the  lateral  exposure  to  the  force  of  both  wind  and  sea,  for 
otherwise  the  drift  is  such  that,  however  the  ship  may  head,  no  one  can 
know  the  actual  position  on  the  sailing  chart,  owing  to  this  great  and 
uncertain  drift  as  a  cause  of  deviation.  Hence  the  grain  of  speed  by 
length,  although  always  great,  is  in  practice  reduced  below  the  figures 
of  the  preceding  paragraph. 

In  proportioning  engines  to  vessels  intended  for  steaming  only,  it  is 
customary  to  allow  a  horse  power  for  every  one,  two,  or  three  tons — giv- 
ing the  highest  proportion  to  smallest  vessels,  for  reasons  noted  in  art.  6. 
There  is  a  growing  partiality  for  high  proportional  power,  especially  for 
vessels  engaged  in  the  transportation  of  passengers,  yet  there  is  much 
argument  as  to  what  the  limit  of  this  proportion  should  be.  A  correct 
solution  depends  on  the  purpose  of  the  ship,  whether  for  man-of-war  or 

*  Long  (tolling  ships  b*ve  relatirely  an  advantage  in  speed,  pitch  less,  and  are  much  more  weath- 
-erly,  because  the  lateral  resistance  Is  greater  proportionally  to  the  longitudinal,  and  because  they 
brace  the  yards  sharper;  but  they  won't  stay  so  surely  unless  the  head  yards  are  chocked  in,  be* 
«iuse  they  lose  headway  before  the  yards  braced  extra  sharp  catch  aback.  They  cannot  either  be 
got  oflf  tJie  wind  in  a  squall,  therefore  need  more  careful  watching.  They  require  an  inconvenient 
space  staying,  and  moie  for  wearing-  an  inconvenience  especially  felt  in  fleets. 

Ihe  Kngli&h  complain  bitteily  of  the  unmanageable  character  of  their  new  long  steam  fWgates. 
copied  after  ours,  which  is  attributed  to  length.  Their  long  rows  of  battery  on  a  single  deck,  are 
riaicn led  as  "streets  of  guns."  In  truth,  the v  would,  in  line,  faro  badly  agulnst  the  concentrated 
lire  of  ft  two  or  three  decker;  and  will,  if  eo  bo  it  turns  out  by  actual  war  cxi>erience  that  the  line 
system  is  to  continue.  This,  however,  by  the  best  opinions,  will  not  prove  the  case.  If  it  does 
BOt,  and  the  mel6e  system  prevoils,  then  ships  fiffhtlnsr  under  steam,  will  as  often  be  ensraged  on 
both  sides  as  on  one,  obliging  them  to  fight  both  b  ttories,  each  with  half  a  crew,  as  rapidly  as  one 
battery  can  be  fought  with  a  whole  crew.  As  guns  are  now  mounted,  this  would  be  iin|>o?*lble. 
The  author  is  prepared  with  a  means  of  meeting  this  new  necessity,  and  he  will  propose  it  in  dno 
time. 

t  Solid  measures  increase  with  the  cubes,  and  superficial  as  the  square  of  a  linear  measurement. 
Henee,  while  the  space  In  the  ship  increases  as  the  ctibc-s,  the  surface,  on  which  the  car[H!nter  works, 
iiioreases  only  as  the  square,  which  accounts  f(»r  the  rednced  proportional  cost  of  large  ships ;  and 
it  would  be  ieaa  than  it  ia,  except  for  the  scaflbldlog  and  hoiating  on  the  atocka. 


Oonstructian  of  Steamers.  869 

not  If  it  be  speed,  dispatch,  packet  service  alone,  sacrifice  largely  every- 
thing to  speed ;  otherwise  not.  And  so  with  such  men-of-war  as  are 
built  for  speed,  to  run,  or  principally  for  that.  Or  if  they  are  built  prin- 
cipally to  claw  off  a  lee-shore,  as  some  strangely  contend,  then  give  them 
a  power  adapted  to  this  main  object  of  their  construction,  otherwise  not. 
And  if  they  are  to  perform  service  about  home  exclusively,  they  need 
one  construction  and  proportion  of  steam  power  to  tonnage ;  that  it  should 
be  primary,  not  secondary  or  auxiliary  to  sails;  otherwise  the  reverse. 
For  fighting  and  for  distant  service,  ships  undoubtedly  require  battery, 
spars,  and  subsistence,  which  are  opposed  to  excessive  proportional  steam 
power,  or  the  weight  and  space  it  occupies. 

The  law  of  power  in  its  relation  to  speed  is,  that  power  increases  or 
decreases  with  the  cube  of  the  speed ;  and  calculating,  the  statement  is, 
as  the  cube  of  a  given  speed,  is  to  the  power  which  by  experiment  pro- 
duces that  speed,  so  is  the  cube  of  any  other  required  speed,  greater  or 
less  than  the  given  one,  to  the  power  which  will  produce  that  required 


Thus,  if  it  is  known  that  in  a  given  case  500  horses  power  will  pro- 
duce a  speed  of  8  knots,  and  it  is  desired  to  know  what  the  increase  of 
power  must  be  to  increase  the  speed  {•,  or  to  10  knots,  the  statement  will  be, 
as  8'  —  612,  is  to  500  (H.  P.,)  so  is  10'  =  1000,  to  976  (H.  P.,)  or 
nearly  double  the  power.  So  that  doubling  the  power  produces  only  } 
increase  of  speed.  By  trying  other  cases  it  will  be  found,  uniformly,  that 
doubling  the  power  gives  about  j-  increase  of  speed.  Hence  a  moderate 
increase  of  speed  involves  an  enormous  increase  of  weight,  and  demands 
room  correspondingly  for  engines  and  boilers,  and  more  yet  for  coals.* 

In  regard  to  the  water  lines  of  vessels,  experiments  long  ago  deter- 
mined, that  the  form  of  least  resistance  had  its  sharpest  end  forward. 
But  short  sailing  vessels  so  built,  buried,  and  have  even  run  under  and 
foundered.  Long  vessels  are  in  no  such  danger.  Nevertheless,  it  is  but 
recently  that  constructors  have  boldly  conformed  practice  to  theory,  and 
brought  the  deatl  fiat  amidships.  Mr.  Steers  led  in  this  step,  and  hence 
mainly  his  success.  Steamers,  which  are  such  exclusively,  are  often  much 
fullest  aft.f 

Ships,  of  course,  freight  around  the  weight  of  their  hulls^l  and  it  is 

*  It  is  truly  destrable  that  the  pnblic,  whleh  properly  regards  speed  ss  the  ohtef  merit  in  packet 
and  passage  steamers,  should  regard  men-of-war  with  more  reasonable  and  charitable  criticism,  re- 
membering they  are  designed  for  distant,  long-continaed  craising,  away  firom  supplies  of  fael ;  and 
besides  engines,  mast  carr}^  heavy  batteries,  heavy  masts  and  spars,  subsistence  and  water  for  large 
crewsfor  many  months -a  lading  wholly  incompatible  with  the  lean  water  lines,  and  the  heavy 
boilers  and  engines,  whleh  eondace  to  mere  speed. 

The  proportions  of  horse  power  are  given  in  the  books  as  relating  to  tonnage,  sometimes  to  dis- 
placement, and  sometimes  to  area  of  immersed  section ;  and  in  reading  Intelligently,  It  is  necessary 
to  know  which  is  meant,  neither  being  expressed. 

So  also  there  is,  beside  the  calcuhitea  and  the  indicated  horse  power  already  explained,  another 
one  spoken  of  in  English  books,  termed  the  **  nominal  horse  power,^  and,  in  reading  intelligently, 
It  Ls  necessary  to  know  olso  which  of  them  is  meant,  when  neither  is  expressed. 

Nominal  horse  power,  as  used  in  English  publications,  expresses  the  relative  capacities  of  cylin- 
ders, and  the  work  the  engine  will  do  with  some  certain  effective  pressure  upon  the  piston  per 
square  inch,  the  books  say  7  Ibs^  (Bourne,  p.  SO,)  but  is  no  measure  absolutely  of  the  work  an  en- 
giaedoea. 

t  Large  ships  with  short  floors  invariable  fkil  at  sea,  though  fit  for  smooth  water. 

X  On  this  principle,  of  the  Impossibility  of  freighting  all  around  the  globe  any  number  of  vessels 
loaded  with  their  nulls,  the  "coat-of-maU  ships,'^  now  bugboaring  the  world,  will  prove  wholly  im- 
practicable as  cruisers,  although  for  special  service  against  a  neighboring  belligerent  power,  they 
may  no  doubt  prove  effective,  more  particularly  if  ever  it  turns  out  that  they  are  made  impervious 
to  heavy  shot. 

Bo  also  the  **8team  ram,**  which  must  be  of  enormous  wdght  and  strength,  although  of  some 
<6rvloe  about  home,  (yet  even  then  far  ^ort  of  what  its  cost  should  render  it,)  may  very  likely 
^om  out  a  ^  sheepish  **  aflkir.    Certainly  it  should  be  permitted  to  sink  but  oae  vessel,  and  that  one 


810  Oonstniciian  of  Steamers. 

desirable  tbat  so  far  as  possible  each  part  of  the  ship  should  carry  its 
own  weight  This  the  bows  and  sterns  of  very  Jong  sharp  ships  do  not ; 
in  other  words,  those  parts  are  not  water  borne,  but  are  as  nauch  hung  to 
the  body,  as  a  horse's  neck  and  head,  and  are  to  be  held  up  by  a  heavy 
and  expensive  constant  support  This  very  difficulty  imposes  another 
check  upon  length,  and  still  more  upon  sharpness ;  for  art  must  yield  to 
nature — planks  and  bolts  to  gravity.* 

It  is  useless  to  complain  of  the  expense  of  a  steam  navy,  for  there  is 
no  avoiding  the  greater  first  cost  of  ships,  the  more  frequent  repairs  aris- 
ing from  the  shake  ef  the  engines  and  the  rapid  decay  caused  by  heat,  or  the 
larger  amount  required  for  pay.  The  Wabash,  after  but  two  years'  ser- 
vice, shows  in  her  wales,  midway  of  the  ship,  only  a  shell  one  inch  thick 
of  sound  wood,  although  at  and  towards  the  extremities,  away  from  the 
heat,  the  planks  are  good  the  whole  thickness.  This  may  in  part  be  due 
to  unseasoned  stuff  used  in  the  hurry  of  building,  for  undoubtedly  steamers 
require  the  very  best  of  seasoned  material — at  least  in  the  middle,  or 
waist 

The  side  wheel,  is  to  the  screw  under  steam  power,  what  the  paddle — 
more  properly  a  pair  of  paddles,  or  banks  of  oars,  are  to  the  scull  under 
hand  power.  And  the  parallel  only  fails,  because  so  much  band  power 
cannot  be  brought  to  bear  on  the  scull  as  on  oars,  whereas  an  equal  steam 
power  can  be  brought  to  the  screw  as  to  side  wheels. 

Even  if  the  parallel  did  not  fail  for  the  reason  mentioned  in  the  case 
of  hand  power,  and  so  much  hand  power  could  be  brought  on  the  scull 
as  on  oars,  relying  alone  on  the  ^'  ash  breese,"  a  figurative  term  for  the 
oar,  they  would  be  voted  preferable  to  the  scull  in  smooth  water ;  although 
in  rough  water,  or  co-operating  with  sails,  all  experience  demonstrates 
the  imperfect,  awkward  action  of  oars. 

Throughout  nature,  where  motion  alone  is  the  object,  the  rotatory  is 
tbat  which  is  always  witnessed  ;  and  in  art,  where  motion  alone  is  the 
purpose,  nature  is  imitated  with  analogous  benefit  Under  such  circum- 
stances, then,  there  is  an  advantage  in  bringing  the  rotation  of  the  crank 
shaft  to  act  directly  as  propulsion  by  the  paddle  boards  or  buckets,  rather 
than  indirectly  and  obliquely  by  the  screw. 

The  screw,  therefore,  like  all  intermediaries,  like  for  example  the  gear- 
ing article  17,  page  62,  may  be  regarded  as  a  necessity,  introduced  to 
avoid  some  difficulty  otherwise  unavoidable,  or  to  gain  some  advantage 
otherwise  unattainable;  the  particular  difficulty  in  this  case  to  be  avoided 
being  the  unequal  action  of  side  wheels  in  rough  water ;  and  the  particular 
advantage  sought  being  a  union  of  the  elastic  force  of  steam  produced 
by  artificial  means,  with  the  natural  force  of  the  winds  on  sails,  which  is 
a  result  of  gravity.     Article  1,  page  9. 

None  would  think  of  any  other  appliance  for  speed  on  a  railroad,  than 
the  driving  wheel  acting  directly  by  traction.    Only  where  traction  is 

sbonld  take  the  ram  down  ^  by  the  homs,*^  head  foremoat  In  war,  defence  always  keeps  pace  with 
the  attack,  and  following  the  ram*s  introdnotion,  will  be  appliances  for  (rrappling  it  on  the  instant, 
if  not  before  all  the  fatal  damage  is  effected,  jet  before  the  victim  can  sink,  so  tnat  when  the  ram 
Ukes  that  projected  **  turn  bacl^**  it  will  find  *•  its  horns  canght  in  a  thicket "-  that  it  is  easier  to 
get  into  a  scrape  than  ont  of  it  Will  Uie  rams  carry  their  extremities  in  a  heavy  sea,  or  will  the 
steel-plated  ships  carry  theirs  as  cmisers? 

*  The  mania  for  increasing  length  will  hardly  be  cured,  nntil  after  more  disaster.  But  unfortu- 
nately the  vieUms  will  be  a  simple  public  which  knows  no  better,  intent  only  on  going  ahead*  and 
not  the  capitalist  and  architect  who  don*t  go  to  sea  in  the  vessels,  only  order  and  construct  them, 
QBder  the  UAlted  lapiUse  of  cupidity  and  vanity. 


ChnBtn^iion  of  Steamers.  81 L 

insufficient,  is  has  been  proposed  to  overcome  inclined  planes  by  a  screw. 
So  afloat,  on  smooth  rivers,  where  an  even  keel  and  even  action  of  the 
paddles  is  always  possible,  the  case  is  very  near  akin  to  that  of  railroads. 
Hence  on  rivers,  side  wheels  are  usually  seen — screws  never.  True,  a 
lack  of  depth  or  draft  of  water  to  submerge  a  screw,  is  an  additional  rea- 
son for  its  absence  from  rivers;  but  without  that  reason,  it  yet  wouldn^t 
be  there. 

Early  experimenters  in  this  country,  those  coeval  with  Evans,  Fitch, 
Stevens,  and  Fulton,  essayed  with  the  screw,  and  developed  its  advantages 
in  deep  water  with  a  sufficient  draft.  But  in  shoal  water,  it  could  not  be 
nsed  even  if  desirable;  and  in  smooth  water  it  was  not  desirable.  Hence 
the  side  wheel  got  the  ascendency  in  America,  where  shoal,  smooth 
rivers  and  'hays  were  the  field ;  an  ascendency  which  doubtless  the  screw 
would  have  got  instead,  in  England,  where  the  boisterous  channels  and 
their  deep  water  were  the  field  demanding  steam  power  to  navigate  them. 
Naturally,  in  copying  from  us  who  led  in  steam  navigation,  the  English 
took  the  side  wheel,  which  was  also  best  adapted  to  the  Boulton  and 
Watt's  form  and  style  of  engine,  then  universal ;  and  although  the  screw 
proves  now  to  be  best  adapted  for  channel  service,  it  is  not  wonderful 
that  time  alone  could  break  the  hold  which  possession  gave  upon  preju- 
dice for  the  side  wheel,  as  it  has  now  done  there,  and  also  begotten  a 
new  form  of  engine,  the  screw  engine,  adapted  to  the  work  required. 
Nor  is  it  wonderful  that  we  are  behind  England  in  screw  propulsion,  and 
even  for  ocean  navigation  reluctantly  abandon  the  side  wheel,  originat- 
ing with,  and  handed  down  to  us  by  an  ancestry  whose  memory  we 
venerate,  and  whose  genius  and  perseverance  merit  our  own,  and  challenge 
the  world's  admiration. 

Side  wheels,  to  operate  with  only  small  loss  of  power  consequent  on 
the  buckets  or  paddle  boards  (when  fixed  to  the  arras  of  the  wheel)  enter- 
ing and  leaving  the  water  at  an  angle  with  its  surface,  have  very  great 
diameter;  an  evil  of  which  is,  that  it  causes  lofty  wheel  houses,  and  great 
retardation  from  head  winds,  as  well  as  injury  to  the  stability  of  a  ves- 
sel. 

The  English  very  generally  escape  this  evil  of  retardation  and  insta- 
bility, by  smaller  side  wheels,  with  swiveled  buckets  or  paddle  boards,  so 
turned,  by  a  ^'feathering  wheel"  on  the  shaft,  as  to  preserve  them  always 
in  a  vertical  position.  Hence  they  enter  and  leave  the  water  vertically, 
however  great  the  dip  of  the  wheel ;  whereas,  the  fixed  buckets  ("  floats,'') 
even  of  a  larger  wheel,  increase  or  decrease  their  angle  of  entrance,  to 
some  extent,  as  the  dip  increases  or  decreases ;  which  dip  is,  of  course, 
at  the  beginning  of  a  long  passage,  very  great,  and  at  the  end  very  light. 

So  also  when  the  lee  wheel  of  a  side  wheel  sea  steamer  under  sail  is 
buried  greatly,  a  similar  action  takes  place ;  that  is,  a  great  loss  of  power, 
by  the  fixed  buckets  entering  and  leaving  the  water  with  an  action  which, 
to  the  extent  it  is  vertical,  is  not  propulsive,  therefore  lost;  and  which,  if 
a  wheel  were  buried  to  the  shaft,  would  be  wholly  vertical.  With  the 
swiveled  (the  English  call  it  the  "  feathering,"  as  distinguished  from  the 
fixed,  which  they  call  the  "  radical ")  paddle,  what  force  that  paddle  does 
exert,  even  in  the  extreme  case  supposed,  is  horizontal,  and  in  no  degree 
vertical. 

Under  canvas,  the  weather  wheel  dips  lightly  in  proportion  as  the  other 
dips  deeply,  and  it  is  then  of  little  account  whether  the  paddles  of  the 


812  Chnstruciwn  of  &eamer$. 

weatber  wheel  are  "  radial  **  or  "  feathered.''  Under  great  heel,  therefore, 
with  side  wheels  there  is  great  loss  of  power ;  and  under  any  heel,  the 
loss  is  proportional. 

But  there  is  another  evil  with  side  wheels,  viz. : — Back  water  action  of 
all  the  paddles,  whether  **  feathered  "  or  "  radial,^  attached  to  paddie 
arms  which  enter  or  leave  the  water  at  any  considerable  angles  of  obliquity. 
And  this  evil  is  greatest  with  small  wheels.  In  fact,  but  for  "  slip  of  the 
wheel,''  which  is  the  difference  between  speed  of  wheel  and  speed  of  ves- 
sel, and  usually  about  20  per  cent  or  ^,  every  paddle  except  that  on  tiie 
vertical  arm  would  be  inoperative,  or  else  back  water.  Any  one  ann 
entering  or  leaving  the  water  at  45°  or  more,  may  be  reckoned  surely  to 
carry  a  back  water  paddle;  and  probably  those  entering  with  a  less  angle. 
When  a  vessel  by  rolling,  or  heeling  under  sail,  immerses  a  wheel  more 
or  less,  but  to  a  varying  extent,  there  is  constantly  a  loss  of  power  in 
accommodating  speed  to  this  back  water.* 

Therefore,  whilst  in  one  respect  the  large  side  wheel  with  fixed  or 
radial  paddles  is  best,  and  in  another  respect  the  small  wheel  with  swiveled 
or  feathered  paddles,  it  may  unhesitatingly  be  declared,  that  neither  of 
them  is,  in  any  respect,  proper  or  fit  for  use  as  a  means  of  propulsion  in 
a  sea  way,  or  in  conjunction  with  sails,  or  for  a  voyage — the  draft  of 
water  in  the  beginning  and  in  the  end  of  which  must  be  greatly  differ- 
ent ;  in  short,  for  ocean  navigation. 

The  screw  is  altogether  free  from  influence  by  the  more  or  less  deeply 
laden  state  of  a  vessel,  by  heeling  under  canvas,  or  by  rough  seas, 
especially  when  in  vessels  of  16  feet  draft  and  upwards.  With  less  draft, 
sometimes  the  pitching  motion  is  such  as  to  throw  a  two-bladed  screw 
wholly  or  in  great  part  out  of  water,  and  occasion  not  only  some  loss  of 
steam,  but  a  dangerous  and  irregular  speed  of  the  engine.  Devices  for 
the  spontaneous  correction  of  this  difficulty,  peculiar  to  a  screw  vessel 
of  light  draft,  are  proposed.  All  of  them  act  on  the  principle  of  the 
"  governor."    See  note,  page  76. 

In  shafting,  several  precautions  are  necessarily  observed,  as  important ; 
and  that  roost  so,  is  against  damage  from  working  of  the  upper  frame  of 
the  vessel,  and  unequal  settling  of  parts,  particularly  the  wheel  guards. 

Each  one  of  the  side  wheels  has  its  separate  shaft,  with  a  main  bear- 
ing at  each  end ;  the  outer  one  on  a  heavy  timber  which  spans  from  the 
extremities  of  the  two  guard  beams,  and  the  inner  one  on  a  crank  frame 
erected  from  the  floor  of  the  vessel ;  or  when  there  is  but  one  engine, 
this  crank  frame  is  built  up  from  the  kelson.  Both  these  bearings,  by  which 
the  vessel  is  at  last  driven,  are  well  braced  forward  and  aft.f  The  shafts 
being  of  wrought  iron,  (forged  under  steam  trip  hammers,)  each  has  a 
crank  arm  ^'  shrunk  on ''  to  its  inner  extremity,  and  the  connecting  rod 
of  the  engine  is  strapped  to  a  short  **  crank  pin  "  between  them,  reaching 
from  one  crank  arm  to  the  other.    But  this  crank  pin,  which  is  a  firm 

*  There  1b  an  analogy  between  this  back  water  action  of  a  paddle,  and  the  cydoidal  motion  of 
any  given  point  on  a  wheel  rolling  over  the  gronnd;  and  an  explanation  on  that  principle  Is  often 
given.  Bnt  there  Is  a  simpler  one,  and  It  Is  nselese  ever  to  go  deeper  In  the  well  of  sdenoe,  than 
\b  necessary  to  find  all  the  explanation  a  case  requires. 

Besolve  the  obllqne  motion  of  a  paddle  where  it  strikes  the  water,  into  its  vertical  and  horizontal 
ooroponents,  and  if  the  horiiontal  is  less  than  the  speed  of  the  ship  Ihroogh  the  water,  there  would 
be  a  back  water  action  bnt  for  the  slip. 

t  Each  wheel  shaft  has  also  a  spring  bearing  at  the  vessel^  side,  bnt  it  is  not  arranged  to  support 
the  middle  of  the  shaft  when  the  extremity  settlee.  It  has  though,  firm  braces  both  forward  and 
abaft  it 


Oonsiruetian  of  Steamers.  SIS 

fixture  to  one  of  the  crank  arms,  is  neither  keyed  nor  in  any  way  im- 
movably secured  to  the  other ;  because,  if  opposite  guards  settle,  it  will 
occasion  the  two  crank  arms  to  spread  apart,  which  they  must  be  free  to 
dQ  without  occasioning  strain  or  fracture.  This  necessary  play  is  given, 
by  what  is  called  a  "  drag  link,'^  which  any  person  ought  by  inspection 
readily  to  comprehend  the  use  of. 

When  there  are  two  engines,  an  intermediate  shaft  is  put  in  between 
the  starboard  and  port  crank  frames ;  and  each  extremity  of  this  inter- 
mediate shaft  carries  a  crank  arm,  which  is  provided  with  the  drag  link. 

The  screw  is  either  attached,  or  fixed  to  a  longitudinal  shaft,  extend- 
ing from  just  abaft  the  engine,  (placed  usually  in  men-of-war  just  abafi 
the  mainmast,  which  steps  between  the  engine  and  boiler*,)  along  the 
shaft  alley,  over  the  kelson,  to  the  stern,  where  it  passes  out  by  an  orifice 
bored  through  the  dead  wood,  and  in  case  of  a  lifting  screw,  through  the 
main  stern  post  The  shaft  has  a  principal  main  bearing  in  the  stem, 
and  another  principal  main  bearing  at  the  other  extremity  near  the  en- 

ne ;  where  it  has  also  a  circular  clutch  piece,  corresponding  with  and 
tting  loosely  to  another  clutch  piece  on  the  after  extremity  of  a  crank 
shaft,  to  which  the  engines  connect.  When  the  crank  shaft  revolves,  it 
communicates  motion  to  the  screw  shaft  by  means  of  the  clutch. 

The  crank  shaft  is  usually  forged  all  in  one  piece,  having  two  cranks 
set  at  right  angles  to  each  other,  so  that  when  one  engine  is  on  the  center 
or  dead  point,  the  other  is  at  the  half  stroke  ;  the  eflfect  of  which  rela- 
tive disposition  of  the  two  cranks  is,  that  one  engine  assists  the  other 
over  the  dead  point,  and  evenness  of  motion  throughout  a  revolution  is 
maintained.    These  cranks,  like  all  others,  are  carefully  counterbalanced. 

The  clutch,  by  its  two  pieces  not  fitting  closely,  allows  for  the  ^^hoging" 
of  the  ship,  that  is  settling  of  the  stern  and  with  it  the  after  end  of  the 
shaft,  without  a  strain ;  in  which  respect  it  accomplishes  the  purpose  of 
a  drag  link  to  the  side  wheel  crank.  The  screw  shaft,  being  very  long, 
is  forged  in  several  pieces,  never  exceeding  15  feet,  and  there  is  a  main 
bearing  where  the  lengths  join,  also  an  adjustable  spring  bearing  under 
the  middle  of  each  length. 

In  case  of  the  side  wheel  shafts,  there  are  four  main  bearings  to  sus- 
tain the  weight,  besides  the  two  spring  bearings  on  the  sides,  and  the 
force  of  the  paddles  results  horizontally  upon  these  several  bearings,  to 
drive  the  ship.  But  this  force  on  the  shaft  being  divided  among  the 
whole  six  bearings,  that  exerted  on  any  one  of  them  is  not  great.  But 
with  the  screw  shaft  it  is  different.  The  whole  propelling  force  of  the 
screw,  by  which  it  acts  on  the  ship  to  drive  her,  which  force  is  termed 
the  ^^  thrust,"  must  be  exerted  either  against  the  stern  post  or  frame,  where 
lubrication  would  be  impossible,  and  the  parts  soon  wear  out;  or  end- 
wise on  the  shaft  to  drive  it  in,  either  against  the  clutch,  or  against  some 

*  Kothlng  in  the  economy  of  •  steam  man-of-wftr^s  arrftngements,  bas  been  more  considered,  or 
civen  rise  to  a  greater  variety  of  practice,  than  to  step  the  mainmast  so  as  to  bring  the  step,  wbere 
it  belongs,  down  on  the  kelson,  and  not  on  the  berth  deck,  or  on  a  gallows  frame  over  the  engine, 
or  the  screw  shaft,  or  to  straddle  them ;  to  permit  the  center  of  gravity  of  the  boilers  and  engines 
as  a  whole  to  lie  near  the  center  of  gravity  of  the  ship,  and  at  the  same  time  to  have  no  considerable 
loss  of  space  between  the  boilers  and  engines,  and  give  likewise  no  nnnecessary  length  to  the  main 
steam  pipe,  which  by  length  is  more  exposed  to  damage  by  shot,  and  to  condensation  of  steam  pass- 
ing through  it  ft>om  the  engine  to  the  boiler ;  to  throw  the  smoke  pipe  so  far  forward  that  It  will 
not  interfere  with  boarding  the  main  tack  on  a  wind,  and  yet  leave  the  nsnal  place  fbr  stowing  the 
launch  free  for  that  purpose.  These  are  the  considerationB  to  be  reconciled,  and  it  is  a  capital  field 
for  an  officer's  study  and  the  exercise  oi  his  incenuity,  as  well  as  a  point  for  observation  la  the  in- 
spection  of  men-o^war,  as  they  are  met  with,  belonging  to  various  nation& 


814  Cbnairuction  of  SUamera. 

other  obstruction  placed  expressly  to  receive  the  "thrust."  Accordingly, 
every  screw  shaft  has  what  is  called  a  "  thrust  bearing,"  which  is  a  collar 
arrangement  on  the  shaft,  crowding  horizontally  forward  or  back  against 
a  heavy  timber  framed  into  the  ship.  This  also  is  easiest  understood  by 
inspection,  and  the  aid  of  such  oral  explanation  as  may  generally  be  ob- 
tained.   The  thrust  bearing  is  away  aft  in  the  shaft  alley,  near  the  stem. 

But  the  most  important  feature  in  connection  with  the  screw  shaft, 
tiiat  which  has  been  found  most  diflScult  to  perfect,  and  until  perfected 
was  the  great  want  standing  in  the  way  of  success  to  the  screw  as  a  cer- 
tain and  safe  means  of  propulsion  in  heavy  ships,  is  the  stern  bearing  for 
the  screw  shaft,  in  the  orifice  through  which  it  protrudes  to  couple  with 
the  screw.  Whilst  this  was  an  ordinary  metal  bearing,  it  could  never  be 
made  to  stand,  because  of  the  enormous  weight  of  the  screw  and  shaft 
resting  on  it,  the  great  rapidity  of  the  revolutions,  and  its  inaccessibility 
for  lubrication.  In  some  instances  on  board  heavy  ships,  the  bearings 
have  worn  away  and  settled,  not  only  to  produce  obstruction,  but  to  ad- 
mit water,  so  as  to  endanger  ships,  and  make  it  necessary  to  beach  them 
to  prevent  foundering.  An  effectual  remedy  has  been  found,  strange  as 
it  may  appear,  in  wooden,  lignum  vitae  bearings,  or  metal  cases  lined  with 
that  wood.  This,  and  a  small  flow  of  water  in  channels  left  between  the 
wooden  lining  pieces,  to  keep  down  the  heat  arising  from  friction,  now 
answers  the  purpose,  as  nothing  else  does ;  and  almost  every  case  of  an 
attempt  to  dispense  with  this  wooden  appliance,  has  resulted  in  at  least 
an  impaired  efficiency.* 

The  first  screw  brought  into  use  at  sea  was  Ericsson's,  and  the  "Prince- 
ton **  its  first  grand  exemplification.  Her  performances  were  very 
creditable  and  successful,  she  having  proved  herself  a  most  efficient  man- 
of-war,  especially  by  her  promptness  as  a  blockading  ship  at  Vera  Cruz. 
The  British  Admiralty  tried  it  in  the  "  Amphion,"  and  the  French  marine 
in  the  "Pomone  "  frigate.  For  some  reason,  none  of  these  experiments 
were  repeated ;  Ericsson's  screw  went  out  of  use  at  sea,  and  another  one 
has  taken  its  place — the  inventor  being  an  English  farmer,  Mr.  F.  P. 
Smith.f 

Ericsson's  screw  hung  by  the  shaft,  and  the  enormous  weight  was  sus- 
tained solely  by  the  rigidity  of  the  shaft,  which  needed  to  be  correspond- 
ingly strong.  When  Fulton  first  applied  side  wheels  to  river  boats,  his 
wheel  was  hung  in  the  same  manner,  by  the  shaft,  with  no  outer  or  guard 
support.  His  greatest  and  long-continued  difficulty,  arose  from  inability 
to  hang  the  wheel  in  this  way  securely.  A  workman  is  said  to  have  sug- 
gested the  guard  support.  Fulton's  genius  seized  and  adopted  the  sug- 
gestion, and  success  was  immediate.  Fulton's  error,  therefore,  was 
Ericsson's.  The  distinctive  characteristics,  then,  of  Smith's  screw,  as 
compared  with  Ericsson's  is,  that  the  former  has  an  outer  support,  or  is 
at  least  steadied  by  an  outer  spring  bearing,  on  the  outer  or  after  stem 
post  to  which  the  rudder  is  hung.  And  in  searching  for  the  reasons  why 
Smith  has  been  successful  whilst  Ericsson  was  not,  it  is  probably  to  be 
found  in  the  fact  of  this  outer  support.  The  only  heavy  screw  ship  now 
performing  service  at  sea  without  an  outer  bearing,  either  as  amain  bear- 

*  When  working  hawBen  from  the  stern  of  a  sorAW  ahlpt,  be  6T«r  vigiUat  agftinst  their  fooling  the 
screw. 

t  See  an  able  artide  on  screw  propolsion  in  the  AtlantU  Mtntklf,  from  tiie  pen  of  Commander 
Walker.  U.  8.  N.  ..a. 


Construction  of  SUamere.  ^    815 

iDg  for  support,  or  a  spring  beariDg  to  steady  the  screw,  is  the  ^*  San 
Jacinto  ^' — and  she  has  never  been  a  reliable  vessel  vnth  her  screw  on 
foreign  service — although  with  her  battery^  gallantly  eommanded  in 
China,  she  has  performed  most  excellent  and  effective  service.* 

When  the  outer  stern  bearing  is  a  main  bearing,  the  outer  stern  post 
to  which  the  rudder  is  hung  needs  to  be  strong  and  large,  which  renders 
it  a  heavy  drag,  retarding  in  its  effects,  and  causing  considerable  loss  of 
power.  But  when  the  outer  bearing  is  only  a  spring  bearing  to  steady 
the  shaft,  the  outer  stern  post  needs  less  strength,  is  a  less  drag,  may  be 
and  often  is  of  metal,  and  thus  occasions  a  very  diminished  or  inoon- 
siderabble  loss  of  power  or  speed. 

In  passage  vessels  or  mail  packets,  in  which  steam  is  the  principal  power, 
sails  merely  auxiliary;  which  never  uncouple  to  run  under  sail  alone,  and 
can  afford  neither  the  loss  of  power  nor  of  speed  produced  by  the  heavy 
stern  post;  the  outer  bearing  is  invariably  a  spring  bearing  to  steady  the 
shaft,  aod  the  post  is  of  metal,  producing  very  small  resistance  or  drag. 
And  when  for  reasons  extraordinary,  such  as  accident  to  the  machinery, 
it  becomes  necessary  for  these  mail  packets  to  uncouple,  so  that  the  screw 
may  revolve  freely,  the  uncoupling  gear  is  found  forward  of  the  "  collar 
bearing "  provided  to  receive  "  the  thrust,"  (article  28;)  by  which  the 
outer  bearing  still  remains  only  a  spring  bearing,  and  the  support  of  the 
screw  continues  to  depend  in  part  on  the  rigidity  of  the  shaft,  (article  31.) 

But  a  man-of-war,  on  foreign  service,  relies  on  sails  principally,  carry- 
ing steam  as  an  auxiliary,  and  must  cruise  a  large  portion  of  the  time 
wholly  or  in  part  under  sail,  using  steam  only  in  emergencies,  which  may 
or  may  not  be  frequent.  Her  screw  bearings  are  accordingly  adapted  to 
this  peculiar  necessity.  Thus  far,  this  adaptation  seems  to  require,  that 
the  outer  bearing  should  be,  equally  with  the  inner  one,  a  main  bearingf; 
the  outer  or  rudder  post  consequently  a  heavy  one;  and  the  drag  and 
loss  it  occasions  be  submitted  to  as  an  unavoidable  necessity,  and  when 
both  stern  post  bearings  are  main  bearings,  the  " screw  axle"  is  made  no 
part  of  the  shaft,  but  rests  with  its  two  axle  arms,  one  in  each  stern  post, 
and  may  revolve  independently  of  the  shaft,  or  any  part  of  the  shaft, 
as  it  does  when  disconnected  or  uncoupled. 

For  a  screw  thus  capable  of  a  revolution  on  its  axle  independently  of 
the  shaft,  the  coupling  arrangement  is  effected  by  protruding  an  arm, 
(from  within  the  after  end  of  the  shaft  as  from  a  sleeve,)  which  enters 
the  screw  axle,  that  being  a  hollow  cylinder  fitted  to  receive  the  protrud- 
ing arm,  and  in  a  manner,  by  means  of  a  slot,  to  cause  the  screw  to  re- 
volve' when  the  shaft  is  turned  by  the  engine.  Such  is  the  plan  in  use  on 
board  the  English  ships  first  equipped  with  Mr.  Smith's  screw,  and 
adapted  to  the  peculiar  requirements  of  military  service,  as  cruisers  abroad. 

A  more  recent  improvement,  universally  applied  to  ships-of-war  lately 
constructed,  is  ^Uhe  well,"  in  which,  when  under  sail  alone,  the  screw  is 
hoisted  entirely  out  of  water,  in  lieu  of  coupling  by  means  of  the  arm 
protruding  from  the  shaft  as  a  sleeve,  described  in  article  36;  and  the 
screw  axle  is  solid  instead  of  hollow.  The  details  of  the  mode  in  which 
the  screw  is  thus  alternately  hoisted  and  lowered  again  into  coupling 

*  AHiwIoB  li  here  made  to  an  unacknowledged  and  nnreqnited  serrlce,  performed  chiefly  hy 
commanders  Foote  and  Bell,  U.  8.  N ,  in  capturing  and  destroying  the  "  Barrier  Forts,*^  China,  In 
l(56tf,  aDd  by  it  prepariug  the  way  fur  a  most  sucecssAil  diplomacy. 

By  great  care,  and  anosoal  skill,  the  ship  was  Rot  through  her  China  cruise ;  bat  her  antecedent* 
had  not  been,  nor  Is  her  snbseqaent  history,  calculated  to  engender  confidence. 


816    ,  Gmstruetian  of  Steamers. 

with  the  abaft,  so  as  to  revolve  with  it,  are  best  learned  from  observation, 
inspection,  and  inquiry.  It  is  a  most  ingenious  arrangement,  due,  it  is 
said,  to  a  French  officer,  and  obviates  a  difficulty,  viz. : — That  although 
when,  with  high  speed  of  the  ship  under  sail,  an  uncoupled  screw  left  ia 
the  water  free  for  revolution,  will  so  revolve  and  produce  very  little  re- 
tardation,  with  a  speed  of  only  4  or  5  knots  the  screw  does  not  turn  but 
is  wholly  a  drag.  So  when  with  high  velocity  it  does  turn,  the  jar,  noise, 
and  wear  produced,  are  worth  obviating,  and  are  obviated  by  lifting  the 
screw  out  of  water. 

Another  reason  of  governing  force,  yet  not  always  considered,  why  the 
outer  stem  post  for  the  bearing  of  a  screw  axle  which  may  revolve  inde- 
pendently of  the  shaft  or  any  portion  of  the  shaft,  must  be  heavy  and 
strong,  when  the  stem  post  for  a  screw  which  is  fixed  to  the  sha^t  need 
not  be,  is,  that  if  the  former  screw  is  turned  back  strong  by  the  engine, 
the  entire  backward  thrust  results  on  the  stern  post,  which,  if  light,  would 
give  way;  whereas  in  the  latter  case,  the  uncoupling  being  effected  for- 
ward of  the  thrust  bearing,  article  34,  so  that  the  after  part  of  the  shaft 
revolves  with  the  screw,  a  •*  collar  thrust "  bearing  on  the  shaft  is  so  con- 
trived (article  28,)  that  it  receives  the  backward  as  well  as  the  forward 
thrust,  and  entirely  relieves  the  stern  post  from  that  necessity  for  strength. 

The  elements  of  efficiency  in  a  screw,  to  be  considered  in  comparing 
one  with  another,  relate  to  revolutions,  to  pitch,  to  diameter,  and  to  the 
number,  shape,  and  surface  of  the  blades. 

With  side  wheels,  the  revolutions  being  alike,  speed  of  vessel  is  as  the 
diameter  of  wheel.  With  screws,  revolutions  being  alike,  speed  is  as  the 
pitch  of  the  screw,  and  has  no  relation  to  diameter,  except  that  it  gives 
surface;  and  if  the  diameter  be  less  than  is  adapted  to  a  vessel  of  13  feet 
draft,  the  screw  has  not  sufficient  submersion  to  give  it  a  proper  hold  in 
the  water,  and  prevent  an  inordinate  "  slip " — slip  being,  in  case  of  a 
screw,  the  difference  between  speed  per  log,  and  that  due  to  pitch  multi- 
plied by  revolutions.  It  varies  from  10  per  cent  under  the  most  favor- 
able circumstances  in  smooth  water,  to  20  ordinarily  ;  and  when  a  vessel 
can  only  stem  a  gale,  the  slip  is  100  per  cent 

By  "  pitch  "  is  understood,  such  an  inclination  of  the  blades  to  the 
water,  as  will,  in  an  entire  revolution  (the  slip  not  considered)  give  any 
certain  progress  to  a  vessel — screw  her  ahead,  and  is  reckoned  in  feet 
Thus  the  Princeton's  screw  had  a  pitch,  the  highest  recorded,  of  35  feet. 
With  a  turn,  then,  slip  not  considered,  her  progression  should  have  been 
35  feet;  with  20  percent  off  for  usual  slip,  28  feet.  Her  revolutions 
were  36  per  minute.  Therefore,  28  x  36  x  60  =  60,480  feet  per  hour, 
or  less  than  10  knots  (there  are  6,086fy  feet  in  a  sea  mile)  per  hour, 
should  have  been  her  speed.  At  sea  \n  rough  water,  she  never,  however, 
did  hardly  9  knots,  which  shows  the  slip  there  to  have  been  greater.  In 
all  cases,  it  increases  with  the  resistance  of  wind  and  sea,  until,  as  re- 
marked in  the  preceding  article,  when  a  vessel  can  barely  stem  the 
weather,  the  slip  becomes  100  per  cent,  like  when  fast  to  a  wharf. 

The  usual  pitch  is  18  or  20  feet  Sometimes  it  is  uniform — a  "true 
screw ;"  at  others,  the  pitch  is  increasing  towards  the  extremity  of  the 
blade ;  which  increase  of  pitch  is  with  the  same  object  as  the  "  wave  bow  " 
(concave  bow  water  line)  of  a  ship,  viz.,  more  quickly  to  follow  up  the 
receding  water.  "  Bourne,"  page  107,  says,  "  the  uniform  pitch  is  as  good 
as  any,"  and  "  that  no  advantage  has  been  found  to  result  from  an  increas- 


Chnslruclion  of  Steamers.  817 

ing  pitch.'*    He  further  recomioendB,  *'  as  large  a  diameter  as  possible,  a 
quick  turn,  and  a  fioe  pitch."* 

A  steeper  pitch  is  best  for  carrying  sail,  because  a  fine  pitch  increa!«es 
the  revolutions  more  under  high  velocities  from  wipds  and  sails,  and  is 
most  likely  to  occasion  drag  of  the  screw.  Drag  is  easily  detected,  by 
multiplying  pitch  into  revolutions  per  minute,  and  again  by  60,  then 
dividing  the  product  by  6,086,  (ihe  feet  in  a  sea  mile  or  "knot.")  U 
this  quotient  is  less  than  the  speed  per  log,  the  drag  is  sure.f 

As  regards  the  number  of  blades.  Bourne  says,  "a  screw  of  two  arras, 
or  a  portion  of  a  double  threaded  screw,  has  been  found  as  efi'ectual  a 
propeller  as  any  other;  but  a  screw  of  three  blades,  or  a  portion  of  a 
three  threaded  screw,  has  been  found  to  act  with  a  more  equable  and 
regular  motion."  In  light  draft  vessels  it  is  most  important  to  have  three, 
because  in  pitching,  two  blades  may  both  be  out  of  water  at  the  same 
time,  causing  the  engine  to  act  with  no  resistance,  and  with  dangerous 
rapidity.     Three  blades  are,  however,  incompatible  with  the  "  well." 

The  area  of  screw  surface  is  as  the  number,  width,  and  length  of  the 
blades.  And  as  the  slip  of  a  wheel  decreases  with  the  increase  of  the 
bucket,  float,  or  paddle  board  surface,  so  ought  slip  to  decrease  with  the 
increase  in  area  of  the  screw — the  screw  being  supposed  constantly  sub- 
merged. 

Bourne  says,  "  the  length  of  screw  that  is  found  most  beneticial,  is 
about  one-sixth  of  a  convolution ;"  by  which  he  is  supposed  to  meau, 
that  the  screw  surface  should  be  that  prudu^^ed  by  such  width  of  blade 
— the  width  increasing,  from  the  hub  out,  with  the  length  of  blade ;  whicti 
increase  of  width  also  preserves  the  relation  of  one-sixth  at  all  points 
with  the  "convolution." 

But  the  best  sLape  of  blade  is  undetermined,  for  some  are  seen  broadest 
in  the  middle,  (as  Griffith's  for  easier  "clearance,")  others  near  the  screw 
center,  others  again  enlarge  uniformly  to  the  extremities. 

Sir  Howard  Douglas  in  his  "Naval  Warfare  with  Steam,"  page  61, 
proposes,  with  a  view  to  reduce  the  "  shake,"  to  curve  the  leading  edge 
of  a  blade,  so  that  it  shall  not  enter  or  leave  the  water  all  at  once,  but 
gradually ;  and  moreover,  that  these  leading  edges  should,  for  men-of- 
war,  be  made  sharp,  to  cut  or  saw  obstructions  threatening  to  choke  or 
impede  the  screw.  In  battle,  the  screws  of  those  vessels  are  peculiarly 
exposed  to  disability,  by  spars,  shot  away  and  floating  about,  and  the 
rigging  hanging  beneath  the  surface  from  them.    Sir  Howard's  plan  of 

*  To  a  8oaman*8  ejo,  the  blado  of  a  screw  appears  to  have  constantly  a  decreasing  pitch  towards 
the  extremities  of  the  blades,  when  in  reality,  and  to  a  mechanic's  eye,  the  pitch  is  not  decreasing, 
but  uniform. 

A  screw,  in  scientific  mechanics,  is  but  a  form  of  inclined  plane.  Erect  a  perpendicular  equal 
to  half  the  pitch  of  a  screw  in  feet;  establish  points  on  the  base,  at  distances  from  the  perpendicular 
successively  equal  to  twice  the  distances  ol  any  assumed  points  on  the  blades  from  the  center  of 
the  screw  uxle  ;  draw  hypothenuaes  euccossively  to  the  several  {.oints  n'»  establlt.hcd  on  the  base; 
and  tho^e  hypothenuses,  by  their  decreasing  ancle  at  the  base,  whilst  the  porpindicular  or  half 
pilch  whioh  It  reprcjicnts  remains  constant,  will  indicate  the  decreartinjf  inclinatiun  ol  the  blades 
to  the  water  towards  their  extremities;  In  other  words,  that  which  oppears  in  the  screw,  i*  a  de- 
creasing angle  of  inclination,  but  not  a  decreasing  pitch. 

t  A  screw,  known  as  Griffith's,  has  boon  used,  one  characteristic  of  which  Is,  that  tho  pitch  is  ad- 
justable, and  ran  be  ineroofccd— rendered  8t»  cper,  which  nv«>id»  an  Increase  of  revolution >  w  lion  un- 
der canvas  with  good  winds.  But  consldcrlnj?  tho  Immense  force— a  pair  of  ensrinch,  ae;m^'  on  only 
two  arms  of  one  propeller,  it  must  bo  doubtful  if  they  do  not  need  tho  strength  which  belongs  to 
permanence. 

81du  wheel  engines  divide  their  force  between  tho  two  wheels,  and  again  amongst  sevenil  floats 
of  each  wheel ;  and  because  tktjf  admit  of  feathering,  (article  IV,  p.  103,)  it  by  no  muans  follows 
thai  torew  blades  wUL 


318  Qmsiruction  of  Steamers. 

a  odrved  blade  edge,  has  great  apparent  merit,  and  is  said  to  have  accom- 
plished the  very  important  purposes  intended.* 

Sir  Howard  justly  remarks,  (ibid^  page  72,)  that  the  steering  of  a  screw 
ship-of-war,  particularJy  when  maneuvering  under  steam  alone,  "should 
be  as  if  instinct  with  life,  intuitive,  quick  as  volition !" 

These  screw  vessels  do  steer  better,  quicker,  and  turn  in  much  less  space 
under  steam,  than  side  wheel  ships;  and  for  the  reason,  that  the  currents 
thrown  by  slip  of  the  screw  against  the  rudder,  counteract  the  dead 
water  which  proverbially  impairs  its  efficient  action ;  whereas  the  side 
wheel,  by  its  slip,  produces  currents  which  give  an  apparently  increasing 
speed  of  vessel  through  the  water,  and  cause  at  the  stern  a  correspond- 
ing actual  increase  of  dead  water.  Hence  side  wheel  steamers  require, 
and  are  found  to  have  most  rudder,  in  proportion  to  tonnage,  length,  and 
displacement 

When  a  ship  is  under  sail  alone,  or  with  a  tow,  and  the  sere  wis  coupled 
but  drags,  or  is  uncoupled,  and  the  rate  of  sailing  so  slow  as  not  to  re- 
volve it,  especially  if  there  are  but  two  blades  and  they  set  in  the  vertical 
position,  the  inclination  of  the  lower  blade  will  act  on  the  steerage  like 
a  rudder  with  its  helm  over  to  oneside,  because  the  upper  blade,  although 
inclining  equally  the  other  way,  does  not  produce  entire  neutralization, 
but  it  has  to  be  produced  by  an  opposite  action  given  to  a  rudder  with 
the  helm ;  and  even  that  may  prove  insufficient  Hence  a  ship  under 
these  circumstances,  will  turn  quicker,  and  in  a  shorter  space,  the  way  in 
which  the  lower  blade  and  the  rudder  act  in  conjunction. 

Again,  when  the  ship  is  moving  by  the  screw  under  steam,  she  will  be 
found  to  turn  to  port  in  obedience  to  a  starboard  helm,  more  readily  and 
in  less  space  than  she  will  turn  to  starboard  in  obedience  to  a  port  helm ; 
and  to  keep  a  course  by  compass,  it  may  be  found  necessary  to  carry  a 
small  port  helm ;  the  supposition  being,  that,  looking  forward,  the  screw 
turns  with  the  sun,  (from  left  to  right,)  as  it  usually  does,  and  naturally 
should  in  screwing  a  ship  ahead,  otherwise  it  would  be  a  left-handed 
screw.  This  effect  upon  steerage  is  caused  by  action  of  the  lower  blade 
revolving  against  a  greater  resistance  than  the  upper  blade  meets  moving 
in  an  opposite  direction ;  and  these  opposite  effects  differ  most  in  light 
draft  vessels,  where  the  upper  blade  is  not  always  constantly  and  entirely 
submerged. 

From  ignorance  or  disregard  of  this  peculiarity  in  screw  ships,  most 
disastrous  collisionsf  have  occurred.     In  time,  however,  seamen  will  be- 

*  Instead  of  wasting  power  by  crowding  the  screw  through  a  narrow  space  between  stern  potts 
sot  near  to  make  a  narrow  well,  which  is  a  greatest  cause  of '*shake,^  wo  save  the  powor  and  In  a 
mcosnre  avoid  the  shake,  bv  a  wider  s])ace  and  larger  well  than  others  use.  we  avoid  also  a 
sacriUcc  of  screw  surface  where  it  is  most  effective,  vis ,  at  the  extremities  of  the  blades,  whilst 
Griffith's  blade  obtains  cloarauce  (article  45)  by  this  sacrifice.  These  oonsideraUens  are  thrown  out 
to  engage  the  attention  of  seamen,  and  direct  their  obt^crvation ;  for  the  seamen  and  the  engineer 
are  very  necessary  coadjutors.    On  fotUnig^  see  pp.  6  and  lOtf. 

t  Though  not  relaUng  to  the  present  discussion,  it  is  well  to  say,  that  for  the  purpose  of  prerent- 
ing  collisions  at  night,  an  order  from  tne  Navy  Department  requires  government  vessels,  when 
under  steam,  to  carry  three  lights— a  white  light  at  the  foremast  head,  a  green  light  on  the  star- 
board side,  and  a  red  light  on  the  port  side.  These  colored  lights  are  screened  and  mntually  seen 
only  by  vessels  meeting.  A  vessel  therefore  seeing,  for  examole,  a  stranger's  red  light  only,  In  tke 
direcUon  its  own  red  light  shines,  knows  that  the  stranger  ana  itself  are  on  nearly  opposite  couraas* 
with  no  danger  of  collision;  that  if  it  meets  a  green  light  only,  in  the  direction  its  own  red  light 
shines,  the  stranger  and  itself  are  on  courses  angling  to  each  other,  and  if  his  bearing  dofs  not  change 
there  is  danger  of  collision,  otherwise  not;  andif  both  colored  lights  of  the  stranger  are  seen  rlgfct 
ahead,  both  vessels  should  immediately  change  their  oourae  so  aa  mutually  to  exhibit  the  red  light 
only,  by  which  each  passes  on  the  other's  port  hand.  Generally,  when  vessels  see  fh>m  each  other 
one  colored  light  only,  and  that  of  the  same  color,  they  are  safe.  Where  there  la  doubt  about  the 
bearings  in  case  opposite  colors  are  those  mutually  visible,  the  M^laet  solution  Is  for  each  at  once  to 


General  Average.  819 

come  familiar  with  it,  and  learn  instinctively  to  make  the  necessary  allow- 
ance.* 

The  foregoing  pages  contain  all,  it  is  believed,  both  of  construction  and 
practice,  important  to  be  known  by  any  one  not  perfecting  himself  as  a 
professed  engineer ;  enough  for  the  special  necessities  of  the  seamen ; 
enough  also  for  the  general  reader,  deriving  daily  advantage  from  steam, 
yet  exposed  in  a  corresponding  d^ree  to  its  dangers.  The  popular  mind 
is  blissfully  ignorant  of  steam,  except  as  instructed  by  the  chapter  of 
horror:^  periodically  revealed.  Yet  there  is  no  folly  in  obtaining  from 
more  harmless  sources,  that  degree  of  wisdom  which  will  constitute  the 
public  a  judge  and  a  check  over  engineers,  at  sea  and  ashore,  as  it  now 
habitually  is  over  the  other  professions ;  a  corrective  greatly  needed  by 
the  times,  and  one  infinitely  more  effectual  than  legislation  1 


Art.  m.~6ENBRAL  AVERAGE. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Boston  Board  of  Trade,  held  December  3,  1660, 
the  following  interesting  paper  was  read  by  J.  Russell  Bradford,  Esq.,  on 
the  subject  of  International  General  Average : — 

To  the  President  and  Members  of  the  Board  of  Trade : — 

Gentlemen  : — In  obedience  to  your  request,  I  attended  the  recent 
meeting  of  the  "  National  Association  for  the  Promotion  of  Social  Science," 
held  in  the  city  of  Glasgow  on  the  twenty-fourth  of  September  last,  and 
had  the  honor  of  appearing  as  your  representative  to  participate  in  the 
discussion  as  to  an  International  System  of  General  Average.  Tiie  desir- 
ableness and  importince  of  a  uniform  or  international  system  or  code,  to 
be  the  basis  of  settlement,  and  to  be  followed  in  the  adjustment  of  all 
General  Average  losses  and  sacrifices,  has  long  been  felt  as  a  necessity  by 
merchants  and  underwriters  throughout  the  mercantile  world ;  yet  never, 
so  far  as  my  knowledge  extends,  has  there  been  any  attempt  to  inaugu- 
rate such  a  system  until  within  a  year,  when  certain  gentlemen  in  Liver- 
pool, interested  in  the  subject,  brought  it  to  the  notice  of  influential  gen- 
tlemen in  London,  and  by  them  it  was  presented  to  the  proper  oflScers  of 
the  "  National  Association  for  the  Promotion  of  Social  Science,"  with  the 
request  that  suitable  measures  might  be  taken  to  have  the  question  fully 


exhibit  iU  red  light  only,  which  is  in  all  cases  equivalent  to  "keeping  to  the  right  as  the  law  di- 
rects;" or  if  that  involves  an  inconvenience,  the  next  safest  plan  is  to  mntaally  exhibit  the  green 
light  only.  To  make  all  this  clear  and  familiar,  sketch  and  study  diagrams  of  all  conceivable  rela- 
Uve  positions.    There  is,  amongst  governments,  a  conventional  onderetanding  on  the  subject 

Bo,  to  avoid  collisions  a  system  of  bells  is  established,  by  regalation  or  custom,  for  communicat* 
ingspeedily  Arom  the  deck  to  the  engine  room  oi  a  marine  steamer. 

The  navy  regulation  is:— Ahead  slow,  1  bell;  fast,  4 ;  slow  again,  1 ;  slower,  I ;  stop,  2 ;  back,  3. 
The  custom  generally  prevailing  in  the  merchant  marine  is:— Ahead  slow,  1 ;  fhst,  8;  slow  again, 
1 ;  stop,  1 ;  Mick,  2.  Either  is  good.  But  if  one  is  best,  it  ought  to  prevail ;  for  uniformity  is  the 
Barest  guard  against  mistakes.    The  first  is  most  complex,  but  least  ambiguous. 

♦  It  is  said  that  in  calm  smooth  weather,  by  alternately  throwing  a  current  from  the  screw 
against  a  storboard  helm,  then  reversing  the  screw  to  stop  headway,  a  ship  can  be  turned  to  head 
in  an  opposite  direction  without  moving  more  than  her  length.  Bo  at  anchor,  by  throwing  a  cur- 
rent against  a  starboard  helm,  more  properly  agaiust  a  rudder  in  the  position  which  a  starboard 
helm  ^ves  1^  the  direction  of  a  broadside  is  in  some  measure  under  control  of  the  helm,  and  solkr 
obviates  the  necessity  of  a  spring  on  the  cable.    Try  it 

A  screw  does  not  back  so  eflTectually  as  a  side  wheel,  because  the  water  throwH  forward  hat  no 
free  escape,  but  strikes  the  ship  and  reacts  upon  the  screw. 


820  General  Average. 

discussed  at  an  early  day.  Under  the  direction  of  the  Secretary  of  this 
Society,  a  synopsis  of  the  laws  and  customs  of  different  countries,  relating 
to  General  Average — so  far  as  known  to  him — was  prepared,  and  sent  to 
all,  or  nearly  all,  the  commercial  bodies  in  the  world,  asking  of  them  a 
statement  of  the  custom  of  the  port  where  such  bodies  were  located ;  and 
also  requesting  the  appointment  of  delegates  to  attend  the  meeting  of 
the  Association  at  Glasgow,  to  the  intent  that  there  might  be  a  full  and 
free  discussion  of  this  most  important  subject  by  practical  men,  acquaint- 
ed with  its  details  and  difficulties,  and  therefore  able  to  suggest  such 
changes  in  present  customs  as  might  be  desirable.  In  reply  to  these  re- 
quests there  were  received  by  the  Secretary  very  full  statements  of  the 
laws  or  prevailing  rules  of  nearly  every  important  commercial  port  in  the 
world,  thus  gathering  together  a  large  mass  of  valuable  and  reliable  in- 
formation for  future  uses.  It  was  an  evidence  of  the  widely  extended 
interest  in  the  subject  thus  brought  under  discussion,  and  was  very  grati- 
fying to  all  present  at  the  congress,  that  so  many  countries  were  repre- 
sented ;  there  being  present  delegates  from  the  Netherland  Trading  Com- 
pany and  Shipowners*  Committee  of  Amsterdam ;  Chamber  of  Commerce 
of  Antwerp ;  Board  of  Trade  of  Boston,  U.  S.;  Chamber  of  Commerce  of 
Bremen  ;  Board  of  Commerce  of  Cadiz ;  Chamber  of  Commerce  and  Un- 
derwriters' Association  of  Copenhagen ;  Chamber  of  Commerce  of  Ham- 
burg; Commercial  Association  of  Lisbon;  Chamber. of  Commerce  of 
Mobile;  Board  of  Underwriters  of  New  Orleans;  Chamber  of  Commerce 
and  Board  of  Underwriters  of  New  York,  <fec.,  <fec. 

Besides  the  above  mentioned  the  following  commercial  bodies  of  the 
United  Kingdom  appointed  representatives:  Shipowners' Association  of 
Dundee;  Chamber  of  Commerce  of  Edinburgh;  Chamber  of  Commerce 
of  Greenock,  &g.,  ifec.  Several  of  the  principal  average  staters  of  London, 
Liverpool,  Glasgow,  Amsterdam,  <kc.,  <fec.,  also  took  part  in  the  proceed- 
ings. 

On  the  first  day  of  the  session  Lord  Brougham  presided,  and  on  subse- 
quent days  Lord  Neaves.  The  Secretary  staled  briefly  the  objects  of  the 
meeting,  and  then  certain  papers,  six  in  number,  prepared  by  different 
gentlemen,  stating  the  rules  at  present  in  vogue  for  the  adjustment  and 
settlement  of  general  average  losses,  or  proposing  such  changes  in  pres- 
ent customs  as  seemed  to  them  desirable,  were  read.  Following  these 
readings,  as  no  written  communication  had  been  received  fro:n  the  United 
States,  the  delegates  from  this  country  addressed  the  meeting  by  request, 
expressing  their  views.  I  have  liberty  to  read  two  of  these  papers  at  this 
time:  one  from  a  gentleman  of  almost  world-wide  reputation  among  un- 
derwriters— the  leading  mind  for  a  long  series  of  years  in  the  settlement 
of  all  marine  losses  at  Lloyd's  in  London.  I  allude  to  the  late  William 
Richards,  Esq.  He  took  an  active  part  in  all  our  deliberations,  by  his 
fairness  and  gentlemanly  courtesy  winnintr  the  good  will  of  all,  and  at 
the  close  of  the  Congress  returned  to  London — there  to  continue  but  four 
days,  when  he  was  called  from  the  scenes  of  earth.  The  record  of  his 
forty  years  of  active  life,  as  an  adjuster  of  marine  losses,  is,  as  I  am  in- 
formed, one  of  such  fairness,  probity,  honesty,  and  impartiality,  as  is  rare- 
ly met  with.  The  other  is  from  the  pen  of  L.  R.  Bailey,  Esq.,  of  Liver- 
pool, a  gentleman  at  the  head  of  his  profession,  who  has  edited  several 
books  upon  the  subject  of  marine  losses,  and  whose  practical  knowledge 
of  it  is  second  to  Done. 


General  Average.  821 

After  the  addresses  from  the  delegates  from  this  country,  the  first  reso- 
lution was  offered  in  these  words :  "Resolved,  that  the  losses  or  damage 
to  a  vessel  or  her  cargo  by  voluntary  stranding  should  not  be  a  subject 
of  General  Average."  This  is  in  accordance  with  universal  practice  in 
Great  Britain,  and  the  representative  from  Lloyd's,  together  with  all  who 
took  part  in  the  discussion  from  any  port  in  Great  Britain, excepting  one 
gentleman  from  Liverpool,  supported  the  theory  that  in  no  case  should 
the  voluntary  stranding  of  a  vessel  give  rise  to  contribution  in  General 
Average.  The  remaining  portion  of  the  day  was  devoted  to  this  ques- 
tion; some  of  the  reasons  given  /or  the  resolution  being:  that  it  was 
according  to  universal  custom  in  England,  and  wherever  English  law  pre- 
vailed ;  that  in  case  of  the  running  of  a  vessel  on  shore,  there  is  no  selec- 
tion of  any  particular  property  to  be  destroyed  for  the  benefit  of  the  re- 
mainder ;  that  in  such  a  case  no  man  could  tell  what  damage  was  sus- 
tained before,  and  what  at  the  time  the  vessel  struck  the  shore,  that  in 
such  a  case  the  vessel  was  practically  lost  before  the  alleged  act,  and  the 
question  was  merely  whether  the  vessel  should  sink  in  deep  water  or  in 
shallow ;  that  it  was  the  master's  duty  to  run  a  sinking  vessel  on  shore, 
and  it  was  done  not  to  save  property,  but  to  save  life  ;  that  all  damage 
to  cargo  in  such  a  case  must  be  considered  as  partial  loss  or  particular 
average,  having  been  caused  by  perils  of  the  sea,  as  it  was  by  the  leaking 
of  the  vessel ;  that  the  establishment  of  a  rule  contrary  to  the  resolution, 
would  open  a  wide  door  for  fraud,  and  the  result  would  be  that  very 
many  captains  and  owners  of  vessels  would  seek  to  bring  the  loss  of  their 
shipwrecked  vessels  under  the  rule,  were  it  established,  or  even  recom- 
mended, <fec.,  (fee.  Notwithstanding  all  these  arguments  and  others,  the 
resolution  was  negatived  by  a  vote  of  19  to  15.  If  only  the  delegates 
had  voted  the  majority  would  have  been  much  larger,  but  several  adjust- 
ers of  marine  losses,  and  others,  having  more  or  less  knowledge  of  Eng- 
lish custom,  cast  their  votes  on  this  resolution.  On  the  last  day  of  the 
session,  this  resolution  was  again  brought  forward,  in  the  hope  that 
something  might  be  done  with  greater  unanimity,  and  after  a  long  dis- 
cussion the  following  was  passed  unanimously.     Resolved, 

Rule  1. — That,  as  a  general  rule,  in  the  case  of  the  stranding  of  a  vessel 
in  the  course  of  her  voyage,  the  loss  or  damage  to  the  ship,  cargo  or 
freight,  ought  not  to  be  the  subject  of  general  average,  but  without  pred- 
jadice  to  such  a  claim  in  exceptionable  cases  upon  clear  proof  of  special 
fects. 

After  a  lengthy  debate,  extending  through  two  whole  days,  ten  other 
resolutions  were  passed,  as  follows : — 

RcjLE  2. — That  the  damage  done  to  ship,  cargo  or  freight,  in  extin- 
guishing a  fire,  ought  to  be  allowed  in  general  average — 20  to  4. 

Rule  3. — That  the  damage  done  to  cargo  by  chafing  and  breaking,  re- 
sulting from  a  jettison  of  part  of  the  remainder  of  the  cargo,  ought  not 
to  be  allowed  in  general  average — 14  to  10. 

Rule  4. — That  the  damage  done  to  cargo,  and  the  loss  of  it  and  the 
freight  on  it,  resulting  from  discharging  it  at  a  port  of  refuge  in  the  way 
usual  in  that  port  with  ships  not  in  distress,  ought  not  to  be  allowed  in 
general  average — 12  for,  6  against. 

Rule  5. — That  the  loss  sustained  by  cutting  away  the  wreck  of  masts 
accidentally  broken,  ought  not  to  be  allowed  in  general  average — 20  for, 
2  against. 

VOL.  lxiv. — mo.  III.  21 


822  GeTieral  Average. 

R0LB  6. — That  the  expense  of  warehouse  rent  at  a  port  of  refuge  on 
cargo  necessarily  discharged  there,  the  expense  of  reshipping  it,  and  the 
outward  port  charges  at  that  port,  ought  to  be  allowed  in  general  aver- 
age— 19  for,  4  against 

RuLB  7. — That  the  damaffe  done  to  ship,  cargo  and  freight,  by  carrying 
a  press  of  sail,  ought  not  to  be  allowed  in  general  average — Unanimously. 

Rule  8. — That  wares  and  provisions  for  the  ship's  crew  ought  to  be 
allowed  to  the  shipowner  in  general  average,  from  the  date  the  ship 
reaches  a  port  of  refuge  in  distress  until  the  date  on  which  she  leaves — 
15  for,  10  against. 

RuLB  9. — That  when  the  amount  of  expenses  is  less  than  the  value  of 
the  property  finally  saved,  the  contributing  values  of  ship,  freight  and 
cargo,  ought  to  be  their  values  to  the  owners  of  them  respectively,  at  the 
termination  of  the  adventure — 11  for,  1  against. 

RuLB  10. — That  when  the  amount  of  expenses  is  greater  than  the  value 
of  the  property  saved,  the  proceeds  of  the  property  so  saved  ought  to  be 
applied  towards  those  expenses,  and  the  excess  of  the  expenses  over  the 
proceeds  ought  to  be  apportioned  as  if  the  whole  property  had  finally 
reached  its  destination — 12  for,  2  against 

RuLB  11. — That,  in  fixing  the  value  of  freight,  the  wages  and  port 
•charges  up  to  the  date  of  the  General  Average  Act  ought  not  to  be  de- 
ducted ;  and  the  wages  and  port  charges  after  that  date  ought  to  be  de- 
ducted from  the  gross  freight,  at  the  risk  of  the  shipowner — 7  for,  3 
against 

Some  disciis&ion  followed  as  to  the  best  method  of  procedure  in  order 
to  carry  out  the  views  expressed,  which  resulted  in  the  unanimous  re- 
solve : — 

1.  That  the  meeting  hereby  requests  the  Council  of  the  Association  to 
assist  by  their  counsels  such  person  or  persons  as  may  be  approved  of  by 
them,  in  drawing  up  a  bill,  with  a  view  to  its  being  enacted  into  a  law 
by  the  legislative  authorities  of  the  several  nations  of  the  world,  which 
bill  shall  define,  as  clearly  as  may  be,  the  term  "  General  Average,"  and 
describe  more  or  less  fully  the  cases  intended  to  be  included  within  the 
<lefinition,  and  which  shall  also  specify  the  nature  of  the  loss,  damage,  or 
expense  allowable  in  General  Average,  and  the  principle  on  which  the 
amount  of  the  loss,  damage,  or  expense  shall  be  ascertained ;  also  furnish 
a  rule  or  rules  for  ascertaining  the  contributory  values  of  the  interests 
concerned,  and  which  shall  also  contain  such  matters  as  the  person  or 
persons  drawing  up  the  bill  may  think  it  advisable  to  insert  That  upon 
such  bill  being  drawing  up  and  printed,  copies  thereof  shall  be  transmit- 
ted to  the  several  Chambers  of  Commerce,  Boards  of  Underwriters,  Ship- 
owners' Associations,  and  other  commercial  societies  in  difi'erent  parts  of 
the  world,  accompanied  by  a  copy  of  this  resolution,  and  a  request  to 
them  to  examine  and  return  said  copies,  with  such  alterations  or  amend- 
ments as  they  may  think  proper  to  make  therein,  within  six  months  from 
the  time  of  the  receipt  thereof.  That,  upon  the  return  of  the  said  copies, 
or  upon  the  expiration  of  the  said  six  months,  the  said  bill  shall  be  re- 
vised by  the  person  or  persons  drawing  up  the  same,  enlightened  by  the 
information  acquired  as  aforesaid.  That,  upon  the  bill  being  perfected 
in  the  manner  aforesaid,  it  be  recommended  to  the  legislative  authorities 
of  all  commercial  nations  to  enact  the  same  into  a  law. 


Oeneral  Average.  323 

2.  That,  in  tbe  meantime,  the  meeting  resolves  to  circulate  as  widely  as 
possible,  for  general  information,  the  rules  embodied  in  the  resolutions 
which  have  been  passed  by  the  meeting,  as  those  which,  under  a  uniform 
system,  it  might  be  desirable  to  consider. 

It  may  now  be  asked  whether  there  is  any  possibility  of  attaining  this 
uniformity  of  system,  so  much  desired  in  all  cases  of  General  Average 
loss.  Of  this,  probably  others  here  present  can  judge  quite  as  well  as  I 
can  ;  but  it  is  certainly  something  gained  that  there  has  been  a  desire, 
thus  publicly  expressed,  for  such  a  system  ;  and  something  more  to  know 
that  so  many  commercial  bodies  from  different  parts  of  the  world,  deem- 
ed it  of  sufficient  consequence  to  send  delegates  to  this  Congress,  for 
every  one  of  these,  with  tne  exception  of  the  gentlemen  from  Mobile  and 
Boston,  left  their  homes  and  business  for  the  sole  purpose  of  expressing 
the  universal  desire  of  their  several  mercantile  communities  for  an  Inter- 
national Law,  or  set  of  rules  upon  the  subject,  and  to  do  what  they  could 
to  promote  it.  It  is  also  very  encouraging  to  find  that  the  body  known 
as  Lloyd's,  as  well  as  prominent  merchants  and  underwriters,  acknow- 
ledge the  desirableness  of  some  uniform  practice,  and  also  admit  that 
their  own  practice  should  in  some  respects  be  changed.  It  may  be  re- 
marked here,  that  the  principal  difficulty  in  the  way  of  an  international 
system  is  in  the  very  vague  and  little  understood  "  Custom  at  Lloyd's." 
Nearly  all  continental  laws  upon  this  subject  of  general  average,  as  well 
as  the  laws  of  the  United  States,  are  substantially  in  conformity  with  the 
old  Rhodian  law,  and  wherever  the  "  Custom  at  Lloyd's"  is  contrary  to 
that,  such  custom  is  not  only  an  innovation,  but  is  in  most  cases,  if  not  in 
all,  contrary  to  what  is  in  this  country  considered  sound  principle. 

That  a  set  of  rules  or  code,  embracing  this  whole  subject,  will  be  pre- 
pared as  soon  as  may  be,  and  that  such  rules  or  code  will  be  forwarded 
to  this  Board  of  Trade,  and  to  other  commercial  bodies  throughout  the 
world,  is  deemed  certain,  as  the  Secretary  of  the  National  Association 
has  already,  some  time  since,  placed  the  matter  in  {he  hands  of  gentle- 
men learned  in  the  law,  and  acquainted  with  the  subject  in  its  practical 
details,  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  out  the  12th  resolution.  By  these 
gentlemen,  it  is  fair  to  presume  that  some  inconsistencies  now  noticeable 
in  the  rules  passed,  will  be  removed,  and  that  a  system  will  be  presented, 
which  when  it  shall  have  been  examined  and  commented  upon  by  Boards 
of  Trade,  Chambers  of  Commerce,  and  Underwriters'  Associations,  and  is, 
after  such  comments,  remodeled  carefully  by  those  having  it  in  charge, 
will  commend  itself  to  the  mercantile  world,  and  become  custom,  and  in 
time  law.  As  an  evidence  of  the  interest  manifested  at  Lloyd's  upon  this 
whole  subject,  I  will  read  a  letter  received  during  the  past  week.  In 
handing  you  this,  my  report  of  the  doings  at  the  Congress  in  Glasgow,  I 
beg  leave  to  express  my  appreciation  of  the  honor  conferred  by  an  ap- 
pointment as  delegate  from  the  Board  of  Trade  of  Boston. 


824  Journal  of  MercantiU  Law, 


JOURNAL  OF  MERCANTILE  LAW. 


STOP  LAW   IN  TENNESSEE. 

The  following  is  a  copy  of  the  bill  prescribing  the  remedy  for  the  collection 
of  debts  and  relief  for  the  people,  as  it  finally  passed  through  the  Legislature, 
and  is  now  a  law  : — 

Section  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Tennessee, 
That  from  and  after  the  passage  of  this  act,  all  judgments  and  decrees  which 
shall  be  rendered  in  any  of  the  courts  of  record  in  this  State,  or  which  shall  be 
rendered  by  justices  of  the  peace  of  this  State  for  money,  shall  be  stayed  by 
such  courts  and  justices  for  the  period  of  twelve  months  from  the  rendition  of 
such  decree  or  judgment :  Provided,  That  the  defendant  or  defendants  in  said 
judgments  or  decrees  shall  appear  before  said  courts  of  record  during  the  term 
of  such  court,  or  within  two  days  after  the  rendition  of  the  judgment  before 
justices  of  ^e  peace,  and  give  good  and  ample  security  for  the  stay  of  execution, 
to  be  approved  of  by  said  courts  or  justices,  which  stay  shall  operate  as  a  judg- 
ment against  the  security  in  said  courts  or  before  said  justices. 

Sec.  2.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  upon  affidavit  of  the  plaintiff  in  the  judg- 
ment, his  agent  or  attorney,  made  before  the  court  or  justice  of  the  peace,  or 
before  the  clerk  of  said  court  if  in  vacation,  showing  that  the  security  for  the 
stay  of  execution  is  not  good  and  sufficient,  the  defendant,  upon  five  days'  notice 
being  given,  shall  justify  the  security  already  given,  or  give  other  security  to  be 
approved  of  by  the  justice  of  the  peace,  or  by  the  court  if  in  session,  and  if  in 
vacation  by  the  clerk  of  said  court,  and  upon  his  failure  to  justify  or  give  other 
security,  execution  shall  issue  immediately.  If  the  additional  security  shall  be 
taken  by  a  justice  of  the  peace,  it  shall  be  sufficient  to  bind  the  security  if  he 
write  his  name  as  additional  security  or  stayor  upon  the  justice's  docket,  or  shall 
authorize  the  same  to  be  done  by  the  justice,  either  verbally  or  in  writing.  If 
said  additional  security  shall  be  taken  by  the  court,  the  same  shall  be  entered  as 
matter  of  record  on  the  minutes  ot  said  court.  If  said  additional  security  shall 
be  taken  by  the  clerS  in  vacation*  it  shall  be  sufficient  in  order  to  bind  the  security 
that  he  acknowledge  himself  additional  security  or  stayor,  on  the  execution 
docket  in  said  clerk's  office. 

Sec.  3.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  in  all  cases  where  judgments  or  decrees 
have  been  rendered  by  any  of  the  courts  or  justices  of  the  peace  in  this  State, 
upon  wbiah  executions  have  been  issued  and  not  levied,  the  defendant  or  defen- 
dants in  said  judgment  or  execution  may  appear  before  the  justice  of  the  peace, 
or  court,  if  in  session,  or  before  the  clerk  of  said  court  in  vacation,  and  upon 
giving  good  and  ample  security  to  said  justice,  court,  or  clerk,  as  the  case  may 
be,  in  the  manner  provided  in  the  second  section  of  this  act  for  giving  additional 
security,  said  execution  shall  be  stayed  six  months  from  the  time  said  security 
shall  be  given,  when  execution  may  issue  against  the  parties  to  the  original  judg- 
ment and  the  security  for  the  stay  of  the  execution.  And  that  in  all  cases  where 
any  execution  or  order  of  sale  may  be  levied  on  personal  property,  that  the 
debtor  in  the  process  shall  have  the  option  to  avail  liimself  of  the  preceding  pro- 
visions of  this  act,  or  it  shall  be  lawful  for  him  to  give  bond  in  double  the  value 
of  the  property,  and  good  security  to  the  officer  for  the  forthcoming  of  said  pro- 
perty lor  sale  at  the  court  house  of  the  county,  or  such  other  places  as  the  par- 
ties may  agree  upon,  in  which  the  levy  is  made,  on  the  first  Monday  of  Decem- 
ber, 1861.  And  if  in  the  interval  the  surety  or  sureties  become  insolvent,  the 
levying  officer  may  notify  the  defendant,  and  he  shall  give  sufficient  additional 
security  for  the  delivery  of  said  property  at  said  time  and  place.  In  order  to 
constitute  the  levy  on  real  estate  valid  as  to  proceedings  before  a  justice  of  the 
peace,  the  execution  shall  be  registered  in  the  register's  office  of  the  county 
where  the  land  lies. 


Journal  of  Mercantile  Law.  325 

Sbo.  4.  Be  it  farther  enacted,  That  in  case  additional  security  shall  be  given 
as  provided  in  the  second  section  of  this  act,  the  first  security  given  shall  not 
hereby  be  released  from  liability,  but  execution  shall  issue  against  the  original 
parties  to  the  iudgment,  and  against  the  first  as  well  as  additional  securities. 

Sbc.  5.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  this  act  shall  not  be  so  construed  so  as  to 
authorize  the  stay  of  execution  upon  judgments  before  justices  of  the  peace  that 
were  not  subject  to  stay  before  the  passage  of  this  act.  Nor  shall  executions  on 
judgments  rendered  in  court  against  officers  and  their  securities  for  ofiBcial  de- 
fault, nor  judgments  in  favor  of  a  security,  accommodation  indorser,  stayor,  or 
co-security,  who  has  been  compelled  to  pay  money  for  his  principal  or  co-security, 
be  stayed  under  the  provisions  of  this  act. 

ttEC.  6.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  upon  application  of  the  stayor  or  security 
for  the  delivery  of  property,  as  provided  for  by  this  act,  by  affidavit  in  writing, 
to  be  filed  with  the  papers,  that  he  is  fearful  and  believes,  and  has  good  reason 
to  believe,  that  if  execution  is  stayed,  he  will  be  compelled  to  pay  the  judgment, 
an  execution  shall  issue  against  the  debtor  and  stayor  at  any  time ;  or  if  the 
security  for  the  delivery  of  the  property  shall  make  such  affidavit,  the  principal 
in  said  delivery  bond,  upon  ten  days'  notice,  shall  deliver  the  property  mentioned 
in  said  bond,  at  the  place  designated  therein,  and  the  officer  shall  proceed  to  ex- 
pose the  same  to  public  sale  to  pay  said  debt :  Provided,  The  parties  to  the 
original  judgment  may  give  new,  good,  and  sufficient  security,  as  now  provided 
by  law. 

Sec.  7.  Be  it  further  enacted.  That  delivery  bonds  given  under  the  provisions 
of  this  act,  shall  have  the  same  effect  and  be  governed  in  all  respects  by  the  laws 
now  in  force  in  reference  to  delivery  bonds,  except  so  far  as  the  same  may  con- 
flict with  this  act. 

Sec.  8.  Be  it  further  enacted.  That  if  any  party,  upon  being  notified  to  give 
additional  security,  and  shall  fail  to  do  so,  then  the  officer  shall  proceed  and  sell 
the  property  levied  upon  as  though  no  delivery  bond  had  been  given. 

Sec.  9.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  this  act  shall  not  apply  to  actions  or  judg- 
ments against  executors,  administrators,  or  other  persons  acting  in  a  fiduciary 
capacity,  for  money  due  bv  them  to  distributees,  legatees,  or  others,  and  which 
has  been  actually  collected  by  them. 

Sec.  10.  This  act  shall  expire  by  its  own  limitation  on  the  first  day  of  July, 
1862. 

Passed,  January  26, 1861. 

INNOCENT  HOLDER. 

In  the  United  States  Supreme  Court. — Pennsylvania.  Before  Judge  Strong. 
Hawkins  vs,  Cree. 

Strong,  J. — The  rule  laid  by  Lord  Mansfield  in  Walton  vx.  Shelly  was  an 
attempt  to  introduce  a  new  exception  to  the  principle  that  infamy  and  interest 
are  the  tests  of  a  witness'  incompetency.  The  attempt  proved  a  failure.  The 
new  rule  was  short  lived  in  the  country  of  its  birth,  and  Jordaine  vs.  Lashbrook 
(7  term  Rep..  601)  denied  it  altogether.  But  though  early  repudiated  in  Eng- 
land, it  was  adopted  here,  and  it  still  exists  as  a  rule  of  our  law,  though  judges 
have  said  that  it  is  not  to  be  extended,  and  though  the  later  decisions  have  very 
much  restricted  its  operation.  As  it  exists  now  with  us,  it  extends  only  to 
negotiable  paper,  actually  negotiated  before  maturity  in  the  usual  course  of  busi- 
ness,  and  in  the  hands  of  an  innocent  holder,  who  took  it  without  any  previous 
notice  of  any  original  defect  in  it,  and  it  excludes  only  those  parties  whose 
names  were  on  the  paper  when  it  was  transferred  to  the  holder.  Thus  it  was 
stated  in  Wilt  vs,  Snyder  (5  Har.,  77,)  and  substantial  y  in  Harding  vs.  Mott 
(8  Har.,  469.) 

Was,  then,  the  note  upon  which  this  suit  was  brought  negotiated  in  the  usual 
course  of  business,  and  was  the  plaintiff  an  innocent  holder,  without  any  previ- 
ous notice  of  any  original  defect  in  it  ? 

The  note  was  assigned  to  the  plaintiff  not  indorsed,  and  the  assignment  was 


826  Journal  of  Mercantile  Law. 

DOt  accompanied  with  a  general  guaranty  made  by  the  assizor  and  a  third  party. 
We  are  not  prepared  to  affirm  that  this  was  a  negotiation  m  the  usual  course  of 
business.  It  was  not  the  mode  in  which  promissory  notes  and  bills  of  exchange 
are  commonly  transferred.  When  payable  to  order,  they  usually  pass  by  indorse- 
ment and  without  any  superadded  guaranty.  There  is  a  clear  distinction  be- 
tween a  transfer  by  indorsement  and  one  by  assignment.  The  statue  of  Akn  re- 
cognizes, and  indeed,  makes  a  distinction.  (Lyons  r^.  Divelbis,  10  Har.,  185.) 
The  holder  of  a  promissory  note,  by  either  mode  of  transfer,  may  bring  a  suit  in 
his  own  name,  but  he  does  not  acquire  the  same  rights  against  his  assignor, 
which  he  has  against  his  indorser.  Over  the  name  of  the  former  he  can  write 
no  order  upon  the  maker  in  the  nature  of  a  bill  of  exchange.  His  assignor  has 
assumed  no  other  engagement  to  him  than  the  restricted  one  that  the  note  is 
genuine.  It  may  be  doubted,  therefore,  whether  an  assignment  is  a  negotiation 
in  the  actual  course  of  business,  and  more  especially  when  it  is  coupled  with  a 
guaranty  of  a  third  party. 

Waiving  this,  however,  we  think  there  was  sufficient  evidence  in  this  case  that 
the  plaintiff  was  not  an  innocent  holder  without  notice  of  any  stain  upon  the 
note  to  justify  the  admission  of  the  payee  as  a  witness  for  the  defendant  Before 
the  testimony  of  the  payee  was  offered,  it  had  been  proved  by  other  witnesses 
that  the  plaintiff  admitted  on  one  occasion,  when  speaking  of  his  having  obtained 
the  note,  that  he  did  not  want  to  take  it ;  that  he  thought  there  was  something 
wrong  with  it,  unless  Barclay  would  guaranty  it,  and  that  Barclay  would  not 
do  it  for  a  long  time,  for  fear  it  would  cause  hard  feelings  between  him  and  the 
defendant. 

On  another  occasion  he  said,  "  he  was  satisfied  they  were  wronging  Ores  ;" 
and  again,  he  said,  *'  they  had  a  good  deal  of  coaxing  before  they  could  get 
Barclay  to  guaranty  it."  To  whatever  period  be  may  have  referred,  when  he 
said  he  was  wronging  the  defendant,  it  cannot  be  doubted  that  his  admission  of 
a  conviction  that  there  was  something  wrong  with  the  note  referred  to  his  be- 
lief at  the  time  when  he  took  an  assignment  of  it.  It  was  because  he  thought 
so  then  that  he  demanded  a  guaranty,  not  a  guaranty  of  solvency  of  the  maker, 
but  a  general  guaranty.  And  can  one  who  has  taken  a  transfer  of  a  promissory 
note  tainted  by  fraud  in  its  inception  be  said  to  be  an  innocent  holder,  if,  at  the 
time  of  the  transfer  to  him,  he  thought  there  was  something  wrong  with  it  ? 
If  such  were  his  convictions  then,  there  must  have  been  some  basis  for  them, 
some  knowledge  of  facts  which  awakened  his  misgivings.  There  was  something 
which,  in  his  mind,  cast  a  shade  over  the  original  transaction  that  should  have 
put  him  upon  inquiry ;  and  if  he  neglected  it,  and  chose  rather  a  collateral 
guaranty,  ne  took  the  note  with  all  its  antecedent  equities  upon  it.  His  case 
was  not,  therefore,  within  the  rule  uf  Walton  vs,  Shelley,  as  restricted  in  this 
State,  and  the  deposition  of  Levi  Clare  was  properly  admitted. 

The  other  assignments  ot  error  require  but  brief  notice.  The  conversation 
between  Dean  and  Clark,  though  not  immediately  in  the  presence  of  the  de- 
fendant, was  a  part  of  the  means  made  use  of  to  accomplish  it  The  testimony, 
if  believed,  proved  that  they  were  conspirators ;  and  what  was  said  or  done  by 
either  in  carrying  out  their  common  design  was  admissible  in  evidence. 

The  ofier  of  the  plaintiff  to  show  that  Dean  got  credit  for  the  payment  of 
another  note  due  to  Hawkins  in  a  settlement  between  himself,  Barclay,  and 
Sharpneck,  was  wholly  inadmissible.  It  did  not  tend  to  prove  that  the  plain- 
tiff had  paid  a  valuable  consideration  for  the  note  in  suit ;  even  if  it  did,  it  was 
of  no  importance.  If  the  note  in  suit  was  obtained  by  fraud,  and  the  plaintiff 
knew  it,  or  ought  to  have  known  it,  at  the  time  when  he  became  the  holder,  he 
cannot  recover,  even  though  he  paid  value  for  it ;  and  on  the  other  hand,  if  it 
was  not  obtained  by  fraud,  or  if  the  plaintiff  was  an  innocent  holder,  without 
notice  of  the  fraud,  he  was  entitled  to  recover,  without  proof  of  value  paid,  in 
the  absence  of  any  notice  to  make  such  proof.  So  the  case  went  to  the  jury, 
and  it  was  left  to  them  to  find  whether  there  was  fraud,  and  whether  the  plain- 
tiff had  notice  of  it  Such  was,  in  effect,  the  answer  of  the  court  to  the  defend- 
ant's first  and  fourth  points,  and  we  think  it  was  entirely  correct. 

The  judgment  is  affirmed. 


Chmmercial  Chronicle  and  Review. 


827 


COMMERCIAL  CHRONICLE  AND  REVIEW. 


POSITION  OP  COKMXRCB— POLITICAL  CLOUDS— MBRCHANDISB  Oil  THE  MARKBT—MIW  TARIPP— A0> 
VBR8R  INPLVBNCB—STATB  OP  TRADE  WSBT  AKD  SOUTH — STAGNATION  OP  BUSINESS— PAILUEKS  IN 
JANUARY— 1857  AND  1861— EXPORTS— EXCHANGE— PALL  IN  RATES- CHECK  UPON  EXPORTS— COT- 
TON STATEMENT-SPINNERS— ACTIVITY  OP  MANUPATURERS— BREADSTUPP8— RATES  OP  BILLS- 
SPECIE  MOVEMENT— A88AT-0PF1CE — MINT  — GOVERNMENT  PINANCES— STATE  INDORSEMENT- NEW 
LOAN— $25,000,000  LOAN  LAW— RATES  OP  MONEY— PO REIGN  MARKETS— EXPORTS. 

The  extraordinary  condition  of  the  national  commerce,  which  we  described  in 
our  last  nnmber,  has  preserved  its  main  features,  with  some  exaggeration,  up  to 
the  close  of  the  present  month.  The  uncertainty  in  relation  to  the  future  pre- 
vented the  usual  preparation  for  business  on  the  part  of  active  business  men, 
and  those  goods  which  continued  to  arrive,  although  diminished  in  extent  by 
counter  orders,  were  far  in  excess  of  the  current  market  wants,  and  they  accu- 
mulated in  bond,  as  will  be  seen  by  reference  to  the  tables  hereto  customarily 
annexed.  The  amount  of  general  merchandise  put  upon  the  market  was  small, 
while  the  quantity  under  bond  rose  to  figures  quite  as  high  as  any  that  were 
reached  during  the  panic  of  1857.  This  is  the  more  remarkable  that  the  cir- 
cumstances in  respect  of  tariff  are  reduced.  The  tariff  of  1857  provided  for 
large  reductions  of  duties  after  July  1st  of  that  year,  and  it  was  natural  that 
goods  which  arrived  should  go  into  bond  to  wait  the  action  of  that  law,  and 
thus  come  into  consumption  at  a  lower  tax.  At  the  present  time,  on  the  other 
hand,  goods  accumulate  in  bond,  although  there  is  before  Congress  a  bill,  with 
every  prospect  of  becoming  a  law,  which  will  largely  increase  the  duties  on  most 
of  the  articles  now  dutiable,  and  bring  those  now  free  into  the  dutiable  list. 
Notwithstanding  this  prospect,  which,  in  ordinary  times,  would  cause  large  en- 
tries of  goods,  the  deliveries  for  consumption  are  very  small.  Neither  the 
Southern  nor  the  Western  trade  is  such  as  to  tempt  the  usual  rivalry  in  making 
sales.  There  is,  no  doubt,  under  existing  circumstances,  less  desire  to  make  pur- 
chases, but  the  financial  aspect  is  such  as  to  make  credit  transactions  extra  hazard- 
ous. Many  dealers  prefer  to  have  the  goods  in  store  to  transferring  them  to  the 
portfolio  in  the  shape  of  noteq  that  may  have  a  less  ultimate  actual  value.  The 
general  stagnation  also  greatly  interferes  with  the  collection  of  outstanding  claims 
depended  upon  to  meet  the  spring  payments,  and  the  resulting  failures  are  large. 
One  of  the  mercantile  agencies  of  New  York  city  reported  the  number  of  fail- 
ures for  each  State  in  the  month  of  January,  as  follows  : — 

NUMBER  OF  PAILUaiS  IN  THE  UNriBD  STATES  IN  JANUABT,    1861. 


Connecticut 8 

Illinois 68 

Indiana 86 

Iowa 16 

Kansas 4 

Massachusetts 75 

Michigan 20 

Minnesota 1 

New  Hampshire 12 

New  Jersey 20 

Nebraska  iVrritory  . .  2 

New  York  city 97 


New  York  State.... 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania. 

Vermont 

Wisconsin 

Maine 

Rhode  Island 

Alabama 

Delaware 

District  of  Columbia. 

Georgia 

Kentucky 


68 

62 

65 

8 

20 

5 

8 

8 

4 

7 

84 

89 


Louisiana 8 

Maryland 25 

Mississippi '. 10 

Missouri 47 

North  Carolina. 24 

South  Carolina 8 

Tennessee 18 

Texas 26 

Virginia. 88 

Arkansas 5 


Total. 


859 


828  Commercial  Chronicle  and  Beview. 

The  number  of  failures  Jan.,  1860,  was  455  ;  in  Jan.,  1859, 640 ;  in  Jan.,  1868, 
after  the  panic,  825  ;  but  the  failures  in  January  are  usually  less  than  during 
the  months  of  March  and  April,  when  the  heavy  payments  mature.  The  fail- 
ures this  year  present  the  remarkable  features  of  taking  place  at  a  moment  when 
money  is  a  "drug,"  when  specie  has  accumulated  with  great  rapidity  in  the 
bank  vaults,  and  reached  a  point  in  New  York  city  higher  than  ever  before,  at 
the  same  time  the  bank  loans  run  down  under  the  influence  of  payments  on  ma- 
turing paper  and  the  non- creation  of  new  paper.  The  failures  of  the  mercantile 
public  in  1857  arose  from  the  inability  to  apply  debts  to  credits — in  other 
words,  through  the  refusal  of  the  banks  to  discount  the  bills  receivable,  to  enable 
holders  to  meet  bills  payable.  At  present  the  banks  are  anxious  to  discount  all 
good  business  paper ;  but  this  has  not  been  created  by  the  operations  of  trade, 
and  collections  come  in  slowly.  The  smallness  of  the  imports  of  goods  presents 
a  contrast  to  the  continued  large  exports,  as  well  of  cotton  as  breadstuffs  and 
provisions,  and  this  circumstance  has  tended  to  lessen  the  demand  for  sterling 
bills  to  remit.  The  rate  of  which  forced  the  importation  of  gold  in  December, 
and  which  rose  under  the  action  of  the  bank  committee,  continued  with  the  im- 
proved tone  of  the  general  markets,  has  again  declined  under  the  excess  of  sup- 
ply  over  demand,  and  point  to  renewed  imports  of  specie.  This  circumstance, 
causing  renewed  diCBculty  in  negotiating  bills,  checked  the  exports  of  produce, 
the  more  so  that  the  cotton  receipts  improved,  and  indicated  that  the  crop  would 
reach  at  least  4,000,000  bales.  The  movement  of  the  cotton  crop  has  been  as 
follows : — 

1860.  1861. 

Stock,  September bales  140,174  220,760 

Receipts  to  February  13 8,168,186  2,562,856 

Supply 8,298,80»  2,788,606 

Exports. 1,861,767  1,768,967 

Balance 1,446,662  1,024,689 

Stock,  February  18 1,091,878  617.860 

IlDited  States  consumption,  Sept.  1,  to  Feb.  16 .  866,174  407,279 

The  quantity  exported  is  100,000  bales  short  of  last  year  ;  the  quantity  taken 
by  the  Northern  spinners  is  larger  than  last  year,  which  was  one  of  extraor- 
dinary purchases.  The  excess  so  taken  during  the  first  six  months  of  the  cot- 
ton year  has  reached  52,000  bales,  while  the  export  has  diminished  in  double 
that  amount  These  figures  disclose  the  fact  that  manufacturing  industry,  at 
least  in  that  branch  of  it,  has  not  been  disturbed  by  those  influences  which  have 
so  disturbed  trade.  The  supply  of  American  goods  may,  no  doubt,  be  reason- 
ably expected  to  compensate  in  some  degree  for  the  diminished  arrivals  of  for- 
eign merchandise.  If  we  turn  to  the  exports  of  breadstuff's  from  the  United 
States  to  Europe  and  Great  Britain  for  a  similar  period,  we  have  results  as  fol- 
lows : — 

Flour,  bbls.       Wheat,  bu5h.       Coni,boah. 

September  to  December  16 913,472        10,826.961         1,824,817 

Month  to  January  16 208,119  1,666,661  872,863 

Month  to  February  16 264,481  1,291,121  698,466 

Total,  September  1  to  February  16.         1,871,078        18,688,688        8,896,186 


Gommereial  Chronicle  and  Review.  82  9 

These  exports  give  a  valae  of  $27,200,000,  an  excess  of  about  $25,000,000, 
or  over  $1,000,000  per  week,  above  last  year,  as  a  basis  for  bills.  In  face  of 
this  supply  of  bills  the  demand  for  them,  as  measured  by  the  importation  of 
goods,  has  much  diminished.    The  rates  of  bills  have  been  as  follows  : — 

BATB8  OF  BILLS  IN  MBW  YORK.' 

London.  PartB.  Amsterdam.     Frankfort.  H&mbnrg.  Berlin. 

JaD.l..  9    a  9t  6.18ia5.l7i  4l|a41f  4Ua4U  86^  a  86f  78    a  TK} 

15..  8}a  9  6.2Ha5.l8f  41ia41i  41ia4U  36|  a  86^  73f  a  73^ 

Feb.l..  8|a  9  5.18|a6.l7i  41ia4li  4l|a41i  86|  a  86f  73f  a  78i 

15..  8ia  9  5.l8fa5.17i  4lfa41i  4]ia41i  86^  a  86^  7Sf  a  78^ 

Mar.l..  Sfa  9  6.17^  a  5. 15  41^a4If  41fa4l|  86f  a  86}  78fa78| 

15..  8ia  8|  5.17ia5.15f  41fa41f  41ia41|  86f  a  S6f  78ia73| 

Apr.l..  8ia  8}  5.18fa5.16i  41ia4lf  4Ua41f  86f  a  S6f  78i  a  78t 

15..  8fa  8i  5.16ia5.l7i  41fa41i  4l|a41i  86^  a  S6f  73ia78f 

Mayl..  9ia  9^  5.18ia5.12i  4Ha41f  41|a42  86f  a  36|  73^  a '73} 

15..  yfa  9f  5.13}a5.l3i  41ta41|  4l}a42  S6f  a  87  73f  a  78} 

Jun.l..  9ia  9f  5.18ia6   12i  4li^a4l|  4l|a42  87    a  87}  73|a73} 

15..  9ia  9f  5.l3|a5.12i  41|a41|  41}a42  86f  a  87}  73f  a  73} 

Julyl..  9}  a  9}  5.13}  a  5.13}  41}a41f  41}  n  42  86}  a  87  78}  a  78} 

15..  9}  a  9}  5.13}  a  5.18}  4Ua41}  41}  a  41}  86}  a  87  73}  a  78} 

Aug.l..  9|a  9}  5.18}a6.l8^  41}a41}  41}a42  86}  a  87  78}  a  78} 

15..  9}al0  5.18}a5.13}  41}a41}  41}a42  86}  a  87}  78}  a  78} 

Sep.l..  y}al0  5.14fa5.13}  41fa41}  41}a42  86}  a  87  73f  a  78} 

16..  9fa  9}  6.14fa6.I8}  4i}a41}  41}  a  42  86}  a  86}  73}a78} 

Oct.  I..  9}  a  9}  5. 15}  a  5.14}  41}  a  41}  41}  a  41}  86}  a  86}  78}  a  78} 

15..  8}a  9  5.17}a5.16}  41}a41}  41ia41}  86^  a  86}  78}  a  78f 

Nov.l.  .  8    a  8f  5.20    a  5.17}  41}  a  41}  41|a41}  86}  a  86}  72    a  73 

15..  6    a  6}  9.80    a  5.28}  40}  a  40^  40}  a  41}  85}  a  86}  72}  a  72} 

Dec.  1..  1    a  5  5.47}  a  5.40  89}  a  40}  40    a  40}  84}  a  85}  69}  a  76} 

15..  1     a  4  5.60    a  5.50  89    a  89^  89    a  89^  34}  a  84}  72}  a  78} 

Jan.  1..  2}  a  6  5.40    a  5.45  88}  a  89}  89}  a  89}  84}  a  85  68}  a  69} 

15..  5}  a  6i  5.80    a  5  33}  40    a  40}  40^  a  40}  85^  a  85}  70}  a  70} 

Feb.l..  6    a  6  5.87}a6  85  40    a  40^  40}  a  40}  85}  a  86  70}  a  70| 

'16..  2    a  5}  5.42}  a  5.86  39}  a  40}  40}  a  40}  85}  a  85}  70}  a  70} 

With  such  figures,  so  far  below  the  actual  par  for  sterling,  the  specie  move- 
ment has  presented  an  appearance  very  unusual  during  the  past  ten  years,  or 
since  the  discovery  of  California.  The  exports,  apart  from  doubloons  and  silver 
sent  to  the  West  Indies,  has  become  nominal,  while  receipts  continue  considera- 
ble, as  follows : — 

GOLD   BEOEIVBD  FaOM  OAUFORNIA  AND  EUaOPE  AND  EXPORTED  FBOIC  NEW  YORK  WEEKLY, 
WITH   THE   AMOUNT  OF  SPECIE  IN  SUB  TREASURY,  AND  THE  TOTAL  IN  THE  CITY. 

. 1860. ,  . 1861. s 

specie  In  Total 

Becelved.       Exported.     Becelved.       Exported,  sub-treasury,     in  the  city. 

Jan.    6 $86,080 1  {'gggl^o^* 18,646,487  $28,485,000 

12 $1,788,666  88,482  |  } 'JooJ^q* 2,584,456     29,045,800 

)9 259.400     1,'693,'062     2,166,242     81,764,700 

26 1,760,682  81,800     1,246,029  22,855     5,751,298     84,720,200 

Feb.   2 94,596       427,457 1  }'2oo»oq|»      289,669     4,828,000     85,882,000 

9 1,476,621  92,860        800,000        115,698     8,644,921     88,800,600 

16. 692,997     1,616,111         117,101     8,856,000     40,47,%000 

Totol 6,120,469     1,627,666  18,750,067        546,828     

*  From  Europe. 


380  Commercial  Chronicle  and  Review. 

Thus,  of  1^13,750,000  receeived  in  the  city  since  January  let,  more  than 
$12,000,000  has  accumulated  in  the  city  without  producing  much  influence  upon 
general  business.  The  operations  of  the  New  York  assay-oflBce  for  the  month 
of  January  indicate,  as  compared  with  the  same  month  of  last  year,  the  destina- 
tion of  the  metals. 

The  deposits  of  foreign  coin  were  large,  and  were  ordered  into  American  coin, 
an  operation  that  takes  from  their  exportable  value.  To  avoid  that,  it  was 
vainly  proposed  to  Congress  to  restore  the  law  making  foreign  coin  a  legal  tender. 

HEW  YORK  A88ATOFFICE—- DXPOPITS. 


-Foreign. .    , United  States. »       Payments 


r.  .  Qo^^-     ,  SUver.  Silver.  In 

Coin.       Bullion.      Coin.      Bnlllon.      Gold.  Coin.     Bullion.       Bars.        Coin. 

Jan.  4,600,000  1,000.000  69.C00  40,000  2,689,000  20,000  67,000       2,000  8,218,000 

'60         14,000        18,900  11,200  14,000  2,478,000  1,800  20,000  647,000  1,910,000 

The  effect  of  this  demand  for  coin  also  shows  itself  in  the  returns  of  the  Uni- 
ted States  mint,  which,  for  the  month  of  January  in  the  last  three  years,  were 
as  follows : — 

UNITED  STATES  MINT,  PHILADBLFBIA. 


I Deposits. ,    , Colnage.- 


Oold.  Silrer.  Gold.         Silver.     Cents.  ToUl. 

January $8,209,669  $156,418  $8,052,321  $91,100  $6,000  $8,148,421 

1860.           200,000  41,000  1,024,663     41,000  24,000  1,090,668 

1869.            148,040  61,675  59,821     66,000  86,000  160,825 

The  Philadelphia  mint  and  that  at  San  Francisco  are  absorbing  the  govern- 
ment business.    That  at  Dahlonega  will  probably  be  discontinued. 

The  stock  market  has  shown  the  effects  of  the  abundance  of  money,  mostly  in 
the  firmness  of  the  large  holders,  but  speculation  has  been  held  in  check  by 
political  influences  and  the  disastrous  condition  of  the  federal  finances.  At  the 
date  of  our  last  the  new  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  had  succeeding  in  placing 
85,000,000  of  treasury  notes  at  an  average  of  10|  interest.  The  credit  of  the  gov- 
ernment in  the  market  is  indicated  in  the  fact  that  the  12per  cent  treasury  notes 
have  fluctuated  between  1^  and  2  per  cent  premium.  Subsequent  reports  from 
the  Secretary  on  the  state  of  the  treasury  showed  a  deficit  of  $8,000,000  np  to 
March  4th,  and  with  the  prospect  of  large  loans  in  the  future.  A  bill  author- 
izing a  loan  of  825,000,000  was  passed  by  Congress,  but  the  difficulties  that 
hang  over  the  market  made  its  negotiation  a  matter  of  doubt,  and  it  was  pro- 
posed to  have  recourse  to  the  deposits  made  with  the  States  in  1836,  at  the  pe- 
riod the  treasury  was  burdened  with  a  surplus  revenue  that  grew  out  of  the 
large  land  speculations,  land  sales,  and  imports  of  merchandise.  Congress  or- 
dered that  $37,468,859  88  should  be  deposited  with  the  several  States,  pro  rata 
of  the  representation,  until  called  for.  Some  of  the  States  refused  their  share, 
on  the  ground  of  unconstitutionality  of  the  law.  The  payment  was  to  be  made 
in  four  instalments  ;  of  these  three  were  made,  when  revulsion  overtook  the  mar- 
kets, the  imports  declined,  and  the  land  speculation  subsided  to  a  point  that 
left  a  large  deficit  in  the  revenues.  The  fourth  instalment  was  accordingly  with- 
held. It  has  now  been  proposed  for  the  several  States  to  indorse  the  federal 
bonds  to  an  amount  equal  to  those  deposits.  The  following  is  a  statement  of 
the  shares  of  the  several  States  in  the  surplus  revenue  deposited  with  them  by 
the  United  States  government,  by  the  act  of  June  23, 1836,  and  which  the  pres- 


Commercial  Chronicle  and  Review. 


831 


ent  Secretary  proposed  to  make  the  basis  of  security  for  a  new  loan  to  provide 
for  the  expenses  of  the  treasury  of  the  government : — 


Maiue $965,838  26 

New  Hampshire 669,086  79 

'  VennoDt 669,086  . . 

Massachosetts 1,888,178  (^8 

Connecticut 764,670  60 

Bhode  Island 882,885  SO 

New  Jersey 764,670  60 

New  York 4,014,520  71 

Pennsy  1  vania„ 2,867 ,5 1 4  7  8 

Delaware 286,76149 

Maryland. 956,888  25 

Virginia. 2,198,727  99 

North  Carolina 1,488,757  89 

South  Carolina 1 ,051 ,422  09 

Georgia 1,061,422  09 

Alabama. 669,086  79 


Louisiana. 477,919  14 

Mississippi 882,335  SO 

Tennessee 1,488,757  39 

Kentudqr 1,488,767  89 


Ohio. 
Missouri.. 
Indiania . . 
Illinob  . . . 
Arkansas. , 
Michigan  . 


2,007,260  84 
882,835  SO 
860,264  44 
477,919  14 
286,761  49 
286,761  49 


Total $28,101,644  91 

Add  4th  instalment  which 

was  not  paid $9,867,214  97 


Total  surplus $87,468,869  88 

The  payment  of  $28,000,000  was  made  in  three  instalments  ;  the  fourth  in- 
stalment was  to  have  been  paid  October  1, 1837,  but  was  withdrawn  on  account 
of  the  financial  diflBculty  in  which  the  government  then  found  itself. 

Of  the  $28,101,645  actually  paid,  the  States  which  have  now  seceded,  except- 
ing Florida,  not  then  admitted,  received  $3,032,185  41.  The  free  States  which 
shared  in  the  surplus  received  $16,058,082  81. 

We  may  here  call  to  mind  that  when  State  credit  broke  down  in  1840,  and 
nine  sovereign  States  failed  to  make  good  their  engagements,  it  was  proposed 
by  the  leading  financial  authorities  of  London,  that  the  States  should  give  a 
"  more  comprehensive  guarantee  "  for  their  credit  in  the  shape  of  federal  indorse- 
ment of  State  bonds.  The  *'  centrifugal "  force  of  circumstances  has  now  re- 
versed the  **  guarantees  "  required,  but  it  may  be  hoped  that,  as  the  States  more 
than  recovered  their  high  credit  without  any  other  aid  than  industrial  energy,  so 
may  that  of  the  Union  again  take  its  foremost  rank. 

The  proposition  to  obtain  the  indorsements  of  the  States  was  objected  to  in 
the  House.  The  bill  authorizing  $25,000,000  passed  without  it,  and  the  Secre- 
tary issued,  under  it,  February  13,  proposals  for  $8,000,000,  to  be  opened  by 
the  23d.  The  bonds  were  to  run  twenty  years,  and  bear  6  per  cent  coupons. 
The  law  is  as  follows  : — 

AN   ACT   AUTHORIZING  A  LOAN. 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United 
States  of  America  in  Congress  assembled,  That  the  President  of  the  United 
States  be  and  is  hereby  authorized,  at  any  time  before  the  first  day  of  July  next, 
to  borrow,  on  the  credit  of  the  United  States,  a  sum  not  exceeding  twenty-five 
millions  of  dollars,  or  so  much  thereof  as,  in  his  opinion,  the  exigencies  of  the 
public  service  may  require,  to  be  used  in  the  payment  of  the  current  demands 
upon  the  treasury  and  for  the  redemption  of  treasury  notes  now  outstanding, 
and  to  replace  in  the  treasury  any  amount  of  said  notes  which  shall  have  been 
paid  and  received  for  public  dues. 

Sec.  2.  And  be  it  further  enacted.  That  stock  shall  be  issued  for  the  amount 
so  borrowed,  bearing  interest  not  exceeding  six  per  centum  per  annum,  and  to 
be  reimbursed  within  a  period  not  beyond  twenty  years  and  not  less  than  ten 
years ;  and  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  be  and  is  hereby  authorized,  with  the 
consent  of  the  President,  to  cause  certificates  of  stock  to  be  prepared,  which 
shall  be  signed  by  the  Register  and  sealed  with  the  seal  of  the  Treasury  Depart- 


832  Commercial  Chronicle  and  Review. 

inent,  for  the  amount  so  borrowed,  in  favor  of  the  parties  leodiog  the  same,  or 
their  assigns,  which  certificates  may  be  transferred  on  the  books  of  the  treasury, 
under  such  regulations  as  may  be  established  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury : 
Provided,  That  no  certificate  shall  be  issued  for  a  less  sum  than  one  thousand 
dollars :  And  provided,  also,  That,  whenever  required,  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  may  cause  coupons  of  semi-annual  interest  payable  thereon  to  be  at- 
tached to  certificates  issued  under  this  act ;  and  any  certificate  with  such  cou- 
pons of  interest  attached  may  be  assigned  and  transferred  by  delivery  of  the 
same,  instead  of  being  transferred  on  the  books  of  the  treasury. 

Sbc.  3.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That,  before  awarding  said  loan,  the  Sec- 
retary of  the  Treasury  shall  cause  to  be  inserted  in  two  of  the  public  newspapers 
of  the  city  of  Washington,  and  in  one  or  more  public  newspapers  in  other  cities 
of  the  United  States,  public  notice  that  sealed  proposals  for  such  a  loan  will  be 
received  until  a  certain  day,  to  be  specified  in  such  notice,  not  less  than  ten  days 
from  its  first  insertion  in  a  Washington  newspaper  ;  and  such  notice  shall  state 
the  amount  of  the  loan,  at  what  periods  the  money  shall  be  paid,  if  by  instal- 
ments, and  at  what  places.  Such  sealed  proposals  shall  be  opened,  on  the  day  ap- 
pointed in  the  notice,  in  the  presence  of  such  persons  as  may  choose  to  attend, 
and  the  proposals  decided  on  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  who  shall  accept 
the  most  favorable  offered  by  responsible  bidders  for  said  stock.  And  the  said 
Secretary  shall  report  to  Congress,  at  the  commencement  of  the  next  session, 
the  amount  of  money  borrowed  under  this  act,  and  of  whom  and  what  terms  it 
shall  have  been  obtained,  with  an  abstract  or  brief  statement  of  all  the  proposals 
submitted  for  the  same,  distinguishing  between  those  accepted  and  those  rejected, 
with  a  detailed  statement  of  the  expense  of  making  such  loans. 

Sec.  4.  And  be  it  further  enacted.  That  the  faith  of  the  United  States  is 
hereby  pledged  for  the  due  payment  of  the  interest  and  the  redemption  of  the 
principal  of  said  stock. 

Sec.  5.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  residue  of  the  loan  authorized  by 
the  act  of  22d  of  June,  I860,  or  so  much  thereof  as  is  necessary,  shall  be  ap- 

Elied  to  the  redemption  of  the  treasury  notes  issued  under  the  act  of  17th  of 
December,  1860.  and  for  no  other  purpose  ;  and  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 
is  hereby  authorized,  at  his  discretion,  to  exchange  at  par  bouda  of  the  United 
States  authorized  by  said  act  of  22d  of  June,  1860,  for  the  said  treasury  notes 
and  the  accruing  interest  thereon. 

Sec.  6.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That,  to  defray  the  expense  of  engraving 
and  printing  certificates  of  such  stock,  and  other  expenses  incident  to  the  execu- 
tion of  this  act,  the  sum  of  twenty  thousand  dollars  is  hereby  appropriated  : 
Provided,  That  no  compensation  shall  be  allowed  for  any  service  performed  un- 
der  this  act  to  any  officer  whose  salary  is  established  by  law. 

Sec.  7.  And  be  it  further  enacted.  That  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  shall 
not  be  obliged  to  accept  the  most  favorable  bids  as  hereinbefore  provided,  unless 
he  shall  consider  it  advantageous  to  the  United  States  to  do  so,  but  for  any  por- 
tion of  such  loan,  not  taken  under  the  first  advertisement,  he  may  advertise  again 
at  his  discretion. 

Approved,  Feb.  8, 1861. 

The  rates  of  money  for  commercial  paper  have  continued  to  decline  on  call, 
but  have  rather  advanced  for  long  paper,  seeing  that  the  best  descriptions  are, 
by  the  stagnation  of  business  and  the  operations  of  payment,  being  called  out : 

, OnoalU .  * Indorsed. »  Single  Other  Not  well 

Stocks.  Other.  60  days.     4a6inos.  names.  good.  known. 

Jan.  1st,  I860..     6    a  6^  6^  a  7  7    a  7^    7i  a  8^  7i  a  8  »  a  10  12  a  18 

Jan.  16th 7    a7i  7    a7i  8ia9      9    a  9*  9    a  10  10  a  U  16  a  20 

Feb.  Ist 6    a6i  7    a7i  8ia9      9    a  9^  9    a  10  11  a  12  16  a  20 

Feb.  16th 6    a6  6    a7  7    a  7i    7i  a  8  8^  a  9i  10  a  12  16  a  18 

Mar.  let 6i  a  6  6    a7  7    a  7i    7i  a  8  8ia9i  10al2  16  a  18 

Mar.  16th 6    a  6i  6i  a  6  6    a7       7i  a  8  8i  a  9*  10  a  12  16  a  18 

Apr.  l8t 6    a6i  6    a6i  6ia6      6    a  6i  6i  a  7i  9  a  10  11  a  18 


Oommercial  Chronicle  and  Review. 


333 


Apr.  16th- 

May  iBt 

May  16th.. 
Jnne  let.. 
June  I6th  .... 

ivXj  lat 

July  16th. 
Aog.  Ist.. 
Aug.  16th.. 
Sept  Ut . 
Sept  ]6tb.. 

Oct    l8t.. 

Oct  16th. 
Nov.  lat. 
Nov.  16th. 
Dec.  Ist. 
Dec  16th.. 
Jaa   Ist,  1861. 
JaD.   15th. 
Feb.  1st. 
Feb.  16th. 


7ia8 


There  is  a  great  scarcity  of  good  business  paper.  The  state  of  the  foreign 
markets  is  such  that,  in  connection  with  the  abundance  of  produce  here  and  the 
low  rates  at  which,  under  present  circumstances,  it  is  held,  encourages  the  hope 
of  very  large  exports,  which,  of  course,  must  be  modifie4  by  any  change  in  the 
rates  of  money  in  London  and  Paris,  arising  from  the  flow  of  specie  to  this 
country,  or  the  occurrence  of  war. 

The  imports  of  dry  goods  for  the  month  of  January  have  not  been  much  less 
than  last  year,  since  they  have  been  the  fulfillments  of  previous  orders.  The 
amount  put  upon  the  market  has  however  undergone  great  reduction.  The  con- 
dition of  trade  generally,  and  the  prospect  of  the  passage  of  a  high  tariff,  will 
no  doubt  keep  down  the  imports  for  a  number  of  months  to  come.  The  com- 
parative aggregates  of  the  trade  of  the  port  for  some  years  have  been  as  follows. 
The  amount  of  specie  imported  figures  unusually  large  : — 


IMPORTS  AT  NEW  YORK   FOR  THE  MONTH  OF  JANUARY. 


Years. 

1866. 

1856. 

1867., 

1868. 

1869. 

1860. 

1861. 


Specie. 
$90,284 

64,864 
886,509 
809,672 

71,808 

228,060 

7,262,229 


Dry  goods. 
$5,680,393 
10,686,771 
10,886,476 

2,866,144 
10,576,687 
11,770,006 
10,966,867 


Other. 
$7,886,450 
4,887,989 
7,788,747 
4,980,008 
8,801,067 
9,768,284 
8,608,326 


Total 
$12,945,827 
16,678,064 
19,006,782 
8,105,719 
19,447,962 
21,766,278 
26,827,411 


The  aggregate  imports  for  the  month  it  appears,  have  been  very  large,  exceed- 
ing those  of  any  year  previous  to  1860,  and  the  increase  has  been  mostly  in  dry 
goods.    The  imports,  including  warehousing,  have  been  as  follows  : — 


FOREIGN   IMPORTS  AT  NEW   TORE  IN  JANUARY. 


18§S.  ISa           I860. 

Entered  for  consumptioiL. $4,170,017  $16,566,727  $16,628,174 

Entered  for -warehousing 1,909,448  1,201,707       2,744.411 

Free  goods 1,716,682  2,618,220       2,262,638 

Specie  and  bullion r....         809,672  71,808         228,060 


1861. 

$8,178,887 

8,560,680 

3,825,665 

7,262,239 


Total  entered  at  the  port $8,106,719  $19,447,962  $21,766,273  $26,827,41 1 

Withdrawn  from  warehouse...  •••      4,604,691       2,088,290      2,964,024      2,548,278 


334  Oommercial  Chronicle  and  Beview. 

The  qnaDtity  is  again  larger  than  last  year,  bat  this  arises  from  the  large  re- 
ceipts of  specie.  The  large  arrivals  have  caused  a  considerable  increase  in  the 
quantity  in  bond  during  the  month. 

The  folio  wing  is  a  comparative  summary  of  the  imports  from  July  Ist.  The 
total  for  the  seven  months,  ending  with  January,  is  nearly  810,000,000  more  than 
the  corresponding  total  of  the  previous  year,  as  will  appear  from  the  following 
statement : — 

FOEKIGN   llfPOBTB   AT  NEW  TORK  FOE  8BVKN  MOlfTHS,  BlfDINO  JANUABT  SlST. 

1838.  im.  1860.  1861. 

Entered  for  consumption $61,869,156  $82,178,944  $101,466,930  $82,898,646 

Entered  for  warehousing 84,137,001     14,600,978      20,853,081     34.386,963 

Free  goods 13,932,671     13,198,418       14,028,886     14,661,464 

Specie  and  bullion 7,855,693         657,066        1.918,628    16,427,722 

Total  entered  at  the  port 117,794,421  110,580,396     187,766,916  147,369,796 

Withdrawn  from  warehouse.. . .     81,969,220     17,660,884        18,805,892     19,831,640 

The  proportions  entered  for  warehouse,  it  will  be  seen,  are  as  large  as  for  the 
same  period  of  1858,  which  embraced  the  panic  of  the  fall  of  1857.  The  specie 
arrivals  have  been  very  large.  The  following  table  will  show  the  proportion 
borne  by  dry  goods  in  the  January  returns  : — 

IMPORTS  OP  FOREIGN  DRY  GOODS  AT  NSW  TORK  FOR  THE  MONTH  OF  JANUARY. 
ENTERED  FOR  CONSUMPTION. 

18S8.    18a     1860.     1861. 

Maoufactures  of  wool $386,158  $2,290,857  $2,442,249  $1,819,912 

Manufactures  of  cotton 888,621  3,060,040  2.406,778  788,748 

Manufactures  of  silk 538,080  8,071,082  4,654,640  1,494,636 

Manufactures  of  flax 183,388  1,086,466  786,256  883,677 

Miscellaneous  dry  goods 160,681  569,296  480,840  891,993 

Total $1,696,928  $10,026,730  $10,619,271     $4,822,966 

WITHDRAWN    FROM  WAREHOUSE. 

1858.  18M.  1860.  1S61. 

Manufactures  of  wool $414,023  $198,128  $262,226  $292,902 

Manufactures  of  cotton 594,622  404,310  676,027  308,304 

Manufactures  of  silk 616,369  126,117  831,376  308,107 

Manufactures  of  flax 325,464  175,876  146.615  165,848 

Miscellanfous  dry  goods 161,681  66,59^  76.584  86,361 

Total $2,112,159       $955,756     $1,881,827     $1,161,512 

Add  entered  for  consumption... .       1,596,923     10,026,780     10,619,271       4,822,966 

Total  thrown  on  market $8,709,082  $10,982,446  $12,001,098    $5,984,478 

ENTERED    FOR    WAREHOUSING. 

185S.     1859.     1860.    1861. 

Manufactures  of  wool $216,866  $122,.S26  $410,357  $1,770,623 

Manufactures  of  cotton   428.772  252,675  868,950  1,942,394 

Manufactures  of  silk 425,444  104.2(54  249,875  1,683,536 

Manufactures  of  flax 115,141  58,791  67,492  607,480 

Miscellaneous  dry  goods 88,998  10,81 1  64,060  229,858 

Total $1,269,221        $548,867     $1,150,784     $6,183,891 

Add  entered  for  consumption  ...       1,696,923     10,026,730     10,619,271       4,822,966 

Total  entered  at  the  port...     $2,866,144  $10,676,587  $11,770,006  $10,956,867 


Commercial  Chronicle  and  Review.  335 

The  coDsnmptioo  of  dry  goods  for  the  seven  months  of  the  year  shows  a  very 
large  increase,  being  larger  than  for  the  same  period  of  any  previous  year  : — 

nCPOBTS    OF   FOEBXGN    DRY     OOODS    AT    THE    PORT    OF    NEW    TORE   FOR    SEVEN    MONTHS 
KNDIN6  JANUARY   28tH. 

ENTERED  FOR   0ON8UMPT10N. 

18§8.  \m.  1860.  1861. 

Manufactares  of  wool $12,896,872  $14,868,787  $19,9^6,716  $17,966,790 

Manafactares  of  cotton.....  6,676,268  9,176,748  11,960,149  6,928,979 

Manufactures  of  silk 11,604,000  14,294,092  21,604,810  17,896,886 

Manufactures  of  flax 2,846,427  4,297,704  6.677,888  8,1 24,489 

Miscellaneous  dry  goods...  2,567,291  2,718,888  8,869,042  8,762,608 

Totol $84,878,868    $44,846,689     $62,826,949     $48,169,762 

WITHDRAWN   FROM   WAREHOUSE. 

1868.  \m,  I860.  1861. 

Manufactures  of  wool $4,686,012  $2,610,972  $2,862,047  $2,268,896 

Manufactures  of  cotton 1,797,956     ),091,816  1,080,489  1,038,460 

Manufactures  of  silk 8,621,985        994,717  824,700  928,996 

Manufactures  of  flax 1,086,068        849,090  660,423  610,788 

Miscellaneous  dry  goods 69.3,628         816,889  834,061  266,480 

Total $11,784,649    $6,161,988     $6,161,684       $6,007,020 

Add  entered  for  consumption..     34,378,858    44,846,689     62,826,949      48.169,752 

Total  thrown  upon  market.  $46,162,907  $51,007,672  $67,488,688  $63,176,772 

ENTERED  FOR  WAREHOUSING, 

1868.     1869.     1860.     1861. 

Manufactures  of  wool $4,182,128  $1,221,679  $2,499,926  $4,761,966 

Manufactures  of  cotton. 8,093,874  921,888  1,971,196  4,989,782 

Manufactures  of  silk 3,249,066  488,977  1,072,913  3,673,669 

Manufactures  of  flax 1,689,625  420,266  666,708  1,898,299 

Miscellaneous  dry  goods....  1,229,611  262,848  430,045  795,166 

Totol. $18,2?6,208      $8,816,168      $6,680,787     $16,068,781 

Add  entered  for  consumption.      34,378,858      44,845,639       62,386,949     48,169,752 

Totol  entered  at  the  port    $47,618,561    $48,160,797     $68,957,736    $64,228,483 
The  warehouse  operations  have  been  lar£!:er  than  ever  before  in  the  same  pe* 

riod,  and  on  this  accumulation  it  is  threatened  by  the  toriff  before  Congress  to 

compel  duties  by  aboHshinfSf  the  warehousing  privilege. 

The  exports  from  New  York  to  foreign  ports  for  the  month  of  January  show 

an  increase  in  domestic  produce,  as  well  breadstuff!?  as  cotton  ;  but  the  specie 

export  has  been  unimportant. 

EXPORTS  FROM  NEW  YORK  TO  FOaBIGN  PORTS  FOa  THE   MONTH  OF  JANUARY. 

1858.    isa    1860.     1861. 

Domestic  produce $4,208,306  $3,762,182  $5,299,142  $10,277,925 

Foreign  merchandise  (free) 191,125  119,489        324,003          399,940 

Foreign  merchandise  (dutiable) 29iJ,:i08  232,:s37        399,817          465,978 

Specie  and  bullion 4,745,611  2,305,6^8        863,562            58,894 

Totol  exports $9,435,350  $6,419,696  $6,876,824  $11,202,789 

Totol,  exclusive  of  specie 4,689,789     4,114,u08     6,022,462     11,143,846 

The  totol  exports  at  the  port  of  New  York  since  July  1st,  (exclusive  of  spe- 
cie,) are  much  larger  than  for  the  same  period  of  the  last  or  any  preceding  years, 
and,  including  specie,  reached  a  very  high  figure  : — 


336  Journal  of  Banking^  Ourrency^  and  Finance. 

EXPORTS  FftOH  FEW  TOBX  TO  rO&BIGN  PORTS  FOR  SKTIN  MOKTBS,  BITDINO  JAKUART  81. 

1858.     18a     1860.     1861. 

Domestic  product $81,669,901  $29,181,498  $86,798,091  $66,990.S69 

Foreign  merchandise  (free) 2,612.724         988,089       1,989,666  909,176 

Foreign  merchandise  (dutiable)...  6,819,606       2,089,810       8,660,868  8,188,748 

Specie  and  bullion 26,707.723     16,947,160    87.871,466  20,670,300 

Total  exports $66,089,908  $48,066,002  $79,764,976  $91,788,67^ 

Total,  exclusive  of  specie. . .     89,892,180    82,108,842    42,898,620    71,OW,27'7 

We  also  annex  a  comparative  summary  of  the  receipts  of  cash  duties  at  the 
port  of  New  York  ; — 

CASH  DUTIKS  RECEIVED  AT  NEW  TOEK. 

1858.       1859.      1860.     1861. 

Six  months  ending  Jan.  1  $16,846,668  57  $15,887,618  49  $19,822,060  96  $17,637,708 
In  January 1,641,474  69       8,478,476  38       8,898,166  17       2,069,202 

Total  seven  months  $17,987,028  16  $18,866,089  87  $28,221,227  13  $19,696,905 


JOURNAL  OF  BANKING,  CURRENCY,  AND  FINANCE. 


CITY    WEEKLY    BANK    RETURNS. 

BOSTON  BANKS.— (capital,  JAN.,  1859,  $85,126,438;  1860,  $87,268,600.) 


Jan.  7 
14 
21 
24 

Feb.  4 
11 

Loans.              Specie.       Oircalation.         Deposits. 
62,026,734       4,204,610     7.032,018       18,719,190 
62,720,067       4,199,156     6,826,826       18,422,660 
68,276,167       4,426,266     6,706,046        18,866,611 
68,237,796       4,532,019     6,374,476       18,185,128 
68,264  818       4,629,068     6,247.648       18,184,009 
68,434,882       4,578,614     6,887,662       18,074,898 

to  banks. 
7,666,862 
8,082,942 
8,846,141 
8,477,840 
8.486,630 
8,318,692 

from  banks. 
8,371,804 
7,606,680 
7,094,438 
6,714,029 
6,668,176 
6,299,117 

PHILADELPfllA  BANKS.— (CAPITAL,  JAN.,   3  860,  $1 1,788,190.) 

Jan.    7. 

14. 

21. 

28. 
Feb.    4. 

Loans.                Specie.           CIrcalation. 
26,891,280         4,020,266         2.689,812 
26,666,986         4,161,824         2,694,217 
26,172.473         4,263,105         2,764,816 
26,892,266         4,443,781         2,787,638 
26.801,981         4,688,064         2,778,818 

Deposits. 
16,261,926 
16,001,591 
14.760,382 
14.891,200 
16,295,468 

Due  banks. 
8,698,786 
8,464,167 
8,416,292 
8,148,796 
«,699,627 

NEW   ORLEANB   BANKS. — (CAPITAL,  JAN^,  1860,  $18,917,600.) 

Jan.  6  . 
12. 
19  . 
26  . 

Short  loans.        Specie.           Circulation.       Depoelts. '      Exchange. 
.      11.229,569     14,244,o84       6,204,884     17,443,181      6,969,916 
.      16,756,858     16.581,142       6,877,069     18.845,680     7,017,014 
.      16,818,118     15,721,856       6,664,554     17,745,829     7,866,586 
.      16,987.904     16,289,892       6,988,081     18,443.144     8,987,904 

PITTSBUftO   BANKS. — (CAPITAL,  $4,160,200.) 

Distant 
balances. 
1,285,376 
1,202,183 
1,469,646 
1,268,622 

Jan.  7 . . 
14.. 

Loans.                 Specie.            Circulation. 

7,254,186          1.856,892         2,609,006 

7,164,487         1,400.867         2,609,066 

Deposits. 
l,8VJl,947 
1,927.290 
1,788,946 
1.687,087 
1,701,427 

Duo  banks. 
217,108 
208,148 
288,868 
24^  696 

21.. 

7,216,946         1,400,486         2.662,671 

28.. 

7.128,812          1,426,692         2  686  706 

Feb.  4.. 

7,099,421         1,449,036         2,642,821 

288,634 

The  Missouri  banks,  with  the  exception  of  the  Exchange  Bank  of  St.  Lonis 
suspended  specie  payments.    E.   D.  Jones,   Esq.,  was    choseo  cashier,   xic^ 


Jowmal  of  Banking^  Currency^  and  IVnance*  887 

Robert  Cabr  resigned.    The  condition  of  the. bank  January  31, 1860,  was  as 
follows : — 

■ZOBMfOI  BAITK  09  ST.  LOUIS  AND  BEAMOHBB,    FOB    THB    QOABTIB    BNDINO    DEOKMBB& 

8l8T,   1860. 

RB80UB0S8. 

Notes  discounted 1816,129  16 

State  bonds.. 70,000  00 

Exchange  matortng 976,444  ai 

11,861,678  47 

Dne  from  banks 92.81 6  98 

Suspended  debt 29,666  22 

Real  estate  (for  debt) 8,861  81 

Cash  on  hand,  viz.: — Ooin 882,214  98 

Notes  of  other  banks 184,120  66 

$1,964,182  97 

UABIUTIBS. 

Oapitalstock $1,000,000  00 

Dne  to  banks 118,672  66 

Due  to  individual  depositors 841,442  22 

Circulation  outstanding 887,720  00 

Dividend  unclaimed 67  89  . 

Contingent  fund 8,683  82 

Profit  and  loss 102,696  89 

$1,964,182  97 
Contingent  fund,  and  profit  and  loss  as  Above  .  $106,280  71 

Deduct  dividend  No.  6,  declared  this  day 89,671  88 

Leaves  contingent  fund,  and  profit  and  loss  this  day 66,668  88 


LIABILITIES. 


Capital.. $14,962,486  88 


THE  BAN&S  IN  SOUTH  CAROLIHA. 

The  average  weekly  condition  of  the  banks  in  this  State,  from  their  returns 
to  the  Controller-general,  for  the  month  of  October,  is  as  in  the  following 
synopsis : — 

aiSOUBOBS. 

Specie $1,406,898  48 

Real  estate 684,144  28 

Bank  notes 876,030  36 

Due  from  banks 773.936  64 

Discounts 12,674,949  44 

Domestic  exchange 1 0,806,608  70 

Foreign  exchange. 268,192  16 

Bonds  and  stocks 2,903,97 1  76 

Suspended  debt 148(^.976  81 

Branches 1,674.048  17 

State 140,881  28 

Other  items 696,688  04 


Ctfculation 
Profits  on  hand 
Due  banks  . . . 

Deposits. 

Due  State.... 
Other  items. . . 


6,436,242  48 
2,180,886  77 
8,201,496  18 
8,497,122  05 
2,926,012  28 
241,480  86 


Total  liabilities  . . .     $88,888,626  90  Total  resources $33,383,626  90 

By  comparing  this  statement  with  that  of  the  previous  month,  we  note  an 
increase  in  circnlatiod  of  $346,206  25  ;  an  increase  in  domestic  exchange  of 
$911,319  ;  an  increase  in  foreign  exchange  of  $92,371 ;  an  increase  in  discounts 
of  $5,298  ;  and  a  decrease  in  specie  to  the  extent  of  $276,438. 

TOL.  XLIV. — NO.  III.  2 2 


888  Journal  of  Banking^  Currency^  and  Finance. 

COUTAGE  OV  THE  UJIITED  STATES. 

The  coinage  of  the  last  fiscal  year  was  327,039,919  and  61  cents,  viz. :  • 

No.  of  pieeee.  YaIiu. 

Gold  double  eagles '772,»40  $16,468,000  00 

**    eagles. 84,218  842,180  00 

"    half  eagles 72.218  861,146  00 

"    three  dollars. 20,402  61,206  00 

*'    quarter  eagles 61,692  128,980  00 

"    dollars 98,216  98,216  00 

"    fioebars. 7,001,807  86 


1,044^91  $28,447,283  86 

Silrer  dollars 600,680  600,68000 

**     half  dollars 8,264,800  1,627,400  00 

•*     quarter  dollars 1,821,800  880,460  00 

-      dimes 986,000  98,600  00 

**      halfdimea 1,980,000  96,600  00 

**     three  cent  pieces 648,000  16«440O0 

"     bars 480,716  26 

8,641,180  $8,260,686  86 

€ents 84,200,000  842,000  00 

BIOAPlTULAnON  OF  OOINAei  POa  TBS  TBAB. 

Gold $28,447,288  86 

Silver 8,260,686  26 

Copper 842,000  00 

One  year  to  June  80, 1860 $27,089,919  61 

This  sum  was  coined  at  the  following  points  last  year,  and  from  the  commence* 
ment  of  coinage,  (1792)  :— 

1859-1860.  1798-1860. 

Philadelphia $6,663,668  14  $428,426,604  24 

New  Orleans 1,767,422  88  69,201,888  80 

San  Francisco 12,461,911  62  118,029,226  26 

Dahlonega,  Ga. 69,477  00  6,060,978  00 

i.harlotte,  N.  0 188,697  60  4,978,061  60 

New  York  Assay-office. 7,068,768  1 2  94,632,996  76 

Total $27,089,919  61  $716,229,694  66 

One  extraordinary  feature  of  the  year  has  been  the  decline  in  the  quantity  of 
gold  deposited  from  Oalifornia,  etc.,  as  compared  with  former  year,  viz : — 

Stftt«e.                                                                               One  year— 1859-60.  Total  to  188a 

California. $18,096,163  $469,406,088  84 

Kansas 

Virginia 

Georgia 

North  Carolioa s . . . . 

South  Carolina 

Tennessee 

Oregon 

Alabama, 

Utah 

Arizona 

Nebraska. 

New  Mexico.... 


622,264 

626.486  00 

21,604 

1,647,420  12 

62,618 

6,863,892  66 

166,181 

9,100,591  87 

2,004 

1,282,609  28 

696 

81,406  75 

2,780 

661 

197,420  07 

4,680 

4,680  00 

1,100 

1,1(10  00 

1,402 

1,402  01 

190,968  16 

$18,971,041 

1489,812,520  21 

Journal  of  Banking^  Ourrencyj  and  Finance.  889 


Oalifornia,  (parted  from  gold)  1188^61 

Utah  ( WaBhoe) 102,640 

LakeSuperior ,  25,880 

Ariaona 18,867 


North  Carolina. 
SoDora 


12,267 
1,200 


$298,797 

The  coinage  last  jear  was  927,039,919,  whereas,  for  1851  to  1856,  it  ranged 
fW>m  56  to  64,000,000  per  year.  The  large  exports  from  California  direct  to 
ChiDa  and  to  Eorope,  will,  in  part,  account  for  this  remarkable  change. 


RATB  OF  IHTSaSST  III  LOHDON. 
The  alterations  in  bank  discounts  daring  1859  and  1860,  with  the  amount  of 

bank  notes  issued,  and  of  bullion  held  at  the  respective  periods,  the  price  of 
three  per  cent  consols  on  the  days  of  change,  are  shown  in  the  following  table : 

Interest  /        Bank  notes  Issned. « 

Prioe  of         Date.  Bate  per  Held  br  the     In  reeerre  bf 

consols.          1857.                cent       Bnllion.             pabllc          Bank  of  Bng.  Total 

90ia88i    April  28 8^    £17,640,842    £21,988,626    £9,496,646  £81,486,270 

90ia89i    May  6 4^      17,206,480      22,266,686      8,790^60  81,046.086 

98|a98i    June  2. 8^      17,764,696      21,092,860     10.478,390  81,670,746 

94    a  98^    June  9 8        17,967,887      21,184,846     10,607,646  81,741,890 

96fa96f    Jaly  14 2^      17,941,791       21,712,680     10,100,626  81,818,066 

96fa96i    Jan.  19, 1860    8        16,884,498      22,068,140      7,689,866  29,648.006 

94ia98i    Jan.  81 4        14,942,602      21,906,840      6,846,870  28,762,710 

94fa94i    March  29...     4i      16.271,701       20,980,866      8.082,686  29,068,040 

94fa94       April  12...     6         14,687,102       28,467,266      4,922,086  28,889,840 

96ia96i    May  10. 4i      14.688,780      21,880,736      7,182,846  29,068,680 

96ia95i    May  26 4         16,004,890      22,228,290      8,346,100  29,669,890 

98fa98^    Not.  8 4i      14,127.878      21,603,480      6.869,120  27,862,660 

98|a...     Not.  18 6         18,897,086      21,206,070      6,429,370  27,686,440 


FREBTCH  niriNCE. 

Now  that  the  attention  of  the  commercial  community  in  this  country  is  in  an 
especial  manner  directed  to  the  operations  of  the  Bank  of  France,  it  may  be 
considered  a  fitting  moment  to  take  a  brief  glance  at  the  financial  position  and 
fiscal  burthens  of  the  French  nation.  We  will  confine  ourselves  to  citing  a  few 
pregnant  figures  ;  In  the  year  1814  the  national  debt  of  France  was  £50,646,108. 
In  thirty^ight  years,  that  is  to  say  in  1852,  it  had  increased  to  £23,825,492. 
It  is  now  £356,883,871 ;  so  that  in  the  last  eight  years  it  has  increased  no  less 
than  £143,058,379.  In  1855  the  annual  charge  of  the  public  debt  of  France 
was  stated  to  be  £9.000,000,  whilst  in  January  of  the  present  year  it  was  ad- 
mitted to  be  £16,000,000.  and  is  probably  much  more.  We  have  not  space  to 
enter  into,  nor  the  full  particulars  of,  the  manner  in  which  this  large  increase 
has  arisen  in  so  short  a  space  of  time.  In  France  the  financial  secrets  of  the 
government  are  well  kept  But  it  is  a  terrible  fact  that  in  the  face  of  the  un- 
precedented amount  of  taxation  with  which  France  is  at  present  burthenod,  it 
is  even  now  necessary  to  add  largely  year  after  year  to  the  national  debt. 

During  the  same  space  of  forty  years,  the  English  national  debt  has  under- 
gone several  alterations,  sometimes  rising  and  sometimes  falling,  but  it  is  at 
present  very  little  more  than  it  was  in  1820,  when  it  stood  at  j£790,000,000, 
whilst  the  charge  on  dobt  has  considerably  lessened.  It  may  convey  a  lesson  to 
those  who  complain  so  bitterly  of  our  system  of  taxation  if  we  place  in  juxta- 
position the  account  of  the  revenue  of  the  two  countries.  It  will  be  seen  that 
France  actually  outstrips  us  in  the  amount  of  her  revenue  from  taxation.    At 


840 


Journal  of  Banking^  Currency^  and  Finance. 


the  sam''^  time,  it  most  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  figures  do  not  include  any  local 
taxation,  which  in  many  towns  in  France,  as  here,  is  considered  very  great ;  it 
is  especially  heavy  in  Paris. 


KBVBNUI  or   QBXAT    BRITAIN    FOB    1860. 

1  Income  tax £12,908,'715 

2  Stamps 8,040,091 

8  Crown  lands 416,581 

4  Customs. 24,891,084 

6  Excise 20,240,467 

6  Post-office 2,300,000 

7  Miscellaneous  ; 1,801,584 


BBVXRUB  or  FEAHOB  FOB  1860. 

1  Direct  taxes,  land,  house, 
personal,  and  patents.. « . .  £18,000,000 

2  Stamps  and  domains 14,800,000 

8  Woods, forests, <& fisheries.      1,600,000 

4  Customs  and  tax  on  salt. .  9,100,000 

5  Excise 19,600,000 

6  Post-office 2,800,000 

7  Miscellaneous 7,600,000 


Total £71,104,127  Totel £78,000,000 

It  must  be  difficult— nay,  impossible— for  France  to  continue  for  any  long 
period  the  immense  sacrifices  she  is  now  called  upon  to  make.  Unless  the  heavy 
load  of  taxation  which  she  is  now  forced  to  bear  be  speedily  mitigated,  the 
effects  will  be  most  lamentable.  There  is  a  point  beyond  which  nations,  any 
more  than  individuals,  cannot  carry  their  expenditure  without  tempting  ruin. 


SALES  OF  REAL  ESTATE  15  RICHMOND,  VA. 

We  subjoin  a  comparative  statement  of  the  amounts  of  real  estate,  within  the 
corporate  limits,  sold  at  auction  during  the  past  three  years  :*- 

I8S8.     1869.     1860. 

January 29,540  10,771  87,416 

February 20,269  26,162  81,060 

March. 81,292  63,668  88,209 

April 82,082  118,461  40,678 

May 24,212  66,786  68,568 

June 62.094  52,791  29,691 

July 56,208  29,800  100,188 

August 4,855  14,755  24,667 

September 28,440  29,429  47,867 

October 27,882  78,074  86,687 

November 88.41 8  7,666  6,885 

December. 20,570  86,680  86,885 

Total.... 419.867  518,327  640,816 

The  total  for  1857  was  9213,400,  so  that  the  sales  have  doubled  in  three 
years.  A  very  large  amount  of  real  estate  in  that  city  is  sold  privately,  by 
agents  and  owners,  but  the  auction  sales  afford  some  indication  of  the  extent  of 
the  business  each  year. 

COMPARATIVE  PURITY  OF  GOLD  FROM  MODERJT  MINES. 

The  value  of  the  products  of  the  modern  gold  fields  difiers  more  widely  than 
would  be  imagined.  Absolutely  pure  gold,  free  from  admixture  with  any  foreign 
substance,  is  never  met  with.  There  is  always  some  less  valuable  metal  con- 
tained  in  the  yellow  nugget,  or  the  glittering  dust.  The  process  of  determining 
the  exact  amount  of  gold  present  in  a  given  quantity,  is  termed  assaying.  It  is 
done  by  melting  the  metal  into  a  homogeneous  mass,  and  subjecting  a  thin  frag- 
ment of  it  to  minute  chemical  analysis.  The  exact  proportion  of  gold  to  other 
matter,  is  thus  arrived  at,  and  if  it  is  desired  to  exclude  all  but  the  gold,  the 
process  of  refinement  is  resorted  to.    The  old  method  of  estimating  the  fineness 


Journal  of  Banking^  Ourrency^  and  Finance.  841 

of  gold  by  carats,  twenty-four  carats  being  pure  gold,  has  been  abandoned  in 
our  mint,  and  a  new  standard  adopted.  The  fineness  of  gold  is  now  stated  by 
the  decimals  of  one  thousand  :  thus  gold  .750  ^oe  is  equal  to  the  eighteen  carat 
gold  of  the  jewellers,  and  .900  fine  is  the  standard  for  coin.  Of  the  gold  which 
has  been  received  and  assayed  at  our  mint,  that  of  Australia  is  the  finest,  some 
having  been  assayed  .980  fine ;  or  contaiuing  only  twenty  parts  in  a  thousand 
of  foreign  matter.  The  specimens  received  from  North  Carolina  vary  very  much 
in  value,  some  having  turned  out  as  fine  as  Australian,  while  others  were  but 
.580  fine.  North  Carolina  and  Georgia  continue  to  furnish  some  gold,  but  Vir- 
ginia and  Tennessee  have  almost  entirely  ceased  to  be  gold-mining  States.  It 
is  asserted  that  numerous  nuggets  of  gold  have  lately  been  sold  in  Quebec  by 
some  of  the  French  inhabitants  of  Lower  Canada,  and  the  existence  of  gold 
fields  in  that  country  is  positively  asserted.  It  is  said  that  the  peasant  miners 
keep  the  matter  a  profound  secret  and  dispose  of  their  gold  in  the  most  secret 
and  mysterious  manner.  If  any  gold  fields  exist,  and  traces  of  gold  have  been 
found  in  the  streams,  the  public  attention  now  directed  to  it,  will  soon  make 
known  the  secret  of  the  peasants.  But  as  in  North  Carolina  and  Georgia,  the 
golden  treasure  may  be  so  fast  locked  into  the  earth  as  to  require  the  expendi- 
ture of  its  full  value  to  release  it.  We  give  below  the  range  of  fineness  of  the 
gold  which  is  deposited  in  the  mint  from  the  following  places,  for  which  we  are 
indebted  to  James  B.  Snowden,  Esq.,  the  director  of  the  mint : — 

Aaetralia. 960  to  .980 

Georgia. 940  to  .960 

Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico.         .940  to  .952 
California. 860to.900 

It  is  interesting  to  know,  that  with  our  other  material  and  industrial  resources, 
we  take  a  very  high,  if  not  the  highest,  rank  as  a  gold-producing  country. 
Since  the  establishment  of  the  mint,  and  up  to  June,  1859,  the  deposits  of 
American  gold,  the  produce  of  native  mines,  has  been  as  follows : — 

California. $451,810,840  26 

Georgia. 6,800,879  88 

North  Carolina 8,944,409  39 


North  Carolina 840  to  .  845 

New  Granada 825  to  .875 

Kansas 820  to  .840 


Virginia. 1,5?5,615  50 

South  Carolina 1,280,604  87 

Alabama... 196,758  64 

Tennessee. 80,810  87 


Oregon 69,292  00 

New  Mexico 48.672  00 

Kaosas 4,171  70 

Other  States 79,224  00 


Total $470,341,478  46 


The  above  large  sum  was  deposited  at  the  following  places ;  the  first  column 

represents  the  deposits  of  gold  of  American  production  only,  and  the  second 

column  the  coinage  of  both  native  and  foreign  gold,  silver,  and  copper  up  to 

June  30, 1859  :— 

Hiiladelphia $288,805,639  48  $417,872,861  10. 

San  Francisco. 106,641,697  73  105,667,818  74 

New  Orleans 22,293,827  91  67,484,411  47 

Charlotte,  N.  C 4,868,525  67  4,844.864  00 

Dahlooega,  Ga. 5.988,6H6  69  5.991,496  09 

Assay-office,  N.  T 92,248,161  98  87.479,288  64 

Total $470,841,478  46  $689,189,674  96 

The  report  of  the  director  of  the  mint  up  to  30tb  June,  1860,  will  be  pre- 
sented to  Congress  in  December,  with  the  annual  report  of  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury. 


342  Journal  of  Banking,  Currency^  and  Finance. 

L0OT8IABA  8TATB  A88B88HSIT  FOR  1860. 
The  following  is  the  State  anessmeDt  of  taxes  in  the  city  of  New  Orleaos  for 
the  ytar  1860  :— 

real  csUto.        tUrea.  tlaTea.    and  carriages 

Krst $6,806,6M)        1,2»6  $771^00      $111,626 

Second. 8,482,160        1,808  1,082,960        179,976 

'Hiird. 26,467,700         1,602  911,260        240,426 

yoorth. 11,204,060           960  690,260         116,700 

Fifths 8,202,100        1,881  816,660        188|0S0 

Sixth 6,116,800        l^SS  724,890          66,260 

Seventh 4,921,200           748  476,400        122,060 

Eighth- 2,866,060           266  164,400           66,860 

Ninth. 8,404,400           600  866,860        160,626 

Tenth. 8^79,626        1,661  880,900        188,260 

$84,488,166       11,816   $6,786,240   $1,298,770 

BtookalA         Oapitalat 

TMtela.            iaWeat  Llcenaea.            PoOii 

First $8,000        $198,000  $10,286             669 

Second 10,000          642,800  26,776          2,064 

Third ,.,.         692,676      21,446,266  116,666          5,287 

Fourth. 4,000       4,699,800  29,280             969 

Fifth. 5,000       1,726,660  27,846          1,128 

Sixth ....           M9,060  14,086             697 

Seventh 226,060  8,600             881 

Eighth 818,000          897,160  Sfi95             884 

Ninth ....           121,426  6,696             580 

Tenth. 4.000          221,660  12,690          1,206 

$1,086,676   $29,712,780  $260,716        18,269 

Total $128,771,540 

Licenses 260,716 

Polls. 18,269 


TAX  ASSE8SBI£1STS  OF  HAMILTON  COUiITT,  OHIO. 

Below  will  be  found  a  table  showing  the  valoe  of  real  and  personal  property, 
and  total  tax  levied  from  the  year  1829  to  1859.  It  was  caretolly  prepared  by 
Edward  T.  Lea,  Esq.,  of  the  Auditor's  office. 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  difference  in  &vor  of  1859,  during  the  thirty  years,  is, 

for  real  property,  $77,720,830 ;  personal  property,  $35,772,775 ;  total  Talue, 

$113,493,614 ;  total  tax,  $1,933,312  71  :— 

Yalaeof  Yalaeof  Total  Tt»tal 

Tear.  rMlpropertj.  penoaal  property.  value.  tax. 

1829. $4,604,017  $1,410,689  $6,014,656  $6S,280  02 

1886 7,846.666  2,026,678  9,872,889  187,266  10 

1841 6,806,460  4,966,040  10,760,494  240,227  80 

1847 40,682,760  11,627,796  62,060,646  446,16191 

1868 58,986,960  37,812,829  117,821,629  1,884,488  56 

1869 82,824,866  87,188,814  119,608,170  1,996,592  78 


FRENCH  COINAGE. 

Id  1849  the  mint  of  Paris  coined  91,397,849f.  in  gold,  and  80,643,108f.  in 
silver.  In  1859  the  amount  struck  off*  was  53,225,846f.  in  gold,  and  only 
5,375,341  f.  in  silver.  This  fact  accounts  for  the  great  quantity  of  gold  in  cir- 
culation and  the  penury  of  silver  coin. 


Journal  of  Banking^  Currencyj  and  finance. 


848 


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344  Journal  of  Banking j  Currency ^  and  linance. 

HASSACHUSBTTS  YALUATI05. 

The  following  table  shows  the  valaation,  with  the  tax  upon  polls  at  the  rate 
of  half  a  mill  each  as  established  by  law,  for  S1>000,  and  the  residue  of  the  tax 
upon  property : — 


low. 

Tax  on 

Tax  on 

Total 

Valuation. 

Polls. 

polls. 

Property,      i 

property. 

tax. 

Suflblk. 

$217,637,172  00 

41.905 

$20  95  $820,000,000  $803  46 

$824  41 

Essex. 

56,666,466  89 

89,779 

19  89 

84,687,837 

80  26 

100  15 

Middlesex.... 

88,264,719  60 

51,768 

25  88 

186,458,009 

128  46 

154  84 

Worcester  . . . 

55,497,794  00 

41,820 

20  66 

75,412,160 

71  61 

92  17 

Hampshire... 

18,881,240  00 

9,408 

4  71 

17,787,649 

16  82 

21  58 

Hampden.... 
Franklin 

22,621,220  77 

14,469 

7  24 

26,262,668 

24  90 

82  14 

11,211,809  00 

8,268 

4  18 

12,448,961 

11  81 

15  94 

Berkshire  . . .  • 

17,197,607  00 

12,844 

6  42 

24,186,962 

22  94 

29  86 

Norfolk. 

47,084,521  56 

26,826 

18  41 

86,800,899 

82  81 

95  72 

Bristol 

89,248,560  00 

22,481 

11  24 

6^,294,256 

62  87 

74  11 

Plymouth.... 

19,200,668  00 

16,961 

8  48 

29,160,937 

27  65 

86  18 

Barnstable.... 

8,897,849  74 

8,506 

4  26 

12,621,201 

11  97 

16  22 

Dukes  county. 

1,698,006  00 

1,199 

60 

2,908,194 

2  76 

8  86 

Nantucket... 

4,596,862  00 

1,500 

76 

8,875,698 

3  67 

4  42 

Total $597,986,995  46     297,224  $148  61  $897,796,826  $851  89  $1,000  00 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  State  yaluation  of  1860,  as  above  stated,  is 

$299,858,330  in  excess  of  the  State  valuation  of  1850,  which  is  an  increase  of 

about  46  per  cent. 

The  State  valuation  of  1 850  was $597,986,995  46 

Oity  and  town  valuations  of  1857,  aggregate 824,518,925  18 

City  and  town  valuations  of  1 858,  aggregate 8 1 8.7 76,488  06 

Oity  and  town  valuations  of  1859,  aggregate 840,928,927  00 

State  valuation  of  1860,  as  above 897,795,826  00 

THE  GOLD  LOAN  TO  FfiAlTCE. 

On  the  21st  of  November,  it  was  announced  in  London  that  an  arrangemeDi 
had  been  made  between  the  Bank  of  Frr.nce  and  the  Bank  of  England,  which,  it 
was  hoped,  would  terminate  the  uncertainties  that  had  recently  disturbed  the 
money  markets  of  Paris  and  London.  The  London  Times  says  that  the  Bank 
of  France  are  to  have  a  loan  of  £2,000,000  of  gold  from  the  Bank  of  England 
on  the  security  of  a  deposit  of  silver  to  an  equal  amount.  The  first  remark  on 
this  will  be,  *'  How  can  such  an  arraojrement  strengthen  the  position  of  the  Bank 
of  France  ?  It  is  the  drain  of  specie  that  has  been  the  serious  feature,  and  no 
change  in  the  relative  proportions  of  the  metals  in  which  their  remaining  stock 
of  specie  exists  can  operate  to  mitigate  the  evil."  The  matter,  however,  admits 
of  explanation.  The  stock  of  specie  shown  in  the  last  monthly  return  of  the 
Bank  of  France  was  £17,400,000,  against  a  note  of  £30,300,000,  and  these 
figures  in  themselves  present  nothing  to  excite  panic.  The  fact  that  the  propor- 
tion of  gold  to  notes  had  been  rapidly  becoming  less  favorable,  demanded  prompt 
attention,  but  tho  advance  of  one  per  cent,  udopted  in  the  rate  of  discount  might 
have  been  expected,  if  gradually  followed  up  by  further  measures  of  the  same  kind, 
to  prove  a  sufficient  corrective.  To  the  surprise  of  every  one,  the  Bank  of 
Prance  commenced  offering  a  premium  for  gold,  and  at  the  same  time  entere  1 
into  onerous  terms  for  obtaining  large  amounts  from  this  side.  A  run  wus  stim- 
ulated, and  all  persons  were  led  to  infer  that  the  directors  saw  some  imminent 


Journal  of  Banking j  Currency j  and  Finance.  345 

peril  ID  the  poeition  of  the  bank.  It  then  transpired  that  the  eagerness  on  their 
part  to  get  gold  was  not  from  apprehension  that  their  entire  stock  of  specie 
might  be  drawn  to  a  fatally  low  point,  bat  from  the  fact  that  this  stock  consists 
mainly  of  silver,  and  that  hence  they  were  rapidly  approaching  a  condition 
which  would  compel  them  to  meet  all  demands  in  that  metal.  This  announce- 
ment, however,  seemed  in  no  way  to  solve  the  prevailing  perplexities.  Accord- 
ing to  the  law  of  France,  where  a  double  standard  prevails,  they  are  at  liberty 
to  discharge  their  obligation  either  in  gold  or  silver,  as  they  may  deem  expedi- 
ent, and  it  was  bard  to  see  why  they  should  object  to  pay  in  silver  upon  the  ex* 
baustiou  of  their  gold,  or  why,  supposing  the  silver  to  be  of  a  value  beyond  its 
denomination  in  coin,  they  should  not  sell  it  for  gold  in  the  open  market,  and 
realize  the  profit  of  this  difference.  The  answers  are  rational.  In  the  first  place, 
if  the  bank  had  commenced  paying  away  silver,  the  common  knowledge  that 
this  metal  has  for  several  years  past  born^  a  high  premium  and  been  difficult  to 
obtain,  would  have  led  to  a  general  rush  for  it ;  in  the  next  place,  if  they  had 
suddenly  thiown  upon  the  market  a  quantity  sufficient  to  provide  for  their  gold 
requirements,  the  operation  would  have  been  attended  with  difficulty,  and  must 
have  been  effected  at  a  proportionate  sacrifice.  Out  of  these  considerations  has 
arisen  the  resolution  to  make  the  application  to  the  Bank  of  England  for  a  loan 
of  gold  against  silver,  which  has  just  been  acceded  to,  the  Bank  c(  England,  un- 
der their  charter,  are  empowered  to  hold  one-fifth  of  their  specie  reserve  in  that 
metal,  and  could  now  legally  take  nearly  £3,000,000.  The  arrangement  for 
£2,000.000  is,  therefore,  amply  within  the  limit.  For  several  years — indeed, 
since  the  last  importation  of  rupees  from  India — they  have  not  held  an  ounce  of 
silver  in  their  issue  department,  the  depreciation  in  the  relative  value  of  gold 
consequent  upon  the  Californian  and  Australian  influx,  having  effectually  pre- 
cluded any  such  circumstance.  It  merely  remains  to  remark  that  a  principal 
reason  for  believing  that  the  arrangement  now  concluded  will  terminate  the  dis- 
turbance in  the  markets  both  of  Paris  and  London,  consists  in  the  fact  that,  as 
there  will  be  no  further  withdrawals  of  our  bullion  on  account  of  the  Bank  of 
France,  (beyond  the  simple  exchange  of  one  description  for  another,)  the  Bank 
of  England  will  not  be  under  the  necessity  of  advancing  its  rate  of  discount,  or 
maintaining  it  at  a  point  above  that  of  the  Bank  of  France,  such  as  to  interfere 
with  the  efforts  of  that  establishnient  to  bring  about  a  wholesome  contraction. 
It  is  not  improbable,  therefore,  that  an  early  lowering  of  our  rate  may  be  wit- 
neised  ;  and  this  event  would  tend  materially  to  allay  the  vague  uneasiness  in 
Paris,  while  the  maintenance  by  the  Bank  of  France  of  their  rate  of  4i  per  cent, 
and  its  advance,  if  necessary,  to  6  per  cent,  will  probably  be  effectual  to  prevent 
any  further  very  important  efflux  from  that  country.  Of  course,  the  moral  still 
remains,  that  much  of  the  drain  which  has  now  continued  with  few  intermissions 
for  sixteen  months  is  to  be  regarded  as  the  inevitable  result  of  the  scale  of  na- 
tional expenditure,  but,  as  has  already  been  observed,  that  result  has  not  yet  as« 
sumed  proportions  beyond  remedy.  Meanwhile,  it  is  satisfactory  to  see  that  the 
present  crisis  seems  likely  to  be  adjusted  by  a  very  simple  act  of  common  cour- 
tesy on  the  part  of  the  Bank  of  England,  such  as  the  Bank  of  France  would,  as 
experience  has  shown,  have  been  prompt  ou  their  part  to  accord  to  us. 

The  arrangement  above  described  is  to  be  for  auy  period  that  may  suit  the 
Bank  of  France. 


346  Journal  of  Banking^  Ourrency,  and  finance. 

CUBAN  FINANCES. 

The  total  receipts  into  the  royal  treasary  of  the  Island  for  the  eight  months 
of  the  present  year  add  up,  according  to  the  official  report,  $13,049,081  53J, 
against  $14,081,191  71f  the  same  months  last  year,  which  is  a  decrease  of 
$32,116  15.  Of  this  amount,  $8,440,776  67^  are  what  are  called  maritime 
rents,  and  $4,608,305  99*  what  are  called  land  rents.  The  receipts,  month  by 
month,  as  compared  with  last  year,  were  as  follows : — 

* ^Biftrtttme  rents. *         , ^Land  rente.  > 

1869.  .      i860.       i8$9.      1860. 

Jaooary.. $803,689  09}  $861,887  81  $689,551  82  $655,599  08^ 

February 1,010,002  78  1,068,784  70  608.810  S8f  481.991  52* 

March 1,166,009  94  1,268,618  84  763,955  88^  679,770  11 

April 1,061,938  98^  1,169,844  49^  663,896  68f  601,309  28i 

May 1,215.06900*  1,181,518  88*  589,991  54i  616,232  25i 

June 1,059,023  72^  985,888  80f  619.418  62*  596,971  84^ 

July 1.107,192  48*  1,130.078  86i  511,259  05f  522,962  861 

August 846.118  57*  829,709  17}  625,823  83  654,469  15^ 

ToUl |8,25b.989  48i       $8,440,775  57 i    $4,882,202  28i  $4,608,306  9 9i 


SILTER  AT  THE  UNITED  STATES  MINT. 

The  Director  of  the  Mint,  with  the  approval  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 
of  the  United  States,  has  arranged  with  the  Adams  Express  Company  for  the 
transportation,  free  of  cost  to  the  shipper,  of  the  old  copper  cents  in  sums  of  $20 
and  upward  to  the  Mint,  and  of  the  new  cents  in  return  to  all  points  in  the  At- 
lantic States,  accessible  by  railroad  and  steamboat,  and  all  other  places  which 
can  be  reached  by  conveyance  not  incurring  unreasonable  expense.  Adams 
Express  Company  act  as  agents  for  forwarding  the  coins  to  and  exchanging 
them  at  the  Mint.  Each  parcel  of  silver  should  be  securely  enveloped  and  fas- 
tened. Enclose  the  memorandum  of  the  amount  and  denominations  in  the  pack- 
age. Put  the  whole  in  good  transportable  order.  Seal,  mark  the  value  on  the 
outside,  direct  to  the  United  States  Mint,  Philadelphia,  enclosing  your  instruc- 
tions in  the  package.  Silver  and  copper  must  not  be  mingled  in  the  same 
parcel. 

United  States  Mint  Circulars  in  relation  to  the  purchase  of  silver  bullion  for 
coinage,  and  in  reference  to  the  copper  cent,  can  be  had  by  applying  to  the 
money  department  of  the  Adams  Express  Company,  in  this  city. 

Mint  op  thi  XJifnmD  Btatm,  Priladblpbta,  Ootober,  I860. 

The  following  are  the  regulations  of  the  Mint  in  relation  to  the  purchase  of 
silver  bullion  for  coinage,  and  the  receipt  of  copper  cents  of  the  United  States 
(0.  S.)  in  exchange  for  cents  of  the  new  issues. 

The  Mint  price  of  silver  is  one  dollar  and  twenty-one  cents  per  ounce  of  stand- 
ard fineness.  The  silver  offered  for  purchase  will  be  weighed,  melted  and  assayed 
as  usual,  and  the  standard  weight  determined  therefrom  in  ounces  troy  to  the 
one-hundrcth  part  of  an  ounce.  The  receipt  given  at  the  first  weighing  must  be 
presented  by  the  seller,  or  his  order. 

This  direction  will  apply  to  the  several  Minting  establi&hments  that  are  au- 
thorized to  purchase  silver  for  coinage,  namely,  the  Mint  at  Philadelphia,  the 
Assay  Office  at  New  York,  the  Branch  Mint  at  New  Orleans,  and  the  Branch 
Mint  at  San  Francisco. 

The  silver  purchased  for  coinage  will  be  paid  for  in  the  silver  coins  of  the 
United  States. 

For  the  information  of  the  public  it  may  be  stated,  that  according  to  the 


JournaX  of  Banking^  Owrrency^  and  Finance.  847 

above  rate  of  purchase,  the  jield  of  varioos  classes  of  coin  or  ballion  will  be 
about  as  follows  : — 

Five  franc  pieces,  96.8  cents  each. 

Mexican  and  South  American  dollars,  105  cents  each. 

Old  Spanish  dollars,  103.8  cents  each. 

Bevolutionary  or  '*  hammered"  dollars  (often  mistaken  for  the  true  Spanish 
dollars),  100  cents  each. 

Half  dollars  of  the  U.  S.  coin  before  1837,  51.6  cents  each. 

The  same  since  1837  to  the  last  change  of  standard  in  1853,  51.9  cents  each. 

Spanish  quarters,  23.2  cents  each. 

Spanish  eighths,  10.8  cents  each. 

Spanish  sixteenths,  5  cents  each. 

Mexican  quarters,  25  cents  each. 

Quarters  dollars  are  proportional  I  j  less  productive  of  premium,  while  dimes 
and  half  dimes,  coined  before  1837,  have  lost  rather  more  by  wear,  on  an  average, 
than  the  premium  would  make  up ;  those  coined  since  1837  to  1853  will  aver- 
age a  premium  of  3^  per  cent  each  on  their  nominal  value. 

German  crowns,  111.2  cents  each. 

Swedish,  Danish,  and  Norwegian  crowns,  110  cents  each. 

Old  French  crowns,  112.5  cents  each. 

German  florins,  41.2  cents  each. 

Prussian  and  Hanoverian  thalers,  71  cents  each. 

Fine  silver,  134.4  cents  per  ounce. 

American  plate,  usud  manufacture,  119  a  121  cents  per  ounce. 

Genuine  British  plate,  124.3  cents  per  ounce. 

The  old  copper  cents  of  the  United  States  are  received  at  their  nominal  values, 
in  even  sums  of  five  dollars  and  upward,  and  cents  of  new  issues  given  in  exchange 
therefor ;  but  no  fractional  part  of  that  amount  will  be  taken. 

The  reasonable  expenses  of  transportation  of  the  copper  cents  to  the  Mint,  and 
the  new  cents  in  return,  in  sums  of  twenty  dollars  and  upward,  to  any  point  ac- 
cessible by  railroad  or  steamboat,  will  be  paid  by  the  Mint. 

JAME3  BOSS  SNOWDEN,  Direotor  of  the  MinU 


REAL  AND  PERSONAL  PROPERTY  15  INDIANA. 
The  following  statement  contains  the  aggregates  of  the  assessment  of  real  and 

personal  property  in  Indiana,  for  the  year  1860,  which  we  take  from  the  report 

of  the  Auditor  of  State  :— 

Number  of  acres. 21,867.641 

Value  of  lands  without  improveneots $219,661,783 

Value  of  improvements 55,491,249 

Value  of  lands  and  improvements 275,158,082 

Value  of  town  lots  and  improvements 47,478,826 

Total  value  of  railroad  assseesment 6,619,842 

Other  corporation  stock. 1,819,246 

Other  personal  property 122.944,482 

ToUl  valuation 466,011,878 

Number  of  polls 208,098 

On  the  above  stated  amount  of  property  and  number  of  polls,  there  are  levied 

the  following  amounts  of  taxes  : — 

State  tax. $669,169  12 

County  tax 1,192,487  96 

School  tax.. 686,044  86 

Road  tax. 888,847  81 

Township  tax 141,64 1  21 

Sinking  fund  tax 88,73^  88 

Railroad  tax 41,889  92 

Other  corporation  tax 607,721  99 

Total  amount  of  taxes  for  1860 8,768,426  87 

Delinquent  tax 702,699  64 

Total  amount  of  taxee 4^71,126  61 


348  Statistics  of  IVade  and  Commerce. 


STATISTICS  OF  TRADE  AND  COMMERCE. 


FOOD  AND  FOREIGN  MARKETS. 

We  present,  from  an  official  report  to  Congress,  a  tabular  statement  of  the 
foreign  export  of  breadstaffs  and  provisions  for  each  fiscal  year  since  July  1, 
1841,  to  which  we  add  the  values  of  tobacco,  cotton,  and  rice  for  the  same  pe- 
riod of  twenty  years  : — 

BreftdstDfb 

and  proYiBlons.  Tobaeoo.  Bice.                 Cotton. 

1841 ; 117,196.102  $12,576,708  19,010,107  $64,880,841 

1842 16,902,876  9,640.756  1,907,887  47,698,464 

1848 11,204,128  4,660,979  1,626,726  49,119,806 

1844 : 17,970,186  8,897,266  2,182,468         64,063,601 

1846 16,748,421  7,469,819  2,160,466         61,789,648 

1846 27,701,921  8,478,270  2,564,991         42.767,801 

1847 68,701,121  7,242,086  8,606,896         68,416,848 

1848     87,472,761  7,661,122  2,881,824         61,998,294 

1849 88,166,607  5,804,207  2,669,862         66,896,967 

I860 26,061,978  9,961,028  2,681,667         71,984,616 

1861 21.948,651  9,219,261  2,170,927  112.316,817 

1862 26.867,027  10,081,288  2,470,029         87,966,782 

1863 82,986,822  11,819,819  1,667,668  109,466,404 

1854 65,941,828  10,016,046  2,684,127         98,697.220 

1866 88.896,848  14,712,468  1,717,968         88,148,844 

1866 77,187,801  12,221,848  2,890,288  128,882,861 

1867 74,667,862  20,662,772  2,299,400  181,675,869 

1868 60,688,286  17,009,767  1,870,678  181,886,661 

1869 88,806,991  21,074.088  2,207,148  161.484  92$ 

I860 46,271,860  16,906,547  2,667,399  191,806.666 

Some  idea  of  the  relative  importance  of  these  articles  may  be  formed  from 
the  following  recapitulation  for  twenty  years : — 

Breadetofib  and  proviaioDS value  $749,848,280 

Tobacco 228.836.663 

Rice 46,666,224 

Ck)tton 1.789,478,687 


Total $2,808,718,744 

Twenty-eight  hundred  and  eight  millions  in  twenty  years,  of  which  one-fourth 

is  breadstuffs  and  provisions  I 

The  value  of  breadstufis  and  provisions  exported  abroad  has  been  greater  in 

previous  years  than  in  the  past,  but  in  the  present  fiscal  year  ending  30th  June# 

1861,  will  probably  exceed  largely  the  value  of  any  former  year. 

From  the  1st  of  September  up  to  the  middle  of  January  the  export  was  as 

follows : — 

Flonr,  bbli.  Wheat,  bu.  Com,  bn. 

1869 203.997  894,897              

1860 , 1,1 16,681  12,892,412  2,697,880 

This  gives  for  the  four-andahalf  months  a  value  of  $26,000,000,  against 
81,600,000  in  the  previous  year. 

In  the  year  1860,  now  closed,  the  market  value  of  wheat,  flour,  and  com 
fluctuated  materially.  The  lowest  price  for  wheat  was  in  December — 98  cents ; 
and  the  hi<?hest  in  October — $1  35.  For  shipping  flour  the  range  was  from 
$4  50  to  $5  30  ;  for  corn,  58  to  80  cents.  In  the  rates  of  freight  to  England, 
the  fluctuations  were  still  greater,  ranging  from  Is.  6d.  (thirty-five  cents)  to  38. 


Statistics  of  Trade  and  Oammerce. 


849 


The  following  table  shows  these  fluctuatioDS  for 


6d.,  or  aboat  eighty-siz  cents. 
each  month  in  the  year  1860  : — 

LOWEST  AKD  H1GBE8T  PRICES  BACH   MONTH   OF  1860,  OF  WHEAT,  FLOUB,  AND  CORN,  AND 
THE  FREIGHT  (iN  STERLING)  FROM  NEW  TURK  TO  U7EEPOOL. 

StV  freight  to 

-Flonr. .    , CoriL v  LiTeipool. 

lowest.    Highest  Lowest  Highest.  Lowest.  Brest. 
$6  66     Done    Done     Is.  9d.    28.3d. 


January $1  IS 

February 

March  ....... 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. . . . 

October. 

Kovember..... 
'December 


-Wheat . 

Lowest  Highest 
II  26 
1  26 
1  SO 
1  86 
1  83 
1  86 
1  S3 
1  88 
1  S3 
1  86 
I  82 
1  28 


1  16 
1  18 
1  17 
1  17 
1  18 
1  U 
1  16 
1  14 
1  14 
106 
0  98 


16  10 
6  10 
6  26 
6  26 
6  16 
6  16 
6  16 
6  16 
6  SO 
6  40 
4  60 
4  50 


6  60 
6  66 
6  A6 
6  70 
6  66 
6  60 
6  80 
6  20 
6  70 
6  66 
6  66 


none 
70c. 
70 
60 
60 
60 
60 
66 
68 
64 
68 


DODe 

78c 

86 

80 

68 

66 

68 

70 

72 

721 

72 


2  0 
1  9 
1  9 
1  10 

1  6 

2  8 
8 
6 

a 

0 
9 


2  8 

2  8 

2  8 

2  6 

2  0 

2  6 

8  6 

4  0 

8  8 

4  8 

8  6 


In  the  year  1858  the  English  markets  were  supplied  with  14}  per  cent  only 
of  wheat  from  the  United  States,  but  in  1860  the  proportion  exceeded  21  per 
cent.  Annexed  is  a  statement  of  the  exact  proportion  per  cent  contributed  from 
the  varioos  countries  of  the  world  to  Great  Britain  during  the  last  three  years. 
In  estimating  the  effect  of  the  several  variations,  the  great  difference  in  present 
prices  compared  with  those  of  1858  and  1859  must  be  particularly  borne  in 
mind : — 

WHEAT — TOTAL  IMPORTATION  INTO  GREAT  BRITAIN. 


Quarters. 


Russia 

Prussia. 

Denmark 

Mecklenburg 

Haose  Towns 

France  

Turkey,  WalUchia,  and  Moldavia. 

Egypt 

United  States 

Other  countries 


1858. 

1869. 

1860. 

8,988,628 

8,729,816 

6,016,236 

Per  cent 

Per  cent 

Per  cent 

18 

21t 

24 

16i 

18} 

2H 

7 

7 

4* 

2f 

3 

H 

4 

If 

8 

19 

29} 

«. 

6 

U 

8 

lOf 

10 

H 

Hi 

i 

21} 

8f 

6} 

6} 

Total 100  100  100 

As  regards  flour,  the  changes  have  been  yet  more  remarkable,  nearly  the  whole 
of  the  English  supply  last  year  having  been  obtained  from  France,  while,  on  the 
present  occasion,  that  country  figures  for  a  smaller  total  than  the  United  States, 
whence,  in  1859,  the  arrivals  were  insignificant : — 

FLOUR— TOTAL  IMPORTATION   INTO  GREAT  BRITAIN. 

I8a8.  1869. 

Hundred  weight 8,652,726        8,180,987 


Hanse  Towns... 

France  

United  States  . . 
Other  countries.. 


Per  cent 

4 

4H 

47} 

7 


Per  cent 

6} 

84} 

4 
6 


1860. 

4,827,689 
Per  cent. 

H 

87i 

41i 
16 


Total. 


100 


100 


100 


860  Statistics  of  Trade  and  Commerce. 

UHITfiD  STATES  COFFEE  COffSUAfPnOff. 

The  aDnezed  tables  of  the  New  York  Shipping  List  giree  the  ooDsamption 
of  coffee  ID  the  United  States,  taken  from  the  ports  as  follows,  for  three  years : 

OOMBUMPTION  OT  THE  FORTS. 

1860.              ISM.  1868. 

New  York. lbs.        68.628,547        74,782.682  92,690,997 

New  Orleans 47.880.825        56.288.860  64.528,420 

Baltimore 28,257,480        85.967,870  41.890,800 

Philadelphia. 15.481.985         80,464.718  27,694,252 

Boston 9,828.549         12,062,220  12,717,528 

Other  ports 18,108,786         15,427,050  12,288,102 

Total 177,680,628      228,882.850  251,266.099 

Total,  1860 177,580,628 


Decrease 46,862,227 

Id  the  above  statement  of  consumption,  we  have  inclnded  only  the  direct  re^ 

ceipts  at  the  ports,  the  coastwise  receipts  being  embraced  in  the  calcnlation  at 

the  port  of  original  entry. 
Comparing  the  receipts  and  consumption  for  many  years,  the  resalts  are  as 

follows : — 


Becelpts. 

Consmnptlon. 

ReMipts. 

Ck)ii8iimp«ioii. 

I860.. lbs. 

185,779,689 

177,680,628 

1864.... 

182.478,858 

179,481,088 

1869.... 

248.627,806 

228,882,860 

1858.... 

198,112,300 

176,687.790 

1868.... 

227,666,186 

261,256,099 

1862.... 

206,542.855 

204,991.696 

1867.... 

217,871,889 

172,665,984 

1851   ... 

216.048,870 

181.225.700 

1856.,.. 

280,918,1(0 

218,226,490 

1850.... 

162,680,810 

184,689,780 

1855  ... 

288,214,688 

218,878,287 

Included  in  this  statement  is  the  quantity  withdrawn  from  our  markets  and 
forwarded  inland  to  Canada  and  the  British  Provinces.  We  are  unable  to  as- 
certain the  exact  amount,  but  it  does  not  vary  greatly  from  2,500,000  pounds. 

The  consumption  per  head  in  I860  seems  to  have  been  5^  lbs.,  and  in  1850, 
6  lbs.,  showing  a  decline  in  quantity ;  but  the  value  per  pound  of  Brazil  has 
been  in  the  last  year  13.69  cts.,  and  in  1850,  8  cts.,  hence  the  value  per  head 
was  then  48  cts.  per  annum,  and  in  the  past  year,  75i  cts.  The  quantity  taken 
for  consumption  in  the  past  year  has  been  much  less  than  in  the  ten  previous 
ones,  of  which  the  average  was  7i  lbs.  per  head  per  annum.  The  high  price 
evidently  reduced  the  consamption. 

SHOE  TRADE  OF  MASSACHUSETTS. 

The  Shoe  and  Leather  Reporter  gives  the  annexed  interesting  tables  of  the 
export  of  shoes  from  Boston,  remarking : — This  table,  as  well  as  our  weekly 
reports  of  the  shipments,  hns  been  prepared  with  great  care,  but  it  is  proper  to 
state  that  the  entries  of  the  railroad  clerks  are  sometimes  so  illegfible  that  a 
shipment  may  be  set  down  to  the  wronj?  place.  In  some  cnsop,  especially  in 
shipments  to  distant  points,  the  freight  i.^  consifrned  to  interniodiate  places  nnd 
resbipped.  A  few  shippers  by  sea,  also,  especially  to  Now  Orloans  and  other 
Southern  ports,  arc  fond  of  making  their  entries  as  merchandi-e,  instead  of  boots 
and  shoes,  though  in  the  latter  case  we  sometimes  have  means  of  discovering  the 
nature  of  the  goods.  Through  these  various  causes,  slight  errors  have  undoubt- 
edly crept  into  the  table,  but  in  the  main  it  will  be  found  correct : — 


Statistics  of  Trade  and  Commerce. 


851 


ftBIPMKlfTB   OF  BOOTS   AMD  BH0B8   FROM   BOSTON   TO  THB  DirrBBBKT  8TATB8,  OOTSIDB  OK 
MBW  KHQLAVDf   FOB   TBS   TEAR    1860. 

DefUziAtion.  Itt  qnartor.  8d  qoftrter.  3d  quartef.  4th  quArter.    Toul.       ^ 

Alabama ,.  1,1»4  762         l.«60  710  4.616   C*^ 

ArkaDsas 871  815         1,187  827  2,00() 

OaUfoniia 14,161  11,200        6,205  11,841  48,4(7 

Delaware 118  113 

Florida 19  5              80  ...  54 

Georgia. 2.069  810        1,879  1,866  6,084 

Illioois 7,758  6,790       15,610  9,806  89,469 

lodiaoa 8,070  2,018        7.607  8,247  16,942 

Iowa 1,628  896         2  989  1,657  7.061 

Kansas 407  474           409  45  1,425 

Kentucky. 10,069  2,942       14,719  2.748  80,478 

Louisiana.. 9,907  0,848       12,406  4,767  88,987 

Maryland 16,749  8,886       19,927  7,699  48,211 

Michigan 796  1,867         2,227  1.810  6,200 

Mississippi 1,692  229           808  117  2.846 

Minnesota 81  264           4S7  682  1,824 

Missouri 18,810  5,586       22,400  4,449  60,694 

New  Jersey. 6         ....  5 

NewTork 62,428  81,822      60,568  27.828  182,126 

NewMezico. 50  281  ....  881 

North  Carolina 67  69            120  204  467 

Ohio 18,262  8,667       26,796  10,895  68,02i) 

Pemwylvania. 18,616  8,880      24.668  6,804  88,468 

South  Carolina. 11.947  1,680        7.784  2,855  28,016 

Tennessee. 6,862  1,074         6,050  669  14,145 

Texas 768  130           9o7  807  2,002 

Virginia- 2,688  1,210        6,848  2.114  11,206 

Wisconsin 471  688        8,226  2.869  7,108 

Uncertain 8          1,088  84  1,126 

Total 204,686  98,420     246,649  108,292  668.047 

SHIFMBIITS  OF  BOOTS  AMD   8H0B8   FROM   BOSTON  TO  FOREIGN   MARKETS  DI7RINO  THE 

YEAR    1860. 


DestinAtion. 

Buenos  Ayres. 

Cape  Town,  South  Africa. 

Cbarlottetown,  East  Indies 

Constantinople 

Cuba 

HaUfiix,N.S 

Hamilton,  0.  W 

Hayti 

Hong  Koofi,  China. 

Honolulu,  S.  I 

London.  C.  W 

Melbourne,  Australia 

Miramicbi,  N.  B 

Monrovia 

Remedic)?,  N.  (i 

Kichebucto,  N.  B 

St.  Johns  N.  li 

StThonmq,  W.  I 

Simcoe,  0.  W 

Sidney,  New  South  Wales . 

Toronto,  C.  W. 

British  Province*,  (various  placet*).. 


1st  qUAT. 

2dqumr. 

3d  quar. 

4thqaAr. 

ToUl. 

810 

840 

.  • . 

• . . 

56 

... 

66 

. . . 

25 

14 

10 

49 

• . 

• . . 

268 

. . . 

268 

i 

46 

.      87 

87 

207 

95 

86 

164 

602 

84 

41 

157 

72 

854 

.  • . 

•  • . 

1 

I 

•  • . 

•  • . 

41 

41 

11 

... 

... 

... 

11 

124 

5 

11 

12 

16> 

1,080 

973 
45 

**3 

822 

965 

3,840* 
45 

I 
.S 

IH 

... 

IS 

24 

8 

. . . 

... 

:S2 

10 

15 

8 

.•;.s 

16 

. . . 

... 

15 

60 

. . . 

.^(» 

448 


li 
30 


90 


23 
81 


llM. 


Total. 


2,084    1,329    1.660    1,748    6.721 


352  Statistics  of  Trade  and  Commerce, 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  table  gives  at  a  glance  the  shipmeDts  for  each  quarter 
to  every  State  south  and^west  with  which  a  direct  trade  of  any  coDseqaeoce  is 
established.  The  various  unfavorable  influences,  political,  financial,  and  other- 
wise, which  have  of  late  borne  upon  the  business  with  such  deplorable  effect, 
will  be  found  recorded  among  the  figures  in  characters  not  to  be  mistaken. 

The  number  of  cases  shipped  to  domestic  markets  was  653,047.  Comparing 
with  previous  years,  the  total  presents  64,944  cases  less  than  in  1859,  and  but 
3,047  more  than  our  computation  for  1858 — a  year  looked  upon  as  peculiarly 
unfortunate  in  the  shoe  trade.  The  shipments  by  quarters  for  the  last  two  years 
are  as  follows : — For  1859 — first  quarter,  215,336  ;  second  quarter,  136,612  ; 
third  quarter,  260,329  ;  fourth  quarter,  105,714.  For  1860,  they  were  for  the 
first  quarter,  204,686  ;  second  quarter,  98,420  ;  third  quarter,  246,649  ;  fourth 
quarter,  103.292;  showing  a  loss  in  each  respectively  of  10,650;  38,192; 
13,680  ;  and  2,422. 

Of  domestic  cities,  New  York  received  during  the  past  year  by  far  the  greatest 
number  of  cases,  amounting  to  168,957,  or  more  than  one-fourth  of  the  whole. 
Another  fourth  was  thus  distributed  :  48,211  cases  to  Baltimore,  43,526  to  Cin- 
cinnati, 55,698  to  Philadelphia,  and  43,244  to  San  Francisco.  There  were  sent 
to  St  Louis,  46,945  cases  ;  to  New  Orleans,  33,685  ;  to  Chicago,  24,960  ;  to 
Charleston,  23,845  ;  to  Louisville,  26,369  ;  to  Cleveland,  8,053  ;  to  Nashville, 
8,040  ;  to  Norfolk,  6,208.  From  3,000  to  6,000  cases  were  shipped  to  each  of 
the  following :  Detroit,  Memphis,  Milwaukee,  Savannah,  and  Richmond,  and 
from  1,000  to  3,000  each  to  Albany,  Alton,  111.,  Buffalo,  Burlington,  la.,  Co- 
lumbus, 0.,  Dayton,  0.,  Dubuque,  la.,  Evansville,  Ind.,  Galena,  111.,  Galveston, 
Tex.,  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  Keokuk,  la.,  Lafayette,  Ind.,  Lexington,  Ky.,  Madison, 
Ind.,  New  Albany,  Ind.,  Paducah,  Ky.,  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  St. 
Josephs,  Mo.,  and  Toledo,  0.  Thirteen  other  places  received  from  500  to  1,000 
cases  each,  and  one  hundred  and  eight  places  from  100  to  500  cases  each.  The 
remaining  259  places  received  from  20  to  100  cases  each.  The  whole  number 
of  cases  shipped  to  the  Southern  States  was  182,634 ;  to  the  Middle  Slates, 
288,913  ;  to  the  Western  States,  180,099,  and  to  the  Territories,  331  ;  uncer- 
tain. 1,125. 

The  foreign  shipments,  which  are  comparatively  of  trifling  importance,  amount- 
ed during  the  last  year  to  6,680  casefvan  increase  of  1,602  over  1859  ;  3,840, 
more  than  one-half  of  them,  were  sent  to  Australia.  Nearly  all  the  remainder 
went  to  the  British  Provinces  in  North  America,  to  Constantinople,  and  to 
Buenos  Ayres,  leaving?  a  few  to  be  scattered  among  the  West  India  Islands. 

Adding  to  all  these  an  allowance  of  25,000  cases  for  the  New  England  trade, 
illegible  entries,  etc.,  we  may  estimate  the  whole  number  of  sales  from  Boston 
^luring  the  year,  in  round  numbers,  at  685,000  cases,  which,  at  an  average  value 
of  $45,  would  be  worth  331,000,000. 


GRAIN  AT  CHICAGO. 

From  an  able  and  complete  review  of  the  trade  of  Chicago  for  the  past  year, 
published  in  the  Chicago  Tribvne,  we  copy  the  following  tables : — 

The  total  receipts  of  flour  and  grain  during  the  past  year,  as  will  be  seen 
from  the  tables  which  follow,  amount  to  36,504,772  bushels.    The  grain  alone 


Staiistica  of  Trade  and  (hmmerce.  868 

foots  up  33,004,742  bnshels,  which  is  more  than  doable  the  receipts  of  1859, 
aod  10,000,000  more  than  was  ever  received  in  this  city  in  any  previous  year  of 
oar  history. 

The  shipments  daring  the  past  year  amount  to  31,459,697  boshels,  of  which 
27,890,002  bushels  were  of  grain  alone. 

The  following  tables  show  the  items,  separately  compared  with  the  figures  of 
former  years : — 

TOTAL  RB0BXPT8  OF  FLOUA   A2ID   G&AIN   F0&  FOUA  TKARS. 

1867.     18i8.     18i9.     I860. 

Wheat. bushelB  10,554,761  9,761,826  8,184,746  14,668,429 

Corn 7,409,180  8,260,088  6,410,003  16,487,966 

Ofttt 1,707,245  2,286,822  1,818,048  2,029,906 

Bye 87,911  70,081  228,179  296,486 

Barley. 127,689  411,421  662.187  623.006 

Total 19,886.636      20,798,188       16,298,168        83,004,742 

Flour  into  whtat 1,960,670        2,624,675        8,7 10,060  8,600,080 

Total 21.866,206      28,422,708      20,008,228        86,604,772 

BHIPKBNTB  OP  ALL  XIlfDS  OF  QBADr  FOB  THC  PAST  FOUR  TXABS. 

1857.  18S8.  18«9.  1860. 

Wheat bushels          9,486,062  8.727,888  7,266,668  12,487,684 

Corn \      6,814,616  7,498,212  4,127,664  18,948,172 

Cats 416,778  1,498,184  1,174,177  1,089,779 

Rye. 7,560  181,449  129.166 

Barley 17.998  127.008  478,162  290,211 

Total 16,784,488       17,868,761       18,178.996        27,890,002 

Flour  to  wheat 1,298,240        2,181,406        8,484,800  8,666,695 

Total 18,082,678      20,085,166       16,668,795        81,466,697 


WOOL. 

The  circular  of  Bond  &  Co.,  of  Boston,  gives  the  comparative  table  of  im- 
ports of  wool  at  Boston  as  follows : — 

1856.        1857.  1858.         18S9.          1860. 

Sogland lbs.         41,896     8,126.888  1,162,808     1,971,862        989,629 

Buenoe  Ayres 1.888,125    8,260,01 1  1,648,867     8,620,1 67     2,776,277 

Turkey 2,606,690     6,241,082  2,011,792     2,881.288     2,913,882 

Prance.    88,691        607,236  22,068     1,066,695        84B.8S6 

Cape  of  Good  Hope. 570,740     2,606,716  1,984,372     4,464,590     6,624,976 

Brazil 82,468  5.496         8,802         

Peru  and  Chili 2,211.467     8,045,440  8,678,446     2,888,641     2,288,192 

British  Provinces 4,619            2,191  18,252          14,694           9,742 

Dutch  West  Indies. 1,942 

Malta 142,722       298,028         97.009         

Tuscany,  etc 58,600         

East  Indies 281,026  64,218       771,790       241,429 

Austria. 107,771         

Spain 74,461         878,078       898,761 

Russia. 866,084         68,689         

Sandwich  Islands 2,440  9,806         

Northern  Africa 181,281         887         

Sundries. 1,761          29,861          18,467 

Total 8,426,807  17,948,881  10,560,849  18,177,878  16.298,894 

VOL.   XLIV. HO.   III.  23 


864 


Statistics  of  Trade  and  Cbmmerce. 


paiou  OF  BiLLnraa*  supse  pullbd,  januabt  1. 


1866. 
1867. 


42io.  I  1868. 
60   I  1869. 


82ic  I  I860.. 
60   I  1861.. 


8T00K  OF  D0MK8TI0  WOOL. 


In  Boston lbs. 

In  United  States. 


2,000,000 
7,000.000 


60e. 
40 


Pnlled. 

700,000 

2,000,000 


The  demand  for  woolen  goods  being  brisk,  the  wool  trade  continued  actire 
until  checked  by  the  onezpected  scarcity  of  money,  caused  by  political  tronbtoSy 
early  in  November ;  since  then  it  has  remained  stagnant  until  the  close  of  the 
year.  Daring  the  present  month  there  have  been  considerable  sales  at  aboat 
our  quotations,  some  forced  sales  at  even  lower  rates. 


COTTON  IMPORT,  EXPORT,  UVD  OOffSUMPTIOI  II  GREAT  BRITAUT. 


Imported  from  IJDitad  Statea bales  2,682,000 

"             Bnuil 102.000 

•*             West  Indies 10,000 

"             Egypt 110,000 

East  Indies 668,000 

Total  import 8,867,000 

Export 609,000 

Stock,  December  81 696.000 

OoDsumed  during  the  year. 2,682,000 

Average  weeklv  consumption 40,616 

Price  for  New  Orleans  middling,  June  80  • .  6id. 

*•             "          Dec  81...  7|d. 

Taken  by  speculators. 686,900 

United  States  crop. 4,676,000 

Oonsomed  in  United  States 810,000 

Average  weight  of  bales lbs.  428 

1860.  18S9. 

stock,  Dec  81 888,000  801,000 

**      all  sorts 646,000  442,000 

Import 8,172,000  2,709,900 

Export 681 ,000  888,000 

Consumption 2,687,000  2,227,000 

Expected  from  United  States.           160,000  260,000 

•*            East  Indies....            66,000  86,000 


im. 

I8i8. 

2,098,000 

1,868,000 

118,000 

106,000 

7,000 

7,000 

100,000 

106,000 

611,000 

861,000 

2,829,000 

2,448,000 

487,000 

848,000 

470,000 

872,000 

2,294,000 

2,174.000 

44,116 

41,820 

6id. 

7d. 

6|d. 

7d. 

870,000 

647,000 

8,861,000 

8,114,000 

700,000 

496,000 

428 

418 

18S8. 

18i7. 

266,000 

199,000 

849,000 

400,000 

2,886,000 

2,2^8,000 

288,000 

248,000 

2,181,000 

1,899,000 

106,000 

88,<IOO 

46,000 

46,000 

MOUSSES. 

The  consumption  of  molasses  in  the  United  States  has  been,  according  to  the 
tables  in  the  New  York  Shipping  Lisly  for  several  years  as  follows  : — 

TOTAL  CONSUMPTION  IN  THX  UNITED  STATES. 

Foroign  Jb  domes.       Foreign. 
la  6t',49».0IV»       24,437,019 

66,686,821  28,676,821 
48,267.611  29,417,611 
48,948,018  83.288,278 
87,019,249       24,806.949 


Foroign  A  domes. 

Foreign. 

1860. 

.galls.    47.318,817 

28,724,206 

1864 

1859.. 

64,260,970 

28.298,210 

1868. 

1868.. 

46,169.164 

24,795,»74 

1852. 

1867. 

28,608,784 

28,266.404 

1861. 

1866.. 

89,608,878 

28,014.878 

1860. 

1866.. 

47,266,086 

28.688,423 

Skitistics  of  Trade  and  Commeree.  865 

The  statistics  presented  above  show  that  the  total  receipts  of  foreign  molasses 
Into  the  United  States  for  the  year  ending  December  31, 1860,  were  31,126,015 
gallons,  against  total  receipts  in  1859  of  28,960,175  gallons,  and  the  consump- 
tion of  foreign  descriptions  was  28,724,205  gallons,  against  a  consumption  in 
1859  of  28,293,210  gallons,  while  tike  total  consumption  of  foreign  and  domes- 
tic in  1860  was  47,318,877  gallons,  against  a  total  consumption  in  1859  of 
54,260,070  gallons,  showing  an  increase  in  the  consumption  of  foreign  of 
430,995  gallons,  or  over  li  per  cent,  but  a  decrease  in  the  consumption  of  all 
kinds  of  6,942,093  gallons,  or  nearly  13  per  cent. 

The  receipts  and  consumption  of  foreign  in  1860  were  much  larger  than  be- 
fore in  several  years,  owing  to  the  crop  of  domestic  of  1859-60  being  consid- 
ered below  an  average  yield.  The  crop  of  Louisiana,  etc.,  now  coming  forward, 
it  is  estimated,  will  not  be  any  larger  Uian  the  previous  season,  and  very  proba- 
bly will  be  considerably  less.  Of  the  receipts  into  the  country  the  past  year, 
about  60,000  hhds.  have  been  taken  by  sugar  refiners,  50:000  by  distillers,  and 
the  remainder  has  been  distributed  among  the  trade,  exporters,  etc 


THB  8TB1M  MIRIIB  OF  BOSTOIT. 

The  report  of  the  Boston  Board  of  Trade  refers  to  the  increase  of  Steam 
•oast  navigation  made  by  the  merchants  of  that  city.  The  Merchants'  and 
Miners'  Transportation  Company  have  four  first-class  side-wheel  steamships,  from 
ten  to  twelve  hundred  tons  each,  constantly  employed.  Three,  with  little  vari- 
ations, have  plied  between  Boston,  Norfolk  and  Baltimore,  and  the  other  be- 
tween Boston,  Baltimore  and  Savannah.  These  lines  have  materially  increased 
the  trade  between  us  and  the  Southern  ports  above  mentioned.  And  as  the 
Company  run  their  ships  without  insurance,  and  have  escaped  serious  accidents, 
their  business,  under  prudent  management,  has  been  moderately  profitable. 

During  the  past  year,  the  proprietors  of  the  line  between  Boston  and  Phila- 
delphia have  added  the  new  steamer  Cambridge,  of  850  tons,  which,  with  the 
Kensington  and  Pbincas  Spragne,  of  about  1,000  tons  each,  afford  in  the  aggre- 
gate a  freighting  capacity  of  20,000  barrels.  One  of  these  vessels  leaves  port 
every  five  days.  The  eflficiency  of  this  line  for  more  than  eight  years,  together 
with  its  valuable  Southern  and  Western  connections,  via  the  Pennsylvania  Bail- 
road,  by  steamer  to  Bichmond,  and  thence  by  Southern  railroads,  have  justly 
commended  it  to  public  favor. 

Within  a  few  months,  the  new  steamer  Pembroke,  of  about  240  tons,  has 
been  added  to  the  means  of  commuoication  with  the  eastern  part  of  Maine.  This 
vessel  is  intended  to  ply  regularly  between  Boston,  Eastport  and  Pembroke,  in 
winter  as  well  as  in  summer.  Her  steam  power  is  ten  miles  the  hour,  and  with 
the  help  of  sails  she  performs  a  passage  in  twenty-five  hours.  She  is  very  bur- 
thensome — carrying  more  than  her  tonnage — has  proved  herself  a  superior  sea- 
boat,  and,  in  the  words  of  a  large  owner,"  will  run  more  economically  as  regards 
coal  than  any  steamer  now  known.'*  She  belongs  to  an  incorporated  company, 
but  seven-eighths  of  the  stock  is  held  in  that  city,  and  principally  by  William  H 
COFPIN  k  Co. 

The  house  of  Alphbns  Hardt  k  Co.,  are  the  pioneers  here,  and,  as  far  as  we 
are  informed,  in  the  United  States,  in  the  introduction  of  steam  in  the  Medlter- 


856 


SiatUtics  of  Trade  and  (hmmerce. 


raneaD  frait  trade.  Their  clipper,  Young  Rover,  of  400  tons,  is  a  yery  saperior 
vessel.  She  is  completely  rigged. as  a  bark,  with  aoziliary  steam  power,  which 
will  be  used  in  passing  the  Straits  of  Gibralter,  in  bead  winds  or  calms.  Good 
jadges  pronounce  that  she  is  *'  of  a  very  handsome  model,"  of  great  strength,  and 
"  finished  in  the  first  style  of  workmanship.** 

The  Southern  Steamship  Company  originated  in  this  Board  last  year ;  and 
the  iron  screw  steamers  Massachusetts  and  South  Oarolina,  of  about  1,150  tons 
each,  were  placed  on  the  route  between  Boston  and  Charleston,  in  June  and 
July.  The  line  is  appreciated  by  the  business  men  of  both  cities ;  both  vessels 
have  proved  efficient,  and  have  performed  their  trips  with  singular  regularity. 

On  the  first  of  August,  1859,  the  Government  of  the  Board  appointed  a  com- 
mittee to  inquire  into  the  expediency  of  establishing  a  line  to  New  Orleans ;  and 
on  the  30th  of  May,  I860,  the  friends  of  the  enterprise  organized  by  the  name  of 
the  Union  Steamship  Company.  The  capital  stock  was  400,000  dollars,  and 
the  right  of  navigation  was  limited  to  Boston,  New  Orleans,  and  the  ports  on 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico ;  but,  by  an  additional  act,  the  capital  has  been  increased 
300,000  dollars,  and  the  ports  of  Cuba  have  been  included  in  the  route.  The 
Building  Committee  of  the  Company  invited  proposals  for  the  construction  of 
two  first-class  iron  screw  steamships,  of  about  2,000  tons  each ;  one  to  be  com- 
pleted in  September,  and  the  other  in  November,  of  the  present  year. 


LUMBER  TRADE  OF  AIfiA5Y  FOR  1860. 

A  large  amount  of  common  pine  was  received  from  Michigan  and  Wisconsin, 
when  usually  only  the  better  qualities  are  sent  this  way.  The  receipts  for  the 
year  have  been  about  ten  millions  of  feet  of  boards  and  scantling  more  than  in 
the  previous  year,  and  the  total  amount,  301,022,600  feet,  is  a  larger  quantity 
than  has  been  received  at  any  other  market. 

The  following  table  exhibits  the  receipts  at  Albany  during  the  years  named : — 


Bouds  and  BhioglM, 

■CAntUng,  it  M. 

1860 21 6,791 ,890  84,226 

1861 260,288,620  84,186 

1862 817,186,620  81,686 

1868 898,726,078  27,686 

1864 811,671.161  24,008 

1866 246,921,662  67,210 

1866 228,846,546  86,899 

1867 1 80,097,629  71,004 

1868 267,406,41 1  81,828 

1869 291,77 1,762  48,766 

1860 801,022.600  41.222 

VALUC 
Boards  &  scantling.  Shingles. 

1660 13,261,878  f  119,791 

1861 4,1 19,668  121,624 

1862 6,496.960  110,726 

1868 6.299.617  99,686 

1864 4,986,189  86,891 

1856 4,426,689  228,840 

1856 8,578,629  129,147 

1857 2,881,660  248,616 

1858 4,412,205  111,883 

1869 4,887,177  170,646 

1860 6,042,128  144,277 


Timber,  Stares, 

aft  lbs. 

28,882  160,616,280 

110,200  116,087.290 

291,714  107,961,289 

19,916  118,666,760 

28,909  186,806,091 

24,104  140,256,286 

14,688  102,648,492 

85,104  168,^64,629 

119,497  186,011,817 

70,881  114,670,608 

46,888  148,786,869 

Timber.  Staves. 

14,326  $677,819  j 

19,010  646,656        ^^ 

62,609  667.418  /^ 

8.886  669.600^ 

6,649  611,128 

4,864  681,149 

2,616  46L4^8 

15,218  A8M91 

20,814  640.047 

11,965  468,282 

7,971  694,942 


SUiMsiics  of  Trade  and  Gommerce.  857 

CHICAGO  AID  ITS  BXPOBTS. 

The  Chicago  Tribune  pablkhes  a  tabular  statement  of  the  exports  of  that 
city  in  floar,  grain,  and  provisions,  and  other  leading  country  products,  during 

1860.    We  append  the  table  :— 

Amoimt  Bate.  Yalne. 

Floor. bbls.  718,889  $4  50  $8,210,025  50 

Wheat bosh.  12.478,684  87  10,864,286  08 

Com 13,748,172  45  6,184,427  40 

Oats 1,089,779  26  270,841  54 

Bye. 129,156  64  82,659  84 

Barley 290,211  52  150.909  72 

Seeds 1 1 7,888  2  80  880.846  40 

Broom  Corn tons  2,585  85  00  219,725  00 

Highwines bbls.  57,617  7  25  417,723  25 

Alcohol 8,883  16  88  68,708  54 

live  hops No.  188,612  12  00  1,603,344  00 

Dressed  hogs. 22,672  12  00  272,084  00 

Beef  cattle. 104,1 22  80  00  8,1 28,660  00 

Pork. 80,095  17  00  1.86 1,676  00 

Beef 84,414  9  00  579.726  00 

Out  meats lbs.  19,074,877  7  1,886,206  89 

Provisions  (not  classified) bbls.  2,025  18  00  26,325  00 

Lard. lbs,  9,150,899  11  1,006,598  89 

Tallow 2,858,944  9f  295,424  21 

Butter. 1,697.811  12  208,677  82 

Hides 11,609,845  10  1,160,984  50 

Wool 788,755  40  808.502  00 

Millstu£b tons  906  10  00  9,060  00 

Lead lbs.  12,114,268  6  605,708  40 

Hay tons  1,312  10  00  18,120  00 

Eggs bbls.  4,750  5  75  28,812  60 

Poultry,  game. ...lbs.  94,844  10  9,484  40 

Total  value  in  1 860 v $33,787,489  88 

Total  value  in  1 859 24,280.890  47 

Total  value  in  1868 19,928,495  83 

The  same  paper  states  that  a  considerable  export  trade,  under  the  gene- 
ral head  of  **  merchandise,"  is  not  included  in  the  foregoing  exhibit  The  ex- 
cessively high  rates  of  freight,  also,  are  said  to  have  reduced  the  aggregate  about 
one  sixth. 

EXPORTS  OF  FLOUR  AND  0RAI5  FROM  LAKE  mCHIGAN  IN  1860. 
The  following  table  shows  the  total  shipments  of  flour  and  grain  from  Michi- 
gan ports  during  the  year  1860  : — 

TOTAL  EXPORTS  OF   FLOUR   AND  ORAIIT   FROM    LAKB   MIOHIOAN   IN   1860. 

Floor.  Wheat  Ooml 

Chicago bush.          718,889  12,487,684  18,948.172 

Milwaukee 285,712  8,161,982  114,444 

St.Joseph 26,000               

Waukegan 170,000               

Kenosha 1.460  279.203              

Racine. 10,871  852,951               

Port  Wflihingtou 6,765  81.410                

Sheboygan. 27,222  78,762              

Manitiwoc 5,000  80.000               

Green  Bay 86,187  109,941              


Total 1,033,146         22,227,928         14,057,616 

The  figures  for  Milwaukee  are  the  receipts  of  grain  and  flour. 


858  Statistics  of  Trade  and  Commerce. 

i  TEAR'S  TRADE  OF  GREAT  BRITAIIT. 

The  annual  statement  of  our  foreign  and  colonial  trade  and  of  navigation 
shows  that  in  the  year  1859  the  American  continent,  with  Cuba  and  the  West 
Indies,  took  j&40,000,000  of  our  produce  and  manufactures ;  and  India,  Singa- 
pore, and  Cejion,  with  Australia  and  China,  took  JC37,000,000  more.  To  these 
great  countries  we  disposed  of  nearly  £30,000,000  of  our  cotton  goods  and  yam 
out  of  the  whole  £48.000,000  exported.  The  United  States  took  £4,600.000  of 
our  cotton  goods,  £4,476,000  of  our  woolens,  £2,160,000  of  linens,  and  £1,- 
568,000  of  apparel  and  haberdashery ;  India,  including  Singapore,  took  £14,« 
290,000  of  cotton  goods  and  yarn,  China  only  £3,190,000,  and  £700.000  of  wool- 
ens; Australia,  £1,870,000  of  apparel  and  haberdashery,  £790,000  of  cottons, 
and  £765,000  of  woolens.  For  our  iron  we  find  our  principal  market  in  the 
United  States  (£3,000,000),  and  also  for  our  tin  (plates)  and  our  hardwares 
(above  £1,000,000  of  each) ;  for  our  leather  and  saddlery  in  Australia  (£1,000,- 
000) ;  for  our  agricultural  implements  in  Australia  and  in  Russia ;  for  beer  in 
India  (£777,378)  and  Australia  (£660,358) ;  for  butter  in  Australia  (£342,- 
914) ;  for  earthenware  in  the  United  States  (£600,000).  The  exports  of  our  pro* 
duce  to  Australia,  £4,000,000  in  1852.  were  £11,000.000  in  1859.  and  those  to 
Ibdia  have  doubled  since  1855  ;  to  the  United  States  they  were  not  £12,000,000 
in  1849,  thev  were  above  £22,000,000  in  1859  ;  to  China,  £1,537,000  in  1849, 
£4,457,000  m  1859.  To  New  Zealand  we  sent  £632.907  worth  of  our  produce 
in  1859,  not  far  from  double  what  we  sent  only  three  years  before.  Our  exports 
to  the  whole  world  made  no  progress  in  the  year  1859.  In  most  European 
countries  the  demand  for  our  produce  was  slack.  France  took  less  upon  the 
whole  than  in  the  previous  year,  though  her  demand  for  some  articles  increased. 
She  took  no  less  than  1,391,000  tons  of  coal,  and  £493,083  worth  of  copper. 
There  was  a  considerable  increase,  however,  in  our  trade  with  Sweden.  Norway, 
and  Denmark ;  and  Russia  took  more  of  our  produce  by  nearly  £1,000,000,  rais- 
ing her  demand  for  machinery  to  £1,000,000,  and  for  iron  to  £1,200,000.  Our 
entire  imports  for  1859  (£179,182,355)  were  not  far  from  £15,000,000  abova 
those  of  the  previous  year,  and  our  exports  (our  own  produce  £130,411,529, 
foreign  and  colonial  produce,  £25,281,446— in  all,  £155,692,975)  were  £16,000,- 
000,  above  those  of  the  previous  year  ;  and  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  the 
returns  of  the  value  of  our  imports  include  freight,  the  exports  do  not.  In  con- 
ducting this  trade  26,520  visits  were  paid  to  our  ports  by  British  vessels,  and 
22,351  by  foreign.  The  totals  require  such  figures  to  express  them  as  were 
never  until  now  employed  to  set  forth  a  year's  trade  of  a  nation.  The  world  be- 
yond the  seas,  civilized  and  uncivilized,  sent  to  our  shores  on  an  average  every 
da^  merchandise  of  the  value  of  nearly  £500.000,  and  to  bring  it  to  us  nearly  1,000 
ships  came  into  our  ports  ever^  week.  Our  exports  of  produce  and  manufac- 
tures of  the  United  Kingdom  ip  the  short  space  of  eight  years,  1852-59,  have 
exceeded  in  value  the  capital  of  the  national  debt  In  ten  years  they  have 
doubled  ;  in  1849  they  were  £64,000,000,  in  1859  they  were  £130,000,000.  The 
enormous  progress  of  some  of  our  colonies  and  possessions  of  late  years  has  more 
than  restored  the  proportions  sent  to  foreign  countries  and  to  British  possessions 
to  vhat  they  were  twenty  years  £^o — two-thirds  and  one- third  ;  in  1840  foreign 
countries  took  £34,000,000,  and  British  possessions  £17,000,000 ;  and  in  1859 
foreign  countries  took  £84,000,000,  and  British  possessions  £46,000,000.  The 
exports  of  our  produce  in  1859  amounted  to  about  £4  10s.  per  individual  inhab- 
itant of  the  kingdom ;  twenty  years  ago  they  were  not  £2,  and  ten  years  ago 
they  were  not  £3. — London  Times. 


LUMBER  SURFET  AT  BANGOR. 

The  amount  of  lumber  surveyed  at  Bangor  the  present  year,  to  December  1, 
was  200,391,526,  exceeding  that  for  the  same  time  last  year  by  24,000,000 
feet. 


Nautiaal  Intelligence.  869 


NAUTICAL  INTELLIGENCE. 


IMEBICAH  JSkVAL  ARCHITECTUBB. 

The  iron  steamship  "  Wm.  G.  Hewes,"  says  the  Scientific  American^  is  one 
of  the  largest  iron  steamships  ever  built  in  this  country.  She  was  launched  on 
the  16th  of  December,  in  the  presence  of  5,000  people.  Her  hull  was  built  by 
Messrs.  Hablan,  Hollinosworth  &  Co.,  of  Wilmington,  Delaware.  Her  ma- 
chinery was  constructed  by  the  Morgan  Iron  Works,  of  New  York  city.  The 
roote  of  her  intended  service  is  from  New  Orleans  to  Galveston.  For  strength 
and  beauty  of  model,  this  steamer  cannot  be  surpassed.  We  append  full  and 
correct  particulars  of  her  hull  and  machinery : — 

Length  on  deck,  239  feet  4  inches  ;  length  at  load  line,  239  feet ;  breadth  of 
beam  (molded,)  33  feet ;  depth  of  hold,  10  feet ;  depth  of  hold  to  spar  deck,  18 
feet ;  draft  of  water  at  load  line.  9  leet :  area  of  immersed  section  at  the  above 
draft,  270  square  feet;  displacement  at  load  line,  1,253  tons;  tonnage,  1,477.45 
tons. 

Her  frame  is  of  wrought  iron  bars,  4  inches  by  1  inch  and  4  inches  by  i  of 
an  inch  in  thickness,  which  are  fastened  with  keepers  3i  inches  by  f  of  an  inch 
thick,  every  12  inches,  together  with  rivets  |  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  Distance 
of  frame  apart  from  cecters,  16  inches;  thev  are  molded  4  inches  and  sided  1 
inch.  Number  of  strakes  of  plate,  from  keel  to  gunwale,  16  ;  thickness  of 
plates,  one-half  to  eleven-sixteenths  of  an  inch.  There  are  14  cross  floors,  shaped 
n[  ;  depth  of  these,  18  inches ;  thickness,  nine-sixteenths  and  one-half  of  an  inch, 
forming  belts  with  angle  iron  on  top,  six  of  them  continuing  up  to  guard  deck 
clamp,  and  the  balance  to  main  deck  lodger.  Shape  of  keel,  U ;  constructed  of 
double  plates,  f  and  i  of  an  inch  in  thickness ;  depth  of  same,  6  inches.  There 
are  10  fore-and-aft  keelsons,  18  inches  high  and  shaped,  T ;  these  are  capped 
with  angle  iron,  continuing  from  end  to  end. 

The  Wm.  G.  Hewes  is  fitted  with  one  vertical  beam  condensing  engine ;  num- 
ber of  cylinders  1 ;  diameter  of  same,  50  inches ;  length  of  stroke  of  piston,  11 
feet ;  length  of  eogine  room;  76  feet ;  diameter  of  water  wheels  over  boards,  30 
feet ;  length  of  wheel  blades,  7  feet  6  inches ;  width  of  blades,  7  feet  6  inches  ; 
depth  of  blades,  1  foot  8  inches ;  number,  26 ;  material,  iron ;  dip  of  wheels  at 
load  line,  6  feet. 

She  is  also  supplied  with  1  return  tubular  boiler,  made  of  steel  plates,  which 
is  the  only  one  of  aoy  size  ever  constructed  in  this  country.  Length  of  boiler, 
21  feet ;  breadth,  17  feet ;  height,  exclusive  of  steam  chimney,  9  feet ;  location, 
in  hold,  forward  of  engine ;  it  has  a  water  bottom.  Number  of  furnaces,  4  ; 
breadth  of  same,  3  feet  6  inches  ;  length  of  grate  bars,  6  feet  8  inches ;  number 
of  tubes,  above,  in  boiler,  92  ;  number  of  flu^s  below,  8  ;  internal  diameter  of 
tubes  above,  5  inches ;  internal  diameter  of  flues  below,  1  foot  7  inches ;  length 
of  tubes  above,  15  feet ;  length  of  flues  below,  11  feet  4  inches.  Diameter  of 
smoke  pipe,  68  inches ;  height,  above  grates,  50  feet  The  boiler  possesses  a 
grate  surface  of  93  square  feet,  and  a  heating  surface  of  2,600  square  feet ;  con. 
sumption  of  coal,  per  hour,  1,680  pounds  ;  maximum  pressure  of  steam,  30  pounds, 
cut-off' at  one-half  stroke  ;  maximum  revolutions  at  this  pressure,  18 ;  weight  of 
engines,  190.000  pounds;  weight  of  boiler,  with  water,  102.690  pounds. 

In  addition  to  these  essential  features,  the  following  deserve  attention  : — 
Bankers  are  of  wood  and  iron  ;  the  vessel  is  fitted  with  three  anchors,  weight, 
respectively,  2.000, 1,300,  and  400  pounds ;  water  ways  are  of  wood ;  she  has 
three  bulkheads,  iron  braced  with  angle  iron  ;  the  water  wheels  have  gunwale 
bearings  ;  she  has  one  independent  steam  fire  and  bilge  pump,  two  bilge  pumps, 
two  fire  pumps,  one  bilge  injection,  and  five  bottom  valves  or  cocks,  arranged  as 


860  Nautical  InieOdgervce. 

follows  : — Two  for  fire  pomps,  two  for  iojectioD  pamp,  and  one  for  steam  pnmp. 
Ample  protectioD  against  commuDication  from  ore  has  been  made,  in  the  shape 
of  iron,  tin,  &c. 

This  steamer  is  named  in  honor  of  the  President  of  the  New  Orleans,  Ohio, 
and  Great  Western  Railroad  Oom'pany,  of  New  Orleans ;  she  will  be  commanded 
by  Captain  Jai^s  Lawless,  formerly  of  the  steamship  Orizaba. 


THE  BAROMETER  AAD  THE  WEATHER. 

Since  the  invention  of  the  baro^ieter  it  has  excited  the  attention  of  so  many 
scientific  men,  and  so  many  of  their  remarks  are  extant,  that  it  may  seem  waste 
of  time  to  ofier  anything  further  regarding  its  properties  or  utility.  If,  how- 
ever, the  little  we  can  find  room  for,  be  found  useful  even  to  one  person  in  com- 
mand of  a  ship,  the  purpose  for  which  we  write  will  be  accomplished.  If  there 
is  anything  in  nature  that  will  assist  us  in  studying  the  barometer,  it  is  the  ap- 
proach of  daylight ;  yet  it  does  not  appear  to  have  come  under  the  notice  of 
many.  The  various  philosophical  works  we  have  read  are  equally  silent  on  this 
subject.  In  a  long  chapter  on  twilight,  in  an  astronomical  work,  by  no  less  a 
person  than  Herschel,  we  sought,  with  a  fruitless  result,  for  some  information 
on  this  subject.  The  only  writer  we  know  of  that  appears  to  have  had  his  atten- 
tion arrested,  is  Fitzboy,  who  tells  us  that  when  the  first  streaks  of  light  appear 
close  to  the  horizon,  and  the  sun's  rising  is  preceded  by  a  glow  of  faint  red,  not 
extending  far,  a  fine  day  succeeds,  whether  the  sky  is  overcast  or  clear ;  but  if 
there  is  much  red  not  only  near  the  sun,  but  visible  on  clouds  near  the  zenith, 
wind,  if  not  rain,  is  sure  to  follow.  This  is  the  sum  of  all  we  have  read  upon 
the  matter,  and  we  think  it  will  not  be  improper  to  extend  it. 

Whenever  the  coming  in  of  the  morning  can  be  observed,  if  light  first  appear 
below  the  altitude  of  six  degrees,  very  fine  weather  may  be  depended  on,  at  least 
until  sunset.  If  any  clouds  be  in  the  direction  of  sunrise,  they  will  be  in  small 
fragment  of  cumulus,  in  figures  of  islands,  castles,  churches,  ka,,  slowly  chang- 
ing their  shape,  and  nearly  stationary.  Sometimes,  however,  the  largest  cumnlas 
prevails,  resembling  large  broken  stacks  of  wool ;  if  there  be  an  overcast  aloft, 
it  will  be  of  thin  light  stuff,  that  generally  retires  or  disappears  soon  after  sun- 
rise, leaving  a  clear  expanse ;  stars  in  and  near  the  zenith  will  remain  visible 
long  after  the  observer  looses  sight  of  those  below  the  altitude  of  fifteen  or 
twenty  degrees.  Now  in  this  appearance,  consult  the  barometer — it  will  stand 
high.  Let  the  wind  be  blowing  in  whatever  direction  it  may,  land,  ships,  and 
all  objects  will  be  seen  at  an  immense  distance.  If  the  observer  be  within  the 
tropics,  he  will  observe  that  the  cirro-cumulus  in  the  zenith  will  slowly  change 
its  form  to  that  of  branches  of  cirro-stratus,  the  mackerel  sky,  and  again  rechang- 
ing  it  may  be  hours  in  this  manner.  Its  motion,  if  any,  will  be  in  a  contrary 
direction  to  the  wind  generally.  When  the  day  dawns,  at  an  altitude  of  twenty 
degrees  or  upwards,  large  black  clouds,  shaded  with  red  as  the  sun  rises,  or  if 
smoky  or  bronzed,  wind  and  rain  wUl  follow  before  the  next  sunrise — and  yon 
will  have  a  sinking  barometer.  If  the  observer  be  in  the  Southern  hemisphere, 
with  such  appearances,  the  wind  be  northerly,  or  N.  N.  E.,  but  most  in  the 
eastern  board  ;  in  such  case  the  barometer  may  be  rising.  If  near  land,  it  will 
be  afiected  in  the  foil  wing  manner  : — In  the  Southern  Ocean,  about  New  Zea- 
land, from  the  North  Cape  to  the  Bay  of  Plenty,  N.  to  N.  E.,  from  Bay  of 


Nautical  Intelligence.  861 

Plenty  to  Cook's  Straits,  B.  N.  B^  to  E.  8.  B  ;  through  the  straits,  S.  E.,  Cook's 
Straits  to  Faveaux  Straits,  S.  E.,  which  may  be  expected  every  new  and  full 
moon  in  summer  in  the  Southern  Ocean,  though  not  all  times  of  long  duration. 
When  day  breaks  above  twenty  degrees  strong  breezes  may  be  looked  for  or  it 
will  be  blowing  and  the  glass  low,  or  falling.  If  mackerel  sky  prevail  overhead, 
with  long  horizontal  lines  of  cirro-stratus  above  the  altitude  of  day-break,  their 
edges  being  hard  and  well  defined,  an  increasing  breeze  will  terminate  the  day ; 
but  if  the  horizontal  lines  are  below  the  altitude  of  dawn,  their  edges  will  be 
less  hard  and  defined,  and  an  increase  of  wind  seldom  follow,  though  the  glass 
may  be  low.  Always  rest  assured,  that  the  higher  the  dawn  appears  the  stronger 
the  gale ;  and,  with  sufficient  clearness  of  clouds,  the  stars  in  ^e  zenith  will  be 
lost  sight  of  before  those  at  a  lower  altitude.  However  strange  this  may  appear, 
many  years  of  constant,  careful  observation  has  established  it  to  be  a  fact,  and 
rendered  these  signs  familiar  to  us.  If  no  dawn  can  be  observed,  as  in  cloudy 
weather,  the  horizon  being  everywhere  closed  in  with  dense  masses  of  black, 
dirty  looking  gray,  and  black  cumuio-stratus,  or  more  properly,  compact  bodies 
of  nimbus,  the  gale  is  approaching,  and  the  barometer  is  low  or  falling  at  the 
rate  of  1-1 0th  per  hour— a  good  baiometer  giving  six  hours' notice.  Some  men 
are  quite  offended  with  their  barometer  because  the  gale  follows  immediately  on 
its  descent.  Indications  of  hurricanes  or  storms  may  be  observed  by  the  first 
show  of  light  appearing  directly  overhead  ;  and  though  there  may  appear  a  clear 
expanse  at  sunrise,  yet  stars  of  even  the  second  magnitude  will  rarely  be  visible 
to  the  naked  eye  during  the  entire  night  previous  to  the  morning  ot  the  day  of 
a  hurricane ;  at  all  events,  they  will  disappear  soon  after  midnight,  and  stars  of 
the  first  magnitude  that  are  visible  will  be  ill-defined,  because  it  is  evident  they 
will  be  seen  through  a  thick ,  dark  atmosphere,  although  it  may  be  cloudless. 
II  it  be  perfectly  clear  to  the  eastward,  the  sun  may  rise  clear  (of  clouds.)  but 
not  beautiful.  He  will  rise  with  an  angry  aspect,  and  of  a  pale,  brassy,  or  fiery 
brightness,  with  an  aspect  denoting,  in  accordance  with  the  first  coming  of  light , 
all  that  is  to  follow  ;  and  these  forewaroiogs  of  nature  are  as  sure  and  simple 
on  the  occasions  as  her  operations  are  dreadful  and  destructive  to  those  who  are 
ignorant  of  or  disregard  them. 

There  is  no  instrument  of  more  real  value  to  the  educated  mariner  and  to  the 
mercantile  world  than  a  good  barometer,  when  properly  understood.  We  have 
heard  men  speak  lightly  of  this  valuable  instrument,  and  remark  that  the  quali- 
ties of  barometers  varied  so  much  that  no  two  instruments  registered  alike. 
This  is  so  in  some  cases.  We  ourselves  have  had  two  on  board  the  same  ship, 
which  we  shall  call  No.  1  and  No.  2.  We  always  observed  that  No.  1  and  No. 
2  diflered  in  opinion,  unless  in  a  long  continuance  of  fine  weather.  No.  1  rose 
sooner  after  a  gale  than  No.  2,  and  in  depression  was  lower,  and  it  rose  slower  ; 
and  in  the  moderating  of  a  gale  of  four  or  six  hours — what  may  be  termed  a 
lull — No  2  would  remain  unmoved,  whereas  No.  1  would  run  up  a  tenth  or 
more.  The  descent  of  No.  2  was  generally  two-tenths  lower,  and  four  or  six 
hours  sooner  than  No.  1 ;  and  this  was  invariably  the  case,  whether  at  sea  or  in 
port.  In  point  of  value.  No.  1  cost  more  at  the  makers  than  No.  2,  as  it  was 
by  far  the  most  showy  instrument,  but  in  intrinsic  value  to  the  mariner,  ship- 
owner, and  underwriter,  No.  2  was  worth  a  ship  load  of  No.  1. 


Jimrnal  of  InsuTimee. 


JOURNAL  OF  INSURANCE. 


CAPITAL  OF  PfimfSTLVAfflA  IVSURAHCB  OOMPAHIES. 

The  amoQDt  of  tax  paid  oo  91,000  capital  by  each  iosoraoce  compaDj,  which 
declares  no  dividend,  in  compliance  with  the  law  of  PennsyWania,  is  $3  00  ;  for 

each  910,000  capital,  «30  00,  and  for  each  9100,000  capital,  $300.  In  case  a 
company  declares  a  dividend  of  six  per  cent,  the  tax  amounts  to  just  the  same 
as  above ;  and  in  case  of  a  company  declaring  a  twelve  per  cent  dividend,  the 
tax  on  each  91,000  would  amount  to  96  00»  and  for  910,000  it  would  amount 
to  960  00. 

STATE  TAX  PAID  BT  INSURANCE  COMPANIES. 

We  find  in  the  last  report  of  the  Auditor-general,  under  the  head  of  "  Tax 
of  Corporations,"  the  amount  of  tax  paid  by  Philadelphia  insurance  companies 
is  as  follows  : — 

American  Mutual  lusurance  Company $106  74 

American  Fire                      "                  1,605  00 

American  Life  Insurance  and  Trust  Oompany 1 .000  00 

Anthracite  Insurance  Oompany 88  79 

Commonwealth         •*                1,119  60 

Columbia  Mutual      **                .' 87  76 

Consolidated              *«                 '.'....'.'/.//./.'*./.*../.*....*...  1,048  07 

Delaware  Mutual  Safety  Insurance  Company..   !!.'!.*!.'!!!!..'!.*....  1,814  87 

Enterprise  Insurance  Com  pan  V 812  80 

Equitable  Mutual  Insurance  Company. , 488  82 

Fame  Insurance  Company 160  00 

Farmers' Mutual  Insurance  Company  ..!.!....*.!.*.'.!*/.*.'•..! 160  00 

Fire  Insurance  Company  of  county  of  Philadelphia. 776  00 

Franklin  Fire  Insurance  Company 6,000  00 

Great  Western  Insurance  and  Trust  Company 78  87 

Oirard  Fire  and  Marine  Insurance  Company 842  70 

Oirard  Life  Insurance,  Annuity,  and  Trust  Company 1,200  00 

Howard  Fire  and  Marine  Insurance  Company 22i  12 

Hope  Mutual  Insurance  Company ,  181  82 

Insurance  Company  of  North  America 7,600  00 

_  -.         **                 of  SUte  of  Pennsylvania. 600  00 

Jefferson  Fire  Insurance  Company * 286  00 

Manufacturers'               •«                126  98 

Penn  Mutual  Life       •«          ....!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.!!!!!!.!!!.  6oi  lo 

Pennsylvania  Fire          «                ...!!!!.!!!!!!.!!...!•.!!...!..  8,000  00 

Pennsylvania  Company  for  Insurance  on  Lives  and  Granting  Annuities  2,600  00 

Phmnix  Insurance  Company. 409  17 

Philadelphia  Fire  and  Life  Insurance  Company 220  20 

Quaker  City  Insurance  Companv. 60  00 

Reliance  Mutual          "             ' 807  29 

SpringGarden             *«                ...'..*.'.'.'.*!.*.!...! 285  96 

United  States  Life  Insurance,  Annuity]  and  Trust  Company • . . . .  996  09 

Central  Insurance  Company,  Harrisburg 90  00 

Citizens'                •*                   6,400  80 

JP'eka                •«                  Pittsburg 2,975  00 

f;r«     ,^.             •*                  of  Northampton  County 112  70 

Miners  Life  Insurance  and  Trust  Company,  of  Pottsville 673  96 

Monongahela  Insurance  Company,  Pittsburg 1,576  00 

Pennsylvania                •*                        ««        996  18 

Pottsville  Life  Insurance  and  Trust  Company  .!!.,!!..!!!..!...!..  60  00 

Pittsburg  Life,  Fire,  and  Marine  Insurance  Company 446  50 

Pitt  burg  Insurance  Company 2  00 

Western  Insnranoe  Company,  Pittsburg. ,...1 8,876  00 


Jofwrnoi  oj  Insurance. 


868 


MARIIB  LOSSES  FOR  1860. 

YaaMldi  freight             OwgOM.  ToteL 

JaoDary,  1860 $1,228,900             $749,960  $1,978,850 

February 1,296,000            1,114,000  2,409,000 

Marofa 1,587,460            1,894.600  8,481,950 

AiwU 788,100            1,480.700  2,268.800 

Mar 946,800             1,248.600  2.189,800 

June. 618,800               859,000  1,472,800 

July 749,200            1,662,000  2,411,200 

August 493,900               462,400  956,800 

September 976,600               969,600  1,936,200 

October 1,769.000            1,018,000  2.772,000 

November 1,800,100            1,416,900  8,217.000 

December. 1,192,760            1,800,600  2,498,260 

Total $18,826,000        $16,060,700  $28,882,000 

TOTAL  OF  SAOH  0LA88  BBFAaATXLT  FOa  TBS  MONTH  OF  DEOXMBXft. 

Steamers .*. 9             $880,000              $50,000  $880,000 

Ships 27                690,000             1,076,500  1,666,500 

Barks 18               110,260                 76,800  186.660 

Brigs 18                 62,200                 24,900  87,100 

Schooners 81               100,800                72,800  178,100 

Total 108          $1,192,750          $1,800,500  $2,498,250 

TOTAL  AND  PAETIAL  LOBS  FOB  TBAE  1860. 

Number.  Amount. 

Steamers 84  $7,092,800 

Ships 259  12,866,000 

Barks 214  5,087,850 

Brigs 167  1,687,850 

Schooners 815  1,768,000 

Total 1,089  $28,882,000 

L088KS  IN   1869. 

Teasel  affreight           Cargoes.  Total 

January. $l,178,8uO    $1,660,000  $2,829,200 

February 1,280,600            1 ,246,700  2,477,800 

March 699,400            1,169,000  1,868,400 

April 642.400               699,560  1,241,960 

May 1,166,800            1,898,900  2,669,200 

June. 1,418,400            1,042,600  2,466,900 

July 1 ,976,100            2,262,600  4,227,700 

August 2,170,1 65             1,044,1 60  8,2 1 4,800 

September 1,028.400            1,242,900  2,266,800 

October. 1,791,700            2,056,600  8,861.800 

November 8,208.100            6,868,160  8,571.260 

December 1,228,900               749,950  1,978,850 

Total $17,901,160        $19,678,420  $87,479,570 

The  above  figures  show  a  very  gratifying  reduction  in  the  aggregate  loss  dur- 
ing the  past  year,  and  the  losses  for  December  were  considerably  less  than  in 
November.  The  heaviest  losses  reported  for  the  irionth  of  December  were  as 
follows  :^The  British  ship  Clyde,  in  the  Galea tta  trade,  $320,000.  The  Britbh 
Merchant,  with  wool,  from  Anstralia  for  England,  $330,000.    The  Qeorgiaoa, 


864  Journal  of  Insurance. 

from  New  Orleans  for  Liverpool,  with  cotton,  bnrnt  at  sea,  J285,000.  The 
British  ship  Emma,  with  wool,  from  Bombay  for  New  York,  $150,000.  The 
steamer  John  P.  King,  burn  in  port,  $110,000.  British  ship  Lord  Clyde,  aban- 
doned at  sea,  $32,000  ;  and  the  ship  British  Empire,  also  abandoned,  $165,000* 


LOSSES  BY  nRE  15  THE  U5ITED  STATES. 

The  following  additional  table  shows  the  total  nnmber  of  fires  and  amoant  of 
loss  daring  each  month,  compared  with  those  in  the  corresponding  months  in 
1859  :— 

. 1860. ^ 18S9. V 

Monthfl.  No.  of  fires.  Loss.  No.offlrss.         Loss. 

Jannary 26  11,276,000  28  11,478,000 

February 18  907,000  16  910,000 

March. 88  2,172,000  18  642,000 

April 28  1,802.000  16  1,828,000 

May 20  1,161,000  l9  1,610,000 

June 9  481,000  18  1.267,000 

July 80  1,608,000  10  410,000 

August 12  1,278,000  17  1,602.000 

September 10  771,000  19  1,822,000 

October 19  826,000  28  1,809,000 

November- 26  2,617,000  24  2,058,000 

December 22  1,801,000  12  1,182.000 

Total 261        116,697,000  208        116,068,000 

Add  to  the  above  the  amonnt  of  property  destroyed  by  fires  in  the  United 
States,  where  in  each  instance  the  loss  was  estimated  at  less  than  $20,000,  and 
the  aggr^ate  would  be  increased  to  probably  $22,000,000  in  1859,  and  to  about 
the  same  amonnt  in  1860. 

The  following  figures  show  the  losses  by  fires,  where  the  damage  has  been  put 
down  at  $20,000  and  upwards,  and  the  estimated  total  loss  by  all  fires  in  the 
United  States  for  the  past  seven  years : — 

Loss  $20,000  Total  loss  by 

Tears.  and  upwards.  all  fires. 

1864 120,578,000  125,600.000 

1865 18,049,000  17,000,000 

1856 21,159,000  27.000,000 

1867 16,792,000  20,000,000 

1858 11,561,000  16,000,000 

1859 16,068,000  22,000,000 

1860 16,697,000  22,000,000 

ToUl  in  seven  years II  18,794,000        1149,000,000 


FIIIES  m  CHICAGO. 


The  total  number  of  fires,  includiDg  false  alarms,  during  the  past  year,  com- 
pared with  the  two  previous  years,  is  as  follows  : — 

Firos.         Loss.  Insuanoe.  Ins.  del  Net  losa. 

1860 141  $393,665  1509,936  $227,920  |165,745 

1869 122    608,492  650,720  282,585  826,907 

1868 82    274,181  268,018  99,058  176,101 


Po9lal  Department.  366 


POSTAL  DEPARTMENT. 


F0REI65  MAIL  SERVICE. 

The  foreign  mail  service  of  the  United  States,  as  stated  in  the  annual  report 
of  the  Postmaster-General,  is  as  follows : —  • 

The  aggregate  amount  of  postage,  (sea,  inland,  and  foreign,)  on  United  States 
and  European  mails  was  ^1 ,376,402  26,  conveyed  as  follows,  viz. : — By  United 
States  and  other  steamship  employed  by  this  Department,  $541,039  92 ;  by 
British  mail  packets,  of  the  Gunard  line,  $766,418  60  ;  and  by  the  North  Ger- 
man Lloyd  and  Hambarg  lines  of  mail  packets,  $68,943  73.  Of  this  amoaDt, 
$830,005  56  was  collected  in  the  United  States,  and  $546,396  70  in  the  United 
Kingdom,  France,  Prussia,  Bremen,  Hamburg,  and  Belgium.  Excess  of  col- 
lections in  the  United  States,  $283,608  85. 

The  number  of  letters  and  newspapers  exchanged  with  Europe  was  as  fol- 
lows : — Letters  sent  from  the  United  States,  3,093.390  ;  received  from  Europe, 
3,072,979 ;  total,  6,166,369.  Newspapers  sent,  2,127,870  ;  newspapers  received, 
1,338,207  ;  total,  3,466,077. 

The  amount  of  letter  postages  upon  mails  exchanged  with  Great  Britain  was 
$788,431  61  ;  with  Prussia,  $285,460  20  ;  with  France,  $229,802  78  ;  Bremen, 
$36,810  21;  Hamburg,  $33,133  52;  and  Belgium,  $3,754  93;  being  an  in- 
crease on  British  mails  of  $18,345  61 ;  on  French  mails  of  $11,032  73 ;  on 
Hamburg  mails  of  $10,551  57 ;  and  a  decrease  on  Prussian  mails  of  $3,173  43, 
and  on  Bremen  mails  of  $2,558  16,  as  compared  with  the  previous  year.  (The 
exchange  of  mails  with  Belgium  commenced  on  the  24th  of  January,  1860.) 
Total  increased  letter  postages,  on  European  mails,  $37,953  20. 

The  amount  of  postages  on  mails  sent  to  Great  Britain  was  $376,814  03 ; 
to  Prussia,  $156,785  09 ;  to  France,  $110,484  45 ;  to  Bremem,  $16,995  09  ; 
to  Hamburg,  $22,871  80  ;  and  to  Belgium,  $2,268  18.  Total  sent  $686,21 8  64. 
On  mails  received  from  Great  Britain,  $411,617  58  ;  from  Prussia,  $128,684 11 ; 
from  France,  $119,318  33  ;  from  Bremen,  $18,815  12  ;  from  Hamburg, 
$10,261  72 ;  and  from  Belgium,  $1,486  75.     Total  received,  $690,183  61. 

The  weight  of  closed  letter  mails  received  and  sent  during  the  year  was  as  fol- 
lows : — Prussian  closed  mails  received,  136,845^  ounces ;  sent,  162,646^  ounces  ; 
total  299,491i  ounces.  British  and  Canadian  closed  mails  received,  50,637 
ounces ;  sent  39,018^  ounces ;  total,  99,655i  ounces.  British  and  California 
closed  mails  received,  24,442  ounces ;  sent,  6,279^'  ounces ;  total,  30,721^  ounces. 
British  and  Havana  closed  mails  received,  12,733  ounces ;  and  British  and 
Mexican  closed  mails  received,  1,183  ounces. 

The  amount  paid  Great  Britain  for  sea  and  territorial  transit  of  closed  mails 
through  the  United  Kingdom,  was  $126,049  97i,  and  the  amount  received  from 
Great  Britain  on  British  closed  mails  in  transit  through  the  United  States,  was 
$41,400  65.- 
Balance  due  Great  Britain  on  adjustment  of  account  for  the  year  ended 

June  30, 1860 1 193,191  96 

.  Balance  due  to  France,  (third  and  fourth  quarters,  1 859) 16,867  62 

Balance  due  to  Bremen 17,1 25  57 

Balance  due  to  Hamburg 19,879  68 

Balance  due  the  United  States  on  adjustment  of  accounts  with  Prus- 
sia for  the  fiscal  year 48,286  87 

The  cost  of  the  transatlantic  mail  service  performed  by  steamships  employed 
by  this  Department,  under  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  June  14,  1858,  was 
$375,235  04.  Thirty  round  trips  were  performed  by  American  steamships  be- 
tween New  York,  Southampton,  and  Havre,  for  the  sea  and  United  States  in- 
land postages,  amounting  to  $228,149  70 — the  average,  per  round  trip,  being 
$7,604  99.  Eleven  round  trips  were  performed  by  foreign  steamships  between 
New  York  and  Liverpool,  at  the  sea  postage  only,  for  the  sum  of  $50,093  62 — 
averaging  $4,553  96  per  round  trip.    Ten  round  trips  were  perfoi  med  between 


866  Postal  DepartmenL 

New  York  and  Soatbampton  by  foreigD  steamsbipe,  for  sea  postage  only,  for  the 
sum  of  J37,061  45— averaging  $3,706  14  per  round  trip.  Thirty-one  round 
trips  were  also  performed  by  the  Canadian  line  of  mail  packets  between  Port- 
land and  Liverpool  and  Qaebec  and  Liverpool,  for  the  sea  postage  only,  for  the 
-sum  of  $69,930  27— averaging  $1,933  33  per  round  trip. 

Total  postages  in  mails  transported  by  steamships  between  New  Tork,  New 
Orleans,  and  San  Francisco,  via  the  Isthmus  of  ranama,  including  mails  for 
Aspinwall  and  Panama,  ^New  Granada,)  and  Acapulco,  Mexico,  $226,862  75  ; 
between  New  Orleans  ana  San  Francisco,  via  Isthmus|of  Tehoaotapec,  from  July 
1  to  October  10, 1860,  $1,584  81 ;  between  the  United  States  and  the  West 
India  Islands,  $66,715  67  ;  and  between  New  Orleans  and  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico, 
$2,019  75. 

The  amount  paid  to  the  different  home  lines  of  ocean  steamers  conveying 
mails  to  and  from  Havana  and  Matanzas,  (Cuba,)  and  receiving  as  compensa- 
tion the  United  States  postages,  sea  and  inland,  was  $50,651  68,  and  for  trans- 
porting mails  by  steamship  between  New  Orleans  and  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico,  aeveo 
round  trips,  $1,911  15. 

DEAD-IETTERS. 

The  following  is  an  enactment  of  Congress  of  the  year  1860  : — 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  (A  Representatives  of  the  United 
Htates  of  America  in  Congress  assembled,  That  when  any  person  shall  indorse 
on  any  letter  his  or  her  name,  and  place  of  residence,  as  writer  thereof,  the  same, 
after  remaining  uncalled  for  at  the  office  to  which  it  is  directed,  thirty  days,  or 
the  time  the  writer  may  direct,  shall  be  returned,  by  mail,  to  the  said  writer,  and 
no  such  letter  shall  be  advertised,  nor  shall  the  same  be  treated  as  dead-letters, 
until  80  returned  to  the  Post-office  of  the  writer,  and  there  remain  uncalled  for 
one  quarter. 

This  act  was  intended  to  obviate  the  losses,  delays,  and  inconveniences  arising 
from  the  previous  practice  of  sending  to  the  Dead-letter  Office  at  Washington, 
all  letters  uncalled  for  at  the  end  of  a  specific  period — say  three  or  six  months. 

But  we  fear  the  obvious  intention  of  Congress,  in  this  matter,  will  be  thwarted 
by  the  instructions  of  the  Post-office  Department 

The  Department  has  given  instructions  that  a  simple  business  card  or  address 
printed  on  the  back  or  face  of  a  letter,  (with  a  view  to  its  being  returned  to  the 
writer,  if  not  called  for.)  is  not  to  he  regarded,  unless  a  person  shall  indorse  on 
il  in  writing,  his  or  her  name  as  writer  mereof. 

It  is  obviously  of  importance  in  the  extensive  correspondence  of  merchants, 
bankers,  and  others,  that  mis-sent  letters,  or  letters  that  for  any  reason  may  be 
uncalled  for  at  the  place  of  address,  shall,  within  a  reasonable  time,  be  returned 
to  the  writers.  This  is  especially  the  case  with  all  remittances  of  money,  notea, 
and  drafts  ;  all  legal  documents,  insurance  policies,  &c.  It  is  obvious,  too,  that 
persons  and  institutions  having  extensive  correspondence  cannot  oodertake  to 
indorse  in  writing  each  letter  to  be  dispatched  by  mail. 

Many  of  our  moneyed  institutions  and  bankers  mail  hundreds  of  letters,  each, 
daily  ;  and  they  avail  themselves  of  the  clearness  secured  by  printing  their  own 
address  on  some  portion  of  their  envelops.  As  by  the  new  interpretation  of 
the  law,  such  letters,  if  misdirected,  are  liable  to  go  to  the  Dead  letter  Office  at 
Washington,  we  would  suggest  that  the  following  form  or  notice  be  printed  upon 
valuable  letters.  This  is  done  by  many  persons  now,  and  we  learn  that  the  Post- 
office  authorities  consider  such  a  notice  will  secure  the  speedy  return  to  the 
writers  of  letters  uncalled  for,  viz. : — 

This  letter,  if  not  called  for  at  the  end  of  thirty  days,  to  be  returned  to  A.  B., 
banker  (or  bank,)  New  York  city. 

This  notice  need  occupy  a  small  space  only  in  the  upper  corner,  or  on  the  flap 
or  back,  of  a  letter.  It  will  not  only  secure  the  early  return  of  a  letter  if  un- 
called for  at  the  point  of  destination,  but,  in  the  numerous  cases  of  misdireeted 
or  unpaid  letters,  will  enable  the  postmaster  or  clerks  to  return  them  immedi- 
ately to  the  writers  for  correction. 


OammereM  Begulations.  867 


COMMERCIAL  REGULATIONS. 


PUTB  PAPER. 


TrnKABUBT  DsPARMBiiT,  Deoombor  31, 1880. 

Sir  : — I  baye  considered  your  report  of  the  Ist  altimo  od  the  appeal  of  the 
Director  of  the  Observatory  of  Harvard  College  from  your  decision  exacting  a 
duty  OD  certain  plate  paper  imported  for  the  nse  of  that  college,  and  which  the 
appellant  claims  shoald  be  exempted  from  duty  nnder  the  provision  in  the  tariff 
of  1857  for  articles  imported  for  the  use  or  by  order  of  seminaries  of  learning, 
viz. :-«"  All  philosophical  apparatus,  instruments,  books,  maps,  and  charts ; 
statues,  statuary,  busts,  and  casts,  of  marble,  bronze,  alabaster,  or  plaster  of 
Paris ;  paintings,  and  drawings,  etchings ;  specimens  of  sculpture ;  cabinets  of 
coins,  medals,  gems,  and  all  collections  of  antiquities— provided,  the  same  be 
specially  impnorted  in  good  faith  for  the  use  of  any  society  incorporated  or  estab- 
lished for  philosophical  or  literary  purposes,  or  for  the  encouragement  of  the  fine 
arts ;  or  for  the  use  or  by  the  order  of  any  college,  academy,  school,  or  seminary 
of  learning  in  the  United  States."  It  would  appear  from  the  letter  of  the  Di- 
rector that  the  paper  in  question,  though  imported  in  blank,  is  intended  for  the 
sole  use  of  the  college,  and  is  to  receive  engravings  of  astronomical  objects  to 
be  published  by  the  college  and  distributed  gratuitously  in  all  parts  of  the  country. 
Though  it  may  be  intended  to  be  manufactured  into  '•  books/'  **  maps,"  or 
"  charts,"  it  is  not  a  "  book."  **  map,"  or  "  chart,"  when  imported  ;  and  the  law 
levies  the  duty  upon  the  article  in  the  character  and  condition  in  which  it  is  im- 
ported. Plate  paper,  it  will  be  observed,  is  not  enumerated  in  the  foregoing  list 
of  articles  exempted  from  duty  when  imported  for  the  use  and  by  order  of  semi- 
Daries  of  learning,  and  the  Department  is  not  aware  of  any  other  provision  of 
law  that  would  entitle  it  to  free  entry.  You  were  justified  in  treating  the  arti 
cle  as  dutiable,  and  your  decision  to  that  effect  is  affirmed.  I  am,  very  respect- 
folly, 

PHILIP  p.  THOMAS,  Secretary  of  the  TreowiTy. 

Jamb  8.  WHimtT,  Colleetor,  dpc,  Boston,  Man. 

TRIMMUVO  GOODS. 

Tbbasukt  DspABTinticT,  December  31, 1880. 
Sir: — I  am  in  receipt  of  your  report  upon  the  appeal  of  Messrs.  Baarb, 
Gbbr  k  Co.  from  your  decision  assessing  a  duihr  at  the  rate  of  24  per  cent  un- 
der the  classification  in  schedule  C  of  the  tariff  of  1857,  on  certain  articles  styled 
by  the  importers  *'  trimming  goods,"  as  **  articles  worn  by  men,  women,  or 
children,  of  whatever  material  composed,  made  up  or  made  wholly  or  in  part  by 
hand."  The  appellants  claim  entry  of  the  articles  in  question  at  the  rate  of  19 
per  cent  as ''  manufactures  of  silk  or  of  which  silk  shall  be  a  component  material, 
not  otherwise  provided  for."  The  articles  in  question,  it  would  seem,  judging 
from  the  samples  submitted,  are  composed  wholly  or  in  part  of  silk,  made  by 
hand  and  machinery,  and  intended  to  be  attiched  to  cloaks  and  dresses  as  oroa 
ments.  They  are  known  as  **  dress  ornaments,"  and  if  they  are  composed  wholly 
or  in  part  of  silk,  and  are  not  in  a  fit  condition  when  imported  to  be  worn  upon 
the  person,  but  required  to  be  sewed  upon  the  garment,  they  ought,  in  the  opinioa 
of  the  Department,  to  be  subjected  to  a  duty  of  19  per  coot  under  the  classifica- 
tion in  schedule  D  of  "•  manufactures  of  silk  or  of  which  silk  is  a  component 
material,  not  otherwise  provided  for."  Such  of  the  articles,  however,  if  any 
there  are,  covered  by  the  protest  and  appeal  in  this  case,  as  do  not  require,  in 
order  to  be  worn  upon  the  person,  to  be  attached  by  sewing  or  otherwise  to  a 
dress  or  garment,  but  are  in  a  fit  condition  when  imported  to  be  so  worn,  were 
rightfully  subjected  by  you  to  a  duty  of  24  per  cent  under  the  classification  ii 
schedule  C  to  which  you  referred  them  on  the  entry.    I  art,  very  respectfully, 

PHILIP  F.  THOMAS,  SMretarj  of  the  TreMory. 
Jamxs  B.  Whithby,  Btq.,  Oolleotor,  fto^  Boeton,  Mats. 


368  Commercial  Begul&Mons. 

COLORED  LITHOGRAPHS. 

TmxAfirmT  Dbpastmbitt,  Jannary  S5, 1861. 
Sir: — I  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  report  on  the  appeal  of  Messrs.  J* 
J.  Griffin  &  Co.  from  your  decision  assessing  a  duty  at  the  rate  of  15  per  cent* 
as  unenumerated  in  any  schedule  of  the  tariff  of  1857,  on  certain  **  colorod  litho" 
graphs  "  imported  by  them,  the  appellants  claiming  entry  of  the  articles  in  ques- 
tion free  of  duty  under  the  classification  in  schedule  I  of  '*  paintings  and  statuary." 
The  sample  submitted  shows  the  article  to  be  a  lithograph  colored  in  oil,  and  is 
60  admitted  by  the  parties.  It  cannot,  in  the  opinion  of  the  Department,  be  re- 
garded as  a  **  painting  "  within  the  meaning  and  spirit  of  the  law ;  nor  is  it,  it 
is  believed,  so  known  in  the  trade,  but  it  must  be  held  to  be  a  "  colored  litho- 
graph," and,  as  such,  liable  to  duty  at  the  rate  of  8  per  cent  under  theclassifica 
tion  in  schedule  G  of  *'  engravings  or  plates,"  in  conformity  with  the  decision 
of  the  United  States  Circuit  Conrt  for  the  southern  district  of  New  YorlL,  in 
the  case  of  M.  Knokdler  vs.  A.  Schell,  acquiesced  in  by  the  Department  I 
am,  very  respectfully, 

JOHN  A.  DIX,  secretary  of  tho  Treasury. 
AU0178TUS  ScHiLL,  Esq.,  Collector,  dec,  New  York. 


MOSAICS,   SET. 

TsBABUjtT  DxPAXTMiNT,  January  26, 1861. 
Sir  : — I  am  in  receipt  of  your  report,  under  date  of  the  17th  ultimo,  upon 
the  appeal  of  Jacques  Schieb  Irom  vour  assessment  of  duty  at  the  rate  of  24 
per  cent  under  the  classification  in  schedule  C  of  the  tariff  of  1857,  of"  cameos^, 
real  and  imitation,  and  mosaics,  real  and  imitation,  when  set  in  gold,  silver,  or 
other  metal,"  on  certain  mosaics  imported  by  him.  The  appellant  claims  entry 
of  the  articles  in  question  at  the  rate  of  4  per  cent  under  the  classification  in 
schedule  II  of  '*  cameos  and  mosaics,  diamonds,  gems,  pearls,  rubies,  and  other 
precious  stones,  not  set."  The  question  which  arises  in  this  case  is,  are  the  mosaics 
m  controversy  **  set "  or  "  not  set  "?  The  samples  submitted  with  the  appeal 
show  the  article  to  be  a  mosaic  or  mosaics  encased  in  German  silver,  and  are  in 
the  opinion  of  the  Department  read^  for  nse,  with  but  the  slight  addition  of  a 
pin  or  hook  to  convert  them  either  into  breastpins  or  ear  rings  without  further 
setting.  The  plain  mode  of  setting  in  this  instance  does  not  remove  them  from 
the  classification  to  which  they  were  referred  by  you  on  the  entry.  Your  deci- 
sion, therefore,  is  hereby  affirmed.    1  am,  very  respect! ully, 

JOHN  A.  DIX,  Seeretaiy  of  the  Treaanry. 

AuQTTSTUs  SoQKLL,  Esq.,  Collector,  New  York. 


PACKAGES. 

Tbkasvbt  Dkpabtmbnt,  January  28, 1861. 

Sir  :— The  Department  has  had  under  consideration  the  appeal  of  Messrs.  S. 

&  W.  Welsh  from  your  decision  assessing  a  duty  at  the  rate  of  24  per  cent  as 

"  manufactures  of  iron,  &c.,"  under  schedule  C  of  the  tariff  of  1857,  on  certain 

iron  packages  or  casks  containing  caustic  soda,  the  appraisers  having  estimated 

the  separate  value  of  the  iron  casks  containing  the  alkali.    The  appellants  claim 

entry  of  the  packages  in  question  at  the  rate  of  4  per  cent,  the  caustic  soda 

duty — alleging  that  they  are  rendered  valueless  from  the  action  of  the  alkali  on 

them,  and  are  of  no  further  use  except  as  receptacles  for  the  article  they  contain. 

It  does  not  appear,  in  this  case,  that  there  was  any  intention  to  evade  the  law 

or  defraud  the  revenue,  but  that  sheet  iron  casks  were  used  because  in  their 

opinion  they  were  the  most  suitable  description  of  packages  for  caustic  soda. 

In  view  of  all  the  facts  in  the  case,  the  Department  is  of  the  opinion  that  the 

casks  in  question  are  entitled  to  entry  at  the  same  rate  of  duty  as  imposed  on 

caustic  soda,  to  wit,  4  per  cent.    I  am,  very  respectfully, 

JOHN  A.  DIX,  Secretary  ot  the  Treasury. 
J.  B.  Bakzb,  Esq.,  Colleetor,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


Baihoad^  Qmai^  and  Steamboat  Statistics.  869 

8KBLET0NS. 

Tbvasvaxt  DBPAXTXBirT,  December  S7, 1860. 
Sib  : — I  ackiiowledge  the  receipt  of  yoor  report,  under  date  of  the  26th 
ultimo,  OD  the  appeal  of  Messrs.  Oodman  and  Shurtlbpf  from  your  decision 
subjecting  to  duty  at  the  rate  of  24  per  cent  under  the  tariff  of  1857,  certain 
*'  human  skeletons  "  as  **  preparations  or  manufacture  of  bone/'  and  provided  for 
in  schedule  C.  The  articles  in  (juestion  are  not  specified  b^  name  in  any  schedule 
of  the  tariff.  The  bones  of  which  they  are  composed  are  in  their  natural  form 
and  merely  held  t9gether  in  their  natural  order,  by  a  metalic  wire,  the  metal  not 
being  the  component  material  of  chief  ralue.  They  ought  not,  in  the  opinion 
of  the  Department,  to  be  classed  as  a  manufacture  of  bone,  or  of  bone  and  metal, 
but  should  be  treated  as  non-enumerated,  and  subject  to  a  duty  of  15  per  cent. 
I  am,  very  respectfully, 

PHILIP  F.  THOMAS,  Secretary  of  the  Treaanry. 
AvQvsTUB  BoHBLL,  Saq.,  Oollector,  Ac,  Neir  York. 


RAILROAD,  CANAL,  AND  STEAMBOAT  STATISTICS. 


HEW  YORK  RAILROADS. 
The  annual  report  of  the  New  York  Central  Railroad  Company  for  the  fiscai 
year  ending  30th  September,  1860,  has  been  receiyed.  This  is  one  of  the  lead, 
ing  roads  of  the  Union,  and  one  that  has  contributed  largely  to  the  commercial 
prosperity  6f  the  State.  There  has  been  no  interruption  to  the  semi-annuai 
dividoids  of  the  eompany  since  its  formation  in  1852.  The  company  has  real- 
ized upwards  of  fifty-two  millions  of  dollars  from  passengers  and  freight  during 
the  past  seven  years,  viz.  :— 

■AENIMOS  FROM  PA88SNQSRB,  FBKIOHT,  AKD  ALL  OTHER  80UBUS8  FOR  TUB  TBAR8  BNDIMG 

■BPTXMBSR  80,  1868-1860. 

Yeaxa.  Paaaesgera.          Fraight  Other  aonroea.  Total 

1868 $2,829,668  $1,885,672  $122,279  $4,787,620 

1864 8,151,618         2,479^20  286,999  6,918,834 

1865 8,242,229         8,189,602  181,749  6,668,681 

1866 8,207,878        4,828,041  rn.928  7,707.848 

1867 8,147,686         4,569,275  820,888  8.027,261 

1868 2,682,646         8,700,270  206,496  6,628,412 

1869 2.666,869         8,«87,148  297,880  6.200,848 

1860 2,669,265         4,096,988  292,048  6,967,241 

TotaL $62,690,688 

The  expenses  for  1860  were  as  follows  : —  * 

PATMBNTS  OTHBR  THAN  FOR  OONSTRCOnON. 

For  traosportation  expeoees — passenger  business. .        *$  1,665,01 4  1 1 
For  freight  business 2,618,826  70 

' $4,278,840  81 

For  interest,  including  interest  on  debt  certificates 

held  for  the  sinking  fond *•  $986,272  04 

For  sinking  fands 116,266  60 

For  rent  of  Niagara  Bridge  and  Ganandaigua  R.  R.  60.000  00 

; 1,160,588  64 

For  dividends :  No.  18.    Feb.,  1860,  8  per  cent. ...       ,  j$720,000  00 
No.  14.    Aug.,  1860,  8  per  cent ^  *  •  720,000  00 

1,440,000  00 

Transportation  expenses  for  the  year  ending  September  30th,  1860,  61.49  per 
cent  of  the  gross  earnings.  *  * 

VOL.  XLIV. NO.    III.  24    '  • 

.  I 


370  Railroad^  Canal^  and  Steamboat  Statistics. 

NEW  YORK  AND  PSNHSYLVAHIA  RAIUtOiBS. 

Boadein 

opention.  Cost  of  roads  Pass«Dgen 

8Ut«.                                                               Miles.  In  operation.                      esrried. 

New   York 2,627  $147,980.402  21  12,188,069 

PeDDsylTania 2,086  150,878,076  10  6,867,141 

Orer  PeoDBYWaDia. 441      6,470,918 

Over  New  York ...,  $2,892,678  79  

Tonnage.              Beceipts  from  Becelpts  from 

State.                                                            Tons.                   paseengeni  freight 

New  York 8,869,288  $7,618,786  69  $9,907,216  62 

PeoDaylyaoia 20,861,102            6,281,861  00  11,894,466  CO 

Oyer  PeonsylTaouL $2,887,674  69    

Over  New  York 16,991,819  $1,417,288  88 

State.  Total  reeeipts.  Total  expenses. 

New  York $18,868,004  68        $11,089,560  91 

PenosylyaDia 18,186,604  00  14,107,444  00 

Oyer  PeoDsylyania. $174,400  58  ...# 

Oyer  New  York $8,017,898  09 

In  the  cost  of  the  several  works,  PennsylyaDia  is  92,392,673  79  ahead  of 
New  York.  In  the  passenger  traffic,  seyen-eighths  of  the  number  reported  in 
Peonsylyania  are  local,  and  the  same  may  be  said  of  the  tonnage,  of  which 
9,133,348  tons  were  coal,  1,900,864  tons  were  merchandise,  and  the  balance  iron, 
iron  ore,  floar,  lamber,  etc.,  prodacts  of  the  State.  The  Pennsylvania  Central 
being  the  only  line  connected  with  the  West,  bat  little  of  what  is  called 
**  through  freight "  has  been  carried  over  it. 

Out  of  an  average,  during  the  last  five  years,  of  772,549  tons,  it  carried  east 
14  per  cent,  west  lOi  per  cent  The  Baltimore  and  Ohio,  out  of  an  average  of 
810,802  tons,  carried  east  16f  per  cent,  west  7i  per  cent.  And  the  New  York 
Central,  out  of  776,940  tois,  carried  east  25^,  west  5i  per  cent.  On  the  Erie 
Canal,  out  of  the  average  of  3,804,907  tons,  its  through  tonnage  east  was 
1,928,613,  west  254,670  tons,  including  the  local  traffic. 

The  traffic,  therefore,  on  the  Pennsylvania  roads  has  hitherto  been  local. 
Hereafter,  when  the  connections  and  the  second  track  is  complete  on  the  Penn- 
gylvania  Central,  and  when  the  Sunbury  and  Erie  is  complete  to  Erie,  and  the 
branch  extending  to  Pittsburg,  the  results  will  be  greater.  Nine  millions  tons 
of  coal  is  an  item  of  some  importance ;  and  when  we  realize  the  fact  that  the 
business  in  pig  metal  was  last  year  over  90,000  tons  greater  than  the  product 
of  all  other  States  together ;  that  the  manufactjq^re  of  railroad  iron,  in  1856, 
was  83,894  tons,  out  of  141,554  tons  made  in  the  (jountry  ;  that  the  anthracite 
iron  trade,  in  1856,  reacheS  2^,160  tons;  in  1857,  281,880  tons,  and  that  the 
leading  branches  of  indust^is  $1:85,000,000  per  annum.  But  the  State  is  a 
"  one-horse  team,"  and  as  the  trade  of  Philadel^ia,  ten  years  since,  was  moved 
by  7,000  ves3el8,  and  Vast  Jear  Sl,0T)0,  exclusive  j^  ^^hose  required  in  the  move- 
ment of  3,000,000  tons  thiough  the  Delaware  and'Raritan  Canal,  were  required, 
we  may  recognize  an  iihplArement.  The  orgariization  of  a  line  of  propellers  to 
bring  over  the  coal  at  a  reduction  of  50  cents  per  ton,  is  another  of  the  schemes 
in  which  New  York  is  int8r^ti^d•  -Fifty  cents  a  ton  oflf  4,000,000  tons  con- 
sumed in  the  eastern  marketi>iff.^^t)0,000  per  annum — enough  almost  to  pur- 

■V-  .  *•   .«- 


BaUroad^  Canal,  and  Steamboat  Statistics. 


871 


«  hase  the  canal  and  make  it  a  free  channel  to  the  producer.  It  may  also  indi- 
cate to  our  citizens  that  the  route  of  which  the  canal  forms  a  part  may  enable 
them  to  reach  and  intercept  the  trade  they  are  about  to  lose  on  the  North,  and 
perhaps  bring  back  to  our  waters  the  Gau^way  and  other  lines  that  have  left  us. 


RAILROADS  OF  THE  raiTED  STATES,  JA5UARY,  1861. 

The  following  table  gives  the  mileage  and  cost  of  railroads  in  each  portion  of 
the  Union  : — 

Total  Miles  Oostof 

Iftncth  in  op«-  roads  and  . 

North  Eastern  States—                                               of  line.  ration.  equipment. 

Mabe. 689.86  475.86  116,238,261 

New  Hampshire. 684.29  657.88  22,676,284 

Vermont 555.87  575.87  28,240,097 

Masaachuaetta 1,886.68  1,814.85  59,777,878 

Rhode  Island 186.83  104.82  4,188,888 

Coonecticut 762.90  607.76  20,948,880 

4,185.87  8,716.54  1147,014,288 
Middle  AtlanfcioSUtes- 

New  York 8,455.87  2,808 .96  145,259,792 

New  Jersey 844.76  627 .28  80,895,031 

Pennsylvania. 8,972.26  2,948.22  151,529,629 

Delaware 170.69  186.69  4,870,766 

Maryland  and  District  of  Columbia. 701.81  405.81  19,979,284 

9,144.89  6,921  96  $851,584,492 
South  Atlantic  SUtes— 

Virginia 2,481.62  1,805.04  69,580,696 

North  Carolina 1,212.04  886. 92  17.084,506 

South  Carolina 1,074.47  978.47  22,045,485 

Georgia. 1,724.20  1,401.50  27,632,690 

Florida.. 786.50  826.50  6,561,000 

7,280.82  5,898.48  1142,904,821 
enlf  SUtes— 

Alabama 1,488 .  90  648 .40  17,262,487 

Mississippi 870 .  80  697 .  80  22,986,370 

Louisiana. 881.00  827  75  12,193,124 

Texas 2,667 .00  294.50  9,200,000 

5,807.70  2,068.45  $61,640,981 
South  Interior  States- 
Arkansas 701.88  88.56  1.800,000 

Missouri 1,480.60  818.10  35,898,098 

Tennesssee. 1,412.63  1,288.54  80,798.180 

Kentucky 768.90  581.20  16,551,600 

4,808.46  2,666.84  84,542,873 
North  Interior  States  and  Oalifomla— 

Ohio 4,183.25  8,057.08  117,853.116 

Michigan 1,412. 10  807.80  83,615,761 

Indiana 2,522.27  2,05^.17  71,973.669 

Illinois 8,551.90  2,924.60  106,976,581 

Wisconsin 2,272.09  937.09  87,680,881 

Iowa. 2,021.80  548.89  17,257,905 

Minnesota. 1,167.00          2,000,000 

17,080.41  10,882.99  $886,756,918 

California 348.28  70.05  8,600,000 

Total  United  States,  Jan.,  1861 48,100.89  81,168.76  $1,177,993,818 

-                •*             Jan.,  1869 27,857.00  961,047,364 


TOTAL  ftSOSIPTS. 

1864 192,996,276 

1856 101,606,765 

1866 110,768,606 

1867 118,648,826 

1868 116,604,820 

1869 126,680,686 

I860 186,129,416 


872  Railroad,  Oanai^  and  Steamboat  Siatiaiics. 

TRAFFIC  RETURflrS  OF  EflTflUSH  RAILWAYS. 

A  late  rnunber  of  Herapath's  London  Railway  Journal  contaiDS  a  carefal 
table,  compiled  by  Mr.  J.  T.  Hackett,  which  gives  the  anDoal  earaingB  of  all 
the  railroads  io  the  United  KiDgdom,  for  seven  years,  to  January  1st,  1860. 
Calling  the  £  $5  00,  we  herewith  append  some  of  the  results  of  Mr.  Hackett's 
table  :— 

AVKBAQB  TEAFnC  PBR  MILK  PBa  WSBL 

1864 118,020 

1856 18^40 

1866 18,816 

1867 18,720 

1868 18,166 

1869 18,666 

I860 14,286 

The  total  traffic  for  the  year  1860  shows  an  increase  of  99,598,830  over  the 
preceding  year. 

In  addition  to  the  above  retarns,  there  are  others  of  various  railways  in  the 
United  Kingdom,  which  have  not  been  published  weekly  or  monthly,  and  of 
which  estimates  have  to  be  made.  These  results  show  that  there  are  52  rail- 
ways, being,  in  the  aggregate,  611  miles  in  length,  upon  which  $43,073,750  has 
been  expended,  the  traffic  receipts  bmng  about  $2,754,500.  By  adding  these 
figures  respectively  to  the  9,662  miles  upon  which  31,606,062,250  of  capital 
was  expended,  and  the  135,129,415  referred  to  in  the  table  given,  it  appears 
that  there  are  10,273  miles  of  railway,  which  have  cost  $1,649,126,000,  and 
produced,  in  the  shape  of  gross  traffic  receipts,  $137,883,915.  This  sum,  com- 
pared with  the  total  receipts  on  9,883  miles  of  railway  in  1859,  amounting  to 
$127,880,585,  shows  an  increase  of  $10,003,330,  or  about  8  per  cent,  thus  ex- 
hibiting a  very  satisfactory  increase  on  the  traffic  of  the  preceding  year. 

The  capital  accounts  have  not  been  much  increased,  as  compared  with  former 
years,  notwithstanding  the  increased  mileage,  and  that  of  itself  is  a  most  satis- 
factory indication  of  better  results  for  the  ordinary  shareholders.  The  above 
figures  show  an  aggregate  increase  in  the  capital  accounts  for  the  year  of  only 
$38,030,500,  while  ^the  increase  in  the  traffic  alone  exceeds  $10,000,000.  This 
result  contrasts  favorably  with  the  operations  of  former  years,  as  will  be  readily 
seen  by  a  glance  at  the  annexed  table.  The  judicious,  and,  in  some  respects, 
necessary  outlay  of  capital,  to  accomplish  the  actual  requirements  of  increased 
traffic,  and  to  provide  useful  and  indispensable  extension  lines  at  a  moderate 
cost,  provided  that  the  aggregate  amount  of  capital  thus  expended  be  not  more 
in  any  one  year  than  four  times  the  increase  in  the  gross  traffic  fyr  the  same 
period,  the  result  must  tend  to  increase  the  dividends  of  railways,  and  gradually 
enhance  the  value  of  railway  property. 

It  is  impossible  to  calculate  the  vast  amount  of  benefit  railways  have  con- 
ferred on  the  people  and  trade  of  the  United  Kingdom,  and,  in  fact,  on  the  peo- 
ple and  trade  of  every  country  where  they  have  been  brought  into  operation. 
That  railways  should  be  made  highly  remunerative  to  the  proprietors  by  good 
management,  and  by  affording  every  reasonable  facility  to  the  public,  and  the 
districts  through  which  they  pass,  would  be  nothing  more  than  a  just  reward  to 
the  individuals  concerned  in  railway  undertakings,  for  incalculable  benefits  con- 
ferred on  the  community  at  large. 


BaUroad^  Canals  wnd  Steamboat  Statistics.  373 

The  followiDg  table  presents  ao  interestiDg  and  compreheosive  exhibit  of  rail- 
way progress  in  the  United  Kingdom  for  the  years  named.  We  omit  the  column 
showing  the  capital  expended  at  the  end  of  each  year  for  the  time  named,  merely 
remarking  that  the  total  cost  to  1860  had  been  91,649,136,000. 

Ay^rago reo^pts  Working  Length  Percentage  Per oent- 

Tear.          ATerageoost  Total  trafflo       per  mile,  expensea,  open  at  ofreo'ptson  of  profit 

per  mile.  receipts.                     rates  a  taxes,  end  jear.  capital  ezp.  on  capit. 

1842....  £38,862  £4,470,700         £2,748  40  1,680  8.82  4.98 

1848 84,929  5,022,650  2,895  40  1,786  8.28  4.94 

1844 84,290  5,814,980  2,982  40  1,960  8.70  5.22 

1845....  88,726  6,909,270  8,080  40  2,248  9.18  5.48    . 

1846....  80,903  7.946,870  2,797  42  2,840  9.05  5.25 

1847....  80,924  9,277,670  2,501  42  8,710  8.08  4.69 

1848 88,388  10,445.100  2,268  42  4,626  6.77  4.06 

1849....  88,110  11,688.800  2,000  42  5,950  5.98  3.44 

1850 84,286  13,142,235  1,944  42  6,788  5.70  8.31 

1851 34,186  14,987,810  2,168  42  6,928  6.82  8.67 

1852 83,816  16,848,610  2,118  45  7,887  6.27  8.44 

1858....  83,912  17,920,580  2  805  44  7,774  6.80  8.80 

1864....  84,113  20,000,520  2,491  46  8,028  7.80  8.98 

1855 85,425  21,128,815  2,577  47  8.240  7.24  8.90 

1856....  84,122  22,995,500  2,625  48  8,761  7.69  4.00 

1857 88,492  24,162,465  2,684  48  9,171  7.87  4.19 

1858....  88,000  28,768,764  2,484  48  9,568  7.62  8.91 

1859 32,603  25,576,100  2,588  48  9,888  7.94  4.18 

1860 82.106  27,576,788  2,685  47^  10,278  8.87  4.89 


SOUTH  CAROUNA  RAILROADS. 

The  following  returns  show  the  quantity  of  the  leading  articles  of  cotton, 
grain,  live  stock,  etc.,  carried  into  Charleston  by  the  South  Carolina  Eailroad, 
from  1844  to  1860  inclusive  :— 


Years. 
1344..... 

1845 

1846 

1847 

1848...., 

1849 

I860..... 

1861 

1852..,.. 

1853 

1854 

1865 

1856 

1857 

1858 

1859 

1860 


Ck>tton. 

Floor. 

Grain. 

Naval  stores. 

BTdse. 

live 

Bales. 

Bbls. 

Bosh. 

Bbls. 

Bales. 

stock. 

186,688 

197,667 

, 

...... 

.  •  • . . 

..... 

186,271 

12,148 

2,869 

48 



184,802 

19,048 

888,848 

8,189 

274,864 

16,447 

908,485 

5,758 

..... 

4,280 

889,996 

1,607 

66,904 

18.919 

10,682 

5,285 

284,985 

126 

15,616 

10,858 

11,188 

5,869 

287.690 

526 

647 

4,198 

12,810 

4,179 

364,729 

2,588 

15,652 

4,816 

16,227 

4,894 

840,866 

28,819 

109,092 

8,992 

15,868 

8,029 

850,857 

62,651 

186,536 

21,642 

11,109 

12,056 

449,564 

80,468 

817,662 

28,093 

9,886 

11,021 

386,849 

84,808 

456,994 

15,079 

8,985 

11,769 

251,850 

145,970 

717,274 

18,282 

11,427 

9,214 

428,452 

140,069 

282,867 

17,418 

9,606 

12.001 

893,890 

78.629 

128,854 

88,287 

10,240 

14,043 

814.619 

28,216 

86,179 

64,489 

12,858 

15,213 

CITT  AND  STATE  RAILROADS. 
From  the  annual  report  of  the  State  Engineer  and  Surveyor,  just  submitted 
to  the  Legislature,  we  derive  some  interesting  and  instructive  facts  bearing  upon 
the  great  railroad  interests  of  this  State.  For  example,  during  the  year,  no 
fewer  than  eighteen  new  companies  have  been  formed.  The  passenger  business 
of  the  city  railroads  is  increasing  in  a  ratio  far  beyond  the  anticipations  of  the 
projectors.    The  whole  number  of  passengers  carried  on  these  roads  during  the 


374  Bailroad,  Canal^  and  Steamboat  Statistics. 

past  twelve  months  is  49,980,148,  while  upon  all  the  other  roads  only  9305,978 
have  been  carried,  and  the  amount  received  for  passenger  business  on  the  city 
roads  is  $2,326,383  10,  while  the  amount  on  the  other  roads  is  $7,880,591  65. 
The  average  sam  received  for  carrying  each  passenger  on  the  city  roads  is  nearly 
4  cents,  while  on  the  other  roads  it  is  only  about  2  cents  for  each  mile.  If  we 
assume  that  each  city  passenger  is  carried  on  an  average  a  distance  of  two 
miles,  his  rate  of  fare  would  be  about  the  same  as  on  the  other  roads.  ' 

The  total  cost  of  construction  and  equipment  of  all  the  roads  in  the  State  b 
set  down  at  $137,048,335  19.  The  statement  annexed  shows  the  enormoos 
business  for  the  year : — 

BDBIMI88  or  TU  TEAR — FASSZKGIB  TRAMSPOBTAnOK. 

Miles  run  by  passenger  trains 16,816,620 

1  he  same,  excluding  city  roads 6,906,691 

Number  of  pastengen  of  all  classes  carried  in  the  cars 69,286,126 

The  same,  excluding  city  roads 9,806,978 

Number  of  miles  traveled  by  pasBeogers,  or  number  of  passengers 

carried  one  mile,  city  roads  not  included 882,986,207 

raXIGBT  TBANSPOBTATION. 

Miles  run  by  freight  trains 6,969,464 

Number  of  tons  carried  on  freight  trains 4,741,778 

Total  movement  of  freight,  or  number  of  tons  carried  one  mile '664,060,606 

OLASSiriOATioir  or  fbeicht. 

Tons. 

Products  of  the  forest 878,424 

Products  of  animals 896,619 

Vegetable  food 1,108,640 

Other  agricultural  products 148,219 

Manufactures 61 1,916 

Merchandise 788,811 

Other  articles 980,24 1 

Total  tonnage 4,741,778 

The  total  cost  of  operating  the  roads  was  $7,331,761  19.  The  following 
shows  the — 

XABNIVOS  AMD  FATMBMTS. 

From  passenger  business $10,206,974  76 

The  same,  excluding  city  toads 7,880,691  66 

From  freight  business,  city  roads  excluded 1 1,889,666  68 

From  other  sources 796,710  48 

The  same,  excluding  city  roads 767,460  76 

Total  earnings 122,843,24191 

The  same,  excluding  city  roads 20,477,699  69 

PATM KMTS  OTHXB  THAN  rOB  OOMaTBUOTlOlf. 

For  transportation  expenses $14,887,988  88 

The  same,  excluding  city  roads 12,662,676  72 

For  interest 3,962,892  61 

The  same,  excluding  city  roads. 8,916,991  04 

For  dividends  on  stock 2.476,686  76 

The  same,  excluding  city  roads 1,896,948  76 

Amount  carried  to  surplus  fund 699,892  42 

The  same,  excluding  aty  roads 69  >,087  04 

Total  payments $21,406,806  61 

The  same,  excluding  city  roads 19,062,698  66 

These  results  are  interesting  chiefly  to  the  stockholders,  but  we  come  next  to 
the  certain  grim  facts  which  will  only  impress  the  general  public,  and  all  who 


»  Railroad^  Oanal^  and  Steamboat  Statistics.  875 

have  occasion  to  trnst  themselves  to  the  care  of  the  iroo  horse.  Sextons  and 
undertakers,  especiallj,  will  be  interested  in  the  annexed  record  of  accidents, 
within  the  period  specified  in  the  engineer's  report : — 

Number  of  passengers  killed IS 

Number  of  paasengers  killed,  excluding  city  railroads -. 11 

Namb«r  of  paraeogers  injured 86 

Number  of  passengers  injured,  excluding  city  roads 22 

Number  of  employees  killed 28 

Number  of  employees  injured 17 

Number  of  others  killed. Ill 

Number  of  others  injured 46 

Total  number  killed 16S 

Total  number  injured 98 

Total  number  killed,  including  city  roads • 148 

Total  number  injured,  including  city  roads 71 


HO&SB  RAILROADS  OF  BOSTOH  AID  YICIHITY. 

There  are  at  present  twenty  horse  railroads  established  in  Boston  and  vicinity, 
a  number  of  which  are  leased  to  connecting  roads  running  into  Boston.  The 
aggregate  of  the  capital  and  business  of  these  roads  is  reported  as  follows  : — 

Total  amount  of  capital  of  the  road  is $4,676,000 

Cost 1,974,668 

Oo8t  of  equipment 710,667 

Total  length,  miles,  (single  and  double  track) 66 

Number  of  horses  owned 1,870 

Cost  of  horees. 167,263 

Number  of  cars  owned 208 

Number  of  conductors  employed  in  1860 166 

Number  of  drivers 168 

Number  of  hostlers 112 

Total  number  of  persons  regularly  employed  in  I860 662 

Number  of  passengers  earned  in  1860 18,696,193 

No  passengers  received  injury  in  conjequence  of  any  blame  attached  to  the 
employees  of  the  roads. 

NORTH  CAROUHA  AND  HER  RAILROADS. 

The  wisdom  of  the  liberal  State  aid  to  railways  has  been  fully  vindicated  by 
the  policy  of  North  Carolina.  The  rapid  increase  of  national  wealth  produced 
by  the  liberal  encouragement  of  public  works  within  her  limits,  has  rapidly  ex- 
tended the  basis  of  taxation,  and  secured,  indirectly,  a  full  return  for  the  aid  of 
State  credit  which  she  has  systematically  granted.  Lands  which,  ten  years  ago, 
sold  for  10  cents  an  acre,  now  bring  $16  per  acre.  The  assessed  value  of  the 
real  estate  of  North  Carolina  and  its  rapid  enhancement  are  shown  by  the  follow- 
ing figuress— In  1815  it  was  953,521,513.  For  the  succeeding  21  years,  it  di- 
minished— being  only  $51,021,317  in  1836.  During  the  next  14  years  it  in- 
creased only  about  94,500,000,  and  was,  in  1850,  $55,600,000.  In  1850,  the 
State  initiated  its  policy  of  granting  the  aid  of  its  bonds  to  railway  enterprises. 
During  the  five  succeeding  years  the  assessed  value  of  the  real  estate  within  her 
borders  had  increased  over  $43,000,000 !  and  from  1855  to  1860,  $28,000,000  more  ! 
making  the  assessed  value,  in  1855,998,075,969;  and  in  1860,  $126,000,000. 
Most  of  the  works  of  internal  improvement  in  that  State  have  been  contracted 
since  1850.  In  1850  there  were  only  250  miles  of  railroad  in  the  State,  now 
there  are  834  miles.  The  increased  value  of  real  estate  since  1850  yields  an 
annual  revenue  of  $140,400. 


376  Journal  of  Mining^  Manufactures,  and  Art. 


JOURNAL  OF  MINING,  MANUFACTURES,  AND  ART. 


LAKE  SUPERIOR  COPPER. 

The  annnal  circular  of  Messrs.  Dupbs,  Bbck,  and  Satlbs,  of  Boston,  contains 
matter  of  interest  :— 

The  depression  in  the  market  for  Mining  Shares,  noted  in  oar  Circular  for 
dOth  nit.,  continued  till  the  15th  December.  Since  the  latter  date  there  has 
been  a  gradual  improvement  This  has  been  due  to  the  canceling  of  a  large 
number  of  time  contracts,  to  a  less  stringent  money  market,  and  to  the  advance 
in  ingot  copper.  Early  in  the  month  a  few  small  lots  of  refined  copper  were 
sold  at  19  cents,  cash.  At  present  there  is  a  good  demand  for  export  at  20 
cents,  cash. 

While  the  market  prices  for  shares  have  fallen  below  those  of  the  panic  of 
1857,  it  is  gratifying  to  know  that,  during  1860,  much  real  progress  has  been 
made  in  the  management  of  the  mining  interests  at  Lake  Superior.  Much,  it  is 
true,  remains  to  be  done  to  bring  down  the  costs  of  production  to  offset  the  de- 
cline in  price  of  refined  copper.  For  the  five  years  prior  to  1860  ingot  copper 
has  ranged  from  29i  cents,  four  months,  about  the  maximum,  to  19  cents,  cash, 
the  minimum  price.  During  1860,  the  highest  price  was  24^  cents,  cash,  the 
lowest  19  cents,  cash. 

To  meet  the  probabilities  of  a  continuance  of  prices  of  copper  below  the 
average  of  the  past  six  years,  there  will  be  an  united  effort,  on  the  part  of  all 
the  managers  of  the  mines,  to  introduce  more  rigid  economy  into  every  depart- 
ment. Already  ranch  has  been  accomplished  in  1860  over  previous  years. 
Freights  to  and  from  the  mines  from  May  to  September  were  25  per  cent  less 
than  in  1869.  The  transportation  of  a  ton  of  copper  from  the  Lake  Shore  to 
"Boston,  cost,  after  the  opening  of  St  Mary's  Canal,  1865,  $20  ;  in  1860,  to 
Boston,  811,  and  to  New  York,  $9.  The  substitution  of  bituminous  coal  for 
wood,  which  has  been  delivered  during  the  past  summer  at  the  wharves  of  Fort- 
age  Lake  for  $3  35  per  ton,  will  save  much  money  and  leave  the  forests  of  the 
country  for  building  materials  and  for  timbering  of  the  mines.  With  the  wants 
of  a  rapidly  increasing  population,  new  and  cheaper  sources  of  supply  are  con- 
stantly opening  in  the  region  itself.  Many  agricultural  products,  nitherto  sent 
up  at  a  great  cost  from  Lower  Michigan,  are  now  raised  in  the  neighborhood  of 
the  mi  DCS,  and  at  the  new  settlements  on  the  southwestern  shores  of  the  Lake, 
cheaply  and  abundantly.  At  Fortage  Lake,  a  machine  shop,  an  iron  foundry, 
and  a  manufactory  of  doors,  sashes,  blinds,  &c.,  have  been  put  in  operation  dur- 
ing 1860.  The  Smelting  Works  of  the  Fortage  Lake  Company  are  now  suc- 
cessfully refining  the  products  of  that  district  These  works  consists  of  four 
reverberatory  and  two  cupola  furnaces,  capable  of  refining  six  thousand  tons  per 
annum.  The  buildings  are  of  the  most  thorough  and  sul^tantial  character,  and 
the  location  of  the  works  accessible,  at  a  very  small  cost  of  transportation,  to 
all  the  mines  now  wrought,  or  likely  to  be  wrought  for  many  years  henee,  in 
that  neighborhood.  Hitherto,  to  save  cost  of  transportation  to  the  Smelting 
Companies  in  other  States,  it  has  been  necessary  to  dress  the  rough  copper  to 
an  average,  probably,  of  70  per  cent  Now,  by  the  proximity  of  the  furnaces 
to  the  mines,  a  dressing  of  60  per  cent  will  answer  the  same  purpose,  while  the 
refined  copper,  hitherto  rarely  ready  for  the  market  before  the  1st  to  15th  July, 
will  now  be  sent  directly  from  the  Lake  to  New  York  or  Boston,  arriving  there, 
in  ordinary  seasons,  by  the  1st  of  June.  Further,  there  will  be  added  the  new 
facility  of  obtaining  cash  advances  through  the  winter,  on  the  warehouse  receipts 
of  the  Smelting  Company. 

The  opening  of  the  entry  into  Fortage  Lake,  during  the  past  season,  has  been 
one  of  the  greatest  improvements  in  the  navigation  of  Lake  Superior  since  the 
completion  of  the  ship  canal  around  the  falls  of  St.  Mary's  River.  At  the  com- 
paratively small  cost  of  $50,000,  steamers  of  the  largest  class,  able  to  pass 


JcvmaX  of  Mining^  Manvfactures^  and  Art  877 

throngh  the  St  Mary's  Oanal,  may  now  enter  Portage  Lake,  and  discharge  their 
cargoes  at  the  docks  of  the  several  companies  located  on  the  shores  of  that  lake. 
Beside  avoiding  the  loss  of  time  and  transhipment,  hitherto  necessary,  the  open 
ing  of  Portage  Lake  has  provided  one  of  the  most  capacioos  and  safest  harbors 
in  the  world. 

In  the  Ontonagon  District,  a  plank  road  has  been  completed  recently,  facili- 
tating to  a  very  great  extent  the  transportation  to  and  from  the  Minnesota,  Na- 
tional, Rockland,  and  Superior  mines. 

Thb  St.  Mart's  Canal  Mineral  Land  Co.'s  explorations  have  been  confined 
daring  the  past  year  to  their  lands  in  the  neighborhood  of  Portage  Lake.  The 
Albany  and  Boston  vein  has  been  opened  with  good  promise  on  Section  5,  lying 
north  of  that  location. 

The  Iron  interests  of  Lake  Superior  are  rapidly  attaining  great  importance. 
The  amount  brought  down  to  Marquette,  the  port  of  shipment,  in  1860,  was, — 
Of  iron  ore.  from  the  Jackson  Co.,  62,980  tons  ;  Cleveland  Co.,  47,889  ;  Lake 
Superior  Co.,  39,394 ;  totol.  150,263.  Of  pig  iron,  Pioneer  Co.,  3,050  tons  ;  S. 
R.  Gay,  1,800;  Northern  Co.,  650;  total,  6,500.  Ore  valued  at  $3 ;  pig  at 
$25  ;  aggregate  value,  $586,289. 

Albany  AND  Boston — This  company's  mining  operations  were  commenced 
at  Portage  Lake,  about  the  15th  June  last.  Since  that  date,  all  the  buildings 
requisite  for  the  enterprise,  including  a  steam  saw-mill,  have  been  erected,  and 
the  vein,  the  widest  and  richest  at  the  surface  yet  seen  in  the  district,  explored 
for  2,800  feet.  This  lode,  when  discovered,  was  supposed  to  be  identical  with 
the  Pewabic.  Recent  explorations  have  determined  that  it  is  a  distiuct  forma- 
tion, and  that  this  company  possesses  a  mile  iu  length  of  each  of  what  are  now 
termed  the  "  Albany  and  Boston,'*  and  the  "  Pewabic  "  veins.  The  A.  &  B. 
lode,  so  far  as  exposed,  is  from  five  to  thirty  feet  in  width,  carrying,  in  almost 
every  part  of  it,  rich  barrel  and  stamp  work.  The  regular  mining  work  has 
already  made  good  progress. 

Central. — The  shipments  this  season  have  been  78.6  tons  of  75  per  cent 
copper.  The  product  would  have  been  larger  had  it  not  been  for  the  delay  in 
time  between  the  expiration  of  the  lease  of  the  Northwestern  Co's  stamps  and 
the  erection  of  new  ones  by  the  Central  Co., — a  period  of  about  four  months. 
The  new  stamps,  48  heads,  at  the  last  date,  were  in  perfect  running  order. 

Copprr  Falls. — Shipments  this  season  have  been  on  Company's  account  239 
tons ;  on  tributer's  account  89  tons,  both  yielding  over  84  per  cent.  The  No- 
vember product  was  nearly  18  tons  of  85.7  per  cent  purity.  The  new  stamping 
machinery,  two  heads  (Bali's),  it  is  presumed  will  be  in  operation  by  February 
1st  next.  It  is  expected  to  be  more  powerful  than  any  of  that  patent  hitherto 
erected.  As  the  mine  has  been  largely  opened  the  product  should  hereafter  be 
very  much  increased. 

Franklin. — The  mining  operations  of  this  company  for  1860  have  resulted 
in  opening  a  large  amount  of  stoning  ground,  preparatory  to  a  large  product 
for  next  year.  In  the  meantime  the  prwluct  for  the  year  ending  November  30, 
has  been  112  masses,  weighing  72,166  lbs.;  721  barrels  of  barrel  work,  469,116 
lbs.;  and  67  barrels  stamp  work,  63,816  lbs.  Total,  605,098  lbs.,  equal  to  180.7 
tons  refined  copper.  The  actual  shipments  were  about  267  tons  rough,  or  158 
ions  ingot  copper.  The  stamps  are  Ball's,  consisting  of  two  pairs  of  two  heads 
each.  They  did  not  commence  work  till  November  19.  Up  to  the  latest  dates 
their  results  were  entirely  satisfactory.  An  assessment  of  32  per  share  has  been 
called,  payable  January  1st  This  amount  paid  in  will  place  the  Franklin 
among  the  first-class  mines. 

Hancock. — The  stamping  machinery,  16  heads  of  improved  Cornish,  it  is  un- 
derstood, is  about  ready  for  working  up  a  large  accumulation  of  vein  stuff. 
Shipments  in  1860,  7  2  tons. 

Huron. — Total  shipments  this  year  65.4  tons  of  64^  per  cent  barrel  work 
and  12,311  pounds  of  refined  copper,  smelted  at  the  Portage  Lake  works.  There 
is  ready  for  the  stamps  an  amount  equivaleut,  at  a  fair  estimate,  to  the  quantity 
shipped  this  season. 

IsLB  Rotle. — November  returns  not  received.    They  will  probably  exceed 


378  Journal  of  Mining^  Manufactures^  and  Art 

40  tons.  Total  shipments  this  season  458.6  tons,  averaging  over  70  per  cent. 
Preparations  have  been  made  for  opening  a  large  amount  of  around  daring  the 
winter,  with  a  view  to  large  shipments  at  the  opening  of  navigation. 

Mksnabd. — All  the  work  thos  far  has  been  preparatory  to  fbtare  extensive 
operations. 

National. — November  product  71.7  tons.  Total  shipments  in  1860  were 
692.8  tons.  A  dividend  of  two  dollars  per  share  will  probably  be  paid  in 
February. 

Pewabio. — November  product  304.8  tons.  The  actual  shipments  for  the 
season  have  been  2,727,632  pounds.  The  product  for  one  year  to  November  30, 
was  as  follows : — 

467  masses  weighing  348,658  lbs.;  2,294  barrels  kiln  or  barrel  work  weighing 
net  1,450.778  lbs.;  342  barrels  No.  1,  Stamp,  379,718  lbs.;  399  barrels  No.  2, 
Stamp,  389,973  lbs.;  401  barrels  No.  3,  Stamp,  346,912  lbs.;  add  on  tributer's 
account,  27,428.    ToUl,  2,943,467  lbs. 

The  smelting  returns  are  not  yet  all  made,  but  on  an  estimate,  based  on  past 
experience,  the  result  will  not  vary  much  from  2,030,992  lbs.,  or  about  1,000 
tons  of  ingot  copper. 

During  the  year  there  have  been  shipped  1,533  ounces  of  silver. 

The  annual  products  of  the  Pewabic  mine  have  been  as  follows : — 1865, 19 197 
tons  rough,  or  11.0895  ingot,  value  81,080  19  ;  1856,  96.799  rough,  or  65.823 
ingot,  value  $31,492  23 ;  1857.204.342  rough,  or  118.127  ingot,  value  344,068 
29j  1858,  379.668  rough,  or  208.301  ingot,  value  376.638.02 ;  1859,  742.167 
rough,  or  520  ingot,  value  3196,551  62  ;  1860, 1,458.019  rough  (besides  tribu- 
fers',)  or  ingot,  estimated,  1,007  994,  value  3403,988  80. 

A  full  report  of  the  company's  affairs  will  be  published  as  soon  as  the  ac* 
counts,  made  up  to  this  date,  are  received  from  the  mine. 

Ph(enix. — The  product  shipped  during  1860,  was  31i  tons  rough  of  about  83 
per  cent,  or  nearly  26  tons  refined  copper.  A  very  large  amount  of  stopiog 
ground  has  been  opened  in  readiness  for  the  new  stamping  machinery  of  48 
heads  (Wayne's)  now,  probably,  in  full  operation.  The  equipment  of  this  mine 
in  the  matter  of  machinery,  including  one  of  the  most  powerful  steam  engines  at 
the  Lake,  is  in  every  respect  of  the  most  substantial  character.  An  instalment 
of  $1  per  share  is  called  for,  payable  January  12th. 

Pittsburg  and  BosTON.—November  product  114  tons.  Total  shipments 
1,357  tons.  Total  product  for  the  year  1,402  tons.  The  annual  report  recently 
published  gives  the  result  of  the  year  ending  December  1, 1859.  The  product, 
for  that  year  was  1,099.8  tons,  yielding  64.35  per  cent.,  or  707.5  tons  ingot  cop- 
per. The  receipts,  including  32,405 17  from  sales  of  silver,  were  3292.503 14. 
•  The  expenditures  were  3272,176  75,  leaving  net  profit  320.327  39.  The  assets 
of  the  company  December  1,  1859,  over  its  liabilities,  were,  exclusive  of  mining 
property,  furnaces,  warehouses,  and  docks,  3122,050  68.  The  result  of  1860,  as 
far  as  indicated  bv  the  increased  shipments,  the  constantly  improving  condition 
of  the  mine,  of  which  minute  accounts  are  given  in  the  report ;  the  very  large 
addition  of  stamping  machinery  (Hodge's)  now  about  in  working  order ;  and  the 
great  purchase  of  the  property  of  the  North  American  Mining  Co.,  consisting  of 
2,300  acres,  with  all  the  equipments  of  a  mine,  for  3100,100— all  combine  to 
make  the  Cliff  mine  one  of  the  most  valuable  of  its  class  in  the  world. 

PoNTiAC— An  assessment  of  31  per  share  has  been  called,  payable  December 
14th  inst.  Like  the  Mesnard,  the  principal  work  at  present  is  in  opening  the 
mine  extensively  for  future  production. 

QuiNCY. — November  product  172  tons.  Shipments  in  1860,  in  masses,  55.6 
tons,  stamp  work  377.2  tons  ;  barrel  work  419.4  tons.  Total,  852.2  tons.  The 
mine  has  64  heads  of  Wayne's  stamps.  They  stamped  in  November  3,078  tons 
of  rock,  producing  88i  tons  of  copper. 

Rockland.— Total  shipments  for  1860,  441  masses  and  767  bble.  of  kiln  and 
•  stkmpwork,  weighiug  net  1,106,367  lbs.,  or  662.7  tons.    This  is  an  increase  of 
205  tons  over  last  year.    The  increased  attention  paid  to  keeping  ground  open« 
ed  ahead  almost  guaranties  a  largely  increased  product  for  1861. 


Journal  of  Mining,  Manufactures^  and  Art. 


379 


SupEBiOB.->Sbipped  in  1860  19  masses  and  37  barrels.  Net  weight  14  tODs 
123  lbs.    Last  year  the  shipDient  was  but  1.7  tons. 

ToLTEc. — The  recent  movement  In  this  stock  is  the  alleged  discoyery  on  its 
tract  of  the  Minnesota  vein.  All  accounts  concur  in  the  richness  of  the  sarface 
show. 

Porcupine  Mountain  District. — The  principal  mining  company  working 
in  this  district  is  the  Carp  Lake  Go.  This  company  has  shipped  during  the 
past  season  20i  tons  rough  copper.  Operations  have  already  progressed  suffi- 
ciently to  warrant  the  erection,  early  next  season,  of  Hodge's  stamping  ma- 
chinery. 

00MPABATI7S   TABLE  OF   SHIPMENTS  OF   ftOUQH  COPPER    FROM   LAKE  SUPEEIOB    DCEINO 
THE  SEASONS  OF    1859   AND   i860. 

[The  weight  of  the  btfrels  hAye  been  deducted  and  the  results  tre  glyen  in  tons  of  2,000  lbs. 

and  tenths.] 

ONTONAGON   DISTEIOT. 


KEWEENAW  DISTEIOT. 
I8i9. 

Central 172.8 

Clark.... 6.6 

Connecticut 24 

Copper  Falls 829.4 

Eagle  Rirer 6 

North  Americaa 8.7 

Northwest 78.8 

PhoBDiz 82 

Pittsbuig  and  Boston..  1,264.6 

Summit 4 


1860. 

78.6 
7.2 
6.8 
828 


108.6 
81.2 
1,867 


1,910.8     1,910.8 


PORTAGE  DISTRICT. 

C.  C.  Dooglass 

IsleRoyide 241.8 


Franklin. 
Hancock. 
Huron . . . 
Mesnard. 
Pewabic. 
Portage.. 
Quincy... 


204.7 


24 

268 
267 
7.2 

78 

1,868.8 
862.2 


189.4 
16.8 


Adyentnre 

Aztec 

Bohemian 

Everpeen  Bluff. 27 

Hamilton 7 

Mass..., 12.8 

Minnesota , . .  •  1,628.6 

National 828.2 

Nebraska 9.8 

Norwich 22 

Ogima 86.4 

Ridge 27.8 

Rockland 847 

Superior 1.7 

Toltec 9.4 

2,697.6 

RBOAPITULATION. 

Keweenaw  District. . .  1,910.8 

Portage 1,688.1 

Ootooi^roo 2,697.6 

Porcupme  Mountain... 
Sundiy  mines 


1860. 

29.7 
4.9 

41.9 
7.9 

2,188.4 

692.8 

26.4 


662.7 
14 


8,668.7 

[1,910.8 

8,060.8 

8,668.7 

20.5 

7.6 


1,688.1    8,060.8  6,041         8,648.4 

This  8,543.4  tons  rough  are  equal  to  6,000  tons  ingot  copper,  valued  at  $420 
per  ton ;  or,  in  the  aggregate,  two  millions  five  hundred  and  twenty  thousand 
dollars. 

STATEMENT  OP  PUBLIC  TRANSACTIONS  IN  MINING  SHARES  DURING  DIOEMBER  1860, 
WITH  THE  AMOUNT  PAID  IK  PER  SHARE,  AND  THE  OPENING  AND  0L06ING  PRICES 
FOR  THAT  PERIOD.      EACH  COMPANY   HAS  ISSUED  20,000  SHARES. 


Paid  In  per 
share. 

Central |4  86 

Copper  Falls.  21  00 

Franklin 4  50 

Hancock 2  60 

Huron 4  00 

IsleRoyale..  16  10 

Mesnard. 2  60 

Minnesota....    8  60 

National 6  60 

North  Cliff...    2  60 


Shares 

sold.    Op'ni'g.  Clos'g. 
8,000  $6  75  16  62 

196  19  00  19  60 
2,718     2  60    2  26 

400     6  00 

4,860     7  62     6  87 

8,427     2  60     8  60 

214  66  00  66  00 

84  28  60  80  00 

66     1  00     1  00 


Paid  In  per 
eharea. 
Petherick....    160 

Pewabic 8  76 

PhosniE. 8  00 

PitWg<bBost    6  66 

Pootiac 2  00 

Quincy 10  00 

Rockhind....     6  00 

Superior 4  00 

South  Side...      100 
Toltec 17  00 


Shares 

Bold.    Op'nl'g.  Clos'g. 
4     2  60 
608  88  00  84  00 

126  40  00  62  00 

1,692  ♦2  87  t8  00 

69  28  60  27  87 

608  18  00  17  26 

408     2  00    2  87 

246  1  00 

1,684    2  87     2  00 


♦  Prior  t 


nent. 


paid. 


880  Journal  of  Mining^  Manufactures^  and  Art, 

FIREPROOF  SAFES. 

It  is  obvious  that  in  the  constractioD  of  a  cheftt  designed  to  be  not  only  bur- 
glar but  fire-proof  that  iron  as  a  material  would  naturally  suggest  itself.  Ney» 
ertheless,  oak  seems  formerly  to  have  been  a  favorite  material,  probably  from  the 
facility  of  working  and  ornamenting.  An  example  of  this  kind  of  cofifer  is  afforded 
in  the  chest  in  which  the  crown  jewels  of  Scotland  were  deposited  in  1707.  The 
chest,  beautifully  ornamented,  was  secured  with  iron  bands,  hasps,  and  staples. 
There  were  three  looks,  which  then  no  doubt  afforded  security,  but  each  of  them 
could  be  opened  in  five  minutes  with  a  bit  of  crooked  wire  in  our  day.  At  the 
close  of  the  last  century  there  began  to  be  made  the  iron  chests  known  as  "  for- 
eign coffers."  These  were  constructed  of  sheet  iron  strongly  riveted  to  hoop 
iron  crossed  at  right  angles  on  the  outside  ;  a  lock,  throwing  eight  bolts  inside 
and  two  bars  and  staples  for  padlocks  outside,  were  employed  to  secure  the  lid  ; 
over  the*  door  lock  was  a  cap,  beautifully  pierced  and  chased,  and  a  secretly 
operated  escutcheon  concealed  the  key-hole.  These  were  formidable  to  look  at, 
and  no  doubt  answerd  their  purpose  all  the  better,  that  the  science  of  lockpick- 
ing  was  then  not  so  advanced  as  in  the  present  day. 

About  the  beginning  of  the  present  century,  cast  iron  chests  begap  to  be 
made  for  commercial  purposes,  and  the  manufacture  flourished  to  a  considerable 
extent  The  idea  of  introducing  non-conducting  substances  as  a  protection 
against  fire,  occurred  but  some  years  later.  The  favorite  substance  for  this  pur- 
pose b  gypsum,  or  plaster  of  Paris.  The  same  material  was  applied  to  fire-safes 
in  Paris,  and  these  were  to  some  extent  imported  into  New  York  about  the  year 
1820. 

The  first  actual  application  of  plaster  of  Paris  to  safes  in  this  country  seems 
to  have  been  by  Jambs  Conner,  the  type  founder,  of  New  York.  His  business 
made  him  acquainted  with  the  non-conducting  qualities  of  plaster  of  Paris,  and 
he  applied  it  to  an  iron  chest  in  his  office,  which  chest  has  been  in  use  ever  since. 
Soon  after  Jesse  Delano,  of  New  York,  began  making  chests  of  the  Paris  pat- 
tern, substituting  solid  cast  iron  heads  to  secure  the  bands.  In  1826,  he  patent- 
ed an  improvement  which  consisted  in  coating  the  wooden  foundation  with  a 
composition  of  equal  parts  clay,  lime,  plumbago,  and  mica,  or  saturating  the 
wood  in  a  solution  of  potash*  and  alum,  to  render  it  incombustible. 

The  first  portable  fire-proof  chests  introduced  for  sale  in  this  city,  were 
imported  from  France  by  the  late  Joseph  Bouoheebed,  Esq.,  about  1820,  and 
no  doubt  many  of  our  old  merchants  and  bankers  remember  them,  as  many  were 
sold  for  use  in  counting-houses  and  bank  vaults  ;  they  were  constructed  of  wood 
and  iron.  The  foundation  was  a  box  of  hard  close-grained  wood,  covered  on 
the  outside  with  plate  iron,  over  which  were  hoops  or  bands  of  iron  about  two 
inches  wide,  crossing  each  other  at  right  angles,  so  forming  squares  on  all  sides 
of  the  chest ;  holes  were  made  in  the  bands  and  plates,  through  which  well  made 
wrought  iron  nails,  or  spikes,  having  "  hollow,^*  half-spherical  heads,  were  driven 
into,  and  through,  the  wooden  box,  and  then  "  clinnhed** — the  inside  of  the 
chest  was  then  lined  with  a  covering  of  sheet  iron.  These  chests  had  a  well- 
furnished  but  very  large  lock,  having  from  six  to  eight  bolts  operated  by  one 
turn  of  the  key. 

After  Mr.  Delano,  C.  J.  Gayleb  began  the  safe  manufacture,  and  in  1833 
he  patented  his  "  double"  fire-proof  chest.    This  consisted  of  two  chests,  one  so 


JbumcU  of  Mining  J  Manufactures^  and  Art  881 

formed  within  the  other  aa  to  leave  one  or  more  spaces  between  them  to  enclose 
air  or  any  known  non-condactors  of  heat.  In  the  same  year,  one  of  these  double 
chests  was  severely  tested  by  being  exposed  in  a  large  building  in  Thomaston, 
Maine,  that  was  entirely  destroyed  by  fire.  The  chest  preserved  its  contents 
in  good  order.  This  excited  the  public  admiration,  and  one  enthusiastic  writer 
described  it  as  a ''  Salamander/'  which  name  has  ever  since  been  popularly  ap- 
plied to  safes. 

The  majority  of  the  so-called  '*  safes"  in  use  at  the  time  of  the  great  fire  in 
New  York  in  1835,  were  simply  iron  closets,  and  were  of  little  protection 
against  the  devouring  element.  There  were  then  about  sixty  of  Gayler*s  double 
chests  in  use,  and  they  earned  a  character  for  the  means  with  which  they  pre- 
served books  and  securities.  The  fire  of  1835,  notwithstanding,  stimulated  inge- 
nuity in  the  construction  of  safes,  and  John  Scott  obtained  a  patent  for  the  use 
of  asbestos  for  fire-proof  chests.  He  mixed  that  material  with  plaster  of  Paris 
and  water,  and  spread  it  on  from  one  to  threee  inches  thick  on  a  wooden  foun- 
dation or  box.  The  composition  was  then  covered  with  sheet  iron,  secured  by 
bands  or  bar  iron.  In  the  following  year,  Mr.  Jahbs  Matthews,  of  New  York, 
patented  a  composition  for  fire-proof  safes,  consisting  of  Roman  cement,  soap- 
stone,  alum,  and  glue.  In  1837,  Bbnjamin  Sherwood,  of  New  York,  obtained 
a  patent  for  a  circular  revolving  safe  within  a  safe,  and  claimed  the  exclusive 
right  to  the  use  of  boiled  gypsum  and  pulverized  charcoal  in  equal  proportions, 
mixed  with  water,  and  poured  into  the  space  between  the  inner  and  outer  plates 
of  each  safe.  In  1 840,  B.  G.  Wilder  obtained  a  patent  for  a  construction  known 
as  the  "  Wilder  patent.'*  This  has  had  very  good  success.  There  is  in  New 
York  two  manufacturers  of  these — B.  G.  Wilder  &  Co.,  and  A.  S.  Marvin  &  Co. 

In  the  same  year  Mr.  Fitzgerald  got  out  a  patent  for  the  combination  of  a 
safe  with  a  counting-house  desk.  In  1843,  the  same  person  obtained  a  patent 
for  the  use  of  plaster  of  Paris  alone  or  with  mica,  in  the  construction  of  fire- 
proof safes.  In  1855,  Holmes  G.  Butler  patented  an  improvement  in  the 
mode  of  applying  alum  filling  in  safes.  The  Messrs.  Spear,  of  Philadelphia,  ob- 
tained a  patent  for  the  use  of  the  residuum  of  the  materials  used  in  the  making 
of  soda  water,  for  safes.  There  have  been  many  patents  obtained  for  the  use  of 
plaster  of  Paris  mixed  with  other  substances.  The  leading  articles  used  up  to 
this  time,  however,  are  plaster  of  Paris,  clay,  and  cement.  These  materials  have 
furnished  the  manufacturers  with  the  means  of  various  combinations,  for  which 
greater  or  less  advantages  are  claimed.  The  American  safes  are  no  doubt  su- 
perior to  those  made  in  any  other  part  of  the  world. 

The  main  object  of  the  safes  enumerated  has  been  protection  against  fire.  In 
1851,  however,  Lewis  Lillie,  of  Troy,  obtained  a  patent  for  a  burglar  proof 
chilled  iron  safe,  that  has  come  into  v<^ue  with  the  bankers.  The  mode  of  con- 
struction  is  peculiar,  a  foundation  or  box  is  made  of  bars  of  wrought  jron,  cross- 
ing each  other  at  right  angles,  and  placed  near  each  other  so  as  to  form  a  com- 
pact network.  The  inside  of  this  box  is  filled  with  sand,  and  placed  in  a  mould 
with  an  open  space  of  from  one  to  two  or  more  inches  all  around  the  outeide 
Into  this  space  is  poured  cast  iron,  which  becomes  thoroughly  chilled  and  hard' 
]ike  the  plowshare,  and  impervious  to  a  drill.  The  door  is  made  in  the  same 
manuer,  and  secured  by  a  Derby  combination  lock.  There  are  other  modes  of 
combining  the  same  materials  for  efibcting  the  same  object. 


382 


Statistics  of  AgricuUiarey  etc. 


STATISTICS  OF  AGRICULTURE,  &c. 


AREA  OF  THE  U5ITBD  STATES. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  and  instractive  statistical  tables  compiled  ander 
the  sapervision  of  the  government  at  Washington  is  one  which  shows  the  area 
in  sqnare  miles  and  acres  of  the  several  States  and  territories  of  the  Union. 
We  present  is  as  compiled  at  the  General  Land  Office : — 

AN  KZHIBIT  or  THE   AKEA  OF  TBS  SBYXaAL  BTAT18  AMD  TKBaiTORIBS  QW    TBS    UMITSD 

STATES. 


StftteB  of 

Bontre 

States  of 

Square 

the  Union. 

mUea. 

Aeres. 

the  Union. 

miles. 

Acres. 

Maine 

86,000 
9,280 

22.400,000 
6,689,200 

MarylancI 

Virginia 

11,124 

7,149,860 

New  Hampshire 

61,862 

89,260,280 

Vermont 

10,212 

6,686,680 

North  Carolina  . 

60,704 

82,410,660 

Massachueetts ... 

7,800 

4,992,000 

South  Carolina.. 

84,000 

2l,7<t0,100 

Rhode  Islands  . . 

1,806 

886,840 

Georgia 

68,000 

87,121,000 

Connecticut .... 

4,760 

8,040,000 

Kentucky 

84,080 

24,116,100 

New  York 

47,000 

80,000,000 

Tennessee 

46,600 

29,184.000 

New  Jersey.... 

8,820 

6,824.800 

Texas 

274.866 

176,687,840 

PenDsylvania. . . 

46,000 

29,440,000 

Delaware 

2,120 

1,806,800 

Total 

744,604 

476,640,660 

Land  SUtes. 

Square  miles. 

Acres. 

Land  SUtes. 

Sqoaro  miles.        Acres. 

Ohio. 

89,964 

26,676,640 

Florida 

69,268 

87,981,620 

Indiana 

88,809 

21,687,960 

Alabama. 

60,722 

82,462,080 

Michigan 

66.461 

86,128,760 

Mississippi 

47,166 

80,179,080 

Illinois 

66,410 

86,162,400 

Louisiana 

41,846 

26,461,440 

Wisconsin 

68,924 

84,228,800 

Arkansas... 

62,198 

88,406,720 

Iowa. 

66,076 

86,228,800 

Missoari 

66,860 

41,824,000 

California 

188.981 

120,947,800 

Oregon 

96,274 

60,976.860 

Total 

978,429 

626,194,660 

Blinnesota 

88,631 

68,459,840 

D.  of  Columbia. 

60 

88,400 

Territories.  Square  miles. 

Kansas 126,288 

Nebraska 842,488 

Minnesota. 81,960 

Washington 198,071 

New  Mexico  . . .      256,809 


Acres. 

80,821,120 
219,160,820 

62,484,400 
128.566,440 
164,087.760 


Territories.  Sqnare  miles.         Acres. 

Utah 220,196      140,925.400 

Indian 67,020       42,892.800 


Total  territories.  1,287.277     828,867,280 
**   land  surface  8,010,277   1,926,686,800 

To  which  added  water  surfaces,  lakes,  rivers,  &c.,  we  have  a  surface  of  over 
3,250,000  square  miles. 

The  aggregate  area  of  the  land  States  and  territories  is  upward  of  1,450,000,000 
acres.  

RUSSIilV  TRADE  AND  HARVEST. 

The  London  Times  gives  a  review  furnished  by  Mr.  C.  Matvkieff  of  the  re- 
sults thus  far  ascertained  of  the  Russian  grain  harvest,  which  shows  that, 
*'  although  it  will  not  realize  the  expectations  originally  entertained,  it  is  likely 
on  the  whole  to  be  very  good  both  in  quality  and  quantity.  The  drawbacks 
sustained  have  been  from  heat  and  drought,  and  consequently,  while  the  autumn- 
sown  crops  which  had  previously  gained  strength  have  proved  extremely  abund- 
ant, those  of  the  spring  have  been  starved,  and  in  many  instances,  destroyed. 
In  the  Moscow  district  the  weather  was  most  favorable  until  July,  and  although 
from  that  date  the  want  of  rain  was  much  felt,  the  damage  to  the  rye  crops  was 


Statistics  of  Agriculture^  etc.  38  3 

lees  than  had  been  feared.    The  hay  crop,  which  had  been  cat  two  or  three  weeks 
earlier  than  nsaal,  turned  out  a  full  average  and  of  superior  quality.    The  spring- 
sown  grain — principally  oats — is  expected  to  be  under  the  average.    With  re- 
gard to  the  other  parts  of  the  empire,  separating  it  into  four  divisions,  the  re- 
sults appear  to  be  as  follows : — 1.  East  and  southeast. — The  quantity  and  quality 
of  autumn-sown  corn  full  average,  and  that  of  spring-sown  much  below  the 
average.    2.  South  and  southwest. — Autumn-sown  (rye  and  wheat)  most  abund- 
ant ;  spring, corn  full  average.    3,  West  and  northwest. — Autumn-sown,  (prin- 
cipally rye,  wheat  being  less  cultivated  here  than  in  the  southwest,)  full  average  ; 
spring-sown  only  an  average.    4.  North  and  northeast. — Autumn  corn  (rye) 
very  good,  both  in  quantity  and  quality ;  spring-sown  a  full  average.    From 
Siberia  the  reports  describe  the  weather  to  be  most  beautiful  and  highly  favor- 
able for  the  crops,  which  were  making  great  progress ;  the  final  result,  however, 
had  yet  to  be  ascertained.    With  regard  to  other  than  cereal  productions,  the 
promise  throughout  the  country  seems  to  be  satisfactory.    The  linseed  crops 
have  also  suffered  from  the  heat,  but,  owing  to  the  quantity  sown,  the  expecta- 
tion is  that,  under  any  circumstances,  they  will  be  larger  than  those  of  last  year. 
In  respect  to  live  stock  it  is  stated  that  the  supplies  of  beasts  at  Nfoscow  have 
been  so  large  that  the  prices  of  meat  have  fallen  fifty  per  cent  since  March.    The 
graziers  had  sent  forward  these  supplies  expecting  an  increased  demand  from  a 
prosperous  manufacturing  business,  and  an  augmentation  of  a  number  of  work- 
men, and  also  in  the  belief  that  the  combination  among  the  speculators  would 
succeed  in  keeping  up  the  price  of  tallow,  but  the  inland  trade  at  all  the  prin- 
cipal fairs  proved  bad  from  the  unfavorable  harvest  of  last  year  and  the  collapse 
in  the  money  market,  and  the  manufacturers,  instead  of  requiring  more  labor, 
find  themselves  with  heavy  stocks  on  hand.    The  latest  accounts  from  Nischni 
— the  greatest  fair  in  Russia,  are  said  to  be  deplorable.    Concerning  the  future 
supply  of  tallow  the  opinion  is  that  it  will  not  be  small.    It  is  already  known 
that  the  quantity  from  Samara  will  be  about  thirty-five  thousand  casks.    Siberia 
is  also  certain  to  send  as  much  as  her  recent  contribution  or  more,  as  she  is  said 
to  be  making  remarkable  progress  with  this  product.    Since  1835  her  annual 
supply  has  increased  from  eighteen  thousand  casks  to  forty  thousand,  exclusive 
of  a  few  thousand  casks  retained  for  candle  factories.    The  Ukraine  likewise 
promises  a  larger  yield  this  year,  in  consequence  of  good  weather  and  the  abundant 
harvest. 

AGRICULTURE  OF  IRELAND,  1860. 

The  following  statistics,  from  the  official  bureau  in  Dublin,  will  no  doubt  be 
read  with  general  interest : — 

AGBIOULTUEAL    STATISTICS  OF  lAKLANO   FOB  THB  TBAB8    1869  AND    1860. 

18M.  1860.  Increwe.  Decreoee, 

Wheat acres           464,176  469,662  6,467          

Oats.. 1,982.662  1,961,884          21,278 

Barley 177,894  180,964  8,070         

Bereandrye 18,196  12,822  ....  376 

Beans  and  peas 14,861  12,746  ....  2,106 

Total 2,662,780         2,637,667        8,637        23,760 

Decrease  in  cereal  crops  in  1860 acres        16,223 


384 


^atiatics  of  AgricuUuire^  etc. 


Potatoes acres 

Tornips 

MaDgel  wursel  and  beet  root 

Cabbage  

OarroU,  parsnips,  <&  other  green  crops 
Yetches  and  rape. 


Total 

Decrease  on  green  crops  in  1860. 


18t9. 
1,200,817 
822,187 
27,064 
81,680 
21,971 
88,248 

1,686,482' 


1860. 
1,171,887 
818,691 
82,060 
22,749 
21,680 
40,583 


Inortsia.    BsoresM. 
28,610 
8,446 


6.006 


7,290 


8,981 
868 


1,607,488       12,296        41,246 
28,949 


OINSSAL  8UMM AET. 


Increase  on  meadow  and  dorer  in  1860. 

Decrease  in  cereal  crops  in  1860 , 

Decrease  in  green  crops  in  1860 

Decrease  in  flax  crops  in  1860 


16,228 

28,949 
7,888 


Total  increase  in  extent  of  land  under  cropa  in  1860. 


Wheat 

Oate 

Barley ^ 

Bere  and  rye 

Beans  and  peas 

Potatoes 

Tnmipe 

Mangel  and  beet  root 

Cabbage 

Carrots,  pjarsnips,  and  other  green  crops. 

Vetches  and  rape 

Flax 

Meadow  and  clover 


18i9. 

464,176 

1,982,662 

177,894 

18,198 

14,861 

1,200,847 

822,187 

27,064 

81,680 

21,971 

88,248 

186,282 

1,487,111 


Aoras. 
167,875 


62,010 
106.866 


TOTAL  SXTSNT  IN    8TATUTK  A0RX8  OF  OBEBAL   AND   QEBBN  OEOPS* 


1860. 

469,682 

1,961,384 

180,964 

12.822 

12,746 

1,171,887 

81?,691 

82,060 

22,749 

21,618 

40,688 

128,444 

1,594,486 


EBTUBN   OF   LIYX  STOCK. 


1869. 
1860. 


Decrease  , 


HOTMS. 

629,096 
620,988 

8,187 


CaUIs. 
8,815,598 
3,699,286 

216,863 


Sheep. 
8,592,804 
8Ji87,946 


Pigs. 
1,266.761 
1.268,690 


64,968       Inc.  2,889 


PRODUCING  MANURE  FROM  ITMOSPflERE. 

The  London  Chemical  News  contaiDS  an  article  on  this  very  important  aabject 
by  two  French  chemists.  The  value  of  gaaoo  and  most  other  concentrated 
maoures  consists,  to  a  considerable  extent,  of  the  ammonia  which  they  contain. 
As  three-quarters  of  the  atmospheric  air  consists  of  nitrogen,  and  as  hydrogen 
forms  one-ninth  of  all  pure  water,  if  some  cheap  means  could  be  found  for  in- 
ducing the  hydrogen  of  water  to  enter  into  combination  with  the  nitrogen  of 
air  in  the  form  of  ammonia,  this  valuable  manure  could  be  produced  in  unlim- 
ited quantities,  and  the  agricultural  products  of  the  world  enormously  increased. 
The  production  of  ammonia  at  a  low  price  has  been  a  problem  of  the  highest 
interest  to  agriculturists.    It  is  composed  of  nitrogen  and  hydrogen. 

Atmospheric  air  is  an  inexhaustible  and  gratuitous  source  of  nitrogen.    How* 


Statistua  of  AgricuUure^  etc.  886 

ever,  this  element  presents  so  great  a  diflferenoe  in  its  chemical  reactions,  that, 
notwithstanding  the  nomeroos  attempts  which  have  been  made,  chemists  have 
not  heretofore  succeeded  in  combining  it  with  hydrogen  so  as  to  produce  ammo- 
nia artificially.  MM.  Mabguebitte  and  Db  Soubdebal,  the  chemists  alluded 
to,  have  succeeded  in  making  it  artificially  from  the  atmosphere,  baryta.  The 
following  is  the  operation : — In  an  earthen  retort  is  calcined,  at  an  elevated  and 
sustained  temperature,  a  mixture  of  carbonate  of  baryta,  iron  filings  in  the  pro- 
portion of  about  thirty  per  cent,  the  .refuse  of  coal,  tar,  and  saw  dust.  This 
produces  a  reduction  to  the  state  of  anhydrous  baryta,  of  the  greater  part  of 
the  carbonate  employed.  Afterwards  is  slowly  passed  a  current  of  air  across 
the  porous  mass,  the  oxygen  of  which  is  converted  into  carbonic  ozyd  by  its 
passage  over  a  column  of  incandescent  charcoal,  while  its  nitrogen,  in  presence 
of  the  charcoal  and  barium,  transforms  itself  into  cyanogen,  and  produces  con- 
siderable quantities  of  cyanide.  In  effect,  the  matter  sheltered  from  the  air  and 
cooled,  and  washed  with  boiling  water,  gives  with  the  salts  of  iron  an  abundant 
precipitate  of  Prussian  blue.  The  mixture  thus  calcined  and  cyanuretted  is 
received  into  a  cylinder  of  either  cast  or  wrought  iron,  which  serves  both  as  an 
extinguisher  and  as  an  apparatus  for  the  transformation  of  the  cyanaret 
Through  this  cylinder,  at  a  temperature  less  than  300  degrees,  ( Centigrade,)  is 
passed  a  current  of  steam,  which  disengages,  under  the  form  of  ammonia,  all  the 
nitrogen  contained  in  the  cyanide  of  bariuoL  It  is  impossible  to  foresee  all  the 
results  of  this  great  discovery.  Among  other  things,  it  suggests  the  production 
of  nitric  acid  from  the  air  by  oxydizing  ammonia. 


SHOEING  OF  CiVALRT  HORSES. 

The  following  circular  has  just  been  issued  from  the  Horse  Guards,  by  the 
Adjutant-general  of  the  British  army  : — 

Sib  : — It  being  very  desirable  that  a  uniform  system  of  shoeing  should  be 
established  iD  the  cavalry,  and  the  whole  of  that  important  subject  havin<^  been 
recently  referred  to  the  consideration  of  a  board  composed  of  officers  of  great 
experience  in  that  branch  of  the  service,  assisted  by  two  old  and  experience  1 
professional  men,  the  Gkneral  Oommandinji^  in  Chief  has  been  pleased  to  direct 
that  the  following  instructions,  extracted  from  their  report,  and  which  embody 
the  whole  of  their  recommendations,  be  circulated  throughout  the  cavalr?,  ac- 
companied by  duplicates  of  the  pattern  shoes,  which  have  been  sealed  and  depos- 
ited at  the  office  of  Military  Boards  for  general  reference  and  guidance. 

1.  The  shoe  is  to  beveled  off,  so  as  to  leave  a  space  and  present  pressare  to 
the  sole. 

2.  It  is  not  to  be  grooved  or  fettered ;  but  simply  punched  and  the  nails 
counter-sunk. 

3.  Calking  is  to  be  applied  to  the  hind  shoe  only,  and  is  to  be  confined  to  the 
outside  heel.    The  inside  heel  is  to  be  thickened  in  proportion. 

4.  The  weight  of  the  shoes  is  to  be  from  twelve  to  fifteen  ounces,  aecording 
to  the  size  of  the  horse. 

5.  As  a  general  principle,  horses  are  to  be  shod  with  not  less  than  six  nails  in 
tho  fore  and  seven  in  the  hind  shoe ;  nor  is  this  shoe  to  be  attached  with  not 
fewer  than  three  nails  on  either  side. 

6.  In  preparing  the  foot  for  the  shoe,  as  little  as  possible  should  be  pared  out, 
and  the  operation  should  be  confined  to  the  removal  of  the  exfoliating  parts  of 
the  Eole  onlv. 

7.  Both  the  fore  and  hind  shoes  are  to  be  made  with  a  single  dip  at  the  toes. 

VOL.  Lxrv. — KO.  lU.  26 


886 


Statistics  of  Population^  etc. 


STATISTICS  OF  POPULATION,  &c. 


UNITED  STATES  CEJSSUS  FOR  1860. 
The  retarns  famished  by  the  GeDSUs  Bureau  to  the  Goyeruors  of  States  for 
the  purpose  of  apportioniug  members  of  Congress  giyes  the  following  aggre- 


KOETHERN  STATES. 


Maine 

New  Hampshire.. 

Vermont 

Masaachneetts... . 
Rhode  Island..... 

Connecticut 

Kew  York. 

Pennsylvania. . . . 

New  Jersey 

Ohio 

Indiana 

Illinois. 

Michigan 

Wisconsin 

Iowa 

Minnesota 

Oregon 

California. 

Kansas 


*— — -Popuktion.' 

1860. 

588,169 


iioT     ^^^'"^T 


817,976 

814,129 

994,514 

147,545 

870,792 

8,097,894 

2,811.786 

489,555 

1,980,427 

988,416 

861,470 

897,654 

805,891 

192,214 

6,077 

18,294 

92,697 


619,958 

826,072 

815,827 

1,281,494 

174.621 

460,670 

8,851,568 

2,916,018 

676,084 

2,877,917 

1,850,802 

1,691,288 

754,291 

768,485 

682,000 

172,798 

52,566 

884,770 

148,645 


5 
8 
8 

10 
1 

4 

80 

28 

5 

19 

11 

18 

6 

6 

5 

1 

1 

8 

1 


6 

8 

8 

11 

2 

4 

88 

25 

5 

21 

11 

9 

4 

4 

2 

2 

1 

2 

1 


Total. 


18,454,169   18,950,759    150    149 


SOUTHBBN  STATES. 


Population  in  1850.- 


Popnlation  in 


Free.  Blave.  Total  Free.     '    Blave. 

Delaware 89,242  2,290  91,582  110,548         1,805 

Maryland 492,666  90,868  588,084  646,188      85,882 

Virginia. 949,188  472,628  1,421,661  1,097,878    496,826 

North  Carolina .  680,491  288,648  869,089  679,965     828,877 

South  Carolina  .  288,528  884,984  668.607  808,186     407,185 

Georgia 524,508  881,682  906,185  615,836    467,400 

Florida 48,135  89,809  87,445  81,885       68.800 

Alabama...:  ..  428,779  842,892  771,628  620,444    485,478 

Mississippi 296,648  809,878  606,526  407,061     479,607 

Louisiana 272,968  244,809  517,762  364,245     812,186 

Arkansas. 162,797  47,100  209,897  881,710  •  109,065 

Texas. 164,481  68,161  212,692  416,000     184,966 

Tennessee 768,154  289,460 1,002,717  869,628     287,1 12 

Kentu^ 771,424  210,981  982,406  920,077     226,490 

Missouri 594,622  87,422  682,0441,085,595     115,619 

Diet,  of  Columbia  48,000  8,687  61,687      


I860 »ApiK 

yt\ 

Total. 

N. 

0. 

112,868 

1 

781,565 

6 

1,593,199 

11 

18 

1,008,842 

8 

716,371 

6 

1,082.786 

8 

146,686 

1 

965,917 

7 

886,658 

4 

666,481 

4 

440,775 

2 

600,966 

2 

1,146,640 

8  10 

1,201,214 

10 

1,145,667 

7 

76,821 

. 

• 

Total 6,470,508  8,204,099  9,664,650  8,484,126  8,999,288  12,608,780  84  89 

TiaaiTOEiis. 

Nebraska. 28,898 

New  Mexico  . . .                                        61,547  93,024 

Utah 11,854  50,000 

Dacotah 4,889 

Washington ....                                      11,624 


Total  Territories. . . 
Total  United  States. 


72,901 
28,191,876 


188,870 
81,647,859 


Statistics  of  Population,  He.  887 

IMMiaRiTIOH  IV  CAJTADl. 

We  have,  says  the  Spectator  of  Canada,  through  the  kiDdneas  of  the  goyern* 
ment  emigrant  agent  in  this  city,  been  favored  with  the  following  comparative 
statement  of  the  arrival  and  final  settlement  of  immigrants  from  January  Ist, 
1857,  to  December  Slst,  1860  :— 

OOMPABATIVK  8TATBMXIIT  OF  TBI  AEBIVAL  OP  IMiaQBAIITS  FOE  THK  TKABS  1867  TO 
1860,  BOTH  IlfOLUaiTK. 

18S7. 

Eogland 6,860 

Ireland 6,942 

Scotland 8,180 

Germany 1 4,67  9 

Norway 4,168 


8RTLSD  IN   CANADA. 


England 8,992 

Irelaod. 2,048 

Scotland. 1,674 

Germany 1,916 

Norway . , . . 


1868. 

180. 

1860. 

TotoL 

8,628 

2,886 

1,149 

14,407 

2,606 

1,748 

1,468 

11,648 

1,926 

1.166 

629 

6.899 

9,689 

6,427 

4,000 

84,796 

2,470 

1,988 
14,168 

891 

8.967 

20,112 

7,622 

76,701 

1,691 

1,146 

691 

7,820 

1,020 

1,748 

666 

6.877 

1,246 

1,166 

466 

4,640 

1,082 

613 

662 

4,028 

•  •  •  • 

16 

... 

16 

TotaL 9,680        4,888        4,682        2,176        21.275 

From  the  above  it  will  be  seen  that  oat  of  76,701  immigrants  who  have  been 
drawn  to  this  city  from  the  five  leading  emigrating  countries  in  Europe,  21,275 
only  have  settled  in  this  and  the  Northwestern  portion  of  Canada,  while  55,426, 
or  over  two-thirds  of  the  arrivals,  have  passed  on  to  the  Western  States.  That 
there  is  some  reason  for  this,  is  apparent  to  the  most  superficial  observer.  The 
purposes  of  human  life — and  especially  among  the  emigrating  classes — are  not 
formed  and  completed  without  the  powerful  motive  of  improvement  of  circuit 
cnmstances,  and  it  is  equally  certain  that  fiaming  placards  and  insinuating  tales 
of  untold  wealth,  to  be  found  in  the  Eldorado  of  the  West,  have  had  an  undue 
infiuence  in  directing  so  many  Europeans  to  that  portion  of  the  continent  which, 
like  a  mselstrom,  has  swallowed  up  their  last  dollar  and  left  them  a  prey  to  the 
sharpers  who  infest  these  regions.  With  the  exception  of  the  Germans  arrived 
here,  eight-ninths  of  whom  have  passed  through  to  the  Western  States,  and  out 
of  8,957  Norwegians  we  have  secured  15.  The  inhabitants  of  the  British  Isles 
are  the  greatest  dupes  to  those  misrepresentations.  In  Scotland,  it  must  be  ad- 
mitted, that  the  public  are  either  better  enlightened  or  they  possess  a  stronger 
love  of  country,  for  fully  two-thirds  of  the  Scottish  emigrants  have  settled  in 
the  Province. 


ARRIVALS  OF  IMUKORANTS  m  NRW  YORK  FOR  THE   PAST  TEN  TEARS. 


1850 212.706 

1861 289,601 

1862 800,992 

1858 284,954 

1851 819,228 

1856 186,238 

1856 14i,S42 


1857 188,778 

1858 78,689 

1859 79,822 

1860 108.621 

Totol 2,181,487 


For  a  few  years  past  no  regular  record  has  been  kept  of  the  amount  of  moneys 
that  immigrants  have  brought  into  the  country,  but  allowing  $76  per  capita^ 


388 


Statistics  of  Population^  etc. 


which  is  a  fair  average,  it  will  be  seen  from  the  following  table  that  the  several 
countries  have  contributed  as  follows : — 


Ireland |8,54M84 


QermaDy. .. . 
England.... 
Scotland. . . . 

Walea 

France. 

Spain 

Switzerland. 
Holland.. . . . 
Norway  . . . . 
Sweden..... 
Denmark,... 

Italy 

PortugaJ... . . 
Belgiom.  •  •  • 


2,860,886 

844,612 

114,456 

61,484 

111,720 

17,262 

104,816 

82,628 

6,016 

26,448 

87.620 

40,848 

1,444 

6,624 


West  Indies..... 
Nova  Scotia..  •• 

Sardinia 

Sonth  America. 

Canada  

China. 

Sicil^r 

Mexico 


Russia. 

East  Indies.. 

Turkey 

Qreece. ..... 


Total. 


80,696 

1,»7« 

6.916 

8,066 

1,768 

988 

804 

1,672 

4,686 

904 

162 

162 

17.876,196 


POPUUTIOH  OF  PfiHlfSTLVANIA. 

We  publish  below  the  returns  of  the  census  of  Pennsylyania,  as  taken  by 
the  United  States  Marshals,  which  shows  a  gratifying  increase  of  population, 
enabling  Pennsylvania  to  retain  her  rank  as  the  second  State  of  the  Confeder- 
acy. We  have  re-arranged  the  order  of  the  table,  in  order  to  show  the  numer- 
ical importance  of  the  separate  counties,  and  have  added  the  returns  for  1840 
and  1850,  as  follows  :— 


Philadelphia... 
Alleghany . . . . 
Lancaster  .... 
Berks 

luzeme 

IchuylkilL.... 

Chester. 

Montgomery... 

York 

Bucks 

WestmoreUnd. 

Bradford 

Erie. 

Crawford 

Lehigh 

Dauphin  .... 
Northampton  . 
Washington... 

Franklin 

Cumberland  .. 

Fayette 

Lycoming  .... 

Mercer 

Susquehanna.. 
Armstrong  ... 

Indiana 

Butler 

Wayne 

Tioga 

Delaware  .... 

Lebanon  

Beaver 

Cambria. 

Northumberrd. 


1840. 

268,087 
\  81,286 
'  84,208 
64,669 
44,006 
29,068 
67,616 
47.241 
47,010 
48,107 
42,699 
82,769 
81,844 
81,724 
26,787 
80,118 
40,996 
41,279 
87,798 
80,968 
88,674 
22,649 
82.878 
21,196 
28,366 
20,782 
22,878 
11,848 
16,498 
19,791 
21,872 
29,868 
11,266 
20,027 


\m. 

408,762 
188,290 
98,944 
77,129 
66,072 
60,718 
66,488 
68,291 
67,460 
66,091 
61,726 
42,831 
88,742 
87,849 
82,472 
86,764 
40,286 
44,989 
89,904 
84,327 
89,112 
26,267 
83,172 
28,688 
29,660 
27,170 
80,846 
21,890 
23,987 
24,679 
26,071 
26,689 
17,778 
28,272 


1860. 
668,084 
180,074 
116.621 
94,048 
91,089 
90,178 
74,749 
70,494 
68,088 
68,808 
64,020 
60,046 
49,687 
49,041 
48,982 
48,640 
47,775 
47,819 
42,242 
40,402 
40,166 
87,660 
87,164 
86,666 
86,114 
88,809 
88,768 
82,172 
81,218 
80,614 
80,080 
29,821 
29.818 
29,067 


1840.     18a  1860. 

Huntingdon...     86,484  24,786  28.204 

Adams 28,044  26,981  27,997 

Blair 21.777  27,786 

Center 20,492  28,866  27,087 

Somerset 19,660  24.416  26,920 

Bedford 29,886  28,062  26,808 

Clarion 28,666  26.676 

Venanga 17,900  18,810  26,189 

Columbia 24,267  17,710  24,608 

Greene 19,147  22,186  24,406 

Lawrenoe 21,079  28.218 

Perry 17,096  20,088  22,940 

Carbon 16,686  21,289 

Warren. 9,278  18,671  19,299 

Clearfield  ....       7,884  1 2,686  1 8,926 

Jefferson 7,268  18,618  18.414 

Clinton 8,828  11,207  17,722 

Monroe 9,879  18.270  16,806 

Mifflin 18,092  14,980  16,878 

Juniata 11,080  18,029  16,800 

Snyder 16.129 

Union 22,787  26,088  14.222 

Montour 18,239  18,110 

Wyoming 10,666  12.644 

Potter 8,871       6,048  11,467 

Fulton 7,667  9,140 

McKean 2,976      6,264  9,000 

Pike 8,882      6,881  7.860 

Elk 8.681  6,848 

Sullivan 8,694  4,440 

Forest 889 


Total, 


1,724,088    8,311,786  8,913,041 


Statistics  cf  BopvJaJtion^  etc. 
POPUUTIOH  OF  IOWA. 


1840. 

Dabnqae 8,069 

Lee 6,098 

Scott 2,140 

Clayton. 1,101 

Dee  Moines. . . .     6,677 

lino 1,878 

Clinton 821 

Jackson. 1,411 

Henry 8,772 

Johnson 1,491 

Van  Boren  ....     6,146 

Marion 

Muscatine. 1,942 

Jefferson 2,778 

Mahaska 

Wapello 

Washington.....     1,694 

Winneshiek 

Dayis 

Jones 471 

Keokuk 

Cedar 1,268 

Allamakee 

Fayette 

Appanoose 

Polk .... 

Delaware 168 

Louisa 1,927 

Warren 

Jasper. 

Decatur 

Monroe. 

Benton 

Black  Hawk. 

Iowa 

Buchanan  

Madison 

Marshall 

Wayne 

Poweshiek 

Lucas 

Clark 

Hardin 

Boone 

Tama. 

Dallas 

Fremont 

Pottowatamie 

Bremer 

Story 

Mills 


18M. 

1860. 

10,841 

81,887 

18,861 

29,296 

6.986 

26,994 

8.878 

20,746 

12.988 

19.707 

6,444 

19.020 

2,822 

19,018 

7,210 

18,609 

8,707 

17,783 

4,472 

17,689 

12,270 

17,084 

6,482 

16,811 

6,781 

16,464 

9.904 

14,920 

6,989 

14,888 

8.471 

14,696 

4,967 

14,277 

646 

18,940 

7,264 

18,771 

8.007 

18,881 

4,822 

18,282 

8,941 

12,976 

777 

12,246 

826 

12,097 

8,181 

11,988 

4,618 

11,689 

1,769 

11,060 

4,989 

10,492 

961 

10,287 

1,280 

9,879 

966 

8,692 

2,884 

8,619 

672 

8,608 

186 

8,269 

822 

8,076 

617 

7,907 

1,179 

7,620 

888 

6,717 

840 

6,418 

616 

6,672 

471 

6,608 

79 

6,484 

• .  • . 

6,476 

786 

6,480 

8 

6,291 

864 

6,280 

1,244 

5,069 

7,828 

4,967 

• . . « 

4,896 

.../ 

4,600 

•  •  •* 

4,478 

1840. 

Page 

Chickasaw. 

Floyd 

Butler 

Harrison  ... 

Taylor. 

MitcheU.... 

Howard. . . . 

Guthrie..... 

weSt'Jr^;:; 

Union 

HamUtoD  .. 

Cass. 

Adams.... 

Franklin..... 

Greene 

Montgomery 
Woodbury.. 

Adair 

Cerro  Gordo 

Monona.. . . . 

Shelby 

Grundy 

Worth. 

Wright .... 

Audubon... 

Kossuth.... 

Crawford.... 

Humboldt .. 

Carroll 

Sac 

Dickinson.... 

Hancock  . . . 

Winnebago.. 
Plymouth... 

Calhoun.... 

Palo  Alto  .. 

Emmett. . . 

Pocahontas 

Cherokee.... 

Buena  VisU 

Clay 

Ida 

Sioux 

O'Brien 

Buncombe . . 

Osceola  .... 

•         •  •  •  • 

18W. 

661 


204 


..« 


889 


1860. 

4,418 

4,886 

8,744 

8,714 

8,684 

8,691 

8.414 

8.168 

8,068 

2,928 

2,607 

2.110 

1.701 

1,608 

1.494 

1.889 

1,878 

1,276 

1.124 

984 

940 

818 

818 

787 

766 

662 

464 

409 

846 

882 

282 

246 

180 

179 

168 

149 

147 

182 

106 

108 

69 

67 

62 

48 

10 

8 


Total 48,112  192,214  676,486 


MIGRATIOlf  FROM  BRBMEIV  AHD  HAMBURG. 


Bremen.  Hftmbiirg. 

1850 persons  26.776  7,480 

1861 87,498  12,279 

1862 68,661  29,086 

1863 68,111  29,480 

1864 76,876  60,819 

1866 81,660  18,662 


Bremen. 

1866 86,617 

1867 49,448 

1868 28,177 

1869 22,011 

1860 29,878 


Hambnrg. 
26,208 
81,566 
19,799 
18,242 
16,968 


390  StatiaUca  of  PopviatUm^  etc 

POPUUTIOH  OF  THE  UIITEB  STATES. 
By  a  formula  published  with  the  ceosus  of  1840,  by  the  ^rankliD  Institute 
Journal^  the  population  of  the  United  States  was  calculated  up  to  1900,  and 
back  to  1760,  or  for  15  decades.  By  reproducing  the  formula,  as  then  published, 
and  adding  the  numbers  as  since  ascertained  by  the  census  of  1850  and  that  of 
1860,  we  obtain  results  as  follows : — 

iC«]Mii8ez- 
D«t«.  Bj  censDB.  Bjfimnnlft.       ceadBfbnnnl** 

1760 1,016,000  

1760 1,466,000  

1770 2,064,000  

1780 2,069,000  ... 

1790 8,929.827  8,928,000  

1800 6,806,940  6,844,000  

1810    7,289,814  7,207,000  82.814 

1820...^ 9,664.676  9,660,000  4.696 

1880 12,866,020  12.866,000  10,020 

1840. .♦ 17,069.468  17.068,000  789 

I860 28,196.876  22,629.000  662.876 

1860..^ 81,648,928  80.007.000  1.641,928 

1870 .. .% 89.890,000  ........ 

1880 68,200,000  

1890 71,000.000  

1900 97,000,000  

Whene  the  figures  of  the  census  exceed  those  of  the  formala  the  disturbance 
has  bee«  caused  evidently  by  immigration.  Thus  the  census  1860  exceeds  the 
figures  \;fv  formula  1,641,923,  but  the  number  who  arrived  in  the  country  during 
that  time  has  been  2,618}054,  of  whom  at  least  sufficient  to  account  for  the  dis- 
crepancy remained.  The  census  of  1850  was  562,876  in  excess  of  the  formula  ; 
but  1,421,337  immigrants  arrived  in  that  ten  years.  In  the  previous  decades 
the  number  of  arrivals  was  small  and  the  discrepancy  not  large.  The  formula, 
tfien,  which  has  proved  so.  accurate  for  eight  decades  may  well  be  depended  upon 
for  at  least  two  or  three  more,  and  the  close  of  the  present  century  will  find, 
100,000,000,  we  trust,  united  and  prosperous  people. 


POPULATION  OF  MICHIOAlf. 
A  wedc  or  two  ago,  says  the  Detroit  Free  Prest,  the  Legislature  adopted  a 
resolution  calling  upon  the  Secretary  of  State  to  furnish  the  Legislature  with  a 
table  of  jthe  population  of  the  State  by  townships  and  counties  at  the  census  of 
1860.  He  has  complied,  and  a  document  has  been  printed  containing  the  re- 
quired  iirformation.  The  total  population  of  the  State  by  counties  foots  up  at 
757,683,* which  is  the  first  official  statement  published,  and  is  an  increase  of  some 
ten  thousa'bd  over  what  it  has  been  heretofore  stated. 


THE  WORLD'S  CENTER. 

The  census  develops  the  curious  fact  that  there  are  more  Scotch  descendants 
in^ London  than  in  Edinburgh,  more  Irish  than  in  Dublin.  100,000  more  Roman- 
ists than  in  Borne,  and  more  Jews  than  in  Palestine.  There  are  also  in  the  same 
metropolis  no  less  than  60,000  Germans,  30,000  French,  and  6,000  Italians,  a 
very  large  number  of  Asiatics,  from  all  parts  of  the  £ast,  atd  many  who  still 
worship  their  idols. 


MsrcarUile  MisoeUanies.  891 


MERCANTILE  MISCELLANIES. 


FOREIGH  COMMERCIAL  ITEMS. 

L — THB   80UR0B8  OF  THE  KILE — CULTIVATION   OP   COTTON   IN  AFRICA. 

On  the  I2th  of  February,  1861.  Mr.  Petherick,  British  Consul  in  the  Sou- 
dan, who  is  about  to  proceed  to  Africa  to  explore  the  sources  of  the  Nile,  de- 
livered an  address  to  the  merchants  of  Liverpool.  Consul  Petherick  has  been 
fifteen  years  a  resident  in  the  interior  of  Africa  ;  and,  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Boyal  Geographical  Society,  he  is  about  to  commence  an  expedition  from  his 
residence  at  Khartum,  in  the  hope  of  meeting  and  assisting  Captain  Speke, 
who  is  starting  from  Lake  Nayanza  to  explore  the  yet  unknown  district  lying 
between  there  and  Kondokoro,  and  where  he  hopes  to  be  able  to  trace  the  sour- 
ces of  the  Nile  :— 

Mf.  Petherick  said  : — *'  Unbiassed  by  theory  myself,  I  propose  what  appears 
to  roe  the  most  practical  way  of  dissolving  the  mystery  as  to  the  source  of  tb^ 
Nile,  namely,  simply  to  follow  the  course  of  the  stream.  Capt.  Speke,  in  ex- 
amining the  northern  confines  of  the  Lake  Nyanza,  might  probably  discover  a 
watershed,  dipping  westwards,  and  be  enabled  to  throw  additional  light  on  a 
stream  of  considerable  magnitude,  the  existence  of  which  I  learned  from  the 
Neam-Neam,  during  my  last  trading  expedition  in  the  year  1858.  When,  ac- 
cording to  my  crude  calculations,  unassisted  with  instruments,  I  believed  I  had 
arrived  near  the  equator,  I  learned  that  the  southern  extremity  of  the  Neam- 
Neam  territory  was  defined  by  a  large  river,  the  course  of  which  was  distinctly 
described  as  flowing  from  the  east  towards  the  setting  sun.  Taking  into  con- 
sideration that  our  knowledge  extends  but  a  very  inconsiderable  distance  from 
the  west  coast  into  the  interior,  and  that,  with  the  exception  of  the  Niger,  our 
knowledge  of  the  course  of  other  streams  is  but  conjecture,  I  am  induced  to  be- 
lieve that  this  reported  river  might  be  either  a  large  tributary  to  the  Congo,  or 
some  one  or  other  of  the  large  streams  that  discharge  themselves  into  the  South 
Atlantic  Ocean.  It  is  to  this  large  and  navigable  river,  in  the  most  central  point 
of  Africa,  that  I  look  forward  U>  establish  the  first  fruits  of  geographical  dis- 
covery in  connection  with  British  commerce.  If  a  channel,  such  as  described, 
should  be  proved  to  lead  from  the  seaboard  into  the  very  heart  of  Central  Africa, 
the  whole  produce  of  the  country,  in  addition  to  ivory,  such  as  oils,  seeds,  hides, 
indigo,  cotton,  gums,  and  India  rubber,  may  ^  3  obtained  in  exchange  for  our 
manufactures.  In  addition  to  India  rubber,  I  have  also  discovered  cochineal ; 
a  nd,  with  regard  to  cotton,  they  would  observe  that  Dr.  Livingstone  stated  that 
in  his  quarter  of  Africa  he  found  indigenous  cotton  growing  in  the  country  with- 
out cultivation  on  the  part  of  the  people ;  they  found  that  the  missionaries  in 
Abeokuta,  going  up  the  valley  of  the  Niger,  observed  the  same  thing ;  and  Mr. 
Petherick,  going  up  the  White  Nile  from  the  northward,  found  the  people  there 
growing  and  manufacturing  cotton,  and,  en  the  Gold  Coast,  very  large  com- 
munities of  people  were  engaged  in  the  production  of  this  article.  In  the  quar- 
ter which  he  had  visited,  he  ventured  to  say  that  cotton  was  not  only  abundant 
in  quantity,  but  excellent  in  quality.  Be  found  in  the  country  immediately  to 
the  interior  of  Sherboro  that  cotton  was  the  great  staple  article  of  production  ; 
the  people  there  were  in  the  habit  of  producing  and  manufacturing  it,  and  the 
clothes  whieh  they  manufactured  were  of  precisely  the  same  qutdlty  as  those 
which  we  found,  from  the  accounts  of  missionaries,  up  the  Niger,  and  highly 
valued  by  the  people." 

fir. — cultivation  of  cotton  in  Australia. 
What  is  required  to  bring  the  cotton  lands  of  Australia  into  cultivation,  is 


392  Mercantile  MiaceliUmiea. 

capital  and  labor.  Of  these  two  important  essentials,  the  men  of  Manchester 
have  DO  lack.  They  readily  subscribed  a  hundred  thousand  pounds  when  the 
repeal  of  the  Corn  Laws  obtained  for  them  cheap  bread  for  their  factory  hands, 
and  procured  them  new  markets  for  their  manufactures,  in  ezchan^^e  for  the  com 
and  flour  which  would  be  imported.  The  same  sum,  judiciously  applied,  would 
have  gone  far  to  have  obtained  for  them  a  supply  of  cotton  from  Queensland 
and  other  parts  of  the  British  possessions.  With  respect  to  the  supply  of  labor, 
that  is  a  difficulty  which  might  have  been,  and  would  have  been  overcome,  bad 
the  necessary  capital  been  forthcoming,  by  the  importation  of  Coolies  and 
Chinese  into  the  new  cotton  growing  districts.  With  such  magnificent  colonies 
as  we  possess ;  with  lands  suited  in  every  respect  for  the  culture  of  cotton,  which 
may  be  purchased  for  a  merely  nominal  sum ;  with  all  our  manufacturing  skiU 
for  producing  the  necessary  implements ;  and  with  abundance  of  capital  at  our 
disposal,  and  with  facilities  for  obtaining  labor  from  India  and  from  China  under 
the  new  treaty,  it  will  be  a  crying  shame  and  disgrace  to  the  country,  if  we  con- 
tinue much  longer  in  our  state  of  precarious  dependence  upon  the  cotton  grow- 
ing states  of  America.  Whatever  may  be  done  in  directing  attention  to  new 
fields  of  productiveness,  we  hope  that  the  unequaled  facilities  of  Queensland 
will  not  be  overlooked.  We  are  glad  to  learn  that  the  colonists  are  fully  alive 
to  the  importance  of  providing  additional  labor,  and  a  memorial  is  in  course  of 
preparation  to  the  authorities,  praying  for  some  relaxation  in  the  present  regu- 
lation respecting  the  introduction  of  Coolie  emigrants.  Now  that  the  treaty  of 
Pekin  recognizes  the  right  of  emigration  on  the  part  of  Chinese,  there  can  be 
no  difficulty  in  affording  increased  facilities  to  their  leaving  the  country  and 
settling  in  Australia. — Australian  and  New  Zealand  Gazette. 

ni. — THE   SUPPLY  OF  COTTON  AND   BORNEO. 

The  prospects  of  a  civil  war  in  America  have  caused  a  rise  in  the  price  of 
all  descriptions  of  cotton  ;  and,  what  is  more  important,  the  future  supply  is 
now  a  matter  anxiously  discussed  by  our  Lancashire  spinners.  Lord  John 
Russell  has  proposed  to  the  Manchester  Chamber  of  Commerce,  to  place  the 
services  of  Her  Majesty's  Consuls  in  all  parts  of  the  world  at  the  disposal  of 
any  association  taking  steps  to  promote  the  growth  of  this  staple.  In  his  letter 
he  states  that  the  course  is  an  unusual  one,  but  he  considers  the  importance  of 
the  case  demands  it  at  his  hands.  Instructions  by  this  mail  will  be  sent  to  In- 
dia to  increase  the  growth  there.  Now  is  the  time  for  those  interested  in  Bor- 
neo to  show  what  can  be  done  tbeie,  and  it  may  lead  to  a  protectorate  by  the 
British  government  to  Sarawak.  It  would  be  well  if  the  government  instructed 
Lord  Elgin,  or  if  he  took  it  on  himself  to  call  there  and  at  Labuan,  to  ascertain 
the  causes  which  led  to  the  interference  of  Governor  Edwards  in  the  affairs  of 
Sarawak,  and  in  other  respects  gain  information  for  our  government  of  that 
settlement,  and  Borneo  in  general. — London  and  China  Telegraph. 

IV. — KUEOPEAN   RAILWAYS. 

The  yearly  statistics  of  the  passenger  traffic  between  France  and  Great  Brit- 
ain have  been  published  by  the  French  Custom-house,  and  it  appears  that  the 
number  of  passengers  arriving  at  or  leaving  the  French  ports,  taking  arrivals 
and  departures  together,  were  as  follows  in  the  year  1860  :— Boulogne,  102,829 
passengers;  Calais,  74,875;  other  ports,  55,833;  total,  233,537  passengers. 


Mercantile  MtsceUaniee.  898 

lo  the  year  1859,  the  Dcrnbera  had  beeo,  at  Boulogne,  86,579  passengers ;  Ca- 
kis,  67,311 ;  other  ports,  51 ,666  ;  total,  205,456  passengers.  There  is  thos  an 
increase  at  Boulogne  of  16,260  passengers,  or  18i  per  cent ;  at  Calais,  of  7,564 
passengers,  or  11  per  cent ;  at  the  other  ports  of  4,267  passengers,  or  8  per 
cent ;  giving  a  total  increase  of  28,081  passengers,  or  13  per  cent.  The  total  num- 
ber of  passengers  between  British  and  Belgian  ports  amounted  to  27,722  in  I860. 

Tw — INDIOO  GROWING  IN  INDIA.. 

A  deputation  from  London  of  gentlemen  largely  interested  in  indigo  plant- 
ing in  India,  consisting  of  Messers.  Skinner,  Begg,  Thomas,  Mochair,  Sayi, 
and  Mackinlay,  accompanied  by  Mr.  Smollett,  M.  P.,  had  an  interview  with  the 
Manchester  Chamber  of  Commerce,  on  the  28th,  for  the  purpose  of  seeking  the 
aid  of  the  Chamber  in  calling  the  attention  of  government  to  the  disastrous 
condition  of  the  indigo  districts  in  Lower  Bengal,  owing  to  the  non-fulfillment 
of  contracts  on  the  part  of  the  ryots,  in  which  course  they  appeared  to  have 
received  direct  encouragement  on  the  part  of  the  government  officials  in  India. 
After  a  very  lengthened  sitting,  it  was  unanimously  resolved  to  memorialize 
Viscount  Palmerston,  praying  that  Her  Majesty's  government  would  institute 
immediate  and  searching  inquiry,  with  a  view  to  redressing  the  grievances  com- 
plained of. 

VI. — THE  FAILnRBS  IN   THE  LEVANT  TRADE. 

Public  attention  is  directed  to  the  collapse  of  a  large  number  of  houses,  pria- 
oipally  Greek,  in  the  Levant  trade.  The  failures  witiiin  the  last  few  days  have 
been  very  numerous.  To  say  that  further  embarrassments  are  looked  for  in  the 
same  quarter,  is  merely  to  echo  the  feeling  in  commercial  circles,  and  the  re- 
mark, therefore,  cannot  be  considered  invidious.  There  is  no  doubt  whatever, 
that  a  number  of  firms  in  this  department  of  business  have  embarked  in  engage- 
ments to  an  extent  out  of  proportion  to  their  capital.  The  existing  embar- 
rassments  furnish,  consequently,  a  fresh  warning  which  it  may  be  well  for  the 
commercial  public  to  digest.  They  show  that  when  the  practice  of  relying  upon 
paper  credit  takes  too  firm  a  hold  of  any  branch  of  trade,  there  is  a  worm  at 
the  root  of  its  apparent  prosperity.  Its  operations  may  be  based  upon  shrewd 
calculations ;  its  profits  may  be  large  and  legitimate ;  but  a  mere  accident  may 
affect  the  pillar  of  credit  upon  which  the  entire  superstructure  reposes,  and  its 
collapse  becomes  then  certain.  The  present  distrust  of  all  Greek  paper  is 
scarcely  justified  by  the  statements  of  accounts  put  forward  on  behalf  of  some 
of  the  houses  that  have  lately  stopped.  It  is  to  be  observed,  too,  in  mere  fair- 
ness, that  the  financial  and  other  establishments  which  have  transactions  with 
the  Greek  bouses,  speak  highly  of  their  business-like  and  straightforward  con- 
duct I'bis  is  a  subject  which  it  would  perhaps  be  hardly  judicious  to  pursue 
further  in  the  present  disturbed  state  of  the  public  mind,  yet  which  cannot  be 
altogether  ignored  in  any  record  professing  to  deal  with  prominent  commercial 
topics. — London  Daily  News, 

VII. — BRITISH  ASSOCIATION  FOR  THE  ADVANCEMENT  OF  SCIENCE. 

The  next  meeting  of  this  association  is  to  be  held  at  Manchester  on  Wednes- 
day, the  4th  of  September,  under  the  Presidency  of  Mr.  William  Fairbairn, 
F.  R.  S.,  President  of  the  Literary  and  Philosophical  Society  of  Manchester. 
Among  the  gentlemen  who  have  consented  to  act  as  Vice-Presidents,  are  Lord 
Stanley,  M.  P.,  Sir  Philip  de  Malpes  Grey  Egerton,  Bart.,  Sir  Benjamin  Hey- 
wood,  Bart.,  Mr.  Aspinali  Turner,  M.  P.,  Mr.  Bazley,  M.  P.,  and  the  Bishop  of 
Manchester. 


394  Mercantile  Miscellanies. 

THS  LOIBOA  « TIMES  "—A  OLAVCE  AT  ITS  HACHIIERT. 

The  London  Times  is  the  recognized  organ  of  British  pablic  opinion,  and  is 
beyond  all  question  the  most  ably  edited  and  inflaential  journal  in  the  world. 
Its  editorials  are  essays  npon  the  great  political,  literary  and  social  topics  of  the 
day,  and  so  powerfully  written  that  they  have  been  collected  into  books ;  while 
its  correspondence  from  all  parts  of  the  world  is  an  inexhaustible  source  of  in* 
formation.  A  complete  set  of  the  London  Times  from  its  commencement  forms 
the  most  voluminous  history  of  the  world  in  print  All  details,  therefore,  con- 
nected with  this  powerful  journal  will  be  read  with  interest  by  our  readers.  A 
correspondent  of  the  French  journal,  Courtier  de  V  Ewe,  after  visiting  that 
establishment,  furnishes  the  following  particulars  : — 

I  have  visited  in  London  the  printing  office  of  the  Times,  It  is  truly  some- 
thing great  and  wonderful ;  there  is  nowhere  in  France  anything  of  the  kind  to 
equal  it  At  the  starting  of  the  paper  in  1791,  the  Times  consisted  of  only  a 
single  page,  and  was  printed  by  a  hand-press,  which  struck  off  one  side  of  two 
hundred  sheets  per  hour.  In  1814,  Koenig  made  a  press  which  struck  off  1,800 
sheets.  Tn  1827,  Applegarth,  aided  by  Oourier,  constructed  a  new  one,  on 
which  4,000  to  5,000  copies  could  be  printed.  In  1828,  the  same  Applegarth 
established  his  famous  vertical  machine,  which  I  examined,  and  on  which  10,000 
copies  per  hour  are  struck  off.  Since  1828  the  managers  of  the  Times  have 
erected  another  machine,  with  horizontal  cylinders,  which  strikes  off  eight  copies 
at  once,  or  about  12,500  per  hour.  These  two  presses,  which  make  while  at  work 
a  deafening  noise,  and  which  can  be  stopped  at  a  moment's  notice,  are  moved  by 
an  engine  of  45-horse  power.  Adjoining  the  room  in  which  is  the  boiler  is  a 
closet  containing  white  marble  bathing  tubs  intended  for  the  workmen  in  the 
establishment.    They  cost  ninety  guineas. 

A  compositor  on  the  Times  must  have  passed  an  examination  showing  that 
he  can  set  at  least  40  lines  of  56  letters,  or  about  2,240  letters  per  hour.  The 
price  paid  for  type-setting  is  lid.  per  thousand  letters,  at  which  rate  the  com- 
positor can  make  from  25  to  30  francs  in  an  ordinary  day's  work.  This  amounts 
to  about  five  dollars  per  day.  There  are  124  compositors  employed,  50  of  whom 
are  occupied  solely  in  setting  up  advertisements.  Five  or  six  stenographers 
take  notes  of  Parliamentary  proceedings,  at  Westminster,  and  return  every 
quarter  of  an  hoor  to  the  newspaper  office,  to  put  their  copy  in  shape  and  let 
the  compositors  have  it  without  delay.  lu  this  way  it  often  happens  that  a  speech 
delivered  at  two  o'clock  in  the  morning  appears  in  the  journal  which  is  struck 
off  at  six  o'clock  and  distributed  at  seven . 

The  editorial  room  is  large  and  well  lighted.  In  the  center  is  a  huge  oak 
table,  and  around  the  room  are  little  desks  finished  with  every  convenience  for 
writing.  Adjoining  is  a  dining-room  for  the  editors,  and  the  archive  room,  where 
are  stored  all  the  files  of  the  Times  since  its  foundation.  Next  to  the  archive 
chamber,  I  saw  the  proof-readers'  rooms,  where  are  hundreds  of  dictionaries  and 
encylopsedias,  in  all  languages  and  relating  to  all  subjects.  A  dozen  proof- 
readers are  employed  during  the  day,  and  another  dozen  during  the  night.  They 
have  an  eating  room  adjoining  that  where  they  work,  and  their  meals  are  pro- 
vided at  the  expense  of  the  establishment. 

An  another  story  is  a  small  room  where  are  printed  the  registers  and  envelops 
for  the  mail  papers.    Every  one  of  the  editorsjliving  in  London  carries  with^him 


Mercantile  MiaceUantes.  396 

a  namber  of  envdope  addressed  to  the  Timesy  so  that  in  aoy  place,  where  he 
may  happen  to  be»  at  the  theater,  the  races,  or  elsewhere,  he  can  send  by  ti  spe- 
cial messengers  his  copy  to  the  office.  The  foreign  correspondents  have  envelops 
of  rod  paper,  which  are  sent  immediately  on  their  arrival  from  the  post-office  to 
the  Times  office.  Supplies  of  paper  and  ink  are  constantly  kept  in  readiness. 
Fonr  thousand  ponnds  of  ink  are  used  each  week.  The  paper  is  weighed  in  the 
establishment  by  a  very  ingenious  machine.  It  is  also  postmarked  on  the  spot. 
The  journal  appears  every  morning  and  evening.  But  sometimes  during  the  day 
special  editions  are  issued  when  important  news  demands.  This  extra  edition 
can  be  prepared  in  two  hours.  When  I  visited  the  establishment  it  was  one 
o'clock  in  the  day,  and  the  news  had  just  arrived  of  the  death,  at  half-past  twelve, 
of  Albert  Smith.    At  half-past  two  the  IHmes  appeared  with  his  obituary. 

The  administration  of  the  Times  has  nothing  to  do  with  the  subscriptions  to 
the  paper.  Smith,  of  the  Strand,  attends  to  the  mailing  of  the  papers  for  Eng- 
land, Europe,  and,  indeed,  the  entire  world.  Mr.  Smith  takes  thirty  thousand 
copies  a  day,  sixteen  thousand  of  which  he  receives  at  five  o'clock  in  the  morn- 
ing, and  dispatches  them  by  carriers  at  six  o'clock.  The  other  numbers  of  the 
Times  are  bought  by  one  hundred  and  seventy  news  dealers,  who  pay  in  advance. 
They  order  each  day  the  number  of  copies  they  will  need  for  the  day  following. 
They  pay  30  centimes  for  each  copy,  retailing  it  at  50  centimes.  The  manage- 
ment of  the  paper  lose  something  on  each  sheet  by  selling  it  at  such  a  price,  but 
look  to  the  advertisements  for  their  profits.  The  charges  for  these  advertisments 
are,  of  course,  very  large,  and  the  amount  roust  be  considerable,  as  the  revenue 
of  the  Times  reaches  to  nearly  five  millions  francs.  I  was  told  that  one  of  the 
proprietors  of  the  Times  had  given  as  a  dowry  to  his  daughter  the  money  accru- 
ing Irom  one  advertising  page  of  the  paper  for  one  year. 

The  wear  and  tear  produced  by  the  perpetual  motion  which  reigns  in  this 
immense  establishment  is  so  great  that  it  is  necessary  to  rebuild  and  strengthen 
once  every  two  years  the  lower  stories  of  the  building.  In  the  museum  I  was 
shown  the  arms  with  which  some  ten  years  ago  the  workmen  of  the  establish- 
ment, to  the  number  of  three  hundred  and  fifty,  repressed  a  disorderly  mob. 

WOULD  I  WERE  RICH  I 

These  words  fell  from  the  lips  of  a  wife,  who  was  surrounded  with  more  bless- 
ings than  usually  falls  to  the  lot  of  women,  if  they  bad  been  rightly  appreciated  ; 
but  an  error  in  education  bad  produced  a  morbid  desire  for  independence  and 
freedom  of  all  care  and  labor,  even  the  necessary  duties  of  the  wife,  whose  posi- 
tion as  the  mistress  of  the  household  required  of  her  the  general  oversight  of  iL 

**  Would  I  were  rich  !"  again  fell  from  her  lips,  as  they  curled  in  scorn  at  the 
idea  of  a  little  care  and  labor !  **  Ob  1  if  I  were  rich,  I  should  not  be  compelled 
to  do  a  menial's  work.  I  would  have  overseers  in  every  department,  and  then  I 
could  live  at  my  ease  !  I  would  have  servants  enough  I  I  would  have  my  car- 
riage, rich  dresses,  and  diamonds !     Then  I  should  feel  happy  /" 

This  is  no  fiction  ;  we  heard  the  words  as  tbey  fell  from  tbe  lips  of  one  whose 
elegant  figure  and  intelligent  face  bespoke  one  capable  of  creating  a  little  world 
of  happiness,  and  shedding  a  halo  of  joy  upon  a  thousand  hearts.  But  alas !  an 
uneasy  spirit,  a  soul  of  unrest,  was  shedding  a  blight  on  the  very  atmosphere 
aroondy  like  to  the  chill  that  falls  upon  the  air  when  the  sun  is  eclipsed !     So 


396  Mercantile  Miscellanies. 

the  beauty  and  joy  whicb  might  have  been  scattered  around  by  a  spirit  other- 
wise so  beantifal,  was  destined  to  be  lost,  and  the  happiness  which,  were  it  not 
for  this  fatal  error,  would  have  been  bestowed  on  a  troop  of  loving  friends,  was 
gone  forever ! 

Oh !  this  desire  for  wealth  by  woman !  To  win  it,  happiness,  hope,  honor, 
and  home,  with  all  that  makes  life  worth  living  for,  mast  be  sacrificed  at  the 
shrine  of  Gold  I 

**  Woold  I  were  rich  1  then  ehonld  my  pride 

And  loftiest  hopes  be  gratified  1 

But  now«  alas !  I  must  endure 

A  harder  fate,  for  I  am  poor  I 

And  must  I  daily  toil  and  work, 

Like  some  poor  slave  of  turbaned  Turk  9 

Caged  here  at  *home'  from  day  to  day  t 

Never  I    Not  1 1    There  is  a  way 

Where  I  can  win  the  wealth  I  crave, 

And  live  above  the  toiling  slave  1 

I  will  be  rich  I    I  will  have  sold  I 

Though  all  my  hopes  of  earSi  are  sold  I 

I  will  be  rich !  in  splendor  shine  I 

I  will  have  wealth  t    It  shall  be  mine !" 

Thus  spoke  this  proud,  imperious  dame, 

Who  deemed  that  wealth  was  honor,  fame  I 

How  few  in  this  world  rightly  appreciate  the  value  of  a  true  education  I 
Woman,  truly  trained,  passes  through  the  world  leaving  a  train  of  influences 
that  are  perennial  with  glory  and  honor.  But  when  she  has  been  wrongly  edu- 
cated, she  leaves  a  blight  and  mildew  upon  all  that  is  young,  fair,  and  beautiful ; 
for  by  reason  of  her  greater  and  more  potent  influence,  so  is  her  pathway  marked 
with  glory  or  dishonor ! 

A  mother's  influence  is  of  a  high,  holy,  and  Godlike  character.  She  is  the 
**  Creator  of  Men,"  and  her  example  must  affect  the  world  for  weal  or  woe. 
And  when  one  who  bears  such  an  influence  gives  her  life,  soul,  and  energies,  to 
the  love  of  wealth,  such  as  we  have  described,  and  truthfully,  too,  how  long  will 
it  be  before  the  world  will  lose  its  love  of  gold,  which  is  but  the  food  of  the 
murderer,  robber,  and  assassin?  The  picture  we  have  essayed  to  draw  is  dark, 
but  it  is  a  true  one. 


THE  ABUSE  OF  CREDIT. 

Credit,  although  desirable,  and  in  the  opinion  of  many  indispensable,  in  carry- 
ing on  business  of  all  kinds,  is  nevertheless  indiscretely  used,  inconsiderately 
given,  and  often  abused.  We  purpose  to  consider  by  whom  the  system  is  abused, 
and  first  the  creditor  himself,  in  consequence  of  too  great  anxiety  to  sell,  when 
he  meets  what  he  considers  a  good  customer,  more  goods  than  that  customer  can 
pay  for  without  depending  on  a  great  many  contingencies,  oversteps  the  bounds 
which  prudence  would  fix  and  investigation  would  suggest.  The  consideration 
is  too  often,  is  he  good  for  it  ?  It  should  be,  will  his  legitimate  business  enable 
hfm  to  make  prompt  payments  ?  If  such  a  question  should  not  receive  a  satis- 
factory answer,  if  it  will  be  evident  that  the  ordinary  business  transactions  of 
the  customer  will  not  warrant  him  in  using  the  credit  which  his  too  willing 
creditor  would  extend  to  him,  the  bills  receivable  which  the  creditor  may  hold, 
will  be  the  poorest  possible  description  of  available  funds,  for  the  property  of  the 
debtor  must  be  sacrificed  before  they  can  be  collected,  and  the  law  with  all  jts 


MercantiU  MbceUanies.  897 

onoertainty  and  delay,  will  render  this  mode  of  settlement  slow  and  tedious.  The 
bayer,  too,  abuses  the  credit  system,  when  be  allows  himself  to  buy  more  goods 
than  his  regular  trade  will  call  for,  under  ordinary  circumstances.  It  is  not  al 
that  is  sold  to  the  consumer,  which  is  well  sold,  no  matter  how  good  he  may  be 
for  it,  but  only  what  he  can  conveniently  pay  for.  Men,  who  have  a  moderate 
capital  and  good  credit  are  tempted  to  open  a  mercantile  house  in  a  certain  loca- 
tion, because  it  is  considered  a  good  location  for  business,  and  some  of  those, 
who  have  been  long  established  there,  have  become  wealthy ;  and  in  order  to 
make  a  good  appearance,  and  in  that  way  build  up  a  business  at  once,  they  tax 
their  capital  and  credit  to  the*  utmost.  The  consequence  is,  that  before  the 
foundation  is  laid,  their  capital  and  their  credit  are  both  lost  They,  with  a 
little  more  patience,  with  a  little  more  calculation,  with  a  little  more  willingness 
to  build  up  a  business  gradually,  would  have  used  their  credit  judiciously,  and 
would  have  saved  it  and  their  capital  also.  The  credit  system  is  abused  iu  another 
way,  by  selling  merchandise  which  has  been  bought  on  time,  and  which  really 
belongs  to  creditors,  for  anything  but  cash  down,  or  at  a  stipulated  time.  The 
man  who  finds  that  he  has  bought  more  goods  than  he  can  find  a  ready  sale  for, 
and  exchanges  them  for  houses  or  land,  not  only  abuses  his  credit,  but  does  hit 
creditor  great  injustice  and  great  injury.  In  consequence  of  this  system  of 
credit,  facilities  are  offered  to  engage  in  mercantile  life  which  many  accept  who 
are  either  incapable  of  conducting  any  business  successfully,  or  who  attempt  to 
carry  it  on  in  locations  already  full,  and  this  is  amother  abuse  of  the  system. 
But  another  way  in  which  the  system  is  used  is  by  far  the  most  disastrous  of  all, 
and  that  is,  in  helping  on  great  speculations  which  dishonest  men  contrive.  For 
instance,  an  individual  with  a  moderate  capital  may  commence  business  in  some 
thriving  town,  he  will  visit  one  of  our  wholesale  establishments,  and  with  his 
good  references,  but  particularly  with  his  money,  he  will  contrive  to  become 
favorably  known.  Ue  will  contine  himself  at  first  to  one  house,  but  by  manag- 
ing his  funds  adroitly,  he  will  soon  extend  bis  acquaintances.  For  a  time  he 
purchases  with  caution,  pays  promptly  and  succeeds.  He  enjoys  the  reputation 
of  a  man  of  promptness  and  capital,  and  of  one  doing  a  staving  business.  His 
acquaintance  is  sought ;  he  is  encouraged,  consulted,  and  flattered  ;  everything 
goes  on  finely  for  a  while,  but  at  last  he  buys  largely,  goes  in  beyond  his  depth, 
makes  one  grand  splurge,  and  then  judiciously  and  profitably  goes  up.  Set  it 
down,  that  the  fanner  or  mechanic,  who  buys  beyond  his  available  means  is  a 
bad  customer ;  and  the  merchant,  who  is  continually  selling  at  cost  or  under,  in 
order  to  sell  more  goods  than  his  more  judicious  neighbor,  is  a  bad  customer ; 
and  the  dealer,  who  buys  goods  to  make  a  show  with,  is  a  bad  customer.  Any 
man,  who  does  business,  entirely  on  credit,  is  a  bad  customer,  and  finally  the 
man,  who  does  not  own  at  least  one-half  of  his  stock  in  trade,  is  never  a  safe 
customer.  ^^^ 

WHAT  BECOMES  OF  WEALTH  ? 

A  boot  and  shoe  dealer  has  hanging  in^his  store  ^a  pair  of  boots  worth  $7. 
They  constitute  a  portion  of  his  wealth,  and  a  portion  of  the  wealth  of  the  world, 
A  man  buys  them  and  begins  to  wear  them ;  by  friction  against  the  pavements 
little  particles  of  the  leather  are  rubbed  off,  and  thus  separated  from  the  rest  of 
the  sole.     Every  particle  that  is  thus  removed  takes  out  a  portion  of  the  value 


898  Mercantile  MiscelUmiee. 

of  the  boots,  and  wben  the  boots  are  entirely  worn  out,  theseren  dollars  of  wealth 
which  they  fornoed  is  consumed.  The  wheat,  corn,  &c.,  which  was  raised  by  our 
farmers  last  summer  is  being  eaten  up.  No  particle  of  matter  is  destroyed  by 
this  procees,  but  the  value  which  was  in  the  grain  is  destroyed. 

As,  while  men  are  wearing  out  clothing  and  eating  up  food,  they  are  generally 
busily  employed  in  producing  wealth  of  some  kind,  the  wealth  of  the  world  is 
not  usually  dimini&td  by  this  consumption,  but  it  is  changed.  This  applies, 
however,  only  to  personal  property ;  town  lots  and  farms  generally  retain  their 
value,  but  the  personal  property  is  in  a  state  of  perpetual  destruction  and  re- 
newal. As  the  several  particles  of  water  which  constitute  a  river  are  forever 
rolling  away  to  the  ocean,  while  their  places  are  being  supplied  firom  the  springs 
and  (ountaiDs,  so  the  movable  wealth  of  the  world  is  constantly  being  consumed 
to  gratify  human  wants,  and  constantly  beiog  renewed  by  the  restless  activity 
of  human  industry. 

CENTRAL  HEAT  OF  THE  EARTH. 

The  rate  of  increase  of  heat  is  equal  to  one  degree  of  Fahrenheit  for  every 
forty-five  feet  of  descent.  Looking  to  the  result  of  such  a  rate  of  increase,  it  is 
easy  to  see  that  at  seven  thousand  two  hundred  and  ninety  feet  from  the  surface 
the  heat  will  reach  two  hundred  and  twelve  degrees,  the  boiling  point  of  water. 
At  twenty-five  thousand  five  hundred  feet  it  will  melt  lead  ;  at  seven  miles  it 
will  maintain  a  glowing  red  heat ;  at  twenty-one  miles  melt  gold  ;  at  seventy- 
four  miles  cast-iron  ;  at  ninety-seven  miles  soften  iron ;  and  at  one  hundred  miles 
from  the  surface  all  will  be  fluid  as  water — a  mass  of  seething  and  boiling  rock 
in  a  perpetually  moulten  state,  doomed  possibly  never  to  be  cooled  or  crystalized. 
The  heat  here  will  exceed  any  with  which  man  is  acquainted  ;  it  will  exceed  the 
heat  of  the  electric  spark,  or  the  effect  of  a  continued  voltaic  current.  The  heat 
which  melts  platina  as  if  it  were  wax  is  as  ice  to  it.  Oould  we  visually  observe 
its  effects,  our  intellect  would  afford  no  means  of  measuring  its  intensity.  Here 
is  the  region  of  perpetual  fire,  the  source  of  earthquake  and  volcanic  power. 

COATING  IRON  WITH  INDIA  RUBBER. 

A  peculiar  method  of  coating  iron  with  India  rubber  and  vulcanizing  it  has 
been  patented  by  T.  D.  Daft,  of  London,  whereby  plates  of  iron  so  treated  may 
be  employed  for  ship-building,  and  have  a  most  permanent  and  impermeable 


ho  anpta/«A  t 


aA     Kriflrht   tvith    f)11n^pH    finlntinriA 


Tfu  Book  Trade.  399 


THE  BOOK  TRADE. 


. — **  The  Merchants*  and  Bankers'  Almanac  "  for  1861  has  been  published  at 
the  office  of  the  Bankers*  Magazine,  in  an  octavo  rolume  of  two  hnodred 
pages,  with  an  elegantly  engraved  frontispiece  by  the  American  Bank  Note 
Company,  with  the  heads  of  the  following  merchants  and  bankers : — 1.  George 
Peabody.  2.  Stephen  Girard.  3.  Albert  Gallatin.  4.  Erastas  Corning. 
6.  David  Leavitt.  6.  John  Richardson,  President  Bank  of  North  America, 
Philadelphia.  7.  James  M.  Ray,  of  Indiana.  The  contents  of  the  volume 
are  as  follows : — 

1.  A  List  of  the  Banks,  arranged  Alphabetically,  in  every  State  and  Oitv  of 
the  Union,  January,  1861 — Names  of  President  and  Oasbier,  and  Capital  of 
e&ch.     2.  A  List  of  Private  Bankers  in  Three  Hundred  and  Fifty  Cities  and 
Towns  of  the  United  States.    3.  Alphabetical  List  of  Sixteen  Hundred  Cashiers 
\n  the  United  States.    4.  List  of  the  Banks  in  Canada,  New   Brunswick,  and 
l^ova  Scotia — their  Cashiers,    Managers,  and  Foreign  Agents.    5.  Governor, 
Directors,  and  Officers  of  the  Bank  of  England,  December,  1860.    6.  List  of 
Banks  and  Bankers  in  London,  December,  1860.    7.  List  of  Bankers  in  Europe, 
Asia,  South  America,  Australia,  West  Indies,  etc.    8.  Lowest  and  Highest 
Quotations  of  Stocks  at  New  York,  each  Month,  1860.    9.  History  of  the  Mint 
of  the  United  States,  and  Statistics  of  the  Coinage.     10.  Quotations  of  Foreign 
Exchange  at  New  York,  each  Month,  1860.    11.  The  Usury  Laws  and  Law  of 
Damages  on  Bills,  of  each  State  in  the  United  States.    12.  The  Banks  of  New 
York — Names  of  President,  Vice-President,  Cashier,  and  Notary.    13.  On  the 
Progress  of  Bank  Note  Engraving  in  the  United  States.    14.  Historical  Sketch 
of  Early  Banking  in  the  United  States.    16.  The  Cotton  Crop  of  each  Year, 
and  Foreign  Exports,  1857-1860.    16.  Dictionary  of  Commercial  and  Financial 
Terms.    17.  Portraits  and  Biographic  Sketches  of  Albert  Gallatin — Stephen 
Girard — George  Peabody — Erastus  Corning — John  Richardson — David  Leavitt 
—James  M.  Ray.    18.  Kailroads  of  Each  State — Length,  i'ost,  etc. — Decem- 
ber, 1860.    19.  The  Banking  Systems  of  Europe — France,  Germany,  Austria, 
Russia.    20.  Table  of  the  Values  of  all  Foreign  Gold  and  Silver  Coins  in  the 
United  States.    One  volume  octavo,  paper  covers.    Price  81  25.    The  engrav- 
ings are  in  the  highest  style  of  art.    They  are  not  only  admirable  portraits  of  the 
eminent  originals,  but  are  executed  in  a  style  that  reflects  the  highest  credit  on 
the  enterprising  publisher,  as  well  as  upon  the  character  of  American  steel  en- 
gravers. 

2.— TA«  Works  of  Francis  Bacons  Baron  of  Verulc,m,  Viscount  St.  Albans, 
and  Lord  High  Chancellor  of  England.  Edited  by  James  Spbddino,  M.  A., 
of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  Vol.  xiv.,  being  vol.  iv.  of  the  Literary  and 
Professional  Works.  12mo.,  pp.  422.  Boston:  Brown  &  Taggard ;  also  for 
sale  by  E.  French,  53  Cedar  street,  New  York. 

It  is  with  pleasure  We  note  the  progress  of  this  superb  edition  of  the  literary 
remains  of  Lord  Bacon,  by  the  enterprising  publishers  above.     In  the  present 

.     --    — u:^k  :^  — 1 r — «  ^f  hia  Ut^r&ry  and  Drofcssional  works,  is   innlnrlprl 


400  The  Booh  Trade. 

S.^The  American  Almanac  and  Repository  of  Useful  Knowledge  Jor  1861. 
Boston,  1861. 

Part  1.  coDtaiDB  the  AstroDomical  Department,  which  has  been  prepared  by 
Mr.  Georob  p.  Bond,  the  Director  of  the  Observatory  at  Cambridge,  an  inte- 
resting paper  on  Meteorology  by  Professor  Loverino,  of  Harvard  College,  and 
an  elaborate  and  exceedingly  valuable  article  by  Dr.  Mobriu*.  Wtma^,  of  Cam- 
bridge, on  Plenro-Pneamonia,  etc.  In  Part  II.  will  be  fonod  th^  lAoaf i&l|nt 
and  variety  of  valuable  knowledge  in  relation  to  the  couples  affinti  AddiddUUlii 
of  the  General  and  State  Governments.  There  are  tables  giving  the  weight, 
fineness,  and  value  of  foreign  gold  and  silver  coins ;  prices  of  beef,  pork,  and 
nine  other  articles,  at  New  York,  for  forty  years ;  railroads,  telegraphic  and 
t'Ubmarine  telegraph  lines  ;  colleges  and  professional  sdiools  ;.  an  ali^tract  of  the 
population  tables  of  the  eighth  census  (1860)  of  the  Unit«4  States,  with  the 
federal  representative  population,  and  the  representatives  to  which  each  State 
will  be  entitled  for  the  next  ten  years,  with  the  gain  or  loss  of  each  State,  etc., 
etc.,  and  the  members  elect  to  the  thirty-ninth  Congress,  etc.  The  lists  of  the 
executive  and  judiciary  of  the  several  States  are  given,  corrected  to  the  latest 
date,  and  full  details  respecting  their  finances,  schools,  and  charitable  and  cor- 
rectional institutions  ;  and  the  European  portion  is  especially  full.  Price  $1, 
and  sent  by  mail  free  of  postage. 

A,-^F%hrUia;  A  Practical  and  Economical  Substitute  for  Cotton,  with  Illustra- 
tions from  Microscopic  Examinations.  16mo.,  pp.  260.  Cloth  bound,  price 
$1  00.    Boston :  Crosby,  Nichols,  Lee  k  Co. 

This  new  work  gives  a  full  account  of  the  patented  process  by  which  flax, 
hemp,  jute,  China  grass,  and  various  other  plants  capable  of  cultivation  through- 
out the  United  States,  may  be  converted  into  an  article  superior  to  cotton,  and 
profitably  sold  at  a  far  less  price  than  that  famous  staple  has  avei^^  for  the 
last  thirty-two  years. 

6. — A  Practical  Treatise  on  Banking,  By  James  William  Gilbart.  F.  B.  S., 
late  General  Manager  of  the  London  and  Westminster  Bank.  A  new  Edi- 
tion, with  a  View  of  American  Banking  Systems  and  Statistics,  to  1860. 
By  J.  Smith  Homans,  Editor  of  the  "  Banker's  Magazine,"  etc.,  and  Author 
of  "  Cyclopedia  of  Commerce ;"  to  which  is  added  **  Money,"  a  Lecture  by 
Hbnrt  C.  Carey.  One  Vol.,  8vo.,  pp.  .553.  Price,  $3  00.  Sent  by  mail 
free  of  postage  to  any  part  of  the  United  States.    Boston  :  1861. 

The  previous  edition  of  Mr.  Gilbart's  work  has  been  out  of  print  for  some 
years.  The  present  edition  contains  all  that  was  in  the  former,  with  some  re- 
cent bank  statistics  of  the  several  States.  The  additional  matter  is  as  follows : — 
Bunking  in  the  United  Stateo ;  Banking  in  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont, 
Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsyl- 
vania, (including  a  full  copy  of  the  Free  Banking  Law  of  Pennsylvania,  ap- 
proved March  31.  I860;)  Delaware,  Maryland,  District  of  Columbia,  Vir- 
ginia, North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Florida,  Louisiana,  Mississip- 
pi, Arkansas,  Texas,  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  Missouri,  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois, 
Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Iowa,  Minnesota,  California. 

6. — Money ;  a  Lecture  delivered  before  the  New  York  Geographical  and  Sta- 
tistical Society.    By  Hbnry  C.  Cabby. 

l.-^Bruin;  the  Grand  Bear  Hunt.  By  Capt.  Maynb  Reid,  author  of  "  The 
Boy  Hunters,'*  "  The  Young  Voyageurs,"  "  Odd  People,"  &c.,  &c. 

Is  another  one  of  Captain  Reid's  entertaining  story  books  for  the  entertain- 
ment of  young  people,  which  we  have  no  doubt  will  be  duly  appreciated  by  the 
juvenile  class  who  love  stirring  adventure,  told  in  the  real  Baron  Munchausen 
style. 


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^MERCHANTS'  MAGAZINE 


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COMMERCIAL  REVIEW, 


Price  $5  per  Annum, 


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TO  THE  JlEBCU^lNl^  M.iGA/mi. 

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MERCHANTS'  MAGAZINE. 


Establlslfted  jruly,  i839. 


XSITSD  BT 

J.  aim  soMAm,  (nomarABT  or  m  ohambbb  op  ooicirbob  op  ram  vtAtm  or  mbw  TornXf) 

▲«D  WILUAM  B.  DAMA. 


VOLUME  XLIV.  APRIL,    1861.  NUMBER  IV. 


CONTENTS    OF    NO.  IV.,   VOL.    XLIV. 


Am*.                                                                                                                          PAOB 
L  8UOOBSTI0NS  AS  TO  QTTABA.NTINE.    1.  Its  Neeessltj—Orlglii—Hislorj— Modern 
Appllofttlon— BefomM.    %  Oar  Own  STStom— Incongmltiet.    8.  IntemfttioiiAl  Code  of 
the  Amerloen  Sanltarf  CioiiTeiitloii.    4.  Datj  of  Legislation 403 

COHnEBCIil  CHRONICLE   AND   BETIEW. 

<'  ^  Political  Fntore-Erents  Depress  Enterprise^Ezternal  Com meroe— Exports  Paid  in  8pede 
—Cotton  and  Breadstaffit—Oold  In  London— Paralysis  of  Oommeroe— B  tnk  of  England- 
Lessened  Market  for  ManafUotares— New  York  Balances— Interior  Exchange— Colleo- 
tlont— flUjLaws— Tarlir— Unusaal  SiTect— Cotton  Span— Non-employment  of  Hands- 
No  Use  for  Money— Bates  of  Money— Bank  DIsoonnts— Specie  Movement— Loan  Opera- 
tions—Specie in  the  City— Assay  Office— Coinage  of  New  Orleans  Mint— United  States 
Mint— Foreign  Coins— Austrian  Florins— Foreign  Exchange— Cotton  Bills— Ooods  in 
WarehoQse— Total  Sapply— Imports  and  Exports... 418-411) 

Sweden— Its  Dnties 410 

Proeeedingsof  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  March  7th,  1861— Beport  of  the  Special  Committee 
on  the  Coasting  and  Lake  Trade,  and  Beglstratton  of  Ships— Beport  of  the  Minority,  Feb- 
maryTth,  1861— Beport  of  the  Minority,  February  7th,  1861 490-4M 

Marine  Statistics— Early  Insurances— Laws  of  Mortality— Want  of  Statistics— CoUeetion  of 
Facts— Originated  in  Times  of  Ignorance— Bomans— Lombards— Assurance  Magazine— 
1                                  Pascal— Sdenoe  of  Probabilities— I nTcstigaUons  of  lUlley— Bills  of  Mortality— Carlisle 
I  Tables , 4S8 

MABINE  LOSSES  OF  1860— Condensed  Beport  of  the  Marine  Companies  of  New  Toric  for 

the  year  I860,  showing  the  Berenue,  Expenses,  and  Lossos  of  each,  and  their  Aggregates  420 

^  '  MABINE  LOSSES  OF  1861- Monthly  List  of  Marine  Losses-Name  of  Vessel  and  Captain. 

%  Where  Built.   8.  Where  fh>m  and  where  bound,    i.  Nature  of  Disaster.    &  Loss  on 


i  Vessel,  Freight,  and  Cargo 

^  VOL.   XLIV. — NO.   III.  18 


.402  00NTEKT6    OF   NO,   IV,,   VOU   XLIV. 

THE  TABIFF  OF  1861.  Approved  March  8,  1861— Openttet  April  I,  1861— SMtlon  1,  An- 
thorizM  the  Prtsident  within  IS  montlu  to  borrow  $  10,000,000,- pajablo  after  ten  years, 
to  be  applied  to  appropriation  and  balance  of  Treasory  Notee— Section  S,  Interest  not  over 
6  per  cent,  Certiflcates  Registered,  none  less  than  $1,000— Section  S,  Proposals  issaed  not 
less  than  80  days— Secretary  to  report  to  the  next  Congress  the  amoant  borrowed,  with  a 
Statement  of  all  the  Proposals  ■■  No  stock  sold  less  than  par,  and  none  to  be  applied  to  the 
serriee  of  the  present  fiscal  year->Section  4,  If  the  Loan  cannot  be  sold  at  pai.  Treasury 
Notes  of  $50  each,  bearing  6  per  oent  semi-annoal  interest,  may  issne— The  Treasory  Notes 
so  issued  to  be  receivable  In  payment  of  Pabllc  Debts,  and  may  be  paid  oat  to  a  Creditor  at 
his  reqnest  at  par— $30,000  appropriated  for  Expenses  of  the  Loan— The  holder  of  the  Treas- 
ury Notes  may  exchange  them  for  Bonds— The  Notes  may  not  be  issaed  after  two  years— 
They  are  redeemable  at  pleasure,  and  bear  no  interest  after  they  are  called  in— Section  5, 
Ihities  on  all  Sugars  and  Molasses— Section  6,  Spirits,  Ale,  Segars,  Tobacco,  &c  —Section  7, 
Clause  1st,  Iron,  Wire— Clause  Sd,  Pig  and  Castings— Claose  8d,  Old  and  Scrap— Clause  4th, 
Band  and  Iron  Articles,  specific  duties— Clause  5th,  Sheet  Iron,  Tin,  Screws— Clause  6th, 
Steel,  Saws,  Spikes— Clause  7th,  Coal  and  Coke— Section  8th,  Clause  1st,  Lead— Clause  Sd, 
Copper,  Zinc— Section  0,  Paints,  Oils,  Chemicals,  Ac,  specific  dutlee— Section  10,  Salt,  Vine- 
gar, Fish— Clause  8d,  Beef  and  Pork,  Provisions,  specific  duties— Section  1 1 ,  Spices,  Fruit, 
Ace,  specific  duties— Section  19,  Wool  and  Woolen  Cloths— Section  18,  Carpeta— Clause  9d, 
ManufiMtures  of  Wool— Clause  8d,  Delaines,  Ac.— Clause  4th,  Oil-cloths— Section  14,  Cottons 
and  Linens— Section  15,  Hemp,  Flax,  Bagging,  Ac.— Section  16,  Silks— Section  17,  Qlass 
and  China— Section  18,  Books,  Watches— Section  19,  10  per  cent  Schedule— Section  90, 90 
per  cent  Schedule— Section  91,  Gems,  Jewelry,  Hair  Cloth— Section  92, 80  per  cent  Schedule 

Section  93,  Free  List— Section  94, 10  per  cent  on  Unenumerated— Section  95. 437-517 

ComparaUve  Bates  of  Duties  by  the  TariA  of  1843,  J846, 1857,  and  1861 450 

Circular  olr  Secretary  Chase  in  regard  to  the  Tariff 518 

JOURNAL  OF   BANKING,   CDRRENCT,   AND   FINANCE. 

fipede  Movement  in  France 519 

British  Leather  Bankrupts 519 

Insolvency  Cases  in  San  Francisco ....  590 

Banks  of  Canada,  January,  1861 590 

Pike's  Peak  Gold 591 

Bate  of  SUte  Taxation 591 

STATISTICS    OF    TRADE    AND    COMMERCE. 

Commereo  of  France 599 

New  Steam  Line  jto  Europe ." 594 

Bombay  Chamber  of  Commerce  Beport  for  the  year  1809-60. 596 

OBITUARY    OF    PROMINENT   MERCHANTS. 

William  W.  Fox— Solomon  Willard— Wm.  C.  Gatewood-Mr.  Macgrcgor  Laird 598 

NAUTICAL    INTELLIGENCE. 

New  Beacons  in  the  Guif  of  Biga ', 599 

Electric  Telegraph  ft-om  Doftwich  to  Amsterdam 599 

Notice  to  Mariners 599 

COMMERCIAL    REGULATIONS. 

The  Commerce  of  Braxll , 530 

RAILROAD,  CINAI,  AND  STEAMBOAT  STATISTICS. 

Railroads  of  Chicago 587 

Railways  of  Massachusetts  for  I860 537 

A  New  System  of  Railway ,%.  539 

STATISTIfS  4F    POPULATION,  fce. 

PopulatioB  of  the  United  States 540 

JOURNAL   OF   MINING,   MANUFACTURES,    AND   ART. 

Factories  of  Lowell— 1836  v«.  1861 54I 

Cost  of  Making  Iron  on  Lak«  Superior..... , 541 

THE   BOOK  fRADE. 

Notices  of  new  Booka  or  new  Editions 549-544 


THE 

MERCHANTS' MAGAZINE 


AND 


COMMERCIAL  REVIEW. 


APRIL,   1861. 


Art.  I.— SUGGESTIONS  AS  TO  (lUAKANTINE. 

I.  m  inoB88rrT OBioiir hibtobt ^modbut  applioatiok Bxromiu.       ii.  .oub  owk 

8TBTBM nCOOXOBURIBS.  III.    IHTBBHATIOlfAL   OODB   OF   THB    AHBBIOAN   SAVITABT   OON  • 

TBXnON.  IV.    DUTT   OF   LBOWLATIOir. 

Trade  and  commerce  have  their  difficulties  as  well  as  their  successes. 
The  winds  and  waves  are  their  constant  enemies.  While  freighted  with 
treasures,  our  ships  sometimes  bring  pestilence,  and  the  rich  returns  of 
enterpri8e  are  accompanied  by  infection  and  death.  The  diseases  of 
tropical  climates  lurk  among  the  bales  and  boxes  taken  on  board,  to  break 
forth  mortally  at  the  moment,  perhaps,  when  the  destined  port  is  in  sight. 
Nor  is  this  all.  Death  follows  the  unhappy  victims  of  infection  into  the 
crowded  harbors  in  which  the  anchor  drops ;  spreads  from  the  few  to  the 
many ;  from  the  sickly  crew  on  board,  to  the  dense  population  on  shore. 
In  a  few  hours,  perhaps,  the  marine  hospitals  are  filled  with  the  dying ; 
the  city  catches  the  pestilence ;  the  bills  of  mortality  lengthen ;  alarm 
pervades  the  public  mind ;  the  counting  houses  are  closed ;  hearses  are  the 
only  vehicles  in  requisition  ;  whole  districts  are  fenced  off  from  the  general 
use ;  and  dismay  and  sorrow  spread  a  funeral  pall  over  the  once  busy 
scene. 

Is  it  any  wonder  that,  against  such  ravages,  humanity  or  self-protection, 
or  both,  should  seek  some  such  safeguard  as  that  of  the  quarantine  ?  Is 
it  strange  that,  from  the  earliest  days  of  regular  commercial  intercourse 
by  sea  and  land,  strenuous  efforts  have  been  made  to  avoid  the  com- 
munication of  contagious  disorders,  incidental  to  the  climates  from  whence 
have  come  the  richest  of  national  products,  or  that  restrictions  of  the 
severest  character,  at  first  those  of  undisciplined  fear,  or  pitiless  ignor- 
ance, should  have  been  adopted  in  the  early  maritime  States  ? 

For  four  hundred  years  an  unenlightened  legislation  has  dictated  the 
codes  by  which  the  evil  was  sought  to  be  averted,  and  it  is  only  now, 
within  a  few  years  past,  that  the  subject  has  been  successfully  grappled 


404  Suggestions  as  to  Qiuirantine. 

bj  the  hand  of  science,  and  in  the  light  of  a  careful  inquiry.  We 
have  unquestionably  arrived  at  the  solution  of  its  difficulties,  as  far  as 
practicable  by  human  wisdom,  and  the  two-fold  effort  to  prevent  the  ap- 
proach of  pestilence,  and  to  disantl  it  upon  its  arrival,  has  not  been  made 
in  vain.  We  feel  assured,  from  an  actual  experience,  that  we  can  check 
its  ravages,  disarm  it  of  its  terrors,  and  diminish  the  number  of  its  vic- 
tims. 

A  retrospective  view  of  the  subject  may  prove  interesting  to  those  of 
our  readers,  whose  lives  and  property  have  been,  or  may  hereafter  be, 
lost  or  saved  by  a  badly  or  a  well  regulated  quarantine. 

It  may  be  defined,  says  a  competent  authority,  as  an  **  interruption  of 
intercourse  with  a  country  in  which  a  contagious  disease  prevails,  or  is 
supposed  to  prevail,  and  in  the  employment  of  precautionary  measures 
respecting  men,  animals,  goods,  and  letters  otherwise  communicating 
with  it."  The  particular  designation  was  given  it,  because  these  precau- 
tions were  usually  adopted  for  a  period  of  forty  days,  modified  in  modem 
times  to  shorter  periods  according  to  circumstances,  varying  with  the 
character  and  crises  of  the  disease  to  be  guarded  against.  The  system 
owes  its  origin  to  the  Milanese  and  Lombardians,  who,  in  the  latter  part 
of  the  fourteenth  century,  began  to  be  intimidated  by  the  frequent  rav- 
ages of  the  plague,  which  desolated  a  great  part  of  Europe,  was  introduced 
from  the  Levant,  and  was  the  attendant  and  evil  genius  of  the  lucrative 
commerce  which  enriched  the  Italians.  The  regulations  adopted  for  its 
prevention  were  of  a  very  severe  character,  the  principal  object  of  them 
being  to  guard  against  any  intercourse  with  the  infected.  Those  suffer- 
ing from  the  disease,  were  usually  carried  into  the  open  air  and  left  there, 
to  die  or  recover  as  they  might.  Capital  punishment  and  confiscation  of 
property  were,  in  1874,  the  penalties  for  the  violation  of  the  laws,  and  in 
1883  the  sick  were  not  permitted  even  to  enter  the  country.  The  au- 
thorities differ  somewhat  as  to  the  original  date  of  the  institution  of 
quarantine  itself,  but  nearly  all  agree  as  to  the  establishment  of  a  sanitary 
council  or  magistracy  in  1475,  by  the  Venetians,  (Sopra  la  Sanita,)  to 
whom  the  prevention  of  infection  was  specially  entrusted  by  the  State. 
This  consisted  of  three  nobles,  but  their  powers  were  not,  however,  found 
to  be  sufficiently  large  to  prevent  the  introduction  of  the  disease.  They 
were  accordingly  enlarged  to  the  extent  of  authorizing  the  council  to 
imprison,  and  even  put  to  death,  without  appeal  from  their  decision,  those 
who  violated  their  regulations.  Lazarettos  were  establii^hed  on  two  islands, 
and  there  a  rigid  inspection  took  place  of  the  crews  which  entered  the 
port,  and  the  letters  of  health  from  the  places  of  departure  were  scru- 
tinized. Venice,  therefore,  deserves  the  credit  of  the  first  practical  treat- 
ment of  the  subject,  if  it  has  not  of  the  origin  of  the  institution  itself. 
These  quarantine  arrangements  were  soon  generally  adopted  by  other 
countries,  and  have  been  continued  down  to  our  own  times  Those  who 
are  curious  to  examine  into  the  early  history  of  the  theory  and  preven- 
tion of  contagion,  may  consult  the  writings  of  Dr.  William  Brownrigg, 
a  learned  Englishman,  who,  about  the  year  1771,  when  the  plague  reap- 
peared in  Europe,  published  his  views  on  the  communication  of  pestilential 
contagion,  and  of  eradicating  it  in  infected  places.  In  this  he  treated  the 
subject  in  a  masterly  manner,  and  he  is  good  authority  even  now.  It  is 
not  an  uninteresting  fact,  that  he  was  a  friend  of  Dr.  Franklin,  and  with 
him  and  Sir  John  l^ngle,  made  the  celebrated  experiments  on  Derwent 


Suggestions  as  to  Quarantine.  405 

Lake,  of  calming  the  roughDess  of  water  by  coating  it  with  oil.  Dr. 
Richard  Mead  is  another  English  authority,  who,  during  the  alarm  of 
plague  at  Marseilles,  in  1719,  at  the  reouest  of  the  Secretary  of  State,  gave 
his  opinion  to  the  government,  as  to  tne  best  method  of  preventing  the 
spread  of  the  disease  to  England,  and  his  views  were  engrafted  upon  the 
quarantine  system  of  that  time.  To  yet  another,  John  Howard,  whose 
name  is  dear  to  philanthropists,  we  are  indebted  for  important  information 
on  the  subject  of  contagion  and  quarantine.  In  the  year  1785,  from  mo- 
tives of  well  known  benevolence,  he  set  out  to  visit  all  the  lazarettos  in 
Europe,  not  even  taking  a  servant  with  him,  lest  it  might  expose  him  to 
the  danger  which  he  incurred  himself.  Passing  through  the  south  of 
France,  Italy,  Malta,  Zante,  Smyrna,  and  Constantinople,  he  incurred  fre- 
quent risks  of  contagion,  and  at  Smyrna,  on  his  return,  voluntarily  sub- 
mitted, for  the  purpose  of  observation,  to  the  restrictions  of  its  quaran- 
tine laws.  The  results  of  this  remarkable  journey  were  embodied  in  a 
book  published  in  1789.  It  was  his  misfortune  finally  to  perish  a  martyr 
to  his  zeal.  In  a  subsequent  visit  to  Russia,  while  passing  through  Cher- 
son,  which  was  afflicted  by  a  pestilential  disease,  he  caught  a  fever  from 
a  young  lady  on  whom  he  was  invited  to  call  during  her  illness,  which 
caused  his  own  death. 

There  are  many  curious  historical  facts  connected  with  the  history  of 
quarantine,  and  some  old  German  and  Italian  authorities,  in  relation  to  it, 
are  quoted  by  Beckmann  in  his  History  of  Inventions.  They  are  not, 
however,  of  much  value  to  us  for  our  present  purpose.  One  thing,  how- 
ever, is  noticeable,  that  the  first  systematic  attempts  at  quarantine  regula- 
tions were  owing  to  commercial  rather  than  medical  influences.  They 
have  from  age  to  age  spread  themselves  over  the  civilized  world,  and  are 
DOW  probably  on  the  eve  of  assuming  a  universal  international  character. 

New  York  is  of  course  deeply  interested  in  this  subject.  Such  are  the 
preponderating  influences  of  its  locality,  its  capital,  its  population,  and 
Its  command  of  the  vast  trade  of  the  interior,  that  it  is  now,  and  probably 
ever  will  be,  the  first  and  greatest  city  in  the  Western  world.  It  is  a  model 
already  in  its  public  institutions,  and  must  for  these,  as  well  as  other  rea- 
sons, continue  to  be  the  greatest  Western  mart  for  the  sale  and  exchange 
of  European  and  tropical  products.  There  are  sagacious  merchants  yet 
alive  who  did  business  here  when  the  population  of  the  city  was  but 
70,000.  It  is  the  opinion  of  some  of  these  that  at  the  close  of  this 
centufy  it  will  be  several  millions.  The  sanitary  condition  of  such  a 
city,  and  such  a  port,  assumes,  therefore,  a  magnitude  scarcely  to  be  ap- 
preciated, and  the  movements  of  our  sanitary  conventions  are  admissions 
of  the  sense  of  the  responsibility  upon  us  already.  To  our  medical  friends 
we  owe  the  highest  obligations  for  what  they  have  thus  far  done  to  en- 
lighten the  public  mind,  and  to  give  proper  direction  to  the  public  authori- 
ties in  relation  to  these  subjects.  When  they  speak,  we  should  listen 
with  respect  and  confidence.  We  are  disposed  to  give  them  precedence 
in  the  column  of  sanitarians,  and  conceive  it  our  duty  to  follow  closely 
in  their  support,  to  give  them  the  influence  of  capital  and  the  sugges- 
tions of  commercial  experience.  At  the  same  time  we  expect  them  to  re- 
move, as  fast  as  practicable,  the  formal  restrictions  which  that  experience 
has  taught  us  are  unnecessary  and  obsolete.  We  are  fortunately  aided 
in  these  views  by  the  recent  action  of  the  French  and  English  authorities, 
and  by  recent  aasemblages  of  eminent  men  of  our  own  country,  who  have 


406  Suggestions  as  to  Quarantine. 

taken  up,  and  pronounced  with  almost  entire  unanirnitj,  upon  all  the 
sanitary  questions  raised,  either  in  our  halls  of  legislation  or  Chambers 
of  Commerce. 

Whatever  diflferences  of  opinion  prevailed  formerly  among  our  eminent 
medical  men,  whatever  deference  was  due  to  such  writers  as  Rush  and 
Hosack,  the  present  advances  in  therapeutics  enable  practitioners  of  the 
present  day  to  modify  even  the  most  celebrated  opinions.  European 
writers  we  must  also  remember  had  reference  to  the  visits  of  the  plague, 
and  this  was  in  their  mind  in  all  their  disquisitions  on  the  subject  of  miaran- 
tine.  Yellow  fever,  or  bilious  remitting  fever,  black  vomit,  or  bulam 
fever,  is  classed  among  the  remittents,  accompanied  by  a  yellowness  of 
the  skin,  with  vomiting  of  a  black  or  dark  brown  fluid,  these  being  inva- 
riable attendants  of  the  disease.  In  from  24  to  48  hours  the  symptoms  run 
on  until  the  powers  of  life  sink  to  the  lowest  ebb,  with  weakness  and  in- 
tense pain  in  the  head,  eyes  red  and  fiery,  the  mouth  parched  and  dry,  the 
pulse  at  first  frequent,  and  then  imperceptible  or  intermittent,  full,  and  hard, 
the  skin  hot  and  drv,  tbe  discharges  from  the  kidneys  high  colored  and 
tinged  with  bile,  bleeding  frequently  from  all  the  passages,  hickup  and 
vomiting,  mark  the  sad  changes  and  close  the  scene.  The  mortality  oc- 
casioned by  its  visits  is  enormous,  equaling,  if  not  surpassing,  that  in 
cases  of  cholera.  It  is  wholly  unknown  in  England,  while  in  the  United 
States  and  tbe  West  Indies  it  is  a  frequent  and  frightful  visitor.  It  seems 
to  be  as  appalling  as  the  plague  itself.  But  is  it  infectious,  and  does  it 
only  communicate  itself  by  contact  of  person,  or  through  local  miasma, 
or  animal  and  vegetable  substances,  or  in  assuming  the  form  of  articles  of 
merchandise  ?  And  is  it  like  the  plague  in  any  respect,  which  has  been, 
and  is  yet,  at  the  bottom  of  the  inquiry  in  Europe  and  Asia,  as  well  of 
tbe  medical  precautions  which  have  originated  there  ?  We  must  not  for- 
get this  distinction  when  we  come  to  the  one  consideration  of  infection. 
It  may  be  that  we  have  been  led  away  from  the  right  precautions  in  the 
one  case,  from  this  assimilation  of  the  two  diseases. 

When  we  quote  Segur  Dupeyron,  on  the  subject  of  quarantine,  one  of 
our  latest  and  most  estimable  authorities,  we  must  remember  that  it  is  of 
the  plague  he  speaks.  This  is  a  violent  and  malignant  contagious  fever, 
marked  by  eruptive  pustules  of  a  white,  livid,  or  black  color,  together 
with  buboes  or  carbuncles.  The  fever  is  of  a  typhoid  character,  swell- 
ings show  themselves  in  the  groin  and  armpits ;  persons  attacked  with  it 
stagger  and  fall,  and  death  by  exhaustion  often  occurs  in  a  period  of  twelve 
hours.  It  is  peculiar  to  Asia  and  Africa,  and  its  haunts  are  especially  in 
Malta  and  Smyrna.  Bearing  these  facts  in  mind,  we  at  once  see  that 
yellow  fever,  be  what  it  may  else,  is  not  the  plague,  and  the  regulations 
which  would  be  proper  in  relation  to  the  one,  may  not  necessarily  be  im- 
perative in  the  other.  On  the  other  hand,  though  there  be  a  great  differ- 
ence in  their  character  and  treatment,  there  is  a  general  principle  com* 
mon  to  both,  that  cleanliness,  air,  and  wholesome  diet  are  remedial  or 
rather  preventives,  and  auxiliaries  in  both  cases. 

The  question,  whether  either  one  or  the  other  can  be  communicated 
by  personal  contact,  is  not  yet  absolutely  determined.  Opinions  vary, 
yet  all  agree  that  atmospheric  causes,  such  as  foul  air,  damp  exhalations, 
filth,  unremoved  dejections,  and  soiled  clothing,  in  connection  with  per- 
sonal contact,  may  reproduce  the  disease  in  others.  Even  animals  are 
believed  to  be  able  to  communicate  the  plague,  and  they  are  placed  under 


Suggestions  as  to  Quarantine.  407 

qunrantine  in  the  ports  of  the  MediterrADean.  Inanimate  objects  are 
supposed  in  many  oases  to  be  capable  of  communicating  it,  and,  there- 
fore, have  been  taken  into  consideration  in  all  quarantine  regulations,  and 
divided  into  two  classes,  susceptible  and  non-susceptible.  The  former  in- 
clude wool,  silk,  and  leather,  cotton,  linen,  paper,  and  various  other 
vegetable  substances ;  the  latter  are  such  as  wood,  metals,  and  fruit.  By 
reference  to  the  English  quarantine  laws,  we  find  the  enumeration  more 
extended.*  The  distinction  itself  is  by  some  deemed  fanciful.  At  Malta 
it  is  maintained,  that  the  parties  employed  to  cleanse  or  depurate  sus- 
ceptible goods,  have  never  been  known  to  catch  the  infection  themselves. 
But  with  regard  to  yellow  fever  at  our  own  quarantine  station,  it  is  as- 
serted that  the  same  class  of  operatives  have  sickened  and  died  after 
merely  washing  the  clothes  of  the  sick.  Dupeyron  himself  admits  that 
the  clothes  and  bedding  of  plague  patients  have  transmitted  the  disease 
to  others. 

In  France  particularly,  through  the  writings  and  exertions  of  eminent 
medical  men,  the  quarantine  system  has  been  greatly  relaxed.  In  1847, 
1849,  and  1850,  various  restrictions  were  removed,  and  finally,  the  pro- 
position of  Dupeyron  for  a  general  convention  of  the  governments  in- 
terested, to  agree  upon  a  uniform  system  of  quarantine  regulations,  was 
IB  1650  adopted.  At  Paris  in  that  year  delegates  from  France,  England, 
Austria,  Spain,  the  Two  Sicilies,  the  Roman  States,  Greece,  Portugal, 
Russia,  Tuscany,  and  Turkey  united  in  framing  an  international  code  on 
the  subject,  which  is  now  observed  in  all  the  Mediterranean  ports.  The 
local  system  in  England  has  also  been  the  subject  of  much  discussion, 
and  the  measures  proposed  by  the  general  Board  of  Health  have  had  an 
important  reference  to  the  destruction  of  the  sources  of  infection,  the 
fomites  so  called,  and  the  application  of  the  remedies  of  good  air,  water, 
ventilation,  and  food,  as  being  more  positive  than  the  old  restrictions,  or 
recourse  to  any  pestilential  traditions. 

Since  the  great  movements  abroad,  we  have  witnessed  corresponding 
ones  at  home.  Sanitary  conventions  of  a  national  character,  already 
alluded  to,  have  been  held  for  several  successive  years  past,  at  which  the 
nature  of  quarantine  regulations  has  been  particularly  subjected  to  in- 
quiry and  discussion,  and  we  are  no  longer  in  the  dark  with  regard  to  what 
are  either  the  duties  of  legislation  or  the  interests  of  commerce.  The 
American  view  admits  the  necessity  of  a  code  to  prevent  the  introduc- 
tion of  yellow  fever,  cholera,  typhus  fever,  and  small  pox,  the  former  be- 
ing peculiar  to  our  locality,  from  its  proximity  to  the  West  Indies  and 
South  American  ports,  and  being  more  frequently  and  fatally  dangerous 
to  our  commerce  than  the  others,  certainly  always  a  source  of  greater 
alarm.  The  other  diseases  named,  are  not  necessarily  the  result  of  im- 
portation ;  the  yellow  fe«rer  is  doubtless  always  so. 

At  a  meeting  of  one  of  these  conventions,  held  in  Boston  in  June  of 
last  year,  this  international-  code  for  the  regulation  of  quarantines,  was 
introduced,  and  its  authors  proposed  that  it  should  be  tested  by  at  least 
a  trial  of  five  years,  if  it  was  possible  to  bring  that  about.  The  want  of 
space  will  not  permit  us  to  do  justice  to  this  able  document,  but  its 
principal  points  may  be  briefly  stated,  for  the  benefit  of  those  who  may 
not  meet  with  the  original  itself.    They  presented  considerations — 1st.  Of 

*  Th«  list  of  snipMted  srtlolM  la  s  yrj  iMf »  on«,  though  ftrrugod  on  tbo  um%  principle. 


408  Suggestions  as  to  Quarantine. 

the  defects  relating  to  the  sick  and  sanitary  protection,  sach  as  exist  in 
the  hospitals,  their  location,  construction,  and  fitness ;  the  facilities  for  the 
reception,  distribution,  and  care  of  patients;  the  construction  and  man- 
agement of  docks  and  warehouses  for  quarantine  purposes,  with  refer- 
ence to  sanitary  protection.  2d.  The  deticiencies  relating  to  commercial 
transactions,  and  public  convenience,  such  as  the  needless  delays  of  car- 
goes,' the  damage  done  them  at  quarantine,  the  inconvenience  and  ex- 
pense of  lighterage,  the  loss  of  time,  and  the  use  of  vessels. 

These  two  divisions  are  so  comprehensive  and  well  considered,  as  to 
suggest  nearly  all  the  details  of  a  perfect  system.  They  imply  the  most 
thorough  arrangements  for  the  care  of  the  sick,  with  the  least  danger  to 
the  public ;  the  most  ample  facilities  for  warehousing  goods,  and  cleaning 
of  vessels  and  infected  cargoes,  and  docks  and  wharves  at  which  the  sick, 
and  the  freight  itself,  may  be  landed  conveniently  in  all  weathers,  and 
along  side ;  and  external  police  regulations,  by  which  proper  medical 
treatment  may  be  maintained,  and  commercial  interests  protected.  The 
report  was  accompanied  by  the  recommendation  of  specific  measures  to 
carry  out  these  principles.  The  construction  of  ample  and  safe  ware- 
houses, quarantine  dodcs,  and  marine  railways,  and  these  isolated  from 
populous  places,  are  warmly  recommended,  so  that  passengers,  crew, 
ship, 'and  cargo,  may  be  taken  care  of  with  the  least  inconvenience,  and 
at  the  least  expense. 

The  same  enlightened  convention  prepared  a  code,  somewhat  like  the 
English,  for  the  regulation  of  quarantine,  as  respects  the  departure  and 
arrival  of  vessels,  comprised  in  sixty-four  sectjons,  which  apply  to  every 
possible  contingency,  and  which  recommend  themselves  to  universal  use. 
Our  want  of  space  compels  us  to  forego  the  consideration  of  the  details 
of  this  part  of  the  code.  They  are  to  be  found  in  the  printed  debates 
of  the  convention,  published  by  Band  <fe  Avery,  Boston,  1860,  and  in  a 
separate  pamphlet,  for  convenience  of  examination. 

From  this  brief  analysis  of  our  subject,  it  is  apparent  it  is  one  of  the 
very  first  importance,  particularly  to  the  city  of  New  York.  At  this 
moment,  we  regret  to  say,  our  quarantine  system  is  incomplete.  The 
destruction  of  the  old  station  at  Staten  Island,  the  general  feeling 
prevailing  there  that  it  is  neither  just  nor  expedient  to  intrude  upon  its 
rapidly  increasing  population  any  further  risks  of  infectious  diseases,  any 
more  than  it  would  be  to  do  so  at  the  Battery ;  the  temporary  experiment 
of  the  floating  hospital,  the  difficulty  of  obtaining  a  new  site,  and  thecoc- 
sequent  inconvenience  existing  in  the  present  arrangements,  make  the 
whole  question  one  of  difficulty.  The  Legislature  is  the  only  power 
which  can  place  the  system  on  a  proper  footing,  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  it 
will  avail  itself  of  the  assistance  of  science  and  experience,  and  fully  con- 
sult the  necessities  of  our  trade  and  commerce.  . 

Let  us  briefly  consider  what  are  the  legal  provisions  for  the  regulation 
of  our  present  quarantine  system.  The  existing  statutes  are  a  conden- 
sation and  an  enlargement  of  all  the  previous  laws,  including  those  of  the 
Colonial  times,  for  protection  against  foreign  infectious  diseases,  by  no 
means  harmonious  in  their  operations,  or  even  their  design.  They  are 
founded  on  the  principle  that  pestilential  and  contagious  diseases  are 
brought  to  this  city  from  fereign  and  sometimes  domestic  ports — more  par- 
ticularly in  certain  parts  of  the  year,  and  therefore  it  is  provided  that  be- 


Suggestions  as  to  QuararUins.  409 

tween  the  first  days  of  April  and  November,  vessels  coming  from  places 
where  such  diseases  existed,  or  having  on  board  any  such  diseases,  shall  be 
subject  to  quarantine,  and  its  usual  regulations.  These  are  carried  out  un- 
der the  control  of  two  distinct  bodies — a  binary  compound  of  authorities, 
and  yet  with  separate'  powers,  independent,  yet  correlative,  viz : — the 
Board  of  Health  and  the  Commissioners  of  Health ;  an  arrangement 
which  permits,  and  has,  accordingly,  sometimes  led  to  a  conflict  of  juris- 
diction, by  no  means  advantageous  to  the  public  welfare.  As  a  means 
of  official  patronage,  and  a  multiplication  of  officers  and  salaries,  the 
system  probably  meets  the  particular  views  of  those  by  whom  it  has 
been  patched  up,  and  for  whose  benefit  it  is  retained  in  its  present  shape. 
The  Board  of  Health  consists  of  the  Mayor  and  Common  Council,  where 
ten  members  compose  a  quorum,  and  the  Mayor  presides.  The  other  is 
a  kind  of  concurrent  board,  which  is  composed  of  the  President  of  the 
Board  of  Aldermen,  the  President  of  the  Board  of  Assistants,  a  Health 
Officer,  a  Resident  Physician,  a  Health  Commissioner,  and  a  City  Inspec- 
tor, and  the  members  are  styled  the  Commissioners  of  Health.  It  would 
seem  as  if  they  were  a  board  advisory  to  the  other,  in  all  matters  regard- 
ing public  health.  The  Health  Officer  has  the  immediate  duty  of  inspec- 
tion, being  required  to  visit  the  vessels  coming  in  port  during  the  period 
named,  between  the  hours  of  sunrise  and  sunset,  to  inquire  into  the  health 
of  those  on  board,  to  examine  them,  if  necessary,  under  oath,  and  toreport 
in  writing,  either  to  the  Mayor  or  Commissioners  of  Health.  He  has 
power  to  remove  dangerous  vessels  to  any  place  outside  of  the  quaran- 
tine buoys,  and  inside  of  Sandy  Hook.  He  has  charge  also  of  the  de- 
puratory,  or  cleansing  processes;  may,  if  he  thinks  b^st,  order  the  de- 
struction of  bedding  or  clothing,  and  prohibit  personsfroro  leavingthe  quar- 
antine grounds  for  fifteen  days  from  the  time  of  the  occurrence  of  the  latest 
case  of  disease.  With  the  approval  of  the  Mayor,  or  the  Commissioners 
of  Health,  he  may  permit  the  cargo,  or  any  portion  thereof,  to  be  con- 
veyed to  the  city ;  he  may  prescribe  vaccination,  confine  arrested  fugitives 
from  the  grounds  for  ten  days,  and  pass  over  indigent  emigrant  patients, 
when  recovered,  to  the  care  of  the  Commissioners  of  Emigration.  Not 
only  these,  but  he  may  be  required  to  execute  other  duties,  as  may  be 
assigned  him  by  tbe  Board  of  Health,  and  the  Commissioners  of  Health, 
both,  or  either  of  them. 

Vessels  subject  to  detention  may  be  kept  under  surveillance  for  thirty 
days,  or  twenty  days  after  the  discharge  of  their  cargoes,  or  as  much 
longer  as  the  Health  OfScer,  and  the  Mayor  and  Commissioners  of  Health, 
may  determine,  unless  the  same  Health  Officer,  with  their  assent,  shall 
grant  permission  to  proceed. 

The  Mayor,  when  acting  with  the  Commissioners  of  Health,  as  he  is 
authorized  to  do,  is  to  advise  (himself^  the  Mayor,  and  the  Board  of 
Health,  in  all  matters  regarding  the  public  health  ;  a  duty  which  implies 
a  duality  of  persons,  as  well  as  power.  The  statutes  also  provide  a  Resi- 
dent Physician,  who  is  to  visit  the  sick,  and  report  to  either  board ;  and 
the  Health  Officer  is  also  to  assist  him,  under  the  direction  of  the  Board 
of  Health. 

The  Mayor,  besides  the  two-feld  authority  committed  him,  exercises 
a  third.  He  has  power  alone  to  issue  his  proclamation,  declaring  what 
ports  are  infected,  and  within  the  purview  of  the  statute,  and  also  the 


410  Suggeatuma  as  to  Quarantine. 

duration  of  the  necessary  Quarantine.  But  the  Board  of  Health  alone, 
has  the  power  to  regulate  tne  internal  intercourse  between  the  city  of  New 
York  and  an  infected  place,  by  land  or  water,  and  dispose  summarily  of 
those  who  violate  its  regulations.  There  are  some  other  features  in  the 
system,  which  are  commendable  enough.  Vessels  may  be  removed,  car- 
goes in  whole  or  in  part  disposed  of;  goods  that  have  improperly  found 
their  way  into  the  city,  may  be  returned  to  the  vessels  from  which  they 
came,  or  to  the  quarantine  store-houses ;  cargoes  may  be  re-exported,  in 
whole  or  in  part ;  may  be  transported  up  the  North  or  East  Hiver,  not 
approaching  within  two  hundred  yards  of  the  wharves ;  and  sick  per- 
sons, charged  with  offences  against  the  United  States  or  State,  may  be 
held  in  confinement  until  their  restoration  to  health. 

With  the  exceptions  referred  to,  the  regulations,  in  these  and  other 
particulars,  are  ample  for  the  security  of  the  public,  but  it  is  evident  that  the 
power  of  enforcing  them  is  divided  among  too  many  ofScials ;  that  unity 
of  purpose  is  scarcely  to  be  expected ;  that  concert  of  action  necessarily 
is  often  impossible,  and  there  may  be,  at  the  most  critical  moments,  a 
fatal  conflict  of  jurisdictions. 

It  is,  beyond  all  question,  that  legislation  cannot  be  expected  to  pro- 
vide for  the  contingencies  which  arise  out  of  peculiar  cases,  or  unexpected 
circumstances.  Thus,  we  should  not  expect  it  to  control  the  varying 
practice  of  the  hospitals,  nor  give  its  authority  to  any  particular  medical 
specific ;  but  it  may,  most  certainly,  provide  for  a  responsible,  simple, 
and  efficient  execution  of  the  restrictive  measures  necessary  to  prevent 
the  entrance  and  spread  of  infectious  diseases.  It  is  not  supposed  that 
the  statute  shall  discuss  the  nature  of  cholera,  or  venture  upon  deducing 
at  what  time  of  the  year  it  may  come  in  without  challenge;  nor  ignore 
ship-fever  during  the  winter,  its  favorite  season ;  nor  small-pox,  which 
has  no  limit  in  its  career,  or  time  of  advent ;  but  we  certainly  may  de- 
mand  that  the  administration  of  the  quarantine  laws  shall  be  placed  in 
the  hands  of  a  single  board  of  competent  persons,  with  a  direct  respon- 
sibility, either  to  the  city  or  the  State.  A  selection  of  distinguished 
medical  men,  of  equal  number,  by  the  Governor  and  the  Senate,  sufficient 
to  protect  the  interests  of  the  State,  should  certainly  be  made.  A  board  thus 
constituted,  would  be  efficient  and  responsible ;  could  act  with  readiness 
and  energy,  and  would  be  free  from  the  corrupt  influences  which  prevail 
so  frequently  in  our  municipal  affairs.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  trust 
would  be  confided  to  the  highest  order  of  oapacitiesv 

At  present,  as  we  are  situated,  there  are  apparently  conflicting  interests, 
views,  and  results.  A  humane  institution  becomes  the  scene  of  political 
squabbles,  and  the  interests  of  commerce  are  endangered  by  the  demands 
of  hungry  office  seekers.  No  matter  what  party  is  in  the  ascendant,  the 
quarantine  is  one  of  the  placers  for  which  there  is  the  sharpest  ^pros- 
pecting." 

With  regard  to  the  location  of  our  marine  hospital,  and  what  should 
be  the  character  of  a  new  lazaretto,  it  may  be  well  to  make  a  few  sug- 
gestions. It  has,  in  times  past,  been  located  on  various  islands  in  our 
harbor,  and  the  last  one,  in  itself,  and  in  point  of  convenience,  seems  to 
have  been  the  best.  What  is  now  due  to  the  wishes  and  interests  of  the 
rapidly  increasing  population  of  Staten  Island,  may  be  left  to  be  con- 
sidered by  those  to  whom  the  question  properly  belongs.  Our  quaran- 
tine station,  in  itself,  has  never  yet  been  one  of  the  first  class,  and,  in 


Suggeitions  as  io  Qtiarantine.  411 

point  of  ooDvenienoe,  will  not  compare  with  tho^e  of  Mareeilles,  Leghorn, 
or  Oenoa,  though  far  superior  to  any  in  Great  Britain.  It  is  the  opinion, 
as  it  was  the  recommendation,  of  the  National  Sanitary  Convention,  to 
which  we  have  alluded,  that  wet  docks,  marine  railways,  and  ample  ware- 
houses, should  be  provided,  as  indispensable  to  the  cleansing  of  ships  and 
cargoes,  as  the  hospitals  are  for  the  sick  themselves.  There  can  scarcely 
be  a  doubt  of  this.  A  vessel  quarantined  at  anchor,  presents  numerous 
difficulties  in  the  performance  of  the  duty  of  inspection,  depuration,  and 
discharge,  punctually,  in  good  as  well  as  bad  weather ;  and  remedial ly, 
in  its  requiring  such  services  and  labor  on  board,  as  may  increase,  or  at 
least  retain,  the  infection  already  there.  An  infected  vessel,  in  dock, 
and  properly  secured,  can  easily,  and  without  disadvantage  to  the  owners, 
be  subjected  to  the  process  of  cleansing  and  repairs. 

To  prevent  injury  ib  the  treatment  of  such  parts  of  the  cargo,  classed 
as  susceptible  of  infection,  spacious  warehouses,  well  ventilated  and  se- 
cured, are  indispensable.  In  the  English  system,  there  is  scarcely  any- 
thing like  a  true  lazaretto.  A  floating  hulk  is  the  best  substitute  it  has 
to  offer,  and  yet  its  quarantine  code,  assuming  its  present  form  from  the 
enactments  of  George  IV.,  (6)  and  subsequent  orders  in  Council,  is  one 
of  the  most  carefully  theorized  of  any,  except  that  referred  to,  within 
our  knowledge.  Down  to  the  method  of  depurating  infected  goods — to 
the  very  manner  of  opening,  handling,  and  airing  suspected  bales  and 
boxes,  it  is  complete.  In  a  recent  work  of  Beadell,  on  the  Maritime  Code 
of  England,  the  fullest  and  most  interesting  details  are  given ;  and  this, 
too,  although  the  worst  inroads  of  infection,  such  as  the  plague  and 
yellow  fever,  are  foreign  to  its  shore,  and  seem  not  even  probable  ever  to 
occur.  It  is  worthy  of  note  that  the  quarantine  stations  in  Great  Brit- 
ain are  not  necessarily  immediate  to  every  port  which  they  are  designed 
to  protect.  There  are  not  more  than  a  dozen  of  them  for  all  its  ports  of 
entry.  White  Booth,  between  Hull  and  Grimsby,  is  the  station  for  Hull, 
and  twenty- two  other  places.  For  London,  Rochester,  and  Feversham, 
is  Standgate  Creek,  an  inconsiderable  affair.  For  Liverpool,  and  seven 
other  places,  including  the  Isle  of  Man,  is  Bamboropoo!,  or  Milford 
Haven.  For  the  western  coast  of  Scotland,  comprehending  Glasgow, 
Greenock,  and  nine  other  ports,  the  station  is  at  Holy  Loch,  in  the 
Frith  of  Clyde.  Thus  showing,  perhaps,  that  general  considerations  have 
an  influence  above  those  of  the  personal  interests  of  owners,  or  the  direct 
advantage  of  the  ports  themselves.  At  a  day  not  far  distant,  perhaps, 
some  unobjectionable  locality  may  be  found,  where,  on  a  large  and  liberal 
scale,  the  improvements  efl^ected  by  the  progress  of  science  may  be  turned 
to  our  own  accounts  We  think  we  may  lay  down  one  principle,  in  re- 
gard to  the  one  contagious  disorder  which  we  principally  regard  with 
apprehension,  which  should  not  be  lost  sight  of,  in  whatever  we  do  here- 
after:— Yellow  fever  must  not  be  permitted  to  nestle  in  any  confined 
spot.  It  is  doubtful  whether  even  more  than  one  case  should  be  treated 
in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  another.  In  a  pure  air,  by  itself,  and  un- 
sustained  by  accumulating  materials  for  propagation  or  growth,  it  is  be- 
lieved yellow  fever  is  not  communicable.  This  appears  to  be  the  latest 
opinion  of  leading  physicians,  and  should  it  not  be  strictly  correct,  there 
can  be  no  doubt  that  its  force  must  be  diminished  in  proportion  to  the  dim- 
inution of  its  causes.    And  though  the  application  of  steam,  as  proposed 


412  Suggestions  as  to  Quarantine. 

by  Dr.  Harria,  while  in  direction  of  the  floating  hospital  in  our  harbor, 
in  1859,  to  the  cleansing  of  all  suspected  and  infected  articles,  seems  to 
have  resulted  in  the  destruction  of  their /omites,  and  the  preservation  of 
more  than  average  health  on  board  of  the  vessels  where  it  was  used,  yet 
there  can  be  no  doubt  its  auxiliary  influences  would  not  be  less  valuable, 
if  exerted  in  a  purer  atmosphere  on  shpre. 

The  conclusion  to  which  we  ourselves  have  arrived,  after  consultation 
with  leading  commercial  men — after  a  careful  examination  of  the  sub- 
ject, itself,  and  without  4he  least  bias  in  favor  of  any  theory,  or  any  prop- 
ositi^ bearing  upon  it,  is,  that  the  restrictions  which  are  placed  upon 
cominWce,  in  the  fear  of  contagion,  should  be  as  light  as  public  security 
will  peVmit  The  only  real  invasion  we  in  New  York  have  to  fear,  of 
this  de8c^ption,  is  the  yellow  fever,  but  its  visits  are  unfrequent,  and  its 
terrors  arei  diminishing  under  the  scrutiny  of  modern  science,  and  the 
test  of  experience.  But  it  must  not  be  left  to  be  met  by  presumptions, 
nor  can  it  be  excluded  by  mere  political  cordons;  nor  should  the  care  of 
the  public  health  be  the  reward  of  partisanship,  or  be  held  up  as  the 
prize  of  individual  turbulence,  or  truoulenoy.  Whatever  power  legis- 
lation may  give  to  any  Board  of  Health,  should  be  lodged  in  the  hands 
of  purely  scientific  and  philanthropic  men.  There  should  be  a  magnani- 
mous disregard,  on  the  part  of  our  law  makers,  of  all  political  consid- 
erations in  the  framing  of  the  statutes  which  regulate  tbe  administration 
of  our  sanitary  code.  They  should  be  without  secret  clauses,  paragraphs 
for  individual  advantage,  loopholes  for  expenditure,  or  chances  for  ad- 
herents. Life  and  death,  the  business  of  the  port,  the  facilities  of  com- 
merce, and  the  protection  of  the  people,  should  be  present  in  the  minds 
of  every  committee,  and  every  representative,  undertaking  to  grapple 
with  pestilence.  Our  present  system  is  conflicting  and  contradictory, 
and  never  will  work  harmoniously  under  various  and  opposite  juris- 
dictions. 

The  Board  of  Health,  one  of  the  quarantine  departments,  is  but  rarely 
called  together,  and  for  the  understood  reason,  that  the  authorities  by 
which  it  is  called,  have  been  actually  afraid  that  its  services  would  be 
uselessly  prolonged. 

A  system  we  should  have  without  these  objections,  and  we  are  now  fully 
prepared  to  adopt  one  with  less  machinery,  and  less  inducement  for 
abuse.  It  is  hoped  there  are  single  minded  and  patriotic  men  at  the 
seat  of  government,  in  number  enough,  to  give  us  one  which  shall  meet 
every  exigency,  with  economy,  skill,  promptness,  and  simplicity.  Con- 
tagion is  not  an  article  in  which  there  should  be  invested  any  political 
capital.  Let  the  hireling  get  his  reward  ^*  at  the  barn  door  of  the  trea- 
sury," but  let  him  keep  his  hands  off  the  sick  and  the  dying;  let  him 
ply  his  trade  in  some  other  form,  than  that  of  piracy  on  board  the  luck- 
less merchantmen  who  come  into  port  with  the  flag  of  death  in  their 
shrouds.     . 


Commercial  Chronicle  and  JSeview.  413 


COMMERCIAL  CHRONICLE  AND  REVIEW. 


POLITICAL  rVTUBS— BTXRTl  DSrBBSS  XKTBBPSUS— BXTBKMAL  COMMEBOS—XXPOBTB  PAID  IK  8PK- 
CIB— OOTTON  AHD  BKSAD8TVPPB— OOLD  IN  LOKDOV— PABAt^TSIS  OP  OOMMBKOB— BAKK  OP  EKO« 
LA1I1>— LBSSBICBD  MABXBT  POB  MAXUPAOTVBBS^IIBW  TOBK  BALAMGES—IPTKBIOB  BXCBAl«a»— 
OOLLBOnOMB— STAT  LAWS— TABIPP— VVrSUAL  BPIXOT— COTTOK  BPUN—NOM-BMPLOTMBMT  OP 
BAUDS— XO    USB    POB   MOSBT— BATBS    OP  MOXBT— BaKX    DISCOVMTS— SPBCIB   MOTtUBMT— LOAN 

opBBATions— spxcix  nr  thk  city— absat  oppick— coimaob  or  mbw  oblxams  mixt— vxitad 

STATX8   MIXT— POBXIOX    COIKS— ACBTBIAX   PLOB1X8— POBSI6X  XXCHaKQB— COTTOX  BILLS— OOODt 
Of  WAXBBOU8B— TOTAL  SUPPLY— UirOBTB  AXD  KZPOBT8. 

Thb  geDeral  cooditioD  of  commercial  aod  fiosDcial  affairs  still  turns  upon 
the  UDcertaiD  political  future.  The  fears  of  civil  war,  that  at  one  time  were 
entertained  in  certain  quarters,  bave  subsided,  if  not  altogether  disappeared,  under 
the  influence  of  passing  events ;  but  there  are  yet  no  guides  by  which  commer- 
cial enterprise  can  with  safety  be  shaped,  and  commerce  languishes,  while  money 
accumulates.  The  course  of  the  external  commerce,  as  exhibited  in  the  tables 
customarily  annexed,  is  unusually  large  in  exports  of  produce,  and  of  unwonted 
returns  in  specie,  with  a  continued  low  range  of  exchange.  The  country,  a  large 
gold  producing  one,  exports  apparently  more  of  its  cotton  and  breadstuffs,  than 
suffices  to  pay  for  all  the  goods  it  purchases  and  interest  on  debts  due  abroad, 
leaving  a  surplus  in  favor  of  the  country,*  which  is  received  in  specie.  This 
fact  marks  the  paralysis  of  business,  and  its  effect  is  to  make  the  market  more 
stringent  in  London,  the  great  money  center  of  the  world,  where  the  rate  of 
interest  has  been  advanced  by  the  bank  to  8  per  cent.  It  is  there  claimed,  that 
while  the  specie  so  poured  out,  is  given  in  exchange  for  cotton,  that  being 
wrought  up  into  goods,  is  of  a  better  exportable  value  than  the  specie  itself, 
and  therefore  the  departure  of  the  specie  is  not  a  matter  of  so  much  regret ;  but 
the  departure  of  the  specie  is  the  sign  of  the  loss  of  a  large  market  for  goods, 
that  were  formerly  sent  in  the  place  of  specie,  and  to  an  extent  which  brought 
gold  back.  Since  January  Ist,  New  York  has  received  over  911,000,000  in 
specie,  and  exported  to  Europe  $3,000,000  less,  being  a  balance  of  $14,000,000 
against  the  English  goods  export  market.  This  change  has  been  wrought,  how- 
ever«  as  well  by  the  large  increased  export  of  produce  that  comes  from  the  South 
and  West,  as  by  the  diminished  import  of  goods,  and  indicates  the  current  of 
exchange  towards  the  interior  from  New  York,  since  the  exported  produce 
coming  from  the  interior,  is  not  paid  by  purchase  of  goods,  as  well  imported  as 
domestic,  to  the  same  extent  as  usual.  1  he  collections  of  outstanding  claims 
on  the  West  and  South,  are  made  with  reasonable  promptness,  and  these  tend 
to  effect  sales  of  produce,  causing  money  to  accumulate  at  the  great  reservoirs, 
without  any  present  prospect  of  a  renewed  demand  for  it  in  any  branch  of  com- 
mercial or  manufacturing  enterprise. 

The  action  of  some  of  the  Southwestern  States,  in  relation  to  stop  and  stay 
laws,  has  not  had  much  influence  upon  collections,  since  honorable  merchants 
settle  without  regard  to  them.  The  following  is  the  tenor  of  one  enacted  re- 
cently in  Missouri : — 

Dispatches  from  Jefferson  City  state  that  the  governor  approved  and  signed 
the  *'  Relief  Bill,"  which  passed  the  Legislature  some  days  before.  We  here  in- 
sert the  bill  as  matter  of  record  : — 


414  CbrnmaretoZ  Ohnmklt  and  Jlevtew. 

AN  ACT  TO  AKKND  AN  ACT  TO  ESTABLISH  JUSTIOBS'  OOURTSi  AND  RSaULATS  FBO- 
CEBDINGS  THBBBINi  APPROVED  DEOEKBEB  6tH,  1856. 

Section  1.  All  execations  issued  upon  aoy  jadgment  rendered  by  a  court  of 
record,  shall  be  retarnabie  to  the  second  term  of  said  court,  after  the  date  of 
said  ezecatioo. 

Sec.  2.  All  executions  now  issued  from  any  court  of  record  in  this  State,  shall 
be  returnable  to  the  second  term  after  the  date  of  said  writ,  as  now  provided 
by  law. 

Sec.  3  All  executions  issued  by  Justices  of  the  Peace  upon  jud^nnents  ren- 
dered by  them,  shall  be  returnable  in  twelve  months  from  the  date  of  such  writ 

Sbc.  4  Na  property  shall  be  sold  by  virtue  of  any  execution,  until  within 
fifteen  days  of  the  return  day  thereof;  vrovided,  that  if  the  property  be  personal, 
the  defendant  shall  give  bond  for  the  oelivery  thereof  oo  the  day  of  sale,  at  such 
place  as  the  officer  may  direct. 

Sec.  6.  All  executions  now  issued  by  Justices  of  the  Peace,  shall  be  return- 
able twelve  months  from  the  date  of  such  execution. 

&ec.  6.  All  laws  inconsistent  with  the  provisions  of  this  act,  are  hereby  sus- 
pended until  the  1st  day  of  January,  1862. 

Sec  7.  This  act  shall  take  effect,  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  passage, 
and  shall  continue  in  force  until  the  1st  day  of  January,  1862. 

The  tariff",  which  has  become  a  law,  and  which  is  given  in  extenso  in  the 
present  number,  is  of  a  character,  under  ordinary  circumstances,  in  quiet  times, 
to  have  stimulated  a  very  active  importation  of  goods,  to  come  in  before  its 
operation  April  1st ;  but  also  to  have  caused  a  demand  for  capital,  to  employ 
in  those  new  manufacturing  enterprises  that  may  be  called  into  activity,  through 
the  apparent  advantages  which  the  new  bill  holds  out.  The  political  aspect  of 
affietirs  is  such,  however,  as  to  prevent  any  action  in  this  direction.  The  quan* 
tity  of  cotton  taken  from  the  ports  by  the  Northern  spinners,  in  the  month 
ending  March  15th,  was  only  41,000  bales,  against  80,000  in  the  same  period 
of  1859,  affording  an  Indication  of  the  diminished  action  of  the  factories  in  that 
branch  of  manufactures.  The  non-employment  of  great  numbers  of  hands  in 
business  and  industry,  has  doubtless  considerable  effect  upon  the  course  of  trade, 
since  the  consumption  of  goods  is  no  doubt  necessarily  curtailed.  The  slow 
movement  of  goods,  and  the  difficulty  in  some  branches  of  collection,  have  boroe 
heavily  upon  those  who  depended  upon  these  resources  to  meet  the  spring  pay- 
ments, and  the  demand  for  money,  as  the  spring  advanced,  became  more  urgent 
for  this  purpose,  as  well  as  for  investment  In  government  stocks  which  have  been 
issued,  and  of  which  a  large  supply  was  looked  for.  The  rates  of  money,  com- 
paratively, were  as  follows : — 

«■        OncttlL         »   4 ^Indoned %  Single  Othiir  Not  well 

Stookf.        Other.      UOdftyi.  iadmos.  nemes.  good.        knoiriL 

Apr.lStb 6    a6i  6    a  6i    5i  a  6  6    a  6i  6ia7i      9  a  10  11  a  18 

May  let 6    a  6i  6    a  6i    6    a6  6    a  6i  6i  a  7i      9  a  10  llal2 

May  16th....  6a6  6a6i6a6  6a7  6^a7i      9a  10  10  a  12 

June  let. 4fa5  6a6i6a6  6a7  6iA7i      8a9  9a  10 

JuoelSth 4ia6  5    a6      4ia6  6    a  6i  6i  a  6        6  a  7^        8a    9 

Jan.  let,  1861.  5i  a  6i  8    a  10  10   a  12  18   a  15  18    a....    a..       ..a.. 

Jan.  15th 6    a6  6   a7      7    a8  8   a9  8    a  10  12   a  16  18a24 

Feb.  let 6    a6  6    a7      7    a8  8    a9  8    a  10  12    a  16  18a24 

Feb.  16th 6    a6  .    a7      7ia8  8    a9  8    a  10  12   a  15  18a24 

Mar.    let 6ia6i  6ia7      7ia8  8    a9  9    all  12   a  16  18a24 

Mar.l6th 6    a6  6    a7      6^  a  6  6|a7  7    a8    12    a  16  18a86 

The  supply  of  good  business  short  paper,  has,  in  consequence  of  the  small 
amount  of  business  done,  not  been  large,  and  the  banks  have  had  difficulty  in 
getting  as  much  of  that  class  as  their  business  demands.    Oo  the  other  hand, 


Oommeroial  Chroniele  and  Beview.  415 

the  supply  of  longer  paper  was  more  abnndaot,  with,  at  the  same  time,  more  dis- 
positioD  to  take  that  which  is  first  class.  The  stock  movement  produced  a 
little  more  demand  for  money  upon  call.  The  line  of  bank  discounts  presented 
the  reverse  action  from  what  is  usual  at  this  season,  and  is  several  millions  be- 
low that  of  the  corresponding  period  last  year ;  while  their  specie  is  some  twelve 
millions  higher,  under  the  continual  import  from  abroad  and  the  receipts  from 
California.    That  movement  has  been  as  follows : — 

GOLD  aXOCrVBD  VBOM  CAUFORNIA  AMD  BUROPB  AND  BXPOaTBD  PROM  KKW  TORE  WXBKLT, 
WTTH  THB  AMOVKT  OP  8P10IS  IN  BDB-TRKASURT,  AND  TBI  TOTAL  IN  TUB  CITY. 

^ 1860. ,  . 1861 , 

Spade  in  Total 

Beeelved.       Exported.     Soceived.       Exported.  snb-treMory.     Inthectty. 

Jan.   6 186,080 1  };Jf  ^qO* 18,646,487  128,486,000 

12. 11,788,666         88,482 1  }|J JJ|oOO» 2.684,466     29,045,800 

19 269,400     1 '698,052     2,166,242    81,764,700 

26. 1,760,682   .      81,800     1,246,029         22,866     6,761,298     84.720,200 

Feb.  2 94,696       427.467 1  }|jJ^»52J»     289,669    4.828,000    86,882,000 

9 1,476,621  92,860       SOO^OOO  116,698  8.644,921  88,800,600 

16 692,997  1,616,111  117,101  8.866,000  40.476,000 

28 1,898,179  202,000  187,268  8,886.700  41.881.000 

Mar.  2 882,608  667,282       866.766  176.161  9,166,030  43.646.000 

9 1,198,711  116,478       266,000*  7,624,637  41,417.000 

116 162.000       429,260 1  ^*^J*J^*     128,816    6,720,806    42,940,000 

Total 8,846,862    8,041,681  18,708,846     1,082,118     

The  largest  export  of  specie  has  been  of  doubloons  tent  back  to  Havaua, 
whence  they  came  in  the  fall  to  strengthen  the  sugar  market  The  loan  opera- 
tion of  the  government  caused  a  considerable  transfer  of  specie  from  the  banks 
to  the  government  vaults,  whence  it  returned  in  the  regular  course  of  disburse- 
ments. The  large  arrivals  from  abroad  causecl  great  activity  at  the  Assi^- 
office,  the  operations  of  which  were  as  follows : — 

NBW  TORK  A88AT  OPPIOB^DBFOSITB. 

4                     Foreign. — >  /-— United  States. -^  PaymentB 

Gold.                      Silver.                                dilrer.  In 

Coin.       Bnllion.      Coin.    Bnllton.     Gold.      Coin.  Bnllion.  Bers.     Coin. 

JenojirT....  $4,500,000  $1,000,000    $59,000  $40,000  $8,539,000  $20,000  $57,000  $2,000  $8,313,000 

Febraerj..    2,140,000    1,200,000     61,000    84.000     1.563,000     61.000  16^000     5,034,000 

Total,  1861  $6,640,000  $2,200,000  $180,000  $74,000  $4,102,000  $20,000  $~10eio00  $17,000  $13,247,000 
Total,  1860  19,000  46,000  17,700  38,000  3,429,000  1,800  27,500  1,579.000  2.000,000 
Total,  1850         10,000         23,000      81,060      9,000    1,034,000      4,800    10,120    1,137,000       208,000 

The  operations  of  the  Assay-office  were  reflected  in  the  increased  activity  at 
the  United  States  Mint,  Philadelphia,  where  the  coinage  in  two  mouths  has 
reached  the  large  amount  of  $15,720,1 38,  against  $2,768,328  in  the  same  period 
last  year,  and  $810,288  in  the  same  two  months  of  1859,  as  follows  :— 

UHITID  BTATB8  MINT.  PHILADRLPBIA. 

#— Depoalte.— -%,  r— »  -Coinege.  -h 

Gold.           Silver.              Gold.  Silver.        Centa.  TotaL 

January 18,209.669    $166,418  $8,062,821  $91,100      $6,000  $8,148,421 

February 6.244.816       168.861       7,488,016  121,700      12,«i00  7.671,717 

Total,  1861...  $18,464,486  $809,774  $16,490,837  $212,800  $17,000  $16,720,188 
Total,  1860...  2,068,678  86,678  2,666,728  62.600  48,000  2,768,828 
Total,  1869...  228,196       129,286         f07,808       188,000      62,000         810,288 

The  state  of  afikirs  at  the  South  has  caused  no  suspension  in  the  operations  at 
the  New  Orleans  Mint,  where  the  coinage  for  February  was  $295,000. 

*  FromSorope. 


416  Oommercial  Chronicle  and  Review. 

The  iocreaae  of  United  States  coios  is  very  rapid,  it  appears,  aoder  the  doable 
action  of  arrivals  from  abroad,  and  aIso  from  California.  The  law  in  relatioo 
to  foreign  coins  not  having  been  changed,  it  becomes  necessary  to  recoln  thoee 
that  arrive,  an  operation  which,  oflbets  the  value  of  exchange  based  npon  their 
re-export.    The  new  silver  coins  of  Austria  have  beeb  recognized  as  follows : — 

AN  ACT  DECLARING  THE  VALUE  OF  THE  NEW  SILVER  FLORIN  OF  AUSTRIA. 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  und  House  qf  RepresetUaHveM  of  the  United  8tete$ 
of  America  in  Congress  assembled^  That  the  new  silver  florin  of  Austria  shall, 
in  all  computations  at  the  Costom-hoose,  be  estimated  at  forty-six  cents  and 
niueteen-hundretbs  of  a  cent    Approved  March  2, 1861. 

The  course  of  the  foreign  exchange  has  been  as  follows,  comparatively : — 

RATBS  OF  BILLS  IK  NEW  TOEE. 

London.  Paris.  AmitordAin.     Fnmklbrt       Htmborg.      Borlta. 

Decl..     1    a    6      5.47ia5.40      89^  a  40^    40   a  40^    84f  a  86^    09^  a  76jt 

15..     1    a    4      6.60    a  6.50      89    a  89^     89    a  89^     84^  a  S4f    72i  a  78i 

Jan.1..     2ia    5      6.40    a6.45       88f  a  89^    89ia89|    84i  a  85       68i  a  69i 

]6..     6ia    6i    6.80    a  5  SSf    40    a  40i    40iai0i    85^  a  85^    70i  a  70i 

Feb.l..     6    a    6      6.87ia5.85      40    a40i    40^  a  40i    85f  a  86      70^  a  70f 

16..     2    a    6i    6.42ia6.86      89|  a  40i    40f  a  40f    85^  a  85f    70f  a  70| 

Mar.l..     8ia    6      6.40    a6.86       S9ia40i    40f  a  40f    86^  a  86i    70f  a  71 

16..     6    a    6i    e.87    a  6.80      40    a  40f    40f  a  40^    86    a  86^    70ia71i 

The  rate  for  sterling  rose  to  7  per  cent,  in  face  of  the  large  imports  of  specie  to 

New  York,  and  no  longer  admits  of  the  continued  import  of  specie,  after  the 

quantity  that  has  already  come  to  hand.    This,  however,  is  the  season  of  the 

largest  export  of  cotton,  and  from  this  time  to  the  close  of  the  cotton  year  the 

supply  of  bills  from  that  source  will  continue  to  decline,  but  on  the  otiier  hand 

there  are  those  who  look  for  a  diminished  importation  of  goods  under  the  new 

\        tariff  arrangements.    This  is  the  more  likely,  since,  notwithstanding  the  small 

t       importations  with  which  the  year  commenced,  an  unusually  large  pro{>ortioD  of 

T    ,them  went  into  warehouse,  and  these  goods  have  still  to  find  a  market  at  the 

^  |j|gher  rate  of  taxation.    The  following  is  an  official  statement  of  the  amount 

in  warehouse,  March  1st  :— 

Total  value  of  goodB  in  bond,  February  1, 1861 $24,092,879 

Entered  warehouse  from  foreign  ports  io  February 8,761,678 

^Received  in  bond  from  other  domestic  ports 60,988 

Total 127,894,990 

Withdrawn  for  consumption $6,781,728 

Reshipped  to  foreign  ports 626,896 

Transported  to  other  domestic  ports 148,806 

6,466,429 

Leaving  stock  in  warehouse,  March  1, 1861 $21,488,661 

-  a  a  iseo 9,766,890 

-  -            1869 6,602,008 

«*          a  a     ig5g 18,869,607 

-  u  H            1357 18,692.066 

«          «  M     1850 9,618,161 

There  was,  therefore,  $12,000,000  more  in  value  in  bond,  March  1st,  than  for 
the  same  date  in  the  previous  year,  and  $16,000,000  more  than  in  March,  1859. 
This  accumulation  throws  the  supply  of  goods  farther  into  the  spring  season, 
and  discourages  fresh  importations,  in  face  of  the  more  unpromising  legal  and 
political  circumstances. 

The  business  of  the  port  continues  to  present  the  remarkable  effects  of  politi- 
cal disquiet    The  general  result  is  a  large  increase  in  exports,  without  a  corre- 


Commercial  Chronicle  and  Review.  417 

ppoodiDg  increase  In  floods ;  and  the  proceeds  of  the  produce  sold  abroad  come 
ID  a  larger  proportion  than  nsaal  in  the  shape  of  specie.  For  the  month  of 
Febroarj,  the  imports  show  the  following  aggregates  for  many  years : — 


Tears. 

Imports. 

Yenrs. 

Imports. 

Tesm. 

Imports. 

1847... 

$7,409,687 

1852.... 

$9,249,577 

1857.... 

$25,524,492 

1848.... 

9,767,900 

1868.... 

17.481,920 

1858.... 

9,209,p48 

1849.... 

8,664,226 

1854 

11,095,580 

1859.... 

18,8  8,870 

1850.... 

8,829,821 

1865.... 

12,081,482 

I860.... 

19.856,879 

18»1   ... 

12,064,408 

1856.... 

16,080,288 

1861.... 

16,841,707 

18S9. 

$15,281,466 

1,264,602 

2,260,222 

92,200 

1860. 

$14,467,040 

1,526,772 

8,172,892 

190.176 

1861. 
7,008.899 
8.751,678 
8,812,568 
2.274.067 

The  aggregate  for  the  present  year  is  composed  largely  of  specie,  and  goods 
entered  for  warehouf^e.  The  quantity  entered  for  consumption  is  less  than  half 
that  of  last  year,  but  the  withdrawals  have  been  larger : — 

FOREIGN   IMPORTS  AT   M£W  YORK  IN   FBBRUART. 

18». 

Entered  for  consumption. $6,840,266 

Entered  for  warehousing. 1,880.628 

Free  goods 1,798,105 

Specie  and  bullion 240,059 

Total  entered  at  the  port, $9,209,048   $18,848,870    $19,856,879  $16,841,707 

Withdrawn  from  warehouse...  4,788,706  2.167,998  2,838.649  6,781,728 
We  have  here  a  decline  of  $7,400,000  in  the  entries  for  consumption.  The 
total  receipts  of  foreign  goods  at  New  York  since  January  Ist,  snow  similar 
proportions,  as  in  the  following  table.  The  short  snpply  of  imports  seems  to 
have  induced  larger  withdrawals  from  warehouse  daring  the  month  of  February. 
These  were  to  meet  the  Southern  demand  that  sprang  up  to  forestall  the  opera- 
tions of  the  Southern  Confederacy  tariff  and  also  occasioned  by  the  new  Fed- 
eral tariff,  which  goes  into  operation  April  1st : — 

FOREIGN   IMPORTS  AT   NEW  YORK  FOR   TWO  MONTHS,  FROM  JANUARY  IST. 

Entered  fit  consumption.. 
Elotered  fur  warehousing. 

Free  goods 

Specie  and  bullion. 


1868. 

18§!). 

i860. 

1«1. 

$10,010,273 

$80,788,178 

$80,988,214 

$16,182,286 

8,240,071 

2.466,209 

4,271,188 

12,812,368 

8,514,787 

4,878,442 

5,486,080 

"     6,188,228 

549,681 

168,508 

418.226 

9,687,296 

ToUl  entered  at  the  port...  $17,814,762  $88,295,832  $41,112,652  43,169,118 
Witbdrawnfix)m  warehouse.  9,288,297  4,256,V68  5,302,678  8,226,001 
We  add  hereto,  as  a  matter  of  some  interest,  a  comparative  table  of  the  im- 
ports at  the  port,  for  the  first  eight  months  of  the  fiscal  year.  The  total  of  the 
first  six  months  showed  a  relative  increase,  including  specie,  of  over  34.500.000 : — 

FOREIGN   IMPORTS  AT  NEW  YORK  FOR  EIGHT  MONTHS  ENDING  FEBRUARY   28i 

\m.      i8i9.        I860.        i^af. 

Six  months. 109,688,702  91,082.422  116,050,642  120,542.884 

January 8,106.719  19,447,962     21,758.278    26.827,411 

February 9,209,048  18,848,370     19,356,379     16.841,707 

Total  for  eight  months.. .. .    127,008,464  129,878.765  157,118,294  163,711,502 
The  revenue  derived  from  duties  has  been  less  than  last  year,  but  is  larger 
than  for  the  same  period  of  the  two  previous  years  : — 

CASH  DUTIES  RECEIVED   AT  NEW   YORK. 

18M.  18M.  1S60.  1861, 

Six  months  ending  January  1...  $16,845,653  $15,387,618  $19,322,030  $17,637,8<^i 

lo  January 1,641,474       8,478,471       8,899,«'48       2,O69,20»- 

Kcbruary 2.068,784       8,328,688       8,878,048       2,528,73* 


ToUl  eight  months $20,060,818  $22,194,788  $26,599,289   $22,226,741 

Of  imports,  dry  goods  show  the  most  remarkable  decline  ;  the  quantities  en- 
tered for  consumption  being  little  more  than  one-third  of  those  of  lust  year,  and 

TOL.  XJLIT. — KG.  IV.  27 


418  Oommerctal  Chronicle  and  Review. 

hardly  more  than  in  1858,  when  the  effecte  of  the  panic  were  npon  the  market. 
Nevertheless,  the  amounts  taken  from  warehoose,  are  large,  raising  the  quantity 
put  upon  the  market  to  an  amount  larger  than  in  1858  : — 

IMPORTS  OF  FOREIGN   DRT   GOODS  AT  MEW  TORE  FOR  TUB  MONTH  OF   FEBRUARY. 
BNTBRBD  FOK  CONSUMPTlOir. 

18^8.  18M.         1850.         1861. 

Manofactures  of  wool $1,043,010  $2,659 023  $8,7I9.SS7  $1,229,084 

Manufactures  of  cotton.. 1,128,149     2,6^0,029     2,680,686        675.624 

Manufacturet  of  eilk 1,68H,263     3.868,647      6,004,487     2,198,700 

Manufactures  of  flax 868,960      956,646      1,004,481        260.866 

Mlsceliaaeous  dry  goods 352,942      789,209        696.839       480.900 

Total...-. $4,619,319  10,188.452    18,104,780    4,780.078 

WITHDRAWN   FROM    WAREHdUSC 

Manufactures  of  wool $497,648  $174,617  $*284.256  $1,179,947 

Manufactures  of  cotton 866,260  857.820  465,690  1,280,431 

Manufactures  of  silk 722.697  166.966  219,248  1,086.887 

Manufactures  of  flax 893.7*29  177.828  128.1J82  432.069 

Miscellaneous  dry  goods 227.937  70,680  86,225  207,061 

Total $2,707,166      $986,810    $1,177,746     $4,166,886 

Add  entered  for  ooneumption....       4.619,819  10,188.462    13,104,780        4,780,073 

Total  thrown  on  market....     $7,226,476  11,120,262     14.282,626       8,946,968 

BMTBRBD   FOR   WARKH0D81MG. 

Manufactures  of  wool $216,031  $106,179  $245,118  $624,024 

Manufactures  of  cotton 492.804  87.887  268,880  488,9 18 

Manufactures  of  silk 127.822  62.481  162,970  641,380 

Manufactures  of  flax 126,396  40,866  67,285  224.331 

Miscellaneous  dry  goods 76,831  46.900  66,700  124,216 

Total $1,088,888        $382,768        $776,908    $2,002,868 

Add  entered  for  consumption  . . .      6.619.319     10,188,452     18.104,780      4,078,078 

Total  entered  at  the  port...    $5,668,202  $10,616.S06  $18,880,683    $6,782,986 

The  entries  for  warehouse  have  for  the  month  been  less  than  the  withdrawals. 

Compared  with  the  receipts  for  the  corresponding  period  of  last  year,  the  im- 

f)ort8  since  January  1st  show  a  still  greater  decline.  The  total  of  dry  goods 
anded  at  the  port  lor  two  months  is  over  $8,000,000  less  than  for  the  same  period 
of  1869:— 

IMPORTS     OF    FOailON    DRY     GOODS    AT    THB    FORT    OF    NEW    TORK   FOR    TWO    MONTHS 

FaOM  JAKOART    IST. 
BNTBRKD  FOR   CO.'fSUMPTIOir. 

\m.        18a        I860.        18(1. 

Manufactures  of  wool $1,379,168  $4,849,879  $6,161,686  $8,047,996 

Manufactures  of  cotton- 1.611.770  6.631,069  6,087,414  1.409,272 

Manufactures  of  silk 2,1 69,848  6.429.629  9,669.185  8,688,836 

Manufactures  of  flax. 648,388  1,992.100  1,739,687  634.642 

Miscellaneous  dry  goods 618.623  1,308,605  1,176.179  822,893 

Totol $6,116,242  $20,211,182  $28,724,061     $9,608,089 

WITBORAWN    FROM   WAREHOURK. 

Manufactures  of  wool $911,666  $870,740  $686,481  $1,472,849 

Manufacture^^  of  cotton 1,469,872  761,630  1.040,717  1,688.786 

Manufactures  of  silk 1,339.066  28.S.082  660,690  1.374,494 

Manufactures  of  flax 719,198  362,901  269  947  697.917 

Miscellaneous  dry  goods. 369.618  127,172  161.809  2«3.412 

ToUl $4,819,316  $1,896,526  $2,659,678  $6,2^7.407 

Add  entered  for  consumption  . .  6.116.242     20.211.182  23.724.(i61  9.603,039 

Total  thrown  upon  market.  $10,985,667  $22,106,707  $26,288,6^4  $14,930,446 


Commercial  Chronicle  and  Review,  419 

XNTBEBD  POK  WARCHOOSIMa. 

1858.     18a     1860.     1861. 

Manufactures  of  wool $480,897  $228,506  $665,475  $?,2^'4  647 

Manufactures  of  cotton 91M'75  840,062  6211,780  2,431.806 

Manufactures  of  eilk 658.266  166.695  402,846  2,324.916 

Manufactures  of  flax 241,686  99,667  124,777  731,811 

Miscellaneous  dry  goods 165,829  56,711  120,760  354,074 

Total $2,808,104       $881,680    $1,926,687       $8,136,754 

Add  entered  for  consumption...       6,116,242     20,211,182     28,724,051        9,603.798 

Total  entered  at  the  port. . .     $8,424,846  $21,092,812  $25,650,688    $17,739,089 

The  exports  for  the  month  exceed  in  domestic  produce  those  of  any  former 
year.    The  total,  including  specie,  is  less  than  for  the  same  month  of  1858  : — 

BXPOBT8  PROM  (IIW  TORE  TO  PORBIGM  PORTS  FOR  THB  MONTH  OP  PBBRUAR7. 

18S8.  1869.  1860.  1861. 

Domestic  produce $8,709,870  $8,288,592  $6,699,387  $10.2H6,820 

Foreign  merchandise  (free) 136,862  188,210  844,994  137,950 

Foreign  merchandise  (dutiable).  826.845  268,881  681,489  42(^,6^7 

Specie  and  bullion 8,746,920  2,871.427  977,009  1,102.926 

Total  exports $7,920,497     $6,107,060    $7,652,879    $1 1.907,238 

Total,  exclusive  of  specie..       4,178,577       3,785,638       6,675,870      10,804.307 

The  total  exports,  exclusive  of  specie,  from  New  York  to  foreign  ports  for  the 
first  two  months  of  the  year,  have  beQO  $9,249,818  more  than  last  year.  The 
increase  has  been  large  io  domestic  produce.  The  specie  exports  for  January 
and  February  have  been  in  both  months  greatly  less  than  for  the  corresponding 
months  of  the  many  previous  years  : — 

BXPOtfrS  PROM  N£W  YORK  TO  POBBiaN  PORTS  f  OR  TWO  M0NTB6,  PROM  JANUARY  1. 

18S8.     18i9.     1860.     1861. 

Domestic  produce $7,918,176  $7,045,774  $10,998,529  $20,514,745 

Foreign  merchandise  (free) 827,987  807,699         668,997         537.890 

Foreign  merchandise  (dutiable)...  617,153  496.168       1.030,806         895,615 

Specie  and  bullion 8,492,581  4,677,115       1,830,571       1,161,820 

Total  exporU $17,865,847  $12,526,756  $14,528,903  $28,109,970 

Total,  exclusive  of  specie. . .       8,868,816      7,849,641     12,698,832     21,948,160 

Compared  with  the  previous  fiscal  year,  the  total  exports  of  produce  and 
merchandise  from  New  York  to  foreign  ports  daring  eight  months,  show  an  in- 
crease of  $32,803,194,  and  a  still  larger  increase  over  1859  :— 

KZPORTS,  XXCLUSIVB  OP  SPECIE,  PROM  NEW  YORK  TO  PORBION   PORTS  POR  BIQBT  MOBTOa. 
ENDING  WITH  PEBRUART. 

18^8.  18U.  1860.  1861. 

Six  months $34,702,441  $27,994,834  $86,371,058  $59,924,434 

January     4,689,789       4,114,008       6,022,462     11,143,843 

February ' 4,178,577       8,735,633       6,675,870     10,804,807 

Total $43,565,757  $35,844,475  $49,069,890  $81,872,684 

SWEDEff—ITS  DUTIES, 

A  new  customs  law  comes  into  operation  on  the  1st  of  April,  abolishing  the 
difiercnce  between  bonding  and  warehoasing  in  Swedish  ports,  and  raising  the 
warehousing  duty  <id  valorem  to  one  per  cent  on  the  tarrifif  rate. 


420  Chambers  of  Commerce. 

PR0CEEDI1V68  OF  THE  CHAMBER  OF  COMMERCE,  MARCH  7,  1861. 
The  Chamber  of  Commerce  heJd  its  regalar  moothly  meeting  at  1  P.  M.,  the 
President.  Prlatiah  Pefit.  Esq.,  in  the  Chair. 
The  following  gentlemen  were  elected  menftbers  : — 


Robert  Belloni. 
Justus  R.  Bulkley. 
William  B.  Gierke. 


Henry  P.  Spaolding. 
Francis  Tryon. 
Thomas  Woodward. 


Algernon  S.  Jarvis. 
Samnel  McLean. 
William  Macnaughtan. 
Isaac  B.  Gager.  Joseph  P.  Pirsson. 

Mr.  Thbodorb  Dehon  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Committee  of  Abitration, 
in  the  place  of  Robert  Minton.  whose  term  had  expired. 

Mr.  Opdtke,  on  behalf  of  the  Committee  of  Quarantine,  asked  for  authority 
for  the  committee  to  prepare  a  remonstrance  against  such  of  the  provisions  of 
a  bill  relating  to  quarantine,  now  pending  before  the  Legislature,  as  relate  to 
regulations  to  be  imposed  upon  ressels  entering  or  leaving  port. 

Mr.  Opdykb,  from  the  Committee  of  the  Cumber  appointed  to  go  to  Wash- 
ington to  remonstrate  against  the  passage  of  the  Morrill  Tariff  Bill,  reported 
that  they  had  conferred  with  the  Congressional  Committee  upon  that  subject, 
and  that  many  of  the  provisions  of  the  bill,  particularly  those  relating  to  the  ware- 
house system,  had  b<^en  modified,  and  the  bill  thereby  materially  improved.  He 
thought,  however,  that  the  bill,  even  in  its  present  shape,  would  not  be  satis- 
factory to  the  commercial  public,  and  demands  further  modification. 

Mr.  Lindsay's  Propositions  in  Refbrbncb  to  the  Coasting  Trade,  kc. — 
Capt.  Ezra  Nye,  in  behalf  of  the  committee  appointed  to  confer  on  the  pro- 
priety of  opening  the  coasting  trade  of  the  United  States  to  British  ships,  in 
exchange  for  a  similar  privilege  to  American  ships,  in  British  waters,  presented 
the  following  report : — 

Report  of  the  Special  Committee  on  the  Coasting  and  Lake  Trade,  and  Registrar 
tion  of  Ships — Report  of  the  Majority,  February  1th,  1861. 

Your  committee,  in  their  investigation  of  the  subjects  referred  to  them,  find 
the  following  clause  in  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States : — ^  No  preference 
shall  be  given,  by  any  regulation  of  commerce  or  revenue,  to  the  ports  of  one 
State  over  those  of  another,"  which  the  intervening  coasts  of  foreign  nations 
does  not  invalidate.  This  limits  their  inquiries  to  the  policy  of  opening  the 
coasting  trade,  the  trade  of  the  lakes,  and  the  registration  of  foreign  ships. 

It  does  not  appear  to  your  committee,  that  any  act  of  reciprocity  offered  by 
Great  Britain  would  compensate  us  for  sharing  with  her  our  great  and  rapidly 
increasing  coasting  trade,  augmenting  annually  about  100,000  tons.  They  b&. 
lieve  that  our  interests  demand  we  should  cherish  this  trade,  and  establish  our 
own  system,  irrespective  of  those  of  other  nations.  With  our  fishing  and 
whaling,  it  famishes  our  principal  schools  for  training  native  seamen,  the  num- 
ber of  whom  is  unfortunately  steadily  decreasing. 

The  vast  extent  of  our  coast,  the  facilities  for  transportation  on  our  railways, 
daily  increasing  the  rapidlv  developing  resources  of  our  great  interior,  render  it 
difficult  to  overestimate  the  importance  of  retaining  the  control  of  our  coast  • 
ing  trade. 

In  opening  the  lake  trade,  we  should  have  much  to  lose  and  little  to  gain. 
Mr.  Lindsay  truly  says,  **  the  shipowner  is  a  mere  carrier,  and  does  not  create 
trade ;  the  trade  must  be  created  for  him.*' 

Now  we  have  the  lion  s  share  of  the  trade  on  the  lakes,  sufficient  tonnage  to 
carry  it  on,  with  abundant  material  for  its  increase,  when  required.  Lake  Mich- 
igan is  exclui-ively  an  American  lake ;  the  trade  at  the  present  time  is  equal  to, 
if  not  greater,  than  all  the  Canadian  shore  of  the  other  lakes.  And  when  we 
look  at  the  number  of  miles  of  railroads,  bringing  to  the  shores  of  this  lake 
the  product  of  millions  of  acres  of  the  richest  land,  a  small  portion  only  under 
cultivation,  who  can  calculate  the  future  value  of  the  trade  of  this  lake  ?  Turn- 
ing to  Lake  Superior,  we  find  her  large  and  increasing  trade  almost  entirely 
confined  to  the  American  shore,  while  the  Canadian  remains  a  wilderness,  little 
known,  except  to  the  hunter,  fisherman,  and  excursionist.    Some  idea  of  the 


Okambers  of  Oommerce.  421 

importance  of  the  trade  of  this  lake  may  be  formed  from  the  (act  that  200,000 
toDS  of  iron  ore  were  shipped  during  the  past  year,  not  to  enumerate  pig  iron, 
copper,  or  the  large  amount  of  return  freight. 

On  the  subject  of  granting  registers  to  British  or  foreign  ships,  your  com- 
mittee believe  the  result  would  be  the  introduction  of  inferior  British  American 
and  iron  ships.  The  latter  being  particularly  undesirable,  from  the  difficulty  of 
ascertaining  the  quality  of  the  material,  of  wiiich  appearances  are  no  guaranty. 
A  writer  in  the  London  Shifpin^  QazeUe,  styles  the  iron  screw  steamships  now 
extensively  employed  in  navigating  the  waters  of  northern  Europe,  **  sea-going 
coffins."  No  less  than  six  or  seven  of  them  were  lost  (five  foundered)  in  a  gale, 
October  3d  and  4th,  the  loss  of  life  amounting  to  about  two  hundred  persons. 
Iron  shipbuilding  has  been  successfully  commenced  in  Boston,  Winian)s))urg, 
Philadelphia,  and  Wilmington,  Del.  Messrs.  Harland,  HoUingswortb  &  Co., 
of  the  latter  place,  builders  of  steamship  Champion,  write : — *'  Iron  ship-build- 
ing is  steadily  increasing ;  we  have  built  seventytbree  iron  hulls,  large  and 
small.  A  first  class  iron  hull  costs  no  more  than  a  first  class  wooden  hull,  cop- 
pered.  We  now  use  American  iron  altogether,  it  being  the  best  article  manu 
factured."  As  our  forests  recede  before  the  settlement  of  our  country,  and  the 
price  of  timber  necessarily  increases,  this  branch  of  business,  if  not  interfered 
with,  promises  to  become  of  great  importance,  in  furnishing  us  with  cheap  and 
reliable  iron  ships,  and  aiding,  materially,  in  developing  our  unlimited  .resources 
of  coal  and  iron.  We  are  all  well  aware  that  the  policy  of  England,  up  to  a 
very  recent  date,  has  been  one  of  protection  to  agriculture,  manufactures,  and 
commerce,  until  not  only  her  interests,  but  her  necessities,  demand  a  change. 
It  is  apparent,  however,  that  her  former  policy  laid  the  foundation  for  her  com- 
mercial greatness,  and  naval  superiority.  Her  navigation  laws  were  in  force 
about  two  hundred  years,  and  were  only  repealed  some  twelve  years  since,  when 
iron  ship>building  was  in  its  infancv,  and  our  clipper  ships  were  required  for 
the  Australian  trade.  This  demand  has  ceased,  and  they  are  now  prepared  to 
supply  the  world  with  iron  ships.  The  legislation  of  England,  in  her  maturity, 
is  as  little  adapted  to  our  country,  as  the  food  of  the  full  grown  man  to  the  in- 
fant. We  not  un frequently  hear  oi  the  commercial  policy  of  Great  Britain  as 
liberal,  in  comparison  with  our  own.  Can  that  policy  be  termed  liberal,  which, 
according  to  Mr.  Lindsay's  own  showing,  levies  an  annual  tax  of  one  million  of 
dollars  on  our  shipping,  without  a  single  corresponding  charge? 

We  have  not  space  to  go  into  detail,  but  will  contrast  the  policy  of  the  British 
Government  with  our  own  in  respect  to  lights.  It  levies  light  dues  on  all  our 
vessels,  amounting  to  over  $250,000  per  annum,  whether  we  use  the  Jights  or 
not.  For  instance,  dues  are  charged  on  all  American  vessels  from  the  United 
States  to  the  ports  of  Great  Britain,  for  the  use  of  Cape  Race  light,  New  Found- 
land,  which  our  sailing  ships  on  that  route  never  use.  Our  lights,  which  are 
placed  on  all  required  points,  are  numerous,  and  cost  us,  annually,  about 
$1,150,000.  They  are.  and  ever  have  been,  free  to  Great  Britain  and  all  the 
world.  On  the  Florida  and  Gulf  coast,  in  an  extent  of  three  hundred  and  sixty 
miles,  we  have  eight  lights,  which  are  nearly  as  much  used  by  the  tonnage  of 
Great  Britain  as  our  own.  On  the  eastern  or  Bahama  side,  in  an  extent  ol  four 
hundred  and  twenty  miles,  she  furnishes  but  three  lights,  and  those  important 
passages  through  which  our  steamers  to  and  from  Aspinwall  carry  their  numer- 
ous passengers  and  vast  amount  of  treasure,  remain  unligbted,  causing  frequent 
detention  and  occasional  stranding,  recently,  that  of  the  North  Star.  The  pilot 
laws  of  the  United  States  apply  equally  to  American  and  British  vessels.  The 
payment  is  strictly  for  personal  services,  and  no  part  is  applied  to  the  improve- 
ment of  harbors  or  roadsteads,  and  it  is  as  little  compulsory  in  requiring  the 
employment  of  pilots  as  is  consistent  with  sustaining  an  efficient  system  of  pilot- 
age. The  removal  of  the  onerous  charges  which  Mr.  Lindsay  otters  as  a  con- 
cession appears  to  your  committee  a  simple  act  of  justice.  The  coasting  trade 
of  Great  Britain,  diminished  rather  than  increased  by  her  railways,  has  not  been 
and  does  not  premise  to  be  of  any  advantage  to  us.  We  are  not  disposed  to 
undervalue  the  colonial  trade  already  open,  or  the  further  privilege  proposed  by 
Mr.  Lindsay,  of  carrying  from  one  colonial  port  to  uijothtr,  but  we  do  not  con- 
sider ihem  as  equivalent  to  the  concessions  asked  of  us. 


422  Chawbera  of  Oommerce. 

To  conclade,  your  committee  beliere  that  a  review  of  the  eyents  of  the  last 
autumn  will  prove  that  we  have  no  •*  rough  edges"  to  **  rub  off,"  and  in  follow- 
ing the  wise  policy  of  our  great  commercial  rival  of  **  protection,"  while  neces- 
sary to  our  own  interest,  we  cannot  be  accused  of  creating  "  causes  of  friction.*' 


EZBA  NYE,  1 

OLIVER  SLATE,  Jr.,         I  n«m„iH-^ 

FREDERICK  w!  J0NE8,  (  Cwnmltt^ 


WILUAM  T.  0OLBldAN,J 

Report  of  the  Minority,  Februart  7,  1861 — Believing,  as  I  do,  that  fto 
trade  is  the  true  principle  of  commerce,  I  am  obliged  to  withhold  ray  assent 
from  the  report  of  the  majority  of  the  committee  on  coasting  trade,  &c.,  and 
beg  leave  to  present  the  following  minority  report. 

Looking  to  the  interests  of  the  country  at  large,  and  not  to  that  of  shipowners 
aloce,  I  think  that  foreign  vessels  ought  to  be  allowed  to  participate  in  our  lake 
trade  and  in  our  coasting  trade,  far  and  near,  as  freely  as  they  do  in  our  foreign 
trade. 

It  is  the  opinion  of  some,  I  am  aware,  that  if  that  should  be  permitted,  oar 
own  vessels  would  be  interfered  with  so  much  as  to  make  the  business  unprofit- 
able to  them.  But  I  cannot  see  it  in  that  light,  and  would  point  to  our  trade 
with  the  West  Indies  and  South  America.  On  those  routes  foreign  vessels  have 
now  every  advantage  that  we  have,  and  yet  the  whole  of  that  carrying  trade  may 
be  said  to  be  in  our  hands.  I  think  it  would  be  the  same  in  our  coasting  trade. 
It  appears  to  me,  that  whoever  will  do  the  work  best  and  cheapest  ought  to  have 
it,  and  1  have  no  fears  for  the  result.  I  think,  however,  to  enable  us  to  compete 
successfully,  that  our  citizens  ought  to  have  the  privilege  of  building  or  purchas- 
ing ships  or  steamers  wherever  they  may  find  it  their  interest  to  doso  ;  and  that 
those  vessels  should  be  entitled  to  registry  in  the  United  States  the  same  as  ves- 
sels built  in  this  country. 

With  respect  to  English  light  dues,  I  think  it  very  probable  if  our  govern- 
ment should  propose  to  that  of  Great  Britain  to  throw  open  the  coasting  and 
lake  trade  on  condition  that  the  English  light  dues  should  be  abolished,  that  the 
proposition  would  be  at  once  acceded  to,  and  that  the  gain  would  be  greatly  in 
our  favor.    All  of  which  is  respectfully  submitted. 

WILLIAM  NELSON. 

Captain  Nye  thought  that  the  opening  of  the  lake  trade  would  be  injurious 
to  the  country.  He  thought,  too,  that  the  importance  of  retaining  control  of 
the  coasting  trade  was  obvious  to  every  person  who  considered  the  subject. 

Mr.  Low  believed  that  the  trade  of  the  lakes  should  be  confined  to  their  own 
country.  In  reference  to  the  registration  of  ships,  he  considered  that  they  were 
capable  of  building  vessels  of  as  good  or  better  materials  than  those  built  in 
England.  They  were  then  commencing  to  build  ships  of  iron  of  a  superior 
quality,  which  would  successfully  compete  with  those  of  British  workmanship. 

Mr.  Royal  Phelps  was  in  favor  of  reciprocating  the  privileges  extended  to 
American  snipping ;  but  hoped  that  the  question  would  not  be  pressed  at  that 
meeting,  as  the  report  had  been  delivered  to  the  members  only  a  few  days  affo, 
and  therefore  members  of  the  Chamber  had  not  had  sufficient  time  to  consider 
the  questions  upon  which  they  were  called  upon  to  come  to  conclusions. 

Mr.  Opdyke  thought  it  would  be  well  to  open  the  coasting  trade  to  England 
on  condition  of  receiving  in  return  those  privileges  for  American  shipping  which 
Mr.  Lindsay  had  alluded  to.  About  $1,000,000  was  collected  in  Great  Britain 
from  American  ships,  and  measures  which  would  be  calculated  to  remove  those 
dues  would  be  advantageous  to  the  country. 

Capuin  Nye  replied  that  if  such  dues  were  abandoned  by  England,  there 
would  be  no  concession,  as  America  did  not  collect  similar  dues  from  British 
ships.  American  ships  in  England  were  taxed  to  improve  harbors  too  small  to 
admit  them.  The  further  consideration  of  the  subject  was  laid  over  until  the 
next  meeting. 

Messrs.  Charles  Squire,  Jr.,  Abram  S.  Hewitt,  Charles  W.  Copblano, 
and  Wm.  L.  Kimo  were  nominated  as  members  at  the  monthly  meeting  in  April 
next 


Marine  SkUi8iic$.  428 


Art.  U.— lAUNE  STATISTICS. 

Marins  iDsurances  were  made  at  least  as  early  as  the  thirteenth  century, 
but  the  same  principle  was  only  applied  to  life  insurance  about  a  hundred 
years  ago ;  still  the  operations  of  the  former,  as  far  as  regards  the  exact 
value  of  the  premium  to  be  charged,  are  yet  in  a  state  of  great  uncer- 
tainty, while  the  calculations  of  the  latter  are  made  with  scientific  pre- 
cision. The  laws  of  mortality  upon  which  they  are  based  are  as  well 
understood  as  those  which  govern  the  movements  of  the  stars,  but  marine 
disasters  have  never  been  subjected  to  orderly  investigation,  and  are 
bardly  admitted  to  be  under  the  dominion  of  law  at  all.  The  result  of 
the  business  of  a  well  regulated  life  company  can  be  predicted  with  as- 
tonishing accuracy,  but  in  marine  insurance,  as  yet,  all  is  mere  conjecture. 

When  we  consider  the  two  (questions  in  the  abstract,  it  would  seem  as 
easy  to  pronounce  what  is  a  fair  wager,  upon  the  loss  of  a  ship  at  the  end 
of  a  certain  time,  or  upon  any  particular  voyage,  as  upon  the  death  of  a 
human  being  in  a  given  period.  But  in  practice  there  is  just  this  differ- 
ence, that  in  solving  the  one  problem,  we  can  base  our  calculations  on 
tables  of  mortality,  extending  for  over  hundreds  of  years,  and  in  answer- 
ing the  other,  we  have  no  tables  at  all  to  consult.  It  is  easy  to  see,  there- 
fore, why  greater  accuracy  can  be  attained  in  the  one  case  than  in  the 
other. 

Considering  the  importance  of  marine  insurance  to  the  commercial 
world,  and  how  desirable  a  thing  it  would  be  to  be  able  to  decide,  in  every 
case  that  presented  itself,  the  true  premium  to  be  charged ;  and  to  place 
all  its  calculations  on  such  a  basis,  that  the  failure  of  a  company  need 
never  occur  except  through  mismanagement;  considering  these  things, 
it  is  worth  while  to  inquire  why,  in  the  long  period  that  this  contract  has 
been  in  familiar  practice  among  merchants,  no  tables  of  wreck  and  dis- 
aster have  ever  been  collected ;  and  also  whether  it  is  possible  to  collect 
and  arrange  such  facts  relating  to  this  subject,  as  would  serve  as  a  basis 
for  the  same  exact  calculations  in  this  branch  of  insurance,  as  are  now 
made  in  the  other  t 

The  circumstances  under  which  the  two  systems  originated  may  per- 
hi^s  answer  the  first  question,  and  a  consideration  of  the  analogy  of  the 
one  to  the  other,  may  assist  us  in  answering  the  second. 

Mai-ine  insurance  had  its  origin  in  times  of  great  ignorance,  when  the 
regularity  of  the  operations  of  nature  was  almost  unknown,  and  when 
the  idea  that  all  events,  however  variable  they  seem,  are  governed  by 
fixed  laws,  could  scarcely  be  conceived.  As  far  back  as  we  have  any  his- 
tory of  modern  commerce,  traces  of  it  can  be  found.  Some  writers  as- 
sert that  it  was  known  to  the  Romans,  others  say  that  we  are  indebted  to 
the  Jews  for  its  origin,  at  the  time  of  their  expulsion  from  France  in  the 
year  1182 ;  and  that  they  then  invented  the  contract  as  a  means  of  pro- 
tecting their  property  from  the  dangers  of  the  sea,  on  their  migration  to 
Italy.  Whether  this  be  a  romance  or  not,  it  is  at  least  certain  that  the 
practice  was  familiar  to  the  Lombards  in  the  thirteenth  century,  who  then 
monopolized  European  commerce,  and  has  been  very  general  among  the 
mercantile  community  ever  since. 

Starting  thus,  in  the  infancy  of  commerce,  and  being  merely  a  combi- 
nation  for  the  mutual  division  of  losses  arising  from  the  hasards  of  the 


424  Mairine  SuUiaHca. 

eea,  it  is  fair  to  suppose  that  the  premiums  were  based  upon  mere  con- 
jecture, and  were  regulated  from  time  to  time  by  individual  experience. 
It  is  an  admitted  fact  that  men  engaged  in  commercial  pursuits,  are  apt, 
with  a  few  rare  exceptions,  to  take  particular  rather  than  general  views, 
of  the  subjects  presented  to  their  consideration  ;  and  are  also  apt  rather 
to  cling  to  old  customs,  than  to  strike  out  new  ideas  of  their  own.  It 
will  be  easily  conceived,  therefore,  that  under  these  circumstances,  each 
man  must  have  followed  as  nearly  as  possible  in  the  footsteps  of  his  pre- 
decessor, basing  his  judgement  on  the  knowledge  and  experience  that 
were  within  his  individual  reach,  and  never  dreaming  of  better  methods 
for  attaining  the  same  object.  On  the  other  hand,  life  insurance  was  the 
result  of  the  speculations  of  philosophers,  and  has  been  under  scientific 
guidance  from  the  commencement.  The  origin  of  the  theory  of  pro- 
babilities upon  which  it  is  founded  is  a  little  curious,  and  is  thus  related 
by  Mr.  Samuel  Brown  in  a  paper  published  in  the  April  number  of  the 
London  Assurance  Magazine  in  the  year  1856 : — 

**  Poisson  remarks,  that  a  problem  relative  to  games  of  chance,  pro- 
posed to  an  austere  Jansenist  by  a  man  of  the  world,  was  the  origin  of 
a  branch  of  science,  now  one  of  the  most  important  in  its  effects  on 
society.  It  was  in  1654  that  the  Chevalier  de  M^r6  applied  to  Pascal 
for  a  solution  of  two  problems,  for  which  he  was  unable  to  find  answers. 
The  one  was,  to  ascertain  in  how  many  throws  one  might  bet  with  ad- 
vantage that  two  sixes  would  be  thrown  with  two  dice;  the  other,  to 
find  a  rule  for  dividing  the  stakes  between  two  players  (who  were  desi- 
rous of  breaking  off  an  unfinished  game)  in  exact  proportion  to  their 
relative  fortune  at  the  time,  and  to  their  chances  of  winning  the  remain- 
ing stakes.  Pascal  considered  all  the  possible  combinations  that  could 
be  formed  by  the  simultaneous  throw  of  two  dice,  and  of  all  the  possible 
changes  which  might  occur  in  a  game  of  cards,  interrupted  at  any  point, 
and  what  number  of  them  were  in  favor  of  the  event  for  which  his  solu- 
tion was  required.  He  then  computed  the  number  of  cases  in  which 
two  sixes  could  be  thrown  with  two  dice,  and  the  actual  changes  which 
in  the  actual  state  of  the  game  of  cards,  would  secure  to  each  player, 
separately,  the  whole  or  any  part  of  the  stakes,  and  thus  arrived  by  pro- 
portion at  the  required  result.  Simple  as  this  method  seemed,  it  was 
the  first  attempt  to  employ  mathematics  in  such  subjects — at  least,  the 
first  that,  being  closely  followed  up,  led  directly  to  the  great  discoveries 
that  ensued.  Fermat,  a  magistrate  in  the  Parliament  of  Toulouse,  and 
a  mathematician  of  great  repute  in  his  day,  was  a  friend  of  Pascal,  one 
with  whom  he  corresponded  daily  on  the  subject  of  his  studies,  and  to 
whom  he  freely  communicated  his  doubts  and  his  discoveries,  lie  for- 
warded to  him  the  solution  he  had  arrived  at.  The  original  correspon- 
dence is  now  lost ;  but  it  appears  clear  that  in  his  solution  he  had  merely 
replied  to  the  questions  put  to  him,  and  however  ingenious  and  minute 
the  investigation,  it  did  not  lead  to  ready  solutions  of  other  questions  of 
the  same  kind.  It  was  Fermat  who  generalized  the  solution,  and  found 
a  rule  not  merely  for  ascertaining  the  value  of  each  player^s  expectation 
in  the  particular  case  referred  to,  but  at  any  moment  of  interrupting  the 
ffame,  and  between  any  number  of  players.  This  was  the  next  step,  and 
far  the  most  important  one,  in  the  science  of  probabilities.  Without  it, 
the  attempt  of  Pascal  might  have  remained  like  some  previous  problems 
and  speculations  of  Gallileo  and  Cardan,  in  obscurity,  till  a  much  later 


Marine  Staiuiiea.  425 

period."  Theee  inyestiffations  were  followed  bj  others  of  li  similar  na- 
ture, but  it  was  not  until  fifty  vears  afterwards,  in  1693,  that  Dr.  Hallej 
applied  them  to  the  law  of  mortality.  His  materials  were  the  records 
of  the  births  and  burials  in  the  city  of  Breslau,  in  Silesia,  for  a  period  of 
five  years,  from  1687  to  1691.  And  although  he  had  no  means  of  as- 
certaining the  number  of  persons  living,  with  which  to  compare  them, 
and  could  merely  obtain  the  number  of  deaths  and  the  aofes  at  which 
they  took  place,  still  he  drew  up  from  these  data  the  first  life  table,  the 
form  of  which  has  been  followed  ever  since.  His  discovery  did  not  at- 
tract much  attention  at  the  time,  and  it  was  not  until  seventy  years 
afterwards,  in  1762,  that  the  first  company  for  makiog  insurance  upon 
lives  was  formed.  This  society  started  under  the  auspices  of  two 
mathematicians,  Simpson  and  Dodd,  who  were  assisted  by  Dr.  Price. 

It  is  no  wonder,  then,  that  the  calculations  of  life  insurance  are  exact ; 
being  founded  on  figures  that  cannot  lie,  while  those  of  marine  insurance 
are  vague  and  uncertain,  depending,  as  they  do,  upon  individual  experi- 
ence and  general  usage.  The  one  started  in  a  philosophic  age  and  found 
all  its  materials  ready  made  to  hand ;  the  other  was  in  familiar  practice 
among  merchants  at  a  period  when  knowledge  was  very  limited,  and  the 
idea  that  all  things  are  subject  to  some  fixed  law  entirely  unknown. 
Four  hundred  years  before  Pascal's  discovery,  sea  insurances  were  made. 
It  is  not  singular,  then,  that  in  the  commencement,  no  one  should  have 
dreamed  of  calculating  the  chances  of  his  ventures  by  mathematical 
analysis,  or  thought  it  possible  to  apply  the  theory  of  probabilities  to 
settling  before  hand  the  amount  of  his  earnings.  But  in  the  present  day, 
with  all  the  evidence  of  the  utility  of  this  calculus  before  us,  and  with 
all  the  proofs  of  the  certainty  of  its  results,  especially  as  applied  to  the 
operations  of  life  companies,  it  is  a  little  strange  that  no  one  has  thought 
of  applying  it  to  marine  insurance.  When  we  consider  how  its  applica- 
tion would  increase  the  security  of  the  merchant  by  placing  the  solvency 
of  companies  on  a  surer  basis ;  how  it  would  diminish  the  anxiety  of  the 
underwriter  by  introducing  an  element  of  eertainty  into  his  calculations ; 
and  how  it  would  place  the  burden  of  high  premiums  where  it  rightfully 
belongs,  that  is,  on  those  whose  insurances  are  unprofitable ;  when  we 
consider  these  things,  it  is  at  least  worth  while  to  inquire  whether  it  is 
possible  to  introduce  the  calculus  of  probabilities  into  the  operations  of 
marine  insurance. 

In  order  to  answer  this  question,  it  will  be  necessary  to  see  what  tables 
are  used  by  the  life  companies,  what  kind  of  facts  they  are  based  upon, 
and  what  calculations  are  deduced  from  them.  It  will  be  necessary  also 
to  make  a  similar  examination  of  the  basis  and  results  of  casualty  in- 
surance, for  this  perhaps  resembles  marine  more  than  the  other.  We 
will  then  be  able  to  judge  whether  similar  tables  of  ship  mortality  and 
ship  accident  could  not  l>e  made  from  data  already  in  existence,  or  which 
might  easily  be  obtained.  The  tables  used  by  life  companies  are  simply 
records  of  the  number  of  deaths  which  take  place  year  by  year  in  a  given 
number  of  persons,  until  all  have  died.  Taking  the  celebrated  Carlisle 
table  as  an  illustration,  out  of  10,000  lives,  we  find  in  the  first  year  there 
are  1,539  deaths,  leaving  8,461;  and  out  of  these  in  the  second  year  688 
die,  and  so  on  until  the  one  hundred  and  fourth  year,  when  only  one  is 
left.  This  and  similar  records  form  the.  basis  of  their  operations.  The 
data  upon  which  they  are  founded  have  been  collected  from  time  to  time, 


426  Afarine  Statistics. 

as  tbe  following  list  will  show,  and  are  merely  records  of  births  and 
deaths,  and  enumerations  of  population : — 

1.  A  record  of  tbe  Birtbs  and  Burials  of  the  city  of  Breslau,  in  Silesia, 

from  1687  to  16D1. 

2.  The  Mortality  bills  of  London  from  1728  to  1737. 

3.  Lists  of  the  Tontine  Schemes  in  France,  and  the  Necrologies  of  Re- 

ligious Houses. 

4.  The  register  of  the  Assignable  Annuities  in  Holland,  for   125  years 

before  1748. 
6.  The  Mortality  of  Northampton  for  forty -six  years  prior  to  1780. 

6.  The  Mortality  of  Chester  for  ten  years,  from  1772  to  1781. 

7.  Seven  Enumerations  of  the  entire  Population  of  Sweden,  from  1755 

to  1776. 

8.  The  recorded  deaths  in  Stockholm  for  nine  years,  1755  to  1763. 

9.  The  Mortality  ot  Norwich  for  thirty  years  prior  to  1769. 

10.  The  Mortality  of  Holycross,  Salop,  for  thirty  years  prior  to  1780. 

11.  The  Mortality  of  Warrington  for  nine  year?,  1781. 

12.  The  Mortality  of  Vienna,  Berlin,  and  Brandenburgh  for  long  periods 

before  1766. 

13.  Several  Enumerations  of  the  Canton  de  Vaud,  Switzerland. 

14.  The  Mortality  of  Carlisle  for  eight  years  prior  to  1787. 

15.  The  Mortality  experienced  by  the  Equitable  Society,  1834. 

16.  The  Mortality  experienced  by  the  Amicable  Society  for  about  seventy 

years  prior  to  1831. 

17.  The  Recorded  Mortality  of  Government  Annuitants,  <fec.,  (Finlaison, 

1829.) 

18.  The  Recorded  Experience  of  seventeen  life  offices,  embracing  assured 

lives  to  the  number  of  83,905. 

19.  The  English  Life  Table,  (No.  1,)  deduced  from  the  numbers  of  the 

living  at  different  ages  of  the  census  of  1841,  and  the  deaths  at 
corresponding  ages  in  the  same  year,  (Dr.  Farr.) 

20.  The  English  Life  Table  (No.  2,)  based  on   the  census  of  1841,  but 

the  observations  on  deaths  extending  for  a  period  of  over  seven 
years;  viz.,  from  1838  to  1844. 

21.  The  Experience  of  the  Economic  Life  Office  based  on  9,335  lives, 

1857. 

From  these  simple  data  calculations  are  made  which  do  not  surprise 
us,  because  they  are  familiar,  but  which  are  in  themselves  as  wonderful 
as  any  of  the  achievements  of  modern  science.  Not  only  can  the 
actuary  tell  to  a  cent,  what  is  the  present  value  of  a  sum  payable  to  the 
survivor,  on  the  death  of  one,  two,  or  three  persons;  or  of  a  sum  vary- 
ing in  amonet  according  to  the  order  of  their  deatiis;  or,  in  a  word,  of 
a  sum  depending  upon  any  contingency  of  mortality;  not  only  can  be  do 
these  things  with  unvarying  exactness,  but  he  can  also  tell  by  examining 
the  books  of  a  company,  and  knowing  what  tables  of  mortality  they  use, 
what  their  chances  of  profit  or  loss  may  be,  and  he  can  even  predict 
what  percentage  of  the  one  or  the  other  will  accrue,  supposing  the  na- 
ture and  amount  of  their  business  to  remain  tbe  same. 

Insurances  against  casualty  are  based  upon  similar  principles,  but  have 
not  been  in  sufficiently  long  or  general  practice,  to  have  attained  the 


Marine  Statialics.  427 

tame  exactness,  but  are  doubtless  capable  of  beiDg,  and  in  the  future  will 
be,  placed  on  an  equally  certain  footing. 

Marine  insurance,  however,  the  roost  important  of  all,  both  in  the 
magnitude  of  the  sums  at  stake,  and  in  the  indispensable  protection  it 
affords  to  commerce,  is,  as  we  have  seen,  mainly  without  method  or  order 
of  any  kind.  Its  premiums  are  regulated  by  custom  and  conjecture,  and 
its  results  are  always  a  matter  of  uncertainty.  It  is  a  contract  very 
similar  to  life  insurance,  inasmuch  as  it  is  a  wager  made  on  a  future  un- 
known event;  but  it  differs  from  the  life  contract  in  this  respect,  that  the 
one  provides  against  a  simple  event,  death ;  and  the  other  against  a  com- 
pound event,  total  loss,  partial  loss,  and  general  average,  (this  latter  be- 
ing neither  a  total  loss  nor  a  partial  loss,  but  an  expense  incurred  to  pre- 
vent the  one  or  the  other.)  Either  one  of  these  three  things  may  occur 
to  any  risk  that  is  taken,  and  the  first  and  third,  or  the  second  and  third, 
may  both  occur  to  the  same  risk.  This  consideration  will  of  course  com- 
plicate the  calculations  to  be  deduced  from  the  tables,  but  would  be  of 
Yery  little  importance  in  collecting  them,  for  the  facts  can  almost  as  easily 
be  arranged  in  three  columns  as  in  one.  Total  losses  may  be  compared 
with  deaths,  and  partial  losses  with  casualties  to  individuals,  but  general 
averages  present  an  original  feature.  These,  however,  are  the  three 
things  insured  against,  and  records  of  their  proportion  to  the  whole  num- 
ber of  insurances  would  be  all  that  is  required  for  complete  wreck  tables. 
The  causes  of  these  various  accidents  are  of  no  more  account  in  the  cal- 
culation, than  the  causes  of  human  mortality;  their  number  and  ratio  are 
all  that  is  wanted.  How  long  it  would  be  before  these  observations  would 
become  of  practic-al  value  in  determining  average,  is  an  unsettled  question. 
Some  theorists  pretend  that  storms  are  caused  by  the  magnetic  Hction  of 
the  sun,  and  that  this  action  goes  through  a  cycle  of  augmentation  and 
dimunition,  in  about  eleven  years.  But  since  losses  occur  as  frequently 
through  the  acts  of  man  as  from  the  violence  of  the  elements,  this  theory, 
even  if  sound,  would  not  settle  the  matter.  The  required  period  of  ob- 
servation is  indeed  very  uncertain,  and  can  only  be  learned  from  experi- 
ence. But  when  we  reflect  that  Dr.  Halley  made  the  first  life  table  from 
only  five  years'  data,  and  consider  the  mass  of  facts  that  have  been  since 
accumulated,  and  the  impetus  which  bis  imperfect  effort  gave  to  the 
science,  we  may  be  encouraged  to  make  a  similar  attempt  in  regard  to 
marine  statistics,  satisfied  that  if  we  do  not  accomplish  much  at  first,  our 
efforts,  at  least,  will  be  the  means  of  inducing  others  to  follow  in  our 
footsteps. 

It  must  not  be  supposed,  that  if  these  tables  were  now  made  and  in 
use,  that  they  would  do  away  with  the  necessity  for  wisdom  and  experi- 
ence in  the  managers  of  marine  companies;  and  reduce  to  a  mere  me- 
chanical calculation,  a  business  now  requiring  ability  and  intelligence  of 
no  ordinary  kind.  On  the  contrary,  a  life  company  employs  a  physician 
to  select  its  risks,  and  on  his  knowledge  and  svientific  skill  as  much  de- 
pends as  upon  the  actuary.  With  all  the  mathematical  aid  that  could 
possibly  be  brought  to  bear  upon  the  subject,  much  would  still  depend 
uflpn  the  judgement  of  the  underwriter.  No  matter  how  certain  the 
average  percentage  of  loss,  it  is  only  within  it  that  safety  and  profit  can 
be  found.  The  same  knowledge  of  ships  and  their  cargoes,  of  rocks  and 
shoals,  of  winds  and  storms,  of  laws,  customs,  and  usages  of  tradoi  tha)t 
are  now  needed  without  the  tables,  would  still  be  fequired  with  them. 


428  Marine  StaHstice. 

In  a  word,  their  introduction  would  leave  the  business  where  it  now  stands, 
as  far  as  regards  the  quaiiiications  needed  for  conducting  it  with  success. 
But  it  would  introduce  an  element  of  certainty  into  t^ose  calculations 
that  now  depend  on  vague  conjecture,  and  would  substitute  the  methodi- 
oally  arranged  experience  of  many  men,  for  the  uncertain  recollections 
of  one  individual. 

These  remarks  are  merely  offered  as  suggestions,  in  the  hope  that  others 
more  competent  and  experienced  may  be  induced  to  consider  them. 
There  may  be  difficulties  in  the  way  which  would  render  it  impossible  to 
put  them  in  practice ;  but  these  are  not  so  great  as  is  commonly  sup- 
posed, and  underwriters  have  hitherto  taken  an  exaggerated  view  of  their 
importanc-e.  The  death  of  a  man  is  an  event  which  must  happen  :  true! 
but  is  not  the  death  of  a  ship  equally  certain  ?  They  are  but  boards,  and 
must  perish  at  some  time  or  other,  if  not  by  accident,  at  least  by  natural 
decay.  And  judging  from  experience,  it  may  be  said  to  be  equally  cer- 
tain that  partial  losses  and  general  averages  must  be  made  occasionally 
by  every  vessel  that  floats.  Why  a  man  dies  need  not  be  considered  in 
insuring,  and  consequently  how  a  ship  is  lost  or  injured  is  equally  unim- 
portant. Mortality  tables  do  not  pretend  to  discriminate  in  the  class  of 
persons  exposed  to  death,  or  in  the  causes  which  produce  it.  They  em- 
brace all  sorts  of  lives,  and  the  deaths  are  occasioned  by  every  variety  of 
accident  and  disease.  It  would  be  as  useless  to  select  one  kind  of  dis- 
aster, (say  stranding  for  instance,)  as  a  basis  for  a  wreck  table,  as  it  would 
to  tabulate  the  proportion  of  death,  by  any  particular  disease.  And  as 
for  the  seaworthiness  of  the  ship,  or  the  liability  of  the  cargo  to  damage, 
these  are  as  much  a  matter  of  discrimination  for  the  underwriter,  as  the 
general  health  of  the  applicant  is  to  the  physician  of  a  life  company. 
None  of  these  things  are  of  any  importance,  the  simple  facts  of  death 
and  disaster  are  all  that  is  required  in  either  case.  These  have  been  al- 
ready obtained  in  the  one  case,  and  could  certainly  be  easily  collected  in 
the  other. 

The  annual  publications  of  Lloyds',  the  Bureau  Veritas,  and  the  Ameri- 
can Lloyds',  would  furnish  us  with  the  number  of  the  vessels  exposed  to  risk, 
and  the  daily  papers  in  the  various  commercial  cities  would  give  us  the 
number  of  total  and  partial  losses,  and  general  averages.  These  might 
be  tabulated  year  by  year,  and  would  form  a  table,  from  which  the  pro- 
bability of  loss  at  the  end  of  any  given  period  could  be  deduced.  From 
these  materials  supplementary  tables  might  be  made  of  the  proportion  of 
loss  on  different  voyages.  It  would  be  impossible  and  needless  to  classify 
every  kind  of  voyage,  and  two  or  three  general  classes  would  probably 
be  sufficient.  It  is  only  in  those  trades  in  which  the  principal  business 
of  the  world  is  carried  on,  that  a  sufficient  number  of  observations  could 
be  made  in  a  reasonable  period  of  time  to  form  an  average  of  any  value, 
and  consequently,  these  are  the  only  ones  to  which  attention  need 
especially  be  directed.  If  these  suggestions  are  correct  as  regards  ves- 
sels, the  same  principles  might,  with  equal  propriety,  be  applied  to  car- 
goes. The  materials  for  these  observations  are  collected  in  every  Cus- 
tom-house, but  are  not  perhaps  so  easy  of  access  as  the  others.  Much 
information,  however,  on  this  subject,  can  be  attained  in  the  commercial 
papers,  and  it  only  needs  patient  labor  and  research  to  put  it  all  in  a  con- 
venient and  practically  useful  form. 


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200  487 


THE  TABIFP  ACT  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Approved  Fsbruary  28,  1861 . 


An  Act  to  provide  for  the  payment  of  outstanding  Treasury  notes,  to 
authorize  a  loan,  to  regulate  and  fix  the  duties  on  imports  and  for  other 
purposes : 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the 
United  States  of  America  in  Congress  assembled,  that  the  President  of 
the  United  States  be,  and  hereby  is,  authorized  at  any  time  within  twelve 
months  from  the  passage  of  this  act,  to  borrow,  on  the  credit  of  the 
United  States,  a  sum  not  exceeding  ten  millions  of  dollars,  or  so  much 
thereof  as,  in  his  opinion,  the  exigencies  of  the  public  service  may  re- 
quire, to  be  applied  to  the  payment  of  appropriations  made  by  law,  and 
ihe  balance  of  Treasury  notes  now  outstanding,  and  no  other  purposes, 
in  addition  to  the  money  received,  or  which  may  be  received,  into  the 
Treasury  from  other  sources ;  Provided^  that  no  stipulation  or  contract 
shall  be  made  to  prevent  the  United  States  from  reimbursing  any  sum 
borrowed  under  the  authority  of  this  act  at  any  time  after  the  expiration 
of  ten  years  from  the  first  day  of  Jul^  next,  by  the  United  States  giving 
three  months'  notice,  to  be  published  m  some  newspaper  published  at  the 
seat  of  Government,  of  their  readiness  to  do  so ;  and  no  contract  shall 
be  made  to  prevent  the  redemption  of  the  same  at  any  time  after  the 
expiration  of  twenty  years  from  the  said  first  day  of  July  next  without 
notice. 

Sec.  2.  And  he  it  further  enacted^  That  stock  shall  be  issued  for  tlie 
amount  so  borrowed,  bearing  interest  not  exceeding  six  per  centum  per  an- 
num ;  and  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  be,  and  is  hereby  authorized,  with 
the  consent  of  the  President,  to  cause  certificates  of  stock  to  be  prepared, 
which  shall  be  signed  by  the  Register  and  scaled  with  the  seal  of  the 
Treasury  Department,  for  the  amount  so  borrowed,  in  favor  of  the  par- 
ties lending  the  same,  or  their  assigns,  which  certificates  may  be  trans- 
feiTcd  on  the  books  of  the  Treasury,  under  such  regulations  as  may  be 
established  by  the  Socretaiy  of  the  Treasury ;  Provided,  that  no  certifi- 
cate shall  be  issued  for  a  less  sum  than  one  thousand  dollars ;  and  Pro- 
vided, also,  that  whenever  required,  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  may 
cause  coupons  of  semi-annual  interest  payable  thereon  to  be  attached  to 
certificates  issued  under  this  act;  and  any  certificate  with  such  coupons 
of  interest  attached,  may  be  assigned  and  transferred  by  delivery  of  the 
same,  instead  of  being  transferred  on  the  books  of  the  Treasury. 

1 


438  United  States  Tariff  of  1861.  201 

Sec.  3.  And  he  it  further  enacted.  That  before  awarding  any  of  said 
loan,  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  shall,  as  the  exigencies  of  the  public 
service  require,  cause  to  bo  inserted  in  two  of  the  public  newspapers  of 
the  city  of  Washington,  and  in  one  or  more  public  newspapers  in  other 
cities  of  the  United  States,  public  notice  that  sealed  proposals  for  so 
much  of  said  loan  as  is  required,  will  be  received  until  a  certain  day,  to 
be  specified  in  such  notice,  not  less  than  thirty  days  from  its  first  inser- 
tion in  a  Washin^n  newspaper ;  and  such  notice  shall  state  the  amount 
of  the  loan,  at  what  periods  the  money  shall  be  paid,  if  by  instalments, 
and  at  what  places.  Such  scaled  proposals  shall  be  opened  on  the  day 
appointed  in  the  notice,  in  the  presence  of  such  persons  as  may  choose 
to  attend,  and  the  proposals  decided  on  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury, 
who  shall  accept  the  most  favorable  offered  by  responsible  bidders  for 
said  stock.  And  the  said  Secretary  shall  report  to  Congress,  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  next  session,  tno  amount  of  money  borrowed  under 
this  act,  and  of  whom  and  on  what  terms  it  shall  have  been  obtained, 
with  an  abstract  or  brief  statement  of  all  the  proposals  submitted  for  the 
same,  distinguishing  between  thode  accepted  and  those  rejected,  wit!)  a 
detailed  statement  of  the  expense  of  mating  such  loans ;  Provided,  that 
no  stock  shall  be  disposed  of  at  less  than  its  par  value  :  And  provided, 
further.  That  no  part  of  the  loan  hereby  authorized  shall  be  applied  to 
the  service  of  the  pressnt  fiscal  year. 

Sec.  4.  And  he  it  farther  enacted,  That  in  case  the  proposals  made  for 
said  loan,  or  for  so  much  thereof  as  the  exigencies  of  the  public  service 
sliall  require,  shall  not  be  satisfactory,  the  President  of  the  United 
Suites  shall  be,  and  hereby  is,  authorized  to  decline  to  accept  such  offer 
if  for  less  than  the  par  value  of  the  bonds  constituting  the  said  stock, 
and  in  lieu  thereof,  and  to  the  extent  and  amount  of  the  loan  authorized 
to  be  made  by  this  act,  to  issue  Treasury  notes  for  sums  not  less  than  fifty 
dollars,  bearing  interest  at  the  rate  of  six  per  centum  per  annum,  payable 
Bcmi-annually  on  the  first  days  of  January  and  July  in  each  year,  at 
proper  places  of  payment,  to  be  prescribed  by  the  Socretar}%  with  the 
approval  of  the  President;  and,  under  the  like  circumstances  and  condi- 
tions, the  President  of  the  United  States  is  hereby  authorized  to  jnibsti- 
tiite  Treasury  notes  of  equal  amount  for  the  whole  or  any  part  of  any  of 
the  loans  for  which  he  is  now  by  law  authorized  to  contract  and  issue 
bonds.  And  the  Treasury  notes  so  issued  under  the  authority  heroin 
given  shall  be  received  in  payment  for  all  debts  duo  to  the  United  States 
when  offered,  and  in  like  manner  shall  be  given  in  payment  for  any  sum 
due  from  the  United  States  when  payment  in  that  mode  is  requested  by 
the  person  to  whom  payment  is  to  be  made,  or  for  their  par  value  in  coin. 
And  the  fistith  of  the  United  States  is  hereby  pledged  for  the  due  pay- 
ment of  the  interest  and  the  redemption  of  the  principal  of  the  stock  or 
Treasury  notes  which  may  be  issued  under  the  authority  of  this  act;  and 
the  sum  of  twenty  thousand  dollars  is  hereby  appropriated,  out  of  any 
money  in  the  Treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated,  to  pay  the  expenses 
of  preparing  the  certificates  of  stock  or  Treasury  notes  herein  authorized, 
to  be  done  m  the  usual  mode  and  under  the  restrictions  as  to  employment 
and  payment  of  officers  contained  in  the  laws  authorizing  former  loans 
and  issues  of  Treasury  notes ;  and  it  shall  be  at  the  option  of  holders  of 
the  Treasury  notes  hereby  authorized  by  this  act  to  exchange  the  same 
for  the  stock  herein  autnorized,  at  par,  or  for  bonds,  in  lieu  of  which 

2 


202  United  States  Tariff  of  1861.  439 

said  Treasury  notes  were  issued :  Provided^  That  no  certificate  shall  be 
exchanged  for  Treasury  notes  or  bonds  in  sums  less  than  five  hundred 
dollars :  And  provided  farther^  That  the  authority  to  issue  the  said 
Treasury  notes,  or  give  the  same  in  payment  for  debts  due  from  tbe 
United  States,  sbidi  be  limited  to  the  thirtieth  day  of  June,  eighteen 
hundred  and  sixty-two ;  and  that  the  same  may  be  redeemable  at  the 
pleasure  of  the  United  States,  at  any  time  within  two  years  after  the  pas- 
sage of  this  act ;  and  tiiat  said  notes  shall  cease  to  bear  interest  alter 
they  shall  have  been  called  in  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  under 
the  provisions  of  this  act. 

Sec.  5.  And  ht  it  further  enacted,  That  from  and  after  the  first  day  of 
April,  Anno  Domini  eighteen  hundred  and  sixty-one,  in  lieu  of  the  duties 
heretofore  imposed  by  law  on  the  articles  hereinafter  mentioned,  and  on 
such  as  may  now  be  exempt  from  duty,  there  shall  bo  levied,  collected, 
and  paid,  on  the  goods,  wares,  and  merchandize,  herein  enumerated  and 
provided  for,  imported  from  foreign  countries,  the  following  duties  and 
rates  of  duty,  that  is  to  say  : — 

First*  On  raw  sugar,  commonly  called  muscovado,  or  brown  sugar, 
not  advanced  beyond  the  raw  state  by  claying  or  other  process ;  and  on 
qrrup  of  sugar,  or  of  sugar  cane,  and  concentrated  molasses,  or  concen- 
trated melado,  and  on  white  and  clayed  sugars,  when  advanced  beyond 
the  raw  state  by  claying  or  other  process,  and  not  refined,  three-fourths  of 
one  cent  per  pound. 

On  refined  sugars,  whether  loaf,  lump,  crushed,  or  pulverized,  two  cents 
per  pound. 

On  sugars,  after  being  refined,  when  they  arc  tinctured,  colored,  or  in 
any  way  adulterated,  and  on  sugar  candy,  ft)ur  cents  per  pound. 

Provided^  That  all  syrups  of  sugar,  or  of  sugar  cane,  concentrated 
molasses  or  melado,  entered  under  the  name  of  molasses,  or  any  other 
name  than  syrup  of  sugar,  or  of  sugar  cane,  concentrated  molasses  or, 
concentrated  melado,  shall  be  liable  to  forfeiture  to  the  United  States ;  on 
molasses,  two  cents  per  gallon ;  on  confectionary  of  all  kinds,  not  other- 
wise provided  for,  thirty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

Sec  6.  And  he  it  further  erutcted,  That  from  and  aft«r  the  day  and 
year  aforesaid  there  shall  be  levied,  collected,  and  paid,  on  the  importa- 
tion of  the  articles  hereinafter  mentioned,  the  following  duties,  that  is  Co 
Ray : — 

Firmly  On  brandy,  for  first  proo^  one  dollar  per  gallon. 

On  other  spirits  manufactured  or  distilled  from  grain^  for  first  proo^ 
forty  cents  per  gallon. 

On  spirits  from  other  materials,  for  first  proof,  forty  cents  per  gallon. 

On  cordials  and  liquors  of  all  kinds,  fifty  cents  per  gallon. 

On  arrack,  absynthe,  kirschenwasser,  ratafia,  and  other  similar  spiritu- 
ous beverages  not  otherwise  provided  for,  fifty  cents  per  gallon. 

On  bay  rum,  twenty-five  cents  per  gallon. 

Provided^  That  the  duty  upon  orandy  spirits,  and  all  other  spirituous 
beverages  herein  enumerated,  shall  bo  collected  upon  the  basis  of  first 
proof,  and  so  in  proportion  for  any  greater  strength  than  the  strength 
of  first  proof ;  on  wines  of  all  kinds,  forty  per  centum  ad  valorem  :  Pro- 
videdy  That  all  imitations  of  brandy  or  spirits,  or  of  any  of  the  said  wine% 
and  all  wines  imported  by  any  names  whatever,  shall  be  subject  to  the 
duty  provided  for  the  genuine  article  which  it  is  intended  to  represent. 

3 


440  United  States  Twr\ff  of  186L  SX>3 

Provided^  further^  That  brandies,  or  otiier  spiritnons  Kqnore  may  be 
imported  in  botUes,  when  the  package  shall  contain  not  less  than  one 
doBen,  and  all  bottles  shall  pay  a  separate  duty,  according  to  the  rate 
established  by  this  act,  whether  containing  wines,  brandies,  or  other  spir- 
itoons  liquors,  subject  to  duty  as  hereinbefore  mentioned. 

On  ale,  porter  and  beer  in  bottles,  twenty-five  cents  per  gallon,  other- 
wise than  in  bottles,  fifteen  cents  per  gallon. 

On  all  spiritnous  liquors  not  enumerated,  thirty-three  and  one-third 
per  centum  ad  valorem. 

Second,  On  segars  of  all  kinds,  valued  at  five  dollars  or  under  per 
thousand,  twenty  cents  per  pound ;  over  five  dollars  and  not  over  ten, 
forty  cents  per  pound,  and  over  ten  dollars,  sixty  cents  per  pound  ;  and, 
in  addition  thereto,  ten  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

On  snuff,  ton  cents  per  pound. 

On  unmanufactured  tobacco  in  leaf,  twenty-five  per  oentum  ad  val- 
orem. 

On  all  other  manufactured  or  unmanufactured  tobacco,  thirty  per  cen- 
tum ad  valorem. 

Seo.  7.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  from  and  after  the  day  and 
year  aforesaid  there  shall  be  levied,  collected  and  paid  on  the  importa- 
tion of  the  articles  hereiuafter  mentioned,  the  following  duties,  that  is  to 

First,  On  bar  iron,  rolled  or  hammered,  comprising  flats,  not  less 
than  one  iuch  or  more  than  seven  inches  wide,  nor  less  than  one-quarter 
of  an  inch  or  more  than  two  inches  thick ;  rounds,  not  less  than  one-half 
an  inch  or  more  than  four  inches  in  diameter;  and.squares,  not  less  than 
one  half  an  inch,  or  more  than  four  inches  square,  fifteen  dollars  per 
toiL 

Provided^  That  all  iron  in  slabs,  blooms,  loops,  or  other  forms,  less 
finished  than  iron  in  bars,  and  more  advanced  than  pig  iron,  except  cast- 
ings, shall  be  rated  as  iron  in  bars,  and  pay  a  duty  accordingly. 

And  provided^  further,  That  none  of  the  above  iron  shall  pay  a  less 
rate  of  duty  than  twenty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

On  all  iron  imported  m  bars  for  railroads  or  inclined  planes,  made  to 
patterns,  and  fitted  to  be  laid  down  upon  such  roads  or  planes  without 
mrtber  manu£EU^ure,  and  not  exceeding  six  inches  high,  twelve  dollars 
per  ton. 

On  boiler  plate  iron,  twenty  dollars  per  ton  ;  on  iron  wire,  drawn  and 
finished,  not  more  than  one-fourth  of  one  inch  in  diameter,  nor  less  than 
number  sixteen  wire  gage,  seventy-five  cents  per  one  hundred  pounds, 
and  fifteen  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

Over  number  sixteen  and  not  over  number  twenty-five  wire  gnge,  one 
dollar  and  fifty  cents  per  one  hundred  pounds,  and  in  addition  fift^n  per 
centum  ad  valorem. 

Over  or  finer  than  number  twenty-five  wire  gage  two  dollars  per  one 
hundred  pounds,  and  in  addition  fifteen  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

On  all  other  descriptions  of  rolled  or  hammered  iron,  not  otherwise 
provided  for,  twenty  dolUrs  per  ton. 

Second 9  On  iron  in  pigs,  six  dollars  per  ton ;  on  vessels  of  cast 
iron,  not  otherwise  provided  for,  and  on  sad  irons,  tailors  and  hatters' 
irons,  stoves  and  stove  plates,  one  cent  per  pound. 

4 


3M  Untied  Statea  Tari/jT  of  1861.  441 

On  east  iron  steam,  gas  and  water  pipe,  fifty  cents  per  one  bnndred 
pounds. 

On  cast  iron  batts  and  hinges,  two  cents  per  ponnd. 

On  hollow  ware,  gkzed  or  tinned,  two  cents  and  a  half  per  ponnd. 

On  all  other  castings  of  iron,  not  otherwise  provided  for,  twenty-five 
per  centum  ad  valorem. 

Third)  On  old  scrap  iron,  six  dollars  per  ton. 

Provided^  That  nothing  shall  be  deemed  old  iron  that  has  not  been  in 
actual  use,  and  fit  only  to  be  remanufactured. 

Fourtii)  On  band  and  hoop  iron,  slit  rod^  not  otherwise  provided 
for,  twenty  dollars  per  ton. 

On  cut  nails  and  spikes  one  cent  per  ponnd. 

On  iron  cables  or  chains,  or  parts  thereof,  and  anvils,  one  dollar  and 
twenty-five  cents  per  one  hundred  pounds. 

On  anchors,  or  parts  thereof  ono  dollar  and  fifty  cents  per  one  hun- 
dred pounds. 

On  wrought  board  nails,  spikes,  rivets  and  bolts,  two  cents  per  pound. 

On  bed  screws  and  wrought  hinges,  one  cent  and  a  half  per  pound. 

On  chains,  trace  chains,  halter  chams  and  fence  chains,  made  of  wire 
or  rods  one-'half  of  one  inch  in  diameter  or  over,  one  cent  and  a  half  per 
pound ;  under  one-half  of  one  inch  in  diameter,  and  not  under  one-fourth 
of  one  inch  in  diameter,  two  cents  per  pound  ;  under  one-fourth  of  one 
inch  in  diameter,  and  not  under  number  nine  wire  gage,  two  cents  and  a 
half  per  pound ;  under  number  nine  wire  gage,  twenty-five  per  centum 
ad  valorem. 

On  blacksmiths'  hammers  and  sledges,  axles,  or  parts  thereof,  and  mal* 
leable  iron  in  castings,  not  otherwise  provided  for,  two  cents  per  pound. 

On  horse-shoe  nails,  three  cents  and  a  half  per  pound. 

On  steam,  gas  and  water  tubes  and  flues  of  wrought  iron,  two  cents 
per  pound. 

On  wrought  iron  railroad  chairs,  and  on  wrought  iron  nuts  and  wash- 
ers, ready  punched,  twenty-five  dollars  per  ton. 

On  cut  tacks,  brads  and  sprigs,  not  exceeding  sixteen  ounces  to  the 
thousand,  two  cents  per  thousand,  exceeding  sixteen  ounces  to  the  thous- 
and, two  cents  per  ponnd. 

Fiflh*  On  smooth  or  polished  sheet  iron,  by  whatever  name  desig- 
nated, two  cents  per  pound ;  on  other  sheet  iron,  common  or  black,  not 
thinner  than  number  twenty  wire  gage,  twenty  dollai's  per  ton  ;  thinner 
than  number  twenty,  and  not  thinner  than  number  twenty  five  wire 
gage,  twenty-five  dollars  per  ton  ;  thinner  than  number  twenty-five  wire 
gage,  thirty  dollars  per  ton. 

On  tin  plates  galvanized,  galvanized  iron,  or  iron  coated  with  zinc,  two 
cents  per  pound. 

On  mill  irons  and  mill  cranks  of  wrought  iron,  and  wrought  iron  for 
ships,  locomotives,  locomotive  tire,  or  parts  thereof,  and  steam  engines, 
or  parts  thereof,  weighing  each  twenty-five  pounds  or  more,  one  cent  and 
a  half  per  pound. 

On  screws,  commonly  called  wood  screws,  two  inches  or  over  in  length, 
five  cents  per  pound ;  less  than  two  inches  in  length,  eight  cents  per 
pound. 

On  screws  washed  or  plated,  and  all  other  screws  of  iron  or  any  other 
metal,  thirty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

5 


442  Untied  States  Tariff  of  1861.  20$ 

On  all  manqfiEU^tnres  of  iron  not  otherwise  proTided  for,  ihirty  per  oen- 
turn  ad  valorem. 

Sixth.  On  all  steel  in  igots,  bars,  sheets,  or  wire,  not  less  than  one* 
foiii'th  of  one  inch  in  diameter,  valued  at  seven  cents  per  pound,  or  less, 
one  and  a  half  cent  per  pound ;  valued  at  above  seven  cents  per  ponnd, 
and  not  above  eleven  cents  per  pound,  two  cents  per  pound. 

Steel  in  any  form,  not  otherwise  provided  for,  shall  pay  a  duty  of 
twenty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

On  steel  wire  less  than  one-fourth  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  not  less 
than  number  sixteen  wire  gage,  two  dollars  per  one  hundred  pounds,  and 
in  addition  thereto  fifteen  per  centum  ad  valorem ;  less  or  finer  than 
number  sixteen  wire  gage,  two  dollars  and  fifty  cents  per  one  hundred 
pounds,  and  in  addition  thereto  fifteen  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

On  cross-cut  saws,  eight  ce^ts  per  lineal  foot. 

On  mill-pit  and  drag  saws,  not  over  nine  inches  wide,  twelve  and  a 
half  cents  per  lineal  foot ;  over  nine  inches  wide,  twenty  cents  per  lineal 
foot. 

On  skates  costing  twenty  cents,  or  less,  per  pair,  six  cents  per  pair;  on 
those  costing  over  twenty  cents  per  pair,  tnirty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

On  all  manufifuitures  of  steel,  or  of  which  steel  shall  be  a  component 
part,  not  otherwise  provided  for,  thirty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

Provided^  That  all  articles  partially  manufactured,  not  otherwise  pro- 
vided for,  shall  pay  the  same  rate  of  duty  as  if  wholly  manufactured. 

Seventh*  On  bituminous  coal,  one  dollar  per  ton  of  twenty-eight 
bushels,  eighty  pounds  to  the  bushel ;  on  all  other  coal,  fifty  cents  per 
ton  of  twenty-eight  bushels,  eighty  pounds  to  the  bushel. 

On  coke  and  culm  of  coal,  twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

Sec.  8.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  from  and  after  the  day  and 
year  aforesaid  there  shall  be  levied,  collected,  and  paid  on  the  importa- 
tion of  the  articles  hereinafter  mentioned  the  following  duties,  that  is  to 
say: — 

First.     On  lead,  in  pigs  and  bars,  one  cent  per  pound. 

On  old  scrap  lead,  fit  only  to  be  remanufactured,  one  cent  per  pound. 

On  lead  in  sheets,  pipes,  or  shot,  one  cent  and  a  half  per  pound. 

On  pewter,  when  olcl  and  fit  only  to  be  remanufactured,  one  cent  per 
pound. 

Second*     On  copper,  in  pigs,  bars,  or  ingots,  two  cents  per  pound. 

On  copper,  when  old  and  fit  only  to  be  remanufactured,  one  cent  and 
a  half  per  pound. 

On  sheathing  copper,  in  sheets  forty-eight  inches  long  and  fourteen 
inches  wide,  and  weighing  from  fourteen  to  thirty-four  ounces  the  square 
foot,  two  cents  per  pound. 

On  copper  rods,  bolts,  nails,  spikes,  copper  bottoms,  copper  in  sheets 
or  plates,  called  braziers'  copper,  and  other  sheets  of  copper  not  other- 
wise provided  for,  twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

On  zinc,  spelter,  or  tentenegue,  manufactured,  in  blocks,  or  pigs,  one 
dollar  per  hundred  pounds. 

On  zinc,  spelter,  or  tentenegue,  in  sheets,  one  cent  and  a  half  per  pound. 

Sec.  9.  And  be  it  further  enacted.  That  from  and  after  the  day  and 
year  aforesaid  there  shall  be  levied,  collected,  and  paid  on  the  importa- 
tion of  the  articles  hereinafter  mentioned  the  following  duties,  that  is  to 
say: — 

0 


206  United  States  Tariff  of  1861.  443 

First*  On  white  lead  and  oxide  of  zinc,  dry  or  ground  in  oil,  red 
lead,  and  litharge,  one  cent  and  a  half  per  poand. 

On  sugar  of  lead  or  acetate  of  lead  and  nitrate  of  lead,  chromate  and 
Uchromate  of  potash,  three  cents  per  podnd. 

On  hydriodate,  and  prussiate  of  potash,  and  chromic  acid,  and  salts  of 
iodine,  and  resuhlimed  iodine,  fifteen  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

On  whiting,  twenty-five  cents  per  one  hundred  pounds. 

On  Paris  white,  pipe  clay,  and  ochres  or  ochrey  earths,  not  otherwise 
provided  for,  when  dry,  thirty-five  cents  per  one  hundred  pounds ;  when 
ground  in  oil,  one  dollar  and  thirty-five  cents  per  one  hundred  pounds. 

On  umber,  fifty  cents  per  one  hundred  pounds. 

On  putty,  one  cent  per  pound. 

On  linseed,  flaxseed,  nempseed,  and  rapeseed  oil,  twenty  cents  per  gallon. 

On  kerosine  oil,  and  all  other  coal  oils,  ten  cents  per  gallon. 

On  alum,  alum  substitute,  sulphate  of  alumina,  and  aluminous  cake, 
fifty  cents  per  one  hundred  pounds. 

On  copperas,  green  vitro),  or  sulphate  of  iron,  twenty-five  cents  per 
one  hundred  pounds. 

On  bleaching  powders,  fifteen  cents  per  one  hundred  pounds. 

On  refined  camphor,  six  cents  per  pound. 

On  refined  borax,  three  cents  per  pound. 

On  tallow,  one  cent  per  pound. 

On  tallow  candles,  two  cents  per  pound. 

On  spermaceti  or  wax  candles  and  tapers,  and  on  candles  and  tapers 
of  spermaceti  and  wax  combined,  eight  cents  per  pound. 

On  stearine  candles,  and  all  other  candles  and  tapers,  four  cents  per  pound. 

On  spirits  of  turpentine,  ten  cents  per  gallon. 

On  opium,  one  dollar  per  pound. 

On  morphine,  and  its  salts,  one  dollar  per  ounce. 

On  liquorice  paste  or  juice,  three  cents  per  pound. 

Sec.  10.  And  be  it  further  enacted^  That  from  and  after  the  day  and 
year  aforesaid  there  shall  be  levied,  collected,  and  paid  on  the  importation 
of  the  articles  hereinafter  mentioned  the  following  duties,  that  is  to  say : 

First.  On  salt,  four  cents  per  bushel  of  fifty-six  pounds,  provided 
that  salt  imported  in  bags,  or  not  in  bulk,  shall  pay  a  duty  of  six  cents 
per  bushel  of  fifty-six  pounds. 

On  bristles,  four  cents  per  pound. 

On  honey  ten  cents  per  gallon. 

On  vinegar,  six  cents  per  gallon. 

On  mackerel,  two  dollars  per  barrel. 

On  herrings,  pickled  or  salted,  one  dollar  per  barrel. 

On  pickled  salmon,  three  dollars  per  barrel. 

On  all  other  fish  pickled  in  barrels,  one  dollar  and  fifty  cents  per  barrel. 

On  all  other  foreign  caught  fish  imported  otherwise  than  in  barrels  or 
half  barrels,  or  whether  fresh,  smoked,  or  dried,  salted  or  pickled,  not 
otherwise  provided  for,  fifty  cents  psr  one  hundred  pounds. 

Second.  On  beef  and  pork,  one  cent  per  pound ;  on  hams  and 
bacon,  two  cents  per  pound. 

On  cheese,  four  cents  per  pound. 

On  wheat,  twenty  cents  per  bushel. 

On  butter,  four  cents  per  pound  ;  on  lard,  two  cents  per  pound. 

On  rye  and  barley,  fifteen  cents  per  bushel. 

n 


444  United  States  Tariff  of  1861.  207 

On  Indian  com  or  maize,  ten  cents  per  basheL 

On  oats,  ten  cents  per  bushel. 

On  potatoes,  ten  cents  per  bushel. 

On  cleaned  rice,  one  cent  per  pound ;  on  uncleaned  rice  or  paddj, 
fifty  cents  per  one  hundred  pounds. 

On  sago  and  sago  flour,  fifty  cents  per  one  hundred  pounds. 

On  flaxseed  or  linseed,  sixteen  cents  per  bushel  of  fifty-two  pounds. 

On  hemp  and  rapeseed,  ten  cents  per  bushel  of  fifty-two  pounds. 

On  raw  hides  and  skins  of  all  kinds,  whether  dried,  salted,  or  piclded, 
not  otherwise  provided  for,  five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

Sec  11.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  from  and  after  the  day  and 
year  aforesaid  there  shall  be  levied,  collected,  and  paid  on  the  importation 
of  the  articles  hereinafter  mentioned  the  following  duties,  that  is  to  say : 

First*  On  cassia,  four  cents  per  pound ;  on  cassia  buds,  eight  cents 
per  pound. 

On  cloves,  four  cents  per  pound. 

On  pepper,  two  cents  per  pound ;  on  Cayenne  pepper,  three  cents  per 
pound  ;  on  ground  Cayenne  pepper,  four  cents  per  pound. 

On  pimento,  two  cents  per  pound. 

On  cinnamon,  ten  cents  per  pound. 

On  mace  and  nutmegs,  fifteen  cents  per  pound. 

On  prunes,  two  cents  per  pound. 

On  plums,  one  cent  per  pound. 

On  dates,  one-half  of  one  cent  per  pound. 

On  currents,  two  cents  per  pound. 

On  figs,  three  cents  per  pound. 

On  sultana,  muscatel,  and  bloom  raisins,  either  in  boxes  or  jars,  two 
cents  per  pound ;  on  all  other  raisins,  one  cent  per  pound. 

On  almonds,  two  cents  per  pound  ;  on  shelled  almonds,  four  cents  per 
pound. 

On  all  nuts  not  otherwise  provided  for,  except  those  used  for  dyeing, 
one  cent  per  pound. 

Sec.  12.  And  be  it  further  enactea,  That  from  and  afker  the  day  and 
year  aforesaid  there  shall  be  levied,  collected,  and  paid  on  the  importation 
of  the  articles  hereinafter  mentioned  the  following  duties,  that  is  to  say : 

First.  On  all  wool  unmanufactured,  and  all  hair  of  the  alpaca, 
goat,  and  other  like  animals,  unmanufactured,  the  value  whereof  at  the 
last  port  or  place  from  whence  exported  to  the  United  States,  shall  bo 
less  than  eighteen  cents  per  pound,  five  per  centum  ad  valorem ;  exceed- 
ing eighteen  cents  per  pound,  and  not  exceeding  twenty-four  cents  per 
pound,  there  shall  be  levied,  collected,  and  paid  a  duty  of  three  cents 
per  pound  ;  exceeding  twenty-four  cents  per  pound,  there  shall  bo  levied, 
collected,  and  paid  a  duty  of  nine  cents  per  pound. 

Provided^  That  any  wool  of  the  sheep,  or  hair  of  the  alpaca,  the  goat, 
and  other  like  animals,  which  shall  be  imported  in  any  other  than  the 
ordinary  condition,  as  now  and  lieretoforo  practiced,  or  which  shall  be 
changed  in  its  character  or  condition  for  the  purpose  of  evading  the 
duty,  or  which  shall  bo  reduced  in  value  by  the  admixture  of  dirt  or  any 
foreign  substance  to  eighteen  cents  per  pound,  or  less,  shall  bo  subject  to 
pay  a  duty  of  nine  cents  per  pound,  anything  in  this  act  to  tho  contrary 
notwithstinding. 

Provided,  also,  That  when  wool  of  different  qualities  is  imported  in 

8 


208  United  States  Tarif  of  1861.  445 

the  same  bale,  bag,  or  Dackagc,  and  the  aggregate  valae  of  the  contents 
of  the  bale^  bag,  or  package  shall  be  appraised  by  the  appraisers  at  a  rate 
exceeding  twenty-four  cents  per  pound,  it  shall  be  charged  with  a  dutj 
of  nine  cents  per  ponnd. 

Provided^  further^  That  if  bales  of  different  qualities  are  embraced  in 
the  same  invoice,  at  the  same  price,  whereby  the  average  price  shall  be 
lessened  more  than  ten  per  centum,  the  value  of  the  whole  shall  be  ap- 
prised according  to  the  value  of  the  bale  of  the  best  quality,  and  no  balo 
or  bales  shall  be  liable  to  a  less  n^e  of  duty  in  consequence  of  being  in- 
voiced with  wool  of  lower  value. 

Provided^  also,  That  sheep  skins,  raw  or  anmanu&ctured,  imported 
with  the  wool  on,  washed  or  unwashed,  shall  be  subject  to  a  duty  of  fif- 
teen per  centum  ad  valorem. 

Sec.  13.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  from  and  after  the  day  and 
year  aforesaid  tiiere  shall  be  levied,  collected,  and  paid  on  the  importation 
of  the  articles  hereinafter  mentioned  the  following  duties,  that  is  to  say  : 
First.  On  Wilton,  Saxony,  and  Aubusson  Axminster  patent  velvet, 
Tournay  velvet,  and  tapestry  velvet  carpets  and  carpeting,  Brussels  car- 
pets wrought  by  the  Jaoqnard  machine,  and  all  medallion  or  whole  car- 
pets, valu^  at  one  dollar  and  twenty-five  cents  or  under  per  square  yard, 
forty  cents  per  square  yard ;  valued  at  over  one  dollar  and  twenty-five 
cents  per  square  yard,  fifty  cents  per  square  yard. 

Provided^  That  no  carpet  or  rugs  of  the  above  description  shall  pay  a 
duty  of  less  than  twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

On  Brussels  and  tapestry  Brussels  carpets  and  carpeting  printed  on 
tho  warp  or  otherwise,  thirty  cents  per  square  yard. 

On  all  treble-ingrain  and  worsted-chain  Venetian  carpets  and  carpet- 
ing, twenty-five  cents  per  sqnare  yard. 

On  hemp  or  jute  carpeting,  four  cents  per  square  yard. 
On  druggets,  bookings,  and  felt  carpets  and  carpetmg,  printed,  colored, 
or  otherwise,  twenty  cents  per  square  yard. 

On  all  other  kinds  of  carpets  and  carpeting  of  wool,  flax,  or  cotton,  or 
parts  of  either,  or  other  material  not  otherwise  specified,  a  duty  of  thirty 
per  centum  ad  valorem. 

Provided,  That  mats,  rugs,  screens,  covers,  hassocks,  bedsides,  and 
other  portions  of  carpets  or  carpeting  shall  pay  the  rate  of  duty  herein 
imposed  on  carpets  or  carpeting  of  similar  character ;  on  all  other  mata^ 
screens,  hassocks,  and  rugs,  a  duty  of  thirty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

Second*  On  woollen  cloths,  woollen  shawls,  and  all  manu&cturea 
of  wool  of  every  description,  made  wholly  or  in  part  of  wool,  not  other- 
wise provided  for,  a  duty  of  twelve  cents  per  pound,  and  in  additioa 
thereto  twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem.  <^ 

On  endless  belts  for  paper,  and  blanketing  for  printing  machines,  twen- 
ty-five per  centum  ad  valorem. 

On  all  flannels  valued  at  thirty  cents  or  less  per  square  yard,  twenty- 
five  per  centum  ad  viilorem ;  valued  above  thirty  cents  per  square  yard, 
and  on  all  flannels  colored,  or  printed,  or  plaided,  and  flannels  composed 
in  part  of  cotton  or  silk,  thirty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 
On  hats  of  wool,  twenty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 
On  woollen  and  worsted  yam,  valued  at  fifty  cents  and  not  over  one 
dollar  per  pound,  twelve  cents  per  pound,  and  in  addition  thereto  fifteen 
per  centum  ad  valorem. 

9 


446  United  Btatea  Tariff  of  1861.  209 

On  woollen  and  worsted  yarn,  valued  at  over  one  dollar  per  pound, 
twelve  cents  per  pound,  and  in  addition  thereto  twenty-five  per  centum 
ad  valorem. 

On  woollen  and  worsted  yams,  or  yams  for  carpets,  valued  under  fifty 
cents  per  pound,  and  not  exceeding  in  fineness  number  fourteen,  twenty- 
five  per  centum  ad  valorem  ;  exce^ing  number  fourteen,  thirty  per  cen- 
tum ad  valorem. 

On  clotiiing  ready  made,  and  wearing  apparel  of  every  description, 
composed  wholly  or  in  part  of  wool,  made  up  or  manufEu^tured  wholly  or 
in  part  by  the  tailor,  seamstress,  or  manu&ctnrer,  twelve  cents  per  pound, 
and  in  addition  thereto  twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

On  blankets  of  all  kinds,  made  wholly  or  in  part  of  wool,  valued  at 
not  exceeding  twenty-eight  cents  per  pound,  there  shall  be  charged  a 
duty  of  six  cents  per  pound,  and  in  addition  thereto  ten  per  centum  ad 
valorem  ;  on  all  valued  above  twenty-eight  cents  per  pound,  but  not  ex- 
ceeding forty  cents  per  pound,  there  shall  be  charged  a  duty  of  six  cents 
per  pound,  and  in  addition  thereto  twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem  ; 
on  all  valued  above  forty  cents  per  pound  there  shall  be  charged  a  duty 
of  twelve  cents  per  pound,  and  in  addition  thereto  twenty  per  centum 
ad  valorem. 

^  On  woollen  ihawU,  or  shawls  of  which  wool  shall  he  the  chief  com- 
ponent material^  a  duty  of  sixteen  cents  per  poundy  and  in  addition  thereto 
twenty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

Tbircl.  On  all  delaines,  Cashmere  delaines,  muslin  delaines,  bar^c 
delaines,  composed  wholly  or  in  part  of  wool,  gray  or  uncolored,  and  on 
all  other  gray  or  uncolored  goods  of  similar  description,  twenty-five  per 
centum  ad  valorem. 

On  bunting,  and  on  all  stained,  colored,  or  printed,  and  on  all  other 
manufactures  of  wool,  or  of  which  wool  shall  be  a  component  material, 
not  otherwise  provided  for,  thirty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

Fourth*  On  oilcloth,  for  floors,  stamped,  painted,  or  printed,  val- 
ued at  fifty  cents  or  less  per  square  yard,  twenty  per  centum  ad  valorem ; 
valued  at  over  fifty  cents  per  square  yard,  and  on  all  other  oildoths, 
thirty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

Sec  14.  And  be  it  further  enacted^  That  from  and  after  the  day  and 
year  aforesaid  there  shall  be  levied,  collected,  and  paid  on  the  importation 
of  the  articles  hereinafter  mentioned  the  following  duties,  that  is  to  say : 

First*  On  all  manu&ctures  of  cotton  not  bleached,  colored,  stain> 
ed,  painted,  or  printed,  and  not  exceeding  one  hufidrcd  threads  to  tlic 
square  inch,  counting  the  warp  and  filling,  and  exceeding  in  weight  five 
ounces  per  square  yard,  one  cent  per  square  yard. 

On  finer  or  lighter  goods  of  like  description,  not  exceeding  one  hun- 
dred and  forty  threads  to  the  square  inch,  counting  the  warp  and  filling, 
two  cents  per  square  yard. 

On  goods  of  like  description,  exceeding  one  hundred  and  forty  threads, 
and  not  exceeding  two  hundred  threads  to  the  square  incli,  counting  the 
warp  and  filling,  three  cents  per  iiquare  yard. 

On  like  goods  exceeding  two  liundred  threads  to  the  square  inch, 
counting  the  warp  and  filling,  four  cents  per  sauaro  yard. 

On  all  goods  embraced  in  the  foregoing  schedules,  if  bleached,  there 

*  This  dauso  and  others  in  italics  are  Btricken  out  by  Supplomentary  BQL 

10 


210  United  States  Tariff  of  1861.  447 

Bhall  be  levied,  collected,  and  paid  an  additional  duty  of  one  half  of  one 
cent  per  square  yard ;  and  if  printed,  painted,  colored,  or  stained,  there 
shall  be  levied,  collected,  and  paid  a  duty  of  ten  per  centnm  in  addition 
to  the  rates  of  duty  provided  in  the  foregoing  schedules. 

Provided^  That  upon  all  plain  woven  cotton  goods  not  included  in  the 
foregoing  schedules,  and  upon  cotton  goods  of  every  description,  the  value 
of  vmich  shall  exceed  sixteen  cents  per  square  yard,  there  shall  bo  levied, 
collected,  and  paid  a  duty  of  twenty-five  per  centnm  ad  valorem. 

And  provided^  further^  That  no  cotton  goods  having  more  than  two 
hundred  threads  to  the  squai-e  inch,  counting  the  warp  and  filling,  shall 
be  admitted  to  a  loss  rate  of  duty  than  is  provided  for  goods  which  arc 
of  that  number  of  threads. 

Second*  On  spool  and  other  thread  of  cotton,  thirty  per  centum 
ad  valorem. 

Third*  On  shirts  and  drawers,  wove  or  made  on  frames  composed 
wholly  of  cotton  and  cotton  velvet,  twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

And  on  all  manufactures  composed  wholly  of  cotton,  bleached,  un- 
bleached, printed,  painted,  or  dyed,  not  otherwise  provided  for,  thirty  per 
centum  ad  valorem. 

Fourth*  On  all  brown  or  bleached  linens,  ducks,  canvass  pa^l- 
dings,  cot-bottoms,  burlaps,  drills,  coatings,  brown  Hollands,  blay  linei)s, 
damasks,  diapers,  crash,  huckabacks,  handkerchief  lawns,  or  other  man- 
ufactures of  flax,  jute,  or  hemp,  or  of  which  flax,  jute,  or  hemp,  shall  be 
the  component  material  of  chief  value,  being  the  value  of  thirty  cents 
and  under  per  square  yard,  twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem  ;  valued 
above  thirty  cents  per  square  yard,  thirty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

On  flax  or  linen  thrcacfs,  twine  and  pack-thread,  and  all  other  manu- 
fectures  of  flax,  or  of  which  flax  shall  be  the  component  material  of  chief 
value,  and  not  otherwise  provided  for,  thirty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

Sec.  15.  Arid  he  it  further  enactedy  That  firom  and  after  the  day  and 
year  aforesaid  there  shall  be  levied,  collected,  and  paid  on  the  importation 
of  the  articles  hereinafter  mentioned  the  following  duties,  that  is  to  say : 

First*     On  unmanufactured  hemp,  thirty-five  dollars  per  ton. 

On  Manilla  and  other  hemps  of  In£a,  fifteen  dollars  per  ton. 

On  jute,  Sisal  grass,  sun  hemp,  coii*,  and  other  vegetable  substances, 
not  enumerated,  used  for  cordage,  ten  dollars  per  ton. 

On  jute  butts,  five  dollars  per  ton. 

On  codilla,  or  tow  of  hemp,  ten  dollars  per  ton. 

On  tarred  cables  or  cordage,  two  cents  and  a  half  per  pound. 

On  uDtarred  Manilla  cordage,  two  cents  per  pound ;  on  all  other  un- 
tarred  cordage,  three  cents  per  pound. 

On  yarns,  four  cents  per  pound. 

On  coir  yarn,  one  cent  per  pound. 

On  seines,  six  cents  per  pound. 

On  cotton  bagging,  or  any  other  manufacture  not  otherwise  provided 
for,  suitable  for  the  uses  to  which  cotton  bagging  is  applied,  whether 
composed  in  whole  or  in  part  of  hemp,  jute,  or  flax,  or  any  other  mate- 
rial, valued  at  less  than  ten  cents  per  square  yard,  one  cent  and  a  half 
per  pound ;  over  ten  cents  per  square  yard,  two  cents  per  pound. 

On  sail  duck,  twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

On  Russia  and  other  sheetings,  brown  and  white,  twenty-five  per  cen- 
tum ad  valorem. 

11 


448  UnUed  States  Tariff  of  1861.  211 

And  on  all  other  manii&ctiires  of  hemp,  or  of  which  hemp  shall  be  a 
component  part,  not  otherwise  provided  for,  twenty  per  centom  ad  valorem. 

On  unmanu&ctared  flax,  fifteen  dollars  per  ton. 

On  tow  of  flax,  five  dollars  per  ton. 

On  grass  cloth,  twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

On  jute  goods,  fifteen  per  centam  ad  valorem ;  on  all  other  roanu&c- 
tares  of  jute  or  Sisal  grass,  not  otherwise  provided  for,  twenty  per  cen- 
tam ad  valorem. 

Sec.  16.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  from  and  after  the  day  and 
year  aforesaid  there  shall  be  levied,  collected,  and  paid  on  the  importation 
of  the  articles  hereinafter  mentioned,  the  following  duties,  that  is  to  say : 

First*  On  silk,  in  the  gum,  not  more  advanced  in  manufactore 
than  singles,  tram,  and  thrown  or  organzine,  fifteen  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

On  ail  silks  valued  at  not  over  one  dollar  per  square  yard,  twenty  per 
centam  ad  valorem. 

On  all  silks  valued  at  over  one  dollar  per  square  yard,  thirty  per  cen- 
tum ad  valorem. 

On  all  silk  velvets,  or  velvets  of  which  silk  is  the  component  material 
of  chief  value,  valued  at  three  doliai-s  per  square  yard,  or  under,  twenty- 
five  per  centum  ad  valorem ;  valued  at  over  three  dollars  per  square 
yard,  thirty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

On  floss  silks,  twenty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

On  silk  ribbons,  galloons,  braids,  fringes,  laces,  tassels,  buttons,  button 
cloths,  trimmings,  and  on  silk  twist,  twist  composed  of  mohair  and  silk, 
sewing  silk  in  the  gum  or  purified,  and  all  other  manufactures  of  silk,  or 
of  which  silk  shall  be  the  component  material  of  chief  value,  not  others 
wise*  provided  for,  tiiirty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

Sec.  17.  And  be  it  further  enacted.  That  from  and  after  the  day  and 
year  aforesaid  there  shall  be  levied,  collected,  and  paid  on  the  importation 
of  the  articles  hereinafter  mentioned  the  following  duties,  that  is  to  say : 

First*  On  rough  plate,  cylinder,  or  broad  window  glass,  not  ex- 
ceeding ten  by  fifteen  inches,  one  cent  per  square  foot ;  above  that,  and 
not  exceeding  sixteen  by  twenty-four  inches,  one  cent  and  a  half  per 
square  foot ;  above  that,  and  not  exceeding  twenty  four  by  thirty  inches, 
two  cents  per  square  foot ;  all  above  tiiat,  and  not  exceeding  in  weight 
one  pound  per  square  foot,  three  cents  per  square  foot. 

Provided^  That  all  glass  imported  in  sheets  or  tables,  without  reference 
to  size  or  form,  shall  pay  the  highest  duty  herein  imposed. 

And  provided,  further.  That  all  rough  plate  cylinder,  or  broad  glass, 
weighing  over  one  hundred  pounds  per  one  hundred  square  feet,  shall  pay 
an  additional  duty  on  the  excess  at  the  same  rates  as  herein  imposed. 

On  crown,  plate,  or  polished,  and  on  all  other  window  glass  not  exceed- 
ing ten  by  fifteen  inches,  one  cent  and-a-half  per  square  Kwt ;  above  that> 
and  not  exceeding  sixteen  by  twenty-four  inches,  two  cents  and-a-half  per 


ai2  Umied  3ua^  Tsmf  of  1861.  449 

On  all  artieles  of  glMi,  cut,  engraTed,  painted,  colored,  printed,  stain* 
ed,  silvered,  or  gilded,  thirty  per  ccutum  ad  valorem. 

On  porcelain  and  Bohemian  glass,  dass  crystals  for  watches,  paintingi 
on  glass  or  glasses,  pebbles  ibr  specta^es,  and  all  mannfactnres  of  gla^ 
or  of  which  fflass  shall  be  a  component  material,  not  otherwiso  provided 
for,  and  all  glass  bottles  or  jars  filled  with  sweetmeats,  preserves  or  other 
articles,  thirty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

SecondL  On  China  and  porcelain  ware  of  all  descriptions,  thirtj 
per  centum  ad  valorem. 

On  all  brown  earthen  and  common  stone  ware,  twentj  per  ceatnm  ad 
valorem. 

On  all  other  earthen,  stone,  or  crockery  ware,  printed,  white,  glased 
edge,  painted,  dipped,  or  cream  colored,  composed  of  earthy  or  mineral 
substances,  twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

Sec  18.  And  be  it  further  enacted.  That  from  and  after  the  day  and 
year  aforesaid  thero  shall  bo  levied,  collected,  and  paid  on  the  importation 
of  the  articles  liereinafter  mentioned  the  following  duties,  that  is  to  say  : 

On  all  books,  periodicals,  and  pamphlets,  and  all  printed  matter  and  inns' 
trated  books,  and  papers,  and  on  watches,  and  parts  of  watches,  and  watch 
materials,  and  unfinished  parts  of  watches,  fifteen  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

Sea  19.  And  be  it  further  enacted^  That  from  and  after  the  day  and 
year  aforesaid  there  shall  be  levied,  collected  and  paid  a  duty  of  ten  per 
centmn  on  the  importation  of  the  articles  hereinafter  mentioned  and  em* 
braced  in  this  section,  that  is  to  say : — 

Acids,  nitric,  yellow  and  white,  oxalic,  and  all  other  acids  of  every 
description  used  for  medicinal  purposes  or  in  the  fine  arts ;  not  otherwiso 
provided  for ;  aloes ;  amber ;  ammonia,  sal  ammonia,  muriate  and  car- 
bonate of  ammonia :  anise  seed ;  arrow  root ;  asafoetida ; 

Bamboos ;  barks  of  all  kinds,  not  otherwise  provided  for ;  beeswax ; 
black  lead,  or  plumbago;  borate  of  lime;  brass,  in  pigs  or  bars,  or  when 
old  and  fit  only  to  be  remanufactured ;  Brazil  paste ;  bronze  liquors ; 
buildins^  stones ; 

Canfiarides ;  castor  beans  or  seeds ;  chronometers,  box  or  ship's,  and 
parts  thereof;  cocculus  indicus;  compositions  of  g^ass  or  paste,  not  set^ 
intended  for  use  by  jewelers;  corn  meal ; 

Diamonds,  glaziers',  set  or  not  set ;  Dutch  and  bronze  metal,  in  leaf; 

Engravings  or  plates,  bound  or  unbound ;  ergot ; 

Flocks,  waste,  or  shoddy;  fruit,  green,  ripe  or  dried,  not  otherwks 
provided  for ;  furs,  dressed  or  undressed,  when  on  the  skin ;  *fnrs,  hatten^ 
dressed  or  undressed,  when  not  on  the  skin ; 

Gamboge ;  fons^r,  in^und,  preserved,  or  pickled ;  ^lass  plates  or  disks. 


400  Umied  Staiei  Tatyf  (f  186L  213 

Ofttmeal;  oils,  palm,  feed,  and  coeoanai;  olive  oil, In  caaka,  other  than 
salad  oil ;  oranges,  lemons,  and  limes ;  orange  and  lemon  peal ; 

Buntings  and  statoary,  not  otherwise  provided  fat;  paving  stones; 
pearl  or  hulled  barley;  Peravian  bark;  plaster  of  Paris,  when  gromid; 
Prassianblne; 

Qaicksilver; 

Rhubarb ;  rye  flour ; 

Saffron  and  saffiron  cake ;  saltpetre,  or  nitrate  of  soda,  or  potash,  when 
refined  or  partially  refined;  salts  of  tin  ;  sarsaparilia;  sepia;  shaddock; 
sheaibittg paper ;  sponges;  spunk;  squills; 

Tapioca ;  taggers'  iron ;  teazels ;  teme  tin,  in  plates  or  sheets ;  tin  f<A\ ; 
tin,  in  plates  or  sheets; 

Vanilla  beans ;  vegetables  not  otherwise  provided  for ;  verdigris ; 

Yams. 

Sec  20.  And  be  it  further  enacted^  That  from  and  after  the  day  and 
year  a^^resaid  there  shall  be  levied,  collected,  and  paid  a  duty  of  twenty 
pw  centum  on  the  importation  of  the  articles  hereinafter  mentioned  and 
embraced  in  this  section,  that  is  to  say : — 

Antimony,  tartrate  of;  acids,  citric,  and  tartaric ; 

Blank  books,  bound  or  unbound ;  blue  or  Roman  vitriol,  or  sulphate  of 
copper;  boards,  planks,  staves,  laths,  scantling,  spars,  hewn  and  sawed 
timber,  and  timber  used  in  building  wharves ;  brick,  &«  brick,  and  roof- 
ing and  paving  tile,  not  otherwise  provided  for;  brimstone,  m  rolls; 
bronze  powder ;  Burgundy  pitch ;  burr  stones,  manufactured  or  bound 
up  into  mill  stones ; 

Calomel ;  castor  oil ;  castorum ;  chicory  root ;  chocolate  ;  chromate 
of  lead ;  corks ;  cotton  laces,  cotton  insertings,  oottpn  trimming  laces, 
and  cotton  braids ;  cowhage  down  ;  cnbebs ; 

Dried  pulp ; 

Ether; 

Feather  beds,  feathers  for  beds,  and  downs  of  all  kinds ;  feldspar ;  fig 
blue;  firewood;  fish  ^lue,  or  isinglass;  fish  skins;  flour  of  sulphur; 
Frankfort  black ;  fulminates,  or  fulminating  powders ; 

Glue;  gold  and  silver  leaf;  grapes;  gunpowder; 

Hair,  curled,  moss,  seaweed,  and  all  other  v^table  substances  used 
for  beds  or  matresses ;  hat  bodies,  made  of  wool,  or  of  which  wool  is  the 
component  material  of  chief  value ;  hatters'  plush,  composed  of  silk  and 
cotton,  but  of  which  cotton  is  the  component  material  of  chief  value ; 

Lampblack;  leather,  tanned,  bend,  or  sole ;  leather,  upper,  of  all  kinds, 
except  tanned  calf-skin,  which  shall  pay  twenty-five  per  centum  ad  val- 
orem* 

Magnesia,  malt,  mats,  of  cocoa  nut;  matting,  China,  and  other  floor 
matting,  and  mats  made  of  flags,  jute,  or  grass ;  mercurial  preparations, 
not  otherwise  provided  for;  medicinal  roots  and  leaves  and  all  other 
drugs  and  medicines  in  a  crude  state,  not  otherwise  provided  for ;  metals, 
unmanufactured,  not  otherwise  provided  for;  mineral  and  bituminous 
substances  in  a  crude  state,  not  otherwise  provided  for ;  musical  instru- 
ments of  all  kinds,  and  strings  for  musical  instruments  of  whip,  gut,  or 
catgut,  and  all  other  strings  of  the  same  material ;  mustard,  grcrand  or 
manu&ctured ; 

Needles  of  all  kinds  for  sewing,  darning,  and  knitting; 

OilS|  neatsfoot  and  other  aninuil  oils,  spermaceti,  whale,  and  other  fiah 

14 


214  UmUed  SUxUs  Tatif  of  1861.  451 

oily  the  prodace  of  foreign  fiaheries ;  oils  volatile,  essential  or  expreflsed,  not 
otherwise  proTided  for ;  osier  or  willow,  prepared  fbr  basket  maker's  nse ; 
Paints,  dry  or  flrroond  in  oil,  not  otherwise  provided  for ;  pitch ;  plaster 
of  Paris,  calcined ; 
Qoills; 

Batans  and  reeds,  manufactured  or  partially  manu&ctnred ;  red  precip- 
itate ;  Roman  cement ;  rosin ; 

Sal  soda,  hyposnlphate  of  soda,  and  all  carbonates  of  soda,  by  whatev- 
er name  designated,  not  otherwise  provided  for ;  salts,  Epsom,  Glauber, 
Rochelle,  and  all  other  salts  and  preparatione  of  salts,  not  otherwise  pro- 
vided for ;  shoes  or  boots,  and  otner  articles,  composed  wholly  of  India- 
rubber,  not  otherwise  provided  for;  skins,  tanned  and  dreeeed,  of  all 
kinds ;  spices  of  all  kinds,  not  otherwise  provided  for ;  spirits  of  turpen- 
tine ;  starch ;  stereotype  {^ates ;  still  bottoms ;  strychnine  ;  sulphate  of 
bar^-tes,  crude  or  refined ;  sulphate  of  magnesia ;  sulphate  of  quinine ; 

Tar;  thread  laces  and  insertings ;  type  metal ;  types,  new ; 

Varnish  of  all  kinds;  Vandylw  brown ;  Venetian  red ;  vermilion ; 

Whalebone,  the  produce  of  foreign  fisheries ;  white  vitriol  or  sulphate  of 
sine ;  wood  unmanufEu^tured,  not  otherwise  provided  for ;  woollen  listings. 

Sec.  21,  And  he  it  further  enacted,  That  from  and  after  the  day  and 
year  aforesaid  there  shall  be  levied,  collected,  and  paid  on  copper  ore  and 
diamonds,  cameos,  mosaics,  gems,  pearls,  rubies,  and  other  precious  stones, 
when  not  set,  a  duty  of  five  per  centum  ad  valorem ;  on  the  same  when 
set  in  gold,  silver,  or  other  metal,  or  on  imitations  thereof  and  all  other 
iewelry,  twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem ;  on  hair  cloth  and  hair  seat- 
mgs,  and  all  other  manufiictures  of  hair,  not  otherwise  provided  for, 
twenty-five  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

Sec  22.  And  he  it  further  enacted,  That  from  and  after  the  day  and 
year  aforesaid  there  shall  be  levied,  collected,  and  paid  a  duty  of  thirty 
per  centum  on  the  importation  of  the  articles  hereinaftier  mentioned  and 
embraced  in  this  section,  that  is  to  say  : 

Alabaster  and  spar  ornaments ; 

Anchovies,  sardines,  and  all  other  fish  preserved  in  oil ; 

Argentine,  alabatta,  or  German  silver,  manu£iu;tured  or  unmannfactured ; 

Articles  embroidered  with  gold,  silver,  or  other  metal : 

Articles  worn  by  men,  women  or  children,  of  whatever  material  com- 
posed, made  up,  or  made  wholly  or  in  part  by  hand,  not  otherwise  pro- 
vided for; 

Asses'  skins ; 

Balsams,  cosmetics,  essences,  extracts,  pastes,  perfumes,  and  tinctures, 
used  either  for  the  toilet  or  for  medicinal  purposes ; 

Baskets,  and  all  other  articles  composed  of  grass,  osier ;  palm  letS, 
straw,  whalebone,  or  willow,  not  otherwise  provided  for ; 

Beads  of  amber,  composition,  or  wax,  and  all  beads ; 

Benzoates ;  Bologna  sausages ; 

Bracelets,  braids,  chains,  curls  or  ringlets,  composed  of  hair,  or  of  which 
hair  is  a  component  material ; 

Braces,  suspenders,  webbing,  or  other  fabrics,  composed  wholly  or  in 
part  of  India  rubber,  not  otherwise  provided  for ; 

Brooms  and  brushes  of  all  kinds ; 

Buttons  and  button  moulds  of  all  kinds ; 

Oanee  and  sticks  for  walking,  finished  or  unfinished ; 

16 


492  UkOed  SkaUe  Tmr^  of  1861.  fOd 

.    Capers,  pickles,  and  sances  of  all  kinds  not  otherwise  provided  Ibr; 

Caps,  hate,  muffs,  and  tippets  of  far,  and  all  othor  raano&ctQres  of  fbr, 
or  of  which  fur  shall  be  a  component  material; 

Caps,  gloves,  l^gings,  mits,  socks,  stockings,  wove  shirts  and  drawers, 
and  all  similar  articles  made  on  frames,  of  whatever  material  composed, 
worn  bj  men,  women,  or  children,  and  not  otherwise  provided  for ; 

Carbionate  of  magnesia ; 

Card  cases,  pocket-books ;  shell  boxes,  soavenirs,  and  all  similar  artideB 
of  whatever  material  composed ; 

Carriages  and  parts  of  carriages ; 

Clocks  and  parts  of  clocks ; 

Clothing,  ready-made,  and  wearing  apparel  of  every  description,  of 
whatever  material  composed,  except  wool,  made  up  or  manofiEu^ured 
wholly  or  in  part  by  the  tailor,  seamstress,  or  manufiietnrer ; 

Coach  and  harness  furniture  of  all  kinds,  saddlery,  coach  and  hamaM 
hardware,  silver  plated,  brass,  brass  plated,  or  covered,  common  tinned, 
burnished  or  japanned,  not  otherwise  provided  for; 

Combs  of  all  kinds ; 

Compositions  of  glass  or  paste,  when  set; 

Composition  tops  for  tables,  or  other  articles  of  furniture ; 

Comfits,  sweetmeats,  or  fruits  preserved  in  sngar,  brandy,  or  molasses^ 
not  otherwise  provided  for ; 

Coral,  cut  or  manufEu;tured ;  cotton  cords,  gimps,  and  galloons ;  cotton 
laces,  colored ;  court  plaster ;  crayons  of  all  kinds ;  cutlery  of  all  kinda; 

Dolls  and  toys  of  all  kinds ; 

Encaustic  tiles ; 

Epaulets,  galloons,  laces,  knots,  stars,  tassels,  tresses,  and  wings  of  gold, 
silver,  or  other  metal ; 

Fans  and  fire  screens  of  every  description,  of  whatever  material  com- 
posed; 

Feathers  and  flowers,  artificial  or  ornamental,  and  parts  thereof,  of 
whatever  material  composed ; 

Flats,  braids,  plaits,  sparterre,  and  willow  squares,  used  for  making  hata 
and  bonnets ; 

Firecrackers ; 

Frames  and  sticks  for  umbrellas,  parasols,  and  sun-shades,  finished  or 
unfinished ; 

Furniture,  cabinet  and  household ; 

Hair  pencils ; 

Hat  bodies  of  cotton ; 

Hats  and  bonnets  for  men,  women,  and  children,  composed  of  straw, 
chip,  ^ass,  palm  lea^  willow,  or  any  otlicr  vegetable  substance,  or  of  hair, 
whalebone,  or  other  material,  not  otherwise  provided  for ; 

Human  hair,  cleansed  or  prepared  for  use ; 

Ink  and  ink  powder ; 

Japanned,  patent,  or  enameled  leather,  or  skins  of  all  kinds ; 

Japanned  ware  of  all  kinds,  not  otherwise  provided  for; 

Jet,  and  manufactures  of  jet,  and  imitations  thereof; 

Lead  pencils ; 

Maccaroni,  vermicelli,  gelatine,  jellies,  and  all  similar  preparations ; 

Manufactures  of  silk,  or  of  which  silk  shall  bo  a  component  material, 
not  otherwise  provided  for ; 

16 


ai6  UmHed  States  Tariff  of  1861.  4fi8 

Maaofactures  of  the  bark  of  the  cork  tree,  except  corks; 

Manu&etures  of  bone,  shell,  horn,  ivory,  or  T^;etable  ivory; 

Manofactaree,  articles,  vessels,  and  irarcs,  not  otherwise  prorided  fer^ 
of  brass,  copper,  gold,  iron,  lead,  pewter,  platina,  silver,  tin,  or  other 
metal,  or  of  which  either  of  these  metals  or  any  other  metel,  shall  be  the 
component  material  of  chief  valae ; 

Manufactures,  not  otherwise  provided  for,  composed  of  mixed  mato* 
rials,  in  part  of  cotton,  silk,  wool,  worsted  or  flax ; 

Mannfactures  of  cotton,  linen,  silk,  wool  or  worsted,  if  embroidered  or 
tambnred,  in  the  loom  or  otherwise,  by  machinery  or  with  the  needle^  or 
other  process,  not  otherwise  provided  for ; 

Manufisctures  of  cedar  wood,  granadilla,  ebony,  mahogany,  rosewood 
and  satinwood ; 

Marble  in  the  rough  or  blocks^  manu&ctnres  of  marble^  marble  paiving 
tiles  and  all  marble  sawed,  squared,  dressed  or  polished ; 

Manufactures  and  articles  of  leather,  or  of  which  leather  shall  be  a 
component  part,  not  otherwise  provided  for ; 

Mano&ctures  of  paper,  or  of  which  paper  is  a  component  material,  not 
otherwise  provided  for ; 

Manufoctures,  articles,  and  wares,  of  papier  mache ; 

Mannfactures  of  goat's  hair  or  mohair,  or  of  which  goat's  hair  <^ 
mohair  shall  bo  a  component  material,  not  otherwise  provided  for ; 

Manufieu;tures  of  wood,  or  of  which  wood  is  the  chief  component  part^ 
not  otherwise  provided  for ; 

Medicinal  preparations,  not  otherwise  provided  for ; 

Metallic  pens ;  mineral  waters; 

Muskets,  rifles,  and  other  fire-arms ; 

Oilcloth  fd  every  description,  of  whatever  material  composed,  not 
oAherwise  provided  for ; 

Olive  salad  oil ;  olives; 

Paper  boxes  and  all  other  &ncy  boxes; 

Paper  envelopes ; 

Paper  hanging  and  paper  for  screens  or  fire4>oards ;  paper,  antiqua- 
rian, demy,  drawing,  elephant,  foolscap,  imperial  letter,  and  all  other  paper 
not  otherwise  provided  for ; 

Parasols  and  sunshades ;  parchment ; 

Plated  and  gilt  ware  of  all  kinds ;  playing  cards ; 

Prepared  vegetables,  meats,  fish,  poultry,  and  game,  sealed  or  unsealed, 
in  cans  or  otherwise ; 

Red  chalk  pencils ; 

Salmon,  preserved ; 

Scagliola  tops,  for  tables  or  other  articles  of  furniture ; 

Sealing  wax ;  side  arms  of  evejy  description ; 

Silver  plated  metal,  in  sheets  or  other  form ; 

Slates,  roofing  slates,  slate  pencils,  slate  chimney  pieces,  mantles,  slabs 
for  tables,  and  all  other  manufactures  of  slate ; 

Soap,  castile,  perfumed,  Windsor,  and  all  other  kinds ; 

Twines  and  pack-thread,  of  whatever  material  composed,  not  otherwise 
provided  for ; 

Umbrellas ;  unwrought  clay,  three  dollars  per  ton ; 

Vellum ;  velvet,  when  printed  or  painted ;  waters,  water  colors ; 

Webbing  composed  of  wool,  cotton,  flax,  or  any  other  materials. 

17 


454  UmUd  Staiea  Tfxriff  of  1861  917 

Sec  23.  And  he  it  further  enacted^  Hint  from  and  after  the  dur  and 
year  itforesaid  the  importation  of  the  articles  hereinafter  menti<mea  and 
embraced  in  this  section  shall  be  exempt  from  duty,  that  is  to  say : 

Acids,  acetic,  acetous^  benzoic^  botacic,  mnriatJc,  sulphnricy  and  pyro- 
I^eonsy  and  all  acids  of  every  deeeription  need  for  chemical  and  mamH 
factoring  purposes,  not  otherwise  provided  for;  alcomoque ; 

All  booKs,  maps,  charts,  mathematical  nantical  instroments,  philoaoph- 
ical  apparatus,  and  all  other  articles  whatever  imported  for  the  use  of  the 
Umted  States ;  all  philosophical  i^paratus,  instruments,  books,  mi^M,  and 
charts,  statues,  statuary,  busts  and  casts  of  marble,  bronse,  alabaster  or 
plaster  of  Paris ;  paintings  and  drawings,  etchinss,  specimens  of  sculpt- 
ure, cabinets  of  coins,  medals,  regalia,  gems,  and  all  collections  of  anti- 
quities :  Provided^  The  same  bo  specuuly  imported,  in  good  faith,  for  the 
use  of  any  society  incorporated  or  established  for  philosophical,  literary 
or  religious  purposes,  or  for  the  encouragement  of  the  fine  arts,  or  to 
the  use  or  by  the  order  of  any  coll^;e,  aosd^ny,  school,  or  seminary  iji 
learning  in  Uie  United  States ; 

Ambemris ;  annatto,  roncou  or  Orleans ;  animal  carbon,  (bone  black); 

Animab,  living,  oi  all  kinds;  antimony,  crude  or  regulus  of; 

Argol,  or  crude  tartar ;  arsenic ;  articles  in  a  crude  state  used  in  dye- 
ing^or  tanning,  not  otherwise  provided  for ;  asphaltum ;  bananas ; 

%ark,  Peruvian,  or  bark  quilla ;  barilla,  and  soda  ash ; 

Bells,  old,  and  bell  metid ; 

Berries,  nuts,  flowers,  plants,  and  vegetables  used  exclusively  in  dyeing 
or  in  composing  dyes ;  but  no  article  shall  be  classed  as  such  that  has 
undergone  any  manufacture ; 

Biras,  singing  or  other,  and  land  and  water  fowls; 

Bismuth ;  bitter  apples;  bolting  cloths ;  bones,  burnt,  and  bone-^nst ; 

Books,  maps,  and  charts  imported  by  authority  of  the  Joint  Libraiy 
Conunittee  ot  Congress  for  the  use  of  Uie  library  of  Congress ;  Provided^ 
That  i(  in  any  case,  a  contract  shall  have  been  made  wi^  any  booksdler, 
importer,  or  other  person  aforesaid,  shall  have  paid  the  duty  or  included 
the  duty  in  said  contract,  in  such  case  the  duty  shall  be  remitted ; 

Borax,  crude,  or  tincal ;  boucho  leaves ; 

Brazil  wood,  braziletto,  and  all  other  dyewoods,  in  sticks; 

Breccia,  in  blocks  or  slabs ; 

Brimstone,  crude,  in  bulk ;  brime ; 

Bullion,  gold  and  silver ; 

Burrstones,  wrought  or  unwrought,  but  unmanufiu^tured,  and  not  bound 
up  into  millstones ; 

Cabinets  of  coins,  medals,  and  all  other  collections  of  antiquities ; 

Cadmium ;  calamine ;  camphor,  crude ; 

Chalk,  French  chalk,  and  red  chalk;  cochineal;  cobalt; 

Cocoa,  cocoa  shells,  cocoa  leaves,  and  cocoa  nuts ; 

Coffee  and  tea,  when  imported  direct  frH>m  the  {jaoe  of  their  growth 
or  production,  in  American  vessels,  or  in  fore^  vessels  entitled  by  recip- 
rocal treaties  to  be  exempt  from  discriminating  duties,  tonnage,  ami  other 
charges; 

Coffee,  the  growth  or  production  of  the  possessions  of  the  Netheiiands, 
imported  from  the  Netherlands  in  the  same  manner; 

Coins,  gold,  silver  and  copper ; 

Copper,  when  imported  for  the  United  States  sunt; 

18 


218  Umied  States  Tariff  of  1861.  405 

Cotton  ;  cork-tree  bark,  nnmanofactared ; 

Cream  of  tartar ;  cadbear,  vegetable,  and  orchil ; 

Divi-dm ;  dragon's  blood ; 

Emery,  in  lamp  or  pulverized ;  extract  of  indigo ;  extract  of  madder ; 

Extracts  and  decoctions  of  logwood  and  other  dyewoodi,  not  o^erwise 
provided  for; 

Felt,  adhesive,  ibr  sbeathing  vessels ; 

Flints ;  flint,  ground ; 

Fish,  fresh  caught,  for  dailj  consumption ; 

Fullers'  earth ; 

Ginger  root ;  gum,  Arabic,  Barbary,  East  India,  Jedda,  Sen^^  Trag»- 
canth,  Benjamin  or  Benzoin,  myrrh,  and  all  other  gnms  and  resins  in  a 
crude  state,  not  otherwise  provided  for ; 

Gutta  percha,  unmaniifrctured ; 

Gridstones,  rough  or  unfinished ; 

Garden  seeds,  and  all  other  seeds  for  agricultural,  horticultural,  medic- 
inal, and  manu&cturing  purposes,  not  otherwise  provided  for ; 

Glass,  when  old,  notin  pieces  which  can  be  cut  for  use,  and  fit  only  to 
be  remanufiictured ; 

Goods,  wares,  and  merchandise,  the  growdi,  produce,  or  manufacture 
of  the  United  States,  exported  to  a  foreign  country,  and  brought  back  to 
the  United  States  in  the  same  condition  as  when  exported,  upon  which 
no  drawback  or  bounty  has  been  allowed :  Provided^  That  all  regnla^M 
to  ascertain  the  identity  thereof  prescribed  by  existing  laws,  or  which  may 
be  prescribed  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  shall  be  complied  with ; 

Guano; 

Household  effects,  old,  and  in  use  of  persons  or  families  from  foreign 
countries,  if  used  abroad  by  them  and  not  intended  for  any  other  person 
or  persons,  or  for  sale ; 

Hair  of  all  kinds,  uncleaned  and  unmanu^Eictured,  and  all  long  home- 
hair,  used  for  weaving,  cleaned  or  uncleaned,  drawn  or  undrawn ; 

India  rubber,  in  bottles,  slabs,  or  sheets,  unmanufactured ;  India  nbber, 
milk  of; 

Indigo ;  ice ;  iridium ;  irris,  orris  root ; 

Ivory,  unmanufactured,  ivory  nuts,  or  vegetable  ivory ; 

Junk,  old,  and  oakum ; 

Kelp; 

Lac  dye ;  lac  spirits ;  lac  sulphur ; 

Lastings,  mohair  cloth,  silk,  twist,  or  other  manufkctures  of  cloth,  o«i  in 
strips  or  patterns  of  the  size  and  shape  for  shoes,  slippers,  boots,  bootee^ 
gaiters,  and  buttons,  exclusively,  not  combined  with  India  rubber ; 

Leeches ;  liquorice  root ; 

Madder,  ground  or  prepared,  and  madder  root ; 

Manuscripts ;  marine  coral,  unmanufactured ; 

Medals,  of  gold,  silver,  or  copper ; 

Machinery,  suitable  for  the  manufacture  of  flax  and  linen  goods  only, 
and  imported  for  that  purpose  solely,  but  not  including  that  which  may 
be  used  for  any  other  manufactures ; 

Maps  and  charts ;  mineral  blue ; 

Models  of  inventions,  and  other  improvements  in  the  arts :  ProvifUd^ 
That  no  article  or  articles  shall  be  deemed  a  model  or  improvement 
which  can  be  fitted  for  use ; 

19 


496  United  States  Tariff  of  186L  219 

Manjeet,  or  India  madder ; 

Natron;  nickel;  mitffalls;  nuxTomica; 

Oil,  spermaceti,  whale  and  other  fish,  of  American  firiieries,  and  all 
olher  articles  the  produce  of  sach  fisheries ; 

Orpiment,  or  sulphurct  of  arsenic ; 

Paintings  and  statuary,  the  production  of  American  artists  residinflp 
abroad :  Provided^  The  same  be  imported  in  good  faith,  as  objects  of 
taste  and  not  of  merchandise ; 

Palm  leaf,  unmanufactured;  pearl,  mother  of; 

Personal  and  household  effects,  not  merchandise,  of  dtisens  of  the 
United  States  dying  abroad ; 
•  Pineapples;  plantains; 

Plaster  of  Paris,  or  sulphate  of  lime  unground ; 

Platina,  unmanufactured ;  platina  vases  or  retorti; 

Polishing  stones ;  pumice  and  pumico^sto&es ; 

Quassia-wood ; 

Rags,  of  whatever  material  except  wool ; 

Batons  and  reeds,  unmanufactured ; 

Rottenstone ; 

Safflower ;  saltpetre,  or  nitrate  of  soda,  or  potadi,  when  crude ; 

Sandal  wood ;  seedlac ; 

Sheathing  metal,  or  yellow  metal,  not  wholly  of  copper,  nor  wholly 
Dit  in  part  of  iron,  ungalvanised,  in  sheets  forty-eight  inches  long  and 
fbarteen  inches  wide,  and  weighing  from  fourteen  to  thirty-four  ouncea 
per  square  yard;- 

Shellac ;  shingle-bolts  and  stave  bolts ; 

Silk,  raw,  or  as  reeled  from  the  cocoon,  not  being  doubled,  twisted,  or 
advanced  in  manu&cturo  any  way,  and  silk  cocoons  and  silk  waste ; 

Smalts ;  specimens  of  natural  history,  mineralogy,  and  botany ; 

Staves  for  pipes,  hogsheads,  or  other  casks ; 

Stoneware,  not  ornamented,  above  the  capacity  of  ton  gallons ; 

Substances  expressly  used  for  manure ;  sumac ; 

Terra  j^>onica,  catechu,  or  cutch ; 

Tin,  in  pigs,  bars  or  blocks ; 

Tortoise  and  other  shells,  unmanufactured; 

Trees,  shrubs,  bulbs,  plants  and  roots  not  otherwise  provided  for ; 

Turmoric ;  types,  old,  and  fit  only  to  be  remanufactured ; 

Wearing  apparel  in  actual  use,  and  other  personal  60*0019,  (not  mer- 
diandise,)  professional  books,  implements,  instruments  and  tools  of  trade, 
eecupation  or  employment  of  persons  arriving  in  the  United  States ;  Pro^ 
v%4^y  That  this  exemption  shall  not  be  construed  to  include  machinery^ 
or  other  articles  imported  for  use  in  any  mana&cturing  establishment,  or 
ibr  sale ; 

Weld ;  woad  or  pastel ; 

Woods,  namely :  cedar,  lignum  vitSB,  lancewood,  ebony,  box,  gf  anadilla, 
mahogany,  rosewood,  satin  wood  and  all  cabinet  woods,  unraanu&ctured ; 
Wo!)l^  unmanufactured,  and  all  hair  of  ths  goat,  alpaca,  and  other 
Uhe  animaUy  unmanufactured^  the  value  whereof  at  the  last  port  or  place 
from  whence  exported,  to  the  United  States  shall  be  eighteen  cents,  or  un- 
dutf  per  pound. 

Sec.  24.  And  he  it  further  enacted,  That  from  and  after  the  day  and 
year  aforesaid  there  shall  be  levied,  collected,  and  paid  on  the  importa- 

20 


SaO  United  StaUs  Tariff  of  186L  AS! 

don  of  all  raw  or  unmaniifiictarttd  artidei,  not  heran  eaunlerated  or  pfo- 
yided  for,  a  duty  <^  ten  per  centuin  ad  valorem ;  and  ou  all  articles  mano* 
£Etctured  in  whole  or  in  part,  not  herein  enumerated  or  provided  for,  a 
duty  of  twenty  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

Sec.  26.  And  be  it  further  enacted^  Thai  aU  goodM^  «wr€»,  and  mer- 
chamdise  which  may  be  in  thepiMie  etoree^  on  the  day  and  year  aforeeaidy 
ihall  be  eubject  to  no  other  duty  upon  the  entry  thereof  than  if  the  same 
were  imported  respectively  after  that  day. 

Sec.  26.  And  bs  it  farther  enacted,  That  whenever  the  word  •*  ton  **  is 
oaed  in  this  act,  in  reference  to  weiglit^  it  shall  bo  deemed  and  taken  to 
be  twenty  hundred  woigbti  each  hundred  wei^t  being  one  hundred  and 
twelve  pounds  avoirdupois. 

Sec.  27.  And  be  it  further  enacted^  That  railroad  iron,  partially  or 
wholly  worn,  may  be  imported  into  tho  United  States  without  payment 
of  duty,  under  bond  to  be  withdrawn  and  exported  after  tho  said  rail- 
road iron  shall  have  been  repaired  or  remann&etnred ;  and  the  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury  is  hereby  authorised  and  directed  to  prescribe  such  rules 
and  regulations  as  may  be  necessary  to  protect  the  revenue  against  fraud, 
and  secure  the  identity,  character,  and  weight  of  all  such  impoKations 
when  asain  withdrawn  and  exported,  restricting  and  limiting  the  export 
and  wiwdrawal  to  the  samo  port  of  entry  where  imported,  and  also  lim- 
iting all  bonds  to  a  period  of  time  of  not  more  than  six  months  from  the 
date  of  the  importation. 

Sec.  28.  And  be  it  farther  enaetedy  That  in  all  cases  where  the  duty 
upon  any  imports  of  goods,  wares,  or  merchandise  shall  be  subject  to  be 
levied  upon  the  true  market  value  of  such  imports  in  the  principal  mar- 
kets of  the  country  from  whence  the  importation  shall  have  been  made, 
or  at  the  port  of  exportation,  tho  duty  shall  be  estimated  and  collected 
upon  the  value  on  the  day  of  actual  shipment  whenever  a  bill  of  lading 
shall  bo  presented  showing  the  day  of  shipment,  and  which  shall  be  cer- 
tified by  a  certificate  of  tho  United  States  consul,  commercial  agent,  or 
other  legally  authorized  deputy. 

Sec.  29.  And  be  it  further  enacted^  That  the  annual  statistical  accounts 
of  the  commerce  of  the  United  States  with  foreign  countries,  required  by 
existing  laws,  shall  hereafter  be  made  up  and  completed  by  the  Register 
of  the  Treasury,  under  the  direction  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  so 
as  to  comprehend  and  include,  in  tabular  form,  the  quantity  by  weight  or 
measure,  as  well  as  the  amount  of  value,  of  the  several  articles  of  foreign 
commerce,  whether  dutiable  or  otherwise  ;  and  also  a  similar  and  sepa- 
rate statement  of  the  commerce  of  the  United  States  with  the  British 
Provinces,  under  the  late,  so-called,  reciprocity  treaty  with  Great  Britain. 

Sec.  30.  And  be  it  further  enacted^  That  from  and  after  tho  day  and 
year  aforesaid  there  shall  be  allowed  a  drawback  on  foreign  hemp  roanu- 
&ctured  into  cordage  in  tho  United  States,  and  exported  therefrom,  equal 
in  amount  to  tho  duty  paid  on  the  foreign  hemp  from  which  it  shall  bo 
manufactured,  to  be  ascertained  under  such  regulations  as  shall  be  pre- 
scribed by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  and  no  more :  Provided,  That 
ten  per  centum  on  the  amount  of  all  drawbacks  so  allowed  shall  be  re- 
tained for  the  use  of  the  United  States,  by  the  collectors  paying  such 
drawbacks  respectively. 

Sec.  31.  And  be  it  further  enacted^  That  all  acts  and  parts  of  acts 

21 


468  United  SiaUa  Tariff  of  1861.  281 

repugnant  to  the  proTisions  of  this  act  be  and  the  same  are  hereby  re-' 
pealed  :  Provided,  That  the  existing  laws  shall  extend  to  and  be  in  force 
for  the  collection  of  the  duties  imposed  by  this  act  for  the  prosecution 
and  punishment  of  all  offences,  and  for  the  recovery,  collection,  distribu- 
tion, and  remission  of  all  fines,  penalties,  and  forfeitures,  as  fully  and 
effectually  as  if  every  regulation,  penalt^,  forfeiture,  provision,  clause, 
matter,  and  thing  to  that  effect,  in  the  existing  laws  contained,  had  been 
inserted  in  and  re-enacted  by  this  act. 

Sec  82.  And  be  it  further  enacted^  That  when  merchandise  of  the 
same  material  or  descriptdon,  but  of  different  values,  are  invoiced  at  an 
average  price,  and  not  otherwise  provided  for,  the  duty  shall  be  assessed 
upon  the  whole  invoice,  at  the  rate  the  highest  valued  goods  in  such  in- 
voice are  subject  to  under  this  act  The  words  value  and  valued,  used  in 
this  act,  shall  be  construed  and  understood  as  meaning  the  true  market 
value  of  the  goods,  vnires,  and  merchandise  in  the  principal  markets  <^ 
the  country  from  whence  exported  at  the  date  of  exportation. 

Sec  83.  And  be  it  further  enacted^  That  all  goods,  wares,  and  mer- 
chandise actually  on  shipboard,  and  bound  to  the  United  States,  within 
fifteen  days  after  the  passage  of  this  act,  and  all  goods,  wares,  and  mer» 
chandise  m  deposit  in  warehouse  or  public  store  on  the  first  day  of  April, 
eighteen  hundred  and  sixty-one,  shall  be  subject  to  pay  such  duties  as 
provided  by  law  before  and  at  the  time  of  the  passage  of  this  act ;  and 
all  goods  m  warehouse  at  the  time  this  act  takes  effect,  on  which  the 
duties  are  lessened  by  its  provisions,  may  be  withdrawn  on  payment  of  llie 
duties  herein  provided.    Approved,  March  2,  1861. 

Dbpubtmbnt  of  Stati,  } 
Washikoton,  March  7,  1861.     ) 
1  do  hereby  certify  that  the  foregomg  ia  a  tme  and  aocurate  copy  of  the 


r  .■^*-» .     I  do  hereby  certify  that  the  foreg 
•<  L.  S.  >  original  on  file  in  this  Department 


W.  HtJNTEB,  Ohi«f  Cleilc 


PUBLIC    RESOLUTION   9. 

A  resolution  to  correct  c^lain  errors  In  tiie  act  entitled  "  An  act  to  provide  for  the 
payment  of  outstanding  Treasury  notes,  to  authorize  a  loan,  to  regulate  and  fix  the 
duties  on  imports,  and  for  other  purposes^"  approved  the  second  of  March,  eighteen 
hundred  and  sixty-one. 

Resokedf  ly  the  SencUeandthe  Bbuae  of  Repre9efUative8 of  the  United  Slates  ofAmet' 
iea,  in  Oongreas  asaembkd,  That  the  act  entitled  **  An  aot  to  provide  for  the  payment 
of  outstanding  Treasury  notes,  to  authorize  a  loan,  to  regulate  and  fix  tbe  duties  oq 
imports,  and  for  other  purposes,"  approved  the  second  of  March,  eighteen  hundred 
and  sixty-one,  shall  be  so  fiir  altered  and  corrected  as  to  strike  ibom  said  act  the  ibl- 
lowing  words,  that  is  to  say,  from  the  list  of  articles  exempt  ih)m  duty,  ^  wool,  unman* 
ufaotured,  and  all  hair  of  tbe  goat,  alpaca,  and  other  Tike  animals,  immannractured,  tlie 
value  whereof  at  the  last  port  or  place  from  whence  exported  to  the  United  States 
shall  be  eighteen  cents,  or  under,  per  pound,"  from  section  twenty -four*  as  follows : 

Sec  25.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  all  goods,  wares  and  merchandise  which 
may  be  in  tbe  public  stores  on  the  day  and  year  aforesaid,  shall  bo  subject  to  no  other 
duty  upon  entiy  thereof  than  If  the  same  were  imported  respectively  after  that  day. 
And  from  section  thirteen,  as  f(dlow3:— -•*  On  woonen  shawls,  or  shawls  of  which  wool 
shall  be  the  chief  component  material,  a  duty  of  sixteen  cents  per  pound,  and  in  ad- 
dition thereto  twenty  per  centum  ad  valorem."    Approved  2d  March,  1861. 

Dbpabtmbnt  op  Spate,  Washington,  March,  »,  1861. 
I  do  hereby  certifjr  that  the  foregoing  is  a  true  and  accurate  copy  of  the  original  on 
file  in  this  Department  W.  HUNTER,  Chief  Clerk. 

*  This  U  an  •rror :  tbe  seotion  qnoted  is  seettoa  twenty-five  of  the  engroseed  Bill 

22 


222  469 


ALPHABETICAL  ARRANGEMENT 

or  THS 

TARIFFS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 

For  thb  Yea&s  1842,  1846,  1857  and  1861. 
Ooti^viUd  by  the  JBdU<fr9  of  ike  MtrchanUif  Mag<uine,  New  York. 


A. 

184S. 

AbsTntii gaL  60  cts. 

"       oQ  oC  or  wormwood.... 

Aooordiom per  cent  30. 

Acetate  of  lead,  or  white  lead. . .       lb.  4  ota . 

**     ofpotaase pwcent20. 

«     of  quksksaver. «       20. 

Acetic  add '*        20. 

Add,  benzoic "        20. 

«    boradc «*  6. 

"    dtric^  white  or  yellow "       20. 

«    muriatia "        20. 

"    nitric,  or  nitriclbrt. "        20. 

••    oxalic "        20. 

"    pyroUgneoua "       20. 

**    tartaric,  in  or^atals  or  powder       **        20. 
**    Bolphnric^  or  ofl  of  vitriol. .         lb.  1  ct. 

Adds,  all  kinds  ot^  used  for  che- 
mical and  manufhotming  pur- 
poses   percent.  20.... 20....  16  free. 

Addfl^  me^^nal  pmposee,  or  in 
the  fine  arts^  not  otherwise  pro- 
vided for. "       20. 

Acorns "        20. 

Adhesive  felt,  for  ship's  bottoms. .  firee,  . 

^        plaster,  salve percent  80. 

Adzes »        30. 

Agates "  7. 

Agates,  bookbhidera'. "        20. 

Alabaster  or  spar  ornaments.  •• .        ^       30. 

Alba,  canella "       20. 

Albata,  in  sheets  <v  otherwise...        **       30. 

28 


1848. 

1897. 

1881. 

perot. 

perot. 

.100., 

gaL  1 

50  Cts. 

..30.. 

per  cent  20 

..20.. 

w 

20 

..20.. 

100  lbs. 

$1.50 

..20.. 

per  cent  10 

...20.. 

<i 

20 

..20.. 

li 

10 

..20.. 

u 

10 

..20.. 

u 

10 

..20.. 

i< 

10 

..20.. 

free. 

..20.. 

percent  10 

..20.. 

M 

10 

..20.. 

If 

10 

..20.. 

« 

10 

..10.. 

free. 

..20. 

...     4 

..20. 

...IS 

.free, 

..free, 

..30. 

...24 

..30. 

...  24 

..10. 

...     4 

..20. 

...  15 

..40. 

...  30 

..20.. 

...15 

..30. 

...  24 

percent  10 

u 

10 

l( 

10 

u 

20 

It 

30 

II 

5 

ft 

20 

M 

30 

M 

20 

U 

30 

460 


Ihriffs  of  1842—1861. 


It4«. 

Aloonorqae.. ftve,. 

JUe,  iD  bottles, gaL  20ctfl.. 

''    otherwise  than  in  botUes...       "    15ct8.. 

Alkanet  root per  oent  20. 

Alkermes •*        20. 

All  books,  maps,  charts^  mathe- 
matical, nautical  instmm^ts, 
philosophical  apparatus;  stat- 
ues, statuary,  busts  and  casts 
of  marble,  bronze,  alabaster  or 
plaster  of  Paris ;  paintings  and 
drawings^  etdiings,  specimens 
of  sculpture,  cabinets  of  cohiSy 
medals,  r^;alia,  gems^  and  all 
oollectioDS  of  antiquities;  spec- 
ially imported,  in  good  faith,  ibr 
the  use  of  any  society  fi>r  phi- 
losophical, literary,  or  religious 
purposes,  or  the  floe  arts,  or  for 
any  college,  academy,  school, 
or  seminary  of  learning  in  tho 
United  States ftoe,  . 

Almonds lb.  Sets.. 

"       shelled "Sets.. 

"        paste  and  oil  of. "  9  cts. . 

Aloes free,. 

Alspice^  oil  of. per  oent  30. 

Alum lb.  1 J  eta . 

Amber per  cent  20. 

"      beads "        26. 

"      oUof. "        20. 

Ambergris «        20. 

Amethyst "         1. 

Ammonia "        20. 

"       sal •'        20. 

"       salts "        20. 

**        carb. "        20. 

Ammoniac,  crude **        20. 

**         refined "        20. 

"  bole "        20. 

Ammunition,  except  gunpowder 
and  musket  balls "        30. 

Ammunition,  gunpowder lb.  8  cts. . 

<'  musket  balls "  Acts.. 

Anchovies,  in  oil per  oent  20. 

•*         insalt "        20. 

An^Hcaroot "        20. 

Angora  gloves  and  mitts "        25 . 

Animals  lor  breed. free,  , 


1848.      1107. 

peret      paret 

..   6....     4 

188L 

..30....  24 

pergaL25ota. 

..30....  24 

**       15  cts. 

..20....  15 

pw  cent  20 

..20....  15 

a         20 

.free, 

..free, 

..40. 

...  30 

..40. 

...  30 

..30. 

...24 

..20. 

...     4 

..30. 

...24 

..20. 

...15 

..20. 

...     4 

..30. 

...24 

..30. 

...24 

..20. 

...     4 

..10. 

...     4 

..10. 

...     8 

..10. 

...     8 

..10. 

...     8 

..10. 

...     8 

..10. 

...     8 

..20. 

...  15 

..20. 

...  15 

..30. 

...24 

..20. 

...  15 

..20. 

...15 

..40. 

...30 

..20. 

...15 

..20. 

...  15 

..30. 

...24 

.free. 

..free, 

Ib.3cts. 

"  4  cts. 

per  cent  30 

"        10 

percent  30 

lb.  j^ct 

per  cent  10 

"        30 

"        30 

free. 

percent  5 

10 

10 

"        10 

"        10 

"        20 

30 

"        30 

«  30 
«  20 
lb.  1^  a 

percent  30 
lb.  i  ct 

per  oent  20 
"        30 


24 


324 


Ibr^  of  1842—1861. 


401 


Animal  oil,  not  oiherwise  eno- 
neraled peroaDt20.. 

Animal  carbon. free, . . 

Anfse  seed per  oent  20 . . 

Annatto '*        20.. 

"      extract "        20.. 

Antimony,  erode free^ . . 

Antiqiio  oil per  oent  20.. 

Antiquities free,  • . 

Any  goodi^  wares,  or  merchandise 
of  tlie  growth,  produce,  or  man* 
nfoctare  of  the  United  States,  or 
of  its  fisberiei^  npon  which  no 
drawbadc,  bounty,  oraUowanoe 
have  been  paid free^  . . 

Apparel,  wearing  and  other  per- 
sonal baggage  in  actual  use. . .  ftee^  . . 

Aqua  ammonia,  or  hartshorn. ...  per  oent 

Aquafortis "        20.. 

"    mollis,  or  honey  water ....        ''       20 . . 

Aicbelia,  archil,  or  orchelia ''        20 . . 

**       if  a  vegetable  dye....         "        20.. 

Argentine "        30.. 

ArgoL  ......^ •...• free, . . 

Armenian,  bole per  cent  20. . 

**         stone "        20.. 

Arms,  fire. •*        30. 

"      side "        SO.. 

Anack. gal  60  cts.  . 

Arrowroot per  oent  20.. 

Arsenic,  an. **        20.. 

Articles  of  the  growth,  produoe  or 
mann&ctore  of  the  XT.  States,  or 
its  territories,  brought  back  in 
the  same  condition  as  when  ex- 
ported, and  on  which  no  draw- 
back was  allowed free,  • , 

Artides,  all,  composed  wholly  or 
chiefly  in  quantity  of  gold,  sil- 
Ter,  pearl,  and  precbus  stones^ 
not  otherwise  q>ecifled per  cent  20. . 

Articles  not  in  a  erode  state,  used 
in  dyeing  or  tanning,  not  other- 
wise provided  for "        20.. 

Articles,  all,  not  free,  and  not  sub- 
ject to  any  other  rate  of  duty, 

law, "        20.. 

Pa    da        manuflKrtured..        "       20.. 

Articles  mann&otnred  from  cop- 
per, or  of  which  oqppsr  is  tba 

25 


ISM. 

peret. 

18i7. 

perct 

..20.. 

..   16 

..20   . 

.ft«.^ 

..20.. 

..     4 

..10.. 

..     4 

..20.. 

..  15 

..20.. 

..     8 

..30.. 

..  24 

..20  . 

.ft^ 

par  cent  20 
free. 

percent  10 
free. 

percent  20 
free. 

percent  80 

frMu 


A'ee^  »•  ftee^ 


.free, 

..free, 

..30. 

...  24 

..20. 

...16 

..30. 

...  54 

..20. 

...  16 

..  6 

..ftee^ 

..30. 

...  24 

..  5 

..ftee^ 

..20. 

...16 

..20. 

...  16 

..30. 

...  24 

..30. 

...  24 

.100. 

...  30 

..20. 

...16 

...16. 

...     4 

ftM. 

free. 

per  cent  30 

"       20 

gaL  lOeta 

"        20 

"        30 

frea 

percent  20 

"        20 

*•        30 

"        30 

er  gaL  60  cts. 

percent  10 

free. 


fVee,  ..  ftee^ 


• .9v. ...    mm 


..20. 


..20. 
..20. 


..  16 
..   16 


free. 


percent  30 


"        20 


"        10 
•        20 


462 


Hmffs  of  1642^1661. 


225 


material   of  chief  ynXnid,  not 

otherwise  specified. per  cent  30. . 

Artidee  worn  by  men,  women  or 

children,  of  whatever  materials 

oom|>oeed,  made  up  in  whole  or 

in  part  bj  band,  not  otherwise 

provided  for "        30.. 

Artificial  feathers. "        26.. 

Aq[>haltum "        20.. 

AasafiBtida free,.. 

Asses*  skin,  or  parchment per  oent  25. . 

"  hnhnitation     o^    or 

parchment. "        25. . 

Augurs "        30.. 

Auripigmentum,  or  orpiment. ...  "        10. . 

Ava  root free,.. 

Awl  hafts percent  30.. 

Awls "        80.. 

Axes "        30.. 

Axlestrees,  iron "        30.. 

Ayr-stones *' 


1S4& 

perot. 


1887. 

p«ret 


.80....  U 


30.... 

24 

30.... 

24 

20. . . . 

4 

20.... 

4 

.30. . . . 

24 

.30 

24 

30.... 

24 

.10..., 

8 

20.... 

15 

30.... 

24 

30.... 

24 

30.... 

24 

30.... 

24 

20. . . . 

15 

per 


"       30 

"        30 

free, 

percent  10 

.«        80 

go 

"  80 
free. 

percent  20 
"  30 
"  30 
"  30 
lb.2ots. 

percent  20 


B. 

Bacon lb.  3  cts.. . .  .20. ...  15 

Baggage,  personal,  in  aotoal  use.  free,.. free,  ..free, 

Bags,  bead,  made  hi  part  by  hand,  percent  25.... 30....  24 

"    grass "        25. ...30 24| 

"    gunny sq.  yd.  5  ct&....20. . ..  16  j 

**    wodlen percent  40.... 30. ...  24 

"    worsted "        40.. .,26 19 

"    flax  and  hemp "        25 20 16  | 

*'    carpet,  woollen "        30. ..  .30. ...  24 

"    silk "        30... .25....  19 

Baizes sq.  yd.  14  cts..... 25....  19 

Balls,  billiard per  oent  20. . .  .30. ...  24 

"     wash "        80 30 24 

BalmofGilead "        26. ...30....  24 

Balsam, copaiya "        25.  ...30....  24 

"        ofTolu "        25. ...30 24 

"        medicinal "        26.... 30 24 

<*        an  kinds  of  cosmetic ""        26 30 24 

Bamboos,  unmanu&ctured free,.... 10  ..free» 

Barege,  wool,  colored per  oent  30. . .  .30. ...  24 

"       wool,  gray "            ..,.30,...  24 

"       woratod,  or  sUkand  cotton        "       30.... 26....  19 

26 


Ib.2ct8. 

free. 

per  cent  30 

10aorles8lb.ljefc& 

over  10  cts.  lb.  2  eta 

10  cor  less  lb.  1 J  cts. 

over  10  cts.  lb.  2  ctai 

percent  30 

80 

10  c.  or  less  lb.  1(  cts. 

over  10  ots.  lb.  2  ot?. 

percent  30 

'J        80 

lb.l2ot&andp.ct25 

per  cent  80 

30 

**        30 

30 

"        30 

"  80 
"  10 
«         30 

"      a^ 

«        80 


236 


3Tiriyi^  1842— 1861. 


463 


ISA 

BariO* free,., 

Baik  of oork  trees,  unmaQQ&otared  free,. 

«*    Ponivian free,. 

«    all  not  spedallj  mentioned. .  free, . 

Bariey bosh.  20  cts. . 

"     pearl  or  hulled lb.  Softs... 

Baiytea,  sulphate  of *'   }  ct . . 

Bar  wood  (a  dye  wood) fi^e,. 

Baskets,  wood percent  30. 

"        osier "        26.. 

"       pahnleaf "        25  . 

straw "        26. 

"       grass  or  whalebone. .. .  ''        26., 

Bass  fumer  baik) **       20. 

Bastardflles "       30. 

Bast  ropes. lb.  4^. . 

Battledores per  oent  25. , 

Bay  water,  or  Bay  rum. "        26. 

•*  wax,  or  myrtle  wax "        16. 

BdelUnm,  if  crude "        15. . 

"       refined "        26. 

Beamkniyes "        30. 

"     soalea "        30. 

Beans,  tonkay "*        20. 

"      vanflla "        20., 

"      all    other    not    specially 

mentioned. **        20. 

Bedfeathers "        25.. 

*'   ticking,  linen *'        26.. 

"        "        cotton "        30.. 

"   c^9S "        30. 

•*   screws "        30. 

"*   sides,  as  carpeting ^...  "        30.. 

"   spreads^    or  corers,    of  the 

scraps  of  printed  calicoes^  sewed  "        30 . . 

Beef. lb.  2  cts.. . 

Beer,  iiv  bottles gaL20cts.. 

"    otherwise  than  in  bottles  . .  gaL  16  cts.. 

Bees*  wax per  cent  16. . 

Bell  cranka "        30. 

"    levers "        30., 

"    pulla "        30.. 

**    metal,  manufactured. "        30. . 

Bellows. "        86.. 

BeUows*  pipes "        30.. 

Bells,  of  ben  metal,  fit  only  to  be 

re-manu&otured. free,., 

BeDs^  gdd per  cent  30. , 

**     sttrer "        30.. 

27 


1846. 

1867. 

ISO. 

percL 

p«ret 

..10. 

...     4 

ttte. 

..16. 

...     4 

..16 

..ftee^ 

per  oent  10,  or  free. 

..20. 

...     8 

percent  10 

..20. 

...15 

bush.  16  cts. 

..20. 

...16 

percent  10 

..20. 

...  16 

"        20 

..  6 

..free, 

free. 

..30. 

...  24 

per  cent  30 

..80. 

...  24 

"       30 

..30. 

...  24 

"       30 

..30. 

...  24 

"        30 

.  .30. 

...  24 

"        30 

..20. 

...  16 

"        10 

..30. 

...  24 

"        30 

..26.. 

...  19 

lb.  2^  cts. 

..30. 

...  24 

percent  30 

..30. 

...  24 

gal25ctsi 

..20. 

...  16 

per  cent  10 

..20. 

...    8 

10 

..20. 

...  16 

"        20 

..30. 

...  24 

"        30 

..30. 

...  24 

"        30 

..20. 

...16 

**        10 

..20.. 

...16 

"        10 

..20. 

...  16 

••        10 

..26. 

...  19 

"        20 

20. 

...  16 

30  aor  less  sqyd.  pa26 

overSOa      "     "  30 

..26.. 

...  24 

percent  30 

..30. 

...  24 

"        30 

..30. 

...  24 

"        30 

..30.. 

...24 

30 

..25. 

...  24 

"        30 

..20.. 

...  15 

lb.  1  ct 

..30. 

...24 

gal.  25  cts. 

..30. 

...24 

gaL  15  cts. 

..20. 

...16 

per  cent  10 

..30. 

...24 

«        30 

..30. 

...  24 

"        30 

..30.. 

...  24 

"        30 

..30. 

...  24 

**        30 

. .30, , 

..     24 

30 

..80. 

...  24 

«        30 

..  5 

..ftee^ 

free. 

..30., 

...  24 

per  oent  30 

..30. 

...  24 

«       80 

464  Tariffs  cf  1842—1861. 

-mx      ISM. 

permit. 

B«lt8,  sword  leather. per  oe&t  35. . .  .30. . . 

"     endless  for  pipes **  40.... 30... 

Beozofttes **        30 30... 

Berries,  used  for  dyeings  all  ex- 
clusively, in  a  crado  state.. . . .  free, ....  5  . . 
Berries,  not  otherwise  provided  for,  per  cent  20. . .  .20. . . 

Besoar  stones "  20.... 20... 

Bichromate  of  potash **  20. . .  .20 . . . 

Bicic  irons •*        SO 30  .. 

Binding,  carpst,  if  worsted **  30. . .  .25. . . 

"        cotton "  30. ...25... 

«*        woollen "        30 30... 

"        worsted "  30. ...26... 

•*        sUk "        30 25... 

"        leather "        30 30... 

••        linen •*        30 20... 

"        quaHty "        89 25.   . 

Bird's  eye  Btufl^  linen **        25....20. .. 

•*       worsted  stuflf "  30. ...25... 

Birds "        20 20  .. 

Bismuth "        20 20  .. 

"      oxide  of. «  20.  ...20... 

Bitterapple "  20.. ..20  .. 

Bitta,  carpenters' "        30 SO... 

Bitumen "        15 20... 

Blacking "        20 20. . . 

Black,  lampi "  20« . .  .20. . . 

"     lead  jlots "  20. . .  .80. . . 

"     lead  powder *»  20.... 20... 

Blacksmith's  hiimmers "  ...  .30. . . 

"           sledges "  ....30... 

Bladders "  20 . . .  .20 . . . 

«-'«-t..n L.;;:^!;!  ^o... 

Blankets  of  mohafar  or  goats*  hair,  per  cent  20. . .  .20. . . 

Bleachitig  powders Ih.  1  ct . . . .  10. . . 

Blooms,  iron  in ton  $17 . . . .  30 . . . 

Boards,  planed per  coot  30.... 20... 

"      rough "        20 20... 

Bobbin "        30 25... 

"      wire,  covered  with  cotton       lb.  8  cts. . . .  .30 . . . 

Booking sq.yd.  14cta . . .  .25 . . . 

Bodkins,  all per  cent  20. . .  .30. . . 

Boiler  plates "        80 30... 

Bolofoia  sausnges "        26. . .  .80. . . 

Bolting  cloths «        20.. ..25  .. 

Bolts,  composition **        30.. ..30... 

28 


227 


W7. 

liO. 

perot 

.   24 

per  cent  80 

.  24 

«        26 

.  24 

«        80 

.free, 

frw. 

.  16 

percent  20 

.  16 

"        20 

.  16 

lb.  Sots. 

.  24 

per  cent  30 

.  19 

•*        30 

.  24 

**        30 

.  24 

-       30 

.  19 

«        30 

.  19 

"        80 

.  24 

«        80 

.  15 

"        80 

.  19 

«        80 

.  16 

30  cts.  or  less  p.ct  26 

OTer80ct&      p.ct30 

.  19 

per  cent  81 

free, 

fteo. 

free. 

fret. 

.  16 

feroeot  20 

free, 

free. 

.  24 

percent  80 

.  16 

«       20 

.  16 

«       20 

.  16 

-       20 

.  24 

"        10 

.  15 

«        10 

.  24 

lb.  2  cts. 

.  24 

"  2cta. 

.   15 

percent  20 

v•lw^lk  D>tJ^lh.a^el. 

( 

28ct8.  ..  Octs.  ..  10 

•  15. 

28  to  40  c.,  6  cts...  25 

over 40 a,  12 cts...  20 

.  16 

per  cent  26 

.     4 

100  lbs.  16ot& 

.  24 

ton  $15 

.  15 

per  cent.  20 

.  16 

"        20 

.  24 

«        30 

.  24 

Ib.2ct&andp.ctl6 

.  19 

sq.  yd.  20  eta. 

.  24 

per  oent  80 

.  24 

too  $20 

.  24 

par  cent  80 

ftee, 

fl^e. 

.  24 

per  cent  80 

228  Ihr^s  of  1842—1861.  466 


1B49.         1M6.      1887. 

per  ct       per  ot 

Bolt  rope,  80  cordage. lb.  4}ct8.....25....  19  lb.  3  otai 

Bone,  blade per  cent  20. . .  .20  . .  fre^  free, 

"     alphabets. "        20. ...30 24  pcroentSd 

«*     chessmen «        20 30 24  "        30 

"     whale,  rosettes "        20 30 24  "        30 

"     tip  and  bones p.  ct  5  A  20 5 4  «        10 

**     whale,  other manofact'res of  per  cent  20. ..  .30. ...  24  "        30 
**         "      not  of  the  American 

flsheriep.  "        12J..  20....   16  "        20 

**     manufketures  of. "        20 30 24  "        30 

Bonnets,  Leghorn "        36 30 24  "        10 

"        aU. "        36.... 30....  24  "        20 

Bonnet  wire,  ooyered  with  silk. . .      lb.  12  cts.. . .  .25 . . . .  19     lb.  2  cts.  and  p.  ct  16 

"        "  **        «      cotton       "     8    " 30....  24       "2     "        «        16 

Book  binders'  agates,  femiled, ...  per  cent  20. ..  .20. ...  16  per  cent  20 

Books,blank lb.  20  cts..... 20. ...  16  "        M 

"      periodicals  and  other  works 
Sn  the  course  of  printing  and  re- 

pab]icatk>n  in  the  U.  a lb.  20^^30  a 20 16  <*        16 

Books,  printed  magazines,  pamph- 
lets^ periodicals  and  illustrated 
newspapeiB,  bound  or  unbound, 

not  otherwise  provided  for ... .     per  cent  8. ..  .10. ...     8  ''        1ft 
Bodks  of  engrayings^  bound  or  un- 
bound         "        20 10 8  "16 

Books  and  instruments,  profes- 
fessional,  of  persons  arriving  in 

the  U.  States firee,  .  .fhee,   . .  free^  tt^ 

Books,  spedallj  imported  for  the 

use  of  schools,  ^ free, .  .free,   . .  frea^  tn^ 

Boots palr$1.26 30 24  poroentSO 

"    laced,  silk  or  satin  for  chil- 
dren          "    26c 80 24  "        30 

"    and  bootees,  of  leather "$1.26 30....  24  "        30 

•*    rubber percent  30 30 24  «        20 

Bootees,  for  women  or  men,  silk. .      pair  *tb  c 30. ...  24  "        30 

Bootwebb,lmen "        25. ...20....  15  "        30 

Boraterflime "        26 20 12  "        10 

Borax,  or  tincal "        26 26 4  free. 

"      refined ....26....    4  lb.  Sets. 

Botany,  specimens  in free,  .  .free,  . .  free,  fl^ee. 

Bottles,  apothecaries^ gross $1.76 e $2.25.... 30 24  per  cent  30 

Bottles,  Mack  glass ...  .80. ...  24  *<        80 

Bottles,  perfhmery  and  fancy,.. . .    gross  $2.50 30 24  "        30 

Botttoi^  containing  wine  or  other 

artidet. gross  $8.00 40 30  «»        80 

Boodio  leaves free, 20 4  free, 

Bougies per  cent  30. . .  .80 24  per  cent  30 

Box  bowtds,  paper lb.  3  cts. 30 24  "        80 

Boxes,  gold  or  silver per  cent  30. . .  .80 24  •*       30 

29 


466  Tto^  of  1843—1861.  229 


percent  $• 

u 

sa 

u 

80 

l( 

80 

It 

80 

4C 

80 

U 

80 

If 

80 

II 

80 

II 

80 

<l 

30 

11 

80 

II 

30 

" 

80 

II 

30 

II 

30 

u 

30 

u 

30 

II 

80 

1842.         184a      1807. 

p«ret.      perot. 

Boxea,  musical perc^t  30....20....  15 

"      japanned  dressing »        25.... 30 24 

"      cedar,   granadiUa^   ebonj, 

rose,  and  satin ''        30. .  ..40....  30 

"      all  other  wood "        30.... 30 24 

"      sand,  of  tin "        30. , .  .80. ...  24 

"      shell,  not  otherwise  enu- 
merated          «        26 30 24 

"      if  paper  only,  not  japanned        "        26. . .  .30. ...  24 

"      souff,  paper "        25. . .  .30 24 

.«(      fimcj,  not  otherwise  spe- 
cified          "        26 30....  24 

BtoMsbittB "        80..., 30 24 

Bnoeleto,  gold  or  set *'        20. . .  .30 24 

"        gilt "        26.... 30 24 

"        hair "        26. ...30 24 

Braces,  carpenters',  without  bitts.        "        30 ...  .30 ....  24 

Braces  and  bitts,  carpenters* "        80. ..  .80. ...  24 

Braces  or  suspenders,  all '*        36. ..  .30. ...  24 

Bradcels. "        30 80...,  24 

Brads lb.  6  cts. 30....  24 

Braids,  cotton per  cent  30. . .  .26. . . .  24 

"      in    ornaments    fiir   ^ead 

dresses "        30... .30 24  "        30 

"      kair,  not  made  upibr  head 

dresses "        30 30 24  "        30 

^      hair,  made  up  for  head 

dressea per  cent  25...  .30 24  "        30 

"      straw,  for  making  bonnets 

or  hats "        80 30 24  "        30 

Brandy gal.  $1.00  ..100 30        Ist  proof;  gal.  $1.00 

Brass,  manufactures  oC  not  other- 
wise enumerated. .....  per  cent  30.  • .  .30. ...  24  per  cent  30 

«     in  plates  or  sheets. . . . ...        "        30. . .  .30. . . .  24  "10 

"     in-bars fVee^ 6..fipee,  "       10 

"     hfcpigs free, 6. .free,  "        10 

"     old,  only  fit  to  be  remanu- 

facturod free,....  5  . .  ft^e,  •'        10 

"     wire percent25 301. ..24  "        30 

"     rolled "        30. . .  .30. .  ^ .  24  "        30 

"     battery lb.i2Jets. 30. ...24  "'      30 

**     studs i.  percent  30. ...30 24  «•        80 

"     screws Ib.30ct8. 30....  24  "        30 

Bradera\  rods,  of  3-16  to  10-16  of 

an  mch  diameter n>.  2}  cts.. . .  .30. ...  24  *  '.     26 

Brazil  paste,  or  pasta  de,BrazU..    percent?}..  16....  12  "'      10 

"     pebble -/..V.V.  gross  $2.00.  ...10....    8 "     .  10 

"    pebbles  prepared  ibr  speo- 

tadea...' "    $2.00 SO.. ..24  *•        30 

Breoda^i. per  cent  20.... 20....  15  free. 

30 


2»  Ibriffs  of  1842—1861 

1948.         IBM. 

p«rct 

"BtkHa per  cent  26. . .  .20. . . 

Bridleei. **        35.... 30... 

Brimstone,  erode "        20 15... 

"         rolled "        25 20... 

BritOai lb.lc.....  6... 

Bristol  stones. per  cent  20 20. . . 

"      boards lb.  I2i  ots.. ..  .30... 

"         "      perforated. lb.  12i  ots....  .30. . . 

Britannia  ware. per  cent.  30 ...  .30. . . 

Brodeqnins,  woolen "        50.... 30... 

**         leather. *'        40 30... 

ftronze  casts "        30 30... 

"      all  manu&ctures  o^. **        30. . .  .80. . . 

*•      metal  in  leaf. **        30....20. .. 

"      powder. "        20 20... 

"     pale,  yellow,  white  and 

red "        30 20... 

"      liquid,  gold  or  bronee  color  "        20...  20... 

Broomi^  all  kinds. "        30. ...30... 

Brown,  rolls,  linen "        25.... 20... 

♦«      smalts. "        20 20... 

Bnidne. "        20.... 20... 

Broshes  of  all  kinds '*        30 30... 

Bockram. "        26 20. . . 

Bagle8»  ^ass,  if  cat "*        25.. ..40... 

•    "       glass,  if  not  cut **        25 30... 

Bnkiing  stones "        10....10. .. 

Bulbs,  or  bulbous  roots free,  .  .ft^,  . . 

BuUets Ib.4cts. 20... 

BuUrasbes per  cent  20. . .  .20. . . 

Bullion free,  ..free,  .. 

Bunting percent  80 25... 

Burgundy  pitdi "        20. . .  .26 . . . 

Burlaw "        26 20... 

Bur  stones,  unbound free,.... 10  .. 

"         bound  iq>. per  cent  20. . .  .10  . . 

BustSi  lead lb.  4  ots, 30. . . 

Batchers'  knives per  oeiit  30 30. . . 

Butter "   6  cts. 20. . . 

Butt  hingei^  cast  iron lb.  2}  cts. ...  .36. . . 

Button  mookls,  of  whatever  ma- 
terial   percent  25.... 25... 

Buttons,  metal,  all  kinds  of "        30 26... 

"        aHother "        25. ...25... 

M       withlinka '*        25 26... 


46T 


1M7. 

peret. 

.  15 

.  24 

.  4 

.  15 

.  4 

.  15 

.  24 

.  24 

.  24 

.  24 

.  24 

.  24 

.  24 

.  15 

.  16 

.  15 
.  16 
.  24 

■  "1 

.  15 
.  15 
.  24 
.  15 
.  30 
.  24 
.  8 
fhee, 
.  15 
.  15 
free, 
.  19 
.  19 

free, 
free, 
.  24 
.  24 
.  15 
.  24 

.  19 

.  19 

.  19 

.  19 


percent  20 

30 

free. 

percent  20 
lb.  4  cts. 

per  cent  10 
"  30 
"  30 
30 
"  30 
«  30 
«  30 
"  30 
"  30 
"        16 

•*        30 

«        10 

"        30 

30  0.  or  less,  p.  ct  25 

over  30  cts.,     '^     30 

free. 

"        20 

"        30 

"        25 

«        30 

"        26 

«        10 

free. 

lb.  1}  cts. 

percent  10 

free. 

per  cent.  30 

20 

30  c.  or  less,  p.  ct  25 

over  30  ct&    p.  ct.  80 

free. 

per  cent  20 

lb.  Ucts. 

percent  30 

lb.  4  cts. 

"    2ctB. 

percent  30 
"  30 
"  90 
"        30 


81 


468 


l\iriff8  of  1842— 186L 


381 


C- 

1S42. 

CaWnet  wwes per  cent  30., 

Gables^  tarred lb.  5  cts.. 

^      mappilla,  untarred lb.  4^  eta. . 

**      iron  or  chain,  or  parte  of.  ''   2}  da . . 

Caddie  balls per  cent  80. 

Cadmium "        20., 

0^epnt»oUof **        20., 

Calamine "        20. 

Calcined  magnesia "        20.. 

Caliminaris  li^ns **        20. . 

Calomd,  and  all  oilier  mercorial 

preparations **       26. 

Calx "        20. 

CambletSy  of  mohair  or  goata '*        20 . . 

Camela»hair "        10.. 

"          pencils^  in  qom **        20. 

"             ••        other "        20.. 

Cameos "          "y. 

"     set "         "r. 

Camomile  flowers "        20. 

Camphor,  refined ^        20. 

"       crade lb.  6  cts. . . 

Canary  seed per  cent  20. 

Cancrorum  oculi,  or  crab's  eye. . .  "        20. , 

Candks,  Tallow lb.  4  cts.. 

"      wax  or  sperm "  Sets... 

"      other. "  4ct8L.. 

Candlesticks,  alabaster varions, . 

<*           glass  cut lb.  45  cts.. 

"           q» varioos,. 

"           another ** 

Candy,  sugar •  lb.6  cts. . 

Canella,  alba per  cent  20. 

Canes,  walking^  finished  or  not. .  '*        30. 

Cannetille,  a  wire  ribbon lb.  12  cts.. 

Cannon,  brass  or  iron. per  cent  30. , 

Cantharides free, . 

Canton  cnqpes lb.  2}  cts.. 

Canvas,  for  floor  doth  or  wearing  )      ^^^^  ^^ 

apparel,  linen i 

Caoutchouc  gums tree,. 

Capers per  cent  30. 

Cap  wire,  covered  with  silk lb.  12  cts.. 

*«  "       cotton  thread      "     8  cte.. 

Ci^M  of  chip,  laoe,  leather,  cotton, 

sOk,  Unen,  Ac. pict30«60. 

82 


184a 

18ff7. 

IM. 

perot. 

p«r«t 

. .30. . 

..  24 

par  cent  80 

..2S.. 

..  19 

Ib.2(cti. 

..26.. 

..  19 

**    2cte. 

..30.. 

..  24 

**  IJcte. 

..30.. 

..  24 

percent  30 

. .20. . 

.  .  16 

«       ^ 

. .30. . 

..  24 

u        )o 

..20.. 

..  16 

"        20 

..30.. 

..  24 

«        80 

..20.. 

..  16 

«        20 

..26.. 

..  19 

«        20 

..20.. 

..  16 

«        20 

..26.. 

..  19 

«        20 

.  10.. 

..     8 

10 

..30.. 

..  24 

**        20 

..30.. 

..  24 

«        20 

..10.. 

..     4 

«          6 

..80.. 

..  24 

«        26 

..20.. 

..  16 

••        20 

..40 

80 

«        20 

..26.. 

..     8 

ft«a 

.ftiee,  . 

.free, 

percent  10 

..20 

16 

"        20 

..20.. 

..  16 

Ib.2cta. 

..20.. 

..  16 

«  8elB. 

..20.. 

..  16 

"  4ota. 

..40.. 

..  30 

percent  80 

..40.. 

..  30 

"       SO 

..40.. 

..  30 

«       30 

. .30. . 

..  24 

.     "       80 

..30.. 

..  24 

Ib.4ctB. 

..20.. 

..  16 

per  cent  20 

..80.. 

..  24 

"        80 

..30.. 

..  24 

lb.  2ot8Landp.ot  16 

..30 

24 

peroeot  80 

..20.. 

..     8 

ftBe. 

..26.. 

..  29- 

OTOT  $100  p.  oent  80 

$100  or  lees  p.  ot  26 

..20.. 

..,.{ 

80ct&orleeBp.ot26 

overSOotSL      •*     30 

..20.. 

..     8 

fi«e. 

.30. . 

..  24 

percent  30 

..26.. 

..  19 

lb.  2ct&  and  p. ot  16 

. .30. . 

..  24 

«  acts.    "       "16 

..30.. 

..  24 

percent  30 

232                            Tariffs  of  1842—1861.  469 

IStt.         IBM.      1807.  IML 

perct.      perct. 

OtipBf  glovefl^  iQggms,  mitts,  sockB, 
stoddngs,  wove  shirts  and  draw- 
era,  and  all  similar  articles  made 
in  fiwnes^  and  worn  by  men, 
women,  or  ofaikbren,  and  not 

otberwise  provided  for per  cent  30. . .  .30 24  per  ceht  30 

Cap  pieoes  for  stnis **       30. ...30 24  "       30 

0^)%  lace,  sewed  or  not p.ct  20  c  40 30. ...  24  *        30 

Oi^miles p6rcent20 30 24  "        80 

Carbines  or  carabines <'        30 30....  24  "        30 

Oubooate  of  magnesia "*        20 30....  24  **       30 

"        sal,orbrinalofsoda..        "        20.... 20....    8  "        20 

«         ofammonia. "        20. ...10 8  "        10 

."         ofiion "        20.. ..20....  16  "        20 

Oarbojs. each  80  cts. 30 24  ''30 

Oarbnncles per  cent  10.... 10....    4  '^        10 

Oardamonseed **        20. .free,   ..finee^  "        20 

Oard  oases,  of  whatever  material 

composed "        30. ...30 24  "        30 

Cards,  playing^  visiting,  Aa padc  26  cts. 30....  24  '*        20 

Carmine,  water  color. per  cent  20. ..  .30 ....  24  "        20 

"       aliquiddye "        20....     16  "        20 

Oarolfaie  plaids,  cotton  and  wool.        "        30. . .  .30 24  *'       30 

Carpets,  Aubusson,  Wilton,  Sax- 
ony, Azminster,  Toumay  or 
t^estry  velvet,  Brussels  Jao>  i  yd.l.26orr8»-&y.40c. 

qoard,  and  medallion. sq.yd.  65  ct& 30. ...  24  (  over$1.26yd.   ''  60a 

Carpets,  Brussels  and  Brussels  ta- 
pestry      yd.  65  cts..... 30....  24  sq.  yd.  30  cts. 

Cwpets,  treble  ingrain,  yen6tian.8q. yd.  30  cts. ...  .30. ...  24  *'      26  cts. 

"       hemp  or  jute per  cent  30. ..  .20. ...  16  "        4  otSL 

'*       druggets,  bockings   and 

felt »        30.. ..30....  24  "       20  cts. 

"      another "        30... .,30....  24  per  cent  30 

"       mattmg. "        26 26 19  "        30 

"       binding "        30 26 19  "        30 

Oarriages  of  all  descriptions,  and 

parts  thereoC '*        30 30 24  pw  cent  30 

Carriage  springs "        30 30 24  "        30 

G^urvers **        30... .30....  24  "80 

ObsoariD* "        20.. ..20....     8  "        10 

Casement  rods,  iron  for. lb.  2  cts..... 30....  24  **        30 

Obies,  fUi  sIciD percent  20.... 20...  16  '*        30 

Cashmere,  borders  of  wool, "        40....30. ...  24  '«        30 

"        ofThibet "        20.. ..26....  19  "        30 

**        dolh. "        40... .30....  24  "        30 

**       gown    patterns,    wool 

being  a  component  material. . .         "        40.... 30....  24  "        80 

OMbmere  gowns,  made ^*       40 30....  24     lb.  12olB.&perct26 

"         shaiHs,  Thibet "        40....30....  24      "  12    "        -      26 

88 


470  Tariffs  of  1842—1861. 

ISftS.         1846. 
perot. 

Cashmere  shawls,  wool  behig  a 

component  part • per  cent  40. . .  .30. . . 

Casks,  empty "        30....30, .. 

Cassada,  or  meal  of '*        20....20. .. 

Cassia,  Chinese,  Calcutta  and  Su- 
matra.        lb.  6  ct8L....40... 

Cassia,  bads percent  20.... 20... 

".    fistula "        20. ...20... 

Cassimere,  woolen "       40.... 30... 

"        cotton,  wool  being  a 

component  part,  chief  yahie.  • .        "        40. . .  .30. . . 

Castanas,  or  castinai lb.  1  ct.  ...30... 

Castings  of  plaster  or  iron,  even  if 

with  wrought  iron  rings,  hoops, 

handles,  Ac lb.  1  ct....30... 

Caator beans percent  20.... 20... 

"     ofl. gaL40cts 20... 

Castors,  brassy  iron  or  wood per  cent  30. . .  .30. . . 

"       OT  cruets,  silver **        30 SO... 

«'  "      plated «        30. ...30... 

*•  "      wood **        30. ...30... 

Castor  glasses,  not  in  tiie  ftamea 

or  cruets,  cut gross  $2.60 . . .  .40. . . 

Castor  glasses,  not  in  the  fhunes 

or  cruets,  not  cut "     $4.00.... 30... 

Castorine  lize^  woolen  doth per  cent  40. . .  .30. . . 

Castorum "        20.... 20... 

Cast  shoe  bins "        30.... 30... 

Cast  iron  yessels,  not  otherwise 

specified lb.  1}  ots.. . .  .80. . . 

Catches,  brass,  oopper  cnr  iron. . .  per  cent  30. . .  .30. . . 

Catechu. "        10.. ..10  .. 

Catgut "        20.... 20... 

Catsup "        30... .30... 

Caulking  mallets "        30. . .  .30. . . 

Caustic "        20 30... 

Oeltz  water «        30 30... 

Cement^Roman "        20. ...20... 

Cerise,  eau  de,  kirschwasser,  or 

cherrywater gal.  eOcts.  ..100... 

Ceruse,  dry  or  in  dl per  cent  20. ... 20. . . 

Chafing  dishes "        80.... 30... 

Cauun8,an lb.  4ct8.....30... 

Chairs,  sitting percent  30.... 30... 

Chalk,  red "        20.... 20.., 

"      red^pencUs "        25.. ..30.., 

"     French "        20.... 20.., 

84 


2o3 


U57. 
pcrct. 

186L 

.  24 

B).12cte.Aperct26 

.   24 

per  cent  30 

.  16 

-        20 

.     4 

lb.  4  ots. 

.  16 

lb.  Seta. 

.  16 

'*   Seta. 

.  24 

]b.l2ctB.&perct26 

.  24 

"  12 

"        «      26 

.  24 

lb.  let 

.  24 

per  cent  25 

.  16 

10 

.  15 

20 

.  24 

«        80 

.  24 

«        80 

.  24 

••        80 

.  24 

«        30 

30 


80 


.24  "26 

.  24  Ib.12ot8Laiidp.ct26 

.  15  per  cmt  SO 

.24  *«        30 


.  24 
.  24 
fl^ 
.  15 
.  24 
.  24 
.  24 
.  24 
.  16 


26 
80 
10 
20 
20 
30 
20 
20 
20 


80  per  gai  60  eta. 

16  per  cent  20 

24  «*        30 

Cover  }  in.  diam.  lb.  1  j  a 
i«i"     "     «  2  c 
Na9«i     **     "  2Jc 
Und.Na9   "    p.ct.26 
.  24  per  cent  30 

.     4  fl«e. 

.  24  per  oent.  80 

.    4  free. 


r 


234                            Jbriffs  of  1842—1861.  471 

IMI.        1846.      18S7.  186L 

per  ct.      per  ct. 

CShalk,  white fl^....6....    4  free. 

Ghambvay  gauze, oottoii,a8  oottoD,  per  oent  30. ..  .26. ...  24  sq.  jd.  4  cts. 
"         if  wool  is  a  component 

part .,..         "        40...  30....  24    111.  12  eta.  and  p.  ct  25 

*'         of  silk  only lb.  $2.60 26. ...  19  per  oent  30 

OhandeliOTS,  brass. percent  30 30 24  *'        30 

"            glassjcut • U).46cta 40 30  *^       30 

CSiap^pote percent20 20....     4  "        10 

Charts fsf^ 10  ..free,  free. 

"       Ixx^cs. percent20 10....     8  percentl6 

Obedcs,  cotton **       40. ...26 24  (S^  OMim.) 

"      princess,  wool "        40.... 30....  24   lb.  12  eta  and  p.  ct  26 

"  "       worsted. "        40 26....  19     "  12     "        "       26 

"      linen. "        26.. ..20....  16  percentSO 

Qieesa lb.  9  ots. 30....  24  lb.  4 eta. 

Ghemioal  preparations,  not  other- 
wise enomerated per  cent  20. ..  .20. ...  16  per  oent  30 

Obemlle,  cc^rds  or   trimming  o^ 

cotton "        30.. ..30....  24  ••SO 

Oberoots  (India  segars) lb.  40  ots. 40. ...  30  (<SEm  a^wn^ 

Obeny  ram,  a  cordial gal.  60  cts.  ..100....  80  gaL60oiaw 

Chessmen,   bone,   iroiy,  rice  or 

wood per  oent  30. . .  .30. ...  24  per  oent  30 

Chest bandlea..... "        30 30...'.  84  «        30 

Chieoryvoot, free,  .  .free^  « .  ftee^  free. 

«•          "    gwwmd .- percent  20. ...20..,.  16  "       20 

Childrea*s  dices  and  slippera.-... .    pair  16  ctsi. . .  .80. ...  24  **       80 

Oifli  p^^jers lb.  10  cts....  .30....    4  "10 

China  wan percent  30 30....  24  «        30 

"     root "        20. ...20....  16  «        10 

Chinchilla  skins,  tmdressed. "        10.  ...10....    8  •*         6 

«            "     dressed "        20. ...20....  15  "        SO 

COiip  hats  or  bonnets '*        36. ...30....  24  "30 

CUsds,  all *'        30. ...30....  24  *'        80 

Chloride  of  lime lb.  1  ct 10 4  <        10 

Cblorometers,  glass. percent  20.... 30....  24  ''        80 

Chotelate lb.  4 cts..... 20....  15  **        20 

Choppa   romals    and    bandanna 

handkerohiefe,  snk lb.  $2.60.... 26....  19  «        80 

Cbowdagaiy,  cottons **        30 25. ...24  [Sw  CoUom) 

Chromate  of  potash '*        20 20....  15  lb.  3  cts. 

"           lead lbs.  4 cts..... 20....  15  «        20 

Chrondo^  yellow per  cent  20. . .  .30. ...  24  per  oent  20 

"        add "        20. ...20....  15  «        16 

Chronometers  and  parts "        20 10 8  **        10 

Chrysolites "        20.... 20....  15  "        10 

Ciar,  or  coiar,  rope lb.  4^  cts. 25 19  lb.  3  cts. 

Okmtar per  cMit  20. . .  .20. ...  15  per  cent  10 

Cigars lb.  40  ots  ....40....  30  (Su  Segars) 

"     paper "    40  cts....  .40....  30  «        " 

86 


472  rorj^^  0/ 18^2— 1861.  2S5 

laia     184a 

perct 

CSDcbona^  Peruvian per  oeat  10. . .  .15  . . 

Qnchonin© "        20.... 20... 

Cinnabar. "        20 26 . . . 

Cinnamon lb.  25  eta..  ...30. . . 

Circassians,  worsted per  oent  30. . .  .25. . . 

Circingle  webb,  woolen "        40. . .  30. . . 

Citrate  of  lime "        20 20. . , 

GtroD,  in  its  natural  state free, . . .  .20. . . 

"      preserved per  cent  25 40. . . 

Civit,  oil  of. "        30 30. . . 

Clasps,  all "        30 30... 

Claj,  ground  or  prepared "        20.... 20... 

"     unwrougbt free,....  6... 

Qkyed  sugar,  white lb.  3}  cts.. . .  .30. . . 

Cloaks,  of  wool per  oeat  50. . .  .30. . . 

Cloak  pins *•        30 30... 

Clocks "        25 30... 

doth,  India  rubber "        30 30. . . 

"     woolen "        40. ...30... 

"     oil,  50  cts.  or  less yd.  35  ots.. ..  .30. .. 

«*      "    over50ct8. "  36  cts..... 30. .. 

"     hemp per  cent  20. . .  .20. . . 

Ok>thing,  ready  made per  oent  50. . . .30. . . 

"        ofwool :...        "        50.. ..30... 

Gk>ves lb.  8  cts..... 40... 

Coaches,  or  parts  thereof per  cent  30 ...  .30. . . 

Coach  frn*niture  of  all  descriptions        "        30 ...  .30. . . 
Coal,  bituminous ton  $1.75 . . .  .30. . . 

"    other "  $1.15.... 30... 

Coal-hods. percent  30.... 30... 

Coatings^  mohair  or  goats'  hair. .         "        20. . .  .25. . . 

Cobalt «'        20.... 20... 

Cochineal free,. ..  .10... 

Cooulus  indicus. per  cent  20. . .  .20. . . 

Cocks "        30.... 30... 

Cocoa. lb.  la... ,10... 

"     shells per  c^t  20....10... 

Cocoa-nuts,  West  Indies free,.... 20... 

Cedilla,  or  tow  of  hemp ton  $20.... 15... 

"  "         flax. "   $20. ...15... 

Codfish,  dry cwt  $1.00 20 . . . 

Coffee,  when  imported  in  Ameri- 
can vessels  from  the  pkce  of  its 

growth free,..free^  ..fi'ee,  free. 

Oc^fee,  the  growth  or  production 

of  the  possessions  of  the  ^ether- 

]ands,imported  from  the  Nether- 
lands   free,. .free,. 

Coffee,  all  o^er per  oent  20 ...  .20. . 

Coffee-mills "        30.... 30.. 


1867. 

1861. 

perot 

free^ 

fieo. 

.  15 

perorat  10 

.  19 

20 

.     4 

"        20 

.  19 

**        30 

.  24 

"        30 

.  15 

"        20 

.     8 

20 

.  80 

10 

.  24 

"        20 

.  24 

30 

.  15 

"        30 

.     4 

ton  $3 

.  24 

!b.  Jet 

.  24 

lb.  12  cts.  Mid  p.  ct  25 

.  24 

percent  30 

.  24 

"        30 

.  24 

"        30 

.  24 

lb.  12  cts.  and  p.  ct  25 

.  24 

percent  25 

.  24 

"        30 

.  15 

"        20 

.  24 

«        20 

.  24 

lb.  12  cts.  and  p.  ct  25 

.     4 

lb.  4  eta. 

.  24 

percent  30 

.  24 

30 

.  24 

ton  $1.00 

.  24 

ton  60  cts. 

.  24 

percent  30 

.  19 

"        30 

.  15 

free. 

.     4 

free. 

.  ]5 

per  cent  10 

.  24 

«        30 

.     4 

free. 

.     4 

free. 

.     4 

free. 

.  12 

ton  $10 

.  12 

u     j5 

.  15 

100lb8.50otaL 

free, 

ft^e. 

.  15 

percent  20 

.  24 

•*        SO 

916 


Jbrygrs  of  18*2—1861. 


478 


Oolnfli  cabinots  of flee,. 

Coir ton$25., 

Coke bush.  5ct&. 

Coloother,  dry,  (oxide  of  iron). . .  **        20. 

Ooldcream "        26., 

Colooynth "        20.. 

Cologne  water "        20., 

Colombo  root "        20. 

Ooloqulntida "        20 

Coloring  for  brandy "        30  , 

Colors,  water "        26., 

Cola,  aanglier,  cravat  atUfenera.. .  '*        80. , 

Colte'fbot "        20. 

Combs *•        26. 

Comibrten,  made  of  wool ''       40.. 

Comfits,  preseryed  in  sugar,  bran- 
dy, or  molasses "        25. 

Commode  handles "        25 . . 

"        knobs "        25., 

Compasses "        30 . 

Composition  of  glass  or  paete^  set,  "        20. , 

"               "            "  not  set,  "        10.. 

CoDcanfl^  India "        20.. 

Coney  wool '*        10. . 

Confectionary,  aD,  not  otherwise 

provided  for "        26., 

Contrayema  root "        20. . 

Copperas lb.  2ct&-. . 

Copper  bottoms per  oent.  30. , 

Copper,  braoere'  and  sheets,  not 

otherwise  provided  fi}r "        30., 

Copper,  for  the  use  of  the  mint. .  flee.  . 

"       in  pigs,  bars free,.. 

"       dd,  fit  only  to  be  re-mano- 

&ctured flee, . . 

"       manii£EU>tures  o^  not  oth- 
erwise ^)ecified per  oent  39 . . 

"       ore fl-ee,  . 

"       rods,  bolts,  spikes,  k nails,  lb.  4  cts.. , 
Copper,  sheathing  for  ships,  when 

14  inches  wide  and  48  inches 

long,  and  weighing  ftom  14  to 

34  ozs.  per  square  foot flee,  . 

Copper,  sulphate  of. lb.  4  cts. . , 

Coral percent  20. 

'*    cut  or  manu&ctured "        20. 

Cordage,  tarred lb.   6  cts. . 

"        untarred "  4J  cts.. 

"        manilla "4Jct8.. 

Cordials,  all  kinds gaLGOcts. 

37 


lata 

p«ct 

.free, 

...26. 

1M7. 

p«rct 

..free, 
...19 

...30. 

...  24 

...20. 

...16 

...30. 

...  24 

..20 
. .30. . 

..flee, 
...  24 

...20. 

...16 

.100. 

...  24 

..30. 

...  24 

..30. 

...24 

..30., 

...  24 

..20. 

...16 

..30. 

...24 

..30. 

...24 

...40. 

...30 

..30., 

...  24 

..30., 

...  24 

..30. 

...24 

..30.. 

...  24 

..10. 

...  8 

..26.. 

...19 

..10., 

...  8 

..80. 

...  24 

..20., 

...15 

..20., 

...16 

..20.. 

...16 

..20. 

...16 

.free, 
..  6  . 

..flee, 
..flee. 

..  5 

..free. 

..30. 

...24 

.free,  . 
..20.. 

..free, 
...  15 

.flee,  . 

.free, 

...20.. 

..  16 

...20.. 

..  16 

...30.. 

..  24 

...25.. 

..  19 

...26.. 

..  19 

...25.. 

..  19 

..100.. 

..  80 

tree, 
ton  $10 
percent  26 
"  20 
"  30 
"  10 
«'  20 
«  20 
«  20 
*•  10 
"  80 
"  30 
"  20 
"  30 
24    12  cts.  and  p.  cent  26 

per  cent  30 
"  30 
«  30 
"  30 
"  30 
"  10 
«        30 

(8e9  Wool) 

percent  30 
»•  20 
lb.  Jet 

per  oent  26 

25 

flee. 

lb.  2cle. 

Ibi  licts. 

percent  30 

5 

per  cent  26 


lb.  2  cts. 

per  cent  20 

**        30 

"        30 

lb.  2ict8. 

*'    3  cts. 

"    2  eta 

gal  60  cts. 


474                          Ibaift  of  1842—1861.  2m 

iML      184a    1817.  lan. 

perot      perot 

Coriander  seed per  cent  20  ..free,  -.free,  poreeot  10 

Cork,maiiufiu)tureaof. "        26... .30....  24  "        30 

Oorka "        30. .,.30...     24  «        28 

Oork'tree,  bark  o^unmaniijbotar'd,              free,....  15....    4  fi^ea 

Cornelian  atone pereentT 10....     4  peroentft 

«        rings "          T 20 16  "        26 

Com  fims "        30. ...30....  24  "        20 

Com,  Indian,  or  maize bn8h.l0ot9.....20....  15  bish.  10  ots. 

"    meal 20 15  percent  18 

Corrosive  sublimate,  (mercurial). .  per  cent  25. . .  .25. ...  19  "*        20 

Corsets •*        60. ...30 24  "        30 

Cosmetics "        26. ...30....  24  "80 

Cotton lh.3cts...fr^  . .  free^  freew 

Cotton,  unbleach'd,100  thr'ds  8q.in. 

orle68,andover5oz.p.7d.  per  cent  30.... 25....  24  sq.  jard  1  ct 

100<dl40thr'ds,not5oz.        "        30.... 25....  24  "^        2  ots. 

140^200 thr'da,      "              "        30.... 25....  24  **        Seta. 

orer  200 thr»da,      "             "        30..,. 24....  24  •*        4ct& 

"     bleached,  100  thr'ds  aq.  in. 

orless,  andorer  5oz..«.        "        30.... 26...  24  '*      lJcC& 

100^140  thr'dB,not6os.        *<        30.... 26...     24  "      2^otBL 

140^200 thr'ds,      "              "        30.... 26....  24  «      3J  cte. 

over  200 thr'ds,      "             "        30  ..  .25.. . .  24  "      4  c*8- 

•*     OGiored,  100  thr'ds  sq.  inoh 

or  less,  and  over  6  oz.. . .        **       30. ..  .26. ...  24  sq.7d.  l}ot8.&pict  10 
100^40 thr'ds, not 6 oB.        "        30.... 26  ...  24      "      2J  "  A    "    10 

140^200 thr'ds,      "  "        30.... 25 24      "      3^  "  &    "    10 

over  200 thr'ds,      "  «        30.... 25....  24      "     4}  "  k   "    10 

"     other  plain  woven,  oosUng^ 

over  16ct&  sq.  jard....        "        30.... 26....  24  pero6at26 
Cotton,  all  manufiEM^rea  o^  not 

otherwise  enumerated "        30. ..  .26. ...  19  "        26 

Cotton  bagging,  10 cts.  lb. or  less.  sq. yd.  4 ct& 20....  15  lb.  liota 

"          "       over  10cts.lb...       "     4ct8. 20....  15  "    2  eta. 

"     bmoes,  or  suspenders....  per  cent  30....  30....  24  ,    per  cent  30 

**     ci^  gloves,  leggins,  mitta^ 
Bodcs,  stockings^  wove  shirts^ 

anddrawers "        30 20 16  "        30 

Cotton  cord,  gimps,  and  gaUooos.         "        30. . .  .30. ...  24  ''30 

"     embroidery,  or  floss "        26 26....  24  «*        20 

"     hosiery,  unbleached "        30 20....  16  "        30 

"     lace,  including  bobbinet. .        "        20 26. ...  19  "30 

"     laoes,  insertinga,  trimmings 

and  braids "        80 25 24  "        20 

"     spool  and  other  thread. . .         "        80 25 24  **        30 

"     thread,  twist,  and  yam,  all 

unbleach'danduncolor'd        «        26. ...25 24  "30 

"     thread,  twist,  and  yam,  all 

bleached  or  colored....        «        26....25....  24  «       30 
88 


Ibryffs  of  1842—1861. 


476 


Oottoii  twifi;  yam,  and  ttuwd^all 

other  on  spools  or  otherwise.. .  per  cent  30. . 

Ooontere "        20. 

Oountiiig-hoose  boxes "        30.. 

Ooort  plaster "        30.. 

Oowage,  or  Oowitdi "        20., 

Cowries,  (shells) '<        20., 

Orab-dawB "       20., 

Cranks^  mil],  of  wrought  iron.. . .       lb.  4  ct&. , 

(>ape%8ilk.. lb.$2.50.. 

Oras)),  30  Ota.  or  lees per  cent  26. , 

"      over30ct8. «        26., 

OraTBts "        60.. 

Crayat  stiOaiiers "        60.. 

Orajons ."        26.. 

Chijon  pencils *........        "        26., 

(keam  of  tartar ...i,..,  ...        free^., 

Ck'eai^  cotton,  as  cottons. . . ,  ^  ^ . ,  pffiosnt  80. . 

"     Knen **,^.* "        26.. 

Qpodceiy "       80., 

Oroeos powder ...":     20-., 

Crowns,  Leghorn  hat. . . . ......^. . "  .     86'. . 

CruoiWes,  all *.,**• ** .     30., 

CiTstalM^aas. ..«%%.. . grQ«r$2.00-. . 

Cubebs ...".      2»., 

Cudbear ..  "-      10. 

Cummin  seed ** '      29. 

Cupboard  turns .    '^        30-.. 

Curle,hair,.. "        26.- 

Curriers' knives "       30.. 

Currants lb.  3ots... 

Curtain  rings peroait30.. 

Custas,  as  manu&otures  of  cottons        "        30., 

Outch "        10., 

Cotiasses. '*        30.. 

CuUery,  aU  kinds. .**        30.. 

Cyanine  of  iodinei '*        20., 

"         potassium "        20. 

«        Einc "        20.. 


1S4&      1807. 

188L 

p«rot.      p«rct. 

..26 24.    ,    . 

per  oent.  30 

..80....  24 

•*        80 

..30.,...  24.. 

**        30 

..30-..  24 

«        %h 

..20....  15... 

"        20 

..  fi 4 

**        10 

..20....  15  . 

20 

..30....  2L 

"        80 

..26....  15 

(8m  mC^ 

..20 15 

per  cent  25 

..2A....  15 

"        30 

..30....  24 

80 

..30....  24 

*i        80 

..30....  24 

"        80 

..30....  24 

"        30 

..20....     4 

free. 

..26....  24 

percent  30 

..20...,  16 

*»        25 

..30....  24 

26 

..20....  16 

20 

..30....  24 

"        80 

..30....  24 

"        20 

..30....  24 

30 

..20....  15 

«        20 

..lO.**.    4 

fiea. 

.fifee,...itee, 

percent  10 

..3a.-...  24 

30 

..80....  24 

**        30 

..30....  24 

"        30 

..40....     8 

]b.2ot8. 

..30.*..  24 

peroeot  30 

..85....  24 

«        30 

..10  ..ftee, 

free. 

..30....  24 

percent  30 

..30....  24 

30 

..30...  24 

«        30 

..30 24 

"        30 

..30..,.  24 

»*      ao 

D. 

Daggers  and  dirks percent  80., 

Dates. lb.  Ic. 

Deoanton^  cut 

«        plain 

Delaines,  graj. per  cent  40.. 

"        cok)red •*       40.. 

Delph »        30.. 

89 


.30....  M 

per  cent  30 

.40....     8 

lb.ia 

.40....  80 

per  oent  30 

.80....  24 

30 

.80....  24 

26 

.80....  24 

«        30 

.30....  24 

«        30 

476 


Ikriffb  of  1842—1861. 


289 


IMS. 

I>elphine percent  20., 

DemgohiML.*. eachSOcte... 

Denmaric  8atin»  or  satteens,  entire- 
ly staff per  cent  20. . 

Dentifrice "        20.. 

DeTonshire  kersejs "        40.. 

Diamonds "          7J. 

"        set "          71. 

"        glaziers' "        26.. 

Dii^>er,  linen. «*        26.. 

"         "     «        26.. 

Diapers,  cotton. "        SO. . 

Dioe^  ivory  or  bone "        20.. 

Dimities  and  dimity  miKlin. **        30. . 

Distilled  vinegar,  medicinal gaL  8  cts. . . 

Diuretic,  saL per  cent  20. . 

Dividivi "        20.. 

Dollar  of  every  description "        80 . . 

Domets,  a  flannel 

Dominoes,  bone  or  ivory,  if  any 

metal «        20.. 

Dowlas "        25.. 

Doyleys^  cotton •*        30.. 

"        woolen "       40.. 

"        linen "        26.. 

Down,  an  kinds *«        26.. 

Dragons' Wood. *«        10.. 

Drawer  knobs  of  any  material. . .  "        30. . 

"        "      entirely  of  cut  glass  lb.  26  cts... 

"        "            •*        plain  do.,  percent  20.. 
Drawers,     Ghiemsey,     wool    or 

worsted •*        80.. 

Drawers^   knit,   without   needle- 
work    «*        30. . 

Drawers^  silk,  wova **       40.. 

"        cotton,  wove "        30. . 

Drawing  knives "        30.. 

"        peodlB. «        26  . 

Drawings « "        20.. 

Dried  pulp ^.       20. . 

Drillings,  linen **        26.. 

**       if  cotton  be  a  component 
material,  subject  to  the  regula- 
tionfl  respecting  cotton cbths. .  ^        80. . 
Drugs,  dyeing,  not  otherwise  enu- 
merated.    **        20. . 

**      dyebg  or  tanning,  in  a 

crude  state Sne^,. 

"      medicinal,    not    otherwise 

enumerated,  hi  a  crude  stata. .  per  cent  20. . 

40 


1846. 

1M7. 

U8L 

perct 

perct 

..20.. 

..   16 

per  cent  20 

..30.. 

..   24 

"        30 

..26.. 

..   19 

-        80 

..30.. 

..  24 

a        20 

..30.. 

..   24 

Ib.lScte.andp.a26 

.   10.. 

..     4 

per  cent  6 

.  30.. 

..  24 

u        26 

..16.. 

..  12 

"        10 

..20.. 

..   16 

30  cts.  or  less  p.ot  26 

..20.. 

..  16 

over  80  cte.     p.ot  80 

..26.. 

..  24 

«        26 

..80.. 

..  24 

«        SO 

..26.. 

..  24 

(SaeChttaiL) 

..80.. 

..  24 

percent  30 

..20.. 

..  16 

•*        80 

..20  . 

.free, 

ft«e. 

. .80. . 

..  24 

percent  80 

..26.. 

..  19 

(SeeJ^lannd) 

..80.. 

..  24 

percent  30 

..26.. 

..  16 

«        80 

. .26. . 

..  24 

«        SO 

..26.. 

..  24 

IK  12  cts.  and  p.  c.  26 

..20.. 

..  16 

per  cent  80 

..25.. 

..  19 

«        20 

..16   . 

.free, 

free. 

..80.. 

.,  24 

peroeDt30 

. .40. . 

..  30 

80 

..30.. 

..  24 

«        80 

.30. 


24    lb.  12  eta.  and  p.  a  26 


.30.. < 

..24      " 

12     "        «       26 

.30.. 

..  24 

percent  80 

.20.. 

..  24 

"        26 

.30.. 

..  24 

"        80 

.80.. 

..  24 

"        30 

.20.. 

..  16 

«        10 

.20.. 

..  16 

20 

.20.. 

..  16 

«        80 

.26.. 

(SetOoUim) 

.20... 

•• 

percent  20 

.20  . 

.free. 

free. 

.20... 

..  16 

percent  20 

240                           Hmffs  of  1842—1861.  4TT 

1848.         lata      1897.  1881. 
perct.      perot 

Duok,  HoUand,  English,  Bnnift^ 
halMuck,   and  all   other   aaU 

ducks. 8q.yd.'7otBL....20....  15  30aorle8s,8q.yd.p.c.25 

Da  do.  do......  8q.7d.7ct8.....20. ...  16    overSOc      "     *' 30 

Dutch  metal,  in  leaf. per  cent  25. . .  .20. ...  16  per  cent  10 

Durants,  worsted  stuflf "        30 25....  19  "        30 

Dustpans "        30 30....  24  **        20 

Dyeing artidea,  crude '*       20.... 20  ..  free,  *<    free. 

Dyeing  drugs,  and  materials  ibr 
composing  dyes,  crude,  not  oth- 
erwise enumerated. **       20. . .  .20  . .  free,  free. 

E. 

SarthfhioQ lb.  IJ  eta..... 30....  24  100  lbs.  $1.38 

"     brown,  red,  blue,  yellow, 

dry,asochre. lb.  1  ct 30 15  100  Ibe.  35  ctSL 

Earthenware. per  oent  30 30 24  per  cent  80 

Ebony,  manu&ct'res  U,  orof  which 

it  is  ^e  material  of  chief  Talue        *"       80 40 30  "       30 

Elastic  garters "        30.. ..30....  24  "        30 

Elephants' teeth "          5 5..  free,  free. 

Elecampane "        20 20 15  per  cent  20 

Embroideries,  all  in  gold  or  silyer, 

flae,  or  half  fine,  or  other  metal        "        20.  ...30 24  "^        30 

Embroidery,  if  done  by  hand "        30 30 24  «*       30 

EmeraMs. "          7}..  10....    4  "6 

Emery free, 20 8  free. 

**     cloth,  cotton per /sent  30. . .  .25. ...  24  per  cent  30 

Emetic,  tartar,  medicinal "        20 30 24  "        20 

Enamelled  white "        30.  ...30....  24  "        20 

Engravers*  copper,  prepared  or 

polished "        30 30 24  **        20 

Engravers*  scrapers  &  burnishers        **        30 30....  24  *<        20 

Engravings,  books  of;  bound  or  not        "        20 10....    8  "        10 

Epaulettes,  all p.ct2dd30 30 24  "        30 

Epsom  salts per  cent  20 20....  15  "        20 

Equalizing  files "        30.... 30 24  "        30 

Bigot "        20 20 15  "20 

Escutcheons,  sQver. "        30 30 24  "20 

"  brass,    iron,    steel, 

giltorplated "        30  ...30....  24  "       30 

Escutcheon  pins. '*        30. ..  .30. ...  24  "        80 

Essence^  all "        25 30 24  •*       30 

EstopiUas,  Imen *'        25.. ..20....  15  "       30 

Etdiings or  engravings free^...  .10....    8  "        10 

Ether percent  20.... 20 15  "20 

"    sulphuric "        20 20 15  "        20 

EtoUe^  or  stars  for  ornaments. ...        "       30. ..  .30. ...  24  "       30 

41 


478 


Jhr^  of  1842—1861. 


241 


184t. 

Bztract  of  belladonna per  cent  25 . 

^       Campeaofaj  wood.....  "  20. 

"       dcatsa "  26. 

"       colocynth "  26. 

«       elaterium "  26. 

"        gentian "  26. 

'*        bjosciamus "  36. 

"        indigo "  20. 

"       logwood "  20. 

"       madder "  20. 

"        nnx  vomica **  26. 

"        opiam "  26. 

"       rhatama "  26. 

"        rhubarb "  25. 

"        stramonium *'  26. 

Bxtraots  and  deooctions  of  dye 
woods,  not  otherwise  provided 

for "  20. 

Bxtracts,  all  other "  20. 

Eyes  and  rods  for  stairs '*  30. 

'*    balls',  a  bean **  20. 


1846.      1867. 

perct      peret 

188L 

..80....  24 

percent  20 

..20....     4 

tne. 

..30....  24 

"       20 

..80....  84 

20 

..30....  24 

«        20 

..30....  24 

«        20 

..30....  24 

"        20 

..20....     4 

ftee^ 

..20....     4 

free, 

..20....     4 

free. 

..30....  24 

per  cent  20 

..30....  24 

20 

..30....  24 

«        20 

..30....  24 

«        20 

..30....  24 

«        20 

..20....     4 

•*        20 

..30....  84 

"        80 

..30....  24 

«        30 

..20...,   16 

"        10 

F. 


False oollara percent  30. 

Fancy,  or  perfumed  soi^ **       30. 

Fancy  vials  and  bottles,  uncut. . .  gross  $2.60. 

Fans,  all per  cent  25. 

Fastenings,  shutter  or  other,  of 

copper,  iron,  steel,  brass,  gilt, 

plated  or  japanned "        30. 

Fearnought  doth '*        40. 

Feathers,  ornamental "        25. 

"        for  beds **        25. 

"        vultures*,  fot  dusters . .  "        25. 

Feldspar "        20. 

Felting,  hatters' "        26. 

Felts,  or  hat  bodies  made  in  whole 

or  in  part  of  wool, each  18  cts. . 

Fennel,  essence  of. per  cent  25. 

Ferrets,  cotton "        80. 

Ferri,  rubigo "        20. 

Fiddles «        30. 

Fids.... "        20. 

Fifes,  bone,  ivory,  or  wood "        30. 

Fig  blue "        20. 

Figs. lb.  2  cts,. 

Figures,  alabaster per  cent  30. 

"      other "        30. 

42 


.30. 

...  24 

per  cent  30 

.30. 

...  84 

i« 

30 

.30. 

...  24 

K 

80 

.30. 

...  24 

It 

88 

.30. 

...24 

(1 

80 

.30. 

...  24 

lb.l2ct&andp. 

ot26 

.30. 

...24 

i( 

30 

.25. 

...10 

n 

20 

.20. 

...16 

IC 

20 

.20. 

...16 

II 

10 

.30. 

...24 

II 

80 

.20. 

...16 

II 

20 

.30. 

...24 

M 

30 

.25. 

...  24 

II 

30 

.20. 

...  16 

M 

20 

.20. 

...  16 

«l 

80 

,20. 

...16 

M 

20 

.20. 

...16 

II 

20 

.20. 

...16 

M 

20 

.40. 

...     8 

lb.  3ct& 

.40. 

...30 

percent  30 

30. 

...  24 

rl 

38 

242  •  25iri^^  1842— 1861.  479 


IHS.         1846.      1887. 

per  cL      per  ot. 

FDberti Ih.lct...,30 24  1^.  1  ct 

fUe  oats per  cent  30. ..  .30. ...  24  per  cent  30 

Files "        30. ...30...,  24  "        30 

Kltering  stones "        20..,. 30..,.  24  "80 

"           unmanufactured..        "        20 20....  16  *?        10 

KrecrackerB "        20 30 24  "        80 

"    iponaorsoreens "        30.. ..30...,  24  "88 

FSsb,  pickled,  other  than  in  barrels 

orbalf  barrels,  not  specified...        "        20 20....  15  IK^ct 

Kshjinoa "        20 40... .30  per  cent.  3^ 

"     mackerel 20 15  bbL  $2.00 

«          "         pickled bbL  $1.60,.., 20..,,  16  "    $1.00 

«     sahnon,  pkjkled .,..20....  16  "    $3.00 

"     other          "      inbbls.....       "    $1.00. . .  .20. . . .  16  "    $1.60 

"     glue,  called  isinglass percent  20.... 20....  16  per  cent  20 

"     hooks, "        30....30..,,  24  "        30 

"     sauce "        30. ...30....  24  "20 

«     skins.raw "        30. ...20 16  "        28 

"     flkincases "        20.. ..20....  16  "88 

Fisheries  of  the  U.  States  and  their 

traritories,  all  products  of. . , , .              free,  .  .free,   . .  free^  free. 

Fishing  nets lb.  7  cts. 30,...  24  lb.6otsL 

Ushing  lines,  silk Ib^  6  cts....  .25 19  percentSO 

I1^g%  floor  matting,  made  of,...  percent  36,...  26....  19  "        30 
"     carpets  and  carpeting,  and 

floor  doths,  made  of  ... .        "        26.... 26.,..  19  "        80 

Flageolets,  wood,  bone  or  ivory. .        "        30.... 20....  16  "       30 

Flannels,all "        40 26....  19    30  c  or  lees,  p.  ct  26 

"        " "        40. ...26 19    overSOcts.,     "     30 

Flap  bulges "        30.... 30....  24  per  cent  30 

FlaskflL  or  bottles,  that  come  in 

gin  oases gross$2.50 30 24  "        30 

Flasks,  powder,  brass,  copper,  jo- 

pannedorhom per  cent  30*... 30.,,,  24  .  "        30 

FlatiroTO lb.  2i  cts....  .30. .,,  24  lb.  1  ct 

Flats^  for  making  hats  or  bonnets,  per  cent  30. . .  ,30. . , .  24  per  oent  30 

Flax,  unmanufactured ton  $20.... 15  ..  free,  ton  $16 

"    all  msaufitoturee  o(  or  of 
which  flax  is  a  component  parti 

not  otherwise  specifled per  oent  26. . .  .20. ...  16  per  cent  30 

Flaxseed "          6 10.. ..16  bush.  16  cts. 

Fleams "        30 30 24  percentSO 

FleshCT* "        30... .30..,.  24  «        30 

Flies,  Spanish,  or  cantharides....               free, 20 8  '*        10 

Flints.^ free, 6 4  free. 

Flint  stone ft«e,....15 4  free. 

Flints,  ground free,...  .20. .. .     4  fi^. 

Floatfiles per  cent  30. ..  .30 24  peroent30 

Floor  cloth,  all  stamped,  printed, 

orpainted Bq.yd.86cts.....30 24  "        30 

43 


480 


Tar^s  of  1842—1861. 


243 


184&      lSff7. 

peret      porct 

Floor  Qk>tb,  diflh  or  table^  mats  ot,  per  ooqI  25 30 24 

**       **     lined  with  wooUen  or 

wool "        40 80 24 

nor  benzoin **       30...  .30....  24 

Florentine  battona^  covered  with 
bombaEetteoTer  a  metal  form..        **       30.  ...25....  19 

Ftoaa  cotix>Ti  {8^6  Cotton  Thread).        **        30 25. ...24 

Floes  silk,  and  other  similar  silks 

purified  fh>m  the  gum "        26. ...25....  19 

Flour  of  wheat 1121bB.70a 20....  15 

**        other  grafai per  cent  20 20 15 

Hour,  sulphur free,. . .  .20. . . .  15 

Flower  water,  orange per  cent  20. . .  .30. . . .  24 

Fbwera,  artificial "        25 30....  24 

Flowers,  all,  not  otherwise  pro- 
Tided  for "        20. ...20....  15 

Flutes  of  wood,  ivory,  or  bone.. .        "        30 20 15 

Foils,  fencing •*        30 30 24 

Foil,  copper "        30.  ...30 24 

"    sUver "        20. ...20....  15 

"    tin "        2J....15....  12 

FUdlgitalis "        25... .20....  15 

Forbidden  Fruit. "        20. ...20....    8 

Forge  hammers lb.  2}cts. 30 24 

Foiks^  all per  cent  30. . .  .30. ...  24 

Fossils free,  ..free^  ..fl«e^ 

Foxglove percent  20. ...20 15 

Wnnea,  or  sticks  for  umbrellas  or 

parasols "        20 30 24 

"      platedcruet. «*        30. ...30....  24 

"       quadrant "        30.  ...30. .. .  24 

"      BQvercruet "        30 30. ...24 

Frsnkinoense^  a  gum '*        25.... 20....    8 

FHngee^  cotton  or  wool "        30.... 25 24 

•*        merino "        30. ...25 19 

FHzettea^  hair  or  silk. <«        25. ...30....  24 

Fh)oks,  Guernsey **        30 80 24 

*•  •*        "        30 30 24 

Frosts,  glass "        30. ...20....  15 

Fruits^   preserved  in  brandy   or 

sugar **        25. ...40 30 

**      preserved   in   their   own 

juice. "        20 20 15 

"       pickled "        20 30....  24 

**      green,  ripe,  or  dried free,  40,30  Jb  20     8 

Flying  pans per  cent  30 30....  24 

Fullers' boards •*        12i..  30 24 

"      earth fi«e,...  10....    8 

Fulminates,  or  ftilminating  pow- 
ders    percent  20.... 20....  15 

44 


per  oent  20 

«  30 
"        20 

"  30 
«'        30 

«  20 

«*  20 

••  20 

•*  20 

**  20 

•*  30 

"  20 
«  20 
«  80 
"  30 
"  80 
«  10 
«  20 
"  20 
Ib.2otB. 

percent  30 
free. 

])er  oent  20 

«        30 

**        30 

"        80 

•*        30 

free. 

percent  30 

«        30 

**        30 

80  c.  or  less,  p.  ot  25 

over  30  cts.    p.  ct  80 

«        30 


••  20 
•*  20 
"  10 
«*  80 
•*  20 
Hee. 

percent  20 


244  Tanfft  of  1842—1861. 

1848.         184a      1807. 
perct.      perct 

Funilture^  ooadi  and  haraegg.. . .  per  cent  30 30 24 

'*  brass,  copper,  iron  or 

steel,  not  coach  or  hameas. .. .        "        30.... 30....  24 

FumiturQ^  calico  or  chintz. "        30. ..  .25 ....  24 

"          household,   not  other- 
wise specified '*        30. ...30....  24 

For,  drened,  all  on  the  skin. ....        "        20. . .  .20 15 

"    hats  or  caps  of "        35 30....  24 

"    hat  bodies  or  felts "        25.  ...30 24 

"    muflb  or   tippets,   or   other 

manofacturea  not  specified. ...        "        35. ..  .30. ...  24 
Furs,  hatters,  dressed  or  undress- 
ed, not  on  the  skin. *'        25 10 8 

Fors,  Tindressed,  all  kinds  of,  on 

theakin "         5. ...10....  8 


481 

1861. 

oentao 

u 

ao 

It 

80 

(t 

80 

li 

10 

«( 

80 

<c 

30 

w 

30 

n 

10 

« 

10 

G. 


per  cent  20. 

Ckdlengal,  or  gallengal  root. ....        *'        20. 
Galloons,  gold  and  silver,  fine  or 

half  fine "        30.. 

GaUs,  nut lb.  1  ct. 

Gambia  (Terra  Japonica) per  cent  10. 

Gamboge,  crude  or  refined "        25. 

Game  bags,  leather  or  twine. ...         "        30. 
Garance^    or   madder,    manufac- 
tures of. "        30. 

Garden  seeds,  not  otherwise  spcd- 

fled iK^, 

Garnets "         1. 

**      hardware "        30. 

Garters,  India  rubber,  with  clasps 

and  of  wire per  cent  30. 

Gauze,  cotton "        30. 

Gelatine "        30. 

G«m8 "  7. 

"    set "        30. 

Gentian  root *'        20. 

German  silver,  manufactured  or 

not "        30. 

Gig  hames,  springs  or  handles. . .         "        30. 
Gat  fimpy  wares,  jewelry,  wire,fta        **        25. 

Gimlets "        30. 

Gimps,  cotton **        30. 

"       silk lb.$2.60. 

**      thread,  linen per  cent  30. 

^      wire  being  a  component 

part»  of  chief  value. ...        "       30. 
45 


..20. 

...  15 

..20. 

...15 

..30. 

...24 

..  5. 

...     4 

..10 

..ft^ 

..20. 

...15 

..30. 

...  24 

..20  ..fk^ 


percent  SO 
•«       20 


freab 
10 
80 


free. 

..ftee^ 

free. 

..10. 

...     4 

<c 

6 

..30. 

...  24 

li 

30 

..30. 

...  24 

peroentsa 

..25. 

...  24 

over  16  cts.  p. 

ct25 

..30. 

...24 

per  cent  30 

..10. 

...     4 

i< 

6 

..30. 

...  24 

tc 

85 

..20. 

...16 

ft«a. 

.,30. 

...  24 

It 

80 

..30. 

...  24 

ft 

80 

..30. 

...  24 

M 

30 

..30. 

...24 

tl 

80 

..30. 

...24 

It 

80 

..25. 

...19 

It 

80 

..20. 

...15 

M 

80 

.30. 


24 


80 


482 


Ihnffs  of  1842—1861. 


245 


1842. 

Oin gal.60^90  a 

Gin  oases,  with  bottles  in  them, 

the  cases  pay per  cent  30. 

and  the  bottles "        30. 

Ginger,   green,   ripe,   dried,  pre- 

senred,  or  pickled lb.  2  cts. 

Ginghams,  as  cottons per  cent  30. 

Ginseng. "        20. 

Girandoles "        30. 

Glass,  all  articles  not  specified.. .        '*        30. 
"     crown,   plate,   polished  or 
other  window, 

not  over  10  X  15.. 

«        16  X  24. . 

*'        24X30.. 

over  1  ^  lb.  per  sq.  ft.  on  exc. 

"     apothecaries'  vials,  16  oz. .   gross  $2.25 

*'     bottles,  black. various, 

"     broken 

**     old,  unbroken 

"     buttons,  cut, entirely  of. ...      lb.  35  cts. 

"     colored per  cent  30 

"     cut,  engraved,  colored,  Ac. 

**     disks,  optical 

**     green,  pocket  bottles various, 

"     looking,  plates,  silvered  . .  " 

"     manu&ctures  oij  all  vessels 

or  wares,  of  cut  glass. .      lb.  25  cts. 
**     manufactures  of^  all  others 

not  specially  mentioned,  per  cent  25 

"     of  antimony. "        30 

"     paintings  on **        30 

**     pressed,  plain  or  mould,  not 

cut,  colored  or  engraved 

Glasa^  rough  plate,  cylmder, 

not  over  10  X  15 

"        16X24 

"        24X30 

"        24X30,  and  not 

over  1  lb.  per  sq.  ft. . . 

over  1  lb.  per  sq.  ft.  pays  an 

additional  duty  on  the 

excess  on  the  same  rates. 

Glasses,  hour per  cent  25 

Glaubersalts **        30 

Glaciers' diamonds. "        26 

Globes. "        30 

Gloves doz.  $1.50 

"      hwr per  cent  25 

Glue,  all lb.  5  cts. 

46 


1846.      18ff7. 

perct      perct. 

..100....  30 

..30....  24 
..30 24 

40  &  30  15 
...26.,..  24 
..20....  16 
..30....  24 
,..30....   24 


.30.. 
.30.. 
.30.. 
.30.. 
.30.. 
.30.. 
.20   . 


.  24 
.  24 
.  24 
.  24 
.  24 
.  24 
free, 


.20  ..free, 
.25....   19 


.30.. 
.40., 
.30.. 
.30.. 
.30.. 


24 
30 
24 
24 
24 


.40 30 


.30.... 
.30.... 
.30.... 

.30.... 


24 
15 
24 

24 


Istproo^  gaL40cts. 

per  cent  30 
•'        30 

"        10 

(See  Cotton.) 

per  cent  20 

«        30 

•*        30 


sq.  foot  1^  cts. 

"      21  cts. 

"      4   cts. 

"      4    cts. 

per  cent  30 

«        30 

free. 

freei 

"        30 

«*        30 

«        30 

"        10 

«        30 

"        30 

"        30 

"  30 
«  20 
"        30 

**        25 


20... 

.   16 

sq.  foot  1  ct 

20.. 

.  15 

"    IJcts. 

20.. 

.   16 

"     2  da. 

..20 15 


3  cts. 


..30  . 

..  24 

percwit  30 

..20.. 

..  15 

«        20 

..15.. 

..   12 

10 

..30.. 

..  24 

"        20 

..30.. 

..  24 

•*        20 

..26.. 

..   19 

"        30 

..20.. 

..  16 

«        20 

246 


Ihriffs  of  18^—1861. 


483 


1842. 

OoatB*  h£dr lb.  1  c . 

"        " lb.  1  a. 

"         " lb.lc... 

"      skins,  raw per  cent  6 . 

"        "      tanned doz.  $1.00. 

Gold,  all  articles  composed  of. . . .  per  cent  30. 

Gold  and  sUver  leaf. "        20. 

"    beaters'  brine.. "        20. 

•*        "        moulds "        10. 

"        "       skins "        10. 

**    dust free,  . 

"    embroideries "        30. 

"    muriate  of **        26. 

"    oxideof. "        25. 

•*    paper,  in  sheets,  strips,  or 

other  forms "        30. 

"    shell  for  painting. "        20. 

"    size "        20. 

"    studs "        20. 

Qclo  shoes  or  dogs "        30. 

Gouges "        30. 

Gown  patterns,  wool  being  a  com- 
ponent part "        40. 

Grains,  towed "        35. 

Graintin "        20. 

Granulated  tin "        20. 

Grapes,  not  dried "        20. 

Grass  and  cotton  cloth,  as  cottons  '*        25. , 

"     bags 8q.yd.6cts... 

"        "   "     5cts... 

"     flats,  braids^  or  plait& per  cent  35. 

*•     hats  or  bonnets "        35 . 

•*     henguin **        25 . , 

'*     Sisal,  mats,   of  flags   and 

rope ton$25. 

Grasshopper  springs per  cent  30. 

Grease "        10. 

Green  turtle "        20. 

Gridiron. '. "        30. 

Grindstones free, . , 

"           unfinished free, . , 

Guava  jelly,  or  paste ...  "        30. 

Guernsey  frocks "        30.. 

Gunny  bags sq.  yd.  6  cts. . . 

Guano free,  . 

"      imitation  of free, . . 

Guimauve,  or  camomile per  cent  20 . 

Guinea  grains. "        20 . , 

Guitars "        30., 

Guitar  strings,  gut *'       30. 

47 


1846. 

I8ff7. 

1881. 

perct 

perct 

..20 

.free, 

lb.  18  c.  or  less,  p.  c.  6 

..20   , 

.free. 

18@24cts.lb.  3ct8. 

..20   . 

.free. 

over  24  cts.  lb.  9  cts. 

..  6. 

...     4 

per  cent  6 

..20. 

..  16 

"        20 

..30. 

..  24 

"        30 

..15. 

..  12 

"        20 

..20. 

..  16 

"        20 

..10., 

..     8 

«        20 

..10. 

..     8 

"        10 

.firee. 

.free. 

^     tree. 

..30. 

..  24 

"        30 

.  .30. 

..   24 

"        20 

..30. 

..  24 

20 

..30. 

..  24 

«        20 

..30.. 

..  24 

20 

..20.. 

..  15 

«        20 

..30., 

..  24 

30 

..30.. 

..  24 

«        30 

..30.. 

..  24 

"        30 

..30. 

..  24 

lb.  12  eta  and  p.  ct  25 

..20. 

..  15 

per  cent  30 

.20.. 

..  15 

"        10 

..20.. 

..   15 

10 

..30.. 

..     8 

"        20 

.,25.. 

..  24 

(SeeOotUm.) 

..30.. 

..  24  yd.l0aorlesslb.llct8. 

..30.. 

..  24 

yd.over  10  cts.  lb.  2  ct& 

..30.. 

..   24 

per  cent  20 

..30   . 

..  24 

«        30 

..25.. 

..  19 

"        20 

..25.. 

..  19 

«        20 

..30.. 

..  24 

«        30 

..10.. 

..     8 

"        10 

..20. 

..  16 

"        10 

..30.. 

..  24 

«        30 

..   5.. 

..     4 

"        10 

..  5.. 

..     4 

free. 

..30.. 

..  24 

"        20 

..30.. 

..  24 

"25<a30 

..20.. 

..  15 

lb.  li®2  cts. 

.free,   . 

.free. 

free. 

..20  . 

.free, 

free. 

..20.. 

..  16 

per  cent  20 

..20  . 

.free. 

"        10 

..20.. 

..  16 

«        20 

..20.. 

..  16 

u       20 

484  Ibr^s  of  1842—1861. 

1848.       184a 

perct 

Gam  Benzoin,  or  Beojamin. per  o^t  16. . .  .30. 

"    copal «        15. ...10. 

"    elastic  articles. "        20.  ...30. 

"    Senegal,  Arabic  and  Traga- 

cantb,  Barbarj,  East  India  and 

Jedda,  and  all  other  resinous 

substances  not  spedfled,  in. a 

crude  state **        15.... 10. 

Gum  purdu,  as  opium "        15. . .  .20. 

**    substitute,  burnt  flour  and 

starch "        15.... 10. 

Gums,  medidnal,  in  a  crude  state^  "        15 ...  .20. 

Gun  locks "        30 30. 

Gunny  doth sq.  jd.  5  eta.... 20. 

Gunpowder lb.  8  cts 20. 

Guns  (except  muskets  and  rifles),  "        30 ....  30 . 

Gun  wadding  of  pi^w "        26 30. 

Guts,  sbeeps*,  salted "        20 20. 

Gutta  percha,  unmanu&ctured  . .  20 . 

Gypsum,  or  plaster  of  Paris free,  .  .free, 

"                 •*           "  ground,  free,  .  .free, 


247 


1867. 

perot. 

.     8 

186L 
free. 

.     8 
.  24 

per  cent  10 
«        30 

.     8 

fi«e. 

.  16 

per  cent  10 

.     8 

10 

.  15 

10 

.  24 

30 

.  16 

lb.l}(^2ct3. 

.  16 

per  cent  20 

.  24 

"        30 

.  24 

•*        30 

.  16 

"        20 

.     4 

fiw. 

fi^ 

free. 

free^ 

«       10 

H. 


HadEels^  all per  cent  30. 

Hair,  Angora  goats',  raw»  18  ct& 

or  less lb.  1  ct. 

"  do.  da  overl8ctB.,  "  let. 
"    all  other  manufiictures  of 

goats'  or  molialr. per  cent  25 . 

**    belts  and  brooms "  30 . 

"    bracelets,    chains,  ringlets^ 

and  curls "  26 . 

•*    braids,  for  the  head "  25. 

"    doth "  25. 

"    curled,  for  beds "  20. 

"    for  head  dresses "  25. 

"    gloves "  25. 

«    nets "  25. 

"    pencils "  20. 

«    pins "  30. 

"    prepared  and  cleaned  for  use  "  20. 

"    powder,  not  perfumed "  20. 

**    powder,  perfbmed,  all  others 

not  specified "  20. 

«    seating «  26. 

"    unmanufactured "  10. 

"                 "          undeaned..  "  10. 

Hames,  wood "  86. 

48 


30. 

...24 

percent  30 

20 

..free^ 

M 

6 

20. 

...16 

nx3cts. 

26. 

...18 

per  cent  30 

30. 

..     24 

u 

26 

30. 

...24 

u 

30 

30. 

...24 

u 

30 

25. 

...19 

u 

26 

20 

...15 

4( 

20 

30. 

...24 

<l 

30 

25. 

...10 

<l 

20 

30. 

...24 

U 

30 

30. 

...24 

u 

30 

30. 

...24 

w 

30 

30. 

...24 

(1 

30 

.20. 

...16 

M 

20 

30. 

...24 

U 

20 

.25. 

...19 

li 

25 

10. 

...     8 

U 

10 

10. 

...     8 

free. 

30. 

...  24 

<l 

30 

2f48 


TdHffs  of  1842—1861. 


485 


1848. 

HammeTB,  not  blacksmiths' per  cent.  80. 

Hams,  bacon lb.  3  cts. . 

Handkeichiefe,  linen ''        25. 

"           silk lb.  $2.50. 

"           cotton per  cent  30. 

Handles  for  chests per  cent  30. 

Hangers "        30. 

Hangings,  paper "        35. 

Hares'  hair,  or  fur "        25 . 

Hare  skms,  undressed *'          5. 

"       "      dressed "        20. 

Harlaem  oQ "        20. 

Harness "        35 

"      fhmiture "        30. 

Harp  strings,  gut "        15. 

"           wire "        15. 

Harps  and  harpsichords "        30. 

Hartshorn "        20. 

Hatchets '•        30. 

Hat  felts,  or  bodies,  of  wool,  not 

put  in  form  or  trimmed each  18  cts.. 

Hat  bodies,  cotton per  cent  30. 

Hats,  Leghorn "        35. 

**     of  chip,  straw,  or  grass....  "        35. 

"     ofwool eachlScts.. 

**     all  other per  cent  30. 

Hatters'  irons "        30. 

Hautboys «*        30. 

HaversadM,  of  leather "        35. 

Hayknives "        30. 

Head-drenes,  ornaments  for "        80 . 

Head  pieces  for  stills "        30. 

Hearth  rugs,  all "       40. 

Hellebore  root "        20. 

Hemlock "        20. 

Hemp,  an  manufactures  o?  not )      „        ^a 

otherwise  specified ) 

Hemp— a  component  part "        20. 

"     Manilla ton  $25. 

**     seed percent20. 

"     unmanufactured ton  $40. 

Henbane. ton  $20. 

Herrings bbl.  $1.50 . 

Hessians per  cent  25. 

Hides,  raw  and  salted "         5. 

"      tanned. «        20. 

Hobbyhorses "        30. 

Hods "        30. 

Hoes "        30. 

Hollands^  brown "       25. 

49 


1846. 

1857. 

i8eL 

perct 

perot 

..30. 

...   24 

per  cent  30 

..20. 

...  15 

lb. 

2  cts. 

..20. 

...15 

(SeeUnm)   "25^30 

..25. 

...  19 

{Seeaat)      "20<d30 

..25. 

...24 

{SecOoUon.) 

•  •30. 

...  24 

per  cent  30 

..80. 

...  24 

<c 

30 

..20. 

...16 

<{ 

30 

..10. 

...     8 

percent  10 

.  .10. 

...     « 

u 

10 

..20. 

...15 

II 

20 

..30. 

...  24 

II 

20 

..30. 

...24 

n 

30 

..30 

vaiioui^ 

w 

30 

..20. 

...15 

M 

20 

..30. 

...24 

N 

20 

..20. 

...15 

M 

20 

..30. 

...  24 

l( 

20 

..30. 

...  24 

II 

80 

..20. 

...15 

M 

20 

..30. 

...24 

M 

30 

.  30. 

...  24 

11 

30 

..30. 

...24 

M 

30 

..20. 

...15 

M 

30 

..30. 

...  24 

M 

30 

..30. 

...24 

M 

30 

..20. 

...15 

M 

'  20 

..30. 

...24 

M 

30 

..30. 

...24 

11 

80 

..30. 

...24 

M 

20 

..30. 

...  24 

U 

30 

..30. 

...24 

II 

30 

..20. 

...15 

« 

20 

..5. 

...     4 

M 

20 

..20. 

...  16 

yd.  30  cor  less] 

[>.a25 

over  30  cts.  yd. 

"  30 

..20. 

...  15 

per  cent  20 

..25. 

...  19 

ton  $15 

..10.. 

...     8 

bosh.  10  cts. 

..30. 

...  24 

ton  $36 

..20. 

...15 

percent  20 

.  .20. 

...15 

bbl 

$1.00 

..20. 

...  15 

percent  30 

..  5. 

...     4 

« 

6 

..20. 

...  15 

M 

20 

..30. 

...24 

II 

30 

..30. 

...  24 

M 

80 

...^0. 

...24 

II 

30 

..20. 

...15 

(fl!w£*ien.)25e30 

486 


Jhriffa  of  1842—1861. 


249 


1848. 

Hollow  ware,  tinned per  cent  30. 

Hones **  20, 

Honej  and  bonej  water "  20 . 

Hooka,  all "  30. 

Hooks  and  ejes "  30 . 

Hops "  20. 

Horn  oombs "  26. 

*'     plates  for  lanterns "  20 . 

"     tips "  6. 

Horns "  5. 

HoQseh(M  fbmitore. **  80. 

"  **        of  oedar,  gra- 

nadilla,  ebony,  mabogany,  rose^ 

and  satin  wood. "  30. 

Hungary  water. **  25. 

Hyadntb  roots fipe%  . 

Hydriodate  of  potasb. "  20. 

Hydrometeni  of  glass "  26. 


184a 

p«rot. 

1887. 

perci. 

..30.. 

..  24 

..20.. 

...15 

..30., 

,..  24 

..30.. 

..  24 

..30., 

..24 

..20.. 

..  16 

..30.. 

..  24 

..  6.. 

..     4 

..  6.. 

.       4 

..  5.. 

..     4 

..30.. 

..  24 

..40.. 

..  30 

..30.. 

..  24 

.free^  . 

.fitMH 

..20.. 

..  15 

. .80. . 

..  24 

i8eL 


lb.  2icti. 

per  cent  20 

gal: 

10  eta. 

per  cent  30 

u 

30 

(( 

10 

IC 

30 

tl 

20 

u 

10 

M 

10 

U 

30 

11 

80 

M 

20 

free. 

M 

16 

II 

30 

I. 


Ice free^. 

Imitation  of  precious  stones per  cent  7 . 

Implements  of  trade  of  persons 
arriiring  in  tbe  United  States. .  free,  . 

India  grass ton  $26. 

"     rubber,  onmanu&ctured. . .  free,. 

"        *<        boots  and  sboes ...  per  cent  80. 
"        "        otber  manu&ctures 

of  India  rubber . .         "        30 . 

"        "        milkof "        30. 

"        "        suspenders. "        30. 

"        "        webbing. "        80. 

Indian  meal 112  lbs.  20  a . 

"     com bu8b.l0cts.. 

Indigo lb.   6  cts.. 

Indispensables,  or  bags,  leather. .  per  oent  35. 
"  "      merino  stuff       "        30. 

"  «      silk "        30. 

"  "      bead "        30. 

Ink "        26. 

Ink  powder. "        26. 

Ink  stands,  glass  cut various. 

"  aUoUier «      . 

Instruments,  philosophical '^ 

"  "         specially 

imported free,  . 

Instruments,  musical per  cent  30. 

Inventionsy  model  (^. free,  . 

60 


..20 

..ftee^ 

fieei 

..10. 

...     8 

percent  26 

.free, 

..free. 

free. 

..26. 

...19 

ton  $15 

..10. 

...     4 

free. 

...30. 

...  24 

percent  20 

...30. 

...  24 

20 

..20. 

...     4 

ftw. 

. .30. . 

...24 

20 

..30. 

...24 

"        80 

..20. 

...16 

10 

..20.. 

...15 

bush.  10  cts. 

..10., 

...     4 

free, 

..30. 

...24 

per  cent  30 

..26.. 

...19 

30 

..26.. 

...19 

30 

..30., 

...24 

30 

..30., 

...24 

"        30 

..30.. 

...24 

30 

..40., 

...30 

30 

..30.. 

...24 

25 

. .30. . 

..  24 

20 

.free,  , 

.  free^ 

free. 

.,20.. 

..   15 

per  cent  20 

iT^    . 

.free^ 

fi^ 

487 

1867. 

perct. 

.  16 

186t 
per  cent  10 

.  16 

16 

.  16 

"        10 

.  16 

free. 

.  16 

free. 

.   24 
.  24 

lb.  licts. 
"  licta. 

.  24 

tt).  2cta. 

.  24 

ton  $20 

.  U 

.  24 
.  24 

"     $16 
"      $16 
"      $16 

.  24 

lh.lict& 

.  24 

"    2cta. 

.  24 
.  24 

ton  $20 
]b.liot& 

250  Jhnffs  of  1842—1861. 

1842.         1846. 

peret 

Iodine percent  20.... 20... 

"      saltsof. "        20. ...20... 

^)ecac^  or  ipecacuanha "        20.  ...20... 

Iris  root "        20 20... 

Iridimn "        20 20. . . 

Iron,  anchors lb.  3  eta. ...  .30. . . 

'«    anvils ^ lb.  2}  cts. . . . .  30 . . . 

"    axles,  and  malleable  iron  in 

castings lb.  4 eta..... 30 

"    band,  hoop  and  slit  rods,  all 

other lb.2Jcts. 30... 

*'    bars,  flat — 1®7  in.  wide,  and 

^2  in.  ^ck  (not  less  than 

20  percent) ton  $26. . .  .30. . . 

'<    bars, round, -^4 in.diam.  da  "   $26.... 30... 

*'       "   square, }®4m.sq*re  do.  "*    $26.... 30... 
•*    bed   screws   and    wrought 

hinges per  cent  30. . .  .30. . . 

**    Idacksmith  hamm.  ib  sledges  lb. 2|  ot8.....30. .. 

"    boilerplates "2}cta 30... 

**    cables,  chains  and  parts.....  *'    4  cts.. .  ..30..., 
"    cast  iron  vessels,  sadfi^  tailor's 

ft  hatters',  stoves,  and  stove 

plates "  licts.....30....  24                         lb.  1  c; 

"    cast  iron  pipe,  steam,    gas 

and  water "  1}  cts.....30. , 

*     **    cast  iron  butts  and  hinges. .  "  2|  cts.....30. 

**    castings,  all  other lb.  1  c.  ...30. 

"    ciiaiDS,  trace,  halter  and  fence 

of  rod  over  }  in lb.  4  ct& . . .  .30. 

"    do.    da    J<ajm. "    4ct8.....30. 

"    da    da    Na  9<aj  in. "    4  cts..... 30. 

**,  da    da    leas  than  Na  9. .  "   4  cts. 30. 

"    out  tacks,  brads,  and  sprigs^ 

not  over  16  oz.  per  M.  . . .  M.  6  cts.. . .  .30. 

**    do.    da    over  16  oz. per M.  M.  6  cts....  .30. 

"    galvanized  or  zinc-coated. . .  per  cent  30. . .  .30. 
**    hoUow  ware,  glazed  or  tinned     lb.  2^  cts.. . .  .30 . 

**    liquor per  cent  30  . .  .30 . 

"    nails  and  spikes,  cut lb.  4  eta. . .  .30. 

"    nails,  spikes^  rivets  and  bolts, 

wrought ;.  lb.  3^4  cts.. . .  .30. 

**    nails,  horseshoe lb.  4  cts. 30. 

"    other,  rolled  and  hammered  ton  $26. . .  .30. 
**    pig  and  old  scraps  (not  less 

than  20  per  cent) ton  $9. ..  .30. ...  24                          too  $6 

"    railroad,  not  over  6  in.  hig^ 

(not  leas  than  20  p.  a). . . .  ton  $26 30. ...  24                        ton  $12 

*'    sheet,  smootb  or  polished...  lb.  2}  cts..... 30....  24                       lb.  2  ota 

61 


24 

lb.Je 

24 

ib.2ctB. 

24 

percent  26 

24 

IKUcts. 

24 

"    2  cts. 

24 

"  2  J  cts. 

24 

percent  26 

24 

M.2ctB. 

24 

lb.2oCs. 

24 

«  2cts. 

24 

"2iet8. 

24 

percent  10 

24 

lb.  let 

24 

lb.  2  cts. 

24 

"3icta 

24 

ton  $20 

251 

1857. 

perot 

186L 

.  24 

ton  $20 

.  24 

"    $26 

.  24 

**    $30 

.  24 

ton  $15 

.  24 

liorceDi  10 

.  24 

lb.   Sets. 

.  24 

"    5ct8. 

.  24 

per  cent.  80 

488  Tariffs  of  1842—1861. 

IMS.         1846. 

perot 

Iron,  sheet)  all  other  not  thinner 

than  Na  20  wire  '. lb.  2}  eta.. . .  .30. . . 

•«    Aeet»  No.  20®25 lb.  2^  ct3.....30... 

^  **  thinner  than  No.  23..  lb.  2^  eta..  ...30... 
**    dabS)    bloomSi    loops,    and 

more  wrought  than    {Hg, 

and  leas  than  bars ton  $17.... 30... 

**    taggera'  irona per  oent  30. . .  .30. . . 

**    irood  screws,  2  in.  or  lesa. . .      lb.  12  eta 30 . . . 

•«        «        "       over  2  in. "  12  eta. 30... 

u  M  41  waah'd  or  plat  per  cent  30. . .  .30. . . 
**    wrought  for  mill,  mill  eranka, 

fihipa,  locomotivea,   steam 

engines,  or  parts^  not  leaa 

than  26  Iba Ih.  4  eta.. . .  .30. . . 

**    wrought     railroad     chains^ 

nuta,  and  punched  washera,  . . .  .30 . . . 
**    wrought  tubes,  steam,  gaa^ 

and  Water lb.  5  eta.. . .  .30. . . 

"    all  other  manu£Etctures per  oent  30 30 . . . 

l8lDglM3..i "         20.... 20... 

lamepeaa "       20 30... 

"    plaster "        20. . .  .30. . . 

'  ifotj free  ....  6  . . 

"    black lb.}ct....20  .. 

<•    manufiujturea  of. per  cent  20. . .  .30. . . 

•*    nuta free,....  6... 

"    vegetable,  manutacturea of.  ^       20. . .  .80. . . 


J. 

'Htk  dwina  and  screws per  oent  30. . .  .30. ...  84  per  cent  30 

Ja(to  for  piano  fortes "        30.  ...20 24  "30 

**     clothier*a "        30 30 24  «*        30 

JUap «        20....20....  16  "        10 

Japanned  warea»  of  all  kmda "        30. . .  30 24  **        30 

Jetties, and aU similar preparationa        **        30.... 30....  24  **        30 

Jatkbeef lb.  2  eta, 20....  16  lb.  1  ct 

l9Xf  real  or  compoaition per  cent  20. ..  .30. ...  24  per  cent  30 

Jewehy "        20 30 24  "        25 

"      false,  80  caUed «        25 30....  24  •*        26 

Joints^  India "        30 30. ...24  "        30 

Joftic,  or  Joa  Ught «        30 20 15  "        20 

Juice  of  oranges "        20.  ...20 16  "        20 

JmiJper  berriea •*        20. ...20 16  "        10 

"      plants "        20 ,  .free,  . .  free,  free. 

Junk,  old free,  .  .free,  . .  ft«e,  free, 

Jlite ton  $26.... 26...  19  ton  $10 

**   carpeting per  cent  30. . .  .30 . . . .  15  sq.  yd.  4  cts. 

52 


.  24 

m.  IJcta. 

.  24 

ton  $26 

.  24 

lb.  2  da. 

.  24 

per  oent  30 

.  15 

20 

.  24 

«        20 

.  24 

"        20 

free, 

fim 

tee, 

"        10 

.  24 

«        30 

.     4 

fi^ 

.  24 

«        30 

1849. 

1846.      1867. 

per  ct.      p«r  et. 

Jcite  bagging;  10  a  p.  yd.  or  leas . , 

,  percent  30. 

...20....  15 

'*        "         over  10<xp.ycL... 

30. 

...20....   16 

"   butts 

**        25. 

...20....  15 

252  Ibriffs  of  1842—1861,  489 

188L 

lb.l}cts. 

"     i  ct 

ion  $5 


K. 

Slaleidofioopes per  cent  SO. . .  .80. 

KiUydor "        30 ...  .30 . 

Kelp free,. . .  .10. 

Kentledge lb.  1  ct....30. 

Eermes free,....  5. 

"     (mineral) per  cent  20. . .  .16. 

Kersejratteen .*...  "        40.... 30. 

Kerseys "        40 30. 

Kerseymere "       40.... 30. 

Kerstes "        20.... 20. 

Kettles,  brass,  in  nests lb.  12  cts.. . .  .30. 

"      cast  iron  or  copper lb.  1}  cts.. . .  .30. 

Keys,  watch,  of  gold  or  stiver. . .  per  cent  20. . .  .30. 

"     all  other,  of  iron,  brass, 

copper,  gold,  or  silver "        30. . .  .80 . 

Kilmarnock  caps "        40.... 30. 

Kirschenwasser gal.  60  cts.  . .  100. 

Knitting  needles per  cent  20. . .  .20. 

Knives,  all,  of  iron,  steel,  copper, 

brass,  pewter,  lead,  or  tin **        80.... 30....  24                        "        30 

Knobs,    brass;    gilt,    plated,    or 

washed,  iron,  steel,  copper,  or 

brass "        30 30 24  ••SO 

Knobs,  cut  glass «*        30. . .  .40. ...  SO                         "SO 

"      glass,  not  cut "        30.... 30 24  •*        25 

"        "      with    brass,    iron, 

steel,  or  composition  shanks...         **        30 30....  24  ^        26 

Knockers "        30 30 24  *'        30 

Kpoosote «        80 30....  24  "        20 


L. 

Xobels,  decanter  or  other,  gOt  or 

plated percent  30.... 30....  34                  peroentSO 

Labels,  decanter  or  other,  gold  or 

sUver "        30 30 24  "        SO 

Labels,  printed "        30 20....  24  "        20 

Lacdye free,....  6....  4  frea 

Lacmarine "        20. ...20....  16  "        20 

"   spirits free, 20....  4  free. 

63 


24 

percent  30 

24 

«»       30 

8 

free. 

24 

"        20 

4 

«        10 

12 

10 

24 

lb.  12  cts.  and  p.  ct  25 

24 

lb.  1 2  cts.  and  p.  ct  25 

24 

lb.  12  cts.  and  p.  ct  25 

15 

per  cent  20 

24 

«        30 

24 

"        30 

24 

"        30 

24 

«        30 

24 

"        30 

SO 

gaLSOcta. 

16 

percent  20 

490 


Tariffs  of  1842—1861. 


258 


1849. 

Laosolphor free,. 

Lace,  all  kinds  o^  made  into  wear- 
ily apparel per  cent  80. 

Lace,  bobbinet "  20. 

"    bobbinet  veilS)  cotton "  30. 

"    coach,  worsted  or  silk *'  36. 

«*    shawls,  if  sewed "  30. 

"    caps,  pelerines,  chemisettes^ 
handkercbiefe,  collara  and  capes, 

veils,  ootton **  40. 

Laced  boots  or  bootees "  30. 

Laces,  all  thread "  16. 

"     gold  and  silver "  15. 

Lacets,  or  ladngs,  silk  or  cotton. .  "  30. 

Lacquered  ware "  30. 

Ladleheads "  30. 

Ladles,  iron,  tin,  Britannia,  brass, 

copper  or  gilt "  30. 

Lake,  (water  colors) "  20. 

"    drop,  do, "  20. 

"    paints "  20. 

Lampblack "  20. 

Lamp  hooks  or  pulleys,  brass,  cop- 
per, iron,  or  wood "  30. 

Lamps,  brass,  copper,  tin,  or  plain 

glass "  30. 

Lamps,  cut  glass lb.  46  eta . 

"     with  glass  chimneys per  cent  20. 

Lancet  cases "  35. 

Lancets "  30. 

Lantern  leaves,  or  horn  plates. . .  "  20. 

Lanterns,  japanned,  tin,  gilt,  plat- 
ed, brass,  pewter,  or  copper.. .  "  30. 

Lapis  calaminaris "  20. 

"     infemalis "  20, 

"     tutia ^ "  20. 

Lard lb.  Sots.. 

Larding  pins per  cent  30. 

Lasting,   in    strips,    for  buttons, 

shoes,  or  bootees "  6. 

Latches,   iron,    brass,  steel,  gilt, 

plated,  washed,  or  copper ....  "  30. 

Lath "  20. 

Lattin,  brass "  30. 

Laudanum '*  25 . 

Lavender,  dry,  flower  of "  25. 

"        flower "  26. 

«       water "  26. 

Lawn,  cotton "  30 

«      linen "  26. 

64 


184a 

p«rct. 
..20.. 

18OT. 

perct 

..     4 

..30.. 

..  24 

..26.. 

..  24 

..30.. 

..  24 

..26.. 

.,  19 

..30.. 

..  24 

..30.. 

..  24 

..30.. 

..  24 

..20.. 

..   16 

..30.. 

..  24 

..26.. 

..  19 

..30.-. 

..  24 

..30.. 

..  24 

..30.. 

..  24 

..30,. 

..  24 

..30.. 

..  24 

..30.. 

..  24 

..20.. 

..  16 

frea 


.30. 


24 


.30. 

...24 

.20. 

...16 

30. 

...24 

30. 

..>  24 

.20. 

...15 

.20. 

...  15 

,30. 

...24 

25. 

...24 

20. 

...16 

percent  30 

u 

30 

u 

30 

u 

30 

tt 

30 

<c 

30 

u 

30 

4( 

30 

U 

30 

CI 

30 

u 

30 

u 

30 

M 

30 

«( 

80 

u 

30 

20 


30 


30.... 

24 

"        30 

.40.... 

30 

"        30 

,30.... 

24 

«        30 

.30 

24 

"        30 

.30.... 

24 

«        30 

.  6.... 

4 

20 

,30.... 

24 

"        30 

,20..,. 

16 

20 

20.... 

16 

20 

.20.... 

16 

«        20 

.20.... 

16 

lb.  Seta. 

,30 

24 

per  cent  30 

free. 

"  30 
"  20 
"  30 
"  30 
"  30 
"  30 
•«  30 
(Sa  Ootkm.) 
16    30  eta.  or  lees  puct  25 


2M 


Ibriffi  of  1842—1861. 


491 


LftWB,  linen per  cent  26. 

*'      or  long  lawD,  linen *^        26. 

Lead,  all  manofactares  oC  not  oth- 
erwise specified "       30. 

"    black «        20. 

"    busts "        30. 

"    combs lb.  4  ct& . 

"    in  any  other  ibrm  not  sped- 

fied "  4cta.. 

"    hibars "  3  eta. 

"    inpigs "  3ct8.. 

**    in  sheets "  4ct8.. 

"    nitrate  of per  cent  20. 

"old •  lb.  let. 

"    ore lb.  4  eta . 

"    pencilB percent  20. 

"    pipes lb.  4  eta . 

**    pots,  black per  cent  20 . 

"    powder  of  black "        20. 

"    scrap lb.  1  ct.. 

"    shot lb.4cta. 

"    Bogarof. "  4  eta. 

**    toys ; "  4cta. 

«    white "  4cta. 

Leaders,  leather per  cent  36. 

"       worsted "       40. 

Leather  &,  all  manufactures  where 

leather  is  chief  value .  "        36 . 

"      bracelets,  elastic "        36. 

"       garters,  elastic **        36 . 

"       cal(  tanned lb.  8  eta. 

"       patent "  Seta. 

"       sole "  6cta. 

"       upper "  Seta. 

Leaves  for  dyeing,  in  a  crude  state  free, . 

"     boucho per  cent  20. 

"     medicinal,  in  a  crude  state  '*        20. 
"     other,  not  otherwise  pro- 
vided for "        20. 

Leeches i^e, . 

Lees,  wine,  liquid **        20. 

Leghorn,  and  all  hats  or  bonnets 

of  straw,  chip,  or  grass "        35. 

Leghorn  flats,  braids,  crowns,  or 

plaits "        36. 

Lemons,  in  bulk  or  in  boxes,  bar- 
rels or  casks "        20. 

«       juice "        20. 

«        peel "        20. 

Leino,  linen '*        26. 

55 


1846. 

perot. 

1867. 

perot 

180. 

..20.. 

...16 

over  30  Ota     p.ctSO 

..20.. 

...16 

p.ot26<d30 

..30.. 

...  24 

percent  30 

..20.. 

...  16 

10 

..30., 

...  24 

"        30 

..30., 

..  24 

"       30 

..30.. 

..  24 

"        30 

..20.. 

...16 

lb.  let. 

..20., 

...16 

^  let 

..20.. 

..  16 

lb.  1}  eta 

..20.. 

...16 

per  cent  20 

..20., 

...  16 

lb.  I  ct 

..20., 

...16 

"licta 

..30.. 

...24 

per  cent  30 

..20., 

...16 

lb.  1}  eta 

..80., 

..  24 

pwoent  10 

..20. 

...16 

"       10 

..20.. 

...  16 

lb.  let 

..20.. 

...  16 

lb.  l|cta 

..20.. 

...  16 

"    3cta 

..30.. 

,..24 

«  30  eta 

.,20.. 

...16 

«  IJcta 

..30., 

...   24 

percent  30 

..26.. 

..19 

"        30 

..30., 

...  24 

"        30 

..30.. 

...  24 

"        30 

..30., 

...24 

"        30 

..30.. 

...  24 

**        26 

..20., 

...19 

"        30 

..20. 

...16 

«*        20 

..20.. 

...  16 

«        20 

..20 

..free^ 

free. 

..20.. 

...     4 

free. 

..20.. 

...  16 

ftee. 

..20.. 

...16 

"        10 

..20  , 

..free, 

freei 

..20., 

...16 

"       40 

..30.. 

...24 

«        30 

..30.. 

...  24 

"        30 

..20.. 

...     8 

"        10 

..10. 

...     8 

«        10 

..20.. 

...  16 

"        10 

..20.. 

..  16 

"26(^30 

402 


2&«if«yi842— 186L 


855 


iMi. 

Leno,  mittUik per  cent  26. 

Leopard  skins,  raw '*          6. 

"          "      dressed doz.$1.00. 

*'       spot  doth per  cent  40 . 

Lime "        20. 

"    aoetateof. "        20. 

«    joice «        20. 

Limes "        20. 

Linen  bags "        26. 

"     canvas,  black '*        26. 

"     mitta «        26. 

"     tape "        26. 

Linens,  bleached  or  unbleached. .  *'        26. 

"         do.             do. "        26. 

"      all  manufactureB  o(  not 

otherwise  specified. ..  •  "        26. 

Lines,  fishing lb.  6cts.. 

"     worsted per  cent  30. 

Links,  coat "        26. 

Linseed "          6 . 

Linseed  cakes  or  meal "        20. 

Linsey  woolsey "        4.0. 

Lint "        20. 

Liqueurs  or  cordials,  all gal.  60  cts. 

Liquor,  iron per  cent.  20. 

"      purple "        20. 

«       red "        20. 

"       tin "        20. 

"       cases "        30. 

Liquorice  paste  or  juice "        26. 

root "        26. 

Litharge lb.  4  cts. . 

Lithographic  stones per  cent  20. 

Litliontriptons "        30. 

Litmus "        20. 

Loadstones **        30. 

Lotions,  all  cosmetic "        26. 

Lozenges,  all  medicinal "        20. 

Locks,  aU "        30. 

Lon;i;  cloths,  linen "        26. 

Looking-glasses,  plates  or  frames^  '*        30. 

Lunar  caustic "        30. 

Lustres,  glass,  cut lb.  45  cts. . 

"       brass  and  glass "        30. 

Lutes *'        30. 

Lye,80da "        20. 


1846. 

18ff7. 

IML 

peret 

perot 

..26 

...  24 

per  cent  29^80 

..  6. 

...     4 

percent    6 

..20. 

...  15 

«        20 

..SO. 

...  24 

(8oe  Woolau.) 

..10. 

...     8 

percent  10 

..20. 

...  15 

u        20 

..10. 

...     8 

«        10 

..20. 

...     8 

»        10 

..20. 

...  15 

lb.  Ucts. 

..  6. 

...     4 

««  ^^ 

..80. 

...  24 

"        30 

..20. 

...15 

"        30 

..20. 

...16 

30  0.  or  less,  p.  ct  25 

..20. 

...15 

over  30  cts.,     «      30 

..20. 

...16 

per  cent  30 

..30. 

...24 

20 

..25. 

...19 

«        30 

..26. 

...19 

"        30 

...10 

..fiee. 

bush.  16  cts. 

..20. 

...16 

per  cedt  20 

..30. 

...  24 

U).  12  Ota  and  p.  ot  25 

..20. 

...  15 

pw  cent  30 

.100. 

...30 

gaL  60otB. 

..20. 

...  16 

percent  10 

..20. 

...16 

20 

..20. 

...16 

u         30 

..20. 

...16 

«        20 

..30. 

...24 

"        30 

..20. 

...  15 

lb.  Sots. 

..20. 

...16 

&ee. 

..20. 

...16 

lb.  1}  cts. 

..20. 

...  16 

per  cent  20 

..30. 

...24 

"        30 

..20. 

...    4 

"        10 

..30. 

...24 

"        20 

..30. 

...24 

«        30 

..80. 

...  24 

«*        20 

..30. 

...  24 

«        30 

..20. 

...  16 

"26M0 

..30. 

...24 

«*        30 

..30. 

...24 

"        20 

..40. 

...  30 

"        30 

..30. 

...24 

"        SO 

..20. 

...16 

"        20 

,.20. 

...  15 

"        20 

56 


2S6 


Tar^  of  1842—1861. 


498 


M, 


1842. 

Maocaroni per  ceDt.  30. 

ICace lb.  50  Ota. 

Macbineiy,  models  of^  and  other 

inventions « fiiee, . 

Machinery  for  the  mano&cture  of 

flax  and  linen  goods per  cent  30. 

Madder free, . 

Madder  root free,. 

Madras  handkerchiefs,  cotton ....  '*        30 . 

Magic  lanterns "        30. 

Magnesia **        20 . 

"        carbonate  of "        20 . 

"        sulphate  of. «        20. 

Mahogany,  unmanufactured *'        15 . 

'*         manufactured "        80 . 

Mallets,  wood. «        30. 

Malt "        20. 

Manganese **        20. 

Mangoes "        20. 

Mangroves,  or  shells  of. "        20. 

Manilla  grass ,  ton  $25. 

Manna per  cent  20 . 

Mantillas,  silk "        30. 

Mantles "        30. 

Manufactured  tobacco lb.  10  cts. . 

Maps free,. 

Marble  busts,  as  statuary free, . 

**       manufactures  of. per  cent  30. 

"       table  tops. "        30. 

**       unmanu&ctured **        25 . 

Marbles,  toy,  baked  or  stonea. . .  "        30. 

Marine  coral *'        20 . 

Marmalade,  a  sweetmeat "        30. 

Marrow "        10. 

Marsh  mallows. "        20. 

Mastic,  crude *'        15. 

*«      refined "        20. 

Mathematical  instruments  for  col- 
leges and  schools free,. 

Mathematical  instruments *'        30. 

Matches  for  pocket  lights "        20. 

Mats,  cocoa  nut "        26. 

"     if  wool  be  a  component  part  "        30. 

"     oil  or  floor  doth,   dish  or 

table -..  "        80. 

«*     i^eepskina. "       30. 

57 


1846. 

perct 

...30., 

1817. 
perct 

,..  24 

1861. 
per  cent  30. 

...40.. 

..    4 

lb.  15  cts. 

.free,  ..  flee^ 


fi:«e. 


..30. 

...     8 

..  5 

..free^ 

..  5 

..free, 

..25. 

...24 

..30.. 

...24 

..30., 

...  24 

..30. 

...24 

..20.. 

...15 

..20. 

...     8 

..30. 

...  24 

..30. 

...  24 

..20. 

...  15 

..20. 

...  15 

..20., 

...  15 

..20. 

...16 

..25.. 

...19 

..20. 

...  15 

..30. 

...  24 

..30. 

...24 

..40. 

...30 

..10 

..free^ 

..30 

..free, 

..30.. 

...24 

..30. 

...  24 

..20. 

...   15 

.   30. 

...24 

..20.. 

...  15 

..40.. 

...30 

..10.. 

...     8 

..20. 

...15 

..20., 

...     8 

..20. 

...     8 

.free, 

..freo^ 

..30. 

...  24 

..30.. 

...24 

.  20. 

...15 

..30. 

...24 

..30. 

...24 

..80. 

...  24 

firee. 

free. 

fim 

per  cent  30 

i( 

30 

n 

20 

II 

30 

II 

20 

fim 

41 

30 

It 

30 

M 

20 

<c 

10 

II 

10 

II 

10 

ton  $15 

percent  10 

«( 

30 

i( 

30 

ti 

20 

free. 

percent  10 

ti 

30 

(1 

30 

It 

30 

(t 

30 

free. 

It 

30 

It 

10 

(( 

20 

II 

10 

II 

20 

free. 

II 

20 

II 

30 

K 

20 

11 

30 

II 

30 

II 

50 

494 


Tariffa  of  1842—1861. 


257 


1B48. 

Mats,  table,  tow,  straw  or  flag. . .  per  cent  25. . 

"        "     wood "        25., 

Matting^  cocoa  nut "        26. . 

"        all  floor  of  flags,  jute  or 

grass "        26., 

Mattresses,   hair  or  moss,   linen 

tick **        20. 

Meal "        20. 

Meats,  prepared "        30. 

Medals  and  other  antiquities. . . .  free,  . 
Medicinal  preparations^  not  other- 
wise specified "        20., 

Medicinal  drugs,  roots,  and  leaves, 
in  a  crude  state,  not  otherwise 

specified "        20., 

Metal,  plated "        30. 

Metallic  pens "        26. 

"        slates,  paper  or  tin "        30. 

Metals,  unmanu&ctured,  not  oth- 
erwise provided  for "        30. 

Melting  or  glue  pots,  if  earthen. .  "        30. 

Mercury  or  quicksilver "          6. 

"       all  preparations  of "        25 . 

Merino  doth,  entirely  of  combed 

wool "        40. 

"     doth,  wool "        40. 

"     fringe,  worsted per  cent  30. 

"     shawls,  of  wool "        40. 

"  "      body    worsted    or 

combed  wool *'        40. 

"     shawls,     border    woollen 

fringe,  sewed  on **        40. 

"      trimmings,  worsted "        30. 

Manilla  homp ton  $25. , 

Mica per  cent  20. . 

Mak  of  roses. "        26. 

Millinery  of  all  kmds. "        40.. 

MiUepedee. "        25. 

Mill  saws each  |1 . . 

"         eaoh$l. 

Mills,  coffee per  cent  30. 

Miniature  cases,  ivory "        30. 

•*         sheets,  ivory "        30. 

Miniatures free,  . 

Mineral  and  bituminous  substan- 
ces, in  a  crude  state,  not  other- 
wise provided  for "        30. 

Mineralblue "        20. 

"      8alt,crude "        20. 

"      water "        30. 

68 


1846. 

perct. 

perct 

..25.. 

..   19 

..30.. 

..   24 

..20.. 

..  16 

..25. 


19 


..20.. 

..  16 

..20.. 

..  15 

..40.. 

..  30 

.free,  . 

.free, 

..30....  24 


186L 

peroent  SO 
«  30 
**        20 

«        20 

«        30 

10 

«        30 

fi^oe. 

«        SO 


20.... 

15 

«        20 

.30.... 

24 

"        30 

30.... 

24 

"        30 

.26.... 

19 

"        30 

.30.... 

15 

20 

.30.... 

24 

"        20 

.20.... 

16 

10 

25.... 

19 

20 

.26.... 

19 

lb.  12  cts.  and  p.  a  26 

.30.... 

24 

"  12 

"        2$ 

.25.... 

19 

per  oent  30 

30.... 

24 

lb.  12  eta  and  p.  c  26 

.30. 


24      "  12 


26 


..30., 

...  24 

"   12 

"        "      26 

..25.. 

...19 

per  cent  30 

..25.. 

...19 

ton  $16 

..20.. 

..  15 

percent  20 

..30.. 

...24 

"        SO 

..30.. 

,..24 

SO 

..20.. 

...15 

20 

..80., 

. . .  24  wide  9  in.or  I'ss  ft  12^ 

..30.. 

...  24 

over  9  in.  wide  ft.  20  c 

..30., 

...24 

percent  80 

..30   . 

...  24 

SO 

..30.. 

..  24 

"        80 

.free,   . 

..free^ 

Dm 

..20.. 

...  15 

20 

..15.. 

...     8 

fi^ 

..20., 

...  16 

"        10 

..30.. 

...  24 

"        80 

258 


Tariffs  of  1842—1861. 


495 


1848. 

ICodc  pearls percent  20. 

Modelling,  epedally  imported. . , .  free,  . 

Modelling,  not  speciallj  imported,  "        30. 

Models  of  invention,  not  for  use. .  free,  , 

Molasses lb.  4}  cts. . 

"        concentrated *'  4J  cts. . 

Moon  knives per  cent  30. 

Mops. "        30. 

Morebad-swans,  cotton '*        30 . 

Morocco  skins doz.  $2.50. 

Morphine,   acetate,    sulphate,  or 

crystals  of per  cent.  25 . 

Mortars,  brass,  marble,  or  compo- 
sition   "        30. 

Mo8S,Iceland "        20. 

"     for  beds "        10. 

Mosaics,  real,  not  set    **          7. 

"         "set "        30. 

Mother  of  pearl  buttons,  with  met- 
al eyes  or  shanks^  "        30. 

•         "           manufectured "        30. 

"           shells free,. 

"           studs "        30. 

Moulds,  button *'        25. 

Mouse  traps,  wood  or  wure "        30 . 

Muflfe,offur "        35. 

Mo^jeet,  (Indian  Madder) free, . 

Muriate  of  barytes,  tin,  or  stron^ian  "        20 . 

•*          gold "        20. 

Music,  in  sheets  or  bound *'        20 . 

Musical  instruments "        30. 

"      instrument  strings  of  gut,  "        15. 

"  "  "       part  of 

metal "        15. 

Mushrooms "        30. 

Mushroom  sauce **        30. 

Musk "        25. 

Musket  barrels "        30. 

"      bayonets "        30. 

**      bullets lb.  4  cts.. 

"      rods  or  stocks per  cent  30. 

Muskets stand  $1.50. 

Mustard,  manu&ctured » .  per  cent  25. 

Mustard  seed "          5. 

Myrrh,  gum,  crude "        15 . 

"     refined "        25. 

Myrobalan,  a  nut  Sat  dyes free, . 


1846. 

perct 

1887. 

perct 

..10.. 

..     8 

.free,  . 

.free, 

..30.. 

..  24 

.free,   . 

.free, 

..30.. 

..  24 

..30.. 

..  24 

..30.. 

..  24 

..30.. 

..  24 

..25.. 

..  24 

..20.. 

..  16 

..30. 


24 


1861. 

per  cent  5 

free. 

"        30 

free. 

gaL  2cts. 

lb.  }  c. 

per  cent  30 

80 

"        30 

"        20 

02.   $1.00 


..30.. 

..  24 

per  cent  30 

..20.. 

..  15 

« 

10 

..20.. 

..  16 

u 

20 

..10.. 

..     4 

u 

5 

..30.. 

..  24 

11 

25 

..26.. 

..   19 

II 

30 

..30.. 

..   24 

II 

30 

..   5.. 

..     4 

free. 

..30.. 

..  24 

11 

30 

..25.. 

..   19 

II 

30 

.   30.. 

..24 

<4 

30 

..30.. 

..  24 

II 

30 

..  6   . 

.free. 

free. 

..20.. 

..  15 

11 

20 

..20.. 

..  24 

11 

20 

..10.. 

..     4 

u 

10 

..20.. 

..  15 

II 

20 

..20.. 

..  15 

II 

20 

..20.. 

..  24 

11 

30 

. .40. . 

..  30 

u 

10 

..30.. 

..  24 

II 

20 

..30.. 

..  24 

u 

30 

..30.. 

..  24 

u 

30 

..30.. 

..  24 

II 

30 

..20.. 

..  15 

U 

30 

..30.. 

..  24 

II 

30 

..30.. 

..  24 

■    11 

30 

..20.. 

..  15 

II 

20 

.free,   . 

.free. 

..20.. 

..  16 

free. 

..20.. 

..  15 

M 

20 

..20  .. 

.free, 

free. 

59 


496 


Tar^s  of  lS4Si~l6Sl. 


2» 


K 


1848. 

Nails,  cot lb.  3ct&. 

"     wrought  iron "  4  cts.. 

"     rods lb.2icts.. 

Nankeens,  (as  cottons) per  cent  30. 

Nankeen  shoes  or  slippers "        30. 

Napkins,  cotton "        30. 

Napt,  a  manufacture  of  wool. ...  "        40 . 

NarcoUne "        20. 

Natron "        10. 

Needles,  aU  kinds "        20. 

"       crotchet , "        25. 

Neets,birds "        20. 

Nets,  fishing lb.  7  cts.. 

Nickel free, . 

Nippers per  cent  30. 

Nitrate  of  barytes "        20. 

"         iron "        20. 

"         lead : "        20. 

**         silver  or  lunar  caustic.  "        20. 

"         strontium "        20. 

«         tin "        20. 

Nitre  mur,  tin "        20. 

Nitrous  add "        20. 

Norfolk  latches "        30. 

Nojeau gaL  60  cts. 

Nut^^s firee, . 

Nutmegs. lb.  30  cts. . 

Nutria  skins,  undressed per  cent  5 . 

Nuts  for  dyeing,  crude free, . 

"    all  not  specially  mentioned .  lb.  1  ct. . 

Nuz  vomica free, . 


1B46.      lOT. 

p«rct.      peret 

1881 

...30....   24 

lb.  1  ct 

...30...,  24 

"  2cte. 

...30....  24 

ton  $20 

...25....  24 

{Se^OoUM,) 

...30....  24 

percent  30 

...25....  24 

"        30 

...30  ...  24 

lb.  12  cts.  and  p.  c.  25 

...20....  24 

percent  30 

...10....     8 

free. 

...20....  16 

"        20 

...30....  24 

"        20 

...20....  16 

10 

...30....  24 

lb.  6cts. 

...  6....    4 

freoL 

...30....  24 

percent  30 

...20....  16 

20 

...20....  16 

"        20 

...20....  16 

lb.  Seta.. 

...30....  24 

percent  30 

...20....  16 

20 

...20....  16 

20 

...20....  16 

"        10 

...20....  16 

«        10 

...30....  24 

«        30 

..100....  30 

gaL  50  cts. 

...  6....     4 

free. 

...40....     4 

•*        16 

...10....     8 

«          6 

...  6  ..free, 

free. 

...30....  24 

lb.  let 

...10....     8 

free. 

0. 

Oakum  and  junk. free,. 

Oatmeal per  cent  20. . 

Oat& busli.  10  cts.. . 

Odire,  dry.% lb.  1  c . 

**      inoa "IJa.. 

Ochres,  all,  or  ochery  earthy  when 

dry lb.  let.. 

Ochres,  all»  or  ochery  earths,  in  oil        "   6  cts. . . 

Odors  or  perfumes. per  cent  26. . 

Oil,  all,  used  in  painting gaL  26  cts... 

"  animali.. per  cent  20. . 

«•  cakes .%•        "       20.. 

60 


.free, 

..free, 

free. 

..20. 

...  16 

peqrcent  10 

..20. 

...16 

bush.  10  dsL 

..30. 

...16 

100  lbs.  35  cts. 

..30. 

...  24 

"        $1.36 

..30. 

...24 

•       35  cts. 

..30. 

...  24 

$1.35 

..30. 

...  24 

par  cent  30 

..20. 

...16 

gaL  20  cts; 

..20. 

...16 

percent  20 

..30. 

...  16 

"        20 

800  Arff#^1842~18«l,  40T 

IMi.         IMflL 

p«rot. 

Oa,otf(or.. gtLip«ta.....SO... 

"  dotk yd.  85otfc....80... 

"  fish,  and   all  produofekxn   cf 

Amerioan  flaheriea freQ,..frae|.. 

'*  Harlmn per oent  20....d0... 

**  faempieed gaL  25  ct8.....30... 

"  keroaene  and  other  ooal per  oeot  20. . .  .20.  ^ . 

"  llnaeed gaL  Sftcta..  ..20... 

"  dba^incasks "     aficts.....20... 

«  rapaaeed "    24 eta.... 20... 

*<  qiermaoeti,  of  foreign  fishing  "    26otB. 20... 

*'  whaleandotherforeignfiahing  "  16  otB.....20«.. 

Oil  of  coooa  nvts peroani  20...  .10.., 

"     neata'foot •*        20.... 20... 

"     pahn fifee^....lO... 

"     pahnbean. free,. ...10... 

Oaa»vdalQe»enentialorexprened  **        20 80... 

'*     rioini,  orpalniaChriBti  ...  "        20 20... 

Old  aflTar,  fit  oDly  to  be  lemano- 

intored 6ee,..ftee^.. 

<»iTee,inoa *<        20. ...80... 

Onkma "       20.... 20... 

Opium lb.  16  Ota 20... 

"*     extractor. peroent  26....30... 

Onngebittera ''       20. ...80... 

"      orystala "        20.. ..20... 

"      flowen "       20.. ..20... 

"      flower  water ,..  "       20.  ...30... 

*<      iaaaepeaa '*       20 80... 

"      peel "        20 20... 

Ovangee. "       ao...  20... 

Ore,  apeciDienaoi: free,«...20... 

OiganflL "        80.... 20... 

Ornamental  gflt  wood,  gold  papeiv 

or  for  ladiea' head  dreaaea,  silk  '*       80.. ..80... 
Omameotp^  not  for  head  dreeaei^ 

ofmetaL "        SO. ...80... 

Or^ment **        16.... 10... 

OfTis  root , "        20. ...20... 

Oaiera  for  baaketSL "       20.. ..10... 

Oanabm^ **       26. ...20... 

Oitricb  phmiea  and feathflfa *<       26.. ..30... 

Ozjmnriateoflime **        20 20... 

or  dikrate  of  potaaae^ 

orpotaah. "       i0....20... 

OgfitMl "       20.... 20... 


61 


vm. 

IM. 

VntL 

.  16 

per  oeot  20 

«l 

60aorleea,  p.ctSO 

OTer  60  Ota.    p.  ot  80 

ft^ 

ftMi 

.  24 

per  oeot  20 

.  16 

gaL20et& 

.  24 

*<  lOeta 

.  16 

*'  dOda. 

.  16 

percent  10 

.  16 

gaLMclB. 

.  16 

par  cent  20 

.  16 

"        SO 

.    4 

«        10 

.  16 

«        20 

.    4 

«        10 

.    4 

"        10 

.  24 

«        20 

.  16 

44        so 

*^ 

free. 

.  24 

"        80 

.  16 

"        10 

.  16 

lb.  11.00 

.  24 

OS.  $1.00 

.  24 

percent  20 

.  16 

•*        20 

.  16 

«        20 

.  94 

«        20 

.  24 

«        80 

.  16 

«        10 

•     8 

«        10 

.  16 

«        10 

.16 

«        20 

.  24 

«        30 

.  24 

*        80 

.     8 

fi«e. 

.  16 

free 

.     8 

par  cent  20 

.  16 

«26^80 

.  24 

«        80 

.  16 

«        20 

.  16 

«        JO 

.  16 

«        10 

4Se  Hkt^  </ 184S-.IM1.  981 


P. 

lt4S.         IMa      Wn.  IML 

perct      peret 

Packthread ^. lb.  6  eta..... 30....  24  peroeotSO 

Fad4ingi  wool per  oeni  40. . .  .30 84     Ih.  IS  ote.  ftper ct  35 

Pteddy *•       10....20....  16  Ih.  J  ct 

Padacrewa "       80. ...80....  24  peroentSO 

Pafaitiiigs  on  canvas. **       80.. ..20  ..ftee^  **        10 

"            glan "        80.. ..30....  24  «        30 

"            porcelain. "        80.. ..20....  16  "SO 

Paints,  oannine. free, 30 24  *«        30 

**     dry  or  ground  in  o9,  not 

otherwise  provided  for..        **       20 20....  15  *«        20 

"      ^Mmish  l»?own,  dry. Hx  1  c.  ...20....  16  100  Iba.  35  eta. 

"          "       inofl....      lb.  I}ct8.....30....  24  "        $1.35 

**      tara umbra percent  20.... 20....  15  percent  30 

"      water  odoiB «        20. ...80 24  «*        30 

"      whitelead lb.4ot8. 20. ...16  Sb.  Hota. 

Painters'  colors per  cent.  20. . .  .20. . . .  16  per  cent  30 

Palm  leaf  hats  or  baskets **        26.... 30....  24  "80 

**    leaves,  nnmanu&ctored.. ..              free,.... 10  ..free^  ftve. 

Pannelsaws «        30. ...30....   24  •«        SO 

PItsaws eachll.OO 30 24  Oin.widecrraBft.184c: 

«'        *'    $1.00 30....  24    over 9 in.  wide,  20 Ota. 

Panilla grass ton  $26.... 25 19  ton  $16 

Paper,  for  screens  or  fireboaida. .      lb.  36  ct& ...  .20. ...  16  per  cent  80 

<*      hangings per  cent  35.... 20....  16  **        30 

*'      oil  other,  and  all  mannfiKy 

tures  of. "        30 30 24  "80 

"      sheathing «        30  ...30 24  •«        10 

"      wadding. lb.  8  cts. 30 24  «        30 

Parasols,  silk percent  30 30 24  "80 

Parasol  sticks  or  frames. "        30 30 24  "80 

Pardiment "        26 30 24  "80 

Paris  white, dry lb.  1  ct....20. .. .  16  100  Iba.  85 cts. 

"        «     gronnd "  let  ....20....  15  "        $1.85 

Parts  of  stiUs,  of  copper. per  cent  30 30....  24  per  cent  80 

Pasteboard lb.  12}  da. 30....  24  "        80 

Paste  ahnond per  cent  26 30 24  "80 

*•    giggers **        26. ...30....  24  "30 

"    imitation  of  predons  stones        "         7}..  10....    8  "        10 

"    perftimed. "        26 30....  34  "80 

"    work  that  is  set "          7J..30 U  "        80 

Pastel,  or  woad. lb.  1  ct 10 4  firae. 

Patent  mordant percent  20.. ..20. ...  15  "        20 

"       TbUow , "        20. ...20....  15  "        10 

Playing  stonea "        26 20 15  "10 

"       tflea "        25.. ..20....  15  "        20 

"        "    marble «        26....20----  15  "        30 

Pearl,  mother  of. free^.. ..  6.. . .    4  ftaa. 

<2 


Ikt^ofU4Si^l8$l. 


499 


Patrifl^an peroeot    t 

"      oompodtioA ''       16 

"      mock •*         1 

"      let "        16 

Peanuts lb.  1  oL 

Pea& per  ami,  10. 

PelltUMynx)! "        20 

PeUi^  salted "          6 

PencQi^  blade  lead,  camala'  haif^ 

orredchalk... ......  "        26 

'•       slate "        26 

Peacfl  cases,  gold,  silver,  gilt,  or 

plated "        26 

PenknlTes "        30 

Pens,  metallio "        26 

"     qoill "        26 

Pepper,  black  or  wbite.........  lb.  6  eta. 

"      GajenDe,  Chili,  or  AlHcan,  "  10  cts. 

"     red  pod "  10  eta 

Percnssioii  cape per  cent  30 

Perfbmed  soapibr  shaviBg.,,,..  "        80 

Perftimery  vials  and  bottles vatioas, 

Periomes '*        26 

Peny gal.  60  cts. 

Personal  and  bonsehold  effects^ 

not  merchandise  of  citizens  of 

the  U.  S^  dying  abroad free^ 

Peruvian  bark. . . » free, 

PetershamiV  woollen  doth per  ceet  40 

Petticoats,  readj  made,  cotton. . .  "  60 
Pewter,  munfactores  o^  not  enii> 

merated "       80. 

Pewter,  old,  fit  only  to  be  re-mao* 

i^kctored tne,. 

Pho^hate  of  lime "        10 

"        ofsoda "        20 

Phosphoros "        20, 

Pho^horos  li^^ts,  in  glass  bo^ 

ties,  with  paper  cases "        20, 

Phosphoret  of  lime "*       20, 

Piano-fortes "        30. 

Piano-lbrte  feiToles '^        30. 

Pkddes "       30. 

Pksrotozinfl^  an  eictiact "       30. 

Pimento Ib.6ct8,. 

Pinoers pero«130, 

Pmcnshkma,  cotton '*       30 

"           snk "       30 

"           wod "        26 


IBM. 

Ili7. 

IML 

pwot. 

per«t 

....10.. 

..     4 

peroent    5 

30.. 

..  14 

-        ID 

....10.. 

..     8 

-         6 

....30.. 

..  24 

H        2$ 

20.. 

..  15 

Ib.lot 

r....20.. 

..  16 

peroenl  10 

L...20.. 

..  16 

M        10 

K...  6.. 

..    4 

m           5 

•  ....30.. 

..  24 

"        88 

i....lO.. 

..  16 

••        88 

i. . .  .30, . 

..  24 

H        30 

►  ....30.. 

..  24 

«        SO 

....30.. 

..  U 

«        88 

i....20.. 

..  16 

«        80 

20.. 

•  .  16 

lb.  Ida 

...  .30 

..     4 

ground 

**  4ct8. 

QDgioimd      **   3cli^ 

20.. 

..     4 

'^lOdB. 

L...30., 

..  16 

percent.  10 

K...80.. 

..  24 

«        80 

30.. 

..  14 

«        80 

i....30.. 

..  24 

«        80 

.   ..100.. 

..  80 

gaL40cla 

,..free,  . 

.fk^ 

ft«8. 

,....16  . 

.ftee^ 

pereent  10,  orftva. 

I.... 30.. 

..24 

m.llet&andp.ctl6 

K . . .30. . 

..  14 

percent  80 

.30. 


14 


80 


6....     4 

lb.  let 

.20 16 

pvoentlO 

.20....  16. 

"        10 

.20 16 

•*        10 

.30 14 

"        80 

.20....  li 

•*        10 

20....  16 

«        10 

20....  14 

••        10 

30.....  14 

•«        80 

.30....  24 

••        30 

40....  30 

lb.  leu 

.30...«14 

percent  80 

26 14 

«       30 

.15....  19 

«        88 

.30....  14 

-       88 

fioo  fb0ifiofiMSh-mn.  ws 


p«rot.      perot 

Plp»>ppkg « ft<M,....20.,,.    8  freei 

Pin  or  aeecQe  oiaee,  all peroentsa 30 94  per  cent  30 

Pink  Mnoera "        80 30 34  "        30 

Pins... Ih.l0cts 30....  84  "        30 

Pine,  lilTer,  iron,  or  poimd. .... .  '*  80  cti.....30....  94  **        SO 

PfpariM^  eztrut peroaotSO 30 84  '*       SO 

Fipefl^  daf,  Knoking '<        30....30«...  84               100Ib&35ol& 

"     watch,  carre,  or  oannon. . .  "        80. . .  .30« . « .  84  ton  $3.00 

"     wood "        30. .,,30....  84  per  oant  SO 

Pistols "        30.. ..30....  34  "        30 

Pitdi... "        26.. ..80....  18  «        20 

"    Buiigundj "        80 38 18  "        80 

Plaid8,€otton "        30.. ..26....  84  (8m  CbtUm.) 

Plains '*        40.. ..30....  34  peroentSO 

Plaster  busts,  casta,  stateee free,.... 30  «.ftM^  free. 

'*      eourtyonsilkoronoambik)  **        30....30..».  84  "30 

"     of  Paris,  xmground free,  .  .ftee^  . .  free^  free. 

"            "        groQDd «        20. ...20...,  16  **        10 

"           "       oaloiiied •*        20... .80....  16  "30 

"      emaments '*       80 30....  84  «       30 

Planeiiou ''        80....30....  U  "        30 

Planes «        30. ...30....  84  *•        30 

Planks,  wrought  or roi;^ "        80.. ..20....  16  ««       80 

Plants.* free,  .  .free^  . .  freev  flee. 

Plata  pina free,..free^  ..ft«e^  flee. 

Pkited  wans  of  aU kinds "<       30.. ..30....  34  *"        80 

Plate^  silrer "        30.. ..30....  34  «        30 

PlatiDas,  linen '*        36.  ...20....  15  (SeeLiium,) 

Flatina^  vmnanvflMtored flee,  .  .flee^  . .  flee^  flee. 

"       manuCiotiiTes of "       80 30....  84  peroent.80 

«        retorts **        30.. ..30....  84  flee. 

Fia^iDg  oards paok36otB. 80 U  ''SO 

Plien peroentSO. ...30....  84  "30 

Ploughs "        30.. ..30....  U  «*        30 

•*      plane lU  1  ot....30....  84  «        86 

Pbunbi«(e peresnt80....30....  16  <«        10 

Ptamei^  ornamental "        36.. ..30....  34  **       30 

Pluns "        36.. ..30....     8  Ih.  1  ot 

Plnah,  cotton "       30....86....  84  peroentSO 

«     hair "        80.. ..86....  18  "80 

"     hatters*,  of  silk  anAoottoo, 

cotton  diier  Takie "       30.. ..36....  10  "        30 

"     mohair,  or  goats' iMdr....  "       80.. ..36....  10  "        80 

«     orshi^  wonted "       80.. ..36....  10  "       80 

«     wool "       30.. ..30....  84    ft.  18  Ota.  and  p.  ot  36 

PookH  books,  leather *<       86. ...30....  84  "        80 

«          «      pi^er «        SO.. ..80....  34  "80 

"      bottle^  green £^aS8 ....30....  84  "       80 

Bofl  de  ehene,  wool  and  cotton.  "       40.  ...80....  84    ft.18ct8.andp.ot36 

IMnt^Mfino "       40. ...80....  84  peroentSO 

64 


AM  !hr^  of  U4i—imi.  Ml 


IMflL      18f7. 

peret      p«r«t 

Fol»  «4M. per  oeni  80. . .  .30. . . .  M  |Mr  otDt  80 

•'    onttogebookB **       80....dO....  M  "       80 

"    ferrolfis "        80.. ..30....  24  "        80 

F6tifhiiig  stones free, 10....    8  fteeJ 

Polished  or  scraped  bnn.......        -       80. ...80....  84  •*       30 

I\)l7podiuin «        90.. ..80....  18  ••       80 

PionuklOm *•        80.. ..30....  84  ••80 

Pomegranates "        20. ...80....    8  "10 

Pomegranftte  peel "        30.. ..20....  16  ••20 

PlopHns,8tuff ..w..        "        20 U 19  "        80 

Popprhei4s "        80... .80....  16  ••SO 

"      oa «        25. ...80....  24  ••SO 

••      seed "        25..free^...frBe,  fteei 

PoroeUOn "        80.... 30....  24  •«        80 

"        glass "        30. ...30....  24  •'SO 

••        sbtea **       80... .28....  19  ••SO 

Pork lb.8ct&....20....  16  lb.  1  et 

Forphyry... pereent  30....30....  84  perosatSO 

Portable  desks <*       30 30....  24  *•       80 

Pkurter,  in  bottles gsL  SO  cts.....30....  24  9ri.25otB. 

••      otherwise "  15  ct8.....30.,..  U  *•   l^eta. 

Potasse,  prossiato  of. per  cent  20. ..  .20. ...  16  per  cent  16 

Potaarinm per  cent  20. . .  .20. . . .  16  "        10 

Potash,  preparations  of *•        80.. ..20....  16  "        10 

Potatoes b!i8h.l0ct&....30....  24  bosh-lOots. 

Pots,  blaek  lead per  eent  30. . .  .30 24  peroeatSO 

••    blue "        30.. ..30....  24  "        30 

•<    oast  Iran Ik  1  ot...  30....  M  lU  1  ot 

••    melthig;  earthen peroent.  30....S0....  24  peroQiit20 

Poultry,  or  game,  piepaied "        25 40 30  •"       30 

Pounce "        20  ...20....  16  •'20 

Pound  ribbon "        26....26. ...  19  -•        30 

Piowder,  black  lead "        26.. ..20....  16  •'        10 

••      blue "        26.. ..20....  15  •'        10 

••       ofbrasB "        26*.. .20....  15  "SO 

••      puflh ,.         "        80.. ..SO....  24  "        80 

••      snbtfl,  for  the  skin "        20....30....  U  "        80 

Powden  and  an  pastes "        25.. ..80....  24  "       30 

PkeokKM  stones^  gkv,  imitatkmoi; 

set "        25. ...30....  24  •'        26 

"        "       of  an  kbdfl^  not 

set.-. -         t....lO....    4  -         6 

"       otiierimttatkmsof       *•         t....lQ....    8  ^86 

«        set "        86.. ..30....  84  -        86 

Pkvparedday "        30.... SO....  16  •«       80 

••       Tegetables,  meats,  ponl- 

tiyan^game *•        26... .40....  80  ••80 

P^eserres    in   molasses   and   sU 

others "        26. ...40....  80  ••        80 

Pressing  boards ,^....         *•        30.. ..30....  24  ••        80 

66 


MB  TaKiSb<fl$4»^iBtL 


IBM.      18f7.  liSL 

peret       peret 

Friaain«tii£(  woolen., p6ro«it40....3O....  U  Il>.lSol&udp.oti^ 

Prints  or  engraviugB **       20 lO.,.,    8  perciot.10 

Prisma^  cut  glaas lb.45ct& 40....  30  **        80 

PNfeoBioQal  bodca  of  ptnoos  av- 

riving in  the  U. S. flree^  ..flpee,  ..fi^ee^  km. 

Protraotor^  ivoiy  mouDtod •  per  cent  30.  ...30....  24  **       30 

Pronella *♦        30 26 19  «*        30 

**      for  shoes,  bootees^  and 

buttons "          5....  6 4  **        10 

Prunes... lb.  3  otB.....40....     8  lb.  2  ds. 

PruasiafL  blue per  cent  20.... 20....    4  ^tgom^lP 

Pooheri «        20.. ..20....  W  "2D 

PoHieSi  iron,  brass,  oopperor wood        **        30. . .  .80. ...  24  **        30 

Fomioe free^....l0....    8  bm, 

Pomplrins free,....20.«..  16  "        10 

Pomps,  stomadi peroeiit30 30....  24             «  "        30 

Pnncbes,  shoe "        20 30 24  «"        80 

PUi4«D8^  ICadras,  cottoM. <<        80... .26....  24  «<        80 

Pdrple,brown "        26 20 16  "       fO 

"      tinUquor "        26... .20....  16  "20 

Pottf nxliote.....20 16  tb.  la 


Q. 

Quadrants  and  sextants per  cent  80. ..  .30. ...  94                 per  cent  80 

Quadrant  frames. *"        30 30 24  «*  30 

QuaHty  binding  worsted. **        30.  ...26 19  «  30 

Quassb  wood **       20.. ..20 16  fiee. 

Quillabark free,...  .16... .  12  free. 

QuiUbasketa "        25.. ..20 16  «*  30 

Quills. **        15. ...20....  16  •*  20 

QuQtinga,  or  bed  quflts,  cotton...        "       30.. ..26....  24  «  80 

Quicksaver »          6. ...20....  16  "  10 

Quinine "        20. ...20 16  "  80 

"      sulphateoT oo.  40  ots.....20....  16  **  20 


B. 

BadiZfOrangeUcftioot.. •••....  per oent  20. . . .20. • 

Bag  stones *•        20.... 20.. 

Bags,  or  any  kind,  exospiwod..  Ib.ict.....  6  . 
BaisinS,  boxes  or  Jars lb.  3  cts. 40.. 

"       other "  2cta....40.. 

Bakes,  iron,  steel  or  wood per  cent  30. . .  .30. . 

Ranoon free,.... 10.. 

Bapeofgrapes ^       20 20.. 

"    seed. «       20. ...10.. 

66 


.  16 

per  cent  20 

.  16 

"        20 

free, 

fteei 

.    8 

lb.2  0taL 

.    8 

"   1  ct 

.  24 

per  cenL  30 

.     4 

M        10 

.  15 

«        20 

.     8 

bosh.  lOctiL 

2iir^^l84i— 186t  «• 


per  ot      per  ot 

loriroQ peroant  8a....30....  24  perointK 

RuspB **        30....30.«..  24  "*        9^ 

Ba88) oornn  OMTi '*        20. ...20....  16  **        20 

Bat& gaieOotB.  ..lOiO...'.  80  pergtL60«fta 

BtteDBy  tuwnimnfhctared firee^....lO  ..free^  fiwe^ 

"        maooftctared per  cent  20. . .  .20. . . .  15  per  cent  20 

BaMefl,  wood,  ivofy,  coril,  or  with 

belh. **        30 30 24  "        3P 

Bayens  duck,  hemp  or  flax Bq.yd.7ot8. 20....  16    SO  eta.  or  leai  p.cl  26 

**  "  "         "    7ete.....20....  16    orerSOota.     p.otda 

Bann. per  oent  30 30. ...  24  per  oent  30 

BasEoroeaea "       30.. ..30,...  24  ''30 

•*     rtropftwood ^        "        30 30 24  "        30 

Raady-made  dothmg,  wool "        60.  ...30 24     lb.  12  eta.  ft  per  ct  26 

**                 "        other •'        60.. ..30....  24  peroeiitit 

RaapiAg^hooka,  iron  or  steel **        30.... 30....  24  "        30 

Red  ohromate  of  potash. **        26 20....  16  Ibu  3  eta. 

**    lead,  ground  in  oil Ih.4ct8. 20....  16  ''IJetai 

**    predpitata per ecut  26....20....  16  pereentSO 

^    y«ietian,dx7 **        26. ...20....  16  1001ba.36ataL 

u         u         ground  in  oU **        26 20 16  **       $1J6 

*<    wood  and  red  sanders*  wood.             free, ....  6  . .  &99,  '*        !• 

•«    wool,  or  fbr  for  hatters free,.  ...10 8  <*        M 

Reeds,  nnmanoikctared free^....lO  ..free^  Itm, 

««      mann&ctured **        20....30....  24  **        20 

**      weayera' •*        30  ...30....  24  "       80 

Reeree*  colors "        30 30 24  "80 

Reguhn  of  antimony *"        20 20 8  •*        10 

Reindeer  skins,  dressed Tarioos.  ...20....  16  **       80 

"          "      nndressed "      ....  6....  4  «         8 

«          "      tanned "      ....20....  16  «        20 

"        tongues "     ....20....  16  "80 

R0pe,naliiralsQkandcotton....  percent  30.... 26....  19  **        80 

"     silk lbu$2.60....26....  19  "80 

Resin per  cent  16.... 20....  8  "80 

••    ofjak^ "        16 20....  8  "80 

"    nnxvomica '     "        15 20 8  fiee. 

Restpins "        30.. ..30....  24  "        30 

Rhodium "        20. ...20....  16  "        10 

Wiubart) "        20 20 15  •«        ID 

Ribbon  wire,  or  canetiDe^  if  oor- 

*    ered  with  cotton  thread lb.  8  cts.....30....  24    Ux  2  ota  and  p.  ct  18 

Ribbon  wire,  covered  with  silk . .       "  12  eta..... 30....  24     "  2ct8.    "       "    16 

Rice percent  20.... 20 16  lb.  lot 

Rifles each$2.60 30 24  peroentSO 

Rigotme,  a  kind  of  woollen  doth,  per  cent  40 30. ...  24    lb.  12cl&  ft  perct  26 

Rings,  an  netal **       80. ...30....  24  pernoA  80 

Rivets,  brass,  iron,  and  steel....        "       30.. ..30....  24  "      .80 

Rochenesalta "        20. ...20....  15  "80 

Rookmon "       20. ...20....  15  "10 

67 


904 


IbtmH  of  1842— 18«t 


967 


Bods  aod  «J68,  for  stain perontSO. 

Bodii  wood,  oompoflLtioB,   oass- 

menty  slit  or  rolled  steel "        80. 

BoBerbaokke,  as  saddlery **        20 

Bolls,  bro¥m  or  white  linen "        25. 

Bomah^  ootton  goods "       80. 

Boman  oement "        20. 

"       THriol "        20. 

Bope^  eiar or coiar lb.4}Gts.. 

•*     made  of  grass  or  baik ''^^cts.. 

*^     made  of  hides  cut  in  strips,  per  cent  20. 
"     or  cordage  of  oooos  nut 

shells lb.4}ots.. 

Bool^all  not  otherwise  ennmer- 

ated free,. 

••      arrow peroeoL20. 

*      madder free,. 

**     medicinal,  oOier,  crude. . .  '*        20. 

es "        25. 

water "       25. 

"        16. 

Bosolio,  cordial gaL  00  ct& . 

Bolten  stone free,. 

Bboens^  linen peroeiit25. 

loQge "        20. 

Babies •*          t. 

**      set "        25. 

Bnbram,  baric  aoer "        20. 

Biig%  for  bed  ooyerings,  cotton. .  **        30. 

"     another *•       40. 

Boles,  aU "        20. 

gaL  60090a. 

bc^, or  bay  water percent  25. 

cheny gaL  60  cts. . 

i  crash,  hemp per  cent  20. 

'*     dock,  diaper,  linen,  sheet- 
ings, and  otiier  of  flax..  **        20. 

•♦           da            do. "        20. 

Bartofiron **        20. 

Bye bosh.  15  cts.. 

**  flour percent  20. 


peret 

> . .SO. 4 

...30.. 

...20.. 


wn. 

per«t 


24 


_(  SO  a  or  leas,  per  ct  25 
(over  80a         *<     30 


..26.... 

24 

(86$  Oftkmi,) 

..20.... 

15 

per  cent  20 

..20.... 

15 

"        80 

..25^... 

19 

lb.  2clL 

..25.... 

19 

"   2ot8. 

..20.... 

15 

per  cent  20 

.25. 


19 


lb.8ct8. 


fres^...free, 

fiea 

..20.,..  15 

peroent  10 

..  5,..fteei 

ftea 

..20....  15 

«        20 

..20....  15 

"        20 

..30....  24 

«        20 

•  20....    8 

"        20 

.100....  80 

gaLiOcts. 

..10....     8 

free. 

..20....  15 

(SmLimiL) 

..30....  24 

peroent  30 

..10....     4 

6 

..30....  24 

«        25 

..20....  15 

"        2f 

..25....  14 

"        30 

..30....  24 

«        30 

..30....  24 

80 

.100..,.  80 

gaL40olB. 

..30...     24 

"   26tJts. 

.100....  30 

gaL50ota. 

..20....  15 

..20....  15 

30aorlesi^p.ct25 

..20....  15 

OTor  80  cts.,     "     30 

..20 15 

"        90 

..20....  15 

bosh.  15  Ota. 

.,20....  15 

«        20 

s. 


, percent  30.... 30.. ••  24 

•mfasram  satami,  &  of  L. "*       20.... 20....  16 

Backing,  linen **        20.. ..20.../  15 

Baddle  hooks *•        80. ...80  ...  24 


.80 
"  20 
«        90 

f*        80 


3lif(i^</ 1842— 1861. 


305 


EMcBetreM peroentlO. 

Ehiddlfliy,  All  not  otharwiM  QMQi* 

fled ««       80. 

'*       (rilyer  plated,  brasi^  or 

ttoel "       80. 

"       tiimed,    Japaimed,    or 

oommoii <*       SO. 

Saddlee •*       80. 

Sefflowor free,. 

SeffloQ finee^. 

**      ceke...^ «        20. 

8i«o *•        20. 

ftildoak 8q.7d.lete.. 

SalMine^  med.  prap. percent  80. 

fiU  Mnmoniac ^        20. 

«  ^ttoNtio «        to. 

"  anociDie «       20. 

Salemporei^  oottona "       30. 

Salep «        20. 

MmoD,  proBOTTod bbL  $2.00. 

"      iHokM i poroeiit20. 

aall^balk bnih.8cta.. 

"    otfeerwiae **    Seta.. 

Baited  aldyera.  xoaaa  or  pelta. ...  per  cent  5. 

aattpetre^  partialis  raflned lb.  }  ct. 

"         refined «  2  ota.. 

"        or  nitnild  of   poiaah, 

erode ftee^. 

flalta,  chemical,  aU percent  20. 

8an<brach,  reflned «<       25. 

Band  atonea "        20. 

flannaa,  cotton.... » **        20. 

8arooaoBa»  orade "        20. 

Sardinea,  in  aalt *>       20. 

"       andaUflahinofl......  "        80. 

flareaparilla free,. 

fianneta,  ootton "        80. 

"        aflk lb.$2.50. 

8aahea,aflk "  $2.60. 

8aah  fiiatenera per  cent  80. 

Saaaafraa '*        20. 

Akttn,  Denmaric,  wonted **        20. 

"     gaa» «        20. 

"     allk lb.$2.60. 

Sancepana,  metal per  cent  30. 

Sanoee,  all  kioda *'       20. 

aanaagea,  (if  not  Bologna) *<       25. 

flawna,  ooitona *'       30. 

Sa(w%oroaacat **       80. 


IMflL      18f7. 

IML 

p«ret      peret 

..80....  24 

percent  30 

.80....  24 


.80....  84 


80 


30 


.20. 

...  15 

«        80 

.30. 

...  24 

«        80 

.  5. 

..tee, 

flw. 

.20. 

...  15 

10 

.20. 

...  16 

«        10 

.20. 

...  15 

lb.  Jet. 

.80. 

...15 

percent  25 

.80. 

...  84 

30 

.10. 

...     8 

10 

.20. 

...  16 

"        20 

.20. 

...  16 

"        20 

.26. 

...  24 

(See  Cotton.) 

.20. 

...  16 

per  cent  20 

.30. 

...  M 

«        30 

.40., 

...  80 

bbL  $8.00 

.20. 

...  15 

bush.  4  eta. 

.20. 

...  16 

«     Octs. 

.  6. 

...    4 

percent  5 

.10. 

...     8 

"        10 

.10. 

...     8 

«        10 

.  5. 

...    4 

free. 

.20. 

...  15 

«        20 

.20. 

...  16 

««        20 

,20. 

...16 

**        20 

.26., 

...24 

(SeeOotton.) 

.20. 

...     8 

percent.  10 

.20. 

...  16 

lb.  Jet 

.20. 

...  30 

percent  30 

.20.. 

...   15 

**        10 

.26. 

...  24 

(See  Cotton.) 

.26.. 

...  19 

per  cent  30 

.30. 

...24 

30 

.80. 

...  24 

"        30 

.20. 

...  16 

*•        20 

.26. 

...  19 

Ib.12ct8.andp.ct25 

.26. 

...19 

"        30 

.26. 

...  19 

"        30 

.80. 

...24 

"        80 

.80. 

...  24 

«        80 

.40. 

...80 

"        20 

.26. 

...  24 

(SeeCoUon,) 

.80. 

...  24 

lbot8cta. 

606 


2b^^ld42->lML 


8ftw%  mill-pit  and  drag per  omt  30. . 

It                  «               «              II  II               OA 

Sawsets "        30. 

Scagliola  tables  or  slabs '*        30. . 

Scale  beams ^       30., 

Scales "        30., 

Soammoniate,  med.  gmn  .......  **        20. , 

Scantling "        20. 

"       and  sawed  timber,  or  un- 

wrongfat "        20., 

Scarfs,  silk  or  cotton **        30. 

"      wool *'       40. 

Sdlli,  or  aqmUs '*        20. 

Scissors "        30. 

Scoop  nets lUtcts.. 

Scotch  braces per  cent.  80. 

Scrapers »*        30. 

Sea  weed,  and  all  other  regetabld 

sobatanoes    used   ibr  beds  or 

mattresses « "        20. 

Seedlac. "        10. 

Seeds,  garden fi«e, . 

"     all  others  not  specified. . . .  fr«e,  . 

Sdnes 1U7  ctiL. 

Segars lb.  40et8.*. 

"      "40cte... 

"      "  40ct8.. 

"      paper. "  Wets.. 

Seltzer  water per  cent  20. 

Seneca,  or  radix  root **        20. 

Senna "        20. 

SepU "        20. 

Serge,  woolen '*        40. 

Sextants "        30. 

Shades^  lace,  sewed.  ...^ lb.  $2.60. 

Shaddocks ftee, . 

Shaving  soap per  cent  30. 

Shawls,  wool **        40., 

"       other  shawb. "        80. 

Shears "        30. 

Sheathing  metal,  patent,  eomposed 

in  part  of  cc^per free,  . 

Sheathing  paper • Ib.l6cts.. 

Sheets,  willow "        80. 

Sheetings,  linen,  hemp  or  Russia, 

brown  or  white. *'        20. 

Shellac linee,. 

8heU,baskets *«        26. 

"    boxes,  not  otherwise  enu- 
merated   «        26. 

70 


iMflL    vm. 

IML 

perct.      p«ret 

..30....  24  wideOiaotV^aOHit 

..30....  24  i 

»?«r  9  in,  wide  ft.  SO  e. 

..30.,,.  24 

per  cent  30 

..40....  80 

80 

..80....  24 

80 

..30....  24 

"        80 

..20....  16 

«        20 

,.20....  16 

"        20 

..20....  16 

u           ^ 

..30....  24 

"        80 

...20...,  24 

lb.lScte.aQdp.&26 

...20....  16 

per  cent  80 

...30....  24 

"        80 

...30.... .24 

lh.6cftiL 

...30...,  24 

p«Mit30 

...30.,..  24 

«        80 

...SO...,  16 

-      ii 

...  6....     4 

frea 

.free,  ..t^ 

Ami 

.free,  ..free^ 

p«  cent  10 

...30....  24 

Ikteti. 

..40....  80 

$6or]etilLlb.80elL 

..40,...  30 

$6^10  M.  lb.  40  eta. 

..40....  3OoTerfl0M.6OaAFic.lO 

...40....  80 

per  cent  80 

...30....  24 

«        20 

...20....  16 

ftMl 

...20,,..  16 

«          10 

...20....  16 

u         10 

...30.,,,  24 

Ib.12oCi.aBdp.ci6 

...30....  24 

percent  80 

...30....  24 

80 

...20.,..     8 

"        10 

...30....  24 

u        so 

..30...,  24 

lb.18otaLWidp.c26 

.:.30....   24 

percent  80 

...30.,..  24 

80 

.free,  .,fre^ 

"Sdi. 

...20....  16 

percent  10 

...30....  24 

«        30 

...20....  16 

«        8S 

...6....     4 

ftMl 

...30....  24 

•«        80 

. . .30. ...  24 

tt        80 

2TO  Ibr^s  of  1842—1861.  507 


1MB.      iaS7.  1861. 

p«rct.      perot 

,  foldk  for  paintiDg. per  oeot  20. . .  .30. ...  24  pv  cent  20 

"     rilyer,  for  painting "        20.. ..30....  24  «*        20 

"     turtle  or  tortoise "          5....  6,...    4  free. 

Shells,  aU  other **        20 6 4  free. 

Shingle  and  stave  bolts free^  .  .free^ . . .  finee^  free. 

Shingles •*        20. ...20 24  "30 

Shirtings,  cotton  bleaditcL "*        30.. ..25 24  (8m  ChUan.) 

"        unbleached "        30. ...25....  W  « 

"         linen «        26.. ..20....  15  peroent26 

Shirts,  silk lb.  $2.&0 30 24  "        30 

"      woollen  or  worsted pereent  40....26....  Id  lb.  12 eliL  and  p. ct  25 

"      all  other  similar  manu&o- 

tures made  on  frame "        30....90..«.  24  percent  30 

Shoe  lading,  silk. **        80 25 19  '^        30 

"        "        woollen "        80 30 U  "30 

"    thread "        30.. ..20....  15  «        30 

Shoes  or  slippers  for  diildren....    pair  15  ctt.....30....  24  "        30 
"         "       for  gr^wn  per- 
sons, <if  silk...       "  80ctB.....80....  24  •<        80 
"        "       of    leather,    for 

men "  80c«b.....30....  24  ••80 

"         "        of  prunella,  8tufl| 
or  other  materials,  ezoept  silk, 

for  women. "  80ctt.....30 24  "80 

Shoes,  i. «.  double-aoled  pumps  and 

welts^  women's  leather "  25  et8.....30....  24  "80 

Shot  bags  and  belts per  osnt  25.  ...30....  24  "        80 

Shorels **        80 30 24  "30 

Shrubs free,.,  free,... fr«e^  free. 

Shute,  Imperial "        20.. ..20 15  "        20 

Shuttlecocks  and  battledores. .. .        "        30 80 24  "        30 

Sokles,  iron,  steel "        30. ...30....  24  "        30 

SUearms '*        30.. ..30 24  "30 

Saeyes,  hiwn,  cypreea,  wireor  hair        "        30. . .  .30 24  "30 

Silk  and  ootton  vesting per  cent  30 25 19  "        30 

"    and  worsted  valenoias,  toile- 

nets  or  crape  de  Lyons  . .       lb.  $2.50. . .  .25. ...  19  "80 

"    andworstedshawls, hemmed  percent  80.... 30. ...  24  "       80 

"          "             manufootures  of       "        30.. ..25....  19  "80 
"    i^vona^  collars,  cuflEi,  chemi- 
aettea,  turbaot,  Biantillaa, 

andpelkriMs lb.  $2.50.... 30....  24  "       30 

^    bobbin  or  braids peroant30 25....  19  "        80 

"    caps,  if  entirely  of  silk lb.  $2.50.... 30....  24  "        SO 

"    cords "  $2.50.... 25....  19  "        30 

"    cuHs "  $2.50.... 30....  24  "        30 

"    floss  and  other  similar,  puri- 
fied from  the  gum. per  cent  25.... 25....  19  "        20 

"    friaettee. "        80... .30....  24  "30 

"    garters^  with  wire  and  clasps        "        30.... 30....  24  "30 

71 


jMrosotaa 

(i 

30 

M 

SO 

U 

90 

II 

ao 

u 

80 

u 

80 

u 

80 

u 

80 

« 

80 

506  Ibhj^  of  1842— 18<L  071 

IMS.         184a      Vm.  ISSL 

peret.      parct 

8flk,^om Ih.  $8.60.... 80....  U 

*'    handkerchieft,  not  tewed...  *'   $8.50.... 25....  19 

«    hatbands. **  $3.50....2A 19 

"    hats  or  bonnets  for  wonten..  eMh$l....80.<^.  24 

^*    hose percMiti0....8O....  24 

"      **    sewed «        40....80....  M 

**    lace, lb.  $2.50.... 25....  19 

**    manu&ctures  with  gold  or 

silver,  or  other  metal. ...  per  oent  80. . .  .30. .. .  24 

"    mitts lb.  $2.00.. ..80..,.  24 

«       "    sewed "  $2.50.... 30 24 

"    not  more  advanced  in  man- 

ofiMture  than   Bingie%  or 

tram lb.  60  ct8.....15....  12                        ««        19 

"    ornaments,  oil  doth,  so;q;»end- 

ers,     stodcs,     stocking^ 

twist percent  30.... 30....  24                        ^       W 

"    pongees,  white lb.  $2.60.... 25....  19                        **        80 

**    raw "50OISL....16....  U                              free. 

"    sowing,  all "       $2... .80....  24                        «        30 

*        **        mw "50cta....l5...frie^                        "        80 

"    tassels "  $2.60.... 26....  19                         "        80 

"    watch  chains  or  ribbons....  "  $2.60.... 26....  19                         *<        80 

«    webbing per  oent  80....  26..,.  19                        «        80 

«    velve^  $3.  per  yard  or  less,  lb.  $2.50. . .  .26. . . .  19                        ««        25 

•«        "       over  $3.  pw' yard . .  "   $2.60.... 26...,  19                        "        80 

«    all  other  arUdcs «        80... .30..,,  24                        •*        80 

8aks,at$L.  per  yardorkss....  lb. $2.50.... 26....  19                         *^        90 

«     over  $1.  per  yaid •*  $2.60.... 26...,  19                         «        80 

Silver,  all  manuiactares  o^  not 

otherwise  q)eeifled "        30 30....  M  **        80 

<*       bulUon  and  coin free, . .  flt)e» . . .  free^                              free. 

"       German,  in  sheets "        30.... 30....  84                         "        80 

"            "         manu&cturee oi;  »*        30.... 30....  24                         "80 

'*      plated  metal,  in  sheets  or 

other  form "        30 30 24  «         80 

Sflveredwire '*        80 30 24  "30 

8ynip  of  sugar  cane lb.  2}  ota . . .  .30. ...  84                         lb.  f  ct 

Sisal  grass ton  $26 26....  19  ton  $10 

Sithee percent  30.... 30....  24                  peroentSO 

Skates "        30 30....  M    20 &  or  !«■,  pair  6 c 

"    «        80.... 30....  24    OTer20clB.    p.ct  80 

Skeletons *<        80.. ..20....  16                  peroeotSO 

Skins,  calf  and  seal,  taaned  and 

dre«ed doc  $6.00.... 20....  16                        "        20 

"     fish,  for  Haddlers,  Ac "        20 20..,,  15  «        20 

"     glazed,  as  patent  leather. .  "        85.... 20....  19                        "        80 

"     goat  and  sheep,  tanned  and 

not  dressed dos.  $l.00....20....  16                       "       20 

72 


272 


Ifcrt>  0/1842^1861. 


909 


Skinfl^  gotft  or  morooco,  tanned 

and  dressed doa.$2.60. 

'*     kid  and  lamb,  tanned  and 

not  dresaed **  76ota.. 

"     kid,  £mned  and  dressed..  "   $1.00. 

'<     ofallkindsinthebair.dried, 

raw,  or  uumaDU&otored,  per  oent  6. 

"     pickled,  in  casks "*        SO. 

**     sheep,  tanned  or  dressed. .  doc  $1.00. 

**         "     withwocd "    $1.00. 

"     tanned  and  dressed,  other- 
wise than  in  colors,  viz. :  fiiwn, 

kid,  k  lamb,  known  as  diamois,  "   $1.00. 

Skins,  white,  for  dmggists per  oent  20. 

"     with  wool  npon  them  ... .  "        20. 

Skivera^  pi(Med "        20. 

**       tanned doE.$2.00. 

Slates  of  all  kmds per  oent.  26. 

Sledges lb.  2icts.. 

Slick  stones per  oent  20. 

Smalw "       20. 

Snails "        20. 

Snake-root "        20. 

Snaps,  a  clasp  or  ketdi "       30. 

SnaflT. lb.  12  cts.. 

Snuffers per  oent  80. 

Snuffer  trajs "        80. 

Soap,  an lb.  4ots.. 

**    stodcs  and  atnflb per  oent  10. 

Soda,ash "          6. 

**    preparations    or    manniac- 

turee  of •*        20. 

Sole  blanche.  Chenille **       20. 

Solanine,  med.  prep. ^        20. 

Soles,  felt  or  cork «        30. 

Sooty  romals,  cotton **        30. 

Sonvenirs **        30. 

S07 "        30. 

Sjwrs "        30. 

Spartaria **        30. 

Spa,or%»ware **        30. 

Spartateen,  or  ooral **        20. 

Spatulas **        30. 

Spectmens^    anatomksal   prepara- 
tions   "        30. 

Spectade  cases,  an **        30. 

"       glasses,  not  set gross  $2 . 

"            «        pebble,  not  set,  "     $2. 

Spectacles,  an .- per  cent  30. 

^)elter,  in  pigs,  bans  or  plates  . .  **        20 

78 


unr. 

p«rct.      p«ret 


.20 15 


.20.... 

16 

.20.... 

16 

.  5.... 

4 

.  6.... 

4 

.20.... 

15 

.20.... 

15 

,20.... 

15 

.20.... 

15 

.20.... 

15 

.  6.... 

4 

.20.... 

15 

.26.... 

10 

.30... 

24 

.20.... 

15 

.20.... 

15 

.20.... 

15 

.20.... 

15 

.30.... 

24 

.40.... 

89 

.30.... 

U 

.30.... 

24 

.80,... 

24 

.10.... 

8 

.10.... 

4 

.20.... 

15 

.26.... 

19 

.20.... 

24 

.30.... 

24 

.26.... 

24 

.30.... 

24 

30.... 

24 

.20.... 

16 

.30.... 

24 

.40.... 

30 

.20.... 

16 

.30.... 

24 

.30.... 

24 

80   ... 

24 

.30 

24 

.30.... 

24 

.30.... 

24 

10   ... 

4 

percent  20 


20 


u 

5 

u 

6 

u 

20 

M 

16 

M 

20 

u 

20 

M 

16 

M 

6 

it 

20 

U 

30 

U>.  2cts. 

percent  20 

free. 

M 

20 

free. 

U 

30 

lb.  lOcts. 

percent  30 

M 

30 

C( 

30 

U 

10 

free. 

M 

20 

11 

30 

M 

30 

u 

30 

(i 

30 

U 

80 

U 

20 

u 

20 

It 

80 

u 

30 

u 

■30 

u 

80 

IC 

80 

M 

30 

U 

30 

U 

80 

u 

30 

H). 

1  ct 

610 


Tln^^  1842—1861. 


278 


Spelter,  in  Bbeets per  cent  80. 

*'      maou&ctnres  of "        20. 

Spermaceti  oil,  of  foreign  fisfaeriet,  gaL  26  eta. . 
Spider  net,  considered  as  cotton 

cloth par  cant  30. 

Spirits,  brandy gal  60  cts.. 

"      grain «    60ct8.. 

'*      other  materials "   60  cts.. 

"      yellow^ "    eooto.. 

Spokes. per  cent  80. 

Spokeshaves "        30. , 

Sponges. "        20., 

8poons,all "        80.. 

Spunk "        20 . 

I^KiTB,  all "        30. 

Springs,  for  wigs "        30. 

Spj-glasses ''        80., 

Squares,  all "        30., 

Suuxjh lb.  2ote... 

Stars  of  gold,  fine  and  half  fine.. .  per  cent  30. . 

St  Ignatius'  beans. '*        20. 

Statues  and  specimens  of  statnaiy  firee,  . 

StBve8,an **        20. 

Stavesacre. "        20., 

Steel  in  ingots,  bars,  sheets  or  wim 

over  i  in.  diam.,  valued  t  ctn 

or  lees owt  $2.60. . 

Do.    do.      valued  7<dll  cts...  ''    $2.60., 

Steel,  any  form  not  provided  for. .  "    $2.60  . 

**    wire,  No.  16^^  in.  in  diam.  per  cent  30. . 

"      "     less  than  Na  16 "        30.. 

*'    an  manufactures  oC.......  **        30.. 

StereotTpe  plates "        26.. 

Siiffeners  for  cravats "        30. . 

Still  worms **        30.. 

«*    bottoms "        80.. 

Stockinetts "        40.. 

Stomach  pumps '*        30.. 

Stone,  Armenian "        20. . 

"      ware. "        30.. 

**        "*    whether  gilt»  painted, 

printed  or  glazed ^        20.. 

Stones,  Bristol "        20.. 

"      caustic "        20.. 

"      mill,  fit  for  use "        20. . 

<*      not  meichantable,  ballast  "        20. . 

"      oil "        20.. 

Storax,  balsam **        30.. 

Straw  baskets. -. "        36.. 

**     carpets  and  carpeting  ....  '*        26 . . 

74 


is4a 

1887. 

IML 

perot 

perot 

..16. 

...   12 

IKliOtiL 

..30. 

...24 

per  cent.  80 

..20. 

...  16 

(t 

20 

..28. 

...  24 

(( 

30 

,.100. 

...  30 

tet  proot  gal  $1.00 

.100. 

...  30 

U                      II 

40  cts. 

.100. 

...80 

l«                  u 

40ots. 

..20. 

...  16 

per  cent  30 

..30. 

...24 

u 

30 

..30. 

...  24 

u 

30 

..20. 

...     8 

tt 

10 

..30. 

...  24 

11 

30 

..20. 

...16 

u 

10 

..30. 

...24 

u 

30 

..30. 

...  24 

t( 

30 

..30. 

...  24 

M 

30 

..30. 

...24 

M 

30 

..20. 

...  16 

11 

20 

..30. 

...   24 

II 

30 

..20. 

...  16 

41 

20 

frWj 

..firee. 

It 

10 

..20. 

...16 

fteeandp. 

ct  20 

..20. 

...  16 

per  cent  20 

..20.. 

...  16 

Ib.licli. 

..20. 

...16 

u 

2  ct& 

..20. 

...16 

percent  20 

..20. 

...16 

lb.  2  cts.  and  p. 

ctl6 

..20. 

...   16 

II  21     **         *' 

16 

..30. 

...24 

per  cent  80 

..20. 

...16 

11 

80 

..30. 

...24 

It 

80 

..30. 

...24 

II 

30 

. .30. . 

...   24 

u 

20 

..30. 

...24 

II 

30 

..30., 

.•.  24 

11 

30 

..20.. 

...16 

II 

20 

..30., 

...24 

u 

20 

..30., 

...  24 

u 

26 

..20., 

...  16 

II 

20 

..20.. 

...  16 

II 

20 

..20. 

...16 

II 

20 

..20,. 

...16 

II 

20 

..20. 

...16 

II 

20 

..30.. 

...  24 

u 

30 

..30., 

...  2^ 

M 

30 

..26  . 

...  24 

M 

30 

S74 


Iktriffif  of  1842— 18«1. 


511 


iBia 

straw,  hr  haiB,  in  natanJ  state. .  per  oeot  30. 
Stretohera  for  umbrellas  and  para- 
sols   "        30. 

Strings,  bofv,  if  gut ''        15., 

"      hatters',  if  gut "        16. 

**      of  musical  inatmrnenti)  if 

got "        16. 

Strontian. '*       20. 

Strychnine "        20. 

StQd8,an "        30. 

Stofr,  princettas "        30. 

"    goods,  all  kinds  of  worsted.  "        30. 

Succory,  ground. "        20. 

Sugar,  raw lb.  2)  ots. . 

'*     refined,  loa(  lump,  orusbed, 

pulverized '*  6  ctSL. 

"     refined,  tinctured  or  colored  '*  6ots.. 

"     ^Tup,  concentrated  molas- 
ses and  melado "  2^  cts. . 

*'     white  or  clayed "2)cts.. 

"     of  lead. "  4cta. 

"     moulds,  hooped  or  not. ...  per  cent  30. 

Sulphate  of  ammonia **        30 . 

"        of  quinine,  of  rhubarb,  of 

zinc,  of  magnesia,  or  of  iron....  oc  46  cts.. 

Snlph.  mur.  tin. per  cent  20. 

Sulphur,  floe free,. 

Sulphuric  ether. *'       20. 

Sumaa free, . 

Surgeons'  instruments,  all "        30. 

Surplice  pins. "        30. 

Suspender  ends. **       36. 

Suspenders,  aU. "       35. 

Swans,  down  of. "        25. 

Swansdown,  woollen "        40 . 

Sweetmeats  or  comfits,  all "        26 . 

Sword  knots^  gold  and  silTer,  fine 

and  half  fine "*       80. 

«           laoe. "       30 

**          (Bilk  or  wonted.  •• .  *'       30. 


iMe. 

unr. 

laeL 

p«rct 

p«r<it 

.  .20; 

...  16 

per  cent  20 

..30. 

...24 

"       30 

..20. 

...  16 

"        20 

..20. 

...16 

«        20 

..20. 

...16 

-        20 

..20. 

...16 

"        20 

..30. 

...  24 

«        20 

...30. 

...  24 

"        30 

..26. 

...  19 

«        80 

..26. 

...   19 

•«        80 

...20. 

...16 

"        20 

...30. 

...24 

lb.f  ot 

..30. 

...  24 

lb.  2  cts. 

..30. 

...  24 

**  4ots. 

...30. 

...  24 

lb.  fa 

...30. 

...  24 

"  fa 

..20. 

...16 

percent  20 

..30. 

...  24 

«       80 

...20. 

...16 

"        10 

...20. 

...16 

lb.  ict 

..20. 

...  16 

percent  10 

...20. 

...  16 

"       20 

...20. 

...16 

20 

..   6. 

...     4 

free. 

..30. 

...  24 

"        30 

..30. 

...  94 

"        30 

..30. 

...  24 

"        30 

..30. 

...  94 

"        30 

..26. 

...19 

20 

..30. 

...24 

lb.  12  eta.  and  p.  ct  26 

..40. 

...  30 

percent  30 

..80. 

...  24 

•*        30 

...30. 

...  24 

*        30 

..26. 

...19 

-        30 

T^ble  tops,  scag^bla percent  30... 

TWkws'chalk "        20... 

TWcmmeraL "        20... 

Tallow lb.  1  ct . . . 

**     candles Ib.4ct8.... 

76 


40....  30 

percent  80 

20....  16 

tree. 

.20  ..free. 

10 

.10....     8 

lb.  let 

20....  16 

Ib.2cts. 

512 


TfanJ*  0/ 1842— 1861/ 


275 


Tamtfinds peroent.20. 

"       preeeiTed "  26. 

Tamboreens **  25. 

Taonin,  medicinal '*  30. 

Tapers,  paper,  with  oottoo  wick.  "  36. 

"      Btearine "  30. 

**      apermaceti  or  wax **  30. 

Ti^MOca "  26. 

Tar,  BarbadoeSf  erode "  16. 

**    coal "  16. 

Tares "  26. 

Tarpaulings ^  20. 

Tartrate  of  aotimon7,    or   tart 

emetic «  20. 

Tasters,  cfaeeae "  30. 

Teas,  all  kinds,  fttMn  beyond  Cape 

of  Good  Hope free,. 

Teas,  other **  20. 

Teadea "  20. 

Teeth,  all  other free,. 

Telescopes "  20. 

Terraglifl^  a  kind  of  ooral "  20. 

Terra-Japonica •*  16.' 

"           de  sienna,  in  oil...  **  26 

Terra  umbra  and  sienna,  diy....  "  20. 

Teateoagae,  in  sheets free,. 

"       •  boxes free,. 

"         onmanu&ctnred. . . .  free, . 

Theriaque "  20. 

Thibet,  cashmere  of *<  20. 

"      shawls,  real  or  goats' hair,  **  40. 

"          "      of  wool "  40. 

**          "       body  cotton "  30. 

Thimblea,an »  80. 

Thor,  marine **  20. 

Thread,  escutcheons "  30. 

"      pack lb.6cta. 

Thridaoe percent.  20. 

Ticklenbergs "  26. 

Ticks,  cotton "  80 

Tilea^  marble "  80. 

**     paving  and  roofing "  26. 

**     encaustic "  26. 

Timber,  hewn  or  sawed **  20. 

Timepieces "  96. 

Tin,  all  maaufiMstures  of, *<  80. 

"   banca IKl  ct* 

"   bkwk "  lot.. 

"   boxes per  cent  30. 

"  crystalsof »*  30. 

76 


iMe. 

lSi7. 

im. 

peret. 

perot 

..20. 

...     8 

psroeotlO 

..40. 

...  30 

tt 

80 

..20. 

...  15 

u 

20 

..30. 

...  24 

M 

80 

..80. 

...24 

U 

80 

..20. 

...  16 

lb.  4cta. 

..20. 

..  15 

u 

8cte. 

..20. 

...  15 

percent  10 

..20. 

...  15 

u 

20 

.  20. 

...16 

tt 

20 

..20. 

...  16 

u 

20 

..20. 

...  15 

u 

80 

..20. 

...  16 

M 

20 

..30. 

...  24 

U 

80 

free,. 

..free, 

fl^ 

..20. 

...16 

Ib.4ot8.aodperctl0 

..20. 

...  16 

percent  10 

..  6. 

...     4 

M 

10 

..30. 

...  24 

« 

80 

..20. 

..  15 

M 

80 

..10 

..free, 

free. 

..30. 

...  24 

U 

30 

..20. 

...16 

U 

10 

..16. 

...  12 

IKHcta 

..30. 

...  24 

per  cent  80 

..  6. 

...     4 

lb. 

let 

..20. 

...16 

percent  20 

..26. 

...19 

a 

80 

..30. 

...24 

u 

30 

..30. 

...24 

lb.  12  Ota.  and  p. 

ct26 

..30. 

...24 

percent  30 

..30. 

...  24 

u 

30 

..20. 

...   15 

u 

20 

..30. 

...  24 

u 

30 

..30. 

...  24 

<1 

80 

..20. 

...15 

u 

20 

..20. 

...16 

u 

30 

..26. 

...  24 

tt 

30 

..30. 

...  24 

M 

30 

..20. 

...15 

U 

30 

..20. 

...15 

41 

20 

..20. 

...  15 

U 

20 

..30. 

...  24 

M 

80 

..30. 

...  24 

tt 

sa 

..  6. 

..free. 

free. 

..  6 

..free, 

fteei 

..30. 

...  24 

« 

30 

..20. 

...15 

II 

SO 

276                            Tanffs  of  1842—1861.  518 

1843.         1846.      18ff7.  1801.     * 

perct.      perct. 

Kn,foil lb.  21ct8.....15....  12  percent.  10 

"   granulated "   2^  eta.. . .  .20. .. .  1ft  "        20 

«*   grain per  cent  20. .  ..20 16  "        20 

"   in  bare lb.  1  ct 6...free^  free. 

"   in  pigs "  let 5...free^  free. 

"   in  plates lb.  2}  cts. . . . .  16 8  "        10 

"         "      galvanized "  2J  cts.. ..  .16 8  "        10 

"  insheets '*  2J  eta 16....     8  "        10 

"   liquor per  cent  20. ..  .20 15  **        20 

"   muriateof "        20 20 15  "        10 

"   oxide  of «        20.... 20....  15  "        20 

"tagger lb.  2J  eta... .16....     8  "        10 

Tineture6»  bark,  and  other  medic- 
inal   per  cent  30.... 30....  24  "       30 

"        odoriferooB "        26 30....  24  "        30 

lappets,  if  classed  as  millinery...         "        30 30 24  "        30 

Tips  and  runners  for  parasols  and 

nmbrellaa,  metal "        30 30 24  **        30 

Tobacco,  manufactured lb.  10  eta 40 30  "30 

"       leaves,    or    unmanufao- 

tured per  cent  20....  80 24  •*        26 

Otoaenets "        30...  30 24  "        30 

Toilet  glasses "        30.... 30 24  «        30 

Tolu,  balsam  of "        20 30 24  "        30 

Tongues,  neats,  smoked "        20 20 15  "        30 

"        reindeer "        20 20 16  "        30 

«        sounds "        20. ...20....  15  "        80 

Tonquabeans "        20 20 16  "        20 

Tools  and  implements  of  trade  in 
use  bj  persons  arriving  in  the 

TJnitod  States free, . .  free, . . .  fi«e,  ft^e. 

Tooth  brushes  or  powders "        30 30 24  "        30 

"      picks,  all "        30 30 24  «        30 

Topaz,  real "          7 10 4  "5 

Touch  stones "        20 20 16  «        20 

Tow,  flax "        20 20 16  ton  $5 

"     hemp "        20. ...20....  16  "  $10 

Toys,  of  every  description "        30 30. ...  24  per  cent  30 

Trays  and  waiters,  aU "        30 30 24  "        30 

Treacle,  molasses lb.  4^  mills. 30. ...  24  gal  2  eta 

Treeses,laoe lb.  $2.60 30 24  peroent30 

Trees free, ..  free, ...  fi^  free. 

TruflBes per  cent  30 40. ...  30  "30 

Trusses "        30 30 24  "        30 

Tubes,cast "        30 30 24  lb.    }  ct 

"     wrought "        30.. ..30....  24  "    2cta 

Tug  buckles,  as  saddlery "        30 30. ...  24  per  cent  30 

Turmeric free,....  6....    4                   ^  free. 

Turpentine,  spirits  of gaL  10  cts 20....  16    gaL lOctaorp. ot20 

Turqooiaes • percent    7....10,...    4  percent    5 

77 


514                            Tariffs  of  1842—1861.  277 

1849.         184a      1807.  186L 

per  ct      per  ot 

Tartle^  green percent  20 20 16  per  cent.  10 

Tweezers,  all »*        30. ...30....  24  "       30 

Twine lb.  6  cts..  ...30....  24  «       30 

Typesjmetal percent  26.... 20....  16  "       20 

"      new "        26. ...20....  16  «       20 

"     old **       26. ...20....  16  free. 

u. 

Umber ....20....  16  lb.  Jet. 

Umbrellaa peroentSO 30....  24  percentSO 

Umbrella  furniture "       30.... 30....  24  "       30 

Valendaa,  wool percent  40.... 80....  24    lb.  12ct8.andp.ct25 

"        worsted "       30 26....  19  peroentSO 

Valonianut free,....  6. ..free,  free. 

Vanilla^  beans "        20. ...20....  16  "       10 

"      plants  of free,.,  free,... free,  free. 

Varnishes,  of  all  kinds...' **       20.  ...20. ...  16  "       30 

Vases,  porcelain "       30.... 30....  24  "30 

Vegetables,  prepared "       20. . .  .40. ...  30  "SO 

"         used  in  dyeing,  crude,             free, 6...free^  free. 

"         not  otherwise  provid- 
ed for "        20 20....  16  "        10 

Veils,  laoe^  cotton  or  silk "        60. . .  .30. ...  24  "30 

Vellum "        26. ...30....  24  "        30 

Velvet  binding,  cotton "        30. ..  .25. ...  24  "       30 

"           "        silk lb.S2.50 26 19  "        30 

"      cotton "        30 20 24  "        30 

**      silk lb.  $2.50.... 26....  19  yd.  $3.  or  less  per  ct  25 

"        "    "   $2.60 26 19    "  over$3.       "     30 

"      terry,  or  figured,  in  strips 

for  buttons per  cent  20. ...  6 4  per  cent  20 

Velveteens,  cotton "        30.... 25....  24  "        30 

VeneeriDg  rods "        30.... 30....  24  "        80 

Venetian  red,  in  oil "        30. . .  .30. ...  24  "20 

Venison  hams lb.  3  cts.....20 16  lb.  2  cte. 

Veratrine,  med.  prep per  cent  20. . .  .20. ...  24  per  cent  30 

Verdigris "        20... .20....  16  "        10 

Vorditure "        20.... 20....  16  "        20 

Vermicelli "        30.... 30....  24  "        80 

Vermilion "        20 20. ...  15  "        20 

Vessels^  cast  iron,  not  otherwise 

specified Ib.ljcts. 30....  24  lb.  let 

"       copper per  cent  30. . .  .30. ...  24  per  cent  30 

Vestings,  cotton "       30 25 24  "        30 

Vests percent  60. ...30 24  peroentSO 

Vinegar gal  Sets..... 30... .  24  gaL6ota. 

78 


278  Ibr^s  of  1842—1861. 

1M2.         1846. 

perct. 

"VToKns percent  30 20... 

Violin  strings,  gut  or  wire "        15.... 20... 

Vitriol,  blue lb.  4  eta, ....  20 .. . 

"      green "  2  eta..... 20... 

"      oilof *»  1  ct....lO.,. 

"    «7hlte peroent20 20... 


615 

1867. 

p«rct. 

186L 

.  15 

per  cent  20 

.  15 

"   20 

.  15 

20 

.  16 

lb.  \  ct 

.  4 

percent  10 

.  15 

per  cent  20 

w. 


Wadding  paper percent  30., 

Wafers "        25.. 

Wagon  boxes lb.  let.. 

Waiters,  all percentSO., 

Walking  sticks  or  canes "        30. . 

Ware,  chemical,  earthen  pottery.  "        30.. 

"     painted "        30.. 

Wash  balls ♦*        30.. 

Waslies "        25.. 

Waste,  or  shoddy "        10.. 

Watch  crystals,  when  not  set . . .  gross  $2.00. . 

Watches per  cent    t  J. 

Watch   materials    and   parts  of 

watches "          *\\, 

Watch  pipe  keys "        30., 

Water  wheels  of  iron "        30.. 

"      colors "        20. . 

Waxbeads **        30., 

"    bees',  bleached  or  unbleach*d        '*        15.. 

"    sealing "        25.. 

"    shoemakers* "        15 . . 

Wearing  apparel,  now,  wool ....  "        50. . 

"     other....  "        50.. 

Webbing,  India  rubber "        30 . . 

Wedgewood  wure "        30.. 

Weld free,.. 

Wet  blue "        20.. 

Whalebone,  of  foreign  fishing. . .  "        12 J, 

"          of  American  fishing.  free, . . 

Wheat bush.  25  cts.. . 

*'      flour 1121bs.70c... 

Whetstones per  cent  20. . 

Whips "        25.. 

Whisky,  all gaL  OOcts... 

Whiting lb.  1  ct.. 

Wick  cottons  or  wick  yams,  as 

cotton  yam per  cent  30. , 

Wigs "        25.. 

Willows "        25.. 

WiDOB,  all .; gaL6d60a.. 

79 


..30., 

...  24 

percent  30 

..30. 

...  24 

**   30 

..30., 

...24 

lb.  2  cts. 

..30. 

...24 

per  cent  30 

..30. 

...24 

"    30 

..30. 

...15 

"    20 

..30., 

...15 

26 

..30. 

...24 

"    30 

..30. 

...24 

«    30 

..  5. 

...  4 

"    10 

.  .30. 

...24 

"    30 

..10. 

...  8 

"    15 

..10. 

...  4 

15 

..30. 

...24 

"    30 

..30. 

...24 

30 

..30. 

...24 

**    30 

..30. 

...24 

30 

..20. 

...15 

10 

..30. 

...24 

"    30 

..20. 

...15 

"    20 

..30. 

...  24 

lb.  12  cts.  and  p.  c.  25 

..30. 

...24 

per  cent  30 

..30. 

...  24 

"    30 

..30. 

...24 

"    30 

..  5. 

...  4 

•  flw. 

..20. 

...16 

"    20 

..20. 

...15 

20 

free,. 

..free, 

fiw. 

..20.. 

...  15 

bush.  20  cts. 

..20. 

...15 

per  cent  10 

..20. 

...15 

20 

..30. 

...  24 

30 

.100. 

...30 

gaL  40  cts. 

..20. 

...16 

lb.  i  ct 

..25. 

...  24 

per  cent  30 

..30. 

..  24 

30 

..20.. 

...  16 

"   20 

..40.. 

...  30 

"   40 

516  Tariffs  of  1842—1861 

184S.         1846. 

percfc. 

Wire,  bonnet  or  cap,  covered  with 

ailk lb.  12  cts. 26. . . 

"     brass per  cent  26 30... 

"     aU  other lb.  8  cts.. . .  .30. . . 

Wood,  bar free, 6... 

"      Brazil free, 6... 

••       Brazilletto free, ....  6 . . . 

**      camwood. free, ....  6 . . . 

**      cannaguey free, ....  6 . . . 

**       chess  men per  cent.  30. . .  .30. . . 

"      dye,  all  in  sticks free, ....  6 . . . 

"      ebony  and  granadilla. "        20 20... 

"      fire "        20. ...30... 

«      fostia free, 6... 

"       goncdlo,  aloes "        30 30. . . 

"      jacks "        30.... 30... 

"      lignum  vito *'        30 30... 

"       log free,....    6.. 

"      Nicaragua free,  ...  6 . . . 

"      Pemambuoo. free, 6 . . . 

**      quassia,  crude per  cent  20. . .  .20. . . 

"      queen*8 free, ....  5. . . 

«      red free, 5... 

"        "  sandere free, 6... 

^      rose,  satin,  cedar,  maho- 
gany, and  all  cabhiet.. .  per  cent  20. . .  .20. . . 

**      Rio  de  la  Hache free, 6 . . . 

"      sandals,  in  sticks,  dust  or 

powder. free, ....  6 . . . 

"      Santa  Martha,  and  other 

dye-woods free,. ...  3 . . . 

.  **      nnmanufiictured,    of   any 

kind  not  enumerated.. .  per  cent  20. . .  .30.,. 

<*      all  manufactures  of,  not 

otherwise  specified '*        30 30... 

Wool,  all  manufactures  of "        40 30... 

"     and  hair  of  alpaca,  goat, 

other  like  animals  unmanufec-  j  7a  or  less,  )    j. 

tured— value,  less  than  18  cts..  (  per  cent  6  )         '  *  *  * 

Do.    do.        at  18  ct3. lb.3c.  &p.c 30.  .free,  . . 

Do.    do.         18®24ct3. "        "       30... 

Do.    do.        over  24  cts. "        "      30... 

Wool,  belts  for  paper per  cent  25. . .  .30. . . 

"     blankets  for  printers. "        26 30. . . 

"     bunting  and  all  colored. . .         "        40 ...  .30. . . 

"     carpets,   value    $1.25   per 

yard  or  less. yd.  65  cts. ...  .30. . . 

•*     carpets,  vaL  over  $1.26  yd.      "  65  cts 30. . . 

"         "       Brussels   and   ta- 
pestry        "  66  cts.. ...30.... 

80 


279 


i8ffr. 

IBSL 

perct 

..19     lb. 

2ct8.andp.ct  15 

..  24 

per  cent  30 

..  24    lb. 

2  cts.  and  p.  ct  15- 

.  fiw, 

free. 

.free^ 

•     free. 

.free. 

free. 

.ft^ 

free. 

.free, 

free. 

..  24 

per  cent  30 

.  free, 

free. 

..     8 

free. 

..  24 

20 

free, 

free. 

,.  24 

"        20 

..  24 

30 

..     8 

free. 

free, 

free. 

free. 

free. 

free, 

free. 

.  15 

free. 

free. 

free. 

free, 

free. 

free. 

free. 

,.     8 

free. 

free, 

free. 

.free. 

free. 

free, 

free. 

.  24 

per  cent  20 

.  24 


30 


.  24    lb.  12  cts.  and  p.  ct  25 


free, 


free, 

10 

.  24 

lb.  3  cts. 

.  24 

'*  9  cts. 

.  24 

"        25 

.  24 

25 

.  24 

"        30 

.  24 

yd.  40  cts. 

.  24 

"    60cts. 

.  24 

«    SOcts. 

280                             Tanffs  of  1842—1861.  517 

1842.         1840.      1807.  18eL 

perot.      p«ret 

Wool,  carpets^  treble  ingraiii  and 

Yenetian yd.  30  ct8.....30. .. .  24  yd.  30 eta. 

"      clothing,   ready  made,   all 

kinds per  cent.  60. . .  .30. . . .  24    lb.  12  cts.  and  p.  ct.  26 

"     dotbs,  shawls,  and  all  man- 
ufactures          "        40 30 24     "12     "         "        26 

"     delaines,     cashmeres,    ba- 
rege, gray "        40 30 24  per  cent  25 

"     druggets,    bockings,    felts, 

and  oarpetings yd.  14  cts.. ..  .30. ...  24  yd.  20  ots. 

'*     embroideries,  webbing  . . .  per  cent  40. . .  .30. . . .  24  per  cent  30 

"      hats each  18  cts. 20 15  "        20 

"        "    hat  bodies,  listing. ...        "  18  eta 20 16  «        20 

"      on  the  skin lb.3c&p.c.30 20 15  "        16 

"      waste  or  shoddy free,. ...  5. ...     4  "        10 

"     all  other  unmanufactured. .  lb.3c  &  p.c30 ....  30 ....  24  "        10 

Woollen  bags per  cent  40 30 24  "        30 

"       cassimere "        40 30....  24     lb.  12  cts.  and  p.  c.  26 

"       stockings,  bindings,  mitts, 

gloves,  floor  doth  or  hosiery.. .                      30. ...  24  "        30 

"Woollen  and  worsted  yam. 

Finer  than  No.  14 "        30.... 30....  19  "        30 

Value  60  cts.  or  less,  and  not 

finer  than  No.  14. : "        30 80 19  "25 

Yalue  50  cts.  and  not  oyer|l        "        30 30 19  lb.  12  eta  and  p.  ct  15 

"      over  |1 "        30 30 19     "12       "        "      25 

Worms  for  stills "        30. . .  .30 24  per  cent  30 

Wormwood,  oU  of. "        30.... 30 24  '"        30 

Worsted  stuff,  all  piece  goods  .. .         "        30.... 25 19  "        30 

"        and  silk  shawls "        30.... 30 24  "        30 

"             "          "         hemmed        "        30. . .  .30. . . .  24  "        30 

"             "      manufactures  of.         "        30.... 26 19  "        30 

"        an  manufactures  of "        30..,. 25....  19  "        30 


Yams 

Yams,  coir. . , 
"      hemp  , 


.20... 

.  16 

per  cent  10 

.20... 

.  15 

lb.  let 

.20... 

.  15 

lb.  4  cts. 

z. 


Zmc,  nails per  cent  30. . .  .30 . . 

"    in  pigs,  or  unwrought "        20. ...  6. . 

"    in  sheets "        10 16.. 

"    oxideof. "        20 20.. 

''    manufactures  of ""       30.... 30.. 


81 


24 

percent  30 

4 

lb.  1  ct 

12 

"IJcts. 

15 

"IJctB. 

24 

percent  30 

518  Tariff  of  1861. 

Thd  following  circular  has  been  issued  from  the  Treasary  Department,'  ex- 
planatory  of  some  of  the  provisions  of  the  tariff  act.  The  5th  section  of  the 
act  of  1857,  alluded  to  in  the  circular,  is  the  clause  making  the  decision  of  the 
collector  binding  in  cases  of  dispute  concerning  duties,  &c.,  unless  written  notice 
is  given  within  ten  days  that  the  decision  is  unsatisfactory.  The  section  will  be 
found  on  page  544  : — 

TsKABirmT  Dkpastmxht,  March  SO,  1861. 

Sir  : — As  numerous  inquiries  have  been  made  respecting  various  provisions 
of  the  Tariff  Act  of  March  2, 1861 ,  it  is  deemed  proper  to  state  for  your  informa- 
tion and  government,  as  well  as  the  information  of  others  concerned,  the  views 
in  part  entertained  by  this  Department  on  the  subject 

All  questions  of  liability  to  duty  or  exemption  therefrom,  of  merchandise  im- 
ported under  the  provisions  of  the  new  tariff,  and  questions  as  to  the  rates  of 
duty  thereon,  will  be  determined  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  the  5th 
section  of  the  Tariff  Act  of  1857,  which  section  will,  in  the  opinion  of  this  De- 
partment, still  remain  in  force  on  and  after  the  Ist  proximo,  unrepealed  and  un- 
modified. 

The  clause  in  the  Tariff  Act  of  1861  repealing  such  of  existing  laws  as  are 
repugnant  to  its  provisions,  is  not  considered  to  change  or  modify  the  warehous- 
ing or  appraisement  laws  and  regulations  now  in  force,  except  in  one  particular, 
which  is,  that  in  cases  where  a  bill  of  lading  is  presented  showing  the  day  of 
actual  shipment  certified  to  by  a  consular  officer  of  the  United  States,  such  date, 
in  lieu  of  the  **  period  of  exportation  "  prescribed  by  existing  laws,  shall  be  the 
date  at  which  the  foreign  market  value  of  the  merchandise  shall  be  estimated 
and  ascertained  by  the  appraisers,  in  order  to  the  assessment  of  ad  valorem 
duties. 

In  the  case  of  merchandise  actually  on  shipboard  and  bound  to  the  United 
States,  on  or  before  the  17th  inst.,  and  of  merchandise  on  board  of  vessels  in 
port  on  the  1st  of  April  next,  where  the  vessels  have  been  regularly  entered  at 
the  Custom-house,  the  owners  or  importers  of  such  merchandise  will  be  per- 
mitted to  enter  for  consumption  or  warehousing  at  the  rates  of  duty  now  exist-, 
ing,  or  if  the  rates  of  duty  on  the  merchandise  are  lessened  by  the  tariff  of  1861, 
they  may  at  their  option,  enter  at  the  lesser  rates.  The  same  privil^e  will  be 
extended  to  all  merchandise  in  public  store,  unchiimed  on  the  Ist  proximo,  when 
entered  for  consumption  or  warehousing  in  pursuance  of  law ;  and  all  merchan- 
dise in  warehouse  under  bond  on  the  1st  proximo,  will  be  entitled  to  entry  for 
withdrawal  at  rates  of  duty  now  existing,  or  if  the  rates  of  duty  on  the  mer- 
chandise are  lessened  by  ihe  tariff  of  1861,  the  entry  thereof  may,  at  the  option 
of  the  importer  or  owner,  t>e  made  at  the  lesser  rates. 

In  allowances  on  accoant  of  tare,  draft,  &c.,  on  goods  subject  to  specific  duty 
under  the  new  tariff,  officers  of  the  customs  will  be  governed  by  the  provisions 
of  the  58th  and  59th  sections  of  the  General  Collection  Act  of  March  2,  1799, 
which  are  again  brought  into  operation.    I  am,  very  respectfully, 

8.  P.  CHASE,  Secretaiy  of  the  Treasniy. 
AvonsTvs  SoHSLL,  Eaq.,  CoUeotor,  Aon  New  York. 

There  are  a  number  of  discrepancies  discoverable  in  the  provisions  of  the 
tariff,  to  the  most  obvious  of  which  we  call  attention.  Thus  Peruvian  bark  is 
by  section  19  chargeable  with  a  duty  of  10  per  cent ;  by  section  23  it  is  made 
free.  Stfkves  by  section  20  are  charged  with  20  per  cent  duty,  and  are  made  free 
by  section  23.  By  section  9  spirits  of  turpentine  are  taxed  10  cents  per  gallon, 
and  by  section  20  they  pay  20  per  cent.  Wool,  unmanufactured,  is  charged  5 
per  cent  when  valued  less  than  18  cents  at  the  place  of  exportation,  and  exceed- 
ing 18  cents,  it  pays  3  cents  per  pound.  It  would  seem,  therefore,  that  if  any 
were  valued  exactly  at  18  cents,  it  would  come  under  the  general  provision  of 
10  per  cent. 


Journal  of  Banking^  Currency^  and  Itnance.  519 


JOURNAL  OF  BANKING,  CURRENCY,  AND  FINANCE. 


SPECIE  MOVEMENT  IN  FRANCE. 

The  import  and  export  into  and  firom  France,  during  the  past  three  years, 
has  been,  according  to  the  official  reports,  as  follows : — 


-Gold.— ->  «  Sllvr.- 


\m.  im.  1860.  18S8.  im.  i860. 

Fr&Dot.  Francs.  Francs.  Francs.  Francs.  Francs. 

Import    568,666,400  '726,76V,800  469,824,600  160,619,880  200,640,420  181,807,700 
Export.      66,620,100  188,080,200  159,466,600  175,741,720  882,187,940  288,222,760 

Ex.imp.   486,986,800  688,679,100  809,868,600 

Ex  exp.    15,122,840  181,447,620  166,915,060 

From  these  figures,  it  appears  that  the  excess  of  gold  imported  into  France, 
in  three  years  has  been  1,326,984,000  francs,  or  the  large  sum  of  $248,809,500. 
The  excess  of  silver  exported  in  the  same  period  has  been  353,684,920,  or 
$66,315,922.  It  is  a  singular  fact,  that  notwithstanding  this  large  and  con- 
tinuous drain  of  silver,  and  which  was  said  to  have  produced  an  inconvenient 
scarcity  of  ft*anc  pieces  a  year  or  two  since,  the  specie  held  by  the  Bank 
of  France  is  mostly  silver.  Thus,  ia  November  last,  when  an  exchange  of 
$10,000,000  worth  of  silver,  for  $10,000,000  worth  of  gold  took  p  ace  with 
the  Bank  of  England,  tlie  Bank  of  France  held  $65,000,000  silver,  and 
$20,000,000  of  gold. 

BRITISH  LEATHER  BANKRUPTS. 

The  proceedings  b'efore  the. Commissioners  of  Bankruptcy  in  London,  present 
some  curious  details.  There  were  eleven  London  houses  and  seven  Liverpool 
houses  under  examination,  and  the  aggregate  transactions  were  given  for  four 
years  as  follows  : — 

Lcother  and  hides  Amonntof 

bought  and  sold.  bills  ninnlng. 

LondoQ  houeee. , . .                £774,504  £5,895,189 

Liverpool  houses. 288,885  1,875,897 

Total £1,012.889  £7,271,086 

The  amount  of  bills  was  thus  shown  to  be  more  than  seven  times  the  amount 
of  actual  business  transacted,  and  the  fact  occasioned  merriment  in  the  court. 
This  load  of  bills  had  been  carried  through  four  years  without  apparently  excit- 
ing the  surprise  of  the  bankers  through  whose  hands  they  passed.  The  whole 
fabric  had  been  reared  upon,  and  revolved  round,  the  house  of  Strkatfibld  k 
Co.,  which  dealt  with  the  others  on  the  basis  of  paying  their  cash  for  leather,  and 
taking  the  paper  for  goods  sold  to  them ;  thus  in  effect,  centering  the  finances 
of  all  in  the  hands  of  Lawrence  the  financier  for  Stbbatfield  &  Co.,  in  the 
same  manner  that  the  finances  of  the  great  manufacturing  bubble  in  this  country, 
was  a  few  years  since  concentrated  in  the  hands  of  another  Mr.  Lawrence,  of 
the  Bay  State  Mills. 


520  Journal  of  Banking^  CurreiKy^  and  Jfinance. 

INSOLVENCY  CASES  IN  SAN  FRANCISCO. 

The  Insolvent  List  of  San  Francisco  for  the  year  1860  shaws  a  total  of  debts 
amonntiDg  to  $1,019,416,  and  of  assets  $76,787.  The  following  table  shows 
the  statistics  of  the  two  courts  which  have  jurisdiction  of  such  cases,  of  the 
cases  commenced  during  the  year : — 

4th  DUt  Court  13th  Dbt  Court  TotaL 

Number  of  suits. S7  81  68 

Debts. $666,604  $462,812  $1,019,416 

Assets 22.760  64,087  76,787 

Deficit 633,864  408,776  942,629 

Number  of  insolvents  discharged 17  21  88 

Suits  discontinued 1  I  2 

Undecided 19  9  28 

The  number  of  suits  brought  (with  their  debts  and  assets)  in  1860,  as  com- 
pared with  each  of  the  last  five  years,  has  been  as  follows : — 

\  ears.  No.  solta.  Debti.  AsseCs.  Deficit 

1866 197  $8,877,827  $1,619,176  $6,868,662 

1866 146  8,401,042  667,908  2,748.184 

1867 126  2.876.899  812,417  1,663,482 

1868 96  1,940,662  668.782  1,281,880 

1869 60  706,219  208,044  498.176 

1860 68  1,019,416  76,787  942.629 


Total  6  years 692        $17,821,066  $3,988,118        $18,887,852 

The  display  looks  very  serious.  There  was  a  regular  decrease  from  1855, 
when  the  great  failures  began,  down  to  1869,  and  then  the  increase  began  again. 
The  AUa  Caltfomia  says  ; — 

The  amount  of  assets  is  proportionably  smaller  for  1860  than  at  any  previous 
time,  but  in  fact  the  assets  are  almost  invariably  nominal,  consisting  of  bad 
debts  that  never  can  be  collected,  and  property  estimated  at  cost,  but  worthless 
in  the  market.  It  is  rarely  that  a  man  declares  himself  insolvent  so  long  as  he 
has  property  which  he  can  turn  into  money.  Our  insolvent  law  is  very  liberal 
to  debtors,  and  no  doubt  that  contributes,  with  the  very  speculative  temper  of 
our  population,  the  facility  for  getting  credit,  and  the  unsteady  course^  of  our 
trade,  to  make  our  insolvent  lists  so  large. 


BANKS  OF  CANADA,  JANUARY,  1861. 

Banks.  Circulation.  Specia.  Loana. 

Bank  of  Montreal $2,874,264  $1,262,268  $9,010,215 

Quebec  Bank 662,876  167.107  1,882,180 

Bank  of  Upper  Canada 2.118.187  667.896  6.838,833 

Oommercial  Bank 2.098.408  642,817  7.068.224 

City  Bank 467,688  188.268  1.089,096 

OoreBank 746.806  ]J{9.921  1,228.178 

lUnk  of  Britiah  North  Amerie&  .. .  1.161. 48S  686.S80  &82fl.48A 


Journal  of  Banking^  Currency^  and  Finance.  521 

PIU'S  PEAK  GOLD. 

A  correspoodeot  at  Pike's  Peak  gives  the  followiog  in  relation  to  the  yield  of 
gold  in  that  region  : — 

Those  who  ought  to  know,  estimate  it  at  six  millions,  although,  by  the  gene- 
ral mismanagement  of  the  quartz  mills,  this  falls  far  below  the  anticipations  of 
last  spring.  Messrs.  Clark,  Grubeb  &  Co.,  of  Leavenworth,  purchased  $42,756 
worth  of  gold  during  the  month  of  December,  the  purchases  of  their  house  for 
the  year  1860  being  $116,895,  which,  added 4o  their  coinage  in  Denver— $140,000 
— makes  the  total  operations  of  this  firm  in  one  year  $256,000.  The  receipts 
of  the  Central  Overland  California  and  Pike's  Peak  Express  Company,  of  Messrs. 
Jones  &  Cartwright,  and  other  banks  of  the  city,  added  to  the  above  amount, 
will  make  the  receipts  of  Leavenworth  alone  equal'to  half  a  million.  St.  Joseph 
and  Omaha  have  probably  received  as  much  each,  and  Atchison,  Kansas  City, 
and  Nebraska  City  are  credited  with  no  insignificant  sums  ;  yet  the  bulk  of  the 
gold  has  gone  past  the  Missouri  River,  in  the  hands  of  returning  miners,  and 
when  a  general  footing  up  is  had  with  the  United  States  Mint  and  its  branches, 
it  will  no  doubt  show  a  credit  to  Pike's  Peak  of  between  five  and  six  millions. 

A  considerable  portion  of  the  coinage  of  Messrs.  Clark,  Qrubeb  &  Co.  has 
been  re-coined  at  the  United  States  Mint  in  Philadelphia,  and  branches  at  New 
York  and  New  Orleans.  The  returns  are  noticeable,  not  only  for  the  favorable 
exhibition  of  the  accuracy  and  fairness  of  the  pioneer  mint,  but  also  on  account 
of  certain  discrepancies  in  the  operations  of  the  different  establishments,  which 
appnear  somewhat  extraordinary,  in  departments  where  the  greatest  accuracy  and 
similarity  should  exist  One  hundred  dollars  of  this  coin,  sent  to  New  Orleans 
Branch,  weighed,  before  melting,  5.91  ounces ;  after  melting,  5.91 ;  its  fineness 
was  assayed  at  .817 ;  and  value,  after  deducting  fifty  cents  for  cost  of  coinage, 
returned  at  $99  28.  A  like  amount  of  the  same  lot  of  coin  sent  to  Philadel- 
phia, weighed,  before  melting,  5.92  ounces ;  after  melting,  5.92 ;  fineness  as- 
sayed at  .815  ;  value  of  gold,  after  deducting  eighty  cents  for  coinage,  returned 
at  $99  05  ;  value  of  silver,  $1  28 ;  making  the  total  value  $100  33.  An  amount 
of  eight  hundred  dollars,  sent  to  the  New  York  Assay-office,  weighed,  before 
melting,  47.07  ounces ;  after  melting,  47.06  ;  fineness  assayed  at  .821 ;  value  of 
gold,  $798  68 ;  of  silver,  $10  09 ;  charges  for  coinage,  $6  39 ;  leaving  a  net 
value  of  $802  38.  In  comparing  these  returns,  it  will  be  seen  that  a  coin  of 
Clark,  Grubeb  &  Co.'s  mint  exceeds  a  United  States  coin  of  the  same  denom- 
ination in  value  one-third  of  one  per  cent  It  will  also  be  seen  that  the  New 
York  and  Philadelphia  mints  return  a  credit  for  silver  at  about  the  rate  of  one 
dollar  and  twenty-eight  cents  on  the  hundred  dollars,  while  the  New  Orleans 
Branch  returns  none.  The  charges  of  the  latter  for  coinage  are  thirty  cents 
less  than  the  two  former,  yet  by  making  no  return  for  silver  they  gain  ninety- 
nine  cents.  The  New  York  Assay-office  invariably  makes  the  coin  assay  a 
greater  fineness  than  the  others  by  several  thousandths. 


RATE  OF  STATE  TAXATIOlf . 

The  rates  of  taxation  at  the  West  are  as  follows : — 
Michigan,  tioo  mills  per  dollar  of  valuation. 


J ^Al 


522 


Statistics  of  Trade  and  Commerce. 


STATISTICS  OF  TRADE  AND  COMMERCE. 


COMMERCE  OP  FRAIICE. 

DuriDg  the  last  three  years  some  importaDt  chaDges  have  been  made  in  the 
commercial  policy  of  France.  Among  the  most  important  were  those  efiSscted 
by  the  commercial  treaty  of  England,  attended  and  followed  by  yariooB  modifi- 
cations in  the  duties  on  sach  goods  as  more  or  less  affected  the  general  commer- 
cial interests  of  France.  The  articles  on  which  the  duties  on  which  were  most 
affected  by  the  Imperial  decrees  were  cof^  sngar^  cocoa,  indigo,  cotton,  wool, 
coal,  &c  These  duties  underwent  large  reductions,  the  wisdom  of  which  was 
more  or  less  contested,  and  it  is  hardly  yet  time  to  form  a  sound  judgment  upon 
them.  When  a  similar  policy  was  adopted  in  England  in  1842,  it  was  some 
years  before  its  beneficent  influence  was  fully  admitted.  It  is  also  to 
be  considered  that  the  success  of  a  general  policy  is  not  to  be  judged  by  the  ac- 
tual effect  upon  a  particular  article.  In  many  cases  a  diminution  of  tax  does 
not  result  in  an  improved  revenue  from  the  duties  on  that  article.  The  effect  of 
a  general  reduction  is  to  cause  certain  articles  to  be  greater  in  demand,  but  ne- 
cessarily all.  Thus,  in  England,  the  duty  on  tobacco  was  left  very  high,  but 
reduction  in  the  cost  of  bread  enabled  consumers  to  use  more  tobacco.  The 
ofiBcial  returns  of  French  commerce  for  the  past  three  years  show  that  the  rev- 
enue has  not  improved  under  the  reduction,  since  the  customs  for  1860  gave 
131,385,000f.  against  169,493,180f.  in  1859,  and  182,614,705t.  in  1858.  The 
returns  also  give  the  quantities  imported  under  the  heads  of  '*  general  commerce  " 
and  "  specml  commerce '"  the  latter  meaning  the  exports  of  French  goods  and 
imports  for  French  consumption,  the  former  including  all  goods  crossing  France 
to  and  from  tiie  interior  of  Europe : — 

IMPORTS  INTO  rSANOK. 

4 General  commerce.— ^—^       *  Special  commerce.  > 

1860.    18§9.    18i8.    i860.    1859.    18S8. 

Oxen  <b  bulls,  head  80,952  24,618        28,187  80,240  24,691         28,141 

Cows 66,846  68,618         42,742  66,798  68,602         42,741 

Calves  and  heifers  87,682  88,879        88,866  87,626  88,879        88,866 

Sheep 477,440  465,868      889,802  477,269  455,858       889,148 

Wines.... hecto.*  194,276  142,981       121.467  178,668  127,647       118,170 

Alcohols 119,822  87,171         48,062  92,418  45,962         88,998 

Cocoa  ..quintals*  68,642  60,461        67,909  47,027  40,918         88,810 

Coffee. 616,787  496,980      888,186  848,448  808,182       282,008 

Grain 1,819,881  2,668,000  ».«,.  ,^,c  761,097  M*? 9,700  i,  .^^^^^ 

Flour 28,946  11,847  P»5S14,107^  j^  ggg  j^  23^  J2,880,688 

Hemp,  peeled,  <&c.        69,887        69,888        64,669        62,492        64,782        70,742 

Cochineal 8  829  4,028  8,608  8,276  2,451  2,367 

Cotton 1,892,839       916,664       998,916    1.266,988       816.176       796^80 

Flax<bhempjam        28,627         11,224  7,616        16,167  7,086  4,670 

Oleaginous  seeds.    1,098,406    1,068,127       816,017       976,664      848,220       756,748 
Tallow,  lard,  <&c..         45,647        23,882        60,986        28,676        14,292        45,726 

Hope 11,871         11,980  11,188        10.967  

Coal— Belgium  . .  80,828,992  28,668,989  27,194,470  80,081,660  28,266,160  26,802,066 

England. 18,279,884  14,609,686  12,298,896  11,606,869  11,666,914  11,889,280 

ZoUyerein 7,921,049    6,674,212    7,409,419    7,884,718    6,860,885    7,261,248 

Other  places  . .       166,648       166,187        68,216      242,028       174,766        62,799 

ToUl 61,691,468  60,098,828  47,660,499  49,214,266  46,467,664  46,446,887 


Staiistict  of  TrouU  and  Gommeree. 


628 


t  General  oommcrte.         ^^ 

1860.  18i9.  ISM. 

Coke 582,088  4,587.901       

Oils 447,957  850,S57  889,085 

Indigo 18,525  10,677  11,854 

Wool—ZoUvereia  29,462  80,556  18,764 

Belgium. 19,684  8,226  9,017 

EDgland 185,696  89,051  184,899 

Spain 58,875  40,584  87,696 

Turkey 48,808  48,679  28,011 

BarbaJrySUtes.  83,754  6,960  16,887 

Rio  de  la  Plata.  57,862  59,001  45,114 

Algeria 64,119  *<  2,778  85J85 

Other  places  . .  75,615  72,610  64,884 

Total 521,885  428,295  879,857 

Flax,  peeled,^..  207,607  169,248  251,689 

MacbuMM  ..francs  6,561,274  6,549,214        

Piff  iron,  quintals: 

England. 600,664  688,869  706,555 

Belgium 160,876  158,648  207,788 

Other  places  . .  74,876  59,649  58,598 

ToUl 885,916  844,961  972.941 

Bar  iron. 267,071  270,902  885,168 

Steel 17,681  28.718  17,288 

Copper 188,080  127,151  112,412 

Tin 28,082  82,869  24,159 

Lead. 848,178  881,561  815,588 

Zinc 805,220  280,789  240,708 

Pepper. 87.646  41,966  29,472 

Salt 116,807  168,622  112,784 

Do.,  reaned 4,810  858  819 

Sulphur    455,448  525,289  870,464 

Colonial  sugar....  1,186,058  1,126,781  1,091,866 

Foreign  sugar  •• .  598,454  766,485  470,092 

Flax  <k  hemp  Uss's  20,901  18,888  10,876 

Meat,  fresh  <k  salt  86,150  68,862  14,408 

Arachia(earthnut)  882,464  844,602        

Wood  for  cabinet 

making. 118,628  96,817  56,608 

Silk 52,784  46,276  62,564 

Nitrates 120,229  178,817  152,198 


1860.      \m.      \m. 

6,815,988 

4,585,728 

••••••• 

881,684 

272,578 

808,740 

15,248 

9,541 

7,662 

29,646 

80,440 

17,280 

20,525 

7,955 

8,745 

121*958 

89,226 

112,294 

57,215 

87,980 

88,778 

50,515 

87.867 

89,624 

89,582 

8.126 

21,484 

56,598 

44,818 

85,206 

64,129 

72,778 

85,108 

92,179 

71,709 

56,678 

582,287 

400,409 

860.187 

191,126 

159,618 

206,876 

8,289,920 

8,645,876 

••.••• 

202,724 

266,047 

412.677 

55,017 

140,166 

190,910 

20,117 

28,997 

81,285 

277,868 

480,220 

684,744 

4,248 

14.187 

128,180 

8,218 

7,711 

5.552 

182.844 

122,708 

111,848 

28,186 

82,770 

25,847 

151,448 

221,488 

202,744 

804.928 

287,999 

240,152 

22.528 

28.665 

22.447 

56.865 

89,984 

88.769 

192 

588 

1,220 

458,606 

615,890 

365,006 

1,618,785 

982,897 

1,164,786 

470.712 

596.464 

895,211 

14.822 

10,048 

8,789 

27.199 

45.976 

18,859 

881,998 

848,207 

102,446       118,681         57,814 

88.089         82,510         89,090 

149,754       114,188       120,334 


EXPORTS  FROM  FRANOB. 


1860. 

Oxen  <b  bulls,  head  19,057 

Cows 15,266 

Calves  and  heifers  8,549 

Sheep 68,770 

Wines,  ordVy.hec  1,961,298 

Of  which  to  Eng'd  108,799 

Do.,  superior  ....  74,178 


18^9. 

1868. 

1860. 

18W.            1848. 

16.879 

18,269 

18,942 

16,858         18,282 

18.674 

14,624 

15,282 

18,668         24,229 

6.578 

6.890 

8,649 

6,673           6.890 

62,477 

68,696 

68,642 

62,478         68,5l»7 

2,491,205 

1.687,667 

1.941,682 

2,478,865    1,580,299 

48,288  not  stated 

107,072 

47,876  notsUted 

68,488 

40,802 

70.428 

66.968         89,401 

524 


Statistics  of  Trade  arid  Commerce. 


-General  ooinm«ro6. » 


OottoD  yarn 

Do.with  drawback 

Madder 

Flax  <b  hemp,  peel 
BookR,  eograviDgB, 

A  lithographs. . 
Machines  . .  rraocs  2 1 , 

Millioer? 6 

Of  which  to  EDg»d 
Porcelain  .quintals 

Soap 

Do.with  drawback 

Salt 

SUk 

Refined  sugar  . . . 
Do.with  drawback 

Silk  tissues 

Glass  and  crystaJs 
Do.with  drawback 
Wood  for  cabinet 

making 

OochioeaL 

Cotton 

Tin 

Indigo 

Wool 

Nitrates. 

Prepared  skint  A 

gloves 

Do.with  drawback 
Cotton  tissues  . . . 
Do.with  drawback 
Flax  A  hemp  tiss's 
Woolen  tissues . . . 
Do  with  drawback 
Oilcake. 


1860. 

8,204 

124,764 
84,237 


6,211 

142,816 
81.165 


8,682 

188.216 
82,191 


22,871    20,884    20.478 

»280,864  17.997,866  16.077,702 

,386.646  6.064,984  7.822,940 

876,619       997,087  not  stated 

68,360         67,470         46,682 

76,606         87,717         86,872 


996,189  1,181,498  1,801,467 

22.278    22.696    16.669 

608,963   684,486   666.788 


46,716    46,978    37,194 
888,886   824,674   296.068 


24,162 

1,688 

282,246 

1.464 

8,800 

78,967 
9,818 

86,867 

162,109 


86,778 
188,776 


29,128 
114,088 


24,449 
88,692 


Bpeoisl  eommeroe.  > 

18i9.         I8S8. 

1,869  856  491 

1.971  2,106  2.649 

80.977  120,848  121,941 

27,890  20,047  23,870 


76,198 
182,847 


24,211 
76.984 


829,162       192,202       176,962 


21,678 

7,798,672 

6,161,861 

861,476 

67,872 

2,892 

78,089 

927,172 

6,680 

1,887 

487,884 

84,661 

80,312 

249,617 

23,326 

778 

90,451 

666 

1,659 

64.810 

8,820 

70,561 
4,808 
89,840 
64,848 
22,686 
80,618 
64,226 
889,162 


19.688 

6,514,825 

6.914,448 

979,970 

67.062 

2,898 

84.798 

1.111,767 

7.779 

978 

627.469 

86,194 

80.872 

241,128 


19,818 

6.790,494 

7,491,015 

not  stated 

48,560 

1,824 

84,015 

1,240.210 

5,541 

49 

659,651 

27,812 

90.018 

202,620 


71,951 
6,611 
18,687 
72,648 
18,611 
14.802 
51.599 
189,807 


64,401 
6,162 
9,888 

81,946 

20,858 
9,627 

46,791 
173,36X 


NEW  STEAM  LINE  TO  EUROPE. 

FBOCBBDINQS    OF    A  MBBTINQ  HBLD   AT    THB    HALL   OF   THB    BANK  OF   CHARLES- 
TON,  22d   FEBRUARY.   1861. 

The  meetiog  was  organized  by  calling  G.  M.  CofBo,  Esq.,  to  the  Chair.  Mr. 
Coffin  explained  the  object  of  the  meeting  to  be  the  adoption  of  such  measures 
as  will  secure  the  establishment  of  a  direct  Hoe  of  steamships  between  Charles- 
ton and  Liverpool. 

Proposals  of  a  very  favorable  nature  had  been  made  to  some  of  our  promi- 
nent citizens,  who,  upon  consultation,  referred  them  to  a  committee  of  persona 
ol  experience,  to  examine  carefully.    This  committee  was  now  ready  to  report 

Mr.  Mure,  on  behalf  of  the  committee,  then  read  their  report,  as  follows : — 

The  committee  appointed  to  consider  the  proposals  submitted  by  Mr.  Barry, 
on  behalf  of  persons  in  England,  with  a  view  to  the  establishment  of  a  line  of 
steamships  between  Liverpool  and  Charleston,  beg  respectfully  to  report : — 

Ist.  That,  in  common  with  the  whole  community,  they  recognize  the  necessity 
of  a  steamship  line  to  Europe  as  a  means  of  preserving  the  commercial  import- 
ance of  Charleston 


Statistics  of  Tirade  and  Oommerce.  525 

2d.  That,  upon  a  carefal  investigatioD  into  all  the  details  of  ezpenditure,  aod 
a  moderate  estimate  of  the  probable  earniDgs  of  boats  well  adapted  to  this  trade, 
they  are  firmly  persuaded  that  such  a  line  of  steamers,  judiciously  managed, 
would  pay  handsome  profits  to  the  stockholders. 

3d.  That  the  proposals  submitted  by  Mr.  Barry,  are,  in  brief,  as  follows : — 

Igt.  The  parties  whom  he  represents,  Mr.  A.  M.  Weir,  a  yery  respectable 
gentleman  of  London,  already  largely  interested  in  steamships,  and  Messrs  Laird 
&  Co.,  whose  reputation  as  builders  is  unrivaled,  will  agree  to  raise  in  Qreat 
Britain  one  half  of  the  capital  requisite  for  this  enterprise,  if  the  remainder  can 
be  raised  here.    The  proposed  capital  is  £150,000,  or  nearly  $750,000. 

2d.  A  joint  stock  company  is  to  be  formed  in  England,  under  the  Limited 
Liability  Act»  in  which  the  Charleston  shareholders  will  be  on  the  same  footing 
with  all  others. 

2d.  The  company,  once  formed,  is  to  build  three  iron  screw  propellers,  and  to 
place  them  in  a  regular  line  between  Liverpool  and  Charleston. 

4th.  The  steamers  are  to  be  built  by  Messrs.  Laird  &  Co,  with  special  view 
to  the  peculiar  necessities  of  our  port  and  its  commerce. 

In  the  preliminary  specifications  it  is  stated  that  steamers  of  1,800  tons  meas- 
urement, capacity  4,000  bales  of  cjtton,  (taking  the  bale  at  440  lbs.,)  and  with 
engines  of  250  horse  power,  will  cost  £4  7,000  each.  The  horse  power  is  nom- 
inally under  the  Admiralty  rule,  the  efi!ectiye  capacity  of  the  engines  so  rated  is 
about  600  horse  power. 

These  proposals  seem  to  the  committee  to  be  made  in  good  faith ;  they  oer. 
tainly  emanate  from  parties  entitled  to  the  utmost  confidence. 

The  means  of  information  possessed  by  those  with  whom  the  measure  origi- 
nated, is  such,  that  their  willingness  to  take  half  the  risk  should  convince  us 
of  the  intrinsic  merits  of  the  enterprise. 

The  proposals  are  extremely  advantageous  to  us,  inasmuch  as  if  we  avail  our- 
selves of  them,  we  secure  all  the  advantages  of  the  line  to  the  commerce  of  the 
port,  while  we  bear  but  half  the  cost. 

It  is  also  but  too  certain,  that  if,  with  our  profound  conviction  of  the  im- 
portance of  steam  communication  with  Europe,  at  a  moment  when  that  im- 
portance assumes  the  proportions  of  a  vital  necessity,  we  decline  to  seize  such 
an  occasion  of  establishing  a  line,  not  only  will  foreigners  undervalue  the  honesty 
of  our  declarations,  but  we  shall  lose  so  much  consideration  in  our  own  eyes, 
and  those  of  our  neighbors,  that  similar  projects  will  hereafter  seek  other  com- 
munities, and  we  shall  be  left  in  the  repose  of  an  inglorious  inactivity,  forgotten 
and  contemned.  On  the  other  hand,  a  prompt  and  vigorous  prosecution  of  this 
enterprise  to  a  successful  termination,  will  not  only  accomplish  the  immediate 
end  in  view,  but  will  invigorate  the  commercial  energies  of  our  people,  and  estab« 
lish  a  prestige  in  their  favor,  which  will  be  of  no  little  consequence  in  the  future 
now  opening  upon  the  South. 

Your  committee  would  therefore  propose  that  a  committee  of  twelve  be  ap- 
pointed by  this  meeting,  to  make  a  subscription  list,  and  solicit  subscriptions 
to  the  enterprise,  upon  such  conditions  as  will  agree  with  the  proposals  sub- 
mitted by  Mr.  Barry. 

M.  BBBBT,  COudraum. 
BOBSBT  MUBE. 
FBED.  BIOHABDS. 
OBO.  8.  OAMBBON. 
W.  L.  TBENHOLM. 

On  motion,  it  was  resolved  that  the  Chairman  of  the  meeting  should  be  ex- 
officio  Chairman  of  the  Committee. 


528  Statistics  of  Trade  and  Commerce. 

The  following  gentlemeD  compose  the  committee,  nnder  the  aboye  resolatioD  : — 
Geo.  M.  Coffin,  Esq.,  Chairman ;  Theodore  D.  Wagner,  William  McBarney, 
William  C.  Bee,  William  C.  Courtney,  William  M.  Sage,  Robert  Mure,  Francis 
J.  Porcher,  Frederick  Richards,  Henry  Gourdin,  William  Lobby,  J.  Clough 
Farrar. 

FROSFEOTUS  OP  THE  LIYEBPOOL  AND  CHARLESTON  STEAMSHIP  COHPANT  (lIMITED) 
OK  LIVERPOOL,  INCORPORATED  UNDER  THE  JOINT  STOCK  COMPANIES*  ACT — 
CAPITAL  £150,000,  IN  15,000  shares  of  £10  each,  with  power  to  IN- 
CREASE. 

This  company  is  proposed  to  be  formed  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  a  direct 
line  of  steamers  between  Liverpool  and  Charleston,  with  power  to  call  at  an 
Irish  port  for  passengers. 

It  is  designed  to  build  three  iron  screw  propellers,  specially  adapted  to  this 
particular  trade,  and  affording  the  highest  degree  of  comfort  and  convenienee  to 
the  traveling  public. 

Negotiations  have  been  commenced  with  Messrs.  John  Laird,  Sons  &  Co., 
for  the  construction  of  such  steamers,  each  of  which  it  is  contemplated  will  be 
of  about  1,800  tons,  builder's  measurement,  with  a  pair  of  engines  of  250  horse 
power,  (collective,)  costing  about  £47,000.  It  will  be  expressly  stipulated  that 
these  vessels  shall  be  of  sufficient  light  draught  of  water,  with  capacity  to  carry 
about  4,000  bales  of  cotton,  and  with  suitable  accommodations  for  first  and 
second  class  passengers.  A  careful  estimate  has  been  made  of  the  probable  ex- 
penses and  earnings  of  the  proposed  line,  based  upon  accurate  and  reliable  data 
obtained  in  Great  Britain,  from  which  it  appears  that  there  is  every  reasonable 
prospect  of  the  stock  being  a  highly  remunerative  investment. 

This  estimate  has  been  examined  by  persons  possessing  a  practicable  know- 
ledge of  the  commerce  of  Charleston,  and  has  obtained  their  unqualified  ap. 
probation. 

Parties  of  high  respectability  in  Great  Britain,  have  undertaken  to  raise 
half  the  proposed  capital,  provided  the  rest  can  be  obtained  here.  Payment 
for  the  stock  will  be  required  in  five  equal  instalments,  at  intervals  of  not  less 
than  two  months.  First  payment  to  the  builders  will  be  made  when  the  coo- 
tract  is  signed. 

The  articles  of  association  will  be  drawn  up  in  such  a  manner  as  to  secare  to 
the  stockholders  in  this  country  equal  privileges  with  all  others,  and  will  be  sub- 
ject to  the  approval  of  such  persons  in  England  as  they  may  designate.  The 
company  will  be  registered  under  the  Limited  Liability  Act,  which  protects  the 
shareholder  from  any  liabilily  beyond  the  amount  invested. 


BOMBAY  CHAMBER  OF  COMMERCE  REPORT  FOR  THE  YEAR  1859-60. 

This  report  is  necessarily  confined  to  local  objects,  such  as  railway  communi- 
cation as  It  affects  Bombay,  and  electric  telegraphs,  which  appear  to  be  greatly 
appreciated  by  the  Indian  public.  No  less  than  170,566  private  messages  had 
been  dispatched  in  1859-60,  against  101,164  in  the  previous  year,  showing  an 
increase  of  no  less  than  68  per  cent,  and  the  receipts  from  them  being  4,23,991 
rs,  against  2,83,103  rs,  an  increase  of  very  nearly  60  per  cent.  India  is  now 
supplied  with  a  network  of  wire  extending  nearly  11,000  miles. 

The  most  interesting  portion  of  the  report,  and  that  which  occupies  the  prin- 
cipal attention  of  the  Bombay  Chamber,  is  the  cotton  cultivation.  It  would  ap- 
pear that  the  East  India  Company's  experiments  for  the  purpose  of  introducing 
the  cultivation  of  American  cotton,  are  now  brought  to  a  close.    They  com- 


StatisUcs  of  Trade  and  Commerce.  527 

inenced  in  1788,  and  have  hitherto  resalted,  notwithstanding  an  expenditure  of 
£350,000,  in  signal  failure. 

The  main  canses  of  failure  may  be  summed  up  as  follows :— Indi£fbrence  on 
the  part  of  the  managers  and  employees,  or  ignorance  and  bigoted  opposition 
on  the  part  of  the  native  cultivators.  Dilatoriness  in  forwarding  the  foreign 
seed,  by  which  the  proper  seed-time  was  allowed  to  pass  over,  and  the  seed  ^ 
came  useless. 

Wholesale  destruction  of  promising  plantations  by  the  inroads  of  cattle,  in 
most  cases  doubtless  with  the  connivance  of  their  owners,  who,  in  dry  seasons, 
were  not  unwilling  to  fiatten  their  cattle  at  government  expense.  And  lastly, 
to  the  continual  change  of  collectors  who  tooK  an  active  interest  in  the  cultiva* 
tion,  for  those  who  took  no  interest  whatever  in  the  matter. 

The  successful  experiments  in  Dharwar,  fiilly  bear  out  all  these  allegations. 
Nothing  could  have  been  more  unpromising,  at  times,  than  the  prospects  of  the 
cotton  cultivation  in  that  district,  and  but  for  the  energy  of  Mr.  Shaw,  collector 
of  Dharwar,  the  experiments  would  have  been  abandoned.  In  1843,  only  220 
acres  were  in  cultivation ;  in  1846,  no  less  than  30,000  were  under  American 
cotton ;  but  in  1848,  the  amount  had  descended  to  only  3,600  acres.  Since 
then,  the  average  has  steadily  increased,  as  will  be  seen  by  the  following  table : — 


Tettt. 

1861   

1852 

1868 

1864 

1866 

1866 

1867 

1868 

1869 

1860. 

The  committee  seem  to  be  of  opinion  that  if  every  one  had  shown  the  same 
energy  as  Mr.  Shaw,  a  similar  success  would  have  been  the  result. 

It  is  a  hopeful  sign  for  the  cultivation  of  cotton,  that  it  is  being  taken  up  by 
those  engaged  as  engineers  on  the  railways  now  under  construction,  and  many 
persons  ot  great  consideration,  in  many  parts  of  India,  have  applied  for  and 
received  American  or  Egyptian  seed. 

It  seems  that  the  Egyptian  seed  has  turned  out  all  that  could  be  wished,  but 
a  remarkable  circumstance  has  been  observed  regarding  the  American  seed, 
viz :— that  although  perfectly  good  in  March,  when  it  reached  Bombay,  it  has 
been  found  in  June  to  be  wortKUss^  not  more  than  1  per  cent  of  the  seed  having 
come  up.  It  is  probable,  therefore,  (says  the  report,)  that  the  vitality  of  the 
American  seed  may  be  limited  to  the  period  necessary  for  its  reproduction  in 
the  United  States,  where  the  sowing  is  completed  in  April.  It  is  by  no  means 
improbable  that  this  simple  circumstance  may  be  one  of  the  chief  causes  of  the 
almost  general  failure  of  the  American  cultivation.  Now,  only  to  have  made 
this  discovery  after  a  lapse  of  78  years,  does  not  speak  highly  for  those  who 
have  superintended  the  cultivation.  Why  not  plant  American  seed  as  Ameri- 
cans do,  in  March  and  April  ? 

It  appears  that  one  great  obstacle  to  the  cultivation  has  been  removed  by  the 
adoption  of  Dr.  Forb^'  newly  invented  cottage  and  power-churkas.  Let  us 
bona  that  every  means  will  be  exerted  to  produce  as  much  cotton  as  possible  in 
India  ;  for,  with  the  prospects  before  us  in  America,  no  means  should  be  left 
untried  to  open  new  sources  of  supply. 


Ameriean. 

Natlre. 

Knppafc 

KuppM. 

TotaL 

81,688 

228,814 

264,982 

42,647 

221,676 

•264,328 

28'010 

261,118 

279,128 

41,405 

262,006 

293,411 

68,298 

210,260 

273,688 

60,802 

191,196 

241,938 

82,360 

196,929 

279,277 

100.818 

262,848 

868,663 

106,406 

214,998 

820,399 

166,826 

230,667 

886,998 

528  Obituary  of  Prominent  Merchants. 


OBITUARY  OF  PROMINENT  MERCHANTS. 


OBITUARY  OF  PROMINENT  MERCHANTS. 

At  West  Farms,  near  New  York  City,  on  the  evening  of  Friday,  March  Ist, 
I86I,  William  W.  Fox,  in  the  78th  year  of  his  age,  after  a  brief  illness.  Mr. 
William  W.  Fox  was  one  of  oar  old  merchants,  and  President  of  the  New 
York  Gas  Co.    He  was  a  member  of  the  Society  of  Friends. 

Died  suddenly,  in  Qaincy,  Mass.,  on  Wednesday,  February  27th,  Solomoh 
Willard,  Esq.,  aged  77  years.  He  was  one  of  the  earliest  projectors  of  Banker 
Hill  Monument,  and  contributed  largely  towards  its  erection.  The  original 
models  of  the  monument  are  still  in  his  office.  In  1826,  with  the  advice  and 
aid  of  the  late  Hon.  Thomas  H.  Perkins,  and  others,  he  designed  and  surveyed, 
with  his  own  hands,  the  Quincy  Granite  Railway,  the  first  ever  built  in  the 
United  States.  Indeed,  he  was  the  architect  of  many  public  buildings,  including 
the  Town  House  of  Quincy.  His  scientific  tastes  were  of  a  respectable  order, 
as  his  library  will  show  ;  particularly  in  the  science  of  geology.  But  his  real 
usefulness  and  good  works,  are  particularly  exemplified  in  the  neighborhood 
where  he  so  quietly  and  unobtrusively  passed  the  evening  of  his  life. 

At  Charleston,  S.  C,  suddenly,  Sunday,  February  24th,  in  the  54th  year  of 
his  age,  Wm.  C.  Gatbwood,  Esq.,  a  merchant  of  that  city,  and  an  active  director 
of  the  Southwestern  Railroad  Bank.  He  was  one  of  the  first  originators  of 
the  New  York  and  Havana  packet  lines,  and  was  instrumental  in  the  establish- 
ment of  the  first  cotton  press  built  in  Charleston.  There  was  scarcely  any  enter- 
prise of  a  public  character  that  he  did  not  willingly  aid  by  both  his  counsels 
and  his  means. 

Mr.  Macqrboob  Laird. — We  regret  to  announce  the  death,  on  Sunday  last, 
of  Mr.  Macgregor  Laird,  well  known  in  connection  with  African  exploration. 
At  an  early  age,  Mr.  Laird  relinquished  his  interest  in  an  extensive  engineering 
establishment  in  Liverpool,  and  was  associated  with  Richard  Lander  in  con- 
ducting the  first  steam  expedition  up  the  river  Niger,  with  a  view  to  open  up 
the  commerce  of  the  interior.  After  undergoing  great  hardships,  he  returned 
to  England  in  1832,  with  the  few  of  his  companions  who  had  survived  the  effects 
of  the  climate.  He  next  turned  his  attention  to  transatlantic  steam  navigation, 
and  by  his  abilities  and  enterprise  materially  contributed  to  the  accomplishment 
of  that  great  object.  Subsequently,  he  for  a  short  time  devoted  his  energies  in 
fiirtherence  of  the  great  works  in  progress  at  Birkenhead.  During  the  last 
twelve  years  of  his  life,  Mr.  Laird  devoted  his  attention  exclusively  to  those  ob- 
jects in  which  his  heart  had  lain  from  early  youth— the  development  of  the  trade 
and  civilization  of  Africa,  having  for  many  years  advocated  this  as  the  only 
means  of  finally  extinguishing  the  slave  trade. — Liverpool  Times, 


Nautical  Intelligence,  629 


NAUTICAL  INTELLIGENCE. 


HBW  BEAeOVS  III  THI  OULF  OF  RIGA. 

Official  ioformatiOD  has  been  received  at  this  ofiBce  that  the  following^  beacons 
have  been  erected  in  the  Gulf  of  Riga  : — Two  new  mast  beacons  have  been 
placed  to  show  the  direction  of  the  channel  into  Riga.  These  beacons  are  sur- 
mounted by  a  triangle  with  the  apex  npwards  and  a  small  barrel  placed  hori- 
zontallj  above.  They  stand  respectively  85  and  87  feet  high  and  478  yards 
apart,  in  a  direction  N.  W.  by  W.  ^  W.  The  N.  W.  beacon  is  higher  and  its 
base  lar^r  than  that  of  the  S.  E.  beacon.  They  can  be  seen  from  a  distance 
of  10  miles.  Also,  that  the  lower  light  at  Riga  has  been  turned  30^  to  the 
westward,  so  as  to  be  seen  flrom  N.  J  W.  to  N.  W.  i  "W.  And  that  the  follow- 
ing beacons  will  be  placed  prior  to  the  opening  of  the  navigation  in  1861 : — 
On  the  south  side  of  the  banks  of  Knno  S.  W.  f  S.  6^  miles  of  the  church  of 
St.  Nicholas,  a  red  broom  turned  downwards.  At  3i  miles  to  the  southward 
of  the  extremity  of  the  Sorkholm  Reef,  a  red  broom  turned  downwards.  On  the 
coast  of  Livonia  on  a  nine-feet  shoal,  which  lies  S.  W.  by  W.  2  miles  in  advance 
of  the  cape  Taker-ort,  a  black  broom  turned  downwards.  On  an  eleven-feet 
shoal,  W.  by  N.  i  N.  4  miles  of  the  village  of  Kabiukula,  a  double  broom  i^ 
above  and  white  below.  On  a  seventeen-feet  bank,  which  lies  N.  W  by  N.  3( 
miles  of  the  farm  of  Ainensch,  a  white  broom  placed  upright.  On  the  extremity 
of  the  reef  which  extends  off  the  entrance  of  the  river  Att  Silas,  about  6i  miles 
from  the  beach,  in  a  depth  of  26  feet,  a  double  broom  white  above  and  red  below. 
(The  bearings  are  magnetic.  Variation  at  Riga  8^  15'  west  in  1861.)  By 
order, 

THOBNTON  A.  JXNKIN8,  Seorotwr. 

WAiHnroTOir,  F«bnuiy  SO,  1861. 


ILECTBIC  TELEARAPH  FROM  l»UffWICH  TO  AM8TIRDAM. 

The  following  •*  notice  "  has  been  received  at  this  office  from  the  Trinity  House, 
London : — **  Permission  having  been  granted  by  this  corporation  that  buoys 
marked  with  the  word  *  telegraph '  may  be  laid  down  in  the  line  of  direction  of 
the  submarine  cable  between  Suffolk  and  Zandvoort,  near  Amsterdam,  on  the 
coast  of  Holland,  notice  is  herebv  given,  that  the  buoys  are  now  laid,  and 
that  it  is  desirable  that  no  vessel  should  anchor  within  a  quarter  of  a  mile  to 
the  northward  or  southward  of  the  line  of  the  said  buoys,  lest  by  so  doing  they 
damage  the  electric  cable  or  lose  their  own  anchors.  The  line  of  the  buoys  is, 
from  the  Goast  Guard  Buildings  at  Minsmere,  near  Dunwich,  E.  S.  E.,  by  com- 
pass.''   By  order, 

THOBNTON  A.  JENKINS,  Bacttary. 
Waskutoioh,  Deotmb«r  90, 1800. 


lOTICB  TO  MARINERS. 


Captain  Bsimixsir,  of  Danish  ship  Benjamin  Howard,  at  San  Francisco  fh>m 

Manilla,  reports  December  26,  latitude  25^  53'  N.,  longitude  130°  50'  E.  at  10 

P.  M.,  saw  Borodino  Island  ;  at  12  o'clock  same  island  bore  E.  S.  E.,  distant  5 

miles  ;  observed  another  island  in  the  N.  E.,  distant  about  9  miles,  which  is  not 

laid  down  in  any  chart  I  have  got ;  both  of  them  are  very  low  islands,  and  not 

advisable  to  be  run  for  in  a  dark  nip^ht,  having  a  long,  low  beach  extending  a 

great  way  out    By  order  of  the  Lighthoose  Board. 

R.  8BMMSS,  Ensfneer,  SMMtorr 
WAtauroTOH,  FtibroMrj  10, 1801. 

VOL.  XLIV. — NO.  IT.  34 


680  Commercial  BegulaiionB. 


COMMERCIAL  REGULATIONS. 


TAB  COHBUftCE  OF  BRAZIL. 


The  followiog  official  notice  has  been  issued  by  the  Brazilian  GoYeromeDt  i — 

CORfULATR  GbITBCAL  OF  BVAltL,  I 

Nbw  Toek,  Mtf ch,  1861.        f 

By  order  of  the  Imperial  Qovemment  the  following  article  of  the  Gostooi- 
house  regulations  of  Brazil,  is  published  for  the  knowledge  of  those  it  may  con- 
cern. 

LUIZ  H.  F.  D'AOUIAB,  Ooanl  G«Mril. 

OBAPTBR    SIXTH. — OF  lUNIFBSTS. 

Articlv  399.  Every  captain  or  roaster  of  a  merchant  yessel,  national  or  foreign, 
who,  on  any  account  whatever,  seeks  any  port  of  the  empire  duly  qua)i6ed,  as  a 
port  of  entry,  or  habilitated  for  importation,  must  have  a  manifest  in  duplicate, 
which  must  contain — 

1.  The  name,  class,  and  tonnage  of  the  vessel,  and  nation  she  belongs  to. 

2.  The  name  of  her  commander  or  master. 

3.  The  port  she  sailed  from,  port  she  is  bound  to,  and  ports  of  call. 

4.  The  marks,  countermarks,  and  numbers  of  each  package,  and  their  denomina- 
tion. 

5.  Declaration  of  quality,  quantity,  weight,  or  measure  of  merchandise  con- 
tained in  each  package,  as  near  as  possible,  as  also  of  merchandise  in  bulk. 

6.  Express  designation  of  number  of  package  tinder  same  cover,  or  tied 
together ;  and  quality  of  merchandise  contained  in  each  of  said  packages,  and 
its  quantity,  weight,  or  measure,  besides  all  declarations  required  in  Nos.  4  aad 
5  of  this  article. 

7.  The  names  of  the  consignees  of  said  packages  or  merchandise,  or  if  con- 
signed to  order — 

8.  Express  mention — First,  of  merchandise  intended  for  warehousing  or  tran* 
sit,  with  declaration  required  in  Nos.  4,  5,  and  6 ;  second,  of  packages  contain- 
ing explosive  or  inflammable  articles  and  the  like,  with  all  circumstances  required 
in  Nos.  4,  5,  and  6. 

Section.  I.  These  declarations  must  be  written  in  full,  except  the  numbers 
and  marks  on  packages,  and  written  on  whole  sheets  of  paper  and  not  pieced  to 
one  another,  and  mast  be  numbered  and  signed  by  the  respective  consular  agent, 
or  by  the  person  legalizing  the  manifest. 

Art.  400.  The  manifests  shall  be  dated  and  signed  by  the  captain  or  master 
of  the  respective  vessel,  and  legalized  by  the  Brazilian  consul  or  consular  agent 
residing  at  the  port  of  her  departure,  and  where  there  is  none,  by  the  chief  of 
the  respective  Custom-house  or  revenue  department,  and  failing  both,  by  the  local 
authority.  In  the  latter  case  their  signatures  must  be  certified  by  the  respec- 
tive consul  at  the  port  of  entry,  should  any  doubt  arise  about  their  veracity. 

Abt.  401.  Fishing  vessels,  or  vessels  coming  from  ports  less  frequented  where 
there  is  no  Custom-house  or  revenue  department,  or  authority  to  certify  and 
legalize  the  manifests,  shall  be  obliged  to  deliver,  on  beine  vigit^  on  their  arrival, 
a  list  of  all  articles  comprising  their  cargoes,  with  declarations  required  in 
article  399,  and  to  show  the  bills  of  lading,  documents,  and  cargo  book,  or  any 
other  documents  proving  the  truth  of  thelist,  besides  the  roll,  list,  and  other 
papers  required  by  articles  409  and  410. 

Art.  402.  Any  vessels  having  called  at,  or  received  or  discharged  cargo  in 
one  or  more  ports,  shall  have  as  many  manifests  in  duplicate  as  are  the  ports  at 
which  she  may  have  received  cargo,  which  shall  contain  the  declarationB,  fw- 
malities,  and  requisites  required  in  foregoing  articles ;  and  shall  produce  as  many 
certificates,  legalized  in  same  manner  as  the  manifests,  of  not  having  received 
cargo,  or  landed  any  package,  merchandise,  or  object ;  and  in  case  of  some  bar- 


Oammercial  BegtdoUion$.  581 

ioff  been  landed,  of  ^oantity  or  namber  of  packages  or  merchandise  landed,  with 
airdecIaratioDs  required  by  article  399,  said  certificates  to  be  from  as  many  ports 
as  she  may  have  called  at. 

If  the  port  of  call  or  discharge  belongs  to  the  empire,  the  manifests  and 
certificates  shall  be  made  oat  by  the  competent  Cnstom-noose  or  revenne  depart- 
ment. 

Art.  403.  To  one  of  the  copies  of  the  manifest  mast  be  attached  the  clearance 
of  exportation,  re  exportation,  or  transit,  or  a  certified  copy  thereof,  according 
to  the  castom  and  law  of  the  resp^tive  port,  and  in  case  of  there  being  none 
sach,  a  copy  of  the  bill  of  lading  of  the  shipment  for*  the  package  or  merchan- 
dise relating  thereto. 

Art.  404.  The  consols,  aathorities,  or  persons  who,  according  to  article  400, 
legalize  the  manifests,  shall  namber  and  sign  all  its  pages  or  sheets,  and  after 
passing  a  line  in  all  its  blanks,  shall  certify  on  the  last  written  page  of  each  copy 
of  the  manifest  that  same  is  in  order,  witboat  erasures,  corrections,  enterlines, 
or  any  other  thing  giving  cause  to  any  doubt,  or  shall  safeguard  said  informali- 
ties by  mentioning  their  nature,  quality,  and  tenor ;  and  shall  deliver  said  mani- 
fests to  the  commander  of  the  vessel,  one  copy  open  and  the  other  under  cover, 
and  sealed  with  consular  seal,  addressed  to  the  collector  of  customs  at  the  port 
the  vessel  is  bound  to. 

The  documents  required  by  anterior  articles  must  be  also  numbered  and  signed 
by  the  consul. 

Art.  405.  The  dispositions  of  foregoing  articles  apply  to — first,  vessels  sail- 
ing in  ballast,  the  quality  and  quantity  of  which  most  be  described  in  the  mani- 
fest or  certificate ;  second,  vessels  calling  at  any  ports  of  the  empire,  or  entering 
there  infranqua ;  third,  vessels  carrying  passengers  or  immigrants,  even  having 
no  cargo  on  board. 

Sec.  1.  Shall  be  considered  ballast,  for  all  fiscal  ends,  any  quantity  of  heavy 
material  the  vessel  may  carry  or  receive,  indispensable  for  sailing  with  safety. 

Sbc.  2.  May  be  considered  as  part  of  ballast — First,  anwrought  iron,  in  bars, 
plates,  or  pig  iron,  or  in  coarse  castings  or  broken  pieces  ;  second,  copper,  un- 
wrought,  cast,  melted,  or  in  cakes,  bars,  plates,  or  sheets ;  third,  brass  made  ap 
into  artillery  or  in  broken  pieces ;  fourth,  unhewn,  hewn,  or  coarsely  hewn  stone 
of  any  quality ;  fiflh,  flint  stones,  pebbles,  sand,  clay,  ashes,  bones  or  horns ; 
sixth,  un  wrought  lumber,  in  stumps,  planks,  thick  boards,  or  for  wood ;  seventh, 
coals ;  eighth,  salt ;  ninth,  bricks,  tiles,  and  other  building  materials ;  tenth* 
water  casks,  filled  or  empty,  saving  disposition  of  section  first  of  article  33  of 
decree  No.  708,  of  14th  of  October,  1850,  as  regards  vessels  referred  to  in  same 
decree. 

Sro.  3.  The  chief  of  the  competent  revenue  department  at  the  port  of  entry 
of  a  vessel  in  ballast  shall,  when  deemed  convenient  for  the  fiscalization,  verify 
if  the  quantity  of  ballast  on  board  is  strictly  necessary  for  the  safety  of  the  ves- 
sel ;  and  in  case  of  finding  same  to  be  too  much,  shall  subject  the  vessel  to  the 
fiscal  rules  for  vessels  carrying  cargo. 

Art.  406.  The  consul  or  consular  agents  of  the  empire  shall  not  legalize  any 
manifest  not  in  accordance  with  foregoing  articles,  and  shall  oblige  the  captains 
to  correct  the  same,  or  make  out  new  ones. 

Art.  407.  The  aforesaid  consuls  or  consular  agents,  before  certifying  the 
manifests,  shall  acquaint  the  captains  or  masters  of  vessels  with  the  duties  im- 
posed on  them  by  the  present  regulations,  and  specially  with  their  duty  of— 

1.  Expressly  mentioning  the  packages  or  merchandise  destined  for  tiansit,and 
those  containing  explosive  or  inflammable  articles  or  goods. 

2.  Of  making  the  declarations  required  in  article  410,  on  the  occasion  of  be- 
ing visited  or  boarded. 

3.  Of  delivering  the  lists  and  papers  mentioned  in  articles  403, 409,  and  410. 
They  shall  also  instruct  said  captains  or  masters  that  the  aforesaid  docaments, 

as  also  the  manifests,  must  be  presented : — 

1.  To  the  visiting  officer  at  the  port  of  their  destination. 

2.  To  the  local  authorities  of  any  port  or  place  they  may  be  forced  to  pat  in 
by  distress  or  compolsioD. 


6S2  Oommercial  Regvlations. 

3.  To  the  commanders  of  the  rereoue  boats  charged  with  the  fisca!  police  of 
the  coast  aod  territorial  seas  of  the  empire. 

They  shall  also  certify  in  each  copy  of  the  manifest  of  haying  frilly  complied 
with  this  order,  and  that  the  captain  or  master  of  the  yessel  is  fully  aware  of  all 
these  requirements ;  said  oonsnis  being  liable  to  a  fine  of  from  fifty  to  fiye  hun- 
dred mil-reis  for  each  time  they  do  not  comply  with  said  obligations,  which  fine 
shall  be  imposed  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  the  chief  of  the  respectiye 
department  making  known  such  non-compliances  as  soon  as  the  manifests  are 
sent  to  him. 

Art.  408.  No  protests  by  the  captain  or  roaster  shall  be  admitted  in  the 
manifests  of  not  being  answerable  for  faults,  additions,  or  differences,  nor  any 
doubtful  declarations  about  quality,  quantity,  number,  siee,  or  weight  of  pack- 
ages or  merchandise  he  may  haye  receiyed  or  haye  on  board. 

Art.  409.  The  captain  or  master  of  a  yessel  must  deliver  to  the  naval  oflicer, 
or  to  the  visiting  officer,  on  being  boarded  by  him,  the  manifests,  together  with 
his  charter-party,  register,  and  all  documents,  bills  of  lading,  and  all  other  papers 
relating  to  bis  cargo  that  may  be  required  of  him,  to  be  sent  to  the  collector  of 
customs  or  to  the  Administrator  of  the  Board  of  Income. 

Such  papers  are  to  be  kept  in  deposit  in  the  competent  department,  till  they 
may  be  wanted  for  some  other  legitimate  cause,  and  demandcKl  by  the  respective 
captain  or  master. 

Art.  410.  On  the  same  occasion  of  being  visited,  the  captain  or  master  of 
the  vessel  shall  make  or  deliver  in  writing — 

1.  A  list  of  any  merchandise  or  objects  he  may  have  on  board,  not  mentioned 
10  his  manifest,  in  consequence  of  having  been  received  under  sail,  or  for  some 
other  cause,  specifying  its  quality,  quantity,  measure,  or  weight,  marks,  counter 
marks,  aod  numbers,  as  also  all  the  circumstances  required  in  article  399. 

2.  A  declaration  of  the  merchroidise  or  packages  which,  being  mentioned  in 
the  manifest,  he  may  have  sold  or  discharged  at  any  port  he  may  have  put  in  or 
called  at,  or  that  he  may  have  thrown  overboard  for  stress  of  weather,  or  that 
for  any  other  cause  may  be  wanting  to  make  up  the  <]uantity  manifested. 

3.  A  list  of  passengers,  and  of  t^B  packages  comprising  their  baggage,  to  be 
aocompanied  by  a  written  declaration,  signed  by  every  one  of  them,  of  the  con- 
tents of  the  packages  belonging  to  each. 

4.  A  list  in  dnplicate  of  the  remaining  stores,  provisions,  and  eatables  which 
may  be  on  board  the  vessel  or  kept  as  extras. 

Beg.  1.  A  document  mentioning  everything  shall  be  drawn  up  and  signed  by 
the  visiting  officer  or  officers,  aod  by  the  captain  or  master  to  whom  shall  be 
griven  a  receipt  for  the  documents  received. 

Sbo.  2.  No  undetermined  declarations  shall  be  admitted  in  said  documents 
tending  to  justify  irregularities  or  false  declarations  in  the  manifests,  nor  tending 
to  attenuate  the  same. 

Art.  411.  Packages  composing  passengers'  baggage  shall  be  numbered  and 
have  tickets  with  owners'  names  written  on.  Immigrants  may  be  exempt  of 
such  formality. 

Art.  412.  In  the  act  of  being  visited  on  entering,  the  eaptain  or  master  of  a 
vessel,  her  passengers  and  erew,  shall  deliver  to  the  Chiard-a-Mor,  or  acting 
officer,  who  shall  ask  for  same — First,  the  samples  and  small  packages  contain- 
ing merchandise  lying  in  the  cabin,  berths,  and  other  places;  second,  the  mails 
and  letters  for  the  post-office,  said  officer  giving  a  receipt  for  everything  he  re- 
ceives, or  mentioning  the  same  in  the  document  drawn  for  such  delivery,  or  in 
the  roll  or  sheet  of  discharge. 

Art.  413.  During  same  or  following  day,  but  within  the  unprorogned  or  fixed 
time  of  twenty-four  working  hours,  the  captain  or  master  shall  appear  before 
the  collector,  and  there  ratify  declarations  made  at  the  time  of  the  visit  of  entry ; 
a  document  being  drawn  mentioning  date  of  the  entry,  and  all  circumstances  re- 
quired by  sections  1  and  2  of  article  410. 

Art.  414.  Notwithstanding  the  dispositions  of  foregoing  articles,  it  shall  still 
be  permitted  to  the  captain  or  master  of  a  vessel,  when  ratifying  his  declara- 
tionsy  as  mentioned  in  above  article,  to  make  other  declaratimui  regarding  increase 


Cbmmereial  SefftdaHdns.  588 

or  diminiitioo  of  his  cargo,  same  to  be  in  due  time  dnly  considered  by  the  col- 
lector or  admlDistrator,  and  admitted  or  not,  according  to  Uieir  natare  and  cir- 
cumstaoees  of  the  case. 

Art.  415.  The  list  of  stores  and  provisions,  when  not  delivered  at  the  time  of 
the  visit  of  entry  shall  be  delivered  within  forty-eight  hoars  thereof,  and  in  same 
shall  be  specified  all  stores  and  provisions  in  the  vessel,  or  intended  for  the 
maintenance  of  her  officers,  crews,  and  passengers,  specifying  its  quality,  qnantity, 
namber,  weight,  or  measure,  marks,  counter-marks,  denominations,  and  number 
of  unbroken  packages,  —  only.  In  said  lists  shall  not  be  comprised  any  objects 
not  belonging  to  the  service  and  sailing  of  the  vessel,  or  to  the  maintenance  of 
her  crew  and  passengers  ;  and  any  objects  which,  contrary  to  this  disposition, 
are  included  in  same  shall  be  subject  to  double  the  consumption  duties,  or  the 
duties  having  been  paid,  to  a  fine  of  fifty  per  cent  of  their  value  (article  471) 
according  to  judgment  of  the  collector. 

Art.  416.  The  want  of  manifest  duly  legalized  according  to  present  regula- 
tions, shall  subject  the  vessel — at  the  option  of  the  respective  collector  or  ad- 
ministrator—to a  fine  of  500  reis  to  2||000  for  each  ton  measurement  of  the  re- 
spective vessel,  or  one  per  cent  on  the  duties  the  merchandise  of  her  cargo  may 
he  subject  to. 

Are  only  excepted : — 

8bo.  1.  Vessels  putting  in  in  consequence  of  oompulsion,  referred  to  in  chapter 
2d  of  this  section. 

Sbc.  2.  Vessels  which,  putting  in  for  same  causes,  and  being  condemned  as 
unseaworthy,  may  sell  at  public  auction  part  or  the  whole  of  their  cargoes,  in 
consequence  of  damages  recognized  by  the  competent  department. 

Bbo.  3.  Vessels  putting  in  to  refresh  or  recruit,  and  dispose  merely  of  a  part 
of  their  cargoes  sufficient  to  defray  expenses  of  the  port. 

Seo.  4.  Fishing  vessels,  or  coming  from  ports  little  frequented,  where  exist 
no  Custom-house,  revenue  department,  or  any  other  manner  of  legalizing  the 
manifests,  according  to  article  401.  • 

Sec.  5.  Ail  circumstances  mentioned  in  foregoing  section  must  be  proved 
before  the  Custom-house  at  the  port  of  entry. 

Seo.  6.  The  landing  of  any  package  shall  not  be  permitted,  however,  without 
previous  exhibition  by  the  captain  or  master  of  the  vessel : — 1  st.  A  list,  same 
as  required  in  article  401,  and  all  documents,  cargo-book,  and  papers  proving 
its  exactness,  if  demanded.    2d.  Payment  of  fine  imposed,  or  bond  for  its  amount. 

Art.  417.  The  non-delivery  of  one  of  the  copies  of  the  manifest,  or  the  tear- 
ing of  the  seal,  or  opening  of  the  copy  under  cover,  shall  be  punishable  with  a 
fine  of  from  925  to  i|50,  imposed  on  the  captain  or  master  of  the  respective 
veesel. 

Art.  418.  Falsifying  the  manifest,  or  changing  any  sheets,  making  erasures 
or  amendments  to  same  after  its  delivery  by  the  consular  agent  to  the  captain 
or  master,  shall  subject  the  latter  to  a  fine  of  from  $50  to  $300,  besides  any 
other  penalties  to  be  imposed  on  him  as  forger,  according  to  penal  code  or 
criminal  code. 

Art.  419.  The  non-mention  in  the  manifest,  or  in  declarations  permitted  by 
articles  204  and  410,  of  explosive  or  inflammable  merchandise,  or  similar  men- 
tioned in  table  No.  6,  being  on  board,  will  give  cause  to  the  imposition  of  a 
fine  of  from  $20  to  $100  for  each  package,  or  10  to  50  per  cent  of  its  value, 
according  to  judgment  of  the  respective  collector  or  administrator,  which  shall 
be  paid  by  ine  captain  or  master  of  the  vessel  carrying  them  on  board. 

Art.  420.  Absence  of  any  of  the  formalities  and  declarations  required  for 
the  regularity  of  the  manifests,  shall  give  occasion  to  the  imposition  of  a  fine 
of  from  $50  to  $300  on  the  consul,  consular  agent,  or  Brazilian  authority  to 
whom  its  authenticity  may  belong. 

Seo.  1.  Said  consuls,  consular  agents,  or  Brazilian  authorities,  shall  incur  on 
same  penalties,  if  io  the  manifest  or  cirtificates  are  found  any  faults  they  ought 
to  correct,  or  safeguard  them,  according  to  article  404,  in  case  it  is  clearly  seen 
said  faults  were  not  done  after  closed,  enveloped,  and  sealed. 

Sbc.  2.  If  the  want  of  formalities  or  fiMilts  are  found  in  manifests  not  legal- 


^^  (hmmerdal  RtguUitUmM. 

ized  by  Brazilian  codsuIs*  coDsnlar  agents,  or  aatborities,  in  oonseqneoee  of  h^ 
ing  made  in  ports  or  places  where  said  consols  or  agents  do  not  exist,  the  fine 
of  foregoing  sections  shall  be  imposed  on  the  captain  or  master  of  the  yesseL 

Sec.  3.  If  any  formality,  not  essential,  shall  be  wanting  in  the  manifest,  the 
collector  of  customs,  or  Administrator  of  the  Bevenne  Board,  having  in  con- 
sideration the  cargo  of  the  vessel,  or  any  other  circumstances  in  faror  of  the 
captain,  may  exempt  him  of  the  fines  of  anterior  article. 

Sec.  4.  Are  essential  formalities  of  the  manifeat : — 

1.  Date  and  signature. 

2.  Legalization  by  the  consols,  consular  agents,  local  authorities,  or  porsooe 
mentioned  in  article  400,  in  manner  ordered  by  article  401  and  following. 

3.  Mention  of  packages  or  merchandise  on  board,  with  description  of  all  sic^ 
nals  or  marks  distinguishing  them,  and  its  quantity  and  quality,  as  per  article 
399,  Nos.  4,  5,  and  6.  -i  /         i        /        i~ 

4.  Absence  of  corrections  or  alterations,  erasures,  interlinings,  or  any  other 
faults,  causing  any  doubt  about  declarations  contained  in  same. 

Art.  421.  The  collector  o(  custcms,  or  Administrator  of  the  Revenue  Board, 
each  by  himself,  or  by  any  of  the  officers  under  his  orders;  the  Goarda  Mor 
by  himself,  or  by  any  of  his  aids,  or  by  any  officer  under  his  orders,  roav  proceed 
to  any  necessary  searches,  to  prevent  any  embezzlement  of  the  duties  belonging 
to  the  public  revenue,  either  at  the  time  of  the  visit  of  entry,  or  at  any  other 
time,  even  within  the  term  of  twenty-four  hours  mentioned  in  article  414, 
whether  during  the  discharging,  after  same  is  concluded,  or  wiien  the  vessel  is 
still  receiving  cargo. 

Sec.  1.  If  in  such  way,  or  at,  or  after  the  visit  of  discharge,  it  is  found  the 
vessel  bad  on  board  more  merchandise  than  mentioned  in  the  manifest,  declara- 
tions of  her  captain  or  master,  made  according  to  article  410,  and  list  of  extra 
stores  and  provisions,  the  excess  shall  be  sei^,  and  a  fine  imposed  on  the  re* 
spective  captain,  or  master,  equivalent  to  two-thirds  of  the  value  of  said  mer^ 
chaodise,  according  to  valuation  of  same  in  the  tariff  or  same,  not  fixing  value, 
according  to  valuation  given  by  experts,  acting  as  per  roles  of  chapter  3  of 
section  8. 

I'his  disposition  applies  to  cases  found  out  by  means  of  search,  when  the  mer- 
chandise is  found  packed  in  such  a  manner  as  to  deceive,  or  found  in  hiding 
places  of  the  Vessel,  or  out  of  the  hatches,  or  in  any  hidden  place,  or  suspected 
of  facilitating  smuggling,  or  in  the  act  of  smuggling  being  effected.  In  case^ 
however,  of  any  excess  being  found  by  means  of  search,  not  intentionally  done, 
or  done  without  fraud  being  intended,  the  captain  shall  only  pay  the  fine  men* 
tioned  in  following  article,  which  is  to  be  for  the  benefit  of  the  oQcers  making 
the  search — dispositions  of  articles  120  and  758  being  observed  in  all  cases. 

Seo.  2.  Are  excepted  the  packages.  1st.  Ofsamples  of  little  value.  2d.  Mer- 
chandise, the  duties  on  which  shall  not  exceed  $10,  and  in  this  case,  shall,  or 
shall  not,  be  imposed  any  fine,  as  the  collector  may  deem  of  justice. 

Abt.  422.  In  case  of  excess  of  packages  of  merchandise  not  mentioned  in  the 
manifest  being  found  out  after  the  discharge  into  the  Custom-house  in  the  usual 
manner,  a  fine  of  from  $5  to  $100  shall  be  imposed  for  each  package.  If  the 
excess  is  found  in  merchandise  in  bulk,  and  not  subject  to  breakage,  such  as  iron, 
heavy  hardware,  lumber,  and  others  alike,  the  fine  shall  be  of  from  10  to  50  per 
cent  on  the  value  of  the  merchandise  not  maniliested  or  found  in  excess.  From 
the  amount  of  any  other  fines  of  the  present  article,  two  thirds  shall  belong  to 
the  officer  finding  out  the  excess,  on  examining  the  manifest,  or  on  the  con- 
sumption entry,  when  it  can  be  done  so,  and  the  remainder  one-third  shall  be- 
long to  the  public  revenue. 

Art.  423.  In  case  the  difference  on  the  number  of  packages  is  for  less  than 
mentioned  in  the  manifest,  and  the  captain  or  master  is  unable  to  prove,  to  the 
satisfaction  of  the  collector  of  customs,  or  Administrator  of  the  Revenue  Board, 
that  the  package  or  packages  were  not  shipped,  he  shall  pay,  for  benefit  of  the 
officer  finding  same,  on  examining  the  manifest,  double  the  duties  on  the  mer- 
chandise the  packages  not  discharged  ought  to  contain,  said  value  baing  arbi- 
trated according  to  declarations  on  the  manifest,  and  as  if  the  merchandise  be- 


Cbtnmereial  Eeffulatiom.  686 

kNHired  to  tbe  ■operio*  quality,  or  by  any  otber  identical  packages  in  same 
■WDifest,  when  declarations  regarding  package  not  discharged  are  not  complete. 

Art.  424.  In  articles  imported  in  bulk,  which  are  by  their  quality  sabject  to 
•zcesB  or  decrease,  the  fine  shall  be  imposed  only  when  the  difference  fonnd 
amoaots  to  more  than  10  per  cent  If  the  ditference  is  for  less,  whatever  it  may 
mmonnt  to,  no  fine  shall  be  imposed,  provided  daties  have  been  paid  on  whole 
quantity  manifested. 

Art.  425.  In  soluble  articles,  snch  as  ice,  salt,  and  the  like,  the  collector  of 
customs  may,  at  the  petition  of  the  master  or  captain,  made  in  the  act  of  enter- 
ing at  the  Cnstom-honse,  allow  an  abatement  np  to  75  per  cent  on  ice,  and  25 
per  cent  on  salt,  and  others  of  equal  nature,  same  to  be  ascertained  by  having 
tbe  measurement  of  the  cargo  examined  by  experts  of  his  confidence. 

Art.  426.  In  case  of  a  dedcieney,  or  no  presentation  of  a  list  of  passengers 
and  their  baggage,  the  captain  or  master  shall  incur  a  fine  of  from  $50  to  $200. 

Skc.  only.  He  shall  incur  the  same  fine  in  not  delivering  a  list  of  bis  stores, 
within  the  specified  time,  beside  the  same  being  at  once  subject  to  pay  consump 
Uoo  duties,  in  consequence  of  such  omission. 

Art.  427.  The  captain,  or  master,  shall  incur  in  a  fine  of  from  $1  to  $2  for 
each  difference  of  mark,  the  same  to  be  for  the  benefit  of  the  officer  finding  the 
same,  on  examination  of  the  manifest 

Art.  428.  Men-of  war,  and  transports,  whether  national  or  foreign,  must,  on 
coming  in,  manifest  at  the  Custom-house  any  cargo  on  board,  or  that  they  have 
none  on  board,  or  baggage  of  passengers,  tbe  same  as  merchant  vessels ;  and  on 
faAVing  to  deliver  the  same  to  the  said  fiscal  department,  shall  be  subject  to  the 
same  examens  and  fiscalization  as  merchant  v^sels,  in  everything  regarding 
cargo  on  board ;  and  any  aet  on  their  part  contrary  to  this  disposition,  shall  be 
reported  to  the  supreme  authority,  that  he  may  act  as  deemed  more  conven  ient . 

Art.  429.  The  vessel  shall  be  considered  as  mortgaged  to  the  payment  of  any 
fines  imposed  by  the  Custom-house  on  her  captain  or  master,  ia  consequence  of 
these  regulations,  and  she  shall  not  be  cleared  to  leave  port,  until  same  are  paid, 
or  their  amount  is  deposited. 

Ssc.  only.  This  disposition  is  applicable  to  any  package  or  merchandise  on 
which  fines  are  imposed,  which  cannot  be  entered  and  delivered  before  payment 
of  fines  is  effected. 

Art.  430.  Are  subject  to  dispositions  of  article  421.  Any  vehicles  of  trans- 
port, or  animals  of  cargo,  carrying  merchandise  of  any  quality  from  foreign 
countries  across  the  territorial  frontiers  of  the  empire,  the  competent  manifests 
are  to  be  delivered  at  the  fiscal  port,  or  nearest  station,  and  are  to  be  made  out 
according  to  article  33,  and  following  of  regulation  No.  2,846,  of  29th  Sep- 
tember, 1859,  or  according  to  any  other  special  regulations  or  instructions  to 
be  framed  in  future,  under  penalties  specified  in  said  regulations  and  special  in- 
structions relative  to  the  territorial  frontier. 

Art.  431.  The  penal  part  of  this  chapter,  relating  to  captains  or  masters  of 
vessels,  shall  be  executed  only  after  publication  of  the  duties  of  said  command- 
ers, and  requisites  for  the  manifests  are  made  at  the  foreign  ports  or  p!aoes  they 
sailed  from  ;  it  being  the  duty  of  the  respective  consul,  consular  agents,  or  Bra- 
zilian authorities,  to  acquaint  said  captains  of  their  duties ;  and  having  done  so, 
he  shall  certify  in  the  manifest,  in  the  manner  and  under  penalties  of  article  407. 

Sec.  only.  Whilst,  however,  said  publication  does  not  take  place,  the  dis- 
positions and  regulations  at  present  in  force  regarding  this  subject,  shall  be  con- 
sidered as  binding.' 

Art.  432.  Tbe  manifests  and  certificates  to  vessels  sailing  from  ports  of  the 
empire,  whatever  their  destination  may  be,  shall  be  made  out  in  manner  pre- 
scribed in  article  399  and  following,  and  shall  be  legalized  by  the  collector  or 
administrator  of  the  competent  fiscal  department. 

Sec.  1.  Said  manifests  shall  be  made  out  in  duplicate,  and  from  the  respective 
clearances,  permits  and  bills  of  lading,  which  shall  be  adjoined  to  said  manifests, 
after  being  numbered  and  signed,  and  its  number  being  mentioned  in  the  mani- 
fest. One  of  tbe  copies  shall  be  closed  and  sealed  with  the  departmei  t  seal,  and 
delivered  to  the  respective  captain  or  master ;  the  other  shall  be  filed. 


586  (hmmerdal  BegukUions. 

Sec.  2.  Id  same  maDifests  shall  be  mentioned,  in  aeparate^  plaoe^  tbe  foreign 
mercbandibe :— Ist  That  are  re-ex^rted,  transhipped,  or  in  tranfit  2d.  Tlwt 
have  already  paid  coneoniptioD  daties. 

Art.  433.  The  dispoBitioos  hi  toregoiog  article!  applj  to  coasting  vcawU 
comiog  from,  or  going  to  any  port  or  place  whatever,  which  shall  be  obliged  to 
manifest  their  cargoes  according  to  roles  of  present  chapter. 

8ec.  1.  The  captains  or  masters  of  said  vessels  shall  be  answerable  for  any 
infringement  of  present  regulations,  want  of  a  manifest,  or  irregnlarity  of  same, 
and  differences  for  excess  or  dimination  of  cargo,  and  shall  incur  a  fine  of  from 
920  to  SlOO  for  want  or  irregularity  of  manifest,  at  the  arbitrage  of  the  !•> 
spective  collector  or  administrator. 

8ec.  2.  On  being  verified « any  difference  in  excess  of  quantity  maaifetted,  a 
fine  shall  be  imposed  of  irom  $5  to  SiOO  for  each  package  or  merchandise. 

8kc.  3.  Any  difference  for  less  than  quantity  manifested  shall  give  oooaskm 
to  the  imposing  of  a  fine  equivalent  to  amount  of  export  dntiea. 

Sec.  4.  As  r^ards  irregularities  committed  by  tbe  authorities  charsed  with 
legalizing  the  manifests,  shall  be  observed  the  same  as  disposed  regarding  the 
consular  agents,  the  fine  being  imposed  at  the  capital  by  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  and  in  the  provinces  by  the  assistant  treasurers. 

Art  434.  The  penal  dispositions  of  foregoing  article  do  not  comprebaod 
penalties  for  smuggling,  nor  any  others  incurred  in  for  having  received  at  aea, 
or  in  territorial  seas  of  the  empire,  any  foreign  merchandise,  conirary  to  dispo- 
sitions of  this  regulation. 

Art  435.  The  manifests  of  coasting  vessels  coming  from  ports  without 
Custom-house.  Revenue  Board,  or  Receiver  of  Taxes,  shall  be  legalised  by  any 
authority  of  the  phice  she  sailed  from,  whenever  the  competent  revenue  depart- 
ment shall  be  situated  at  a  distance  of  two  leagues  from  aforeaaid  port. 

Art.  436.  Commanders  of  vessels  are  not  answerable  lor  contents  of  any 
package  they  carry. 

Sec.  only.  Are  excepted  : — 

1.  Casks,  the  liquids  of  which  have  been  substituted  by  any  other  diflferent  of 
that  mentioned  in  the  manifest,  or  by  sweet  or  sea  water,  or  by  any  other  val- 
ueless object 

2.  Packages  showing  si^s  of  having  been  broken  up  or  opened. 

3.  Packages  of  less  weight  or  dimensions  than  manifested,  or  mentioned  in 
bills  of  lading. 

ANOELO  MONIZ  DA  8ILYA  FERBiZ,  Secretary  of  the  TreMory. 
Bio  db  Jamkho,  September  19, 1860. 

TABLE   NO.   SIX — HAZARDOUB  AKD   OOBROSTVB   ARTICLES. 

Sulphuric  and  nitric  acids,  or  any  ottier  corrosives. 
Spirits  or  essence  of  turpentine. 
Alcohol  and  rum. 
Oun  cotton  or  prosciline. 
Flambeaux  made  of  mat  weed,  and  others  alike. 
Burning  balls,  and  other  war  materials  of  alike  description. 
Bosin,  crude  turpentine,  tar,  coal,  ashes. 
Brimstone  in  tubes,  and  sublimate  of  brimstone. 
Percussion  cape  of  every  description. 
Tow  and  oakum,  flaming  flax,  gunpowder. 
Rockets  and  fireworks  of  every  dcMription. 
I  inder  of  eva*y  description. 

Phosphor  in  cakes  or  tubes,  in  wooden  or  ware  matches,  or  nsed  in  any  other 
manner. 
Pitch  of  every  quality. 
Saltpeter,  nitre,  or  nitrate  of  potash. 
Caustic  soap,  for  soap  making. 


Railroad^  Oanal,  and  Steamboat  Statistics.  637 


BAILROAD,  CANAL.  AND  STEAMBOAT  STATISTICS. 


ftAUROAim  OF  CHICAGO. 


The  Chicago  Tribune  gives  a  statement  of  the  resources  for  1860  of  the  rail- 
roads centeriDg  in  that  city.  The  foUowiog  table,  compared  with  those  of  pre- 
vious years,  demoDStrates  the  gratifyiog  fact,  that  the  lowest  depth  of  depression 
has  been  reached.  The  eamiogs  of  nearly  all  our  roads  show  a  very  handsome 
increase  over  those  of  the  previous  year.  The  tide  has  turned,  and  with  good 
crops  the  increase  will  be  as  rapid  and  satisfactory  as  the  decline  was  steady 
and  discouraging : — 

18».         18)7.  18i8.  18)9.  1860. 

ObiciltMil $660,00000   $522,78192    $204,186  15    $188,10041  $170.995  19 

0.  4t  N.  West. .  187,808  67      429,805  89      890,819  68      898,888  01  667.751  66 

G.<ltOhlU 2,466,044  80   2,117,904  97  1,547,56128  1,864.009  66  1,462.75180 

ChlB.  ifeQuinc  1,627,029  61  1,899.586  49  1.600.709  64  1.266,982  96  1,716,179  09 

Chic.  A  R.  IslU  1,751,704  60  1,681,10167      981,780  00     984,110  77  1,172,582  08 

On  A.  AStL..  1,000,000  00     998.809  4S      867,288  52     900,000  OO  988,641  20 

BL  Central  ....  2,469,588  67  2,298,964  57  1,976,578  52  2,107,88195  2,664.849  87 

P.,  Ft  W.  A  Ch.  1,478,428  76  1,662.727  95  1,567,780  18  1,965,121  18  2,885,085  28 

Mich.  S.  A  N.  L.  8,114.756  06  2,186,124  97  2,039,846  97   1,788.149  80  2,181,298  89 

Hieh.  Central.. .  8,128,154  10  2,656,47186  2,016,185  85  1,756,420  80  2,029,070  62 


Total. ...  $17,812,967  27  16,428,228 66  18,191,786 74  12,659,115  01 15,289,199 08 

The  table  shows  the  very  encouraging  fact  that  the  earnings  of  these  ten  trunk 
roads  exceed  those  of  last  year  by  $2,630,084  07. 


RAILWAYS  OF  MASSACHUSETTS  FOB  1860. 

The  Boston  Railway  Times  gives  the  tables  of  the  annual  operations  of  the 
railways  of  Massachusetts,  as  reported  officially  to  the  Legislature.  The  figures 
are  hereto  annexed.  The  aggregates,  as  compared  with  last  year,  show  as  fol- 
lows : — 

Oapital.  Paidia.  Ooct  InoooM.  D«bt  Sarplot. 

1869....     69.495,200    48,809,507     68,818,848     10,101,881     17,686,881     8,427,082 
I860....     62,976,400    49,184,915     62,718,998     10,588,282     17,782,008     8,929,962 


locrease.      8,481,200         825,408     481,901         196,622       502,880 

Decrease     599,850     

The  debt  and  capital  paid  in  have  both  increased  during  the  year ;  but  the 
income  shows  an  increase  of  more  than  4}  per  cent,  while  the  expenses  have 
undergone  a  diminution.  The  number  of  passengers  carried  in  the  year  in- 
creased 406,105 ;  the  freight  shows  also  an  increase  of  2  6,646  tons.  Both 
these  figures  are  a  gratifying  evidence  of  the  recovery  of  business  in  the  New 
England  States.    The  business  of  the  several  roads  was  as  follows : — 


588 


Railroad^  Oanal,  and  ^eamhoat  Slatistux. 


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|.|:i§:§|:::S:::ii:ii:il2S|; 

1  •$  :-     :   -f  :  :  :;d^ :  :  :  :ar  .eft--  iwfg-'er-  : 

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Bail/road^  OancU^  and  Steamboat  Slaiistica. 


689 


P.ct 

of  p.  et 
expenM  of 

to  dlTi- 
Ineome.  dend. 

Botton  Md  Wore«tt«r 63.8  &U 

Weatorn  Uailwar M^  &U 

Now  York  and  Boston 0.0 

Agricultural  Branch 0.0 

Providence  and  Worcester 60.0  8.0 

Worcester  and  Nashua fi&O  OwO 

Vltchbarg  and  Worcester T8.0  0.0 

Amherst  and  Belchertown 79.9  fli.0 

ConnecUcnt  River. 4&1  &0 

Ptttslleld  and  North  Adams. ....    44.5  6L0 

Hauipehire  and  Hampden. 48.8  0.0 

BtDOkbridgo  and  Pittsflold 7.0 

WestStockbrldge..  4A 

Bottton  and  Providence 493  8.0 

Taunton  Branch 8SL1  8.0 

New  Bedford  and  Taonton 77.8  5.0 

Btonghton  Branch aO 

Sast«>n  Branch 6.0 

Middleboro'  and  Taunton 89.9  aO 

Providence^  Warren,  and  Bristol    66.0  0.0 

Fairhaven  Branch 0.0 

Old  Oolonjr  and  Fall  Blver 60.8  aO 

Dorchester  and  Milton  Branch aO 

South  Shore  Ballway 71.9  aO 

Gape  Cod  Kail  waj 62.8  aO 

Fitchbnrg  ballwaj 57.0  ao 

Yermont  and  Massachusetts  ....    64.9  aO 

Lexington  and  West  Cambridge.    71.8  aO 

Marlboro' and  FeltonviUe...... 12.0 

Boston  and  Lowell 66.6  7.6 

Hash  ua  and  Lowell 71.8  aO 

Lowell  and  Lawrence ao 

Bftlem  and  Lowell 1.0 

StonjBrook..... a5 

Boston  and  Maine 64.1  ao 

Sastem  Railway 50.9  aO 

Essex  RoU  way Wl.O  aO 

Ne wbnryport  Railway. 84.6  aO 

Cheshire  Railway oas  aO 

Norwich  and  Worcester 5art  0.0 


No.  of 
miles 
run. 
585,954 
1,114^1 
M»428 

SSli59t 
18H,e5S 
87,494 
1^660 
195,026 
83,160 
48,348 


Pasiengen    No.  of 

carried  passongen 

in  tho  carried 

cars.  one  mile. 

1,601,1113  94,979,294 

617382  25338,812 

137,848  717,052 


No.  of 
Tons  tons  of 
carried  merchMlse 
in  the  hauled 
cars,  one  mile. 
352,999  12,619,150 
505,547    48,311,064 


723,182 
17a5l3 
54,aiS 
17,191 
3211301 
57,676 
83,484 


374,245 

50,082 

49,241 

6,032 

4,693 

26,716 

S53.'i9 

87,814 

413,017 

83329 
77,529 
837,451 
101,326 
16,808 

^977 
17^311 


6,241,890 
3,188,870 
647,126 
248,910 
4.1 15,-^57 
718,172 
409355 


14,048,828 

1,304,578 

1395,522 

248,044 

81,456 

179384 

l,l»91.062 

688,410 

16,430,160 

"800,448 

2,276,l)» 

11,:{98,460 

1,960,167 

540,774 


173,309 
110315 
38,158 
10,H28 
117,460 
97,^88 
18367 


1,093394 
122,880 
118,217 
8I,V96 
21,114 
20,664 
100,(183 
54376 
1,122,279 

1393^8 
99,802 

754.830 
91327 

124,926 


705,483      8,752,648 
816,983     3,982,847 


£74,634 
51,644 
45,746 
30,1118 
1^376 
12.91)7 
4,212 
15,365 

907,765 

"^462 
44,478 
396,008 
78,154 
27,628 

4«»',e85 
201,852 


5,515,405 
a46O,020 
48 1 357 
152,406 
3,738317 
429,945 
360,878 


8,473,405 

540315 

468,521 

74,943 

41313 

81,738 

55,771 

22I.90O 

7,075,048 

"24;262 

533,308 

9337,045 

1,785,080 

61,183 

7,M5[955 
3,424,094 


620363 
487,2H6 
55,946 

snuCmi 

292,010 


1393,186    2a753,129 

1,460,658    82,880,318 

84,792        778,402 


72;n2i 

174,550 


2,933,941 
3,480,410 


293.749  a209,687 

128366  3,21i,054 

46,872  860,863 

l'lV,308  5,V49327 

125363  5392,936 


Total  and  averages. 65.9    ai5  6,170,962  12,830,598  190,908,587  3,913379  132,252,734 


n)  Equipment  famished  and  road  operated  by  Ooss  and  Mnnson. 
(»  0|iorated  and  kept  in  repair  by  the  Boston  and  Worcester  Rail 
(3)  Bold  at  aaction  by  act  or  186K  to  the  bondholders,  and  operated  by  the  Amhent,  Belchertown, 


and  Palmer  Railway  Company. 

(4)  Leased  to  the  New  Haven  and  Northampton  Railway  Company,  and  operated  by  the  New 
York  and  New  Haven  Railroad  Company. 

(SI)  Leased  by  the  Ilousatonic  Railway  Company  at  7  ner  cent. 

16)  Leased  by  the  Berkshire  and  Hudson  and  Boston  Roads. 

(7)  Operated  by  the  Boston  and  Providenoe  Railway  Company. 

(^)  Ofierated  by  the  Boston  and  ProTidence  Railwav  Company. 

(9)  Engines  and  can  furnished  by  the  Boston  and  Providence  Railwav  Company, 
(lu)  Operated  and  kept  in  repair  by  the  Old  Colony  and  Fall  River  Railway  Company, 
(tn  Operated  by  the  Fiichbnrg  Rallwor  Company. 
(Iti)  Operated  by  the  Boston  and  Lowell  Railway  Company. 
03)  Operated  by  the  Boston  and  Jewell  Railway  Company. 
(14)  Operated  by  the  Nashua  and  Lowell  Railway  Company. 


A  NBW  SYSTEM  OF  RAILWAY. 

Tbe  Parisian  conrespoDdent  of  the  Morning  Star  says :— "  An  experiment  of 
a  new  system  of  railway  was  made  at  Compiegne  some  few  days  ago,  and  met 
with  the  greatest  success  among  the  agricultural  speculators  assembled  to  wit- 
ness it.  The  inventor  is  said  to  be  a  poor  wheelwright,  whose  ambition  has  not 
extended  beyond  that  of  facilitating  field  labor.  This  railway  consists  of  a 
series  of  rails,  fitting  one  in  the  other,  like  a  succession  of  ladders  laid  flat  upon 
the  ground.  Over  these  the  carts  roll  quietly  along,  let  them  be  ever  so  heavily 
laden.  One  great  advantage  of  the  system  is,  the  facility  with  which  the  rails 
are  laid  down  and  taken  up.  In  one  hour  a  hundred  metres  may  be  planted. 
The  tedious  carting  of  crops  through  wet  and  muddy  fields  is  hereby  avoided. 
The  experimental  rail  was  75  centimetres  in  width.  The  carts  filled  with  pro- 
duce, whether  pushed  or  drawn  by  one  single  person,  were  of  one  cubic  metre, 
and  moved  with  the  greatest  ease." 


540 

s 


Suuisiies  of  Population^  etc. 


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Journal  of  Mining,  Manufactures,  and  Art.  541 


JOURNAL  OF  MINING,  MANUFACTURES,  AND  ART. 


FACTOBISS  OF  I.0W£LL...188e  VB^  1861. 

Since  1836,  the  Massachasetts  (and  Prescott)  Cotton  Mills,  and  the  Lowell 
Machine  Shop  Companies,  have  been  organized,  and  the  capital  of  the  eleven 
other  companies  increased.  We  take  from  the  LoweU  Courier  the  following 
table,  showing  the  progress  of  the  mannfactaring  interests  of  Lowell  at  the  two 
periods  referred  to : — 

1816.  186L 

Kamber  of  mills ••...  29  54 

g»P>5^ $7,660,000  $18,900,000 

Spindles 129,828  408,696 

If^^f /•••/ *'*21  12,120 

Females  employed 5,414  *-  8406- 

Males  employed 1,667^  8,977^ 

Total 7,081  12,882 

Yards  cottoo  doth  per  week 889,800  2,481,000 

Yardswoolen            "            7,800  *  82^000 

Carpet                       «'            2,600  26,000 

Cotton  Qsed  per  week 268,000  828,000 

"Wool             -              11,688  76,000 

Yards  dyed  aod  printed 280,000  686,000 

Tons  anthracite  coal  per  annum 9,468  80,400 

Bushels  charcoal  per  annum 26*860 

Cords  wood  per  annum.'. 4,690 

Gallonsoil  per  annum 64,824  76,682 

Pounds  starch  per  annum ••••••  1681000 

Bbls  flour  per  annum 1*486 

The  Lowell  Bleachery  also  dye  at  the  present  time  16,000,000  yards  per  an- 
Diim,  and  bleach  8,000,000  yards  in  the  same  time. 


COST  OF  MAKI56  IRON  ON  LAKE  SUPERIOR. 

At  the  Pioneer  Works  the  iron  is  made  on  contract  by  B.  Case,  Esq.,  who 
furnishes  everything  except  the  coal,  and  delivers  the  pig  (on  board  the  cars 
we  think,)  at  seven  dollars  a  ton,  making  the  entire  cost  to  the  company  sixteen 
dollars  a  ton,  exclusive  of  the  use  of  capital.  The  cost  of  transportation  to 
this  port  is  one  dollar  per  ton,  and  hence  to  the  Chicago  market,  the  past  sea« 
son,  it  has  been  two  dollars  a  ton,  making  a  sum  total  of  cost  nineteen  dollars  a 
ton  delivered  at  Chicago,  where  it  has  been  disposed  of  at  twenty-three  dollars 
a  ton,  giving  a  net  profit  to  the  company  of  four  dollars  a  ton.  The  single  ftir- 
nace  now  in  blast  produces  fifteen  to  eighteen  tons  per  day,  which  gives  a  re- 
turn to  the  company  on  the  capital  invested  of  60  to  70  dollars  per  day. 

Mr.  (Jay,  says  the  Marquette  Lake  Superior  Jaumalt  has  furnished  us  the 
following  schedule  of  the  cost  per  ton  of  making  iron  at  his  two  furnaces,  lo- 
cated,  the  one  at  Collinsville,  three  miles  from  Marquette,  aod  the  other  at  For- 
estville,  two  miles  above,  on  the  same  stream,  both  being  operated  by  water- 
power  :— 


642  The  Book  Trade. 

Coetof  ore  per  too... •..••....• $1  87} 

Cost  of  freiebt  oo  railroad  per  ton 1  6i|> 

Cost  of  banTiDg  ore  to  stacks,  and  iron  back  to  railroad 1  60 

Cost  for  flux ^ 0  «5 

Costforlabor 2  00 

Cost  for  coal 7  »0 

Cost  for  railroad  charges,  hauling  pig  to  dodc,  per  ton 0  Sf 

Cost  for  dockage 0  2i 

Coston  board. $li  Si 

Mr.  Gay  has  sold  his  iron  the  past  season,  delivered  on  the  dock  at  this  place 
at  twenty  dollars  per  ton,  which  leaves  a  balance  of  94  75  per  ton  in  excess  of 
the  cost  of  manufacture.  The  capital  invested  in  the  Collinsville  Famace  k 
$13,500,  the  interest  of  which,  at  seven  per  cent,  would  amount  to  about  thirty- 
three  cents  a  ton,  leaving  to  the  manufacturer  a  net  profit  of  f4  42  per  ton. 
The  cost  of  the  upper  furnace  was  something  less,  about  $12,000.  Each  fur- 
nace will  turn  out,  with  an  ordinary  run  of  luek,  at  least  3,000  tons  per  annum, 
and  of  course  the  product  of  the  two  would  be  6,000  tons  per  annum,  and  might 
be  considerably  more. 


THE  BOOK  TRADE. 


1.— EWe  Vernier.     By  0.  W.  Holmes.     Boston:  Ticknor  k  Fields.     New 
York :  D.  Appleton  k  Co. 

Dr.  Holmes  has  given  us  another  very  clever  book, 'the  most  complete  as  a 
story,  we  think,  of  all  his  works.  His  Autocrat  was  thoroughly  racy  and  orig- 
inal ;  every  sentence  was  capital  in  itself,  and  many  of  them  ought  to  have  been 
left  by  themselves ;  the  slender  story  upon  which  they  were  dreaded,  was  too 
small  a  string  for  such  big  beads.  The  JProfessor  was  an  improvement  upon  the 
Autocrat  in  this  respect,  but  still  there  was  a  preponderance  of  sauce  over  pud- 
ding. In  Elsie  Yenner,  the  proportionate  relations  of  style  and  substance  are 
more  carefully  adjusted,  and  therefore  we  have,  not,  perhaps,  the  author's  clever- 
est writing,  but  his  most  successful  effort  at  book-building. 

There  is  decidedly  more  of  a  plot  to  this  than  to  his  other  books ;  the  story 
is  told  in  the  mo^t  charming  manner,  and  the  moral  is,  **  judge  not,  that  ye  be 
not  judged."  The  inevitable  schoolmistress,  Dr.  Holmes's  pet  delineation,  ap- 
pears in  the  person  of  Helen  Darley,  a  character  so  full  of  gentleness,  and  trutti, 
and  Christian  grace,  that  we  hope  to  find  her  again  in  every  book  he  ever  writes. 
The  hero  we  have  not  fallen  in  love  with  ^et  The  Yankee  portraits  are  de- 
lectable, Mr.  Silas  Peckham  being  an  "  institoot "  per  ze.  Old  Sophy,  the  black 
nurse,  is  a  failure ;  she  is  strictly  a  Kilkenny  n^o,  and  Dr.  Holmes  himself 
commits  a  little  Hibernicism  in  making  her  say  for  children,  ^  childer,"  pure 
Celtic,  instead  of  **  chillen/'  the  invariable  darkie  pronunciation.  This,  however, 
is  the  smallest  of  small  macula;,  and  were  it  the  only  one,  would  be  insufficient 
to  mar  the  effulgence  of  the  production. 

But  while  we  admire  eiceesively  the  sparkling  style,  the  bits  of  tender  pathos, 
and  the  immensely  varied  knowledge  wnich  has  been  displayed  for  our  enjoy- 
ment, we  must  enter  a  protest  against  the  "  grave  scientific  doctrine "  upon 
which  the  story  is  based.  The  simple  fact  of  the  existence  of  birth-marks  nas 
been  widened  into  a  p^at  curse,  exceeding  the  curse  of  Cain.  That  such  of  our 
readers,  as  have  no  time  to  examine  the  book  for  themselves,  may  gain  a  faint 
idea  of  it,  we  give  the  merest  outline  of  the  heroine's  history  and  characteristics. 

Her  parents  live  upon  the  southern  side  of  a  steep  mountain,  almost  under  a 
bare,  rocky  projection,  called  the  Battlesnake  Ledge,  because  it  is  infested  by 
Uiese  reptiles.    One  day  in  July,  M  rs.  Yenner  is  bitten  by  a  rattlesnake,  and 


The  Book  Trade.  548 

when  Elsie  comes  into  the  world,  two  months  after,  she  bears  aronnd  her  neck  a 
bideons  birth-mark  of  the  creature.  The  mother  lingers  for  a  few  weeks  and 
then  dies,  and  the  snaky  baby  lives.  She  has  little,  piercing  black  eyes,  inhuman 
in  their  coldness  and  their  glitter,  and  with  them  she  can  fascinate  whom  she 
chooses,  and  bring  them  to  her  side.  Of  all  her  baby  toys,  she  likes  her  rattle 
the  best  When  she  begins  to  creep,  she  wiggles  along  in  a  wavy  line ;  as  soon 
as  she  has  cut  her  teeth,  her  wet-nnrse  dies  suddenly ;  when  she  learns  to  talk  it 
is  with  a  shockingly  suggestive  lisp.  Some  one  tries  to  impart  to  her  the  ele- 
ments of  religious  instruction,  by  an  account  of  Eve's  temptation ;  she  likes  the 
serpent,  and  savs  Eve  is  a  good  woman,  which  appears  to  deter  the  instructor 
Arom  further  efiorts.  She  becomes  daily  more  uncontrollable,  and  hates  every 
one  but  her  father  and  old  Sophy.  Her  governesses  are  all  afraid  of  her,  and 
cannot  be  induced  to  remain  in  the  house ;  one  of  them  has  a  strange  violent 
illness,  whose  origin  no  one  knows.  She  has  a  cousin  Dick,  whom  she  loathes ; 
one  day  she  bites  his  wrist,  and  the  doctor  burns  out  the  wound  as  he  would  the 
bite  of  a  mad  dog.  Elsie  chooses  strange  dresses  for  herself,  of  dull  colors,  and 
striped  or  barred  patterns ;  she  wears  snarp  slittering  diamonds  to  fasten  her 
collars,  and  for  bracelets,  enameled  scales,  and  golden  asps  with  emerald  eyes. 
She  twists  up  her  hair  in  such  a  way  as  to  make  it  look  like  a  coil  of  serpents. 
She  writes  in  a  long  slender  hand  on  wavy,  ribbed  paper,  and  dances  wild, 
bending,  swaying  dances,  to  the  sound  of  castanets.  She  likes  pictures  of  the 
Laocoon  and  the  Brazen  Serpent  Often  at  night  she  wanders  off  to  the  ledge, 
and  sleeps  among  the  rattlesnakes ; — the  white  ash  is  supposed  to  be  obnoxious 
to  them,  and  she  faints  at  the  sight  of  it  She  never  laughs  nor  cries ;  her 
hands  are  clammy  to  touch,  and  when  she  is  angry,  she  narrows  her  eyes,  and 
lowers  her  brow,  till  her  head  looks  flattened. 

At  eighteen  she  falls  in  love,  as  much  as  a  snake  can,  with  her  school  teacher 
— Dick  says  the  teacher  is  not  a  gentleman,  and  Elsie  tries  to  poison  him,  by 
way  of  retaliation.  The  young  master  does  not  return  her  love,  although  she 
asks  him  to ;  whereupon  she  falls  into  a  low  fever,  exists  without  sustenance  for 
a  long  time,  like  a  gorged  snake,  has  a  final  gleam  of  humanity,  and  dies.  Dr. 
Holmes  says,  in  his  preface,  that  he  does  not  pledge  his  own  belief  in  this  **  doc- 
trine," to  ihe  extent  that  is  implied,  but  we  doubt  whether  any  author  can  so 
throw  off  the  responsibility  of  what  he  writes.  The  schoolboy  excuses  his  blots 
to  his  teacher  by  the  asseveration  that  '*  'twant  him ;  'twas  his  pen  I"  but  we 
are  not  prepared  to  accept  similar  apologies  from  men  like  Dr.  Holmes.  He 
does  not  believe  the  possibility  of  his  own  story — he  knows  he  does  not ;  and 
there  is  another  thing  he  knows,  too,  which  he  must  not  forget.  That  is,  that 
we,  who  read  what  he  writes,  are  not  all  of  us  as  clear-headed,  and  calm,  and 
wise  as  he  may  be.  All  of  us  are  imaginative  at  times ;  many  of  us  are  nerv- 
ous ;  some  of  us  have  not  the  vigorous  mental  faculties  which  he  might  charit- 
ably ascribe  to  us ;  a  few  of  us,  perhaps,  are  embarrassed  with  a  burden  of  folly, 
which  we  would  gladly  shift  upon  other  shoulders. 

We  have  heard  of  people's  laying  their  sins  at  their  father's  door,  or  even  at 
the  threshold  of  remoter  ancestry,  and  there  may  be  cause  for  it ;  but  to  deposit 
them  calmly  upon  the  backs  of  their  great-aunt's  silk- worms,  or  their  grandfa- 
ther's pet  lizard,  or  upon  the  ophidia  of  their  grandmother's  native  land,  is  rank 
injustice  to  reptiles,  and  slightly  at  variance  with  the  popular  impression  of 
man's  accountability. 

We  know  a  very  talented,  but  very  wretched  hypochondriac,  who  goes  moan- 
ing through  life,  and  who  does  his  best  to  make  others  as  miserable  as  himself. 
The  gentlest  remonstrance  about  his  melancholy,  elicits  the  fierce  phrenological 
gnasber,  **  Sir !  at  the  age  of  twelve,  I  feel  down  stairs  and  jammed  in  hope  I" 
We  know  another  forlorn  creature,  at  the  opposite  end  of  the  scale,  totally  un- 
enlightened, but  not  wicked.  Things  have  generally  gone  wrong  with  her ; 
when  they  have  not,  she  has  gone  wrong  with  them.  Sne  sits  witti  her  feet  on 
the  stove,  and  a  stubby  pipe  in  one  corner  of  her  month,  and  tells  you,  in  the 
most  hopeless  drawl,  with  regard  to  every  senseless  error  of  her  life,  "  I  'spect 
Uwaas  to  be,  or  else  HtoaaarCt  to  be ;  if  it  hadrCt  have  been  to  be,  HumddnH  have 
been ;  but  Hwcuu  to  be,  and  so  Uwom^ 


644  The  Booh  Trade. 

And  thus,  if  we  could  be  made  to  believe  Dr.  ITolmea's  "  gfaye  6c^enti0c  4ao- 
triDe/'  we  might  as  well  fold  oar  hands  at  ODct%  in  in  ate  r^e^pair^  aod  sit  tlowo 
under  the  crashing  conviction  that  oar  wills  and  destiuiea  are  tied  tip  Id  a  stout 
tangle  of  ante-natal  inflaences,  and  that  our  bu^inees  in  the  oceati  of  time«  b,  to 
drift — fatalism  does  not  belong  exclusively  to  Islanimm— it  is  a  weed  that  wOI 
grow  in  any  soil — but  in  the  "  doctrine  "  before  us  we  have  not  only  the  at>ij, 
but  the  seeds  and  the  plants.  We  live  in  an  age  of  violent  progzvss*  whcD  be-^ 
liefs  and  nations  grow  up  in  a  night,  and  it  is  Lot  impo^kble  that  by  the  time 
Dr.  Holmes  has  finished  his  next  book,  pre-adventism  will  buvi.^  become  a  croed^ 
and  the  ante-natalists  a  united  confederacy. 

It  seems  to  us  that  some  of  our  best  writers  are  carrying  their  seal  for  orig- 
inality to  an  unpleasant  degree;— we  feel  obliged  to  them  for  taking  ao  mwm 
pains  to  entertam  us,  but  they  overdo  it;  instead  of  intereatiBg  ua  more  in- 
tensely, they  repel  us.  Hawthorne  toUl  take  frmkB.  and  soar  away  into  aerial 
heights,  like  an  idle,  summer-day  kite,  that  baa  nothing  bettor  to  do  thati  to 
make  graceful  plunges  among  the  clouds.  Euicrgon  is  subject  to  paroxyssaa* 
when  he  is  forced  to  dive  into  the  bowels  of  the  earth ;  you  mmi  borrow  % 
miner^s  bucket  to  follow  him,  and  when  you  arrive  at  hia  levels  if  the  [amp  in 
your  cap  can  bring  any  forms  out  of  the  shapeless  dnrkness  around,  you  are  tin* 
commonly  lucky.  We  excuse  Emerson,  *'  for  'tia  \m  natore  to  :*'  we  forgi*^ 
Hawthorne,  '*  for  God  has  made  him  so ;"  but  why  Dr.  Holmes  should  put  on 
these  little  coquetries  we  cannot  see.  It  is  very  disappointing  in  him,  when  all 
we  want  of  him  is  to  stand  firmly  on  the  broad  earth,  and  tell  ub  what  he  8b^. 
and  knows,  and  feels.  With  a  mind  so  full  as  his,  and  a  heart  so  open^  aud  a 
tongue  so  silverv  and  enchanti^,  he  can  bewitch  us  all^  without  seeking  for  sub- 
or  super-naturaf  stimulants.  We  like  him  always,  but  best  when  he  ke^ps^  elofle 
to  nature,  and  if  he  were  here,  we  would  say  to  hi tn,  half  in  our  own  wordSr  and 
half  in  his,  *'  unless  the  two  can  be  combined,  don't  be  original, '  but  be  gimply 
true!'" 

2. — 8chonberg*a  Western  Atlas;  embracing  Bail  ways  and  Btationa,  Coutttleit 
Townships,  Cities,  Villages,  and  Post-offices,  and  the  last  Censua ;  also  de~ 
Bcriptions,  geo^phical,  statistical,  and  historical ;  in  five  parts.  Boyal  ae- 
tavo.    New  York  :  Schonberg  &  Co.,  publishers. 

Invaluable  as  a  reference  for  the  merchant  and  tourist.  The  arrattgemeut  a 
at  once  comprehensive,  and  comprises  a  minute  uiiaJysis  of  the  orK>i»i/«u^tio»  of 
the  States  of  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Michigan,  and  Wigconsia.  The  ytitity  <if 
the  Western  Atlas  will  be  obvious  to  our  busings  communtty,  vo  whom  WO 
commend  it. 


The  following  is  the  section  of  the  law  of  1857  referred  to  in  Mr.  GHAax's 
ftter>- 

Sec.  5.  And  be  it  further  enacted.  That  on  the  entry  of  any  goods,  waret, 
and  merchandise  imported  on  and  after  the  first  day  of  July  aforesaid,  the  de> 
cision  of  the  collector  of  the  customs  at  the  port  of  impDrtatiou  and  entry,  as 
to  their  liability  to  duty,  or  exemption  therefrom,  shall  be  final  and  eonclEmire 
against  the  owner,  importer,  consignee,  or  agent,  unleBS  be  or  tfiey  shall,  wilhio 
ten  days  after  such  entry,  give  notice  to  the  collector,  iu  wriiin;i^t  of  hi^  diaitt- 
isfaction  with  such  decision,  setting  forth  therein  distinctly  and  specifically  hh 
ground  of  objection  thereto,  and  shall,  within  thirty  days  after  the  date  of  iiieb 
decision,  appeal  therefrom  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  wlioae  decision  on 
such  appeal  shall  be  final  and  conclusive ;  and  the  saUl  good^i  waraa,  and  merw 
chandise  shall  be  liable  to  duty,  or  exempted  thererrom,  accordiugly^  any  aci  of 
Congress  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding,  unle^  mul  shall  be  bro^]|;^hl  witliin 
thirty  days  after  such  decision  for  any  duties  thai  tnay  have  hvm^  paid,  or  m%^ 
hereafter  be  paidt  on  said  goods,  or  within  thirty  dayn  after  the  dntit^  ahall  hmvt 
been  paid  in  cases  where  such  goods  shall  be  in  bond. 


^BT  TILBlfi  FKUITS  YK  8HAX.t  KJtOW  TUTSI. 


>  The  Leading  American  Fire  Insurance 


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xiiliilllliillilljl  ill.  IlliliiillSii 

t  \VMrr,vSr  :  WILLIAM  R.  DANA,  ri'IU. 

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NEW 


ENGLAND 


MUTUAL 


LIFE 


INSURANCE 


COMPANY. 


K  F-  BTEV^RN?.  ^etttHfj 


Thff  iHfft Tear  WB-Lunf  i>.    Kumlicr  .f  ji>^  r,  ,v» 

^r    *J "^         ■'■1^-     i-.,.nr,.    .  >*    ..Ni.f.Mi,..    jT:     ■-  -    .     ■■    t 

JQIf  m  1iOKPi£B»  Afftttit  Aud  Allftmer  far  lJv«  f:«iiii>aiir« 

II tf  B rand w n f «  (yerner  of  Fine  Street, >  ITcir-»'W«rtU 


notice  to  Subseribers  to  the  Merehants'  MagasdnOi 

Tilt!  iiuflersigtiCi],  for  tlvroe  yenr?  rublbhers  of  tlie  Merchants'  Mag^^ikE, 
have  8okl  this  work,  ami  nil  mn  rlghi^  title  and  interest  tLgreb,  to  Mr*  Wnj.iAii 
B.  Da^a,  late  o(  Uticn,  New-Yark,  to  whooi  only  all  letters,  go  m  m  tin  i  cat  ions 
am!  rtiiTjittHnces  for  tho  work  alionld  be  atlclresscd. 

GEOEGE  W.  ik  JOUN  A.  WOOD, 

Natlec  l0  the  Sabiiieriberi  to  tbe  Merchants^  Magazine* 

In  assuming  tLci*  publication  of  Toe  Mkr charts*  Magazine,  the  uDdeivigintHi 
gives  notice  to  the  ftubMcrlbers  tltat  tbero  will  be  no  c^ential  change  hi  tlio  fealorcs 
of  the  work  It  wUb  however,  be  the  object  of  the  Proprletori  not  i?nly  %o 
susiiiin  its  previous  clmracter  as  a  record  of  sonnd  political  econoniy  ami  o€ 
cornmerciitl  statisiit!*,  but  to  add  the  following  de^^trabl^  inforrnatiotj : 

1,  A  record  of  the  proceedings  of  the  Chamber  of  Coojmercej  Nev^York, 
and  of  the  Boards  of  Trade  at  Bostou  and  Philadelpliia* 

IF,  A  fnonihly  list  of  MariiSe  Loehcs,  show  trig  th©  Jianae  of  the  vessel,  wWre 
boandi  names  of  owner,  captain j^c>,  and  amount  of  los^,  whether  total  or  partial 

in,  A  copious  di^^est  and  careful  examination  of  alt  important  doci^oDft  in 
NeW'York  and  other  Statea,  in  reference  to  MarinOj  Fir©  and  Life  Instimucc, 
Com m ere i ml  Pointy  &c. 

IV,  A  monthly  letter  fronri  London,  giving  a  synopsia  of  current  commercb* 
aflairg  iliron»[hout  Great  Britain  and  Europe,  wtth  fiucb  other  infortiiati<xii  an 
will  render  the  work  acceptable  to  its  readers* 

WILLUM  B.  DAKA, 

Projmetor  of  the  Merchant^  Mkffimmt^ 
01  WtLiiAJC-^i',,  CaAuac^  erf  Comcmttci  Asm  UxDKnwBJnm*  Bitomstv. 
J^cm-York^  Fihmarif  14^1861. 


Notice  i»  hereby  given j  that  H,  J*  RAPaAKL^  of  St  Loub,  is  do  long 
authoH^ed  io  act  as  Agent  for  thi^  Magazine,  be  having  proved  J  dofauttcr  (<^4 


jajge 


THE 

MERCHANTS'  MAGAZINE. 

BstaklUhed  JTalf ,  1839. 


JWITUI  BT 

J.  unm  BoxAiis,  (sscbrabt  or  thx  chambbk  op  oomnBOB  ov  tbb  statb  or  xbw-tobx,) 

ABB  WILLLUf  B.  DABA. 


VOLUME  XUV.  MAT,    1801.  NUMBER  V. 


CONTENTS    OF   NO.  V.,    VOL.    XLIV. 


1KTICIE8. 

Abt.                                                                                                                              PAaa 
L  OOTTOH— OOTTOKIZSD    FLAX— FIBBILLL     EmpIoynteBt  of  8pindIe*-O>tt0B 
Beqnlred—Elforts  to  proeare  it— United  Statet  Pro<hieti<»— Ultimate  Defldt— Im- 
portanoe  of  Linen, OIT 

n.  CHAMBER  OF  GOMHEBGE  OF  NEW-YORK.  Ooaitlng  Trado-Reglstntlon  of 
Foreign  Shipping— Free  Trade, 068 

m.  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  TARIFFS,  ttom  the  trrt  enacted,  1789,  to 
that  of  1861,  InohulTe  -Original  of  Free  Trade— Embargo— War— Proteetlon  and 
Peaee— Growth  of  Mannflustarea-SneoeMlYe  Blie  In  Batea  of  Duty— 181C,  18S4, 1898— 
Great  Ezeitement— Comprombe— Bemlalon— Bettoratlon  of  Protection— Berenoe 
Tariif—Bedactlon—BeTnlsion—BeatoratioD— Table  of  TtfUBi— Ooatoma— Imporia— 
Yotea  on  each  Tariff  by  States, Ml 

lY.  MABINB INSUBANGE  STATISTICS.  Sommary  of  Lake  DlMsten,  18Sl-«a-Marine 
LoBsea  for  March— Becord  of  Horrioanes,  Galee,  Ac.— Loea  of  Life  at  Sea,  for  Maroh— 
Foreign  Oommeree  of  the  State  of  New- York, 068 

Y.  THE  PHYSICAL  GSOOBAPHY  OF  THE  SEA  AND  ITS  METEOROLOGY,....  088 

YL  THE  COMMERCE  OF  NORTHERN  ITALY, 608 

VIL  IBON  SHIPS  «t.  WOODEN  SHIPS, 609 

VUL  THE  WOOLLEN  TRADE  OF  GBEAT  BBTTAIN, 608 

IX.  THE  TIMBER  TRADE  OF  GREAT  BRITAIN,. 610 

YOL.  XUY. — NO.  V.  85 


546  OOKTBKTS  or  NO.   V.,   VOL.   XUV. 

JODKNAL   OF   lERCiNTILE   IIW. 

Pwtner  and  At«it*— Insnnnoe— Ckneral  ATertge—Adminatjr  Law—LiablUUes  of  Ownan  of 
Foraign  Bhip«-Ck>Uision  in  the  Harbor— Muine  Polioy— LiabiUtles  of  Ship  Ownen-Mari- 
iime  Law— CoUiaion— CoUiaion  at  Sea— Bigkt  of  War— Detention— Copyright— Stay  Law^ . .  tVi 

COlHEKniAI  AND  INDD8TBIAI  CITIES. 

Toronto,  0.  Tf.,-; j ■•* 

NADTICAL    INTELLIGEKCE. 

Hew  Ll|^t  Hooaas  in  Europe— Alterationa  in  French  Lighta— lanthe  Shoal— Glendinnlng'i 
Shoal— Dangera  of  the  Se^OTeroome— Coming  of  Storms— Loesea  on  the  Lakea— Screw  Pro- 
pellera— The  Tlnte  Qnn  at  Bdinbnrgh— Night  Signals, 688 

rOSTAL    STATISTICS. 

Untied  States  Berenne,  by  States— Begistered  Letters— Stamps— Kew-Toric  Post  Offlee, ^848 

F0KII6N    COBBESPORDENCE. 

L  Imports  and  Exports  of  Great  Britain.  %,  Proportion  of  the  American  Trade  to  the  whole. 
8.  Bate  of  Interest.  4.  Finances  of  England.  5.  Manchester  Chamber  of  Commerce  and  the 
Ooltiration  of  Cotton.  8.  General  Bankmpt  Law  in  England.  7.  Frandolent  Trade  Marka. 
8.  Extension  of  Admiralty  Court  Jurisdiction, 848 

NEW  CQIHEBCIAL  ACTS  AND   BEGBIATIONS. 

1.  Duties  on  Tonnage.  8.  The  Florin.  8.  Circular  on  the  Tariff*  Custom  House  Order— Batea 
of  Deposits— Basdution  of  Congress, 8S8 

lEKCANTILE   HIS CE I L A NIE 8  . 

New  Silk  Vowns  Steam  on  the  WeUand  Canal—Amerlccn  Sea  Offleers  in  Great  Britain- 
Quick  Voyage— Foreign  Commerce  of  New-Tork— Trade  of  the  United  States— Wool  IVade 
of  Great  Britain, ^ 8(ff 

CpllEBCIAL  BEGULATIONS. 

The  Tarklih  Tarig-ftw  Port*  U>  Cmxto— Hottoa  to  M«rin«r»— Stop  L»w  of  Twmenea, Wt 

COHlEBOIAl  CIBONICIE   AND   BETIEW. 

State  of  Business— Money  In  Baidcs- Low  Price  ot-Goods  in  Bond— Importation— Supply- 
Loans— War  MoTement-^ty  Loans— Treasury  Notes— Bates  ofMoney- Bills  of  Exchange- 
Specie  Beoeipts— Exports— Assay  Office— Mint '-Imports  fbr  March— Dry  Goods  Imports,..  90i 

BAIL-BOAD  AND  CANAL  STATISTICS. 

Ball-Boada  in  North  America, 878 


NoTXOB. — Owina  to  the  large  epaee  occupied  in  thit  Number  by  variaue  Commercial 
Reporte,  eeveral  departm»nU  of  Uatietiee,  wOk  the  ueual  Eivicwe  of  New  Booke,  care 
neceeearily  poetponed  to  our  next  Number, 


THE 

MERCHANTS'  MAGAZINE 


AND 


COMMERCIAL  REVIEW. 


MAY,  1861. 


COTTON-COTTONIZED  FLiI  — FIBRILIA. 

The  great  manofaoturing  &ct  which  stands  head  and  shoulders  above 
all  other  facts^  and  forces  itself  upon  the  attention  of  the  observer,  like 
the  sun  at  noon-day,  is  that  in  sixty  years  the  manufacture  of  cotton 
has  grown  up  to  employ  in  the  United  States  and  Western  Europe 
40,000,000  spmdles  in  the  production  of  yam.  Towards  the  close  of  tne 
last  century,  one  person  operated  one  spindle ;  the  machines  of  the  present 
day,  therefore,  do  the  work  of  40,000,000  spinners,  and  the  attendant 
labor  in  the  perfection  of  the  manu&cture  employs  1,500,000  persons. 
To  supply  raw  material  for  those  spindles,  there  was  last  year  produced  in 
the  United  States  4,600,000  bales,  and  there  was  derived  from  India 
573,000  bales;  from  Brazil,  106,000  bales;  West  Indies,  47,100  bales; 
Egypt,  158,000  bales;  total,  5,484,000  bales.  Of  this  quantity,  87  per 
cent  was  from  the  United  States,  10  per  cent  from  India,  and  the  3  per 
cent  from  other  countries.  Of  the  value,  $300,000,000,  the  United 
States  stood  for  00  per  cent  The  demand  for  the  material  has  grown  in 
the  double  ratio  of  the  increasing  numbers,  and  the  improving  condition  or 
the  means  of  the  people.  The  increased  quantity  annually  required  to  meet 
the  demand  is  now  equal  to  the  whole  crop  of  but  a  few  years  since.  It  was 
recently  stated  before  the  Manchester  Cotton  Supply  Association,  that  the 
number  of  spindles  increased  in  Europe  and  America  at  the  rate  of 
6,000,000  per  annum.  At  the  rate  of  100  pounds  of  cotton  per  spindle 
per  annum,  there  is  required  to  supply  these  spindles  810,000  bales  per 
annum,  or  a  quantity  equal  to  the  whole  United  States  crop  of  1 830.  There 
are,  then,  these  prominent  facts : — 1st  That  in  the  present  century,  the 
demand  for  cotton  has  increased  from  comparatively  nothing  to,  in  round 
numbers,  5,500,000  bales  per  annum.  2d.  That  it  now  increases  at  the  rate 
of  800,000  bales  per  annum,  which  would,  in  ten  years,  ffive  a  demand  for 
13,500,000  bales.  3d.  Up  to  this  time,  nearly  the  whole  increase  in 
quantitjr  has  been  supplied  hy  the  United  States,  also  the  only  advance  in 
quality.    These  Acta  have  been  growing  in  importance  before  the  eyes  of 


648  Cotton — Cottonized  Flax — Fibriiia. 

mannfactarers  and  statesmen  during  the  last  25  yeai^  and  the  most 
earnest  attention  has  been  directed  to  the  means  of  insuring  a  future 
sufficient  supply,  but  late  events  have  given  a  new  interest  to  this  subject 
The  necessity  of  increased  sources  of  supply  is  based  upon  the  idea  of 
growing  dependence  upon  the  Southern  States.  Those  who  reflect  upon 
the  matter  will,  however,  observe  that  the  question  of  dependence  upon 
this  or  that  country  is  altogether  secondary,  since,  with  the  ndl-road  pace 
at  which  the  demand  g;rows,  it  will  soon  altogether  exceed  the  capacity 
of  even  the  Southern  States  to  supply  it  The  question  of  drawing  sup- 
plies from  other  countries  has  been  earnestly  discussed  and  vigorously 
acted  upon  during  more  than  30  years.  Vast  sums  of  money  have  been 
fruitlessly  expended  in  the  prosecution  of  these  schemes.  Disappoint- 
ment has  attended  all.  In  the  mean  time,  France  and  Western  Europe 
have  grown  to  demand  more  cotton  annually  than  England  required 
when  these  enterprises  were  first  undertaken.  The  French,  to  meet  the 
same  difficulty,  oflfered  enormous  prizes  to  produce  cotton  in  Algeria. 
The  produce  was  bought  up  at  premium  prices ;  th$  fabric  formed  from  it 
was  prepared  with  greatest  care  at  Rouen,  and  ostentatiously  paraded  at  the 
Paris  Exhibition.  All  ended  in  unmistakable  failure.  Cotton  of  the 
American  quality  is  said  to  grow  in  AMca,  but  industry  of  the  American 
.quality  is  in  vain  sought  in  that  country.  After  considering  all  the 
;flccounts  from  that  quarter,  and  comparing  them  with  similar  reports  of 
.40  years'  standing,  we  draw  from  them  but  little  hope.  The  English 
have  made  Herculean  eflforts  in  India,  but  the  results  have  convinced  the 
most  sanguine  practical  men  that  more  Surat  cotton  only  can  be 
expected  uience.  One  of  the  highest  Manchester  authorities  concludes  a 
valuable  report  as  follows :  "  If  India  were  to  send  us  2,000,000  bales  of 
cotton  per  annum,  the  desideratum  would  not  be  supplied,  and  our 
perilous  probkni  would  be  still  unsolved.  We  should  be  as  dependent 
upon  America  as  ever."  It  has  been  sufficiently  demonstrated,  however, 
that  the  growth  of  cotton  in  India  cannot  be  much  increased,  and  China 
depends  largely  upon  the  India  surplus.  The  efforts  of  the  India  Com- 
pany have  not  been  few  or  inefficient  In  1840  the  Hon.  East  India 
Company  sent  an  agent  to  the  United  States,  with  a  carte  blanch^  as  to 
.expenses.  He  engaged  the  services  of  ten  experienced  American  cotton- 
growers,  taken  from  *the  best  cotton  districts  of  the  country.  Several 
were  taken  from  Missis^pi,  two  from  Louisiana,  three  from  Alabama 
;and  two  or  three  from  Georgia.  They  were  engaged  at  good  salaries, 
.and  bound  to  remain  in  India  five  years  each.  Tney  were  supplied  with 
Jarge  quantities  of  the  best  American  seed,  cotton  gins,  ploughs,  hoes, 
rcotton  presses,  and  every  possible  appliance  calculated  to  insure  success. 
"They  passed  through  England,  visited  Manchester,  and  were  made 
.acquainted  ^th  the  views  and  wants  of  the  spinners.  They  were  sent 
overland  to  India,  and  distributed  in  the  best  cotton  districts  to  be  found 
in  that  vast  region.  They  were  supplied  with  all  the  laborers  they 
wanted  at  three  cents  per  dayeadi,ihey  subsisting  on  rice  as  food.  One 
of  the  planters,  Mr.  Tbrrt,  etated  Ifcat  in  Mississippi  one  hand  could 
cultivate  five  acres,  make  five  bales  of  cotton,  and  his  own  provisions. 
To  do  the  same  work  in  India,  it  required  three  weakly  Asiatics  to  the 
acre.  Mr.  Terrt  was  sent  up  to  the  Bundlecund  district,  near  the  base 
of  the  Himalaya  Mountains.  When  he  first  reached  this  locality,  he 
planted,  near  the  close  of  the  nuny  aeasoda,  one  thousand  acres  in  cotton* 


CotUm^CotUmh$d  Flax—Fibrilia.  549 

The  plant  came  ap,  grew  well,  bloomed  and  boiled  £Etyorabl7 ;  but  just  at 
this  stage  in  its  growth  the  drought  set  in,  the  heavens  seemed  turned 
to  brass,  and  not  a  drop  of  rain  fell  in  ninety  days.  His  plants  withered, 
the  leaves  dried  up,  blossoms  fell  off,  and  the  result  was,  that  he  only 
^thcred  50  pounds  of  cotton  to  the  acre,  against  about  1 ,000  to  1 ,200  pounds 
m  MissLssippL  This  course  was  invariable  during  five  years,  at  the  end  of 
which  time  the  project  was  abandoned.  The  report  of  the  Bombay 
(Chamber  of  Conmierce,  contained  in  this  magazine  for  April,  1861,  con- 
tains some  interesting  matter  upon  this  subject 

Mr.  F.,  one  of  the  American  cotton-growers  who  went  to  India,  and 
was  stationed  at  Gk>ruckpore,  put  two  hundred  acres  in  cotton,  from  which 
he  gathered  only  two  hundred  pounds  of  clean  cotton.  The  most  those 
sent  to  Coimbatore  could  do  was  to  raise,  in  a  £Etvorable  year,  two  hundred 
pounds  of  seed  cotton  to  the  acre — equal  to  about  fifty  pounds  of  clean 
cotton.  The  most  Mr.  T.  could  do  was  to  raise,  the  first  year,  ten  pounds 
of  clean  cotton  from  American  cotton  seed  of  the  Mexican  variety,  (the 
best,)  and  seventy  pounds  of  native  cotton  to  the  acre.  He  says  the 
American  seed  carried  out  from  Rodney,  (the  best  in  America,)  deterio- 
rated every  year ;  the  staple  or  fiber  growing  shorter,  while  the  yield 
grew  less.  It  is  his  firm  conviction  that  if  the  American  seed  be  pkuited 
over  and  over  again  in  the  same  soil,  in  India,  in  five  years  it  will 
totally  cease  to  mature  any  cotton  whatever.  He  also  says,  by  changing 
it  to  other  districts,  it  may  be  made  to  yield  something  a  few  years 
longer  but  would  ultimately  run  out 

The  climate  of  India  is  an  insuperable  bar  to  the  growth  of  the  proper 
variety  of  cotton.  Turkey  (in  Europe  and  in  Asia  Minor)  has  been  spoken 
of  by  missionaries  and  others  as  a  suitable  place  for  the  growth  of  cotton. 
Dr.  I)avi8,  of  South  Carolina,  went  to  Asia  Minor  some  years  since,  under 
the  auspices  of  the  Turkish  government,  to  engage  in  its  cultivation,  and 
had  every  facility  granted  hmi  of  means  and  labor,  such  as  it  was,  but 
the  climate  was  too  much  for  his  experiments.  Where  he  found  a  loca- 
lity hot  enough  to  erow  cotton,  there  was  not  rain  enough  to  render  even 
grain  or  grass  a  reliable  crop.  The  Jews  in  Syria  were  often  subjected 
to  fEunines  for  the  want  of  rain,  and  **  the  early  and  the  latter  rains"  were 
celebrated  as  blessings.  The  doctor  &iled,  and  returned  with  some  inter- 
esting specimens  of  Eastern  goats  as  mementoes  of  his  experiments. 

These  were  events  of  twenty  years  since,  and  they  have  been  followed 
by  numberless  efforts  at  irrigation,  and  other  enterprises  in  various  locali- 
ties, to  produce  the  desired  results,  but  always  with  the  same  result  It 
is  to  be  borne  in  mind  that  this  great  American  monopoly,  which  has 
been  so  overshadowing,  has  been  the  growth  of  sixty  years.  When  we 
consider  the  vastness  of  the  results,  this  appears  to  be  a  very  short  time 
in  which  to  bring  them  about ;  nevertheless,  if  we  are  to  look  forward 
sixty  years,  as  the  period  in  which  a  rival  is  to  be  built  up,  what  will  be 
the  state  of  the  demand  then  ?  We  have  shown  that  this  demand  is  by 
no  means  stationary,  but  proceeds  at  the  rate  of  a  large  crop  every  year. 
The  United  States'  capacity  to  produce  is  not  now  limited,  but  the  limit 
must  come,  and  the  great  question  is,  how  will  the  future  wants  of  the 
world  be  supplied,  when  the  capacity  of  the  South  to  produce  cotton  is 
reached !  What  rival  can  be  built  up  that  will  be  able  to  supply  the 
increasing  excess  of  annual  demand  over  production !  The  United  States 
<}rop  in  1820  was  425,000  bales;  in  1830,  870,415  bales;  in  1840, 


650  CotUm-^-CotUmked  FUw^-f^rUik. 

2,l'77,5a2  bales;  in  I860,  2,796,706  bales;  in  1860,  4,600,000  briea. 
llie  crop  of  1840  sold  at  8^  cents  per  pound ;  and  that  of  1860,  vhich 
was  more  than  double  in  quantity,  at  10|^  cents.  In  the  last  ten  years 
the  crop  has  increased  67^  per  cent,  and  will  probably  double  in  the  next 
ten  years ;  but  still  Ming  short  of  the  demand. .  It  is  plain  that  a  rival 
cotton-growing  country  cannot,  in  any  reasonable  time,  lessen  the  im- 
portance of  American  cotton.  Efforts  have,  however^  been  made  in  an- 
other direction,  viz.,  to  find  a  substitute  for  cotton.  Flax  would  long 
since  have  rivalled  it  had  it  been  adapted  to  machine  spinning.  That  it 
has  not  been,  has,  it  is  alleged,  been  owing  to  the  &ulty  manner  in  which 
it  has  been  cured.  This  difficulty  is  now  said  to  be  so  far  overcome  tliat 
flax  comes  in  direct  rivalry  with  cotton  as  a  raw  material.  In  relation  io 
this  interesting  subject  we  quote  from  an  address  of  Stbphek  M.  AllbJt, 
Esq.,  before  the  Legislative  oociety  of  Massachusetts : 

in  the  year  1854, 1  became  fully  satisfied  that  flax  could  be  practically 
cottonized  for  working  on  the  ordinary  cotton  machinery,  and  renewed 
my  experiments  in  view  of  establishing  factories  for  its  manu&cture  on 
the  Hydraulic  Canal  at  Niagara  Falls,  in  which  enterprise  I  was  then 
engaged.  It  was  not,  however,  till  the  winter  and  spring  of  1857  that  I 
was  enabled  to  complete  my  plans  for  a  set  of  machinery  which  would 
secure  the  manufacture  of  the  article  on  a  large  scale.  The  difficulties 
also  attending  the  control  and  extraction  of  the  glutinous  matter  cement- 

.  ing  the  fibers  together,  were  quite  extensive  and  perplexing ;  and  it  was 
with  much  satisfaction  that  in  the  spring  of  that  year  I  sent  off  from 
Niagara  Falls  the  first  bale  of  tow  to  the  bleachery  of  Mr.  Gborob  W. 
Brown,  at  East  Greenwich,  R  I.,  for  ftirther  experiments  on  a  larger 
scale.  In  1858,  machinery  was  set  up  at  East  Greenwich  of  such  kinds 
as  could  readily  be  had,  and  which  we  supposed  would  meet  our  require- 
ments ;  and  during  the  summer  a  very  good  article  of  fibrUia  was  made, 

.  and  used  with  cotton  and  wool  in  their  respective  branches  of  manu&c- 
.ture.  These  experiments  convinced  us  that  a  moderate  capital,  judiciously 
employed,  would  produce  an  article  of  manufacture  equal  to  cotton,  the 
material  for  which  could  be  raised  in  any  northern  climate ;  and  that 
machinery  could  be  adapted  to  the  different  stages  of  the  growth  and 
preparation  of  the  raw  material  which  would  pay  the  frurmer  a  suitable 
profit  for  his  crop,  and  render  his  labor  easier  than  on  an  ordinary  crop 
of  com  or  wheat.  Some  difficulties  arose  in  the  working  of  some  parts 
of  our  machinery,  and  particularly  in  the  breaking  of  t£e  straw  and  re- 
ducing the  fiber  to  a  proper  length  of  stifle,  which  were  remedied  by 
the  use  of  an  invention  of  Mr.  Stephen  Randall,  of  Oentreville,  R.  L,  to 
whom,  together  with  Messrs.  A.  Sisson  k  Co.,  we  are  much  indebted  for 
the  present  perfect  machinery  we  are  now  working.  Mr.  Randall  has 
had  considerable  experience  in  the  manu&cture  of  flax,  under  the  old 
method,  and  for  many  years  has  believed  it  a  coming  substitute  for  or 
co-worker  with  cotton.  In  the  spring  of  last  year  the  old  experimental 
machinery,  as  well  as  a  new  set,  was  brought  to  Watertown  in  this  State, 
and,  through  the  co-operation  of  some  enterprising  and  wealthy  merchants 
of  Boston,  it  was  set  up  for  a  final  test,  before  a  large  and  suitable  &ct<^ 
should  be  erected  for  the  purpose  of  manu&ctnring  flax  or  hemp  on  a 
large  scale.  These  experiments  were  perfectly  sa^fru^tory,  and  the  mAr 
chinery  is  now  in  progress  of  construction  for  other  mills  in  diffwent 
parts  of  New-rEngland  and  the  West    Thus  we  are  enabled  to  giye  ^ 


CotUmr-CotUmked  FlaaD-^I^briUa.  551 

the  wotW,  as  we  think,  a  new  article  of  manufacture,  much  desire  J  and 
needed  at  the  present  time,  the  fiber  of  which  can  be  grown  on  any  soil 
or  in  any  climate — affording  the  agricuhuiist  sufficient  profit  to  induce 
him  to  cultivate  it  extensively,  while  the  manufacturer  and  consumer  will 
gain  by  its  adoption. 

It  spins  and  weaves  readily  on  either  cotton  or  woollen  machinery, 
mixed  with  either  of  those  substances,  in  small  or  large  proportion.  The 
length  of  its  fiber  can  be  adapted  to  either  cotton  or  wool,  while  the 
ikbric  thus  made  is  stronger  and  more  beautiful,  and  the  cost  is  not 
increased. 

The  specimens  which  I  present  to  you  this  evening  compose  many 
tests,  both  in  spinning  and  weaving,  and  the  proportions  of  nax  in  each 
are  different  With  the  stockings,  there  is  25  per  cent,  of  fibrilia,  with 
76  per  cent  of  fine  wool ;  and  the  best  judges  pronounce  the  stockings 
finer,  softer  and  better  for  durability  than  though  of  all  wool  The  sati- 
net has  25  per  cent,  of  fibrilia  in  the  filling,  the  warp  being  all  cotton. 
The  jeans  are  40  per  cent  fibrilia,  40  per  cent  cotton  and  20  per  cent 
of  wool  The  yams  are  half  cotton  and  half  fibrilia ;  while  the  prints 
are  firom  25  to  50  per  cent  of  fibrilia.  It  will  be  observed  that  they  finish 
with  a  brighter  color  than  those  printed  upon  pure  cotton  cloth.  One 
of  these  specimens  was  printed  upon  one  of  the  first  set  of  rollers  or 
power-printing  machines  ever  worked  in  this  country ;  and  to  rac  it  has 
an  abiding  interest,  from  the  fact  that  its  revolutions  were  ^miliar  to  my 
watch  for  two  years  of  my  early  youth,  between  the  ages  of  nine  and 
eleven. 

Flax  was  one  of  the  first  cultivated  products  of  New-England  after  the 
arrival  of  the  Pilgrims  at  Plymouth.  The  necessities  for  clothing,  which 
were  then  almost  wholly  supplied  firom  native  flax  and  wool,  led  the  first 
settlers  to  cultivate  the  plant  with  much  care  and  success.  Hie  process, 
however,  both  of  raising  and  manufacturing  the  fiber  was  the  same  as 
used  in  Egypt,  Rome  and  Britain ;  and,  in  those  early  days,  the  supply  was 
governed  oy  the  wants  of  each  individual  family,  who,  as  a  general  thing, 
raised  and  manufactured  what  they  needed  within  the  limits  of  their  own 
fiums  and  cottages. 

As  early  as  1638,  three  brothers.  Oilman,  came  over  firom  England  to 
enter  into  manufactures,  and  settled  at  Exeter,  New-Hampshire.  Two 
of  them  went  back  again  for  mill-gear,  but  were  both  lost  at  sea.  The 
other  remaining,  reared  a  large  family,  who  were  intimately  connected 
with  the  early  manufactures  of  that  State,  and  where  their  descendants 
have  ever  been  prominent  leaders  in  the  progressive  elements  of  the 
■  Granite  State. 

In  1718  a  colony  of  Scotch-Irish  came  to  New-England  fi'om  London- 
derry, in  Ireland,  and  settled  in  New-Hampshire,  naming  their  town  after 
that  firom  which  they  had  emigrated  in  the  old  country.  They  were 
mostly  manufacturers  of  flax  at  home,  and  soon  set  up  the  same  business 
in  the  land  of  their  adoption.  They  were  more  successful  than  any  sub- 
sequent company  organized  for  this  branch  of  manufiusturing,  ana  in  a 
few  years  their  reputation  was  established  as  producing  the  best  linen 
in  America.  As  early  as  1748,  their  feme  in  this  branch  of  business 
was  so  universal,  that  the  Colonial  legislature  provided  protection  fbr 
their  goods  fi"om  counterfeit^  by  giving  them  an  exclusive  stamp  for  their 
febrics. 


552  ChiUmr^CotUmized  Fla»—Fibr%lui. 

In  1160  there  liTed  on  the  banks  of  the  Merrimac  a  joung  tem^,  s 
descendant  of  the  before-named  Oilman,  of  Exeter,  who  was  engaged, 
like  many  others  throughout  New-England,  in  the  cultivation  and  manu- 
facture of  flax.  At  a  later  period,  but  before  the  Revolution,  he  had 
carried  his  work  on  to  much  success,  and  had  become  what  was  termed 
in  those  days  quite  ^^/ore-handedJ^  Even  at  that  period  the  old  process 
of  manu&cturing  was  used,  and  the  rotting,  and  especially  the  breaidng  of 
the  flax,  was  attended  with  great  labor — all  by  hand-work  At  London- 
derry they  carried  their  cloth  to  market  on  horseback,  and  it  was  no 
uncommon  occurrence  to  see  five  or  six  of  the  girls  of  the  neighborhood 
start  off  thus,  each  with  a  horse  and  pillion  loaded  with  rolls  of  cloth, 
made  by  their  own  hands,  and  go  fifty,  seventy-five,  and  even  one  hun- 
dred and  twenty  miles,  to  Portsmouth,  Boston  and  Springfield,  to  ex- 
change them,  for  funily  comforts  not  to  be  had  in  the  country  stores. 
When  the  business  increased  beyond  the  convenient  limits  of  tibe  farm- 
house, it  was  removed  to  outbuildings  raised  for  the  purpose,  and  thus 
it  was  carried  on.  In  time,  a  race  was  cut  on  the  mountain-side,  the 
stream  was  turned,  and  a  mdll  established,  which  answered  the  double 
purpose  of  grinding  grain  and  turning  the  flax-wheels.  This  march  of 
miprovement  on  the  part  of  Col.  Oilman  was  received  with  much  dis- 
trust by  his  neighbors.  One  of  them  offered  to  furnish  all  the  flax  spun 
in  that  mill  gratis ;  another,  doubting  his  ability  to  make  water  run  in 
that  ditch,  which,  to  the  eye,  had  the  appearance  of  flowing  up  hill,  said 
he  would  a^ee  to  eat  all  the  meal  as  fast  as  it  could  be  ground.  The 
first  linen-wheel  moved  by  water-power  in  America,  so  far  as  I  can  learn, 
was  established  at  this  spot  in  1795.  About  this  time  a  new  impetus 
was  given  to  the  business  of  manufEu^tures,  by  mixing  the  yam  of  flax  and 
cotton  together  in  colors,  and  thus  producing  by  the  loom  a  new  article 
of  homespun  commerce.  This  process  was  quite  successful,  and  was 
adopted  by  most  of  the  flax  manufacturers  of  New-England. 

^y  accident,  rather  than  design,  a  discovery  was  made  in  the  mill,  in 
a  practical  substitute  for  rotting  tibe  flax  straw,  by  immersing  it  in  the 
running  water  of  the  mountain  stream.  A  bundle  of  flax-straw  having 
fallen  in,  and  remaining  for  some  time,  it  was  taken  out  in  a  supposed 
ruined  condition,  and  handed  over  to  the  youngest  daughter  for  experi- 
ment It  proved  to  make  a  finer  linen  tlu^ad  than  any  before  seen  in 
their  expenence,  and  this  fact  led  to  further  successful  experiments,  which 
led  to  me  abandonment  of  the  former  rotting  process  altogether.  In 
England  this  is  done  in  pools,  in  which  the  water  is  stagnant  It  was 
said  that  the  water  in  this  White  Mountain  brook  was,  in  old  times, 
very  poisonous  to  animals,  and  that  split-footed  beasts  that  drank  of  it 
would  not  live  two  years,  unless  they  were  watered  elsewhere ;  and  this 
was  attributed  to  an  Indian  curse.  It  has  since  been  ascertained,  from 
an  analytical  examination,  that  the  water  contained  mineral  properties, 
which  were  turned  to  good  account  in  the  rotting  of  flax. 

The  first  attempts  to  prepare  flax,  so  as  to  resemble  cotton  in  appear- 
ance and  texture,  were  made  in  Europe,  upwards  of  one  hundred  years 
ago.  Experiments  were  made  by  Palmquist,  in  the  year  1745.  We  find 
in  the  Swedish  transactions  for  the  year  1747,  a  description  of  the  method 
and  agencies  employed  for  the  purpose ;  but  they  proved  too  tedious  and 
impenect  for  practical  use.  In  1775  Lady  Moira  prepared  specimens 
from  both  hemp  and  flax  fiber,  so  as  to  resemble  cotton ;  wliich  was 


CoiUyg^^CoiUmked  Flax^FibriUa.  568 

.  foUowed  by  the  experiments  of  Baron  MsiDiNOiKy  in  1777 ;  by  those  of 
Haao,  in  1788;  by  those  of  Krbutzer,  in  1801 ;  by  those  of  Gobelu, 
in  1803  ;  by  those  of  Stadler,  Haupfner  and  Sbgalla,  in  1811 ;  and 
by  those  of  Soukou,  in  1816.  All  the  above  experiments,  together 
with  those  of  a  more  recent  date  in  Europe,  have  fiEuled  of  a  practical 
result 

Chevalier  Olaussbn,  in  his  experiments  in  1851,  electrified  the  mann- 
&cturin^  world  by  his  announcement  that  flax  could  be  manu&ctured, 
under  his  process,  into  a  cotton  suitable  for  practical  spinning  and  weav- 
ing on  the  ordinary  cotton  machinery.  His  phm  of  treating  the  straw 
from  which  the  fiber  was  obtained  was :  1st  By  steeping  the  fiber  alone 
in  a  solution  of  caustic  soda,  or  other  solution  of  like  properties,  and  then 
in  a  bath  of  a  diluted  sulphuric  or  other  acid.  2d.  £y  again  submitting 
the  fiber  to  the  same  bam,  with  the  addition  of  fumes  of  sulphur.  3d. 
Saturating  them  with  a  solution  of  bi-carbonate  of  soda,  or  any  other 
like  agent,  and  then  decomposing  such  salt,  however  such  decomposition 
may  be  affected.  4tL  By  cutting  the  fiber  into  short  lengths  for  spin- 
ning. 5tL  By  the  mode  of  splitting  the  fiber  by  gasseous  expansion. 
Mr.  Enowlbs'  process,  though  not  technically  the  same,  employs  chemi- 
cal means  eoumly  impracticaole  to  produce  a  proper  result 

Both  of  tnese  processes  fEuled  from  about  the  same  cause.  1st  By 
the  impracticable  mode  of  treating  the  flax  straw,  by  laborious  and  ex- 
pensive chemical  action,  which  would  inevitably  have  to  be  done  on  the 
farm  where  the  flax  grew,  thereby  necessitating  every  farmer  to  become 
a  chemist  2d.  By  submitting  the  fiber  to  hot  acids  or  alkalies,  before 
a  previous  simple  and  more  natural  preparation,  without  which  it  can 
never  be  properlv  disintegrated  or  refined  for  spinning  as  cotton.  3d. 
By  cutting  the  fiber  as  described  in  their  patents,  which,  of  itself  would 
spoil  it,  either  for  refining  or  spinning.  4tL  By  destroying  the  natural 
strength  and  beauty  of  uie  fiber,  by  unnatural,  laborious  and  chemical 
processes. 

The  old  theory  that  the  fibril  of  flax  was  some  twenty-four  to  thirty 
inches  in  length,  instead  of  less  than  two  inches,  and  that  it  was  neces- 
sary that  it  ^ould  be  rotted  before  it  could  be  prepared  for  spinning, 
has  led  most  of  the  manufacturers  astray  in  past  ages,  and  this  persist- 
ency has  led  to  the  great  expenditure  in  the  manufE^ture  of  linen,  which 
has  followed  it  from  centurv  to  century.  A  chemical  examination  of  the 
cementing  compound  which  holds  the  fiber  together,  one  fibril  overlaying 
another,  uke  the  shingle  upon  the  roof  of  the  house,  each  acting  as  a 
conductor  from  the  aur  witnout  to  the  lungs  of  the  stalk  within,  would 
have  proved  that  the  process  of  fermenting  or  rotting  the  straw,  or  the 
fiber,  or  the  boiling  it  with  alkalies,  would  nave  entirely  changed  many 
of  the  constituents  of  that  compound,  and  rendered  them  indissoluble, 
except  at  such  strength  as  to  injure  the  durability  of  the  fiber. 

In  the  process  now  in  use  in  Europe  for  bleaching  linen  after  it  is 
woven,  there  is  more  labor  and  expense  than  in  the  production  of  the 
cloth  before  you,  from  the  time  the  straw  left  the  field  to  its  present 
state.  The  difference  in  the  natural  construction  of  the  cotton  and  flax 
fiber  is  very  great ;  one  is  the  covering  of  a  seed,  the  other  of  the  stalk 
to  which  it  belongs.  The  cotton  fiber  has  transmitted  its  glutinous  com- 
pound to  its  seed,  and  is  but  a  bleached  skeleton  of  what  it  was ;  flat, 
like  a  ribbon,  it  coils  in  being  torn  from  its  position,  and,  as  a  conse- 


554  Cotton — Cottontssed  FUuD^ftbrilia. 

alienee,  when  ready  for  use,  it  presents  an  apparent  serrated  edge.  Ho 
fiber  of  flax,  on  the  contrary,  is  tubular,  and  as  it  lays  upon  its  stalk, 
each  fibril  overlaps  another,  giving  the  appearance  of  one  continuous 
thread.  This  tube  is  not  destroyed  in  the  process  of  manufacture,  but, 
unlike  cotton,  retains  both  within  and  on  the  outer  surface  the  lees  of 
the  oil  and  sap,  which  it  helps  transmit  to  the  ripening  seed  whUe  on 
the  original  stem.  This,  when  dry,  forms  the  cementing  compound  so 
hard  to  remove,  which  has  baffled  the  manufacturer  m  past  ages,  and,  in 
reality,  has  controlled  the  form  of  machinery  in  use  for  its  manufacture. 
When  dealt  with  naturally  and  simply,  it  is  readily  removed  or  controlled. 
It  requires,  however,  both  a  mechanical  and  chemical  process  combined ; 
neither  will  do  it  alone. 

When  the  flax  is  nearly  ripe  in  the  field,  it  may  be  cut  with  an  orcfi- 
nary  scythe  or  mowing  machine,  and  should  be  cured  like  hay.  Par- 
ticular attention  should  be  given  to  stacking  or  housing  the  straw  as  soon 
as  properly  cured.  The  seed  may  be  threSied  by  an  ordinary  threshing 
machine,  as  it  does  not  injure  the  fiber  for  our  purpose  by  its  becoming 
tangled.  It  should  then  be  broken  and  scutched  by  Randall's  machines, 
and  tfce  lint  thus  saved,  which  had  been  reduced  to  a  uniform  staple,  may 
be  bailed  and  sent  to  the  fectory.  A  brake  and  scutcher  may  be  turned 
•with  much  less  power  than  the  ordinary  threshing  machine,  and  one  of 
each  should  be  owned  in  every  neighborhood  where  flax  is  raised  to  any 
•  extent  The  seed  will  average  from  fifteen  to  twenty  bushels  per  acre, 
and  is  worth  about  one  dollar  and  fifty  cents  per  bushel.  The  lint  or 
tow  yields  fi-om  unrotted  straw  firom  five  hundred  to  one  thousand  pounds 
per  acre,  and  is  worth,  for  making  fibrilia  or  flax  cotton,  when  property 
cleaned,  from  two  to  four  cents  per  pound 

Farmers  at  the  West  now  raise  flax  for  the  seed  alone,  feeding  the 
straw  to  their  cattle,  or  throwing  it  away.  If  the  production  of  the  seed 
will  pay  the  a^culturist  for  raising  the  flax,  the  saving  of  the  fiber  will 
make  it  one  of  the  most  valuable  crops  grown  in  the  country.  When 
the  straw  is  broken  in  the  manner  before  described,  the  shove  or  woody 
part  remaining  becomes  a  valuable  food  for  farm  stock.  The  seed  will  of 
course  be  sold  to  the  oil-mill,  but  the  oil-cake  should  be  returned  for 
consumption  on  the  farm,  which,  together  with  the  shove  and  fiax-roots 
left  in  tie  ground,  will  reproduce  in  the  soil,  with  other  ordinary  dress- 
'  ing,  all  that  the  previous  crop  has  taken  away.  The  manufiacturer  can 
pay  the  before-named  prices  fer  the  raw  flax  or  tow,  and  produce  fibrilia 
m  perfection  for  spinmng,  half  and  half  with  cotton,  so  as  to  compete 
witn  the  price  of  cotton,  as  it  has  ranged  the  last  five  years.  In  such 
case  the  North  could  easily  rwse  its  own  fiber  for  manuiactures,  as  well 
as  export  the  fiill  amount  of  the  present  cotton  crop  of  the  United  States 
for  fore^  consumption.  The  State  of  New-Yort  could  readily  spare 
four  millions  from  its  thirteen  millions  acres  of  tilled  land  for  such  a  pur- 
pose, and  thus  produce  a  crop  sufficient  to  match  the  present  cotton  crop 
of  the  United  States.  Each  State  in  the  Union  is  now  able  to  produce 
more  pounds  of  fibrilia  than  is  used  of  cotton,  at  the  present  time,  in*  any 
State  of  the  Confederation. 

The  Americans  use  more  linen  per  head  than  any  other  nation,  by  a 
larffe  proportion ;  and  the  sum  annually  expended  for  importations  of  this 
article  is  some  (15,000,000. 

llie  world  is  now  suffering  for  clothing,  and  it  would  take  twenty-five 


CotUm^Cottanked  Flax^Fthrilia, 


555 


inilMoii  bales  of  cotton  per  annum  to  snpiply  the  natural  demand,  if  all 
could  share  equally  in  its  distribution.  Inis  demand  has  to  be  supplied 
with  less  than  six  million  bales  at  the  present  time. 

Thus  a  new  and  iinproved  character  has  been  riven  to  flax,  and  its  use 
finds  a  conresponding  demand  with  the  manu&cturer  and  the  world. 
When  the  fiber  comes  firom  the  farm  and  the  brake,  suited  for  cottoniz- 
in^,  we  call  it  lintin,  and  the  same  can  be  cottonized  wherever  the  mar 
chinery  may  be  set  up.  Each  spinninff  and  weaving  mill  can  add  the 
necessary  amount  of  machinery  to  wow:  fibrilia,  which,  at  the  present 
time,  can  be  used  to  the  best  advantage  by  mixing  the  same  from  one- 
ouarter  to  three-quarters  with  cotton  or  wool  It  miproves  the  fabric  of 
tne  cloth  in  either,  if  the  proportions  are  suited  to  the  article  made. 
The  process  of  cottonizing  is  simple  compared  to  the  old  system  of  sub- 
duing flax.  The  first  is  what  we  call  the  soluble  process,  and  consists  in 
the  proper  extraction  of  the  glumien  which  cements  the  fiber  together, 
after  which  the  same  may  be  bleached  or  colored  The  second  is  the 
mechanical  process,  which  consists  in  separating  the  fibers  which  have 
been  detached  from  each  other  by  the  soluble  process,  and  reducing  them 
to  their  original  fibrils  as  near  as  may  be,  according  to  the  lenjgth  of 
staple  required,  which,  for  spinning,  must  be  of  uniform  length.  This  is 
readily  accompUshed  by  the  machinerv  for  the  purpose  in  connection 
with  the  soluble  process,  and  the  fiber  is  thus  converted  to  a  fine  white 
cotton  or  wool,  at  a  price  below  the  cost  of  either,  while  it  will  spin  or 
weave  on  either  cotton  or  woollen  machinery.  The  old  method  of  ex- 
tracting the  glumien  from  linen  after  it  was  woven  was  a  very  tedious  one, 
and  cost  more  than  the  whole  process  of  cottonizing  fiax  under  the  new 
system.  This,  added  to  the  great  cost  of  preparing  and  spinning  flax 
under  the  old  method,  accounts  for  the  high  cost  of  linen  in  use.  The 
old  process,  according  to  a  late  English  publication,  is  in  thirty-six  parts, 
occupying  more  than  six  weeks,  and  is  as  follows : 


1.  Steeping  12  hours  in  cold  water. 

2.  The  whole  is  then  boiled. 
8.  Washed  in  pure  water. 

4.  Bdled  12  hours  in  carbonate  of  soda, 

caustic  lye,  gumfbstic,  or  resinous 

B0i4>. 

5.  Expoised  (m  grass  from  4  to  8  days. 

6.  Boiled  as  be&re. 
1,  Washed. 

8.  Exposed  on  grass. 

9.  Bc^ed. 

10.  Washed. 

11.  Exposed  on  grass. 

12.  Steeped  in  ifitriol,  ep.  gr.  1.02. 
18.  Washed. 

14.  BoUed. 

15.  Exposed  on  graas. 
IS.  ScakL 

17.  Soaped  and  rubbed. 


18.  Washed. 

19.  Exposed  on  grass  from  2  to  4  days. 

20.  Scald  with  soap. 

21.  Washed. 

22.  Rubbed. 
28.  Washed. 

24.  Exposed  on  grass. 

26.  Steeped  in  sulphuric  add. 

26.  Washed. 

27.  Bleaching  liquor. 

28.  Washed. 

29.  Scald. 

80.  Washed. 

81.  Exposed  on  grass. 

82.  Steeped  in  smphuric  add. 
88.  Washed. 

84.  Bleaching  Bqoor. 

85.  Washed. 

86.  Dried. 


This  great  cost  arises,  as  a  matter  of  course,  from  the  tedious  mode  of 
te^atanent  which  has  been  pursued  in  the  preparation  of  flax  for  the  last 
three  thousand  years:  1.  jlie  pulling,  rippling,  rotting  and  breaking 
process  has  been  quite  too  expensive  and  troublesome  to  the  farmer  to 
enable  him  to  make  a  large  or  profitable  crop.    2.  The  use  of  the  fiber 


666  CotUm^CotUmized  Flax--FibrUia. 

in  long  line  before  the  glumien  was  extracted,  which  made  it  so  harab 
and  hard  that  it  could  not  be  controlled  by  pressing  and  spinning  with- 
out great  labor,  and  the  use  of  warm  water  to  soften  the  fiber  as  it  paaaod 
to  the  spindle,  An  entire  disr^ard  of  the  character  of  the  glunuen  or 
cementing  compound  seems  to  have  been  had,  as  well  as  to  the  natural 
fibrils  of  the  fiax  plant,  which  are  only  from  one  to  two  inches  long,  and 
which  form  the  long  fibers  used  in  the  long  line  process  of  manufacture. 
This  cementing  compound  is  composed  of  many  conflicting  elements, 
which  will  not,  as  a  whole,  bear  any  one  specific  treatment,  and  produce 
the  general  object  desired.  For  instance,  the  boiling  the  fiber  at  first  is 
sure  to  set  or  coagulate  the  albumen  which  forms  one  part  of  the  glumien 
in  the  fiber;  and  the  same  can  never  after  be  solved  dv  any  simple  pro- 
cess. Like  the  white  of  an  egff,  the  longer  it  is  boiled  the  harder  it 
grows.  Again,  the  gluten,  which  forms  another  part  of  this  compoundt 
cannot  be  solved  after  it  has  been  boiled  in  alkah,  but  is  precipitated,  a 
dry  and  hard  substance,  on  the  external  tube  of  the  fibril,  which  is  ever 
after  difficult  to  manage.  Many  of  the  other  ingredients  of  the  cement- 
bg  compound  are  subject  to  and  are  afiected  by  the  same  laws ;  and  hence 
the  treatment  as  a  whole  has  never  been  according  to  nature.  The  dew- 
rotting  process  itself  produces  some  of  these  evils  m  the  fiber,  and  should 
be  avoided  as  much  as  possible. 

The  present  process  is  very  simple  in  both  the  soluble  and  mechanical 
departments,  and  is  according  to  nature.  By  the  use  of  one  of  Randall's 
brakes,  the  farmer  can  send  nis  fiber  bailed  to  market  cheaper  than  he 
could  raise,  pull  and  rot  the  straw  in  the  old  way,  to  say  nouiing  of  the 
saving  of  the  shives  for  fodder,  and  the  value  of  the  roots  left  in  the  soil 
for  dressing.  The  manufacturer  can  cottonize  the  fiber,  as  before-men- 
tioned, at  far  less  cost  than  is  expended  in  the  old  bleaching  process, 
while  the  system  is  one  simple  in  itself,  and  follows  the  natural  laws  of 
its  character  throughout  The  old  process,  in  all  respects,  has  been  laid 
aside.  Even  the  attempts  at  cottonizing  the  fiber  which  have  been  made 
this  last  century  have  been  found  valueless  in  a  practical  sense. 

Fibrilia  can  be  made  from  hemp,  jute,  china  ffrass,  and  many  other 
fibers ;  the  character  of  the  minute  fibrils  in  each  being  about  the  same 
for  spinning,  though  the  cost  and  character  of  the  article  will  vary  some 
in  each  case.  Some  of  the  common  weeds  and  shrubs  which  grow  plenti- 
fully in  all  parts  of  the  country  make  a  good  fiber  for  spinning  and  for 
paper,  and  there  is  every  reason  to  suppose  that  they  may  yet  be  brought 
into  practical  use.  A  very  good  fiber  may  be  made  from  the  stalk  of  the 
cotton-plant  of  the  South ;  but  experience  has  not  proved  the  certainty 
and  value  of  the  production.  Hemp  of  itself  can  oe  made  more  valu- 
able for  this  purpose  than  for  any  other,  though  the  plant  must  be  pre- 
pared for  use  like  fiax,  before  it  has  been  rotted  under  the  old  process. 
The  fibrils  of  all  these  plants  are  tubular  like  fiax  and  wool 

The  fiber  of  fiax,  as  well  as  the  present  manu&cture  of  linen,  is  en- 
tirely different  from  that  of  cotton.  The  mechanical  structure  of  the 
cotton  fiber  is  fiat  and  ribbon-like,  with  the  appearance  under  the  micro- 
scope of  having  small  openings  between  the  fibrils  like  net-work.  These 
fibers  become  coiled  when  torn  from  the  seed  which  they  cover,  and  hence 
have  had  the  appearance,  when  laid  between  the  discs  of  the  glass,  of  a 
serrated  edge.  It  is  white.  The  oil  and  s^,  or  any  coloring  matter  that 
pervades  the  fiber  in  its  younger  or  greener  state,  becomes  absorbed  by 


Cotton — CotUmized  Flax — Fibrilia,  56T 

t^e  ripening  seed,  leaving  it  bleached  and  diy,  when  in  a  state  to  gather 
for  market  The  naturd  len^h  of  the  fiber  is  from  one  to  two  inches. 
The  ginning  process,  which  m  a  measure  separates  the  seed  from  the 
fiber,  does  not  entirely  clean  it ;  and  when  it  comes  to  the  mill,  various 
processes  are  resorted  to,  occasioning  a  loss  of  some  ten  or  fifteen  per  cent, 
to  bring  it  into  a  condition  to  spin.  The  porous  structure  of  the  fiber 
opens  it  to  the  action  of  acids,  alkalies  or  vaporous  infiuences,  which 
cause  a  more  rapid  decay  than  in  flax,  whether  used  in  thread  or  cloth. 
Its  body,  unprotected  by  resinous  or  glutinous  substances,  which  would 
cause  it  to  mingle  with  interlacing  strands  of  parallel  filaments,  falls  quicker 
to  decay  than  those  fibrous  substances  of  the  nature  of  fiax,  which,  in 
every  stage  of  manufacture  or  wear,  become  more  and  more  cemented 
together.  Color,  attaching  itself  to  the  cotton  fiber  more  by  external 
attraction  and  cohesion  tl^  in  tubular  fibrils,  does'  not  stand  so  well  as 
in  fiax  or  wool,  which  absorb  the  globules  within  their  capillary  cells. 
The  lai^er  portion  of  the  coloring  particles,  as  a  consequence,  soon  be- 
comes removed  by  exposure  to  washing  and  to  wear,  and  show  but 
faintly  the  colors  given  in  other  fibers  which  are  tubular,  and  whose 
transparency  forms  so  many  prisms  to  separate  the  rays  of  light  which 
strike  them,  and  which,  reflecting  each  other,  ever  present  a  bright  and 
beautiful  color  to  the  external  «ye. 

The  objects  sought  to  be  obtained  in  producing  fibrilia  are,  to  bring 
out  a  practical  substitute  for  cotton,  to  a  certain  extent,  which  may  be 
grown  in  the  Northern  States,  and  which  may  equalize  the  agricultural 
with  the  mechanical  and  commercial  interests  of  New-Endand.  This 
would  of  itself  change  the  whole  character  and  sentiment  of  me  Southern 
States,  and  naturally  lead  them  into  manufactures  and  commerce,  which 
they  need  at  the  present  time  to  establish  and  maintain  an  equilibrium 
witii  the  North.  Equalized  thus  in  general  interests  of  domestic  indus- 
try, both  parts  of  the  country  will  be  better  off;  and  the  harmony  which 
would  not  always  exist  under  a  different  state  of  things  will  be  fully  estab- 
lished. The  United  States  furnishes  one  of  the  most  advanced  nation- 
alities on  the  face  of  the  globe,  and  her  natural  power  of  production  and 
recuperation  will  ever  sustain  all  the  population  she  may  foster  within 
her  broad  arms.  To  bind  these  elements  together,  and  keep  them  in 
harmony  with  real  progress,  there  must  be  peace  as  well  as  plenty,  con- 
cord as  well  as  industry ;  and  no  section  of  the  coun^  should  demand 
an  injustice  of  the  other.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  United  States  may 
soon  realize  a  great  benefit  from  an  increased  culture  of  fiax,  and  be  en- 
abled to  supply  its  own  seed,  which  forms  a  very  large  item  in  her  pre- 
sent importations. 

The  production  of  fiax,  according  to  the  latest  census,  (1850,)  was 
7,709,676  lbs.;  of  which  2, 100, 11 6  lbs.  were  raised  in  Kentucky;  1,000,460 
in  Virginia  and  940,677  in  New- York ;  and  of  flax  seed,  662,307  bush- 
els ;  of  which  76,801  bushels  were  raised  in  Kentucky ;  63,31 8  in  Vir- 
ginia and  67,963  in  New- York.  The  amount  of  flax  raised  in  the  United 
States  in  1868  was  estimated  at  8,000,000  lbs. 

The  imports  of  unmanufactured  flax  during  the  year  ending  June  30, 
1868,  were  valued  at  (197,934. 

Linseed  is  the  largest  article  of  import  firom  Calcutta,  and  has  increased 
more  rapidly  than  any  other.  In  1841,  the  shipments  from  Calcutta  to 
the  United  States  were  only  27,000  bags ;  but  m  1867  the  imports  were 


558 .  Froceeiings  of  iht  Ckdmber  of  Commerce. 

8.71)000  bags.    Since  1850,  tke  increase  in  the  import  of  linseed  has  been 
25  per  cent,  each  year,  and  if  it  continues  to  increase  in  the  same  ratio' 
for  ten  years  to  come,  it  would  reach  abnost  a  fabulous  figure  in  1870. 

The  entire  import  into  the  country  for  four  years  past  has  been  as  fol* 
lows:  1856,505,000  bags;  1857,  871,663  bags;  1858;  498,250  bi^; 
1-859,  758,228  bags. 

.  The  above  includes  several  cargoes  of  Bombay  seed.  This  gvrw  aa 
average  importation  of  seed,  for  the  past  four  years,  of  650,000  bags  per 
year.  The  consumntion  of  the  country  the  past  year  has  been  756,969 
bags.  This  is  equadi  to  five-and-a-half  million  gallons  ol  linseed  oil,  and 
50,000  tons  of  linseed  cake. 


THE  CHAMBER  OF  COMMERCE  OF  NEW-YORK. 

Ths  CoAsmro  Tbadb— Bsoutratiok  or  Fobbioh  SmFPixa— Fub  Txaos. 


Thx  i^g;iiUr  monthly  meeting  of  the  Chamber  took  place  Thm«day,  April  4th,  si 
their  rooms,  comer  of  Cedar  and  WilUam  streets,  and  the  attendance  was  more  thm 
Qsnally  large.    The  President,  Pelbtiah  Perit,  In  the  chair. 

The  following  gentlemen,  nominated  March  Vth,  were  this  day  elected  members  of 
the  Chamber: 

Jfamet.  ZooaiUm.  ITantinatsd  by 

CoABLBS  W.  CoFELAND,  122  Broadwaj,  Calkb  Barstow. 

Abbak  S.  Hewitt,  17  Burling  Slip,  Wilson  G.  Huirr. 

William  L.  Kino,  101  John-etreet,  I.  Smtth  Homazcs. 

Chables  Squibb,  Jr.,  10  Bridge-street,  Royal  Phblfs. 

A»nOTnAtj>  Gbaoib,  Esq.,  was  elected  by  ballot  a  member  of  the  Committee  of 
Arbitration,  in  place  of  H.  W.  T.  Mali,  whose  time  had  expired. 

The  president  informed  the  Chamber  thai  the  report  that  the  ]^gislatm*e  had 
passed  a  bill  conferring  judicial  powers  on  the  ArUtration  Committee  was  erroneous. 
As  yet  it  had  <mly  passed  one  house,  and  not  the  other. 

Mr.  Ofdtkb,  in  answer  to  an  inquiry  from  the  chair,  stated  that  the  Committee  on 
Qnarantlne  had  nothing  fbrther  to  report  The  remonstrance  had  not  been  pre- 
pared, not  having  been  deemed  necessary. 

The  special  order  of  the  day  was  next  taken  up,  yic,  the  majority  and  minority 
reports  of  the  special  committee  on  the  coasting  and  lake  trade.  The  majority  re- 
port being  signed  by  Captain  E.  Nye,  (Chairman,)  Wiluam  T.  Coleman,  F.  W. 
JoNBS,  Oliybb  Slate,  Jb.    The  minority  report  was  made  by  Mr.  Willlam  Nelson. 

Jtemarks  of  Wujjam  Nelson  on  the  Coaling  Trade,  dtc. 

A  single  fact  might  satisfy  gentlemen  that  there  would  be  very  little  risk  in 
opening  our  coasting  trade  to  foreign  ressels.  Of  all  the  ships  which  are  constantly 
loading  at  this  port,  for  India,  Cliina,  Australia,  east  and  west  coasts  of  South 
America,  I  think  I  am  safe  in  saying,  that  not  one  in  one  hundred  of  them  is  fopeign, 
afthough  they  hare  as  much  right  to  load  here  for  those  places  as  our  own  ships. 
I  might  go  further,  and  say,  tliat  I  belieye  hardly  an  instance  can  be  named  of  a 
foreign  vessel  loading  here  for  the  places  I  have  mentioned.  Why  then  should  we 
be  afraid  of  any  great  competition  if  we  should  open  our  coasting  trade  to  California  ? 

Some  years  ago,  England  threw  open  her  extensive  odonial  carrying  trade  to  the> 
ships  of  all  nations.    Her  object  in  doing  so,  no  doubt,  was  to  benefit  her  own  citi- 


Proceeding$of  the  Chamber  of  Commeret,  550 , 

lena  generally,  by  the  redaction  in  freights,  which  would  natnrftlly  be  produced  t^ 
competition.  Our  own  shipe  iiyailed  themselves  of  the  privilege,  to  the  pro^t  and 
advantage  of  many  of  them ;  and  it  would  be  unworthy  of  a  great  nation  like  the 
United  States,  to  be  anxious  to  grasp  every  thing  and  unwilling  to  reciprocate. 
We  have  no  colonies,  and,  therefore,  have  nothing  to  give  in  return  but  our  coasting 
trade,  which  it  appears  to  me  would  be  made  but  little  use  of  by  foreign  vessels. 

There  is  a  constant  cry  that  England  is  monopoliidng  neariy  the  whole  of  the  . 
pco^table  portion  of  the  carrying  trade  between  Great  Britain  and  the  United  Statee. 
Now  I  think  the  remedy  for  that  is,  that  as  we  cannot  or  will  not  build  suitable 
steamers  for  ourselves,  we  should  be  allowed  to  purchase  foreign  steamers  and  place 
them  under  the  United  States  flag,  and  then  I  have  no  doubt  we  can  ran  them  and 
manage  them  as  well  as  the  English  people,  and  have  a  £ftir  share  of  the  trade  for 
ourselvea 

Mr.  Jo9K  H.  BaowsR  made  some  lengthy  remarks  in  reference  to  the  objects  ^of . 
Mr.  LiNDftAT's  mission— the  coasting  trade,  English  steamers,  Ac. 

,  Captain  Ntx  sidd  that  Mr.  Lindsat,  when  he  spoke  to  the  Chamber,  proposed  the 
opening  of  the  coasting  trade  and  the  California  trade.  If  this  were  opened,  there 
would  soon  be  a  line  of  steamers  running  from  Victoria  to  Panama,  over  7,^00  n^es 
along  the  Pacific  coast  These  vessels  would  receive  subsidies  from  the  British 
government,  and  carry  mails  and  passengers.  As  our  government  had  given  up 
g^ranting  subsidies,  he  would  recommend  that  we  hold  on  to  the  coasting  trade,  at 
least  until  we  were  able  to  build  iron  ships ;  then  we  mi^  be  in  a  better  podUon  to . 
compete  with  Great  Bntain. 

After  some  further  remarks  frtmi  Mr.  Nelson,  Mr.  Snow  said,  that  in  the  South 
Mr.  LinnsAT's  doctrine  was  about  to  go  into  practice.  He  would,  therefore^  move 
that  the  present  conmuttee  be  dissolved,  that  a  new  committee ,  be  organized  to , 
make  a  new  report  more  in  accordance  with  the  present  position  of  the  country  and 
what  it  required.  If  either  of  the  reports  were  adopted,  he  would  vote  for  that  of 
the  minority. 

EoTAL  Phxlfs  said,  that  the  majority  report  had  taken  a  much  wider  range  than .. 
the  resolution  creating  the  committee  warranted.  This  question  of  coasting  trade  . 
had  been  brought  before  the  Chamber  as  the  result  of  several  interviews  held  by 
the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Chamber  with  the  Honorable  Mr.  Lindsay,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  British  Parliament.  At  those  interviews,  Mr.  Lindsay  had  become  con- 
vinced that  no  measure  for  throwing  open  the  entire  coasting  trade  of  the  United 
States  could  be  carried  in  this  Chamber,  and  both  Mr.  Lindsay  and  the  committee 
then  agreed  to  limit  the  discussion  to  the  carrying  trade  between  the  Atlantic  and 
Pacific  ports.  This  Chamber  was  well  aware  of  the  liberality  the  British  govern- 
ment had  shown  to  foreign  shipping,  in  throwing  open  the  carrying  trade  between  . 
the  mother  country  and  her  colonies,  as  well  as  the  inter-colonial  trade ;  that  our 
ships  now  traded  as  freely  between  Calcutta*  Bombay,  Ceylon,  Ac.,  as  British  ships, 
and  he  ^uld  not  for  a  moment  balieve  that  this  Chamber,  in  which  the  shipping 
interest  was  so  largely  represented,  would  hedtate  to  grant  this  small  boon  to  Irtish 
shipping.  Mr.  Phelps  particularly  urged  this  course,  because,  after  all,  it  was  not 
a  vote  which  was  going  to  make  a  law,  or  even  recommend  it  to  our  own  government, 
but  merely  a  simple  expression  of  the  ofmuon  of  the  New- York  Chamber  of  Com- 
meroe,  eUoited  at  the  courteous  solicitation  of  one  of  England's  commercial  represen- 
tatives. Mr.  Phxlfs  added,  that  as  he  could  not  now  vote  either  for  the  majority  or 
ndnority  reports,  he  should  do  so,  if  during  this  debate  a  proper  importunity  pre- 
sented itself. 


660  Proceedings  of  the  Chamber  of  Commeree. 

Mr.  Phelps  then  offered  the  following  resolution :  "  That  in  yiew  of  the  great  ad- 
vantages which  have  accrued  to  American  shipping  from  the  liberality  of  the 
goyemment  of  Great  Britain,  in  giving  ns  a  perfect  equality  with  her  own  ships  In 
all  her  colonial  and  coasting  trade,  this  Chamber  would  see  with  satisfaction  such  a 
modification  of  our  coasting  trade  regulations  as  would  concede  to  foreign  ships  all 
the  privileges  of  our  own  ships,  in  the  trade  between  the  Atlantic  and  Padfio  porta 
of  the  United  States  by  way  of  Cape  Horn." 

In  regard  to  the  other  part  of  the  majority  report,  viz.,  that  referring  to  the 
registration  of  foreign-built  ships,  Mr.  Phelps  might  not  have  interfered  with  it  had 
the  subject  related  to  wooden  ships  only,  for  he  believed  that  in  limber  and  ship- 
carpenters  America  had  nothing  to  fear  from  any  nation,  but  when  we  come  to 
compete  in  iron  and  blacksmiths,  the  case  was  very  different,  and  although  we  might 
in  time  be  able  to  build  this  kind  of  ships,  it  was  clear  we  could  not  do  it  now ; 
and  the  question,  therefore,  was  whether  we  should  do  it  for  an  indefinite  number  of 
years,  till  by  augmented  population  we  could  reduce  the  price  of  both  material  and 
labor,  or  whether  we  shoidd  allow  our  countrymen  to  procure  iron  ships,  where  they 
could  be  got  cheapest ;  and  in  this  connection  we  should  not  lose  sight  of  the  fact^ 
that,  in  adopting  the  "  dt  still  policy,"  we  should  not  only  have  our  noble  and  onoe 
unrivalled  packet  ships  driven  firom  the  ocean  by  the  iron  screw  propellers,  but  that 
we  should  have  the  mortification  of  witnessing  the  destruction  of  the  school  of  one 
of  our  most  valuable  class  of  citizens,  viz.,  the  master's  mates  of  American  vessels. 
Mr.  Phelps  then  offered  the  farther  following  resolution,  viz. :  "  That  in  the  opinion 
of  this  Chamber  it  is  desirable,  for  the  best  interests  of  trade  and  commerce,  that 
the  law  of  the  United  States  entitling  vessels  to  registry  should  be  so  modified  at 
to  allow  American  citizens  to  obtain  the  United  States  flag  for  foreign-built  iron 
ships,  whether  steamers  or  sidling  vessels,  the  same  as  if  built  in  the  United  States." 

Mr.  Opdtkb  coincided  with  the  views  of  the  last  speaker,  but  he  thought  neither 
report  came  up  to  the  question  in  point.  He  understood  the  subject  referred  to  the 
committee  was  simply  the  coasting  trade  between  the  Atlantic  and  the  Padfic ;  but 
since  the  Chamber  had  accepted  the  reports,  the  whole  subject  was  before  the  Cham- 
ber. The  proposition  of  Mr.  Ldtdsat  was  liberal  and  founded  on  just  principles  of 
reciprocity ;  and  in  his  opinion  the  majority  report  did  not  fairly  state  or  deal  with 
it,  nor  did  that  of  the  minority. 

After  further  remarks  from  Captain  Nte, 

Mr.  Bbowee  sidd  the  merchants  of  New-York,  as  a  mass,  were  in  favor  of  f^ 
trade.  Open  the  door  for  free  trade ;  then  admit  fordgn  ships  to  the  coasting  trade, 
but  not  before. 

Some  further  debate  ensued,  after  which  Captain  Marshall  said  the  country  was 
not  in  a  fit  position  to  adopt  either  of  the  reports,  nor  did  he  think  the  CSiamber 
was.  He  would,  therefore,  move  that  the  consideration  of  the  matter  be  Indefinitdy 
pos^>oned.    Adopted  with  but  one  or  two  dissenting  voices. 

The  following  nominations  were  made  April  4,  for  membership,  which  will  be 
acted  upon  at  the  monthly  meeting  in  May : 

Benjamin  F.  Butler,  47  Exchange  Place,  Royal  Phelps. 

Mansfield  Lovbll,  7  New-street,  Caleb  F.  Lindslbt. 

Peter  Marie,  27  William-street^  Alexander  Campwell. 

Luke  T.  MERRnj,,  189  Broadway,  Paul  Spovpord. 

On  motion,  the  Chamber  adjourned. 


561 
HiSTOBT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  TABIFF8. 

FROM    THB    FIB8T    SHAOTXD,    1789,  TO  THAT    07    1861    ISCtVUm. 

Amono  the  cbief  (fifficulties  wliich  the  conntry  encountered  in  its 
oolonial  state  was  the  absence  of  mannflEU^tares,  and  this  want  was  in 
some  d^ree  allied  to  the  financial  difficulties  of  the  several  colonies  since 
each  had  its  particular  system  for  raising  revenue,  and  little  harmony 
existed  between  them,  lliere  being  no  general  industrial  employment  for 
a  large  class  of  people,  the  general  wealth  or  ability  to  pay  taxes  was 
much  less  than  it  would  have  been  had  all  labor  found  productive  employ- 
ment. The  policy  of  the  Imperial  government  had  been  to  confine  the 
industry  of  the  colonists  to  the  production  of  food  and  raw  materials,  and 
to  the  commerce  which  grew  out  of  their  transportation.  The  policy  of 
prohibiting  manufactures  compelled  the  colonists  to  seek  for  their  supplies 
of  gobds  m  the  mother  country,  in  exchange  for  their  tobacco  and  the 
proceeds  of  fish  and  flour  sold  in  the  West  Indies,  the  Catholic  countries 
of  Europe,  and  elsewhere.  Notwithstanding  the  prohibition  of  the 
mother  country  the  strong  industrial  turn  of  the  people  caused  some 
manufactures  to  spring  up,  out  the  extent  of  that  interest  at  the  time  of 
the  formation  of  the  federal  government  was  subordinate  to  both  the 
(Commercial  and  agricultural  interests.  Although  the  urgent  want  of 
manufactures  was  admitted  by  common  consent,  these  commercial  and  agri- 
cultural interests  did  not  regard  with  favor  the  evident  necessity  uisX 
existed  for  the  heavily  indebted  federal  government  to  raise  its  revenue 
from  duties  on  imported  goods.  The  country  was  exhausted  by  its  long 
struggle,  and  what  little  capital  was  possessed  by  individuals  was  mostly 
embarked  in  commerce.  These  merchants  were  jealous  of  a  system  of 
finance  which  it  w^  apprehended  would  weigh  heavily  upon  their  interests. 
It  so  happened  that,  at  the  time  of  the  recognition  of  the  United  States  as 
an  independent  nation,  the  governments  of  both  France  and  England  were 
disposed  to  facilitate  national  intercourse  by  proximate  free  trade  regula- 
tions. In  1786  Mr.  Pitt  proposed  a  reciprocal  trade  between  the  United 
States  and  Great  Britain,  and  m  the  same  policy  the'governments  of  France 
and  England  negotiated  a  liberal  commercial  treaty,  by  which  their 
reciprocal  import  duties  were  ten  and  twelve  per  centum  ad  valorem  only, 
and  in  December,  1787,  by  decree,  France  extended  tiie  fullest  free  tra<lS^ 
the  United  States.  Under  these  circumstances  the  thirteen  colonies,  which 
had  suddenly  become  one  nation  by  the  removal  of  all  internal  restraints 
simultaneously  with  the  opening  of  the  freest  external  trade  to  their  en- 
terprise, grew  with  unexampled  prosperity.  The  new  lands  of  the  west 
began,  under  enterprises  stimulated  by  the  active  foreign  demand  for  pro- 
dace,  to  draw  heavily  upon  the  scanty  supply  of  labor.  The  nascent  man- 
ufactures were  consequently  compelled  to  struggle  against  want  of  cap- 
ital, free  importation,  almost  total  absence  of  manumcturing  experience, 
and  scarcity  of  labor.  The  country  was  heavily  in  debt,  and  its  resources 
very  limited.  The  right  to  collect  duties  upon  imports  had  been  delega- 
ted by  the  States  to  Ae  federal  government  for  its  support,  and  under 
that  right  the  first  tariff  of  1789  was  passed  with  the  following  pream- 
ble :  "  Whereas,  it  is  necessary  for  the  support  of  the  government,  for 
the  discharge  of  the  debts  of  the  United  States,  and  the  encouragement 
and  protection  of  manufactures,  that  duties  be  laid,  etc." 

82 


6^  HiOory  </  the  Vhited  Btates  Tar^s. 

Hie  oneation  here  intarodnced  in  relation  to  encooraging  maanfitetims 
took  a  defiDite  sht^  in  1791,  when  Gen.  Hamilton,  in  his  celebrated 
report  claimed  power  for  the  federal  government  to  encourage  learning, 
agriculture,  manu&otures,  and  commerce  under  the  authority  to  levj  im- 
posts for  the  "  general  welfare.*'  This  doctrine  was  immediately  opposed 
oy  Mr.  Madison,  Mr.  Jefferson,  and  others,  and  the  operation  of  the  tariff^ 
by  a  vote  of  forty-one  to  eight  in  favor  of  a  resolution  of  Mr.  Madison, 
was  limited  to  seven  years.  The  duties  imposed  by  the  act  of  1789 
were  very  moderate,  ranging  from  five  to  seven  and  one-half  per  centum 
ad  valorem.  In  1790  an  increase  of  duties  was  required  to  meet  the 
public  debts,  and  this  was  voted  to  be  collected  and  paid  until ''  the  debts 
and  purposes  for  which  they  were  pledged  shall  be  fully  discharged.** 
Twelve  states  voted  on  the  adoption  of  the  law.  The  eight  votes  rf 
Massachusetts  were  given  against  it,  also  Connecticut  two,  r^ew  Hamp- 
shire one,  New  York  one,  Maryland  two,  South  Carolina  one,  making  fifteen 
to  fortv  in  favor.  The  increase  in  this  case  was  small,  and  in  March, 
1792,  Gen.  Hamilton  again  asked  for  two  and  one-half  per  cent,  more  du- 
ties, "for  the  protection  of  the  frontiers  and  other  purposes,"  remarking : 

"  The  addition  of  two  and  one-half  per  cent,  to  the  duty  on  the  man- 
ufacture of  articles  now  rated  at  five  per  cent,  will  constitute  an  import- 
ant, though  not  an  excessive  augmentation,  nevertheless  it  is  proposed  that 
it  shall  be  only  temporary,  and  there  is  reasonable  ground  for  expectation, 
that  the  cause  for  having  recourse  to  it,  will  not  be  of  long  continuance.** 

These  moderate  views  in  relation  to  the  amount  of  tax  may  excite  a 
smile  in  the  present  day,  but  they  indicate  the  comparative  poverty  of 
the  country  at  that  time,  when  capital  was  limited,  and  currency  fur  from 
abundant,  and  when  that  elasticity  which  credit  and  greater  play  of  cap- 
ital have  imparted  to  commerce  in  our  day  did  not  exist  The  duties 
asked  for  were  granted  by  a  vote  of  thirty-seven  to  twenty  in  the  House. 
Of  the  twenty  votes  opposed  to  this  law  sixteen  came  from  the  South. 

In  1794,  the  tariff  was  again  revised  in  favor  of  more  revenue.  By  it 
the  duties  on  woven  goods,  and  on  iron  were  raised  to  fifteen  per  cent., 
and  on  glass  to  twenty  per  cent  Three  years  later,  viz,  March  3d,  1797, 
more  revenue  being  required,  a  law  was  passed  adding  two  and  one-half 
per  centum  ad  valorem  to  all  duties.  This  law  was  passed  by  a  vote  of 
sixty-six  to  twenty-one.  Kentucky  and  Tennessee  having  been  admitted, 
voted  in  support  of  it  Of  the  twenty-one  opposed  vot^  Pennsylvania 
save  seven,  and  Virginia  five ;  Massachusetts  three — ten  in  favor  of  it 
]ui  the  course  of  the  fifteen  years  that  elapsed  from  the  passage  of  the 
tariff  of  1789  to  the  year  1804,  the  most  astounding  changes  had  taken 
place  in  the  face  of  Europe.  The  French  revolution  had  soon  put  an  end 
to  the  liberal  commercial  policy  of  France  and  England,  and  tlie  events 
of  the  subsequent  wars  had  subjected  the  commerce  of  the  United  States 
to  great  inconvenience,  althougn  they  had  in  some  d^ee  increased  the 
demand  for  agricultural  produce.  In  this  country  the  invention  of  the 
cotton  gin  hsS  given  new  life  to  southern  industry,  and  a  vast  staple  to 
shipping  freights,  nevertheless  the  piracies  in  the  Mediterranean  had 
attracted  the  attention  of  the  government,  and  in  March,  1804,  further 
duties  were  required  for  the  expenses  of  their  repression.  The  proceeds 
of  these  duties  were  specially  appropriated,  to  a  fund  to  be  called  the 
*•  Mediterranean  fund,*^  to  "protect  the  commerce  and  seamen  of  the 
United  States  against  the  Barbary  Powers."    By  this  hiw  about  two  and 

83 


History  of  the  United  States  Tariffs.  663 

one-half  pNer  cent  additional  was  laid  upon  the  dniies,  and  it  was  passed 
hy  a  nnanimous  vote,  every  member  present  voting  yea.  Ohio,  newly 
adinittedy  being  included  in  the  affirmative.  On  the  following  day, 
March  27,  1804,  a  law  providing  more  duties  on  certain  articles  was 
passed,  sixty-five  to  forty-one.  ^x>m  that  period  the  commerce  of  the 
country  encountered  increasinfl^  difficulties  from  the  growing  animosity 
between  the  contending  parties  in  Europe,  and  their  cflforts  to  enlist 
neutrals  in  their  quarrels.  The  embargo  law,  and  the  non-intercourse 
lavrs  were  finally  followed  by  war.  Tha  tariflf  underwent  no  further 
revision  until  July  1,  1812,  when  a  law  was  passed  doubling  all  the 
duties  in  force,  and  so  to  continue  until  the  expiration  of  one  year  after 
the  declaration  of  peace.  This  law  passed  the  House  by  a  vote  of  seven- 
ty-six to  forty-eiffht.  The  forty-eight  nays  were  given,  twen^-two  by 
New  England,  nmo  by  New  York,  two  from  Pennsylvania,  and  the  re- 
mainder from  the  South.  These  duties  operating  during  a  war  when  the 
largo  force  of  the  enemy  was  employed  in  destroying  commerce  could  not 
be  supposed  to  be  very  productive,  nevertheless,  goods  being  very  scarce 
and  high,  great  profits  were  derived  from  the  succ^sful  landing  of  cargoes, 
to  the  entry  of  which,  these  large  profits  tempted  many  colonial  connivances. 
The  government  revenues  from  that  source  were,  therefore,  more  than 
could  reasonably  have  been  expected.  That  tariff  of  1812  may,  however, 
be  said  to  have  closed  the  old  commercial  policy  of  the  government 
The  return  of  peace  inaugurated  a  new  policy  which  ultimately  produced 
important  results,  and  which  had  a  ^reat  influence  upon  the  course  of 
political  events.  The  tariff  of  April  27,  1816  was  the  exponent  of  an 
entire  new  policy,  growing  out  of  newly  created  interests,  and  before 
entering  upon  that  we  may  hero  illustrate  the  change  from  the  old  to  the 
new  policy  by  inserting  the  following  table,  on  next  page,  which  shows 
the  auties  levied  by  each  general  tariff  since  the  formation  of  the  gov- 
ernment, upon  nine  leading  heads  of  imports. 

It  will  be  observed  that  up  to  1812  the  duties  on  spirits,  sugar,  and 
coffee  were  specific,  and  on  all  others  ad  valorem.  The  highest  of  the 
latter  being  upon  glass.  The  tariffs  here  given  are  the  general  tariffs, 
there  were  intermediate  enactments  chan^ng  the  rates  upon  special  arti- 
ticles.  Hence,  when  in  1812  all  the  duties  were  doubled,  the  rates  did 
not  in  all  cases,  as  for  example  on  glass,  amount  to  double  the  rate  of 
1804.  With  the  tariff  of  1816,  the  specific  system  came  more  into  use,  as 
in  the  case  of  bar  iron.  There  was  also  introduced,  what  was  called  the 
minimum  principle,  which  was  in  effect  a  specific  duty.  Thus  the  duty 
upon  cotton  goods  was  twenty-five  per  cent,  but  all  goods  that  cost  less 
than  twenty-five  cents  per  yard  were  to  be  deemed  to  have  cost  twenty- 
five  cents,  on  which  the  duty  at  twenty-five  per  cent  would  amount  to 
six  and  one-quarter  cents,  so  that  the  minimum  duty  which  could  be  paid 
on  cottons  was  six  and  one-quarter  cents  per  yard.  This  principle  oper- 
ating upon  cottons  was,  by  the  tariff  that  passed  May,  1828,  made  to 
operate  aJso  to  a  greater  extent  upon  woollens,  as  follows : 

Woollens  ooftting  not  orer     881  ots.  duty,  14  ot&  per  jd.        cts. 

••  "USD****  toper  cent  or    nM  pr.  rd.  mlnrm 

••  ••      OTer  W    •♦     *•    ftnd  not  orer  $1,00, 4S     »»       **     •*  .49.00       ^ 

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"  *"  S^M""*-       4fc00»  45     -       *     ••  1.80^00       •*  •» 

By  this  operation  on  cloth  that  cost  forty-five  cents  per  yard  would 
pay  fifty  per  cent;  one  costing  twenty^wo  and  one-hau  cents  per  yard 

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Hislarp  (f  Me  United  States  Tar^9.  565 

woDid  pay  one  himdred  per  cent ;  and  one  coeting  two  dollara  and  siztjr 
oents  ^r  yard  would  pay  seventy  per  cent  The  average  would  be  about 
eighty  per  ceot,  instead  of  forty^ve  as  given  in  tiie  table.  This  system 
was  preserved  in  the  ^neral  tariff  that  passed  in  1828.  These  advancing 
rates  on  a  specific  basis  were  so  much  the  more  onerous  upon  imports 
that  the  progress  of  inventions  and  discoveries  in  machines  and  science, 
aided  by  the  sharp  competition,  that  a  return  of  general  peace  between 
the  countries  of  Europe,  developed,  were  rapidly  reducing  the  cost  of 
goods,  while  the  qualities  were  improving.  At  the  time  that  policy 
was  inaugarated  in  1816  a  new  state  of  affairs  was  being  developed  in 
respect  of  the  national  industry.  While  the  general  interests  of  the 
country  up  to  the  war  had  been  commercial  and  agricultural,  a  certain 
progress  had  been  made  in  manu^tures.  Toward  the  dose  of  the  last 
century  spinning  of  yarns  had  been  introduced  from  England,  and  this 
industry,  under  the  force  of  new  inventions,  which  had  not  onlv  extended 
the  suppiv  and  cheapened  the  price  of  raw  materials,  but  also  greatly 
reduced  tiie  cost  of  manufacturing  by  supplanting  hand  labor  with  mar- 
vellous machines,  had  become  greatly  extended.  The  weaving  of  cloth 
by  machines  had  not,  however,  been  undertaken,  nor  had  the,  in  England, 
newly  invented  power  looms  been  introduced.  Glass,  iron  and  earth- 
enware were  represented  as  flourishing  to  some  extent,  but  when  the  war, 
Mowing  the  embargo  and  non-intercourse,  that  had  thrown  the  capital  of 
the  Middle  and  New  England  States  out  of  commerce,  took  place,  it  found 
the  country  in  great  straits  for  want  of  the  usually  imported  manufactures. 
The  ships  bein^  laid  up,  capital  sought  a  new  direction,  and  manufactures 
offered  the  field  for  employment  It  was  then  that  Mr.  Lowell  returned 
from  Europe  with  a  knowledge  of  all  the  recently  invented  spinning  and 
weaving  machines.  He,  in  connection  with  Patrick  T.  Jackson,  Esq.,  of 
Boston,  started  those  machine  £Eu^tories  that  have  since  grown  into  the 
city  of  Lowell,  with  its  magnificent  position  in  respect  to  the  national  in- 
dustry. These  and  similar  enterprises  undertaken  during  the  war  formed 
an  interest  that  thrust  itself  upon  the  notice  of  the  government  The 
war  had  also  developed  the  financial  weakness  of  the  federal  government 
By  paralyzing  the  commercial  interest  it  had  given  a  rude  shock  to  the 
union,  and  4;he  tendency  seemed  to  be  to  decentralize  power,  or  to  destroy 
the  equilibrium,  by  a  so  to  speak,  centrifugal  force.  Almost  the  sole 
means  on  which  the  government  had  to  depend  was  borrowing.  In  the 
four  years  ending  with  1815  the  whole  revepues  had  been  one  hundred 
and  forty-eight  million  six  hundred  and  eighty-four  thousand  dollars.  Of 
this  amount  nine^-seven  million  six  hundred  and  forty-four  thousand 
dollars  had  been  borrowed,  and  four  million  had  been  obtained  by  taxa- 
tion. The  public  debt,  therefore,  which  had  been  forty-five  million  one 
hundred  and  twenty  thousand  three  hundred  and  four  dollars  up  to  1st 
January,  1812,  had  risen  to  one  hundred  and  twenty-seven  milhon  three 
hundred  and  thirty-four  thousand  nine  hundred  and  thirty-four  dollars, 
January  1816.  The  credit  of  the  government  was  at  a  low  point,  and 
the  continuance  of  the  war  would  have  presented  accumulating  difficul- 
ties. There  was  then  an  eminent  necessity  for  strengthening  £e  hands 
of  the  government  not  by  direct  taxes,  which  could  with  difficulty  be 
enforced,  but  by  higher  indirect  taxes.  Tliis  view  was  taken  by  John 
C.  Calhoun,  of  South  Carolina,  then  a  member  of  the  House,  and  he 
&vored  the  higher  tariff  of  1816,  which  met  the  views  of  the  grow- 

86 


566  History  qf  the  United  States  Twriffe. 

ing  inana&ctarmg  interests.  Acting  in  concert  with  Mr.  Lowell,  of 
MasflAchusetts,  he  proposed  in  the  House  the  minimum  system  that  had 
been  devised  by  Mr.  LoweU,  and  which  was  adopted. 

The  debates  on  the  new  tariff  which  became  necessary  on  the  retain 
of  peace  were  the  first  signs  of  the  crystallization  of  party  views  upon  the 
qaestion  of  protection  for  protection's  sake.  Up  to  that  time  the  protect 
tion  extended  to  manuflEictares  was  confessedly  incidental.  The  duties 
had  been  laid  in  the  view  to  revenae,  and  adjosted  so  as  to  give  the  larg- 
est amount  while  aiding  manufactures,  without  interfering  with  trade. 
As  we  have  said,  the  embargo,  non-intercourse  and  war  conobined  to  send 
an  enormous  amount  of  capital  from  the  employment  of  commerce  to 
those  manufiactures.  In  the  discussion  on  the  tariff,  March  22,  1816| 
Mr.  Ingham,  of  Pennsylvania,  said  that  within  eight  years  previous  to 
that  time  one  hundred  million  of  dollars  had  in  the  country  been  invest- 
ed in  manu&ctures.  This  interest  was  now  exposed,  not  only  to  the 
goods  that  had  during  the  war  accumulated  abroad,  and  which  came  to 
the  United  States  for  a  market  at  all  hazards,  but  to  the  fact  that  those 
goods  were  the  production  of  the  new  inventions  and  discoveries  that 
had  in  England  chei^ned  cost  and  improved  qualities.  Against  this 
triple  combination  of  quantity,  cheapened  cost,  and  improved  qualities  the 
manufacturers  of  the  country  were  called  upon  to  contend,  and  they  re- 
quired that  their  claims  to  government  aid  should  be  recognized.  These 
claims  were  contested  by  the  shipping  interests,  which  had  also  suffered 
by  the  war.  Mr.  Pickens,  of  Massachusetts,  contended  that  twenty-five 
per  cent  for  two  years  was  abundance  of  protection  for  manufacturers. 
Daniel  Webster,  then  representing  New  Hampshire,  proposed  that  thirty 
per  cent  should  be  a  maximum  duty,  to  be  gradually  reduced  after  two 
years.  The  great  commercial  and  national  mterests  of  the  country  he 
contended  depended  upon  free  trade.  The  defences  of  the  country  de- 
pended upon  the  navy,  which  in  its  turn  is  born  of  commerce.  That  fiir 
more  employment  was  given  by  a  certain  amount  of  capital  employed  in 
shipping  than  in  the  same  amount  employed  in  manufEU^turing.  Mr. 
Smith,  of  South  Carolina,  proposed  a  reduction  of  the  sugar  duties  claim- 
ed for  Louisiana,  and  Mr.  Wnght,  of  Pennsylvania,  proposed  to  exclude 
from  voting  all  members  concerned  in  manufactures.  Mr.  Randolph  was 
in  favor  of  encouraging  individual  or  family  manufacture,  but  not  corpo- 
rate. Mr.  Calhoun,  of  South  Carolina,  stated  that  although  his  section 
had  no  direct  interest  in  manufactures,  yet  upon  national  grounds  he  ad- 
mitted the  claims  of  the  manufacturers.  The  war  had  demonstrated  the 
weakness  of  a  country  which  depended  altogether  upon  foreigners  for 
its  supplies,  produce,'  and  raw  materials  in  exchange  for  goods.  When 
hostilities  rendered  intercourse  impossible,  the  produce  could  not  be  sold, 
and  people  suffered  by  being  depnved  of  goods,  while  the  government^ 
distressed  in  its  finances,  could  get  little  aid  from  people  whose  produce 
was  unsalable.  Such  an  extent  of  manufactures  as  would  employ  a  large 
part  of  the  population  in  working  up  materials  and  food  into  merchan- 
dise that  would  employ  a  coasting  trade  in  the  interchange  was  indis- 
pensable to  the  national  welfare,  and  the  unity  of  the  States.  The 
course  of  events  in  Europe  had  forced  upon  the  federal  government  a 
line  of  policy,  of  which  embargo  and  war  were  the  necessary  measures. 
That  line  of  national  policy  had  called  into  being  a  laige  amount  of 
forced  manufactures  that  were  necessary  to  the  country.    Those  manu- 

87 


History  of  the  United  States  Tariffs.  067 

liietares  had  not  sprang  np  in  the  ordinary  coarse  of  national  .ndnstrTf 
but  had  suddenly  resulted  from  the  same  national  policy  that  had  larffelj 
increased  the  public  debt  Peace  had  come,  as  a  matter  of  coarse,  bring- 
ing with  it  the  necessity  of  paying  the  debt,  and  the  danger  of  rain  to 
those  manu&ctures  which  had  been  called  into  being  by  uie  war.  The 
duty  of  the  government  was  in  levying  duties  to  pay  its  debts,  also  to 
protect  those  investments  of  manu&ctures,  which  had  originated  in  the 
same  necessity  as  the  debts.  The  manu&ctures  would  be  firmly  estab- 
lished under  the  shield  of  the  duty  necessary  for  the  dischareo  of  debt,  and 
by  the  time  the  debt  was  paid  the  protection  would  be  no  lon^r  needed. 
While  they  were  to  be  protected  from  the  effects  of  peace,  it  was  also 
the  policy  of  the  government  to  attract  hither  those  crowds  of  skilled 
workmen  which  the  wars  of  Europe  had  set  afloat  Like  the  edict  of 
Nantes,  the  convulsions  of  Europe  had  driven  forth  its  industry,  of  which 
it  would  be  the  part  of  wisdom  to  profit  These  views  prevailed,  and 
the  tariff  was  adopted  by  a  vote  of  eighty-eight  to  fifty-four. 

It  is  obvious  that  the  tariff^  thus  raised  in  rates,  operating  upon  the 
flood  of  goods,  which,  attracted  by  the  war  prices,  poured  into  the  couu- 
•try  at  the  return  of  peace,  could  not  but  fill  the  public  treasury.  The 
highest  amount  ever  previously  received  had  been  sixteen  million  three 
hundred  and  sixty-three  thousand  five  hundred  and  fifty  dollars  in  1808, 
just  before  the  operation  of  the  embargo.  The  amount  collected  in 
1810  was  thirty-six  million  three  hundred  and  six  thousand  eight  hundred 
and  seventy-four  dollars.  This  figure,  indicative  of  an  enormous  impor- 
tation, was  also  the  precursor  of  a  revulsion  in  trade,  as  the  consequence 
of  pouring  such  immense  quantities  of  goods  into  a  country  impoverished 
by  war.  The  amount  of  imports  was  one  hundred  and  forty-seven  mil- 
lion one  hundred  and  three  thousand  dollars,  consequently  the  average 
duty  was  over  twenty-four  per  cent  against  eleven  and  one-half  per  cent 
in  1808.  The  larse  importations  were  met  to  some  extent  by  the  in- 
creased export  of  domestic  produce,  which  had  also  accumulated  daring 
the  war,  and  which  in  1816  reached  sixty-four  million,  exceeding  by 
twenty  million,  or  nearly  fifty  per  cent,  the  exports  of  any  former 
year.  The  excess  of  imports  was  still,  however,  very  large,  bat  the  incor- 
poration of  the  new  United  States  Bank,  which  went  into  operation  April 
7,  1817,  did  much  toward  sustaining  the  markets,  nevertheless,  the  pres- 
sure, as  well  upon  importers  as  manuifacturers,  was  very  severe. 

The  new  tariff  did  not  have  the  anticipated  effect  in  aiding  manufactures; 
on  the  other  hiind  by  tempting  larger  investments  in  the  hope  of  anticipated 
profits,  it  increased  the  competition,  while  it  dilated  tne  circle  of  the 
mannfiicturing  interests.  The  capital  of  New  England  went  more  decid- 
edly into  that  branch  of  industry,  so  much  so,  that  the  voice  of  New 
England  began  now  to  be  decidedly  on  the  side  of  protection.  There  is 
no  doubt  but  that  competition  had  much  to  do  with  the  continued  alleged 
distress  of  the  manufacturers,  but  it  was  also  the  case  that  increase  of 
machinery  abroad  under  the  new  inventions  that  were  rapidly  produced, 
ever  cheapening  cost,  and  improving  qualities,  bore  heavily  upon  the 
manufacturers  here,  who  did  not  keep  up  with  those  advanti^es,  and  they 
declared  those  duties,  which,  in  1816,  had  by  Webster  and  Fickens  been 
considered  abundant,  if  continned  for  two  years,  inadequate.  The  coun- 
try was  also  undergoing  re-action  from  war  prices,  caused  by  a  return  of 
the  banks  to  specie  payments  under  the  action  of  the  new  United  States 

88 


.568  Sistory  <^  ike  XJhited  Stcstes  Tariffa. 

Bank.  The  inflated  currency  of  the  ^aspended  banks  daring  the  war, 
and  up  to  1818,  had  been  the  medium  of  contracts  at  hi^  nominal 
prioeSy  which  it  had  become  very  onerous  to  discharge  in  a  specie  car- 
rency,  and  this  was  a  fruitful  source  of  that  distress,  which  Mr.  Clay  so 
eloquently  depicted  in  the  House,  March  31,  1824,  when  he  projected 
his  American  system.  "  The  general  distress,"  said  he,  **  is  indicated  by 
the  diminished  exports  of  our  national  produce ;  by  the  alarming  diminu- 
tion of  the  circulating  medium;  by  the  numerous  bankruptcies  ex- 
tending to  all  orders  <^  society ;  a  universal  complaint  of  want  of  em- 
ployment, and  a  reduction  of  the  wages  of  labor;  by  the. ravenous 
pursuit  after  public  situations,  not  for  the  sake  of  their  honors,  but  as  a 
means  of  private  subsistence,''  etc^  etc.  The  remedy  according  to  Mr. 
Clay,  was  m  the  higher  duties  proposed  by  the  tariff  Dill  of  1824. 

^The  object  of  the  bill  under  consideration  is  to  create  this  home  mar- 
ket, and  to  lay  the  foundation  of  a  ^genuine  American  policy^  and  it  is 
incumbent  upon  the  partisans  of  the  'foreign  policy '  to  demonstrate  that 
the  foreign  market  is  an  adequate  vent  for  the  surplus  produce  of  our 
labor." 

This  was  the  elaboration  of  the  argument  of  Mr.  Calhoun  in  1816,  but* 
the  South  was  now  satisfied  with  the  existing  protection.  The  govern- 
ment finances  were  recovering,  the  debt  was  being  rapidly  diminished, 
and  that  section  no  longer  regarded  with  favor  a  system  that  they  alleged 
built  up  an  exclusively  northern  interest.  Mr.  Clay  remarked  that  if 
the  North  and  West  were  unassociated  with  the  South,  they  would  pro- 
hibit every  foreign  fabric ;  "  but,"  said  he,  "  they  are  fortunately  con- 
nected with  the  South,  which  believes  its  interest  to  require  a  free  ad- 
mission of  foreign  manufactures," 

The  brilliant  argument  of  Mr.  Clay  found  its  leading  opponent  in  Mr. 
Webster.  He  denounced  the  term  "American  policy."  "Since  the  speaker," 
said  he,  "  denominated  the  policy  he  recommends  a  net(T  policy  in  the  coun- 
tryy  one  is  a  little  curious  to  know  why  this  imitation  of  other  nations  is 
denominated  an  *  American  policy,'  while  on  the  contrary,  a  preference  for 
our  own  established  system  is  called  a  'foreign  policy.'  Sir,  that  is  the 
truest  American  policy  which  shall  most  usefully  employ  American  capital 
and  American  labor,  and  best  sustain  the  wbole  population.  He  seems  to 
me  to  argue  the  question  as  if  all  domestic  industry  were  confined  to  the 
production  of  manufactured  articles,  as  if  the  employment  of  our  own  capi- 
tal and  our  own  labor,  in  the  occupation  of  commerce  and  navigation  were 
not  as  emphatically  domestic  industry  as  any  other  occupation.  One  man 
m^kes  a  yard  of  cloth  at  home ;  another  raises  agricultural  products  and 
bu3rs  a  yard  of  imported  cloth.  Both  these  are  equally  the  earnings  of 
American  industry.  There  is  no  foundation  for  the  distinction  which 
attributes  to  certain  employments  the  peculiar  appellation  of  *  American 
industry.'  We  hear  of  the  fatal  policy  of  1816,  and  yet  the  law  of  1816 
was  passed  avowedly  for  the  benefit  of  manufactures,  and  with  very  few 
exceptions,  imposed  upon  articles  imported  very  great  additions  oi  tax ; 
in  some  important  instances,  indeed,  amounting  to  prohibition.  Let  us 
now  suppose  that  we  are  beginning  the  protection  of  manufiictures  by 
duties  on  imports.  What  we  are  asked  to  do  is  to  render  those  duties 
higher.  The  government  has  already  done  much  for  protection,  and  it 
ought  to  be  presumed  to  have  done  enouffh."  These  leading  arguments 
by  Clay  and  Webster  respectively,  were  followed  by  debates  on  cotton, 

80 


History  of  ihe  United  States  Tariffs.  569 

woollen,  iron,  glass,  and  other  articles,  all  of  which  claimed  protection. 
Mr.  Buchanan,  of  Pennsylvania,  replied  to  Mr.  Webster,  charging  that 
the  shipping  had  been  protected  by  the  government  more  than  any  other 
interest  Mr,  Foote,  of  Connecticut,  maae  a  long  argument  in  opposition 
to  the  so-called  "  American  policy."  Mr.  Clarke,  of  New  Yoik,  showed 
that  iron  making  was  then  very  profitable  ;  and  Mr.  Todd,  of  Pennsylvania, 
replied,  contendmg  that  iron  could  not  be  made  without  protection.  Mr. 
Hamilton,  of  South  Carolina,  said, ''  We  are  told,  Mr.  Speaker,  that  our 
manufacturing  establishments  will,  in  a  very  short  period,  supply  the 
place  of  the  roreign  demand.  The  modesty  of  this  hope  may  be  meas* 
ured  by  one  or  two  facts :  our  factories  now  take  eighty  thousand  bales, 
or  less  than  one  sixth  of  the  crop,  which  in  1824  was  six  hundred  thou- 
sand bales.  Now,  how  l6ng  will  it  take  to  increase  those  manufactures 
to  a  scale  e^ual  to  the  consumption  of  this  production  can  not  be  deter- 
mined, but  it  will  be  some  years  a^r  the  epitaph  will  have  been  written 
on  the  fortunes  of  ihe  South."  It  may  be  here  called  to  mind  that  the 
crop  of  1860  was  four  million  six  hundred  thousand  bales,  and  the  con- 
sumption in  the  United  States  nine  hundred  thousand  bales,  or  one-fifth 
the  whole  product. 

The  tariff,  thus  long  and  earnestly  debated,  became  a  law,  and  continued 
in  operation  four  years.  If  we  compare  it  with  four  years  of  the  tariff  of 
1816,  we  shall  find  the  results,  as  far  as  the  rates  of  taxation  went,  to 
have  been  as  follows : 

TOTAL  DVTIABLa  rarwn*  ATKBAGR 

Tariff  ori816,(ft>«ry6ats,)  to  18M, $294962,457 $90^480,612 85  Mreest 

"      1824*         "  •♦     1828, 801,568,886 12l,68T,M2 40J       »• 

The  average  duty  for  the  whole  period  was  thus  raised  five  and  one- 
quarter  per  cent  on  the  whole  amount  of  dutiable  imports,  of  which  the 
amount  imported  increased  fourteen  per  cent.  In  this  period  of  four 
years  the  amount  of  goods  imported  free  of  duty  was  not  large,  and  did 
not  much  vary  annuafiy  in  amount.  The  larger  amount  of  imports  that 
took  place  under  the  tariff  of  1824,  aro  an  index  of  the  great*  speculative 
activity  that  had  sprung  up  all  over  the  world,  following  the  enactment 
of  what  was  known  as  Peel's  bill,  of  1819,  which  restored  specie  pay- 
ments to  the  Bank  of  England.  The  negotiation  of  foreign  loans  m 
London  was  very  active  up  to  1825,  and  the  capital  of  England,  emana- 
ting from  London,  flowed  freely  over  the  commercial  world,  until  the 
movement  ended  in  the  explosion  of  1825.  In  the  same  period  in  the 
United  States  the  new  United  States  Bank  had  got  successfully  into 
operation.  The  financial  machinery  of  commerce  had  been  restored  to 
working  order.  The  government  paid  off  annually  some  six  million 
of  the  public  debt,  the  amount  of  which  had  been  reduced  from  one 
hundred  and  twenty-seven  million  in  1816  to  ninety  million  in  1823,  and 
to  sixty-seven  million  four  hundred  and  seventy-five  thousand  dollars  in 
1828.  This  operation  had  tended  to  make  capital  plenty,  and  the  pro- 
tective system  attracted  it  into  manufactures  to  a  considerable  extent  Tho 
amount  employed  in  woollen  manu£Eu^tures  rose  from  ten  millions  at  tho 
peace,  to  fifty  million  in  1827,  when  the  depression,  resulting  from  the  re- 
vulsion of  1825,  involving  the  failure  of  the  American  banker  in  London, 
SamUel  Williams,  was  upon  the  market.  The  English  goods  were  manu- 
factured under  growing  improvements  in  the  means  of  cheapening  cost, 
and  the  American  manufactures  encountered  them  in  their  market  at  a 

90 


670  History  of  the  United  States  Tar^$. 

moment  ^wben  that  market,  suffering  under  the  effects  of  the  finaneU 
revulsion,  was  surcharged  with  their  own  productions ;  they,  therefore, 
insisted  upon  a  revision  of  the  tariff  in  their  favor,  and,  January,  1827, 
Mr.  Mallary,  of  Vermont,  presented  petitions  from  woollen  manu&ctur- 
ers,  praying  for  relief.  He  represented  the  large  investments  in  woollens 
in  New  England,  tlie  importance  tiiey  were  to  the  country,  and  the  neces- 
sity of  sustaining  them  by  the  proposed  bill,  which  raised  the  rates,  and 
applied  the  minimum  principle  to  them,  and  without  which  these  inter- 
ests would  be  destroyed. 

Mr,  Cambreleng,  representative  of  New  York  city,  spoke  in  oppo- 
sition. He  denounced  the  bill  as  an  attempted  imposition  upon  the 
House.  "  That  while  the  bill  purported  to  charge  thirty-three  and  one- 
third  per  cent,  duty,  it  really  levied  two  hundred  per  cent.,  and  that  its 
object  was,  and  its  effect  would  be,  entirely  to  prohibit  the  import  of 
woollen  goods  consumed  by  the  poor,  while  it  taxed  highly  those  used 
by  the  rich ;  that  the  woollen  manufacturers  were  suffering  only  from 
their  own  over  speculations."  Mr.  Buchanan,  of  Pennsylvania,  also  op- 
posed the  bill  "  as  prohibitive  in  its  nature,  and  was  in  no  shape  one  for 
revenue.  He  had  voted  for  the  protection  upon  woollens  in  1824,  but 
that  was  no  reason  why  he  should  favor  the  prohibition  now  proposed." 
Mr.  Stevenson,  of  Pennsylvania,  denounced  it  as  a  tax  upon  the  poor. 
Mr.  Mitchell,  of  South  Carolina,  opposed  the  bill  as  oppressive  upon  the 
people.  "The  bills,"  he  said,  "of  1789,  1816,  and  1824  taxed  those 
who  consumed  the  goods  in  the  proportion  in  which  they  consumed 
them,  and  that  was  right  and  just.  The  present  bill  taxes  the  poor,  and 
exempts  the  rich."  On  the  other  side  it  was  argued  by  Tristram  Surges, 
of  Rhode  Island,  that "  the  proposed  bill  was  not  to  impose  higher  taxes, 
but  to  give  the  protection  that  had  been  sought  by  that  of  1824,  Jbut 
which  had  been  evaded  by  fraudulent  entries."  Mr.  Cambreleng  remark- 
ed, t^at  "the  bill  contained  nothing  to  prevent  evasions  thict  had  not 
been  in  that  of  1824,  it  contained  simply  higher  duties,  disguised  as  low 
ones."  John  Davis,  of  Massachusetts,  stated  that/*  under  the  law  of  1824 
extensive  frauds  had  been  practised,  by  which  the  value  of  one  hundred 
million  of  property  suffered,  and  it  was  now  sought  only  to  prevent  those 
evasions."  H.  W.  Dwight^  of  Massachusetts,  supported  the  same  view, 
and  claimed  that  "  the  bill  was  to  relieve  sixty  million  dollars  of  property, 
and  seventy  thousand  people."  The  bill  passed  the  House,  but  failed  to 
become  a  law. 

The  excitement  throughout  the  country  was  greatly  increased  under 
the  efforts  of  the  manufacturing  interests,  to  bring  a  pressure  to  bear 
upon  Congress.  A  convention  of  the  friends  of  protection  was  called 
to  meet  at  Harrisburg,  July  30,  1827.  It  was  attended  by  delegates 
from  the  New  England  and  Middle  States.  The  question  of  protec- 
tion, in  general,  was  earnestly  discussed,  and  a  memorial  was  drawn 
up  addressed  to  Confess,  accompanied  by  a  draft  bill  proposing  a  largo 
augmentation  of  duties.  This  action  of  manufacturers,  as  a  body,  added 
to  the  excitement  of  the  times,  on  the  approach  of  the  Presidential  elec- 
tion, particularly  in  the  planting  States,  upon  the  subject  of  those  duties. 
The  protective  policy  had  become  the  issue  on  which  great  parties  were 
divided.  The  great  discussions  on  the  subject  took  place  in  1816,  1820, 
1824,  and  in  1828,  each  time  at  the  last  long  session  that  preceded  the 
Presidential  election.    like  every  subject,  which  is  long  publicly  dis- 

91 


History  of  ihe  United  States  Tarifs.  071 

eussedy  it  had  come  to  excite  men's  minds,  and  sections  b^n  to  demand 
those  positive  advantages  which  they  derived  from  protection  as  a  rights 
while  others  resisted  the  policy  as  an  oppression.  The  members  from 
the  planting  States  showed  continually  increasing  bitterness,  while  the 
favored  interests  continually  demanded  more  efficient  protection. 

The  excitement  caused  prudent  men,  who  had  favored  the  protective 
policy  as  one  that  encouraged  spinning,  weaving,  and  knitting  at  home, 
or  fire-side  industry,  to  change  tneir  views.  The  protection  seemed  more 
to  flEivor  corporate  capital,  and  to  operate  unequally.  The  planting  States 
became  more  determined  to  resist  a  policy  which  they  regarded  as  bene- 
fitting the  North  at  their  expense,  and  the  North  and  East  became  more 
urgent  in  demanding  a  continuance  of  a  system  which  they  alleged  had 
tempted  their  capital  into  investments,  that  would  be  ruined  if  thogov- 
emment  changed  that  policy.  This  ground  was  taken  by  Daniel  Web- 
ster, who,  in  his  speech  of  1826,  declared  for  the  highest  protection,  as 
opposed  to  the  free  trade  policy  that  he  had  formerly  advocated.  Ho 
remarked,  **  He  who  is  not  wise  enough  to  be  always  right,  should  be 
wise  enough  to  change  his  opinion  when  he  finds  that  he  is  wrong.**  Ho 
also  stated  that  when  the  capital  of  New  England  was  invested  in  commerce 
the  interest  of  that  section  was  free  trade,  but  when  the  government,  by 
its  policy,  had  driven  it  from  ships  into  factories,  those  interests  demanded 
protection  under  the  circumstances  thus  forced  upon  them.  In  this  position 
of  affairs  the  session  of  1827-28  camo  on  amid  the  greatest  excitement. 

The  &mous  tariff  of  1828,  in  which  the  protective  policy  culminated, 
was  drawn  up  by  Silas  Wright,  of  New  York,  and  ho  defended  its  protec- 
tive features  on  the  ground  that  "  it  was  intended  to  turn  the  manufactur- 
ing capital  of  the  country  to  the  working  up  of  domestic  raw  material, 
and  not  foreign  raw  materials.  Home  grown  wool,  and  not  imported 
wool."  Mr.  Buchanan,  of  Pennsylvania,  opposed  the  bill  as  "prohibi- 
tive." "  The  policy  of  protection  was  admitted  to  be  the  settled  policy 
of  the  country,  but  that  was  not  prohibition.  The  system  of  minimum 
is  prohibitive  and  deceptive ;  the  legislature  of  Pennsylvania  had  not 
sanctioned  the  propositions  of  the  Harrisburg  convention,  it  had  declar- 
ed in  favor  of  such  a  tariff  as  *  would  enable  our  manu&ctures  to  enter 
into  fair  competition  with  foreign  manufactures.' "  In  the  course  of  the 
debate,  the  sectional  tendency  of  the  policy  was  more  and  more  devel- 
oped. The  legislature  of  South  Carolina  strongly  remonstrated  against 
the  bill,  which  finally  passed  on  motion  of  Silas  Wright,  one  hundred^ 
and  five  to  seventy-four.  Mr.  Wilde  then  moved  to  amend  the  title  by* 
adding  the  words,  "  and  for  the  encouragement  of  domestic  manufac- 
tures.'°  Mr.  Randolph  opposed ;  ho  said  that "  domestic  manufactures 
were  those  carried  on  in  the  families  of  farmers ;  that  this  bill  was  to 
rob  and  plunder  one  half  of  the  Union  for  the  benefit  of  the  residue." 
Mr.  Drayton  moved  to  amend  the  title  by  adding  the  words,  "  to  increase 
the  profits  of  certain  manufactures."  These  proposed  amendments  show 
the  temper  which  the  discussion  had  evolved. 

The  passage  of  the  bill  increased  the  heat,  and  on  the  10th  of  February, 
1820,  South  Carolina,  through  its  senators.  Smith  and  Hayne,  entered  a 
protest  against  the  tariff  of  1828,  as  "  in  violation  of  State  rights,  and  a 
usurpation  by  Congress  of  powers  not  granted  to  it  by  the  constitution ; 
that  the  power  to  encourage  domestic  industry  is  inconsistent  with  the  idea 
of  any  other  than  a  consolidated  government ;  that  the  power  to  orotect 

92 


ffl2  History  of  (he  United  States  Tariffs. 

mann&ctores  is  nowhere  granted  to  Congress,  bat  on  the  other  hand,  k 
reserved  to  the  States;  that,  if  it  had  the  power,  yet  a  tariff  grossly  nne<raal 
and  oppressive,  is  such  an  abase  of  that  power  as  is  incompatible  with  a  free 
government ;  that  the  interests  of  South  Carolina  are  agricultural,  and 
to  cut  off  her  foreign  market,  and  confine  her  products  to  an  inadequate 
home  market,  is  to  reduce  her  to  poverty.  For  these  and  other  reasona 
the  State  protests  against  the  tanff  as  unconstitutional,  oppressive,  and 
unjust."  The  protest  was  supported  by  an  address  from  each  <^  the 
South  Carolina  senators.  Mr.  Smith  remarked,  that  "yearly,  since  the 
war  duties  had  been  demanded  and  granted,  those  duties  had  drawn 
in  greater  numbers  of  manufacturers,  who  still  demanded  higher  duties, 
and  always  obtained  them ;  this  system  South  Carolina  had  opposed,  luid 
now  fi^rmally  protests  against  it"  Mr.  Hayne  said,  ^  the  South,  in  view 
of  the  policy  of  the  government,  might  almost  be  considered  as  a  stran- 
ger in  a  strange  land.  The  fruits  of  their  industry,  had,  from  the  policy 
of  the  federal  government,  for  many  years  past  been  flowing  to  the  i^orth 
in  a  current  as  steady  and  undiverted  as  the  waters  of  the  great  gul^ 
and  as  the  sources  of  our  prosperity  were  drying  up,  that  reciprocid  in- 
tercourse which  had  softened  asperities,  and  bound  the  different  parts  of 
the  country  together  in  bonds  of  common  sympathy  and  affection,  had 
in  a  great  measure  subsided,  yet  the  North  seems  to  treat  these  protests 
as  *  got  up  for  party  purposes.' "  The  protest  of  South  Carolina  was  or- 
dered to  be  printed.  The  ferment  in  the  Southern  States,  however,  took 
larger  proportions.  Upon  the  assembling  of  the  various  State  l^slar 
tures  committees  were  appointed  in  several  States  to  inquire  into  the  con- 
stitutional powers  of  Congress.  North  Carolina  protested  against  the  law. 
The  State  of  Alabama  denied  the  power  of  Congress  to  lay  duties  for  pro- 
tection. The  legislature  of  Georgia  protested  against  the  tariff,  declaring 
that  the  true  construction  of  the  constitution  denied  Congress  the  power  to 
levy  duties  for  protection,  and  that"  it  would  submit  to  no  other  construction." 
A  convention,  held  in  South  Carolina,  passed  an  ordinance,  November 
17,  1832,  declaring  the  revenue  laws  of  the  United  States  nidi  and  void, 
and  enjoined  the  legislature  to  carry  the  decree  into  effect.  The  l^;is- 
lature  met,  and  pas^  the  law  promptly.  The  State  authorities  were 
now  arrayed  in  opposition  to  the  federal  authorities.  The  militia  was 
armed  and  organized.  There  were  great  fears  that  a  collision  would 
unite  all  the  Southern  States  in  opposition  to  the  North.  The  federal 
government  organized  a  force  in  Charleston,  and  General  Scott  was 
placed  in  command  with  two  vessels  of  war.  The  State  collected  twelve 
thousand  men,  and  war  was  impending  when  Congress  met.  The  annoal 
message  earnestly  advised  a  revision  of  the  tariff,  and  a  reduction  <^  the 
obnoxious  duties  to  the  revenue  standard.  The  debt  was  about  to  be 
extinguished,  and  less  revenues  were  wanted.  After  the  assembling  of 
Congress  the  President  issued  his  proclamation  to  the  people  of  South 
Carolina,  calling  upon  them  to  obey  the  laws.  South  Carolina  replied 
by  counter  proclamation  from  Gov.  Hayne.  In  this  state  of  affairs  Mr. 
Calhoun  resigned  the  Vice  Presidency,  and  was  elected  to  the  Senate  in 
order  to  defend  the  Southern  position.  The  annual  report  of  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  Treasury  advised  a  reduction  of  duties.  Congress  immedi- 
ately took  up  the  tariff,  and  a  bill  making  great  reductions  in  rates  of 
duties  was  reported.  While  the  discussion  progressed  the  President 
communicated  to  Congress  the  South  Carolina  nullifying  laws.     The 

93 


Bistory  qf  the  United  States  Tariffs.  573 

^    itated  that  the  Collector  had  been  ordered  to  remove  to  Castle 

Pinckney,  but  tiiat  new  powers  were  required.  On  January  21,  1833, 
the  bill  to  enforce  the  payment  of  the  revenue  was  reported,  and  the 
matter  came  fully  before  Congress.  The  legislatures  of  the  several 
States  being  in  session,  passed  resolutions  in  relation  to  the  tariff.  Ala- 
bama, Georgia,  and  North  Carolina  condemned  the  tariff  as  unconstitu- 
tional. Georgia  proposed  a  convention  of  Virginia,  North  and  South 
Carolina,  Alabama,  Tennessee,  and  Mississippi  to  devise  measures  of  re- 
lict Virginia  passed  resolutions  that  "  the  people  of  Virginia  expect " 
that  neither  the  federal  government  nor  the  btate  of  South  Carolina  will 
disturb  the  public  peace.  Now  Hampshire  passed  resolutions  in  favor  of 
reducing  the  tariff  to  the  revenue  standard.  While  these  things  were 
passing,  Mr.  Clay,  February  12,  introduced  a  bill  for  the  permanent  ad- 
justment of  the  tariff.  It  set  forth  that ''  duties  shall  be  laid  for  the  pur- 
pose of  raising  such  revenue  as  may  be  necessarv  to  an  economical 
administration  of  government."  The  position  was  taken  that  the  revenne 
required  a  duty  of  twenty  per  cent.,  and  that  wherever  existing  duties 
exceeded  that  amount,  one-tenth  of  that  excess  should  be  taken  off  Sep- 
tember 30, 1835,  and  one-tenth  each  alternate  year  thereafter,  until  1841, 
when  one-half  the  remaining  excess  should  be  taken  off,  and  the  result- 
ing half  September  80,  1842,  after  which  all  duties  were  to  be  twenty 
per  cent.,  and  to  bo  paid  in  cash.  A  large  number  of  articles  before  taxed 
were  by  this  bill  placed  on  the  free  list  and  it  provided  for  the  home  valu- 
ation of  the  twenty  per  cent  duty  after  1842.  This  bill,  which  wi^s  con- 
sidered as  acceding  to  the  demands  of  South  Carolina,  bccamo  a  law. 
(3ov.  Hamilton,  of  South  Carolina,  accordingly,  called  tho  convention 
together,  and  communicated  to  it  the  modification  of  the  tariff,  where- 
upon an  ordinance  was  passed  repealing  the  nullification  law,  and  the 
controversy  ceased. 

The  operation  of  the  compromise  thus  established  went  on  by  bien- 
nial reductions  until  1841.  During  those  years,  however,  great  changes 
overtook  the  commercial  world,  and  the  finances  of  the  government 
were  powerfully  affected  by  them.  One  effect  of  the  passage  of  the  tariff 
of  1828  had  been  to  diminish  the  import  of  goods,  and  to  induce,  as  a 
consequence,  a  larger  importation  of  specie.    This  circumstance  gave 

freater  strength  to  the  banking  movement,  at  a  time  when  the  harvests  di 
uropo  being  abundant,  money  was  then  cheap,  and  credits  liberal.  These 
circumstances  initiated  a  season  of  speculation,  which  was  fostered  by  the  war 
that  had  sprung  up  between  tho  government  and  the  United  States  bank. 
The  government  on  removing  the  deposits,  placed  them  with  State 
banks,  with  the  reiterated  injunction  to  "  loan  liberally  to  merchants." 
The  numberless  circumstances  that  combined  to  bring  about  tho  re- 
vulsion of  1837,  and  the  suspension  of  the  banks,  by  cutting  short  the 
importation  of  goods,  ruined  the  government  revenue,  and  reduced  it 
to  the  issue  of  Treasury  notes  to  meet  current  expenses.  The  large  im- 
ports of  the  year  ending  with  1836,  bad,  on  tiio  extinguishment  of  the 
public  debt,  caused  a  lai^e  surplus  revenue  to  accumulate,  which  had  to 
the  extent  of  twenty-eight  million  been  divided  among  the  States.  The 
revulsion  now  compelled  a  return  to  the  tariff  for  means  of  revenue. 
Hio  compromise  bill  had,  however,  guaranteed  that  after  1842  twenty 
per  cent  should  be  a  maximum  duty,  except  in  case  of  wtr.  It  was 
not  thought  advisable  to  violate  that  compromise,  but  tho  twenty  per 

94 


574  History  of  the  United  States  Tariffs. 

cent  tax  was  laid  upon  a  large  portion  of  the  articles  that  had  been  made 
free  by  the  compromise  act  This  did  not  meet  the  requirement^  since  in 
that  year  the  value  of  free  articles  imported  fell  from  sixty-six  to  thirty 
millions,  while  those  dutiable  increased  less  than  eight  millions.  This  did 
not,  however,  prevent  Congress  from  passing  a  law  to  distribute  the  pro- 
ceeds of  the  public  land  sales,  pro  rata  among  the  several  States.  The 
law  was  to  become  inoperative  if  the  compromise  limit  of  twenty  per  cent 
duties  should  be  infringed.  The  tariff,  therefore,  became  a  question  again 
in  the  following  year.  The  wants  of  the  government  were  made  the  basis 
of  a  new  movement  similar  to  that  of  the  Harrisburg  convention,  and 
a  "home  lea^e"  was  formed  October  15,  1841,  with  the  object  of  re- 
storing^ the  high  rates.  The  proceedings  of  the  home  league  were  en- 
dorsed by  Mr.  Clay  and  tiie  other  friends  of  the  "  Amencan  policy." 
The  President,  in  his  annual  message,  December,  1841,  called  attention 
to  the  necessary  revision  of  the  tariff^  advising  a  moderate  increase,  and 
a  change  of  the  home  valuation  principle.  The  debate  upon  this  pass^re 
of  the  message  again  opened  up  the  whole  question  of  protection.  The 
financial  distress  of  the  federal  government  made  more  revenue  ui^^t, 
and  the  distress  of  the  manu£Eu;turers  was  urged  as  a  reason  why  Sioee 
duties  should  be  high.  While  urging  high  duties,  however,  to  supply  the 
government  revenues,  it  was  proposed  to  repeal  that  section  of  the  land 
distribution  act,  which,  by  its  operation,  brought  the  land  revenues  back 
into  the  federal  Treasury  upon  the  violation  of  the  compromise  act 

In  the  Senate  Messrs.  Calhoun,  Baffby,  Benton,  and  Woodbury  con- 
tended with  Messrs.  Clay,  Evans  and  owers,  and  in  the  House  the  debate 
was  very  general.  Mr.  Clay  declared  the  government  wants  to  be  the  para- 
mount necessity,  and  appealed  to  the  patriotism  of  all  parties  to  supply 
them.  Mr.  Calhoun  objected  to  the  proposed  tariff,  that  it  was  worse 
than  that  of  1828.  The  avera^  rate  was,  indeed,  ten  per  cent.  I^  but 
the  substitution  of  cash  duties  for  bonds  or  Ions  credit,  the  substitution 
of  specific  for  ad  valorem  rates  on  articles  that  had  fallen  in  value,  the 
home  valuation  of  goods,  the  arbitary  mode  of  collecting,  and  the  £ftct 
that  it  went  into  operation  immediately  on  its  passage,  all  tended  to  en- 
hance its  injurious  featm-es.  He  said,  '*  I  ^all  not  dwell  on  the  ficM^t  that 
it  openly  violates  the  compromise  act,  and  the  pledges  given  by  its 
author  and  by  Gov.  Davis,  of  Massachusetts,  tiiat  if  Oie  South  would 
adhere  to  the  compromise  while  it  was  operating  favorably  for  the  man^ 
nfacturers,  they  would  stand  by  it  when  it  came  to  operate  fiftvorably  for 
the  South.  I  dwell  not  on  those  double  breaches  of  plighted  foith, 
although  they  are  of  a  serious  character,  and  likely  to  exercise  a  very 
pernicious  influence  over  our  future  legislation,  by  preventing  amicable 
adjustments  of  questions  that  may  hereafter  threaten  the  peace  of  the 
country."  The  bill  was  passed  with  a  clause  repealing  the  clause  of  the 
land  law  which  suspended  the  distribution  of  the  public  lands,  making 
the  distribution  unconditional.  For  this  it  was  vetoed,  August,  1642, 
by  John  Tyler. 

The  debates  were  full,  but  with  comparatively  little  excitement,  and  since 
the  want  of  revenue  was  so  apparent  the  bill  became  a  law  without  the  ob- 
noxious clause.  Messrs.  Buchanan  and  Wright  voting  in  £sivor  of  it  for 
revenue  reasons,  but  under  protest  The  law  went  immediately  into  opera- 
tion. Among  the  changes  that  it  introduced  were  the  payment  of  duties  in 
cash  on  the  home  valuation,  by  which  the  collector  of  the  port  where  any 

96  < 


History  <^  the.  United  States  Tariffs.  676 

descriptioQ  of  goods  should  be  imported,  was  to  cause  to  be  ascertained  the 
actual  value  of  the  article  iu  the  principal  markets  of  the  country  where  it 
was  exported,  and  at  the  time  of  the  export.  To  this  value  should  be  added 
costs  and  charges,  including  commissions,  and  the  aggregate  to  be  the 
value  on  which  the  duties  are  charged ;  all  goods  of  wool  imported  in  an 
unfinished  state  shall  be  valued  as  if  entirely  finished  at  the  place  of  ex- 
port The  appraisers,  collectors,  and  naval  officers  were  to  have  power 
to  examine  parties  under  oath  in  relation  to  values.  These  were  some 
of  the  provisions  that  were  considered  very  onerous.  The  tarifif  went  into 
operation  at  a  time  of  great  general  depression  in  the  commercial  world, 
and  consequently,  in  a  revenue  point  of  view,  it  was  not  so  successful  as 
had  been  hoped.  It  did  not,  however,  fail  to  revive  the  tariff  issUe  at 
the  general  elections.  The  breach  of  the  conipromise  was  charged,  but 
the  passage  was  denied  as  a  party  measure.  The  average  charge  upon 
dutiable  goods  under  it  was  thirty-three  per  cent.,  and  it  yielded  an  annual 
average  of  twenty-six  million  dollars. 

The  change  of  administration  was  in  1846  followed  by  the  Mexican  war, 
and  views  in  respect  of  the  tariff  policy  were  again  changed.  The  new 
administration  proposed  three  important  measures  in  relation  to  the  duties ; 
the  first  to  abandon  the  protective  theory  in  favor  of  a  revenue  theory, 
that  is,  to  reduce  the  rates  of  dutv,  to  levy  them  ad  valorem  only,  to  make 
the  rates  uniform,  and  to  make  them  payable  in  cash ;  the  warehouse  sys- 
tem to  facilitate  the  carrying  trade;  and  tUe  independent  treasury,  by 
which  the  cash  duties  were  to  be  collected  in  gold  and  silver  only. 

The  message  of  the  President,  December,  1841,  remarked  upon  the 
importance  of  revenue  rather  than  protection,  and  advised  a  reduction 
of  existing  rates  as  necessary  to  an  increase  of  revenue.  The  Secre- 
tary of  the  Treasury  made  an  elaborate  report  of  the  same  tenor,  re- 
commending a  revenue  tariff,  in  opposition  to  a  protective  tariff,  or 
the  adjustment  of  the  imports  to  such  a  point  as  would  collect  the 
largest  revenue  without  checking  the  importation,  or  in  other  words, 
the  course  of  trade.  Such  a  bUl  was  introduced  from  tiie  committee 
of  Wavs  and  Means,  by  Mr.  M'Kay,  April  14,  1846.  It  made  eight 
schedules,  in  one  of  which  all  liquors  were  charged  seventy-five  per 
cent  ad  valorem,  and  s\l  other  goods  under  their  respective  schedules 
thirty  iper  cent,  twenty-five  per  cent,  twenty  per  cent,  fifteen  per  cent, 
ten  per  cent,  five  per  cent  ad  valorem,  and  the  remainder  free. 

It  was  estimated  that  these  duties  would  give  an  average  of  twenty-four 
per  cent,  on  the  dutiable  imports,  and  greatly  increase  the  sum  of  the 
duties  by  admitting  of  a  larger  trade.  This  bill  was  accompanied  by  the 
"  warehouse! ng  act,"  which  provided  for  the  payment  of  duties  in  cash, 
and  that  goods  may  be  deposited  in  the  public  stores,  subject  to  the  order 
of  the  owner  for  one  year  upon  the  payment  of  duties;  that  goods  ia 
bond  may  be  transported  to  any  other  port  of  entry  and  other  provis- 
ionfi,  tending  to  facilitate  the  operations  of  commerce.  These  bills  again 
opened  up  the  tariff  discussion.  But  the  former  discussions  had  ex- 
hausted argument  pro  and  con^  and  there  could  be  little  more  said  on 
the  subject  Mr.  Collamer  defended  the  protective  principle  because  ''  it 
was  necessary  to  national  independence,"  and  the  tariff  of  1842,  "be- 
cause it  gave  revenue  enough,"  and  he  denounced  the  abandonment  as 
intended  in  this  bill,  of  protection  as  a  principle  of  national  government 
Mr.  Rathboii  opposed  the  now  bill  as  "  not  likely  to  give  sufficient  rev- 

96 


576  History  of  the  United  States  Tariffs. 

enue."  The  debate  was  very  general,  but  the  tariff  passed  the  Honse  July 
3,  by  a  vote  of  one  hundred  and  fourteen  to  ninety-five,  to  go  into  opera- 
tion December  1, 1846.  The  operation  of  the  tariff  was  extremely  simple, 
all  articles  not  free  being  charged  with  ad  valorem  duties.  The  warehouse 
system  was  organized,  as  also  the  Independent  Treasury  system,  and  the 
course  of  trade  soon  adapted  itself  to  the  new  regulation  of  specie  payments. 

The  tariff  operated  ten  years  and  seven  months,  viz.,  from  the  1st  of 
December,  1840,  to  the  1st  of  July,  1867,  and  in  accordance  with  the  esti- 
mates it  averaged  twenty-four  and  one-half  per  cent,  on  the  dutiable  im- 
ports. The  average  duties  under  the  tariff  of  1842  had  been  twenty-six 
million  dollars  per  annum.  The  average  of  the  tariff  of  1846  was  forty- 
six  million  dollars  per  annum  during  its  operation.  It  is  to  be  borne  in 
minfl,  however,  that  the  effect  of  the  gold  discoveries  by  imparting  great 
activity  to  trade  in  general,  promoted  larger  aggregate  exports  from  the 
country,  which,  since  it  had  become  a  gold  exporting  country,  could  receive 
its  pay  only  in  those  goods  which  were  charged  with  duty.  The  same 
influence  had  also  caused  a  rise  in  the  value  of  commodities,  and  of  course, 
a  larger  yield  to  ad  valorem  duties  operating  upon  those  higher  values. 

The  same  causes,  which  had  impaired  such  activity  to  the  import  trade, 
had  given  animation  to  manu&ctui^  of  all  descriptions,  and  while  the  gov- 
ernment treasury  was  overflowing  with  revenue,  the  general  prosperity  was 
apparently  sound.  The  large  revenue  yielded  by  the  tariff  was  in  excess 
of  the  expenditures,  and  a  considerable  accumulation  of  gold  took  place 
in  the  Treasury  vaults. 

This  was  not  quite  in  accordance  with  the  sub-treasury  law,  which  con- 
templated an  amount  of  revenue  no  greater  than  the  expenditure,  so  that 
the  gold  should  pass  through  the  treasury  without  stoppmg,  thus  keeping 
the  specie  currency  active.  The  accumulation  was  felt  to  be  an  incon- 
venience, and  the  government  sought  to  reduce  it  by  the  purchase  of  the 
outstanding  stock  at  high  premiums,  but  a  permanent  remedy  was  pro- 
posed in  a  reduction  of  tJie  rates  of  duty  upon  all  imported  goods. 

President  Pierce,  in  his  message  of  December,  1856,  called  attention  to 
the  annual  report  of  Mr.  Guthrie,  Secretary  of  Treasury,  in  relation  to 
the  necessity  of  reducing  the  duties.  The  report  set  forth  the  large  rev- 
enues in  excess  of  the  wants  of  the  government,  and  argued  that  as  all 
duties  are  a  tax  upon  the  people,  they  should  be  reduced  when  no  longer 
required  for  the  public  service.  It  advised  the  placing  of  all  nAtcnals 
that  enter  into  manufactures,  such  as  are  free  in  Great  Britain,  upon  the 
free  list,  and  also  salt  as  a  necessity  for  Western  provision  packers. 

A  tariff  bill  was  in  accordance  with  these  recommendations  reported  in 
the  House  January  14,  and  engaged  discussion.  Mr.  Durfee,  of  Rhode 
Island,  advocated  ttee  materials,  but  wished  to  discriminate  in  favor  of 
American  manufactures.  There  was  but  little  general  interest  manifested 
in  the  country  in  respect  to  the  proposed  changes.  The  manufacturers 
of  the  East  seemed  more  disposed  to  favor  the  free  introduction  of  raw 
materials  than  to  increase  the  tax  upon  the  imported  goods.  The  mer- 
chants of  New  York  petitioned  for  a  removal  of  the  duties  on  sugar. 
The  debate  in  the  House  went  off  until  January,  when  it  became  more 
ffeneral  upon  the  bill  reported  by  the  Committee  of  Ways  and  Means. 
Mr,  Stanton,  of  Ohio,  said  it  was  very  evident  that  the  revenue  must  be 
reduced,  but  that  the  bill  offered  was  a  manufecturers'  bill,  intended  to 
favor  the  wool  manufacturers  of  the  East  at  the  expense  of  the  wool 

97 


ffrowers  of  the  West.  Mr.  Washburn,  of  IlliDois,  wanted  lead  protected. 
MX,  DeWitt,  of  Massachusetts,  favored  the  redaction  of  revenue  by  free- 
ing raw  materials.  In  the  Senate  Mr.  Adams,  of  Mississippi,  proposed 
making  rail  road  iron  free.  In  the  House  Messrs.  Smith  and  Garnctt, 
of  Virginia,  favored  free  trade.  Mr.  Letcher  proposed  a  reduction  of 
twenty  percent,  on  the  tariff  of  1846.  Mr.  dampbell,  6f  Ohio, offered 
a  substitute  for  the  bill  of  which  the  general  features  were  nearly  the  same 
as  those  of  the  committee  of  Ways  and  Means,  This  finally  passed,  one 
hundred  and  ten  to  eighty-four.    Mr.  Stanton,  of  Ohio,  denounced  it  as 

Ced  by  "  fraudulent  combination  of  those  who  &vored  the  protection 
p,  of  sugar,  iron,  and  the  woollen  manufactures  of  Massachusetts.    It 
was  a  blow  at  the  wool  grower.** 

In  the  Senate  Mr.  Hunter  substituted  a  new  bill  with  large  reductions. 
This  was  opposed  by  Mr.  Brodhead,  of  .Pennsylvania,  who  favored  the 
House  bills.  Mr.  Wilson,  of  Massachusetts,  opposed  it,  because  he  said 
the  object  was  to  reduce  the  revenue,  and  these  reductions  would  in- 
crease  it  by  tempting  importation.  Mr.  Collamer,  of  Vermont,  took  Iho 
same  view  of  it.  Mr.  Pu^h,  of  Ohio,  opposed  both,  he  said,  ^  die  wool 
manufacturers  seek  to  rum  the  wool  growers."  Mr.  Toombs  favored 
larger  reductions.  Mr.  Butler,  of  South  Carolina,  wanted  the  tariff 
abolished  altogether.  Mr.  Toucey,  of  Connecticut,  wanted  the  revenue 
diminished  by  adding  largely  to  the  free  list  Mr.  Hunter's  bill  finally 
passed,  with  an  amendment  by  Mr.  Douglas,  that  uoA  under  twenty 
cents,  foreign  valuation,  should  be  free.  A  committee  of  conference 
finally  reported  Mr.  Hunter's  bill  with  the  free  list  of  Mr.  Campbell's. 
This  passed  the  House  one  hundred  and  twenty-four  to  seventy-one, 
March  dd,  to  go  into  operation  July  1st,  1857. 

The  effect  of  the  tariff  was  to  chedc  importatbn.  in  the  spring,  and  to 
cause  a  great  accumulation  of  merchandise  in  bond,  to  be  rde&sed  after 
July  Ist  The  important  reduction  from  one  hundred  per  cent  to  thirty 
per  cent  on  spirits,  caused  a  large  qnantity  to  arrive,  and  the  fiiilure  of 
the  Louisiana  sugar  crop  in  that  year,  added  very  greatly  to  the  effect  of 
the  reduction,  of  the  duty  upon  sugar,  from  thii^  to  twenty-four  per 
cent  The  elements  of  revulsion  began  to  manifest  themwlTes  with  the 
operations  of  the  tariff,  in  the  first  months  of  which  the  goods  in  ware- 
house were  put  upon  the  market.  The  money  pressure  that  followed 
came  in  aid  of  the  designs  of  the  projector  of  the  tariff,  in  reducing  the 
revenue,  which  foil  from  sizty-thnee  millions  eight  hundred  and  seventy^ 
five  thousand  nine  hundred  and  ^v<i  in  the  last  year  of  the  tariff  of  1846, 
to  forty-one  millions  seven  hundred  and  eighty-nine  thousand  six  hundred 
and  twenty-one  dollars,  in  1858.  This  diminution  of  the  customs  adctod 
to  that  of  the  land  sales  under  ^e  reaction  of  speculation,  carried  the 
revenue  far  below  the  amount  required  for  the  wants  of  the  government 
This  result  once  more  brought  with  it  the  necessity  for  a  revision  of  the 
tariff  in  order  to  restore  the  revenue.  The  circumstances  that  attended  the 
session  of  1860-61,  were  such  as  enabled  the  passage  mA  the  bill. reported 
by  the  Committee  of  Ways  and  Means  with  little  debate  or  investigation. 
Ijie  act  has  restored  the  highest  protective  character  to  the  tariff,  replacing 
the  ad  valorem  with  complicated  specific  duties,  and  the  bill  went  into  oper* 
ation  at  such  short  notice  as  caused  it  to  openitoupon  goods  ordered  under 
the  old  tariff.  There  are  generally  listing  cmurastances  that  attend  the 
operation  of  the  tariff  that  may  mterfere  with  the  revenue  from  it 

98 


578 


!Railf»  </  ^  Umted  Bates. 


THE  TARIFFS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


akdmnmU  thowing  <%«  Rwmi^u  coIUcUd  •cusK  yar  frcm  1789  to  I860,  Hu  amcwid  i^DuUmbU 
Imporit  and  JVm  Qoodt  imported  anmMOy,  and  t^4  average  raU  </  dutif  om  LnpcrU, 


Oastomi^ 


From  4tti  Mar. 
1788to8l8tDee^        TiriA. 

1790..Aiig.lO...OenenL 

1791..Mftr.8....8iririU $4^809,478  OQ.. 

1793.. May S....G«ienL 8»448,0T0  85.. 

1798 4^96^808  68.. 

1794..Jiine7....G«nena.........  4^801,066  28.. 

1795.. Jan.  99....8applementai7..  6,588,461  26.. 

1796 «,567,987  94.. 

1797..Mar.8 G«ii6nL 7,649,640  65.. 

1798 7406,061  98.. 

1799 6,610,449  81.. 

1800.  .Mw.  la . .  .Sngar  h  wines. .  9,080,982  78. . 

1801 10,750,778  98.. 

1802 12,468,286  74.. 

1808 10,479,417  61.. 

1804.. Mtf. 26.... Medltetnui.Amd.  11,098,066  88.. 
1806.  .Mtf .  27. . .  .IJght  money. . . .  12,986,487  04. . 

1806 14,667,698  17.. 

1807 16,846,821  61.. 

1808 16,868,650  68.. 

1809 7,996,020  68.. 

1810 8,688,809  81.. 

1811 18,818,222  78.. 

1812..Jn]7l....Tfar:  double dnt  8,968,777  68.. 

1818.. July  18... Bdt 18,224,688  26.. 

1814 6,996,779  08.. 

1816 7,282,942  92.. 

1816..Aprtt27...Mln.ft>rptotec..J6,806,874  88.. 

1817 26,288,848  40.. 

1818.. April 20... Iron  And  alnm... 17476,886  00.. 

1819..Mftr.8 Winet 20^288,608  76.. 

1800 16»006.6ttl6.. 


Total 
In^rts. 


DitUM 
pereettt. 


.|62,2«V)00 ^ 

.  81,500,000 11 

.  81400,000 18J 

.84.600,000 14 

.  69,756,268 9 

.  81,486,164 S* 

.  76,879,406 *  10 

.  68,661,700 lOj 

.  79,069,148 8| 

.  91,262,768 ;.;;;;  »i 

.111,868,511 f 

.  76^888,888 Ig 

,.64,666;666 1« 

.  86^000,000 ^ U 

.120,600,000 101 

.129,410,000 llj 

.188,500^000 HI 

.  66,990,000 30 

.  69,400,000 IS 

.  85,400,000 It 

,  58,400,000 S( 

.77,080,000 m 

.  22,005,000 10 

.12,966,600. 4r 

.18,041,974 j» 

.147,108,000 K 

.  99,260,000 it 

.121,750,000 M 

.  87,126,000 8S 

.74,450^000 20i 

Impobtb.  Arenn 

Free.  Dndable.         TV>taL        on  dot 

..  10,082,818.... 62,608,411.... 62,586,724.... 85.6 
..  7,298,708... .75,942,888... .88,241,641... .81.7 
..  9,048,288.. ..68,680,979.. ..77,679.267.. ..817 
.  12,568478.. ..67,986,284.... 80/^9,007.. ..87J5 

^^ 81,668^7160....  10.947,510.... 85,892,665.. ..9^840,075... .87.1 

1«* •«,088,861  97....  12,5«r,769.... 72,406,708.... 84,974,477.... 84.6 

18«T 27.948,956  67....  11,856,104.... 67,628,964.... 79,484,068.... 41J 

1888..1iajl9....1Qn.«ztend«d... 20,951.261  96....  12.879,176.... 76,180.648....  88,609,824.... 804 

99 


Ooftoms. 

1821 18,475,708  67. 

1822 24,066,066  48. 

1828 29,408,024  20.. 

1824.. 11*722.... Cknexal  riM 25,486,817  86.. 


HiBtory  (f  ihe  United  SMes  Tariff's.  579 

ImpoitiL  AT«iBg» 

Onitomi.  FrM.  Datlable.  Total     On  dot 

tm r,688,701  ll....ll,8(»,5W....  68,68T.(»6....  T4,4W^....418 

l880..1iiijS0....Colt,t«a,molMi.S8^«605  06....1S,r4«^....  06480,676....  70^C»»0....4a8 

1881 8^C»«,118  19.. ..18,406,825....  88,784,488.... 106,181,184.... 40.8 

188S..Jal7l4....Modiflcatlon8.... 89,841,175  65. .. .14,849,468. .. .  86,779,818.... l01/»9,866.... 88.8 

1888..1Ctfeh  2...Ck>iDprom]M....84,in,678  68.... 88,447,960....  75,670,861....  106,118,811.... 818 

1884 18,960,705  96.... 68,898,180....  68,188,158.... 126,581,888.... 88.6 

1885 25,890,796  66.... 77,940,498....  71,965,248.... 148,895,748.... 86.0 

1886 80,818,887  67.. ..98,066,481....  97,988,664.... 189,980,085.... 8L6 

1887 18,184,181  01.... 68,860,061....  71,788,186.... 140,989,817.... 863 

1888 19,702,885  45.. ..60,860,005....  68,867,899.... 118,717,404.... 87.8 

1888 85,654,588  96.. ..76,401,798....  86^690,840.... 169,092,188.... 88J 

1840 15,104,790  68.... 67,196,904....  49,946,815.... 107,141,519.... 80.4 

1841. .Bopt  IL.. Free  list  tKKed.. 19,919,498  17.... 66,019,781....  61,926,446..,. 187,946,177.... 88J 

184a..Aii8.  80... OeneralrlM.... 16^669,746  84.... 80,687,486....  68,684^601.... 100,168,087.... 884 

1848 10,206,000  48.... 85,674,584....  29,179,815....  64,768,799.... 85.7 

1844 29,286,857  88... .84,766,881....  88,668,164....  108,426^065.... 86.1 

1845 80,958,416  81. ...22,147,840....  95,106,724. .. .117,254,664       88.6 

1846 Bevenne  tariff.. 26,71^668  00.... 24^767,789....  96,884,058....  121,691,797.... 86| 

1847 28,747,865  00.. ..41,779,686... .104,778,008.... 146,645,688.. ..93i 

1848 81,767,0n  00.... 82,716^608.... 188,282,826.... 154,998,928.... 24 

1849 88,846,789  00.... S2,876k661.... 186,479,774.... 147,857,489.... 28 

1860 89,668,686  00.... 82,n0,888.... 155,^,966.... 178,188,318.... 86LS 

1861 49,017,668  00.. ..96,006,687. ...191,118,845.. ..216,284,989.. ..26 

1858 47,889,826  00.. ..89,692,984... .188,252,606. ...812,945,448. ...96 

1858 58,981,866  00.. ..81,888,584.. ..886,596,118.. ..267,978,647.. ..25 

1854 64,224,190  00.... 88,885^881... .271,276,660.... 804,662,881.... 8a5 

1855 58,086^794  00.... 40,090,886.... 881,878,184.... 861,468,580.... 28 

1856 64,022,868  00.. ..96,958,706... .857,684,886.. ..814,689,949.. ..26 

1857..Kardi8...GenenL 68,870^905  00.... 66,789,806.... 884,160^.... 860,890^41.... 8L5 

1858 41,789,621  00.... 80,819,975.... 908,998,875.... 888,618,150.... 80 

1859 48,565,824  00.... 79,721,116.... 269,047,014.... 888,768,180.... 19 

I860 68,187,611  00.... 90,841,749.... 279,872,887.... 868,168,941.... 19 

1861..Feb.  26  pxttMiit.Fartlj  eet.45,000,000  00. .. .70,000^000. ..  .826,000,000. ,. .295,000,000. ..  .20 


BEOAPITULATION. 


Date  Time  of         Arerage  Gross  I>iitiable         Arerage 

ciTtaUL  operation.     peraa.iamilL    Beremie.  Importt.  datj. 

1881  to  1824 4yeart 84........  890,486,619 8264,962,457 84^ 

1884  to  1828 4  years 89 116,597,942 801,588,885 88^ 

1828  to  1888 4  years 80 122,015,500 897,882,015 41* 

1888  to  1841 Oyears 22 198,268,107 685,886,002 81* 

1848  lyear 16 16,622,746 69,584,601 28* 

1812  to  1846 4year8 26 97,109,443 995,178,161 88 

1846  to  1867 10  years 68 688,957,873 8,178,488,818. 84* 

1867  to  1860 8yeari 48 144,543,956 741,218,216 20* 


Total 89  84  81,808,546;i7T  84»709,084»145 

100 


580  .  Ei8t<^  qfiU  UmaedSMe9.;!Ruifb. 

Haying  thus  briefly  sketched  the  leading  circumstances  that  hare  at- 
tended the  enactment  of  each  of  the  tariffs  jpassed  since  the  formation  of  tke 
government,  we  may  here  give  from  official  sources  a  table  showkg  tke 
date  and  nature  of  the  tariffs  passed  since  tibe  formation  of  the  govemment ; 
the  amount  of  customs  collected  in  each  year,  and  the  amount  of  im- 
ports on  -which  these  duties  were  paid. 

Up  to  the  year  1821,  there  were  no  official  tables  that  would  distiii- 
ffuisn  the  free  from  the  dutiable  imports,  and  the  total  im^rts  given  be- 
KHre  that  year,  are  the  estimates  of  tiie  department.  Smce  1821,  the 
amount  of  imports  has  been  accurately  reported.  In  the  recapitulatioii, 
we  have  shown  the  amount  of  custom  duties  collected  under  «ach  bill, 
and  the  whole  amount  of  goods  on  which  they  were  paid.  It  win  be 
observed  that  the  amount  of  imports,  as  well  as  tiie  sum  of  the  doUes, 
seems  to  have  fluctuated  more  in  proportion  to  the  general  activity  based 
upon  financial  prosperity,  than  upon  the  actual  amount  of  tax  levied. 
Thus,  in  the  year  1842,  which  was  one  of  great  depression,  after  the 
financial  revulsion  then  just  passed,  the  average  duty  was  twenty-tliree 
one-quarter  per  cent,  and  the  revenue  but  sixteen  millions  six  hundred 
thousand  dollars,  on  the  other  hand,  between  the  years  1846  and  1857, 
an  average  duty  of  twenty^onr  one-half  per  cent,  gave  an  annual  aver- 
a^  revenue  of  fifty-two  million  dollars,  or  more  than  three  times  what 
we  same  average  tax  produced  in  1842.  Again  in  the  four  years  ending 
with  1842,  the  average  tax  was  forty-one  one-half  per  cent,  and  the 
average  annual  product  thirty  millions ;  in  the  three  years  ending  with 
1860,  the  avera^  tax  was  twenty  one-quarter  percent^  and  the  product 
forty-eight  toilhons  per  annum.  Hius,  half  the  tat  gave  double  the 
revenue.  These  facts,  with  others  disclosed  by  the  table,  ^ow  that  the  rate 
of  duty  levied  is  a  very  unsafe  guide  as  to  the  amount  of  revenue  to  be  de- 
rived from  it  The  general  circumstances  of  business,  as  well  abroad,  as 
at  home,  has  far  more  influence  upon  the  flow  of  importations  than  the 
tax  which  is  relatively  lighter  or  more  onerous,  in  proportion  to  the  range 
of  gnces  that  rise  or  fall  under  the  influence  of  speculation  or  its  Tevulsion. 

llie  interests  of  domestic  industry  have  uniformly  had  an  important 
influence  upon  the  various  modifications  that  the  protective  character  <^ 
the  tariffs  has  from  time  to  time  undergone.  Since  the  formation  of  the 
government  the  progress  of  manufactures  has  been  very  rapid,  since  in 
1850,  the  annual  value  so  produced,  was  reported  at  over  one  thousaiid 
millions,  an  interest  which  on  its  &ce  is  large.  With  this  development, 
the  proportion  per  cent  of  similar  goods  imported  has  decreased.  The 
home  manufacturers  have  had  more  command  of  capital,  and  have  been 
enabled  to  adopt  and  apply  the  newest  inventions  for  the  improvement  of 
qualities  and  the  reduction  of  cost  They  have,  therefore,  found  their 
position  annually  stronger.  As  a  consequence,  the  Eastern  and  Northern 
interest,  which  m  the  early  years  of  the  ffovemmcnt  passed  from  a  com- 
mercial to  a  manufacturing  interest,  that  is,  from  free  trade  to  protection, 
have  latterly  become  more  indifferent  to  the  exclusion  of  forei^  wareSi 
but  have  sought  their  interests  in  cheaper  materials ;  and  this  disposition 
has  elicited  an  opposition  from  the  Western  agriculturists,  who  cling  to 
protection  for  raw  materials.  Meanwhile,  the  trade  of  the  country  haa 
become  so  laigely  developed,  that  a  moderate  tax  upon  the  whole  amount 
of  imports  gives  a  revenue  which  should  be  ample  to  an  economical  ad- 
ministeation  of  the  government 

101 


Legislative  Sittory  tf  ike  U.  S.  Tariffs. 


S5 


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581 


582 


Marine  Loteee. 


SUMMABT  OF  LAKE  DISASTERS,  1851-1860. 


^^*^"'              ^    Xsld  at  Jfew  York  OUp^Febmarv  19,  mu                              ^^ 

Makmbb  or  Loss. 

1861. 

1852. 

1853. 

1854. 

1865. 

Steamen. 

Wrecked  and  Bank 

Stranded 

HO. 

iLoea. 

NO. 

iLoea. 

2f0. 

iLoaa. 

HO. 

$L0S8. 

HO. 

$I.O«. 

2 
6 
8 
18 

i 

27,000 
86,700 
85,600 
110,200 

"'6,000' 

16 

126,000 
14,700 
22,000 
18,600 
14,000 

163,850 

8 

7 
8 
19 

ii 

128,000 
61,000 

156,000 
64.700 

*  81,650* 
20,000 

4 
2 
2 
24 
1 
8 

110,000 
110,000 
110.000 
77,200 
25,000 
81,200 

if 

8 
26 

12 

87S,90l> 
11,350 
44*000 

Fire 

Damaged,  &o.... 

66,300 

Jettison 

Oollislon 

82,600 

Derrick 

Total.... 

Fropellen. 

Wrecked  and  sank. 

Stranded 

82 

216,600 

87 

852,660 

48 

419.850 

41 

468,400 

66 

682,750 

2 

6 

6 
10 

66,000 
82,800 

"'e^obb' 

**46.'400 

11 
9 

8^000 
6,900 
67,500 
88,000 
18,200 
78,460 

16 

42,000 
28.900 

*  24,600' 
2.200 
8.900 

6 

'2 
80 

7 

870,000 

180,000' 
68,100 
47.600 
69,500 

7 
11 

84 
4 
19 

861,000 
9,950 

Fire 

Danuured.  dso 

'228.160 
18.100 

jettiSn?..;!;;.:.:.;:;:; 

Collision. 

657,750 

Bonk  and  Baised 

Total.... 

Barqnes. 

Wrecked  and  Sank 

Stranded 

Fire 

Damaged 

28 

188,200 

86 

274,060 

24 

101.600 

52 

680,100 

75  { 1159,950 

2 

*i 

1 
1 

22,000 

****160 

4,000 

200 

2 

6 

'6 

19,600 
4,600 

•"4.600" 

8 

a 
'2 

66,000 

■87,ibb' 

"56,000* 

6 
C 

ii 

2 
6 

116.0rW 
10.800 

*46,iftO 
5000 

Jettison 

OolUslon 

9,900 

Total.... 

Brigs. 

Wrecked  and  Sank 

Stranded 

8 
22 

21 

'7 

6 

26,860 

12 

28.600 

17 

148,100 

86 

18T,7.VJ 

42,000 
80,000 

*  *45,7bb' 

'1*6,900 

7 
18 

12 

'i 

52,400 
26,600 

"i9,'75b* 

"8,860 

2 
30 

ii 
'2 

48,000 
15,800 

"24,600' 

"2,660' 

5 

43 
1 

6 

68,000 

"64.125' 

6,000 

61,000 

7 
8 

5i 
8 
11 

118,800 
8.560 

Fire 

Damaged 

Jettison ! 

GolUaon 

E»o 

26,100 

Total.... 

8olioo&6ra* 

Wrecked  and  Sank 

Stranded 

68 

188,900 

8S 

101,100 

81 

85,800 

56 

184,126 

86 

216.400 

29 

62 
2 

89 
8 

16 

89,000 
68,260 

7,600 
67,766 

2,700 
84^ 

21 
48 

1 
80 

2 
18 

109,800 
70,500 

5,600 
24,790 

1.160 
24,960 

22 

48 
8 

60 
4 

18 

111,700 
64v800 

9,400 
78,500 

7,200 
21,200 

41 

'2 

182 

20 

9 

889,680 

*M,*6bb' 

216,460 

80,270 

49,150 

26 

91 

1 

186 

182,300 

161.600 

800 

Fire 

Damiured. ............... 

212479 
88,610 
97,000 

Jettison 

Collision 

Flood  at  CUcago 

Total 

Soowi. 

Wrecked  and  sank 

Stranded 

160 

244,716 

120 

286,190 

150 

287,800 

204 

701,000 

802 

687;»9 

2 
2 

'2 

%7Q0 
700 

""sob* 

'1 

"     *l'50 
**'*675 

1 
'2 

1,200 

"'I'.ibb' 

2 

ii 

1 
1 

6,000 
600 

1 

4 

i 
1 

1 

IZ 

Fire 

Damaged 

"iJM 

Jettison 

Collision. 

Total.... 

Buniniftry* 
Steamboats 

100 
1.800 

6 

8.200 

726 

•8 

2,800 

16 

10,800 

18 

14,000 

88 
28 

68 

160 

6 

264 

216,600 

'188,900* 

244,715 

81200 

87 

86 

6 

88 

120 

4 

IJHI 

48 
24 
12 
81 
150 
8 

419,860 

101,600 

28,600 

86,800 

287^100 

2^ 

20,000 

41 
62 
17 
65 

204 
15 

468,400 
680,100 
148,400 
184,126 
701,000 
10^800 

66 

76 
86 
86 

802 
18 

682.750 

Propellers 

IISOJOO 
187!760 

Barques .'.i .. . . 

Brigs 

215.400 

6^.889 

Soows 

14^600 

Derrick 

Total  1861— 1866. 

780,516 

240 

991,066 

268 

944,850 

881 

2187,825    667 

2797,^ 

103 


Marine  Losses. 


583 


SUMMABT  OF  LAKE  DISASTEBS  [ConHnued},  1851—1860. 


^^    toa«iirawrar*0%.J»riiaryl9.1861. 

HAinnnorLosfl. 

1856. 

1857. 

1868. 

1860. 

1860. 

BtaamAn. 

HO. 

t>^ 

KG. 

Iloss. 

Ha 

$L0«8. 

HO. 

fLOiS. 

HO. 

iLOSi. 

Wrecked  ud  Sunk 

Btmided 

7 

15 
4 

16 
2 
9 

280,000 
98,100 
8,200 
61,600 

4 
6 

1? 

49,900 

9,960 

185,600 

88,950 

4 
6 
8 
18 
1 
6 

88,800 
18,400 
28,000 
11,875 
100 
11,200 

4 
4 
1 
80 
1 
8 

8,900 
16,800 
12,000 
80,686 

8,600 

8 
6 
8 

17 

1 
6 

66.000 
1,900 
8,600 

17,n6 
9>00 

Fire 

Damaged.  ^ 

Jettlion.. 

OolliAlon 

8 

9,660 

Total.... 

68 

617,790 

40 

828,260 

87 

98,875 

88 

56,685 

84 

148,015 

Fropellen. 

Wreeked  and  sank 

Strafaded 

T 
19 

6 
88 

8 
16 

Ifilll 

1 
17 

4 
88 

1 

9 

17,800 
68,110 
45,200 
69,988 
8,000 
86,000 

1 
7 
6 
20 
8 
T 

10400 
4700 
86,700 
90,160 
85,880 
4,1160 

7 
18 

1 
84 

8 

7 

885,060 
18,760 
100 
18,540 
8,150 
41,260 

7 
11 

8 
80 

8 

5 

968,600 
M^800 
88,000 
17,498 
6,776 
9,800 

Fire 

Damaged,  ^ 

Jettison 

Oolli8li?n. 

Total.... 

78 

888,960 

65 

254,548 

48 

91,880 

58 

294,860 

60 

849,868 

Barques. 
Wrecked  and  Sank 

1 
10 

84,000 
66,500 

8 

8 

28,000 
57,550 

6 
6 

88,800 
81,878 

4 
5 

10.800 
88,895 

Stranded 

6 

6,740 

Fire 

Damaged,  Ac 

^17 

1 
9 

88,650 
4,000 
10,550 

10 

1 
6 

18J650 
l564 
2,880 

14 

9,150 

15 

24,100 

7 

8.900 

Jettison 

Collision 

8 

1,050 

8 

2,675 

6 

8,160 

Total.... 

88 

147,700 

27 

98,814 

86 

128,n8 

28 

88,416 

82 

49,576 

Brigf. 

Wrecked  and  Sank 

Stranded 

Fire 

4 
29 

66,200 

67,200 

6 
18 

19,860 
68,870 

8 

6 

6,400 
88,210 

6 
10 

86^100 
15,900 

4 
9 

95,800 
88,190 

Damaffod.  4^0. .  r r . .  .,... 

88 
5 
18 

16;260 
15,000 

4&jm 

14 

1 
6 

6,500 

700 

9,200 

15 

18,880 

9 

1 
6 

5,680 

700 

2^700 

i 

4 

600 
660 

jJttSS/...;......:..... 

Ooiuson 

8 

650 

Total.... 

78 

308,900 

44 

99,620 

86 

43,600 

82 

68^080 

85 

60,495 

Soliooiien* 

Wrecked  and  Sank 

Stranded 

45 
118 

567,625 
486,974 

58 

105 

1 

67 
17 
84 

801,060 
166,675 
6,103 
52,574 
25,400 
79,660 

84 

60 

178,660 
90,ftl0 

18 
78 
8 
121 
16 
84 

6i688 
279,861 
8,550 
101,782 
11,064 
68,005 

81 

75 

148,960 
197,878 

Fire 

IHmaeed,  dec 

118 
18 
46 

106,550 

16,000 

119,650 

88 
6 
84 

46,955 
7,450 
22,086 

85 
8 
81 

48,898 
1.970 
8^790 

jettisS.: :...::: 

nplHirfon,. 

Total 

840 

1,245,799 

277 

651,669 

206 

889,741 

269 

628,480 

815 

478,875 

Boows. 

Wrecked  and  sunk 

Stranded 

4 
7 

9,100 
7;646 

9 
6 

1 
10 

49,900 
8,700 
1.900 
6,400 

11 
9 

80,560 
7,668 

6 
11 

8,860 
18,460 

18 
8 

67,600 
6,195 

Fire 

^Damaged,  isc 

2 

1 
1 

600 
100 
150 

5 

6.660 

7 

1,660 

8 
8 
8 

1,860 

180 

4,968 

Oollision 

2 

400 

■'l 

60 

8 

850 

Total.... 

15 

17,605 

28 

60,600 

26 

84,918 

26 

88,700 

27 

70.187 

Steamboato 

Propellers 

Barqaes 

58 
78 
88 
78 
840 
15 

617,790 
888,960 
147,700 
208,900 
1,246,799 
17,595 

40 
65 
27 
44 

98 

828,250 

254,542 

98,814 

99,680 

651.559 

60,600 

87 

n 

26 
205 

26 

98,875 

91,880 
188,778 

48,600 
889,741 

84,918 

88 
68 
88 
88 
869 
85 

ililil 

84 
69 
22 

25 
215 
87 

148,015 

849,868 

49,575 

60,495 

478,876 

70,187 

Brigs... 

Schooners. 

8cows 

Denlek 

.... 

.... 

... 

*' 

ToUl  1856-1860. 

MO 

8,126,744 

481 

1,887,885 

868 

788,888 

440 

1,080,100!  888  U56,015| 

104 


584 


Marine  Losses, 


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Seeord  of  Eurriccma,  Oalet,  Ac 


589 


590 


SB 

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L088  of  Life  at  Sea. 


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111 


New  Tork. 


591 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 
From  Ootobib  1,  1820,  to  July,  1,  1860. 


Tbabs 

EXPORTS. 

IMPORTS. 

TONNAGE  CL'D. 

XXDIMO 

Bbpt. 
8Ul 

DOHISTIO 

F0««I0N. 

Total. 

Total. 

AjfUUOAir. 

FoKnax. 

1821 

♦7,896,606 

$6.-':-^.18 

$18,160,918 

♦98.629,246 

158,174 

10,790 

1829 

10,987,167 

t        16 

17,100,482 

85,44^698 

185,666 

17,784 

18S8 

11,862,995 

1         95 

19,088,990 

99,491,849 

192,691 

98.668 

1824 

18,528,654 

S         80 

92,897,184 

86,118,728 

929,271 

18,149 

1825 

90^651,553 

14          08 

85,259,261 

49,689,174 

955,878 

19,861 

1826 

ll,496,n9 

IC          79 

21,947,791 

38,116.680 

914,664 

91,865 

182T 

18^920,697 

«          10 

28,884,187 

88,719,644 

989,968 

88,875 

1828 

12,862.015 

IC          84 

92,n7,649 

41,927,792 

917,118 

42,878 

1889 

19,066^1 

e          50 

90,119,011 

84,748,807 

219,674 

82,866 

1880 

Total, 

^  18)618,278 

e  ;  ,:o6 

19,697,983 

86,694,070 

929,841 

86,674 

$127,861,179 

87,972,177 

915,688,856 

868.879,668 

9,186,970 

966.699 

1881 

16^726,118 

9,-^0^1^ 

96,585,144 

67,077,417 

964,881 

79,444 

1882 

15,057,250 

Iq:m:;^.0» 

96^000,945 

68,214,409 

949,749 

101,967 

1888 

1^4n,296 

9.:i>^^.^21 

95,895,117 

65,918,449 

884,175 

168.566 

1884 

18,849,469 

11         46 

95,512,014 

78,188,594 

861,606 

988,650 

1885 

91,707,867 

fi         !97 

80,845,264 

88,191,805 

689,865 

848.078 

1886 

19,816,520 

S       :    18 

98,990,688 

118,958^16 

477,624 

865,601 

18ST 

16,088,969 

11          60 

97,888,419 

79,801,729 

488,008 

404,784 

1888 

16,482,488 

(          68 

28,008,471 

68,458,206 

615,789 

898.768 

1888 

28,296,995 

!■..■:  ,i,04 

88,268,099 

99,882,488 

669,786 

f^m 

1840 
Total, 

22,676,609 

li;.<.471 

84,264,080 

60,440,760 

618,909 

848.114 

$180,058,696 

99,529,665 

979,588,191 

768,991,699 

4,846,975 

2.672.688 

1841 

94,979,608 

8,=r^,ate 

88,189,888 

n-VK-m 

600,807 

865,941 

1842 

90,789,286 

6,tliT.-l»i 

97,676,n8 

67 ''T.-..1I04 

656,989 

840,690 

1848* 

18,448,984 

8.113,480 

16,762,664 

81         40 

881,281 

174,874 

1844 

96,009,177 

fl,s,Vi,j;6a 

82,861,540 

66       Mt 

978,818 

414,625 

1845 

95,999,904 

10,-K^fWi 

86,175,298 

70         185 

926,280 

414,688 

1846 

99,685,866 

7,:wy,5*r 

86,985,418 

74      i  IS8 

1,190,944 

425,942 

1847 

44,816,480 

6.02T,.^tSa 

49,844,868 

84         169 

1,040,840 

488,766 

1848 

8?7n,909 

14,ri73,MS 

58,851,157 

94        141 

1,004,816 

705,878 

1849 

8^788,215 

9,n4s^ 

46,968.100    ' 

9S         169 

1,868,648 

784,614 

1860 
Total, 

41,609,800 

ll,2tjBjHS» 

69,712,789 

111.      .124 

1,411,667 

787,689 

$801,816,n9 

86^7,166 

886,822,985 

757,571,840 

9,879,470 

4.861.571 

1861 

68,104,549 

nj>(r2ATl 

85,007,019 

141,546,688 

l,fiS9,S18 

878.819 

ISM 

7<049,681 

la  i!,>TO 

87,484,456 

189,829,806 

l/»7iK^-k97 

906,798 

1868 

66,060,885 

la !.  -86 

78,206,290 

178,270,999 

l,0rjfi,909 

1,084,749 

1864 

106,651,740 

IC         06 

192,684,646 

195,497.988 

l^lil>.;17 

1,085,154 

1865 

96,414,808 

n:.lK-t80 

118,781,988 

164,776,611 

l,HW.f'S2 

1,140,197 

1856 

109348,609 

t.y--::M 

119,111,600 

910,169,454 

9,1:;a,s77 

1,885,677 

1857 

119,197,801 

16,i;<:Ai>97 

184,808,298 

986^488,486 

9,1 '-.--70 

1,405,911 

1868 

89,089,790 

19,'i^ii.;84 

106,840,994 

178,475,786 

9,L.--.85 

1,189,568 

1869 

104,796,546 

lS.sKi;^9 

117,689,825 

929,181,349 

9,f..'4.;84 

1.276,706 

1860 
Total, 

196,060,967 

l&,ll>4,i89 

146,665,449 

918,4«,87T 

8,r:s::,'85 

1,190,750 

$969,017,189 

154,297,506 

1,118,814,645 

1,915,154,188 

91,815,192 

11,486.617 

*  9  montha  to  Juno  80,  and  the  flaeal  year  from  this  Ume  begins  Jnljr  1. 
EiOAprnrLATioK  or  Fouxoh  GoicmBOi  or  Nsw  Tobe  aitd  tbi  U.  B.  vdb  Fitb  Tkabi. 

Ybas.        Impobtb  Statb  or  N.  T.    Otrvb  Statv^    Total,  UinrcD  Statbb.    PbbGbrt. 

1856-1856    $210,160,454  $104,479,468     $814,689,999  66.79 

1856-1857    986,498,485  124,896^656    860,890441  65.68 

1857—1868    178,47^«6  1H187,414    989,618,160  68.15 

1658-1859    999,181,849  109,586,781     888,768,180  67.65 

1869—1860    948,489,877  118,676,877     869,166,9i^  6a61 

Fire  years  $1,102,800,901  556,976,696    1,659,077,697  .... 

▲Temge  five  years  ^^,180  111,256^889    881,815,619 66L40 

Ybab.        Ezpobtb  Statb  or  N.  Y.    Othbb  Statbs.    Total,  Ukitbd  Statbb.    Feb  Cbht. 

1965-1866    $119,111,600    $907,868,408  $896,964,908  86.48 

1856-1857    184308,998    993,157,884  862,960,689  87.14 

1857—1868    106,840,924    916.808,496  884,644.490  88.81 

1868-1869     117,689395    989,949,687  856,789,469  nM 

1869-1860    145,665,449    954.566,847  400,199,996  86J8 

FiToye^  $625360,996    1,946,180,779  1,771,481,768 

▲▼«•«•  flToyeaza  $195,070489    9493884^  884,996368  86J6 

112 


592 


Marine  Jiutmmctf  StatUtki. 


Statement  ihawing  the' comparative  Umee  on  Shipe  and  Freighte  ami  o» 
Cargoes^  during  the  year  1860. 

L  L088B8  ON  Ships  amd  Fbexqhis. 

Mouths* 
Jan.,. . . 
Feb., . . 
ttaroh,. 
April,. 
May,.. 
Jane, . . 
July,  . . 
Aug.,.. 
Sept,.. 
Oct,... 

Pec,.. 

Total,..    tM78,000  $8,718,500    $2,029,9^0    $741,700    $961,800    $18,826,000 


Sfdpt, 

SUametn, 

Bcurk9. 

Brig9, 

Ta€A 

$677,000  . 

.  $26,500  . 

$819,200  .. 

$95,000  . 

.  $60,600  . 

.$1,178,800 

571,600  . 

.    806,000  . 

.     272,000  . , 

47,000  . 

.     98,600  . 

.     1,295,000 

552,000  . 

.    524,000  . 

.     258,500  . 

105,260  . 

.   102,700  . 

.     1,687,460 

879,000  . 

.    110,000  . 

.     161,000  . 

57,500  . 

.     75,600  . 

788,100 

640,600  . 

.      70,500  . 

.     105,600  . 

52,600  . 

.     77,800  . 

940,800 

288,000  . 

.    144,000  . 

98,700  . 

57,000  . 

.     26,600  . 

618,800 

225,000. 

.    806,000. 

.     129,200  . 

.     88,100  . 

.     50,900  . 

749,200 

200,000. 

.      70,000  . 

.     183,000  . 

.     50,600  . 

.     40,800  . 

498,900 

568,000. 

.    240,000  . 

.       68,100  . 

54,600  . 

.     71,000  . 

976,600 

666,00a. 

.    760,000  . 

.     199,000  . 

.     71,600  . 

.     72,400  . 

.    1,769,000 

686,000. 

.    886,500. 

.     190,500  . 

.     50,500  . 

.   186,600  . 

.    1,800,100 

690,000. 

.    880,000  . 

.     110,250  . 

.     62,200  . 

.   100,800  . 

.    1,192.750 

n.   I1O88B8  ON  GABOOSa. 


Jan.,.. . . 
Feb.,... 
March,. 
April,.. 
May,... 
June, . . 
July,... 
Aug.,.. 
Sept,.. 
Oct,.,. 
Nov., . . 
Dec.,... 


$645,800. 

.  $88,000. 

.  $867,500  . 

.$126,000  . 

.  $73,600  . 

.$1,660,900 

420,000  . 

.    842,800  . 

.     264,600  . 

.     11,600 . 

.     75,600  . 

.     1,114,000 

492,000 . 

.    696.000. 

.     886,000  . 

.   186,100. 

184,400  . 

.    1,894,000 

720,000  . 

.    242,000. 

.     876,600  - 

.     66,400 . 

75,700  . 

.    1,480,700 

972,200  . 

.      61,000. 

.       71,000 . 

.     56,200 . 

88,100  . 

.     1,243,600 

542,000. 

.      19,000 . 

.     158,500  . 

.     43,500  . 

96,000  . 

859,000 

241,000. 

.1,018.000. 

.     292,000  , 

,   105,000. 

.     11,000  . 

.    1,662,000 

91,000. 

.      15,000  . 

.     160,000  . 

.  147,000. 

.     49,400  . 

462,400 

665,600. 

.    140,000. 

.       55,000 . 

.     66,000  . 

.     83.100  . 

959,600 

687,000  . 

.    150,000. 

,     118,000  . 

.     85,000 . 

.     28,000  . 

.    1,018,000 

526,000  . 

.    618,000. 

.     187,500 . 

.     27.900. 

.     68,500  . 

.     1,416,900 

1,076,500  . 

.      50,000 . 

.       76,800 . 

.     24,900  . 

.     72,800  . 

.     1,800,500 

Odrgoefl,   $6,978,000  $8,379,800    $8,007,900    $896,600     $796,200 
Yesaels,      6,878,000     8,718,500      2,029,950       741,750       961,800 


$15,06t^O00 
18,826,000 


$  12,856,000  $  7,092,800  $  5,087,850  $  1,637,850  $  1,758,000     $28,802,000 


ISO. 

J(an„...  $1,906,000  ..$809,000  ..  $419,500.  .$146,600  ..$150,000. 

Feb.,..  1,187,500..    427^00..     472,500..    148,800..    217,700. 

March,.  1,152,800..    169^00..     628,200..    850,800..    506,800. 


TotiA,..     $4,196,800     $905,700  $1,420,200    $645,700     $873,500 
Totai!!r      3,268,800     1,932,800      2,862,700       670,950        645,400 


$2,991,100 
.  2,408,700 
.    2,706,000 

$8,041,400 
8,670,160 


I860. 

Cargoes,   $9,904,160  $5,989,500  $2,488,100  $1,312,800     $968,860 
Vessels,       7,262,262     6,822,000     2,097.800        950,400     1,080,800 


$90,558,420 
16,702,752 

I  I     I  "  .  .i_^..i.-__  __.^^_    ^—^..iii...... 

TotdU.  $17,156,412$  11,261,500  $4,585,900  $2,268,200  $2,089,160  $87,2M,m 


The  Physical  Geography  cf  the  Sea.  593 


THE  PHYSICAL  GEOGBiPHT  OF  THE  SEA  AND  ITS  ISTBOBOIOGL 

Commander  Maurt  has  long  been  known  b^  the  practical,  useful  and 
comprehensive  character  of  his  nautical  compilations  and  original  writ- 
ings. Assiduously  laboring  for  many  years,  aided  by  scientific  professors 
•8  well  as  by  experienced  practical  men,  he  has  done  ample  justice  to  the 
confidence  and  liberality  of  the  United  States.  Successive  editions  of 
his  Sailing  Directicau  and  Charts,  in  number  many  thousands,  have  been 
widely  and  well  distributed,  gratuitously,  among  those  who  are  resppn- 
sible  for  life  at  sea — whose  business  is  on  the  ocean.  We  were  informed, 
at  a  meeting  of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society,  that  more  than  seven 
hundred  quarto  volumes  and  four  thousand  large  charts  have  been  thus 
dispersed  among  sea  captains  and  instructors  in  maritime  affairs,  besides 
others  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland ;  while  a  proportionate  number  has 
been  distributed  in  Holland,  France,  Portugal,  Spain  and  Italy,  above 
and  beyond  the  much  larger  supply  similarly  granted  to  every  United 
States  ship  of  war,  and  to  every  merchantman  willing  to  cooperate  in 
observing. 

Not  only  has  a  great  amount  of  available  knowledge  been  thus  circu- 
lated directly,  but  a  spirit  of  observation,  a  habit  of  noting  and  compar- 
ing, has  increased  most  advantageously  during  late  years  among  officers 
at  sea — indirectly  consequent  on  the  acquisition  of  such  knowledge  as  it 
has  been  the  object  of  Commander  Maurt,  as  it  was  likewise  of  our  own 
Admiral  Bbaufort,  to  collect,  digest  and  diffuse.  We  refer  especially 
to  our  late  Admiralty  Hydrographer,  by  whose  sagacity,  talent  and  per- 
severance all  maritime  nations  have  benefited  very  generally. 

After  thus  rendering  special  service  to  the  maritime  world,  the  various 
publications  that  have  issued  from  the  National  Observatory  at  Wash- 
ington have  been  submitted,  by  its  indefatigable  superintendent,  to  a 
process  of  elaborate  selection  and  condensation,  out  of  which,  with  much 
new  matter,  has  resulted  the  present  well-printed,  clearly-arranged  and 
most  interesting,  as  well  as  us^iil,  octavo  volume.  A  carefiil  perusal  has 
diown  us  the  necessity  of  noticing  a  few  weak  points — for  some  such,  of 
course,  there  are — lest  inexperienced  persons  should  be  led  into  occasional 
difficulties,  even  by  so  admirable  a  general  guide. 

That  a  work  essentially  maritime  should  be  heralded  with  the  word 
**  Geography"  has  occasioned  doubt — a  feeling  which  has  soon  yielded, 
however,  to  the  reflections  that  the  term  includes  all  the  world's  surface^ 
the  greater  part  of  which  is  covered  by  sea — and  that  it  has  the  sanption 
of  Humboldt  and  Hbrschel.  In  the  almost  overwhelming  i^r^tion 
of  ideas  suggested  by  even  a  superficial  glance  through  the  taUo  of  con^ 
tents,  it  is  hard  to  eliminate  the  most  striking,  and  to  comm^it  on  those 
alone,  briefly,  without  digressing  into  a  string  of  ^essays.  In  truths  it  is 
a  text-book  for  many  a  long  discourse. 

In  the  first  chapter  are  explanations  and  illustratioiks  of  oceanic  and 
atmospheric  phenomena,  as  pleasant  to  read  as  worthy  of  their  writers — 
one  being  the  lamented  Dr.  Buist.  But  in  treating  of  the  tides,  some 
reference  to  the  later  researches  and  views  of  Whbwbll  and  Hbrschel 
is  desirable.    A  perusal  of  the  article,  "  Physical  Geography,"  in  the 

VOL,  LXIV. — NO.  V.  88 


694  Tlie  Physical  Geography  of  t?^  S$a 

present  edition  of  the  Uncyclopcsdia  Britannica^  and  reference  to  the  con- 
secntiye  essays  on  the  tides,  which  have  been  so  luminous  to  seamen^ 
show  that  those  authorities  are  indiposed  to  attribute  tidal  results  in  north- 
em  seas  to  the  sole  or  principal  effect  of  a  great  tide-wave  generated  in 
the  expanse  of  the  southern  ocean.  They  advert  to  a  westerly  and  re- 
turning movement  in  mass,  depending  on  depth  and  width  of  water,  the 
attractions  of  moon  and  sun,  and  the  obstacles  opposing  a  continuous  west- 
erly wave.  Such  an  undulation  was  described  long  ago  by  Hersohbl 
as  "  exceedingly  broad  and  excessively  flat"  It  has  the  least  sensible 
effect  near  the  middle  of  the  ocean ;  but  is  evidenced  by  the  impulse 
given  near  a  shelving  shore,  or  an  estuary  where  the  sea  has  a  positive 
current,  and,  therefore,  a  momentum,  additional  to  the  merely  local,  and 
(unless  opposed  and  broken)  vertically  circuitous  motion  of  a  pure  undu- 
btion  or  wave  of  water. 

Horizontal  or  lateral  movements,  occasioned  by  obstructions  of  conti- 
nents, islands  or  shallows,  to  great  tidal  waves,  may  have  tar  more  effect, 
geologically  and  on  climates,  than  has  hitherto  been  noticed.  There  b 
an  impulse  in  one  direction,  towards  the  west,  after  the  attracting  bodies 
— ^moon  and  sun — greater  than  the  returning  or  equilibrating  action  to- 
wards the  east ;  and  this,  continued  incessantly,  must  cause  a  preponde- 
rance of  oceanic  movement  westward.  Do  we  not  see  the  results  in  com- 
parative heaping  or  forcing  of  water  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  towards  the 
Indian  Archipelago  and  the  east  coast  of  Africa?  And  are  there  not 
currents  setting  from  those  regions  northward  or  southward,  if  not  both, 
and  eastward  again  where  impeded  and  circumscribed — such  as  the  Gulf 
Stream,  the  Japanese  current,  the  South  Pacific,  South  Atlantic  and  La- 
gulhas  currents?  These  currents,  originated  by  consecutive  tidal  im- 
pulses, are  doubtless  strengthened  and  promoted  by*  prevalent  winds, 
especially  the  perennial  and  the  monsoons. 

The  depths  of  ocean,  their  conditions  and  their  temperatures  become 
more  and  more  subjects  of  interest  as  we  gradually  approximate  towards 
accurate  knowledge  of  them,  and  as  our  requirements  oblige  us  to  inves- 
tigate their  mysteries.  Oonmiander  Maurt's  pages  on  these  recondite 
secrets  are  full  of  valuable  ideas. 

,  He  had  the  satisfaction  (during  his  too  brief  visit  to  London,  a  few  days 
ago)  of  meeting  those  who  had  just  brought  living  creatures  from  more 
than  seven  thousand  feet  below  the  sea,  and  of  inspecting  an  ingenious 
device  for  ascertaining  temperature  at  any  depth,  irrespective  of  pressure 
or  condensation.  It  is  on  the  principle  of  a  metallic  barometer,  so  £ir  as 
having  plates  of  metal  that  expand  or  contract  according  to  temperature, 
their  ends  working  a  lever  which  ranges  through  a  graduated  arc,  carry- 
ing, either  way,  passive  indexes  by  which  extreme  temperatures  are  shown 
on  similar  arcs.  The  water  has  free  access  through  this  new  apparatus. 
Excellent  advice  and  sound  opinions  are  given  by  our  author  respecting 
electric  wires  and  their  covenngs.  But  he  ascribes  the  perishing  of  their 
absurd  iron  armature  to  galvanic  action  alone,  namely,  that  caused 
by  searwater,  with  the  iron  and  copper  of  the  wires.  In  many,  if  not 
in  most  instances,  there  is  a  rapid  oxidation  of  the  iron,  wherever 
covered  by  water  only,  and  not  excluded  by  mud,  or  otherwise,  fit>m  air, 
in  the  water^  In  addition  to  direct  and  destructive  action  of  copper  ore,  or 
veins,  cropping  out  at  the  bottom  of  the  sea  near  land.  Instances  are  on 
record  of  chain  cables  mined,  in  a  few  weeks  only,  by  overlying  a  rocky 


And  it$  Meteorology,  505 

patch  of  copper  ore.     Where  a  metallic  defence  agunst  chafing  ia  india- 
pensable,  as  over  rocks,  in  shallow  water,  copper  only  should  be  used. 

The  officer  recently  employed  by  Prance  to  examine  and  report  on 
submarine  telegraphy  in  general,  has  stated  to  his  government  that  the 
best  insulator  is  caoutchouc,  and  that  a  wire  of  large  section  is  better  than 
smaller  wires.  Experiments  are  in  favor  of  indiarrubber,  as  now  applied, 
certainly ;  but  is  it  probable  that  any  vegetable  substance  will  last  long 
under  water — especially  sea-water — abounding  in  animal  life  and  a  variety 
of  material  ingredients  ?  Some  combination  of  vitreous,  although  rather 
ductile  and  flexible  character,  insulating  and  durable,  may  yet  be  devised 
by  chemists  and  electricians. 

Trials,  only  just  concluded,  with  wires  varying  in  their  sectional  area, 
have  occasioned  a  hasty  conclusion  against  other  evidence  of  a  different 
nature,  that  the  "  conductivity ''  of  a  small  wire  equals  that  of  one  larger 
in  section. 

In  these  experiments,  while  the  smallest  wire  could  transmit  the  charge 
without  special  impediment,  it  would  go  as  fast  and  as  far  as  in  a  wire  of 
indefinitely  large  sectional  area ;  but  if  the  small  wire  were  overcharged, 
or  heated,  to  a  degree  diminishing  ^'  conductivity''  while  much  increasing 
retardation,  or  what  the  French  term  '*  condensation,"  then  a  sensible 
difference  would  be  discovered  immediately.  A  man  may  walk  along  a 
narrow  way  as  fast  and  as  far  as  along  a  wide  road,  while  he  is  not  jostled, 
impeded  or  inconveniently  squeezed.  When  lightning — the  electric  cur- 
rent from  Nature's  battery  in  the  atmosphere — strikes  the  spindle  of  a 
Habris  conductor  fixed  in  a  lofty  mast,  it  is  always  carried  down  to  the 
sea,  not  only  without  damaging  any  thing,  (unless,  perhaps,  melting  a  few 
inches  of  the  small  spindle  point,)  but  without  displacm^  a  particle  of 
covering  paint,  or  leaving  a  trace  of  its  progress.  Could  this  be  so  if  the 
mysterious  agent  did  not  traverse  the  solid — and  more  readily— rwith 
less  heat,  and  therefore  without  fusion,  when  finding  ample  metallic 
pathway  ? 

To  go  further  into  this  question — to  show  the  fidlacy  of  very  prevalent 
ideas  about  "  a>cwt7«,"  and  to  give  a  simple  view  of  inductive  action  ac- 
cordant with  Prof.  Faraday's  latest  discoveries  and  investigations,  would 
be  misplaced  here,  however  enticing.  Indeed,  it  would  be  as  futile  as 
presumptuous  to  offer  immature  opinions,  in  addition  to  the  few  well- 
ascertained  £Eicts. 

In  the  second  chapter  a  lance  is  aimed  at  the  proof  armor  of  a  most 
redoubtable  champion  of  philosophy  and  science.  To  understand  the 
controversy,  more  than  the  followmg  extracts  should  be  read,  especially 
arguments  urged  in  support  of  an  idea  that  comparative  density,  saltness 
and  evaporation  (their  chief  cause)  are  the  principal,  if  not  the  only  origi- 
nators of  oceanic  currents  on  a  great  scale.     Commander  Maurt  says : 

"  With  the  view  of  ascertaining  the  average  number  of  days  during  the 
year  that  the  N.  E.  trade-winds  of  the  Atlantic  operate  upon  the  currents 
between  25°  N.  and  the  equator,  log-books  containing  no  less  than  860,264 
observations  on  the  force  and  direction  of  the  wind  in  that  ocean  were 
examined.  The  data  thus  afforded  were  carefully  compared  and  discussed. 
The  results  show  that  within  those  latitudes,  and  on  the  average,  the 
wind  from  the  N.  E.  quadrant  is  in  excess  of  the  winds  from  the  S.  W. 
only  lll'days  out  of  the  365.  During  the  rest  of  the  year  the  S,  W. 
counteract  the  effect  of  the  N.  E.  winds  upon  the  currents.    Now,  can 


596  The  Physical  Geography  of  the  Sea 

the  N.  E.  trades,  by  blowing  for  less  than  one-third  of  the  time,  canse  the 
Gulf  Stream  to  run  all  the  time,  and  without  varying  its  velocity  either  to 
their  force  or  their  prevalence  ?  Sir  John  Hbrschbl  maintains  that  they 
can ;  that  the  trade-winds  are  the  sole  cause  of  the  Gulf  Stream  ;  not,  in> 
deed,  by  causing  *  a  head  of  water '  in  the  West  Indian  seas,  but  by 
rolling  particles  of  water  before  them,  somewhat  as  billiard  balls  are 
rolled  over  the  table.  He  denies  to  evaporation,  temperature,  salto  and 
sea-shells  any  effective  influence  whatever  upon  the  circulation  of  the 
waters  in  the  ocean.  According  to  him,  the  winds  are  the  supreme 
current-producing  power  in  the  sea  This  theory  would  require  all  the 
currents  of  the  sea  to  set  with  the  winds,  or,  when  deflected,  to  be  de- 
flected from  the  shore,  as  billiard  balls  are  from  the  cushions  of  the  table, 
making  the  littoral  angles  of  incidence  and  reflection  equal.  Now,  so  fiir 
from  this  being  the  case,  not  one  of  the  constant  currents  of  the  sea  either 
makes  such  a  rebound  or  sets  with  the  winds.  The  Gulf  Stream  sets  as 
it  comes  out  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  for  hundreds  of  miles  after  it 
enters  the  Atlantic,  against  the  trade-winds ;  for  a  part  of  the  way  it  runs 
right  in  the  *  wind's  eye.'  The  Japan  current,  *the  Gulf  Stream  of  the 
Pacific,'  does  the  same.  The  Mozambique  current  runs  to  the  south, 
against  ttie  S.  E.  trade-winds,  and  it  changes  not  with  the  monsoons.  The 
ice-bearing  currents  of  the  north  oppose  me  winds  in  their  course.  Hum- 
boldt's current  has  its  genesis  in  the  ex-tropical  regions  of  the  soutii, 
where  the  *  brave  west  winds'  blow  with  almost,  if  not  with  quite  the 
regularity  of  the  trades,  but  with  double  their  force.  And  this  current^ 
instead  of  setting  to  the  S.  E.  before  these  winds,  flows  north  in  spite  of 
them.  These  are  tiie  midn  and  constant  currents  of  the  sea — ^the  great 
arteries  and  jugulars  through  which  its  circulation  is  conducted.  In 
every  instance,  ,and  regardless  of  winds,  those  currents  that  are  warm 
flow  towards  the  poles,  those  that  are  cold  set  towards  the  equator.  And 
this  they  do,  not  by  the  force  of  the  winds,  but  in  spite  of  them,  and  by 
the  force  of  those  very  agencies  that  make  the  winds  to  blow.  Thej 
flow  thus  by  virtue  of  those  efforts  which  the  sea  is  continually  making 
to  restore  that  equilibrium  to  its  waters  which  heat  and  cold,  the  forces 
of  evaporation  and  the  secretion  of  its  inhabitants,  are  everlastingly  de- 
stroying. If  the  winds  makes  the  upper,  what  makes  the  under  and 
counter  currents?  This  question  is  of  itself  enough  to  impeach  that 
supremacy  of  the  winds  upon  the  currents,  which  the  renowned  philoso- 
pher, with  whom  I  am  so  unfortunate  as  to  differ,  travelled  so  far  out  of 
his  way  to  vindicate.  The  'bottles'  also  dispute,  in  their  silent  way,  the 
'supremacy  of  the  winds'  over  the  currents  of  the  sea.  The  bottles  that 
wre  thrown  overboard  to  try  currents  are  partly  out  of  the  water.  The 
wind  ha^  influence  upon  them ;  yet  of  all  those — and  they  are  many — 
that  have  been  thrown  overboard  in  the  trade-wind  region  of  the  North 
Atlantic,  or  in  the  Caribbean  Sea,  where  the  trade-winds  blow,  none  have 
been  found  to  drift  with  the  wind ;  they  all  drift  with  the  current,  and 
nearly  at  right  angles  to  the  wind.  That  the  winds  do  make  currents  in 
the  sea  no  one  will  have  the  hardihood  to  deny ;  but  currents  that  are 
bom  of  the  winds  are  as  unstable  as  the  winds ;  uncertain  as  to  time, 
place  and  direction,  they  are  sporadic  and  ephemeral" 

Perhaps  too  much  has  been  made  of  the  very  small  differences  between 
the  specific  ^vity  of  the  ocean  in  various  regions.  Assuming  1,000 
parts  (say  grains)  as  the  weight  of  one  volume  of  pure  distilled  water,  the 


And  iti  MeUorotogy,  507 

ayeraffe  weight  of  an  equal  volume,  by  measure,  of  ocean  water,  is  1,0ST 
of  8udi  parts.  Rarely,  indeed,  has  it  been  found,  at  or  near  the  surface, 
to  exceed  1,030 ;  but  it  diminishes  at  the  surface  first,  after  heavy  raini, 
or  within  the  influence  of  fresh-water  rivers,  (such  as  the  Amazon,  Ori- 
noco, Mississippi,  Congo,  Ganges,  Indus,  Hoang-Ho,  dsc.,)  and,  in  general, 
on  soundings  near  land.  It  is  very  difficult  to  read  the  scale  of  a  hydro- 
meter accurately,  when  a  ship  has  motion,  and  if  very  great  care  be  not 
taken,  an  oily  finger,  or  the  adhesion  of  dust  on  so  delicate  a  test  instru- 
ment, may  make  a  difference  (as  the  late  Mr.  Welsh  proved)  of  more 
than  two  divisions  or  parts  of  tne  scale,  between  1,000  and  1,040.* 

The  chapters  on  cmnate  and  commerce,  on  the  atmosphere,  and  on 
rains  and  nvers,  are  full  to  repletion  of  valuable  remarks,  the  resulto  of 
collecting  in  all  directions  before  sifting  a^d  condensing.  We  could 
wish  that  more  frequent  reference  had  been  made  to  authorities  whose 
ideas,  if  not  words,  strike  the  mind  in  reading  these  well-filled  pages. 
We  have  a  reverential  attachment  to  the  works  of  early  navigators,  such 
as  Dampibb,  Cook,  La  Perousb  and  Flinders,  and  have  been  accustomed 
to  prize  the  experience,  inaccessible  to  many,  we  admit,  of  other  seamen 
in  this  century.  In  quoting  instances  of  excessive  fall  of  rain,  our  excel- 
lent author  has  been  misinformed  on  two  material  points,  and  has,  of 
course,  proportionally  weakened  the  force  of  arguments  based  on  those 
supposed  facts.  Speaking  of  the  rain  fall  in  ratagonia,  he  mentions 
nearly  160  inches  m  a  year,  quoting  Kino  and  Fitzbot.  On  referring 
to  "The  Voyages  of  the  Adventure  and  Beagle,"  we  can  find  no  su^ 
statement  No  record  of  rain-feU  was  made  by  the  Beagle's  officers — 
only  one  by  those  of  the  Adventure,  which  was  for  two  months  only  in 
Chiloe.  The  much  lamented  Foster,  when  in  the  Chanticleer,  near 
Ci^e  Horn,  had  a  rain-gauge  in  St  Martin's  Cove  for  rather  more  than  a 
month  of  particularly  l)aa  weather,  in  the  rainest  season.  Between 
Western  and  Eastern  Patagonia  we  presume  there  must  be  great  differ- 
ences of  climate  in  the  same  latitude,  owing  to  the  lofty  Andes  on  the 
west,  and  prevalent  westerly  winds  which  blow  over  or  round  their  snowy 
sunmiits.  The  other  instance,  which  it  seems  necessarv  to  notice,  is  the 
presumed  fall  of  about  600  inches  of  rain  in  a  year  in  India.  Examina- 
tion of  CoL  Stkes'  statements  has  shown,  that  during  heavy  rain,  of  a 
very  rainy  season,  about  300  inches  of  rain  fell  But  the  rest  of  the  year 
was  dry  in  that  country.  Prol  Oldham's  facts,  however,  support  Com- 
mander Maurt's  statement  of  600  inches  in  one  year. 

At  the  opening  of  his  chapter  on  red  fogs  and  sea  breezes  we  read : 
"The  inhabitants  of  the  sea-shore  in  tropical  countries  wait  every 
morning  with  impatience  the  coming  of  the  sea  breeze.  It  usuallv  sets 
in  about  ten  o'clock.  Then  the  sultir  heat  of  the  opj)re8sive  mommg  is 
dissipated,  and  there  is  a  delightful  freshness  in  the  w,  which  seems  to 
give  new  life  to  all  for  their  daily  labors.  About  sunset  there  is  again 
another  calm.  The  sea  breeze  is  now  done,  and  in  a  short  time  the  land 
breeze  sets  in.  This  alternation  of  the  land  and  sea  breeze — a  wind  from 
the  sea  by  day  and  from  the  land  by  night — is  so  regular  in  inter-tropical 

•  to  ftTotd  reoarreoee  to  Uiis  point.  It  may  hwe  be  obMired  that.  In  pam  916  and  998,  the  p«- 
oentaces  itated  by  the  aathor.  as  basee  of  his  argument,  are  thoee  of  the  aigerene—  between  the 
■pedOe  gra?itlet ;  not  thoee  of  the  rcspeetire  whole  nombera  themaelvea.  The  addUlon  of  a  flgnre 
MS  fivea  an  nndoa  importance  to  the  matter. 


508  The  Phydcai  Geography  of  the  Sea 

countries,  that  they  are  looked  for  by  the  people  with  as  much  confidence 
as  the  rising  and  setting  of  the  sun.  In  extra-tropical  countries,  espe- 
cially those  on  the  polar  side  of  the  trade  winds,  this  phenomenon  is  pre- 
sented only  in  summer  and  fall,  when  the  heat  of  the  sun  is  sufficientlj 
intense  to  produce  the  requisite  degree  of  atmospherical  rarefsiction  over 
the  land.  This  depends  in  a  measure,  also,  upon  the  character  of  the 
land  upon  which  the  sea  breeze  blows,  for  w£en  the  surface  is  arid  and 
the  sou  barren,  the  heating  power  of  the  sun  is  exerted  with  most  effect. 
In  such  cases  the  sea  breeze  amounts  to  a  gale  of  wind.  In  the  summer 
of  the  southern  hemisphere  the  sea  breeze  is  more  powerfully  developed 
at  Valparaiso  th^i  at  any  other  place  to  which  my  services  afloat  have 
led  me.  Here  regularly  in  the  afternoon,  at  this  season,  the  sea  breeze 
blows  furiously ;  pebbles  are  torn  up  from  the  walks  and  whirled  about 
the  streets ;  people  seek  shelter ;  the  Almendral  is  deserted,  business  inter- 
rupted, and  all  communication  from  the  shipping  to  the  shore  is  cut  ofL 
Suddenly  the  winds  and  the  sea,  as  if  they  had  again  heard  the  voice  of 
rebuke,  are  hushed,  and  there  is  a  great  cahn.  The  lull  that  follows  is  de- 
HghtfuL  The  sky  is  without  a  cloud ;  the  atmosphere  is  transparency  itself; 
the  Andes  seem  to  draw  near ;  the  climate,  always  mild  and  soft,  becomes 
now  doubly  sweet  by  the  contrast.  The  evening  invites  abroad,  and  the 
population  sally  forth — the  ladies,  in  ball  costume,  for  now  there  is  not 
wind  enough  to  disarrange  the  lightest  curl.  In  the  southern  summer 
this  change  takes  place  day  after  day  with  the  utmost  regularity,  and  yet 
the  calm  always  seems  to  surprise,  and  to  come  before  one  has  time  to 
realize  that  the  furious  sea  wind  could  so  soon  be  hushed.  Presently  the 
stars  begin  to  peep  out,  timidly  at  first,  as  if  to  see  whether  the  elements 
here  below  haa  ceased  their  strife,  and  if  the  scene  on  earth  be  such  as 
they,  from  their  bright  spheres  aloft,  may  shed  their  sweet  influences 
upon.  Sirius,  or  that  blazing  world  n  Argus,  may  be  the  first  watcher  to 
send  down  a  feeble  ray ;  then  follow  another  and  another,  all  smiling 
meekly ;  but  presently,  in  the  short  twilight  of  the  latitude,  the  bright 
leaders  of  the  starry  host  blaze  forth  in  all  their  glory,  and  the  sky  is 
decked  and  spangled  with  superb  brilliants.  In  the  twmkling  of  an  eye, 
and  faster  than  the  admiring  gazer  can  tell,  the  stars  seem  to  leap  out 
from  their  hiding  place.  By  invisible  hands,  and  in  quick  succession,  the 
constellations  are  hung  out ;  but  first  of  all,  and  witn  dazzling  glory,  in 
the  azure  depths  of  space,  appears  the  great  Southern  Cross.  That  shining 
symbol  lends  a  holy  grandeur  to  the  scene,  making  it  still  more  im- 

Fressive.  Alone  in  the  night-watch,  after  the  sea  breeze  has  sunk  to  rest, 
have  stood  on  the  deck  under  those  beautiful  skies,  gazing,  admiring, 
rapt.  I  have  seen  there,  above  the  horizon  at  once,  and  shining  wiUi 
a  splendor  unknown  to  these  latitudes,  every  star  of  the  first  magnitude 
— save  only  six — that  is  contained  in  the  catalogue  of  the  100  principal 
fixed  stars  of  astronomers.  There  lies  the  city  on  the  sea-shore,  wrapped 
in  sleep.  The  sky  looks  solid,  like  a  vault  of  steel  set  with  diamonds. 
The  stillness  below  is  in  harmony  with  the  silence  above,  and  one  almost 
fears  to  speak,  lest  the  harsh  sound  of  the  human  voice,  reverberating 
through  those  'vaulted  chambers  of  the  south,'  should  wake  up  echo,  and 
drown  the  music  that  fills  the  soul.  On  looking  aloft,  the  first  emotion 
gives  birth  to  a  homeward  thought :  bright  and  lovely  as  they  are,  those, 
to  northern  sons,  are  not  the  stars  nor  the  skies  of  fatherland.  Alpha 
LyrsB,  with  his  pure  white  light,  has  gone  from  the  zenith,  and  only 


And  iti  Met$w<jiogy.  59$ 

appears  for  one  short  hour  above  the  top  of  the  northern  hills.  Polaris 
and  the  Great  Bear  have  ceased  to  watch  from  their  posts ;  they  are  awaj 
down  below  the  horizon.  But,  glancing  the  eye  above  and  around,  you 
are  dazzled  with  the  sj^lendors  of  the  firmament  The  moon  and  the 
planets  stand  out  from  it;  they  do  not  seem  to  touch  the  blue  vault  in 
which  the  stars  are  set  The  Southern  Cross  is  just  about  to  culminate^ 
Climbing  up  in  the  east  are  the  Centaurs,  Spica,  Bootes  and  Antares, 
with  his  lovely  little  companion,  which  only  the  best  telescopes  have 
power  to  unveil  These  are  all  bright  particular  stars,  differing  from  one 
another  in  color  as  they  do  in  glory.  At  the  same  time  the  western 
sky  is  glorious  with  its  brilliants,  too.  Orion  is  there,  just  about  to 
march  down  into  the  sea ;  but  Canopus  and  Sirius,  with  Castor  and  his 
twin  brother,  and  Procyon,  n  Argus  and  Regulus — ^these  are  high  up  in 
their  course ;  they  look  down  with  great  splendor,  smiling  peacefully  as 
they  precede  the  Southern  Cross  on  its  western  way.  And  yonder,  far- 
ther still,  away  to  the  south,  float  the  Magellanic  clouds,  and  the  *Coal 
Sacks' — ^those  mysterious,  dark  spots  in  the  sky,  which  seem  as  though 
it  had  been  rent,  and  these  were  holes  in  the  ^  azure  robe  of  night,'  look- 
ing out  in  the  starless,  empty,  black  abyss  beyond.  One  who  has  never 
watched  the  southern  sky  in  the  stillness  of  the  night,  after  the  sea  breeze, 
with  its  turmoil,  is  done,  can  have  no  idea  of  its  grandeur,  beauty  and 
loveliness.  Within  the  tropics,  however,  the  land  and  sea  breezes  are 
more  ^ntle,  and,  though  the  night  scenes  there  are  not  so  suggestive  as 
those  just  described,  yet  they  are  exceedingly  delightful  and  ^together 
lovely.  The  oppressive  heat  of  the  sun  and  the  climate  of  the  sea-shore 
is  mitigated  and  made  both  refreshing  and  healthful  by  the  alternation  of 
those  winds  which  invariably  come  from  the  coolest  place — ^the  sea, 
which  is  the  cooler  by  day,  and  the  land,  which  is  the  cooler  by  night 
About  ten  in  the  morning  the  heat  of  the  sun  has  played  upon  the  Land 
with  sufficient  intensity  to  raise  its  temperature  above  that  of  the  water. 
A  portion  of  this  heat  being  imparted  to  the  superincumbent  air,  causes 
it  to  rise,  when  the  air,  first  from  the  beach,  then  from  the-  sea,  to  the 
distance  of  several  miles,  begins  to  flow  in  with  a  most  delightful  and 
invigorating  freshness." 

Ehrbnbsrq's  examination  of  the  '*  sea-dust,"  which  occasionally  falls 
so  thickly  near  the  Cape  Verde  Islands,  has  induced  a  supposition  that 
the  trade- winds  carry  this  dust  across  the  inter-tropical,  zone,  these 
winds  ascending  there  and  crossing.  But  this,  as  a  general  principle,  is 
untenable ;  because  one  current  of  air,  equal  in  volume  and  impetus  to 
another  opposing  it,  cannot  pass  on ;  it  must  turn  or  diverge.  Dust 
carried  up  mto  tne  higher  atmosphere  is  liable  to  be  drifted  hither  and 
thither,  r^rularly  or  irregularly,  according  to  the  current  of  air  in  which 
it  may  be  suspended.  Its  course  and  ultimate  place  of  deposit  must  be 
uncertain,  like  the  progress  of  bottles  in  an  ocean,  which  sometimes  show 
a  special  line  of  drut,  but  more  frequently  are  carried  about  variously  by 
successive  currents. 

That  the  microscope  can  prove  such  infusoria  to  be  South  American, 
not  African,  and  that  the  upper  returning  current,  or  the  upper  onward 
current  of  air  from  Brazil  crosses  the  equatorial  zone,  and  moves  towards 
the  northeast,  are  postulates  hardly  to  be  granted.  Red  fogs  are  well 
known  to  be  frequent  during  the  '*Harmattan"  of  Western  Africa — a  dry, 
off-shore  wind.    The  dust  then  obscuring  sight  is  certainly  African. 


600  The  Physical  Cfeography  pf  the  Sea 

^thin  a  tbonsand  miles  or  so  of  a  volcanic  eruption  dnst  occasioni^ 
fitUs  from  that  som'ce,  and  is  carried  in  various  directions  many  hundreds 
of  miles,  by  co-existing,  superposed,  but  totally  different  strata  or  currents 
of  the  atmosphere. 

In  treating  of  the  trade-winds,  Hadlet  must  not  be  eclipsed  bv  even 
the  celebrated  Hallbt,  To  Hadlby,  the  inventor  of  our  first  reflecting 
instrument  for  use  at  sea,  we  also  owe  the  first  theory  of  the  trade-windsi 
which  has  stood  the  test  of  time,  and  is  now,  one  may  say,  endorsed  bj 
Hbrschel  and  Dovb,  in. whose  last  admirable  work  (translated  into 
English)  Hadlbt  has  his  legitimate  place. 

&  addition  to  great  general  causes  or  principles — ^partial  consequences 
of  evaporation  and  condensation,  of  effects  occasioned  by  intervening 
continents,  or  even  islands,  and  of  rapid  changes  resulting  from  electricid 
action — demand  attention ;  without  attributing  all  these  peculiarities  to 
one  supposed  origin — namely,  "magnetism" — itself  only  a  concomitant 
phenomenon.  Commander  Maury's  assertion,  that  the  poles  of  the  wind,  of 
greatest  cold  and  of  magnetism,  are  so  nearly  coincident  as  to  be  within 
a  few  degrees  of  each  other,  in  either  hemisphere,  is  very  striking. 

In  connection  with  the  Polynian  question,  with  the  recorded  Dutch 
voyages,  in  the  seventeenth  century,  into  open  water,  near  the  pole — wiUi 
Weddbll*8  Antarctic  high  latitude  in  unfrozen  ocean — the  migration  of 
reindeer  froni  South  Greenland  towards  the  north  as  winter  approaches, 
and  the  constant  currents  transporting  large  icebergs  from  polar  t^qbs, 
into  which,  therefore,  other  currents  must  flow,  underneath  or  through 
other  openings — in  connection  with  these,  (among  many  curious  facts  con- 
nected with  Polar  temperatures,)  and  the  apparent  vicinity  of  the  mag- 
netic, the  cold  and  the  wind  poles,  with  their  comparative  distance  or 
separation  from  the  true  poles  of  the  earth's  axis,  an  extreme  d^ree  of 
interest  must  be  felt  generally. 

Respecting  the  currents,  the  specific  cavity  and  the  salts  of  the  sea, 
our  author  should  be  followed  through  his  chapters,  which  are  themselves 
summaries ;  scarcely  free,  however,  from  occasional  repetitions.  Pro£ 
Hubbard's  elaborate  series  of  experiments  at  Washington  Observatory, 
in  1858,  seem  to  prove  that  although  "fresh  water  attains  its  maximum 
density  at  89®  6' Fahrenheit,  average  sea  water  does  not  arrive  at  its 
maximum  density  until  it  passes  its  freezing  point  (27°  2')  and  reaches 
the  temperature  of  25®  6'."  After  describing  how  he  made  an  appearance 
of  "  snowing  upwards"  in  a  glass  vessel  of  water,  the  scientific  expeii- 
menter  says :  "In  some  instances  the  water  was  brought  down,  in  a  con- 
fined vessel,  to  18®  before  freezing;  but  as  soon  as  freezing  commenced, 
the  thermometer  mounted  up  to  28  .  Melloni  has  shown  mat  the  power 
of  salt  water  to  transmit  heat  is  very  much  greater  than  that  of  fresh. 
The  freezing  point  of  strong  brine  is  4® ;  consequently,  the  freezing  point 
of  water  in  the  sea  may  vary,  according  to  the  proportion  of  salts  in  it, 
fi^m  4®  all  the  way  up  to  just  below  32®."  May  we  not  ask  whether 
ready  access  of  ^,  or  tne  contrary,  does  not  affect  congelation ! 

Commander  Maury  says  that  the  surface-waters  of  the  Red  Sea  "  have 
been  found  as  high  in  temperature  as  95®  Fahrenheit — a  sea  at  blood  heat  P 
Authentic  evidence  is  on  record  of  an  occasional  sea-sur&ce  temperatore 
of  92®  at  the  Philippine  Islands,  the  Cklapagos,  on  the  coast  of  Mexico, 
and  elsewhere ;  but  generally  between  the  tropics  oceanic  temperature 


And  it%  MeteoToUffy.  601 

arerages  nearly  the  aame  as  air  immediately  over  il;  namely,  between 
70**  and  80^ 

Very  remarkable  instances  occur,  in  several  parts  of  the  world,  of  con- 
tignoos  currents  of  the  ocean,  differing  from  ten  to  twenty  degrees  in 
temperature,  considerably  also  in  density  and  saltness^  conspicuously,  too^ 
in  color.  fVom  many  barometrical  observations,  our  author  has  inferred 
that  the  mercurial  column  stands  considerably  lower  in  Arctic  and  Ant- 
arctic regions  than  it  does  in  inter-tropical  latitudes,  on  an  average, 
throughout  the  year.  But  this  inference  has  been  drawn  from  accumu- 
lated and  collated  observations  of  one  season,  not  throughout  the  year — 
in  summer  and  autumn  only — ^not  in  winter  and  spring  also  I  The 
barometer  ranges  as  high  in  those  regions  as  anywhere. 

Sir  L.  M'Clintook  ktely  registered  thirty-one  inches.  Canadian  and 
Russian  observations  equal  this  height ;  and  many  Antarctic  records  show 
numerous  instances  of  nigh  barometer.     But  there  is  a  fact  which,  unex- 

Elained  duly,  may  have  led  to  this  fallacy.  In  the  great  Southern  Ocean, 
etween  40°  and  60**  south,  there  is  no  interruption  to  wind,  in  the  zone 
of  westerly  winds,  except  the  projection  of  South  America,  ending  in 
Cape  Horn.  Hence  a  less  impeded  "  anti-trade,"  a  more  regular  flow,  as 
it  were,  of  the  great  combination  of  polar  and  tropical  currents  by  the 
west,  without  the  resistances  so  frequently  caused  by  mountainous  or  other 
extensive  territorial  impediments  in  the  northern  hemisphere.  Conse- 
quently, the  vertical  atmospherical  pressure  is  comparatively  less,  on  an 
average;  and,  as  the  ptevidliDg  wind  is  westerly,  inclining  from  the  tropi- 
cal side  of  west,  the  barometer  is  (on  account  of  the  direction  and  moisture) 
U9%uiUy  lower  than  it  averages  elsewhere.  But  this  is  in  summer  and 
autumn.  During  the  southern  winter  and  spring,  easterly  storms  or 
gales  of  wind,  as  well  as  intervals  of  fine  settled  weather,  are  frequent^ 
with  the  barometer  as  high  and  as  steady  during  the  fine  easterly  weather 
as  in  any  part  of  the  world.  Hence  we  decline  to  infer,  that  because  in 
the  parallel  of  50**  south  the  barometer  average  is  low,  it  must  be  lower 
still  in  70**  south,  evidence  indicating  that  a  contrary  conclusion  is  safer. 
Speculations  about  the  effects  of  polar  condensation  of  vapor  and 
liberation  of  latent  heat,  are  very  curious,  and  would  be  intensely  mterest- 
.  ing,  had  we  only  sufficient  fouote  on  which  to  base  them,  did  we  even 
know  whether  there  is  a  polynia  in  the  Arctic,  and  ^lother  such  sea,  Gt 
an  archipelago,  or  a  continent,  in  the  Antarctic  regions. 

In  noticing  fogs,  icebergs  and  clouds,  a  variety  of  very  striking  r^ 
marks  is  offered.  Among  the  number  are  observations  obtained  from 
Commodore  Wullbrstorf,  commanding  the  Austrian  frigate  Novara, 
only  recently  returned  from  a  scientific  expedition  around  the  world,  and 
some  of  the  results  of  Prof.  Piazzi  Smyth's  astronomical  excursion  to 
Teneriffe. 

Currency  has  been  given  by  our  author  to  an  expression,  not  so  supe- 
rior to  its  equivalent  in  good  English  as  to  justify  such  frequent  use  of  it. 
Instead  of  "  variables,"  we  find  "  doldrums,"  a  rather  objectionable  corrup- 
tion of  the  words  "  in  dolorem,"  meaning  in  grief  or  trouble.  like  "  fili- 
buster," it  is  scarcely  a  word  for  general  use. 

In  exploring  the  great  depths  of  ocean  much  had  been  ad^eved  bj 
America  before  our  later  expeditions  were  oiganized ;  but  much  had  been 
long  contemplated  and  earnestly  desired  by  the  late  Sir  Francis  Bkau- 
FORT,  who,  m  1853,  was  planning  a  voyage,  in  which  deep-eounding 


590 


Loss  of  Life  at  Sea. 


i     4 


I  1  ill  S  si  S 1 1 S  Hllll  S||  SI  i  ^si  S  $33  :  -, ; 


iii.iiiii 


I 


111 


The  Commerce  of  Northern  Italy,  608 

Tbose  who  are  particalarly  interested  in  the  changes  of  the  world's  cli- 
mate during  long  periods  may  turn  to  chapter  xv.,  with  advantage,  espe- 
cially pages  353-4-5.  In  chapters  xvL  to  xviiL  monsoons  and  sea  cli- 
mates are  discussed  in  a  very  interesting  manner,  however  one  may  feel 
at  times  inclined  to  draw  conclusions  adverse  to  those  of  the  author. 

The  last  four  chapters,  "  On  Storms,  Hurricanes  and  Typhoons ;"  "  On 
the  Winds  of  the  Southern  Hemisphere ;"  "  On  the  Antarctic  Regions 
and  their  Climatology,"  and  "  On  the  Actinometry  of  the  Sea,"  cannot 
now  be  further  noticed,  though  full  of  valuable  and  interesting  material. 

In  connection  with  our  author's  observations  on  storms  and  winds  in 

feneral,  one  may  advert  to  remarks  or  their  subject  in  the  Atkenceum  of 
Tovember  17  and  24,  1860,  in  which  Sir  John  Hbrschel's  and  Prof. 
Dove's  opinions  were  quoted. 

We  close  this  admirable  work  with  an  earnest  recommendation  of  it 
to  readers  in  general,  as  well  as  to  the  scientific,  and  to  the  maritime  in- 
terests especially. — Athenamm, 


THE  COMMERCE  OF  NORTHERN  ITAIY. 

Fbom  ths  CoBsaBPONDSNT  OF  TBX  LoifPON  T111X8,  Jaxvaxt  22. 

Till  such  time  as  railway  communication  may  establish,  together  with 
the  political  and  administrative  unity,  also  the  utmost  possible  industrial 
and  commercial  intercourse  by  land,  the  prosperity  of  this  country  must 
necessarily  depend  chiefly  on  its  maritime  resources.  The  Italians  reckon 
the  length  of  their  sea-coasts  at  5,894  kilometres ;  but  in  the  3,326  kilo- 
metres which  make  up  the  continental  line  they  include  Istria  and  Illyria, 
and  in  the  2,668  which  they  attribute  to  their  islands,  they  comprehend 
Corsica  and  Malta,  all  of  which  may  only  be  said  to  belong  to  Italy  by 
way  of  geographical  courtesy.  The  latest  returns  of  the  merchant  trade 
of  the  whole  country  date  from  the  years  1866-Y,  since  which,  as  I  have 
had  frequent  occasion  to  observe,  all  statistical  operations  have,  by  politi- 
cal vicissitudes,  been  brought  to  a  standstill.  On  the  31st  of  December, 
1865,  the  whole  of  Italy  had  27,320  vessels,  with  a  tonnage  of  889,037. 
In  the  two  following  years  the  vessels  were  26,793,  of  938,624  tons. 
The  tonnage,  which  m  1855  was  computed  in  the  ratio  of  151  tons  per 
kilometre,  rose  to  160  tons  per  kilometre.  The  proportions  between  the 
shipping  and  tonnage  in  the  different  Italian  States  give  results  analogous 
to  those  we  have  observed  in  the  general  trade  of  the  country.  In  old 
Piedmont  the  vessels  were  2,098,  with  208,218  tons.  In  the  Two  Sicilies 
the  vessels  were  11,032,  of  272,305  tons.  Venetiaand  Illyria  had  9,704 
vessels,  of  319,122  tons. 

In  Genoa  alone,  from  1846  to  1866,  the  business  of  the  harbor  rose  from 
372,653  tons  to  581,721  tons.  In  1851  ships  were  built  in  Genoa  with 
a  tonnage  of  12,346.  In  1856  of  22,600  tons.  The  tendency  of  the 
trade  led  to  the  construction  of  vessels  of  large  tonnage,  so  that  on  the 
81st  of  December,  1851,  Genoa  had  1,042  vessels, of  129,604  tons;  on 
the  31st  of  December,  1856,  Genoa  had  1,102  vessels,  of  163,362  tons; 
on  the  31st  of  December,  1867,  Genoa  had  1,102  vessels,  of  172,576 
tons.  The  average  tonnage  in  1852  was  only  64  tons  per  vessel ;  in 
1857  it  was  75  tons  per  vessel 


604  The  Commerce  of  Northern  Italy, 

The  cotton  imported  into  C^noa  in  1847  was  only  32,556  bales;  it 
Lad  risen  to  62,970  bales  in  1867.  Of  this  l,400,000'kilogramme8came 
direct  from  the  cotton-growing  countries ;  about  as  large  a  quantity  was 
imported  from  England. 

The  same  eagerness  to  build  large  ships  for  the  ocean  trade  was  dis- 
cernible in  Tuscany.  In  1846  Leghorn  had  773  vessels,  of  24,147  tons ; 
in  1855,  939  vessels,  of  55,631  tons.  The  business  transacted  in  that 
port  in  the  first  year  was  only  140  millions  of  francs ;  in  1855  it  had 
risen  to  242  millions.  The  commerce  of  Trieste  is  said  to  equal  in 
extent  that  of  the  whole  of  old  Piedmont — that  is,  that  of  Genoa ;  but,  if 
deduction  be  made  for  what  belongs  to  the  interior  of  the  Austrian  empire, 
there  will  remain  local  business  in  Trieste  to  the  amount  of  514  millions 
in  1852,  and  536  millions  in  1857. 

The  trade  of  Venice  was  reckoned  at  110  millions  in  1853,  and  211 
millions  in  1857.  I  am,  for  my  own  part,  no  great  believer  in  vague  and 
approximate  numbers,  and  I  believe  hardly  any  fair  estimate  can  be  made 
of  the  general  Italian  trade  such  as  it  was  previous  to  the  great  political 
events  which  are  likely  to  combine  the  forces  and  resources  of  the  country 
into  one  common  effort ;  but  I  have  before  me  the  excellently  arranged 
authentic  statistics  published  by  the  Sardinian  government,  and  shall 
quote  a  few  facts  which  may  give  an  idea  of  the  importance  of  the  trade 
of  this  part  of  the  country.  A  multiplication  of  it  by  five  will  show  us 
what  the  combined  trade  of  the  whole  Peninsula  ought  to  have  been 
before  1859,  and  what  it  may  actually  become  if  the  advantages  enjoyed 
by  Piedmont  during  the  hst  12  years  can  be  secured  to  the  newly- 
annexed  territories  for  at  least  a  period  of  12  years  to  come. 

The  first  country  in  the  importance  of  its  trade  with  Sardinia  was 
France.  Sardinia  imported  to  the  amount  of  115  millions  general  trade 
and  77  millions  special  trade  in  1857 ;  119  millions  general  trade  and  88 
millions  special  trade  in  1858.  The  exports  from  Sardinia  to  France  were 
— ^general  trade,  105  millions  in  1857,  138  millions  in  1858  ;  special  trade, 
90  millions  in  1857,  122  millions  in  1858. 

Next  to  the  French  was  the  English  trade.  63  millions  in  1857,  and 
67  millions  in  1858,  for  the  general  trade;  38  millions  in  1857,  and  35 
millions  in  1 858,  for  special  trade  were  the  imports.  The  exports  were  12 
millions  in  1857,  ana  6  millions  in  1858,  general  trade;  8  millions  in 
1857,  and  4  millions  in  1858,  special  trade. 

The  countries  which  transacted  the  greatest  amount  of  business  with 
Sardinia,  after  France  and  England,  were  Switzerland,  many  cantons  of 
which  were  dependent  on  Genoa  for  their  maritime  communications ;  then 
Austria,  on  account  of  her  Lombardo-Venetian  possessions ;  next  came 
the  Italian  Duchies,  Parma,  Modena,  Tuscany  and  Monaco ;  then  the 
United  States  of  America ;  after  which  came  the  Two  Sicilies.  Russia 
was  the  eighth  State  considered  in  the  importance  of  its  trade  with  Pied- 
mont ;  the  9th  was  Holland ;  the  10th,  Brazil ;  the  11th,  the  West  Indies 
and  Central  America ;  12  th,  Spain;  13th,  South  America;  14th,  Turkey; 
15th,  the  P^al  States ;  16th,  Belgium  ;  17th,  Tunis  and  Tripoli,  and  so 
on  to  Greece,  which  was  the  28th  State  in  importance,  the  last  and  least 
These  numbers  only  refer  to  the  general  trade ;  in  special  trade  occasional 
differences  occur. 

To  give  an  idea  of  the  increase  of  trade  in  old  Piedmont  in  seven 
years  it  will  be  sufficient  to  state  that  the  general  trade  with  France  was. 


Iron  Ships  ts.  Wooden  Ships,  605 

in  1851,  150  millions  commercial  value.  In  1858  it  bad  risen  to  258 
millions.  The  general  trade  with  England  was  44  millions  in  1851 ;  it 
rose  to  75  millions  in  1858.  The  general  trade  of  Sardinia  with  all  the 
countries  in  the  world,  which  was  469  millions  in  1851,  had  reached  648 
millions  in  1857,  and  880  millions  in  1858. 

There  is,  in  short,  no  doubt  but  the  commercial  activity  and  maritime 
enterprise  of  the  only  part  of  Italy  which  was  free  for  the  last  12  years 
has  been  altogether  doubled,  and  very  nearly  trebled  in  some  of  its  most 
important  branches.  The  increase  in  the  dmiensions  and  tonnage  of  the 
shipping  of  the  different  Italian  ports,  especially  of  Genoa  and  Leghorn, 
evinces  a  stong  desire  on  the  part  of  the  people  to  extend  their  operations 
beyond  the  hmits  of  the  inland  sea  within  which  they  had  for  many 
years  been  circumscribed.  If  we  take  the  old  State  of  Sardinia  to  rep- 
resent only  one-fifth  of  the  whole  Peninsula  as  to  territory  and  popula- 
tion, it  will  be  easy  to  calculate  the  degree  of  prosperity  to  which  the 
united  kingdom  now  obeying  the  sceptre  of  Victor  Emanuel  will  rise, 
if  liberty  lead  to  as  glorious  results  in  the  new  States  as  it  wrought  in  the 
old  provinces. 

When  I  stated  above  that  the  trade  of  Sardinia  with  France  is,  or  was 
till  1858,  about  twice  the  amount  of  the  commerce  of  the  same  State 
with  England,  it  should  be  understood  that  the  difference  is  in  some  measure 
only  apparent,  as  no  small  proportion  of  the  goods  exported  from  Italy 
to  France  finds  its  way  from  this  latter  country  ultimately  into  England ; 
and,  again,  large  quantities  of  English  manufactures  imported  into  Italy 
through  France  go  to  swell  the  amount  of  Italian-French  trade.  The  real 
wealth  of  this  country,  consisting  in  silk,  corn,  oil,  rice,  cattle  and  other 
agricultural  produce,  has  been  nearly  trebled  during  the  last  ten  or  twelve 
years,  and.  we  have  frequent  instances  that  not  only  most  of  the  other 
articles,  but  even  the  last  named  (cattle)  has  travelled  all  the  way  to  Eng- 
land ;  and  a  Piedmontese  agriculturalist  informed  me  that  beef  fattened 
in  his  own  native  fields,  near  Ohivasso,  was  by  himself  eaten  in  London 
when  he  visited  that  city  at  the  time  of  the  Great  Exhibition  of  1851. 


IRON  SHIPS  TS.  WOODEN  SHIPS. 

Thx  constant  recurrence  of  fatal  accidents  to  iron-built  ships  is  begin- 
ning to  awaken  very  serious  doubts  as  to  their  seaworthiness.  A  report 
recently  made  by  a  committee  of  the  New-York  Chamber  of  Commerce, 
from  the  pen  of  a  veteran  captain,  does  not  withhold  its  censures  of  the 
entire  system,  expressed  in  very  decided  terms.  The  engineers  of  Great 
Britain  are  becoming  equally  decided  in  opinion  that,  as  now  constructed, 
they  are  dangerous  craft,  and  it  is  even  doubtful  whether  the  material 
itself  is  as  much  to  be  depended  on  as  has  been  supposed.  Six  or  seven 
have  foundered  within  a  short  period,  and,  as  in  the  instance  of  the  Gal- 
way  steamer  Connaught,  without  the  possibility  of  assigning  the  definite 
cause.  It  is  beginning  to  be  feared  that  the  construction  of  iron  ships 
must  be  abandoned,  unless  some  new  method  of  putting  them  together 
shall  be  adopted.  This  would  be  a  serious  blow  to  the  steam  marine  of 
Great  Britain,  which  has  increased  with  wonderful  rapiditjr  since  this 
new  application  of  iron,  and  also  to  the  enormous  manufactunng  interests 


606  Iron  Ships  vs.  Wooden  Ships, 

which  are  sustained  by  the  practice.  The  scarcity  of  ship-timber  natu- 
rally led  to  the  adoption  of  this  new  material,  and  its  supply  is  always 
dependent  on  the  continuance  of  peace,  and  an  uninterrupted  navigation 
of  the  ocean.  It  is  no  wonder  then,  that  the  substitution  of  iron  was 
hailed  as  the  best  means  of  retaining  the  naval  supremacy  which  has  so 
long  been  the  boast,  as  it  has  been  the  policy,  of  British  statesmen. 

Although  the  construction  of  iron  vessels  m  England  and  Scotland  has 
been  followed  up  by  the  French  and  Belrians  with  great  spirit,  their  ex- 
ample has  only  been  recently  imitated  in  me  TJnited  States ;  probably  for 
two  reasons,  one,  the  abundance  of  ship-timber,  the  other  the  cost  of  iron 
and  the  labor  of  manufacturing  it.  Recently,  however;  we  have  com- 
menced the  system,  and  at  Wilmington,  Delaware,  upwards  of  seventy 
hulls  of  iron  have  been  put  together.  At  Williamsburgh,  Boston  and 
Philadelphia  there  are  also  more  or  less  constructed,  and  the  cost  is  about 
the  same  as  that  of  wooden  ships  coppered.  Such,  however,  is  the  alarm 
occasioned  by  the  losses  referred  to,  tnat  the  underwriters  in  Europe  and 
the  United  States  have  begun  to  consider  the  extra  risks  which  they  incur 
in  issuing  policies  on  iron  vessels,  and  numerous  experiments  have  re- 
cently been  made  to  arrive  at  a  proper  solution  of  the  real  difficulties  in 
the  case,  with  a  view  to  obviate  them.  From  a  careful  examination  of 
these  experiments,  as  reported  in  some  late  English  scientific  journals,  we 
learn  the  results  thus  far  arrived  at  are  considered  to  be  quite  unfavorable. 
It  would  appear  from  these,  first,  that  a  preliminary  objection  is  found  in 
the  quality  of  the  iron  used,  which  has  proved  to  be  very  inferior.  Tests 
on  this  point  were  made  in  1857  under  the  direction  of  Lloyds,  and  re- 
sulted in  showing,  that  the  best  plates  exhibited  on  the  trial  would  not 
bear  a  pressure  of  five  tons  per  square  inch  of  actual  cross  section,  and 
the  average  was  barely  above  ten  tons.  Subsequently  the  Board  made  it 
a  requirement  in  their  rules,  that  "  all  plate,  oeam  and  angle  iron  for 
ships  intended  for  classification''  should  be  stamped  on  both  sides  with 
the  maker's  name  and  address.  In  the  course  of  nirther  experiments  by 
Mr.  Fairbairn,  a  well-known  expert,  and  Mr.  Bertram,  at  Woolwich,  a 
singular  yet  prevalent  opinion,  tnat  thick  plate  is  relatively  weaker  than 
thin — a  statement  that  bears  alarmingly  on  the  value  of  iron  as  a  material 
for  ship-building — ^was  fully  demonstrated  to  be  true.  Indeed,  the  result 
was  startling.  Although  the  Lloyds*  experiments  were  made  on  plates 
only  f  inch  thick,  it  is  determined,  in  order  to  obtain  a  twelve  years' 
regular  classification  of  a  8,000  ton  ship  at  their  office,  to  use  iron  1  jV 
inch  thick  in  the  garboard  streaks,  (those  next  the  keel,)  but  it  turns  out 
that  a  riveted  joint  of  even  i  inch  iron  is  absolutely  weaker  than  one  of 
f  inch  plate.  A  single  riveted  seam  of  a  certain  width,  of  f  inch  plate, 
required  a  strain  of  18  tons  to  fracture  it,  while  a  seam  precisely  similar 
in  i  inch  iron  was  torn  open  at  16  tons.  We  might  adduce  other  ex- 
periments with  the  same  results,  but  the  deduction  is  sufficient  for  our 
purpose,  which  is,  that  in  a  f  inch  plate  a  single  riveted  joint  possessed 
60  per  cent  of  the  fiill  strength  of  the  solid  plate ;  one  of  ^  inch  iron 
had  but  50  per  cent,  and  one  of  ^  inch  plate  but  40  per  cent,  the  latter 
being  but  two-thirds  as  strong  in  proportion  to  its  thickness,  and  actually 
weaker,  irrespective  of  thinness  itself,  than  a  plate  only  one-fourth  thinner. 
We  can  now  understand  what  was  meant  by  a  very  eminent  iron-founder 
and  engineer  of  this  city,  who  not  long  ago  remarked,  that  "  few  knew 
ho#  singular  and  how  uncertain  is  the  conduct  of  iron  in  machinery." 


Inm  Skips  VB.  Wooden  Ships.  607 

Next :  The  riveting  of  iron  ships  is  practically  insecure.  On  the  au- 
thority before  us,  from  which  we  quote,  we  learn  that,  in  frequent  in- 
stances, a  thousand  headless  rivets  may  be  found  in  the  bottom  of  an  iron 
hull  after  only  one  or  two  voyages,  and  that  a  smart  kick  of  the  foot  is 
often  sufficient  to  shake  out  these  decapitated  rivets  in  numbers  enough 
to  open  the  seams  and  let  in  the  sea.  This  is  rather  an  alarming  feature 
for  the  contemplation  of  a  passenger  in  an  iron  steamer.  We  have  held 
the  opinion  for  some  years,  long  before  we  ever  saw  the  statement  before 
us,  thi^t  the  plates  of  an  iron  ship,  working  and  laboring  under  the  effect 
of  a  heavy  sea,  or  of  the  machinery  on  board,  would  cut  off  the  heads  of 
these  iron  rivets. 

Again :  The  ordinary  coiistruction,  a  disproportionate  length  to  breadth, 
gives  rise  to  these  results,  and  ^*  a  vertebral  weakness,"  and  a  destructive 
leverage  is  continually  at  work  on  the  weak  part  of  the  vessels.  Their 
whole  fabric  may  suddenly  break  up  in  a  heavy  gale.  Llotds  have 
within  the  year  required  additional  longitudinal  strengthening  in  iron 
steamers  insured  by  them. 

We  learn  that  active  efforts  are  being  made  by  the  British  builders 
to  overcome  these  difficulties,  by  additional  stringers,  thicker  gunwales, 
cellular  girders,  (such  as  are  on  board  the  Great  Eastern,)  fore  and  aft  bulk- 
heads, as  well  as  athwart  ships,  and  as  many  of  these  last  as  twenty  or 
thirty  in  any  large  vessel.  It  is  evident  that  if  there  be  but  a  few  of  these 
buUdieads  or  compartments  in  a  ship,  and  one  of  them  shall  be  staved 
and  filled  with  water,  the  strain  upon  the  other  parts  must  be  dangerously 
increased  by  the  additional  weight  thrown  upon  them,  and  the  change  of 
the  centres  of  motion  and  of  gravity.  It  is  true  that  steamers  have  been 
saved  by  this  plan  of  compartments  even  on  a  small  scale,  but  it  is  doubt- 
ful whether  the  other  parts  of  the  hull  have  in  subsequent  voyages  retained 
their  original  strength  and  tightness. 

Finally,  with  iron  ships  have  arisen  the  uncertainty  of  compass  steering, 
throi^h  the  errors  arising  from  local  attraction  and  the  difficulty  of  accurate 
corrections.  The  greatest  amount  of  disturbance  hitherto  known  in  vessels 
built  of  wood,  under  the  most  unfavorable  circumstances,  has  rarely  exceeded 
.  two  points,  and  even  this  is  serious  enough,  but  in  iron  vessels  it  may  be 
so  great  as  to  render  the  compass  next  to  useless.  In  the  case  of  the 
steamer  Shanghai,  belongmg  to  the  Peninsular  and  Oriental  Company,  it 
was  ascertained  on  one  voyage,  that  while  she  was  heading  south,  the 
deviation  amounted  to  l7l°  34',  or  more  than  fifteen  points.  As  every 
piece  of  iron  in  a  ship  may  become  magnetic  by  induction,  and  as  the 
poles  vary  according  to  the  ship's  variation,  and  change  altogether  with 
•  the  latitude  north  or  south  of  the  equator,  innumerable  expedients  have 
been  resorted  to  to  obviate  these  errors  and  dangers.  The  most  learned 
of  modem  British  savans  have  given  this  subject  their  close  attention 
for  the  purpose  of  fumiBhing  a  remedy ;  but  as  every  iron  ship  is  a  magnet 
itself^  and  as  the  errors  of  one  ship  are  different  from  those  of  another,  it 
has  been  found  in  practice  that  the  compasses  of  each  vessel  require  cor- 
rections of  their  own ;  that  a  vessel,  when  being"  constructed,  snould  be 
placed  with  particular  reference  to  the  magnetic  meridian  of  liie  place  of 
construction,  and  when  afloat,  the  effect  of  local  attraction  should  be  de- 
termined by  the  method  of  swinging  ship  on  the  thirty-two  points  of  the 
compass,  and  ascertaining  the  reverse  bearings  on  the  ship's  deck  and 
on  shore. 


e08  The  Wool  Trade  of  Great  Britain. 

It  isy  however,  due  to  our  subject  to  state  that  these  difficuItieB,  tlMragh 
not  absolutely  oyercome,  have  been  rendered  less  important  by  the  sj^en- 
did  labors  of  such  men  as  Barlow,  Johnson,  Scorbsbt,  Airt,  Stbbbino 
and  others  of  that  class,  and  also  by  the  establishment  of  a  Magnetic 
Observatory  at  Woolwich,  where  the  compasses  used  in  the  government 
flhips  are  examined,  tested  and  perfected,  A  memorial  recommending  a 
similar  establishment  in  this  city  has  been  for  a  year  past  before  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  awaiting  a  proper  time  for  its  due  condderstion. 

There  has  been  no  greater  triumph  of  mechanical  skill  in  our  day  than 
in  the  adaptation  of  iron  to  the  purposes  of  navigation.  The  laigest  ship 
that  ever  floated  on  the  ocean  is  constructed  of  this  material,  and  it  was 
said  of  her  in  advance,  that  in  consequence  of  her  cellular  constmctiony 
although  her  tonnage  (builders'  measure)  is  22,500  tons,  yet  if  she  was 
merely  supported  by  blocks  of  stone  six  feet  square  at  her  stem  and  stem, 
her  deflection  midships  would  not  be  greater  than  six  inches  with  all  her 
machinery,  coal,  cargo  and  crew  on  board.  We  believe,  however,  that  the 
Great  Eastern  has  not  proved  as  stiff  as  was  expected.  It  was  ascertained, 
while  she  was  lying  in  her  dock  in  this  harbor,  that  both  her  bow  and 
stem  had  dropped  below  their  original  lines,  their  buoyancy  being  not 
proportioned  to  their  weights.  Her  quality  of  strength,  great  as  it  iS| 
nas  yet  to  be  tested  in  future  voyages. 

It  would  be  most  unfortunate,  after  the  great  outlay  of  capital  to  pei^ 
feet  them,  if  iron  ships  should  be  found  unsafe  and  perishable  from  causes 
peculiar  to  themselves.  It  remains  for  the  ingenious  and  scientific  to 
surmount  these  obstacles  by  some  new  arrangement,  perhaps  of  the 
plates,  welding  them,  rolling  them  out  to  a  greater  len^,  or  placing  them 
<iiagona11y  or  at  some  an^e  with  a  small  strain,  or  fastening  them  on  a 
timber  skeleton,  or  by  transverse  compartments  at  short  distances,  as  has 
been  proposed.  At  present,  public  confidence,  we  fear,  is  sadly  shaken 
in  its  opinion  of  the  seaworthiness  of  iron  ships.  It  must,  however,  bj 
DO  means  be  overlooked  in  the  consideration  of  this  subject,  that,  aimost 
without  exception,  the  losses  at  sea  referred  to  have  been  those  where 
the  screw  was  the  propelling  power. 


THE  WOOL  TRADE  OF  GREAT  BRITAIN. 

ANNUAL  EEPOET  FOB  1860. 
Hesm.  B.  W.  Bonalo  &  Son,  of  LIverpooL 

In  taking  a  retrospect  of  the  past  year,  we  are  happy  to  say  the  wool 
trade,  on  l£e  whole,  has  been  in  a  very  satisfactory  and  healthy  state.  . 
In  the  early  part  political  events  abroad,  and  to  some  extent  also  at  home, 
and,  subsequently,  serious  apprehensions  for  the  harvests,  had  a  somewhat 
depressing  influence,  and  induced  all  parties  to  act  with  great  caution. 
This  feeling  has  continued  more  or  less  throughout  the  whole  twelve 
months,  and  ^eatly  tended  to  impart  to  our  trade  that  stability  and 
soundness  which  so  favorably  distinguish  it  at  present.  The  exports  of 
woollen  manufactures  show  again  an  increase,  as  compared  with  the  pre- 
vious year,  amounting  to  upwards  of  £1,000,000  more  than  in  1859, 
hitherto  the  largest  year.  Tne  consequence  has  been  a  steady  and  profi- 
table employment  of  the  manu£Eu;turing  population  in  this  branch,  whidi 
has  thus  been  enabled  to  become  again  good  customers  to  the  home 


The  Wool  Trade  of  Cheat  Britain.  609 

trade.  The  raw  material,  so  isx  as  regards  the  yield  of  last  year's  clip  of 
home  growth,  has  proved  materially  deficient,  owing  to  the  severe  and 
protracted  winter,  and  consequent  mortality  among  sheep.  This  de- 
ficiency has,  in  some  deffree,  been  supplemented  by  an  increase  in  the 
imports  of  colonial  and  foreign  wools,  which  are  unprecedentedly  large, 
exceeding  those  of  the  previous  year  by  about  58,000  bales,  or  12,000,000 
lbs.  The  exports  of  colonial  and  foreign  wools  have  also  been  larger 
than  in  1869,  by  about  600,000  lbs.,  whilst  those  of  home-grown  wools 
by  no  less  than  2,500,000  lbs.,  owing,  no  doubt,  to  the  alteration  in  the 
french  tariff.  The  total  imports  of  Australian  show  an  increase  of  about 
14,000  bales.  The  bulk  has,  as  usual,  been  disposed  of  at  public  auction 
in  London,  at  the  following  four  series,  viz. : 

Balm,  BalM. 

March  1  to  March  20, 86,987  of  which  28,209  were  Capes. 

May  8  to  June  1, 67,911       "  6,847 

July  19  to  August  80, 88,689       "        10,224 

November  16  to  December  7, 46,676       "        21,188         " 

Together, 288,118      "        64,418         " 

The  condition  of  Australian  has  been  about  the  same  as  in  the  pre- 
ceding year.  During  the  first  three  sales,  prices  taken  on  the  average 
did  not  undergo  any  material  change,  but  at  the  last  series,  an  advance  of 
fully  Id.  per  lb.  having  been  established,  present  rates  must  be  quoted 
^at  much  higher  than  at  this  time  last  year.  Cape  wools  show  but 
trifling  improvement  in  price,  and  the  condition  still  leaves  much  to  be 
desired*  The  imports  amount  to  upwards  of  19,000  bags  more  than  in 
1859.  The  imports  of  3,180  bales  from  North  America  have  been  prin- 
cipally the  growth  of  Canada,  of  long-stapJed  description,  and  very  well 
adapted  to  compete  with  English  wool  There  has  again  been  a  great 
Ming  off  in  the  imports  from  Buenos  Ayres,  but  we  have  had  a  very 
^od  inquiry,  and  our  markets  are  quite  bare  of  stock.  The  imports  of 
Peruvian  sheep's  wool  show  a  considerable  decrease  on  those  m  1859. 
Alpaca  has  arrived  in  larger  quantity  than  ever,  the  imports  being  10,000 
baUota  in  excess  of  1859.  Tne  demand  has  been  principally  for  the  best 
qualities,  and  stocks  have  been  light  throughout  the  year,  as  importers 
have  met  the  demand  by  making,  from  time  to  time,  considerable  sales 
"  for  arrival"  East  India  shows  a  very  material  increase  in  the  imports, 
which  have  almost  exclusively  been  directed  to  this  port,  and  have  formed 
the  chief  attraction  at  our  public  sales  during  the  year,  of  which  we  had 
four  series,  viz. : 

Salst. 

The  first,  from  Jan.  24  to  Feb.  8,  with 14,847 

The  second,  from  April  18  to  April  27,  with. 18,070 

The  third,  from  Jane  26  to  July  4,  with. 10,687 

The  fourth,  from  Sept.  19  to  Sept  29,  with. 18,660 

In  all, 66,684 

Prices  have,  on  the  average,  been  very  well  maintiuned,  while  the  con- 
dition of  these  wools,  generally  speaking,  has  not  shown  any  marked  im. 
provement.  The  supply  of  domestic  wools^  owing  to  the  circumstances 
alluded  to  in  our  general  remarks,  has  been  considerably  short  of  former 
years,  and  we  may  safely  put  the  deficiency  down  as  at  least  15  per  cent- 

VOL.  XUV. — HO.  V.  39 


598  The  Pkytical  Geography  <^  the  Sea 

countries,  that  they  are  looked  for  by  the  people  with  as  much  confidence 
as  the  rising  and  setting  of  the  sun.  In  extra-tropical  countries,  espe- 
cially those  on  the  polar  side  of  the  trade  winds,  this  phenomenon  is  pre- 
sented only  in  summer  and  fall,  when  the  heat  of  the  sun  is  sufficiently 
intense  to  produce  the  requisite  degree  of  atmospherical  rare&ction  over 
the  land.  This  depends  m  a  measure,  also,  upon  the  character  of  the 
land  upon  which  the  sea  breeze  blows,  for  wfien  the  surface  is  arid  and 
the  soil  barren,  the  heating  power  of  the  sun  is  exerted  with  most  effect 
In  such  cases  the  sea  breeze  amounts  to  a  gale  of  wind.  In  the  summer 
of  the  southern  hemisphere  the  sea  breeze  is  more  powerfully  developed 
1^  Valparaiso  than  at  any  other  place  to  which  my  services  afloat  have 
led  me.  Here  regularly  in  the  afternoon,  at  this  season,  the  sea  breeze 
blows  furiously ;  pebbles  are  torn  up  from  the  walks  and  whirled  about 
the  streets ;  people  seek  shelter ;  the  Almendral  is  deserted,  business  inter- 
rupted, and  all  communication  from  the  shipping  to  the  shore  is  cut  off. 
Suddenly  the  winds  and  the  sea,  as  if  they  nad  again  heard  the  voice  of 
rebuke,  are  hushed,  and  there  is  a  great  calm.  The  lull  that  follows  is  de- 
lightful The  sky  is  without  a  cloud ;  the  atmosphere  is  transparency  itself; 
the  Andes  seem  to  draw  near ;  the  climate,  always  mild  and  soft,  becomes 
now  doubly  sweet  by  the  contrast  The  evening  invites  abroad,  and  the 
population  sally  forth — ^the  ladies,  in  ball  -costume,  for  now  there  is  not 
wind  enough  to  disarrange  the  lightest  curl  In  the  southern  sunmier 
this  change  takes  place  day  after  day  with  the  utmost  regularity,  and  yet 
the  calm  always  seems  to  surprise,  and  to  come  before  one  has  time  to 
realize  that  the  furious  sea  wind  could  so  soon  be  hushed.  Presently  the 
stars  begin  to  peep  out,  timidly  at  first,  as  if  to  see  whether  the  elements 
here  below  had  ceased  their  strife,  and  if  the  scene  on  earth  be  such  as 
they,  firom  their  bright  spheres  aloft,  may  shed  their  sweet  influences 
upon.  Sirius,  or  that  blazing  world  n  Argus,  may  be  the  first  watcher  to 
send  down  a  feeble  ray ;  then  follow  another  and  another,  all  smiling 
meekly ;  but  presently,  in  the  short  twilight  of  the  latitude,  the  bright 
leaders  of  the  starry  host  blaze  forth  in  all  their  gloir,  and  the  sky  is 
decked  and  spangled  with  superb  brilliants.  In  the  twmkling  of  an  eye, 
and  &ster  than  the  admiring  gazer  can  tell,  the  stars  seem  to  leap  out 
from  their  hiding  place.  By  invisible  hands,  and  in  quick  succession,  the 
constellations  are  nung  out ;  but  first  of  all,  and  witn  dazzling  glory,  in 
the  azure  depths  of  space,  appears  the  great  Southern  Cross.  That  shining 
symbol  lends  a  holy  grandeur  to  the  scene,  making  it  still  more  im- 
pressive. Alone  in  the  night-watch,  after  the  sea  breeze  has  sunk  to  rest, 
I  have  stood  on  the  deck  under  those  beautiful  skies,  gazing,  admiring, 
rapt  I  have  seen  there,  above  the  horizon  at  once,  and  shining  with 
a  splendor  unknown  to  these  latitudes,  every  star  of  the  first  magnitude 
— save  only  six — that  is  contained  in  the  catalogue  of  the  100  principal 
fixed  stars  of  astronomers.  There  lies  the  city  on  the  sea-shore,  wrapped 
in  sleep.  The  sky  looks  solid,  like  a  vault  of  steel  set  with  diamonds. 
The  stillness  below  is  in  harmony  with  the  silence  above,  and  one  almost 
fears  to  speak,  lest  the  harsh  sound  of  the  human  voice,  reverberating 
through  tnose  'vaulted  chambers  of  the  south,'  should  wake  up  echo,  and 
drown  the  music  that  fills  the  souL  On  looking  aloft,  the  first  emotion 
gives  birth  to  a  homeward  thought :  bright  and  lovely  as  they  are,  those, 
to  northern  sons,  are  not  the  stars  nor  the  skies  of  fatherland.  Alpha 
Lyrse,  with  his  pure  white  light,  has  gone  from  the  zenith,  and  only 


And  Us  Ifeteorolcgy.  599 

appears  for  one  short  honr  above  the  top  of  the  northern  hills.  Polaris 
and  the  Great  Bear  have  ceased  to  watch  from  their  posts ;  they  are  awaj 
down  below  the  horizon.  But,  glancing  the  eye  above  and  around,  you 
are  dazzled  with  the  splendors  of  the  firmament.  The  moon  and  the 
planets  stand  out  from  it;  they  do  not  seem  to  touch  the  blue  vault  in 
which  the  stars  are  set.  The  Southern  Cross  is  just  about  to  culminate* 
Climbing  up  in  the  east  are  the  Centaurs,  Spica,  Bootes  and  Antares, 
with  his  lovely  little  companion,  which  only  the  best  telescopes  have 
power  to  unveil  These  are  all  bright  particular  stars,  differing  nrom  one 
another  in  color  as  they  do  in  glory.  At  the  same  time  the  western 
sky  is  glorious  with  its  brilliants,  too.  Orion  is  there,  just  about  to 
march  down  into  the  sea ;  but  Canopus  and  Sirius,  with  Castor  and  his 
twin  brother,  and  Procyon,  n  Argas  and  Regulus — these  are  high  up  in 
their  course ;  they  look  down  with  great  splendor,  smiling  peacefully  as 
they  precede  the  Southern  Cross  on  its  western  way.  And  yonder,  far- 
ther still,  away  to  the  south,  float  the  Magellanic  clouds,  and  the  'Coal 
Sacks' — those  mysterious,  dark  spots  in  the  sky,  which  seem  as  though 
it  had  been  rent,  and  these  were  holes  in  the  'azure  robe  of  night,'  look- 
ing out  in  the  starless,  empty,  black  abyss  beyond.  One  who  has  never 
watched  the  southern  sky  in  the  stillness  of  the  night,  after  the  sea  breeze, 
with  its  turmoil,  is  done,  can  have  no  idea  of  its  grandeur,  beauty  and 
loveliness.  Within  the  tropics,  however,  the  land  and  sea  breezes  are 
m^e  gentle,  and,  though  the  night  scenes  there  are  not  so  suggestive  as 
those  just  described,  yet  they  are  exceedingly  delightful  and  ^together 
lovely.  The  oppressive  heat  of  the  sun  and  the  climate  of  the  sea-shore 
is  mitigated  and  made  both  refreshing  and  healthful  by  the  alternation  of 
those  winds  which  invariably  come  from  the  coolest  place — the  sea, 
which  is  the  cooler  by  day,  and  the  land,  which  is  the  cooler  by  night 
About  ten  in  the  morning  the  heat  of  the  sun  has  played  upon  the  land 
with  sufficient  intensity  to  raise  its  temperature  above  that  of  the  water. 
A  portion  of  this  heat  being  imparted  to  the  superincumbent  air,  causes 
it  to  rise,  when  the  air,  first  from  the  beach,  then  from  the-  sea,  to  the 
distance  of  several  miles,  begins  to  flow  in  with  a  most  delightiul  and 
invigorating  freshness." 

Ehrsnbbro's  examination  of  the  ''sea-dust,"  which  occasionally  falls 
so  thickly  near  the  Cape  Verde  Islands,  has  induced  a  supposition  that 
the  trade-winds  carry  this  dust  across  the  inter-tropical,  zone,  these 
winds  ascending  there  and  crossing.  But  this,  as  a  general  principle,  is 
untenable ;  because  one  current  of  air,  equal  in  volume  and  impetus  to 
another  opposing  it,  cannot  pass  on ;  it  must  turn  or  diverge.  Bust 
carried  up  mto  the  higher  atmosphere  is  liable  to  be  drifted  hither  and 
thither,  regularly  or  irregularly,  according  to  the  current  of  air  in  which 
it  may  be  suspended.  Its  course  and  ultimate  place  of  deposit  must  be 
uncertain,  like  the  progress  of  bottles  in  an  ocean,  which  sometimes  show 
a  special  line  of  dnft,  but  more  frequently  are  carried  about  variously  by 
successive  currents. 

That  the  microscope  can  prove  such  infusoria  to  be  South  American, 
not  African,  and  that  the  upper  returning  current,  or  the  upper  onward 
current  of  air  from  Brazil  crosses  the  equatorial  zone,  and  moves  towards 
the  northeast,  are  postulates  hardly  to  be  granted.  Red  fogs  are  well 
known  to  be  frequent  during  the  "Harmattan"  of  Western  Africa — a  dry, 
off-shore  wind.    The  dust  then  obscuring  sight  is  certainly  African. 


600  The  Physical  Geography  of  the  Sea 

Within  a  thoiiBaiid  miles  or  so  of  a  yolcanio  eruption  dust  occasional^ 
fidk  from  that  source,  and  is  carried  in  various  directions  many  hundreds 
of  miles,  by  co-existing,  superposed,  but  totdly  different  strata  or  currents 
of  the  atmosphere. 

In  treating  of  the  trade-winds,  Hadlet  must  not  be  ecKpsed  by  oven 
the  celebrated  Hallet.  To  Hadlby,  the  inventor  of  our  first  reflecting 
instrument  for  use  at  sea,  we  also  owe  the  first  theory  of  the  trade-windsi 
which  has  stood  the  test  of  time,  and  is  now,  one  may  say,  endorsed  hj 
Herschel  and  Dove,  in. whose  last  admirable  work  (translated  into 
English)  Hadlet  has  his  legitimate  place. 

In  addition  to  great  general  causes  or  principles — partial  consequences 
of  evaporation  and  condensation,  of  effects  occasioned  by  intervening 
continents,  or  even  islands,  and  of  rapid  changes  resulting  from  electrical 
action — demand  attention ;  without  attributing  all  these  peculiarities  to 
one  supposed  origin — namely,  "magnetism" — itself  only  a  concomitant 
phenomenon.  Commander  Maury's  assertion,  that  the  poles  of  the  wind,  of 
greatest  cold  and  of  magnetism,  are  so  nearly  coincident  as  to  be  within 
a  few  degrees  of  each  other,  in  either  hemisphere,  is  very  striking. 

In  connection  with  the  Polynian  question,  with  the  recorded  Dutch 
voyages,  in  the  seventeenth  century,  into  open  water,  near  the  pole— with 
Weddell's  Antarctic  high  latitude  in  unfrozen  ocean — the  migration  <rf 
reindeer  froni  South  Greenland  towards  the  north  as  winter  approaches, 
and  the  constant  currents  transporting  large  icebei^  from  polar  r^oBS^ 
into  which,  therefore,  other  currents  must  flow,  undemeatn  or  through 
other  openings — in  connection  with  these,  (among  many  curious  fiicts  con- 
nected with  Polar  temperatures,)  and  the  apparent  vicinity  of  the  mag- 
netic, the  cold  and  the  wind  poles,  with  their  comparative  distance  or 
separation  from  the  true  poles  of  the  earth's  axis,  an  extreme  degree  of 
interest  must  be  felt  generally. 

Respecting  the  currents,  the  specific  gravity  and  the  salts  of  the  sea, 
our  author  should  be  followed  through  his  chapters,  which  are  themselves 
summaries ;  scarcely  free,  however,  from  occasional  repetitions.  Pro£ 
Hubbard's  elaborate  series  of  experiments  at  "Washington  Observatoiy, 
in  1858,  seem  to  prove  that  although  "fresh  water  attains  its  maximum 
density  at  89*^  5'  Fahrenheit,  average  sea  water  does  not  arrive  at  its 
maximum  density  until  it  passes  its  freezing  point  (27^  2')  and  reaches 
the  temperature  of  26®  6'."  After  describing  how  he  made  an  appearance 
of  "  snowing  upwards"  in  a  glass  vessel  of  water,  the  scientific  experi- 
menter says :  "In  some  instances  the  water  was  brought  down,  in  a  con- 
fined vessel,  to  18®  before  freezing;  but  as  soon  as  freezing  commenced, 
the  thermometer  mounted  up  to  28  .  Melloni  has  shown  that  Uie  power 
of  salt  water  to  transmit  heat  is  very  much  greater  than  that  of  fresh. 
The  freezing  point  of  strong  brine  is  4® ;  consequently,  the  freezing  ^int 
of  water  in  the  sea  may  vary,  according  to  the  proportion  of  salts  m  ity 
from  4®  all  the  way  up  to  just  below  32®."  May  we  not  ask  whether 
ready  access  of  air,  or  the  contrary,  does  not  affect  congelation  f 

Commander  Maury  says  that  the  surface-waters  of  the  Red  Sea  "  have 
been  found  as  high  in  temperature  as  95®  Fahrenheit — a  sea  at  blood  heat  I" 
Authentic  evidence  is  on  record  of  an  occasional  sea^urface  temperature 
of  92®  at  the  Philippine  Islands,  the  Gkdapagos,  on  the  coast  of  Mexico, 
and  elsewhere ;  but  generally  between  the  tropics  oceanic  temperatore 


And  iU  Mtiecfrology.  601 

SFerages  nearly  the  same  as  air  immediatelj  over  il;  namely,  between 
?0^  and  80^. 

Very  remarkable  instances  occur,  in  several  parts  of  the  world,  of  con- 
tiguous currents  of  the  ocean,  differing  from  ten  to  twenty  degrees  in 
temperature,  considerably  also  in  density  and  saltness,  conspicuously,  too, 
in  color.  fVom  many  barometrical  observations,  our  author  has  inferred 
that  the  mercurial  column  stands  considerably  lower  in  Arctic  and  Ant- 
arctic regions  than  it  does  in  inter-tropical  latitudes,  on  an  average, 
throughout  the  year.  But  this  inference  has  been  drawn  from  accumu- 
lated and  collated  observations  of  one  season,  not  throughout  the  year — 
in  summer  and  autumn  only — not  in  winter  and  spring  also  I  The 
barometer  ranges  as  high  in  those  regions  as  anywhere. 

Sir  L  M'Clintook  &tely  registered  thirty-one  inches.  Cana(San  and 
Russian  observations  equal  this  height ;  and  many  Antarctic  records  show 
numerous  instances  of  nigh  barometer.  But  there  is  a  fact  which,  unex- 
plained duly,  may  have  led  to  this  fallacy.  In  the  great  Southern  Ocean, 
Detween  40**  and  60°  south,  there  is  no  interruption  to  wind,  in  the  zone 
of  westerly  winds,  except  the  projection  of  w>uth  America,  ending  in 
Cape  Horn.  Hence  a  less  impeded  "  anti-trade,"  a  more  regular  flow,  as 
it  were,  of  the  great  combination  of  polar  and  tropical  currents  by  the 
west,  without  the  resistances  so  frequently  caused  by  mountainous  or  other 
extensive  territorial  impediments  in  the  northern  hemisphere.  Conse- 
quently, the  vertical  atmospherical  pressure  is  comparatively  less,  on  an 
average;  and,  as  the  prevainu^  wind  is  westerly,  inclining  from  the  tropi- 
cal side  of  west,  the  barometer  is  (on  account  of  the  direction  and  moisture) 
u9uaUy  lower  than  it  averages  elsewhere.  But  this  is  in  summer  and 
autumn.  During  the  southern  winter  and  spring,  easterly  storms  or 
gales  of  wind,  as  well  as  intervals  of  fine  settled  weather,  are  freqvunt^ 
with  the  barometer  as  high  and  as  steady  durii^  the  fine  easterly  weather 
as  in  any  part  of  the  world.  Hence  we  decline  to  infer,  that  because  in 
the  parallel  of  50°  south  the  barometer  average  is  low,  it  must  be  lower 
still  m  70°  south,  evidence  indicating  that  a  contrary  conclusion  is  safer. 

Speculations  about  the  effects  of  polar  condensation  of  vapor  and 
liberation  of  latent  heat,  are  very  curious,  and  would  be  intensely  interest- 
.  ing,  had  we  only  sufficient  fa4:ts  on  which  to  base  them,  did  we  even 
know  whether  there  is  a  polynia  in  the  Arctic,  and  another  such  sea,  or 
an  archipelago,  or  a  continent,  in  the  Antarctic  regions. 

In  noticing  fogs,  icebergs  and  clouds,  a  variety  of  very  striking  re- 
marks is  offered.  Among  the  number  are  observations  obtained  ftorxk 
Commodore  WuLLBnaroRF,  commanding  the  Austrian  frigate  Novara, 
only  recently  returned  from  a  scientific  expedition  around  the  world,  and 
some  of  the  results  of  Prof  Piazzi  Smyth's  astronomiciJ  excursion  to 
Teneriffe. 

Currency  has  been  given  by  our  author  to  an  expression,  not  so  supe- 
rior to  its  equivalent  in  good  En^ish  as  to  justify  such  frequent  use  of  iU 
Instead  of  "  variables,"  we  find  "  doldrums,"  a  rather  objectionable  corrup- 
tion of  the  words  "  in  dolorem,"  meaning  in  grief  or  trouble.  Like  "  fiu- 
buster,"  it  is  scarcely  a  word  for  general  use. 

In  exploring  the  great  depths  of  ocean  much  had  been  aolvieved  bj 
America  before  our  Uiter  expeditions  were  organized ;  but  much  had  been 
long  contemplated  and  earnestly  desired  by  the  late  Sir  Francis  Beau- 
roBT,  who,  m  1853,  was  planning  a  voyage,  in  which  deep-sounding 


602  The  Physical  Chography  of  the  Sea. 

apparatus,  similar  to  that  used  lately  by  Sir  Lbopold  M^Clintook, 
to  have  been  used ;  but  the  Russian  war  interfered.  Several  voyagers 
used  contrivances  for  obtaining  material  from  the  bottom  of  the  ocean ; 
but  neither  the  "  deep-sea  clamms,"  nor  any  other  instrument,  has  an- 
swered in  practice  better  than  a  n^er  moiUfied  one,  on  what  is  called 
Brookes'  plan.    Our  author  says : 

"  The  honor  of  the  first  attempt  to  recover  specimens  of  the  bottom 
from  great  depths  belong  to  Peter  the  Great  of  Russia.  That  remarkable 
man  and  illustrious  monarch  constructed  a  deep-sea  sounding  apparatus 
especially  for  the  Caspian  Sea.  It  was  somewhat  in  the  shape  of  a  pair 
of  ice-hooks,  and  such  as  are  seen  in  the  hands  of  the  '  ice-man,'  as,  in 
his  daily  rounds,  he  lifts  the  blocks  of  ice  from  his  cart  in  the  street  for 
delivery  at  the  door.  It  was  so  contrived  that,  when  it  touched  the  bot- 
tom, the  plummet  would  become  detached,  and  the  hook  would  bring  up 
the  specimen.'' 

Unquestionably  submarine  exploration  is  now  become  one  of  the  most 
important  nautical  employments  of  the  time.  Hesitating  and  slowly  we 
advance.  Mistakes  and  accidents,  mismanagement  and  want  of  biow- 
ledge  have  impeded  progress ;  but  triumphant  eventually  will  be  its  grand 
consequences. 

Describing  the  condition  of  infusoria  at  the  bottom  of  vast  depths  of 
ocean,  Conmiander  Mauby  says : 

"  Having  thus  discovered  that  the  most  frail  and  delicate  organisms  of 
the  sea  can  remain  in  its  depths  for  an  indefinite  length  of  time  without 
showing  a  single  trace  of  decay,  we  find  ourselves  possessed  of  a  hct 
which  su^ests  many  beautiful  fiuicies,  some  touching  thoughts,  and  a 
few  useful  ideas ;  and  among  these  last  are  found  reasons  for  the  conjec- 
ture that  the  gutta  percha  or  other  insulating  material  in  which  Uie  con- 
ducting wires  of  the  sub-Atlantic  telegraph  and  other  deep-sea  lines  are 
incased,  becomes,  when  lodged  beyond  a  certain  depth,  miperviona  to 
the  powers  of  decay ;  that,  with  the  weight  of  the  sea  upon  them,  the 
destructive  agents  which  are  so  busy  upon  organic  matter  m  the  air  and 
near  the  surface  cannot  find  room  for  play.  Curious  that  destruction  and 
decay  should  be  imprisoned  and  rendered  inoperative  at  the  bottom  of 
the  great  deep  I  *  *  The  unabraded  appearance  of  these  shells,  and 
the  ^most  total  absence  among  them  of  any  detritus  from  the  sea  or  for- 
eign matter,  suggest  most  forcibly  the  idea  of  perfect  repose  at  the  bottom 
of  the  deep  sea.  Some  of  the  specimens  are  as  pure  and  as  free  from  the 
sand  of  the  sea  as  the  freshly-fBdlen  snow-flake  is  from  the  dust  of  the 
earth.  Indeed,  these  soundings  suggest  the  idea  that  the  sea,  like  the 
snow  cloud  with  its  flakes  in  a  calm,  is  always  letting  fall  upon  its  bed 
showers  of  these  microscopic  shells ;  and  we  may  readily  imagine  that 
the  *  sunless  wrecks '  which  strew  its  bottom  are,  in  the  process  of  ages, 
hid  under  this  fleecy  covering,  presenting  the  rounded  appearance  which 
is  seen  over  the  body  of  the  traveller  who  has  perished  in  the  snow  storm. 
The  ocean,  especially  within  and  near  the  tropics,  swarms  with  life.  The 
remains  of  its  myriads  of  moving  things  are  conveyed  by  currents,  and 
scattered,  and  lodged  in  the  course  of  time  all  over  its  bottom.  Hiis  pro- 
cess, continued  for  ages,  has  covered  the  depths  of  Uie  ocean  as  with  a 
mantle,  consisting  of  organisms  as  delicate  as  the  macled  frost,  and  as 
light  in  the  water  as  is  down  in  the  air." 


The  Oommerce  of  Northern  Italy.  608 

lliose  who  are  particularly  interested  in  the  changes  of  the  world's  cli- 
mate during  long  periods  may  turn  to  chapter  xv.,  with  advantage,  espe- 
cially pages  363-4-5.  In  chapters  xvL  to  xviii  monsoons  and  sea  cli- 
mates are  discussed  in  a  very  interesting  manner,  however  one  may  feel 
at  times  inclined  to  draw  conclusions  adverse  to  those  of  the  author. 

The  last  four  chapters,  "  On  Storms,  Hurricanes  and  Typhoons  ;**  "  On 
the  Winds  of  the  Southern  Hemisphere ;"  "  On  the  Antarctic  Regions 
and  their  Climatology,"  and  "  On  the  Actinometry  of  the  Sea,"  cannot 
now  be  further  noticed,  though  full  of  valuable  and  interesting  material. 

In  connection  with  our  author's  observations  on  storms  and  winds  in 

feneral,  one  may  advert  to  remarks  or  their  subject  in  the  Athenceum  of 
Fovember  17  and  24,  1860,  in  which  Sir  John  Herschel's  and  Prof. 
Dove's  opinions  were  quoted. 

We  close  this  admirable  work  with  an  earnest  recommendation  of  it 
to  readers  in  general,  as  weD  as  to  the  scientific,  and  to  the  maritime  in- 
terests especiaUy. — Athenomm, 


THE  COMMERCE  OF  NOBTHEEN  ITALY. 

FSOM  TBS  COBBISPOlfDKKT  OP  TBI  LONDON  TIMX8,  JAKUAST  28. 

Till  such  time  as  railway  conmiunication  may  establish,  together  with 
the  political  and  administrative  unity,  also  the  utmost  possible  industrial 
and  commercial  intercourse  by  land,  the  prosperity  of  this  country  must 
necessarily  depend  chiefly  on  its  maritime  resources.  The  Italians  reckon 
the  length  of  their  sea-coasts  at  5,894  kilometres ;  but  in  the  3,326  kilo- 
metres which  make  up  the  continental  line  they  include  Istria  and  Illyria, 
and  in  the  2,668  which  they  attribute  to  their  islands,  they  comprehend 
Corsica  and  Malta,  all  of  which  may  only  be  said  to  belong  to  Italy  by 
way  of  geographical  courtesy.  The  latest  returns  of  the  merchant  trade 
of  the  whole  country  date  from  the  years  1856-7,  since  which,  as  I  have 
had  frequent  occasion  to  observe,  all  statistical  operations  have,  by  politi- 
cal vicissitudes,  been  brought  to  a  standstill.  On  the  3l8t  of  December, 
1855,  the  whole  of  Italy  had  27,320  vessels,  with  a  tonnage  of  889,037. 
In  the  two  following  years  the  vessels  were  26,793,  of  938,6^4  tons. 
The  tonnage,  which  in  1855  was  computed  in  the  ratio  of  151  tons  per 
kilometre,  rose  to  160  tons  per  kilometre.  The  proportions  between  the 
shipping  and  tonnage  in  the  different  Italian  States  give  results  analogous 
to  those  we  have  observed  in  the  general  trade  of  the  country.  In  old 
Piedmont  the  vessels  were  2,098,  with  208,218  tons.  In  the  Two  Sicilies 
the  vessels  were  11,032,  of  272,305  tons,  Venetiaand  Illyria  had  9,704 
vessels,  of  319,122  tons. 

In  Genoa  alone,  from  1845  to  1856,  the  business  of  the  harbor  rose  from 
372,653  tons  to  581,721  tons.  In  1851  ships  were  built  in  Genoa  with 
a  tonnace  of  12,346.  In  1856  of  22,500  tons.  The  tendency  of  the 
trade  led  to  the  construction  of  vessels  of  large  tonnage,  so  that  on  the 
81st  of  December,  1851,  Genoa  had  1,042  vessels, of  129,504  tons;  on 
the  31st  of  December,  1856,  Genoa  had  1,102  vessels,  of  163,362  tons; 
on  the  31st  of  December,  1857,  Genoa  had  1,102  vessels,  of  172,576 
tons.  The  average  tonnage  in  1852  was  only  64  tons  per  vessel ;  in 
1857  it  was  75  tons  per  vessel 


604  The  Commerce  of  Northern  Italy, 

The  cotton  imported  into  Genoa  in  1847  was  only  32,556  bales;  it 
had  risen  to  62,970  bales  in  1857.  Of  this  1,400,000  kilogrammes  came 
direct  from  the  cotton-growing  countries ;  about  as  large  a  quantity  was 
imported  from  England. 

The  same  eagerness  to  build  large  ships  for  the  ocean  trade  was  dia- 
eemible  in  Tuscany.  In  1846  Leghorn  had  773  vessels,  of  24,147  tons ; 
in  1855,  939  vessels,  of  55,631  tons.  The  business  transacted  in  that 
port  in  the  first  year  was  only  140  millions  of  francs ;  in  1855  it  bad 
risen  to  242  millions.  The  commerce  of  Trieste  ia  s^d  to  equal  in 
extent  that  of  the  whole  of  old  Piedmont — ^that  is,  that  of  Genoa ;  but,  if 
deduction  be  made  for  what  belongs  to  the  interior  of  the  Austrian  empire, 
there  will  remain  local  business  in  Trieste  to  the  amount  of  514  milUons 
in  1852,  and  536  millions  in  1857. 

The  trade  of  Venice  was  reckoned  at  110  millions  in  1853,  and  211 
millions  in  1857.  I  am,  for  my  own  part,  no  great  believer  in  vague  and 
approximate  numbers,  and  I  believe  hardly  any  fair  estimate  can  be  made 
of  the  general  Italian  trade  such  as  it  was  previous  to  the  great  political 
events  which  are  likely  to  combine  the  forces  and  resources  of  the  country 
into  one  common  effort ;  but  I  have  before  me  the  excellently  arranged 
authentic  statistics  published  by  the  Sardinian  government,  and  shall 
quote  a  few  facts  which  may  give  an  idea  of  the  importance  of  the  trade 
of  this  part  of  the  country.  A  multiplication  of  it  by  five  will  show  as 
what  the  combined  trade  of  the  whole  Peninsula  ought  to  have  been 
before  1859,  and  what  it  may  actually  become  if  the  advantages  enjoyed 
by  Piedmont  during  the  lit  12  years  can  be  secured  to  the  newly- 
annexed  territories  for  at  least  a  period  of  12  years  to  come. 

The  first  country  in  the  importance  of  its  trade  with  Sardinia  was 
France.  Sardinia  imported  to  tne  amount  of  115  millions  general  trade 
and  77  millions  special  trade  in  1857 ;  119  millions  general  trade  and  88 
millions  special  trade  in  1858.  The  exports  from  Sardinia  to  France  were 
— general  trade,  105  millions  in  1857,  138  millions  in  1858  ;  special  trade, 
90  millions  in  1857,  122  millions  in  1858. 

Next  to  the  French  was  the  English  trade.  63  millions  in  1857,  and 
67  millions  in  1858,  for  the  general  trade;  38  millions  in  1857,  and  36 
millions  in  1858,  for  special  trade  were  the  imports.  The  exports  were  12 
millions  in  1857,  and  6  millions  in  1858,  general  trade;  8  millions  in 
1857,  and  4  millions  in  1858,  special  trade. 

The  countries  which  transacted  the  greatest  amount  of  business  with 
Sardinia,  after  France  and  England,  were  Switzerland,  many  cantons  of 
which  were  dependent  on  Genoa  for  their  maritime  communications ;  then 
Austria,  on  account  of  her  Lombardo-Venetian  possessions ;  next  came 
the  Italian  Duchies,  Parma,  Modena,  Tuscany  and  Monaco ;  then  the 
United  States  of  America ;  after  which  came  the  Two  Sicilies.  Russia 
was  the  eighth  State  considered  in  the  importance  of  its  trade  with  Pied- 
mont ;  the  9th  was  Holland ;  the  10th,  Brazil ;  tiie  11th,  the  West  Indies 
and  Central  America ;  12th,  Spain  ;  13th,  South  America ;  14th,  Turkey ; 
15th,  the  Pj^al  States ;  16th,  Belgium  ;  17th,  Tunis  and  Tripoli,  and  so 
on  to  Greece,  which  was  the  28th  State  in  importance,  the  last  and  least 
These  numbers  only  refer  to  the  general  trade ;  in  special  trade  occasional 
differences  occur. 

To  give  an  idea  of  the  increase  of  trade  in  old  Piedmont  in  seven 
years  it  will  be  sufficient  to  state  that  the  general  trade  with  France  was. 


Iron  Ships  ts.  Wooden  Skipe,  605 

in  1851,  150  millionB  commercial  value.  In  1858  it  Had  risen  to  358 
millions.  The  general  trade  with  England  was  44  millions  in  1851 ;  it 
rose  to  75  millions  in  1858.  The  general  trade  of  Sardinia  with  all  the 
countries  in  the  world,  which  was  469  millions  in  1851,  had  reached  648 
millions  in  1857,  and  880  millions  in  1858. 

There  is,  in  short,  no  doubt  but  the  commercial  activity  and  maritime 
enterprise  of  the  only  part  of  Italy  which  was  free  for  the  last  12  years 
has  been  altogether  doubled,  and  very  nearly  trebled  in  some  of  its  most 
important  branches.  The  increase  in  the  dimensions  and  tonnage  of  the 
shipping  of  the  different  Italian  ports,  especially  of  Genoa  and  Leghorn, 
evinces  a  stong  Tlesire  on  the  part  of  the  people  to  extend  their  operations 
beyond  the  limits  of  the  inland  sea  within  which  they  had  uyr  many 
years  been  circumscribed.  If  we  take  the  old  State  of  Sardinia  to  rep- 
resent only  one-fifth  of  the  whole  Peninsula  as  to  territory  and  popula- 
tion, it  will  be  easy  to  calculate  the  degree  of  prosperity  to  which  the 
united  kingdom  now  obepng  the  sceptre  of  Victor  Emanubl  will  rise^ 
if  liberty  lead  to  as  glorious  results  in  the  new  States  as  it  wrought  in  the 
oldprovinces. 

When  I  stated  above  that  the  trade  of  Sardinia  with  France  is,  or  was 
till  1858,  about  twice  the  amount  of  the  commerce  of  the  same  State 
with  England,  it  should  be  understood  that  the  difference  is  in  some  measure 
only  apparent,  as  no  small  proportion  of  the  goods  exported  from  Italy 
to  France  finds  its  way  from  this  latter  country  ultimately  into  England ; 
and,  again,  large  quantities  of  English  manufactures  imported  into  Italy 
throurfi  France  go  to  swell  the  amount  of  Italian-French  trade.  Tlie  real 
wealth  of  this  country,  consisting  in  silk,  corn,  oil,  rice,  cattle  and  other 
agricultural  produce,  has  been  neariy  trebled  during  the  last  ten  or  twelve 
years,  and.  we  have  frequent  instances  that  not  only  most  of  the  other 
articles,  but  even  the  last  named  (cattle)  has  travelled  all  the  way  to  Eng- 
land ;  and  a  Piedmontese  agriculturalist  informed  me  that  beef  fattened 
in  his  own  native  fields,  near  Chivasso,  was  by  himself  eaten  in  London 
when  he  visited  that  city  at  the  time  of  the  Great  Exhibition  of  1851. 


IRON  8RIP8  T8.  WOODEN  SHIPS. 

Thb  constant  recurrence  of  fatal  accidents  to  iron-built  ships  is  begin- 
ning to  awaken  very  serious  doubts  as  to  their  seaworthiness.  A  report 
recently  made  by  a  committee  of  the  New-York  Chamber  of  Commerce, 
from  the  pen  of  a  veteran  captain,  does  not  withhold  its  censures  of  the 
entire  system,  expressed  in  very  decided  terms.  The  engineers  of  Great 
Britain  are  becoming  equally  decided  in  opinion  that,  as  now  constructed, 
they  are  dangerous  craft,  and  it  is  even  doubtfril  whether  the  material 
itself  is  as  much  to  be  depended  on  as  has  been  supposed.  Six  or  seven 
have  foundered  within  a  short  period,  and,  as  in  the  instance  of  the  Gal- 
way  steamer  Connaught,  without  the  possibility  of  assigning  the  definite 
cause.  It  is  beginning  to  be  feared  that  the  construction  of  iron  ships 
must  be  abandoned,  unless  some  new  method  of  putting  them  together 
shall  be  adopted.  This  would  be  a  serious  blow  to  the  steam  marine  of 
Great  Britain,  which  has  increased  with  wonderful  rapidity  since  this 
new  application  of  iron,  and  also  to  the  enormous  manufrustnnng  interests 


606  Iron  Ships  vs.  Wooden  Ships. 

which  are  sustained  by  the  practice.  The  scarcity  of  ship-timber  natu- 
rally led  to  the  adoption  of  this  new  material,  and  its  supply  is  always 
dependent  on  the  continuance  of  peace,  and  an  uninterrupted  navigation 
of  the  ocean.  It  is  no  wonder  then,  that  the  substitution  of  iron  was 
hailed  as  the  best  means  of  retaining  the  naval  supremacy  which  has  so 
long  been  the  boast,  as  it  has  been  me  policy,  of  British  statesmen. 

Although  the  construction  of  iron  vessels  in  England  and  Scotland  has 
been  followed  up  by  the  French  and  Belgians  with  great  spirit,  their  ex- 
ample has  only  been  recently  imitated  in  3ie  United  States ;  probably  for 
two  reasons,  one,  the  abundance  of  ship-timber,  the  other  the  cost  of  iron 
and  the  labor  of  manufacturing  it.  Kecently,  however^  we  have  com- 
menced the  system,  and  at  Wilmington,  Delaware,  upwards  of  seventy 
hulls  of  iron  have  been  put  together.  At  Williamsburgh,  Boston  and 
Philadelphia  there  are  also  more  or  less  constructed,  and  the  cost  is  aboat 
the  same  as  that  of  wooden  ships  coppered.  Such,  however,  is  the  alarm 
occasioned  by  the  losses  referred  to,  that  the  underwriters  in  Europe  and 
the  United  States  have  begun  to  consider  the  extra  risks  which  they  incur 
in  issuing  policies  on  iron  vessels,  and  numerous  experiments  have  re- 
cently been  made  to  arrive  at  a  proper  solution  of  the  real  diflBculties  in 
the  case,  with  a  view  to  obviate  them.  From  a  careful  examination  of 
these  experiments,  as  reported  in  some  late  English  scientific  journals,  we 
learn  the  results  thus  &r  arrived  at  are  considered  to  be  quite  unfavorable. 
It  would  appear  from  these,  first,  that  a  preliminary  objection  is  found  in 
the  quality  of  the  iron  used,  which  has  proved  to  be  \ery  inferior.  Tests 
on  this  point  were  made  in  1857  under  the  direction  of  Lloyds,  and  re- 
sulted in  showing,  that  the  best  plates  exhibited  on  the  trial  would  not 
bear  a  pressure  of  five  tons  per  square  inch  of  actual  cross  section,  and 
the  average  was  barely  above  ten  tons.  Subseauently  the  Board  made  it 
a  requirement  in  their  rules,  that  *^  all  plate,  beam  and  angle  iron  for 
ships  intended  for  classification"  should  be  stamped  on  both  sides  with 
the  maker's  name  and  address.  In  the  course  of  further  experiments  by 
Mr.  Fairbaibn,  a  well-known  expert,  and  Mr.  Bertram,  at  Woolwich,  a 
singular  yet  prevalent  opinion,  tnat  thick  plate  is  relatively  weaker  than 
thin — a  statement  that  bears  alarmingly  on  the  value  of  iron  as  a  material 
for  ship-building — was  fully  demonstrated  to  be  true.  Indeed,  the  result 
was  startling.  Although  the  Llotds'  experiments  were  made  on  plates 
only  f  inch  thick,  it  is  determined,  in  order  to  obtain  a  twelve  years' 
regular  classification  of  a  3,000  ton  ship  at  their  office,  to  use  iron  1  yV 
inch  thick  in  the  garboard  streaks,  (those  next  the  keel,)  but  it  turns  out 
that  a  riveted  joint  of  even  |-  inch  iron  is  absolutely  weaker  than  one  of 
f  inch  plate.  A  single  riveted  seam  of  a  certain  width,  of  f  inch  plate, 
required  a  strain  of  18  tons  to  firacture  it,  while  a  seam  precisely  similar 
in  i  inch  iron  was  torn  open  at  16  tons.  We  might  adduce  other  ex- 
periments with  the  same  results,  but  the  deduction  is  sufficient  for  our 
purpose,  which  is,  that  in  a  f  inch  plate  a  single  riveted  joint  possessed 
60  per  cent,  of  the  full  strength  of  the  solid  plate ;  one  of  fy  inch  iron 
had  but  60  per  cent,  and  one  of  |-  inch  plate  but  40  per  cent,  the  latter 
being  but  two-thirds  as  strong  in  proportion  to  its  thickness,  and  actually 
weaker,  irrespective  of  thinness  itself,  than  a  plate  only  one-fourth  thinner. 
We  can  now  understand  what  was  meant  by  a  very  eminent  iron-founder 
and  engineer  of  this  city,  who  not  long  ago  remarked,  that  "  few  knew 
hov^  singular  and  how  uncertain  is  the  conduct  of  iron  in  machinery." 


Irtm  Ships  VB.  Wooden  Ships,  607 

Next :  The  riveting  of  iron  ships  is  practicallj  insecure.  On  the  au- 
thority before  us,  from  which  we  quote,  we  learn  that,  in  frequent  in- 
stances, a  thousand  headless  rivets  may  be  found  in  the  bottom  of  an  iron 
hull  after  only  one  or  two  voyages,  and  that  a  smart  kick  of  the  foot  is 
often  sufficient  to  shake  out  these  dec^itated  rivets  in  numbers  enough 
to  open  the  seams  and  let  in  the  sea.  This  is  rather  an  alarming  feature 
for  tne  contemplation  of  a  passenger  in  an  iron  steamer.  We  mtve  held 
the  opinion  for  some  years,  long  before  we  ever  saw  the  statement  before 
us,  tn^t  the  plates  of  an  iron  smp,  working  and  laboring  under  the  effect 
of  a  heavy  sea,  or  of  the  machinery  on  board,  would  cut  off  the  heads  of 
these  iron  rivets. 

Again  :  The  ordinary  coilstruction,  a  disproportionate  length  to  breadth, 
gives  rise  to  these  results,  and  "  a  vertebral  weakness,"  and  a  destructive 
leverage  is  continually  at  work  on  the  weak  part  of  the  vessels.  Their 
whole  &bric  may  suddenly  break  up  in  a  heavy  gale.  Llotds  have 
within  the  year  required  additional  longitudinal  strengthening  in  iron 
steamers  insured  by  them. 

We  learn  that  active  efforts  are  being  made  by  the  British  builders 
to  overcome  these  difficulties,  by  additional  stringers,  thicker  gunwales, 
cellular  girders,  (such  as  are  on  board  the  Great  Eastern,)  fore  and  aft  bulk- 
heads, as  well  as  athwart  ships,  and  as  many  of  these  last  as  twenty  or 
thirty  in  any  large  vessel.  It  is  evident  that  if  there  be  but  a  few  of  these 
bullmeads  or  compartments  in  a  ship,  and  one  of  them  shall  be  staved 
and  filled  with  water,  the  strain  upon  the  other  parts  must  be  dangerously 
increased  by  the  additional  weight  thrown  upon  them,  and  the  change  of 
the  centres  of  motion  and  of  gravity.  It  is  true  that  steamers  have  been 
saved  by  this  plan  of  compartments  even  on  a  small  scale,  but  it  is  doubt- 
ful whether  the  other  parts  of  the  hull  have  in  subsequent  voyages  retained 
their  original  strength  and  tightness. 

Finally,  with  iron  ships  have  arisen  the  uncertainty  of  compass  steering, 
through  the  errors  arising  from  local  attraction  and  the  difficulty  of  accurate 
corrections.  The  greatest  amount  of  disturbance  hitherto  known  in  vessels 
built  of  wood,  under  the  most  unfavorable  circumstances,  has  rarely  exceeded 
.  two  points,  and  even  this  is  serious  enough,  but  in  iron  vessels  it  may  be 
so  great  as  to  render  the  compass  next  to  useless.  In  the  case  of  the 
steamer  Shanghai,  belonging  to  the  Peninsular  and  Oriental  Company,  it 
was  ascertained  on  one  voyage,  that  while  she  was  heading  south,  the 
deviation  amounted  to  171°  34',  or  more  than  fifteen  points.  As  every 
piece  of  iron  in  a  ship  may  become  magnetic  by  induction,  and  as  the 
poles  vary  according  to  the  ship's  variation,  and  change  altogether  with 
the  latitude  north  or  south  of  the  equator,  innumerable  expedients  have 
been  resorted  to  to  obviate  these  errors  and  dangers.  The  most  learned 
of  modem  British  savans  have  given  this  subject  their  close  attention 
for  the  purpose  of  furnishing  a  remedy ;  but  as  every  iron  ship  is  a  magnet 
itself,  and  as  the  errors  of  one  ship  are  different  from  those  of  another,  it 
has  been  found  in  practice  that  the  compasses  of  each  vessel  require  cor- 
rections of  their  own ;  that  a  vessel,  wnen  being*  constructed,  should  be 
placed  with  particular  reference  to  the  magnetic  meridian  of  tbe  place  of 
construction,  and  when  afloat,  the  effect  of  local  attraction  should  be  de- 
termined by  the  method  of  swinging  ship  on  the  thirty-two  points  of  the 
compass,  and  ascertaining  the  reverse  bearings  on  the  ship's  deck  and 
on  snore. 


«08  The  Wool  Tradi  of  Great  Britain. 

It  is,  howeyer,  due  to  onr  sabject  to  state  that  these  difllcnlties,  theagh 
not  absolutely  overcome,  have  been  rendered  less  important  by  the  sf^en- 
did  labors  of  such  men  as  Barlow,  Johnson,  Scorbsbt,  Airy,  SrsBsiNa 
and  others  of  that  class,  and  also  by  the  establishment  of  a  Magnetic 
Observatory  at  Woolwich,  where  the  compasses  used  in  the  government 
ehips  are  examined,  tested  and  perfected.  A  memorial  recommending  a 
similar  establishment  in  this  city  has  been  for  a  year  past  before  the 
Chamber  of  CouMnerce,  awaiting  a  proper  time  for  its  due  consideration. 

There  has  been  no  greater  triumph  of  mechanical  skill  in  our  day  than 
in  the  adajptation  of  iron  to  the  purposes  of  navigation.  The  largest  ship 
that  ever  floated  on  the  ocean  is  constructed  of  this  material,  and  it  was 
said  of  her  in  advance,  that  in  consequence  of  her  cellular  construction, 
although  her  tonnage  (builders'  measure)  is  22,500  tons,  yet  if  she  was 
merely  sum)orted  by  blocks  of  stone  six  feet  square  at  her  stem  and  stem, 
her  deflection  midships  would  not  be  greater  than  six  inches  with  all  her 
machinery,  coal,  cargo  and  crew  on  board.  We  believe,  however,  that  the 
Great  Eastern  has  not  proved  as  stifl*  as  was  expected.  It  was  ascertained, 
while  she  was  lying  in  her  dock  in  this  harbor,  that  both  her  bow  and 
fltem  had  dropped  below  their  original  lines,  their  buoyancy  being  not 
proportioned  to  their  weights.  Her  quality  of  strength,  great  as  it  is, 
has  yet  to  be  tested  in  future  voyages. 

It  would  be  most  unfortunate,  after  the  great  outlay  of  capital  to  p^- 
feet  them,  if  iron  ships  should  be  found  unsafe  and  perishable  from  causes 
peculiar  to  themselves.  It  remains  for  the  ingenious  and  scientific  to 
surmount  these  obstacles  by  some  new  arrangement,  perhaps  of  the 
plates,  welding  them,  rolling  them  out  to  a  greater  length,  or  placing  them 
diagonally  or  at  some  angle  with  a  small  strain,  or  listening  them  on  a 
timber  skeleton,  or  by  transverse  compartments  at  short  distances,  as  has 
been  proposed.  At  present,  public  confidence,  we  fear,  is  sadly  shaken 
in  its  opinion  of  the  seaworthiness  of  iron  ships.  It  must,  however,  by 
no  means  be  overlooked  in  the  consideration  of  this  subject,  that,  almost 
without  exception,  the  losses  at  sea  referred  to  have  been  those  where 
the  screw  was  the  propelling  power. 


TIE  WOOL  TRADE  OF  GREAT  BRITAIN. 

ANNUAL  REPORT  FOR  I860. 
Meam.  R.  W.  Ronald  &  Son,  of  LivorpooL 

Ik  taking  a  retrospect  of  the  past  year,  we  are  happy  to  say  the  wool 
trade,  on  the  whole,  has  been  in  a  very  satisfactory  and  healthy  state.  . 
In  the  early  part  political  events  abroad,  and  to  some  extent  also  at  home, 
and,  subsequently,  serious  apprehensions  for  the  harvests,  had  a  somewhat 
depressing  influence,  and  induced  all  parties  to  act  with  great  caution. 
This  feeling  has  continued  more  or  less  throughout  the  whole  twelve 
months,  and  greaUy  tended  to  impart  to  our  trade  that  stability  and 
soundness  which  so  favorably  distinguish  it  at  present.  The  exports  of 
woollen  manufactures  show  again  an  increase,  as  compared  with  the  pre- 
vious year,  amounting  to  upwards  of  £1,000,000  more  than  in  1869, 
hitherto  the  largest  year.  The  consequence  has  been  a  steady  and  profi- 
table employment  of  the  manu£Gu:turing  population  in  this  branch,  which 
has  thus  been  enabled  to  become  again  good  customers  to  the  home 


The  Wool  Trade  of  Oreat  Britain,  609 

trade,  l^e  raw  material,  so  far  as  re^ds  the  yield  of  last  year's  clip  of 
home  growth,  has  proved  materially  deficient,  owing  to  the  severe  and 
protracted  winter,  and  consequent  mortality  among  sheep.  This  de- 
nciency  has,  in  some  degree,  been  supplemented  by  an  increase  in  the 
imports  of  colonial  and  foreign  wools,  which  are  unprecedentedly  large, 
exceeding  those  of  the  previous  year  by  about  68,000  bales,  or  12,000,000 
lbs.  The  exports  of  colonial  and  foreign  wools  have  also  been  larger 
than  in  1859,  by  about  600,000  lbs.,  whilst  those  of  home-grown  wools 
by  no  less  than  2,500,000  lbs.,  owing,  no  doubt,  to  the  alteration  in  the 
french  tariff.  The  total  imports  of  Australian  show  an  increase  of  about 
14,000  bales.  The  bulk  has,  as  usual,  been  disposed  of  at  public  auction 
in  London,  at  the  following  four  series,  viz. : 

BaUt,  StOm, 

March  1  to  March  20, 86,987  of  which  28,209  were  Capes. 

May  8  to  June  1, 67,911       "  5,847 

July  19  to  August  80„ 88,689       "        10,224 

November  15  to  December  7, 45,576       "        21,138 

Together, 288,118      "        64,418 

The  condition  of  Australian  has  been  about  the  same  as  in  the  pre- 
ceding year.  During  the  first  three  sales,  prices  taken  on  the  average 
did  not  undergo  any  material  change,  but  at  the  last  series,  an  advance  of 
fully  Id.  per  lb.  having  been  established,  present  rates  must  be  quoted 
that  much  higher  than  at  this  time  last  year.  Cape  wools  show  but 
trifling  improvement  in  price,  and  the  condition  still  leaves  much  to  be 
desir^4  The  imports  amount  to  upwards  of  19,000  bags  more  than  in 
1859.  The  imports  of  3,180  bales  from  North  America  have  been  prin- 
cipally the  growth  of  Canada,  of  long-sti^pled  description,  and  very  well 
adapted  to  compete  with  English  wool  Uliere  has  again  been  a  great 
falling  off  in  the  imports  firom  Buenos  Ayres,  but  we  have  had  a  very 
good  inquiry,  and  our  markets  are  quite  bare  of  stock.  The  imports  of 
Peruvian  sheep's  wool  show  a  considerable  decrease  on  those  m  1859. 
Alpaca  has  arrived  in  larger  quantity  than  ever,  the  imports  being  10,000 
ballots  in  excess  of  1859.  Tiie  demand  has  been  principally  for  the  best 
qualities,  and  stocks  have  been  light  throughout  the  year,  as  importers 
have  met  the  demand  by  making,  from  time  to  time,  considerable  sales 
*'  for  arrival."  East  India  shows  a  very  material  increase  in  the  imports, 
which  have  almost  exclusively  been  directed  to  this  port,  and  have  formed 
the  chief  atl3*action  at  our  public  sales  during  the  year,  of  which  we  had 
four  series,  viz. : 

BaUt. 

The  first,  from  Jan.  24  to  Feb.  8,  with 14,847 

The  second,  from  April  18  to  April  27,  with. 18,070 

The  third,  from  June  25  to  July  4,  with. 10,667 

The  fourth,  from  Sept  19  to  Sept  29,  with. 18,660 

In  all, 66,684 

Prices  have,  on  the  average,  been  very  well  muntained,  while  the  con- 
dition of  these  wools,  generdly  speaking,  has  not  shown  any  marked  im. 
provement  The  supply  of  domestic  wools,  owing  to  the  circumstances 
alluded  to  in  our  general  remarks,  has  been  considerably  short  of  former 
years,  and  we  may  safely  pat  the  deficiency  down  as  at  least  15  per  cent- 

VOU  XLIV. — HO.  V.  39 


610  The  Timber  Trade  of  Great  Britain. 

when  compared  with  1859.  The  position  of  our  market  seems  at  present 
to  be  this.  There  is  an  increase  in  the  imports  of  wool,  according  to  the 
official  trade  returns,  of  10  per  cent,  from  which  must  be  deducted  an 
increase  in  the  exports  of  wool  of  9  per  cent,  thus  learing  a  net  surplus 
of  only  1  per  cent  Against  this,  however,  there  appears  an  increase  in 
the  exports  of  manufactured  woollen  goods  and  yams  of  8  per  cent, 
which,  added  to  the  deficiency  in  the  home-growth  of  15  per  cent,  leaves 
the  supply  of  wool  22  per  cent  short  of  that  of  1859. 


THE  TIMBER  TRADE  OF  GREAT  BRITAIN. 

AITNUAL  BEPOET. 
From  F.  K.  Bxum  &  Som*  Monthlj  Timber  Ciroular. 

Oahons'  Marsh,  Bristol^  Feb.  1,  1861. 

Thb  retrospec:t  of  the  timber  trade  in  the  port  of  Bristol  since  the  1st 
February,  1860,  is  spratifyin^ ;  for  throughout  the  season  there  has  been 
but  little  check,  and  prices  have  steadily  advanced.  When  the  first  inti- 
mation was  given  that  an  equalization  of  the  duties  on  wood  was  pro- 
posed by  Mr.  GtADSTONB,  (the  effect  of  which  would  be  to  bring  the 
rate  on  foreign  wood  to  a  par  with  that  from  our  own  colonies,)  some 
slight  mistrust  was  experienced,  and  prices  gave  way  nearly  to  the  extent 
of  the  reduction  made ;  but  owing  to  the  healthy  state  of  our  market, 
and  the  light  stock  on  hand,  prices  gradually  improved ;  and  since  the 
new  duty  came  into  operation,  we  have  had  monthly  to  report  a  steady 
advance.  The  reduction  has  thus  had  a  similar  effect  to  wnat  it  had  on 
former  occasions;  and  instead  of  acting  prejudicially  to  our  colonial 
sellers,  they  have,  owing  ta  an  increasing  demand  and  the  prosperity  of 
our  country,  obtained  fully  as  high  prices  as  they  did  before  the  altera- 
tion. We  believe  that  they  will  continue  to  so,  for  the  wood  firom 
Canada  is  of  a  description  wnich  is  essential  for  many  purposes,  and  can- 
not be  obtained  from  the  Baltic,  and  the  spruce  of  New-Brunswick 
comes  forward  at  lower  prices  than  any  large  quantity  of  Baltic  wood, 
notwithstanding  the  difference  in  freight  We  shall,  therefore,  ahraya 
have  to  rely  on  North  America  for  the  Dulk  of  our  requirements  in  the 
cheap  descriptions  of  timber  and  the  soft  pine  of  that  country. 

The  prospects  for  the  ensuing  year  we  can  scarcely  foresee.  If^  during 
the  next  two  or  three  months,  there  is  a  brisk  demand,  the  stock  here  is 
so  moderate  that  it  will  be  consumed,  and,  m  that  case,  importation  will 
be  active ;  but  if,  on  the  contrary,  we  have  a  severe  winter  and  a  late 
spring,  coupled  with  pressure  on  the  money  market,  or  any  other  circum- 
stance that  acts  against  the  prosperity  of  our  country,  the  stock  in  this 
port  will  carry  us  well  into  the  summer,  and  but  a  hghi  trade  will  be 
done  by  our  importers  at  the  opening  of  the  season.  Our  opinion  is, 
that  the  spring  trade  will  be  steady,  without  any  extraordinary  excite- 
ment or  depression,  and  that  the  early  operations  will,  therefore,  be  of  a 
moderate  character. 

This  port|  we  are  pleased  to  advise,  has  well  maintained  its  position  as 


The  Timber  Trade  cf  OreaX  Britam. 


611 


an  important  timber  market ;  and  although  at  one  time  we  feared  a  large 
flailing  off  in  the  amount  of  our  tonnage  employed,  compared  with  that 
of  the  year  1859,  (which  falling  off  was,  on  the  1st  of  October,  14,348 
tons,  and  on  the  1st  December,  15,667  tons  short,  as  compared  with  the 
corresponding  months  in  1859,  it  is,  we  are  mtified  to  state,  but  6,945 
tons  short  at  the  present  time.  This  proves  now  well  Bristol  has  main- 
tained her  position  as  a  rising  timber  market 

The  rates  of  freight  are  as  difficult  to  foretell  this  year  as  the  prospects 
of  our  importing  trade,  and  will  depend  very  much  on  our  home  spring 
trade.  The  past,  if  not  a  very  profitable  year  to  our  ship-owners,  has  at 
least  been  a  paying  one,  and  subject  to  no  violent  depression.  Indeed, 
the  autumn  rates  were  high.  We  are  of  opinion  that  spring  charters  to 
this  channel  will  be  done  at  33«.  from  Quebec,  or  thereabouts.  New- 
Brunswick  freights,  at  present  high,  will  recede  as  the  spring  opens, 
when  American  and  Norwerian  vessels  offer.  We  may  anticipate  low 
rates  fit)m  the  deal  ports  of  North  America ;  for,  owing  to  the  secession 
movement  in  that  country,  we  apprehend  that  the  ship-owners  of  the 
northern  States  will  prefer  employing  their  vessels  in  deal  carrying,  to  risk- 
ing them  with  their  southern  neighbors.  Baltic  freights  bid  Mr  to  oped 
high,  and  we  expect  that  ISs.  from  Danzic  to  Memel,  60«.  @  70«.  per 
Petersburgh  standard  hundred  from  gulf  ports,  and  90«.  from  the  White 
Sea,  will  be  about  the  rates.  From  Oronstadt  we  can  scarcely  hope  to 
have  the  low  return  freight  of  American  vessels ;  and  if  not,  ireights  to 
this  coast  are  too  high  to  enable  the  importer  to  operate  on  this  mar- 
ket profitably. 


Importatiany  Coneumptian  and  Stock  for  the  years  1858,  1859  and  1860. 

Importation, 


1858. 

Colonial  timber, 1,292,000 

Ck)lonial  deals, 1,893,000 

Total  in  coUc  feet, 8,185,000 

Foreign  timber, 419,600 

Foreign  deals, 812,500 

Total  in  cnbic  feet, 1,232,000 

Aggregate  total, 4,417,000 

1858. 

Colonial  timber, 1,075,000 

Colonial  deals, 2,4«3,500 

Total  in  cubic  feet, 3,538,500 

Foreign  timber, 668,500 

Foreign  deals, 916,000 

Total  in  cubic  feet, 1,584,500 

Aggragmte  total, 6,123,000 


1859. 

.     1,066,500 
.     2,703,700 

.     8,770,200 

719,300 
.     1,281,900 

.     2,001,200 

.     5,771,400 
ConeumpHon. 


1859. 

1,071,600 
2,260,450 

3,831,950 

476,800 
988,660 

1,469,460 

4,791,400 


1860. 

1,416,000 
1,640,000 

8,056,000 

908,000 
1,417,600 

2,826,600 

6,380,500 


1860. 

1,400,000 
1,668,160 

8,058,160 

987,600 
1,807,960 

2,246,450 

5,808,600 


«12  The  Timber  Trade  of  Great  Britain, 

stock, 

1868.  1869.  1860. 

Colonial  timber, 829,000     824,000     839,000 

Colonial  deak, 824,000    ....       767,260     ....       749,100 

Total  in  cubic  feet,, 668,000    1,091,260     1,088,100 

Foreign  timber 101,600     ....       346,000    816,600 

Foreign  deals, 408,000    701,260    810,800 

Total  in  cubic  feet, 604,600     1,046^260     1,126,800 

Aggregate  total, 1,167,600     2,137,600     ....     2,214.400 

Colonial  Timber. — Quebec  Fine. — ^The  importation  has  been  1,150,000 
feet,  the  consumption,  1,090,500,  the  stock  remaining  on  hand,  333,500, 
which  appears,  on  the  first  glance,  much  greater  than  it  was  last  year ; 
but  on  comparing  the  total  stock  of  colonial  timber,  the  surplus  is  bat 
trifling ;  and  on  looking  further  there  is  a  considerable  diminution  in 
Baltic  fir ;  but  as  colonial  timber  is  largely  used  for  building  purposes  in 
-the  place  of  Baltic,  we  do  not  consider  that  we  have  more  than  enough 
on  hand  for  the  requirem^its  of  our  trade  before  the  new  importation, 
although  at  the  same  time  it  must  be  remembered  that  our  principal  con- 
sumers are  well  supplied,  and  that  their  stock  is  not  taken  into  account 
in  our  tables.  Pnces  have  been  steady  throughout  the  year,  with  little 
variation — building  timber  ranging  from  la.  2d.  to  1$.  Zd.,  and  60  fee4 
average  pine  from  Is.  4td.  to  1«.  6<f.  Board  timber  is  not  appreciated  ai 
a  remunerative  cost  to  the  importers.  Some  good  Waney  board  pine 
has  been  brought  here,  but  owing  to  the  loss  in  measure  (as  all  timber  is 
sold  by  calliper  measure)  it  has  not  commanded  the  ready  sale  it  does  in 
other  markets.  Saint  John  Pine. — The  importation  was  only  47,500 
feet ;  consumption,  80,000 ;  stock  on  hand,  2,500.  No  really  good  tim- 
ber having  been  brought  to  our  market  all  the  year,  the  prices  obtained 
have  not  exceeded  those  of  common  Quebec  pine.  Small  quantities  of 
large-sixed  6dr  quality  timber  would  command  paying  prices  if  brought 


forward  at  moderate  rates  of  freight.  Lower  Port  Pine. — ^The  stock, 
importation  and  consumption  are  very  trifling,  and  this  timber  is  not  a 
favorite  in  our  market 

Oak. — Importation,  75,000  feet ;  consumption,  84,500 ;  stock,  3,000. 
It  will  thus  be  seen  that  the  increase  on  import  and  consumption  is  very 
large,  and  we  are  left  with  but  a  small  stock  of  3,000  feet  Owing  to  the 
large  supply,  prices  at  one  time  were  as  low  as  1*.  lOcf.  per  foot ;  but, 
owing  to  a  good  demand,  they  rapidly  advanced  to  28.  Bd.  It  is  now 
worth  from  28.  Sd.  to  Ze.  The  demand  was  caused  by  the  great  require- 
ments of  railway  companies  for  truck  building^;  and  if,  as  is  anticipated, 
a  wagon-building  company  is  established  in  Bristol,  there  wOl  for  the 
future  be  a  large  consumption  of  this  timber  here. 

Mm. — Importation,  13,000  feet;  consumption,  13,450;  stock,  7,800. 
We  have  not  a  great  demand  for  this  article,  as  there  is  little  ship-build- 
ing in  the  port 

Birch. — ^Importation  from  all  ports  is  47,000  feet ;  consumption,  20,800  ; 
stock,  33,200 ;  (this  includes  ash,  walnut,  ^c.)  The  stock  on  hand  is 
nearly  double  wnat  it  was  last  year;  prices,  however,  have  been  foirly 
maintained,  Quebec  being  steady  at  about  It.  8<i,  St  John  and  Pictoo, 
from  If.  id.  to  1«.  8<^.,  Prince  Edward's  Island,  If.  Zd.  to  It.  Bd.    It 


The  Timber  Trade  cf  Great  Britam.  618 

may  be  noticed  that  the  importation  is  leas  than  in  1850  by  25,600  feet, 
ana  the  stock  is  only  9,200  in  excess. 

Spruce  and  JPine  Deals. — Importation,  6,666  Petersbnrgh  standard 
hundred ;  consumption,  7,666 ;  stock,  3,000 ;  showing,  by  our  tables,  a 
decrease  in  import  of  nearly  7,000  standard  hundred ;  of  consumption, 
4,000  standard  hundred ;  of  stock  held  over,  1,000  standard  hundred. 
But  it  must  be  remembered,  that  since  the  1st  of  November  last,  the  im- 
portation has  been  3,200  standard  hundred,  which  is  an  excess  on  the 
stock  now  held  of  200  standard  hundred.  During  the  year  there  was  a 
great  scarcity  of  these  goods,  and  prices,  which  were  dull  at  from  £8  to 
£8  lOs,  last  spring,  stei^iiy  advanced  to  from  £10  to  £10  10«.,  at  which 
figure  they  are  now  steady.  We  would,  however,  caution  importers  not 
to  import  at  high  freights,  for  the  stock  is  ample  for  our  requirements 
during  the  next  four  months,  during  and  after  which  time,  lower  freights 
may  be  expected,  and  future  shipments  of  deals  coming  forward  at  pre- 
sent high  rates  must  entail  a  heavy  loss.  Our  market  is  capable  of  re- 
ceiving a  much  larger  supply  than  was  brought  here  last  year ;  but  that 
supply  should  be  regular,  and  not  all  forced  on  the  market  at  one  time, 
umess  at  exceedingly  low  freights. 

Quebec  Deals, — Importation,  3,300  standard  hundred ;  consumption, 
2,410  standard ;  stocK,  1,540  standard.  Notwithstanding  the  increase 
in  supply  over  the  previous  year  of  nearly  1,000  standard  hundred,  these 
goods  nave  maintained  a  steady  position,  and  prices  have  been  remune- 
rative. There  has  been  a  decided  improvement  in  the  brack  of  these  deals 
at  Quebec,  but  there  is  still  room  for  more.  Lai^r  quantities  of  extra 
lengths  (13  and  14  feet)  have  also  come  forward,  and  are  duly  appre- 
cia^d.  We  recommend  cutters  to  increase  the  manufacture  of  these 
lengths.  Prices  have  been  firm  at  from  £16  Ss,  to  £l7  for  first  quality; 
£11  10s.  to  £12  10s.  for  second,  and  £10  lOs.  for  third. 

Quebec  Staves. — Importation  of  pipe  staves,  76  St  Mill ;  consump- 
tion, 36,  and  stock,  63,  (the  stock  being  augmented  by  several  parcels 
coming  coastways.)  Of  West  India  puncheon  staves  the  importation  has 
been  125Mille;  consumption,  113  Mille;  stock,  70  Mille.  Through- 
out the  year  demand  has  been  dull,  and  sales  cannot  be  forced  except  at 
a  great  sacrifice.  Unless  there  is  a  great  improvement  in  demand,  the 
stock  is  ample  of  both  kinds  for  the  present  year.  Prices  of  pipe  staves 
have  ranged  from  £55  to  £72  10«.,  and  of  West  India  puncheon  from 
£16  to  £17  10s. 

Lath^ood. — ^The  importation  has  scarcely  been  equal  to  the  d^nand, 
and  prices  have  been  good  throughout  We  may  expect  large  quantities 
this  year  for  stowage,  m  lieu  of  staves. 

Cargoes  of  Wood  imported  into  Bristol  during  the  last  seven  gears. 

Tsart  HuUmath4 
ua$on€f 


1854,. 
1866,. 
1866». 
1857,. 
1868,. 
1869,. 
1850,. 


99$4l9. 

TbnsBsgMtr. 

U6 

69.616 

99 

44,776 

148 

78.841 

161 

78,486 

144 

68,868 

198 

91.007 

167 

84,062 

684  6S6 


614  The  Timber  Trade  of  Great  Britain. 

WBOLBBAIX  FRIOB  0IIBBS2IT. 

Imported       Imports 
Article /ram  QiUbsc  Price..  ^"i^J^ut!  ^U^l^^^ 

1800.  18«L 

Yellow  pine,  per  foot,  cube, 1<.  Sd  to  1«.  8<2. )     ^K^^1^  io  qqo 

Red  pine,  "  1    7    to  1    9     f     ^^'^^^  ^^*^^^ 

Oak,  "  2    8    to  2    9  884  917 

Elm,  "  1     8    to2    0     J 

Ash,  "  19to20 

Birch,  «  1     9    to2    0     1  ..g  ,  ^^^ 

Walnut,  none.  f  ^^^  ^'^^^ 

Ytllw)  Pine  J)eaU 
FitBt  quality,  per  120,  Pet^g  standard,  £16  ia».  to  £17  10«. ) 
Second    "  '*  "  12  10   to    13   0    V   144,486        199,491 

Third      "       None.  10    0   to    10  0    ) 

Spruce  DeaU, 
First  quality.      None. 
Second  quality.  None. 

Std.  staves,  per  mille, 66    0  to    65   0 

First  quality,      "       '.     61,588  76,861 

Brack,  None. ) 

Do.  W.  O.  Pun.,  per  1,200, 18   0  to    20  0 

First  quality,  "         '-178,018        158,858 

Brack,  "        ) 

Lath-wood,  per  fathcmi  of  144  feet, . .        5  15  to      6  10     .         229  880 

Hickory  bUletts,  per  doz., 1  16  to      0   0 

THE  FRENCH  COMMERCIAL  TREATY  WITH  GREAT  BRITAIN. 

Thb  Liverpool  Chamber  of  Commerce  recently  passed  votes  of  thanks 
to  Mr.  CoBDEN  and  Mr.  Malet,  for  their  mani^ement  of  the  details  of 
the  treaty  of  commerce  with  fVance.  From  Mr.  Cobden  the  following 
letter  has  been  received : 

Algiers,  20th  March,  1861. 

Sir, — I  beg  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  the  resolution  of  the  Chamber 
of  Commerce  of  Liverpool,  bearing  your  signature  as  president,  thanking 
me  for  my  exertions  m  arranging  the  commercial  treaty  with  France.  I 
observe,  with  satisfaction,  the  judicious  reserve  with  which  the  Chamber 
abstains  from  committing  itself  to  our  approval  of  the  general  principle  of 
commercial  treaties.  The  arrangement  lately  entered  into  with  the 
French  government  is  not,  in  its  old  and  extensive  sense,  a  commercial 
treaty,  but  a  simultaneous  movement  on  the  part  of  the  two  countries  in 
the  direction  of  general  freedom  of  trade.  Kor  should  the  changes  made 
in  the  French  tanflf  be  judged  merely  by  the  standard  of  abstract  principle, 
but  with  a  fair  consideration  for  the  opposition  which  the  government 
had  to  encounter,  in  its  first  serious  measure  of  commercial  reform,  from 
an  unbroken  phalanx  of  monopolists,  whose  power  can  be  more  fully  ap- 
preciated after  the  late  demonstrations  of  tne  conservative  party  in  the 
French  Chambers.  The  great  feature  of  the  recent  commercial  arrange- 
ments, to  my  humble  apprehension,  is  their  tendency  to  limit  the  power 
of  governments  to  disturb  the  amicable  relations  of  the  two  countries,  by 
making  their  friendship  depend,  not  on  dynastic  sympathies,  or  the  aUi- 
ance  with  any  particular  ministry,  but,  to  borrow  the  sentiment  of  Prince 
Napoleon,  on  the  union  of  France  with  the  great  English  people. 
I  remain,  sir,  your  obedient  servant, 

Richard  Cobdbh. 
W.  J.  ToMLiNSON,  Esq.,  Chamber  of  Commerce^  'Liverpool. 


J(mmal  of  Jfereantile  Law.  615 

JOURNAL  OP  MERCANTILE  LAW. 


PARTNSB8   AND   AOSNT6. 

Liability  <u  Partner, — ^The  case  of  Fitch  and  others  vs,  HARRiKOTOir 
and  others,  reported  in  16  Chay^B  Heports,  (Mass.)  468,  illustrates  how 
easily  and  witnout  intending  it,  one  can  become  a  member  of  a  firm  so 
as  to  be  liable  for  its  debts. 

Whittemorb,  Harrington  &  Co.  was  a  firm  doing  business  till  1857, 
when  they  stopped  payment  While  they  were  so  engaged  in  business, 
Leonard  Harrington,  one  of  the  members  of  the  firm,  made  an  arrange- 
ment with  Samuel  P.  Harrington,  by  which  the  share  of  Leonard 
Harrington  was  to  be,  and  was  thereafter  owned  by  Samuel  and  Leon- 
ard Jointly.  This  arrangement  was  unknown  to  tne  other  members  of 
the  firm,  as  well  as  to  outsiders.  After  the  £ulure  of  the  firm,  a  creditor 
having  learned  of  this  arrangement,  brought  his  action,  making  Samuel 
P.  Harrington  one  of  the  defendants,  alleging  he  was  a  partner  by  vir- 
tue of  the  above-mentioned  arrangement,  and  liable  for  the  firm's  debts. 
In  submitting  the  case  to  the  jury,  the  plaintiff  requested  the  court  to 
instruct  the  jury  ''  that  although  Samuel  T.  Harrington  was  not  known 
by  the  members  of  the  firm  to  be  a  partner,  yet  if  the  share  in  the  part- 
nership concern  which  stood  in  the  name  of  Leonard  only,  was  owned 
jointly  by  Leonard  and  Samuel,  and  Samuel,  as  between  him  and 
Leonard,  was  entitled  to  the  profits  which  might  be  derived  from  that 
share,  he  (Samuel^  was  a  partner  in  the  firm  as  to  the  plaintiff,  and 
liable  to  them  in  this  action." 

The  court  declined  so  to  instruct  the  jury,  and  the  plaintiffs  excepted 
to  the  decision  of  the  court,  and  appealed.  On  the  appeal,  the  appellate 
court  reversed  the  judgment,  and  granted  a  new  trial  In  making  this 
disposition  of  the  matter,  the  court  said,  among  other  things : 

"  Now  what  is  our  law  and  the  law  of  Engknd  on  this  subject  ?  We 
understand  it  to  be  thus :  An  agreement  between  one  copartner  and  a 
third  person,  that  he  shall  participate  in  the  profits  of  the  firm,  renders 
him  liable  as  a  partner  to  the  creditors  of  the  firm,  although  as  between 
himself  and  the  members  of  the  firm  he  is  not  their  copartner." 

As^t —  Usury. — ^We  are  fflad  to  find  one  case  in  which  the  court  has 
declined  to  make  the  principal  liable  for  the  acts  of  his  agent,  and  in 
which  also  it  has  declared  that  every  statement  of  facts  does  not  make 
out  the  defence  of  usury ;  and  yet  even  in  this  case  three  of  the  members 
of  the  court  dissented ! ! !  We  refer  to  the  matter  of  Condft  v».  Baldwin, 
21  NevhYcrk  Reps.  219.  This  was  an  action  on  a  promissory  note 
Deffence— usury,  of  course. 

The  facts  of  the  case  were  these :  The  plaintiff  placed  in  the  hands  of 
S.  R.  Williams,  an  attorney  and  counsellor  at  law,  the  sum  of  $400,  to 
invest  for  her  at  lawful  interest  On  or  about  the  first  of  May,  1851, 
the  defendant,  Baldwin,  made  application  to  G.  C.  Mills,  residing  in  the 
same  place,  to  procure  a  loan  for  him  for  $400  for  two  years,  on  his  note. 


61 6  Journal  cf  MwcaniUe  Law. 

with  other  defendants  as  sureties.  Mills  agreed  to  make  the  effort,  and 
applied  to  Williams  to  obtain  the  loan.  Williams  said  he  had  the 
amount  wanted  to  loan  for  a  lady,  but  he  preferred  to  loan  the  money  on 
bond  and  mortgage,  as  in  that  event  he  should  receive,  to  his  advantage, 
compensation  tor  drawing  bond  and  mortgage,  and  examining  the  title 
to  the  property  mortgage.  Mills  stated  that  the  money  was  wanted  on 
a  note,  and  who  would  be  the  parties  to  it,  and  that  Baldwin  has  offered 
to  compensate  him  f6r  procuring  the  loan ;  and  it  was  agreed  between 
Mills  and  Wiluams  that  if  T^^lliamb  would  lend  the  money  on  the 
note,  he  should  have  $25  as  attorney's  fees.  Williams  then  agreed  to 
make  the  loan.  Mills  called  afterwards  upon  Williams  with  uie  note, 
and  Williams  gave  him  his  check  for  the  |400,  which  was  paid.  Mills 
handed  Baldwin  the  $400.  On  being  asked  by  him  what  were  the 
charges,  Mills  replied  $40,  which  Baldwin  then  paid  him.  Baldwin 
did  not  know  how  it  was  disposed  of  by  Mills,  who  kept  for  himself  $15, 
and  paid  Williams  $25.  Judgment  was  ordered  for  plmntiff,  and  the 
defendant  appealed. 

The  substance  of  the  opinion  of  the  court  was  as  follows : 

It  is  the  essence  of  an  usurious  transaction,  that  there  shall  be  an  un- 
lawftd  and  corrupt  intent,  on  the  part  of  the  lender,  to  take  illegal  inter- 
est ;  and  so  we  must  find  before  we  can  pronounce  the  transaction  to  be 
usurious. 

When,  indeed,  the  contract,  upon  its  very  face,  imports  usury,  as  by  an 
express  reservation  of  more  than  legal  interest,  there  is  no  room  for  pre- 
sumption, for  the  intent  is  apparent,  res  ipsa  loquitur.  But  when  the 
contract,  on  its  face,  is  for  legal  interest  only,  then  it  must  be  proved 
that  there  was  some  corrupt  agreement  or  device  or  shift  to  cover  usury. 
Now,  in  this  case,  we  see  that  the  plaintiff  never  intended  to  violate  the 
law,  never  authorized  any  such  violation,  and  never  knew  or  had  any  in- 
timation that  her  agent  or  attorney  had  violated  it  If  a  master  com- 
mand his  servant  to  do  what  is  lawful,  and  he  do  an  unlawful  act,  the 
master  shall  not  answer,  but  the  servant  for  his  own  misbehavior ;  other- 
wise it  would  be  in  the  power  of  every  servant  to  subject  his  master  to 
what  actions  or  penalties  he  pleased.  In  this  case  Williams  availed 
himself  of  his  position  as  the  plaintiff's  agent  to  make  a  contract  on  his 
own  account,  and  for  his  own  mdividual  benefit.  In  thus  dealing  he  did 
not  act  or  assume  to  act  as  the  plaintiff's  agent  He  required  compensa- 
tion for  a  service  which  he  alleged  he  rendered  to  Baldwin.  It  was  his 
individual  affair,  not  that  of  the  plaintiff;  and  if  it  was  a  shift  or  device 
on  his  part  to  take  and  receive  usurious  interest  to  himself  on  this  loan, 
he  has  subjected  himself  to  the  penalties  of  the  statute. 

But  it  is  urged,  with  great  earnestness  and  ability,  that  the  pUdntiff, 
by  accepting  Vxq  note,  and  commencing  this  suit  upon  it,  has  ratified  all 
the  acts  of  her  agent,  connected  with  the  loan^  and  attendant  upon  its  in- 
ception. We  have  looked  carefully  at  all  the  authorities  cited  by  the 
learned  counsel  for  the  defendants,  and  we  think  they  fail  to  sustain  the 
proposition  contended  for. 

The  plaintiff,  by  receiving  and  accepting  the  note  for  the  amount  of 
her  money,  and  which  she  loaned  throu^  her  agent,  only  ratified  the 
contract  of  loan  at  the  rate  of  interest  expressed  in  the  note.  She  had 
no  knowledge  o^  and  cannot  be  held  to  have  ratified  the  payment^  by 


Joumol  ^  Mifcantne  Law.  617 

Baldwin's  agent  to  Williams,  of  the  $25  usnriously  by  him  taken,  as  is 
said.  We  think  the  cases  fully  sustain  this  view  of  the  plaintiff's  act,  in 
receiving  the  note,  and  commencing  suit  thereon.  The  court,  in  the 
opinion,  goes  on  to  state  many  other  eronnds  for  its  decision,  but  we 
deem  it  unnecessary  to  reproduce  them  here. 


INSVRANCB. 


Mutual  In3urance. — ^In  the  last  volume  of  the  Beports  of  the  Court  of 
Appeals  of  the  State  of  New-York^  {^l  Kew-Yark  Rep(yrts,)  we  find 
r^>orted  several  cases  of  considerable  miportance  to  all  interested  in  the 
system  of  Mutual  Insurance. 

First — We  would  refer  to  the  case  of  Bangs,  Beceiver,  vs,  Skidmobb, 

(2ijv:r:  22.136.) 

Parties  insuring  in  a  mutual  insurance  company,  as  is  well  known, 
generally  take  a  policy  for  a  term  of  years  and  give  a  premium  note  in 
nill  or  part  payment  of  the  premium.  The  premium  note  thus  given 
becomes  a  part  of  the  assets  of  the  company,  liable  to  be  assessed  for  its 
proportion  of  the  losses  which  may  happen  during  the  life  of  the  policy' 
issued  on  the  note.  The  case  here  referred  to,  ^Banos,  Receiver,  vs.  Skid- 
more,)  was  one  where  a  policy  had  been  issuea  to  the  defendant  for  the 
period  of  five  years,  and  the  defendant  gave  a  premium  note  for  $420. 
About  fiYQ  months  after  the  date  of  the  policy,  the  property  insured  was 
totally  destroyed  by  fire,  upon  which  the  company  paid  him  the  amount 
insured,  deducting  his  proportion  of  all  losses  and  incidental  expenses 
which  had  been  incurred  up  to  that  time.  After  this,  (that  is,  after  the 
happening  of  this  fire  and  the  payment  of  the  loss,)  other  losses  by  fire 
occurred  upon  other  property  insured  by  the  company,  on  account  of 
which  assessments  were  made  on  the  premium  notes,  including  the  one 
which  the  defendant  had  given,  he  being  charged  with  $189  78  as  his 
proportion  of  those  losses. 

The  defendant  insisted  that  his  membership  in  the  company  and  his 
liability  for  any  losses  incurred  ceased  when  the  property  was  burned — 
that  he  was  not  liable  for  losses  or  expenses  which  were  incurred  aftw 
that  time. 

The  court,  however,  held  that  the  defendant  continued  liable  to  contri- 
bute  his  pro  rata  share  to  the  payment  of  all  losses  happening  after  the 
burning  of  his  own  property  and  all  that  happened  at  any  time  during 
the  term  of  five  years  for  which  his  policy  was  issued. 

The  practice  in  this  particular  has  been,  we  think,  contrary  to  the  prin- 
ciple here  laid  down.  Parties  managing  t^ese  companies  have  considered 
that  the  policy  and  note  expired  wiui  the  payment  of  the  loss,  (wh^^  the 
loss  was  total,}  and  that,  therefore,  the  note  could  not  be  assessed  for  any 
subsequent  losses.  But  as  the  above  is  a  decision  of  the  highest  court  of 
the  State,  it  must,  of  course,  be  received  as  an  authoritative  exposition  of 
the  law,  and  govern  every  company  in  the  State,  the  provisions  of  whose 
charter  are  similar  in  this  respect  to  the  one  passed  upon  by  the  court 

Second, — Cash  Insurance  hy  Mutual  Companies. — ^This  is  another  point 
which  has  been  in  litigation  in  New-York  State,  the  last  four  or  five  years^ 
and  which  the  Court  of  Appeab  has  now  decided,  to  wit :  whether  mutual 


016  Jdumal  of  MercantiU  Law, 

insoranco  (Companies,  fonned  nnder  the  general  insnrance  act  of  1849, 
ooold  issue  policies  on  the  payment  of  a  cash  premium  only,  and  where 
the  insured  gave  no  premium  note.  Thousands  of  such  policies  have 
been  issued  by  companies,  (which  have  now  foiled,)  organized  under  the 
said  act,  and  losses  nave  happened  under  such  policies,  which  losses  are 
pressed  as  claims  against  the  companies.  Those  who  desired  to  repudiate 
these  contracts  have  urged  that  they  were  void,  for  the  reason  that  a 
mutual  company  could  not  issue  a  policy  without  receiving  from  the 
assured  a  premium  or  deposit  note — ^that  the  very  essence  of  a  mutual 
insurance  company  was,  '^  that  each  of  the  parties  «hould  sustain  the 
relation  of  an  assured  party  and  of  an  insurer  of  each  of  the  others.^ 
Where  persons  give  premium  or  deposit  notes  and  take  policies  of  insu- 
rance the  notes  Decome  a  fund  out  of  which  losses  are  paid— each  note 
paying  its  proportionate  share.  But  if  a  policy  is  issued  by  such  a 
company  to  one  who  only  pays  a  cash  premium,  he  contributes  no  note 
to  the  common  fund,  and  therefore  in  no  sense  becomes  an  insurer  of  the 
oUiers.  A  cash  or  stock  insurance  company  could  issue  such  policies, 
because  they  do  not  intend  the  assured  to  become  the  insurers,  (they 
pledge  their  cash  capital  to  pay  their  losses,^  but  a  mutual  insurance 
company  (having  no  capital  but  premium  notes)  could  not  do  that  class  of 
business  without  going  contrary  to  the  very  principle  of  their  existence. 
Such  has  been  in  substance  the  argument  of  those  who  have  sought  to 
repudiate  these  contracts. 

Hie  court,  however,  has  now  (21  JV.  F.  B.  62,  Mygatt  vs.  N.  Y.  Pro- 
tection Insurance  CJompany,)  held  that  the  mutual  companies  formed 
under  this  general  insurance  law  of  1849  had  and  have  the  power  to  issue 
these  two  kinds  of  policies,  and  in  a  subsequent  case  they  nave  also  held, 
(WnrrE,  Receiver,  vs.  Havens,  22  Jtow.  Pr.  Reps.  177,)  that  the  premium 
notes  of  these  mutual  insurance  companies  must  be  assessed  to  pay  losses 
under  these  notes,  as  well  as  the  losses  under  the  premium  note  policies — 
thus  in  every  way  affirming  these  contracts.  The  principal  points  of  the 
opinion  of  the  court  are  as  follows : 

L  There  is  clearly  no  good  reason  why  the  legislature  should  have 
provided  for  so  rigid  a  separation  of  the  two  species  of  insurance  com- 
panies. That  it  was  never  supposed  there  was  any  ground  of  policy 
which  required  that  mutual  insurance  companies  should  be  prohibited 
from  receiving  cash  premiums,  is  conclusively  shown  by  the  course  of 
legislation  upon  the  subject  Acts  have  been  repeatedly  passed,  confer- 
ring upon  such  companies  this  power,  in  the  precise  terms  used  by  the 
defendants  in  their  charter.  It  was  conferred  upon  the  Albany  County 
Mutual  Insurance  Company  in  1848,  upon  the  Herkimer  County  Com- 
pany in  1860,  and  upon  various  other  companies  in  subsequent  years, 
llie  legislature  seems  to  have  been  ever  ready,  upon  request,  to  authorize 
these  companies  to  receive  their  premium  in  cash,  instead  of  premium 
notes. 

IL  The  question,  then,  upon  this  point  is,  whether  those  provisions  of 
the  act  of  1849,  abeady  referred  to,  discriminating  to  some  extent  between 
joini«tock  and  mutual  companies,  exhibit  an  immied  intention  to  prohibit 
mutual  companies  from  issuing  cash  policies.  It  is  indispensable  for  the 
defendants  to  maintain  the  affirmative  of  this,  because,  as  the  power  of 
the  companies  under  section  ten,  to  frame  their  own  charters,  is  conferred 
in  unrestricted  terms,  they  may,  of  course,  provide  for  this  class  of  buii- 


Journal  of  Mercantile  Law,  610 

ness,  unless  the  limitation  of  this  power  apon  which  the  defendants  insist, 
is  elsewhere  found. 

III.  The  court,  after  examining  at  len^  the  statute,  says :  My  con- 
clusion, therefore,  would  be,  that  tf  the  policy  in  question  is  to  be  regard- 
ed as  issued  to  a  mere  outside  party,  without  any  reference  in  itself  to 
the  principles  of  mutuality,  it  would,  nevertheless,  be  valid  and  binding. 

I V.  The  court  then  goes  one  step  further  and  says :  If,  however,  we 
assume  the  contrary,  and  suppose  it  to  be  indispensable  that  the  mutual 
principle,  as  it  is  called,  shoma  be  observed  in  all  the  policies  issued  by 
a  mutual  company,  the  result,  I  think,  would  not  be  different 

It  is  somewhat  difficult  to  ascertain  with  precision  in  what  this  mutual 
principle,  so  strenuously  contended  for,  is  claimed  to  consist,  as  mutual 
companies  have  assumed  a  great  variety  of  forms.  But  1  will  suppose, 
for  tne  purpose  of  this  case,  that  it  involved  all  the  requirements  suggested 
on  the  part  of  the  defendants. 

If  it  be  said  that  mutu^ty  requires  that  there  should  be  some  sort  of 
ratable  equality  between  those  who  pay  their  premiums  in  cash  and  those 
who  give  notes,  this  is  easily  attained.  When  the  present  value  of  a  life 
annuity,  or  of  a  right  of  dower,  is  estimated  upon  principles  which  expe- 
rience has  established,  the  sum  arrived  at  is,  m  the  eye  of  the  law,  just 
equal  to  the  contingent  interest  which  it  represents. 

So,  when  the  chances  of  liability  upon  a  premium  note  are  calculated 
upon  principles  similar,  if  not  as  exact,  a  sum  is  found  which  may  be  re- 
garded as  equivalent  to  the  contingent  liability  upon  the  note.  Indeed, 
all  premiums  for  insurance  are  calculated  upon  this  principle. 

V.  Again,  it  is  said  that  the  principles  of  mutual  insurance  require  that 
every  person  insured  upon  that  plan  should  be,  also,  himself  an  insurer ; 
that  is,  that  each  person  insured  must  also  be  an  insurer  of  all  his  asso- 
ciates as  well  as  insured  by  them ;  and  it  is  said  that  an  insured  person  who 
has  paid  a  premium  of  a  definite  sum,  in  the  language  of  the  defendants' 
charter,  "  in  full  for  said  insurance,"  and  who,  therefore,  is  not  responsi- 
ble for  any  thing  more,  cannot  be  a  mutual  insurer,  because  he  is  not,  in 
any  sense,  an  insurer  at  all.  This  argument  is  based  upon  what  I  regard 
as  an  erroneous  view  of  the  true  distinction  between  a  mutual  and  a  joint- 
stock  company. 

Indeed,  much  of  the  difficulty  on  the  subject  has  been  produced  by 
attaching  a  meaning  to  the  word  mutual,  in  its  connection  with  insurance, 
which  does  not  belong  to  it.  A  mutual  insurance  company  is  simply  a 
company  whose  fund  for  the  payment  of  losses  and  expenses  consists  not 
of  a  capital  subscribed  or  furnished  by  outside  parties,  but  of  premiums 
mutually  contributed  by  the  parties  insured. 

Ahobll  says :  ^'  A  mutual  msurance  company,  in  its  origin,  was  a  body 
of  persons,  each  of  whom  was  desirous  of  effecting  an  insurance ;  and  he 
agreed  with  the  rest  of  the  members  to  contribute  the  premiums  to  a 
common  fund,  on  the  terms  that  he  should  be  entitled  to  receive  out  of  that 
fund."  (Angell  on  Fire  and  Life  Insurance,  sec.  41 3.^  There  is  not  a  word 
about  the  parties  being  insurers  of  each  other  furtner  than  as  they  were 
made  so  by  the  payment  of  a  cash  premium.  They  made  up  a  common 
fund  by  means  of  their  common  or  mutual  contribution,  upon  which  each 
had  a  claim  for  any  loss  in  respect  to  the  property  insured.  There  was 
no  responsibility  beyond  that,  and  this  is  ail  that  is  essential  to  a. mutual 
cpmpany.    The  "  mutual  principle,"  as  it  is  called,  requires  nothmg  more. 


620  Jounud  of  Mereaniile  Law, 

Jointrfitock  companies  have  a  subscribed  coital  Mutual  oompames  do 
not,  but  depend  upon  their  premiums.  This  is  what  distinguishes  them, 
and  whether  the  premiums  are  paid  in  cash  or  hj  notes  has  nothing  to  do 
with  the  distinction. 

It  is  no  answer  to  this  to  say  that  mutual  companies  contemplate  only 
indenmity  against  loss,  and  not  the  accumulation  of  a  fiind  to  be  divided 
among  tne  corporators.  This  depends  upon  the  manner  in  which  they 
conduct  their  business.  There  is  nothing  to  prevent  a  mutual  company 
from  carrying  on  its  operations  with  a  view  to  profit  and  dividends. 
Indeed,  the  act  of  1849  plainly  contemplates  that  they  will,  or  at  least 
that  they  may  do  so,  when  it  provides  in  section  21  that  they  may  allow 
to  parties  contributing  a  cash  capital  a  **  participation  in  their  (its) 
profits." 

YL  But  were  this  question  not  as  clear  upon  principle  as  I  think  it  is, 
it  may  be  regarded  as  settled  by  authority.  What  is  claimed  on  Hie 
part  of  the  defendant  is,  that  issuing  policies  for  premiums  payable  in 
money  is  not  appropriate  business  for  a  mutual  insurance  company,  and 
at  all  events,  for  one  which  also  takes  premium  notes  subject  to  assess- 
ment ;  that  it  assimilates  such  company  to  a  joint-stock  company,  which 
the  act  of  1849  does  not  permit;  and  that  tnere  is  a  want  of  mutuality 
between  those  paying  cash  premiums  and  those  who  give  notes. 

These  same  questions  received  the  deliberate  examination  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  Ohio,  in  the  case  of  the  Ohio  Mutual  Insubanob  Com  pant 
V*.  Marietta  Woollen  FAOToav.  (3  Ohio  State  R,  If.  S.,  848.)  The 
court  in  that  case  held  the  contract  valid  and  binding  on  the  company, 

YIL  But  the  question  under  our  statute,  and  in  precisely  such  a  case 
as  that  now  before  us,  has  been  passed  upon  by  the  Supreme  Court  of 
the  United  States  in  the  case  of  The  Union  Insurance  Compant  vt, 
HoGE.  (21  How,  U.  S,  R,  35.)  The  company  in  that  case  was  incorpo- 
rated in  this  State  under  the  law  of  1849,  and  its  charter  was  identical 
with  that  of  the  defendants  here.  The  action  was  brought  upon  a  pc^oy, 
the  premium  upon  which  had  been  paid  in  money.  The  case  appears  to 
have  been  elaborately  argued,  and  among  the  objections  made  by  the 
counsel  for  the  company  to  the  issuing  of  cash  policies,  is  the  following : 
'^  That  it  destroys  the  principle  of  mutualitt/^  which  is  the  leading  charac- 
teristic of  mutual  companies,  formed  under  the  laws  of  1849,  and  con- 
founds the  operation  of  a  company  organized  to  do  business  on  the  mutual 
plan  with  that  of  those  companies  which  are  organized  on  the  plan  of 
stock  companies,  and  which  are  in  their  nature  and  principles  antagonistio 
to  the  mutual  companies.'' 

On  this  point  the  court  of  Nelson,  J.,  say :  "  It  is  argued,  however,  thai 
the  company  in  question  is  a  mutual  insurance  company,  as  declared 
by  the  act ;  that  according  to  this  system  the  insured  must  be  a  mem- 
ber of  it ;  and  that  a  person  insured  upon  a  cash  premium,  without  any 
further  liability,  cannot  be  a  member. 

"  This  argument  is  not  well  founded  either  upon  principle  or  autliority. 
Admitting  that  the  insured  must  be  a  member  of  the  company,  he  is 
made  so  by  the  payment  of  the  cash  premium.  The  theory  of  a  mutual 
insurance  company  is,  that  the  premiums  paid  by  each  member  for  the 
insurance  of  his  property  constitute  a  common  fund,  devoted  to  the 
payment  of  any  losses  that  may  occur.  Now,  the  cash  premium  may 
as  well  represent  the  insured  in  the  common  fiind  as  the  premium  note ; 


Journal  of  Mercantile  Law.  62 1 

and  this  class  of  companies  has  been  so  long  engaged  in  the  bosiness  of 
insurance  it  may  well  be  that  they  can  determine  with  sufficient  certainty, 
for  all  practical  purposes,  the  just  difference  in  the  rates  of  premium 
between  cash  and  notes.  These  mutual  companies,  possessing  the 
authority  contained  in  the  eighth  section  of  the  charter,  viz.,  to  take 
dish  premiums,  or  premium  notes,  are,  at  the  present  day,  in  operation 
in  several  of  the  States,  and  it  has  never  been  supposed  that  the  mutual 
principle  has  been  thereby  abrogated." 

The  court  gave  judgment  in  accordance  with  the  foregoing  opinion. 

General  Average. — ^We  find  also  reported  in  the  last  volume  of  the 
Reports  of  the  Court  of  Appeals  of  the  State  of  New-York,  (21  iV:  F. 
B,  36,^  the  case  of  Nelson  v$,  Bblmont,  the  appeal  having  been  tak^i 
fipom  tne  Superior  Court  of  New-York  city. 

The  decision  of  the  court  is  one  of  particular  interest  to  underwriters, 
shippers  and  others. 

Tne  facts  found  are  as  follows :  The  ship  Galena  sailed  from  New- 
Orleans  for  Havre,  having  on  board  a  cargo  of  cotton  and  $30,853  in 
n>ecie  belongmg  to  the  defendant  On  the  afternoon  of  July  23,  1853, 
the  vessel  was  struck  with  lightning  in  the  Gulf  Stream,  and  was  found 
to  be  on  fire  in  the  hold.  After  attempting  to  extinguish  it  by  pouring 
on  water,  and  to  stifle  it  by  excluding  air,  a  Danish  vessel,  in  sight,  was 
signalized  and  visited,  and  the  passengers  and  their  ba^age  transferred 
to  her,  which  was  completed  by  eleven  o^clock  at  night  ^e  captain  of 
the  Galena  then  boarded  the  Danish  vessel,  and  engaged  her  to  keep 
company  during  the  night,  that  if  the  fire  was  not  extmguished  he  might 
board  her  again  in  the  morning.  The  fire  appeared  to  gain,  and  at  day- 
light the  captain  concluded  that  he  could  not  put  it  out  and  must  make 
a  port  of  distress. 

An  arrangement  was  then  made  with  ihe  Danish  captain,  by  which  he 
was  to  take  the  specie  on  board  his  vessel  and  accompany  the  Galena 
into  Charleston.  This  was  done  because  he  had  the  passengers  on  board, 
and  as  a  protection  to  the  crew  in  case  they  had  to  leave  the  ship  if  the 
fire  burst  out  The  specie  was  transferred,  because  if  the  fire  broke  out 
it  might  bef  too  late  to  remove  it  from  ihe  Galena.  Both  vessels  bore 
away  for  Charleston,  which  they  reached  on  the  26tL  The  fire,  mean- 
time, did  not  appear  to  decrease.  The  fire  engines  of  the  city  poured  wa- 
ter into  the  Galena  until  she  filled  and  sank  to  the  upper  aeck.  The 
cotton  was  covered  with  water,  and  absorbed  a  good  deal ;  very  little  of 
it  had  been  previously  injured.  Tlie  captain,  after  discovering  at 
Charleston  the  extent  of  the  damage  to  ihe  ship  and  cargo,  determined  to 
abandon  the  voyage.  He  sold  t£e  cargo  there,  and  remitted  the  pro- 
ceeds. 

While  in  the  harbor,  and  before  reaching  the  wharf,  he  got  the  specie 
from  the  Danish  vessel  and  deposited  it  in  bank.  The  action  was  brought 
against  the  defendant,  as  owner  of  the  specie,  for  its  proportion,  on  gen- 
eral average,  of  losses,  expenses  and  damages  incurred  by  the  vessel  on 
which  it  and  the  rest  of  the  cargo  were  shipped.  The  amount  due  by 
the  specie  was  $13,884,  in  case  it  was  determined  that  it  was  liable  to 
^ntnbute,  in  general  average,  to  the  amount  paid  for  the  services  of  the 
Danish  brig,  the  expenses  at  Charleston  in  sinking  and  raisii^  the  vessel, 
repairs,  and  damages  to  the  cotton  from  the  water,  d^a 


622  Journal  of  Mercantile  Law. 

The  Court  of  Appeals  held  the  specie  was  so  liable. 
The  following  are  the  leading  propositions  laid  down  by  the  jadge, 
who  wrote  the  opinion  of  the  court : 

First, — In  determining  this  question  it  will  be  necessary  to  recur  to 
the  principle  upon  which  general  average  is  based.  That  principle  is,  that 
where  several  persons  are  engj^ed  in  a  joint  enterprise,  whatever  is  nece»- 
sarily  done  for  the  common  benefit  ought  to  be  done  at  the  conmion 
expense.  It  is  of  the  essence  of  this  principle  that  it  looks  upon  the  ea* 
terprise  as  a  whole,  as  an  entirety.  It  is  true  that  in  i^portioning  the 
loss  regard  is  had  to  the  interest  of  the  respective  parties.  But  in  oUier 
respects  no  separate  interest  is  recognised.  ITntil,  therefore,  some  por- 
tion of  the  property  has  been  separated  from'  the  rest,  so  as  no  longer  to 
have  any  interest  in  common  with  it,  every  risk,  which  affects  the  enter* 
prise  as  a  whole,  must  be  regarded  as  affecting  each  portion  of  the  pro- 
perty engaged. 

Second, — But  if  the  owner  of  any  portion  of  the  cargo,  even  after  a 
peril  has  occurred,  and  after  a  series  of  measures  to  avert  it  have  been 
commenced,  can  succeed  in  so  separating  his  own  property  from  the  rest 
that  it  is  no  longer  in  any  sense  at  risk,  he  cannot  be  held  liable  to  con- 
tribute to  the  expenses  subsequently  incurred.     But  in  order  rightly  to 
apply  this  rule,  it  is  necessary  to  ascertain  the  full  scope  of  the  term  "  at 
risk"     Physical  destruction,  or  direct  physical  injury  to  the  ship  or  caim 
itselfi  is  not  the  only  risk  to  which  property  so  situated  is  exposed,     fis 
value  depends,  or  at  least  is  supposed  to  depend,  in  some  degree,  upon 
the  successful  prosecution  of  tne  voyage.     Whatever  threatens  the  voy- 
age, therefore,  is  a  peril  to  the  entire  property.     Until  that  is  broken  op, 
unless  the  property  claimed  to  be  exempt  is  not  only  separated  from  the 
rest,  and  put  in  a  place  of  present  safetv,  but  entirely  disconnected  with 
the  enterprise,  it  must  be  regarded  as  still  at  risk,  and  liable  to  contribute. 
If  the  voyage  is  not  abandoned^  and  the  property  although  eqnirated 
from  the  rest  and  removed  from  the  ship  is  still  under  the  control  of  the 
master,  and  liable  to  be  taken  again  on  board  for  the  purpose  of  being  car- 
ried to  its  destined  port,  the  relations  of  the  several  oumers  are  in  no  respect 
changed.    The  common  interest  remains,  and  whatever  is  done  for  the 
protection  of  that  common  interest  must  be  done  at  the  common  expense. 
Third, — ^The  result  of  these  principles,  when  applied  to  the  present 
case,  is  plain.     It  turns  entirely  upon  the  nature  and  object  of  the  separar 
tion  of  tne  specie  from  the  ship  Galena  and  from  the  residue  of  the  carco 
when  it  was  placed  on  board  of  the  Danish  briff.     I  entertain  no  doubt 
that  such  a  severance,  as  would  have  exempted  it  from  all  liability  to 
contribute  to  the  subsequent  expenses,  might  have  been  effected  by  the 
master  of  the  vessel,  in  ihe  same  manner  as  by  the  owner  himself,  had  he 
been  present. 

The  master  is  the  a^nt  and  representative  of  each  of  the  owners  in 
respect  to  their  several  shares  of  the  property  under  his  charge,  and  has 
the  same  right  which  the  owners  themselves  would  have  to  take  measures 
for  its  preservation. 

If,  therefore,  the  captain  of  the  Galena  had  put  the  specie  on  board 
the  brig,  not  in  any  event  to  be  returned  to  him,  but  to  be  taken  by  the 
brig  to  its  own  port  of  destination,  and  the  latter  had  then  been  suffered 
to  pursue  its  course,  the  specie  would  clearly  not  have  been  subject  to 
contribution  for  any  subsequent  expenditures  to  save  the  Galsra.  And 
notwithstanding  the  brig  was  employed  to  attend  the  Galsna  to  Charles- 


Jowmal  €f  Mercantile  Law,  623 

ton^  if  it  had  been  distinctly  understood  between  the  two  commanders 
that  the  specie  wae  committed  entirely  to  the  cuetody  of  the  Danish  captain^ 
and  was  in  no  event  to  he  restored  to  the  care  of  the  captain  of  the  Galena, 
it  would  then,  also,  have  been  exempt 

But  the  facts  do  not  warrant  this  assumption.  The  case  states  that 
''  the  specie  was  put  on  board  the  brig  because  it  was  safer  there,  as  in 
case  the  fire  broke  out  it  might  be  too  late  to  transfbr  it  from  the  ship.'' 
Hie  brig  was  to  accompany  the  Galbka  to  Charleston,  and  there  is  nothing 
from  which  it  can  be  inferred  that  it  was  the  intention  of  the  captain  of 
the  latter  to  relinquish  his  control  of  the  specie. 

The  fact  that  he  reclaimed  and  took  it  from  the  brig  as  soon  as  he 
arrived  in  Charleston,  tends  strongly  to  the  opposite  inference.  It  never 
ceased,  therefore,  up  to  that  time,  to  constitute  a  part  of  the  cargo  of  the 
Galena  ;  and  if  the  fire  had  been  previously  extinguished,  and  the  voyage 
resumed,  it  would,  of  course,  have  been  again  taken  on  board  and  carried 
forward  by  her. 

The  case*  of  Bedford  Commbrcial  Insuranob  Compant  vs,  Parker, 
(2  Pick.  1,)  Mass,  Reports j  will  be  found  to  agree  entirely  in  principle 
with  the  foregoing. 


ADMIRALTY   LAW. 

Before  the  United  States  Dbtrict  Court  for  Massachusetts. — In  Admi- 
ralty.— Jan.  31.  Sfraoue,  J.  John  Donahat  vs,  Weston  Howl  and 
et  al. 

This  was  a  libel  by  the  cooper  of  the  whale  ship  "  Manuel  Ortis,"  of 
New-Bedford,  for  his  "  lay,"  which,  by  the  shipping  articles,  was  fixed  at 
1-55.  The  defence  alleged  incompetency  in  the  Ubellant  and  disrating 
after  trial  and  examination  by  the  master.  It  appeared  that  after  about 
three  months  of  her  voyage  the  vessel  arrived  at  New-Zealand,  where  the 

master  "  disrated"  the  libeHant,  and  shipped  one  Fox,  a  cooper, 

at  a  1-40  "  lav."     Fox  remained  on  board  about  a  year. 

Heldf  this  is  an  issue  of  fact  upon  evidence  very  conflicting.  My  result 
may  surprise  both  parties.  I  am  not  satisfied  that  the  master  gave  Do- 
nahat a  "  fair  trial"  within  the  meaning  of  the  articles,  but  this  is  not 
very  important  As  the  articles  provide  that  in  case  of  a  "  disrating"  the 
man  shall  receive  the  "  lay  his  services  merit,"  so  that  I  must  inquire  as 
to  the  actual  competency  of  the  libellant 

I  think  the  conflicting  evidence  may  be  reconciled  by  supposing  the 
respondents'  witnesses  to  refer  to  the  cooper's  acts  during  the  early  part 
of  the  voyage,  and  the  libcDant's  to  the  latter  part.  In  the  latter  part 
came  the  coopering  of  the  oil  more  particularly,  while  at  the  beginning 
of  the  voyage  the  cooper  occupies  himself  more  with  the  line-tubs,  boat- 
buckets  and  what  is  called  "  small  work."  He  made  some  defective  small 
work  certainly,  but  it  is  not  so  clear  that  he  could  not  attend  to  the  sub- 
stantial and  heavy  work  of  the  ship.  At  the  shipment  he  told  frankly 
the  ship  agent  tliat  he  did  not  know  how  to  do  "  small  work."  It  favors 
also  the  position  of  the  libellant,  that  he  was  a  New-Bedford  man,  and  his 
qualifications  were  entirely  open  to  inquiry  and  information  before  the 
contract  of  shipment  was  made.  I  am  satisfied  that  the  libellant  acted 
honestly  and  with  no  intent  to  mislead.     On  the  other  hand,  I  think  the 


694  JhutmI  ef  JfrnnmUle  Laiw. 

master  acted  honestly,  though  not  on  sufScient  inqniry  and  trial,  for  the 
evidence  indicates  no  inducement  or  provocation  to  disrate  Donahat, 
and  employ  a  more  expensive  cooper.  I  consider  the  evidence  afforded 
by  the  act  of  the  master  as  weighty,  though  not  conclusive. 

While  Fox  was  on  board  it  appears  that  Donahat  worked  with  him, 
and  after  he  left  there  was,  until  the  return  voyage,  no  one  rated  as  cooper 
in  the  ship  except  Donahat.  During  this  time  the  casks  were  well  made 
and  tight — though  there  is  some  doubt  as  to  who  made  particular  casks. 
Without  re-stating  the  evidence,  I  am,  upon  the  whole,  of  opinion  that  the 
libellant,  after  the  practice  and  training  of  the  first  year,  was  a  competent 
cooper,  and  that  he  was  not  so  before. 

1  therefore  allow  him  a  1-50  'May"  as  cooper's  assistant,  up  to  the 
end  of  the  fourteen  months  when  Fox  left,  and  for  the  residue  of  the 
voyage  (eighteen  months)  I  allow  the  lay  fixed  by  the  articles,  (1-66,)  with 
costs  to  the  libellant. 

Unless  the  counsel,  upon  taking  time,  can  agree  as  to  the  amount  to 
be  decreed  upon  the  above  principles,  the  case  will  go  to  an  assessor  to 
report  the  particulars  of  the  proceeds  of  the  voyage,  Ac  T.  M.  Stbt6oii^ 
of  New-Bedford,  for  the  libellant ;  R.  C.  Pitman,  of  New-Bedford,  f<w 
respondents. 


LIABUITIBS   OF   OWNERS   OF   FOREIGN   SHIPS. 

Before  United  States  Supreme  Court,  New-York. — March  16.  3ndg% 
Bbtts,  sitting  in  Admiralty.  Benjamin  Sutherland  vs.  The  Brioantdtb 
Ladt  Maunsbl. 

This  case  came  up  on  a  libel  by  Mr.  Sawyer  to  recover  repairs  and  sup- 
plies, and  involved  a  very  important  question  of  law  as  to  the  right  of  lien 
under  the  late  decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  whether 
ship-chandlers  and  others  could  recover  for  supplies  furnished  to  a  foreign 
vessel  in  ^any  of  our  ports,  when  it  was  made  to  appear  that  the  master 
or  agent  of  the  foreign  owner  had  ample  fimds  in  tlie  country  to  pay  for 
such  repairs  and  supplies.  The  case  was  heard  at  the  January  term,  and 
briefly  noticed  in  the  papers.  It  was  then  contended  by  McMahon,  for 
the  owners,  that  the  agent  here  had  sufficient  funds  to  meet  all  such 
claims,  and  if  the  creditors  did  not  use  due  diligence  in  finding  them  out^ 
the  libellants  could  not  recover  in  this  form  of  action  against  uie  ownen. 

Judge  Bbtts  delivered  an  elaborate  opinion,  in  which  he  says : — ^This 
vessel  IS  arrested  on  a  claim  by  a  blacksmith  for  $267  42,  for  materials 
and  labor  supplied  for  her  repair.  It  is  admitted  that  she  is  a  foreign 
vessel  and  came  to  this  port  disabled,  and  that  the  iron  and  labor  fm> 
nished  at  the  libellant's  shop,  and  put  upon  her,  were  necessary  to  enable 
her  to  complete  her  voyage  home.  On  her  arrival  here  she  was  con- 
signed to  a  Mr.  Bullet,  and  a  contract  was  made  by  the  master  with  a 
shipwright  named  McMahon  for  the  repairs.  The  first  question  which 
arises,  was  the  entire  repairs  independent  and  exclusive  of  the  materials 
needed  and  the  work  of  the  blacksmith  ?  The  next  point  is,  whether  the 
libellant  was  a  party  employed,  or  whether  the  labor  and  material  were 
purchased  by  his  brother,  under  an  a^eement  with  McMahon,  as  a  sub- 
contractor, or  whether  the  libellant  himself  had  any  interest  whatever  in 
the  contract  f   The  next  and  most  material  point  is,  whether  the  libellant 


Journal  of  Ifercaniile  Law,  635 

aeqnired  any  lien  on  tlie  vessel,  as  her  owners  possessed  funds  and  credit 
to  meet  this  or  other  demands  f  Had  the  libellant  notice  of  this,  or  cer- 
tain means  of  informing  himself!    This  point  is  vital  to  the  action. 

Up  to  December,  1856,  it  was  adopted  and  recognised  as  maritime 
law  uiat  a  vessel  in.a  foreign  port,  in  want  of  supplies  or  repairs  to  render 
her  fit  for  navigation,  and  obtaining  them  on  credit,  the  owners  were 
bound  for  the  debt,  the  cardinal  point  being  the  necessity  of  the  case, 
and  whether  the  verdict  was  bona  fide,  or  if  the  creditors  set  up  a  lien 
with  knowledge  that  the  master  had  fiinds  sufficient  to  satisfy  the  debt 
This  was  the  maritime  law  of  Europe  until  the  kst  few  years,  when  a 
most  important  modification  was  established.  That  in  addition  to  the 
proof  of  the  necessity  of  the  vessel,  there  must  be  a  proof  of  the  necessity 
tor  a  credit  upon  the  vessel  The  courts  have  declared  this  to  be  essen- 
tial, and  remark :  '^  That  circumstances  of  less  pressing  necessity  for 
supplies  or  repairs,  and  an  implied  hypothecation  of  the  vessel  to  procure 
them,  will  satisfy  ihe  rule,  than  a  loan  of  money  on  bottomry  for  the  like 
puroose." 

ffeld  by  the  Court — That  the  power  of  the  master  to  bind  both  vessel 
and  owners  for  supplies  and  labor  without  imposing  on  the  creditor  the 
duty  of  further  proofs ;  but  when  the  condition  of  the  credit  exacted  from 
the  owners  a  recompense  beyond  the  ordinary  rate  of  interest,  then  no 
lien  was  allowed  unless  the  usurers  proved  satisfactorily  that  the  owners 
had  not  funds  sufficient  to  satisfy  the  deqt,  and  moreover  that  the  debt, 
with  its  enhanced  interest,  was  both  subject  to  the  condition  that  the 
vessel  should  perform  her  home  voyage  safely.  As  the  testimony  is  clear 
that  the  owners  of  the  vessel  had  ample  credit  and  actual  funds  in  the 
hands  of  Mr.  Bullet,  and  the  libellant  had  implied  notice  thereof  the 
libel  must  be  denied,  with  costs. 


COLLISION  IN  THB  BARBOB. 

Before  the  Glasgow  Sheriff's  Court 

Hie  bark  White  Sea,  of  Boston,  Captain  Evans,  while  proceeding 
down  the  River  Clyde,  on  the  28th  of  August,  in  tow  of  a  steamer  and  in 
charge  of  a  pilot,  carried  away  the  chains  of  a  ferry-boat  and  caused  other 
damage,  in  all  amounting  to  £20  16«.  3d,  The  ferry-boat  was  worked 
by  two  chains  and  steam-power ;  one  of  the  chains  was  used  for  pulling 
and  the  other  for  guiding  the  boat,  and  were  attached  to  separate  cap- 
stans on  one  side  and  nng-bolts  on  the  other.  The  two  chains  were 
thirty  feet  apart,  and  passed  over  wheels  in  tibe  boat ;  where  there  was 
no  strain  on  them  they  fell  into  the  river  about  a  &thom  from  the  boat ; 
that,  when  not  used,  they  lie  upon  the  bed  of  the  river,  as  they  were  sixty 
feet  longer  than  the  breadth  across.  It  was  when  the  chains  were  on  the 
bottom  that  the  Whttb  Sea  ran  foul  of  them,  and  caused  the  damage  for 
which  she  was  sued. 

The  court  decided  that  the  bark  was  not  liable : — ^Rrst, 'because  she 
was  in  charge  of  a  pilot ;  second,  because  the  ferry-boat  had  no  right  to 
impede  the  navigation  of  the  river  by  chains ;  and  third,  because  the 
vessel  was  propeny  managed.  On  the  other  hand,  if  the  White  Sea  had 
sustained  any  damage,  the  owners  of  the  ferry-boat  would  have  been  liar 
ble  for  the  consequeiices. 

VOL.  XLIV. — NO.  v.  40 


68tt  Jommdl  ^  Mereantik  Lavf» 

MAtlHB  POLIOT. — ^USAOB.— -OPElT  POUOT. 

Before  the  Supreme  Judicial  Court  of  Massachusetts. 

A  policy  of  insorance,  hj  wliich  an  insurance  company  caused  a  ptfty, 
for  whom  it  may  concern,  to  be  insured,  lost  or  not  fost,  fifteen  thousoid 
dollars  on  property  on  board  Teasel  or  yessels,  steamboat  or  steamboatOi 
or  land  carriage,  at  and  from  ports  or  places  to  ports  or  places — ''  All 
sums  at  risk  under  this  policy  to  be  endorsed  hereupon,  and  v<dued  at  the 
sum  endorsed" — "  Premium,  such  per  cent  as  shall  be  written  againat 
each  endorsement,*'  is  not  specific  enough  in  its  terms  to  be  a  valid  op^i 
policy,  and  to  compel  the  insurers  to  make  an  endorsement  after  the 
goods  are  known  to  be  lost 

Such  a  policy  is  merely  an  inchoate  contract,  about  which  matteiB 
material  to  its  consmnmation  are  to  be  settled  by  the  parties  before  each 
endorsement,  and  may  properly  be  considered  a  new  and  separate  insm^ 
anee  on  each  successive  parcel  of  goods  as  they  are  endorsed  on  the 
policy,  and  at  a  rate  of  premium  agreed  upon  at  the  time,  written  against 
each  endorsement  Evidence  as  to  usage  in  respect  to  running  policies 
that  the  premium  is  to  be  at  the  market  rate  cannot  be  admitted  where 
the  provisions  of  the  policy  are  such  as  these.  When  a  policy  is  upon  a 
specified  kind  of  goods,  to  be  brought  in  a  certain  kind  of  ships,  within 
a  stated  time,  from  a  certain  port  named,  and  with  a  rate  of  ]Nremium 
fixed,  leaving  nothing  but  the  quantity  and  value  of  the  goods  to  be  de- 
clared and  endorsed  on  the  policy  as  invoices  may  be  received,  is  legal  in 
^ect,  as  embracing  any  such  goods  as  might  be  lost,  and  known  to  be 
lost  before  they  were  endorsed  on  the  policy.  James  Habtshorhx,  Jr., 
et  aL  vs.  Shos  and  Lbathbr  Dsalbrs'  Inbubanos  Company. — Lam 
ReportcTy  Boston, 

LIABILITIES   OF  8HIP-0WNSB8. 

Before  the  Supreme  Judicial  Court  for  the  Comndonwealth  of  Massa- 
chusetts.—January  Term,  I'seo. 

By  the  common  law,  owners  of  vessels  are  req>on8ible  to  other  persona 
for  injuries  to  their  property,  restilting  from  the  tortious  acts  of  the  mas- 
ter or  mariners,  to  tne  rail  extent  of  the  damage  therebv  occasioned.  The 
act  of  Congress  of  1851,  ch.  43,  (9  Stat  at  Large^  635,)  does  not  vary  this 
liability  of  ship-owners,  except  as  to  the  amount  of  compensation  which 
may  be  recovered  of  them,  rart-owners  are  under  the  same  joint  respon- 
^sibility  as  at  the  common  law.  The  ship  and  freight  are  to  be  estimated 
/at  their  value  immediately  before  the  tortious  act  committed.  In  the  as- 
sessment of  damages,  no  deduction  will  be  made  from  the  value  of  the 
•ship  on  account  of  a  pre-existing  incumbrance  upon  it  Andbxw  SpuNe, 
<et  aL  vs.  Thomas  H.  Hasksll,  et  aL — Law  Beportefy  Boston. 


MARITIME   law. 

Before  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States,  District  of  Massachu- 
setts.— In  Admiralty. — February,  1861. 

The  mate  and  engineer  of  an  enrolled  steamer,  employed  in  towing 
vessels  in  and  about  the  harbor  of  Boston,  have  a  maritime  lien  upon  the 
steamer  for  their  wages.    Such  lien  extends  to  the  boiler,  notwithstanding 


Jfjumal  of  IfercanUU  Law.  627 

the  claim  of  the  makers,  who  put  it  into  the  steamer  under  an  agreement 
that  it  should  continue  their  property  until  paid  for,  with  a  right  to  re- 
move it  should  any  instalment  be  overdue,  and  instalments  are  unpaid 
and  overdue.  The  lien  of  the  seamen  Is  not  impaired  by  knowledge  of 
fiuch  i^eement  The  steamer  May  Queen,  MoKat  et  id.,  claimants.— 
Law  Meparter,  Boston, 


COLUSION. OHAKOS   IN  THB   RTTLB   OF  nAMAOSS. 

Before  the  United  States  District  CJourt  for  New-Yort 

The  rule  of  general  law  which  ^ve  damages  for  a  collision  to  the  full 
amount  of  the  miury  is  superseded  by  the  statute  of  1851,  which  limits 
the  recoveiy  to  the  amount  of  the  interest  of  the  owners  in  the  colliding 
vessel  and  her  freight  pending  at  the  time  of  the  collision,  and  the  power 
of  the  court  to  award  greater  damage  is  abolished  by  positive  law.  Cook 
v»,  Mallort. 


COLLISIOK  AT  SKA. — ^ACCIDBNT. — PLIABILITY   OF   OWNBB. 

Before  the  British  Admiralty  Court,  London,  March  4, 1861.  Before 
Dr.  LusHiKGTON  and  Tbibity  Mastbrs. — Case  of  the  Diaka. — Collision. 

This  was  an  action  brought  by  the  owners  of  the  bark  Clara  Wilsbach,. 
of  Rostock,  in  Mecklenburg,  against  the  screw  steamer  Diana,  of  Hull,  of 
292  tons,  to  recover  compensation  for  the  damage  sustained  by  a  collision 
which  happened  between  the  vessels  in  Grimsby  Roads  on  the  evening  of 
.the  27th  of  February,  1860.  The  bark  was  bound  to  Yama  with  a  cai^o» 
of  coals  from  Grimsby,  and  was  towed  out  of  the  dock  in  charge  of  a 
licensed  pilot,  and  afterwards  brought  up  in  Grimsby  Roads.  The  steam- 
ship was  on  a  fishing  voyage  from  Hull  to  Greenland,  and  came  into 
Gnmsby  Roads  on  the  day  of  the  collision,  in  charge  of  a  Hull  pilot 

The  plaintiffs  alleged  that  the  Diana  came  down  the  HumW,  and 
brought  up  astern  of  the  bark  within  three  ships'  lengths  of  her,  and  that 
the  steamer  had  plenty  of  room  to  choose  a  wide  berth.  The  tide  waa 
then  at  ebb,  and  running  to  the  southeast ;  the  wind  was  blowing  stron^y 
from  the  northwest  On  the  afternoon  the  tide  turned  and  wt  to  &e 
northwest,  and  the  Clara  Wilsnach  then  swung  with  her  stem  to  the 
southward,  and  cleared  the  Diana,  and  rode  athwart  the  tide  with  h^ 
head  to  the  northeast  and  with  her  foretopmast  staysail  set  The  Diana 
began  to  swing  with  the  tide  with  her  foretopmast  staysaO  set,  and  came 
stem  on  under  the  bark's  foreyard  on  the  starboard  side,  and  with  her 
jibboom  injured  the  bark. 

On  the  part  of  the  plaintiffs  it  was  contended  that  the  collision  was 
caused  by  the  steamer  giving  the  bark  a  foul  berth.  The  defendants 
maintained  that  the  blame  was  attributable  to  the  Clara  Wilsnaoh,  and 
that  the  steamer  had,  and  was,  by  the  Hull  Pilot  Act,  compelled  to  have  a 
duly  qualified  pilot  on  board,  under  whose  direction  the  steamer  was 
brought  up  and  managed,  and  that  by  the  388th  section  of  the  Merchant 
Shipping  Act  they  were  not  liable  for  the  damage.  There  was  a  cross^ 
action  by  the  Diana  against  the  Wilsnaoh.  Dr^  Dbanb,  Q.  C,  and  Mr. 
Ybrnon  Lushington  were  for  the  plaintiff ;  and  Mr.  T.  Ruthbrtord  and 
Mr.  E.  Clabkbon  for  the  Dl/lna. 


628  Jowmal  of  Mercantile  Law. 

His  Lordship,  in  addressing  the  elder  brethren,  said  that  the  qaestions 
at  issue  were  entirely  of  a  nautical  character,  and  they  only  could  deter- 
mine them.  Dr.  Lushington,  after  conferring  with  tne  Tnnity  Masters^ 
stated  that  they  were  of  opinion  that  the  Diana  was  solely  to  blame,  and 
that  both  the  pilot  and  master  were  greatly  to  blame,  and  he  deseed 
accordingly. 


COLLISION  AT   SKA. — RIGHT  OF  WAT. 

Before  the  British  Admiralty  Court,  February  9,  1861.     Before  Dr, 

Lushington  and  Trinitt  Mabtbbs. — Case  of  the  bark  Merck. 

• 

This  was  an  action  brought  by  the  owners  of  the  ship  Acme,  of  Glas- 
gow, of  1,119  tons,  against  the  bark  Merck,  of  Hamburg,  of  320  tons, 
to  recover  compensation  for  the  dam^e  sustained  by  a  couision  between 
the  vessels,  which  happened  in  the  English  Channel,  between  PorUand 
Bill  and  the  Start  Pomt,  on  the  morning  of  the  25th  of  September  last 
It  was  alleged  by  the  plaintiffs  that  the  Acme  was  on  a  voyage  from 
Quebec  to  London,  with  a  cargo  of  deals,  and  on  the  morning  of  the 
accident  she  was  proceeding  up  the  Channel,  on  the  port  tack,  steering 
E.  \,  and  going  at  the  rate  of  about  six  knots  an  hour.  She  exhibited 
her  regulation  lights,  but  before  the  collision  with  the  Merck  she  had 
come  m  contact  with  another  vessel,  by  which  her  port  light  was  carried 
away,  but  the  bowsprit  light  was  substituted  for  it  A  short  time  before 
the  collision  took  place  the  Acme  observea  the  red  li^ht  of  the  Merck 
nearly  right  ahead,  and  she  ported  her  helm ;  soon  afterwards  the  red 
light  disappeared,  and  the  bark's  green  light  appeared  two  or  three  points 
on  the  Acme's  port  bow,  and  the  Merck,  with  her  stem,  ran  right  into 
the  Acme,  striking  her  cutwater,  carrying  away  her  bowsprit,  and  causuig 
considerable  damage.  The  weather  was  dark  and  rainy.  >  The  plaintiffs 
attributed  the  collision  to  the  Merck  having  starboarded  her  helm.  The 
Merck  was  on  a  voya^  from  Hamburg  to  Rio  Janeiro,  with  passengers 
and  a  general  cargo.  In  proceeding  through  the  Channel  on  the  morning 
of  the  collision  she  had  a  green  li^ht  exhibited  on  her  starboard  side  and 
a  red  one  on  her  port  side.  The  Merck  observed  the  green  light  of  the 
Acme  at  the  distance  of  about  half  a  mile,  and  at  least  three  points  on 
her  starboard  bow.  The  helm  of  the  Merck  was  then  slightly  starboarded, 
on  the  supposition  that  the  Acme  would  pass  well  to  her  windward 
After  the  nelm  had  been  put  to  starboard  the  red  liffht  of  the  Acme 
came  in  sight  broad  off  the  bark's  starboard  beam,  and  that  vessel  ran 
stem  on  into  the  Merck's  starboard  side  amidships,  causing  her  great 
damage.  The  injury  done  was  so  great  that  the  passengers  and  crew 
were  taken  on  board  the  Acme,  and  tiie  Merck  was  afterwards  towed  into 
Portsmouth.  The  Merck  denied  the  allegation  of  the  plainti£&  that  she 
with  her  stem  struck  the  cutwater  or  any  other  part  of  the  Acme.  The 
defendants  contended  that  the  collision  was  caused  by  the  Acme  attempt- 
•ing  to  cross  the  bows  of  the  Merck,  instead  of  passing  to  windward  of 
fher. 

Dr.  Twiss,  Q.  C,  and  Mr.  Verfon  Lushington  were  for  the  plaintifBi ; 
and  Dr.  Deane,  Q.  C,  and  Dr.  Wambet  for  the  Merck.  There  was  a 
^ross-action  at  the  instance  of  the  Merck. 

The  judge,  in  addressing  the  Trinity  Masters,  said  that  the  question 


Journal  of  MereanHU  Law.  629 

they  had  to  consider  was  whether,  assuming  the  statements  of  the  Mbbok 
to  be  correct,  that  vessel  was  justified  in  starbof^rding,  instead  of  porting 
her  hehn  at  the  time  she  did.  His  Lordship  and  the  Trinity  Masters 
were  of  opinion  that,  in  the  circumstances,  tne  Merok  was  justified  in 
starboardmg,  and  that  the  blame  of  the  collision  rested  entirely  with  the 
AoMB.    Decree  was  pronounced  accordingly. 


DAMAOBS   FOB  DETBNTIOK. 


In  January,  1 861,  the  French  Tribunal  of  Conmierce  gave  a  decision  of  in- 
terest to  travellers.  An  advocate  of  Pans,  named  Hubbard,  had  occasion, 
in  February  last,  to  go  to  Madrid  on  business,  and  he  afterwards  pro- 
ceeded to  Alicante  to  take  the  steamer  of  the  Messaceries  Imp^nales 
for  Marseilles,  which  was  advertised  to  leave  at  noon  of  the  1 7th  of  the 
month.  But  on  presenting  himself  at  the  office  of  the  company  in  the 
morning  of  that  aay,  he  learned  that  the  steamer  had  left  on  the  previous 
evening,  and  he  had  to  remain  six  days  in  the  town  before  he  could  get 
a  passage  to  Marseilles.  For  the  loss  of  time,  the  inconvenience  and  the 
expense  thus  occasioned,  he  called  on  the  Tribunal  to  condemn  the  com- 
pany of  the  Messageries  to  pay  him  2,000  francs.  The  company  repre- 
sented that  it  had  been  obliged  suddenly  to  modify  the  times  of  depart- 
ure in  obedience  to  orders  firom  the  Minister  of  War,  and  consequently 
that  it  was  not  responsible.  The  Tribunal,  however,  held  that  the  com- 
pany was  bound  to  advertise  the  modification,  and  condemned  it  to  pay 
the  plaintijQf  200  francs  and  costs. 


COPTBIGHT. 

Before  the  Supreme  Judicial  Court  of  Massachusetts. 

An  author  has  at  common  law  a  property  in  his  unpublished  works 
which  he  may  assign,  and  in  the  enjoyment  of  which  equity  will  protect 
his  assignee  as  well  as  himsell  This  property  continues  until,  by  publi- 
cation, a  right  to  its  use  has  been  conferred  upon  or  dedicated  to  the 
public  The  sole  proprietorship  of  an  author^s  manuscript  and  of  its  in- 
corporeal contents,  wherever  copies  exist,  is,  independently  of  legislation, 
in  himself  and  his  assigns,  until  he  publishes  it  An  unqualified  publi- 
cation, such  as  is  made  by  printing  and  o£fering  copies  for  sale,  dedicates 
the  contents  to  the  pubhc,  except  so  far  as  protection  is  continued  by 
the  statutes  of  copyright. 

But  there  may  be  a  limited  publication,  by  communication  of  the  con- 
tents of  the  work  by  reading,  representation  or  restricted  private  circu- 
lation, which  wiU  not  abridge  the  right  of  the  author  to  the  control  of 
his  work,  any  further  than  necessarily  results  from  the  nature  and  extent 
of  this  limited  use  which  he  has  made,  or  allowed  to  be  made  of  it  In 
the  absence  of  legislation,  when  a  literary  proprietor  has  made  a  publi- 
cation in  any  mode  not  restricted  by  any  condition,  other  persons  acquire 
unlimited  rights  of  republishing  in  any  modes  in  which  nis  publication 
may  enable  them  to  republish.  The  representation  of  a  dramatic  work, 
of  which  the  proprietor  has  no  copyright,  and  which  he  had  previously 
caused  to  be  publicly  exhibited  for  money,  is  no  violation  of  any  right  of 
property,  although  done  without  license  from  such  proprietor,  and  not 
Deing  done  in  violation  of  any  contract  or  trust,  cannot  be  restrained  by 
injunction. — Lauba  EsxinB  v«.  Mosss  Kimball. 


680  Jowmal  of  Mercantile  Law. 

LIABILITT   OF  BHIP-OWinERS. 

Before  the  Supreme  Judicial  Court  of  Massachusetts.  January  Temiy 
186L 

In  Massachusetts,  it  is  the  well-established  law  that  underwriters  insur- 
ing vessels  against  perils  of  the  sea,  are  bound  to  reimburse  to  the  assured 
the  amount  which  he  has  been  obliged  to  pay  the  owners  of  another 
vessel  for  damages  to  such  vessel  suffered  in  a  collision  with  his  own, 
caused  by  the  master  or  mariners  of  his  own  vessel.  By  the  common 
law,  the  whole  damage  in  such  cases,  though  it  infinitely  exceed  the  value 
of  the  ship  and  freight,  may  be  recovered  of  the  owner  of  the  vessel  in  &xilt ; 
but  no  such  liability  extends  to  the  person  or  persons  who  are  owners  of 
the  freight  merely.  This  common  law  liability  is  not  changed  by  the  act 
of  Oongr^s  of  1851,  ch.  43,  (9  StaU  at  Large,  035,)  limiting  the  liability 
of  ship-owners.  This  act  creates  no  new  liability.  Its  effect  is  merely  to 
limit  the  liability  of  those  who  were  previously  liable  for  the  tortious 
acts  of  the  master,  mariners  and  passengers  on  board  their  vessel 

The  privilege  given  by  the  statute  to  the  ship-owner  to  exonerate  him- 
self from  individual  liability  and  to  cause  legal  proceedings  against  him- 
self to  cease,  bv  the  surrender  and  transfer  of  the  ship  and  freight,  is  not 
given  to  one  who  is  responsible  for  damages  resulting  from  collision,  but 
IS  strictly  confined  to  cases  in  which  freighters,  or  other  owners  of  pro- 
perty, have  sustained  losses  in  consequence  of  its  embezzlement  or  de- 
struction by  the  master,  mariners  or  passengers  on  board  the  ship. 
Therefore,  when  there  has  been  a  collision,  and  the  owner  of  the  vessel 
in  fault  has  paid  the  decreed  damages,  the  amount  so  paid  may  be 
recovered  by  the  owner  of  the  vessel  from  his  insurers,  and  should  not 
be  apportioned  upon  the  aggregate  value  of  the  shi^  and  freight  In 
such  cases,  the  .value  of  the  vessel  is  to  be  estimated  m  the  condition  in 
which  it  was  immediately  before  the  occurrence  of  the  collision.  Ho»- 
TON  D.  Walker  vs,  Bostok  Insuranok  CoMPANr.  Same  vi.  Hope 
Insurahob  Compaky. — Law  Reporter, 


THE   STAY  LAW   OP  HISSOURL 

The  Supreme  Court  of  Missouri  has  rendered  an  important  decision  on 
the  constitutionality  of  the  stay  law  recently  passed  by  the  legislature  of 
that  State.  The  question  came  up  in  the  case  of  Bozlbt  vb,  SrsPHBira, 
in  which  a  judgment  was  rendered  last  October  by  the  Supreme  Court 
against  the  defendant  for  |1 1,701  00.  A  portion  of  the  sum  had  be^i 
paid  without  levy,  and  execution  had  issuea  for  the  remainder.  Under 
these  circumstances  a  motion  was  made  to  prohibit  the  sheriff  to  sell  the 
property  of  the  applicant,  the  motion  being  based  upon  the  stay  law, 
which  provides  that  all  executions  issued  at  uie  time  of  its  passage  shall 
be  returnable  to  the  second  term  after  the  date  of  the  writs,  and  that  no 
real  estate  shall  be  sold  within  fifteen  days  of  the  return  day.  After 
citing  former  decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Mssouri  and  the  decisions 
of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  bearing  on  the  case,  the  court  ov«^ 
ruled  the  motion  on  the  ground  that  in  its  application  to  past  contracts, 
upon  which  judgment  has  been  obtuned  and  execution  issued,  the  act  is 
unconstitutioniU.    The  motion  was,  therefore,  overruled. 


OawmereM  and  ImhairuU  Oiitm.  681 


COMMERCIAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL  CITIES. 


HO,  LXXIX. — TORONTO,  C,  W, 


Thx  business  of  the  Canada  citieB  daring  the  past  year  has  becoma 
more  active  in  conseqaence  of  the  large  uid  favoraole  crops,  which  have 
enabled  the  discharge  of  the  remaining  obligations  resnlting  from  the 
revulsion  of  1857,  and  have  stimulated  an  increased  business.  This  re- 
covery manifests  particularly  the  business  of  the  city  of  DCoronto,  which 
enjoys  great  advantages  in  respect  of  the  Western  trade.  The  Toronto 
Globe  remarks,  that  3ie  grain  crop  of  1860  was  the  largest  ever  harvested 
in  Canada.  Not  only  of  wheat  was  the  yield  large  and  of  good  sample, 
but  all  other  grains  were  produced  in  much  larger  proportion  than  in  any 
previous  year.  It  so  happened,  for  the  Canada  flEvmers  fortunately,  that 
m>m  the  time  that  the  mrst  load  of  tiie  new*  grain  waa  brought  to  market 
until  the  season  of  navigation  closed,  high  prices  were  piud  for  every 
product  sold.  The  abundance  of  the  crop  and  ^e  good  prices  whioh 
were  realized  induced  lai^  deliveries  throughout  the  autnnm,  stimulated 
by  the  anticipated  &ilure  of  the  English  crops.  This  activity  of  sales  at 
high  prices  caused  the  amount  of  money  in  circulation  in  the  country  to 
increase  from  a  little  over  ten  millions  of  dollars,  at  the  end  of  August, 
to  nearly  fifteen  millions  at  the  commencement  of  November — an  in- 
crease of  nearly  five  millions  of  dollars  in  sixty  days.  Eleven  and  a 
auarter  millions  was  the  behest  point  which  we  circulation  reached 
Quring  1859,  and  ten  and  three  quarter  millions  the  highest  in  1858. 
At  no  time  in  the  history  of  Canada  has  the  increase  of  the  amount  of 
money  in  circulation  been  so  rapid  as  during  the  period  first  referred  to ; 
and  it  indicates  with  what  animation  the  grain  trade  of  the  autumn  was 
conducted,  and  the  extent  of  the  deliveries  made  by  fiirmers. 

The  political  events  in  the  United  States  have  caused,  however,  a  great 
check  upon  the  business  operations.  The  circulation  of  the  banks  was 
put  out  upon  Canada  produce,  that  has,  to  some  extent,  fiuled  to  find  a 
market,  and  lies  unsold  in  New-York,  dependent  yet  upon  the  turn  the 
export  trade  may  take.  The  actual  grain  business  of  Toronto  in  the 
past  year  has  been  as  follows : 

Qwmtity  and  Valtu  of  Flour  reduced  to  Wheats  added  to  the  other  Oraim. 

Wheni,  In  flour, ^^M50)    .|.,  .^  taM'T'Tia 

Whent,  in  grain, 1,192,417  P**^  *^'  f2,8»7,712 

Bariey, 284,144    at  60  c  140,486 

Peas, 148,826    at  50  c.  74,418 

Oats,  say. 50,000    at  25  c  12,500 

Totals  in  1860, 2,517,987  $2,625,111 

Totals  in  1859, 1,840,728  1,484,017 

Increase  last  year, 1.177,214  $1,191,094 

This  shows  a  growth  in  the  trade  of  nearly  one  hundred  per  cent 


644  Ncmtical  Intelligence. 

range  of  andibility  of  varions  sizes  of  cannon  and  charges  of  powder,  con- 
ducted in  March,  under  the  superintendence  of  Master-Gunner  Finlat. 
The  discharges  began  at  half-past  10  A.  M.,  and  were  continued  every 
hour  till  halfpast  3  P.  M.  The  first  three  shots  of  the  six  were  fired  from 
a  twenty-four-pounder,  close  to  the  flagstaff  on  the  Half-Moon  Battery, 
and  pointing  in  the  direction  of  the  Calton-hill,  in  order,  as  far  as  possi- 
ble, to  embrace  equally  within  the  range  of  its  sound  both  the  Old  and 
New  Town.  The  last  three  shots,  beginning  at  half-past  1,  were  fired 
firom  an  iron  eighteen-pounder,  on  the  Forewml  Battery,  five  or  six  guns 
to  the  north  of  the  flagstaff,  but  pointing  nearly  in  the  same  direction  as 
the  other.  The  first  shot  fi'om  the  twenty-four-pounder,  with  a  chaige 
of  6  lbs.  of  powder,  was  not  only  audible  over  the  whole  city,  but,  we 
learn,  was  distinctly  heard  by  a  gentlemen  standing  at  the  gate  of  Dal- 
keith Palace.  The  charge  of  the  second  shot,  at  half-past  11,  was  in- 
creased to  8  lbs.,  and  the  report  in  this  case  is  stated  to  have  been  heard 
by  another  gentleman  at  Gallowshall-toll,  in  the  vicinity  of  Dalkeith.  It 
was  also  heard  by  numerous  gentlemen  in  their  own  houses,  at  the  ex- 
treme north  of  the  New  Town  and  at  Newington,  as  well  as  by  people  in 
Leith,  and  it  was  the  opinion  of  the  gunners  that  it  would  likewise  be 
easily  heard  in  Burnt  Island.  In  the  third  shot  the  6  lbs.  charge  was  re- 
verted to.  In  the  discharges  from  the  eighteen-pounder  only  4  lbs.  of 
powder  was  used.  The  reports  were  sharp  and  clear,  within  a  moderate 
distance ;  in  some  quarters  of  the  city  they  were  either  heard  very  indis- 
tinctly or  not  heard  at  all  Probably  the  experiments  made  will  suffice 
to  decide  as  to  the  position  and  odibre  of  the  gun  to  be  used  and  the 
weight  of  the  charge.  Arrangements  are,  in  the  mean  time,  being  made 
for  connecting  the  gun  with  the  Royal  Observatory,  on  the  Calton-hill, 
and  the  time-ball  on  Nelson's  Monument,  by  means  of  an  electric  wire, 
and  for  preparing  the  mechanism  by  which  it  is  to  be  fired  Already  an 
electric  wire  (by  means  of  which  constant  communication  is  kept  up  be- 
tween the  Edinburgh  Royal  Observatory  and  that  at  Greenwich)  has 
been  carried  over  the  side  of  the  Calton-hill  to  the  North  British  Rail- 
way, and  an  estimate  is  being  prepared  by  the  Electric  Telegraph  Com- 
pany as  to  the  expense  of  carrying  an  insukted  wire  from  this  point  over 
the  house-tops  to  the  Castle.  It  is  anticipated  that  every  thing  will  be  in 
working  order  within,  at  most,  a  month  from  this  time,  and  that  daily 
thereafter  the  inhabitants  in  every  quarter  of  the  city  will  be  enabled, 
without  leaving  their  houses,  or  the  avocations  in  which  they  may  chance 
to  be  engaged,  to  set  their  clocks  and  watches  according  to  the  correct 
Greenwich  time.  It  is  calculated  that  the  annual  cost  of  the  audible 
time-signal  will  be  altogether  about  £40.  The  sum  already  collected 
(chiefly  through  the  exertions  of  Mr.  Hbwat  and  other  members  of  the 


Jfautical  IntdUgenee,  645 

pleased  to  adopt  as  the  authenticated  night^ignak  of  Her  Majesty's  ships 
of  war  for  fhture  use,  Ward's  patent  signal  telegraph  lanterns,  and  that  an 
order  had  been  issued  for  a  full  supply,  in  sets,  for  the  newly-appointed 
Bear-Admiral  Smart's  division  of  the  Channel  fleet,  to  be  executed  forthr 
with.  Considerable  pains  have  been  taken  by  various  members  of  the 
board,  and  also  by  Conmiodore  Drummond,  during  the  past  year,  in  in- 
vestigating and  improving  the  new  signals,  and  bringing  them  to  their 
present  state  of  perfection ;  and  all  who  have  witnessed  the  series  of  ex- 
periments which  has  been  carried  out,  and  the  progressive  alterations  in- 
troduced from  time  to  time,  are  unanimous  in  their  decision  that  no  other 
change  can  add  to  their  utility  and  value. 


MARINE  UrSURANCE. 

The  following  ofScial  despatch  from  the  United  States  consul  at  Ham- 
burg to  the  Department  of  State  furnishes  some  interesting  details  re- 
specting the  practice  of  underwriters  at  that  port : 

"The  premium  charged  on  first  class  A  ko.  1  vessels  is  7^  per  cent 
per  annum ;  but  underwriters  here  would  refuse  to  take,  at  this  rate,  any 
American  (United  States)  vessel,  because  they  know  that  there  are  few 
hands  on  board  who  are  thorough  sailors,  many  of  them  never  having 
been  to  sea  before',  and  even  their  captains  very  often  knowing  nothing 
of  seamanship,  leaving  the  whole  command  in  reality  to  the  masters. 

"Hamburg  masters,  as  well  as  mates,  have  to  undergo  very  strict  ex- 
amination before  they  are  allowed  to  take  command.  The  same  is  true 
of  Denmark,  Sweden  and  Prussia;  their  vessels  are  consequently  con- 
sidered by  Hamburg  underwriters  just  as  good  risks. 

"The  premium  from  Hamburg  to  New-York  and  home  is,  in  the 
summer  season,  two  per  cent,  and  rises  in  the  winter  to  three  and  a  half 
per  cent  All  losses  are  paid  in  full ;  there  is  no  deduction  made  of  total 
loss.  If  total  loss,  the  amount  insured  is  paid  within  two  months  after 
the  underwriter  receives  notice  of  the  damage.  On  the  cargo  (hulk  of 
the  vessel)  the  adjuster  of  averages,  a  sworn  city  oflScer,  deducts  one- 
third  for  use,  which  is  taken  to  be  the  betterment  of  the  vessel. 

"Any  average,  either  particular  or  general,  must  rise  to  three  per  cent 
to  be  recoverable;  but  Hamburg  underwriters  are  bound  to  pay  any 
foreign  statement,  correct,  according  to  the  laws  of  the  port  of  destination. 
This  is  a  great  advantage  to  the  insured  over  the  Engush  policies,  which 
recognise  only  the  statement  made  according  to  their  own  laws. 

"Hamburg  laws  and  customs,  as  to  insurance,  are  looked  upon  as  the 
best,  and  for  this  reason  the  greater  part  of  Northern  Europe,  viz.,  Hol- 
land, Denmark,  Sweden,  Lubeck,  Prussia,  and  even  Russia,  have  adopted 
the  major  part  of  them,  and  many  parties  and  companies  in  these  countries 
sign  their  policies  *  according  to  the  Hamburg  customs.'  The  under- 
writers of  Hamburjf  si^  their  policies  according  to  the  *  recognised  con- 


684 


C(mMnercial  amd  InduMtnal  diies. 


His  exceeds,  to  a  very  large  extent,  the  ainoiiBt.iA%^>ed  in  kst  jecr,or 
in  any  two  years  previons,  and  we  may  eongratnlate  those  in  Canada 
interested  in  this  important  trade  on  the  success  of  the  season,  so  fSar  as 
they  were  concerned. 

The  prosperous  state  of  the  crop  markets  during  the  year  affords  a  basis 
for  the  considerable  expansion  of  the  banks  of  (^mada,  as  is  manifest  in 
the  followii^  table : 


IMOL 
Jaanary  81, 
Feb.  2D,.. . . 
March  81,.. 
April  80,... 
May  81,.... 
June  80,. . . . 
July  31,.... 
AngnstSl,.. 
Sept,  80, . . . 
October  81,. 
Nov.  80,... 
Dec.  81,.... 


Baxsb  of  Canada. 

OapUal. 

Zowit, 

JS^ecU. 

DepotiU. 

♦28,096,59'^  . 

..$41,882,011   . 

.$8,134,269   , 

..$10,660,770  . 

.$12,868,440 

28,929,438  . 

. .  41,689,869   . 

.  8,227,271 

..  10,647,078  . 

.  18,077,068 

,  84,096,998  . 

..  41,797,306   . 

.  2,968,768 

..  10,411,868  . 

.   18,161,784 

,  24,141,044  . 

..  41,260,868  . 

.  8,666,428 

..     9,921,898  . 

.   14,169,778 

.  24,308,197  . 

..40,422,276  . 

.  4,866,679 

..     9,478,440  . 

.   16,196,901 

.  24,401,062  . 

..  80,603,290  . 

.4,681,837  , 

..     9,769,804  . 

.   16,966,922 

.  26,888,803  . 

,.  40,041,080  . 

.  4,863,998  , 

..   10,828,244  . 

.   16,828,688 

.  26,449,126  . 

..  42,764,821   . 

.  4,626,616  . 

..  10,789,984  ., 

.   16,848,991 

.  26,627,489  . 

..  41,803,711   . 

.  4,661,424  . 

..   12,998,888  ., 

.   16,683,800 

.  26,606,627  , 

..  48,002,202  . 

.  6,006,662 

..  14,766,242  . 

.  16,989,602 

26,684,924  . 

.  44,111,684  . 

.  6,012,129  . 

..   18,642,676  . 

.  17,294,«1S 

26,669,719  . 

.  44,280,744  . 

.  4^348,666  . 

..  12.682,298  ,, 

.   16,024,706 

Hie  loans  and  circulation  took  a  very  decided  expansion,  and  a  move- 
ment that  could  not  but  promote  a  fair  import  trade,  the  promise  of 
which  was  clouded  by  the  turn  of  political  affairs  in  the  United  States.  Hie 
dry  goods  importations  of  Toronto  were,  as  compared  with  those  of  tiie 
three  previous  years,  as  follows : 

18001  1850.  1868.  1867. 

Cottons, $826,438..  $771,476..  $483,612..  $918,762 

CkrpetB, 13,831  ..  16,741  ..  8,087  ..  76,964 

aothing, 10,394  ..  18,192  ..  19,427  ..  48,968 

Cotton  yAm  And  warp,...  21,842  ..  19,488  ..  18,298  ..  12,820 

Hosiery, 6,882  ..  2,838  ..  6,778  ..  6,980 

linen*,.... 68,707  ..  47,329  ..  80,638  ..  69,784 

Millinery, 48,314  ..  88,943  ..  14,764  ..  86,648 

Oilcloths, 6,486  ..  4,090  ..  8,662  ..  8,686 

Silks  and  satins, 1,862  ..  1,888  ..             2,106 

Velvets, 189,166..  196,984..  127,061..  268,108 

Small  wares, 16,714  . .  12,701  . .  27,746  . .  82,860 

Straw  goods, 82,786  ..  26,986  ..  17,861  ..  86,848 

Woollens, 678,067  ..  626,920  ..  402,877  ..  061,988 

Hats,  caps  and  bonnets, . .  42,669  ..  31,996  ..  21,386  ..             

Totals, ..$1,846,160  ..  $1,708,618  ..  $1,182,086  ..$2,100,600 


This  shows  an  increase  last  year  over  1859  of  $134,088,  and  ovor  1858 
of  $653,930,  and  compared  with  1857,  a  Ming  off  of  $243,144.  The  in- 
crease in  the  imports  of  dry  goods  last  year  over  those  of  1 869,  $1 34,000,  is 
not  nearly  as  large  as  might  oe  expected  in  view  of  the  increased  extent  of 
trade  done  during  the  year.  But  the  reader  must  remember,  that  it  was 
only  in  the  fall  months  that  the  business  was  at  all  pushed,  and  the  above 
increase  must  be  attributed  to  the  importations  for  the  M\  trade  entirely. 
Had  the  business  been  as  brisk  throughout  the  year  as  during  the  three 
months  after  harvest,  or  had  the  spring  been  at  all  an  average  one,  the 
importations  would  have  shown  a  much  greater  increase. 


TormiiOy  Canada, 


•85 


The  foflowinff  are  tiie  comparatiye  impoita  of  the  leading  articles  of 
the  grocery  trade  for  the  past  four  years : 


Ale,  beer  and  porter, 

Blacking 

Brandy, 

Candles,  other  than  tallow,. . 

Segapi, 

Cbicoiy, 

Coffee,  green, , 

**      gronnd  or  roasted, . . . 

Cocoa  and  chocolate, 

Cider, 

Corks, 

Cordials, 

Dried  frnits  and  nat8,all  kinds, 

Fwh  of  all  kinds, 

Gin, 

Molasses, 

Haccaroni,  Ac, 

Mostard, 

Oil,  any  way  rectified, 

Oil,  fish,  crude 

Oils,  cocoa,  pine  and  pahn,. . 

Paints  and  colors, 

Pickles  and  sauces, . .  ^ 

Pitch  and  tar, 

lUce, 

Resin  and  rosin, 

Rum, 

SaK... 

Snuff, 

Soap, 

Spices  of  all  lands, 

Starch,  Ac, 

Sugars,  raw, 

"        refined,  or  equal  to,. . 

Tallow, 

Teas 

Tobacco,  manu&ctnred, 

"         unmanu&ctured,. . . 

Tobacco  pipes, 

Turpentine, 

Vinegar, 

Wine,  In  wood, 

"     inbottles, 

Whiskey, 


The  grocery  branch  of  business  has  also  been  increased,  and  the  results 
satisfactory,  although  the  aggregate  presents  a  decline,  which  arises  solely 
from  the  decrease  in  tea  and  coffee,  and  must  be  accounted  for  by  the 
fsuct  that  Tcry  extensive  importations  of  coffee  were  made  prior  to  the 
enforcement  of  the  new  tarifij  in  order  to  avoid  the  increased  duty ;  while 
for  teas,  the  anticipated  advance  in  prices  during  the  M  of  1859,  and 
the  low  rates  which  were  then  prevailing,  induced  large  purchases  just 
before  the  close  of  last  year,  which  stocked  the  market,  so  tnat  the  spring 
importations  were  unusually  light.    This  circumstance,  with  considerable 


1860. 

lua 

1868. 

1857. 

Value. 

Value. 

Value. 

Value. 

$462  .. 

$1,101  .. 

$238  .. 

$880 

861  .. 

97  .. 

75  .. 

40 

1,244  .. 

1,157  .. 

8,432  .. 

5,787 

2,828  .. 

850  .. 

657  .. 

6,386 

2,827  .. 

1,520  .. 

4,521  .. 

5,000 

207  .. 

947  .. 

112  .. 

.... 

22,058  .. 

52,282  .. 

62,696  .. 

84,000 

«...  • • 

4  .. 

80  .. 

.... 

411   .. 

810  .. 

188  .. 

672 

198  .. 

417  .. 

242  .. 

366 

1,957  .. 

2,162  .. 

2,437  .. 

1,264 

25  .. 

58  .. 

7  .. 

242 

88,582  .. 

17,961  .. 

21,569  .. 

16,216 

7,500  .. 

1,382  .. 

8,904  .. 

«,212 

178  .. 

589  .. 

2,261  .. 

1,076 

5,028  .. 

9,810  .. 

10,468  .. 

10,208 

28  .. 

46  .. 

48  .. 

104 

817  .. 

1,135  .. 

162  .. 

1,300 

14,182  .. 

80,778  .. 

88,848  .. 

18,162 

50,121  .. 

28,037  .. 

972  .. 

29,872 

6,774  .. 

18,467  .. 

7,792  .. 

6,032 

15,859  .. 

16,139  .. 

18,227  .. 

84,566 

868  .. 

124  .. 

169  .. 

4,852 

1,168  .. 

761  .. 

726  .. 

884 

4,584  .. 

3,002  .. 

4,487  .. 

6,868 

4,696  .. 

5,107  .. 

3,342  .. 

1,136 

377  .. 

427  .. 

322  .. 

668 

81,229  .. 

24,889  .. 

46,426  .. 

80,404 

295  .. 

877  .. 

488  .. 

1,744 

8,608  .. 

1,694  *. 

607  .. 

2,180 

6,866  .. 

6,578  .. 

6,556  .. 

3,028 

7,979  .. 

6,827  .. 

2,641  .. 

1,964 

199,947  .. 

149,058  .. 

207,698  .. 

244,672 

1,879  .. 

18,658  .. 

28,009  .. 

11,386 

58,847  .. 

41,598  .. 

67,892  .. 

70,724 

159,572  .. 

880,018  .. 

880,768  .. 

•  210,386 

80,376  .. 

81,820  .. 

94,742  .. 

70,092 

10,168  .. 

18,288  .. 

21,321  .. 

16,072 

1,785  .. 

1,667  .. 

66  .. 

.... 

6,631  .. 

5,721  .. 

127  .. 

5,680 

1,849  .. 

742  .. 

1,299  .. 

1,844 

10,829  .. 

11,608  .. 

86,686  .. 

28,924 

8,914  .. 

5,207  .. 

7,957  .. 

8,204 

485  .. 

350  .. 

2,671  .. 
1,060,468 

4,472 

$785,440 

$  882,504   $ 

$901,737 

636  Commercial  and  Industrial  Cities, 

purchases  of  the  direct  importations  from  China  at  Montreal,  and  the 
diminished  consumption  above  alluded  to,  will  explain  the  i^parent  d^ 
crease  in  the  extent  of  the  trade  in  these  articles. 

There  has  been,  also,  a  fair  business  in  the  hardware  trade.  The  follow- 
ing table  exhibits  the  imports  at  Toronto  of  the  principal  articles  for  the 
past  three  years : 

I860. 
Iron,  Canada,  and  tin  plates $  18,620 

"    galvanized  and  sheet, 2,891 

"    wire,  nail  and  spike  rod, 2,926 

"    bar,  rod  or  hoop, 27,957 

"    boiler  pkte, 511 

Steel,  wrought  or  cast, 5,106 

Tm,  ^anulaUd  or  bar, 288 

Zinc,  in  sheet, 27 

Brass,  in  bars,  rods  and  sheets, 207 

"      or  copper  wire, 606 

Copper  in  sheets,  dkc, 4,411 

"       brass  or  iron  tnbing, 5,487 

Tin  and  zinc  in  pigs, 2,968 

Pig  iron,  lead  and  copper, J0,798 

Cordage, 5, 288 

Cutlery, 16,443 

Japanned  and  Britannia  ware, : 2,899 

Spades  and  other  Implements, 8,069 

Spikes,  nuls,  dko., 10,667 

Stoves  and  iron  castings, 9,698 

Manufactures  of  hardware,  iron,  brass  or  copper,         .... 
Other  iron  and  hardware, 111,460 

The  other  branches  of  Toronto  trade  present  more  or  less  the  same 
features.  The  leather  trade  enjoys  some  advantages.  Under  the  tariff  of 
1867,  hides  were  charged  6  per  cent  in  the  Umted  States,  but  imported 
into  New-York  they  pass  from  the  warehouse  free  into  Canada.  Never- 
theless, there  appears  to  have  been  no  increase  of  business  in  the  past 
year.  This,  together  with  the  decrease  in  the  importations  of  boots  and 
shoes,  is  ascribed  to  the  growth  of  the  home  trade. 

The  aggregate  imports  for  the  past  nine  years  is  interesting. 

Statement  of  Imports  and  Duties  at  Toronto  fi'om  1852  to  1860,  incltmite. 

Value. 

1860, $4,048,458 

1859, 4,018,479 

1858, 8,768,934 

1867, 5,085,460 

1856, 6,954,628 

1855, 5,605,812 

1854, 5,450,824 

1858, 4,660,224 

1852, 2,557,268 

The  number  of  steamboats  trading  to  the  port  of  Toronto,  daring 
1860,  was  32,  of  10,147  tons,  and  673  hands.  The  sailing  tonnage  was 
22,260,  and  896  hands. 

Although  navigation  opened  with  low  rates,  still  a  small  profit  was  re- 
turned to  the  owners  of  vessels  until  September,  when  tne  abundant 
harvest  began  to  crowd  the  storehouses  and  depots,  and  freights  rose 
rapidly,  and  at  the  close  of  navigation  the  losses  of  two  bad  seasons  had 


ISW. 

$11,821 

..  $$,290 

2,688 

490 

1,708 

. .      1,620 

86,982 

..    85,044 

821 

..      1,954 

4,922 

. .      1.749 

882 

. .      5,067 

688 

. .      1,267 

982 

..      1,00« 

885 

281 

8,472 

. .        .  ■ .  • 

7,887 

. .      1,824 

2,498 

. .      1,46S 

1,872 

• .  • . 

6,281 

..      7.448 

18,415 

. .      6,526 

1,799 

. .      1,261 

7,888 

. .      8,612 

12,882 

. .      4,10S 

11,249 

..    14,771 

105,687 

..    99,111 

91,788 



Dtrfy. 

hOand, 

$648,991 

...        $225,786 

588,511 

146,977 

461,148 

204,441 

578,912 

463,180 

760,640 

. . . .                .... 

620,840 

. . . .                .  • . . 

690,804 

...                .... 

624,152 

...                .... 

878,282 

. . . .                . .. . 

TarcntOy  Canada, 


wr 


been,  in  nearij  all  instances,  made  good,  and  a  margin  left  besides.  Da- 
ring the  summer,  wheat  was  carried  to  Oswego  for  1^  per  bushel ;  after 
the  harvest  it  rose  to  6c  @  5^.  Flour  to  Montreal  was  carried  as  low  as 
16c  per  barrel  In  October,  45c  was  the  current  rate,  and  several 
steamers  obtained  50c  for  a  short  time.  A  larger  number  of  vessels  are 
being  rebuilt  to  replace,  in  a  measure,  those  lost  during  the  severe  gales 
of  last  November.  Mr.  6.  H.  Wtatt,  ship  broker,  reports  only  ttiree 
new  vessels^  building  on  the  lake,  viz :  One  at  Oakville,  owned  by  Hsv- 
DER8BN  &  CoLPOTS,  10,000  bushcls  *,  ouc  at  Wellington  Square,  owned 
by  McCuLLOOH  &  Baxter,  11,000  bushels ;  one  at  St  Catharines,  owned 
.by  L.  Shickaluka,  18,000  bushels.  A  passenger  and  freight  steamer  is 
also  being  built  on  lake  Simcoe  to  replace  the  steamer  Morttng. 

The  passenger  business  has  been  divided  between  the  Express  line  with 
the  mau  steamers,  and  the  American  steamers  on  the  South  shore.  The 
monopoly  tried  by  the  Grand  Trunk  in  securing  seven  of  the  best  paa- 
senger  steamers  by  charter,  has  not  proved  satisfactory  in  a  pecuniary 
way,  as  it  is  generally  known  that  the  steamers  made  little  more  than 
their  expenses,  leaving  the  charter  money,  £36,000,  to  be  provided  for. 
The  freight  line  of  steamers  has  also  shared  in  the  improvement  of  the 
lake  business,  and  first-class  steamers  have  made  very  handsome  profits. 
Some  of  the  largest  propellers  made  several  trips  between  Chicago  and 
Montreal,  carrying  very  large  freights. 


CANADA. 


The  trade  of  the  whole  of  Canada  was  as  follows : 


JBbpprt9. 

Total,  I860.- $84,681,890 

In  1859, 24,766,981 


ImporU, 

$84,441,621 

88.555,161 

$886,400 


JhaUt. 

$4,758,465 

4,487,846 

$  820,619 


Increase  in  favor  of  1860, $  9,864,900     . 

A  few  of  the  chief  articles  of  import,  and  their  value,  are  given  in  the 
next  table. 


Quaniity.       Vdlus. 
Sugar,  refined,  lbs.      600,788    $  48,818 

"      other  kinds,  81,712.252  1.587.978 

Tea, 8,784,014  1,271,461 

Coffee,  green, 778,789     107,954 

**     other, 16,004         2.085 

Cottons, 6,750,297 


Valu4, 

Linen, $  261,824 

Woolens, 8,954.066 

Leather,  tanned. 287,199 

Ma:kiufactured  boots  and  Bhoes,     119,927 
"  other  than  boots 

and  shoes, 124,962 


One  cannot  but  remark  upon  the  great  value  of  many  manufiictured 
articles ;  of  boots  and  shoes,  $119,927,  and  of  all  kinds  ot  manufactured 
leather,  $632,000 ;  of  hats,  caps  and  bonnets,  $326,420 ;  of  clothes, 
ready-made,  $118,000;  paper  and  paper  hangings,  $107,000;  starch, 
$33,600.  Such  items  show  the  scope  there  is  for  home  manufiicturea. 
Of  cottons  we  imported  $6,760,297  worth  in  1860. 


esa 


I^auticai  InieUigence. 


NAUTICAL   INTELLIGENCE. 


NEW  UCfflT-HOUSES  IN  EUROPE. 


Kakx. 

Place. 

PosiUon. 

P. 
or 
B. 

Ht. 

In 

Feet. 

Dist. 
seen 
Mis. 

BemariEB,^. 
[Bearings  Magnetie.] 

86.  OiHjeSt. 

86.  CiviS*'?Schia, 

87.  Corran  Point, 

88.  Adonr  Biver, 

88.  Pladda  Island, 

89.  tTapeSCBlias, 

40.  Cape   Kusten- 

/eh, 

41.  Favl«^iana 

IsUnd, 

43.  BuinaoBiyer, 

48.  Mewstone 
Buoy, 

L  Port  Said, 

1.  Port  Said, 

8.  Kronstat. 
8.  GulfofBlga. 
4.  Brindisl,  on 

Pedagne 

Bocka, 
4.  On  Point  Torre 

dePenne, 

Australia, 
east  coast, 

Italy,  west 
ooa8t,Me- 

Scotland,W. 

Onsottlhem 

pier. 
Scotland,  W. 

coast, 
GulfCagliari, 

Sardinia, 
Black  Sea, 

SicUy,  west 
coas^ 

South  side  of 
entrance, 

Entrance  of 
Plymouth 
Sound, 

Egyp^ 
Egyp^ 
Baltic, 

86- 9.8' S., 
180*  4-1'  B. 

46- 6.4' N., 
11'  47.1' B. 

B. 
B. 

F. 

P. 

P. 

Pfl. 

P. 

B. 

F. 

F. 
F. 

824 

120 

86 
88 
42 
889 

68 
141 

46 

66 
66 

78 
129 

19 
16 

10 
6 

11 

14 
9 

20 

11 

9 
9 

ia 

80 

E8tabUshedlstOot.,'00.    (a.) 
(6.) 

Est  80th  Nov., '60.    (&) 

Est.  16th  Not., '60. 

Est  20th  IToY., '60.    On  west  aide 

48*  81.8' Ny. 
r81.4'W., 

89'11'N^ 
9'9.8'E., 

44*  W  N., 
28' 89.2^  K, 

87*  68.8'  N„ 
12*  16.1' E., 

oflsleLuing. 
Est  4th  NoyI  '60.    a  red  tMA 

every  two  minutes. 
Est  1st  Nov.,  '60. 

Est.  24th  Dec, '60.    Interval  coca 
a  minute.    On  SottUe  or  Mamo- 
ni  Point 

Est  26th  Aug.,  '60.    Tower,  red 
and  white  bands. 
id.) 

oftheNne. 
Est  reoenUy. 

Alterations  of  the  lights,    (sl) 

£st81sftJan.,^6L    Flash  onoetn 

cedes  and  foUows  the  11^ 
Est  81st  Jan.,  »61.    Once  every 
half  minute. 

8r«'N.. 

82M9.yE., 
8r6'N., 

82M9.6'B., 

Adriatic, 
Adriatic, 

40-  89.6^  N^ 
17' 69.6' E., 

40'  41.1'  N., 
17' 66.8' E., 

FIL 
B. 

F.  Fixed.     Ffl.  Fixed  and  Flashing.     B.  Bevolvlng.    I.  Intermitting.    Est  EsUblished. 


(a.)  85. — ^The  notice  says  that  the  light  shows  consecutively  a  rtd^ 
green  and  white  light,  at  intervals  of  thirty  seconds.  It  is  visible  seaward 
when  bearing  between  S.  S.  W.  ^  W.  and  North.  It  is  seen  as  far  as 
N.  by  E.  f  E.  over  a  sloping  hill  situated  south  of  the  light-house ;  bat 
then  a  vessel  must  be  a  considerable  distance  to  the  southward  of  it  In 
entering  Jervis  Bay  the  light  will  be  eclipsed  by  Bowen  Island,  forming 
the  south  point  of  entrance,  when  bearing  S.  ^  W.,  and  it  will  only  be 
visible  from  a  portion  of  the  bay,  between  the  bearings  of  S.  S.  R  ^  E. 
and  S.  E.  The  white  light  will  be  seen  in  clear  weather  at  a  distance  of 
about  nineteen  miles,  and  the  green  and  red  lights  at  fourteen  miles. 

Directions. — ^Vessels  approaching  Cape  St  George  from  the  southward 
should  always  endeavor  to  make  uiis  light,  to  avoid  being  embayed  in 
Wreck  Bay,  the  deep  indentation  westward  of  the  cape.  The  light  will 
first  open  over  the  sloping  hill  to  the  southward  of  it,  bearing  N.  b.  £.  f  £. 


Tbe  cape,  which  is  a  k>w»  dangerons,  rocky  pointy  nrast  be  i^proached 
cantionslj.  When  within  the  distance  of  about  eight  miles  the  light 
should  not  be  bronght  to  the  northward  of  N.  b.  W. ;  for  if  the  vessel 
should  be  near  the  knd,  to  the  sonthwestward  of  this  bearing,  the  light 
will  be  partially,  if  not  wholly  obscured,  but  by  standing  to  the  eastward 
it  will  gradually  open  out,  and  when  bearing  N.  N.  W.  J  W.  it  may  be 
passed  with  safety  at  a  distance  of  from  one  to  two  miles. 

In  approaching  from  the  northward,  the  light  will  open  off  Crocodile 
Head,  oearing  S.  S.  W.  ^  W.,  and  by  keeping  it  in  sight  a  vessel  will 
pass  iJie  head  in  safety  at  a  distance  of  from  one  to  two  miles. 

(b.)  36. — It  is  visible  seaward  between  the  bearings  of  N.  b.  W.  f  W. 
and  S.  b.  K  }  K,  at  a  distance  of  about  sixteen  miles.  The  eclipses  are 
total  beyond  the  distance  of  ten  miles,  but  within  that  range  a  fiunt  Hght 
will  always  be  seen. 

Be^stablishment  of  Lights. — ^The  Maritime  Inspector  of  Venice  has 
ffiven  notice,  that  on  the  17th  October,  1860,  the  illumination  of  all  the 
ught-houses  on  the  Venetian  coast  would  be  re-established 

(c.)  87. — ^The  light  will  show  red  to  the  eastward  and  southward,  be- 
tween^ the  bearings  of  N.  R  b.  E.  and  S.  W.  b.  W.  f  W.  nearly,  and 
white  in  every  other  direction  where  it  can  be  seen  from  Loch  Eil  and 
Loch  Linnhe. 

Fixed  Light  on  Phladda  Islet. — ^Also  a  light  will  be  exhibited  from 
the  Hsht-house  erected  on  Phladda  Islet,  about  a  mile  frx>m  the  west  side 
of  Luing  Island,  and  2^  miles  S.  W.  from  Easdale  Island,  Argyleshire. 

The  uffht  wiU  show  red  when  seen  from  the  northward,  or  in  the  direc- 
tion of  the  Bogha  Nuadh  Bock,  when  bearing  between  S.  b.  W.  \  W. 
and  S.  S.  W.  }  W. ;  it  will  show  white  landward  when  bearing  between 
S.  S.  W.  J  W.  and  N.  N.  E.  i  R ;  and  it  will  be  mashed  seaward  be- 
tween the  bearings  of  N.  N.  R  J  R  and  S.  b,  W.  J  W.  The  mariner, 
however,  must  bear  in  mind  that  in  approaching  it  from  the  southward  a 
&int  light  will  be  seen  easterly  of  N.  N.  E.  ^  R 

(cy  43. — ^The  buoy  lies  in  1\  fathoms  at  low  water,  with  the  peaks  of 
the  Great  and  Little  Mewstones  in  line  bearing  E.  N.  R,  and  the  S.  W. 
end  of  Picklecombe  Fort,  in  Mount  Edgecumbe  Park,  touching  the  north 
side  of  the  breakwater  light-house,  N.  b.  W.  J  W. 

The  inner  chequered  buoy  near  the  east  end  of  the  breakwater  has 
been  removed. 

(«.)  2. — The  Russian  Imperial  Ministry  of  Marine  has  given  notice  that 
the  following  alterations  will  be  found  in  the  lights  of  Kronstat,  on  the 
opening  of  the  navi^ion  in  the  spring  of  1861 : 

The  three  fixed  hghts  in  the  midst  of  the  fort  of  the  Emperor  Paul  L, 
or  Risbank  Fort,  are  to  be  discontinued. 

The  eastern  %ht  of  the  Nicholas  Battery  at  Eronslot,  that  is  45  feet 
above  the  mean  fevel  of  the  sea,  is  to  be  raised  to  58  feet  above  the  same 
level,  and  should  be  visible  from  the  deck  of  a  ship,  in  clear  weather,  at 
a  distance  of  12  miles. 

The  western  liffht,  which  is  now  21  feet  above  the  mean  level  of  the 
sea,  will  be  nused  to  23  feet  above  the  same  level,  but  there  will  be  no 
change  in  the  horizontal  range  of  these  lights. 

(/.)  8. — ^The  Russian  Imperial  Mimstxy  <^  Marine  has  given  notice  of 
the  following  changes  in  the  beacons  of  the  Gulf  of  Riga : 


040  Nautical  Intelligence. 

Two  mastrbeaconsy  to  show  the  direction  of  the  channel  into  Riga, : 
sonnounted  by  a  triangle  with  the  upex  upwards,  and  oyer  it  a 
barrel.  They  are  85  and  87  feet  high,  and  478  yards  apart,  in  a  direc- 
tion N.  W.  b.  W.  J  W.  The  N.  W.  beacon  is  higher  and  its  base  laiger 
than  that  of  the  S.  £.  beacon.    They  can  be  seen  ten  miles  distant 

The  lower  light  at  Ri^  has  been  opened  out  80°  to  the  westward,  ao 
as  to  be  seen  from  N.  ^  W.  to  N.  W.  4-  W. 

The  following  beacons  are  to  be  in  their  places  on  the  opening  of  the 
navigation  in  1861 : 

A  red  broom,  tamed  downwards,  on  the  south  side  of  the  banks  of 
Euno,  S.  W.  f  S.  6^  miles  from  the  church  of  St.  Nicholas. 

A  red  broom,  turned  downwards,  at  3^  miles  south  from  the  end  of  the 
Sorkholm  Reef 

A  black  broom,  turned  downwards,  on  the  coast  of  Livonia,  on  a  niii^ 
feet  shoal,  S.  W.  b.  W.,  2  miles  off  Cape  Taker-ort 

A  double  broom,  red  above  and  white  below,  on  the  eleven  feet  ahoal 
W.  b.  N.  ^  N.,  4  miles  from  the  village  of  Kablukuk. 

A  white  broom,  placed  upright  on  the  seventeen  feet  bank,  N.  W.  b. 
N.,  3^  miles  from  the  farm  of  Ainensch. 

A  double  broom,  white  above  and  red  below,  on  the  ^id  of  the  reef 
off  the  entrance  of  the  River  Att  Salis,  about  6^  miles  from  the  beach,  in 
26  feet  water. 

The  bearings  are  magnetic     Variation  at  Riga,  8°  16'  W.  in  1861. 


ALTERATIONS  IN  FRENCH  LIGHTS. 
From  the  Monitewr  ds  la  Flotte. 

Pert  of  Cette  Light — Change  of  Position, — Mariners  are  hereby  in- 
formed that  on  the  15th  of  February  the  fixed  light  of  the  port  of  Cette 
will  be  removed  to  the  tower  recently  completed  at  the  mole-head  of  the 
port  of  St.  Louis.  The  neighboring  sea  fight  of  Fort  Richefieu  will  be 
established  at  the  same  time  at  the  S.  W.  angle  of  this  fort,  in  a  manner 
to  show,  with  the  light,  the  course  for  entering  the  port  The  tower 
stands  in  lat  43**  23^  30"  N.  and  W.  3^  42'  4"  W.  The  fight  is  82 
feet  above  the  ground  and  105  feet  above  the  sea,  and  may  be  seen  15 
miles  distant 

Light  of  Fort  Richelieu, — ^Is  253  feet  to  the  west  of  the  light-house. 
Mean  height  272  feet ;  distance  seen,  4  miles.  These  two  lights  will  ap- 
pear to  be  one  at  the  distance  of  about  1^  miles.  They  willbe  hereafter 
replaced  by  two  lights ;  one  of  which  will  stand  at  the  end  of  the  jetty  of 
Fontignan  and  the  other  at  the  end  of  the  breakwater. 

Light  of  Biarritz,  Lower  Pyrenees, — Navigators  are  hereby  informed 
that  the  revolving  light  of  Biarritz,  about  2^  miles  S.  S.  W.  of  the  mouth 
of  the  Adour,  the  eclipses  of  which  are  now  every  half  minute,  will  be 
altered  in  the  month  of  July  next  to  every  twenty  seconds,  and  that  the 
light  will  be  alternately  white  and  red.  A  temporary  light  of  the  same 
character  as  the  intended  light  will  be  shown  at  the  tower  while  the 
works  are  going  forward,  but  that  wiU  not  be  visible  so  fiur  off  as  they 
wiU  be. 


NauHeal  Intelligence*  641 

lANTHE  SHOAL — CAROLINE  ISLANDS. 

llie  following  extract  from  the  log  of  the  bark  Nilk,  confirms  the 
existence  of  the  lanthe  Shoal;  bat  the  position  given  by  the  Nils,  although 
agreeing  in  lon^tude,  differs  in  latitude : 

Bark  Nile,  Dkstin,  reports:  "Left  for  sea  October  Ist;  had  mode- 
rate weather  down.  February  8th,  in  lat  6°  31'  N.,  long.  146°  42'  R, 
at  6.15  P.  M.,  passed  over  a  sunken  reef,  with  very  little  room  to  spare, 
the  rocks  being  plainly  visible  on  each  side  of  the  vessel,  and  the  man 
aloft  reported  breakers  on  one  side.  The  bark  was  before  the  wind  at 
the  time,  and  was  only  two  minutes  between  the  rocks.  She  was  heading 
in  the  sun  glade,  which  prevented  the  earlier  discovery  of  the  danger." 

As  nothing  is  more  likely  than  that  this  shoal  may  extend  even  thirty 
miles  south  of  its  latitude  in  the  chart,  which  is  so  much  to  the  northward 
of  this,  the  mariner  will  be  cautious  in  its  vicinity. 


6LENDINNIN6  SHOAL. 

The  first  account  of  this  discovery,  as  given  by  that  excellent  paper, 
the  Shipping  and  Mercantile  Gazette,  appeared  in  our  last  number.  The 
following  notice  of  it  by  the  Hydrographic  OflSce  contains  some  further 
particulars  worth  preserving : 

Captain  Glendinning,  of  the  bark  Quekn  Mab,  of  Liverpool,  reports 
that  on  his  passage  from  Singapore  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  on  the 
20th  October  last,  in  lat  9*"  64'  S.,  long.  97**  60'  E.,  he  came  upon  a 
shoal  not  marked  in  any  of  the  charts,  and  lying  in  the  direct  track  of 
vessels  coming  from  the  Straits  of  Sunda,  on  their  homeward  voyage. 
Captain  Glekdinnino  states,  that  at  9  o'clock  P.  M.  of  the  above  date  he 
observed  the  water  all  around  the  ship  much  discolored,  in  appearance 
milky  white ;  that  he  immediately  hove  the  ship  up  in  the  wmd,  had  a 
cast  of  the  hand  lead,  and  got  seven  fathoms,  but  the  next  cast  (having 
run  about  two  miles  W.  S.  W.)  had  no  bottom  with  the  hand  lead.  The 
water  continuing  discolored  at  eleven  o'clock,  having  run  ten  miles  further 
to  the  W.  S.  W.,  hove  the  ship  to,  and  sounded  with  the  deep  sea  lead 
in  66  fathoms,  hard  ground. 

Caution, — ^This  shoal  lies  about  130  miles  N.  N.  R  of  the  Kneeling  or 
Cocos  Isles,  and  directly  in  the  track  of  ships  on  the  homeward  voyage 
from  China  and  Singapore,  by  the  Straits  of  Sunda.  As  it  is  most  desira- 
ble to  verify  the  cast  of  seven  fathoms  and  to  ascertain  how  fsa  the  bank 
extends,  any  captain  passing  this  neighborhood  is  requested  to  get  a  few 
deep  sea  casts  of  the  lead,  and,  if  time  and  circumstances  will  permit,  to 
endeavor  to  trace  the  possible  connection  of  the  bank  with  the  Cocos 
Isles.  And  we  may  also  add,  that  as  the  deep  sea  lead  will  bear  arming, 
that  thereby  the  nature  of  the  bottom  might  be  ascertained — a  very  de- 
sirable and  convincing  particular,  and  one  contributing  much  to  the  value 
of  deep  soundings. 

Bearings  are  magnetic     Variation  0^  16'  W.  in  1861. 


DANGERS  OF  THE  SEA  OVERCOME. 


Under  provisions  of  the  Naval  Appropriation  Bill  the  Secretary  of  the 
Navy  has  purchased,  for.  $10,000,  the  right  to  use  "  Davidson's  Boat- 


VOL.  xuv. — NO.  V.  41 


642  Nautical  Intelligence. 

Lowering,  Detaching  and  Attaching  Apparatus,''  lately  patented  by  lienL 
Hunter  Davidson,  of  the  TJ.  Si  Navy.  This  wonderful  apparatus,  by 
which  a  boat  can  be  lowered  with  perfect  safety  at  sea,  under  any  and  aU 
circumstances,  will  now  be  offered  to  passenger  steamers,  and  will  no 
doubt  soon  come  into  general  use,  by  which  thousands  of  liyes  will  be 
saved. 


THE  COMING  OF  STORMS. 

In  the  month  of  March  the  coast  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  expe- 
rienced a  succession  of  gales  which  did  much  injury  to  life  and  property. 

The  London  Times,  in  discussing  the  subject,  remarks :  "  The  event  was  pre- 
dicted with  as  much  certainty  as  an  eclipse,  and  could  have  been  announced 
by  signals  as  conspicuous  as  fiery  beacons.  The  information  was  actually 
telegraphed  to  several  places.  Aberdeen,  Hull,  Yarmouth,  Dover,  Liver- 
poo^  Y  alentia  and  Galway  were  apprised  of  the  pending  storm  in  ihe 
plainest  terms.  Notice  was  sent  to  those  ports  as  follows :  "  Caution. — 
Gale  threatening  from  the  southwest,  and  then  northward. — Show  signal 
drum."  Now,  as  all  the  points  of  our  coast  are  connected  by  telegraphic 
wires,  and  as  there  can  be  no  difficulty  in  showing  signals  of  this  descrip- 
tion, we  think  it  highly  desirable  that  the  system  should  be  established 
without  delay.  The  plan,  though  organized  at  the  Board  of  Trade,  is 
not  yet,  we  are  told,  in  full  practical  operation ;  but  as  the  details,  accord 
ing  to  the  delineation  given,  cannot  involve  much  trouble  or  cost,  the 
sooner  the  scheme  is  introduced  the  better. 

"  Meteorology  now  rests  upon  evidence  as  palpable  as  that  which  con- 
firms our  theory  of  astronomy.  We  believe  those  theories  because  the 
predictions  of  an  astronomical  almanac  are  infallibly  verified.  An  eclipse 
occurs  at  the  hour  and  minute  set  down  for  it,  occultations  and  transits 
take  place  with  similar  punctuality,  and  as  all  things  invariably  happen 
according  to  prognunme,  the  truth  of  the  principles  on  which  the  science 
is  based  becomes  evident  to'  all,  whether  learned  or  unlearned.  We  are 
now  in  exactly  the  same  position  as  regards  meteorology.  We  cannot 
yet  forecast  the  general  character  of  the  season,  but  it  seems  that  we  can 
really  foretell  a  gale  three  days  before  it  comes,  and  even  ascertain  the 
quarter  from  which  the  wind  will  blow.  If  we  have  indeed  got  to  this 
point — ^and  there  appears  no  reason  to  doubt  it — ^the  rest  ought  to  bo 
easy." 

The  elements  for  calculating  the  advent  of  a  gale  are  more  at  command 
in  the  United  States  than  elsewhere,  since  the  development  of  the  telegraph 
has  been  greater  on  this  continent  than  on  that  of  Europe.  An  area,  em- 
braced by  45  degrees  of  longitude  and  24  degrees  of  latitude,  is  here 
operated  upon  by  telegraph  lines,  and  by  these  the  indications  of  approach- 
ing tempests  may  be  in  an  hour  concentrated  upon  any  point  of  the 
Atlantic  coast  The  approach  of  a  gale  may  be  anticipated  from  one  to 
three  days,  and  thus  give  time  for  preparations  that  ^nll  suffice  to  avert 
damage.  The  extended  list  of  losses  that  the  marine  reports  present  for 
the  past  year  are  the  proof  of  the  great  interest  which  commercial  bodies 
have  in  this  matter.  The  losses  on  the  lakes  during  the  past  year  were, 
in  amount,  $1,156,015,  an  increase  of  13  per  cent  over  the  previous  year. 
The  science  of  storms  might  readily  be  applied  to  this  as  a  remedy. 


Nautical  IntMigtnee.  648 

L0S8KS  ON  THE  LAKES. 

The  annual  report,  presented  by  Capt  R  P.  Dorr,  Chairman  of  the 
Executive  Committee,  to  the  Board  of  Lake  Underwriters,  shows  that 
during  1860  there  was  a  considerable  increase  in  the  losses  of  property 
over  me  year  1859,  and  that  the  increase  in  loss  of  life  is  truly  fearful,  al- 
though resulting  from  great  and  (apparently)  unforeseen  disasters : 


Lo8S  on  steam  hulls, $169,406 

Loss  on  steam  cargoes, 182,180 

Total  loss  by  steam  vessels, %  851,586 

Loss  on  sail  hulls, %  881,288 

Loss  on  sail  cargoes, : .' 887,827 

Total  loss  by  sail  vessels, %  668,666 

Total  loss  by  steam  and  sail  vessels, %  1,020,100 

Licrease  oi  losses, 186,916 

ItOOi 

Loss  of  life  In  1860, 578 

Loss  of  life  in  1869, 105 

Increased  loss  of  life, 478 

Of  the  578  lives  lost  during  the  past  year,  400  are  attributed  to  the 
disaster  of  the  Ladt  Elgin. 


th< 


SCREW  PROPELLERS. 

The  loss  of  screw  propellers  during  the  ten  years  of  lake  business 
shows,  furst,  an  increase  of  this  kind  of  vessels,  and  second,  the  decrease 
in  disasters  as  navigation  has  improved  and  knowledge  of  managing 
iropellers  has  advanced.  Many  conclusions  will  suggest  themselves  to 
e  underwriter  and  shipper  who  may  examine  the  following  tabular 
statement  of  the  number  and  the  losses  in  dollars : 

Amount  <^ 

Ykaks.  Lo—,  Wrecked,  Stranded,  Firt.  Damaged,  Jiititon,  (MHtiim,  Eaind, 

1848, $89,000  ..  0  ..  1  ..  1  ..  1  ..  1  ..  1        .. 

1849, 118,000  ..  0  ..  1  ..  1  .  0  ..  1  ..  0        .. 

1800, 18,000  ..  0  ..  4  ..  1  ..  1  ..  0  ..  8 

1861, 188,200  ..  S  ..  •  ..  0  ..  4  ..  0  ..  10 

1868, 974,060  ..  4  ..  5  ..  8  ..  11  ..  4  ..  8 

1868, 101,600  ..  1  ..  7  ..  0  ..  10  ..  9  ..  4 

1864, 680,100  ..  5  ..  0  ..  2  ..  80  ..  7  ..  8 

1856, I,l»,»fl9  ..  7  ..  11  0  ..  84  ..  4  ..  10 

1866, 888,960  ..  7  ..  19  ..  6  ..  92  ..  9  ..  19 

1867, 264,549  ..  1  ..  17  ..  4  ..  88  ..  1  ..  9 

1866, 91,880  ..  1  ..  1  ..  6  ..  90  ..  9  ..  7 

TMalfbr ten  yean, 98      ..      79     ..      tt      ..    IM     ..     94     ..      79       ..     "s 

Total kw In doUwrt,. $9,768,181 

Total  number  of  reMols,. 409 


THE  TIME  GUN  AT  EDDIBURm. 


The  Scotiman  contains  the  following  interesting  sketch  of  the  experi- 
mentB  for  testing  the  best  pontion  of  the  signal  gun,  and  the  comparative 


644  NautUal  Intelligenee. 

range  of  audibility  of  yarions  sizes  of  cannon  and  charges  of  powder,  con- 
ducted in  March,  under  the  superintendence  of  Master-Ounner  Finlat. 
The  discharges  began  at  half-past  10  A.  M.,  and  were  continued  every 
hour  till  half-past  8  P.  M.  The  first  three  shots  of  the  six  were  fired  from 
a  twenty-four-pounder,  close  to  the  flagstaff  on  the  Half-Moon  Battery, 
and  pointing  in  the  direction  of  the  Calton-hill,  in  order,  as  far  as  possi- 
ble, to  embrace  equally  within  the  range  of  its  sound  both  the  Old  and 
New  Town.  The  last  three  shots,  beginning  at  half-past  1,  were  fired 
from  an  iron  eighteen-pounder,  on  the  Forewdl  Battery,  five  or  six  guns 
to  the  north  of  the  flagstaff,  but  pointing  nearly  in  the  same  direction  as 
the  other.  The  first  shot  from  the  twenty-four-pounder,  with  a  charge 
of  6  lbs.  of  powder,  was  not  only  audible  over  the  whole  city,  but,  we 
learn,  was  distinctly  heard  by  a  gentlemen  standing  at  the  gate  of  Dal- 
keith Palace.  The  charge  of  the  second  shot,  at  half-past  11,  was  in- 
creased to  8  lbs.,  and  the  report  in  this  case  is  stated  to  have  been  heard 
by  another  gentleman  at  Gallowshall-toll,  in  the  vicinity  of  Dalkeith.  It 
was  also  heard  by  numerous  gentlemen  in  their  own  houses,  at  the  ex- 
treme north  of  the  New  Town  and  at  Newington,  as  well  as  hj  people  in 
Leith,  and  it  was  the  opinion  of  the  gunners  that  it  would  Ukewise  be 
easily  heard  in  Burnt  Island.  In  the  third  shot  the  6  lbs.  chaige  was  re- 
verted to.  In  the  discharges  fi^m  the  eighteen-pounder  only  4  lbs.  of 
powder  was  used.  The  reports  were  sharp  and  clear,  within  a  moderate 
distance ;  in  some  quarters  of  the  city  they  were  either  heard  very  indis- 
tinctly or  not  heard  at  alL  Probably  the  experiments  made  will  sufiBce 
to  decide  as  to  the  position  and  calibre  of  the  gun  to  be  used  and  the 
weight  of  the  charge.  Arrangements  are,  in  the  mean  time,  being  made 
for  connecting  the  gun  with  the  Royal  Observatory,  on  the  Calton-hill, 
and  the  time-ball  on  Nelson's  Monument,  by  means  of  an  electric  wire, 
and  for  preparing  the  mechanism  by  which  it  is  to  be  fired.  Already  an 
electric  vrire  (by  means  of  which  constant  communication  is  kept  up  be- 
tween the  Edinburgh  Royal  Observatory  and  that  at  Greenwich)  has 
been  carried  over  the  side  of  the  Calton-hill  to  the  North  British  Rail- 
way, and  an  estimate  is  being  prepared  by  the  Electric  Telegraph  Com- 
pany as  to  the  expense  of  carrying  an  insulated  wire  from  this  point  over 
tiie  house-tops  to  the  Castle.  It  is  anticipated  that  every  thing  will  be  in 
working  order  within,  at  most,  a  month  from  this  time,  and  that  daily 
thereafter  the  inhabitants  in  every  quarter  of  the  city  will  be  enabled, 
without  leaving  their  houses,  or  the  avocations  in  which  they  may  chance 
to  be  engaged,  to  set  their  clocks  and  watches  according  to  the  correct 
Greenwich  time.  It  is  calculated  that  the  annual  cost  of  the  audible 
time-signal  will  be  altogether  about  £40.  The  sum  already  collected 
^hiefly  through  the  exertions  of  Mr.  Hbwat  and  other  members  of  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce)  is  about  £200,  but  as  this  will  only  carry  on 
operations  for  a  few  years,  and  as  government  has  not  as  yet  bound  itself 
to  do  more  than  grant  the  use  of  the  gun,  additional  subscriptions  are 
evidently  desirable. 


NIGHT  SIGNALS. 

The  London  7\'m««of  alate  date  remarks :  Official  instructions  were  recent- 
ly received  at  Woolwich  fix)m  the  Lords  of  the  Admiralty  by  Commodore 
Superintendent,  the  Hon.  J.  R.  Dbuiimond,  stating  that  the  board  had  been 


NauUeal  IntdUgenee,  045 

pleased  to  adopt  as  the  authenticated  mght-signalg  of  Her  Majesty's  ships 
of  war  for  future  use,  Ward's  patent  signal  telegraph  lanterns,  and  that  an 
order  had  been  issued  for  a  full  supply,  in  sets,  for  the  newly-appointed 
Rear-Admiral  Smart's  divisiou  of  the  Channel  fleet,  to  be  executed  forthr 
with.  Considerable  pains  have  been  taken  by  various  members  of  the 
board,  and  also  by  Commodore  Drummond,  during  the  past  year,  in  in- 
vestigating and  improving  the  new  signals,  and  bringing  them  to  their 
present  state  of  perfection ;  and  all  who  have  witnessed  the  series  of  ex- 
periments which  has  been  carried  out,  and  the  progressive  alterations  in- 
troduced from  time  to  time,  are  unanimous  in  their  decision  that  no  other 
change  can  add  to  their  utility  and  value. 


MARINE  INSURAIfCE. 

The  following  official  despatch  from  the  United  States  consul  at  Ham- 
burg to  the  Department  of  State  furnishes  some  interesting  details  re- 
specting the  practice  of  underwriters  at  that  port : 

"The  premium  charged  on  first  class  A  r^o.  1  vessels  is  *J\  per  cent 
per  annum ;  but  underwriters  here  would  refuse  to  take,  at  this  rate,  any 
American  (United  States)  vessel,  because  they  know  that  there  are  few 
hands  on  board  who  are  thorough  sailors,  many  of  them  never  having 
been  to  sea  before',  and  even  their  captains  very  often  knowing  nothing 
of  seamanship,  leaving  the  whole  command  in  reality  to  the  masters. 

"Hamburg  masters,  as  well  as  mates,  have  to  undergo  very  strict  ex- 
amination before  they  are  allowed  to  take  command.  The  same  is  true 
of  Denmark,  Sweden  and  Prussia;  their  vessels  are  consequently  con- 
sidered by  Hamburg  underwriters  just  as  good  risks. 

"The  premium  n*om  Hamburg  to  New-York  and  home  is,  in  the 
summer  season,  two  per  cent,  and  rises  in  the  winter  to  three  and  a  half 
per  cent  All  losses  are  paid  in  full ;  there  is  no  deduction  made  of  total 
loss.  K  total  loss,  the  amount  insured  is  paid  within  two  months  after 
the  underwriter  receives  notice  of  the  damage.  On  the  cargo  (hulk  of 
the  vessel)  the  adjuster  of  averages,  a  sworn  city  officer,  deducts  one* 
third  for  use,  which  is  taken  to  be  the  betterment  of  the  vessel. 

"Any  average,  either  particular  or  general,  must  rise  to  three  per  cent 
to  be  recoverable;  but  Hamburg  underwriters  are  bound  to  pay  any 
foreign  statement,  correct,  according  to  the  laws  of  the  port  of  destination. 
This  is  a  great  advantage  to  the  insured  over  the  Engush  policies,  which 
recognise  only  the  statement  made  according  to  their  own  laws. 

"Hamburg  laws  and  customs,  as  to  insurance,  are  looked  upon  as  the 
best,  and  for  this  reason  the  greater  part  of  Northern  Europe,  viz.,  Hol- 
land, Denmark,  Sweden,  Lubeck,  Prussia,  and  even  Russia,  have  adopted 
the  major  part  of  them,  and  many  parties  and  companies  in  these  countries 
sign  their  policies  *  according  to  the  Hamburg  customs.'  The  under- 
writers of  Hamburg  sign  their  policies  according  to  the  'recognised  con- 
dition of  the  Hamburg  insurances  on  maritime  risks.'    *    *    •    *     * 

"The  insurance  busmess  done  in  Hambuig  is  very  considerable;  seven 
hundred  and  fifty  millions  of  marcs  banco  are  insured  annually.  Two 
great  advantages  to  the  insured,  contained  in  the  Hamburg  pohcies,  not 
to  be  found  m  the  English,  are  to  be  noted :  FirBt.  The  former  cover 
the  cargo  from  land  to  land,  while  the  latter  only  cover  from  port  to  port 
Second.  The  Hamburg  policies  cover  losses  arising  from  the  negligence 


646 


Postal  StaUiUtB. 


or  misdemeanors  of  the  captain  and  crew,  even  when  tbe  destniction  is 
cansed  by  premeditated  malice.  Deeming  this  subject  one  of  very  ffreat 
interest,  and  it  being  veiy  desirable  that  me  caase  of  the  higher  position 
held  by  Hamburg  and  Northern  Europe  vessels  should  be  made  known, 
the  whole  system  of  management  here  established  for  the  masters,  mates 
and  sailors  has  been  the  object  of  a  laborious  examination  on  the  pari  of 
government  commissioners."  . 


POSTAL  STATISTICS. 


POST  OFnCE  REVEXUE  BY  STATES,   1859—1860. 

Wk  have  compiled  from  authentic  sources  the  following  tables,  giving 
interesting  fects  respecting  the  postal  operations  of  the  government  dur- 
ing the  last  fiscal  year  enmng  June  30,  1860  : 


Letter 

PoBtoife, 

Total 

Soeeemof 

Fret  States. 

Poetoffe, 

RecMpte,  to  Poetmaetere.  Eatpeneee.  EatpendUwret, 

Maine,.... 

118,678  . 

.  $18,626  . 

.$166,671  . 

.  $76,868  . 

.  $  199,205  . 

.  $82,684 

N.  Hamp., 

8,889  . 

.     10,668  . 

.     111,076  . 

.     64,117  . 

.     109,411  . 

•                      .   •  a    • 

Vermont . 

4,087  . 

.     12,610  . 

.     106,772  . 

.     66,167  . 

.     128,408  . 

.     21,686 

Haes 

75,448  . 

.     27,489  . 

.     642,966  . 

.   164,747  . 

.     460,829  . 

•         •  •  •  ■ 

R.  Island,. 

4,069  . 

.       8,745  . 

.       69,067  . 

.     16,462  . 

.       48,944  . 

«... 

Conn...... 

9,781  . 

.     16,856  . 

.     207,944  . 

.     76,992  . 

.     204,196  . 

.         •  •  •  • 

New-York, 

278,461  . 

.     88,990  . 

.  1,681,189  . 

.  887,664  . 

.  1,170,230  . 

.         . . .  > 

N.  Jersey,. 

16,246  . 

.     11,228  . 

.     189,767  . 

.     69,909  . 

.     166,304  . 

.      16,546 

Penn., .... 

72,870  . 

.     64,607  . 

.     708,665  . 

.   196,400  . 

.     630,640  . 

.         .... 

Michigan, . 

14,669  . 

.     10,123  . 

.     178,649  . 

.     76,163  . 

.     228,028  . 

.      44,240 

Wisconsin, 

18,218  . 

.     16,788  . 

.     188,783  . 

.     83,640  . 

.     676,017  . 

.    857,698 

Dlinbis,... 

81,467  . 

.     87,800  . 

.     446,728  . 

.   186,726  . 

.     646,119  . 

.    199,890 

Ohio, 

84,669  . 

.     46,069  . 

.     682,269  . 

.   188,867  . 

.     812,729  . 

.    280,462 

Indiana,... 

18,091  . 

.     26,600  . 

.     218,996  . 

.   101,194  . 

.     866,689  . 

.    149,592 

Iowa, 

9,647  . 

.     17.868  . 

.     141,902  . 

.     66,702  . 

.     266,690  . 

.    128,788 

California,. 

67,998  . 

.     14,874  . 

.     286,218  . 

.     66,908  . 

.  1,061,161  . 

.    774,942 

Oregon,... 

2,702  . 

.       1,967  . 

16,690  . 

.       7,887  . 

.       40,161  . 

.      24,560 

Minnesota, 

6,614  . 
$660,448 

.       4,689  . 

.       48,607  . .     20,942  . 
$6,879,659  $1,762,821 

.     130,140  . 
»  7,288,777  \ 

.      86,682 

Total,.., 

$418,616 

^2,109,014 

TSRBITOaiBS. 

K.  Mexico, 

$409. 

.       $288  . 

.      $.8,869  . 

.    $1,671  . 

.    $16,789  . 

.  $19,148 

Utah, 

1,688  . 

247  . 

4,486  . 

.       2,288  . 

.     106,685  . 

.    102,149 

Nebraska,. 

787. 

969  . 

9,741  . 

6,480  . 

.       48,604  . 

.      88,768 

Wash...... 

1,211  . 

461  . 

6,160  . 

2,792  . 

.       42,600  . 

.      87,449 

Kansas, . .. 

2,472  . 

.       2,781  . 

.       81,078  . 

.     14,640  . 

.       78,827  . 

.     42,258 

Total,... 

..$6,467. 

.    $4,686  . 

.     $68,769  . 

.$26,821  . 

.  $286,164. 

*  $281,408 

D.C., 

6,262  . 

.      8,246  . 

61,292  . 

.      4,026  . 

.       40,029  . 



BOBDBB  SLAVS  STATES. 

Delaware,. 

$1,402. 

.     $2,184. 

.    $48,180  .. 

$9,281  . 

.    $84,110. 

•         • .  •  • 

Maryland,. 

22,066  . 

.     11,492  . 

.     199,668  . . 

86,288  . 

.     808,699  . 

.    109,185 

ViiAiia, . 

11,464  . 

.     26,068  . 

.     276,269  . . 

104,617  . 

.     680,608  . 

.    255,889 

8,168  . 

.     12,187  . 

.       97,812  . . 

46,416  . 

.     226,672  . 

.    128,869 

Kentucky, 

8,044  . 

.     16,686  . 

.     166,620  . . 

60,614  . 

.     262,562  . 

.    196,042 

Tenn, 

6,164  . 

.     14,689  . 

.     166,782  . . 

62,665  . 

.     817,006  . 

.    161,278 

Missouri,. 

24,626  . 

.     26,088  . 

.     268,824  . . 

70,326  . 

.     680,688  . 

.   426,714 

Arkansas,. 

2,616  . 

.       7,676  . 

.       62,620  . . 

26,988  . 

.     842,428  . 

.    289,808 

Total,.... $78,418     $114,999   $1,149,470     $405,889    $2,802,628  $1,667,170 


Postal  StaHstiet. 


647 


CX>llfXDKEATB  8TATI8  OK  QVtS  ILATS  BTATn. 


8.  a,.... 

Goorm,  . 
Florida, . . 
Alabama,. 
Miss...... 

Texas,... 
Louisiaiia, 


Letter 
Pottage, 

$10,714 
7,786 
1,674  . 
7,206 
4,682  , 
9,567  . 
26,772  . 


yewtpaper 
Podage. 

.  $  8,684  . 

.  18,810  . 

.  2,655  . 

.  14,746  . 

.  14,100  . 

.  12,468  . 

.  15,478  . 


Total 
Beeeipte, 

.  $113,675 

.  188,120 

.  28,817 

.  148,471 

.  116,018 

.  128,177 

.  218,828 


Oampeneation 
to  jPoetmaetere. 

$82,419  . 
65,108  . . 
14,046  . , 
58,280  . , 
52,852  . . 
54,687  . . 
88,540  . . 


ToteU        Baoeeee  qf 
Xtpeneei.  Baapenditwree. 

$245,085  ..$140,409 


848,865 

196,536 

480,828 

867,922  . 

706,280 

576,017 


165,744 
167,218 
282,851 
251,904 
578,108 
857,698 


Total, . . .  .$  70,851   $  86,236   $  986,101   $  305,927  $  2,879,528  $  1,948,422 


EXCESS  OF  BECEIFT8. 


New  Hampshire,. 
Massachusetts,. . . 
Rhode  Island,. .. 

Comiecticnt, 

Kew-York, 


Letter  Postage 

Newspaper, 

Total  receipts, 

Compensation  to  P.  M*8, 

Total  expenses 7,238,777 

Excess  of  expenditures, 2,109,014 

Excess  of  receipts, 


$1,644 
182,126 

26,118 

8,748 

504,908 

Free  Statee, 

$660,448 

418,516 

5,879,559 

1,762,821 


Pennsylvania, 

Dist.  of  Columbia,. 
Delaware, 


$77,916 
11,262 
14,019 


Total, $820,756 


Border  Slavs, 

$78,418 

114,999 

1,149,470 

406,889 

2,802,628 

1,567,170 

14,019 


OM^f  Slave, 

$70,851 

86,286 

986,101 

806,927 

2,879,928 

1,948,422 


EXGISTERED  LETTERS. 


The  largest  amounts  received  for  registered  letters  were — ^Prom 
New-York,  $2,947  ;  from  Pennsylvania,  $2,240 ;  Ohio,  $1,971 ;  Illinois, 
$1,424  ;  Massachusetts,  $1,197  ;  Virginia,  $1,063.  These  are  the  only 
States  which  paid  over  one  thousand  dollars.  The  whole  receipts  from 
this  source  from  the  United  States  was  only  $25,088. 


STAMPS. 


The  principal  receipts  are  as  follows : 


New-York, $1,816,750 

Pennsylvania, 578,756 

Massachusetts,. 588,824 

Total  receipts  for  the  United  States, 


Ohio, $450,069 

niinote, 875,546 


.$6,698,005 


THE  MEW-TOBK  POST  OPnCB — ^UP-TOWH  BTATIOlfB. 

Seven  outside  offices,  or  "  stations,"  are  now  attached  to  our  city 
post  office.  These  stations  are  all  established  under  the  authority  of  the 
government,  and  at  each  of  them  the  letters  are  received  and  sent  seven 
times  each  day  to  the  general  post  office.  The  following  is  a  complete 
list  of  these  sub-offices : 

Station  "A.,"  129  Sprinff-street 

Station  ''  B.,'*  489  Grand-street. 

Station  "  C.,**  comer  of  Troy  and  Fourth  streets. 

Station  "D.,"  12  Bible  House,  EJghth-street. 

Station  "  £.."  868  Eighth  Avenue. 

Station  "  Y.r  408  Third  Avenue. 

Station  "  G.,**  1,259  Broadway. 

At  each  station  stamps  and  stamped  envelopes  can  be  obtained,  as  weD 
as  all  information  in  regard  to  postal  matters.  • 


648  Foflrtign  Carrespondmce. 

FOREIGN  CORRESPONDENCE 

OF  THE  MERCHANTS'  MAGAZINE  AND  COMMERCIAL  RETIEW. 

L  Imfobts  and  ExpoBn  or  6sba.t  Bbitaik.  IL  Pbopoktioh  or  thb  AicniOAir  Tbadb  to  trnm 
WHOLB.  III.  Bats  or  Intbbbst.  IT.  FiHAifOXBor  Enolaxs.  Y.  Maxohxstkb  Coambxk  ov 
€k>ififKBOx  AHs  TH>  daTXYATioir  or  GoTTOM.  YL  OufSKAL  Bakkbitpt  Lav  nr  ExGiiAxn. 
YII.  FBAimvuDrr  Tbaob  Masks.    YIIL  ErrsMsiON  or  Abmisaltt  Coust  JvsiBDZcrnoK. 


London,  March  I6th^  1861. 

Thb  rate  of  interest  still  rules  very  high,  and  we  have  the  prospects  of 
much  renewed  discussion  on  the  bank  charter,  and  its  effects  on  the  issue 
of  notes  and  general  accommodation.  Proposals  are  already  coming 
forward  for  providing  for  the  increased  exigencies  of  trade,  either  by 
enlai^g  the  power  of  issue  of  the  bank,  say  to  £20,000,000,  instead  of 
£14,000,000,  without  gold,  or  by  creating  some  kind  of  inconvertible 
currency  on  the  deposit  of  Consols,  say  to  the  extent  of  twice  the  amount, 
As  this  subject  is  Ukely  to  interest  you,  I  will  be  glad  to  give  you  every 
information  on  the  various  schemes  proposed. 

The  finances  of  this  country  are  not  in  a  satisfactory  condition.  The 
expenditure  continues  very  large,  and  the  revenue  will  show  some  defi- 
ciency both  in  the  customs  and  excise,  especially  in  spirits,  cigars,  &c 
The  condition  of  the  working  classes  has  not  been  so  good  this  Year, 
partly  in  consequence  of  the  bad  harvest,  and  partly  hj  reason  of  the 
severe  winter  and  of  the  state  of  politics.  As  inquiry  is  about  to  be 
instituted  on  the  mode  of  assessing  the  income  tax,  with  a  view  to  the 
removal  of  some  of  its  worst  features.  All  kinds  of  income  at  present 
pay  the  same.  A  person  receiving  £100  from  the  government  fimds,  a 
person  gaining  £100  in  the  shape  of  salaiy  for  services,  and  a  person  re- 
ceiving £100  from  annuities,  or  from  profits  of  trade,  or  rent  of  houses, 
all  pay  the  same,  though  there  is  a  great  difference  in  the  value  of  these 
different  incomes. 

The  Chamber  of  Commerce  of  Manchester  is  seriously  engaged  in 
promoting  the  cultivation  of  cotton  in  India  and  an  association  has  been 
formed  in  that  town,  besides  the  Cotton  Supply  Association.  The  aims 
of  this  new  association  are  to  invest  capital  m  India,  in  the  cultivation  of 
cotton  under  European  superintendence.  The  hope  is  moreover  enters 
tained,  that  the  Indian  government  may  be  enabled  to  complete  the 
many  canals  and  railways  which  have  been  projected,  and  so  diminish 
materially  the  cost  of  bringing  cotton  from  the  interior  to  the  seaports. 
The  Leeds  and  Bradford  Chambers  of  Commerce  are  also  intent  upon  the 
extension  of  cultivation  of  wool  and  alpacca  in  different  colonies.  • 

The  monthly  accounts  of  the  Board  of  Trade  for  the  year  1860  have 
beenjpublished,  and  they  contain  information  of  interest  The  trade  of 
the  United  Kingdom  in  the  last  three  years  has  been  as  follows : 

TMr9,  Imports.  Bioporis,  Snpcrts. 

1868, £183,329,696  ..  £116,606,766  ..  £249,988,851 

1869, 148,064,968  . .  180,411,629  . .  278,466,487 

1860, 169,181,068  ..  186,842,817  ..  804,978,880 


Foreign  Corretp<mdene$. 


649 


Our  exports  to  the  American  States  in  the  three  years  have  been  as 
follows : 


1858. 

TTnited  States  of  America, ...  £  14,491,468 

Mexico, 411,881 

Central  America, 893,179 

New-Granada, 505,749 

Venezuela, 816,788 

Ecuador, 26,963 

Brazil, 8,984,817 

Uragoay, 522,670 

Buenos  Ayres,. 1,008,819 

Chili, 1,117,580 

Peru, 1,163,155 


£28,942,949 


1809. 

£22,553,405 
597,899 
226,720 
729,468 
317,716 
22,261 

8,685,718 
693,622 
958,677 

1,474,606 
857,568 

£32,117,660 


1860 

£21,613,111 

462,629 

182,186 

810,870 

323,663 

74,139 

4,444,618 

922,367 

1,782,399 

1,703,788 

1,381,944 

£83,701,608 


The .  proportion  which  our  American  trade  bears  to  the  whole  is  as 
follows : 

1868,  1869.  1860. 

Total  exports, £116,608,756  ..  £130,411,529  ..  £135,842,817 

Exports  to  foreign  countries,        76,886,299  . .  84,267,538  . .  92,170,560 

Exports  to  America, 23,742,949  ..  32,117,660  ..  38,701,608 

Exports  to  the  United  States,        14,491,448  ..  22,558,605  ..  21,618,111 

The  computed  real  value  of  the  imports  can  only  be  given  a  month 
after  the  publication  of  the  quantities,  but  an  estimate  may  be  made  for 
the  year  m>m  the  amount  for  the  eleven  months,  ended  November  dOth, 
which  was  £144,887,078,  agfdnst  £122,638,694  in  the  corresponding 
eleven  months  of  1859.  The  total  for  the  year  must  be  about  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty-sixty  millions  sterling.  The  annexed  table  shows  the  ex- 
tent to  which  the  principal  imports  have  participated  in  the  aggregate 
increase : 

1868. 

Cocoa, lbs.      10,838,404 

Coffee, 60,697,265 

Com,  wheat, qrs.        4,241,719 

Cotton,  raw cwts.        9,285,198 

Flax, 1,288,905 

Hemp  and  Jute, 1,688,860 

Hides,  untanned, 728,288 

Oa,  palm, 778,230 

Rice 8,692,023 

Silk,  raw, lbs.        6,277,576 

Sugar,  unrefined, cwts.        9,010,796 

TaBow, 1,285,789 

Tea, lbs.      76,432,535 

Tobacco, 62,216,705 

Wine, galls.        5,791,686 

Wool, lbs.     126,738,728 

In  the  present  aspect  of  affam  across  the  Atlantic,  the  quantities  of 
raw  cotton  supplied  to  this  country  from  the  various  sources  of  supply 
constitute  a  subject  of  much  importance.  We  hear  every  day  of  the 
capabilities  of  this  or  that  country  for  producing  an  illimitable  supply  of 
this  essential  raw  material,  and  sometimes  of  actual  samples  submitted 
by  experimental  growers  to  the  judgment  of  Manchester  manufacturers ; 
but,  in  the  meantmie,  what  is  the  state  of  the  case  at  present,  as  disclosed 
by  the  import  returns?    We  find  that  out  of  the  total  cotton  imports  of 


1869. 

1860. 

6,006,759  . 

9,009,839 

.   65,353,030  . 

82,767,746 

4,000,922  . 

5,880,958 

.   10,946,331  . . 

12,419,096 

1,482,087  . . 

1,464,810 

2,159,980  . 

1,609,175 

866,687  . 

848,328 

685,794  . 

804,826 

1,450,092  . 

1,584,167 

9,920,891  . 

9.178,647 

9,098,564  . 

8,807,586 

1,074,836  . 

1,430,108 

.   75,077,451  . , 

88,946,632 

.   50,671,265  . 

51,670,898 

8,195,518  . 

12,483,862 

.  188,284,684  . 

.  148,896,577 

650 


Foreign  Correspondence, 


last  year,  9,963,309  cwts.,  or  nearly  five-sixths  of  tlie  whole,  came  from 
the  United  States,  1,822,689  cwts.  firom  India,  392,447  cwts.  from  %ypt, 
164,347  cwts.  from  Brazil,  and  the  remainder,  86,304  cwts.,  from  "other 
countries,"  the  last  figures  showing,  therefore,  the  whole  quantity  that 
we  have  heen  able  to  obtain  from  the  Levant,  Africa,  the  West  Lidies, 
and  Central  America,  during  twelve  months. 

The  exports  of  Great  Britain  for  the  year  amounted  in  value  to 
£135,842,817,^  against  £130,411,529  in  the  preceding  year,  and 
£116,608,756  in  1858,  these  amounts  being  exclusive  of  the  foreign  and 
colonial  produce  exported.  All  our  principal  manu^tures  have  partici- 
pated in  this  increase  of  trade,  as  will  be  seen  from  the  following  table : 

Apparel  and  slops, 

Beer  and  ale, 

Coal  and  calm, 

Cotton  mannfactores, 

"      yarn 

Earthenware  and  poroelidn, .... 
Haberdashery  and  millinery,. . . . 

Hardwares  and  cutlery, 

Leather  manofactnres, 

Linen  mannfeu^tures, 

linen  yam, 

Machinery, 

Metals — ^pig  iron, 

Bar  iron, 

Railway  iron, 

Cast  iron, 

Wrought  iron, 

Steely 

Unwrought  copper, 

Copper,  yeL  metal  sheets,  ^c., 

Wrought  copper  and  brass,. . . 

Lead, 

Tin, 

Tin  plates, 

Salt 

Silk  manufactures, 

Silk  thrown,  silk  twist  and  yam. 

Wool 

Woolen  manufactures, 

Woolen  yarns, 

Of  the  total  value  of  British  produce  and  manufactures  exported  during 
the  year,  £43,672,257  represents  the  exports  to  British  possessions, 
against  £46,163,296  in  the  preceding  year,  and  £60,222,457  in  1858; 
and  £92,170,560,  the  exports  to  forei^  countries,  against  £84,267,533 
in  1859,  and  £76,386,299  in  1858.  The  United  States  were  our  best 
customer,  taking  goods  to  the  value  of  more  than  twenty-one  and  a  half 
millions ;  then  comes  India,  nearly  seventeen  millions ;  and  the  Hanse 
Towns  hold  the  third  place,  taking  more  than  ten  and  a  quarter  millions. 

The  present  session  of  the  British  parliament  is  likely  to  be  productive 
of  many  useful  measures  of  a  commercial  and  economical  character.  Hie 
attention  of  the  legiBlature  is  not  likely  to  be  disturbed  this  year  by  a 
state  of  war  in  any  country,  nor  by  a  futile  attempt  at  gariuunentarj 
reform.  We  are  to  have  a  year  of  practical  work,  and  we  expect  the 
most  satiflfiictory  results. 


1858. 

1809. 

1860. 

£1,944,283  .. 

£2,188,881  . 

£2,166,848 

1,861,796  . . 

2,116,873  . 

1,868,998 

3,062,768  . . 

8,270,018  . 

8,821,639 

88,402,264  . . 

88,744,118  . 

42,148,409 

9,678,820  . . 

9,468,112  . 

9,876,078 

1,160,607  . . 

1,818,881  . 

1,440,998 

8,478,641  . . 

4,290,082  . 

4,001,277 

8,280,466  . . 

8,809,266  . 

8,772,026 

1,688,267  . . 

1,667,611  . 

1,726,861 

•'4,184,126  . . 

4,604,687  . 

4,802,208 

1,789,190  . . 

1,674,602  . 

1.800,927 

8,608,989  . . 

8,781,801  . 

8,826,861 

1,101,118  .. 

901,929  . 

974,260 

2,082,648  . . 

2,878,910  . 

2,886,966 

8,668,814  . . 

4,124,208  . 

8,414,885 

820,924  . . 

796,819  . 

888,277 

2,864,916  .. 

8,084,720  . 

8,814,459 

689,781  . . 

806,882  . 

906,821 

696,628  . . 

691,627  . 

749,067 

1,620,447  . . 

1,604,442  .. 

1,808,692 

687,169  . . 

406,286  . 

449,868 

469,666  . . 

480,846  . 

641,847 

270,680  . . 

868,109  . 

868,469 

1,861,198  . . 

1,622,618  . 

1,498,681 

287,646  . . 

268,922  . 

868,090 

1,804,946  . . 

1,662,162  . 

1,677,001 

791,646  . . 

791,560  . 

824,291 

901,495  . . 

640,989  . 

868,781 

9,777,977  . . 

12,068,708  . 

12,168,861 

2,968,860  .. 

8,084,061  . 

8,848,896 

Foreign  Ccrreipondence,  661 

The  first  measure  the  legislature  has  undertaken  is  the  reform  of  the 
bankruptcy  law,  the  state  of  which  has  for  a  considerable  time  given  cause 
to  muco  complaint.  Year  after  year  have  measures  been  introduced  on 
the  subject  which  have  received  but  meagre  support,  but  the  attorney- 
general's  bill  of  this  session  is  universally  approved  ot  The  principal 
objects  aimed  at  by  this  measure  are  the  amalgamation  of  bankruptcy 
and  insolvency,  and  the  application  of  the  bankruptcy  law  to  traders  and 
non-traders  alike ;  the  creation  of  a  chief  judge  of  bankruptcy,  and  the 
constitution  of  that  judge  a  court  of  appeal  from  the  commissioners,  great 
&cilities  for  the  settiement  of  bankruptcies  by  arrangements  among  cred- 
itors after  adjudication,  and  even  out  of  court  by  trust-deeds  between  the 
debtor  and  his  creditors,  provided  there  be  the  assent  of  three-fourths  of 
the  creditors  of  £10  and  upwards  respectively.  Provisions  are  also  made 
for  liberating  prisoners  for  debt,  by  allowing  them  to  petition  mformd, 
pauperis  for  adjudication  in  bankruptcy.  It  would  be  important  to 
mtroduce,  in  such  measures,  provisions  for  the  protection  of  foreign  cred- 
itors as  regards  notices,  &c.  With  the  immense  increase  of  conmicrce, 
we  may  anticipate  that  a  much  larger  number  of  foreign  creditors  may  be 
interested  in  British  bankruptcies,  and  vice  versa  of  British  creditors  in 
foreign  bankruptcies.  It  becomes,  therefore,  important  for  the  boards  of 
trade  and  chambers  of  commerce  of  different  countries  carefully  to  watch 
the  progress  of  legislation  in  other  States. 

Another  important  measure  is  the  bill  to  amend  the  law  relating  to 
the  fraudulent  marking  of  merchandise ;  the  frequent  counterfeit  of  such 
marks  in  this  and  other  countries  having  proved  a  source  of  great  loss  to 
manufacturers.  It  is  proposed  bv  the  bill  to  constitute  the  forging  or 
imitating  a  trade  mark,  and  the  selling  of  goods  with  forged  trade  marks, 
with  intent  to  defraud,  a  misdemeanor.  Also  the  marking  with  false 
indication  of  quantity,  and  the  selling  of  goods  with  false  mdication  of 
quantity,  with  intent  to  defraud,  a  misdemeanor ;  and  also  the  forging, 
imitating  or  fsEdsely  applying  the  names  and  marks  of  artists,  with  intent 
to  defraud,  a  misdemeanor.  A  similar  legislation  exists  in  most  States 
of  Europe  and  America.  But  in  France,  Austria  and  other  European 
countries,  a  registration  of  trade  marks  is  established  by  law,  in  order  to 
secure  the  right  of  property  in  the  same.  The  British  government  is 
unwilling  to  adopt  such  a  course,  but  I  conceive  it  very  necessary  in  order 
to  avoid  the  necessity  in  each  case  to  prove  a  right  of  property  in  the 
mark.  Foreign  merchants  and  manufacturers  will,  of  course,  participate 
in  the  same  protection,  and  the  British  government  will  endeavor  to 
establish  reciprocity  treaties  on  the  subject  with  foreign  powers. 

Another  bill  has  been  introduced  for  establishing  equitable  councils  of 
conciliation  to  settle  differences  between  masters  and  operatives.  Such 
councils  to  be  of  not  less  than  two  masters  and  two  operatives,  and  of 
not  more  than  ten  of  each.  A  bill  is  also  before  the  House  to  extend 
the  jurisdiction  of  the  Court  of  Admiralty ;  and  one  to  afford  facilities 
for  the  better  ascertainment  of  the  law  of  foreign  countries  when  pleaded 
in  courts  within  Her  Majesty's  dominions,  by  giving  power  to  superior 
courts  to  remit  a  case  with  queries  to  any  foreign  State  with  which  Her 
Majesty  may  have  made  a  convention  for  that  purpose  for  ascertaining 
the  law  of  such  State. 


652  New  Commercial  Acta  and  BegtUaHcne, 

NEW  COMMERCIAL  ACTS  AND  BEGULATIONS. 


I.  Duties  on  Imports  and  Tonnagb« 

The  Act  to  amend  the  provisions  of  the  b^th  section  of  the  Act  to  Regulate 
the  Collection  of  Duties  on  Imports  and  Tonnage^  approved  March  2rf, 
1799. 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United 
States  of  America,  in  Congress  assemhled.  That  whenever  any  goods, 
wares  or  merchandise  shall  be  imported  into  any  port  of  the  United  States 
from  any  foreign  port,  in  any  ship  or  vessel,  at  the  expiration  of  eight 
working  days,  if  the  ship  or  vessel  shall  be  less  than  three  hundred  tons 
burden,  and  within  twelve  working  days,  if  it  be  of  three  hundred  tons 
burden  and  less  than  eight  hundred,  and  within  fifteen  days,  if  it  be  of 
eight  hundred  tons  burden  and  upwards,  after  the  time  within  which  the 
report  of  the  master  or  person  having  charge  or  command  of  any  ship  or 
vessel  is  required  to  be  made  to  the  collector  of  the  district,  if  there  shall 
be  found  any  goods,  wares  or  merchandise,  other  than  shall  have  been 
reported  for  some  other  district,  or  some  foreign  port  or  place,  the  col- 
lector shall  take  possession  thereof;  but  with  the  consent  of  the  owner 
or  consignee  of  any  goods,  wares  or  merchandise,  or  with  the  consent  of 
the  owner  or  master  of  the  vessel  in  which  the  same  may  be  imported, 
the  said  goods,  wares  or  merchandise  may  be  taken  possession  of  by  the 
collector,  after  one  day's  notice  to  the  collector  of  the  district. 

Approved  March  2,  1861. 


Trbasxjry  Dbpabtment,  March  16,  1861. 

The  following  acts  of  Congress,  approved  March  2d,  1861,  are  pub- 
lished for  the  information  and  government  of  officers  of  the  customs  and 
others  concerned. 

All  invoices  claiming  to  be  made  out  in  the  new  silver  florin  of  Austria 
must  be  accompanied  m  each  case  by  a  consular  certificate  showing  that 
fact. 

S.  P.  Chase,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury, 


XL  The  Florin. 
An  Act  declaring  the  value  of  the  new  silver  Florin  of  Austria, 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United 
States  of  Americc^  in  Congress  assembled^  That  the  new  silver  florin  of 
Austria  shall,  in  all  computations  at  the  custom-house,  be  estimated  at 
forty-six  cents  and  nineteen  hundredths  of  a  cent 

Approved  March  2d,  1861. 

Department  op  State,  Washington^  March  14, 1861. 

I  do  hereby  certify  that  the  within  is  a  true  and  correct  copy  of  the 
original  on  file  in  this  department. 

W.  Hunter,  Chief  Clerk. 


New  Commercial  Acts  and  Regulations,  663 

in,  CiBOVLAR  Instructions  to  Collectors  and  other  Officers  of 

THE  Customs. 

Treasury  Department,  March  21, 1861. 

As  namerons  inquiries  have  been  made  respecting  the  tariff  act  of  1861, 
it  is  deemed  proper  to  state,  for  the  information  and  government  of  offi- 
cers of  the  customs  and  others  concerned,  the  views  entertained  by  this 
department  on  several  of  its  provisions. 

All  questions  of  liability  to  duty  or  of  exemption  therefrom  of  merchan- 
dise imported  under  the  provisions  of  the  new  tariff,  and  questions  as  to 
the  rates  of  duty  thereon,  will  be  determined  in  accordance  with  the  pro- 
visions of  the  fifth  section  of  the  tariff  act  of  1867,  which  section  will,  in 
the  opinion  of  this  department,  still  remain  in  force  on  and  after  the  first 
proximo  unrepealed  and  unmodified. 

The  clause  in  the  tariff  act  of  1861,  repealing  such  of  existing  laws  as 
are  repugnant  to  its  provisions,  does  not  change  or  modify  the  warehouse 
or  appraisement  laws  and  regulations  now  in  force  except  in  one  particu- 
lar, which  is,  that  in  cases  where  a  bill  of  lading  is  presented  showing  the 
day  of  actual  shipment,  certified  to  by  a  consular  officer  of  the  United 
States,  such  date — in  lieu  of  the  "period  of  exportation"  prescribed  by 
existing  laws — shall  be  the  date  at  which  the  foreign  market  value  of  the 
merchmidise  shall  be  estimated  and  ascertained  by  the  appraisers  in  order 
to  the  assessment  of  ad  valorem,  duties.* 

All  merchandise  actually  on  shipboard  and  bound  to  the  United  States 
on  or  before  the  17th  instant,  whether  arriving  before  or  after  the  first 
day  of  April  next,  and  all  merchandise  whensoever  shipped  which  may 
be  actually  on  board  of  vessels  in  port  that  have  been  regularly  entered 
at  the  custom-house  on  or  before  the  first  day  of  April  aforesaid,  may  be 
entered  for  consumption  or  warehousing  at  the  rates  of  duty  now  exist- 
ing, or,  if  the  rates  of  duty  on  the  merchandise  are  lessened  by  the  tariff 
of  1861,  it  may  be  entered  at  such  lesser  rates.  The  same  privilege  will 
be  extended  to  all  merchandise  in  public  store,  unclaimed  on  the  first 

Eroximo,  when  entered  for  warehousing  or  consumption  in  pursuance  of 
iw ;  and  all  merchandise  in  warehouse  under  bond  on  the  first  proximo 
will  be  entitled  to  entry  for  withdrawal  at  rates  of  duty  now  existing,  or, 
if  the  rates  of  duty  on  the  merchandise  are  lessened  by  the  tariff  of  1861, 
the  entry  thereof  may,  at  the  option  of  the  importer  or  owner,  be  made 
at  the  lesser  rates. 

In  allowances  on  account  of  tare,  draft,  <fec.,  on  goods  subject  to  specific 
duty  under  the  new  tariff,  officers  of  the  customs  will  be  governed  by  the 
provisions  of  the  68th  and  69th  sections  of  the  General  (S)llection  Act  of 
March  2d,  1 799,  which  are  again  brought  into  operation. 

S.  P.  Chase,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury, 


Important  Treasury  Instructions. 

The  following  Treasury  instructions  will  be  of  interest  to  merchants 
trading  with  the  States  of  the  Southern  Confederacy  : 

Treasury  Department,  April  1,  1861. 
Sir, — Referring  you  to  the  department  letter  of  the  30th  ult,  direct- 
ing that  no  further  entries  of  merchandise  for  transportation  in  bond  can 


654  New  Oommercial  Acta  and  JRepulatioM. 

be  allowed  relative  to  shipments  to  the  ports  of  South  Carolina,  G^eorgia, 
Alabama,  Mississippi,  Louisiana,  Florida  and  Texas,  I  have  now  to  in- 
form you  that  transportation  bonds  for  merchandise  to  the  ports  referred 
to  will  be  cancelled  on  the  payment  of  duties  at  your  office  in  cases  where 
the  party  shall  satisfy  you  by  his  affidavit,  to  be  filed  with  his  bond,  that 
the  merchandise  arrived  at  the  port  of  destination,  and  that  it  was  found 
impracticable,  by  reason  of  the  existing  condition  of  affidrs  in  those  ports, 
to  obtain  the  requisite  cancelling  certificate. 

Very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

a  p.  Ghasb. 
Aug.  Sobsll,  Esq.,  Collector^  <£c.,  New-York. 


Thb  New  Tariff  Fubtheb  Explained. 

The  literature  of  the  new  tariff  is  rapidly  increasing.  In  addition  to 
the  explanations  and  interpretations  that  have  already  been  published, 
Collector  Schbll  yesterday  issued  the  following  order  to  the  clerks  of 
the  New-York  Custom-House.  It  specifies  certain  rules  and  regulations 
which  will  hereafter  be  enforced : 

Ordeiu 

Ct^tomrEbuse,  New-York^  April  1,  1861. 

To  the  Entry  and  Amendment  Clerks : 

Under  the  tariff  which  goes  into  effect  from  and  after  this  day,  the 
specific  duties  will  be  made  up  by  the  entry  clerks,  in  every  case  where 
it  is  practicable,  upon  the  invoice  quantity  or  measurements,  subject  to 
re-adyustment  on  receipt  of  the  proper  returns. 

In  cases  where  the  duty  cannot  oe  made  up  from  the  invoice,  a  deposit 
wiU  be  taken  sufficient  to  cover  the  duty,  the  estimate  of  which  to  be 
checked  in  the  naval  office.  The  accompanying  hst  will  serve  as  a  guide 
to  the  entry  clerks  in  estimating  the  amounts  to  be  received  as  deposits 
on  certain  articles. 

In  cases  where  articles  are  subject  to  rates  of  duty  varying  according 
to  the  return  of  measurement,  the  highest  rate  (as  was  the  practice  under 
the  former  tariff)  will  be  assessed  in  the  first  instance,  to  be  subsequently 
reduced  on  liquidation,  should  the  returns,  when  received,  warrant  such 
reduction.  U  nder  this  rule,  30  per  cent  ad  valorem  will  be  the  estimated 
charge  on  all  linens  and  silks. 

In  all  cases,  whether  the  duties  are  ad  valorem^  specific  or  secured 
by  deposits,  the  invoice  values  will  be  reduced  by  the  entry  clerks  to 
tfnited  States  currency. 

The  invoice  amount  will  be  written  in  full  on  the  invoice  (as  formerly) 
in  all  cases,  with  the  rate  of  duty  ad  valorem  or  specific. 

No  amended  duties  will  hereafter  be  made,  but  the  original  entry  will 
be  amended,  (in  red  ink,^  and  in  cases  where  a  further  sum  of  duty  is  due, 
immediate  payment  will  be  required. 

The  same  rules  will  apply  to  entries  for  warehousing.  When  goods  are 
withdrawn  at  a  less  rate  of  duty,  by  virtue  of  the  provisions  of  the  new 
tariff,  ihe  difference  of  duty  will  be  noted  on  the  entry  and  endorsed  on 
the  bond,  to  balance  the  amount  originally  assessed. 

Augustus  Sobsll,  Collector, 


New  Commercial  Acta  and  Regulationi,  655 

Impobtast  Trsasurt  CmOULAR. 

No  Transportation  in  Bond  to  Southern  Ports, 

Collector  Schell  received  the  following  important  circular  from  the 
Treasury  Department : 

Trbasubt  DEPABTiniNTy  March  30,  1861. 
Sib, — ^The  control  of  the  warehouses  of  the  ffovemment  in  the  several 

Krts  of  the  States  of  South  Carolina,  Gleorgia,  Alabama,  Mississippi, 
tuisiana,  Florida  and  Texas  having  been  usurped  under  the  alleged  au- 
thority of  those  States,  and  the  officers  of  the  customs,  acting  under  the 
authority  of  the  United  States,  having  been  forcibly  excluded  from  their 
proper  Actions  in  the  custody  of  merchandise  and  superintendence  of 
the  entries  for  warehousing  and  withdrawal,  it  has  become  impracticable 
to  continue  the  privilege  of  bonding  for  transportation  to  those  ports. 

Collectors  of  the  customs  are  accordingly  hereby  instructed  that  no 
entries  for  transportation  in  bond  to  those  ports  can  be  permitted  until 
otherwise  directed  by  this  department 

Very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

S.  P.  Chasb,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 
A.  ScHiLL,  Esq.,  Collector  of  Customs,  NevhYorh. 


Ratbs  of  Deposit. 

The  following  schedule  has  been  prepared  for  the  use  of  clerks  in  de- 
termining the  proper  deposits  on  merchandise  entered  for  consumption. 
Average  duty  to  be  calculated  for  deposition  the  following  articles,  viz. : 

Unbleached  cottons, average,  46  per  cent. 

Bleached  cottons, "  46  " 

Cdored  or  printed  cottons, "  60  " 

Ck)tton  qniltings, "  80  " 

Carpetings,  ingndn  and  Dutch, "  SO  " 

feft "  40 

other, "  86 

Heartli-mgs  or  door-mats,  (wool,) **  86  " 

Bbinketa, "  40  " 

Wool  shawls, "  40  " 

Woollen  cloths,  (fine,) "  86  " 

"        coatinffs,  viz.,  beaver,  castor,  ....  "  40  ** 

aoth,  (wool  and  cotton,) "  40  «' 

Wool,  average  18i  to  24  cente  per  lb., "  16  " 

"        24i  to  $1  00  per  lb., "  80  " 

linens,  piece  goods,  dnty  to  oe  closed  up, . .  **  80  " 

Silks, "  80  " 

Silk  velvets, "  80  " 

Wearing  apparel,  (wool,) *'  60  *' 

Segars,  from  |2  to  |6  per  M., "  SO  " 

"      above  $6  and  not  above  $10  per  M.,      "  60  " 

"      over  $10  per  M., "  42  " 

Brandy, average  on  8d  proof,  $1  16  per  gallon. 

Gin, "          2d      "  0  48  " 

Kirschenwasser,  Ac.,..        "          8d      "  0  6S  " 

Rnmorsplrite, "          Sd     "  0  46 

Augustus  Sohsll,  Collector. 
Custom-House,  NevhTorh,  April  1,  1861. 


656  Kew  Commercial  Acts  and  RegulaiwM,    . 

7%e  New  Tariff, — ^Tlie  following  instructions  haye  been  received  from 
the  Secretary  of  fiie  Treasury : 

Treasury  Department,  April  1,  1861. 
Sir, — Referring  you  to  the  department's  letter  of  the  30th  ult,  direct- 
ing that  no  further  entries  of  merchandise  for  transportation  in  bond  can 
be  allowed  relative  to  shipments  to  the  ports  of  South  Carolina,  Georgia, 
Alabama,  Mississippi,  Louisiana,  Florida  and  Texas,  I  have  now  to  in- 
struct you  that  transportation  bonds  for  merchandise  to  the  ports  re- 
ferred to  will  be  cancelled  on  the  pajrment  of  duties  at  your  office,  in 
cases  where  the  party  shall  satisfy  you  by  his  affidavit,  to  be  filed  witk 
his  bond,  that  tne  merchandise  arrived  at  the  port  of  destination,  and 
that  it  was  found  impracticable,  by  reason  of  the  existing  condition  of 
the  affairs  in  those  ports,  to  obtain  the  requisite  cancelling  certificate. 
Very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

S.  P.  Chase,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 
Augustus  Schell,  Esq.,  Collector ^  c^c,  New-York, 


Public  Resolution  in  Congress — No.  4. 

Joint  Resolution^  giving  the  a^ssent  of  Congress  to  certain  acts  passed,  or  to 
be  passed  J  by  the  Legislatures  of  the  States  of  Arkansas,  Louisiana  and 
Texas,  or  any  two  of  them,  in  relation  to  the  ^^JRaft "  of  Bed  River,  and 
for  other  purposes. 

Resolved  by  the  Senate  and  Hotise  of  Representatives  of  the  United 
States  of  America  in  Congress  assembled,  That  the  assent  of  Congress  be 
and  the  same  is  hereby  given  to  any  acts  that  have  been  or  may  be  passed 
by  the  Legislatures  of  the  States  of  Arkansas,  Louisiana  and  Texas,  or  of 
any  two  of  them,  haviDg  for  their  object  the  improvement  of  the  naviga- 
tion of  Red  River,  by  the  removal  of  the  "  raft "  therefrom. 

Section  2.  And  be  it  further  resolved.  That  Congress  hereby  assents 
after  and  so  soon  as  any  company  incorporated  by  the  States  aforesaid, 
or  any  two  of  them,  for  the  purpose,  shall  have  removed  the  obstructions 
to  navigation  in  Red  River  caused  by  the  "  raft,"  and  have  rendered  the 
same  navigable,  and  not  before,  the  said  States,  or  any  two  of  them,  may, 
through  the  said  company,  under  and  in  accordance  with,  and  in  the 
mode  provided  by  the  acts  incorporating  the  same,  for  the  benefit  of  the 
company  and  to  reimburse  to  it  its  expenditures  in  removing  said  "  raft," 
levy  and  collect,  by  way  of  commutation  for  duties  of  tonnage,  tolls  upon 
all  boats  or  other  water  crafts  ascending  or  descending  said  river,  and 
passing  through  the  portion  thereof  that  shall  so  have  been  improved  and 
rendered  navigable,  not  to  exceed  the  following  sums ;  that  is  to  say,  fifty 
cents  on  and  for  each  bale  of  cotton,  and  twenty-five  cents  on  and  for 
each  barrel  of  goods,  wares  and  merchandise  wherewith  such  boats  or 
crafts  may  be  laden ;  and  that  this  privilege  may  continue  until  the  expira- 
tion of  thirty  years  from  the  ninth  day  of  March,  Anno  Domini  eighteen 
hundred  and  sixty :  Provided,  That  nothing  herein  contained  shall  au- 
thorize the  said  company  to  impair  the  navigation  of  Red  Bayou :  Pro- 
vided further.  That  the  United  States  shall  have  the  right,  at  any  time 
after  the  expiration  of  ten  years,  to  take  possession  of  the  work  by  paying 
to  the  company  the  amount  of  expenditure,  with  seven  per  centum  interest 

Approved,  February  21,  1861. 


IfercantiU  MiiceUanies.  657 


MERCANTILE  MISCELLANIES. 


NEW  SIIS  WORMS. 


It  is  mtifymg  to  record  tbe  honors  bestowed  upon  those  efforts  which 
are  needful  in  adding  to  the  wants  of  industry  throughout  the  world. 

M.  De  Montiont,  who  introduced  into  France  the  oak  of  Mantchouria, 
on  the  leaves  of  which  silkworms  feed,  and  also  the  ignaure,  sorgho  and 
bamboo,  is  to  receive  a  medal  of  honor  from  the  Society  of  Acchmation. 
On  one  side  of  the  medal  is  to  be  the  profile  of  M.  Dk  Montiont,  and 
on  the  other  an  appropriate  inscription,  surrounded  with  a  wreath  of 
leaves  of  the  oak  and  the  plants  brought  to  France  by  him. 


STEAM  ON  THE  WELLAND  CANAL. 

About  3,500  sailing  vessels— chiefly  American — ^passed  through  it  last 
year,  and  $120,000  were  paid  for  towage,  which  is  by  old-&Bhioned  horse- 
power. Of  course,  the  employment  of  horse-power  is  attended  with 
many  inconveniences.  Sometimes  a  change  of  wind,  from  foul  to  ^nir, 
will  bring  a  hundred  or  a  hundred  and  fifty  sail  into  Port  Colbome,  Lake 
Erie,  and  a  delay  of  five  or  six  days  ensues  before  they  can  all  get  horses 
to  tow  them  into  Lake  Ontario.  In  addition  to  this,  those  who  have  the 
horses  exact  excessive  sums  from  anxious  captains  on  such  occasions,  and 
a  serious  tax  on  shipping  is  the  result.  Moreover,  the  horses  are  owned 
mostly  by  tavern-keepers,  who  profit  by  every  delay.  Trade  has  suffered 
from  these  vexations  too  lon^,  and  a  remedy  is  now  sought 

The  Commissioner  of  Public  Works,  Hon.  Mr.  Rose,  is  about  to  adver- 
tise immediately  for  tenders  for  towing  on  the  canal  by  steam.  The  tugs 
required  are  small  screws,  such  as  are  owned  on  the  American  shores  of  the 
lakes.  The  rates  for  towing  are  not  to  be  much  reduced,  but  it  is  esti- 
mated that  the  profit  to  the  shipping  interest  will  be  ffreat^  as  the  delays  in 
finding  towage  will  be  avoided,  the  passage  through  the  canal  shortened 
by  several  hours,  and  vessels  thus  enabled  to  ms^e  one  or  two  more  in 
the  season. 


AMERICAN  SEA  OiTICERS  IN  GREAT  BRITAIN. 

The  Hon.  Mr.  Liitdsat,  in  his  address  last  year  before  the  Chamber  of 
Commerce,  alluded  to  the  fact  that  foreign  vessels  can  be  purchased  and 
r^stered  in  England.  It  appears,  now,  that  not  only  the  American 
vessels,  but  their  officers,  are  to  be  registered  in  Great  Britain.  Since» 
we  learn  from  the  London  Mercantile  and  Shipping  Gfazette,  that  several 
American  captains  had  passed  the  Board  of  Trade  examinations,  in  order 
to  command  their  ships  under  the  British  fiag ;  that  is,  to  obtain  the 
requisite  certificates  of  competency.  According  to  English  law,  however, 
other  qualifications  are  said  to  be  necessary ;  they  must  also  be  natural- 
ized ;  but  we  understand  that  the  statute  relating  to  this  subject  is  so 

VOL.  xuv. — HO.  V.  42 


058  Merca$UiU  Mucellanus. 

loosely  worded,  that  this  requirement  may  be  set  aside  or  explained  in  a 
liberal  sense  to  meet  the  American  exigency.  This  is  a  summary  mode 
of  insuring  the  efficiency  of  the  British  marine.  It  is  a  high  compliment, 
not  only  to  the  superiority  of  our  vessels,  but  to  the  skill  of  our  officera, 
which  are  required  to  bring  out  the  good  qualities  of  ships.  It  was  re- 
marked, when  the  yacht  America  passed  by  sale  into  British  hands,  that 
her  peiformances  were  less  satisfactory  than  when  under  the  control  of 
American  seamen. 


QUICK  YOTAGE. 

The  bark  Beindsbr,  of  New-Haven,  Capt  A.  S.  Laktabs,  suled  from 
New-York  1 7th  January,  for  Barbadoes,  with  86  head  of  horses  and  mules 
on  deck  Arrived  at  Barbadoes  in  nine  days,  discharged  her  inboard 
cargo,  took  in  ballast,  and  proceeded  to  Port  Spain,  Trinidad,  and  landed 
the  deck  load.  Sailed  from  thence  2d  February,  and  arrived  back  to 
New-York  20th ;  thus  making  the  round  voyage  in  thirty-three  daya, 
counting  the  day  of  sailing  and  arriving  as  one  day. 


FOREIGN  OOMBIERCE  OF  NEW-YORK. 

Hitherto  New-Orleans  has  occupied  a  prominent  position  in  the  foreign 
export  trade  of  the  country.  We  find  that,  for  the  fiscal  year  ending 
June  30th,  1860,  of  the  e3q)ort6  New-York  reports  over  $145,000,000 
out  of  $400,000,000  in  the  aggregate,  or  thirty-six  per  cent ;  while  of  the 
imports,  amounting  to  $862,000,000  for  the  whole  country,  New-York 
reports  $248,000,000,  or  a  fraction  over  two-thirds,  and  of  the  aggr^tc 
movement  New-York  has  one-half  of  the  whole  United  States.  The 
general  results  are  as  follows : 

DCFORTS. 

New-York, $248,489,877 

All  other  Stotes, 113,676,877 

Total  lor  (he  yeur  ending  July  Ist,  1860, $  862,166,2M 

EXPORTS. 

New-York, $  146,666,449 

All  other  States, 264,566,847 

Total  exports  for  186^1860, $  400,122,296 

New-York  presents  the  following  extraordinary  results : 

Exports  by  American  vess^,  domestic  {Mroduce, $  76,268,788 

"   foreign  "  "  49,797,179 

Total  domestic  prodnce, ^ $  126,069,967 

Total  foreign  produce, 19,494,482 

Total  for  the  year  1869-1860. $  146.666,449 

Next  to  New-York,  Louisiana  clwms  the  largest  export,  being  the 
depot  of  the  vast  produce  of  Illinois,  Missouri,  Kentucky,  Tennessee  and 
other  portions  of  the  Mississippi  Yalley. 


MereanUle  JHuedimmei. 
Tradb  of  thb  States. 


6^9 


The  following  table  shows  the  States  mostly  interested  in  commerce, 
and  the  amount  of  their  individual  trade : 

i^V^eof  year  18i»-18M. 


Statbs.  Import;       Eaop&rtB,  Total, 

Kew-York, $948,489,000  $14&,666,000  $894,044,000 

IfoMaohiuetta,....  41,187,000       17,008,000  66,190,000 

Lonittana, 82,922,000     108,417,000  181,889,000 

AUlMmA, 1,060,000       88,870,000  89,720,000 

BoathCWollna,...  1,669,000       81,206,000  82,774,000 

Oeorcfia,. 782,000       18,488,000  19,266,000 

MaryUuKii 9,784,000        9,001,000  18,786,000 

PeniMylTania, 14,684,000        6,628,000  80,262,000 

Tlrglnla, 1,826,000        6,868,000  7,184,000 

OUUbnila, 9,680,000       10,296,000  19,876,000 

Total  ten  SUte^..  $861,828,000  $880,126,000  $781,489,000 

AU  others, 10,848,000       20,006,000  80,849,000 

Totals, $862,166,000  $400^22,000  $762,288,000 


1868-1869. 

1867-1866.. 

Total, 

Total, 

$846,781,000    . 

.     $886,816,000 

61,848,000    . 

64,776,000 

180,016,000    . 

107,468,000 

29,781,000    . 

81,629,000 

19,411,000    . 

18,996,000 

16,186,000    . 

10,009,000 

16,960,000    . 

19,878,000 

19,896,000    . 

18,988,000 

7,888,000    .. 

8,866,000 

87,088,000    . 

84,089,000 

$667,168,000    ., 

.     $680,878,000 

88,894,000    .. 

86,886,000 

$696,667,000    .. 

.     $607,257,000 

WOOL  TRADE  OF  GREAT  BRITAIN. 

Official  AecounU  of  ths  Board  of  Trade  relating  to  Wool,  dfrc,  for  the  yeoTi  ld68, 

1859  and  1860. 

DfPOBTS    OF    WOOL,  AC.,  INTO    THS    UNITED    KINODOM. 

Artidee,  Importatione. 

Wool,  sheep  and  lambs' :                                 1868.                 md.  IMO. 
From  Hajise  Towns  and  other  parts  of 

EmH>pe, lbs.  28,624,810  ..  89,291,190  ..  88,840,961 

British  Possessions  in  South  Africa,  16,697,604  . .  14,269,848  . .  16,674,845 

British  East  Indies, 17,888,60'7  ..  14,868,408  ..  20,214,178 

Australia, 51,104,660  *.  68,700,481  ..  59,166,989 

Other  countries, 10,890,200  . .  9,168,688  . .  10,706,288 

Total 124,060,690      180,788,000      146,501,661 

Wool,  Alpacca  and  the  Llama  tribe,  lbs.      2,688,183  . .     2,601,684  . .     2,894,926 
Woollen  manu&ctures : 

Manufactures  not  made  up,  value, £817,112  ..    £866,678  ..     £918,927 

Articles  wholly  or  partially  made  up : 

Shawls,  scarfe  and  handkerchiefs,  lbs.         16,422..        146,886..        446,170 

KXPOftTS  or  fokhon  axd  colonial  wool,  ac,  feom  thi  unttbd  kingdom. 

Wool,  sheep  and  lambs',  produce  of  Brit-  Exportation, 

iah  Possesions  abroad :  , ^  x 

To  Hanse  Towns, lbs.  617,612  . .       482,812  . .     1,849,770 

Belgium, 8,872,726  ..     6,229,878  ..     6,829,986 

Prance 11>187,6S9  ..  11,876,796  ..  15,125,629 

Other  countries, 2,049,029  ..     2,077,292  ..     2,648,706 

Totals, 22,076,905        20,616,278        25,854,041 


6^  MircantiU  MiieeUamcB. 

Wolferoing: ,  1858. 

To  Hanse  Towns, lbs.  268,669  ..  868,988  ..  484,59t 

Belgium, 1,498,011   ..  1,641,178  ..  1,247,828 

France, 619,110  ..  887,804  ..  694,827 

Other  countries, 2,229,781  ..  6,866,742  ..  2,606,410 

Total, lbs.  4,610,621  ..  8,218,702  ..  4,782,662 

Total  of  sheep  and  lambs'  wool,. .  26,687,426  . .  28,829,990  . .  80,686,708 

Wool,  Alpacca  and  the  Llama  tribe,  lbs.  114,116  . .  276,770  . .  261,640 

Woollen  mana£ftctiires  not  made  up,  yalne,  £22,982  ..  20,044  ..  26,180 

EXPORTS  OF  BRITISH  AXD  IRISH  WOOL,  WOOLLXNS,  40.,  FROM  THE  UinTXD  KIHCDOH. 

Wool,  sheep  and  lambs' : 

To  Belgimn, lbs.  1,126,947  . .  820,880  . .      668,788 

France, 10,789,641  ..  6,170,228  ..    8,124.147 

Other  countries, 1,629,381  ..  2,063,098  ..    2,896,959 

Total, lbs.  18,446,869  9,064,161  11,678,844 

Woollens — Cloths  of  all  kinds,  Duffels  and 
Kerseymeres : 

To  United  States pieces,  129,888  . .  148,089  . .  186,008 

Brazil, 67,666  ..  88,699  ..  88,684 

Buenos  Ayres, 26,692  ..  24,729  ..  40,164 

Chili, 18,048  ..  18,460  ..  19,846 

Peru, 29,718  ..  22,624  ..  28.497 

China  and  Hong  Kong, 61,767  ..  79,262  ..  80,867 

British  North  America, 26,846  ..  84,841  ..  41,186 

British  East  Indies, 78,666  ..  68,069  ..  44.606 

Australia, 81,889  ..  22,928  ..  22.698 

Other  oountries, 116,844..  126,764..  187,986 

Total, pieces,  664,388  ..  674,240  ..  679,186 

Mixed  8tu£b,  flannels,  blankets  and  carpets : 

To  Hanse  Towns,. yds.  4,748,618  . .  4,441,269  . .  4.241,842 

France, 8,896,902  ..  8,187,288  ..  8,881.682 

Naples  and  Sidly 1,697,866  . .  1,141,282  . .  1.820.789 

United  States, 88,461,180  . .  66,607,009  . .  62,687,607 

Brazil, 1,189,078  ..  884,406  ..  1,260.149 

British  North  America, 2,686,774  ..  8,497,667  ..  4,228,869 

British  East  Indies, :  2,114,986  . .  1,866,608  . .  1,088,788 

Australia, 4,905,560..  6,880,796..  8,646,044 

Other  countries, 16,962,168  . .  17,849,092  . .  21,679,624 

Total,. yds.  76,603,066  98,866,267  98,079,684 

Stoclings, doz.pairs,  186,814  ..  281,607  ..  272,882 

Worsted  stu£Bi : 

To  Hanse  Towns, pieoee,  666,729  . .  661,621  . .  666.026 

HoUand, 168,470  ..  162,940  ..  171,721 

Belgium, 189,870..  110,041..  79,664 

United  Stotes, 460,247  . .  818,160  . .  786,168 

China  and  Hong  Kong, 76,688  ..  142,888  ..  197,979 

British  North  America*. 118,702  ..  146.224  ..  181.986 

British  East  Indies, 78,094..  69,141..  44,168 

Australia,. 128,616  ..  148,946  ..  92.816 

Other  oountries, 630,404  ..  687,041  ..  667,878 

Totals pieces,  2,860,814  ..  2,721,941  ..  2,616,766 


Commercial  JReffuktthm,  661 

1858.  1889.  1800. 

Woollen  and  wonted  yam : 

To  Riusia, cwt.  1Y,895 

Hanoyer, 21,660 

Hanse  Towns, 104,298 

Holland, 40,580 

Belgium, 11,802 

France, 9,912 

Other  countries, 7,727 

Total, cwt        218,929  ..       204,012  ..        245,889 


18,512  .. 

20,890 

10,844  .. 

18,485 

89,459  .. 

128,708 

47,805  .. 

54,768 

12,888  .. 

14,460 

7,482  .. 

9,865 

8,622  .. 

9,178 

COMMERCIAL   REGULATIONS. 


THE  TURKISH  TARIFF. 


Thk  London  Times  remarks,  that  the  treaties  which  the  Porte  has  just 
concladed  with  England  and  France  are  snch  as  we  are  not  likely  to  obtain 
for  years  from  the  democratic  govemment  of  the  Western  world  or  the 
model  empire  of  Russia.  These  treaties,  it  is  understood,  are  perfectly 
identical,  and  when  they  are  once  in  force  with  the  two  Western  powers, 
they  will,  no  doubt,  be  speedily  extended  to  other  nations.  The  principal 
stipulation  is,  that  one  uniform  ad  valorem  duty  of  eight  per  cent  on  both 
imports  and  exports  is  to  be  temporarily  substituted  for  those  now  exist- 
ing. The  present  system  is,  perhaps,  one  of  the  most  singular  that  ever 
was  devised  by  man.  Every  one,  by  the  laws  of  the  Turkish  empire, 
may  trade  at  an  advantage  with  Turkey,  if  the  code  of  protection  be 
true,  for  the  foreigner  is  protected  against  the  native  in  tne  most  com- 
plete manner.  The  simple  manner  of  the  Ottoman  financiers  for  raising 
money  by  customs  has  oeen  to  place  a  5  per  cent  duty  on  imports  and 
a  12  per  cent  duty  on  exports,  both  levied  ad  valorem.  This  system  has, 
under  various  modifications,  been  in  force  for  a  great  number  of  years, 
and  has  actually  been  incorporated  into  several  commercial  treaties  with 
foreign  States  within  the  last  twenty  years.  The  consequences  has  been 
to  lessen  the  Httle  export  trade  which  the  empire  possessed.  The  exports 
in  com,  fiffs  and  other  produce  have  been  hampered  by  this  absurd  im- 
post, so  that  the  English,  French  and  €krman  mani^tures,  required 
Dy  all  classes,  have  been  paid  for  in  money  to  an  extent  which  has  seri- 
ously deranged  the  finances  of  the  country.  That,  in  spite  of  all  of  these 
hindrances,  the  trade  of  the  empire  should  have  so  much  increased  of 
late  years  is  a  proof  of  its  immense  resources,  and  gives  reason  to  hope 
that  the  adoption  of  a  better  system  will  be  followed  by  a  new  period  of 
prosperity.  The  8  per  cent  is  now,  as  we  have  said,  to  be  levied  on  im- 
ports and  exports,  but  only  the  duty  on  imports  is  to  be  permanent 
That  on  exports  is  to  be  diminished  1  per  cent  yearly  until  it  is  reduced 
to  1  per  cent,  and  at  that  ahiount  it  is  to  remain  during  the  twenty-eight 
years  that  the  trealy  lasts.  No  diminution  of  the  8  per  cent  import  duty 
18  to  take  place.  The  duty  of  3  per  cent,  levied  upon  goods  miported 
into  Turkey  for  despatch  into  other  countries,  is  to  be  reduced  to  2  per 
cent  henceforth,  ana  to  a  fixed  and  definite  rate  of  1  per  cent  at  the  end 
of  the  eighth  year.    Two  articles  are  excepted  from  the  provisions  of  this 


662  Oammercial  BegulatiofM, 

treaty — tobacco  and  salt  The  government  seems  to  see  with  jealousy 
the  introduction  of  weapons  and  military  stores.  And  well  it  may,  since 
not  only  have  rifles  and  cannon  been  introduced  into  Hungary  from  the 
Black  Sea  ports,  but  the  Herzegovina  has  been  supplied  wim  arms,  which 
it  is  now  using  in  a  furious  insurrection  against  the  JPorte.  Hence,  by  the 
10th  article,  it  is  stipulated  that  French  (or  English)  subjects  for  the  fu- 
ture shall  not  be  able  "  to  import  either  cannon,  powder,  arms  or  munitions 
of  war.  The  trade  in  these  diflferent  articles  rests  altogether  under  the 
immediate  surveillance  of  the  Ottoman  government,  which  retains  the 
right  of  regulating  the  same."  The  time  during  which  the  treaty  is  to 
be  in  force,  and  the  provinces  to  which  it  is  to  extend,  are  declared  by 
the  16th  article.  The  term  is  twenty-eight  years,  yet  each  of  the  high 
contracting  parties  reserves  to  itself  the  power  to  propose,  at  the  ezpirft- 
tion  of  ten  years,  the  modifications  which  experience  may  suggest.  Tlie 
treaty  is  to  be  binding  throughout  the  whole  empire,  including  not  only 
Egypt,  "  but  the  other  parts  of  Africa  under  the  dominion  of  the  Sublime 
Porte ;"  that  is,  Tripoli  and  Tunis.  It  will  abo  extend  to  Servia,  and  the 
highly  prosperous  community  of  the  Danubian  provinces.  An  empire  in- 
hibited by  races  so  much  inclined  by  nature  to  commerce  as  the  Levantines 
cannot  but  prosper  under  the  commercial  freedom  which  is  being  so  rapidly 
established  in  Western  Europe.  Extravagance  among  the  high,  apathy 
among  the  low,  will  always  be  a  bar  to  Mussulman  progress ;  but  the 
Turks  do  not  form  the  whole  of  the  Sultanas  subjects,  and  there  are  mil- 
lions who  will  become  better  customers  of  Great  Britain  through  the  re- 
forms which  the  Porte  is  about  to  accomplish. 


FREE  PORTS  Hf  CANADA. 

The  Canadian  Government  Gazette^  of  the  Slst  December,  contains  the 
proclamation  establishing  the  fVee  ports  at  Gaspe  and  Sault  Ste.  Marie. 
Their  boundaries  are  as  follows :  The  limits  at  the  free  port  of  G^aspe 
extend  '^  three  miles  inland  fVom  low-water  mark  "  around  all  the  shores 
of  Gaspe  Basin ;  and  the  district  which  is  annexed  to  the  port,  and  to 
which  goods  may  be  exported  from  (Jaspe  free,  comprehends  the  whole 
of  the  eastern  peninsula,  fix>m  River  Cluitte  round  to  River  Nouvelle, 
(Bay  of  Chaleurs,)  also  the  Magdalen  Islands,  the  Island  of  Anticosti 
and  the  north  shore  x>f  the  St  Lawrence  from  Point  des  Monts  to  Labra- 
dor. Vessels  and  goods  that  have  been  duly  reported  and  entered  either 
for  duty  or  for  the  warehouse  at  any  Canadian  port  of  entry,  may  be  taken 
direct  from  such  port  to  New-Carlisle  or  Pasbeac  and  to  Perce,  and  there 
reported,  entered  and  landed  free  of  duty,  as  if  they  were  entered  at 
Gaspe.  The  exportation  of  fish  may  also  be  made  direct  from  these 
outposts,  as  well  as  from  Gaspe.  The  limits  of  the  free  port  of  Sault 
Ste.  Marie  are  co-extensive  with  the  town  plot  there,  and  the  district  an- 
nexed to  it  comprehends  the  north  shores  of  the  great  lakes ;  or,  indeed, 
the  whole  unsettled  part  of  Canada  west  of  the  meridian  81  degrees  W. 
The  Mannitoulin  Islands  are  included  within  its  boundaries.  The  regula- 
tions under  which  trade  with  these  free  ports  is  to  be  carried  on  will,  no 
doubt,  be  published  in  future  Gazettes. 


Oommereial  Beffulations,  66S 

NOnCE  TO  HARINEBS. 

Nbw-Granadian  Consulatx,  New-Yorkj  .^ml  10,  1861. 
The  tmdersigned  respectfiilly  requests  the  editor  of  the  Herald  to  give 
publicity  to  the  following  official  communicatioii. 

G.  DoMiNouEz,  OonsuL 
[Translation.] 

Nbw-Grakadian  Lboatiok  IK  THE  Unitkjt  Sta'teb. 
G.  DoMiNGUEZ,  Esq.,  Consul  of  the  Confederation^  New-Torlc: 

You  are  hereby  requested  to  make  known  to  all  ship-owners,  shippers 
and  insurers,  whom  it  may  concern,  that  in  conformity  with  a  decree  is- 
sued by  authority  of  the  government  of  the  Confederation,  the  ports  of 
Rio  Hacha,  Santa  Martha,  Carthagena  and  2^pote,  in  the  Atlantic,  and  those 
of  Buenaventura,  Tomaco  and  Izpuande,  in  the  I?acific,  together  with  the 
rivers  of  Quibdo  and  Novita,  remain  closed  against  commerce ;  also,  that 
war  vessels  of  the  Confederation  have  received  orders  to  cruise  about  said 
ports,  and  to  seize,  in  accordance  with  the  above  mandate,  all  vessels 
found  trading  with  said  ports  in  violation  of  this  prohibitory  decree. 
This  latter  clause  is  temporal  in  its  character,  continuing  in  force  until 
such  time  that  order  shall  be  restored  in  those  sections. 

With  sentiments  of  the  highest  consideration,  I  remain  your  obedient 
servant, 

Rafael  Pombo. 


STOP  LAW  IN  TENNESSEE. 

The  followii^  is  a  copy  of  the  bill  prescribing  the  remedy  for  the  col- 
lection of  debts  and  rehef  for  the  people,  as  it  finally  passed  through  the 
legislature  and  is  now  a  law : 

Section  1.  Beit  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Ten- 
nesseej  That  from  and  after  the  passage  of  this  act  all  judgments  and  de- 
crees which  shall  be  rendered  in  any  of  the  courts  of  record  in  this  State, 
or  which  shall  be  rendered  by  justices  of  the  peace  of  this  State  for  mo- 
ney, shall  be  stayed  by  such  courts  and  justices  for  the  period  of  twelve 
months  from  the  rendition  of  such  decree  or  judgment :  Provided,  That 
the  defendant  or  defendants  in  said  judgment  or  decrees  shall  appear 
before  said  courts  of  record  during  the  term  of  such  court,  or  within  two 
days  after  the  rendition  of  the  judgment,  before  justices  of  the  peace,  and 
give  good  and  ample  security  for  the  stay  of  execution,  to  be  approved 
of  by  said  courts  or  justices,  which  stay  shall  operate  as  a  judgment  against 
the  security  in  said  courts  or  before  said  justices. 

Sec.  2.  Be  it  further  enacted.  That  upon  affidavit  of  the  plaintiff  in  the 
judgment,  his  agent  or  attorney,  made  before  the  court  or  justice  of  the  peace, 
or  before  the  clerk  of  said  court  if  in  vacation,  showing  that  the  secunty  for 
the  stay  of  execution  is  not  ^ood  and  sufficient,  the  defendant,  upon  five 
days'  notice  being  given,  shiul  justify  the  security  already  ^ven,  or  give 
other  security  to  be  approved  of  by  the  justice  of  the  peace,  or  by  the 
court,  if  in  session,  and  if  in  vacation  by  the  clerk  of  said  court,  and  upon 
his  failure  to  justify  or  give  other  security,  execution  shall  issue  imme- 
diately. K  the  additional  security  shall  be  taken  by  a  justice  of  the  jpeace, 
it  shall  be  sufficient  to  bind  the  security  if  he  write  his  name  as  additionid 


NEW 


ENGLAND 


MUTUAL       m 


LIFE 


INSURANCE 


4 


COMPANY. 


n   r.  «/I'iiVKXi?,  g^*^:r-tr^ 


404ill^  liUi'PeR.  A^mnt  nlitl  Alttfrit«f  for  ti^ 

119  nt-«adwaf,  (tiOTAet  of  Flli«^ir^>44^ini«r«r-ir«« 


(Kotiee  to  Subsoribers  to  the  Merchants'  Hagasiiie. 
The  tit»Jt5rs5j!;rietlt  f^r  tbrce  year*  PublislicrH  of  tbi>  MERCiiAirri*'  Ma€ 
ave  gold  l.lii?>  work,  ami  n\)  our  rlglttj  title  an  J  interest  tlicrdu,  to  Mr. 
t,  Daki,  Ink  of  Uti<!a,  New-York,  to  whom  only  all  letioni,  commutl 
i^d  remittiincc&  f<>r  tlif!  work  shotild  ha  atldresse*^, 
GEOllOE  W,  it  JOHN  A.  WOODj 
Mm- Torkj  Fthruary  H»  1 8G h 


I 

I 


Kaliee  lo  tlie  Sub^terlbers  ta  Ihe  Mercbanls'  Bfagaxlne. 

In  assiimitjg  llie  pubrralion  of  Tjib  MEEcrtAWTS*  Mv 
ivcfi  notice  lo  U*o  subscribers  tbat  there  will  be  no  cf^sem  - 
f  the  work.     It  will,  iiuvvtver,  be  the  object  of  the  Vv^\ 
uMiiin  it^  prtnHouii  character  m  a  record  of  soun*^  politii 
corntiKTciiil  litntisiic^,  but  tu  ttdJ  the  follow inj[j  desimblc  infornmtiou  : 

I*  A  record  of  this  proceedings  of  the  Cnambcf  of  Commercet  X0W*Y(i 
(fid  of  tho  BoiircU  of  IVtwJe  at  B'^*&t«>n  and  Philndclpliiju 

11.  A  moulhly  list  of  Mnrine  Losstes,  showing  the  natn^  ''•^*  *^"«  f^--'-^   -^^-^ 
oimd,  namta  of  owtmjTi  cnplMin,  ^fec.^  nnd  amonnt  of  lo%«,  wbi 


Commercial  ChrcmcU  and  Rmew.  665 

place  designated  therein,  and  the  officer  shall  proceed  to  expose  the  same 
to  pnblic  sale  to  pay  said  debt :  Provided^  The  parties  to  the  original 
iudgment  may  give  new,  good  and  sufficient  security,  as  now  provided 
by  law. 

6b€.  1.  Be  it  further  enacted^  That  delivery  bonds  given  under  the 
provisions  of  this  act  shall  have  the  same  effect  and  be  governed  in  all 
respects  by  the  laws  now  in  force  in  reference  to  delivery  bonds,  except 
so  fiur  as  the  same  mav  conflict  with  this  act 

Sbo.  8.  Be  it  further  enacted^  That  if  any  party,  upon  being  notified 
to  give  additional  security,  and  shall  M  to  do  so,  then  the  officer  shall 
proceed  and  sell  the  property  levied  upon  as  though  no  delivery  bond 
nad  been  given. 

Sbo.  9.  Be  it  further  enacted^  That  this  act  shall  not  apply  to  actions 
or  Judgments  against  executors,  administrators  or  other  persons  acting  in 
a  nduciary  capacitv  for  money  due  by  them  to  distributees,  l^;ateea  or 
others,  and  which  has  been  actually  collected  by  them. 

Ssc.  10.  This  act  shall  expire  by  its  own  limitation  on  the  first  day  of 
July,  1862. 

Passed  January  26,  1861. 

W.  C.  Whitthobni, 
Speaker  of  the  Houee  of  RepreeentaHvee. 
Tax.  W.  NRWMAir, 

Speaker  of  the  Senate. 
(A  true  copy.) 
J.  R  R  Rat,  Secretary  of  State. 


COMMERCIAL  CHRONICLE  AND  REVIEW. 


Thi  disastrous  uncertainty  which  attended  political  events  continued 
during  the  month  to  act  adversely  upon  conmimercial  enterprise,  and,  as 
a  consequence,  the  currents  of  business  gradually  dried  up,  leaving  a 
de^^  of  stagnation  in  most  pursuits,  boui  trading  and  producing,  to 
which  the  country  has  long  oeen  a  stranger.  It  resulted  that  capital, 
which  had,  during  the  activity  of  business,  been  invested  in  goods,  man- 
u&ctured  and  imported,  and  which  had  been  spread  over  the  surface  of 
the  country  in  exchange  for  the  paper  of  purchasers,  gradually  flowed 
back  on  the  maturity  of  the  paper,  into  the  great  reservoirs,  where  it  ac- 
cumulates to  an  unwonted  extent  The  banks  of  four  leading  cities  hold 
$88,000,000  of  specie,  which  still  accumulates.  The  payments  firom  the 
interior  are  through  the  medium  of  produce,  which  has  been  forwarded 
to  an  extent  so  far  in  excess  of  the  miportations  of  goods  as  to  bring  a 
large  balance  in  specie  into  the  country ;  and  New-York  held  over 
$40,000,000  idle  in  bank,  while  it  was  freelv  offered  at  4  @  4^  percent, 
without  takers.  No  two  facts  could  more  clearly  illustrate  the  utter  pros- 
tration of  business  than  the  idleness  of  this  vast  capital,  while  it  is  oflfered  at 
nnprecedentedly  low  rates,  precisely  at  that  period  of  ^e  year  when  usually 
it  IS  most  active.  The  trade  tables,  as  usual,  at  the  close  of  this  article 
indicate  the  decline  of  importations  and  the  disturbance  caused  by  the 


6M  '  Oammercial  Chroniele  and  Review, 

operation  of  the  new  tariff,  which  went  into  operation  April  1st  The 
amonnt  of  goods  in  bond,  February  Ist,  was  $24,093,879 ;  this,  by  the 
effect  of  small  importations,  was  reduced  to  (21,438,561.  During  the 
month  of  March  the  importations  of  merchandise  have  been  $12,657,941, 
or  about  half  the  amount  of  those  of  the  corresponding  month  last 

J  ear.  This,  added  to  the  amount  in  bond  on  the  first  of  the  month,  ^Tes 
34,096,506  as  the  supply  of  goods  in  all  March,  against,  for  the  corre- 
sponding month  in  1860,  (9,755,890  in  bond,  and  (23,495,032  imported, 
or,  toge&er,  $33,250,922.  The  supply  of  goods  was  thus  laiger  this  year. 
A  considerable  portion  of  these,  however,  required  to  be  taken  out  of 
bond  before  the  1st  of  April,  in  order  to  avoid  the  new  tax,  and  other 
goods,  as  sugar,  went  into  bond  in  order  to  avail  of  the  lessened  duty  by  the 
new  tariff.  Of  the  amount  of  goods  rt5,781,728)  withdrawn,  $4,741,059 
was  dry  goods.  The  effect  of  the  tariff  was  thus  to  cause  the  withdrawal  of 
goods  in  the  last  week  of  March  and  in  the  first  week  of  April  to  be  very 
active  under  the  old  tariff.  These  operations  do  not,  however,  indicate 
any  improved  demand  for  goods,  but  merely  the  movements  to  avail  of 
the  lowest  duties.  The  effect  of  this  was,  notwithstanding  the  dullness  of 
business,  to  raise  the  revenue  of  the  two  weeks  ending  with  August  6th  to 
$1,500,667,  against  $1,471,241  in  the  corresponding  two  weelb  of  1860. 
This  fact  supported  the  credit  of  the  government  during  the  pendency  of 
the  loan,  for  which  proposals  were  issued  March  22,  to  the  extent  of 
$8,000,000.  The  stock  offered  bore  6  per  cent  semi-annual  interest, 
twenty  years  to  run.  Those  bids  were  offered  on  the  2d  April  during  a 
period  of  returning  confidence  that  peace  would  be  maintained.  On 
opening  the  bids  it  was  found  that  tor  $3,100,000  a  rate  of  94  c.  was 
offered,  or  about  3^  per  cent  higher  than  the  previous  loan ;  about  93J  c. 
was  offered  for  sums  equal  to  a  balance  of  tne  loan,  or  three  per  cent 
higher  than  the  rate  at  which  the  previous  loan  had  been  issued. 
The  whole  amount  offered  was  over  $30,000,000.  The  Department 
thought  proper  to  reject  all  bids  below  94,  an  unprecedented  action  which 
was  received  with  disfavor.  The  rejection  of  the  money  seemed,  however, 
to  confirm  the  public  impression  that  no  measures  tending  to  bring  on 
collision  would  be  attempted.  Rumors,  however,  became  suddenly  rife 
that  great  activity  prevailed  in  the  army  and  navy,  with  the  view  to  such 
measures  as  might  bring  on  hostilities.  Eight  steamers  were  chartered  by 
the  government,  viz.,  ttie  Atlantic,  Baltic,  Illinois,  Ocean  Qubbn, 
Fashion,  Thomas  Frbbborn,  Coatzacoalcob  and  Yankeb,  besides  the 
Star  of  the  West,  Empire  OrrY,  Ac,  were  all  armed  and  provisioned. 
Most  of  these  vessels  sailed  under  sealed  orders.  These  &cts  produced 
much  uneasiness,  and,  in  the  midst  of  the  uncertainty,  the  Department 
issued  proposals  for  6  per  cent.  Treasury  Notes  for  the  balance  of  the  loan, 
payable  within  two  years,  and  convertible  into  a  20  year  stock,  at  the 
pleasure  of  the  holder.  Tlie  bids  were  to  be  opened  on  the  11th,  but  as 
it  was  found,  up  to  the  last  moment,  only  $1,000,000  was  offered,  several 
bank  officers  interested  in  the  credit  of  the  government  requested  that 
the  opening  might  be  delayed  until  they  could  make  further  effort  The 
amount  was,  wim  much  exertion,  finally  made  up  at  par.  It  will  be  borue 
in  mind  first,  that  money  can  with  difficulty  be  put  out  at  4  per  cent  on 
the  best  stocks.  The  banks  have  over  $43,000,000  lying  idle ;  and  that 
the  stock  at  94  would  give  an  interest  of  6.38  per  cent,  or  2f  per  cent  more 
than  could  be  got  at  call  in  the  open  mturket     In  the  caoe  of  the  Treasory 


Commercial  Ckronide  and  Beviiw. 


6^1 


Notes,  tbey  arereoeiyable  for  customs,  and  the  large  importers  bave  always 
large  sums  lying  in  bank  to  meet  duties.  These,  in  ordinary  times,  may  be 
employed  "  at  call"  at  7  per  cent.  They  can  now  be  hardly  employed  at  alL 
These  funds,  invested  in  the  Treasury  ISotes  receivable  for  duties,  would  be 
earning  6  per  cent  until  wanted,  on  a  perfect  security.  Many  of  the 
importers,  therefore,  took  them  at  par,  but  the  amount  of  duties  to  be 
paid  in  case  of  disturbance  may  be  small,  and  large  issues  of  notes  might 
cause  them  to  falL  The  great  amount  lying  idle  and  still  accumulating 
must,  however,  be  employed,  and  the  government  loan  seems  to  present 
the  only  mode  of  employing  them.  Many  of  the  States  and  cities  are 
also  issuing  loans  for  army  purposes,  but  the  constitutions  of  many  pre- 
vent more  than  an  issue  of  $1,000,000  in  a  year,  except  in  case  of  inva- 
sion. The  ffovemment  would,  no  doubt,  get  all  the  money  it  can  want  at 
a  rate  which  would  yield  1  per  cent,  interest.  New-York  City  offered 
$375,000  water  loan;  and  $421,000  was  bid  at  par  and  over,  April  20. 

The  rates  of  money  in  the  open  market  of  course  declined  under  this 
state  of  things,  as  follows : 


BATES  OF  IfONST  IN  NSW-TORK. 


0»< 

uai. 

Single 
names. 

Other 
good. 

ITotwell 
known. 

1861. 

Stocks. 

Oih^, 

60  dai/9. 

ito^  months. 

Jan.    1, 

5)1^(^6^  . 

.  8    ^10      . 

.  10    (^12 

.  18    ^15  .. 

18    ^—  . 

.  -®- 

.-(a- 

Jan.  16, 

5    ^6      . 

.  6    (^  T      . 

.7^8 

.8^9.. 

8    ^10  . 

.  13(^16 

.  18^24 

Feb.    1, 

5    ^6      . 

.6^7      . 

.7^8 

..    8    ®  9  .. 

8    ^10  . 

.  18^15 

.  18^24 

Feb.  15,. 

6    ®6      . 

.-  ®  7      . 

.    TX®  8 

..    8    e  9  .. 

8    ^10  . 

.  12^15 

.  18^24 

Mar.    1, 

5X®6X  . 

.  6X(a  T      . 

.    TX@  8 

..    8     (^  9.. 

9     eil  . 

.  12^16 

.  18(^24 

Mar.  15, 

5    ^6      . 

.6^7      . 

.    5X(a  6 

..    6)tf®  7.. 

7^8. 

.  12^15 

..  18(^86 

April  1, 

5    &ti)i  . 

.6     (^  6>r  . 

.    6)4&  6 

..    6X(a  7.. 

6X(a  7  . 

.    8^  9 

.  12^24 

April  15. 

4X®BX  . 

.6  <a  ex  . 

.    5X(a  6 

..    6X<a  T.. 

«X(a  t  . 

.    8®  9 

.  12(^24 

The  decrease  of  business  necessarily  brought  with  it  a  decrease  of  good 
business  paper,  while  a  good  deal  of  endorsed  paper  has  been  gradually 
got  under  in  the  course  of  collections,  or  altogether  thrown  out  of  the 
circle  of  negotiation.  The  funds  accumulate  and  the  demand  lessens. 
The  large  exports  of  produce,  in  face  of  diminished  imports  of  goods, 
continues  to  produce  its  legitimate  effects  upon  the  course  of  exchange, 
which,  after  a  disposition  to  rise,  again  had  a  declining  tendency,  ^e 
comparative  rates  are  as  follows : 


1800.       London, 


Dec    1,. 
Deo.  15,. 

1861. 
Jan.  1,. 
Jan.  15,. 
Feb.  1,. 
Feb.  15, 
Mar.  1,. 
Mar.  15,. 
April  1,. 
April  1ft,. 


®6 
e4 


BATBS  OF  BILLS  IN  ITEW-TORK. 

Paris*  Amsterdam,    Franik^ori, 

&47X^I(-40     ..  89X^4031^  ..  40    ^40K  • 
5.60    ^6.60     ..89     ^89X.-89    ^89>r  . 


2>tf®6 

6    ^6 
2     &5j^ 

6    (^6X. 

6    ^7 


0.40  ^5.45  .. 
5.80  ^5.88K  ■■ 
5.87X^6.85  .. 
&.42X&fi.85  .. 
5.40  ^&85  .. 
.  5.87  &6J»  .. 
5.26^^6.22X.. 
6.86    ^5J0     .. 


88X089X 
40  ^40X 
40  ^40X. 
89X^40j^ 
89X^40^ 
40  ^40X 
40X®40X 
40    ^4X)X 


40X(a40X 
.  40»^(a40X 
.40X^40^ 
.  40K@40X 
.40ji®40Ji 
.40X^41 
.40    ^40X 


JBamhurg. 

.84K^85K 
.84)i^84X. 

.84^^85 
.  .86;^ ®867i  . 
.  8551^^86 
.  85X^85^ 
.85X®85X. 
.86    &M)i 
.85X^86 
.85    ^85X 


Berlin. 
.  »>r®T6X 

.  «8%®69X 
.  T03i(a70X 
•  TO^^TOX 
TOXetOJi 
.70X^71 

.  71>^@72 
.71    ®71K 


Following  these  rates  of  bills,  not  only  have  th6  gold  receipts  from  Cali- 
fomia  remained  on  this  side,  but  the  arrivals  from  abroad  have  continued 
large,  swelling  the  receipts  at  New-York  to  double  those  of  last  year. 


668  Commercial  Chronicle  and  Review, 

GOLD  mBOBITBD  FROM  OALIFOENIA  AIVD  EUROFB  AND  EXPORTED  FROM  MBW-TORK  WBBSLT, 
WITH  THE  AMOUNT  OF  SPECIE  IN  BUB-TSEASURT,  AND  THE  TOTAL  IN  THE  CRT. 

1860. == . 

. ' »  a^tcUin  Tidal 

B4e&t96d,     Jbaporitd,          B^Miv^d,      Baopori^d,    Bttb-Trea;   it^tkeOUf. 
J«n«»^     6. ♦®*'^  ••    I  ^i^lW* $8.W5,48T..$M.48B,00a 

Jttiitfj   1«,...$1,T88.66«..        88,488..    |    \'^^* 8,684,455  ..    »,04^8M 

January  19, 800,400  ..         li«08,*008 2,1«C,842  ..    81,764,100 

January  20,...    1,760,688  ..       81,800  ..         1,846,089    ..    $88,865  ..    5,751,898  ..    84,780,800 

Febmarj  8,...        94,596  ..      427,457  ..   -j    J^*J^  ..     289,669  ..    4,888,000  ..    85,888,000 

February  9,...    1,476,621  ..  98,850  ..  800,000    ..     116,698  ..  8,644,981  ..  88,800,600 

PebruarylO, 598,997..  1,616,111     ..     117,101..  8,856,000..  40,476,000 

February 88,...    1,898,179-..  802,000  ..  8,291,248*  ..     187,268  ..  8,886,700  ..  41,881,000 

March        8,...       888,608  ..  667,888  ..  856,755    ..     176,161  ..  9,166,060  ..  48,646,000 

llareb        9,...     1,198,711  ..  116,478  ..         8,856,000* 7,684,687  ..  41,4n,000 

March      16,...       158,000..     429,860..   \    **^JJJ    ••     ia,816  ..    6,780,806..    48,940,000 

March  88,...       895,886..  465,115..  1,819,868*..     188,876..    6,840,519..  45,781,801 

March  80,...       155,110..  706,006..              16,088..    6,098,841..  47,500,149 

April          6, 810,088  ..  996,445    ..     688,708  ..    8,486,494  ..  60498,008 

April  18, . . .     1,146,811  . .  680,010  . .         1,110,881 10^,878  . .  68.806,096 

April        80, 841,508..  878,000 11,095,048..  61,678,988 

$10,448,515  ..$5,894,806  ..     $27,888,588  ..$1,800,885  ..  TZT  ..  ~ 

The  New-York  Assay  Office  has  continued  unusually  active  under  this 
flow  of  specie,  as  follows : 

NEW-TORK  AflSAT  OFFICE — ^DEPOSITi. 
For&ign,  United  StaUi, 

Odd.  Silver.  Silver.  Payment*  i^^ 

CMn.       Bullion.     Coin.  Bullion.     Gold.      CMn.  Bullion.  Bar9.       Coin. 

Jan., $4,500,000  $1,000,000  $50,000  $40,000 $8,589,000  $80,000  $57,000  $8,000  $8,818,000 

Feb.......    8,140,000     1,800,000     61,000      84,000    1,566,000        ....     61,000  16,000     6,084,000 

Mar., 8,700,000        500,000     60,000      65,000     1,860,000     15,800     84,800  860,000     4,946,000 

Total, . ...  $9,840,000  $9,700,000 $170,000  $189,000 $5,968,000  $85,800 $188,800 $877,000 $18498,000 
*"  1860,  87,000  61,000  41,100  48,500  8,696,000  2,900  80,000  1,760,000  8448,300 
•*  1859,        18,000         26,000    168,080      12,000    1,885,000       8,800     14,620  1,892,000       668,000 

The  Mint  has  also  been  very  active  in  its  coinage,  as  follows : 

UNITED  STATES  MINT — ^PHILADELPHIA. 

DepoHU.  Coinage. 

Gold.  Silver.  Gold.          Silver.  Cenie.           THak 

January, $8,209,669  ..  $156,418  ..  $8,062,821  ..  $91,100  ..  $5,000  ..  $8,148,^ 

February, 6,244,816  ..  168,861  ..  7,488,016  ..    121,700  ..  12,000  ..      7,ffn,717 

March, 6,967,887  ..  242,278  ..  5,049,827  ..    287,600  ..  9,000  ..      6,847,887 

Total, $20,421,878    ..   $652,047    ..$20,640,164    ..$500,800    ..$26,000    ..$21,067,465 

"     I860,..       2,208,056    ..      168,828    ..      8,874,174    ..    196,589    ..    77,000    ..      8,847,768 
»*     1869,..  295,196    ..      886,985    ..         887,827    ..    291,000    ..    89,000    ..         707,827 

The  coinage  at  New-Orleans  has  continued  to  be  in  the  dies  of  the  federal 
government 

The  depression  in  importations,  that  was  so  marked  in  February,  has 
become  more  evident  in  March,  in  which  the  aggregate  receipts  of  goods 

*  From  Europe. 


Commercial  Chronicle  and  .Review.  '  669 

'  have  been  less  than  in  any  year  for  that  month,  except  1858,  when  the 
accnmnlations  in  warehouse,  cansed  by  the  panic  of  1857,  hung  over  the 
market  The  quantities  of  goods  entered  for  consumption  are  very  small, 
but  the  importation  of  specie  has  been  large.  The  figures  for  the  month 
are  as  follows : 

FORSGN  DCPOBTS  AT  NKW-TORX  Df  MARCH. 

1868.  1809.  I860.  1861. 

Entered  for  consnmptioD,..  $7,245,526  ..$16,814,028  ..$16,168,698  ..$6,700,061 
Entered  for  warehoasiDg, . .     1,812,280..      2,804,418..     8,789,241..    8,084,187 

Free  goods, 2,894,748  . .      2,620,854  . .      8,692,098  . .    2,878,697 

Specie  and  bullion, 277,208  . .  81,666  . .  86,094  . .    6,646,406 

Total  entered  at  the  port, .  .$  11,729,702     $  20,820,466     $  28,680,126  $  18,204,851 
Withdrawn  from  warehouse,    4,444,415  1,718,287  2,200,117        6,817,144 

The  warehouse  operations  for  the  month  seem  to  have  been  large ; 
about  three  millions  were  entered,  and  nearly  six  millions  withdrawn. 
The  operation  was  probably  to  withdraw  those  goods  on  which  the  duty 
was  to  increase  after  April  1st,  and  replace  them  with  those  on  which 
there  was  to  be  a  decline.  The  result  is  a  diminution  of  three  millions 
of  the  quantity  in  bond.  There  is  a  decline  in  the  import  of  free  goods 
and  a  huge  increase  in  that  of  specie.  The  movement  since  January  1st, 
or  the  third  quarter  of  the  fiscal  year,  has  been  as  follows : 

forhon  dipobtb  at  nxw-touc  fob  thrbb  months,  vrom  jamvakt  IST. 

1858.  1859.  1860.  1861. 

Entered  for  consumption,.  .$17,266,799  .  .$46,102,196  .  .$47,161,912  .  .$21,882,297 
Entered  for  warehousing,. .     6,062,301  . .     6,270,622  . .     7,868,276  . .   16,896,645 

Free  goods, 6,909,680  . .     7,498,796  . .     9,174,271  . .     9,011,925 

Specie  and  bullion, 826,834  . .        246,174  . .        808,319  . .   16,082,702 

Total  entered  at  the  port,.. $29,044,464    $69,116,788    $64,692,778    $61,873,469 
Withdrawn  from  warehouse,    18,682,712         6,974,605         7,602,790       14,142,145 

The  figures  for  th&  three  months  show  a  slight  increase  of  goods  in 
bond  April  1st,  as  compared  with  January  Ist  The  importation  of 
specie  was  over  fifteen  mulions — a  larger  sum  than  was  perhaps  ever  be- 
fore imported  from  abroad  in  a  similar  period.  The  importations  of  goods 
for  consumption  were  very  smalL  If  wc  take  the  aggregate  imports  for 
the  nine  months  of  the  fiscal  year  we  find  the  results  as  follows : 

rOBUGH  nCFOSTS  AT  lOEW-TOBK  FOa  NIMX  MONTHS,   KNDINO  MARCH  81. 

1858.  1869.  186a  1861. 

Six  months, $109,688,702  ..$91,082,488  ..$116,000,642  ..$120,642,884 

January, 8,106,719  . .    19,447,962  . .      21,766,278  . .     26,827.411 

February, 9,209,048  . .    18)848,870  . .      19,856,879  . .     16,841,707 

March, 11,729,702  . .    20,820,466  . .      28,680,126  . .     18,204,851 

Total  for  9  months,. $188,788,166    $160,199,221      $180,698,420    $  181,916,858 

These  importations  are,  in  the  aggregate,  a  little  more  than  last  year, 
but  include  (23,248,105  of  specie  imported  from  abroad  in  nine  months. 
The  largest  amount  of  specie  ever  before  imported  in  a  whole  year  was 
$24,121,289,  in  1847.  That  amount  was  nearly  equalled  in  the  first  nine 
months,  and  will  be,  by  far,  exceeded  for  the  whole  year.  The  lessened 
amount  of  goods  imported  has,  as  a  matter  of  course,  shown  its  eflfect  in 
the  duties,  which  have  been  as  follows : 


670  Oommereial  Chronicle  and  Review, 

OASB  DUTOEB  EBOSITKD  AT  NSW-TOKK. 

1869.  1860.  188L 

Six  months  ending  Jan.  1,.  $  15,887,614  49  . .  $  19,822,060  96  . .  $  17,687,802  21 

In  January,. 8,478,471  88  . .       8,899,166  17  . .       2,050,202  84 

February, 8,828,688  93  . .       8,378,048  28  . .       2,628,736  83 

March, 8,164,011  00..       8,477,545  74..       2,439,926  25 

Total,  nine  months, $25,858,785  80       $80,076,816  15       $24,656,667  63 

The  average  duty  on  dutiable  imports  was  20  per  cent  up  to  April  Ist, 
under  tlie  tariflf  of  1867.  The  amount  entered  for  consumption  and 
withdrawn  from  warehouse  in  March  was  $12,517,205,  wnich  gave 
(2,437,926  customs,  one-half  of  which  was,  on  withdrawal  of  goods  to 
avoid  higher  charges  after  April  1st.  The  result  shows  a  decline  of 
$3,681,000  in  duties  for  the  quarter.  The  proportion  of  dry  ^ods  that 
was  embraced  in  the  above  aggregate  is  seen  in  the  followmg  table. 
The  withdrawals  of  dry  goods  prior  to  the  operation  of  the  new  tariff 
were  large : 

niFOETB  OF  rOBXIGN  DET  GOODS  AT  NBW-TOEK  FOE  THE  MOIVTH  OF  MAEOH. 
ENTEEED  FOE  OONSUMPTION. 

1858.  1859.  1860.  186L 

Manufaotuies  of  wool $  1,070,928  . .  $  8,200,882  .  .$  2,718,762  ,  .$  1,819,422 

Manufactures  of  cotton, 881,079  . .      2,646,372  . .    1,628,745  . .       642,522 

Manufactures  of  silk, 2,028,145  . .      2,729,037  . .    2,597,933  . .    1,648,354 

Manufactures  of  flax, 861,887..      1,119,172..       844,080..       826,280 

Miscellaneous  dry  goods, 862,779  . .         583,420  . .       529,958  . .       871,520 

Total, 14,694,818      $10,178,883     $8,819,428     $4,808,098 

WfTHDEAWN  FEOM  WAEEHOUSE. 

Manufactures  of  wool, $  562,770  . .  $  158,687  . .  $  259,628  .  .$  1,454,908 

Manufactures  of  cotton, 779,075  . .  192,028  . .  886,788  . .    1,260,012 

Manufactures  of  silk 660,881  . .  65,919  . .  106,418  . .    1,801,512 

Manufactures  of  flax, 301,286  . .  122,261  . .  91,029  . .       462,861 

Miscellaneous  dry  goods, 228,665  . .  62,636  . .  72,803  . .       262,266 

Totol, $2,412,116         $601,681         $  866,656      $4,741,069 

Add  entered  for  consumption,    4,694,813        10,178,883        8,819,423        4,308,098 

Total  thrown  nponmarket,  $  7,106,429    $  10,780,664     $  9,186,079     $  9,049,157 

ENTERED  FOR  WAREHOUSINO. 

Manufactures  of  wool, $  209,859  . .  $  132,723  . .  $  224,154  . .  $  452,981 

Manufactures  of  cotton, 254,105  . .  184,438  . .  182,654  . .  881,902 

Manufactures  of  silk, 183,528  . .  28,418  . .  112,344  . .  386,854 

Manufecturesofflax, 187,774..  51,467..  60,304..  164,129 

Miscellaneous  dry  goods, 89,216  . .  86,108  . .  123,613  . .  142,162 

Total, $824,4^2         $883,184        $702,980     $1,527,978 

Add  entered  for  consumption,    4,694,818       10,178,883        8,819,428        4,308,098 

Total  entered  at  the  port,.  $5,618,795     $  10,561,967     $9,022,408     $5,886,076 

IMPORTS  OF  FOREIGN  DET  GOODS  AT  THE  POET  OF  NEW-TORB:,  FOR  THESE  MONTHS^  FEOM 

JANUAET  IST. 
ENTEEED  FOB  CONSUMPTION. 

Manufactures  of  wool, $  2,460,086  . .  $  8,050,711  .  .$  8,880,698  .  .$  4.367,448 

Manufactures  of  cotton, 2,892,849  . .  8,187,441  . .    6,716,169  . .    2,061,794 

Manufactures  of  sUk, 4,197,498  . .  9,168,666  . .  12,157,068  . .    5,886,690 

Manufactures  of  flax, 908,726  . .  8,lil,272  . .    2,588,717  . .      960,822 

MisceUaneous  dry  goods, 866,402  . .  1,801,925  . .    1,706,182  . .    1,194,418 

Total, $10,810,565      $80,890,015   $82,048,674   $13,911,167 


Commereiul  Chr<micle  and  Hevieto*  07 1 

WTTEDBAWN  FROM  WARXHOUII. 

1888.  IW9.  1860.  186L 

Mannfactnres  of  wool 1 1,464,886  ..  $629,427  ..  $796,104  ..  1 2,927,767 

Manufactures  of  cotton.  . . .     2,288,947  . .     968,668  . .  1,877,606  . .      2,676,006 

Manufactures  of  silk, 1,889,897  . .      849,201   . .      667,082  . .      2,848,747 

Manufactures  of  flax, 1,020,478  ..      476,162  ..      860,976  ..      1,060,278 

Miscellaneous  dry f^^8,...        618,278  ..      189,708  ..     284,612  ..        666,678 

Total, $7,281,431      $2,497,166     $8,426,229      $10,068,466 

Add  entered  for  consumption,  10,810,666      80,890,016      82,048,474        13,91 1,187 

Total  thrown  on  market,  $  18,041,986  $  82,887,171    $  86,469,708      $  28,979,608 

SNTSRED  FOE  WAREHOUSING. 

Manufactures  of  wool, $640,766  ..  $861,228  ..  $876,629  ..  $2,777,648 

Manufactures  of  cotton,;...  1,170,681..  474,600..  806,484..  2,818,208 

Manufactures  of  silk, 686,794  ..  186,108  ..  616,199  ..  2,711,770 

Manufactures  of  flax, 879,810  . .  161,114  . .  186,081  . .  89fi,940 

Miscellaneous  dry  goods,...  266,046  ..  92,814  ..  244,274  ..  496,286 

Total, $8,182,686     $1,264,764     $2,626,617        $9,664,782 

Add  entered  for  consumption,  10,810,666      80,890,016      82,048,474         18,91 1,187 

Total  entered  at  the  port,  $18,948,141   $81,664,779    $84,678,091      $28,676,869 

The  export  trade  shows  a  very  different  resalt,  the  amoont  of  domestic 
produce  sent  abroad  being  mnch  larger  than  eyer  before  in  March.  At  the 
same  time  the  export  of  specie  has  been  comparatively  nominal ;  exclusive 
of  specie  the  aggregate  is  larger  than  ever  before,  for  March,  as  follows : 

BXFOET8  FEOX  NEW-TOEK  TO  FOREIGN  PORTS  FOR  THE  MONTR  OF  MARCH. 

1808.  1809.  1860.  1861. 

Domestic  produce, $  4,608,871  . .  $  6,877,840  . .  $  6,998,687  . .  $  10,680,907 

Foreign  mdse.,  (free,). . .  27,690  . .        200,779  . .        844,716  . .         889,416 

Foreign  mdse.,  (dutiable)  649,899  . .        297,383  . .        286,861  . .  109,270 

Specie  and  bullion, 836,194  . .     8,848,677  . .     2,881,668  . .         801,802 

Total  exports, ; $6,017,064      $9,219,678     $10,610,417       $11,831,894 

Total,  exclusive  of  specie,       6,180,860         6,876,001         8,182,764         1 1,629,692 

The  operations  for  the  three  months,  since  January  1,  maintain  the  same 
features.    The  specie  export  is  mostly  doubloons  sent  back  to  Havana. 

EXPORTS  FROM  KEW-TOEK  TO  FOEEION  PORTS  FOR  THREE  MONTHS,  FROM  JAKUJJtT    1. 

1808.  1809.  186a  1861. 

Domestic  produce, $12,421,647  ..$12,428,614  ..$17,997,216  ..$81,096,662 

Foreign  mdse.,  (free,). . .  865,677  . .        608,478  . .         964,848  . .        647,160 

Foreign  mdse.,  (dutiable)       1,267,062..        798,660..     1,876,622..      1,784,980 
Specie  and  bulUon, 9,828,725  . .     8,020,792  . .     4,212,284  . .      1,468,622 

Total  exports, $28,972,901  ..$21,746,484  ..$26,089,820  ..$34,941,864 

Total,  exclusive  of  specie,     14,044,176..    18,726,642..   20,827,086..    88,477,742 

If  now  we  compare  the  aggregate  exports  for  nine  months,  exclusive  of 
specie,  we  arrive  at  surprisingly  large  figures. 

1808.  1809.  1860.  1861. 

Total,  nine  months,...  $48,746,617  ..  $41,720,476  ..  $67,198,144  ..  $93,402,176 
Specie  for  same  time,.      81,290,837  . .     21,662,664  . .     40,780,128  . .     22,076,041 

Total  exports, ...  $  80,087,464  . .  $  68,882,740  . .  $  97,928,272  .  .$  1 15,477,217 


612  Bail-Eoadf  Condi  and  Steamboat  Statisties. 


RAIL-ROAD,  CANAL  AND  STEAMBOAT  STATISTICS. 


bahi-roads  in  north  aherioa. 


Bt  reports  of  the  different  rail-roads  in  the  United  States  and  Canadas^ 
for  the  year  1860,  it  appears  that  there  were  in  operation,  January  X, 
1861,  360  different  rail-roads,  with  127  branches,  embracing  33,021  nules 
of  road,  of  which  47  roads,  of  1,706  miles,  are  leased  to  other  companies ; 
23  roads,  of  3,075  miles,  are  in  the  hands  of  receivers  or  bondholders; 
the  remaining  280  roads,  of  28,150  miles,  being  operated  by  the  owners. 
The  several  roads,  as  to  gauge,  are  divided  as  follows : 

14  roads,  of. 1,777  miles, are  6  feet  0  inches. 


21       " 

2,896 

it 

"   5   "    6      " 

2       " 

182 

*t 

tt  f^   tt    ^      tt 

63       " 

7,267 

it 

"   5   "    0      " 

89       " 

8,294 

it 

"  4   "  10      " 

1       " 

120 

tt 

it    A     it      gl      tt 

210       •*       . 

17,712 

it 

«*   4   "    8*    " 

Besides  the  numerous  city  or  horse  rail-roads,  which  are  generally  4  feet 
8^  inches  or  4  feet  10  inches,  except  those  in  Philadelpma,  which  are  5 
feet  2^  inches.  The  5  feet  6  inch  gauge  is  used  exclusively  in  Canada, 
and  partially  in  Maine  and  Missouri.  The  two  of  5  feet  4  mches  are  in 
Ohio,  viz.,  Sandusky,  Mansfield  and  Newark,  and  the  Sciota  and  Hocking 
Valley.  The  five  foot  gauge  is  the  prevailing  gauge  throughout  the 
Southern  States,  the  Istlunus  of  Panama  and  O^omia,  with  but  few  ex- 
ceptions in  Texas.  The  one  of  4  feet  Oi  inches,  or  compromise  gauge, 
between  4  feet  8}  inches  and  4  feet  10  inches,  is  the  Tremont  and  Indiana. 
The  6  feet,  4  feet  10  inches  and  4  feet  8^  inches  are  scattered  through 
the  Eastern,  Middle  and  Western  States.  In  the  early  history  of  rail- 
roads in  America  they  were  laid  with  timbers  running  lengthwise  with 
strips  of  iron,  3^  inches  wide,  nailed  or  spiked  on  the  top  for  the  wheek 
to  run  upon ;  they  were  of  five  feet  guase,  measuring  from  centre  to 
centre  of  the  iron  or  strap  rail,  as  it  was  ciuled ;  hence  the  origin  of  the 
4  feet  8^  inch  gauge.  At  a  later  date,  when  the  solid  iron  rail  was  intro- 
duced, it  was  with  a  two-inch  face  also,  the  five  foot  gauge  measuring 
from  centre  to  centre  of  rails ;  hence  the  origin  of  the  4  feet  10  inch 
gauge ;  hence  the  conclusion,  that  if  our  system  of  measuring  from  inside 
to  inside  of  the  rails  had  been  adopted  at  first,  the  uniform  gauge  of  this 
country  would  have  been  five  feet,  mstead  of  being  overrun  with  so  many 
different  gauges,  and  such  an  enormous  expense  of  reloading  and  chang- 
ing cars,  besides  a  great  many  other  disadvantages  attending  the  brei^ 
of  gauges. 


NoTB  TO  OUB  Subscribers. — Owing  to  the  space  occupied  by  several 
elaborate  reports  in  this  JVb.,  we  are  compelled  to  defer  to  our  next  {or  June) 
No.  our  ueual  Review  of  the  Book  Trade,  <tc. 


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682  The  Future  Supply  of  CotUm. 

million  dollars,  has  been  established  for  the  extension  of  cotton  cultiva- 
tion in  Cuba. 

Jamaica, — The  British  Cotton  Company  are  steadily  pursuing  their 
initial  experiment,  and,  as  we  are  informed,  with  the  most  gratifying  re- 
sults, both  as  to  the  quality  of  cotton  which  has  been  raised,  and  as  to 
benefit  to  the  shareholders.  It  is  thought  that  ere  long  this  company 
will  receive  that  support  in  Lancashire  that  will  enable  it  extensively  to 
widen  its  basis  of  operations.  As  the  first  company  started  in  this  country 
it  deserves  the  special  attention  and  encouragement  of  the  tarade. 

Tobago — Barhadoes, — Several  land-owners  in  these  islands  have  planted 
areas  of  a  few  acres  eacL 

British  Honduras  and  Guatemala. — ^Experiments  are  being  made  in 
both  these  countries  to  introduce  the  cultivation  among  the  people. 

Peru. — In  the  north  of  Peru  the  proprietor  of  an  extensive  estate  has 
let  out  portions  of  land  to  four  cotton-growing  companies,  three  of  which 
are  raismg  200,000  plants  each,  and  one  100,000  phmts,  in  all  700,000. 
The  estate  is  capable  of  growing  at  least  14,000,000  cotton  plants.  A 
large  number  of  small  farmers  in  the  same  district  are  also  stated  to  be 
growing  cotton  on  portions  of  their  farms  to  a  greater  or  less  extent. 
Two  landed  proprietors,  also  in  the  province  of  Cmclago,  have  began  to 
grow  cotton ;  one  of  whom  has  recently  visited  this  country  to  purchase 
machinery  for  a  cotton  plantation  in  Peru,  and  he  has  engaged  a  ship- 
load of  two  hundred  and  fifty  Spanish  emigrants,  who  have  set  sail  for 
that  country,  where  they  will  be  solely  employed  in  the  raising  of  cotton 
and  its  preparation  for  export  He  has  constructed  a  canal,  thirty-nine 
miles  in  length,  to  convey  water  from  the  Andes  to  his  estate,  for  the 
purpose  of  irrigating  his  lands.  This  canal  was  begun  about  three  yean 
ago,  without  any  idea  of  cotton  cultivation.  The  operations  of  the  Asso- 
ciation having  come  to  his  knowledge,  and  finding  that  the  soil  is  splen- 
didly adapted  for  cotton  planting,  uiey  are  going  into  the  cultivation 
with  good  earnest 

Venezuela — New-Granada. — The  committee  have  furnished  machine 
and  cotton  seed  to  be  employed  at  Maracaibo,  Baranquilla  and  Sabinilla, 
where  effort  is  being  made  to  promote  the  growth  and  export  of  cotton, 
with  £ur  prospect  of  success. 

British  Guiana. — ^In  Demerara  a  missionary  of  the  Church  of  England 
has  recently  been  supplied  with  cotton  seed,  which  he  will  distnbnte 
among  the  resident  fanners.  He  purposes  making  a  tour  and  lecturing 
in  different  towns  and  villages  on  the  advantage  of  cotton  cultivation. 

East  Indies,  Australia,  Cetlon,  &c 

Batavia. — ^A  member  of  the  committee  has  received  information  that 
an  extensive  proprietor  in  Batavia  has  a  large  extent  of  land  under  culti- 


VJUUiLl  f  . 


RK, Xo.61  WiixiamSt.  :  .i  n-».i.lM  B,  DAFTi,  Priiuir.iu^tt  AiYTJ  PR0PR!rr01| 


684  The  Future  Supply  of  Cotton, 

efforts  with  great  interest,  and  they  will  be  prepared  to  render  their 
utmost  aid  within  the  limits  of  the  rules  of  this  Association  to  every 
well-considered  and  practicable  scheme,  having  for  its  object  the  estab- 
lishment of  cotton-growing  in  Her  Majesty's  colonies. 

Ceylon. — The  Kandy  Agricultural  Society  are  endeavoring  to  extend  the 
cultivation  of  cotton  in  this  island,  and  have  made  application  to  the  gover- 
nor. Sir  H.  G.  Ward,  to  encourage  the  inhabitants  fevorable  to  its  growth, 
by  granting  them  permission  to  pay  for  a  certain  period  a  portion  of 
their  taxation  in  cotton.  The  committee  are  informed  by  the  Eandj 
Agricultural  Society  that  "there  are  thousands  of  acres  well  adapted  for 
cotton  cultivation,"  and  they  trust  hereafter  to  report  that  the  culture  has 
been  extensively  entered  upon. 

Peyu, — ^The  attention  of  the  committee  has  recently  been  drawn  to  an 
entirely  new  cotton  field,  by  Captain  Richard  Sprts.  This  gentleman 
advoci^  the  opening  of  a  new  line  of  overland  communication  with  the 
interior  of  China.  He  proposes  the  construction  of  a  cheap  single  line  of 
railway  for  commerce  from  Rangoon  or  Negrais,  in  the  Bay  of  Bengal, 
through  Her  Majesty's  territory  of  Pegu,  and  thence  through  a  portion 
of  the  Burmese  Territory  to  Esmok,  in  the  Chinese  province  of  Yunna. 
Rangoon  is  distant  from  Esmok  500  miles.  The  southern  provinces  of 
China  are  densely  peopled,  and  abound  with  most  valuable  raw  products. 
Situated  3,200  miles  n-om  Pekin,  the  people  are  more  fi^e  and  open  to 
foreign  intercourse  than  the  more  exclusive  populations  of  the  north. 
They  offer,  therefore,  an  enormous  market  for  British  manufkctures.  The 
soils  of  Pegu  and  Burmah  are  admirably  adapted  to  the  growth  of  cotton. 
Captain  Sprtb  states  that  "when  Dacca  was  in  times  past  the  neat 
muslin-making  place  of  the  East,  considerable  quantities  were  sent  nt>m 
Burmah  to  that  city,  for  the  manufacture  of  those  exquisitely  fine  muslins 
which  were  formerly  made  there;"  and  that,  "under  proper  cultivation, 
with  such  a  soil  and  climate,  adapted  to  the  growth  of  cotton,  his  belief 
is  that  Pegu,  Burmah,  and  the  adjacent  Shan  territories  east  of  them, 
could  produce  annually  all  the  raw  cotton  that  England  requires,  and  the 
whole  of  superior  quality."  The  Chinese  at  the  present  time  employ 
caravans,  numbering  40,000  ponies,  for  carrying  on  trade  with  tnese 
regions.  A  railway,  such  as  Captain  Sprts  describes,  would  at  once 
open  a  considerable  source  for  the  supply  of  cotton.  Through  its  termi- 
nus, at  Esmok,  British  merchandise  woidd  gain  ready  access  to  that  vast 
network  of  water  communication  which  intersects  China,  and  in  lineal 
extent  reaches  16,000  miles.  The  opening  of  such  a  commercial  artery 
into  China,  with  her  four  hundred  millions  of  population,  would  be  a 
great  gain  for  our  manufactures ;  and  if  at  the  same  time  so  ample  a 
cotton-growing  region  could  be  laid  under  contribution.  Captain  Sprye'b 
scheme  would  be  worthy  of  immediate  adoption  by  capitalists,  as  a  hope- 
ful source  of  gain. 

India, — Among  the  numerous  regions  to  which  the  attention  of  the 
committee  has  been  directed,  none  have  presented  so  vast  or  hopeful  a 
field  for  their  labora  sa  tViAt  of  TnHia  r  atiH  whilA  thn  HiflinnlHAft  thev  have 


THE 

MERCHANTS'  MAGAZINE 

COMMERCIAL    REVIEW. 


SDITID  BT 

J.  Ilimi  HOMAirt,  (OOBBTAST  OT  TBOI  CHAMUKE  OF  OOMMBBOB  OF  THB  STATB  OF  BBW-TOBBO 

AKD  WILLIAM.  B.  DAKA,  AnOBJIBT  AT  LA.V. 


VOLUME  XUV.  JUNE,    1861.  NUMBER  VL 


CONTENTS    OF   NO.  VI.,    VOL.    XLIV. 
AITIGLE8. 

Abt.  paob 
L  THE  FUTUBE  SUPPLY  OP  CX)TTON.  1.  Bmpid  InereMe  in  Bpindlet,  Factories 
and  Power  Looms  in  England.  8.  Increased  Importations  from  tlie  United  States 
and  from  India.  8.  Moyements  of  the  Manchester  Cotton  Sopplj  Association.  4, 
Increased  Growth  of  Ck>tton  in  Tnrkej,  Greece,  Oypras,  Asia  Minor,  Egypt,  Madiera, 
Sierra  Leone,  Liberia,  The  Gold  Coast,  the  Biver  Niger,  Natal,  Cape  Colony,  Cnba, 
Jamaica,  Barbadoes,  Peru,  Hew-Granada,  British  Guiana,  East  Indies,  JaTa,  Bata- 
▼ia,  Australia,  Ceylon,  Pegu,  India, 075 

IL  COTTOHIZED  FLAX.    1.  The  importance  of  Beceot  DlsooT«1et  to  the  World,    t. 

Lyman's  New  Process.    8.  The  adaptation  of  Flax  as  a  Paper  Stock,. 608 

in.  ANCIENT  COMMEBCIAL  CITIES  OF  THE  LOW  C0UNTBIE8  By  E.  Haskbv 
Dbbbt,  Es^.,  of  Boston.  1,  Bruges.  8.  Ghent  8.  Brussela.  4.  Liege.  6w  IMo, 
8.  Lonyafai.  7.  Antwerp.  &  The  Hague.  9.  Leyden.  10.  Delft.  IL  Bolterdam. 
13.  Ainster-dam,. 688 

IT.  JOUBNAL  OF  MINING,  MANUFACTUBBS  AND  THE  ABTS.  L  The  Copper 
interest  of  Michigan.  8.  QuicksUver. .  8.  Metals.  4.  MinnesoU  Copper.  6.  Ma- 
chinery in  the  usefrd  Arts, 701 

V.  SUGAB  ASD  MOLASSES  TBADB  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  Annual  State- 
ment, showing  the  Import,  Export,  Sto<^  and  Consumption  of  Unrefined,  for  the 
year  ending  December  81st,  1860,  with  the  range  of  prices  for  each  month,  1800, 
1860, 706 

VL  FOBEIGN  OOMMEBCE  OF  THB  STATE  OF  NEW-YOBK,  fiscal  year  1800-60. 
Imports  and  Exports  at  the  several  ports  of  entry  of  the  State  of  New- York,  during 
the  fiscal  year  1600-60,  compared  with  the  totab  of  the  preoeding  year,  endtaig  80th 
June,  1800, XU 

VOL.  XUV. — NO.  VL  43 


674  coKTKirra  of  ho.  vi.,  vol.  xlpt. 

TIL  IMP0BT8  AND  EXPOBTS  OF  EACH  STATE  Ibr  the  flacal  year  ending  aoth  Jane, 

IMO, n» 

YIIL  COFFEE  TRADE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  Annual  SUtement,  abowin^  the 
Import,  Expwt,  Stock  and  Consiin^tion,  for  the  year  ending  December  81,  1960, 
■howing  the  oonsamption  of  all  the  porta,  1868, 1866,  I860,  with  the  range  of  prieea 
and  average  at  New- York  eachmonth, TV 

IX  ANNUAL  REPOBT  IN  NATAL  STORES  FOR  THE  TEAR  180(>-Rece4>U  and 
ExpoTiM  of  Turpentine,  Spirits  of  Tnrpentine,  Rosin,  Twt ;  with  the  monthly  aTcrage 
of  prioe^ Tt8 

JOURNAL    OF    NAUTICAL    I  NTS LLIfiS N C I. 

1.  The  British  Navy.  8.  An  Egyptian  Frigate.  &  British  Light-Hoose  Commissloik.  4. 
The  Dnunmond  Ught.  6.  Steamboat  Disasters,  tt.  British  and;American  Life  Boat  Sode- 
Ues.  7.  New  Ligfat-Hoases  in  the  Mediterranean,  Spain,  Franoe,  the  Baltic,  Gnlf  of 
Finland,  the  Bed  Sea,  Cuba,  the  Paelllc  and  Australia.  &  Submarine  Telegr^Cablea.  t. 
Baring  the  Crews  of  Stranded  Teasels.  10.  Leaky  Teasels.  11.  Baising  Sunken  TesMia. 
18.  Flogging  in  the  British  Navy.    18.  The  Great  Eastern, %m 

CHAIBERS  OF  COHIERCE  ASD  BOARDS  OF  TRADE. 

L  Special  Meeting  of  New- York  Chamber  of  Commerce,  April  19th.  8.  Special  Meeting,  Aprfi 
8&th.  8.  Annual  Meeting,  May  8, 18«L  i.  Philadelphia  Board  of  Trade,  April,  ISO.  & 
Boston  Board  of  Trade,  April  89th  and  May  6th, 761 

JOURNAL    OF   MERCANTILE    LAW. 

L  Illegal  Coasting  Trade.  8.  Foreign  Owners  of  Tessels.  8.  Abandonment  of  Ship— Notice 
to  Underwrltera.  4.  TradeMarks.  6.  Liability  ibr  Neglect  6.  DutyonHldea.  7.  Assign- 
ment.   8.  SuitonBond, 7TJ 

lAIL-SOAD,   CANAL   AND  8TEAIB0AT  STATISTICS. 

1.  Erie  Ban-Road  Organization.  8.  Sales  of  Rail-Road.  8.  Texas  Rail-Roads.  4.  Ohio  and 
Mississii^i  Rafl-Road.  6.  British  BaU-Boads.  6.  Train's  Street  RaUways  in  England.  7. 
Steam  NaTigation  on  Canals.    &  Rail-Road  Accidents.    9.  Snnbury  and  Erie  RaU-Road,. . .  776 

STATISTICS    OF    TRADE    AND    COIIERCB. 

1.  Cotton  in  England,  fhxn  Brazil,  West  Indies,  East  Indies,  Egypt  8.  New  Boute  for  Col- 
ton.    8.  MoremenU  of  Gfafai.   4.  Detroit  SUrea, T® 

COIIERCIAL  REGULATIONS. 

L  ImporUtiona  of  Guano  under  the  Proriskms  of  the  Ouano  Act  of  August,  1868— Pradama- 
tion  of  Blockade  of  Southern  Forts— Instructions  to  CoUeetors  of  the  Forts, 7SI 

COIIBKCIAL  CIEONICLS  AND  lETISW. 

Condition  of  Commercial  Aflkirs— Southern  Coraimerce— Letters  of  Marque— Imports  of  Foreign 
Dry  Ooods-Exporu  lh>m  New- York  to  Foreign  Ports— Cash  Duties  at  New-York— FViretgn 
ImporU  at  New-York— Contributions  In  Defence  of  the  Unio»— AlbaBy  Bank  Ftdtaiea,. . . .  7S7 

FOREIfiN  CORRESPONDENCE  OF  THE  lERCHANTS'  IA6AZINE. 

MoTem<mts  of  the  British  House  ofComnKMis— Mr.  Cobdxh^s  Morements, 7i% 

TIE    BOOK    TRADE. 

Hoticc*  of  new  PabUoUooatnUM  United  SUt«., TM 


THE 

MERCHANTS'  MAGAZINE 


AKD 


COMMERCIAL  RfiVIEW. 


JUNE,  1861. 


THE  FUTURE  SUPPLY  OF  COTTON. 

I.  Rapid  ikoxbabi  in  SrarouH,  Faotobcu  akd  Powxb  Loomb  in  ENOLijn>.~n.  iKomBAsiD 

iMPOXTATIOirB  rBOM  TUB  UlOTKD  StATBB  AlTD  FBOX  IkDIA.— IIL    MOYKXENTB  OF  THB  MaH- 

OHsnx  CoTTOif  Supply  AasociATioif.— IT.   Ihokzabso  obowth  of  Cotton  in  Titxkst, 
Qbsxob,  Ctpbtts,  Abia  Muvob,  Eotpt,  Madsuia,  Burba  Lbonb,  Libbbia,  tub  Gold  Coabt, 

THB  BiTBB  NiOBB,  NaTAL,  CaPB  GoLONT,  CuBA,  JAMAICA,  BaBBADOXB,  PbBV,  NbW-QbANADA, 

Bbitibh  Ouiana,  Eabt  Indisb,  Java,  Batatia,  Aubtbalia,  Cetlon,  Pboit,  India. 

Thk  future  supply  of  cotton  throughout  the  world  is  one  of  the  most 
important  of  the  commercial  questions  of  the  day.  England,  in  justice 
to  herself,  and  to  make  her  milts  and  machinery  independent  of  any  one 
source  of  supply,  has  been  for  years  using  strenuous  exertions  towards 
extending  the  area  of  cotton  cultivation. 

We  now  have  recent  information  from  the  East  Indies,  Africa,  &o^^ 
which  shows  that  these  exertions  will  lead  to  important  results,  llus  is 
a  matter  of  vital  moment  to  England.  In  the  year  18S9  there  were  in 
Great  Britain  1,819  cotton  factories;  worked  by  horse-power  of  steam, 
46,827  ;  and  of  water,  12,977  ;  and  by  persons  of  all  ages  and  both  sexes, 
259,385. 

llie  census  of  1851,  and  careful  inquiries  in  1856,  show  the  rapid 
consumption  of  cotton  in  that  country.  The  fbllowing  table  gives  the 
figures  for  1850  and  1856.  They  are  taken  from  returns  made  to  Par- 
liament : 

HOBBB  POWBB. 


V.AM  Faei,in        joninAiAM  Powtr  Penont  Of  of 

*  "^^  O.  Brit.         spifuuu,  jr^,^,,^        Emptied,      Stsam.  W^er, 

1860, 1,982  ..  20,977,017  ..  248,627  ..  880,924  ..  71,005  ..  11,560 

1866, 2,210  ..  28,010,217  ..  298,847  ..  897,218  ..  88,001  ..     9,181 

In  1850  the  whole  value  of  the  cotton  manufacture  did  not  exceed 
£45,826,000 ;  in  1856  it  was  £57,074,000 ;  in  1859  nearly  £72,000,000 ; 
now  it  must  be  much  nearer  £80,000,000  than  £70,000,000.  If  this  be 
borne  in  mind,  it  will  be  at  once  perceived  how  very  much  the  present 


676  The  Future  Supply  of  Cotton. 

condition  of  afOEtirs  most  exceed  the  statements  for  fonaer  times.  About 
a  sixth  of  the  number  of  persons  employed  are  children,  or  yery  young 
persons,  and  it  was  estimated  in  the  begmning  of  last  year  that  the  num- 
oer  of  persons  employed  in  the  manu&cture  could  not  be  under  500,000. 
•  On  the  whole,  if  we  add  five  or  six  hundred  to  the  number  of  fEictories 
of  Great  Britain  returned  in  1856,  and  augment  the  other  items  of  the 
account  in  proportion,  we  shall  possibly  not  be  very  much  in  error  as  to 
the  present  dimensions  of  the  trade. 

Looking  at  the  statistics  of  the  supplies  from  the  different  sources 
during  the  last  seven  years,  we  find  that  England  has  received  the  follow- 
ing number  of  bales  from  each  source : 

Ybabs.  U,  8taU9.         BraMl.      W.  Indies.      Egypt,        B,  IndUi.  Total. 

1854, l',«67,902  . .  I01,<m  •  .    8,225  . .    81,218  . .  808,184  . .  2,172,59S 

1866, 1,626,086  . .  W4,528  . .    6,708  . .  118,961  . .  896,027  . .  2,277,810 

1856, 1,768,296  ..  121,581  ..  11,828  ..  118,111  ..  459,608  ..  2,463,768 

1867, 1,481,717  . .  168,340  . .  11,467  . .     76,698  . .  680,466  . .  2,417,688 

1868, 1,855,840  . .  108,886  . .     6,867  . .  101,406  . .  860,218  . .  2,422,746 

1869, 2,086,341  . .  124,887  . .    8,888  . .    99,876  . .  609,688  . .  2,829,110 

1860, 2yM0,843  . .  103,060  . .    9,966  . .  109,985  . .  662,862  . .  8,866,686 

England  pays  annually  from  one  hundred  and  sixty  to  one  hundred 
and  seventy  miUions  of  dollars  for  cotton  from  all  parts  of  the  world,  and 
after  producing  goods  for  the  consumption  of  her  own  people,  exports  to 
foreign  cowutnes  ov«r  fifty  millions  sterling  in  cotton  goods.  The  profits 
to  England  oa  the  manufactures  of  cotton  goods  may  be  readily  esti- 
mated at  neaiiy  diree  hundred  millions  of  doUars.  The  following  state- 
ments embcaoe  Dfoarly  all  the  fisicts  reported  by  the  Manchester  Supply 
Association : 

At  the  last  anmoal  meeting  of  the  Manchester  Cotton  Supply  Association, 
it  was  moved  by  Lord  Alfred  Ohurchiix,  M.  P.,  seconded  by  T.  G. 
Babiko,  Esq.,  M.  P.,  supported  by  Hydur  Jujto  Bahadoor,  J.  LroKd 
MoLeod,  Esq.,  the  Rev.  George  Pritohard,  the  Hon.  Algernon  Egbr- 
TON  and  Edwin  A.  Hioket,  Esq.,  and  passed  unanimously : 

*'  That  as  the  opening  up  of  new  sources  for  the  supply  of  cotton  has 
become  a  question  of  great  national  interest,  it  is  incumbent  upon  all 
classes  of  the  community  to  support  the  movement  now  in  progress  for 
promoting  the  growth  of  cotton  m  Africa,  Australia,  South  America,  the 
West  Indies  and  other  countries ;  that,  as  the  development  of  the  re- 
sources of  India  is  of  vast  importance  to  this  country,  it  is  the  bounden 
duty  of  Her  Majesty's  government  to  give  every  encouragement  to  the 
unfettered  action  of  private  enterprise  and  public  companies,  .whether  for 
the  cultivation  of  cotton,  the  opening  of  river  navigation,  the  construc- 
tion of  canals  or  other  public  works,  calculated  to  fiicilitate  European 
intercourse  with  the  natives,  or  increase  the  productive  powers  of  our 
Eastern  Empire.  And  this  meeting  especially  urges  upon  the  spinners 
and  manufSacturers,  as  well  as  upon  all  other  interests,  directly  or  indi- 
rectly concerned  in  the  cotton  trade,  to  assist  in  the  work  of  creating  that 
healthy  competition  among  many  markets,  which  alone  can  obviate  the 
evils  arising  from  our  present  position  of  dependence  upon  one  main 
source  of  supply." 

The  committee,  in  their  annual  report,  sav,  that  their  continuous  and 
persistent  labors  have  already  resulted  in  direct  benefit  to  the  cotton 
teide  of  England,  and  the  prospects  of  ultimately  realizing  the  great  aims 


The  Future  Supply  of  Cotton.  677 

of  the  Association  are  daily  assuming  a  more  encouraging  and  hopeftd 
a^>ect  Dnrinff  the  brief  period  of  its  existence,  the  AMOciation  has  suc- 
ceeded in  makmg  known  in  all  parts  of  the  worid  the  urgent  need  for 
increased  supplies  of  cotton,  to  meet  the  expanding  power  of  consump- 
tion ;  and  has  enlisted,  both  in  their  own  colonies  and  in  forei^  countries,  ^ 
a  wide  range  of  active  and  practical  support  in  furtherance  of  its  designs. 

Tlie  '*  cotton  question "  has  now  ceased  to  be  a  local  topic,  circum- 
scribed within  the  limits  of  the  trade.  Its  vast  importance,  as  embracing 
so  many  varied  interests  of  cimital  and  labor,  and  involving  the  prosperity 
or  decay  of  more  than  one-third  of  British  commerce,  has  drawn  around 
it  the  support  of  a  large  number  of  the  influential  journals  of  the  coun- 
try, has  enlisted  the  luivocacy  of  numerous  members  of  both  Houses  of 
Parliament,  and  obtained  for  it  the  assistance  of  the  chief  departments  of 
Her  Majesty's  government. 

The  resolute  determination  of  the  trade,  as  expressed  by  the  formation 
of  this  Association,  to  be  no  longer  mainly  dependent  upon  one  source 
for  its  supply  of  raw  cotton,  has  undoubtedly  stimulated  the  American 
planter  to  put  forth  those  extraordimuy  efforts  which  have  resulted  in  the 
enlarged  growth  of  the  past  year.  Tnis  result  has  afforded  temporary 
relief  to  me  trade,  and  enabled  the  country  to  meet  the  unusual  demand 
for  goods  and  yam  in  the  Eastern  empire  and  elsewhere.  But  the  com- 
mittee fear  that  this  unusual  and  constodned  effort  may,  as  in  the  plenti- 
ful year  of  1845,  in  all  probability  be  followed  by  a  serious  relapse. 

And,  if  further  conmmation  be  needed,  they  point  to  the  fact  that 
although  in  1940  the  crop  of  the  United  States  was  2,177,835  bales,  and 
in  1800  it  reached  4,500,000  bales,  the  growth  has  oiUy  been  doubled  in 
twen^  years,  while  the  number  of  spincUes  employed  in  England  and  on 
the  Continent,  in  1840,  was  27,266,000,  but  m  1860,  69,642,000.  In 
other  words,  while  the  increase  of  growth  has  been  doubled,  owing  to 
the  high  prices  of  an  almost  exclusive  market,  the  increase  of  spindles 
has  more  than  doubled  by  the  enormous  addition  of  15,110,000,  require 
ing  an  additional  one  milhon  bales  to  give  them  employment,  llie  posi- 
tion of  the  trade  is,  therefore,  in  1860,  so  &r  as  America  is  concerned, 
worse  by  one  million  bales  than  it  was  in  the  y^ar  1840.  But  this  is  not 
the  whole  evil  It  is  estimated  "  that  at  least  one  miUion  bales  out  of 
the  present  crop  will  class  ordinary  or  below  ;"  and  further,  ^'  that  the  crop 
has  been  materially  increased  by  the  quantity  of  hWy  trashy  and  dtisty 
cotton  which  planters  have  thought  it  their  interest  to  scrape  together 
and  send  to  market  The  dangers  of  our  present  dependence  upon  the 
United  States  thus  grow  more  apparent  every  year,  and  the  committee 
are  of  opinion  that  now,  in  a  season  of  comparative  prosperity,  it  becomes 
the  trade  to  unite  for  a  few  years  in  the  steadfast  and  needful  determina- 
tion to  aid  this  Association  in  realizing  the  brightening  prospects  that 
now  open  before  it" 

Dunng  the  past  year  the  correspondence  of  the  committee  has  been 
greatly  extended.  Cotton  gins,  cotton  presses  and  other  machinery  have 
been  shipped  to  Cyprus,  Lamaca,  Cavalla,  Larissa,  Latakia,  Alexandria 
and  Morocco ;  to  Sierra  Leone,  liberia,  Cape  Coast  Castle,  Accra,  Came- 
roons,  Bulama  and  the  Bijonmi  Islands,  Lagos,  Abbeokuta  and  Benin ;  to 
the  Governor  of  Cape  Colony  and  Natal ;  to  Peru,  Maracaibo  and  Ecua- 
dor; to  Sonsonate,  Trinidad,  Demerara  and  Honduras;  to  the  Governor- 
General  of  New  South  Wales  and  Port  Curtis;  to  the  Feejee  Islands; 


678  The  Future  Supply  of  Cotton. 

to  Batavia  and  Arracan;  to  Bombay,  Calcutta,  Madras,  Ahmedabad^ 
Chynepore  and  Lucknow,  in  India ;  in  all,  254  cotton  gins,  besides  cotton 
presses  and  driving  machinery. 

Cotton  seed,  varying  in  quantities  from  a  few  pounds  to  five  tons,  have 
"^  been  shipped  to  Athens,  Volo,  Latakia  and  Alexandria ;  to  Madeira,  La- 
gos and  Abbeokuta,  Benin  and  the  Cameroons ;  to  Cape  Colony,  Ecuador, 
Tobago,  Jamaica,  IVinidad,  San  Salvador,  San  Miguel  and  Sydney,  (New 
South  Wales ;)  to  Bombay,  Calcutta,  Madras  and  to  Batavia,  besides  various 
other  places ;  in  all,  591  barrels  of  seed  and  numerous  smaller  parcels. 
Thirteen  barrels  of  guano  and  one  barrel  of  nitrate  of  soda  have  been  sent 
to  each  of  the  Chambers  of  Conmierce  at  Bombay,  Calcutta  and  Madras. 

The  seed  thus  distributed  has  been  sufficient  for  sowing  many  thousand 
acres  of  land,  and  the  committee  are  in  possession  of  letters  received 
from  a  great  numb^  of  their  correspondents,  which  show  that  hundreds 
of  landed  proprietors  and  farmers  have  commenced  cotton  cultivation  in 
numerous  regions  of  the  world,  and  time  and  encouragement  only  are  re- 
quired to  develop  from  among  these  new  sources  a  steady  and  ample  in- 
crease to  supplies  for  Europe. 

But  the  conmiittee  especially  call  attention  to  the  fact,  that  in  countries 
such  as  India  and  Africa,  where  cotton  is  abeady  grown  in  great,  if  not 
superfluous,  abundance,  all  that  is  needed  is  a  supply  of  suitable,  inexpen- 
sive cotton  gins  for  cleaning,  presses  for  packing,  and  agencies  with  CM>i- 
tal  for  the  purchase  of  that  cotton.  The  committee  have  therefore  de- 
voted much  labor  and  attention  to  these  important  requirements.  They 
have  now  succeeded,  by  the  offer  of  prizes,  in  obtaining  suitable  hand- 
gins  adapted  to  the  wants  either  of  the  ryot  of  India  or  the  native  Afri- 
can farmer.  These  gins  have  been  highly  appreciated  in  those  countries 
to  which  they  have  been  sent  They  clean  the  cotton  without  injury  to 
the  staple,  and  greatly  enhance  its  vsdue,  as  compared  either  with  the  use 
of  the  saw-gin,  the  Indian  churka,  or  the  ruder  process  of  the  African, 
who  cleans  his  cotton  either  by  hand  or  with  the  aid  of  a  rude  hand- 
comb.  It  has  been  estimated  that  the  extensive  introduction  of  these 
simple  gins  among  the  ryots  of  India  will  increase  the  value  of  his  cotton 
at  least  10  to  15  per  cent  This  difference,  calculated  upon  the  last 
year's  exports  from  Bombay,  would  give  an  aggregate  advantage  to  the 
ill-paid  ryots  of  India  of  half  a  million  sterling  per  annum.  The  saving 
in  cost  of  carriage  effected  by  the  use  of  these  hand-gins  in  countiies 
where  raw  cotton  now  travels  long  distances  over  bad  roads,  will  afford 
an  ample  margin  to  stimulate  the  growth.  The  following  is  a  summary 
of  what  has  been  accomplished  during  the  past  year  by  the  efforts  of  the 
Association : 

Europe. 

Turkey. — In  European  Turkey,  through  the  influence  of  Her  Majesty's 
consuls,  many  of  the  native  cultivators  have  conmienced  the  cultivation  of 
cotton ;  but  little  progress  has  been  made,  owing  to  the  existing  oppres- 
sive system  of  taxation  and  official  exactions. 

Cheece, — The  Home  Minister  of  Greece  has,  during  the  past  year,  in- 
troduced the  cultivation  of  American  cotton,  from  seed  sent  out  by  this 
Association,  into  the  departments  of  Arffolide,  Argos,  Nauplis,  Attica, 
Livadia,  Thebes,  Eubuie,  Scopelos,  Chaicis,  Ageon,  Steron,  Caristion, 
Distion,  Erpseon,  Caristeon,  Achaie,  Patras,  Laconie,  Gythion,  Trimsee, 
Boion,  Epidaurns,  Monombatia. 


The  Future  Supply  of  Cotton.  679 

Cyprus, — In  the  Island  of  Cyprus  an  effort  is  being  made  for  the  culti- 
vation of  cotton  npon  an  estate  of  80,000  acres  of  land.  A  merchant 
has  sent  ont  machinery,  at  considerable  cost,  for  the  cleaning  and  packing 
of  cotton,  the  prodace  of  a  large  quantity  of  seed  supplied  to  him  by  the 
committee. 

Asia  Minor. — Within  the  last  few  weeks  Sir  Maodonald  Stbphbnbon, 
engaged  upon  the  railway  now  in  promss  from  Smyrna  into  the  great 
Vfuley  of  the  Meander,  has  tendered  his  services  to  the  committee,  by 
the  distribution  of  seed^  among  the  fieuiners  of  Asia  Minor,  stating  that 
^'  the  resources  of  the  country  are  almost  inexhaustible." 

Africa. 

Sgypt, — ^A  report  is  now  in  the  press,  and  will  shortly  be  published  by 
the  committee,  giving  the  origin,  progress  and  present  extent  of  cotton 
cultivation  in  Egypt,  with  many  valuable  suggestions  as  to  the  means  by 
which  the  committee  may  promote  an  increase  of  growth  in  that  fertile 
country,  from  its  present  annual  average  of  100,000  bales  to  1,000,000  of 
bales.  Funds  for  this  purpose  will  be  required,  and  the  committee  have 
every  confidence  that  their  efforts  in  this  quarter  wiU  be  zealously  sec- 
onded by  the  trade. 

Tunis, — The  progress  of  the  experiments  which  were  two  years  since 
b^un  in  Tunis  have  been  unfortunately  checked;  but  the  committee  has 
been  assured  that  His  Highness  the  iBey  of  Tunis  \&  resolved  that  no 
means  shall  be  left  untried  to  render  his  territory  a  source  of  cotton  sup- 
ply. Fully  impressed  with  the  great  advantages  which  have  accrued  to 
l^ypt  from  cotton  agriculture,  he  is  animated  with  a  disposition  to  give 
the  utmost  encouragement  to  its  introduction  among  his  own  people. 

Madeira. — ^In  the  Island  of  Madeira,  and  at  Bulama,  one  of  tne  Bijonga 
Islands,  containing  5,000  inhabitants,  cotton  is  being  ffrown. 

Sierra  Leone. — ^At  Sierra  Leone,  an  English  trader  is  commencing  the 
cultivation,  and  an  intelligent  native  merchant  is  introducing  cotton  gins  for 
cleaning  the  native  cotton,  which  he  will  purchase  and  send  to  England. 

Sherhro. — Her  Majesty's  Consul  of  the  Sherbro  country,  Ipng  to  the 
south  of  Sierra  Leone,  and  also  an  English  merchant  at  Sherbro,  are  now 
engaged  in  making  arrangements  for  the  export  of  the  native  African  cot- 
ton, ^hich  ni^  be  purchased  there  in  lar^e  quantities. 

Liberia. — ^The  President  of  Liberia  is  t&ng  great  interest  in  the  intro- 
duction of  cotton  cultivation  among  the  free  colored  population  of  his  re- 
public An  agent  has  been  sent  through  the  country  calling  the  attention 
of  the  people  to  the  value  of  cotton  as  an  export  Prizes,  consisting  of 
money,  medals  and  cotton  gins,  have  been  offered.  One  farmer  has  cleared 
fifty  acres  for  cultivation,  and  a  number  of  others  have  also  various  quan- 
tities of  land  employed  in  growing  cotton.  An  annual  fair  is  held,  at 
which  the  products  of  the  country  are  exhibited  and  prizes  awarded. 
The  committee  hope  that  merchants  and  others  will  second  these  laudable 
efforts  by  sending  out  orders  for  the  purchase  of  all  the  cotton  which  the 
people  of  Liberia  can  raise.  Encouragement  in  their  first  efforts  is  needed 
to  create  a  permanent  export  cotton  trade. 

The  Gold  Coast. — ^No  part  of  Africa  offers  a  finer  opening  than  this 
splendid  region.  The  (Jold  Coast  is  under  British  rule.  The  governor 
of  the  colony  is  deeply  interested  in  the  promotion  of  the  growfli  of  cot- 
ton, and  has  promised  to  aid  the  efforts  of  the  committee  to  the  utmost 


080  21ie  Futur€  Supply  of  Cotton. 

of  his  power.  Two  agricultaial  societies  have  been  f<nmed,  one  in  tlie 
eastern  district  at  Cape  Coast  Castle,  and  a  branch  in  the  western  district 
at  Accra.  An  arrangement  has  been  made  with  the  natives  bj  the  gor- 
emment  for  the  payment  of  the  poU-tax  in  cotton.  The  Agricnltoral 
Society  at  Accra,  in  conjunction  with  a  Lancashire  firm,  are  purchasing 
this  cotton  at  ^  per  lb.,  in  the  seed,  and  afterwards  cleaning  and  pack- 
ing it  for  shipment  Many  tons  of  cotton  have  been  thus  accumulated, 
and  seyeral  shipments  which  have  reached  Liverpool  have  been  sold  at  Id. 
to  7^  per  lb.  An  agent  has  been  sent  into  the  interior  to  advise  the 
people  to  extend  their  cultivation,  and  there  is  now  no  doubt  that,  with 
the  co-operation  of  the  colonial  government,  an  extensive  export  trade  in 
cotton  will  spring  up.  The  agent  who  was  sent  into  the  interior  reported 
that  in  one  district  alone  70,000  po<>p^G  were  already  engaged  in  grow- 
ing, spinning  and  weaving  cotton.  The  whole  line  of  the  western  coast 
of  Africa  is  studded  with  towns,  many  of  them  containing  100,000  inhabi- 
tants, in  which  regular  cotton  marts  are  established,  and  from  which  un- 
limited supplies  may  be  obtained.  There  are  many  millions  of  Africans 
whose  labor  may,  in  this  way,  be  actively  employed  in  the  service  of  the 
cotton  trade,  and  among  whom  manufectures  would  find  an  inexhaustible 
market 

Elndnay  J^enitij  Old  Calabar  and  the  Cameroons. — At  all  these  places 
the  committee  are  in  communication  with  traders  or  missionaries  who 
have  been  furnished  with  cotton  gins,  seed  or  other  assbtance  in  aid  of 
their  first  efforts. 

Lagoa^  Abbeokutcu—rFrom  Lagos  the  bulk  of  the  present  African  siqh 
plies  are  obtained ;  several  traders  have  here  entered  more  largely  into 
the  trade,  and  a  considerable  amount  of  machinery  for  cleaning  and  pack- 
ing cotton  has  been  sent  out  during  the  past  year.  During  the  twelve 
months  preceding  March,  1859,  1,800  bales  were  imported  from  the  west 
coast  of  Africa  mto  London  and  Liverpool ;  the  greater  part  of  which 
was  imported  into  London.  From  March,  1859,  to  March,  1600,  neariy 
1,600  bales  have  been  imported  into  Liverpool  alone,  and  1,847  bales  into 
London.  From  the  West  Coast  the  exports  have  therefore  risen  from 
1,800  bales,  in  1858-9,  to  8,447  bales  in  1859-60,  or  nearly  one  hundred 
per  cent  in  twelve  months. 

A  treaty  has  been  n^otiated  with  the  chiefe  of  Abbeokuta,  by  an  ex- 
loring  expedition  connected  with  the  African  Civilization  Society  of 
~ew- 1  ork,  for  the  allotment  of  lands  to  be  devoted  to  cotton  cultivation, 
by  a  colony  of  free  colored  people  from  the  United  States.  They  will 
commence  with  a  farm  of  500  acres.  A  company  is  in  course  of  forma- 
tion to  assist  this  movement — one  gentleman  m  London  offering  to  take 
£2,000  worth  of  shares.  This  project  opens  a  new  feature,  by  the  intro- 
duction of  Africans,  trained  to  the  system  of  cotton  cultivation  in  the 
United  States,  and  may  ultimately  exercise  immense  influence  upon  the 
destinies  of  the  native  population  as  a  means  for  the  suppression  of  the 
slave  trade. 

The  River  Niger. — ^The  committee  have  had  their  attention  directed  to 
the  importance  of  encour&oring  the  establishment  of  trading  stations  along 
the  banks  of  this  river.  They  have  memorialized  Her  Majesty's  govern- 
ment on  the  subject  of  giving  effectual  protection  to  traders.  A  cotton 
trade  is  about  to  be  established  at  Onitsha,  under  the  auspices  of  an  in- 
dustrial institution  in  London.    Sample  bales  of  cotton  nave  been  re- 


t 


The  Future  Supply  of  CotUm.  681 

ceived  from  Onitsha  and  from  Rabba,  valued  from  6d.  to  8d.  per  lb. ;  and 
it  is  affirmed  by  Dr.  Baikis  and  Lieut  Glovkr,  of  the  Niger  Expedition, 
and  also  by  Mr.  MoGrkoor  Laird,  of  the  African  Steamship  Company, 
that  inmiense  quantities  of  this  cotton  may  be  bought  in  the  seed  at  ^ 
per  lb.,  or  at  2d.  to  dd.,  ready  cleaned.  The  committee  feel  justified  in 
asserting  that  great  progress  has  been  already  made  along  the  entire 
west  coast  of  Africa,  in  extending  and  giving  permanence  to  the  cotton 
culture  and  ^xport  of  these  extensive  regions. 

Angola, — ^This  country,  situated  more  to  the  southwest  of  Africa,  pos- 
sesses great  natural  advantages  for  a  lar|?e  export  cotton  trade.  It  is 
under  rortuguese  government ;  but  it  has  been  found,  from  the  import  of 
twenty-six  baJes  by  a  firm  who  are  members  of  this  Association,  who  made 
a  trial  shipment,  that  at  present  the  means  of  communication  with  this 
country  are  too  infrequent  and  costly  to  render  it  profitable.  The  Por- 
tuguese are,  however,  likely  to  import  considerable  supplies  from  this 
quarter  into  Lisbon  for  their  own  consumption,  and  tney  are  making 
efforts  in  this  direction.  This  will  again  rebeve  the  Liverpool  market  to 
a  certain  extent  from  the  demand  for  Portuguese  consumption. 

NataL — ^The  government  of  Natal  has  during  the  past  year  ordered  a 
considerable  supply  of  seed  for  distribution  among  the  Zulus  under  Brit- 
ish rule ;  and  steps  have  been  taken  to  arrange  the  payment  of  the  hut 
tax  in  cotton.  Numerous  farmers  have  begun  to  grow  cotton  from  seed 
sent  by  this  Association,  and  one  proprietor  has  cultivated  cotton  on  a 
fair  scale.  A  sample  bale  sent  by  him  was  sold  on  his  behalf  by  the 
committee,  worth  9d.  per  lb.  Li  one  of  his  letters  he  reports  that  he 
had  ahready  100,000  lbs.  of  cotton  on  hand,  which  he  was  preparing  for 
shipment  to  England.  The  committee  are  of  opinion  that  Natal  offers 
emment  advanteges  as  a  cotton-growing  country,  and  they  are  desirous 
of  doing  all  in  their  power  to  aid  in  their  development. 

Cape  Colony, — ^The  Grahamstown  Agricultural  Society  have  applied 
to  the  committee  for  cotton  seed,  which  is  now  being  sent  out  lliey 
state  that  *'  Wheat  is  ill-adapted  for  growth  in  this  colony,  being  liable 
to  attacks  of  rust.  This  year  the  crops  have  been  destroyed  by  that  dis- 
ease. Many  fisirmers  are  hence  looking  out  anxiously  for  some  less  pre- 
carious method  of  employing  their  capital  and  skill,  and  cotton  aeems  of 
all  other  things  the  most  promising.  Some  years  ago  cotton  was  tried 
vfith  excellent  resultSy  but  an  irruption  of  the  Kaffirs  put  an  end  to  the 
attempt" 

The  discoveries  of  Dr.  Ltvikostohb  have  prompted  a  movement,  in 
conjunction  with  the  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Mission,  for  establishing  a 
European  colony  in  the  valley  of  the  Shire,  a  branch  of  the  River  Zwn- 
bezL  An  industrial  department  connected  with  this  mission  will  send 
out  a^cultural  implements  with  machinery  suit^  for  cotton  cultivation, 
oleamng  and  packing,  and  there  is  every  reason  to  hope  that  great  results 
will  accrue  from  this  movement,  providing  the  experiment  is  judiciously 
and  eneigetically  carried  out  Ltons  MoLbod,  Esq.,  lately  Her  Majesty's 
consul  at  Mozambique,  reports  that  he  has  seen  cotton  abundantly  grown 
at  Inhambane,  and  numerous  other  parts  of  the  East  Coast  of  Africa,  as 
fax  north  as  Mozambique. 

The  West  Indies  and  America. 

Cuba, — ^At  Havana,  an  Anglo-Spanish  Cotton  Company,  capital  four 


682  The  Future  Supply  cf  CotUm. 

million  dollars,  has  been  established  for  the  extension  of  cotton  coltiya- 
tion  in  Cuba. 

Jammed, — The  British  Ck>tton  Company  are  steadily  pursuing  their 
initial  experiment,  and,  as  we  are  informed,  with  the  most  gratifymg  re- 
sults, both  as  to  the  quality  of  cotton  which  has  been  raised,  and  as  to 
benefit  to  the  shareholders.  It  is  thought  that  ere  long  this  company 
will  receive  that  support  in  Lancashire  that  will  enable  it  extensiyely  to 
widen  its  basis  of  operations.  As  the  first  company  started  in  this  country 
it  deserves  the  special  attention  and  encouragement  of  the  trade. 

Tobago — Barhadoes, — Several  land-owners  in  these  blands  have  planted 
areas  of  a  few  acres  eacL 

Britiek  Honduras  and  Guatemala, — ^Experiments  are  being  made  in 
both  these  countries  to  introduce  the  cultivation  among  the  people. 

Peru. — In  the  north  of  Peru  the  proprietor  of  an  extensive  estate  has 
let  out  portions  of  land  to  four  cotton-growing  companies,  three  of  which 
are  raismg  200,000  plants  each,  and  one  100,000  phmts,  in  all  700,000. 
The  estate  is  capable  of  growing  at  least  14,000,000  cotton  plants.  A 
large  number  of  small  farmers  in  the  same  district  are  also  stated  to  be 
growing  cotton  on  portions  of  their  farms  to  a  greater  or  less  extent 
Two  landed  proprietors,  also  in  the  province  of  Chiclago,  have  began  to 
grow  cotton ;  one  of  whom  has  recently  visited  this  country  to  purchase 
machinery  for  a  cotton  plantation  in  Peru,  and  he  has  engaged  a  ship- 
load of  two  hundred  and  fifty  Spanish  emigrants,  who  have  set  sail  for 
that  country,  where  they  will  be  solely  employed  in  the  raising  of  cotton 
and  its  preparation  for  export  He  has  constructed  a  canal,  thirty-nine 
miles  in  length,  to  convey  water  from  the  Andes  to  his  estate,  for  the 
purpose  of  irrigating  his  lands.  This  canal  was  begun  about  three  years 
a^o,  without  any  idea  of  cotton  cultivation.  The  operations  of  the  Asso- 
ciation having  come  to  his  knowledge,  and  finding  that  the  soil  is  splen- 
didly adapted  for  cotton  planting,  uiey  are  going  into  the  cultivation 
with  good  earnest 

Venezuela — New-Granada. — ^The  committee  have  furnished  machinery 
and  cotton  seed  to  be  employed  at  Afaracaibo,  Baranquilla  and  Sabinilla, 
where  effort  is  being  made  to  promote  the  growth  and  export  of  cotton, 
with  fiEur  prospect  of  success. 

British  Guiana. — In  Demerara  a  missionary  of  the  Church  of  England 
has  recently  been  supplied  with  cotton  seeo,  which  he  will  distribute 
among  the  resident  fanners.  He  purposes  making  a  tour  and  lecturing 
in  di&rent  towns  and  villages  on  the  advantage  of  cotton  cultivation. 

East  Indies,  Australia,  Cetlok,  &c 

Batavia. — ^A  member  of  the  committee  has  received  information  thai 
an  extensive  proprietor  in  Batavia  has  a  large  extent  of  hmd  under  culti- 
vation. From  New-Orleans  seed  he  has  raised  a  crop  of  272,000  lbs. 
of  cotton,  and  from  Palemban^  seed  nearly  1,000,000  lbs.  Arrangements 
have  been  made  by  this  propnetor  with  the  laborers  on  his  estate  to  con- 
tinue the  cultivation  for  five  years.  The  land  is  well  suited  to  the  plant, 
and  as  the  natives  find  the  cultivation  profitable,  they  have  phinted  largely. 

Java. — Cotton  seed  has  been  supplied  by  the  committee  for  planting 
on  an  estate  in  this  island. 

Th£  Feejee  Islands. — ^The  committee  have  received  through  the  Foreign 
OfiQce  five  descriptions  of  indigenous  cotton  which  are  reported  by  Con- 


The  Future  Supply  of  Cotton.  68S 

sol  Pritchard  to  grow  wild  in  those  islands.  The  plant  yields  without 
intermission  for  ten,  twelve  or  fifteen  years.  The  values  of  the  several 
samples  are  7d.,  I^d,,  8d.,  9d.,  lid.,  Is.  and  Is.  0^  per  lb.  About  80 
to  100  of  these  islands  are  inhabited,  the  total  population  beins  200,000, 
60,000  of  whom  have  been  converted  to  Christianity.  One-hau  the  area 
of  one  of  these  islands  would  grow  three  to  four  millions  of  bales  of  cot- 
ton. In  view  of  these  facts,  and  being  informed  that  an  offer  had  been 
made  by  the  native  king  and  chiefs  of  the  cession  of  these  islands  to  the 
British  Crown,  the  committee  felt  it  to  be  their  duty  to  represent  to  Her 
Majesty's  ffovemment  the  suitability  of  the  native  Feejee  cotton  to  the 
wants  of  the  trade.  The  question  of  annexation  was  one  into  which  it 
was  not  in  the  province  of  the  committee  to  enter.  It  was  nevertheless 
their  obvious  duty  in  the  interest  of  the  cotton  trade,  and  in  view  of  a 
£Edthful  discharge  of  their  duty  as  your  executive,  to  see  that  a  just  repre- 
sentation should  be  made  of  the  utility  of  such  an  addition  to  our  sources 
of  supply.  From  no  single  quarter  of  the  world  has  such  a  collection  of 
graduated  qualities  been  received. 

Australia, — To  Sir  William  Dkkisok,  the  Governor-General  of  New 
South  Wales,  and  also  to  Sir  Georob  Bowsn,  the  €k)vemor  of  Queens- 
land, the  best  thanks  of  this  Association  are  due  for  the  zealous  and  active 
interest  they  have  taken  in  furtherance  of  the  objects  of  this  Association. 
A  considerable  quantity  of  cotton  seed,  with  cotton  gins,  have  been  for- 
warded to  Sir  William  Dbnison,  at  Sydney,  who  has  taken  steps  for 
the  distribution  of  the  seed  among  the  farmers.  More  than  fifty  settlers 
have  been  supplied  with  seed,  and  one  gentleman  of  large  property  has 
disposed  of  a  quantity  of  seed  among  the  tenants  on  his  estates,  to  whom, 
aided  by  the  women  and  children  of  their  fsEimilies,  it  is  expected  the  cul- 
tivation will  be  profitable.  Several  bales  of  Sea  Island  cotton  have  been 
received  from  Australia  by  the  committee  during  the  past  year,  which 
have  sold  from  Is.  8d.  to  2s.  per  lb.  One  settler  at  Port  Curtis,  writing 
to  an  Australian  paper,  says :  "  I  think  I  shall  have  this  year  cotton 
enough  to  plant  1,000  to  1,500  acres.''  A  sample  of  his  cotton  has  been 
valued  in  Manchester  at  ds.  per  lb. 

Accompanying  a  copy  of  a  despatch  just  received  from  Sir  Gkorob 
BowEN,  on  the  subject  of  cotton  cultivation,  the  committee  have  received 
a  copy  of  a  prospectus  of  a  company  now  formed  for  the  growth  of  cot- 
ton in  Queensland.  This  company  will  commence  operations  upon  one 
hundred  acres  of  land. 

A  landed  proprietor  from  Australia  is  now  in  this  country  endeavoring 
to  form  a  company  to  commence  with  the  cultivation  of  1,000  acres  of 
land.  He  is  prepared  to  place  1,000  acres  of  his  own  estates  at  the  dis- 
posal of  such  a  company,  and  to  become  a  large  shareholder  in  the 
undertaking.  He  has  already  sufficient  labor  upon  his  land  for  the  cul- 
tivation of  1,000  acres,  together  with  suitable  buildings  and  steam  power. 
The  rent  he  proposes  to  toke  out  of  the  profits  of  the  company.  There 
are  ten  to  twenty  millions  of  acres  of  land  suited  to  the  growth  of  cotton 
in  that  part  of  Australia  where  he  proposes  to  commence  operations. 
He  has  already  grown  both  Sea  Island  and  New-Orleans  cotton  upon  his 
estates ;  and  Uie  land,  which  has  a  depth  of  soil  of  twenty  feet,  will  grow 
600  lbs.  of  clean  cotton  to  the  acre.  Should  this  scheme  prove  success- 
ful, and  only  one-third  of  our  emigration  be  annually  diverted  to  the 
Australian  cotton  fields,  England  would  soon  be  placed  in  safety  as  to 
her  sources  of  supply  of  cotton.    The  committee  cannot  but  regard  such 


684  The  Future  Supply  of  Cotton, 

eflforts  with  great  interest,  and  they  will  be  prepared  to  render  their 
utmost  aid  within  the  limits  of  the  rules  of  this  Association  to  every 
well-considered  and  practicable  scheme,  having  for  its  object  the  estab- 
lishment of  cotton-growing  in  Her  Majesty's  colonies. 

Ceylon. — The  Kandy  Agricultural  Society  are  endeavoring  to  extend  the 
cultivation  of  cotton  in  this  island,  and  have  made  application  to  the  gover- 
nor. Sir  H.  G.  Ward,  to  encourage  the  inhabitants  favorable  to  its  growtiii, 
by  granting  them  permission  to  pay  for  a  certain  period  a  portion  of 
their  taxation  in  cotton.  The  committee  are  informed  by  the  Kandy 
Agricultural  Society  that  "there  are  thousands  of  acres  well  adapted  for 
cotton  cultivation,"  and  they  trust  hereafter  to  report  that  the  culture  has 
been  extensively  entered  upon. 

Pe^^, — ^The  attention  of  the  committee  has  recently  been  drawn  to  an 
entirely  new  cotton  field,  by  Captain  Riohard  Sprte.  This  gentleman 
advocates  the  opening  of  a  new  line  of  overland  communication  with  the 
interior  of  China.  He  proposes  the  construction  of  a  cheap  eingle  line  of 
railway  for  commerce  from  Rangoon  or  Negrais,  in  the  Bay  of  Bengal, 
through  Her  M^esty's  territory  of  Pegu,  and  thence  through  a  portion 
of  the  Burmese  Territory  to  Esmok,  in  the  Chinese  province  of  Vunna. 
Rangoon  is  distant  from  Esmok  600  miles.  The  southern  provinces  of 
China  are  densely  peopled,  and  abound  with  most  valuable  raw  products. 
Situated  3,200  miles  from  Pekin,  the  people  are  more  free  and  open  to 
foreign  intercourse  than  the  more  exclusive  populations  of  the  nortL 
They  offer,  therefore,  an  enormous  market  for  British  manufoctures.  The 
soils  of  Pegu  and  Burmah  are  admirably  adapted  to  the  growth  of  cotton. 
Captain  Sprte  states  that  "when  Dacca  was  in  times  past  the  great 
muslin-making  place  of  the  East,  considerable  quantities  were  sent  from 
Burmah  to  that  city,  for  the  manufacture  of  those  exquisitely  fine  muslins 
which  were  formerly  made  there;"  and  that,  "under  proper  cultivation, 
with  such  a  soil  and  climate,  adapted  to  the  growth  of  cotton,  his  belief 
is  that  Pegu,  Burmah,  and  the  adjacent  Shan  territories  east  of  them, 
could  produce  annually  all  the  raw  cotton  that  England  requires,  and  the 
whole  of  superior  quality."  The  Chinese  at  the  present  time  employ 
caravans,  numbering  40,000  ponies,  for  canying  on  trade  with  these 
regions.  A  railway,  such  as  Captain  Sprte  describes,  would  at  once 
open  a  considerable  source  for  the  supply  of  cotton.  Through  its  termi- 
nus, at  Esmok,  British  merchandise  woidd  gain  ready  access  to  that  vast 
network  of  water  communication  which  intersects  China,  and  in  lineal 
extent  reaches  16,000  miles.  The  opening  of  such  a  commercial  artery 
into  China,  with  her  four  hundred  millions  of  population,  would  be  a 
great  gain  for  our  manufactures ;  and  if  at  the  same  time  so  ample  a 
cotton-growing  region  could  be  laid  under  contribution.  Captain  Sprtb's 
scheme  would  be  worthy  of  immediate  adoption  by  capitalists,  as  a  hope- 
ful source  of  gain. 

India, — ^Among  the  numerous  regions  to  which  the  attention  of  the 
committee  has  been  directed,  none  nave  presented  so  vast  or  hopeful  a 
field  for  their  labors  as  that  of  India ;  and  while  the  difficulties  they  have 
had  to  encounter  have  been  of  more  than  ordinary  magnitude,  the 
success  they  have  met  with  has  proved  the  most  encouraging  for  perse- 
verance. The  Chambers  of  Commerce  of  Bombay,  Calcutta  and  Madras, 
and  the  Agri-Horticultural  Society  at  Calcutta,  have  alike  rendered  in- 
valuable aid  to  the  operations  of  the  committee,  and  to  whom  the  best 
thanks  of  the  Association  are  justly  due. 


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868  Cottonked  FlaiB—Fihrilia. 


COTTONIZED  FLAX  — FIBBIIIA. 

L  Ths  dcpobtancb  or  Rbobnt  Discovebus  to  ths  World.— IL  LTMA2r*8  New  PRooai^^ 
III.  Ths  adaptation  op  Flax  as  a  Papxb  Stock. 

Wb  alluded  in  our  May  number  to  the  liiglily  important  material  now 
brought  to  light  as  cottonized  flax.  Of  this  there  are  several  specimens, 
in  various  degrees  of  finish,  at  the  New-York  Chamber  of  Commerce,  for 
exhibition. 

Among  the  processes  recently  applied  to  the  disintegration  of  flax, 
hemp  and  other  fibrous  plants,  and  the  preparation  of  the  product  for 
textile  purposes,  the  most  efficacious,  and  by  far  the  most  economical,  is 
that  discovered  by  Mr.  A.  S.  Lyman,  of  New-York,  and  lately  patented 
in  several  European  countries  and  India,  as  well  as  in  the  United  States. 
The  principle  of  this  invention  consists  in  a  highly  ingenious  application 
of  the  explosive  power  of  steam  to  the  separation  of  the  fibers  of  all 
vegetable  materials.  In  all  fibrous  plants,  such  as  flax,  hemp,  cane,  ^c, 
when  fireshly  cut,  sap,  or,  if  dry,  after  being  soaked  a  short  time,  moisture 
is  found  to  be  minutely  distributed  throughout  the  entire  structure  of 
the  plant.  This  simple  element  it  is  which  is  converted  into  an  agency 
of  immense  but  easily  regulated  power,  for  the  complete  disintegration  of 
fibrous  plants  of  any  and  every  description.  The  modus  operandi  consists  in 
the  use  of  a  strongiron  cylinder,  say  twelve  inches  in  diameter  and  24  feet 
long,  having  a  valve  at  either  end,  carried  by  an  arm  moving  on  a  centre,  so 
that  the  end  of  the  cylinder  can  be  thrown  open  to  its  full  area.  This  cylin- 
der being  more  than  half  filled  with  flax  or  hemp  recently  cut,  or  charged 
with  moisture  by  being  soaked  for  a  brief  period,  the  viives  at  the  ends 
of  the  cylinder  are  closed,  being  made  steam-tight,  and,  by  means  of  a 
pipe  from  a  boiler,  steam  is  supplied  to  the  cylinder  of  any  required 
pressure  to  the  square  inch.  In  a  few  minutes  the  moisture  in  the  hemp 
or  flax  is  raised  to  a  temperature  above  that  requisite  for  becoming  steam, 
but  it  cannot  be  converted  into  steam,  being  controlled  by  the  pressure 
of  the  steam  which  already  fllls  the  whole  available  space  for  steam 
within  the  cylinder ;  the  valve  at  the  mouth  of  the  cylinder  being  now  let 
loose,  the  confined  material  is  discharged  from  it  with  a  loud  explosion, 
and  being  suddenly  projected  from  me  cylinder,  where  it  was  under  a 
pressure  of  200  lbs.,  mto  the  atmosphere  at  a  pressure  of  only  15  lbs.  to 
the  square  inch,  the  heated  moisture  within  the  fibrous  matenal  instanta- 
neously flashes  into  steam,  rending  and  disintegrating  the  material  as 
completely  and  minutely  as  the  moisture  was  distributed  throughout  its 
fibrous  structure. 

In  the  case  of  flax  and  hemp  it  is  found  that  this  process  of  blowing 
separates  in  the  most  complete  manner  the  fiber  from  the  shove  or  woody 
portion  of  the  plant,  from  which  it  is  then  freed  by  being  passed  througn 
an  ordinary  burring  mill ;  and  being  afterwards  washed  in  a  mild  alkaline 
solution,  it  can  be  carded  and  used  in  combination  with  either  wool  or 
cotton,  or  both,  and  as  well  for  felting  as  for  spinning  purposes.  In  this 
condition  the  fiber,  thus  simply  and  inexpensively  prepared,  is  applicable 
to  many  valuable  uses — ^takm^  the  place  of  wool  with  equal  utility  and 
at  not  more  than  one-third  of  its  cost — and  of  cotton,  in  those  fabrics  in 


Cottonized  Flax — Fibrilia.  687 

whicli  it  is  combined  with  other  textile  substances,  with  equal  advantage 
and  at  a  very  lai^e  reduction  on  the  cost  of  cotton.  When,  however,  the 
flax  fiber  is  subjected  to  a  second  blowing  process,  it  is  found  to  be 
minutely  subdivided  in  a  natural  manner  into  its  ultimate  or  component 
fibers,  which  are  ascertained  to  be  of  the  length  of  firom  one  and  a  naif  to 
two  inches.  By  means  of  a  simple  and  economical  process,  applied  by 
the  inventor,  the  comminuted  fiber  is  bleached,  any  remaining  gum  is  re- 
moved, and  it  is  reduced  to  a  condition  in  which  it  can  be  made  capable  of 
being  spun  alone,  in  the  same  manner  as  cotton.  Although  experiments 
on  a  large  scale,  in  this  respect,  have  not  yet  been  made,  there  remains 
little  doubt  that,  with  some  slight  modifications  of  machinery,  which  expe- 
rience and  ingenuity  will  easily  supply,  this  cottonized  flax  can  and  will  De 
used  and  spun  by  itself,  in  the  same  manner  as  ordinary  cotton,  while  by 
this  process  it  can  be  manufactured  at  half  the  cost  of  cotton. 

For  textile  and  felting  purposes,  in  combination  with  wool  and  cotton, 
or  with  both,  and  especiallv  as  a  substitute  for  wool,  its  value  and  great 
economy  are  akeady  established,  and  for  all  such  combination  puiposes 
it  cannot  fail  henceforth  to  come  into  extensive  use.  Specimens  of  felted 
cloth,  half  wool  and  half  flax ;  of  stockings  in  the  like  proportions ;  of 
felt  hats,  one-third  flax  and  two-thirds  wool,  and  other  fabrics  are  ex- 
hibited. Thread  or  spun  goods  cloth  are  beinff  made,  all  of  which 
articles  manufacturers  pronounce  to  be  improved  by  the  admixture  of 
flax,  but,  as  flrst  samples,  are  greatly  inferior  in  quality,  they  say,  to  what 
will  be  produced. 

One  peculiar  advantage  of  the  Lyman  process  is,  that  by  means  of  it 
no  single  particle  of  the  fiber  is  wasted  or  becomes  refuse;  but  every 
part  is  equally  valuable  for  the  highest  uses.  By  this  process,  moreover, 
the  fiber  of  hemp  can  be  made  equally  available  witn  flax ;  and  it  is 
specially  adapted  to  the  treatment  of  jute  and  numerous  other  fibrous 
plants  in  like  manner. 

The  first  application  of  this  most  iuffenious  invention  has  been  to  the 
disintegration  of  fibrous  material,  and  its  conversion  into  paper  stock,  for 
which  uses  it  bids  fair  to  supersede,  in  economy  of  production,  any  ex- 
isting agency.  In  the  treatment  of  the  hemp  plant  for  this  purpose  its 
results  are  most  striking.  But  its  future  value  to  the  manufacturing  com- 
munity will  be  chiefly  in  the  economical  preparation  of  flax  for  textile 
purposes.  To  the  agriculturist  it  presents  a  powerful  inducement  for 
turning  to  profitable  account  the  vast  area  of  western  lands  specially 
adapted  to  the  growth  of  flax  and  hemp ;  while  it  furnishes  facilities  for 
utilizing  the  many  thousands  of  tons  of  flax  straw  which  heretofore  have 
been,  and  still  fu*e,  left  as  useless  to  rot  upon  the  ground,  after  the  removal 
of  the  seed. 

The  cost  of  the  aj/paratus  for  working  Ltman's  process  is  very  incon- 
siderable, when  contrasted  with  its  produce ;  while  hardly  any  skilled 
labor  is  required.  A  battery  of  three  ffunsj  of  the  contents  of  forty 
cubic  feet  each  gun,  with  steam  boiler,  tubing,  Ac,  can  be  set  up  for  a 
cost  in  all  not  exceeding  $6,000.  In  Illinois  and  Ohio,  whose  soil  is 
specially  adapted  to  the  culture  of  flax  and  hemp,  coal  costs  not  more 
than  two,  in  many  places  but  one  dollar  per  ton.  The  shove  or  boon  of 
the  flax  will  furnish  a  large  portion  of  the  fuel  for  working  flax.  Farmers 
in  Illinois  will  contract  to  deliver  hemp,  with  the  seed  on  it,  at  $5,  or 
before  the  seed  ripens,  at  $3  to  $4  per  ton ;  and  flax  can  be  had  abun- 


688  Cottmized  Flax — FihrUia, 

dantly,  we  learn,  at  $6  the  ton.  In  tlie  nse  of  hemp  for  pi^r  stock  tJie 
woody  part  or  shove  is  equally  valuable  with  the  fiber ;  and  from  accu- 
rate trials  made  it  is  ascertained  that  a  ton  of  hemp  of  2,000  Iba.  will 
yield  56  per  cent,  or  1,120  lbs.  of  bleached  paper  stock.  Each  gun  is 
capable  of  blowing  14,000  lbs.  of  hemp,  proaucing  7,840  lbs.  bleached 
fiber  per  day  of  20  hours. 

Of  flax  it  is  found  that  one  ton  of  2,240  lbs.  3delds  324  lbs.  of  pure 
bleached  fiber,  and  a  large  proportion  of  material  for  fuel.  Hemp  or  flax 
requires  to  be  in  the  gun  only  from  five  to  six  minutes,  and  two  minutes 
suffice  for  loading.  This  admits  of  eight  and  a  half  charges  per  hour ; 
seven  may  be  safely  counted  on. 

From  results  already  obtained  a  bleached  paper  stock,  from  hemp,  ready 
to  be  run  off  into  paper,  can  ba  produced  at  a  cost  not  exceeding  three 
cents  per  lb.,  worth  fully  seven  or  eight  cents,  and  which  can,  at  a  further 
cost  of  not  more  than  one  cent,  be  converted  into  paper  of  different 
qualities,  worth,  on  an  average,  not  less  than  twelve  cents  the  lb.  The 
manufacture  already,  to  a  considerable  extent,  of  paper  from  the  cane 
reed,  shows  results  nearly  if  not  equally  as  promising  as  those  from  hemp. 
It  is,  however,  in  the  application  of  the  process  in  question  to  the  pre- 
paration of  flax,  hemp  and  other  fibrous  plants  for  textile  purposes,  as  a 
substitute  for  or  supplement  to  cotton  and  wool,  that  it  is,  at  tne  present 
time,  especially  interesting.  The  Ltman  process,  at  once  simple  and 
economical,  and  acting  on  fibrous  plants  in  a  manner  peculiar  to  their 
natural  construction,  by  one  stroke,  supersedes  the  labonous,  tedious  and 
expensive  processes  of  disintegration  heretofore  in  use.  It  is  this  which 
ffives  to  it  its  peculiar  character  and  value ;  and  destines  it  to  fill  a  highly 
important  function  in  the  economy  of  one  of  the  most  valuable  and  es- 
sential branches  of  human  industry. 

In  view  of  the  lamentable  political  disturbances  which  now  agitate  this 
country,  and  of  their  disastrous  consequences  to  the  manu£EUsturing  in- 
dustry of  Europe  as  well  as  America,  it  is  not  easy  to  over-estimate  the 
importance  of  the  application  of  such  inventions  as  the  one  in  question 
to  the  development  of  a  substitute  for  cotton.  The  uncertainty  of  the 
duration  of  the  impending  civil  war  which  already  carries  dismay  to  many 
a  humble  home  on  the  other  as  well  as  on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic,  and 
the  prospect  of  a  very  great  diminution,  or  indefinite  interruption  of  the 
supply  of  an  article  of  such  prime  necessity  as  cotton,  fumisn  the  most 
powerful  stimulus  to  the  discovery  no  less  of  other  sources  of  supply, 
than  of  some  other  suitable  textile  material  which  may  serve  as  a  snbsUr 
tute  for  it 

Let  it  be  remembered  that  cotton  owes  its  vaunted  sovereignty  as 
much  to  the  ingenuity  of  Whitkkt,  as  to  the  peculiar  fertility  of  Southern 
soils.  Contrast  its  history  since  tiie  discovery  of  the  cotton  gin  with 
that  of  the  preceding  period,  and  the  extent  of  its  obligation  to  that  in- 
vention is  manifest  It  requires  but  the  application  of  mechanical  inge- 
nuity to  the  treatment  of  flax,  a  plant  indigenous  to  almost  every  soil  and 
climate,  to  adapt  it  to  all  the  practical  utihties  of  the  cotton  phuit  This 
desideratum  we  believe  to  be  substantially  supplied  by  the  simple  and 
efficacious  invention  of  Mr.  Lyman  ;  and  it  can  hardly  be  doubted  that 
in  an  age  remarkable  for  mechanical  ingenuity,  any  requimte  supplemen- 
tary appliances  will  be  forthcoming  in  uie  progress  of  this  new  and  most 
interesting  branch  of  industry. 


Ancient  Commereial  (Xtiet  of  the  Lota  Countrie$.  689 

ANCIENT  COHIERCIAL  CITIES  OF  THE  LOW  C0DNTBIE8. 

Jfy  E.  KkSKXt  DXEBT,  qf  Sott6», 

The  cities  of  Flanders  and  Holland  had  risen  by  commerce  and  manu^EU^ 
tores  to  opulence  and  splendor  when  the  greater  part  of  Europe  was  im- 
mersed in  barbarisnL  Elegant  structures  for  city  halls,  palaces  and 
bourses  still  exist  which  were  erected  before  the  United  States  were 
planted.  Structures  alike  remarkable  for  their  material  and  architecture, 
built  at  a  period  when  the  buildings  in  Great  Britain,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  the  castles  of  the  nobility  and  oreligious  edifices,  were  composed 
of  frame  work  filled  in  with  clay,  and  often  thatched  wilii  straw. 

A  large  portion  of  these  populous  districts  had  been  fenced  in  and  re- 
claimed from  the  German  Ocean,  and  their  soil  cultivated  until  it  became 
a  garden.  Here  were  collected  the  whale  oil  and  herrings  of  the  North 
Sea,  the  wheat,  furs,  lumber  and  naval  stores  of  the  Baltic,  the  wine  and 
salt  of  France,  the  wool  and  tin  of  Great  Britain,  the  silks  of  Italy  and 
the  spices  of  the  East 

Navigation  was  conducted  by  short  summer  voyages,  and  Flanders  was 
a  convenient  resting  place  between  the  Baltic  and  Mediterranean. 

Before  the  route  around  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  was  opened,  the  spices 
and  luxuries  of  India  were  imported  into  Flanders  from  the  eastern  shores 
of  the  Mediterranean.  These  were  enhanced  in  value  by  two  tedious 
voyages  and  one  or  more  journeys  by  land,  and  the  profits  and  risks  of 
several  adventures.  Some  idea  of  the  risks,  expenses  and  profits  of  these 
undertakings  may  be  formed  from  the  following  table  of  the  cost  of  in- 
voices of  East  Indian  commodities  landed  in  the  commercial  cities  of 
Flanders  just  after  the  opening  of  the  East  Indian  trade  around  the  Gape 
of  Good  Hope : 

IMPORTS. 

600,000  lbs.  pepper  reduced  from  28.        at  Aleppo  to         2|d.  in  India. 
460,000    "    doves        "         "     4fl.  9d,  "  M. 

1,000,000    "    rawsUk     "         "   128.  "  Ss. 

400,000    "    nutmegs    "         "     28. 4d.  "  4d. 

850,000     "    indigo        "         "     48. 4d.  "  Is.  2d. 

150,000    "    mace  "         "     48.  9d.  "  8d.  " 

Or, 
£  1,466,000  reduced  to  £  611,468. 

Under  a  mild  form  of  government  the  Flemish  provinces  embarked 
early  in  commerce,  established  an  extensive  fishery  for  herring  on  the 
coast  of  England,  opened  the  whale  fishery,  built  ships  and  established 
marts  of  commerce.  Since  the  palmy  days  of  this  commerce,  these 
States  have  been  the  seat  of  devastating  wars.  There  has  been  a  fierce 
struggle  between  the  Inquisition  and  the  Protestant  &ith ;  opulent  cities 
have  been  beseiged  and  taken ;  dykes  have  been  broken  and  the  ocean 
admitted  to  drown  the  invader ;  harbors  have  been  closed  and  new  ports 
and  marts  have  risen  to  distinction ;  but  commerce  and  wealth  have  left 
lasting  memorials  which  have  survived  intolerance  and  oppression,  and 
do  not  fail  to  interest  the  modem  traveller. 

VOL.  XLIV. — HO.  VL  44 


600  Ancient  Oammerdal  Cities  of  the  Law  Countriee* 

BRUGES.   . 

Bruges  had  become  an  important  city  as  early  as  the  seventh  century, 
and  became  still  more  conspicuoas  under  Charlbmaonb. 

From  the  ninth  to  the  fifteenth  century  it  was  the  capital  and  residence 
of  the  counts  of  Flanders,  who  allowed  their  subjects  great  privil^res  and 
very  liberal  institutions,  and  the  restless  spirit  of  freedom  distinguished 
the  Fleming 

During  me  days  of  chivalry  it  attained  to  neat  opulence  and  splendor. 
So  rich  had  it  grown  under  the  counts  of  Jmnders,  tiiat  one  of  its  m^- 
chants  became  security  for  the  ransom  of  the  last  count  of  the  race  in  the 
sum  of  400,000  crowns. 

From  these  counts  it  passed  to  the  Duke  of  Burgundy,  and  contributed 
largely  to  the  wealth  of  its  sovereign,  the  splendor  of  whose  court  sur- 
passed that  of  all  Europe  at  that  penod.  When  the  queen  of  Phillip  lb 
BBL,  of  France,  visited  Bruges,  she  reported  that  she  found  there  hundreds 
of  ladies  looking  more  like  queens  than  herself 

Here  was  instituted  the  order  of  the  €k>ld^n  Fleece,  which  derived  its 
name  from  the  great  staple  of  manu&ctures  and  commerce.  In  1385 
Bruges  was  at  the  cenitn  of  its  fame ;  it  had  attracted  mercantile  firms 
from  Lubeck,  Hamburg,  Bremen,  Cologne  and  Dantzic,  from  England, 
Holland,  Denmark,  Sweden,  France,  Portugal  and  Spain,  and  became  the 
emporium  of  English  trade,  and  the  centre  of  the  conmierce  of  Christen- 
dom ;  connected  with  Ostend  by  a  ship  canal,  navigable  by  vessels  of  the 
largest  chiss,  and  having  Sluys  for  a  harbor,  located  a  sufficient  distance 
from  the  sea  to  avoid  the  inroads  of  the  Danes  and  Normans ;  it  became 
the  entrepot  of  the  herring  fishery  and  the  seat  of  the  manufiictnre  of 
carpeting  and  linen,  and  more  renowned  for  its  wealth  thui  any  city 
which  had  preceded  it  in  Northern  Europe. 

Its  prosperilnr  ended  with  its  transfer  to  Austria,  to  which  it  passed 
upon  tiie  marriage  of  Mart,  the  heiress  of  the  Duke  Chablbb,  with  the 
Duke  Maximilian. 

Having  revolted  from  him  in  1482,  upon  his  refusal  to  grant  it  the 
guardianship  of  his  son,  its  port  of  Sluys  was  closed  by  its  Austrian  mas- 
ter ;  its  commerce  at  once  declined  and  was  soon  transferred  to  the  rising 
city  of  Antwerp. 

During  its  prosperous  days  the  Italians  sent  silks  and  spices  here  in 
large  vessels.  But  the  vessels  in  general  use  were  of  less  size  and  value, 
for  in  1470  seven  Spanish  vessels  bound  to  this  port  were  taken  and  car- 
ried into  England.  Their  tonnage  varried  from  40  to  120  tons,  and  they 
were  valued  at  thirty  shilling  per  ton,  from  which  we  may  form  some  idea 
of  the  value  of  money  at  this  period. 

If  we  may  judge  from  a  treaty  concluded  in  1470,  between  the  Arch 
Duke  of  Austria  and  Edward  Iy.  of  England,  his  subjects  had  begun  to 
display  that  sharpness  in  trade  which  they  still  occasionally  exhibit ;  for 
the  12th  article  of  the  trealy  provides  that  the  English  companies  shall 
not  direct  their  agents  at  tne  great  fairs  to  defer  the  purchase  of  goods 
of  the  Netherlands  until  the  close  of  the  market,  when  the  Netherlanders, 
in  their  anxiety  to  get  home,  sell  out  at  a  reduced  price,  of  which  there 
had  been  mat  complaint  in  previous  years.  Article  Idth  provides,  also, 
that  they  diall  discontinue  the  practice  of  buying  by  the  king's  beam  and 


Ancient  Commercial  Oitiee  of  the  Low  Countries.  601 

telling  by  private  weights,  which  last  we  presume  sometimes  feD  a  little 
below  the  standard. 

Binges  was  almost  destroyed  by  the  cruel  Duke  of  Alva,  but  its  canals 
and  ifidand  quays,  its  fifty-four  bridges,  many  of  its  public  edifices  and 
stately  warehouses  still  remain  to  attest  its  ancient  grandeur>  although 
its  population  has  dwindled  to  less  than  50,000« 


GHENT — Germanf  gent — English^  GLOVE. 

This  very  ancient  city  still  contains  90,000  peo|^  and  is  nearly  eight 
miles  in  circuit,  although  many  fields  and  gardens  are  within  the  area. 
It  was  the  birth  place  of  Chablxs  Y.^  and  in  form^  times  so  much  larger 
than  the  capital  of  France  that  Chablss  used  to  say  he  could  put  Paris  in 
his  glove. 

It  was  also  the  birth  place  of  Johh  of  Gaunt,  Shaxspbabx's  time-honored 
Lancaster,  the  son  of  Edward  m.  of  England. 

Although  an  inland  city,  distant  twenty  miles  from  the  sea,  it  was  situ- 
ated on  uie  Lys  and  near  the  Scheldt,  navigable  to  the  sea,  and,  like 
Venice,  divided  into  many  islands,  most  of  which  have  magnificent 
quays. 

It  cont^ned  seventy  bridges  and  an  immense  cathedral,  lined  with 
black  marble,  and  sustained  and  embellished  by  pillars  of  white  Italian 
marble.  It  contained,  also,  many  magnificent  warehouses  and  public  and 
private  edifices,  some  of  which  are  stiS  standing. 

Its  cathedral  dates  back  to  1228,  and  the  Grand  Beguinaee,  held  by 
600  recluses  or  nuns,  who  are  not  bound  by  any  vow  of  sedusion,  and 
devote  themselves  to  the  sick  and  needy,  originated  in  1234. 

Flanders  was  at  this  early  day  traversed  by  many  canals,  and  Ghent, 
by  its  ship  canal  to  the  Scheldt,  was  accessible  to  ships  drawing  18  feet  of 
water.  Ghent  was  celebrated  for  its  manu&ctures  of  cloth,  linen  and 
muslins. 

In  the  sixteenth  century  it  is  reported  to  have  held  175,000  people, 
and  VoLtAiRX  states  in  his  history  of  Europe  that  in  1468  there  were  in 
Ghent  50,000  artisans.    ' 

Even  in  modem  times,  while  annexed  to  France,  Napolson  regarded  it 
as  the  third  manufacturing  city  in  his  empire^  ranking  next  to  Lyons 
and  Rouen. 

Ghent  passed,  with  Bruges  and  the  fertile  and  rich  counties  of  Flanders, 
to  Buigundy  and  to  Austria,  and  suffered  from  the  successive  wars  which 
desolated  the  Garden  of  Europe.  Havin|^  enjoyed  great  freedom  under 
the  mild  sway  of  the  counts  of  Flanders,  it  was  restless  under  its  new  ar- 
bitrary and  less  intelligent  masters. 

In  1839  it  was  taken  after  a  revolt  by  Charles  V.  A^n,  in  16Y8,  it 
was  cf^tured  by  Louis  XIV.,  afterwards,  in  1706,  by  the  Ihike  of  Marl- 
borough, and  finally,  in  1796,  by  the  revolutionary  armies  of  France. 
It  is  remarkable  that  so  much  of  its  commerce  and  manufactures,  and 
so  many  elegant  structures  as  atill  exist,  should  have  survived  its  misfor- 
tunes. 

As  iDustrative  of  its  former  commerce  wjb  may  add,  that  in  1468  no 
less  than  one  hundred  and  fifty  vessels  arrived  in  a  single  day  at  its  port 
of  Slnys. 


692  Ancient  Oammereial  Oitiea  of  the  Low  Countriei. 

No  city  in  ChriBtendoin,  says  Erasmus,  was  to  be  compared  to  Ghent 
for  extent,  constitution,  or  the  culture  of  its  artisans. 

Its  drawbridges  were  reused  daily,  and  bells  rung  to  suspend  bu^ess 
while  the  armies  of  artisans  went  to  and  from  their  labors.  It  was  sur- 
rounded by  walls  whose  circuit  was  nine  miles,  and  could  bring  into  the 
field  more  than  60,000  soldiers.    It  was  a  republic  in  all  but  name. 


BRVSSEUi. 

Brussels,  one  of  the  most  ancient  cities  of  the  Province  of  Brabant,  and 
now  the  capital  of  Belgium,  forms  an  amphitheatre  upon  the  bank  of 
the  Senne,  a  mere  rivulet  of  thirty  feet  in  width. 

This  flourishing  inland  city  still  retains  an  hundred  thousand  inhabi- 
tants and  several  cathedrals,  which  were  erected  in  the  eleventh  and 
twelfth  centuries,  and  the  city  itself  was  founded  as  early  as  the  seventh 
century. 

It  grew  under  popular  institutions.  As  early  as  the  thirteenth  century 
it  adopted  the  trial  by  jury. 

It  flourished  under  the  Buke  of  Buroundt,  and  under  various  sove- 
reigns has  been  embellished  by  magnificent  churches,  hospitals,  a  savings 
bank  with  large  deposits,  boulevards,  canals  and  railways,  a  theatre,  col- 
lege, academy,  picture-^lery  and  observatory. 

It  was  once  distinguished  for  its  manufactures,  but  was  checked  in  its 
prosperity  by  the  Duke  of  Alva, 

Ip  1696  it  was  bombarded  by  Marshal  Villerot. 
"1706    "      taken  by  the  Duke  of  Marlborouqh. 
«  1746     «  "      Marshal  Saxb. 

«  1794     «  "      France. 


LIEGE. 


In  the  seventh  century  liege  was  known  as  the  village  of  Legia,  lyins 
on  the  navigable  waters  of  the  Maese,  and  near  the  centre  of  a  coal  field 
fifteen  miles  in  length  and  five  in  width  ;  it  soon  began  to  expand,  and, 
erecting  a  cathedral  in  the  eighth  century,  became  a  bishopric 

As  it  continued  to  expand  its  bishops  became  princes.  Its  burghers, 
however,  were  always  imbued  with  an  intense  love  for  their  popular  in- 
stitutions, under  which  they  grew  and  prospered  until  its  population,  in 
the  fifteenth  century,  rose  to  120,000,  from  which  it  gradually  declined, 
under  a  less  liberal  government  and  successive  wars,  to  one-half  that 
number  in  1838,  but  is  now  gradually  recovering  under  l3ie  constitutional 
government  of  the  King  of  Belgium. 

Liege  has  been  distinguished  for  its  extensive  coal  trade  and  manu&o- 
ture  of  iron,  copper,  alum  and  sulphur,  and  for  many  years  has  annually 
produced  two  hundred  thousand  muskets,  fowling-pieces  and  other  fire- 
arms, and  five  hundred  pieces  of  cannon.  It  is,  in  &ct,  one  of  the  chief 
arsenals  of  Europe. 

In  modem  times  the  ancient  palace  of  the  Prince  Bishops  has  been 
devoted  to  the  manufacture  of  steam  engines,  by  Messrs.  Cockxrsll,  of 
England,  who    employed  there    sixty  steam-engines  and   twenty-two 


Ancient  Commercial  Cities  of  the  Low  Countries.  608 

hundred  operators.  A  stamnge  transition,  from  the  elegant  and  festive 
entertainments  of  the  founders  of  the  palace. 

liege  is  connected  with  the  great  canal  and  railway  system  of  Belgium, 
and  the  banks  of  the  Maese  are  lined  by  a  commodious  quay  for  the 
vessels  which  navigate  that  river. 

In  1408  Liege  was  taken  by  Charlbs  the  Bold  of  Burgundy,  and  in 
modem  times  has  been  annexed  to  Belgium. 


LISLE  OR  LILLE. 

This  city,  once  a  part  of  Flanders,  was  founded  A.  D.  640,  and  flour- 
ished under  the  liberal  sway  of  the  counts  of  Flanders,  who  seem  to 
have  early  discovered  that  commerce,  manufactures  and  wealth  were  best 
promoted  by  liberal  charters,  and  to  have  allowed  their  growing  cities  to 
establish  systems  of  self-government. 

Lisle  had  risen  to  great  miportance,  when  it  was  besieged  and  taken  in  1667 
by  Louis  XIV.,  and  annexed  to  France.  After  a  lapse  of  forty-one  years 
it  was  reci^tured  from  France  by  the  Duke  of  Marlborough,  but  at  the 
treaty  of  peace  reverted  to  France,  and  remains  one  of  the  few  permanent 
acquisitions  from  the  costly  wars  of  her  great  monarch. 

In  1 836  lisle  contained  72,000  people.  Its  ancient  manufacture  of 
laces,  velvets,  serges  and  linen  still  survive,  and  to  these  have  been  added 
cotton  and  beet  sugar. 

It  has  an  active  commerce  by  canal  and  railway. 


LOUYAnr. 

This  city,  which  now  forms  a  portion  of  Belgium,  was  in  ancient  times 
a  celebrated  city  of  Brabant,  and  subsequent^  of  Burgundy.  During 
the  fourteenth  centurv  its  manufactures  of  linen  and  wool  rose  to  such  a 
height  of  prosperity  that  it  is  reported  to  have  held  150,000  artisans  ;  and 
although  this  tradition  has  been  questioned,  the  great  extent  of  its  ram- 

J)art8,  now  converted  into  boulevards  seven  miles  in  circuit,  attest  its 
brmer  grandeur.  It  is  accessible  to  vessels  of  150  tons  burthen,  by  a 
canal  which  communicates  with  the  Scheldt,  and  contains  an  university 
of  great  celebrity,  to  which  are  attached  no  less  than  forty  colleges. 
Having  revolted  from  the  Duke  of  Brabant,  near  the  close  of  the  four- 
teenth century,  it  sustained  losses  from  which  it  has  never  recovered. 


ANTWERP — ^AirVEBS. 

In  1444,  while  Philip  the  Oood  was  Duke  of  Burgundy,  an  English 
company  of  merchants,  under  the  name  of  the  English  nation,  removed 
from  Middleburg  to  Antwerp.  It  possessed  then  but  six  smsJl  vessels, 
all  engaged  in  the  navigation  of  the  Scheldt ;  but,  under  the  impulse  given 
by  this  large  body  of  merchants,  houses  rose  in  value,  navigation  in- 
creased, and  the  rising  city  soon  expanded  its  commerce  and  manu&c- 
tures,  and  when  Charles  the  Bold  succeeded  Philip,  Burgundy  had  be- 
come a  match  for  France,  both  from  its  vast  trade  in  linens  and  woollens, 
the  extent  of  its  populous  and  fertile  country,  and  the  growth  of  Bruges, 
Ghent  and  Antwerp. 


604  Ancient  Commercial  Oitiee  of  iht  Low  Countries. 

In  1504  the  city  of  Antwerp  had  acquired  great  celebrity  from  its  tree 
fidrs,  each  of  which  lasted  six  weeks,  attract^  merchants  from  all  parts 
of  Christendom,  who  came  there  with  their  ffoods,  custom  free. 

Portugal  sent  also  to  this  mart,  as  to  a  midway  station,  the  spices  and 
drugs  of  the  Indies.  It  grew,  also,  upon  the  decay  of  Bruges,  after  the 
closmg  of  its  port;  having,  at  low  tide,  a  depth  of  thirty-two  feet  of 
water  and  easy  navigation  to  the  sea. 

In  1514  it  was  encircled  by  a  new  wall,  in  consequence  of  its  growth. 

In  1518  six  Venetian  galeasses,  laden  with  drugs  and  spices,  arrived 
there  to  supply  a  single  fair. 

The  religious  persecution  in  Germany  under  Charles  V.,  the  intolerance 
of  Henry  IL,  in  France,  and  of  Mary,  in  England,  forced  many  enter- 
prising merchants  and  slalled  artisans  to  leave  Sieir  homes,  and  led  them 
to  setfle  in  Antwerp,  A  liberal^  policy  drew  thither  a  concourse  of  mer- 
chants from  all  parts  of  Europe. 

In  1550,  history  informs  us  that  a  house  in  Channel  Row,  West- 
minster, London,  within  the  precincts  of  the  court  of  Edward  VL, 
rented  to  the  comptroller  of  the  king's  household  for  the  low  rate  of 
thirty  shillings  per  annum,  in  consequence  of  the  small  commerce  and 
manufactures  of  England.  In  the  same  year  four  thousand  houses  were 
erected  in  Antwerp,  upon  the  decision  of  Charles  V.  not  to  introduce 
the  Inquisition  into  that  city ;  he  was  deterred  from  doing  this  because 
the  English  merchant  adventurers,  who  employed  20,000  people  in  Ant- 
werp and  30,000  more  in  other  parts  of  the  Netherlands,  threatened  Uiat 
they  would  leave  the  country.  At  this  time  Antwerp  was  in  its  zenith. 
The  Scheldt  often  contained  2,500  vessels ;  its  exchange,  still  standing  a 
few  years  since,  often  contained  5,000  merchants,  one  of  whom  is  reputed 
to  have  entertained  Charles  Y.  by  burning  his  bond  in  a  fire  of  cinnamon, 
and  another  to  have  expended  130,000  gold  crowns  upon  a  banquet 
to  Philip  II.  Antwerp  surpassed  all  the  cities  of  Europe,  except  Paris, 
in  wealth  and  power,  and  had  become  the  mart  of  the  North,  if  not  of 
Christendom. 

The  historian  Ouicciardini,  in  his  description  of  Antwerp  and  the 
Netherlands,  in  1560,  observes,  that  here  are  resident  merchants  of  Ger- 
many and  Denmark,  the  Easterlings,  Italians  and  Portuguese.  They 
meet  here  each  day,  at  the  English  bourse,  and  twice  at  the  new  bourse, 
and  deal  there  for  bills  of  exchange  or  deposits  and  loans,  at  12  per 
cent.  FuQQER,  one  of  these  foreign  merchants,  died  there,  worth  six 
millions  of  crowns ;  many  were  worth  200,000  to  400,000  crowns. 

Such  merchants  gave  long  credits  to  Italy  and  Spain,  and  drove  the 
English  and  other  foreigners  out  of  the  trade.  They  imported  also  large 
quantities  of  grain,  metals,  timber,  naval  stores,  salted  meats  and  amber, 
from  Denmark,  Sweden,  flastland  and  Poland. 

From  Crermany  they  drew  copper,  wool,  glass,  quicksilver,  and  40,000 
tuns  of  Rhenish  wines,  together  worth  two  millions  of  crowns. 

From  England  they  imported  wool  worth  250,000  crowns,  and  200,000 
pieces  of  drapery,  worth,  unfinished,  twelve  millions  of  crowns. 

From  Italy  they  received,  in  gold  and  silver  thread,  silks,  camlets  and 
other  stuffs,  goods  to  the  amount  of  three  millions  of  crowns. 

Ftance  sent  4;o  Antwerp  40,000  tuns  of  wine,  worth  1,000,000  of 
crowns,  at  the  low  estimate  of  five  pence  per  gallon.    France  also  furnished 


Ancient  Commercial  (Htiee  of  the  Low  ComUriee,  696 

salt  worih  181,000  crowns,  and  wood  to  the  amount  of  800,000  crowns, 
and  other  merchandise. 

At  this  time  the  Netherlands  sent  700  busses  to  the  herring  fishery,  on 
the  coast  of  England,  which  returned  688,000  barrels  of  herring,  worth 
1,400,000  crowns. 

"  This  country,"  says  the  historian,  "has  no  vines,  but  plenty  of  wine ;  no 
fiax,  but  makes  the  best  linen ;  no  wool,  but  infinite  quantities  of  the 
best  cloth.  Diligence,  vigilance,  valor  and  frugality  were  indigenous, 
but  were  freely  conmiunicated  to  all  who  came  there." 

Antwerp  tottered  to  its  fall  under  the  cruel  policy  of  Philip  XL,  and 
was  sacrificed  by  his  religious  intolerance.  In  1667  the  Duke  of  Alva 
entered  the  Netnerlands  with  his  Spanish  infantry,  trained  in  the  wars  of 
Charles  V.  Conmierce  left  at  his  approach,  and  nearly  100,000  people 
fled  in  a  brief  space  from  Antwerp  and  its  environs,  many  of  whom  settled 
in  England,  and  transferred  to  that  rising  nation  their  wealth  and  manu- 
factures. 

In  1676  Antwerp  was  sacked  by  the  French.  In  1686  it  was  captured 
by  the  Prince  of  Parma ;  and  in  1648,  at  the  close  of  the  long  struggle 
between  France  and  Spain,  which  lasted  more  than  eighty  years,  and 
cost  Spain  more  than  1,600,000,000  ducats,  Holland  dictated  the  terms 
of  peace ;  and  out  of  regard  for  the  new  city  of  Amsterdam,  closed  the 
foreign  port  of  Antwerp  by  die  treaty  of  Westphalia. 

For  many  years  its  harbor  continued  closed,  but  after  it  came  into  the 
possession  of  France,  Napolbon  i^preciated  its  admirable  position,  and 
removed  the  impediments  to  its  navigation,  excavated  twenty-four  acres 
for  docks  and  basins  for  ships  of  the  line,  and  constructed  large  depots 
and  quays,  which,  although  mtended  for  a  navy,  are  now  devoted  to  the 
peaceful  pursuits  of  commerce. 

Antwerp  is  now  the  chief  seaport  of  Belgium,  and  still  retains,  in  its 
churches,  palaces  and  public  edifices  and  paintings,  many  memorials  of 
its  ancient  splendor. 


THE  HAGUE— LA  HATE. 
THE  COUNT^fi  MEADOW. 

"We  pass  now  from  Belgium  into  Holland,  a  country  nearly  level,  and 
in  CTcat  part  reclaimed  worn  the  sea,  nearly  destitute  of  coal,  limestone 
and  metals,  and  obliged  to  maintidn  a  constant  struggle  with  the  Gemuoi 
Ocean,  whose  seaports  are  closed  by  ice  a  large  part  of  the  year. 

The  Hague,  now  a  city  of  sixty  thousand  people,  is  situate  upon  a 
branch  of  a  canal  between  Leyden  and  Rotterdam,  and  at  the  distance  of 
thirteen  miles  from  the  former  and  ten  miles  from  the  latter  city.  It 
was  the  ancient  residence  of  the  feudal  lord  of  HoUand,  and  in  modem 
times  has  been  the  residence  of  the  court,  to  which  it  principally  owes  its 
importance,  its  trade  finding  an  outlet  by  Delft  and  Rotterdam,  both  in 
close  proximity. 

*  It  contains  many  ancient  structures,  among  them  the  National  Museum, 
once  the  palace  of  Prince  Maurice,  and  the  Bemenhof,  an  ancient 
Gothic  building,  once  the  palace  of  the  counts  of  Holland,  and  subse- 
quently the  prison  of  Grotiub. 

Its  principal  business  is  still  the  manu&ctnre  of  books  and  porcelain. 


699  Ancient  Commercial  OiHes  of  the  Low  CoAntriee. 

LETDiaf. 

This  city,  built  upon  the  old  Rhine,  is  of  very  ancient  origin.  Its 
church  of  St.  Petbr,  one  of  the  finest  religious  edifices  of  Holland,  was 
commenced  in  1321. 

In  1674  it  was  besieged  by  the  Spanish  General  Valdez,  but  its  citi- 
zens determined  to  die  rather  than  suomit  to  the  blind  and  brutal  despot- 
ism of  Spain,  and  after  ft  heroic  resistance,  which  cost  the  Spanish  many 
lives  and  contributed  to  the  defence  of  all  Holland,  the  dikes  were  cut 
and  the  ocean  permitted  to  inundate  the  land.  The  forces  of  the  Span- 
iards were  broken  by  a  squadron  of  armed  boats  which  relieved  the  city. 

As  a  reward  for  this  gallant  defence,  William,  Prince  of  Orange, 
founded  here  a  university,  which  afterwards  acquired  sreat  celebrity. 
The  city  for  a  century  and  a  half  was  distinguished  for  its  learning,  its 
Elzevir  editions  of  the  classics  and  for  the  manufacture  of  cloth. 

Its  population  rose  to  100,000,  but  since  the  French  revolution,  has 
declined  to  less  than  half  that  number. 

Leyden  is  superior  in  population  to  Utrecht,  where  the  Dutch  confed- 
eracy was  formed,  and  where  there  is  also  an  ancient  but  less  celebrated 
university. 


DELFT. 

This  ancient  town,  which  lies  between  the  Hague  and  Rotterdam,  and 
within  four  miles  of  the  latter  city,  was  founded  in  1074,  and  was  long 
renowned  for  the  manufacture  of  porcelain,  cloths  and  carpets.  Its  porce- 
lain was  carried  to  all  parts  of  the  worid  by  Dutch  commerce  imtil  the 
cheaper  wares  of  England  gained  a  preference. 

Its  population  is  now  but  15,000,  and  its  modem  expansion  is  in  the 
almost  contiguous  seaport  of  Rotterdam,  the  second  city  of  Holland. 


ROTTERDAM. 

This  city,  on  the  Maese,  the  chief  outlet  of  the  Rhine,  contains  not  &r 
firom  100,000  people,  and,  with  the  adjacent  cities  of  Leyden,  the  Hague 
and  Delft,  may  be  rated  at  twice  that  number.  It  forms  the  principal 
mart  for  the  products  and  commerce  of  the  Rhine. 

Its  church  of  St.  Lawrbkob  dates  back  to  1412.  It  was  the  birthplace 
of  Erasmus,  and  has  been  one  of  the  seats  of  the  Dutch  commerce  with 
the  East,  still  retaining  its  India  house,  but  it  is  much  indebted  to  modem 
commerce  for  its  importance. 

It  is  largely  engaged  in  the  importation  and  mann&cture  of  tobacco 
and  sugar,  and  has  large  distilleries. 

Rotterdam  has  much  foreign  commerce,  and  lines  of  steamers  upon  the 
Rhine  and  to  the  seaports  of  Great  Britdn. 

Its  principal  quay  upon  the  river  is  thronged  with  shipping,  and  from 
this,  streets,  with  canals  in  their  centres,  lined  by  masts  and  Muffed  by 
trees,  extend  at  right  angles ;  and  on  these  streets  are  the  stately  residences 
of  the  merchants ;  each  iiouse  has  its  warehouse  in  the  rear,  and  the  house 
combines  the  counting-room  with  the  dwelling. 


Jncie$U  Oomtttireial  Oitisi  of  the  Law  Countries.  69Y 

AMSTERDAM. 

AM8TSL,   THE   DAM   OF  THE   AMSTBR. 

In  1578  the  Netherlands  united  in  resisting  the  intolerance  of  Spain. 
In  the  succeeding  year  the  Prince  of  Parma  reduced  the  principal  part  of 
Belgium ;  and  the  seven  provinces  of  Holland,  which  oontainea  less  than 
fourteen  thousand  square  miles — a  country  less  in  size  and  population  than 
the  States  of  Massachusetts,  Connecticut  and  Rhode  Island — a  territory 
principally  reclaimed  from  the  German  Ocean,  formed  a  federal  union  to 
resist  the  power  of  Spain,  then  the  most  powerful  nation  of  the  world, 
and,  after  a  struggle  of  eighty  years,  achieved  their  independence  and 
placed  Holland  at  the  head  of  conmiercial  nations. 

Amsterdam,  the  chief  city  of  the  seven  provinces,  rose  fiN>m  insignifi- 
cance during  this  struggle. 

In  1342,  when  William  HI.,  Earl  of  Holland,  began  to  adorn  it,  this 
city  consisted  of  a  castle,  encircled  by  the  huts  of  a  few  fishermen.  In 
1870  it  joined  the  Hanseatic  League,  and  in  1899  received  a  charter  of 
privileges  from  £arl  Albert,  which  formed  the  basb  of  its  future  growth. 

In  1400  the  sea  made  an  inlet  into  the  Texel,  and  the  fisheries  having 
&iled  in  the  Baltic,  the  trade  of  that  sea  began  to  centre  in  this  port,  and 
to  exchange  hemp,  iron  and  timber  for  salt  and  herring. 

Amsterdam  continued  to  pursue  the  Baltic  trade  and  herring  fishery 
until  the  war  with  Spain,  and  the  struggle  for  civil  and  religious  liberty 
infused  into  it  new  vigor.  At  the  commencement  of  the  struggle  the 
Duke  of  Alva  expeDed  the  Protestants  and  confided  the  government  to  the 
Catholics,  but  its  hardy  mariners,  reared  in  the  fisheries,  and  rocked  by 
the  boisterous  waves  of  the  Baltic,  now  threw  off  their  allegiance  to  Spam, 
and  found  themselves  able  to  cope  with  her  upon  the  ocean,  and  draw 
from  the  deep  the  means  of  resisting  her  well-disciplined  armies,  backed, 
as  they  were,  by  the  wealth  of  Mexico,  Peru  and  the  Indies.  And  in 
1608,  after  the  stru^le  had  lasted  a  quarter  of  a  century.  Sir  Walter 
Ralbiqh  laid  before  %ng  James  the  following  statement  of  facts,  to  which 
he  ascribes  the  success  which  had  enabled  Holland,  and  more  especially 
her  chief  city,  to  carry  away  the  trade  of  the  world : 

let  The  privileges  they  confer  upon  foreigners. 
2d,  Their  extensive  magazines,  competent  to  supply  all  nations  in  time 
of  scarcity. 

Zd.  Their  low  tariffs. 

4th.  Their  large  ships,  great  carriers,  and  navigated  by  few  hands. 

5th,  Their  prodigious  fishery. 

Amsterdam,  he  observes,  has  always  in  store  seven  hundred  thousand 
quarters  of  grain,  and  a  dearth  for  one  year  enriches  her  for  seven.  In 
the  last  dearth  she  took  £2,200,000  from  England.  HoUand,  he  adds, 
sends  to  us  annually  six  hundred  ships,  and  we  send  in  return  but  fifty. 

She  exports  to  northern  seaports  100,000  lasts  of  herrings,  and  large 
quantities  in  addition  to  the  Mediterranean,  (by  a  low  estimate,  1,800,000 
barrels,)  and  these  are  taken  on  the  coast  of  England. 

The  com  grows  in  the  east  countries  in  Poltoid  and  Livonia ;  yet  the 
great  storehouses  for  Christendom  in  dearth  are  in  the  Low  Countries. 

The  mighty  store  of  wine  and  salt  are  in  France  and  Spain,  but  the 
great  vintage  of  wine  and  staple  of  salt  are  in  the  Low  Countries,  and 


€98  Ancient  Cammereial  CiUes  of  the  Low  Oowntriee. 

they  send  one  thousand  sail  laden  with  wine  and  salt  into  the  East  Coun- 
tries. 

The  exceeding  great  groves  of  wood  are  in  the  east  countries,  chieflj 
within  the  Baltic,  but  the  laige  piles  of  wainscot  clapboards,  deal,  masts 
and  other  timber,  are  in  the  Low  Countries,  where  none  groweth. 

The  wool,  cloth,  lead,  tin  and  divers  other  commodities  are  in  En^ 
land,  but  by  means  of  our  wool  and  our  cloth  going  out  rough  and  un- 
dressed and  und^edy  there  is  an  exceeding  manufiictoring  of  dn^ry  in 
the  Low  Countnes,  wherewith  they  serve  themselves  and  other  nationst, 
and  greatly  advance  the  employment  of  their  people  and  trafSc,  and, 
in  proportion,  suppress  ours.  We  send  into  the  East  Countries  but  one 
hundred  ships,  but  the  Low  Countries  send  thither  about  three  thousand 
ships.  Thev  send  into  Spain,  France,  Portugal  and  Italy  about  two 
thousand  ships  with  those  East  Country  commodities,  and  we  none  that 
course.  The  Low  Counties  have  as  many  ships  and  vessels  as  eleven 
kingdoms  of  Christendom,  let  England  be  one. 

'Diey  build  every  year  one  thousand  ships,  although  all  their  native 
commodities  do  not  require  one  hundred  to  carry  Uiem  at  once ;  yet 
our  ships  and  mariners  decline,  and  traffic  and  merchants  daily  decay. 

The  history  of  Holland,  and  the  comments  of  the  great  statesman 
and  warrior  of  England  disclose  the  remarkable  fiict,  tiiat  a  smaU  but 
hardy  republic,  recoiling  from  oppressiim  and  servitude,  and  struggling 
£or  existence  with  the  greatest  power  which  had  been  established  in 
Europe  since  the  days  of  Charlsmaons,  had,  in  the  brief  space  of  one- 
quarter  of  a  century,  by  adopting  liberal  institutions  and  low  tari£&,  and 
attracting  to  it  the  outcasts  of  f&ders,  launching  boldly  into  the  fisheries 
and  commerce,  made  itself  the  most  commercial  nation  of  the  w<Hid,  and 
established  a  vast  trade,  most  of  which  centered  in  Amsterdam. 

We  cite  two  of  the  mottoes  of  Holland  at  this  period : 


» 


"  Per  mare  pauperiem  fugiens  per  saxa  per  ignes: 
"  Duns  urgens  m  rebus  egestas." 

Li  1602  the  Dutch  East  India  Company  was  formed  from  several  small 
societies,  with  a  capital  of  6,449,211  guilders,  of  which  t^ree-fifths  were 
held  at  Amsterdam. 

The  company  was  successfril. 

In  1608  it  divided 15  per  cent 

Inl606  "      16       " 

In  1606  "      15       « 

In  1607  " 76       « 

In  1606  Philip  II.  prohibited  Holland  from  trading  with  Spain  and 
the  Indies,  but  this  inspired  Uie  Dutch  with  resolution  and  diligence,  and 
they  at  once  despatched  nineteen  armed  ships,  which  captured  Ambogna 
and  Molucca,  Java,  Ceylon,  the  coast  of  Mallear  and  Coromandel,  and 
established  posts  fr^m  Batavia  and  Ji^an,  and  defeated  the  Spanish  and 
Portuguese  in  several  naval  engagements. 

In  1609  Spain,  exhausted  by  the  contest,  was  obliged  to  acquiesce  in 
a  twelve  years  truce. 

In  1608,  the  year  preceding  the  truce,  and  in  1609,  two  events  occurred 
of  great  interest  to  Ajnsterdam  and  to  the  commercial  worid. 

Hbnbbik  Hudson  discovered  the  Hudson  River,  and  laid  the  foundation 
for  a  new  Amsterdam  in  America,  where  civil  and  religious  liberty  and  a 


Ancient  Commercial  Oities  of  the  Low  Countries,  690 

flonrisluDg  commerce  were  soon  established — a  city  which,  like  Am- 
sterdam itself,  was  slow  to  join  the  new  republic  of  the  United  States,  but 
which,  with  the  advantages  of  that  union  for  the  last  three-quarters  of  a 
century,  has  grown  with  even  more  rapidity  than  its  prototype,  and  which, 
in  the  coming  century,  if  true  to  itself  while  pursuing  its  onward  course, 
and  frowning  down  misrule,  and  preventing  liberty  from  degenerating 
into  licentiousness  or  secession,  bids  fair  to  attain  to  a  height  never 
reached  by  any  other  commercial  city.  In  the  same  year  was  founded 
the  great  Bank  of  Amsterdam,  the  first  bank  of  Northern  Europe. 

Large  payments  in  silver  were  found  inconvenient  and  gold  hazardous, 
and  this  led  to  the  establishment  of  a  bank  where  transferable  credits 
soon  rose  to  an  agio  of  five  per  cent 

Ten  guilders  were  charged  for  the  privilege  of  opening  an  account,  and 
one  stiver  for  each  payment 

This  bank  acquired  great  celebrity,  and  contributed  to  the  growth  knd 
power  of  Amsterdam  for  one  hundred  and  eighty-eight  years,  until  its 
discontinuance  upon  the  French  revolution  in  1796. 

In  1636  the  butch  West  India  Conapany,  in  which  Amsterdam  was 
laigely  interested,  occupied  the  coast  of  Braal,  and  in  the  course  of  thir- 
teen years  captured  four  hundred  and  ninety  sail  of  vessels  from  Portugal, 
of  which  the  King  of  Spain  was  then  the  sovereign,  and  in  the  same  pe- 
riod this  company  sent  eighteen  hundred  sail  to  the  coast  of  Brazil. 

The  East  India  Company  was  still  more  successfiiL 

Prom  1606  to  1728  its  dividends  ranged  from  12^  to  78  per  cent,  aver- 
aging more  than  24  per  cent  per  annum,  and  in  the  course  of  one  hun- 
dred and  twenty-four  years  it  divided  2,784^  per  cent,  or  more  than  eighty- 
seven  millions  of  dollars  upon  its  originfd  capital,  beside  large  sums 
expended  for  the  construction  of  ships  and  for  renewal  of  charters,  and 
lai^  estates  acquired  by  the  officers  and  agents  of  the  company. 

After  the  peace  of  1648  Amsterdam  embarked  largely  in  the  Northern 
whale  fishery,  and  in  the  space  of  forty-six  years  despatched  5,886  ships 
in  pursuit  of  whales,  which  captured  32,907  whales,  of  the  average  value 
of  £500  each.  The  aggregate  amount  of  their  returns  was  $78,000,000, 
and  the  average  number  of  ships  engaged  annually  in  this  branch  of  com- 
merce was  one  hundred  and  twenty-ive,  taking  each  from  five  to  six 
whales  annually.  Such  was  the  expansion  of  the  commerce  of  Holland,  in 
which  Amsterdam  took  the  lead — a  commerce  conducted  under  a  system 
of  short  credit — ^that  in  1690  Sir  William  Pittt  estimated  the  entire 
tonnage  of  Europe  at  2,000,000  of  tons,  900,000  of  which,  or  nearly 
one-hal^  was  owned  by  Holland. 

In  1666  took  place  the  great  naval  contest  between  Holland  and  Eng- 
land, in  which  Admiral  De  Ruitbr  sunk  twenty-three  English  ships. 

A  severe  stru^le  for  naval  ascendancy  took  place  between  Holland 
and  England.  %ese  two  nations  had  at  sea  three  hundred  large  ships, 
of  which  some  were  ships  of  the  line,  and  this  occurred  at  a  time  when 
Louis  XIV.  had  but  fourteen  ships  of  war ;  and  althoi^h  England  at  length 
gained  the  ascendancy,  there  was  a  period  when  Van  Tromp  is  reported  to 
have  swept  the  British  Channel  with  a  broom  at  his  masthead,  and  Hol- 
land did  not  succumb  until  she  had  felt  the  combined  strength  of  France 
and  England. 

Amsterdam  was  ever  the  refuge  of  the  oppressed  of  all  nations.  Hol- 
land allowed  a  stipend  to  clergy  of  all  denominations,  and  her  people 


VOO  Ancient  Commercial  Cities  of  the  Low  Countries. 

were  distinguislied  for  piety  and  respect  £[>r  religion.  Schools  and  col- 
leges were  encouraged,  and  her  children,  in  the  ratio  of  one  in  ei^ht  of  the 
population,  were  constantly  attending  school ;  and  at  a  time  when  intol- 
erance prevailed  in  other  nations,  &eir  Protestant  suhjects  sought  the 
light  of  the  reformation — ^the  aid  of  the  printing  press — the  security  of 
private  rights  and  freedom  of  commerce  in  the  City  of  Amsterdam.  And 
this  city,  although  checked  hy  the  desolating  wars  of  Louis  XIV.,  in  the 
Low  Countries,  and  the  exhausting  wars  of  the  Duke  of  Marlborough,  and 
the  seven  years*  war  of  Frederick  the  Great,  in  which  Holland  reluctantly 
became  involved,  was,  during  the  seventeenth  and  the  first  half  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  the  metropoh's  of  the  commercial  world,  and  in  1785 
h^  attained  to  a  population  of  235,000. 

Under  the  French  occupation  it  declined  one-fifth,  to  180,000,  in  1814, 
but  has  since  recovered,  and  in  1838  contained  26,000  houses,  and  has  in 
modem  times  been  connected  with  the  German  Ocean  by  a  canal  to  the 
Helder,  125  feet  in  width,  20  feet  deep  and  50  miles  in  length,  one  of  the 
great  achievements  of  the  age,  and  made  at  a  cost  of  nearfy  five  millions 
of  dollars. 

This  great  oity,  built  upon  a  marsh,  in  a  country  nearly  destitute  of 
limestone,  coal  and  pure  water,  resting  on  piles,  or,  as  the  Dutch  express 
it,  upon  herring  bones,  in  allusion  to  uie  pursuits  of  its  founders,  at  a  di»> 
tance  from  the  sea,  and  accessible  from  it  in  former  days  by  an  intricate 
navigation,  barred  by  the  ice  a  quarter  of  the  year,  is  a  remarKable  instance 
of  what  enterprise,  sagacity,  frugality,  perseverance  and  piety  can  ac- 
complish under  free  institutions  during  a  period  when  the  greater  part 
of  Europe  was  subject  to  superstition,  serfdom  and  feudal  institutions  and 
restrictions  of  the  dark  affes. 

Holland,  by  her  untiring  industry,  had  converted  her  standing  pools 
and  marshes  into  fet  meadows,  covered  her  wastes  with  rich  verdure,  and 
made  her  deserts  bloom  ;  she  had  enriched  her  cities  by  commerce,  but 
could  not  escape  the  convulsions  of  Europe. 

And  during  her  subjugation  she  felt  the  power  of  England,  whoae  ship- 
pii^  and  naval  power  had  at  length  risen  above  that  of  Holland. 

Her  ships  and  colonies  were  taken,  her  commerce  annihilated,  and 
many  of  her  ports  effectually  sealed. 

But  with  peace  she  recovered  her  most  important  colonies,  revived  hex 
trade  and  utilized  her  wealth,  which  had  remained  concealed  of  been  in- 
vested in  Great  Britain  or  America ;  but  she  found  herself  when  severed 
from  Belgium  under  a  debt  of  eight  hundred  and  fifty  millions  of  dollars, 
to  be  borne  by  less  than  two  and  a  half  millions  of  people,  but  it  was  due 
principally  to  the  inhabitants  of  Holland,  and  they  bold  also  a  large 
amount  of  both  French,  English,  Austrian  and  American  securities. 
The  debt  of  Holland,  which  was  at  least  $350  for  each  inhabitant,  has 
been  a  severe  burden ;  she  has,  however,  with  great  punctuality  and  hon- 
esty, met  the  interest  and  is  extinguishing  the  principal 

By  monopolizing  the  coffee  of  Java,  and,  to  some  extent,  the  spices  of 
the  Moluccas,  and  by  encouraging  the  culture  of  coffee,  she  has  created 
an  Indian  revenue  which,  within  the  last  twenty  years,  has  cancelled 
nearly  one-third  the  debt  of  Holland,  and  in  twenty  years  more  she  bids 
fair  to  wipe  out  entirely  this  debt,  and  to  build  up  abroad  a  revenue  suf- 
ficient to  relieve  the  patient  Hollander  from  the  ordinary  burden  of  gov- 
ernment. Courage,  patience,  perseverance  and  honesty  will  meet  with 
the  ultimate  reward  to  which  tney  are  entitled. 


Journal  of  Mining^  Manufacture9  and  the  ArU.  f  01 

JOURNAL  OF  MINING,  MANUFACTURES  AND  THE  ARTS, 


THE  COPPER  INTEREST  OF  MICHIGAN. 

This  great  interest  of  Michigan  was  first  brought  into  public  notice  by 
the  enormous  speculations  and  the  mad  feyer  of  1845.  The  large  spur  of 
country  which  projects  far  out  into  the  lake,  having  its  base  resting  on  a 
line  drawn  across  from  UAnse  Bay  to  Ontonagon,  and  the  Porcupine  Moun- 
tains for  its  spine,  became  the  El  Dorado  of  all  copperdom  of  that  day. 
In  this  year  the  first  active  operations  were  commenced  at  the  CM  mine, 
just  back  of  Eagle  River  harbor.  Three  years  later,  in  1848,  work  was 
undertaken  at  the  Minnesota,  some  fifteen  miles  back  from  the  lake  at 
Ontonagon. 

It  is  scarcely  ten  years  that  mining  has  been  properly  commenced  in 
that  remote  region.  At  that  time  it  was  diflScult,  on  account  of  the 
rapids  of  St.  Mary's  River,  to  approach  it  by  water  with  large  craft. 
Being  more  than  a  thousand  miles  distant  from  the  centre  of  the  Union, 
destitute  of  all  the  requirements  for  the  development  of  mines,  every  tool, 
every  part  of  machinery,  every  mouthful  of  provision  had  to  be  hauled 
over  the  rapids,  boated  along  the  shores  for  hundreds  of  miles  to  the  cop- 
per region,  and  there  often  carried  on  the  back  of  man  and  beast  to  the 
place  where  copper  was  believed  to  exist.  Every  stroke  of  the  pick  cost 
tenfold  more  than  in  populated  districts ;  every  disaster  delayed  the  ope- 
rations for  weeks  and  months. 

The  opening  of  the  Sault  Canal  has  chan^d  all  this,  and  added  a  won- 
derful impetus  to  the  business,  the  mining  interests  and  the  developinent 
of  the  Lake  Superior  country.  Nearly  one  hundred  diflferent  vessels, 
steam  and  sail,  have  been  engaged  the  past  season  in  its  trade,  and  the 
number  of  these  is  destined  to  increase  year  by  year — an  indication  of 
the  growth  of  business  and  the  opening  up  of  the  country. 

It  remains  yet  almost  wholly  "a  waste,  howling  wilderness."  At 
Marquette,  Portage  Lake,  Copper  Harbor,  Eagle  River,  Eagle  Harbor 
and  Ontonagon,  and  the  mines  adjacent,  are  the  only  places  where  the 
primeval  forests  have  given  place  to  the  enterprise  of  man  ;  and  these,  in 
comparison  with  the  whole  extent  of  territory  embraced  in  this  region, 
are  but  mere  insignificant  patches.  What  this  country  may  become  years 
hence,  it  would  defy  all  speculations  now  to  predict,  but  there  is  no 
reason  to  doubt  that  it  will  excel  the  most  sanguine  expectations. 

The  copper  region  is  divided  into  three  districts,  viz. :  the  Ontonagon, 
the  most  northern;  the  Keweenaw  Point,  the  most  eastern,  and  the 
Portage  Lake,  lying  mostly  below  and  partially  between  the  range  of  the 
two.  In  the  first  are  situated  the  Minnesota,  the  Rockland,  the  Ifational, 
and  a  multitude  of  other  mines  of  lesser  note,  profit  or  promise.  In  the 
second  are  the  Cliff,  the  Copper  Falls  and  others.  In  the  last  are  the 
Pewabic,  Quincy,  Isle  Royale,  Portage,  Franklin  and  numerous  others. 
Each  district  has  some  peculiarities  of  product,  the  first  developing  more 
masses,  while  the  latter  are  more  proline  in  vein  rock,  the  copper  being 
scattered  throughout  the  rock. 


702  Journal  of  Mining j  Manufactures  and  the  Arts, 

There  have  been  since  1845  no  less  than  116  copper  mining  companies 
organized  under  the  general  law  of  our  State.  The  amount  of  capital  in- 
vested and  now  in  use,  or  which  has  been  paid  out  in  exploiationa  and 
improvements,  and  lost,  is  estimated  by  good  judges  at  $6,000,000.  The 
nominal  amount  of  capital  stock  invested  in  all  the  companies  which  have 
charters  would  reach  an  indefinite  number  of  millions.  As  an  oflbet  to 
this  it  may  be  stated  that  the  Cliff  and  Minnesota  mines  have  returned 
over  $2,000,000  in  dividends  from  the  beginning  of  their  operations,  and 
the  value  of  these  two  mines  will  more  than  cover  the  whole  amonnt 
spent  in  mining,  and  for  all  the  extravagant  undertakings  which  hare 
been  entered  upon  and  abandoned.  While  success  has  been  the  excep- 
tion and  failure  the  rule  in  copper  speculations,  yet  it  must  be  admitted 
that  these  exceptions  are  remarkably  tempting  ones.  Doubtless  there  is 
immense  wealth  still  to  be  developed  in  these  enterprises,  and  this  eloneni 
of  wealth  in  the  Lake  Superior  region  is  yet  to  assume  a  magnitude  now 
unthought  of 

The  copper  is  smelted  mainly  in  this  city,  Cleveland  and  Boston,  the 
works  in  tnis  city  being  the  largest.  There  is  one  establishment  at  Pitts- 
bu^  which  does  most  of  the  smelting  for  the  Cliff  mine,  we  believe ;  one 
at  Bergen,  New-York,  and  one  at  New-Haven,  Connecticut  Ttere  are 
two  at  Baltimore,  but  they  are  engaged  on  South  American  mineral 
The  Bruce  mines,  on  the  Canada  side  of  Lake  Huron,  have  recentiy  put 
smelting  works  in  operation  on  their  location.  Prior  to  this  the  mineral 
was  barrelled  up  and  shipped  to  London,  being  taken  over  as  ballast  in 
packet  ships  at  low  rates. 

The  amount  of  copper  smelted  in  this  city  we  can  only  judge  by  the 
amount  landed  here;  but  this  will  afford  a  pretty  accurate  estimate. 
The  number  of  tons  landed  here  in  1869  was  3,088.  The  copper  yield 
of  Lake  Superior  will  produce  between  60  and  70  per  cent  of  ingot  cop- 
per, which  IS  remarkably  pure.  The  net  product  of  the  mines  for  1859  is 
worth,  in  the  markets  of  the  world,  nearly  or  quite  $2,000,000.  Hiis 
large  total  shows  the  capabilities  of  this  region,  and  affords  us  some  basis 
of  calculation  as  to  the  value  and  probable  extent  of  its  future  devel<^ 
ments. 

Besides  the  amount  already  noticed  as  landed  here,  there  were  1,268 
tons  brought  to  this  city  from  the  Bruce  mines,  and  sent  on  to  London. 
The  mineral  of  this  location  is  of  a  different  quality  from  that  of  Lake 
Superior,  and  not  near  as  productive  of  pure  copper. — Report  of  Detroit 
Tribune  for  1860. 


QUICKSILVER. 

In  1869  the  exports  of  this  very  valuable  product  of  the  mining  indus- 
try of  California  received  a  serious  check  through  the  measures  adopted 
by  the  Federal  Government  against  the  ostensible  owners  of  the  famous 
New-Almaden  mine.  The  operations  of  their  works  were  accordingly 
suspended.  A  decision  in  the  case  having  been  recently  given,  and  ^e 
injunction  having  been  removed,  operations  have  been  resumed. 

Owinff  to  the  stopping  of  the  New-Almaden  mine,  the  other  mines  of 
California  were  very  mdustriously  worked  last  year,  under  the  increased 
demand  for  their  product     The  following  table  shows  the  number  of 


Snrigusia, 

881 

826 

1,722 

660 

2,890 

600 

1,823 

600 

Journal  of  Minmgj  Manufacturer  and  the  Arts.  708 

flasks  of  quicksilver  produced  daring  last  year  by  the  three  other  Califor- 
nia mines : 

2r§w-Idria, 

First  Quarter, 991 

Second  quarter, 1,046 

Third  quarter, 1,004 

Fourth  quarter, 1,678 

Total, 4,618        ....        6,816        ....      2,676 

Bemg  a  total  production  for  the  year  of  14,109  flasks  of  75  lbs.  each^ 
Spanish  weight,  from  the  three  mines. 

Fkuk$, 

Total  production  in  1860, 14,109 

Exports  from  San  Frandaco  in  1860, 9,848 

Stock  in  San  Francisco  lat  January,  1861, 10,848 

Showing  consumption  in  California, 8,761 

Or  about  three  hundred  flasks  per  month  on  an  average.  The  ruling 
price  in  1 860  was  sixty  cents  for  consumption,  Tseventy-nve  cents  at  the 
opening  of  the  year,)  and  fifty  cents  for  export,  tne  latter  reduced  in  Jan- 
uaiy  hut  to  47^  cents  per  pound. 

The  exports  and  destination  of  quicksilver  during  the  past  year  were 
as  follows : 

JVatfcfc  JTodfci. 

New-York, 400        Peru, 760 

Mexico, 8,886        Valpardso, 1,040 

Australia, 100        Vancouver's  Island, 327 

China, 2,716        Panama 180 

Total, 9,848 

The  exports  previously  for  six  years  were  as  follows : 

Hatks,  I7ask», 

1864, 20,968        1867, 27,262 

1866, 27,166        1868,..- 24,182 

1866, 28,740        1869, 8,899 

The  value  of  the  exports  from  San  Francisco  of  this  metal  for  the  year 
1860  was  $350,600. 


METALS. 

The  shipments  of  lead  from  the  Upper  Mississippi  lead  mines,  located 
in  Illinois,  Wisconsin  and  Iowa,  during  the  last  year,  were  as  follows : 

JHg$,        Pounds.  JHgt,  Pounds, 

From  Galena 147,887  18,848,690  From  Council  Hill,. .  14,208  994,210 

"     Dubuque,...    66,827     8,872,890  "     Scales  Mound,  13,024  911,680 

"     Warren 49,060     8,488,600          "     Dunleith, 10,298  720,860 

"     Apple  River,   29,626     2,078,820          **     CassviUe, 9,966  691,660 

"     Poto^,(e8t.,).    20,000     1,400,000  

Total, 849,380  24,468,100 

The  market  value  of  the  above  was  $1,283,787. 

Hn  is  increasing  in  value  yearly.  The  British  exports  hist  year 
amounted  to  2,804  tons,  and  toe  mean  average  price  for  the  year  has 
been  £130  18s.  ($634  46.)  There  has  been  an  increased  speculation  in 
the  tin  mines  of  England 


704  Journal  of  Mining^  Manufactures  and  (he  ArU, 

MINNESOTA  COPPER  MINE  FOR  SIX  TEARS. 

1865.       ISOe.       1887.       1868.       1869.      1860. 

Ton:       Tons.        Tons,        Tons,        Tons,       Toms. 

Ihrodact  of  rouf^  copper, 1,484..     1,860..     2,068..     1,884..     1,016..     M60 

Arerage  prodoet  per  month, 119X         1^6  . .       Vtlji        168  . .       185^ .        It9 

Percentage  of  yield  of  ingot  copper,  71  ..         78  ..         74  ..         701-10      71  ..         tZ% 

Arerage  price  obtained  per  pound,        S7.09o.       26.870.      28.88c       22.86c  22c       20J9e. 

QroMvalae, $648,876  $701,906  $78^000  $606,000    $616,786    $ff<i,6M 

Costof  mining 189,780  ..  241,748  ..  279,408  ..  278,746  ..279,280  ..812,806 

TransporUtion,. 86,896..   42,271..   49,668..    48,184..    87,187   ..    48,47) 

Smelting, 22,971  ..   84,982..   41,077..   88,278  ..  82,004  ..    40,»» 

An  other  ezpenaea, 82,787..   87,669..   82,602..   29,624  ..   85,974   ..    46,756 

ToUlooat, 280,988  ..866,641  ..408,688.. 884,827  ..884,804   ..446,888 

Neteamings, 268,948  ..  845,866  ..  888,468  ..  210,176  ..181^1   ..210,766 

In  the  item  of  146,759,  for  1860,  is  included  a  chaise  for  defending 
the  "Titus'  Suit,"  of  nearly  $10,000. 


MACHINERY  IN  THE  USEFUL  ARTS. 

A  correspondent  of  one  of  our  daily  papers,  journeying  in  Massacha- 
setts,  thus  describes  some  new  applications  of  machinery  to  the  mechanic 
arts  in  that  busy  industrial  hive  : 

The  extent  to  which  machinery  is  taking  the  place  of  hand-labor  is 
strikingly  illustrated  in  making  ladies'  shoes.  I  recently  visited  a  manu- 
factory in  Haverhill,  Mass.,  where,  with  the  machinery  in  use,  twenty-five 
persons  turn  out  600  pairs  daily.  All  the  stitching  is  done  by  sewing 
nuichines  run  by  steam — a  combination  of  the  two  greatest  mechanical 
inventions.  Every  operation  except  fitting  the  shoe  to  the  last,  even  to 
the  final  polishing,  and  cutting  the  pegs  out  of  the  inside  to  prevent  them 
fi*om  hurting  the  foot,  is  performed  by  machinery.  One  of  the  greatest 
curiosities  is  the  pegging  machine,  which  inserts  the  awl,  cuts  out  the 
pegs  from  a  strip  of  wood,  and  drives  them  in,  all  at  one  operation,  and 
so  rapidly  that  it  will  peg  two  rows  around  the  sole  of  a  shoe  in  twenty 
seconds.  The  facilities  m  this  manufactory  are  such  that  the  raw  calf- 
skin and  solo  leather  can  be  taken  in  the  basement  of  the  building  and 
in  half  an  hour  turned  out  in  the  form  of  a  complete  pair  of  shoes  I 

A  stroll  through  the  Pacific  Cotton  and  Print  Mills  in  Lawrence,  a  few 
days  since,  gave  me  a  vivid  impression  of  the  vastness  of  the  mannfiictor^ 
ing  interests  of  that  young  city.  I  had  often  observed  the  factories  be- 
fore from  the  car  window,  but  did  not  realize  the  greatness  of  the  whole 
until  I  had  seen  something  of  the  details.  The  Pacific  Mills  consist  of 
two  buildings,  each  nearly  nine  hundred  feet  in  length.  Their  full  com- 
plement of  employes  is  now  twenty-one  hundred,  and  will  be  twenty- 
seven  hundred  as  soon  as  the  machinery  is  all  set  up  in  an  extension  of 
the  main  building,  just  completed.  The  raw  cotton  goes  in  in  bales  at 
one  end,  and  comes  out  at  the  other  manufactured  goods,  ready  for  the 
market.  Curious  ladies,  by  strolling  through  the  print  and  delaine  de- 
partments, can  learn  what  styles  are  to  prevail  several  months  hence.  I 
will  not  attempt  to  tell  you  how  many  yards  of  plain  cotton  cloth,  prints, 
lawns  and  other  goods  can  be  turned  out  in  a  week ;  it  is  too  far  up 
among  the  ciphers  for  me  to  venture.  One  of  the  machines  for  printing 
delaines,  stamps  the  piece  with  sixteen  different  colors  and  shades  of  coloro 
in  passing  through  once.     There  is  only  one  other  like  it  in  the  worid. 


Sugar  Trade, 


ro5 


SUGIB  TBIDE   OF   THB   UIITED  STITBS. 

Annual  Siatementy  showing  the  Import,  Export,  Stock  and  Ccneumption 
of  Unrefined,  for  the  year  ending  December  Z\st,  1860,  {exclusive  of 
California  and  Oregon.) 

From  the  SktppU%g  and  CommtreUa  Lidy  and  JfeW'Tort  Price  (^irrmi, 

NEW-YORK  STATEMBNT—lseO. 


Tear  1880. 

Bbobitsd  at  Niw-ToBxytoic 

Hhds. 

Tos. 

Bbli. 

Est.  and 
Casea. 

Bags, 

Mau  and 

Bskta. 

Total 
Tons  of 
8,840  Iba. 

Cibt, 

S88.800 

44.888 

151 

1,088 
458 

1,590 

858 

57 

10,044 

880 

749 
184 

108 

874 
108 

10071 
880 

,.m 

8,908 
1,815 
1,848 

184418 
l,ii8 

088 

484 

88^09 
118,978 
14.t>81 

1,748 

171,184 
88  705 

Porto  Rloo, 

Bt  Croix, 

108 

BraEll, 

Manilla 

6,l4»8 

StnffaDore.  Java.  China.  &&« 

Jamaica. 

'•22 

TrlnMiKl  Ttliind,.. 

Dememra. '. 

Barbadoes,  Antigua  and  other  Ens- 1 

li»h  Islands, f 

8L  D«>inlngn,  Hondoraa  and  other! 

foreign  eunntrlea,. J 

1,558 
84T 

481 

*  Total  receipts  of  tbrelgn  direct, 

*  Add  rocelpu  of  Milado,  Ac, 

877  541 
88  7^ 

«,1A8 
15,890 

8,579 

11.891 

8 
8 

84,8M 

191 

918 

44,780 

180,8^9 
881 

884,518 
1,998 

811854 

18.981 

984 

»•     Louisiana, 

*«          '*    other  coasiwiae  ports,.. 

8.150 
5,975 

Total  reeeipts, 

884.788 
88,808 

18.918 

70,481 

188,488 
80,890 

888.618 
88.888 

889,884 

Add  stock  Jan.  1, 1860 

18,090 

Total  supply,. 

356,981 
10,588 

18,918 

70,481 

187,108 
17,785 

898,154 
8,595 

857,844 
9,981 

Deduei  exports  to  foreign  porta,  Mp- 
ments  to  SanFrandseo,  and  Inland  • 
to  Canada,  1860, 

Deduct  stock,    (Melado   inchided,)! 
January  1, 1881,. ..} 

848.S95 
41,408 

18,918 

70  481 

189,818 
18,758 

984.559 
141,488 

947.418 
84,178 

804,998 

18,918 

T0,481 

158,580 

148,071 

818,880 

Weighing  as  abore,. .  .tone,  81^986*of  which  foreign,  reoelyed  direet  and  eoastwlae,..  .tons,  199,488 
Total  eonsumptkm  In  1S50,.  190,185  u  »."  a  a  a  159,887 

Inereaae In  1880,... .tone,   83,100      Increase  In  eonswnption  of  Ibrefgn  to  1880^.... tons,   89,800 


*  We  hare  put  down,  as  usual,  the  whole  number  of  packages  of  IfniDO,  &c.,  recelTed,  but  to 
carrying  ont  the  weight,  hare  deducted  40  per  cent,  to  make  It  e<iua1  to  ordinary  grade  of  sugar. 
The  same  allowance  has  also  been  made  to  recefpis,  stocks  and  exports  throughout  the  statement 
TOL.  XUV. — HO.  VL  45 


706 


Annual  Beport, 


NEW-YORK   8TATEMENT-.186y. 


Tear  1869. 

Hhda. 

Tea. 

Bbto. 

Bxaand 
Caaea. 

Bakta. 

Tetel 
TbnsoT 
8,84ft  Iba. 

Oab», 

181,688 

8 

884 

158 
65 

8,873 
176 

"l 

426 
1,169 

119 
15 

7,178 
8,885 

688 

685 
578 
48 

1,067 

1,209 

154,178 

8.956 

•• 

•  • 
814 

489 

95,696 
88,ott 
86,253 

IW 

140,101 

Porto  Bleo,  

i5,fcr 

St  Croix, 

BrtJdL 

Manul*, 

^1 

8,1« 
1,751 

BinmDorB.  Jays.  Ohlna.  fte 

8,888 

J^fDBtM.  .•■•>••    4.....a 

T5 

TriDidA^  laiand, 

Demerare, 

liah  WaSda,.... 7.  f 

Bt  Domingo  and  other  foreign  porta,. . 

S98 

*AddreeeipttorMBiJLiK>,aco., 

RooelTed  (roin  Texaa. 

816,864 
10,911 

8114 
45,844 

6,586 

10,774 

384 

69 

18 

214 

15,279 

*880 

97 

796 

44,898 

157,448 

161 
1,081 

221,769 

178,788 

2M41 

*«          ^    olhereoaitwiae  porta,.. 

7,888 

Total  reeelpta, 

890,179 
19.878 

11,453 

60,925 

158,680 
14,489 

221,848 

209.280 

Addatook  Jan.l.lti69. 

9>57 

Total  sapply, 

888,068 
18,005 

11,458 

60,925 

178,179 
19.446 

221,8a 
7,407 

ftlf,«67 

ment8to^ianFranoboo,andliiland  • 
to  Canada,  1800, 

10,988 

Oedoctfltook,(Meladoindaded,)Jan. ) 
1.1860, f 

880,047 
82,808 

11,458 

60,925 

158,788 
20,680 

214,486 
86,683 

80B.1S 
18^ 

Takeo  from  thla  port  for  eonsompdon, 

857,844 

11.458  1 

60,925 

138,U8 

187,798 

180,185 

Weighing  aa  aboTO, tons,  190,l35~Of  whieh  foreign,  receired  direct  and 

eoastwiee, loo^  160,Ml 

Total  eonaomptlon  in  1858. 185,801    Cf  which  foreign,  receiTcd  direct  and 

ooastwtse, 169,288 


locreaaeoflSCO, tona,    .4.884 


Increase  in  eonramptlon  of  Ibreign  in 
18S0,. tona, 


815 


The  maple  tree  fttUl  occapies  a  position  by  no  means  insignificant  in 
the  mannmctnre  of  sngar.  Though  it  is  impossible  to  arrive  at  the  exact 
extent  of  the  crop  of  sngar  yielded  from  this  source,  sufficient  is  ascei^ 
taiued  to  justify  us  in  placing  that  crop  at  about  28,000  tons,  an  amount 
sufficient  to  interfere  to  a  considerable  extent  in  the  Northern  States  with 
the  consnmi>tion  of  sugar  made  from  the  tropical  cane. 

The  erection  of  new  refineries  in  California  has  enlarged  the  demand 
for  raw  in  that  quarter,  and  the  quantity  taken  there  the  past  year  has 
been  somewhat  increased.  We  estimate  the  consumption  of  that  State 
at  8,000  tons,  so  that  the  total  consumption  of  raw  sugar  of  all  kinds  in 
the  United  States  in  1860  may  be  set  down  at  464,673  tons,  asainst  a 
total  consumption  in  1859  of  478,737  tons,  being  a  decrease  in  tne  con- 
sumption of  1860,  as  compared  with  the  previous  year,  of  14,064  tons, 
or  2  16-16^  cent 


•  We  hare  pot  down,  aa  nanal,  the  whole  number  of  packagea  of  If  sLAno.  Ac,  reoetved,  hot,  la 
carrying  ont  the  weight,  hare  dednoted  40  per  cent,  to  make  it  eqnal  to  ordinary  grade  of  angar. 
The  same  allowanoe  hat  alao  been  made  tn  reoeipta,  itoekB  and  exporta  throoghont  the  a 


Suffor  Trade. 


101 


GENSBAL   STATSMBNT. 

BlOBIPTS    OV    FOBBIOK    SVOAB    IN   TBI    (JviTID    BtATBS, 

Ftrnn  lit  Jaanary  to  81ft  Deeem^  I860. 


BlOSlTBD  AT 


New- York,  direct, , 
Boston,  " 

PhUadelpliiA,  " 
Baltimore,  " 
New-Orleans,  " 
Other  ports,    " 


Total  receipts, 
kddstc 
1860, 


Add  stock 


T^ 


tlie  ports,  January  1, 


Total  snpply, 

Deduct  exports  and  shipments  inland  to 
Canada,  from  all  the  ports,  in  I860,. 


Dedact  stock  at  all  the  ports,  January 

1,1861, :..... 


Total  consumption  of  foreign, . 


Hhds.aiMl 
Tot. 


S27,170 
88,410 
87,280 
85,548 
4,528 
18,708 


468,864 
67,204 


Bbls. 


Boxes  and 


£4,718 

849 

4,261 

10,281 

801 

2,892 


48,252 


48,252 
825 


42,927 


406,150  I  42,927 


Bags,  Mats  Total  TOos 
anaBtkts.c 


165,802 
87,116 
19,882 
26,585 
28,097 
5,192 


827,574 
84,406 


861,980 
24,018 


887,962 
49,688 


oTStMOlba 


264,518 

241,972 

67,714 

55,062 

2,462 

540 


622,268 
26,688 


648,906 
10,016 


688,891 
258,878 


886,018 


224,215 

44,927 

28,215 

28,619 

6,682 

8,874 


841,582 
22,947 


864,479 
18,284 


851,246 
54,296 


296,960 


Consumption  of  foreign  in  1860,  as  above, tons,  296,960 

Consumption  of  foreign  in  1859, 289,084 

Increase  in  1860, tons,    57,916 

Consumption  of  foreign  in  I860. tons,  296,950 

Add  crop  of  1859-60,  of  Louisiana,  Texas,  Florida,  <&c,  the  bulk  of 
which  was  distributed  in  1860,  and  assuming  the  stock  1st  Januaiy 

each  year  to  be  e(^ual, 119,046 

Less  shipped  to  California,  &c.,  not  included  in  foregoing  statement  of 

exports, 715 

118,881 

Would  make  the  total  consumption  of  cane  sugar  in  the  United  States  in 

1860, tons,  416,281 

Total  consumption  of  foreign  and  domestic  cane  sugar  in  1859, 481,184 

Decrease  in  1860, tons,    16,908 


The  decline  in  the  consumption  must  be  attributed  to  the  paralysis 
which  prostrated  nearly  every  branch  of  commerce  during  the  greater 
part  of  the  last  quarter  of  the  year,  occasioned  by  the  political  panici  its 
banefiil  results  entailing  monetary  embarrassments,  destruction  of  con- 
fidence, total  derangement  of  interior  exchanges,  and,  for  a  time,  almost 
entire  cessation  of  business. 

The  Cuba  crop,  it  is  generally  conceded,  will  be  something  larger  than 
last  year,  which  was  503,280  tons.  That  of  Porto  Rico,  it  is  tiiought, 
will  be  at  least  ten  per  cent,  above  the  previous  crop.  The  prospect  it 
good  in  most,  if  not  all  the  British  West  India  Islands,  and  Brazil  and  the 
East  Indies  will  doubtiess  be  able  to  furnish  their  quota. 


708 


Annual  ReporU 


Ttom  1ft  Jannaiy  to  Slit  Beotmbdr,  1859. 


SlOnTSO  AT 


Bhdt.  and 
Tot. 


BUS. 


Bxf .  aad 
Caaea. 


Ba«.lffat8tTbtal 
andB 


IBftkta. 


oft,f40l 


New-York,  direct,. 
Boston,  "    .. 

Philadelphia,  "  . 
Baltimore,  "  . 
New-Orleans,  "  . 
Other  porta,     ^*    . 

Total  receipts,. 
•:atifll 
1869, 


288,892 
28,812 
82,708 
28,290 
621 
17,292 


15,689 
1,060 
8,152 
4,254 
107 
2,295 


157,448 
68,708 
15,028 

9,720 
10,186 

4,897 


221,769 

59,908 

46,206 

18,i  8 

454 

8,042 


177,811 
81,188 
94,698 
16,756 
2,218 
10,714 


Add  stock  i 


the  ports,  Jannaiy  1, 


841,110 
14,200 


26,507 


260,976 
25,781 


849,587 
5,081 


18,SM 


Total  supply, 

Deduct  exports  and  shipments  inland 
to  CanadA,  from  all  the  ports,  in  1859, 


855,810 
17,618 


26,507 


286,757 
21,985 


Deduct  stock  at  all  the  ports,  January 
1,1860, 


887,692 
25,880 


26,507 


264,822 
84,406 


Total  consumption  of  foreign,. 


811,862 


26,507  i  280,416 


854,568 
9,492 


276,176 
14,184 


845,076 
26,688 


261,861 
tt,8«r 


818,438 


289,084 


Consumption  of  foreign  in  1859,  as  above, tons,    288,084 

Consumption  of  foreign  in  1858, 244,758 

Decrease  in  1859, tons,       5,784 

Consumption  of  foreign  in  1859, tons,    S89,084 

Add  crop  of  1858-59,  of  Louisiana,  Texas,  Florida,  &c,  the  bulk  of 
which  was  distributed  in  1859,  and  assuming  the  stock  Ist  January 

each  year  to  be  equal, 198,435 

Iabb  shipped  to  Califbmia,  Ao.,  not  included  in  foregoing  statement 

'    of  exports, 1,285 

192,158 

Would  make  the  total  consumption  of  cone  sugar  in  the  United  States,  in 

1859,* - tons,    431,184 

Total  consumption  of  foreign  and  domestic  cane  sugar  in  1858, 888,498 

Increase  in  1869, tons,     42,699 

By  an  examination  of  the  preceding  statistics,  it  will  be  seen  that  the 
total  receipts  of  foreign  raw  sugars  into  the  United  States  (California  and 
Oregon  excepted)  for  the  year  ending  December  81,  1860,  were  341,532 
tons,  against  receipts  in  1859  of  262,829  tons ;  in  1858  of  255,100  tons; 
in  1857,  269,180  tons;  in  1856,  275,662  tons;  and  in  1855,  205,064 
tons,  being  by  a  very  considerable  amount  the  largest  quantity  of  foreign 
ever  imported  into  the  country.  If  we  turn  now  to  the  consumption  of 
this  description,  the  figures  show  that  the  quantity  of  foreign  growth 
withdrawn  for  this  purpose  in  1 860  was  296,950  tons,  against  a  con- 
sumption of  foreign  m  1859  of  239,034  tons;  in  1858,  244,758  tons;  in 
1857,  241,765  tons;  in  1856,  255,292  tons;  and  in  1855,  192,604  tons. 
Thus,  it  will  be  seen,  that  the  quantity  of  foreign  received,  and  the  quan- 
tity of  foreign  consumed,  is  greater,  by  a  very  considerable  amount,  than 
ever  imported  or  consumed  before  in  the  history  of  the  trade.  But  not- 
withstanding this  large  increase  in  the  importation  of  foreign,  it  was 


Sugar  Trade.  109 

barely  sufficient  to  counterbalance  the  serious  decline  in  the  production 
of  domestic,  which,  as  compared  with  the  previous  crop,  shows  a  falling 
off  of  74,389  tons,  and  hence  the  total  receipts  of  foreign,  and  total  sup- 
ply of  domestic  cane  sugar  in  1860,  varies  but  little  from  the  total  re- 
ceipts and  supply  of  1859.  By  pursuing  the  examination,  we  arrive  at 
the  total  consumption  of  foreign  and  domestic,  which  in  1860  was  415,281 
tons,  against  a  total  consumption  in  1859  of4dl,184  tons;  in  1858,  888,492 
tons;  in  1857,  280,765  tons;  in  1856, 378,760  tons;  and  in  1855,877,759 
tons,  being  a  decrease  in  the  consumption  of  1860,  as  compared  with 
1859,  of  15,903  tons,  or  3  11-16  ^  cent 

The  demand  for  clarified  sugars  has  been  very  good  for  the  greater 
part  of  the  year,  and  the  consumption  of  this  description  has  been  con- 
siderably increased,  so  that  the  estimates  of  sugar  made  from  molasses 
must  be  advanced.  Our  researches  show  that  the  quantity  of  molasses 
taken  for  refining  purposes  during  1860  will  reach  about  60,000  hhds., 
yielding  some  three  million  pounds  of  sugar,  say  13,892  tons,  against 
12,053  tons  in  1859,  obtained  from  54,000  hhds.  of  molasses;  11,160 
tons  in  1858,  from  50,000  hhds.;  10,800  tons  in  1857,  from  46,000 
hhds.;  11,875  tons  in  1856,  from  53,000  hhds.;  and  12,187  tons  in 
1855,  from  50,000  hhds.  In  this  connection,  we  observe  that  refiners 
complain  more  generally  that  the  quality  of  molasses  sent  forward  from 
Cuba,  suitable  for  refining  purposes,  is  gradually  deteriorating,  being 
more  and  more  denuded  of  its  saccharine  properties  by  the  improved 
processes  of  sugar-making,  than  the  planting  interests  of  that  island  have 
of  late  years  introduced. 

The  quantity  of  foreign  sugar  that  will  be  needed  the  present  year 
would  ordinarily  be  governed  in  a  great  measure  by  the  crop  of  Louisiana 
now  coming  forward.  Early  in  the  season,  a  bountiful  yield  was  antici- 
pated ;  the  spring  opened  most  propitiously,  the  culture  proceeded  with 
vigor,  and  the  area  of  cultivation  was  extended,  but  the  very  severe  drought 
of  the  summer  seriousl  v  retarded  the  growth  of  the  cane,  and  later  in  the 
season  rains  and  floods  still  further  reduced  the  estimates.  The  best 
authorities  place  the  crop  at  220  @  250,000  hhds. ;  the  yield  will  pro- 
bably not  vary  much  from  225,000  hhds.,  against  a  yield  the  previous 
year  of  221,840  hhds. 

The  future  of  the  trade  seemed  never  more  uncertab.  The  grave  and 
deplorable  events  that  have  recently  occurred  in  our  political  world  are 
of  so  momentous  a  character  that  the  most  sagacious  hesitate  to  venture 
a  prediction  as  to  our  probable  wants  the  current  year.  If  the  insanity 
that  has  smitten  the  body  politic  can  be  cured,  and  reason  once  more  be 
permitted  to  resume  her  sway,  peace  would  be  followed,  beyond  a  doubt^ 
by  a  prosperity  exceeding  the  expectations  of  the  most  sanguine.  Never 
were  the  interests  of  the  country  in  a  condition  more  substantial.  The 
food-raising  States  that  have  been  laboring  under  embarrassments  greater 
or  less  severe  for  the  past  several  years,  have  at  length,  by  a  bounteous 
harvest,  coupled  most  opportunely  with  a  large  foreign  demand  for  bread- 
stuffs  and  other  products  of  our  soil,  emerged  from  their  difiSculties,  and 
wealth  is  flowing  in  upon  them.  The  commercial  and  navigating  States 
of  the  Union,  whose  transporting  and  carrying  interests,  both  inland  and 
seaward,  have  also  suffered  so  long  a  season  of  depression,  partake  in  the 
revival,  and  all  available  means  are  in  demand  in  moving  this  produce 
from  the  interior  to  the  ports  and  from  thence  beyond  the  seas.    The 


710  Annual  SeporL 

only  element  now  lackbg  to  give  a  farther  impetas  to  enterprise  and 
commerce  such  as  we  have  not  seen  for  years,  is  a  cessation  of  the  present 
unhappy  political  tumult,  and  a  return  among  the  States  to  former  fra- 
ternal relations.  Should  this  consummation,  so  devoutly  to  be  wished 
for,  be  attained,  we  can  see  nothing  to  prevent  a  larger  consumption  of 
sugars  in  1861  than  has  ever  been  recorded. 

Annual  Rbvibw  op  thk  Niw-York  Markst. 

By  referring  to  the  preceding  tables,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  receipts 
into  this  port  direct  of  foreign  unrefined  sugar  for  the  year  ending  ibe- 
cember  31, 1860,  were  224,215  tons,  against  an  import  in  1859  of  177,313 
tons;  in  1858,  163,134  tons;  in  1857,  161,942  tons;  in  1856, 171,166 
tons;  in  1855,  126,844  tons;  and  in  1854,  99,491  tons;  and  that  the 
consumption  of  foreign  descriptions  in  1860  was  199,432  tons;  in  1859, 
159,627  tons;  in  1858,  159,252  tons;  in  1857,  143,829  tons;  in  1856, 
161,455  tons;  in  1855,  121,356  tons;  and  in  1854,  92,500  tons;  while 
the  total  consumption  of  both  foreign  and  domestic  in  1860  was  213,235 
tons;  in  1859,  190,135  tons;  in  1858,  185,801  tons;  and  in  1857, 
147,810  tons. 

The  foregoing  figures  briefiy  illustrate  the  commerce  of  this  port  in 
this  article,  and  maSe  an  exhibit  which  cannot  be  looked  upon  otherwise 
than  satisfactory,  showing,  as  it  does,  that  while  the  consumption  •f 
sugars  in  the  country,  considered  as  a  whole,  have  fallen  off,  the  quantity 
taken  from  our  own  market  has  increased  by  no  inconsiderable  degree, 
being  equal  to  over  12  ^  cent,  when  brought  into  comparison  with  the 
consumption  of  the  previous  year.  Of  the  whole  receipts  of  foreign  into 
the  United  States,  65  65-100  ^  cent  has  been  enterea  at  this  port. 

There  has  been  for  the  greater  part  of  the  year  a  good,  healthy  demand, 
accompanied  by  no  very  great  fluctuations  and  but  little  speculative  feel- 
ing. The  average  price  of  most  descriptions  for  the  year  are  slightly 
higher  than  in  1859  ;  and  had  it  not  been  for  the  political  troubles  of  the 
past  two  months,  which  gave  a  paralyzing  blow  to  this  interest,  in  com- 
mon with  almost  all  others,  reducing  values  of  this  commodity  with  a 
rapidity  unexampled,  the  average  prices  would  have  been  much  higher. 
Refiners,  as  usual,  have  been  the  largest  consumers,  and  the  quantity  taken 
by  them  for  refining  purposes,  it  is  estimated,  will  reach  the  laiffe  figure 
of  120,000  tons.  It  would  seem,  from  the  erection  of  new  establishments 
and  the  enlargement  of  old  works,  that  this  industrial  pursuit  is  not  in  a 
languishing  condition,  though  the  probabilities  are,  that  the  effect  of  the 
vigorous  competition  that  is  now  witnessed  among  this  class,  bears  its 
usual  fruit,  profits  reduced  to  a  very  small  margin  and  risks  proportion- 
ately enlarged. 

In  reference  to  the  business  the  past  year  in  raw,  it  may  be  safely  writ- 
ten that  the  importation  has  not  been  attended  with  flattering  results ; 
the  continued  high  cost  in  the  cane-growing  countries,  owing  to  the  com- 
petition among  buyers  at  the  shipping  ports  and  on  the  plantation,  hat 
been  productive  in  many  instances  of  disaster,  and  more  money  has  been 
lost  than  made  by  importers  and  consignors  to  the  markets  of  this  coun- 
try. That  these  losses  have  been  attended  for  the  most  part  with  so  lit* 
tie  embarrassment,  is  a  matter  of  gratulation,  evidencing  that  this  class  of 
merchants  occupy  a  position  of  no  ordinary  strength. 

The  prospects  for  the  immediate  future  cannot  be  called,  at  this  present 


Sugar  Trade.  Ill 

writing,  very  fkvorable.  Tip  to  the  beginning  of  tho  last  quarter  of  the 
year,  the  deliveries  for  consamption  at  all  the  ports  were  m  advance  of 
the  same  time  the  previous  year  about  6  @  7  ^  cent  Since  tliat  time, 
under  tho  mere  apprehension  that  public  events  might  take  the  shape 
which  they  have  since  actually  assumed,  that  increase  has  been  lost,  with 
an  additional  three  per  cent,  making  a  Ming  off  in  the  consumption, 
during  less  than  three  months,  of  over  nine  per  cent  If,  then,  the  con- 
sumption the  present  year  continue  to  decline  as  it  has  for  the  past  two 
months,  a  much  smaller  importation  than  usual  will  be  required.  There 
are  many,  however,  that  adopt  the  view,  that,  under  any  circumstances, 
there  will  be  a  large  demand,  and  that  the  quantity  of  foreign  sugar 
needed  will  be  as  large,  if  not  larger,  than  in  any  former  year.  It  will 
not  escape  notice  that  the  stock  at  this,  as  well  as  at  most  of  the  ports, 
1st  inst,  was  unusually  large,  the  supply  here  being  equal  to  about  two 
months*  consumption,  at  the  ratio  of  last  year's  requirements. 

The  year  opened  with  a  stock  of  nearly  19,000  tons,  an  unusual  large 
supply  for  this  period  of  the  season,  but  a  healthy  tone  was  observable ; 
operators  were  inspired  with  confidence,  the  accounts  from  Cuba  being 
of  a  character  to  warrant  the  belief  that  the  receipts  of  the  new  crop 
would  be  delayed,  while  the  Louisiana  crop  was  sufficiently  advanced  to 
enable  a  pretty  accurate  estimate  to  be  made  as  to  the  extent  of  the  defi- 
ciency, and  a  good  steady  demand  prevailed  for  the  first  half  of  the 
month,  with  an  advance  in  prices,  over  the  closing  rates  of  December,  of 
fully  one-eighth  of  a  cent  ^  lb.  About  the  third  week  the  market  b^an 
to  droop,  and  the  turn  was  evidently  in  buyers'  fevor.  This  languid  feel- 
ing soon  gave  way  to  one  of  positive  depression ;  the  dealings  became 
small,  and  prices  fell  off  one-eighth  of  a  cent ;  at  the  close  there  was  a 
slight  rally,  and  in  some  instances  values  were  re-established.  The  first 
receipt  of  new  crop  Texas  reached  here  on  the  16th.  On  the  same  day 
the  first  invoice  new  Demerara  was  laid  down,  and  sold  for  refining  at  7 
cents,  being  earlier  than  the  year  before,  the  first  arrival  of  Demerara 
then  having  occurred  on  the  4th  February,  selling  at  7J  @  7^  cents. 
The  first  arrival  of  new  Cuba,  as  also  of  Brazil,  took  place  on  the  21st; 
the  quality  of  the  former  ^en,  and  brought  6^  cents,  against  first  arrival 
in  1859  on  the  23d,  '*  molasses  sugar  and  clarified,"  which  was  placed  at 
7  @  7f .  The  sales  and  re-sales  for  the  month  were  1,850  hhds.  Louisiana, 
122  do.  Texas,  8,900  do.  and  6,700  bxs.  Cuba.  688  hhds.  Porto  Rico,  300 
do.,  27  tcs.  and  536  bbls.  English  Island,  16,157  bags  Manilla,  3,050  do. 
China,  6,550  do.  Brazil,  81  do.  African  and  1,700  hhds.  Melado. 

The  first  few  days  of  February  were  marked  by  a  heavy,  dull  feeling, 
the  business  beine* restricted  to  the  mere  necessities  of  the  trade.  Re- 
finers, however,  shortly  entered  the  market,  the  dealings  were  more  lib- 
eral and  full  prices  were  paid.  As  the  month  advanced,  the  supply  be- 
came reduced ;  the  receipts  of  new  crop  West  India  came  forward  very 
sparingly ;  holders  did  not  press  their  stocks,  and  prices,  though  no 
higher,  were  very  firm.  This  favorable  state  of  affiiirs  for  owners  was  but 
of  short  duration ;  West  India  and  Louisiana  came  forward  freely,  and  with 
more  pressure  to  sell,  a  decline  of  one-eiffhth  of  a  cent  on  low  grades  was 
submitted  to,  the  bulk  of  the  receipts  oeing  of  this  description.  For 
good  and  prime  qualities,  full  previous  rates  were  paid,  the  month  clos- 
ing, however,  with  rather  a  dull  feeling  for  all  kinds,  which,  on  low  (mali- 
tiea,  amounted  to  depression.    The  first  arrival  of  new  crop  Porto  Rico 


712  Annual  BeporL 

occurred  on  the  14tli,  and  sold  at  1^  @  8f  cents,  against  first  arriTsI 
previous  year  on  the  7th,  which  brought  7^  cents.  The  sales  were  2,300 
hhds.  Louisiana,  535  do.  Texas,  9,800  do.  and  6,700  bxs.  Cuba,  675  hhda. 
Porto  Bico,  284  do.,  37  tcs.  ^nd  595  bbls.  English  Island,  10,989  bags 
Brazil  and  825  hhds.  Melado. 

During  the  early  part  of  March,  the  market  became  still  further  de- 
pressed, owing  chiefly  to  the  preponderance  of  inferior  and  green  sizars 
m  the  receipts  of  West  India,  for  which  there  was  but  little  inquiry  mm 
refiners,  ana  none  at  all  from  the  trade,  and  prices  of  this  description 
soon  depreciated  one-quarter  of  a  cent  This  concession,  about  the  mid- 
die  of  the  month,  stimulated  a  speculatiye  feeling ;  refiners  also  purchased 
more  freely,  and  with  a  falling  off  in  the  receipts,  holders  were  enabled 
to  regain  a  portion  of  the  previous  decline.  From  this  until  toward  the 
close,  there  prevailed  a  good  steady  demand  for  refining  grades,  with  a 
firm  tone.  Grocery  styles  were  all  through  the  month  scarce  and  wanted 
at  very  full  rates.  The  receipts  of  all  kinds  were  moderate,  and  a  fair 
degree  of  buoyancy  obtained.  The  sales  were  4,000  hhds.  Louisiana,  325 
do.  Texas,  14,000  do.  and  8,400  bxs.  Cuba,  4,600  hhds.  Porto  Rico,  637 
do.,  175  tcs.  and  491  bbls.  English  Island,  9,665  bags  Manilla,  3,311  do. 
and  193  cases  Brazil  and  4,500  hhds.  Melado. 

At  the  commencement  of  April,  the  arrivals  firom  the  West  Indies 
became  more  firequent,  buyers  held  off,  and  holders  were  compelled  to 
yield  or  store,  but  a  concession  of  one-eighth  of  a  cent  led  to  rather  more 
business.  The  receipts,  however,  continued  to  be  largely  out  of  propor- 
tion to  the  wants  of  ouyers,  owners  pressed  sales  from  vessel,  and  values 
declined  from  day  to  day,  until  they  stood  at  ^  @  f  cent  below  the  open- 
ing rates  of  the  month ;  it  must  be  remarked,  however,  that  the  depres- 
sion and  concession  was  wholly  confined  to  medium  and  low  grades ; 
prime  qualities,  having  been  comparatively  scarce,  were  firm,  if  not  buoy- 
ant The  low  points  that  prices  had  now  touched  brought  forward  buy- 
ers more  freely,  the  market  soon  became  animated,  indeed  excited,  an 
extraordinary  activity  prevailed,  with  very  large  sales,  and  prices  rallied, 
an  advance  of  ^  @  ^  cent  being  realized.  From  this,  unUl  the  end  of 
the  month,  there  continued  to  be  a  good  steady  demand,  with  some 
speculative  action,  and  values  further  appreciated  one-eighth  of  a  cent, 
the  advance  generally  being  more  marxed  on  the  better  qualities,  the 
wants  of  the  trade  being  in  excess  of  the  receipts.  The  sales  were  4,300 
hhds.  Louisiana,  500  do.  Texas,  25,900  do.  and  4,050  bxs.  Cuba,  7,000 
hhds.  Porto  Rico,  515  do.,  65  tcs.  and  291  bbls.  English  Island,  961  bags 
^am  and  5,300  hhds.  Melado. 

The  activity  noticed  during  the  greater  part  of  the  month  of  April 
continued  for  the  first  week  in  May ;  refiners,  the  trade  and  speculators, 
bought  freely,  and  with  small  receipts  and  a  reduced  stock,  an  additional 
advance  of  one-eighth  <^  a  cent  was  established ;  upon  this,  speculators 
retired,  other  buyers  also  having  been  well  supplied  by  the  recent  large 
purchases,  held  of^  and  the  market  became  dull.  Sellers,  now  urged  bv 
more  frequent  arrivals,  pressed  their  invoices  at  a  reduction  of  one-eightn 
of  a  cent ;  for  a  few  days  there  was  but  a  moderate  business,  but  refiners 
and  the  trade  again  entered,  a  speculative  feeling  was  more  prominent, 
this  concession  was  regained,  and  soon  followed  by  an  advance  of  first  an 
if  and  then  another  ^  @  ^  cent,  with  free  sales  and  an  active  and  buoyant 
market ;  the  encouraging  harvest  prospects  having  imparted  to  buyers 


Su^ar  Trade.  718 

ffreat  confidence,  larse  qnantities  being  withdrawn  for  the  Western  mar- 
kets. Toward  the  close,  however,  the  parchases  fell  off,  speculators  sus- 
pended operations,  the  trade  and  refiners  bought  less  frecij,  the  market 
Decame  rather  unsettled,  and  a  reduction  of  one-eighth  of  a  cent  was 
submitted  to.  The  sales  were  950  hhds.  Louisiana,  500  do.  Texas,  31,000 
do.,  9,100  bxs.  and  221  ba^  Cuba,  7,900  hhds.  Porto  Rico,  289  do.,  109 
tea*  and  512  bbls.  English  Island,  19,246  bags  Manilla,  17,950  do.  Brazil 
and  3,400  hhds.  Melado. 

Continued  large  arrivals  for  the  first  few  days  in  June  exercised  an 
unfavorable  influence,  and  a  softening  in  prices  resulted,  but  refiners 
being  compelled  by  their  necessities  to  come  forward,  the  market  again 
assumed  an  active  and  buoyant  appearance,  and  with  large  purchases  also 
by  the  trade  and  speculators,  prices  soon  ran  up  one-quarter  of  a  cent, 
which  had  the  effect  to  repress  business,  the  buoyant  feeling  was  lost,  and, 
with  it,  an  eighth  of  a  cent  of  the  recent  advance,  without  leading  to  any 
activity ;  the  receipts  became  large,  the  stock  accumulated,  and  holders 
were  compelled  to  recede  another  eighth  of  a  cent,  bnt  still  buyers  held 
off.  Toward  the  latter  part  of  the  month,  however,  there  was  rather  more 
business,  and  though  no  advance  was  obtained,  more  tone  was  observable. 
Sales  470  hhds.  Louisiana,  112  do.  Texas,  25,600  do.  and  9,500  bxs. 
Cuba,  6,600  hhds.  Porto  Rico,  115  do.,  31  tcs.  and  479  bbls.  English 
Island,  332  tcs.  Honduras,  9,665  bags  Manilla,  7,044  do.  Brazil  and  4,500 
hhds.  Melado. 

July  opened  with  large  receipts  and  only  a  moderate  demand.  Com- 
mon and  refining  grades  were  weak,  but  good  to  prime  qualities  were 
scarce  and  wanted.  The  business  was  light  until  about  the  middle  of 
the  month,  when  there  sprang  np  a  good  demand,  which  soon  quickened 
into  activity,  and  notwithstanding  liberal  arrivals,  holders  were  enabled 
to  realize  an  advance  of  one-eighth  of  a  cent,  but  this  did  not  check  the 
inquiry ;  the  dealings  were  stiu  large,  and  a  further  appreciation  of  one- 
eighth  of  a  cent  on  refining  grades  and  one-quarter  of  a  cent  on  grocery 
styles  was  obtained.  Purchasers  continued  to  operate  notwithstanding 
these  enhanced  values,  the  impression  being  general  that  the  bulk  of  the 
West  India  crop  had  come  forward,  and  that  the  future  supply  would  not 
be  more  than  adequate  to  the  wants  of  the  country.  There  continued  a 
fair  business  until  about  the  latter  part  of  the  month,  when  the  demand 
fell  offl  The  receipts  increased,  and  prices  graduallv  gave  way,  until  a 
decline  of  one-quarter  of  a  cent  was  fully  establishea.  Sales  340  hhds. 
Louisiana,  31,400  do.  and  15,500  bxs.  Cuba,  9,200  hhds.  Porto  Rico,  92 
do.,  80  tcs.  and  133  bbls.  English  Island,  112  do.  Honduras,  2,598  bags 
Brazil  and  1,100  hhds.  Melado. 

An  improved  demand  was  visible  in  the  early  part  of  August,  and 
prices,  though  no  higher,  were  steadier,  with  more  tone  generally.  As 
the  month  tdvanced  the  business  fell  off,  and  though  the  offerings  were 
not  large,  buyers  were  enabled  to  obtain  a  concession  of  one-eighth  of  a 
cent ;  this  reduction,  however,  failed  to  stimulate  business ;  stocks  accu- 
mulated, the  receipts  were  larger,  and  an  additional  decline  of  one-eighth 
of  a  cent  was  established,  which  induced  rather  more  demand,  but  no 
general  activity,  the  month  closing  with  a  languid  feeling,  akin  to  depres- 
sion. Sales  140  hhds.  Louisiana,  59  do.  Texas,  20,600  do.,  10,900  bxs. 
and  70  bags  Cuba,  4,700  hhds.  Porto  Rico,  372  do.,  35  tcs.  and  1,173 
bbls.  English  Island,  16  do.  and  302  ceroons  SL  Domingo,  688  bags 
Penang  and  1,326  hhds.  Melado. 


726 


Fareiffn  EsqKyrU  of  NevhTcrk, 


kxaoLm, 


Port  of 
New-York. 


Other  Ports. 


Total  XT.8. 
18M-W. 


Tear] 


Hewn  timber,.  .•••.•• 

Other  lumber^ 

Hidee, 

Hoga^ No.  116 

Homed  cattle, 1,682 

Horses,. 907 

Hops, Jbs.  146,298 

Household  farnitnre,. .  • 

loe tons,  8,568 

Indiia  rubber,  maDnfactores  of: 

Shoes,. .pairs,  98,964 

Other  than  shoes, 

Indian  com,. . .  .bndi.  1,560,019 

Indian  meal, .bbls.  86,078 

Iron  and  mannfaotores  of  iron : 

Bar 

Casting 

Kails, lbs.  2,487,980 

Pig, .owt  8,000 

Mannfactnres  of,. 

Jewelry,  real  or  imitation  o^ . . 

Other  mannfaotnres  of  gold 

or  silver, 

Lard, lbs.  18,642,181 

Lard  oil,. galls.  28,585 

Lead .lbs.  154,679 

Leather, 2,221,090 

Leather,  mannfactnres  of: 

Boots  and  shoes,  pairs,  289, 161 

LiDsecfd  oil, gallsi  18,527 

Manufactured  tobacco, 

IbsL  10,827,864 
Manufactures  of  cotton,  printed, 

White  and  oAer  duck, 

Duck,. 

Other  manufactures  of, ..... . 

Manufactures  of  glass,. 

Manufactures  of  hemp,  bags,. . . 

"       cloth,... 

"  "       thread,. 

Other  manufactures  of, 

Manuiactures   of  marble    and 

stone, 

Manufactures  of  pewter  and  lead. 

Manufactures  of  tin, 

Manufactures  of  wood, 

Molasses galls.  4,288 

Morocco  and  leather  not  sold  per 

pound,.. 

Mules^ No.  1,145 

Musical  instraments, 

Oak  bark  and  other  dyewoods,. 


$260,797 

240,854 

769 

94,469 

110,161 

17,847 

527,491 

9,918 

51,006 

119,588 

1,182,881 

846,480 


88,677 

8,498 

8,161,158 

18,020 

189,207 

2,076,848 

26,428 

8,695 

469,571 

241,291 
12,278 

1,798,169 

896,488 

88,978 

286,479 

5,240,656 

97,114 


480 
14,689 

89,911 

86.197 

14,258 

794,868 

1,480 

18.897 

122,675 

15,888 

65,485 


$281,668 
444,822 
776,906 
876,846 
957,967 
128,207 
16,619 
561,628 
178,216 

7,821 

62.482 

1,217,427 

565,645 

88,257 

282,848 

100,177 

16,650 

2,022,887 

6,689 

980 

2,470,488 

29,856 

41,761 

204,788 

641,284 
14,521 

1,578,916 

2,969,966 

1,814,628 

146,610 

652,196 

180,884 

4,788 

818 

7.299 

186,828 

10,884 

24,811 

1,908,227 

88,812 

6,114 

85,405 

118,766 

98,826 


$  281,668 

705,119 
1,016,260 

877,604 
1.062,426 

288.868 

82.866 

1.079,114 

188,184 

58,826 

182,016 

2,899,808 

912,076 

88,267 

282,848 

188,754 

19,148 

5.174,040 

24,669 

140,187 

4,645,881 

65,788 

50,446 

674,809 

782.526 
26,799 

8,872,074 

8,856,449 

1,408,606 

882.089 

6.792,752 

277,948 

4.788 

818 

480 

21.888 

176,289 

46,081 

89,064 

2,708,096 

86.292 

19,011 
168,080 
129,658 
164,260 


$  867.60t 
1,001,216 

620,^9 

660.875 
1,846,058 

290.260 

5S,0ie 

1,067.197 

164,681 

62.006 

146,821 

1,828,108 

994.S69 

48.226 

128.659 

188.228 

21.218 

6,117,S46 

68,868 

86,947 

8,268.406 

60.798 

28.676 

499,718 

820,176 
84^194 

8.884,401 

2.820.890 

1,802,881 

216366 

4,477,096 

262.816 

6,489 

906 

444 

12,090 

112,214 

28.782 

89.289 

2,889.861 

76,699 

41.466 
268,886 
166.101 
412.701 


Sugar  Trade, 


716 


cash ;  against  first  receipt  in  1859  on  the  3d,  which  brought  8f,  quality 
fully  fair.  Sales  32  hhds.  Louisiana,  30  do.  Texas,  11,700  do.,  69  bags 
and  9,800  bxs.  Cuba,  850  hhds.  Porto  Rico,  13,201  bags  and  598  cases 
Brazil,  40  bbls.  and  621  ceroons  St.  Domingo  and  444  hhds.  Melado. 

The  gloom  and  depression  that  pervaded  the  market  throughout  No- 
Tember  suffered  no  diminution  during  the  first  half  of  December ;  on 
the  contrary,  it  seemed  to  be  difficult  to  sell  goods  except  at  ruinous  sac- 
rifices. Prices  were  constantly  in  buyers'  favor,  and  a  further  decline  of 
f  @  1  ft  cent  was  established,  making  nearly  2  cents  within  a  month,  and 
had  now  touched  a  lower  point  than  since  1854.  Large  shipments  con- 
tinued to  be  made  from  first  hands,  but  the  stolidity  of  buyers  seemed 
immovable.  Business  was  paralyzed,  and  the  only  purchases  were  small 
lots  to  meet  the  immediate  wants  of  the  trade  and  refiners.  At  this  point, 
bullion  began  to  flow  in  from  Europe.  Consequent  upon  this,  the  money 
market  became  easier,  and  exporters,  attracted  by  tne  low  prices,  pur- 
chased quite  freely,  a  more  hopeful  feeling  was  visible  everywhere,  and 
with  returning  confidence  came  a  hardening  tendency  in  the  price  of 
sugar.  The  trade,  refiners  and  speculators  entered  the  market,  and  prices 
recovered  about  f  @  f  of  a  cent  of  the  previous  decline,  the  year  closing 
with  a  disposition  to  greater  cheerfulness,  notwithstanding  the  threaten- 
ing aspect  of  political  affairs.  Sales  1,820  hhds.  Louisiana,  11,500  do. 
and  11,050  bxs.  Cuba,  306  hhds.  Porto  Rico,  4,000  bags  China,  6,307 
do.  Brazil  and  719  hhds.  Melado.  Stock  34,178  tons,  against  a  stock 
same  time  1859  of  18,020  tons. 


Ranob  or  Pbioes  at  New-York,  foe  tbe  Tbaes  1859 — 1860. 


1869. 


New- 
Ortoan?. 


Cab« 
Mosco- 
Tado. 


Porto 
Bioo. 


HaTtna, 
While. 


HaTatia, 
Brown. 


Manilla. 


firtzll 
Brown. 


Jannary, 

Feb 

March... 
April,... 
May,.... 
Jane,... 
Jnlx,  ... 
AugaiC. 
Sepl.,... 
Oct,.... 
»or.,... 
Dec,... 

ATerage 
lor  the 


ueo. 

January, 
Feb...... 

March,.. 
April,... 
May,.... 

Jane, . . . 

July 

August,. 
Bept,... 
Oct,.... 

NOY.,.    . 

Dec,... 


ATerage 
for  the 
year, 


8 


8 
8 

8X 


10 
10 


n 

ha  A 


9 

jx 

8X 

tt 

8X 
8itf 
83< 

|« 


IT  08 


leei 


$7  11 


4)1.^ 


T 
T 

bX< 
4^< 


8X 

fX 
8^ 

fX 
8X 

8K 
S^ 
S^ 
6}i 


$9M 


9H^  9% 


$7  4e 


8sr4 
7  i 

7    I 

«x2 


8¥ 

f 

8K 
9% 
8ltf 


s^e  7ii 


$7  16 


$$<1 


?« 

T 
7 

}X 
OH 
6X 


7 
IX 

«M 
«x 
ex 
ex 
»x 

5^ 
ex 


^  7X 

7X 


4X^  6M 


$7se 


$e88K       $7  88X      $8  914-6 


$7$$       $ee7  7-10    $$86  1-6 


716 


Annual  Report. 


MOLASSES  TRADE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Annnal  Statement^  showing  the  Import^  Bxport,  Stock  and  Consumptum 
for  the  year  ending  December  ^Ist,  1860,  {exclusive  of  California  and 
Oregon.) 

From  ths  Skippiitg  and  OomtMroial  LUt,  and  Jf&w-  Tork  Price  OkrrmL 

NEW-YORK   STATEMENT  — 1860. 


Tear  1880. 

RXOUTBO  AT  NbW-YoBK  FBOM 


Caba, , 

Porto  Rico, 

BarbadoeSf 

Trinidad  Island, 

Bemerara, 

Antigua, 

6t  Laoia, , 

StKittis 

Other  West  Indies, . 
Other  foreign  ports,. 


Total  receipts  of  foreign,  direct, . . 

Received  from  Louisiana, 

"  "     other  coastwise  ports, . 


Total  receipts, 

Add  stock  January  1, 1860, . 


Total  supply, 

Deduct    export  and    shipments    inland  to 
Canada, , 


Dedaot  stock  January  1, 1861, 

Taken  from  this  port  for  consumption,. 


Hhda. 


42,411 

16,466 

8,236 

52 

6 

140 

18 

84 

151 

811 


62,825 

2 

5,606 


68,488 
4,028 


72,461 

8,410 

69,051 
6,654 


68,897 


Tcs. 


4,715 
558 

1 


15 


5,284 
220 
889 


5,898 


5,898 
254 


5,689 


5,689 


Bbls. 


16,948 

442 

60 


17,464 
45,119 
18,i;64 


76,547 
1,218 


77,760 
1,816 


75,944 
8,081 


72,868 


Total 
OaUom. 


6,011,480 

2,059,184 

428,640 

5,998 

790 

17,780 

2,872 

4,02S 

18,040 

87,620 


8,585,808 
1,817,460 
1,198,405 


11,601,671 
582,670 


12,184,841 

495,720 

11,688,621 
802,102 


10,888,519 


Consumption,  as  aboTO, galls.  10,886,519— -Of  which  foreign,  imported 

direct, galls.    9,258,690 

Total  consumption  of  1859, 12,010,290— Of  which  foreign,  imported 

direct, 8,658,187 


Doorease  in  1860 galls.    1,178,771    Increase  in  consumption  of 

foreign,  1860, galls. 


605,T(» 


Moloises  Trade, 


111 


HEW-TORK   STATEMENT— 1869. 


Tearl8ff9. 
BMnrxD  AT  Nsw-YoiK  noM 


Bbds. 


Tet. 


Bbln 


Total 
Qftlloos. 


Cuba, 

Porto  Rioo, 

Barbadoes. 

Trinidad  Island, 

Demerara, 

St.  Domingo, 

AntigTia, 

AngpiUa,  &o., 

Kevia, 

Other  foreign  ports,. , 


Total  receipts  of  foreign,  direct,. 
Beoeived  from  Xonisiana, . 


other  coastwise  ports, . 


Total  receipts, 

Add  stock  Jannaiy  1, 1869,.. 


Total  supply, 

Deduct  exports    and   shipments  inland    to 
Canada, 


Deduct  stock  January  1, 1860, , 

Taken  from  this  port  for  consumption,. , 


51,884 

11,038 

4,265 

901 

22 

'20 
84 

i28 


5,165 

804 

2 


14,980 

547 

148 

8 


68,287 

80 

7,682 


5,471 

97 

688 


16,683 
46,688 
14,549 


75,849 
4,814 


80,168 
4,242 


75,921 
4,028 


71,898 


6,201 

6,201 
176 


76,865 
2,641 


6,025 


6,025 


78,606 
2,974 


76,682 
1,213 


74,319 


7,119,247 

1,420,672 

668,760 

108,954 

8,006 

2,406 
8,972 

15,440 


9,287,467 
1,886,970 
1,480,620 


12,655,047 
621,868 


18,176,910 
688,960 


12,542,960 
632,670 


12,010,290 


Consumption,  as  above, galls.  12,010,290— Of  which  foreign,  imported 

,  direct, galls.     8,668,187 

Total  consumption  of  1858, 11,289,686 — Of  which  foreign,  imported 

direct, 7,461,615 


Increase  in  1869, galls.      770,605 


Increase  in  consumption 

of  foreign, galls.     1,191,672 


The  statistics  presented  above  show  that  the  total  receipts  of  foreign 
molasses  into  the  United  States  for  the  year  ending  Dec.  31,  1860,  were 
81,126,015  gallons,  against  total  receipts  in  1859  of  28,960,175  gallons; 
and  the  consumption  of  foreign  descriptions  "was  28,724,205  gallons, 
against  a  consumption  in  1859  of  28,293,210  gallons ;  while  the  total  con- 
sumption of  foreign  and  domestic  in  1860  was  47,318,877  gallons,  against 
a  total  consumption  in  1859  of  54,260,970  gallons,  showing  an  increase 
in  the  consumption  of  foreign  of  430,995  gallons,  or  over  1^  per  cent, 
but  a  decrease  in  the  consumption  of  all  kinds  of  6,942,093  gallons,  or 
nearly  13  per  cent. 

The  receipts  and  consumption  of  foreign  in  1 860  were  much  larger 
than  before  in  several  years,  owing  to  the  crop  of  domestic  of  1 859-60 
being  considerably  below  an  average  yield.  Ihe  crop  of  Louisiana,  Ac., 
now  coming  forward,  it  is  estimated  will  not  be  any  larger  than  the 
previous  season,  and  very  probably  will  be  considerably  less.  Of  the  re- 
ceipts into  the  country  the  past  year,  about  60,000  hhds.  have  been  taken 
by  sugar  refiners,  50,000  by  distillers,  and  the  remainder  has  been  dis- 
tributed among  the  trade,  exporters,  &c. 


IIS 


AnnMol  B^porU 


GENERAL   STATEMENT— 1  860. 


RiOKmB  or  FomnoN  nr  tbi  Umitkd  Stateb^  faom  Ist  Jaxuakt  to  818t  Di 


Tear  1860. 

BlOBTXD  AT 


Htadfl. 


Tm. 


Bbla. 


Told 


New-York, 

Boston—- from  Cuba, 

"  "     PortoBico, 

"  «*     Surinam, 

**  "     other  foreign  ports, 

Portland— from  Caba,  &c^ 

New-Haven— from  Porto  Kioo,  Ao^ 

Qlouoester  and  Pro videnoe— from  Cuba  ,&c., 
Newburyport  and    Salem— from    Surinam, 

&o.,. 

Bristol,  Warren  and  other  eastern  ports — 

from  Cuba,  <&o., 

Philadelphia— from  Cuba, 

"  "     PortoBico, 

"  "     English  Island,  <&c., . . . . 

Baltimore-r-from  Cuba, 

"        •    "     PortoBico, 

»"  "     EnffUsh  Island,  Ac, 

New*-Osleans— from  Cuba,  Porto  Bioo,  &o.,.. 
Savannah.  Charleston  and  other  southern 

posts— ^m>m  Cuba,  d^c, 

Total  receipts, 

Add  stock  at  all  the  ports,  January  I,  I860,.. 

Total  supply, 

Deduct  exports   and  shipments  inland  to 
Canada,  nrom  all  the  ports,  in  I860, 

Deduct  stock  at  all  the  ports,  Jan.  1, 1861,. . . 
Total  consumption  of  foreign, 


62,826 

88,784 

1,088 

8,058 

698 

43,007 

10,093 

2,812 

477 

8,676 

22,659 

1,677 

195 

6,110 

1,404 

2,640 

16,689 

16,165 


281,892 
9,811 


241,208 
8,749 


232,454 
18,420 


214,034 


6,284 

4,494 

115 

185 

4,506 
209 


166 

2,868 

88 

725 

5 

88 

1,980 

1,446 


21,727 
280 


21,957 
1,261 


20,696 
224 


20,472 


17,464 

8,409 

56 

116 

59 

6,589 

170 

166 

12 

286 

4,058 

175 

II 

7,690 

8 

169 

2,711 

4,789 


47,882 
875 


48,207 
8,241 


44,966 
1,150 


43,816 


8,686,801 

4,988,855 

187,141 

864,^0 

86,140 

5,786,940 

1,206,816 

858,606 

55,614 

498,905 

8,066,240 

218,806 

25,240 

982,226 

171,620 

854,190 

2,288,140 

2,1U,88P 


81,126,015 
1,126,200 


82,252,2U 
1,268,890 


80,988,825 
2,264,120 


23,724,205 


^otal  eonsumption  of  foreign,,  as  above, galls.  28,724,205 

Add  crop  of  Louisiana,  Texas,  Florida,  <&c.,  of  1859-60,  the  most  of  which 
was  distributed  in  1860,  and  assuming  the  stock  of  this  description 
1st  of  January  of  each  year  to  be  equal, 18,594,672 

Would  make  the  total  consumption  in  1860, gaUs.  47,818,8177 

Total  consumption  in  1859, 54^260,970 

Deoreaieinl860, galls.    6,942,091 


MoUum  Trodi. 


119 


GENERAL  STATEMENT— 1869. 


BsesiTXD  At 


New-York, 

Bofton— from  Cuba, 

"  "     PortoRico, 

**  "      Sarinam, 

"  "      other  foreign  ports, 

Portland— from  Cuba,  &o,. 

New-Hayen— from  Porto  Rico,  Ac. 

Olonoester  and  Providenoe— frt>m  Cuba,  <&c, 
Newboiyport  and    Salem— from    Surmam, 

Ac. 

Briatol,  Warren  and  other  eastern  ports— 

from  Caba,  &o., 

Philadelphia— from  Caba, 

"  "     PortoBioo, 

"  "     English  Island,  Ac...... 

Baltimore— from  Cuba, 

"  "    PortoKieo. 

"  «    English  Island,  Ae., 

New-Orleans— from -Cuba, 

Savannah.  Charleston   and  other  soathem 
ports— nrom  Cuba,  Ao., 

Total  receipts, 

Add  stock  at  all  the  ports,  January  1, 1859,. . 


Total  supply, 

Deduct  exports  and  shipments    inland 
Canada,  from  all  the  ports,  in  1859, 


to 


Dednot  stock  at  all  the  ports,  Jan.  1,  I860,. . 
Total  consumption  of  foreign, 


HhdL 

Tm. 

BUi. 

68,287 

5,471 

15,688 

89,042 

4,259 

4,822 

1,088 

77 

77 

2,120 

87 

89 

1,906 

28 

276 

46,768 

4,885 

1,919 

10,942 

216 

686 

8,172 

259 

154 

584 

42- 

17 

8,924 

820 

678 

12,185 

1,861 

8,978 

572 

40 

224 

,  ^ 

4 

6,917 

1,841 

1,492 

781 

82 

186 

847 

12 

77 

2,819 

608 

1,767 

17,911 

1,286 

4,056 

219,974 

20,274 

85,701 

16,018 

836 

1,074 

285,987 

20,660 

86,775 

9,251 

1,681 

4,778 

226,786 

19,079 

81,997 

9,811 

280 

875 

217,425 

18,849 

81,622 

Total 


9,287,457 

5,150,715 

141,818 

252,840 

240,180 

6,006,820 

1,179,608 

401,850 

66,820 

508,026 

1,689,120 

72,420 

29,100 

965,070 

100,862 

112,826 

441,520 

2,879,120 

28,969,176 
1,880,806 

80,799,480 

1,880,070 

29,419,410 
1,126,200 

28,298,210 


Consumption  of  foreign,  as  above. sails.  28,298,210 

Add  crop  of  Louisiana,  Texas.  Florida,  Ac,  of  1858-59,  the  most  of  which 
was  dutributed  in  1859.  ancl  assuming  the  stock  of  this  desoripUon  1st 
January  of  eaoh  year  to  oe  equal, 26,967,760 

Would  make  the  total  consumption  in  1859, galls.  64,260,970 

Total  consumption  in  1868, 45,169,164 

Increase  in  1859, galls.    9,091 ,806 


Total  ComuMpnoir  nc  thb  UirrrED  Srim  nr 

QaUoDSi 
1860, 47,818,877    of  which,  foreign, 28,724,206 


1859, 64,260,970 

1858, 45,169,164 

1857, 28,508,784 

1866, 89,608,878 

1866, 47,266,086 

1864, 66,498,019 

1858, 66,586,821 

1862, 48,267,511 

1861, 48,948,018 

1860, 87,019,249 


28,298,210 
24,795,874 
28,266,404 
28,014,878 
28,688,428 
24,487,019 
28,576,821 
29,417,511 
88,288,278 
24,806,949 


732  Cofftt  Trade. 

East  Indies  generally,  the  quantity  gathered  increases  very  slowly,  if  at 
all ;  indeed,  in  some  parts  of  the  East,  we  understand  that  the  cultivation 
of  the  plant  has,  in  many  instances,  been  abandoned  for  that  of  the  sucar 
cane,  the  latter  bein^  considered  much  the  surest  and  most  profitable 
crop.  The  crop  of  Brazil  fluctuates  largely,  but  for  the  past  five  years 
there  has  been  rather  a  diminution  than  an  increase.  St.  Domingo  seems 
to  be  at  a  stand,  and  the  only  countries  which  increase  their  exports  of 
this  article,  to  any  considerable  extent,  are  Venezuela  and  the  Island  of 
Ceylon. 

The  consumption  of  the  United  States  the  past  year,  as  we  have  seen, 
has  been— 9ay^  79,250  tons — and  that  of  Great  Britain  and  the  Continent 
is  estimated  at  195,000  @  200,000  tonl(^  making  a  total  consumption  in 
1860  in  Europe  and  the  American  States  of  about  275,000  tons.  The 
consumption  of  this  country  has  been  increasing  for  ten  years  at  the 
average  annual  rate  of  about  4  per  cent,  and  that  of  Europe  at  over  3 
per  cent  -  ,,   v..,- ,  . 

These  figures  are  not  barren  of  thought  to  the  ji£ati^rcdi*lsime^  evi- 
dencing,  as  they  do,  that  the  time  must  arrive,  and  that  it  cannot  be  far 
distant,  when  the  consumption  of  the  world  must  overtake  its  production. 
The  question  to  be  solved  must  be,  to  what  altitude  must  prices  attain  in 
order  to  check  the  consumption  and  equalize  the  supply  and  demand  % 
There  are  those  whose  opinion  are  entitled  to  weight,  who  advance  the 
view  that  that  point  has  been  already  touched,  pointing  to  the  fact  that 
the  importation  at  the  principal  ports  of  Europe,  taken  as  a  whole,  the 
past  year,  have  been  insufficient  for  their  consumptive  wants,  the  year 
closing  with  a  considerably  reduced  stock,  and  that  after  deducting  the 
exports  from  the  United  States,  a  similar  state  of  things  is  witnessed  here ; 
and  to  this  cause  may  be  attributed  the  continually  advancing  prices  of 
the  past  few  years,  the  effect  of  which  is  seen,  as  far  as  this  country  is 
concerned,  in  the  serious  decline  in  the  deliveries  for  consumption,  at- 
tended with  a  vigorous  search  for  and  increased  sale  of  cheaper  substi- 
tutes. 

The  annexed  statement  shows  the  receipts  and  consumption  for  the 
past  eleven  years : 


B^cHpU, 

OmiumjAUm, 

BsoeipU, 

OMUtcmptfom 

I860,... 

..  lbs,  185,779,689 

177,580,628 

1864,... 

..lb8. 182,478,868 

179,481,08$ 

1859,... 

248,527,806 

228,882,850 

1868,... 

198,112,800 

175,687,790 

1858,... 

227,656,186 

251,255,099 

1852,... 

205,642,866 

204,991,596 

1867,.. 

217,871,889 

172,666,984 

1851,... 

216,048,870 

181,225,700 

1866,... 

280,918,160 

218,225,490 

1850,... 

162,580,810 

184,589,780 

1RKK 

Qftft.8l^.K«ft 

21ft.«7ft.2fi7 

Molasses  Trade.  721 

larger,  the  demand  fell  off,  and  a  feeling  of  depression  ensued,  thoogli  no 
decline  was  submitted  to,  holders,  generally,  not  pressing  their  stocks. 

The  market  in  July  was  generSly  very  dull ;  holders  were  more  dis- 
posed to  sell,  and,  upon  making  concessions,  a  moderate  business  was 
transacted.  The  wants  of  buyers,  however,  were  soon  satisfied,  and  at 
the  close  there  was  a  heavy  feeling,  with  prices  still  in  buyers'  favor. 

August  opened  with  an  improved  demand,  and  more  steadiness  was 
observable ;  out  the  business  soon  fell  off,  and  as  the  receipts  were  in 
excess  of  the  sales,  prices  for  all  but  prime  grades  became  weak.  Towards 
the  close,  however,  the  rise  which  occurred  at  this  time  in  grain,  brought 
in  distillers  more  freely,  and  prices  again  stiffened. 

Distillers  and  refiners  operated  pretty  freely  in  September,  and  the 
qualities  suitable  for  their  purposes  remained  very  firm,  but  no  change  in 
prices  occurred,  the  demand  being  met  by  holders.  Towards  the  latter 
part  of  the  month,  prime  grades  also  were  in  better  request,  and  the  mar- 
ket generally  assumed  a  firm  aspect 

The  market  throughout  October  remained  quite  steady  and  uniform. 
Grocery  styles  sold  most  freely,  but  a  fidr  business  in  all  ^ades  was  trans- 
acted at  full  prices.  The  first  arrival  of  new  crop  New-Orleans  occurred 
on  the  30th,  and  sold  at  52  cents,  quality  not  prime,  against  first  receipts 
in  1859  on  the  13th  November,  which  brought  52 ;  1858,  45,  and  1857, 
60  cents. 

November  opened  with  a  very  quiet  market ;  the  low  grades  were  n^- 
lected,  and  prime  qualities  only  purchased  in  small  lots.  As  the  month 
advanced,  the  market  became  very  seriously  affected  by  the  political 
panic,  and  prices  rapidly  fell  off.  But  little  business  was  done,  except 
for  cash,  and  values  were  constantly  in  buyers' favor,  the  decline  on  New- 
Orleans  being  about  10  @  12  cents  per  gallon,  foreign  descriptions  gen- 
erally sympathizing  and  recedbg.  At  the  close,  the  low  prices  brought 
exporters,  and  some  considerable  sales  of  Muscovado  were  made  for  ex- 
port at  21  @  23  cents. 

The  unsettled  state  of  feeling  noted  in  November  continued  for  the 
first  half  of  the  month  of  December,  and,  with  firee  receipts  of  New- 
Orleans,  prices  still  declined,  a  further  concession  of  2  @  3  cents  being 
made,  the  bulk  of  the  business,  however,  being  done  through  the  auction 
rooms.  The  frequent  large  public  sales  soon  made  considerable  inroads 
upon  the  stock,  and,  with  a  somewhat  improved  state  of  financial  affairs, 
the  turn  of  the  market  was  in  sellers'  favor.  Towards  the  close  of  the 
month  exporters  again  purchased  pretty  freely  of  Cuba  for  shipment,  and 
though  foreign  was  still  dull,  yet  there  was  less  depression  than  before, 
the  year  closing  with  an  improved  and  more  hopeful  feeling. 

We  annex  the  following  table,  showing  the  range  of  prices  of  the  lead- 
ing descriptions  at  this  port  the  past  four  years : 


VOL.  XLIV. — NO.  TL  46 


722  Mola99€9  Trade. 

THE  RANGE  OP  PRICES  AT  NEW-TORK  THE  PAST  POUR  TEARa 


MOXTBS. 

1880. 

Heir-Orteaiu. 

Porto  Bloo. 

OabaHoaooTada 

OdbaOlaywL 

jADnftTY,  .•••••••••• 

50    @     58 

44  %    60 
48    %    50 
48    %    50 

45  %    50 

46  @    50 
45    @    49 
45    @    50 
45     @    49 
45    @     50 
40    @     58 
80    @    40 

80    %    40 
80    %    40 
80    @    41 
85    @    41 
85    @    41 
84    @    40 
80    @    88 
82    %    40 
82    @    40 
32    @    40 
80    @     89 
25     @    86 

26    %    88 

24  @    82 

25  @    82 

26  @    84 
26    @    86 
25    @    85 
24    %    88 
24    <g    82 

24  @    82 

25  @     83 
21     %    80 
17    @    24 

22  @  25 
24    @  26 

Pebrnary, 

Mftrab,  .•••«i«t«««* 

24  @  86 
28  @  28 
21    %  28 

April 

Mmy 

June,  .••.••••••••• 

22  (^  26 
21    (g  24 

July 

Augost* 

20    @  24 

20  (3  28 

21  (S  2S 
17  @  28 
15    %  19 

September, 

Octoberi. .  • 

November, 

December.  ••••••••• 

Arerage  for  the  year, 

46io. 

85  8-10  0, 

28  c 

22f  c. 

Moims. 

1859. 

New-Ortoaos. 

Porto  Bieo. 

Caba  MuMOTado. 

OobaCteTed. 

Januftry, 

87  @    42 
89    %    42 

88  @    40 
88    @    40 
88    %    45 

86  %    45 
88    @    44 
88    %    48 
88    @    42 

87  @    45 

88  @    52 
50    @    58 

28    @     88 

24  @    84 
80    @     88 
80    @    87 
30    %    42 
27    @    87 
27    @    86 

25  %    86 
25    @    85 
25    @    86 
27     @    88 
80     %    89 

21  @    28 

22  @    82 
25    @    82 
25    %    82i 
25    @    85 
25    @    84 
28    @    80 
21     @    80 

21  @    80 

22  @    80 

24  %    80 

25  @    31 

19  @  26 
25    %  27 

23  ^  26 
28    @25i 

24  @  SO 
21  %  26 
21    (§  24 

February, , , , 

March, 

April, 

Mky;.     ..       . 

,   •''^ ••• ••••• 

June, .,,, 

July 

August, 

18i(S  22 
18    (3  28 

September, 

October, , . . . . 

NoTember, 

December, 

20  @  24 

21  @  25 

22  (§  25 

Arerage  for  the  year, 

41^0. 

81io. 

27ic 

28ie. 

Momm. 

1858. 

New-Oileani. 

Porto  Bloo. 

OabaMnsoorado. 

CnbaClagred. 

January,. • 

26    %    85 
25    @    80 
28    %    88 
88    %    86i 
85i  %    87 
85i  @    87 
88    %    40 
45    @    50 
50    %    52 
87*  %    48 
—    @    45 
85    @    40 

25  %    80 

24  @    28 
28    @     88 

80  @    85 

26  %    83i 
26    @    88 

26  @    84 
85    %    48 

81  @    41 

27  @    88 

25  @    88 
25    @    84 

21  %    25 

19  @    28 

22  @    28 
28    %    81 

23  @    82 
22    %    80 
25    @    82 
80    @    85 

•29    @    85 

24  @    82 
22    @    28 

20  @    27 

18    (9  20 
18    @  21 
21     <S  28 

21  ^  28| 

22  <S  28 
22    (§  28 
22    @  28 
28    ®  80 
26    (d  28 
22     (^  27 
20    @  22 
17     3  22 

February, 

March, 

April, 

Miy,  v.. 

June,  ••••.. •• 

July 

Ausuit.  .••••••••.. 

September, 

November, 

December,  »••••*.•• 

Average  for  the  ye«r, 

88^  a 

81  c 

26i<L 

22*0. 

MoUma  Trade. 


723 


MoRn. 

18ff7. 

New-Orleau. 

Porte  Slco. 

OabaMiucovado. 

CiibaOlaywL 

January, •  •  • .  • 

—    @    80 
75    %    76 
75    %    76 

74  @    76 

75  @    77 
70    @    75 
70    @    75 
65    @    70 
46    @    55 
40    @     55 
85     @    45 
88    @    87i 

57    %    62i 

65  @    70 
.    67    (3    68 

66  @    68 
60    @    70 
60    @     67i 
66     @    67 
46    %    62i 
85    @     58 
22    @    45 
28    (§i    85 
22    %    80 

44  @    52 
48    @    60 

45  @    58 
48    @    68 
54    @    68 
60    @    60 
60    @     60 
45    @    60 
29     %    45 
22i  @     85 
20    @    27i 
19    @    25 

88     @  40 

February, 

60    ®  66 

Mansb, 

40    @  46 

April, •••••••• 

44  @  62 
50    %  62 

May, 

Jane, 

49     %  52 

July. 

46     @  52 

August, •  .. 

September •  • . 

87  @  44 
80    @  86 

October. 

18    @  80 

November, 

December, 

19  %  22 
17     @  20 

Average  for  the  year, 

64  c 

52  c 

44fc 

89  c 

Of  the  New-Orleans  sugar  crop  for  1860,  the  New-Orleans  Prke  Cur- 
rent says :  We  have  compiled  from  cor  records  the  annexed  statement  of 
the  sugar  product  of  L^isiana  for  the  past  twenty-six  years,  showing  the 
amount  of  each  year's  crop  in  hogsheads  and  pounds,  with  the  gross  ay- 
erage  value  per  hogshead  and  totiu. 


Ybab. 

Total  Ciop. 

^T^IS.!?" 

TouavaliM. 

Hhdi. 

Poanda. 

1884, 

100»000 

80,000 

70,000 

65.000 

70,000 

115,000 

87,000 

90,000, 

140.000 

100,000 

200,000 

186,660 

140.000 

240.000 

220.000 

247.928 

211,808 

286,547 

821,981 

449.824 

846,685 

281.427 

78,976 

279.697 

862,296 

221.840 

100,000,000 

80,000,000 

70,000,000 

66.000.000 

70.000,000 

116,000,000 

87,000,000 

90,000,000 

140,000,000 

100,000,000 

200,000.000 

186.660.000 

140,000,000 

240,000.000 

220,000,000 

269,769.000 

281,194,000 

257,188,000 

868,129,000 

496,156,000 

886,726,000 

254,669,000 

81,878.000 

807,666.700 

414,796.000 

266,115,760 

$60  00 
90  00 
60  00 
62  60 
62  50 
50  00 
66  00 
40  00 
42  50 
60  00 
45  00 
55  00 
70  00 
40  00 
40  00 
60  00 
60  00 
50  00 
48  00 
86  00 
52  00 
70  00 

110  00 
64  00 
69  00 
82  00 

$6,000,000 
2,700.000 

1885, 

1886 

4,200,000 

1887, 

5.062,500 
4.876,000 

1888, 

1889 

6,760.000 

1840, 

4,786,000 
8,600,000 
4,750,000 
6,000,000 

1841, 

1842, 

1848, 

1844, 

9.000,000 

1846,. 

10.266.750 
9,800.000 

1846 

1847, 

9.600,000 

1848, 

8.800,000 

12,896,150 

I860, 

12,678,180 

1861 

11,827,860 
16,452.688 

1852 

1858, 

15.7^6,840 

1864, 

18,026.020 
16,199,890 

1865,.., 

1856,..;' 

8,187,860 

1867 

17,900,608 

1858, 

14,998.424 

1869, 

18,190,880 

Total, 

4,886,649 

5,174,282.460 

•  •  •• 

$266,821,140 

724 


Commerce  of  New-York. 


COHMERCE   OF  NEW-YORK. 

Fiscal  Yeae   1859-60. 

Imports  at  the  several  ports  of  entry  of  the  State  of  NevhTork,  during  the 
fiscal  year  1859-60,  compared  with  the  totals  of  the  preceding  year 
ending  ZOth  June,  1859. 


Dbtrlots. 

Free  of  duty. 

Year  ending  80th  Jane,  1860. 

Jane  80,  1890. 

Paying  daty. 

Total  ralne. 

Sackett'8  Harbor 

Genesee, • 

$7,768 

717,441 
4,866,762 
2,148.981 
2,62^,085 

959,768 

80,887,251 

2,502,641 

824,968 

$171 

2,010 

10,227 

23,684 

60,654 

14.885 

208,856,690 

86,841 

4,100 

$7,939 

719,451 

4,876,989 

2,172,615 

2,677,789 

974,158 

288,692,941 

«      2,588,982 

829,068 

$9,910 
858,795 

Oswego, 

8,637.709 

Niagara,.. 

Buffalo, 

1.019.944 
1,669.845 

Oswegatchie, 

New-York, 

1.017.281 
218,231,098 

GhainDlaiD^. ........ 

2,860,984 

OapeYincent, 

880.788 

Total  State  N.York,. 
Other  porta, 

$44,992,615 
87,298,999 

$208,497,262 
76,877,878 

$248,489,877 
118,676,877 

$229,181,849 
109,586,781 

Total  United  SUtes... 

$82,291,614 

$  279,874,640 

$362,166,254 

$888,768,180 

Statement  of  goods,  wares  and  m^erchandise  of  the  growth,  produce  and 
manufacture  of  the  United  States,  exported  from  the  several  ports  of 
entry  of  the  State  of  New-York,  during  the  fiscal  year  1859-60,  com- 
pared with  the  totals  of  the  preceding  year  ending  ZOth  June,  1859. 


DiBtrlots. 

Artldee 
manolkotared. 

Ottier 
articles  raw. 

Total  year 
135»-60. 

Total  year 
1853  M. 

Saokett's  Harbor, 

Genesee, 

$1,250 

8,459 

179,052 

189.250 

2,195 

10,404 

444,974 

80,694 

41,200 

$907,478 
1,489,967 

$220 
82,124 
18,264 
70,245 

8,182 

640,806 

80.897 

7,815 

$2,886 

286,710 

1,488,226 

1.686,765 

616,100 

228,705 

120,630,956 

997.296 

178,334 

$8,106 
166.156 

Oswego, 

1.782,582 

Niagara 

Buflfalon 

Oswegatchie,. , 

New-York,. 

1.784.406 

778.812 

856,251 

97,461,676 

2,160,481 
848,727 

Champlain,.. ........ 

Cape  Vincent, 

Total  State  N.York,. 
Other  ports, 

$802,558 
552,888 

$126,060,967 
247.128,807 

$104,726,546 
231,167.889 

Total  United  States,.. 
Foreign  exports, 

$2,897,446 

$1,865,891 
.... 

$878,189,274 
26,988,022 

$885,894,885 
20,895,077 

Totals,. 

1  •  •  • 

•  • .  • 

$400,122,296 

$9(56,789,462 

Foreign  ExporU  (^ New-Torh. 


725 


FOREIGN  BIP0BT8   OF  NBW-TOBK. 

Ihreign  Exports  from  ike  Port  of  New-Torh^  compared  with  the  aggregate 
of  all  other  Ports,  during  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1860,  with 
total  ExporUofthe  United  States  for  the  year  1868-9. 


Year  1869-60. 



AraoLst. 

Tear  1868-9. 

Port  of 
New.York 

Other  Ports. 

Tout  U.& 
1859-60. 

Adamantine  and  other  candles. 

lb&  1,816,849 

$278,767 

$484,982 

$708,699 

$671,760 

Applea bbls.  12,646 

63,761 

162,804 

206,066 

99,808 

Artificial  flowers, , 

104 

108 

207 

212 

Ashes,  pot  and  pearl,.cwt  97,204 

687,702 

286,118 

822,820 

648,861 

Beef, tea.  67.889 

1,898,648 

776,681 

2,674,824 

2.188,066 

«•     bbls.  87,027   ' 

Beer,  ale,  porter  and  cider: 

In  casks galls.  126,816 

28,984 

7,887 

81,871 

66,676 

In  bottles doz.  8,666 

14,028 

8,174 

22,202 

22,661 

Biscuit,  or  ship  bread. 

bbls.  67,624 
"    kegs  and  boxes,  24,691 

s    -SJ4Q,ie6 

'288,676 

478,740 

612,910 

Billiard  tables  and  apparatus,. . 

6,867 

10,612 

16,979 

12,094 

Boards,  plank  and  scantling, 

M.  feet,  26,198 

692,884 

2,186.086 

2,777,919 

8,817,298 

Books  and  maps, 

164,870 
60,482 

128,898 
98,60» 

278,268 
154.046 

819,080 

Bricks,  lime  and  cement, 

160;611 

Brooms  and  brushes  of  all  kinds. 

40,702 

20,676 

61,877 

44,688 

Butter,. lbs.  4,725,146 

706,418 

487,908 

1,144,821 

760,911 

Buttons,. 

1,602 
189,126 

997 
107,447 

2,699 
246,rf72 

8,899 

Gable  and  cordage,. owt  16,242 

820,486 

Carriages,  R.  B.  ears,  and  parts 

thereof^ 

440,607 

876,466 

816,978 

666,600 

Cheese,. Jbs.  14,410,717 

1,448,464 

122,176 

1,666,680 

649,802 

Chocolate 4,664 

846 

1,748 

2,698 

2.444 

CloTcr  seed,. bush.  70,416 

844,416 

262,604 

696,919 

686,781 

Coal, tons,  69,618 

246,144 
18,092 

496,689 
2.664 

740,788 
20,746 

668,686 

Combs,. 

87,608 

Copper  and  brass,  manufac.  of,. . . 

1,426.062 

289,060 

1,664,122 

1,048,246 

Cotton,  bales,. . .  .No.  226,886 

**    Sea  Island,  lbs.6,694,098  • 

12,489,988 

179,866,672 

191,806,666 

161,434,928 

"    other, 97,746,662 

Drugs  and  medicines, 

892,809 

222,646 

1,116,466 

796,008 

Earthen  and  stoneware, 

40.142 

24,944 

66,086 

47.261 

Flax  seed, bush.  2,662 

8,696 

116 

8,810 

8,177 

Rre  engines, 

2,688 

7.810 

9,948 

8,218 

Fish,  dried  or  smoked,  cwL61 ,267 

198,472 

491,616 

690,088 

642,901 

"    pickled bbls.  14,196 

86,205 

106,429 

191,684 

208.760 

Oinseng, .lbs.  896,669 

296,646 
22,749,086 

120 
8,284.642 

296,766 
26,088,678 
80,918,178 

64.204 

Oold  and  silver  coin, •  • . . 

24,172,442 

Gold  and  silver  bullion, 

27,689,901 

8,328^72 

88,829,868 

Gunpowder, .lbs.  1,861,228 

196,686 

271.187 

467.772 

871,608 

Hams  and  bacon,.      16,161,749 

1,668,946 

714,822 

2,278,768 

1,268,042 

Hats,  of  fur  or  silk, 

4,449 

67,688 

998 

114,821 

26,244 

8,688 

118,770 

92,882 

9,681 

146.226 

"     of  palm  leaf, 

71,478 

Hemp, .tona,  7 

9,279 

726 


Foreign  Bxparii  of  NevhTcrk. 


Port  of 
New-York. 


Other  Ports. 


ToteIXT.8. 
18M-W. 


Tewl86fr-t. 


Hewn  timber^ •  • 

Other  lumber^ , 

Hidee, 

HogSp No.  116 

Horned  cattle^ 1 ,682 

Horses^ 907 

Hope, Jb«.U6,2M 

Household  fanutore,. 

loe t<ms,  8,668 

India  rubber,  nuuinfkoturee  of: 

Shoes, pairs,  98,964 

Other  than  shoes,. 

Indian  com bush.  1,660,019 

Indian  meal, .bbU.  86,078 

Iron  and  manufaotures  of  iron : 

Bar, 

Casting, 

KaiU, lbs.  2,487,980 

Pig, .cwt  8,000 

Manufactures  o(. 

Jewelry,  real  or  imitation  ot^ , . 

Other  manufaotures  of  gold 

or  silver,. 

Lard, lbs.  18,642,181 

Lard  oil,. galls.  28,686 

Lead,. .lbs.  164,679 

Leather, 2,221,090 

Leather,  manufactures  of: 

Boots  and  shoes,  pairs,  289, 1 61 
linseed  oil,  .•••..  .galls.  18,627 
Manufactured  tobacco, 

IbsL  10,827,864 
Manufactures  of  cotton,  printed. 

White  and  oAer  duck,. .  • . . . 

Duck,. 

Other  manufactures  of, ..... . 

Manufactures  of  glass, 

Manufactures  of  hemp,  bags,. . . 

"       cloth,... 

"  "       thread,. 

Other  manufisctures  of, 

Manufactures   of  marble    and 

stone......... 

Manufactures  of  pewter  and  l€«d. 

Manufactures  of  tin,. 

Manufaoturea  of  wood, .  •  • 

Molasses, galls.  4.288 

Morocco  and  leather  not  sold  per 

pound, , 

Mules^ No.  1,146 

Musical  instruments,. , 

Oak  bark  and  other  dyewoods,. 

Oilcake, 

Oil,  spermaceti,. gaUs.  1,828,^8 
'*    whale  and  other  fish, 

Sib.  648,268 
I.  1,068,888 

Onions,. ...••.••. 

Paints  and  ramish 


1 260,797 

240,864 

769 

94,469 

110,161 

17,847 

627,491 

9.918 

61,006 

119,688 

1,182,881 

846,480 


88,677 

8,498 

8,161,168 

18,020 

189,207 

2,076,848 

26,428 

8,696 

469,671 

241,291 
12,278 

1,798,169 

896,488 

88,978 

286,479 

6,240,666 

97,114 


480 
14,689 

89,911 

86,197 

14,258 

794,868 

1,480 

18,897 

122,676 

16,888 

66,486 

1,164,841 

1,781,071 

274,444 

896,286 

49,964 

146,662 


$281,668 
444,822 
776,906 
876.846 
967,967 
128,207 
16,619 
661,628 
178,216 

7,821 

62,482 

1,217,427 

666,646 

88,267 

282,848 

100,177 

16,660 

2,022,887 

6,689 

980 

2,470,488 

29,866 

41,761 

204,788 

641,284 
14,621 

1,678,916 

2,969,966 

1,814,628 

146,610 

662,196 

180,884 

4,788 

818 

i\m 

186,828 

10,884 

24,811 

1,908,227 

88,812 

6,114 

86,406 

118,766 

98,826 

444,487 

8,018 

268,108 

67 

69,897 

78,247 


$281,668 

706,119 
1,016,260 

877,604 
1,062,426 

288,868 

82,866 

1.079,114 

188,184 

68,826 

182,016 

2,899,808 

912,076 

88,267 
282,848 
188,764 

19,148 
6,174,040 

24,669 

140,187 

4,646,881 

66,788 

60,446 

674,809 

782,626 
26,799 

8,872.074 

8,866,449 

1,408,606 

882,089 

6.792,762 

277,948 

4,788 

818 

480 

21,888 

176,289 

46,081 

89,064 

2,708,096 

86.292 

19,011 

168,080 

129,668 

164,260 

1,609,828 

1,789,089 

687,647 
896,298 
109,861 
228,809 


$867,60$ 
1,001.216 

620.M9 

660.876 
1,846.068 

290.260 

6S,016 

1.067,197 

164,681 

62.006 

146.821 

1,828.108 

994.269 

48,226 
128.669 
188,228 

21.218 
5,117.846 

68.868 

85.947 

8,268,406 

50.798 

28.676 

499.718 

820,176 
84.194 

8.884,401 

2,820,890 

1,802.881 

215356 

4,477.096 

262316 

6.489 

906 

444 

12.090 

112.214 

28,782 

89,289 

2,889,861 

76.699 

41.466 

268,886 

166,101 

412,701 

1.198,681 

1,787.784 

698,762 

1,288,689 

100,669 

186,068 


Fc/r^gn  EospwU  of  Nwo-Twk. 


7S7 


Pap«r  and  other  stationery^ .  • . 

Pork, tiercee,  1,619  ) 

"     bbU.  107,815  f 

Potatoes, bush.  189,921 

Printing  preeses  and  type,. . .  •  • 

QaioksilTer, 

Bice, .tiercel,  28,728  ) 

"     .bbls.  88,868  J 

Bosin  and  tnrpentbe, 

bbla.  665,860 

Rye  meal 6,010 

Rye,  oatt  and  other  small  grain 

and  pulse, 

Saddlery 

Salt, .bush.  47.671 

Sheep, • 

Shingles, M.  2,868 

Skins  and  fors, 

Snufl^ lbs.  20.887 

Soap. 2,768,621 

Spermaceti  candles,.  184,899 
Spirits  from  grain,  galls.  296,944 
Spirits  from  molasses,  978,282 
Spirits  from  other  material, 

galls.  800,486 
Spirits  of  turpentine,  2,800,668 
Stares  and  heading,.  .M.  88,877 

Sugar,  brown^ 

"      refined lbs.  102,877 

Tallow,. 8,684,418 

Tar  and  pitch, bblsi  29,789 

Tobacco,  leaf,. .  .hhds.  11,966  ) 
"  ...cases,  12,186V 
"    ...bales,  11,771) 

Trunks  and  valises, 

Umbrellas,    parasols   and  sun- 
shades,  

Vinegar,. galls.  119,886 

Wax, lb&  828,108 

Wearing  apparel,. 

Wheat, bush.  1,880,908 

Wheat  flour, .  • .  .bbls.  1,187,200 
Wool, IbsL  79,4081 


Porter 
New-Tork. 


Total,  I860,.. 
«  1869,.. 
**  1868,.. 
•*  1857,.. 
"      1866,.. 


%  162,916 

1,694,678 

188,668 

188,740 

.  •  •  • 

1,009,409 

1,844,188 
21,186 

484,697 

60,667 

9,881 

12,874 

88,970 

1,894,922 

8,486 

280,660 

44,641 

127,676 

821,802 

146,481 
1,880,479 
1,827,186 

10,887 
904,647 

76,864 

1,882,266 

89,720 

2,810 

14,286 

120,606 

215,606 

2,886.190 

6,689,996 

18,811 


Other  Porto. 


120.680,955 
97,461,676 
88,408,664 

111,029,088 
98.768,197 


Total  U.  8. 
1809-60. 


%  182,888 

1,487,686 

146,110 

18,884 

268,682 

1,667,990 

474,066 
26,987 

678.707 
20,666 

120,886 
20.789 

180,676 

188,286 
7,918 

268,766 
7.188 

184,019 

609,842 

78,718 
686,810 
1,088,880 
108,244 
291.887 
698,629 
76,540 

14.024,292 

10,464 

2,052 

27.082 

11,297 

809,569 

1,740,614 

8,808,611 

871,201 


262,668.819 
288,482,809 
210.864,715 
227,955,982 
211.828,188 


$285,798 

8,182.818 

284,678 
157,124 
258,682 

2,567,899 

1,818.288 
48,172 

1,058,804 

71.882 

129,717 

88,618 

169,546 

1,588,208 

11,854 

494,405 

51,829 

811,595 

980,644 

219,199 
1,916,289 
2,865,516 

108,244 

801,674 
1,598.176 

151,404 

15.906,547 

50,184 

4,862 

41,868 

181,808 

625,175 

4.076,704 

15,448.507 

889,512 


Yearl8S8-9. 


878,189,274 
885.894,885 
298,758,279 
888,985,065 
810,586,880 


$299,857 

8,856,746 

284,111 
68,868 

2,207,148 

2,248,881 
60,786 

1,181,170 

58,870 
212,710 

41,182 

191,581 

1,861,862 

68,090 
466,215 

46,278 
278,576 
760,889 

188,746 
1,806,086 
2,410,884 
196,985 
877,944 
712,551 
141,058 

21,074,088 

42,15S 

4.887 

86,156 

94,850 

470,618 

2,849,192 

14,488,591 

855,668 

885,894,885 


728 


Importt  and  Exporti. 


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Coffee  Trade. 


729 


COFFEE  TRADE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Annual  Statement^  ehowing  the  Import^  Hxport,  Stock  and  Consumption, 
for  the  year  ending  December  31,  1860,  {exclusive  of  California  and 
Oregon.) 

From  the  Shipping  and  OomnurekLl  Ust^  and  Neuh  York  Price  Current, 
NEW-YORK  STATEMENT. 


1S60. 


bxositxd  at 
Nbw-Tobk. 


Bags. 


Pockets, 

Mats, 

Ac 


ToUllbSL 


1859. 


Bags. 


Pockets, 
Mats, 
See, 


Total  Iba. 


From  BrazU,... 
8t  Domingo,... 
JaTa  and  Sumatra, 

Singapore, 

HaDllIa, 

GeyloD, 

Maracaibo, 

Laguayra  and  For* 

to  Cabello, 

Jamaica, 

Cuba, 

Porto  Rieo, 

BoHyar  Ciiy, 

Santa  Martha,  dbo.,. 
Coeta  BIca  and  N. 

Grenada, 

Itotterdam, 

Amsterdam, 

Africa, 

Other  (l>reign  ports. 

Total  fbreign,.  . 
Becelred  coastwise 

ttom — 

Eaatera  ports, 

Bonthem  ports,.... 

Total  receipts,... 


999,595 

77,494 

166 

678 

18,569 
44,600 

17,046 

14,860 

16 

9,741 

8,374 

4,696 

9,868 

1,688 

19 


476,n4 

10,797 
19,961 


600,899 


97,619 

4,968 

769 


89,689 
7,965 


89 


40,604 


19 


860 


860 


46.614,990 
10,068,116 
1,688,949 
389,995  i 
97,661) 
1,769,660 
6,788,196 

1,874,980 

9,696,930 

8,780 

660,996 

879,0*90 

617,490 

866,710 

907,820 

1,861 

81.f>61 


79,790,877 

1,808,690 
1,668,060 


76469,697 


Weight  of  receipts  In  1860, lbs.   76,169,697 

♦♦       lnl869, 101,818,786 


Decrease, lbs.   96,661,169 


874,167 

89,634 

39 

90 

10*670 
67,189 


71,n6 
11,996 
4,670 


10,207 

949 

960 

176 

9,766 

6,643 

791 

2,919 

9 

9,770 


80 


699,«86 


18,818 
40,767 


87,610 


89,880 


73  664  99,846,946 


669,061 


119,940 


19 


69 


706 


69,888,900 
10,746,190 
4,14i),46S 
661,001 
208,879 
1,669,160 
7,427,100 

4,767,140 

1,818,860 

47,810 

88,028 

19,110 

804,340 

620,945 
109,990 


860,690 


4,069,600 
4,906,840 


101,818,786 


Weight  in  1869, lbs.  101.818,786 

•»       Inl868, 90,919,849 

Increase, lbs.    10,900,987 


Sofftt^be, 

Total  packages  received  at  New- York  in  1860, 581,846 

Add  stock  January  1, 1860, 76,671 


Total  supply, 618,616 

Dedaot  export  in  1860, 64,446 


664,070 
Dednct  stock  January  1, 1861, 67,658 


Taken  from  this  port  for  consumption  in  1660, 486,417 

"  "  "  inl869, 640,818 


Decrease  in  1860, 168,896 


Jlitallbe, 

76,152,627 

7,668,050 

88,840,677 
8,600,860 

75,840,827 
8,455,080 

66,885,297 
88,700,472 

16,816,175 


izo 


Coffee  Trade. 


BoQtf  ^bCm 
Total  packages  received  in  1859, .  772,789 
Add  stockJanuaiy  1, 1859, 67,592 


Total  supply, 840,881 

Deduct  export  m  1859,..  128,897 
And  stock  Jan.  1,  I860,.    76,671 

200,068 

Taken  from  this  port  for  con- 
sumption in  1859, 640,818 

Weighing, lbs.88,700,472 

Consumption  in  1858, 98,156,662 


Decrease  in  1859, Ibe.14,456,190 

GENERAL  STATEMENT 


Total  packages  reodved  in  1858, .     69S,SSS 
Add  stockJanuaij  1, 1858, 1S7,99T 

Total  supplT, Sia,M9 

Deduct  export  in  1858...  47,823 

And  stock  Jan.  1,1859,..  67,592 

— Ui»915 

Taken  from  this  port  for  con- 
sumption in  1858, 705,7S4 

Weighing, lbs.98,156,«6a 

Consumption  in  1857, 60,892,8^ 

Increase  in  1858, Ibs.87,2e8,8S8 

FOR  YEARS   1858-9-*60. 


SbOBTKD  raOM  VOBXMM 

Total  Paokaget. 

8laek,JaB.l.    | 

Exported. 

Pont. 

1800. 

1800. 

1868. 

1881. 

1800. 

1800. 

1880. 

At Nbw»Tokk« .  •••••....« 

510,908 
86,884 

108,815 

181,041 

884,181 
91,805 

681,388 
161,883 

196,400 

243,009 

8T6,«n 
97,051 

683,188 
198,887 

169,807 

211,408 

846,858 
76,108 

67,668 
2,879 

1,800 

80,600 

07,858 
16,400 

76,671 
88,880 

7,600 

19,000 

69,600 
9,800 

64,446 

a,72S 

107 

881 

186 
815 

128,381 

At  Boaroir,  fbom— 
Jara  and  poruio  the 

EattlDdtoi, 99^78 

BtDomlogo, 48,885 

Brazil. ..:. 8,000 

Other  forelffn  porta,       086 

At  PmLABSLPHxi. : 

Brazil, 60,089 

Laffaayra  and  P.  C,  86,081 

Bt  Domingo, 4,8T« 

Maraoatbo, 1,607 

Other  forefgn  porta,       285 

ATBALTiiiOBa: 

Brazil, 181,898 

212 

Laguayra  and  P.  0.,       887 

Pwio  Rico, 844 

Other  foreign  porta,     1,618 

AtNbw-Oblsass: 

Brazil, 290,109 

Calm,  ^,. 4,098 

417 

2n 

871 

TotaL 

1,809,818 

1,746,581 

1.631,289 

170,484 

815,696 

78,968 

188,889 

Weight  of  receipts  in 1860. 

185,779,689  lbs. 
Exported, 9,697,095 


1859. 
248,527,806  lbs. 
17,975,220 


1858. 
227,656,186  lbs. 
8,510,768 


Retained  in  the  country, 176,082,594  lbs.       280,552,086  lbs.       219,145,428  lbs. 

Bag9^A<y,  Tblol  Ac 

Receipts  in  United  States  in  1860, 1,259,818  186,779,689 

Add  stock  January  1,1860,.... 215,096  26,165,800 

Totalsupply, 1,474,914  211,986,489 

Deduct  export  in  1860, 78,958  9,697,096 

1,400,961  202,288,894 

Deduct  stock  January  1, 1861, 170,484  24,707,m 

Taken  for  consumption  In  1860, 1,280,477  177,680,628 

Consumption  in  1859, 1,586,508  228,882,850 

Decrease  in  1860, 856,026  46,852,217 


Coffee  Trade. 


781 


BeceipU  in  Umted  States  in  1859, 1,746,587 
Add  stock  Janiuuy  1,  1859, 198,901 


Totid  supply, 1,940,488 

Deduct  exports  in  1859,.  188,289 
And  stock  Jul  1,1860,.  215,696 

858,986 


Taken  for  consumption  in  1859,.  1,586,508 

Weighing, lbs.  228,882,850 

Consumption  of  1858, 251,255,099 


Deoreaseinl859, lbs.   27,872,249 


Paekagm, 
Receipts  in  United  States  in  1858, 1,681,229 
Add  stock  January  1, 1858, 886,841 

Total  supply, 1,967,670 

Deduct  exports  in  1868, .    66,687 
And  stook,  Jan.  1, 1859,.  198,901 


260,588 

Taken  for  consumption  in  1858,    1,707,082 

Weighing. lbs.  251,255,099 

Consumption  of  1857, 172,565,984 

Increase  in  1868, lbs.   78,689,165 


CONSUMPTIOK   OF  THX  PoRTS. 


Taken  from  New-Tork, lbs.  68,628,547 


•*  New-Orleans,. 

**  Baltimore, . . . . 

<*  Philadelphia,. 

"  Boston, , 

"  Other  ports,... 


1860. 

1869. 

1868. 

68,628,547  . 

74,782,682  . 

92,690,997 

47,880,826  . 

65,288,860  . 

64,528,420 

28,257,480  . 

.    86,967,870  . 

41,890,800 

15,481,985  . 

.     80,464,718  . 

27,694,262 

9,828,549  . 

12,052,220  . 

12,717,628 

18,108,786  . 

15,427,050  . 

12,288,102 

Total, lbs.  177,680,628  ..  228,882,860  ..  261,266,099 

Total,  1869, 228,882,860 

Decrease, lbs.   46,852,227 

In  the  above  8tatemeDt  of  com nmption  we  have  incladed  only  the  di- 
rect receipts  at  the  ports,  the  eoaetwiee  receipts  being  embraced  in  the 
calculation  at  the  port  of  original  entry. 

The  preceding  tables  show  that  the  total  receipts  of  coffee  in  the  United 
States  (with  the  exception  of  the  States  on  the  JPacific)  for  the  year  end- 
ing December  81,  18C0,  were  1,259,818  packages,  weighing  185,779,689 
lbs.,  against  receipts  in  1859  of  1,746,587  packi^es,  weighing  248,627,806 
lbs.,  while  the  total  consumption  in  1860  was  1,280,477  pack^es,  weighing 
177,580,628  lbs.,  against  a  consomption  in  1859  of  1,586,508  packages, 
weighing  228,882,850  lbs.,  being  a  decrease  in  the  consumption  of  1860, 
as  compared  with  1859,  of  856,026  packages,  or  46,852,227  lbs.,  a  decline 
of  over  20  per  cent 

The  decrease  has  been  distributed  among  the  ports  as  follows :  New- 
York  shows  a  falling  off  of  15  per  cent. ;  Boston,  18.45  per  cent ;  Phila- 
delphia, 49.84  per  cent ;  Baltimore,  21.44  percent ;  New-Orleans,  14.28 
per  cent ;  and  other  ports,  15  per  cent  In  this  calculation  the  coastwise 
receipts  are  not  included,  being  already  counted  at  the  original  port  of 
entry. 

The  leading  features  evolved  from  an  examination  of  these  statistics 
are  the  comparatively  small  receipts  throughout  the  year,  meagre  stocks 
at  all  the  ports,  (until  toward  the  close,  when  the  political  troubles,  and 
consequent  monetary  embarrassments,  paralyased  trade,  resulting  in  a 
rapid  accumulation  of  the  supply,)  and  high  prices  for  the  laiger  portion 
or  the  year. 

The  cultivation  of  the  coffee  plant  is  necessarily  confined  to  a  narrow 
tropical  belt,  beyond  which  its  culture  cannot  be  profitably  pursued.  Its 
production  in  the  climates  suitable  for  its  growUi  seems  to  have  been 
already  stimulated  to  nearly  if  not  its  utmost  extent    In  Java  and  the 


782  Coffu  Trade. 

East  Indies  generally,  the  quantity  gathered  increases  very  slowly,  if  at 
all ;  indeed,  in  some  parts  of  the  East,  we  understand  that  the  cultivation 
of  the  plant  has,  in  many  instances,  been  abandoned  for  that  of  the  sugar 
cane,  the  latter  being  considered  much  the  surest  and  most  profitaole 
crop.  The  crop  of  Brazil  fluctuates  largely,  but  for  the  past  five  years 
there  has  been  rather  a  diminution  than  an  increase.  St  Domingo  seems 
to  be  at  a  stand,  and  the  only  countries  which  increase  their  exports  of 
this  article,  to  any  considerable  extent,  are  Venezuela  and  the  island  of 
Ceylon. 

The  consumption  of  the  United  States  the  past  year,  as  we  have  seen, 
has  been— say  79,250  tons — and  that  of  Great  Britain  and  the  Continent 
is  estimated  at  195,000  @  200,000  ton«^ making  a  total  consumption  in 
1860  in  Europe  and  the  American  States  t)f  about  275,000  tons.  The 
consumption  of  this  country  has  been  increasing  for  ten  years  at  the 
average  annual  rate  of  about  4  per  cent,  and  that  of  Europe  at  over  3 
percent  •  .  ,,,   \"^ \- 

These  figures-  are  not  barren  of  thought  to  the  i£atidrcM:*'jiTOfii^  evi- 
dencing, as  they  do,  that  the  time  must  arrive,  and  that  it  cannot  be  &r 
distant,  when  the  consumption  of  the  world  must  overtake  its  production. 
The  question  to  be  solved  must  be,  to  what  altitude  must  prices  attain  in 
order  to  check  the  consumption  and  equalize  the  supply  and  demand ! 
There  are  those  whose  opinion  are  entitled  to  weight,  who  advance  the 
view  that  that  point  has  been  already  touched,  pointing  to  the  fact  that 
the  importation  at  the  principal  ports  of  Europe,  taken  as  a  whole,  the 
past  year,  have  been  insuflScient  for  their  consumptive  wants,  the  year 
closing  with  a  considerably  reduced  stock,  and  that  after  deducting  the 
exports  from  the  United  States,  a  similar  state  of  things  is  witnessed  here; 
and  to  this  cause  may  be  attributed  the  continually  advancing  prices  of 
the  past  few  years,  the  effect  of  which  is  seen,  as  for  as  this  country  is 
concerned,  in  the  serious  decline  in  the  deliveries  for  consumption,  at- 
tended with  a  vigorous  search  for  and  increased  sale  of  cheaper  substi- 
tutes. 

The  annexed  statement  shows  the  receipts  and  consumption  for  the 
past  eleven  years : 


B€ceipl%, 

CkmMwnjAUm. 

Baoeiptt. 

I860,... 

. .  lbs.  185,779,689 

177,580,628 

1864,... 

..lbs.  182,478,858 

179,481,088 

1859,... 

248,627,306 

228,882,850 

1868,... 

198,112,800 

175,687,790 

1858,... 

227,656,186 

251,255,099 

1852,... 

205,542,866 

204,991,695 

1857,.. 

217,871,889 

172,665,984 

1851,... 

216,048,870 

181,225,700 

1856,... 

280,918,160 

218,226,490 

I860,... 

162,680,810 

184,689,780 

1866,.. 

??8,214,688 

218,878,287 

Included  in  this  statement  is  the  quantity  withdrawn  from  our  markets, 
and  forwarded  inland  to  Canada  and  the  British  provinces ;  we  are  unable 
to  ascertain  the  exact  amount,  but  it  does  not  vary  greatly  from  2,500,000 
pounds. 

Annual  Rkvikw  op  the  New-York  Market. 

The  preceding  tables  set  forth  the  extent  of  the  commerce  of  this 
port,  in  this  tropical  production.  A  glance  at  the  figures  will  show  that 
the  chief  points  of  interest  are,  a  decreased  importation  and  a  lai^ly 
diminished  consumption.    The  principal  countries  that  have  failed  to 


Coffte  Trade.  738 

furnish  the  usaal  supply  are  Brazil  andJava,  besides  some  others  of  lesser 
note,  beyond  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  The  receipts  at  this  port  from 
all  points,  foreign  and  coastwise,  for  the  year  ending  Dec  81, 1860,  were 
541,846  pkgs.,  or  76,152,627  lbs. ;  against  receipts  in  1859  of  772,789 
pkgs.,  or  101,813,786  lbs. ;  while  the  quantity  taken  for  consumption  in 
1860  amounts  to  66,885,297  lbs.;  against  a  consumption  in  1859  of 
83,700,472  lbs.,  and  in  1858  of  98,156,662  lbs.— showing  a  decline  in 
the  consumption  of  1860,  as  compared  with  1859,  of  over  twenty  per 
cent 

The  year  that  we  now  review  has  been  most  note-worthy  for  a  steady 
and  large  advance  in  the  value  of  all  descriptions,  prices  having  reached 
a  higher  point  for  the  leading  kinds  than  has  ever  been  recorded.  The 
average  price  of  Brazil  for  the  year. is  nearly  18  per  cent  higher  than 
the  average  of  1859  ;  St  Domingo,  19^  per  cent  higher;  Maracaiboand 
Laguayra,  nearly  16f  higher ;  and  Java,  over  9^  per  cent  higher.  This  . 
unusual  range  of  prices  is,  doubtless,  mostly  attributable  to  the  short 
crop  and  consequent  light  supply  of  Brazil,  which  country  furnishes  us 
with  much  the  larger  portion  of  our  consumption. 

The  year  opened  with  the  moderate  stoct  of  76,661  pkgs.,  less  than 
one-third  of  which  was  Rio,  which  imparted  confidence  to  holders, 
and  the  market  wore  throughout  the  month  of  January  a  firm  appear- 
ance. During  the  early  part  of  it  there  prevailed  quite  an  active  demand 
for  St  Domingo  for  export,  and  prices  advanced  over  the  closing  rates  of 
December,  three-eighths  of  a  cent  per  pound.  The  frequent  public  sales 
of  Eio  satisfied  the  wants  of  dealers  and  the  trade,  and  prices  of  this 
description  were  well  supported,  the  better  grades  of  which  rather  turned 
in  sellers*  favor,  being  freely  withdrawn  at  the  auctions,  the  bids  not 
being  acceptable  to  owners ;  the  month  closing  with  a  steady  market  and 
a  fair  demand.  Sales  and  re-sales,  public  and  private,  for  the  month  were 
60,000  pkgs. 

February  commenced  with  a  good  feeling.  A  public  sale  of  Santos, 
which  occurred  about  the  first,  went  off  wiUi  good  spirit  at  satisfactory 
rates,  and,  as  the  month  advanced,  a  hardening  tendency  was  visible. 
The  stock  of  Eio  continually  decreased,  and  a  considerable  portion  of  it 
was  withdrawn  ;  this  induced  a  speculative  inquiry,  under  which,  prices 
'  vose  first  a  quarterjpf  a  cen^  ^.en  another  quarter,  and  toward  the  close, 
the  stock  at  all  the  ports  having  run  down  to  less  than  75,000  bags,  with 
none,  expected  for  several  weeks,  the  market  became  excited  and  buoyant, 
with  a  further  advance  of  a  quarter  of  a  cent,  making  about  three-quar- 
ters of  a  cent  rise  during  the  month.  West  India  and  Java  also  sympa- 
thized to  some  extent  with  Brazil ;  Java  became  in  speculative  request, 
and  West  India  was  dealt  in  freely  at  an  advance  of  a  quarter  of  a  cent, 
the  month  closing  very  buoyantly,  operators  looking  forward  to  a  still 
higher  range  of  pnces.     Sales  105,000  pkgs. 

The  firmness  observable  at  the  close  of  February  was  not  lost  in  the 
early  part  of  March,  but  the  high  pretensions  of  holders  restricted  busi- 
ness, and  the  market  became  very  quiet  The  stock  of  Brazil  had  now 
been  worked  down  to  4,000  bags,  and  there  set  in,  not  only  for  this,  but 
for  all  kinds,  an  active  demand,  partly  speculative ;  the  transactions,  how- 
ever, being  limited,  owing  to  the  small  supply,  prices  steadily  appreciated, 
and  on  Brazil,  an  advance  of  three-quarters  of  a  cent  for  the  month  was 
obtained.     Of  St  Domingo  the  market  was  nearly  cleared;  a  cargo 


784  CoffH  Trade. 

arriving  abont  tliis  time,  was  aDnonnced  for  anctioii — ^an  unprecedented 
event — but  before  the  da^  arrived  was  purchased  bj  private  barnin. 
Prices  again  reached  a  height  that  purchasers  considered  it  unsafe  to 
operate  at,  and,  as  compared  with  the  previous  excitement,  the  market 
became  dull.     Sales  56,000  pkgs. 

The  unusual  prices  that  now  ruled  for  the  article  induced  more  caution 
on  the  part  of  buyers,  and  the  activity  and  buoyancy  which  we  noticed 
through  the  greater  part  of  March  did  not  obtain  in  April ;  on  tiie  con- 
trary, a  languor  and  listlessness  pervaded  the  market,  and  the  dealings 
were  for  the  most  part  in  small  lots,  to  supply  the  immediate  wants  of 
buyers.  The  stoctc,  however,  of  Brazil  during  the  first  three  weeks  was 
very  trifling,  and  not  offered  by  importers,  the  sales  being  almost  entirely 
from  second  hands ;  toward  the  close  of  the  month,  the  supply  of  this 
description  being  increased,  sellers  became  less  indifferent,  and  the  turn  of 
the  market  seemed  in  buyers'  favor.  West  India  descriptions,  on  the 
other  hand,  retained  their  firmness,  with  a  good  business  in  6t  Domingo 
and  fair  in  other  kinds.     Sales  43,500  pkgs. 

During  the  early  part  of  May,  importers  of  Rio  became  more  desirous 
of  selling,  and  several  parcels  were  offered  at  public  sale,  but,  tiiough  the 
attendance  was  good,  there  was  no  spirit,  and  prices  declined  a  quarter 
of  a  cent  from  the  recent  extreme  rates ;  this  concession,  however,  ^led 
to  impart  any  activity,  and  though  the  stock  was  still  very  moderate, 
receipts  light,  and  but  little  on  the  way,  prices  of  this  kind  steadily 
receded,  a  further  concession  of  ^  @  ^  cent  was  made,  and  yet  without 
leading  to  any  but  a  very  moderate  business ;  this  apathetic  state  con- 
tinned  until  toward  the  close,  when  an  improved  demand  set  in,  and  prices 
were  again  rather  in  sellers'  favor.  For  St  Domingo  there  continued 
throughout  the  month  a  steady  fair  demand  for  export,  and  Java  for 
home  use,  at  supported  prices.     Sales  for  the  month,  48,500  pkgs. 

The  improved  feeling  noticed  during  the  latter  part  of  May  was  followed 
early  in  June  by  an  active  and  buoyant  market  The  accounts  from  Rio 
were  of  a  favorable  nature  for  holders,  and  they  were  enabled  to  realiie 
an  advance  of  a  quarter  of  a  cent ;  this  did  not  check  business — a  further 
advance  of  one-eighth  of  a  cent  was  obtained,  quickly  followed  bj  an 
additional  rise  of  J  @  f  cent  Upon  this,  the  demand  fell  off,  but  with- 
out making  any  impression  upon  holders,  whose  positi^  was  strengthened 
by  light  receipts  and  moderate  shipments  hither ;  the  month  closing  very 
quiet  for  Rio,  but  steady  for  West  India  kinds.     Sales  58,500  pkgs. 

July  opened  with  a  moderate  demand  for  Rio,  and  steady  market,  but 
as  the  month  advanced,  the  business  became  more  animated  and  general ; 
the  sales  were  large  at  steadily  advancing  prices ;  the  stock,  not  only  here, 
but  at  all  the  ports,  became  reduced  to  a  very  low  figure,  the  supply  at 
all  the  receiving  points  being  but  about  8,500  bags.  A  despatch  was 
received  to  the  effect  that  the  New-Orleans  market  had  been  swept  for 
Western  consumption,  which  caused  considerable  excitement,  and  an  ad- 
ditional advance  of  one-quarter  of  a  cent  on  all  kinds  was  paid,  the  busi- 
ness being  now  entirely  from  second  hands,  (the  only  cargo  in  the  maiket 
not  being  offered,)  at  prices  one  cent  above  those  current  the  previous 
month,  and  higher  than  ever  before  known.  This  was  the  turning  point 
The  demand  began  to  fall  off,  and  at  the  close  there  was  but  little  business, 
though  holders  still  maintained  a  firm  attitude.  West  India  and  other 
kinds  sympathized  with  Brazil  in  the  advance,  though  less  marked,  and 


Coffet  Trade.  785 

conseqaently  they  did  not  feel  the  reaction  quite  so  soon.  The  sales  for 
the  month  were  59,000  p1cfi;8. 

The  pause  which  we  noticed  at  the  close  of  Joly  continued  dnring  the 
first  half  of  Angast  The  extreme  and  nnnsual  prices  that  were  now 
current  for  Rio,  induced  great  cautiousness  on  the  part  of  buyers,  the 
purchases  were  only  in  a  small  way,  and  more  attention  was  given  to 
West  India  and  Java,  which  descnptions  appreciated  one-quarter  of  a 
cent  This  heavy  feeling  for  Brazil  was  soon  deepened  by  the  receipt  of 
several  invoices  here  and  at  Philadelphia;  buyers  held  aloof,  and  prices 
became  entirely  nominal,  though  some  small  sales  were  made  at  a  decline 
of  half  a  cent  firom  the  highest  point,  but  this  failed  to  stimulate  the 
demand,  and  a  further  concession  of  f  @  ^  cent  was  made,  which  induced 
more  business,  and  rather  more  tone  was  now  visible.  West  India  and 
other  kinds  had  also  lost  their  buoyancy,  and  St  Domingo  had  receded 
one  cent  from  the  highest  point     Sales  of  all  kinds,  31,500  pkgs. 

There  was  but  little  animation  during  the  earlv  part  of  September,  but 
in  prices  there  occurred  no  further  change.  The  public  safes  that  were 
now  announced  occupied  attention,  and  the  business  at  private  was  small. 
These  sales  having  went  off  with  unexpected  spirit,  and  favorable  accounts 
having  been  received  from  Rio,  a  better  feeling  was  manifested,  and  the 
market  assumed  a  firmer  tone.  Toward  the  latter  part  of  the  month,  the 
stock  again  became  much  reduced,  and  an  advance  on  Brazil  of  one- 
quarter  of  a  cent  was  established.  At  this  there  continued  a  good  steady 
business,  with  a  firm  and  buoyant  tone  for  all  kinds.    Sales  75,000  pkgs. 

October  opened  with  a  firm  feeling,  and,  at  a  public  sale,  which  took 
place  about  the  1st,  a  further  advance  of  one  quarter  of  a  cent  was 
obtained ;  the  business,  however,  was  generally  ^uch  restricted  for  want 
of  stock,  and  the  sales  were  again  mostly  from  second  hands,  4,500  bags 
having  been  run  off  at  auction  by  parties  who  had  purchased  from  im- 
porters. From  the  second  week  until  the  close  of  the  month  there  was 
a  very  active  and  strong  market ;  the  supply  became  reduced  to  a  stock 
of  2,081  pkgs.  of  all  kinds,  none  of  Brazil,  buyers  of  which  were  com- 
pelled to  make  their  purchases  at  the  neighboring  ports.  About  this 
time  the  arrival  of  five  cargoes  of  Rio,  together  with  several  parcels  of 
St  Domingo,  Java,  d^c.,  caused  a  pause,  holders  accepted  a  reduction  of 
one-quarter  of  a  cent,  which  again  brought  in  buyers,  and  the  market 
assumed  a  very  animated  aspect  Further  arrivals  of  Rio  and  Java  com- 
pelled a  farther  decline  of  one-quarter  of  a  cent,  at  which  buyers  absorbed 
the  bulk  of  the  stock.     Sales  for  the  month,  99,500  pkgs. 

Brazil,  West  India,  &c.,  continued  to  come  forward  ^uite  freely  in  the 
early  part  of  November,  but  holders  evinced  a  disposition  to  make  no 
further  concession ;  the  business  now  became  confined  mostly  to  St 
Domingo,  for  export,  and  the  market  was  cleared  of  this  description  at 
prices  current  the  month  previous.  Holders  of  Brazil,  now  impelled  by 
the  increasing  stock  and  small  demand,  yielded  a  quarter  of  a  cent,  hot 
without  effect ;  another  i  @  i  cent  decline  was  submitted  to,  still  with- 
out leading  to  any  but  a  small  business.  About  this  time  the  aspect  of 
political  affairs  became  unsettled  and  gloomy ;  a  crisis  occurred  in  finan- 
cial matters,  and  interior  exchanges  were  much  disordered  by  the  sus- 
pension of  specie  payments  at  many  points  South  and  Southwest ;  all 
these  infiuences  were  adverse  to  the  coffee  market,  and  prices  completely 
broke  down,  being  at  the  close  \\  @  1}  cents  below  the  opening  rates  of 


736 


Coffu  Trade. 


the  month,  and  even  at  this  great  decline  there  was  but  little  basinen, 
excepting  in  St.  Domingo  for  shipment,  the  month  closing  with  a  yeiy 
uneasy  and  unsettled  feeling.     Sales  40,000  pkgs. 

The  dullness  and  depression  which  existed  during  the  closing  weeks  of 
November  suffered  no  diminution  during  the  first  half  of  December. 
The  market  for  Rio  seemed  to  have  no  stability  or  firmness,  and  prices 
again  gave  way  one-half  a  cent,  the  stock  of  this  description  having 
accumuUited  to  nearly  100,000  bags ;  other  descriptions  were  also  weak, 
and  generally  half  a  cent  lower,  the  business  being  even  at  this  decline 
very  small.  About  the  middle  of  the  month,  however,  a  rather  more 
cheerful  feeling  began  to  appear ;  the  advices  from  Europe  were  of  a  more 
favorable  character ;  gold  oegan  to  flow  in  from  England,  and  in  businefis 
circles  the  feeling  gained  ascendancy  that,  as  far  as  financial  matters  were 
concerned,  the  worst  had  been  experienced  With  this  returning  confi- 
dence came  a  steadier  and  more  hopeful  tone,  and  though  the  business 
was  not  large,  no  further  decline  in  prices  took  place,  all  parties  looking 
forward  to  an  improved  state  of  affairs  upon  the  inauguration  of  the  new 
year.  Sales  80,000  pkgs.  Stock  of  all  kinds  67,653  pkgs.,  against  a  stock 
of  76,671  pkgs.  same  time  at  the  close  of  the  previous  year. 


We  annex  a  tabular  statement,  showing  the  range  of  prices  in  this 
market  for  the  leading  descriptions  the  past  three  years: 

THE  RANGE  OF  PRICES  AND  YEARLY  AVERAGE  AT  NEW-YORK 
THE  PAST  THREE  YEARa 

Brazil. — Fair  to  Pbihe  Quautt. 


1st. 

10th. 

20th. 

Average  for  the  Mooth. 

1860. 

1860. 

1859. 

1858. 

January, 

February, 

March 

April, 

lli@12i 
lU@12i 
12J@18i 
18i  @  U 
18i@14i 
18    @  14 
18i@14i 
16    (a>  16i 
18J@16i 
14    @15i 
14    @  16i 
18i@14i 

lU@12i 
lU@12i 
12i@18i 
18i@14i 
18    @14i 
18i@14i 
18i@14i 
15    @16f 
18f  @  I5i 
14    (^16i 
18i@15 
lli@13 

lli@12i 

12  @13 
181  @  14 

13  @14i 
18    @14 
13i@14i 
14i@16 
14iC^16i 
14i@l5i 

14  @15i 
18i@16 
lli@18 

$12  00 

12  16 
18  121 

13  79 
13  66 

13  79 

14  21 

15  16 
14  62i 
14  62i 
14  37  J 
12  79 

$11  37i 
11  87i 
11  50 
11  62i 
11  62i 
11  46 
11  46 
11   12i 
11  71 

11  87i 

12  — 
12  16 

$10  12 
10  58 

10  79 

11  00 

May, 

10  92 

June, 

10  88 

July 

11  04 

August, 

Beptember,.... 

October 

November, .... 
December, 

10  96 

11  13 
11  88 
11  88 
11  88 

Average  for  tl 

le  year,... 

$18  69^ 

$11  61 

$10  96 

OoffH  Trade. 
St.  DoMmoo. 


r« 


Ut 

10th. 

20Ul 

Average  ft)r  the  Month. 

I860. 

1860. 

1859. 

1858. 

January, 

February, 

March,. 

April, 

M*y. 

June,. 

-  @lli 

-  @llf 

-  @11| 
12   @12i 
12i@12i 

-  @12f 
12i@12| 
18}@H 
12f(a(12| 
18    @18i 
12i@18 
111^12 

-  @lll 

12i@12i 
12i  @  12| 
-   @12i 
121  @  12} 
18|@14 
12i  @  18 
18    @18i 
12i@12| 
lOf^lli 

Hi@lli 

-  @llf 
12   @12i 
12i@12| 

-  @12i 

-  @12i 
18    @18i 
18i@18| 
18    @18i 
18    @18i 
11|@12 

-  @11 

$11  58i 
11  62i 

11  91i 

12  87i 
12  89i 
12  54 
12  85i 
18  79 
12  87i 
18  12i 
12  87i 
11  88i 

$9  89 

9  85 

9  66 

10  14 

10  28 

9  64 

10  41 

10  75 

11  29 
11  06 
11  — 
11  26 

$8  10 

8  78 

9  96 
9  50 
9  17 
9  17 

July, 

9  87 

August, 

September, .... 

October, 

November, .... 
December, . . .  • 

9  35 
9  46 
9  85 
9  54 
9  17 

Average  for  tl 

leyear,.... 

t 

$12  89* 

$10  89 

$9  28 

Makaoaibo  and  Laguatka. 


l8t 

lOdt 

SOth. 

1860. 

1860. 

59. 

1658. 

January, 

February, 

March, 

April 

May, 

12   @18i 
12    @lZi 
12i@18i 
18    @l4i 
IS    (gHi 
18    @14 
IS    @14 
Hi  @l5i 
18f@16i 
Hi@15 
Hi  @15i 
18*@14| 

12    @18i 
12   @18i 
12i@18i 
18   @14i 
18    @14i 
18    @l4i 
18    @14 
15    @16| 
18f(§16 
14    @15 
14    @l5i 
18i  @  Hi 

12i@18i 
ll|@18i 
12i@14i 
13    (§l4i 

13  (§14 
18    @14i 

14  (§H| 
Hi  @  151 
14i@15 
14i  @  15i 
18f@  HI 
18i  @  Hi 

$12  70 
12  62i 
18  04 
18  661 
18  62i 
18  58i 
18  79 
15  12i 
14  50 
14  661 
14  58i 
14  08i 

$11  96 
12  08 
12  08 
11  62i 
11  75 
11  50 
11  12i 

11  83 

12  04 
12  62i 
12  12i 
12  41 

$11  88 

11  50 

12  50 

13  00 
12  42 

June, 

12  00 

July 

11  87 

August, 

September, .. . . 

October, 

November, . . , , 
December, 

12  13 
12  08 
12  04 
11  84 
11  75 

Average  for  tl 

le  year, . . . . 

$18BH 

$11  89 

$12  04 

Java  (Whu*.) 


1860. 


January,... 
February,.. 
March...... 

April, 

May 

June, 

July 

August,,... 
September,. 
October,  . . 
November, . 
December,. . 


1st 


Hi(gl5 

15  @15i 
15^^16 
15i@16i 
15i(316 
15i(316 
15i(§16 
16i(S18 

16  @17i 
16i  @  18 
16i@17i 
16i(Sl7^ 


10th. 


16   @15i 

Hi@15f 

15i(gl6 

]5i(gl6 

15i  @  15| 

15i(^16 

15i(gl6 

16i  @  18i 

16i@17i 

16i@18 

16i@17i 

16    ®l^ 


20th. 


HI  @15i 

15  @lt 
15i@16i 
15i  (g  16 
15i@16 
15i@16 
15|@16i 
16i@17i 
16i  @  18 
16t@17i 
16i  @  17i 

16  (gl6i 


Average  for  the  year,. . 
YOL.  XLIY. — ^HO.  VL 


Average  for  the  Moalta. 


1860. 


$15  00 
15  25 
15  75 
15  88i 
15  70 

15  75 

16  87i 

17  20 

16  95 

17  12i 
16  91| 
16  45 


41 


$  16  15i  .$  14  79 


1859. 


1858. 


$14  29 
14  71 
14  88 
14  58 
14  75 
14  50 
14  50 

14  50 

15  54 
15  41 
15  12i 
14  71 


$16  00 

16  08 

18  25 

19  17 

17  71 
16  75 
15  88 

15  50 
14  91 

16  00 
14  17 
14  17 


f  16  18 


788 


Naval  Stare$. 


ARRUAl  BE?IEW  OF  NATAL  STORES  FOR  1860. 

J^fom  Uke  Shipping  and  Omtnurcial  LUt^  and  Ktw-  York  Price  Ottrrent, 
RECEIPTS   AT.    AND    EXPORTS   FROM,    NEW-YORK. 


Ifgimtft. 


January^ bbta. 

February, 

Marek, 

^!':::::::;;:::: 

JoBe, 

J»>y.v 

Aogost, 

September^ 

October, 

NoTember, 

December,. 

ToUI,  1860,...bblf. 

1860, 

1868, 

1857, 

186«, 

1865, 

1854, 

1868, 

186S, 

1861, 

1860, 


BaoEim  I3C  1BA0« 


7,61» 
7,649 
7,689 
6,640 
5.626 
3,7T4 
5,766 
1788 
8,480 
8,441 
fi.S5< 
5,376 


60,798 
96.664 
104,851 
76.44S 
86,418 
99,670 
18«,158 
148,695 
189,711 
170.060 
148,661 


Bplrlti 


11,088 
7,907 
15,818 
5,948 
19,010 
16;S85 
19,971 
17,647 
16  751 
17,399 
12.965 
7,678 


1^8,912 
161110 
142,824 
196,006 
118,325 
132,142 
126,515 
117,887 
81,595 
76,679 
74,000 


Eodn, 


68.996 
97,772 
57,818 
49,889 
88,209 
62,616 
66,651 
57,441 
66427 
47.219 
22.202 
97,247 


621,982 
653,428 
563.291 
551,918 
479.218 
634.896 
498,868 
897,174 
293,161 
287.145 
876,478 


T^r. 


4,269 
1,612 
4,757 
16,816 
4,785 
5,127 
806 
1,164 
8,762 
2,724 
2,879 
6.844 


54,045 
54.092 
88,125 
52.684 
61.048 
72.664 
67,792 
67,675 
87,067 
89,147 
56,613 


KxFonaiM  186IL 


T^upen- 
Une. 


7,066 
7,540 
4,450 
6,690 
5.015 
7,485 
719 
1,828 
3.969 
2,258 
53 
7,568 


54,645 
88,699 
98,066 
78,860 
81,460 
97,252 
185,614 
185,175 
198,401 
147.8S0 
140,611 


4,040 
7.207 
4,5:}4 
7,105 
2,424 
5,841 
7,608 
18,851 
5,657 
5,730 
1.506 
7,788 


71,741 

66,551 

57,657 

60,(181 

87,588 

47.S46 

48,900 

26,818 

7,481 

6.486 

7,868 


82.780 
27.772 
51JB&8 
67,688 
55,026 
68,702 
54,908 
29.848 
86.422 
44.814 
26,991 
90,805 


500.858 
587,969 
445.811 
447^ 
888,188 
460,(60 
449,804 
808,769 
227,669 
169,520 
174,062 


161 
1.111 
1^ 
8,«l 
T^ 
4.844 
1^ 

m 

40 
9^ 


t8,T4S 
19,6»t 
1S,5I8 
8T,nt 
81,Ti4 

i^tfi 

86^ 


EXPORTS  OF  THE  YEAR. 


Placbs. 


Tnrpentloe. 


Spirits 
Turpentine. 


Boein. 


Tw, 


Great  Britain  took bbls. 

France. 

North  of  Europe, 

Other  Kurope,  Ao., 

Total,  1860^ bW* 


52.215 

none. 

8,804 

826 


54,645 


87,n4 

120 

88,364 

5,488 


71,741 


176J585 

6,6S£ 

96&,n8 

61,486 


600.853 


23^10 

16 
6^ 

28,148 


Bbyibw  of  tub  Market  for  1860. 

General  Remarks, — It  will  be  seen,  by  the  accompanying  tables,  thit 
the  receipts  of  Crude  Turpentine  at  this  port  are  some  36,000  bbls.  less, 
Spirits  Turpentine  2,200  less,  and  Rosins  21,500  bbls.  less  than  last  yesr, 
wnile  the  quantity  of  Tar  received  was  almost  exactly  the  same.  The 
export  of  Turpentine  the  past  year  has  fallen  off  34,000  bbls.,  and  Rosio 
67,500  bbls.,  while  Spirits  Turpentine  has  increased  over  5,000,  and  Tar 
9,000  bbls.,  as  compared  with  last  year.  The  large  falling  off  in  the 
export  of  Rosins  may  be  mainly  attributed,  perhaps,  to  the  nigh  rate  of 
freight  which  ship-owners  hare  been  able  to  command  during  the  greater 


I^aval  Stores.  7d9 

part  of  the  year,  while  the  deficiency  in  the  exports  of  Grade  have  been 
nearly  made  up  hj  the  increase  in  Spirits  Tiirpentine,  and  by  largely 
increased  direct  shipments,  (of  all  descriptions,)  mainly  from  Wilmington, 
N.  C.  (See  table.)  We  notice  a  large  increase  in  the  quantity  of  New- 
York  made  barrels,  and  continued  preference  for  Spirits  in  tnese,  over 
most  of  the  Southern-made  packages.  The  average  price  of  Turpentine 
for  the  year  is  considerably  below  the  average  of  several  previous  years, 
and  that  of  Spirits  materially  below  last  year.  Common  Rosin,  with 
alight  fluctuations,  has  tended  downward  since  March,  (when  the  first 
grain  shipments  were  made,)  while  Tar  has  maintained  about  the  same 
rates  as  last  year,  which  were  considerably  above  the  average  of  the  years 
1858  and  1857. 

In  the  opinion  of  many  intelligent  persons,  the  late  depression  in  Spirits 
Turpentine,  and  the  decline  in  prices  from  March  last  to  the  close  of  the 
year,  are  to  be  attributed  more  to  some  other  cause  than  the  usual  one  of 
supply  and  demand.  It  cannot  be  denied  that,  for  illuminating  purposes, 
the  consumption  of  Kerosene  and  Petroleum  Oils,  since  their  discovery, 
has  only  been  limited  by  the  want  of  an  adequate  supply,  and  the  fears 
of  the  trade  and  consumers  that  the  pine  tree  of  the  South  might  yet  be 
exterminated  by  the  tapping  process,  and  the  supply  of  Camphene  and 
Burning  Fluid  cut  off,  have  been  greatly  alleviated,  if  not  entirely  re- 
moved, by  the  introduction  of  this  new  article;  though,  for  many 
important  uses,  there  is  at  present  no  substitute  for  Spirits  Turpentine 
known.  The  foreign  demand,  as  will  be  seen  by  the  accompanying 
tables,  is  increasing  every  year,  the  decrease  in  the  quantity  of  Crude 
exported  frx>m  this  port  being  about  compensated  by  the  increased 
export  of  Spirits. 

Turpentine. — The  year  1860  commenced  with  a  quiet  market  for  Crude 
Turpentine,  with  a  quotation  of  $3  43f  per  280  lbs.,  and  a  stock  of  9,000 
bbls,  London,  Dec  1 6. — Sales,  2,600  bbls.,  at  1  Os.  The  third  week  of  the 
month  our  market  improved  slightly,  and  free  sales  were  made  for  export 
at  tS  56:1^,  and  subsequentlv  at  f  8  50,  closing  at  that  rate.  Considerable 
shipments  were  also  made  nrom  first  hands  during  the  month,  the  London 
quotations  meantime  declining  to  9s.  6d.  @  Os.  9d.  The  rate  of  freight 
to  London,  during  the  month,  ranged  from  2s.  6d.  to  3s.,  closing  at  Ss. 
February  opened  with  a  stock  in  first  hands  of  only  3,500  bbls.,  and  with 
a  fair  demand ;  prices  had  improved  to  $3  62^  at  the  middle  of  the 
month,  remaining  nominally  at  this  rate  to  the  close ;  but  the  upward 
tendency  of  freight  checked  the  demand,  and  the  stock  accumulated  to 
9,500  bbls. — ^London  quotations  ranging  from  9s.  3d.  to  9s.  9d.,  and 
Liverpool  8s.  4|^d.  @  8s.  9d. — ^freights  hence  ranging  from  8s.  to  3s.  3d., 
closing  at  3s.  3d.  In  March  the  supply  was  good,  and,  though  there  was 
little  or  no  variation  in  London  quotations,  which,  more  than  all  other 
causes,  influence  this  market,  holders,  to  effect  sales,  were  obliged  to 
accept  $3  55  the  third  week,  after  which  there  was  little  done  for  nearly 
a  month,  March  closing  inactive,  with  a  stock,  officially  taken,  of  9,500 
bbl&,  and  a  London  quotation  of  9s.  6d. — ^freights  hence  to  London 
ranged  from  3s.  to  Ss.  3d.,  closing  at  3s.  The  second  week  of  April 
sales  were  made  at  $3  40,  a  further  decline,  but  the  business  throughout 
was  very  light,  and  prices  nearly  nominal,  the  supply  being  good,  and 
the  stock  at  the  close  9,844  bbls. — ^London  quotations  ranging  from  9s. 
to  98.  8d. — freight  hence,  2s.  6d«  ®  88.,  closing  at  28.  6d.  @  38.    The 


740  NiivcU  Stores. 

quotation  in  May  varied  from  $3  20  to  td  40,  commencing  at  the  higlier 
ngure,  selling  down  to  $3  20  the  second  week,  when  a  considerable  busi- 
ness was  done,  prices  ranging  again  to  $3  35  @  $3  Z*l\  at  the  close, 
with  sales,  the  stock  (11,000  bbls.  the  second  week)  being  now  reduced, 
by  sales  and  shipments,  to  about  3,000  bbls. — London  quotation  daring 
the  month,  t9s.  3d. — freight  hence,  2s.  6d.  @  2s.  7^,  closing  at  same. 
In  June,  sales  continued  to  be  made  at  |3  37^^,  till  Uie  close  of  the  third 
week,  when  500  bbls.  new  crop  Washington  was  sold  at  $3  37^  @  $3  50, 
a  slight  improvement,  though  this  rate  was  not  maintained,  the  inqniiy 
being  very  feeble,  and  the  next  sales  made  at  about  |3  30  @  $3  35, 
which  was  the  closing  quotation — stock,  3,143  bbls. — ^London  quotations 
at  hand  during  the  month,  9s.  @  Ss.  9d.,  closing  at  8s.  9d.,  under  date  of 
June  15 — ^freight  hence,  2s.  6d.  @  3s.,  closing  at  ds.  In  July,  with 
advancing  freights,  there  was  almost  no  demand,  and  but  a  few  hundred 
barrels  were  sold,  at  $3  35  @  |3  25,  closing  quite  nominal  at  $3  per  280 
lbs.,  with  a  stock  of  7,765  bbls. — the  London  quotation  steady  at  88.  9d. — 
freight  hence  ranging  about  3s.  In  August,  freights  continued  to  tend 
upward,  and,  there  bein^  no  advance  in  London,  prices  further  declined, 
with  sales  at  t2  75,  closing  nominal  at  that  rate.  Some  new  crop  received 
at  London  in  June  was  held  at  9s.  3d.,  but,  we  believe,  sold  at  the  old 
quotation  of  8s.  9d. — stock  at  the  close  of  the  month,  5,000  bbls. — 
neight  hence,  4s.  per  280  lbs. — London  quotation,  8s.  9d.  September 
opened  more  firmly,  and  higher  rates  were  demanded  and  paid,  the  sales 
of  the  month  bein^  to  a  moderate  extent  at  $2  85  @  $2  90,  closing  at 
the  latter  price,  with  a  stock  of  7,000  bbls. — freights  hence  steady  at 
4s. — London  quotations,  8s.  6d.  @  9s.,  the  higher  fi^re  at  the  close. 
In  October,  with  improving  prices  in  London,  our  market  assumed  more 
firmness,  and  sales  were  made  as  high  as  $3 ;  but  after  the  third  week 
there  were  no  transactions,  and  the  market  closed  quiet  and  nominal — 
stock,  8,741  bbls. — freight  hence,  3s.  6d.  @  4s.,  closing  at  3s.  9d.  The 
London  price,  mean  time,  advanced  to  10s.  In  November,  in  conae- 
quence  of  the  higher  range  of  freights  and  the  stringency  in  the  money 
market,  small  sales  were  made  at  $2  90  @  2  95,  and  the  market  closed 
exceedingly  dull  and  altogether  nominal — stock  on  hand,  30th,  9,687 
bbls, — freight  hence,  3s.  9d.  @  48.  6d.,  closing  at  48.  6d. — London 
quotations  ranged  from  lOs.  3d.  to  lis.,  the  latter  November  16,  In 
December  there  were  no  wholesale  transactions,  and  the  market  closed 
nominal  at  t2  50  @  |2  75,  the  total  sales  being  but  a  few  hundred 
barrels  North  County  within  this  range,  the  lower  sale  at  the  close ;  the 
shipments  and  engagements  of  the  month,  however,  were  considerable, 
and  the  stock  was  reduced. — London  quotations,  10s.  6d.  @  lis.,  the 
lower  rate  at  the  close,  under  date  of  December  14.  Freights  hence  to 
London,  during  the  month,  4s.  @  4s.  6d.,  closing  at  4s.  @  4s.  3d.,  with 
engagements  of  11,000  bbls.  in  the  month. 

Spirits  Turpentine. — ^The  market  for  this  valuable  and  indispensable 
Southern  product  opened  at  44  @  44^  cents  for  merchantable  and 
straight,  44^  @  45  for  shipping  order,  and  45  for.  New-York  barrels,  and 
continued  remarkably  steady  fliroughout  January,  scarcely  varying  half 
a  cent,  though  that  was  in  favor  of  sellers,  and  prices  the  last  week  were 
firm  for  prime  packages,  at  half  a  cent  advance  on  the  opening  rates,  with 
more  favorable  foreign  intelligence.  The  stock,  which  was  4,500  bbls.  on 
the  l&t  of  the  month,  was  6,000  bbls.  at  the  close,  the  London  quotation 


ranging  from  348.  to  848.  6d.,  and  the  LiFerpool,  338.  9d.  ®  348.  With 
fayorable  accounts  from  Liverpool,  and  small  arrivals,  with  little  in  prime 
order  offering,  prices  at  the  commencement  of  February  began  to  improve, 
and  the  third  week  were  2^  @  8^  cents  higher  for  shipping  and  New- 
York  packages,  and  12  cents  for  rejection»-~(IiOndon  notations  at  this 
time,  36s.,  and  Liverpool,  368.  @  368.  6d.)  Sales  were  also  made  for 
future  delivery,  part  in  all  the  next  month,  at  48  cents  for  shipping  order, 
and  49  for  New-York  barrels.  During  the  last  week  of  the  month  the 
market  was  steady,  and  closed  at  about  46^  @  47^  cents  for  merchanta- 
ble and  straight,  48  for  shipping,  and  49  for  New-York — stock,  4,000  bbls. 
London,  36s.  6d.  ®  37s.,  and  Liverpool,  368.  March  opened  with  a  good 
demand  at  the  closing  prices  of  February,  but  the  inquiry  soon  slackened, 
and  prices  softened  until  the  middle  of  the  month,  when  half  a  cent 
decline  was  established,  and  large  receipts  following,  half  a  cent  further 
decline  was  submitted  to  the  third  wees;  but  now  holders  assumed  a 
firmer  attitude,  withholding  a  considerable  portion  of  their  stock,  and  the 
market  became  firm  at  47  @  48  for  straight,  shipping  and  New- York, 
with  sales  of  the  latter  to  arrive ;  this  improvement  was  of  short  duration, 
however,  and  the  offerings  on  the  wharf  increasing,  prices  declined  to  the 
close,  being  quoted  46  @  46^  cents  for  straight  and  shipping*  Stock  on 
hand,  8,500  bbls.  The  London  quotations  at  hand  during  the  month 
were  358.  6d.,  and  Liverpool,  the  same  range,  the  lower  rate  at  the  close^ 
date  March  16.  Throughout  April  prices  were  remarkably  steady, 
scarcely  varying  half  a  cent  from  the  opening  rates,  which  were  45  @  4&i 
cents  for  rejections  and  merchantable,  45^  @  46^  for  ordinary  to  nrime 
staraight  and  shipping,  and  46^  @  47^  for  New-York,  prime  packages 
commanding,  as  luways,  full  rates.  The  second  week  of  the  month  we 
noticed  a  sale  of  1,000  bbls.,  deliverable  at  a  Southern  port,  for  export 
thence  on  private  terms,  and  the  fourth  week,  a  lot  of  46  bbls.  Virgin 
was  sold  to  arrive  from  Charleston,  at  47  cents,  and  500  SouUiem,  deuv- 
erable  all  in  May,  at  46,  shipping  order,  the  market  closing  firmly. 
The  stock,  which  amounted  to  10,000  bbls.  at  the  close  of  the  first  week, 
was  reduced  by  sales  and  shipments  to  1,500  at  the  close.  London  quota- 
tions, 35s.  6d.  @  368.  6d.,  and  Liverpool,  35s.  6d.,  the  former  having 
slightly  improved.  May  opened  with  a  brisk  demand  and  a  ffreatly  re- 
duced stock,  and  much  of  that  expected  being  already  placed,  the  market 
became  excited,  and  prices  advanced  the  first  week  2  cents  per  gallon, 
with  sales  on  the  spot,  at  irregular  rates,  according  to  circumstances, 
order,  d^c.  From  the  4th  to  the  8th  of  the  month  the  stock  was  reduced 
to  500  bbls.,  and  sales  were  made  ^including  considerable  to  arrive  with- 
in the  range)  at  4H  @  51^  cents,  including  New-York,  on  the  spot,  on 
the  7th,  at  the  higher  figure ;  on  the  8th  some  arrivals  took  place,  and 
the  pressure  being  partially  relieved,  there  was  less  animation,  and  prices 
settled  somewhat,  with  sales  to  arrive  at  47  @  47^,  (including  500  New- 
York,  at  47^,)  and  for  immediate  delivery,  49  @  50,  with  sdfaie  New- 
York  to  arrive  at  49,  barrels  returnable  at  tl  80  each.  Subsequently 
the  receipts  were  quite  free,  prices  fell  off^  and,  with  little  fluctuation,  de- 
clined to  the  end  of  the  month,  closing  at  45  @  45^  for  straight  and 
shipping,  46  for  New-York,  on  the  spo^  and  45  for  prime  SouUiem  and 
New- York,  to  arrive.  The  stock  at  no  time  exceeded  2,500  bbl&,  and  at 
the  doee  was  1,981  bbls.  London  quotations  at  hand,  during  the  month, 
858.  6d.  ®  36a.,  and  Liverpool,  34s.  @  35a.    The  month  of  June  opened 


742  Naval  8tor€9. 

with  a  declining  tendency,  and  at  the  close  prices  were  generally  2\  cents 
lower  than  at  the  commencement,  thongh  the  demand  was  fair  through- 
out, and  at  the  commencement  of  the  fourth  week  a  large  husiness  was 
done,  though  at  a  wider  range  than  usual,  most  of  the  stock  heing  in  or- 
dinary condition,  and  prime  shipping  and  New-York  scarce ;  at  this  tinae 
poor  lots  sold  as  low  as  41^  cents,  while  prime  New-York  brought  44  @ 
44^,  in  consequence  of  its  scarcity.  At  the  commencement  we  quoted 
sales  at  44^  @  45  cents  for  straight  and  shipping,  and  45^  @  46  for 
New-York,  (part  to  arriv.e  at  46^,)  and  at  the  close,  42  @  43  for  strmgfat 
and  shipping,  and  43  @  43^  for  New-York.  Some  sales  were  made  to 
arrive,  as  usual ;  and  the  third  week,  when  New- York,  on  the  spot^  was 
sellinfi^  at  43^,  a  contract  was  made  for  1,000  bbls,  deliverable  next 
month,  at  42^  cents.  Stock,  on  the  30th,  3,112  bbls.  London  quota- 
tions, 35s.  @  35s.  6d.,  and  Liverpool,  33s.  Od.  @  35s.,  closing  at  the  lower 
fiffures  in  both  cases.  In  July  the  same  features  obtained,  and  the  same 
relation  of  ordinary  and  prime  packages  was  maintained,  the  hot  weather 
being  very  trying  to  poor  packages.  From  the  first  to  the  first  half  of 
the  third  week  prices  continued  to  decline,  but  having  now  reached  a 
point  where  some  orders  could  be  executed,  the  downward  tendency  was 
arrested,  but  the  month  closed  dull,  especially  for  ordinary  lots — the  re- 
ceipts at  the  South  being  large,  though  tl^e  stock  on  hand,  31sty  was 
only  4,670  bbls.,  a  much  smaller  figure  than  was  generally  supposed.  At 
the  commencement  of  the  month,  sales  of  ordinary  straight  lots  were 
made  as  low  as  40  c6nts,  shipping  at  42,  and  New- York  at  48  ;  and  at 
the  close,  straight  brought  37^  @  38,  shipping  38  @  38j^,  and  New- 
York  39  @  39^,  while  rejected  and  barely  merchantable  sold  from  40 
down  to  36,  closing  at  36^  @  37 ;  these  latter,  however,  are  not  a  fair 
criterion  of  the  market,  though  they  may  serve  to  account  for  the  low 
prices  at  which  lots  are  often  sold,  when  the  owners  expected  to  get  our 
highest  figures.  Contracts  for  New- York  barrels,  maturing  tho  second 
week  of  the  month,  were  settled  on  a  basis  of  40^  cents ;  London  quo- 
tations, 34s.  @  35s.,  and  Liverpool,  32s.  @  33s.,  closing  at  the  lower 
figures.  At  the  commencement  of  August,  prime  straight  and  shipping 
being  comparatively  scarce,  these  descriptions  were  held  more  firmly,  and 


though  the  English  markets  further  declined,  prices  here  steadily  ad- 
vanced, till,  at  the  close  of  the  third  week,  with  a  very  small  supply,  an 
improvement  of  2^  cents  had  been  realized,  strMght  and  shipping  selling 
at  40  @  41  cents,  and  New-York  straight  and  shipping,  41  @  42.  Ina- 
mediately  after  this,  advices  from  England  and  the  continent  continuing 
adverse,  prices  declined  ^  @  1  cent,  rallying  slightly,  and  closing  quietly 
at  39  @  39^  for  rejected  and  merchantable,  40  @  41  for  straight  and 
shipping,  and  41  @  41^  for  New- York.  The  first  week  of  the  month 
sales  of  New-York  were  made  at  41  for  September,  and  43  for  October 
delivery ;  and  the  third  week,  for  all  August,  at  41 ;  and  at  the  dose, 
500  Southern  shippbg,  for  delivery,  first  week  of  September,  at  40  cents. 
Stock,  6,096  bbls.  London  quotations,  30s.  @  d2s.  6d.,  and  Liverpool, 
30s.  6d.  @  31s.,  closing  at  the  lower  rates.  September  opened  with  a 
moderate  demand,  chiefly  for  New* York,  and  at  some  reduction,  say  at 
39  @  39^  cents  for  straight,  40  for  shipping,  and  41  @  41^  for  New- 
York  ;  and  at  the  close  of  the  first  week  prices  were  ^  a  cent  lower  on 
shipping  and  New- York — ^poor  lots,  as  usual,  bringing  ^  @  1  cent  less  than 
prime  straight    The  second  week  prices  were  steady,  and  the  third  ad- 


Naval  StortB.  748 

yanced  half  a  cent ;  and  notwithstanding  the  arrivals  were  large,  a  fhrther 
■  advance  of  half  a  cent  on  prime  packages  was  obtained  before  the  close 
of  the  month,  being  now  ^  @  1  cent  higher  than  at  the  commence- 
ment, the  whole  range  being  40  @  42  cents ;  stock,  5,000  bbls.  Lon- 
don qaotations,  31s.  @  81s.  6d.,  and  Liverpool,  31s.  @  328.,  closing  at 
the  higher  rates.  In  October,  with  a  stock  again  reduced,  prices  appre- 
ciated the  first  and  second  weeks  one  cent  per  gallon,  though  the  high 
freights  to  Enrope  checked  what  demand  there  might  have  oeen  for  ex- 
port At  this  time  41,  A\\  and  42^  @  43  cents  were  paid  for  straight, 
shipping  and  extra  Southern  and  New-York ;  but  by  the  close,  with  large 
receipts,  this  advance  was  lost,  the  market  closing  dull  and  unsettled, 
with  a  strong  tendency  to  a  further  decline ;  mercnantable  and  straight 
sold  at  39  @  40,  and  shipping  and  New-York,  41  @  41^  cents.  Stock, 
at  the  close,  11,252  bbls.  London  quotations,  32s.,  and  Liverpool,  31s.  6d. 
@  3 Is.  9d.  With  a  heavy  stock  pressing  upon  the  market,  the  first  week 
in  November  opened  with  a  very  depressed  feeling,  and  i  @  1  cent 
lower  was  accepted,  poor  lots  selling  at  37  @  38  cents,  straight  and  ship- 
ping, 39  @  40,  and  Wew-York,  40  @  41 ;  but  the  English  advices  being 
of  a  decidedly,  favorable  tenor,  the  downward  tendency  was  arrested,  and 
the  market  was  steady  the  second  week.  The  unsettled  state  of  money 
matters,  however,  counteracted  all  favorable  influences,  and  by  the  close 
of  the  month  sales  were  made  at  36  @  87  cents  for  straight  and  ship- 
ping, and  36^  @  37  for  New-York,  with  little  demand  and  some  decline 
m  the  English  market.  Stock  on  hand,  9,486  bbls.  London  quotations, 
33s.  @  35s.,  closing  at  3ds.  9d.  @  34s.,  and  Liverpool,  31s.  6d.  @  35s., 
closing  at  34s.  In  December  our  market  rapidly  declined  till  after  the 
middle  of  the  month,  when  our  quotations  were  5  @  6  cents  lower  than 
at  the  close  of  November,  with  declining  English  markets  and  ample 
stocks.  From  this  time,  however,  there  was  more  firmness  on  the  part 
of  receivers,  with  an  improved  demand  for  export,  and  at  the  close  an  ad- 
vance of  3  cents  from  the  lowest  point  had  been  established ;  straight 
lots,  which  had  sold  down  to  31  cents  at  the  middle  of  the  month,  now 
brought  34  ;  Southern  shipping,  which  had  sold  at  32,  was  firm  at  35 ; 
and  New-York,  which  was  dull  at  33,  had  advanced  to  86,  cash,  with 
moderate  sales.  Among  the  transactions  at  the  close  of  the  third  week 
were  500  bbl&  New-Yorfc,  deliverable  in  January,  sellers'  option,  at  36, 
and  500  do.,  deliverable  in  February,  buyers'  option,  at  88  cents,  cash. 
The  freight  engagements  of  the  month  were  large,  including  a  bark  for 
Rotterdam,  with  3,000  bbls.,  at  5^  cents;  a, vessel  to  Antwerp,  at  5c.; 
a  British  brig  from  Charleston  to  Antwerp,  with  500  bbls.,  at  68.,  (and 
Rosin,  at  tl  20,)  two  to  Bristol  Channel  and  Bristol,  at  9s. ;  a  British 
bark  to  Liverpool,  with  1,000  bbls.,  at  8s.,  (and  Tar,  at  38.  9d.  @  4s.,)  be- 
sides some  3,000  bbls.  to  London,  at  Ss.  @  9s.,  and  150  to  Marseilles,  at 
4  cents  per  gallon.  London  quotations,  33s.  @  328.,  closing  at  32s.  @ 
32s.  6d.,  and  Liverpool,  33s.  @  328.,  closing  at  32s. 

Chmmon  Rotin, — ^The  year  commenced  with  a  very  small  stock  and  a 
dull  market,  at  tl  60  per  810  lbs.,  delivered ;  but  very  soon  advanced  to 
$1  60,  to  arrive,  and  ll  62^  @  tl  65,  delivered,  with  good  sales; 
(about  this  time  8,000  bbls.  were  bought  in  Wilmington  at  tl  15,  there.) 
The  latter  part  of  the  third  week  of  January,  however,  with  some  ad- 
vance in  freights,  prices  began  to  decline,  and  at  the  close,  tl  52^  afloat 
and  in  yard,  and  II  55  deUvered,  was  accepted,    Liverpool  quotations, 


744  I^apol  Storu. 

4s.  @  48.  4d.,  closing  at  48.  3<L  Febraary  opened  wiUi  tlie  same  de- 
pressed feeling,  and  still  lower  rates  were  the  consequence,  sales  beii^ 
made  the  first  week  at  $1  50  in  yard,  $1  50  @  $1  52^  delivered  bj 
vessel,  and  $1  52^  @  $1  55  delivered  from  yard*  The  second  jund 
third  weeks  a  large  business  was  done,  and  prices  improved  10  @  \%^ 
cents,  the  month  closing  quietly  at  |1  ^b  @  $1  67^,  delivered.  liver- 
pool  quotations,  4s.  3d.  @  4s.  6d.,  closing  at  latter  rate.  At  the  com- 
mencement of  March,  freight  room  continuing  scarce,  prices  declined  to 
$1  57  afloat,  for  cargoes,  and  $1  62  @  $1  65  dehvered,  for  lota  as 
wanted.  At  the  close  of  the  second,  and  during  the  third  week,  there 
was  again  more  demand,  $1  62^  being  paid  to  arrive  and  in  yard,  and 
91  65  @  $1  68^  delivered ;  but  these  rates  were  not  maintained,  and 
the  market  closed  <]^uietly  at  |1  60  @  91  62^  in  yard,  afloat  and  to 
arrive,  and  91  65  dehvered.  Liverpool  range,  48.  4d.  @  4s.  6d.,  closing 
at  the  lower  rate.  April  opened  with  a  decline,  sales  being  made  aft 
91  55  for  cargoes  afloat,  91  57|  @  9l  60  in  yard,  and  91  65  for  lots  as 
wanted,  delivered  from  yard ;  for  parcels  afloat  and  in  yard,  an  improTe- 
ment  of  2^  @  5  cents  was  soon  realized,  the  Liverpool  accounts  being 
rather  encouraging,  and  prices  were  rather  steady  at  91  60  @  91  63^ 
afloat  and  delivered,  till  the  close  of  the  month.  May  opened  wiUi  sales 
at  91  57^  @  91  60,  afloat  and  to  arrive,  and  91  62^  delivered,  but  dur- 
ing the  second  week,  with  free  arrivals,  caigoes  were  placed  at  91  52^  @ 
91  54  afloat,  and  91  60  delivered  from  yard,  after  which  there  waa  litUe 
variation,  the  month  closing  at  9l  53^  %  9l  55  afloat,  and  9l  h^\  @ 
9l  60  delivered.  Liverpool  quotations,  4s.  Id.  @  4s.  6d.,  closing  at  the 
higher  figure,  date  May  18.  In  June,  sales  were  made  the  first  of  the 
month  at  91  55  afloat,  and  91  57^  @  91  60  delivered,  and  at  the  close 
at  about  the  same  figures,  small  lots  from  yard  sometimes  bringing  2^ 
cents  more  and  cargoes  sometimes  being  placed  at  as  much  less — the 
lowest  sales  made  were  at  91  50  @  91  52^  in  yard,  in  the  commencement 
of  the  fourth  week,  and  the  whole  range  of  the  month,  91  50  @  91  57^ 
in  yard,  afloat,  delivered  by  vessel,  (fee,  and  91  56  @  91  62^  delivered 
from  yard,  closing  as  above.  Liverpool,  4s.  5d.  @  4s.  6d.  July,  witJi 
hardening  freights  hence,  at  91  50  per  310  lbs.  in  yard,  91  52^  @  91  55 
afloat  and  to  arrive,  and  91  55  @  91  57^  delivered ;  and  as  Uie  month 
progressed,  prices  declined  to  the  end,  closing  at  91  42^  @  91  45  in 
yard  and  a^oat,  and  91  47^  @  91  50  delivered,  the  bulk  of  the  receipts 
going  in  yard.  Liverpool  quotation,  4s.  5d.  In  August  prices  again  de- 
clined, commencing  at  91  42^  @  91  45  afloat  and  delivered,  reaching 
91  35  @  91  37^  afloat  and  in  yard,  and  91  42^  @  91  45  delivered,  Uie 
second  week,  and  closing  at  91  35  @  91  36  in  yard,  and  91  40  delivered. 
Liverpool  quotation,  4s.  2d.  @  4s.  5d.,  closing  at  Uie  higher  rate.  In 
September,  prices  already  lower  than  since  the  panic  of  1857,  still  far- 
ther declined,  with  sales  the  first  week  to  arrive  per  steamer,  at  91  25, 
immediate  delivery,  and  to  arrive  in  the  ordinary  way  91  35,  in  yard ; 
subsequently  sales  were  made  to  arrive  at  9l  30  anoat,  delivered  by 
vessel,  and  91  35  delivered  from  yard.  Near  the  middle  of  the  month 
sales  were  made  at  91  32|  @  9l  35  afloat,  and  9l  37^  @  9l  40  delivered 
from  yard,  and  so  continued  till  the  commencement  of  the  fourth  week, 
when,  with  favorable  foreign  advices,  and  the  report  of  some  25,000  bbls. 
having  been  bought  up  in  Wilmington  on  New-York  account  at  91  05 
there,  our  market  advanced  to  91  45  afloat^  and  9l  45  @  91  47^  deli- 


Jfaval  Btom.  745 

rered.  Liverpool  4s.  5d.  @  48.  0d.,  donag  at  the  lugher  rate.  On  the 
first  of  October  the  demand  was  good,  and  free  sales  were  made  to  fill 
oontraots,  at  $1  41  @  tl  45  afloat,  and  $1  50  @  $1  52  delivered,  but 
from  this  time  to  the  end  of  the  month  the  scarcity  of  freights  pressed 
beavilj  upon  Rosin,  notwithstanding  the  accounts  from  Liverpool  con- 
tinned  favorable ;  at  the  close  sales  were  made  at  $1  42^  afloat  and 
^1  45  delivered,  with  a  downward  tendency.  Liverpool  quotations  at 
hand  during  the  month,  58.  8d.  @  5s.  6d.,  dosing  at  the  latter  fl^re. 
November  opened  at  tl  42^  @  tl  45  delivered,  and  so  continued  till  the 
middle  of  the  month,  when  prices  gave  way,  and  sales  were  made  at 
$1  35  in  yard,  and  tl  40  @  tl  42^  delivered,  the  decline  making  pro- 
gress till  the  fourth  week,  when  tl  80  delivered  was  accepted,  and  the 
market  closed  entirely  nominal  at  this  rate.  Liverpool  quotation,  5s.  Sd. 
@.  58.  6d.,  closing  at  5s.  8d.  @  5s.  4d.  The  first  sales  made  in  Decem- 
ber were  at  a  fnrSier  decline,  viz.,  tl  20  per  810  lbs.  delivered,  and  a  lot 
put  upon  the  market  the  first  week  brought  only  tl  10  in  yard,  and 
during  the  second,  third  and  fourth  weeks,  Mies  were  made  in  small  lots 
at  tl  15  @  tl  20  delivered,  including  some  afloat  and  to  arrive  at  tl  15 
@  tl  17^,  delivered  by  vessel;  the  rates  reached  above  are  believed 
to  be  lower  than  since  the  year  1851.  The  last  week  of  the  month, 
the  stock  being  concentrated  in  few  hands  and  held  firmly,  some  im- 
provement was  realized,  sales  being  made  variously  at  tl  16  in  yard, 
$1 17^  for  future  delivery,  and  tl  20  @  tl  25  delivered,  closing  at  our 
highest  figure. 

Fine  Mmns, — Our  readers  are  well  aware,  that  though  much  may  be 
said  and  written,  no  intelligible  history  of  the  grades  above  common 
can  be  communicated  in  a  review  of  the  market,  the  remarks  made  in 
our  last  annual  review,  on  this  subject,  being  of  perpetual  application. 
The  vear  opened  with  low,  but  rather  improving  prices,  no  Pale  on  hand 
worth  over  t4,  and  an  impression,  generally,  that  rates  had  reached  the 
lowest  point — ^the  stock  on  hand  being  chiefly  composed  of  No.  1,  worth  t2 
®  t2  50.  Much  of  that  left  over  from  last  year  was  in  second  hands  await- 
ing shipment,  or  held  for  higher  prices.  The  high  rates  of  freight  which 
have  obtained  most  of  the  past  year  have  operated  disastrously  on  fine 
rosins,  particularly  on  the  low  grades,  the  supply  of  which  has  far  ex- 
ceeded the  demands  of  trade,  especially  at  a  time  when  freights  rule 
high,  as  they  have  during  the  period  under  review.  Strained  opened  al 
about  tl  60  per  810  lbs.,  improved  to  tl  67^  early  in  March,  since  which, 
with  occasiooal  fluctuations,  the  tendency  has  been  generally  downward, 
and  sales  were  made  down  to  tl  15  @  tl  20,  closing  at  tl  25  per  810 
lbs.  No.  2  was  quoted  tl  65  @  tl  70  at  the  opening ;  sold  variously  up 
to  t2  in  March,  and  afterwards  gradually  declined  to  tl  80  @  tl  50, 
closing  with  sales  at  tl  85  @  tl  50  per  810  lbs.,  the  latter  for  a  prime  lot 
No.  1,  quoted  at  tl  Sl^  @  t2  50  at  the  commencement,  improved  the 
first  month,  the  range  being  t2  @  t2  75  per  280  lbs.,  gradually  improv- 
ing to  t2  25  @  t8  in  March  and  April,  after  which,  in  sympathv  with 
the  lower  grades,  and  with  advancing  freights,  prices  receded,  wi^  sales 
of  low  qualities  in  May  at  tl  80  @  t2  per  810  lbs.,  up  to  t2  75  per  280 
lbs.  for  prime,  after  which  prices  varied  litUe,  or  rather  goods  were  classed 
according  to  the  prices  obtained.  In  October,  however,  some  sales  were 
made  as  low  as  tl  00  per  280  lbs.,  and,  at  the  last  of  the  month,  some 
•old  attl  75@  t2  25  per  810  lbs.,  and  near  the  end  of  the  year  at  t2  ® 


746  Naoal  8tom. 

t2  25  per  280  lbs.,  the  whole  range  being  $1  55  for  low,  np  to  $2  50  for 
prime  quality  per  310  and  280  lbs.  We  roust  again  repeat,  that  when 
prices  decline,  oetter  goods  are  put  in  at  the  same  rates,  calling  them  the 
same  quality,  and  it  is  for  this  reason,  that  without  a  comparison  of  sam- 
ples, no  idea  can  be  given  of  the  market  the  past  year  that  would  be 
any  guide  in  the  future.  White  Rosins,  being  a  quality  between  No.  1 
and  Fale,  have  genendly  been  quoted  from  t2  50  to  $3  75  per  280  Iba., 
and  Pale  has  ranged  from  $3  50  to  |6.  The  first  Virgin  Pide  that  came 
to  hand  was  received  on  the  8th  of  March,  viz.,  9  bbls.  from  Femandina, 
fla.,  and  a  further  lot  was  received  shortly  after,  both  which  sold  at  $6, 
quality  not  extra — ^the  first  lot  in  1859  was  received  from  Alabama,  aboat 
1st  April,  and  sold  at  t7,  subsequent  parcels  of  a  better  quality  bringing 
$8  per  280  lbs.,  against  $8  25  in  1858.  After  this  period,  Virgin  samples 
failed  to  attract  attention  as  in  previous  years,  and  very  few  sales  were 
made,  though  prime  lots  were  held  at  $0.  The  first  and  second  weeks 
in  May  some  changed  hands  at  95  on  the  spot  and  to  arrive,  and  some 
good  Pale  sold  as  low  as  94,  to  arrive.  After  this  there  was  more  in- 
quiry, with  sales  at  94  @  96,  prime  lots,  (which  have  not  at  any  time 
been  in  large  supply,)  commanding  the  higher  figure,  the  receipts  being 
generally  inferior  to  previous  years,  and  including  but  few  really  prime, 
these  having  been  probably  shipped  direct  from  the  South,  to  a  greater 
extent  than  heretofore.  From  the  last  week  in  August  to  the  first  week 
in  October,  there  were  no  sales  above  95  50,  and  but  few  at  that  price, 
the  range  for  Pale  being  93  @  95  50,  and  the  sales  from  the  last  of  Octo- 
ber to  the  close  of  November  were  chiefly  at  94  @  94  50,  after  which 
we  had  no  sales  of  Pale  (so  called)  to  report,  the  transactions  being 
almost  entirely  confined  to  the  lower  grades.  The  stocks  of  grades 
above  Common,  it  will  be  seen,  are  laige,  embracing  very  few  £xtra  Pale, 
however,  being  chiefly  composed  of  No.  1  and  Medium. 

Tar. — ^The  month  of  January,  1860,  opened  with  a  stock  of  2,200 
bbls.,  and  a  dull  and  declining  market,  the  nominal  quotations  being  for 
Washington,  Newbem  and  Wilmington,  92  44  @  92  60  per  bbL  in 
order  in  yard,  the  first  sale  made,  however,  reducing  the  range  to  92  25 
@  92  50  for  parcels,  taken  as  it  runs,  selected,  thicK,  thin,  Asc,  Asc,  this 
range  being  maintained  with  little  variation  to  the  close  of  the  month, 
at  which  time  a  freight  engagement  of  2,000  bbls.  was  made  for  Liver- 
pool. February  opened  with  sales  of  selected  Washington,  Newbem 
and  Wilmington  for  export,  at  previous  range,  and  as  the  month  pro- 
gressed, with  a  small  supply.  North  County,  (which  we  used  to  designate 
Washington,  Newbem,  ifec,)  as  it  rans,  brought  92  31^  @  92  42,  and 
selected  92  50,  all  in  order,  in  yard;  the  little  Wilmington  received 
brought  92  50  as  it  rans,  and  the  month  closed  with  a  stock  of  about 
2,500  bbls.  In  March,  prices  steadily  advanced,  the  sales  of  Wilming- 
ton being  large,  chiefly  to  arrive,  at  92  68f  @  92  75  @  92  87^,  as  it  mns, 
the  reported  transactions  being  7,200  bbls.  to  arrive,  at  92  75  @  92  87^. 
North  County  as  it  rans  and  selected,  on  the  spot  and  to  arrive,  ranged 
from  92  31^  to  92  56^.  Stock  of  all  kinds,  3,600  bbls.  The  demand  con- 
tinued good  in  April  till  the  third  week,  with  further  sales  of  Wilmington 
to  arrive  at  92  75  @  92  87^,  as  it  rans,  and  2,000  bbls.  selected  Roany, 
for  export,  at  92  97  ;  after  this,  however,  the  arrivals  were  pretty  laige, 
and  though  the  demand  continued,  prices  fell  off  to  92  25  @  92  31^  for 
North  County,  as  it  rans,  and  92  37^  @  92  50  for  ditto,  selected ;  and  for  a 


Naval  Stares.  747 

lot  of  Wilmineton  thin,  $2  50  was  accepted.  In  May  the  demand  was 
moderate  for  the  first  two  weeks,  within  the  range  of  f2  25  @  t2  50,  for 
all  kinds  North  County,  but  sales  were  afterward  made  as  low  as  t2  18f 
as  it  runs,  and  t2  25  @  92  37^  for  selected — 8,700  bbls.  Wilmington 
selected,  at  the  close,  sold  to  arrive,  at  $2  75,  the  only  sale  of  this  de- 
scription during  the  month.  Stock  in  yard,  5,379  bbls.  Liverpool  quo- 
tation 4th  May,  16s.  for  American.  In  June,  prices  further  slightly  de- 
clined. North  County,  as  it  runs,  selling  at  $2  12^  @  $2  18f,  and  selected, 
rope,  (be,  92  25  @  92  35,  closing  quietly,  with  a  stock  of  4,919  bbls. 
In  July,  the  business  done  was  all  in  North  County,  and  at  a  further  de- 
cline in  value,  sales  being  made  the  second  week  as  low  as  92  as  it  runs, 
the  whole  range  being  92  @  92  12|^  in  order  in  yard,  with  occasional 
sales  at  92  25,  delivered.  Stock,  at  the  close,  3,835  bbls.  The  first  week 
of  August,  the  receipts  being  small,  the  stock  reduced  and  little  expected, 
prices  advanced  50  cents  per  bbl,  with  sales  from  92  12^  up  to  92  62|-, 
the  latter  price  being  paid  for  500  bbls.  North  County,  for  export,  as  it 
nins,  with  lots  for  consumption  at  92  75  @  92  87|-,  continuing  firm 
within  this  range  to  near  the  close,  when  92  65  @  92  75  was  accepted 
for  parcels  to  arrive  and  on  the  spot  Stock  2,762  bbls.  September 
opened  with  a  good  demand,  and  an  improvement  of  10  cents  the  first 
two  weeks,  92  75  @  92  85  being  paid  for  North  County,  but  from  this 
time  prices  again  fell  off,  reaching  92  50  @  92  65  for  whole  lots,  as  they 
run,  and  selected,  small  lots  from  yard,  as  usual,  commanding  something 
more — the  stock  on  hand  being  chiefly  taken  up.  The  second  week  of 
October,  92  62^  was  paid  for  North  County,  as  it  runs,  to  arrive  and  on 
the  spot,  and  92  60  @  92  93  for  all  kinds,  in  lots  as  wanted  for  consump- 
tion, the  month  closing  with  sales  of  North  County  to  arrive  at  92  67^ 
as  it  runs,  and  92  75  @  93  for  selected  thick,  rope,  ifec,  d^c,  in  lots  as 
wanted.  Stock,  766  bbls.  November  opened  witn  a  small  supply,  and 
about  the  middle  of  the  month.  North  County  to  arrive,  brought  92  75 
@  92  87^  as  it  runs,  and  lots  on  the  spot  92  85  @  93,  declining  again, 
however,  after  the  third  week,  with  sales  as  it  runs  as  low  as  92  50,  and 
selected,  rope,  shipping,  kc,  in  lots,  92  85  @  92  87^,  Norfolk  thin  and 
selected,  at  the  same  time,  bringing  92  25  @  92  50.  Stock  on  hand,  985 
bbls.  The  first  week  of  December,  North  County  as  it  runs  sold  at 
92  60,  and  Norfolk  rope  92  37^,  but  the  second  week  the  market  became 
irregular  and  lower,  Wilmington  (the  first  received  in  a  long  time)  and 
North  County  selling  at  92  25  afloat ;  subsequently  North  County  de- 
clined to  92  15  and  92  12^,  and  Wilmington  was  taken  to  arrive  at 
92  25 ;  92  12^  and  92  25  being  the  closing  figures  to  arrive.  We  may 
remark  that  Newbem  has  generally  been  preferred,  probably  because 
the  packages  are  of  a  more  uniform  size,  and  rather  larger  than  Wash- 
ington. The  shipments  of  the  month  were  considerable,  chiefly  to 
Liverpool,  at  a  freight  of  3s.  9d.  @  4s. 

The  following  were  the  stocks  in  yard  on  the  first  of  January : 

1861.  I860. 

Turpentine, bbU.    6,706  9.000 

Spirits  Tarpentine, 7,612  8,600 

Rosio,  oommon, 46,162  4,600 

**      all  other  grades^ 4.....         61,897  notknown. 

Tar, 1,490  2,200 


748 


yaval  St^ei. 


Pitch. — ^The  range  of  prices,  during  the  year,  lias  been  from  tl  50  to 
(1  87^  for  Bonthem  and  City,  closing  at  $1  70  for  City,  delivered.  Hie 
lowest  sales  were  made  in  October,  viz.,  $1  /(O  @  $1  55  for  Southern,  on 
the  whart 


MONTHLY   AVERAGE   OF   PRICES. 


1B60. 

1859. 

Moimn. 

Tarpen- 
tloe. 

Spirits 
Turpline. 

Boabi. 

Tar. 

Tarpen- 
ttoe. 

Splrito 
Ta]p*tlne- 

BodB. 

Tm, 

January, 

February, 

March,  :. 

Aprtl, 

May. 

$8  47 

8  87X 
S8lS 
2  SIX 
8  84^ 
80$ 
8  97 
8  76 

44XC. 
46  7-16 

4618-16 

48X 
88$ 

S« 

4016-16 

891-16 

88X 

$162X 

IBSJtf 
162H 
I48i^ 
189X 
147X 
189^ 
121X 

$8  40 
840 
8  67 

IS'' 

2  78X 

$8  78 
8  83 
889 
898 
8  76 
879 
860 
8  41 
866 
8  68 
8  67 
8  47 

49Ke. 

S^ 

681-5 
68 

a 

46 
44^ 

$1  70 
17» 
1  78 
1  70 
174 
1  86 
1  79 
1  66 
1  56 
167 
166 
167 

$8  69 

871 
867 
944 
9  48 

Jan;'.:::::::: 

Jaly?. 

October, 

NoTember, 

88S 
844 
878 
864 
SIB 
8S8 
861 

Arer.  for  year,.. 

"     1859, 

"     1858 

•*     1867, 

8  70 
869 

42XC 
4S1-6 
4TX 
46X 

$1  618-10 
1  6S 
1  56 
179 

•IS 

8  18 
8  01 

$8  68 

48  1-6  e. 

$168 

$SG8 

N.  B. — ^The  quotations  of  Common  Rosin,  as  given  above,  are  for  par- 
cels delivered  from  yard ;  lots  in  yard  or  afloat  are  sold  at  5  cents  less. 

The  average  prices  of  Spirits  Turpentine,  as  given  above,  are  for 
Southern  straight  lots  and  shipping  order,  poor  and  rejected  lots  always 
selling  at  irregular  prices,  while  New-Yoiic  packages  generally  command 
one  cent  more  than  Southern  straight  and  shipping  oraer.  llie  monthly 
average  prices  of  New-York  barrels  alone  were  as  follows:  January, 
45  1-16  cente;  February,  47f ;  March,  48  1-5;  April,  46  11-16;  May, 
47  11-16 ;  June,  44  5-16 ;  July,  40^ ;  August,  40  3-16 ;  September,  4l| ; 
October,  42  5-16 ;  November,  40  1-16 ;  and  December,  34^.  Average 
for  the  year,  43  1-6  cents. 

WILMINGTON,   N.    C. 

SmPMKNTB  FROH  JaNUABT  1   TO  DlCEXBEB  81. 


1860. 

1859. 

ForaigD. 

OoaatwiM. 

Foreign. 

Ootitwtoi. 

Tarpentine,. bbla. 

28.648 

20,400 

67.426 

6,120 

784 

62,176 
127,662 
440,182 

48,066 
6,489 

12,717 
9.471 

22,8ai 

865 

1,066 

6A,797 

Spiiita  Tarpentine. . , 

Koein*,.. 

Tar.. 

187.740 

555.686 

40,256 

Pitch, 

7,174 

Jmnnkol  of  Nautkdl  IntdU^/enu. 


T40 


JOURNAL  OP  NAUTICAL   INTELLIGENCE, 


THE  BRITISH  NAVT. 


Thb  following  r^tnrn,  made  by  the  Comptroller  of  the  Navy,  shows  the 
number  of  her  Majesty's  steamships  afloat,  building  and  converting,  and 
the  number  of  eflective  sailing  ships  afloat  on  the  1st  of  February  : 


Class  of  Ships. 


AJtoai. 


&&p%  of  tiie  line,  screw, 6S 

Frigates,  screw, 81 

Ditto,  paddle, 9 

Block  ships,  screw, 9 

Iron-cased  ships,  screw, 1 

Corvettes,  screw, 19 

Sloops,  screw, 68 

Ditto,  paddle, 86 

Small  vessels,  screw, 8 

Ditto,  paddle, 21 

Gun-vessels    and    gunboats, 

screw, 

Despatdi  vessels,  paddle, . . . 
Floating  batteries,  screw, . . . 
Transports,  troop-ships,  ten- 
ders, yachts,  ac,  screw, . . 

Ditto,  paddle, 48 

Mortar  ships,  screw, 4 

Mortar  vesiseJs  and  floats, 


139 

8 

17 


Stxaic. 


Building 
or  con- 
iDtriing, 

14 
12       . 


6 

4 
14 


67 

48 

9 

9 

7 

28 

72 

86 

8 

21 

198 
2 

8 

18 
48 

4 


Total  screw, 892       . .       66       . .       447 

Total  paddle, 118       ..         2       ..       116 


jyeeiiw 
SaUinff 
Ship9 
4/hat, 

*10 
tl7 


18 


88 


TMai 

and 
Sailinif. 

77 

69 

9 

28 
126 

26 


196 
8 

66 

4 
88 


Grand  total, 606 


67 


662 


129 


686 


AN  EOTPTUN  FRIGATE. 

For  some  time  past  considerable  consternation  has  prevailed  in  liver- 
pool,  owing  to  rumors  that  a  fever  of  the  most  dangerous  and  fatal  de- 
scription had  been  introduced  into  the  town  by  the  crew  of  an  Egyptian 
fHgate  which  lately  arrived  here  from  Alexandria.  As  some  of  the  oflB- 
ciids  of  the  Liverpool  Southern  Hospital  and  Paul-street  Baths  had  died 
from  malignant  fever,  the  Health  Committee  ordered  their  officer  to  make 
a  report  to  them  on  the  subject ;  and,  at  their  meeting  in  March,  Dr. 
Duncan  presented  a  report,  from  which  we  extract  the  following  passages : 
The  Egyptian  steam  frigate  Sebaab  Gebald  arrived  in  the  Mersey  on  the 
22d  of  February,  after  a  lengthened  voyage  from  Alexandria,  during  which 

*  Ei^ht  of  these  and  two  from  the  non-effective  list  are  fit  to  be  converted  into 
blockiBhipB.  t  Four  of  these  are  fit  to  be  converted. 

X  One  of  these  thipa  has  just  been  oommenced  at  Ghatham,  and  tendars  for  two 
others  have  been  accepted. 


160  Journal  of  Nautieal  InMiffenei, 

the  crew,  numbering  over  300,  crowded  together  and  in  a  most  filthj 
state,  suffered  severely  from  the  cold  of  a  northern  winter,  being  unpro- 
tected by  European  clothing.  On  their  arrival  about  eighty  were  on  the 
sick  list,  suffering  chiefly  from  dysentery,  diarrhoea,  frost-bite,  &c 


THE  BRITISH  LIQHT-HOUSE  COMMISSION. 

An  important  state  document  has  recently  appeared,  being  the  report  of 
the  Royal  Commission  appointed  at  the  close  of  1858  to  inquire  into  the 
condition  and  management  of  the  lights,  buoys  and,  beacons  of  the  United 
Kingdom.  Through  the  medium  of  printed  categorical  circulars  and  the 
general  post  the  commission  has  acquired  a  vast  amount  of  information  at 
a  wonderfully  small  cost,  from  mariners,  merchants,  scientific  men,  manu- 
facturers of  illuminating  apparatus  and  foreign  governments,  besides  which 
they  have  personally  visited  upwards  of  two  hundred  light-houses  on  the 
coasts  of  the  United  Kingdom,  the  Channel  Islands,  France  and  the  north- 
em  coast  of  Spain.  It  turns  out  from  inquiry  that  "  they  manage  these 
things  better"  and  more  scientifically  in  France  and  America,  Taking 
lightships  into  account,  however,  the  coast  mileage  lighted  shows  a  rather 
better  proportion  for  England  than  France ;  but  as  scientific  men  have 
the  direction  of  the  lights  in  France,  they  are  placed  "  so  as  to  cross  their 
fire,"  and  be  thus  more  serviceable  to  the  foreigner,  while,  as  a  general 
rule,  the  lights  are  of  a  better  quality,  through  more  attention  being  paid 
to  the  size  and  bearing  of  the  flame.  More  attention  to  these  pomts  is 
paid  in-  Scotland  than  either  in  England  or  Ireland,  but  it  is  satisfactory 
to  know  that  we  possess  some  of  the  veir  finest  lights  in  the  world.  In 
the  United  Kingdom  there  are  404  lights — 357  on  shore,  47  floating ; 
197  of  them  under  general  and  160  under  local  authority.  The  commis- 
sioners suggest  various  improvements  in  detail,  such  as  the  adoption  of 
more  red  lights  in  place  of  any  other  color,  but  what  is  ordinarily  termed 
"  white ;"  but  their  chief  recommendation  is  that  the  whole  of  Uie  lights 
should  be  placed  under  a  central  board  of  four  members,  one  to  be  chosen 
by  the  Board  of  Trade,  to  be  denominated  "  The  Trinity  Commissioners 
for  Lights,"  to  include,  abo,  as  ex  officio  members,  the  Astronomer  Royal, 
the  Hydrc^rapher  to  the  Admiralty  and  the  Comptroller-General  of  the 
Coast  Guard.  Indeed,  the  commissioners  believe  that  the  Coast  Guard 
establishment  may  be  made  of  great  assistance  in  carrying  out  the  light- 
ing service  of  the  kingdom.  The  new  board  would  supersede  the  Board 
of  Trade,  the  Trinity  House,  the  Commission  of  Northern  Lights,  (Scot- 
land,) and  the  Dublin  Ballast  Board,  whose  authority  at  present  clashes 
very  detrimentally.  The  proposed  body  would  be  represented  in  the 
House  of  Commons  either  oy  the  Admiiulty  or  the  Board  of  Trade,  so 
far  as  presenting  the  annual  estimates  of  the  expenditure  of  the  establish- 
ment, and  answering  any  questions,  but,  after  the  estimates  have  once 
passed  the  House,  the  central  board  will  have  the  entire  control  of  the 
expenditure  and  management  As  to  the  vexed  question  of  the  abolition 
of  light-dues  on  shippmg,  the  commissioners  ofier  no  decided  opinion, 
but  appear  to  favor  the  principle  already  recommended  to  the  legislature 
by  four  special  committees,  viz.,  that  the  expense  of  erecting  and  main- 
taining our  light-houses  should  be  defrayed  out  of  the  public  revenue. 


Journal  <^  Nautical  InUlUgme:  761 


DBUIIMOND  UQflT. 

The  Drammond  Light  is  thus  descrihed  hj  Mr.  Baxter,  in  a  recent 
nomber  of  "  Recreative  Science."    It  is  often  cieJled  the  Lime  Light : 

This  brilliant  light  was  the  invention  of  Lieut.  DRUMMOin>,  and  was 
applied  by  him  in  conducting  the  Ordinance  Survey  in  Ireland  and  Scot- 
land in  1826.  Its  intensity  was  such  that  it  was  proved  by  him  to  be 
distinctly  visible  at  a  distance  of  ninety-five  miles.  It  is  so  purely  white 
that  the  most  delicate  shades  of  color  may  be  distinguished  oy  it  as  cor- 
rectly as  by  daylight ;  while  for  photographic  purposes  it  b  invaluable, 
as  it  enables  the  photographer  to  work  by  night  as  easily  as  by  day.  To 
what  extent  this  light  is  possessed  of  actinic  properties,  or  whether  this 
apparent  power  is  due  to  the  total  absence  of  color  in  its  composition,  I 
will  leave  others  to  decide.  I  shall  here  only  attempt  to  describe  the 
best  form  of  lime  light  apparatus  which  is  yet  known  to  the  scientific 
world*  The  lime  light  gives  out  but  little  neat,  and  does  ^not  in  any 
manner  vitiate  or  consume  the  oxygen  of  the  surrounding  atmosphere ; 
hence  it  is  just  the  kind  of  light  required  for  crowded  rooms,  factories, 
mines,  tunnels ;  in  short,  wherever  it  b  an  object  to  limit  the  natural 
consumption  of  oxygen. 

As  a  proof  of  this,  I  may  state  that  a  five-jet  lamp,  belonging  to  the 
Universal  Lime  Light  Company,  which  was  exhibited  in  the  Society  of 
Arts  Lecture  Room,  consumed  thirty-six  cubic  feet  of  the  combined  gases 
in  an  hour,  and  did  not  increase  the  temperature  of  the  room  during  that 
length  of  time.  It  gave  a  more  pure  and  powerful  light  than  their  large 
chandelier,  which  was  subsequently  lighted,  and  which  consumed  five 
thousand  cubic  feet  in  the  hour ;  the  temperature  of  the  room  kept  in- 
creasing, and  the  atmosphere  was  vitiated  to  an  unbearable  degree  at 
the  end  of  that  period.  It  is  hardly  necessary  to  observe  that,  m  com- 
mon with  all  other  lights  of  great  intensity,  it  may  be  used  for  signal 
lights,  its  peculiar  steadiness  and  continuity  giving  it  the  advantage  over 
its  rival,  the  electric  light  For  use  at  sea,  or  by  the  coast  guard  m  case 
of  wreck,  and  in  cases  where  life  and  property  are  at  stake,  cheapness  is 
a  matter  of  no  consideration  for  a  light  of  thb  nature ;  still,  where  cheap- 
ness is  combined  with  utility,  the  lime  light  has  precedence  over  all  lights, 
its  cost  being  in  pence  where  others  cost  pounds.  Owing  to  the  total 
absence  of  color,  it  is  not  only  applicable  to  photographic  purposes,  but 
also  for  picture  galleries,  shops,  <bc,  he  It  is  found  to  separate  the 
most  dehcate  shades  of  color,  and,  what  is  of  more  importance,  it  does 
not  in  the  slightest  degree  injure  Uie  most  delicate  fabrics.  A  single  jet 
of  the  medium  size  is  equivalent  to  forty  argand,  or  eighty  fish-tail  gas- 
lights, or  four  hundred  wax  candles ;  wnile  its  cost  is  from  a  halfpenny 
to  five  pence  an  hour,  according  to  the  quantity  of  combined  gases  con- 
sumed, the  augmentation  of  which  increases  the  power  of  the  light  For 
instance,  twice  the  quantity  of  gas  consumed  per  hour  will  give,  not 
twice,  but  four  times  the  amount  of  light  Comparing  it  with  the  illu- 
minating power  of  common  gas,  a  single  jet,  consuming  four  cubic  feet  of 
the  conibined  gases  per  hour,  equals  that  obtained  from  four  hundred  feet 
of  coal  gas. 


768  Jmifnai  of  Jfautieai  InteHifmee. 

STEAMBOAT  DI8A8TEB8  ON  WESTERN  RIVERS. 

The  following  (from  the  St  Lonis  Bulletin)  is  a  summary  and  detailed 
statement  of  accidents  and  disasters  to  steamboats,  barges,  canal  and 
coal  boats,  and  other  river  craft,  on  the  Western  rivers  daring  the  year 
1860.  The  number  is  unusually  large,  and  the  loss  of  life  attending  the 
disasters  is  also  above  the  average  of  former  years.  The  foUowii^  ia  a 
synopsis  of  the  statement : 

Number  of  steamboats  destroyed  and  damaged, 899 

Number  of  canal  boats  and  barges, 48 

CJoal  and  flat  boats, 208 

Steamboats  totally  destroyed, 120 

The  disasters  are  attributed  to  the  folloinng  causes : 


Sunk, Ill 

Burned, 31 

Explosion 19 

Ck>Ui8ion, 24 

Snagged  and  damaged, 44 

The  total  loss  in  steamboat  property,  including  canal  boats,  coal  boats 

and  barges,  exceeds  $2,000,000.  The  loss  on  cargo  cannot  be  ascertained 


Damafi;ed  by  storm, $9 

Breaking  machinery, 21 

Collisions  with  river  bank, 8 

Total  loss  of  life, 254 


THE  BRITISH  AND  AMERICAN  LIFE-BOAT  SOCIETIES. 

It  is  gratifying  to  record  the  interchange  of  courtesies  and  good  offices 
between  the  societies  of  England  and  the  United  States,  having  the  com- 
mon object  of  humanity  and  of  ameliorating  the  lot  of  those  whose  lives 
are  periled  on  the  great  deep. 

A  few  months  ago  the  National  Life-boat  Institution  presented,  through 
Mr.  R.  B.  Forbes,  to  the  Massachusetts  Humane  Society,  a  beautmil 
model  of  its  life-boat,  and  a  complete  set  of  the  journal  of  its  transactions. 
The  British  Life-boat  Institution  also  forwarded  its  thanks,  inscribed  on 
vellum,  to  Miss  Dix,  an  American  lady,  in  acknowledgment  of  her  long 
and  valuable  services  in  the  cause  of  humanity,  and  particularly  of  her 
zealous  exertions  in  aiding  to  establish  four  life-boats  on  the  British  pos- 
session of  Sable  Island,  on  the  coast  of  North  America.  At  a  general 
meeting  of  the  American  Society,  held  at  Boston,  Massachusetts,  the 
Hon.  David  Sears,  President,  in  the  chair,  these  presents  were  thus 
suitably  acknowledged : 

"  The  trustees  of  the  Massachusetts  Humane  Society  desire  to  recipro- 
cate in  the  most  cordial  manner  the  respect  and  kind  feeling  on  the  part 
of  the  British  Royal  National  Life-boat  Institution,  and  to  express  their 
readiness  to  co-operate  with  it  in  all  practicable  ways,  and  especially  in 
the  interchange  of  information  and  suggestion,  for  tne  promotion  of  the 
humane  objects  common  to  both  societies.  They  look  with  satis&ction 
on  every  event,  whether  of  individual,  social  or  international  courtesies, 
which  help  to  preserve  and  strengthen  friendly  relations  between  the 
people  and  governments  of  England  and  the  United  States.  They  have 
shared  largely  in  the  universal  enthusiasm  and  kind  feeling  awakened 
among  all  classes  of  our  citizens  by  the  recent  visit  to  this  country  of  his 
Royal  Highness  the  Prince  of  Wales,  and  cherish  the  hope  that  this  events 
80  mteresting  in  itself,  is  destined  to  be  prominent  and  beneficent  in  the 


JoumcU  of  Nautteal  Intelligence,  758 

influence  it  will  exert  to  bind  ns  together  in  strong  and  enduring  amity, 
80  that  the  two  great  nationalities  of  the  Ango-Saxon  race,  distinct  in  the 
forms,  but  in  many  respects  similar  in  the  spirit  of  their  institutions,  with 
a  common  lineage,  language  and  literature,  may  ever  be  one  undivided 
power  on  the  earOi,  exerted  always  in  behalf  and  for  the  promotion  of  the 
highest  and  best  interests  of  mankind.     (Signed,) 

S.    K,   LOTHROP, 

Corresponding  Secretary  of  the  Massachusetts  Humane  Society, 


NEW  LIGHT-HOUSES. 

Official  communications  from  the  Light-House  Board  at  Washington, 
Thornton  A.  Jbnkins,  U.  S.  Navyy  Secretary  of  ike  Light-House 
Board, 

The  Mkditkrranean. — 1.  Fixed  Light  at  the  Mouth  of  the  Ebro, — 
OflScial  information  has  been  received  that  on  and  after  the  15th  day  of 
September,  1861,  a  light  will  be  exhibited  from  a  temporary  light-house, 
erected  on  Cape  Tortosa,  which  forms  the  eastern  extremity  of  Buda 
Island,  or  of  the  Delta  of  the  river  Ebro.  Hie  light  is  h  fixed  white 
light,  and  is  visible  on  all  points  seaward  through  an  arc  of  270**,  or 
between  the  bearings  of  N.  E.  by  E.  |  E.  round  by  W.  to  S.  S.  K  ^  E. 
It  is  placed  at  an  elevation  of  34  feet  above  the  mean  level  of  the  sea, 
and  should  be  seen  in  clear  weather,  from  the  deck  of  a  ship,  at  a  distance 
of  11  miles.  The  illuminating  apparatus  is  dioptric,  or  by  lenses,  of  the 
fifth  order.  The  tower  is  a  skeleton  wood-work,  31  feet  high,  surmounted 
by  a  lantern  with  a  white  top  ;  and  twenty  yards  to  the  westward  is  the 
keeper's  dwelling,  which  is  a  hut  thatched  with  reeds.  The  tower  stands 
in  lat  40*"  43'  0"  N.,  long.  0°  56'  54"  east  of  Greenwich.  The  bearings 
are  magnetic     Variation  18*"  30'  W.  in  1861. 

2.  Fixed  Lights  on  the  Pedagne  Rocks^  Brindisi, — On  and  after  the 
31st  day  of  January,  1861,  a  light  will  be  exhibited  from  a  light-house 
erected  on  the  northwestern  of  the  Pedagne  rocks  at  the  entrance  of 
Brindisi  harbor.  The  light  is  a  fixed  white  light,  varied  by  a  flash  once 
every  three  minutes;  the  flash  is  preceded  and  followed  by  a  short 
eclipse.  The  elevation  of  the  light  is  72  feet  above  the  mean  level  of  the 
sea,  and  it  should  be  seen  in  clear  weather,  from  the  deck  of  a  ship,  at  a 
distance  of  13  miles.  The  illuminating  apparatus  is  dioptric,  or  by 
lenses,  of  the  fifth  order.  The  tower  is  a  column  rising  from  a  small  cir- 
cular building  86  feet  high  and  colored  white.  Its  position  is  given  as 
lat  40°  39^' N.,  long.  17°  59'  32"  E.,  or  two  miles  westward  of  the  longi- 
tude in  the  Admiralty  charts. 

3.  Revolving  Light  on  Point  Torre  di  Penne, — Also,  that  a  light  will 
be  exhibited  from  a  light-house  erected  on  Point  Torre  di  Penne,  near 
Brindisi,  on  the  southeast  coast  of  Italy.  TTie  light  is  a  revolving  white 
light,  attaining  its  greatest  brilliancy  every  half  minute ;  the  elevation  of 
the  light  is  129  feet  above  the  mean  level  of  the  sea,  and  should  be  seen 
in  clear  weather,  from  the  deck  of  a  ship,  at  a  distance  of  20  miles.  The 
illuminating  apparatus  is  dioptric,  or  by  lenses,  of  the  third  order.  The 
tower  is  circuu&r,  82  feet  high,  and  colored  white ;  and  at  the  foot  of  it  is 
a  rectangular  building.     Its  position  is  given  as  lat  40°  41'  05"  N.,  long. 

VOL.  XLIV. — NO.  VI.  48 


754  Journal  of  Nautical  Intelligenee, 

17°  56'  18"  east  of  Greenwich,  or  8  miles  westward  of  the  longitade  in 
the  Admiralty  charts. 

Spain  and  Francb. — 4.  Fixed  White  Light  at  Llanes. — On  and  after 
the  30th  day  of  September,  1861,  a  light  will  be  exhibited  from  a  light- 
house recently  erected  on  Point  San  Antonio,  on  the  southern  shore  of 
the  mouth  of  the  estuary  of  the  Llanes,  in  the  province  of  Oviedo,  on 
the  north  coast  of  Spain,  in  the  Bay  of  Biscay.  The  light  is  a  fixed 
white  light,  placed  at  an  elevation  of  64  feet  above  the  mean  level  of  the 
sea,  and  should  be  visible  in  clear  weather,  from  the  deck  of  a  ship,  at  a 
distance  of  0  miles.  The  illuminating  apparatus  is  dioptric,  or  by  lenses, 
of  the  sixth  order.  The  tower,  which  is  octagonal  and  26  feet  high,  is 
attached  to  the  north  front  of  the  keeper's  house,  and  both  are  pamted 
white.  Its  position  is  in  lat  43''  26'  45"  N.,  long.  4°  45'  81"  west  of 
GreenwicL 

5.  Fixed  and  Flashing  Light  at  Cartaya, — On  and  after  the  1st  day 
of  April,  1861,  a  light  will  be  exhibited  from  a  light-house  recently 
erected  at  a  place  called  Rompido  de  Cartaya,  on  the  left  bank,  at  the 
entrance  of  the  river  of  Las  Piedras,  on  the  southwest  coast  of  Andalucia. 
The  light  is  a  fi.xed  white  light,  varied  by  a  flash  eYerjfaur  minutes.  It 
is  placed  at  an  elevation  of  79  feet  above  the  mean  level  of  the  sea,  and 
should  be  seen  in  clear  weather,  from  the  deck  of  a  ship,  at  the  distance 
of  14  miles.  The  illuminating  apparatus  is  dioptric,  or  by  lenses,  of  the 
third  order.  The  tower  is  circular,  36  feet  high,  and  of  a  yellow  color ; 
it  is  surmounted  by  a  lantern  painted  green.  It  stands  in  the  centre  of 
the  southern  face  of  the  keeper's  dwelling,  which  latter  is  square.  The 
position  of  the  tower  is  in  fat  37°  11'  5"  N.,  long.  6°  58'  25"  west  of 
Greenwich. 

6.  Bed  Lights  at  the  entrance  of  the  Guadiana, — On  and  after  the 
Ist  day  of  May,  1861,  two  new  l^hts  would  be  exhibited  on  Caneb 
Island,  near  Canela  Point,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  mouth  of  the  River 
Guadiana,  to  aid  in  crossing  the  Bar  of  Ayamonte.  The  lights  are  fixed 
red  lights.  The  northern  of  the  two  is  placed  at  an  elevation  of  221  feet, 
and  the  southern  one  21  feet  above  the  mean  level  of  the  sea,  and  uiould 
be  visible  in  clear  weather,  from  the  deck  of  a  ship,  at  a  distance  of  8 
miles.  Each  light  is  placed  on  a  column  to  the  eastward  of  the  light- 
house keeper's  dwelling.  The  position  of  the  lights  is  in  lat  37®  10'  80" 
N.,  long.  7°  16'  38"  west  of  Greenwich,  and  3  miles  from  the  bar.  They 
are  chimged  whenever  the  position  of  the  bar  alters. 

7.  Green  Lights  at  Cristina  Island. — On  and  aft»r  the  1st  day  of 
March,  1861,  two  new  lights  would  be  exhibited  from  La  Punta,  or  the 
point  to  the  south  of  the  town  of  Isla  Cristina,  for  crossing  the  bar  at 
that  place.  The  lights  are  fixed  green  lights.  The  northern  one  is  placed 
at  an  elevation  of  26  feet,  and  the  southern  one  16  feet  above  the  mean 
level  of  the  sea,  and  should  be  seen  in  clear  weather,  from  the  deck  of  a 
ship,  at  the  distance  of  7  miles.  Each  light  is  placed  on  a  column  to  the 
eastward  of  the  light-keeper's  dwelling.  The  position  of  the  lights  is  in 
lat  37''  10'  45"  N.,  long.  7*^  13'  45"  west  of  Greenwich,  and  one  mile 
from  the  bar. 

8.  Alteration  of  Lights  at  Ruelva. — On  and  after  the  Ist  day  of  March, 
1861,  two  new  lights  would  be  placed  on  Punto  del  Padre  Suito,  on  the 


Journal  of  Nautkal  InielUpence.  765 

east  shore  of  the  mouth  of  the  River  Odiel,  in  lieu  of  those  now  in  use. 
The  lights  are  Jused  white  lights.  The  northern  one  is  placed  at  an  ele- 
vation of  2H  feet,  and  the  southern  one  16^  feet  above  the  mean  level  of 
the  sea,  and  should  be  seen  in  clear  weather,  from  the  deck  of  a  ship,  at  a 
distance  of  8  miles.  Each  light  is  placed  on  a  brown  column  to  the  west- 
ward of  the  light-keeper's  dwelling.  The  position  of  the  lights  is  in  lat 
37°  1'  30"  N.,  long.  6°  47'  26"  west  of  Greenwich,  and  three-quarters  of 
a  mile  from  the  bar. 

9.  Bed  Light  on  the  SMquet  Bock. — On  and  after  the  20th  day  of 
February,  1861,  a  light  will  be  exhibited  on  the  tower  recently  built  on 
the  S^n6quet  Rock,  in  the  D^route  Passage,  about  6  miles  north  of 
Regneville,  on  the  west  coast  of  the  Department  of  La  Manche.  The 
light  will  be  a  fixed  red  light,  placed  at  an  elevation  of  66  feet  aboye 
high  water,  and  should  be  visible  from  the  deck  of  a  ship,  in  clear  weather, 
at  a  distance  of  10  miles.  The  tower  stands  in  lat  49°  6'  32"  N.,  long. 
1°  39'  49"  west  of  Greenwich, 

10.  West  Coast — Change  in  the  Biarritz  Light. — ^The  Biarritz  Li^ht, 
which  now  revolves  once  every  30  seconds,  will  be  changed  to  a  light 
revolving  every  20  seconds,  showing  alternately  a  white  and  red  face, 
which  should  be  visible  in  ordinary  weather  at  a  distance  of  22  miles. 
Biarritz  light  tower  stands  about  2^  miles  southwest  of  the  entrance  of  the 
River  Adour,  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  lat  43°  29' 
38"  N.,  long.  1°  33'  19"  west  of  GTreenwich. 

11.  Lights  at  the  Port  of  Cette.-^On  and  after  the  16th  day  of  Febru- 
ary, 1861,  the  following  changes  will  take  place  in  the  position  of  the 
lights  of  Ihie  port  of  Cette,  on  the  south  coast  of  France,  m  the  Mediter- 
ranean :  1.  The  great  fixed  li^ht  of  the  port  will  be  changed  to  the  tower 
recently  built  in  the  centre  of  St  Louis  mole-head.  It  will  be  placed  at 
a  height  of  106  feet  above  the  mean  level  of  the  sea,  and  should  be 
visible  from  the  deck  of  a  ship,  in  an  ordinary  state  of  the  atmosphere,  at  a 
distance  of  16  miles.  The  tower,  which  is  88  feet  high,  stands  in  lat 
43°  23'  60"  N.,  long.  3°  42'  1"  east  of  Greenwich.  2.  The  two  small 
lights  vertical  on  the  sea-mark  near  Fort  Richelieu  will  be  changed  to 
the  southwest  angle  of  that  fort,  at  about  840  yards  W.  by  N.  i  N.  of 
the  Mole-Head  L^ht,  so  as  to  form  with  it  leading  lights  for  the  eastern 
entrance  of  the  harbor.  These  lights,  which  wiU  be  elevated  272  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea,  will  be  visible  at  a  distance  of  4  miles  in  ordi- 
nary weather ;  but  they  blend  and  appear  as  one  light  when  beyond  the 
distance  of  one  mile  and  a  hal£  They  will  be  repliu^ed  at  a  later  period 
by  lights  which  will  be  established,  one  on  the  extremity  of  the  Frontig- 
nan  Jetty,  the  other  on  the  northeast  pier  head  of  the  detached  briselame 
or  breakwater  which  shelters  the  entrance  of  the  port  All  bearings  are 
magnetic.     Variation  17°  36'  W.  in  1861. 

Baltic — Gulf  op  Fiklahd. — 12.  Lights  at  KronstaU — ^The  following 
alterations  will  be  made  in  the  lights  at  Eronstat,  prior  to  the  opening  of 
the  navigation  in  the  spring  of  1861 :  The  three  fixed  lights  in  tne  centre 
of  the  fort  of  Emperor  Paul  L,  or  Risbank  Fort,  will  be  discontinued. 
The  eastern  light  on  Nicholas  Battery,  at  Eronslot,  which  is  now  46  feet 
above  the  mean  level  of  the  sea,  will  be  raised  68  feet  above  the  same 
level,  and  should  be  visible  from  the  deck  of  a  ship,  in  clear  weather,  at  a 


756  Joumdl  of  Nauikal  Intdli^enee, 

distance  of  12  miles.  The  western  light,  which  is  now  21  feet  above  the 
mean  level  of  the  sea,  will  be  raised  23  feet.  Tliis  increase  of  height  will 
make  no  alteration  in  the  horizontal  arc  through  which  the  light  will  be 
visible. 

1 3.  Werko  Matala  Beacon,  off  Biorkb, — ^A  red  beacon  has  been  placed 
on  the  southeast  side  of  the  Werko  Matala  or  bank,  near  the  entrance  of 
Biorko  Sound,  with  the  tower  on  Pitko-nemi  or  point  W.  S.  W.  ^  S^ 
and  the  northeast  point  of  Biorko  N.  W.  northerly.  The  white  beacon 
on  the  eastern  part  of  the  bank  will  be  removed.  The  bearings  are  mag- 
netic.    Variation  at  BiorkS,  6°  20'  W.  in  1861. 

The  Red  Sea. — 14.  Revolving  Light  on  Perim  Island,  Strait  of  Bah- 
el'Mandeb. — On  and  after  the  1st  day  of  April,  1861,  a  light  will  be  ex- 
hibited from  a  light-house  recently  erected  on  Perim  Isjand,  in  the  Strait 
of  Bab-el-Mandeb,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Red  Sea.  The  light  is  a  white 
revolving  light,  attaining  its  greatest  brilliancy  once  in  four  minutes.  It 
is  placed  at  an  elevation  of  241  feet  above  the  mean  level  of  the  sea,  and 
should  be  seen  in  clear  weather,  from  the  deck  of  a  ship,  at  the  distance 
of  22  miles.  Hie  position  of  the  light-house  is  on  moderately  high  ground, 
about  1,100  yards  to  the  southwest  of  the  northeastern  bluff  point  of  the 
island,  and  stands  in  lat  12"*  40'  20"  N.,  long.  43°  28'  10"  east  of 
Greenwich. 

Cuba. — 15.  St,  Jago  de  Cuba, — The  light-house  on  the  Morro  of  St.  Jaffo 
de  Cuba,  lat.  19°  61'  29",  and  long.  69^43'  12"  west  of  Cadiz;  the  light 
that  formerly  existed  there  has  been  replaced  by  a  fourth  order  lens  of 
the  system  of  Fresnel,  showing  a  revolving  white  light,  with  flashes  at  in- 
tervals of  two  minutes.  The  light  is  elevated  about  222  feet  above  the 
mean  level  of  the  sea,  and  should  be  seen,  under  ordinary  circumstances 
of  weather,  at  a  distance  of  about  21  nautical  miles. 

T^E  Pacific  and  Australia. — 16.  Flashing  Light  on  the  Race  Rocks, 
Vancouver  Island. — On  or  about  the  1st  January,  1861,  a  light  would  be 
exhibited  from  a  liffht-house  recently  erected  on  the  Race  Rocks,  in  Juan 
de  Fuca  Strait,  at  the  southeast  extreme  of  Vancouver  Island.  The  light 
is  &  flashing  white  light,  showing  a  bright  flash  every  ten  seconds,  placed 
at  an  elevation  of  1 1 8  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea  at  high  water,  and 
should  be  seen  in  clear  weather,  from  the  deck  of  a  ship,  at  a  distance  of 
18  miles.  The  illuminating  apparatus  is  dioptric,  or  by  lenses,  of  the 
second  order.  The  tower  stands  in  lat  48°  17'  30"  N.,  long.  123**  32'  15" 
west  of  Greenwich. 

17.  Directions  for  Esquimalt  and  Victoria  Harbors,  by  Captain  Rich- 
ards, R,  N, — The  Race  Rocks  tower  can  be  distinctly  seen  at  the  dis- 
tance of  12  miles.  On  nearing  it  vessels  should  round  it  at  a  distance  of 
from  half  a  mile  to  a  mile ;  the  outermost  danger  is  a  rocky  patch  of  5 
feet,  lying  S.  E.  by  E.,  between  3  and  4  cables  from  the  Great  Race.  On 
rounding  the  Race  islands,  Fisgard  Island  flxed  light  will  be  seen,  and 
should  be  steered  for,  on  a  bearing  N.  ^  W.,  which  will  lead  clear  of  the 
reef  extending  a  short  distance  off  Albert  Head.  Keep  the  bright  light  in 
full  view  ;  if  a  vessel  gets  too  far  to  the  westward  it  will  appear  dim,  and 
shortly  become  shaded  or  green,  when  she  should  immediately  steer  out 
to  the  eastward  until  it  again  shows  bright  This  precaution  is  especially 
necessary  on  account  of  the  tides,  which,  during  springs,  run  as  much  as 
6  knots  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  Race  Rocks ;  the  ebb  runs  almost  in 


Journal  of  Nautical  Intelligence.  767 

a  direct  line  from  Haro  Strait  to  the  rocks,  and  sets  between  them  and 
the  shore.  There  are  also  tide-races  in  the  vicinity,  dangerous  for  boats 
or  small  craft.  When  to  the  northward  of  Albert  Head,,  and  desiring  to 
anchor  in  Royal  Roadstead,  a  vessel  should  bring  Fisgard  Island  light  to 
bear  N.  by  W.,  when  she  will  have  10  fathoms  good  holding  ground,  or, 
if  desired,  she  may  stand  to  the  westward  until  the  light  becomes  shaded 
green,  when  she  should  immediately  anchor.  Entering  Esquimalt  harbor 
the  light  should  be  left  from  one  to  two  cables'  lengths  on  the  port  hand, 
and  when  it  bears  S.  by  W.,  at  a  convenient  distance,  a  ship  may  anchor 
in  7  fathoms,  or  stand  into  Constance  cove  if  preferred.  When  the  light 
bears  N.  W.  by  W.  it  changes  from  bright  to  red,  and  shows  the  latter 
color  within  tiie  harbor.  Entering  Esquimalt  from  the  eastward,  the 
light  should  not  be  steered  for  until  it  snows  bright,  which  is  the  mark 
for  clearing  Brotchy  Ledge  and  the  Scrogg  Rocks ;  when  the  light  changes 
from  red  to  bright,  it  le^s  about  half  a  cable  clear  of  the  Scrogg  Rocks. 
The  course  for  the  entrance  of  Victoria  harbor,  after  rounding  the  Race 
light-house,  is  N.  4-  E.,  (allowing  for  tides,)  and  when  Fisgard  Island  light 
changes  from  bright  to  red  a  vessel  will  be  scarcely  a  mile  from  the  shore. 
Ships,  however,  above  the  size  of  coasters,  unless  acquainted  with  the 
neighborhood,  are  recommended  not  to  run  for  Victoria  harbor  at  night, 
when  they  would  not  be  able  to  enter ;  but  rather  to  anchor  in  Royal 
Roadstead  for  daylight.  With  S.  E  winds  and  stormy  weather  a  ship 
should  invariably  run  into  Esquimalt  harbor,  which  she  can  do  with  great 
facility  by  the  assistance  of  the  light  on  Fisgard  Island.  The  bearings 
are  magnetic.     Variation  22^  4'  in  1861. 

18.  Fisgard  Island — Light  at  Esquimalt, — On  the  19th  November, 
1860,  a  light  was  exhibited  from  a  tower  recently  erected  on  the  summit 
of  Fisgard  Island,  at  the  entrance  of  Esquimalt  harbor.  The  light  is  a 
fixed  light,  and  is  visible  through  an  arc  of  220°.  It  shows  green  when 
bearing  between  N.  by  E  \  E  and  N.  i  W.,  whiU  from  N.  J  W.  to  N.  W. 
by  W.  ^  W.,  and  red  towards  the  harbor,  or  from  N.  W.  by  W.  ^  W. 
round  by  W.  to  S.  ^  E.  It  is  placed  at  an  elevation  of  70  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea  at  high  water,  and  should  be  seen  in  clear  weather,  from 
the  deck  of  a  ship,  at  a  distance  of  10  miles.  The  illuminating  apparatus 
is  dioptric,  or  by  lenses,  of  the  fourth  order.  The  building  consists  of  a 
keeper's  dwelling  of  brick,  with  a  tower  67  feet  high,  whitewashed,  and 
surmounted  by  a  lantern  painted  red.  Its  position  is  in  lat  48°  25'  38" 
N.,  long.  123  27'  10"  west  of  Greenwich.  The  bearings  are  magnetic. 
Variation  in  1861,  22°  6'  E. 

19.  Change  of  Light  on  Glenelg  Jetty. — On  and  after  the  1st  day  of 
December,  1860,  a  permanent  ^een  light  would  be  exhibited  at  the  outer 
end  of  Glenelg  Jetty,  Gulf  of  St.  Vincent,  instead  of  the  red  and  white 
occasional  light  hitherto  shown.  The  light  is  tL  fixed  green  light,  elevated 
29  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea  at  high  water,  visible  in  all  directions 
seaward,  and  should  be  seen  from  a  distance  of  6  miles.  The  position  of 
the  light  is  in  hi.  84*  59'  80"  S.,  long.  188°  33'  E.  of  Greenwich.  Ves- 
sels anchoring  off  Glenelg  Jetty  should  bring  the  light  to  bear  K  by  N., 
and  anchor  in  not  less  than  5  fathoms.  Coasters  may  approach  the  end 
of  the  jetty  very  closely,  but  care  should  be  taken  to  avoid  a  shoal  patch 
on  an  oyster  bank  lying  about  a  mile  to  the  southward  of  the  township. 
There  is  a  depth  of  lo|  feet  at  the  end  of  the  jetty  at  low  water  of  spring 
tides.     The  bearings  are  magnetic.    Variation  6°  20'  E.  in  1861. 


758  Journal  of  Nautical  Intelligence, 

SUBMARINE  TELEGRAPHIC  CABLES. 

Official  information  has  been  received  by  the  Idffht-HouBe  Board, 
Washington,  from  the  Ministry  of  Marine  at  Copenhagen,  Denmark, 
that  submarine  telegraphic  cables  have  been  laid  down,  besides  at  the 
places  formerly  brought  to  notice  in  the  Sound  and  the  Belts,  also  at  the 
following  places : 

L  In  the  Great  Belt — The  telegraphic  cable  earlier  laid  down  is  situ- 
ated in  the  following  marks:  Two  white-painted  beacons,  erected  on 
"  Knudshovedlandet,"  in  Pyen,  in  the  direction  of  W.  ^  S.  and  R  ^  N. 
to  one  another,  mark  the  line  from  this  point  to  the  Sprogo  West  Ree^ 
and  two  on  the  Sjeelland  side  erected  white-painted  beacons,  in  the 
direction  of  W.  ^  N.  and  E.  ^  S.  to  one  another,  mark  the  line  over  the 
"  Ostre-Rende."  South  of  Sprogo,  buoys  have  been  laid  down  for  the 
purpose  of  indicating  the  situation  of  the  cable  at  that  place.  A  quarter 
of  a  mile  to  the  north  of  the  above-mentioned  cable,  a  new  telegraphic 
cable  has  been  laid  down,  which,  starting  from  what  is  called  the 
"  Stjemeskandse,"  (Starfort,)  E.  of  Nyborg,  in  the  direction  of  R  and 
W.  north  of  Sprogo,  in  3^  fathoms  water;  herefrom  passes  over  to 
Halskov,  north  of  Halskov  Reef,  in  the  direction  of  E.  ^  S.  As  well  on 
FVen  as  on  Sjaelland,  the  situation  of  the  cable  is  marked  by  two  great 
white-painted  beacons,  and  at  the  coast  of  Sprogo,  where  the  cable  passes 
nearest  to  the  land,  by  a  great  nun  buoy,  with  a  white  pole  and  flag. 

n.  In  the  Little  Belt. — ^Between  "  Boyden,"  on  Fyen,  and  "  Fyenshav,'' 
on  Als,  a  telegraphic  cable  is  laid  down,  the  situation  of  which,  on  either 
shore,*  is  marked  by  two  great  white-painted  beacons.  The  direction  of 
the  cable  is — the  beacons  held  in  one  in  S.  W.  and  N.  E. 

III.  Between  Sjaelland,  M5en,  Falster  and  Lolland,  the  following  tele- 
graphic cables  are  laid  down : 

1.  Between  the  ferry  bridges  at  KaUehauge,  on  SjsBlland,  and  Eoster, 
on  Mden,  in  the  direction  of  N.  \  E.  and  S.  \  W. 

2.  In  "  Gronsund,"  between  the  ferry  bridge  on  Moen  and  Falster,  in 
the  direction  of  N.  to  E.  and  S.  to  W. 

8.  Between  Niki5bing,  on  Falster,  and  Sunby,  on  Lolland,  in  the 
direction  of  W.  S.  W.  \  W.  and  E.  N.  K  ^  E. 

At  Eoster,  Grdnsund,  on  Falster,  and  Sunby,  on  Lolland,  two  white- 
painted  beacons  are  erected  at  each  place,  which,  held  in  one,  mark  the 
line  of  the  telegraphic  cables.  All  mariners  are  requested  not  to  anchor 
over  or  in  the  vicinity  of  the  above-mentioned  telegraphic  cables,  as  any 
person,  wilfully  or  by  negligence,  damaging  the  same,  shall  be  made 
answerable  to  punishment  and  indemnification  in  accordance  with  the 
laws. 


SAVING  THE  CREWS  OF  STRANDS)  TESSELS. 

A  series  of  exceedingly  interesting  experiments,  having  for  their  object 
the  providing  a  certain  means  of  communication  between  stranded  vessels 
and  the  shore  as  a  means  of  preserving  the  lives  of  their  crews  at  a  time 
when  communication  by  boat  would  be  impossible,  was  brought  to  a 
close  at  Portsmouth,  in  a  most  satisfactory  manner,  in  March  last    The 


Jaurwil  of  NauHeal  Intelligmee.  759 

trials  have  extended  over  a  period  of  some  months,  and  the  means  pro- 
posed to  be  employed  have  been  tested  in  every  possible  way  by  the  gen- 
tleman who  has  suggested,  in  fact,  carried  it  out  at  his  own  expense, 
Lieutenant  G.  S.  Nares,  senior  lieutenant  of  Her  Majesty's  ship  Britannia, 
Captain  Robert  Harris,  the  naval  cadet  training  ship  in  Portsmouth 
harbor.  Lieutenant  Nares  employs  the  common  kite  principle  as  his 
chief  agent ;  but  while  he  sends  his  kite  away  to  leeward,  and  conse- 
quently towards  the  shore,  he  retains  the  means  on  board  the  stranded 
vessel  of  bringing  down  the  kite  when  flown  sufficiently  beyond  the 
beach,  or  over  the  cliff,  so  that  the  line  attached  to  the  kite  may  be 
hauled  upon  by  the  people  on  shore,  and  the  end  on  board  the  vessel 
being  attached  to  a  hawser,  and  the  latter  on  reaching  the  shore  being 
hauled  up  the  cliff,  a  means  of  escape  to  the  crew  and  passengers,  how- 
ever numerous  they  may  be,  so  long  as  the  vessel  holds  together,  or  how- 
ever violent  may  be  the  surf  which  intervenes  between  the  ship  and  the 
land,  is  open  to  all  with  the  most  perfect  safety  by  a  boatswain's  cradle, 
basket  or  slung  cask,  being  attached  to  the  hawser,  and  hauled  back- 
wards and  forwards  by  the  people  of  the  vessel  and  those  on  shore.  To 
bring  the  kite  to  the  ground  when  sufficiently  advanced  beyond  the  face 
of  a  cliff  or  high-water  mark,  Lieutenant  Nares  has  a  second  line  attached 
to  the  right  an^le  of  the  kite ;  holding  on  to  this  line,  and  letting  go  the 
flying  line  of  t£e  kite,  the  latter  instantly  capsizes  and  descends  to  the 
earth.  This  mode  is  applicable  to  the  rescue  of  the  crew  of  a  vessel 
which  has  been  driven  well  on  shore,  but  is  in  a  position,  either  from  the 
surf  or  the  formation  of.  the  coast,  in  which  no  vessel  can  approach  her. 
Another  mode  in  which  this  life-kite  may  be  used,  is  where  it  may  be 
able  to  effect  a  landing  on  a  beach  to  leeward,  but  the  boats  are  washed 
overboard  or  stove,  or  the  position  in  which  the  vessel  may  lie  on  a  bed 
of  rocks  may  render  boats  useless.  Li  this  case  the  flying-line  of  the 
kite  is  attached  by  a  toggle  to  the  bunghole  of  a  cask,  to  a  couple  of 
breakers  with  a  boat's  mast  lashed  athwart  them,  or  round  a  mui's  chest, 
with  the  knot  between  his  shoulders ;  in  either  case  the  kite  finds  the 
supporting  power,  and  conveys  the  object  its  line  is  fast  to  on  shore, 
another  Ime  being  attached  to  the  cask,  raft  or  man  from  the  vessel,  and 
the  communication  with  the  shore  is  complete.  The  particular  credit 
due  to  Lieutenant  Nares  consists  in  his  havmg,  by  his  second  line,  devised 
a  means  of  bringing  the  kite  to  the  ground  at  the  moment  required,  and 
in  also  making  use  of  the  kite  in  atUiching  its  flying  line  to  an  object  in 
the  water,  a  carrier  of  his  hawser's  hauling  line  to  the  people  on  the 
shore.  Kites  have  been  tried  before,  but  nave  failed  for  the  want  of 
these  two  great  requisites.  A  few  years  since  a  vessel  drove  on  shore  on 
the  Devon  coast,  close  under  the  land.  The  captain  sent  up  a  kite,  which 
flew  over  the  people's  heads  on  the  shore,  but  they  had  no  means  of 
reaching  it,  and  the  whole  of  the  unfortunate  crew  perished  in  the  siffht 
of  the  people  on  shore,  who  were  there  ready  to  aid  them  could  the  Ime 
from  the  kite  overhead  have  reached  their  hands.  In  March  last  the 
brig  Merot,  of  Bristol,  was  wrecked  at  Porthleven,  in  Mount's  Bay.  A 
tremendous  surf  was  running,  but  to  save  the  crew  it  was  necessary  to 
form  some  communication  otherwise  than  by  boat  A  cask  was  thrown 
overboard  among  the  breakers,  with  a  small  line  attached,  and  was,  after 
great  difficulty  and  risk  of  life  on  the  part  of  the  people  on  shore,  got 
hold  of,  and  a  hawser  hauled  on  shore,  to  which  a  swung  basket  was 


760  Jowmal  of  Nautical  IntelUffmuse. 

attached,  and  the  crew  w^e  Bayed.  In  this  case  the  kite  would  hare 
conveyed  the  cask  to  the  people  on  the  beach  without  their  haying  to 
risk  their  liyes  by  running  into  the  breakers  and  surf  to  lay  hold  of 
it  The  concluding  experiments  by  Mr.  Narbs  were  made  from  Her 
Majesty's  steamer  Bullfinch,  Lieutenant  Jambs.  The  Bullfinch  on  this 
occasion  was  600  yards  from  the  shore,  and  the  expenmenta  answered 
perfectly.  Lieutenant  Nares  has  presented  his  plan  to  the  Shipwrecked 
Fishermen's  Society,  and  also  the  50  guineas  whicn  had  been  awarded  him. 


LEAKY  VESSELS. 
A  Liverpool  paper  gives  the  following  account  of  an  ingenious  wplica- 
tion  of  the  screw  principle,  which  has  recently  been  tried  on  the  Mersey. 
It  consists  of  a  very  cheap  and  simple  apparatus  ^which  can  be  stowed 
away  in  a  box)  for  pumping  leaky  vessels,  and  which  may,  probably,  in 
a  three-knot  stream,  assist  in  loading  or  unloading  cargo.  This  invention 
has  deservedly  met  with  considerable  commendation  from  the  govemmcBt 
emigration  officer,  Lieutenant  Prior,  R  N.,  by  the  surveyors  of  Llotd's, 
and  of  many  other  practical  men  who  have  seen  it  in  operation.  The 
inventor  is  Mr.  Robert  Formbt,  son  of  the  oldest  uid  most  eminent 
physician  in  this  town.  The  apparatus,  which  has  been  made  for  a  ves- 
sel of  600  tons,  consists  of  a  two-bladed  screw  of  a  semi-disc  form ;  it  is 
attached  to  a  jointed  rod,  which  gives  motion  to  the  axle  of  a  small- 
toothed  bevel  wheel,  fixed  on  the  vessel's  deck  right  astern,  and  com- 
pletely out  of  the  way  of  all  traffic.  This  again  works  another  wheel  ob 
the  end  of  a  shaft  extending  longitudinally  aiong  the  bulwarks,  and  c<«i- 
necting  with  the  lower  limb  of  a  bell-crank  woridng  about  six  feet  from 
the  deck,  the  upper  limb  of  which  is  connected  by  a  rod  with  an  upri^t 
arm  springing  from  the  centre  of  a  horizontal  lever-beam,  to  the  end  of 
which  the  pump  rods  are  jointed.  When  the  vessel  is  going  three  or 
four  knots  an  hour  the  action  of  the  pumps,  the  stroke  of  which  can  be 
increased  or  diminished  in  a  minute,  is  rapid,  and  causes  a  dischaige  ol 
water  nearly  equal  to  the  quantity  a  body  of  men  could  pump.  At  six 
or  seven  knots  speed  the  quantity  is  considerably  increased,  and  nearly  fills 
the  nozzles.  Considering  that  the  screw  never  tires,  this  result  exhibits  a 
great  advantage  over  manual  labor.  By  a  very  simple  arrangement  the 
pumps  are  prevented  from  choking,  as  ships'  pumps  general  do.  The 
apparatus  can,  by  a  very  simple  movement,  oe  thrown  out  of  gear.  The 
method  of  stopping  the  rotatory  motion  of  the  screw  previous  to  hauling 
it  in  is  very  simple.  An  "extinguisher,"  formed  of  sheet  iron  of  a 
lamp-shade  shape,  is  placed  on  the  rod  connected  with  the  screw,  and 
n^idly  descends,  occasioning  an  immediate  stoppage.  It  can  then  be 
hauled  in  without  difficulty.  When  we  consider,  tlutt  in  the  month  of 
October  thirty-nine  vesseb  foundered  through  springing  leaks,  and 
that  the  severe  labor  of  pumping  tends  greatly  to  occasion  sickness  among 
seamen,  and  consequent  incapacity  for  other  necessary  work,  the  advan- 
tages of  this  invention  must  surely  be  patent  to  the  mercantile  world. 


RAISING  SUNKEN  VESSELS. 

It  is  well  known  that  the  expense  of  the  ordinary  method  of  raising 
sunken  vessels  is  such,  that  in  many  cases  all  attempts  are  abandoned, 


Journal  of  Nautical  Intelligenee.  761 

and  valuable  property  is  sacrificed  and  irrecoverably  lost  It  is  said  that 
in  certain  circumstances  this  loss  may  be  prevented  and  the  sunken 
vessels  recovered  in  the  following  manner :  At  low  water,  a  number  of 
empty  casks  or  air-tight  caissons,  or  one  or  two  ships  or  barges,  are  to  be 
attached  by  strong  ropes  or  hawsers  to  parts  of  the  sunken  ship,  and  the 
ropes  hove  in  tight  As  the  tide  rises,  the  vessels  become  more  and 
more  immersed  in  the  water,  until  the  weight  of  the  additional  volume  of 
water  displaced  by  the  whole  of  them  equals  the  force  necessary  to  raise 
the  ship.  When  the  tide  is  nearly  at  its  height,  the  vessels,  with  the 
sunken  ship  under  them,  are  removed  towards  the  shore,  until  she  touches 
the  ground  again.  If  the  ship  be  then  in  such  a  position  that  the  fedling 
tide  will  leave  her  above  water,  when  at  its  lowest,  the  vessels  are  cast  off; 
but  if  not,  they  are  hove  down  as  before,  and  the  process  described  is 
repeated.  The  number  of  air-tight  vessels  may  be  thus  approximated  to. 
On  the  sunken  ship,  the  pressure  downward  is  the  weight  of  the  ship 
and  of  the  cargo  ;  and  the  pressure  upward  is  the  weight  of  a  volume  of 
water  equal  to  that  occupied  by  the  material  of  the  ship  and  by  the 
cargo.  If  the  ship  be  built  of  wood,  the  specific  gravity  of  the  mass 
could  not  much  exceed  unity — that  is,  the  weight  of  the  whole  mass 
would  be  about  the  same  as  that  of  an  equal  volume  of  water.  There 
would  then  remain  to  be  overcome  by  the  water-tight  vessels  a  pressure 
equal  to  the  weight  of  the  cargo  when  placed  in  water.  When  this 
pressure  is  found,  there  must  be  a  number  of  water-tight  vessels,  such 
that  their  weight,  together  with  the  weight  of  cargo  when  in  water,  shall 
equal  the  weight  of  tiie  volume  of  water  displaced  oy  these  vessels.  This 
method  is  reported  to  have  been  successfully  adopted  for  the  recovery  of 
several  small  vessels. 


FLOGGING  IN  THE  BBITISH  NATT. 

A  return  has  been  made  public  of  persons  flogged  in  the  navy  in  the  year 
1859.  Hie  total  number  of  persons  flogged  was  951,  and  30,329  lashes 
were  inflicted.  The  highest  number  oflashes  given  was  50,  while  six 
marks  the  lowest  The  BauNSwiOK  has  the  unfortunate  distinction  of 
supplying  the  highest  return,  viz. :  1,194  lashes,  which  was  supplied  to 
80  men.  The  Liffbt  ranked  next  to  the  Brunswick,  27  men  having 
on  board  her  received  954  lashes ;  and  the  Spt,  a  wretched  little  bngan- 
tine,  with  only  45  men,  actually  shows  that  her  commander  punished 
more  than  25  per  cent  of  his  crew.  The  offences  of  which  our  seamen 
are  chiefly  guilty  are,  it  spears,  drunkenness,  insubordination,  disobe- 
dience, theft  and  desertion.  In  one  case,  on  board  the  Boboawsh,  we  are 
told  that  the  punishment  was  inflicted  for  the  use  of  obscene  language  on 
duty ;  and,  in  the  Hornet,  84  lashes  were  given  between  two  men  for 
smuggling  spirits  into  the  ship.  In  six  instances,  *^  making  false  charges" 
brought  the  culprits  to  the  gangway. — Army  and  Navy  Gazette, 


THE  GREAT  EASTERN. 


The  directors  of  the  Great  Ship  Company  had  compiled  a  report  that  was 
to  be  presented  to  the  shareholders  at  a  public  meeting  to  be  held  at  the 
London  Tavern  on  the  28th  March.     They  congratulate  the  shareholders 


?62  J(mrwil  of  NauHcal  IntdUgence, 

that  the  trial  trip  to  New-York  was  made  at  a  loss  of  only  £344  odd.  As 
explained  in  their  previous  report,  it  was  their  intention  to  have  despatched 
the  ship  on  a  second  voyage  to  New-York  on  the  I7th  of  October  last, 
*but,  after  considering  the  requirements  of  the  Board  of  Trade  for  one 
voyage  only,  and  the  very  imperfect  state  of  the  decks  laid  down  by  Mr. 
J.  SooTT  RussBLL  uudcr  his  contract,  the  directors,  with  the  advice  and 
concurrence  of  some  of  the  largest  proprietors,  whom  they  invited  to 
confer  with  them  on  the  subject,  abandoned  that  intention.  Hiey  then 
reduced  the  staff  and  all  other  expenses  as  much  as  possible,  and  pro- 
ceeded with  the  alterations  and  repairs.  The  bearing  of  the  screw  shaft 
was  isix  the  most  serious  task.  By  very  skilftil  arrangements  the  necessity  of 
removing  the  shaft  from  the  ship  was  overcome,  and  the  work  has  made 
such  progress  as  to  leave  no  reasonable  doubt  of  its  satisfactory  comple- 
tion, together  with  the  feed  pumps  to  the  paddle-boilers,  reconmiended 
by  tiie  Board  of  Trade,  in  the  ensuing  month.  The  main  deck  has  been 
sheathed  with  If  inch  boards  over  a  layer  of  tarred  patent  felt,  thus 
forming  a  double  deck.  The  directors  believe  that  by  these  means  the 
deck  ^therto  a  constant  source  of  injury  and  annoyance)  will  be  water- 
tight, and  the  inconveniences  thoroughly  removed.  The  saloon  and  cargo 
decks  have  been  caulked,  and  many  other  minor  but  important  works  are 
in  progress.  The  question  of  future  employment  for  the  ship  has 
received  the  most  serious  consideration  of  the  directors.  The  want  of 
public  confidence  in  the  ship  has  hitherto  baffled  the  directors  in  their 
endeavors  to  obtain  sufficient  passengers  and  freight  to  remunerate  the 
proprietors.  They  hope  that  the  voyage  to  America  has,  in  a  great 
degree,  removed  the  impediment.  The  passengers  unanimouslv  expressed 
their  appreciation  of  the  ease  and  comfort  they  enjoyed,  and  the  total 
absence  of  sea-sickness,  even  to  the  most  sensitive.  Her  excellence  as  a 
sea  boat  has  been  proved,  and  notwithstanding  the  inevitable  disadvan- 
tages of  an  experimental  voyage,  the  directors  can  now  plac^  full  reliance 
on  her  steady  speed.  They  believe  that  another  successful  voyage  to 
America  will  establish  the  desired  confidence,  and  that  she  might  then  be 
profitably  employed  in  any  trade  where  her  great  capacity  and  power  can 
be  developed,  it  is  clear  that  by  a  computation  of  her  speed  now 
established,  she  would  accomplish  a  voyage  to  India  or  Australia  within 
forty  da^s,  upon  a  ration  of  consumption  of  coals  for  below  that  of  other 
steamships.  The  directors  have,  therefore,  resolved  upon  despatching 
the  ship  to  America  early  in  April,  1861,  and  they  hope  that  the  receipti 
from  all  sources  will  at  least  equal  the  expenditure,  as  experience  has 
proved  that  the  working  expenses  of  this  ship  may  be  reduced  to  the 
ordinary  charges  of  merchant  steamers,  which  reduction  the  directors 
are  determined  to  effect 


Chamhern  of  Commerce  and  Boards  of  Trade.  768 


CHAMBERS  OF  COMMERCE  AND  BOARDS  OF  TRADE. 


Special  Meeting  of   the  New- York    Chamber  of  Commerce,  Friday, 
April  19th,  1861. 

In  answer  to  a  call  issued  by  the  President  of  the  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce, the  meeting  took  place  April  19th,  Pblatiah  Perit,  Esq.,  Presi- 
dent, presided,  and  made  the  following  address : 

We  are  assembled  to-day  in  special  meeting,  at  the  written  request  of 
many  of  our  members,  according  to  the  requirements  of  our  by-laws. 

It  has  been^e  habit  of  this  l^ard  not  to  intermeddle  with  the  political 
questions  which  agitate  the  country,  but  there  are  occasions  on  which 
tne  ordinary  rules  of  proceedings  must  give  way  to  peculiar  emergencies, 
and  such  an  occasion  nas  arisen  to-day. 

The  nation  has,  in  the  course  of  events,  sudden  and  unexpected,  reached 
a  crisis  unprecedented  in  our  history,  when  the  safety  of  the  government 
is  threatened,  and  when  the  President  of  the  United  States,  compelled  by  this 
alarming  state  of  things,  has  called  on  the  citizens  to  raJly  to  the  defence 
of  the  government :  as  an  influential  body  of  men  in  this  commercial 
centre,  we  are  bound  to  respond  heartily  to  this  call. 

I  trust,  gentlemen,  that  in  the  discussions  of  this  morning  we  shall 
forget  all  party  distinctions,  and  with  unanimity  and  warm  hearts  rally 
in  support  of  a  constitution  and  government  the  best  in  the  world,  and 
under  which  we  have  lived  and  prospered  since  the  dose  of  the  revolu- 
tionary war.  All  which  has  been  ours  in  times  past,  which  constitutes 
our  hope  for  times  to  come,  is  at  stake.  Under  the  specious  name  of 
secession,  traitors  have  seized  the  public  property,  have  attacked  the 
national  forts,  and  are  now  threatemng  the  nationiJ  capital  The  prime 
of  our  young  men  are  marching  to  its  defence.  Let  us  meet  the  crisis 
like  patriots  and  men.  There  can  be  no  neutrality  now ;  we  are  either 
for  the  country  or  for  its  enemies. 

Mr.  Opdtkb  rose,  and  stated  that  he  held  in  his  hand  a  series  of  resolu- 
tions which  he  would  offer  for  the  suffrage  of  the  Chamber : 

WhereM,  Oar  country  has,  in  the  course  of  events,  reached  a  crisis  unprecedented 
in  its  past  history,  exposing  it  to  eztreme^danffers,  and  involving  the  most  momentous 
results ;  and  whereat,  the  President  of  the  United  States  has,  by  his  proclamation, 
made  known  the  dangers  which  threaten  the  stability  of  g^emment,  and  called 
upon  the  people  to  rally  in  support  of  the  constitution  and  laws ;  and. 

Whereas,  The  merchants  of  ifew-York,  represented  in  this  Chamber*,  have  a  deep 
stake  in  the  r<»ults  which  may  flow  from  the  present  exposed  state  of  national 
affidrs,  as  well  as  a  jealous  regard  for  the  honor  of  that  flag  under  whose  protection 
they  have  extended  the  commerce  of  the  city  to  the  remotest  part  of  the  world: 
Therefore, 

JUeolved,  That  this  Chamber,  alive  to  the  perils  which  have  been  gathering  around 
our  dierished  form  of  government  and  menacing  its  overthrow,  has  witnessed  with 
Uvely  satisfaction  the  determination  of  the  President  to  maintain  the  constitution 
and  vindicate  the  supronacy  of  government  and  law  at  every  hazard.    (Cheers.) 

Resolved,  That  the  so-called  secession  of  some  of  the  Southern  States,  having  at 
last  culminated  in  open  war  against  the  United  States,  the  American  people  can  no 
longer  defer  their  dedsion  between  anarchy  or  despotism  on  the  one  side,  and,  on 


V64  Chambers  cf  Commerce  and  Boards  of  Trade. 

the  other,  liherty,  order  and  law,  under  the  most  benign  government  the  world  has 
ever  known. 

Jiesolved,  That  this  Chamber,  forgetful  of  past  differences  of  political  opinion 
amon^  its  members,  will,  with  unanimity  and  patriotic  ardor,  support  the  govern- 
ment m  this  great  crisis,  and  it  hereby  pledges  its  best  eff(H*ts  to  sustain  its  credit 
and  facilitate  its  financial  operations.  It  fOso  confidently  appeals  to  all  men  of 
wealth  to  join  in  these  efforts. 

Jiesolved,  That  while  deploring  the  advent  of  civil  war,  which  has  been  pre<npi- 
tated  on  the  country  by  the  nuidness  of  the  South,  the  Chamber  is  persuaded  tott 
policy  and  humanity  auke  demand  that  it  should  be  met  by  the  most  prompt  and 
energetic  measures;  and  it  accordingly  reconmiends  to  government  the  instant 
adoption  and  prosecution  of  a  policy  so  vigorous  and  resistless  that  it  will  crush  out 
treason  now  and  forever. 

Jiesolved,  That  the  proposition  of  Mr.  Jefferson  Davis  to  issue  letters  of  maniiM 
to  whomsoever  may  apply  for  them,  emanating  from  no  recognised  government,  ii 
without  the  sanction  of  public  law,  but  piratical  in  its  tendencies,  and,  therefore,  deaciT- 
ing  the  stem  condemnation  of  the  civilized  world.  It  cannot  result  hi  the  fitting  out  <rf 
r^ular  privateers,  but  it  may  in  infesting  the  ocean  with  piratical  cruisers,  armed 
with  traitorous  commissions,  to  despoil  our  commerce  and  that  of  all  other  maritime 
nations. 

Jiesolved,  That  in  view  of  this  threatening  evil,  it  is,  in  the  opinion  of  this  Cham- 
ber, the  duty  of  our  government  to  issue  at  once  a  proclamation  warning  all  persons 
that  privateering  under  the  commissions  proposed,  will  be  dealt  wiUi  as  sim^ 

Eiracy.  It  owes  this  duty  not  merely  to  itself,  but  to  other  maritime  nations,  inio 
ave  a  right  to  demand  that  the  United  States  government  shall  promptly  dis- 
countenance every  attempt  within  its  borders  to  legalize  piracy.  It  should,  also,  at 
the  earliest  moment,  blockade  every  Southern  port,  so  as  to  prevent  the  ^ress  and 
ingress  of  such  vessels. 

Jiesolved,  That  the  Secretary  be  directed  to  send  oopies  of  these  resolutions  to 
the  Chamber  of  Commerce  of  other  cities,  inviting  their  cooperation  in  such  measures 
as  may  be  deemed  most  effective  in  strengthening  the  hands  of  the  government  in 
this  emergency. 

Resolved,  That  a  copy  of  these  resolutions,  duly  attested  by  the  officers  of  the 
Chamber,  be  forwardea  to  the  President  of  the  United  States. 

Mr.  Opdyke,  on  presenting  the  above,  remarked  that  they  emanated 
from  patriotic  motives,  and  were  addressed  to  sucL  The  cherished  flag 
of  our  country  had  been  lowered  at  the  demand  of  traitors,  and  it  was 
the  duty  of  thb  body  to  come  promptly  forward  and  tender  its  fuDeat  aid 
to  the  government  in  this  emergency.  He  hoped  the  resolutions  would 
be  adopted  by  acclamation. 

Mr.  James  Gallatin  said  there  was  no  excuse  for  secession  in  the 
election  of  Mr.  Lincoln,  who  was  constitutionally  elected.  The  seceding 
States  had  plunged  tlie  country  into  civil  war,  without  any  just  pretext 
The  people  of  the  South  do  not  complain,  but  demagogues  and  traitors, 
usurpingthe  government  of  the  States,  belie  history  to  justify  their  con- 
duct His  means  and  services,  to  the  best  of  his  ability,  should  be  devo- 
ted to  the  maintenance  and  defence  of  his  country,  and  he  was  happy  to 
know  that  this  was  the  sentiment  of  this  great  commercial  community. 
(Applause.) 

Mr.  Phillips  thought  the  resolution  should  express  itself  in  favor  of  a 
speedy  blockade  of  the  Southern  ports,  more  emphatically  than  was  ex- 
pressed in  the  resolutions.  He,  therefore,  oflfered  a  resolution  in  &Yor  of 
the  immediate  blockade  of  every  Southern  port  Mr.  Phillips  consented 
to  withhold  his  resolution. 

Mr.  Royal  Phelps  said  the  merchants  had  laid  their  case  before  the 
administration,  and  assurance  had  been  received  that  immediate  and 
efficient  measures  would  be  taken  to  blockade  every  Southern  port 


Chambers  of  Commerce  and  Boards  of  Trade,  766 

(Loud  applause,  and  cries  of  "Good.")  Mr.  Royal  Phelps  said  that 
steps  which  at  first  were  not  called  treason  had  now  become  such. 
Although  not  authorized  to  speak  for  others,  he  believed  he  should  speak 
the  universal  sentiment  of  tne  democratic  merchants  of  this  city,  when 
he  said  he  would  support  the  government  fully,  earnestly,  enthusiastically. 
(Loud  applause.)  The  country  is  in  the  midst  of  a  struggle  for  its  exist- 
ence, and  the  duty  of  every  citizen,  irrespective  of  party,  is  to  uphold  it 

S.  B.  Chittenden  said,  the  question  was  whether  the  government,  to 
which  eighteen  millions  of  people  are  loyal,  shall  be  overthrown  by 
traitors.  We  must  stand  by  the  flag  at  whatever  cost  of  blood  or  trea- 
sure ;  it  must  float  forever  over  a  people  whom  God  planted,  and  whom 
he  will  defend.  The  government  must  understand  that  the  people  of  this 
city  are  united  for  the  Union,  now  and  forever. 

rROSPER  M.  Wbtmore  said,  we  did  not  at  this  time  know  any  distinc- 
tion of  party.  This  was  an  unhappy  day  for  our  country.  Civil  war 
always  brings  suffering  and  disaster,  but  there  is  a  bright  side  even  to 
civil  war — for  a  united  nation  of  twenty  million  people  sympathizes  with 
us  to-day,  and  such  unanimity  presented  a  sublime  spectacle  to  the  world. 
The  merchants  of  New-York,  m  1766,  united  for  liberty,  and  struck  the 
first  blow  that  gave  us  freedom.  It  had  been  common  in  writers  to  de- 
cry the  motives  of  commercial  men ;  but  see  what  a  scene  was  presented 
to-day — the  merchants  of  this  great  commercial  metropolis  meeting  and 
pledging  their  character  and  all  they  have  for  their  country.     (Applause.) 

Mr.  Bookman  thought  the  fate  of  the  Federal  party  should  oe  a  lesson 
to  those  who  would  not  stand  by  the  government  when  beset  by  a  rebel- 
lious war  in  its  own  dominions. 

Mr.  Blunt. said  that  the  constitution  had  been  trampled  under  foot 
The  rebels  had  stolen  all  they  could  on  land,  and  now  proposed  to  steal 
by  water.  We  had  traitors  among  us,  but  they  have  been  marked,  and 
would  be  weeded  out     He  had  gotten  rid  of  one  to-day  in  short  metre. 

Mr.  Larned,  who  had  just  returned  from  Washington,  addressed  the 
Chamber  regarding  the  anxiety  about  the  Capital.  Wlien  he  passed 
through  Baltimore,  he  was  assured  there  would  be  no  mob  interference 
with  the  troops. 

Ex-Governor  King,  Wm.  E.  Dodge  and  Elliot  C.  Cowden  addressed 
the  Chamber,  urging  action  on  the  part  of  merchants  and  captains  to 
sustain  the  government 


Special  Meeting  of  tJie  New-York  Chamber  of  Commerce,  April  25, 1861. 

A  special  meeting  of  the  Chamber  of  Conmoerce  was  held  on  Thursday, 
April  25,  the  President,  Pelatiah  Perit,  in  the  chair.  The  Secretary, 
Mr.  HoMANS,  read  the  call,  which  was  to  take  into  consideration  the  re- 
cent act  of  the  legislature  in  reference  to  the  Committee  of  Arbitration, 
and  the  amendment  of  the  By-Laws  in  relation  thereto.  The  act  was 
then  read,  viz. : 

Chapter  261. 
An  act  to  amend  an  act  entitled  "  An  act  to  remove  dmibtt  concerning  the  Corporation 

of  the  Chamber  of  Commerecy  and  to  confirm  the  righU  €md  privileges  thereof^  paaeed 

April  thirteen,  seventeen  hwndred  and  eightyfour,    Paseed  April  15,  1861,  t/tree- 

fifthe  being  present. 

The  people  of  the  State  of  New-Yorht  represented  in  Senate  and  Astemblv,  do  enact 
asfollom : — Skction  1.  The  Chamber  of  Uommerce  of  the  State  of  New- York  shall 


766  Chambers  of  Commerce  and  Boarde  ^  Trade. 

have  power  to  elect,  by  ballot,  in  conformity  with  the  by-lawB  adc^yCed  by  the  add 
ChamDer,  a  committee,  to  be  known  and  styled  the  "  Arbitration  Committee  o^  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce,*  and  shall  have  power  also  to  appoint  a  Conmaittee  of  Ap- 
peal ;  and  the  duly  elected  members  of  the  said  CSiamber,  and  all  persmw  ^^w**^ 
by,  throngh  or  under  them,  may,  under  the  limitations,  and  subject  to  the  reetiie- 
tions  imposed  by  the  provisions  of  the  statotea  of  the  State  of  New-York  rdatiye  to 
arbitration,  submit  to  the  dedsion  of  Uie  Committees  of  Arbitration  and  Appeal,  as 
the  same  may  be  constituted  by  the  said  Chamber,  any  controyersy  esstinff  between 
them  which  might  be  the  subject  of  an  action,  and  may  agree  that  a  final  judnnent, 
in  a  court  of  record,  to  be  by  them  designated,  shall  be  rendered  on  any  award  made 
pursuant  to  such  submission. 

Sbction  2.  The  Committees  of  Arbitration  and  Appeal,  elected  or  a]ppQinted  as 
aforesaid,  shall  possess  the  same  powers  and  be  subject  to  tiie  same  duties  and  dis- 
abilities as  appertain  to  arbitrators  by  the  laws  of  the  State  of  Kew-YOTk,  and  awards 
made  by  them  must  be  made,  and  maybe  enforced,  as  therein  and  thereby  directed ;  and 
all  the  proyisions  contained  in  tiUe  fourteen,  part  third,  chspta  eoc^it  of  the  Beyised 
Statutes  of  the  State  of  New-York,  and  all  acts  amendatory  ot  in  ButMititQtioii  thereof 
shall  apply  to  proceedings  had  before  the  said  Committees  of  Arbitration  and  Ap- 
peal, as  if  spe^ally  incorporate  herein ;  except  that  the  judgment,  to  be  rendered 
in  the  manner  therein  dii^dcted,  on  any  award  made  by  them  as  aforesaid,  that  is  to 
say,  by  the  Committee  of  Arbitration,  no  i4>peal  from  its  action  bdng  taken  by 
eiwer  party  to  the  controyersy,  or  by  the  connrmatory  action  of  the  Committee  of 
Appeat  shall  not  be  subject  to  be  removed,  reversed,  modified  or  appealed  from  by 
the  parties  interested  in  such  submission  as  aforesaid. 

Seotiom  8.  This  act  shall  take  effect  immediately. 

Mr.  P.  M.  WsTMORE  offered  the  following  resolations,  which  were 
adopted : 

lUioived,  That  this  Chamber  of  Commerce  of  the  State  of  New-Y^k  hereby  ac- 
cepts and  binds  itself  to  act  under  the  law  of  the  leg^lature  of  the  State  of  New- 
York  in  relation  to  this  Chamber.    [Passed  April  Irt,  1861.] 

Jietolvedf  That  the  thanks  of  the  Chamber  are  due  and  are  hereby  tendered  to  the 
Hon.  B.  F.  Maioerrx,  of  the  Senate,  and  other  members  of  that  oody,  and  to  the 
Hon.  Speaker,  Mr.  LnTLSJOHir,  Hon.  Messrs.  Lucros  Robinsom,  Bknj.  V,  Camp,  Jobv 
ELabdt,  Nathan  Combtogk  and  others,  of  the  Assembly,  for  their  active  personal  ex- 
ertions in  successfully  ur|^ing  the  passage  of  the  bill  to  amend  the  charter  of  this 
Chamber  through  the  legislfSure  at  its  recent  session. 

Subsequently  Mr.  Wetmors  offered  certain  amendments  to  the  by- 
laws, growing  out  of  the  statute  passed,  and  which  were  laid  over  for 
consideration  at  the  next  meeting. 

By  unanimous  consent  Mr.  Dehok,  Treasurer  of  the  Committee  ap- 
pointed to  raise  subscriptions  to  uphold  the  government,  stated  that  he 
was  authorized  by  the  committee  to  say  that  they  bad  procured  krge 
subscriptions,  the  details  of  which  and  the  disbursements  they  womd 
submit  at  the  next  meeting  of  the  Chamber.  The  amount  was  over 
$100,000.  He  would  say,  however,  that  their  general  plan  had  been  to 
advance  money  only  to  regiments.  There  were,  however,  exceptions,  and 
they  had  taken  from  the  regiments  assignments  of  their  claims  upon  the 
State,  and  had  dealt  with  each  according  to  the  necessities  of  the  case, 

g'ving  first  to  those  regiments  who  were  ready  the  first  to  go  forward, 
e  stated  that  with  the  exception  of  two  members  of  the  committee,  they 
had  all  been  included  in  the  conmiitlee  of  citizens,  and  the  disbursements 
of  the  Common  Council  had  been  referred  to  that  committee.  In  view 
of  this  fact,  he  recommended  that  the  conunittee  of  the  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce be  merged  into  the  citizens'  committee.  The  motion  was  carried. 
On  motion  of  Mr,  Conkling,  the  committee  werfe  authorized  to  pay 
over  the  balance  in  their  hands  to  the  citizens'  committee. 
The  Chamber  then  adjourned. 


6hamber8  of  Commerce  and  Boards  of  Trade.  1^1 

Annual  Meeting  of  the  NetihTorh  Chamber  of  Commerce^  Thursday^ 
May  2d,  1861. 

The  regular  monthlymeeting  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  was  held 
at  their  rooms,  comer  William  and  Cedar  streets,  Thursday,  May  2d,  1861,  • 
the  President,  Pslatiah  Pbrit,  in  the  chair.  It  was  also  the  annual 
meeting  of  the  Chamber,  and  the  first  business  in  order  was  the  election 
of  officers  for  the  ensuing  year.  The  choice  of  a  president  first  claiming 
the  attention  of  the  memoers, 

BoTAL  Phblps  rose  and  said :  It  affords  me  great  pleasure  to  offer  for 
your  suffrages  our  actual  president  for  re-election.  I  hope,  indeed  I  have 
no  doubt,  that  the  vote  for  him  will  be  unanimous,  as  you  all  know  a 
unanimous  vote  is  required.  I  think  there  are  more  than  ordinary  reasons 
why  our  president  should  remain  in  office  during  our  present  political 
troubles ;  and  the  only  possible  objection  I  can  imagine  any  one  could 
have  is,  that  by  his  election  all  those  officers  under  him  might  also  expect 
to  be  re-elected.  I  hope  that  any  member  who  entertains  any  such  idea 
will  dispose  of  it  so  mr  as  the  first  officer  of  the  Chamber  is  concerned, 
and  that  we  may  elect  the  right  man  in  the  right  place.  I  propose, 
therefore,  the  re-election  of  Mr.  Pblatiah  Pbrit  as  president  for  another 
year.  * 

The  motion  was  unanimously  carried,  and  so  Mr.  Pbrit  was  viva  voce 
chosen  president  for  the  ensuing  year,  without  a  dissenting  voice. 

Mr.  Pbrit  said :  Gentlemen,  I  thank  you  for  the  honor  you  have  just 
conferred  on  me.  It  had  been  my  intention  and  my  sincere  desire  to 
vnthdraw  from  this  office,  partly  from  considerations  of  health ;  but  in  the 
actual  circumstances  of  the  country  I  think  every  man  is  bound  to  remain 
in  the  place  properly  assigned  to  him,  and  properly  occupied  by  him, 
under  any  circumstances,  as  far  as  he  has  the  ability  to  do  it  The  atti- 
tude of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  of  New-York  is  such  that  it  exerts  on 
those  matters  which  come  properly  within  its  province  a  very  powerful 
influence  throughout  the  whole  United  States.  We  have  had  many  evi- 
dences of  this.  Our  nation  is  now  undergoing  a  trial  more  severe  than 
has  ever  before  happened  perhaps  in  the  history  of  nations,  in  which  the 
faculties  and  powers  of  every  man  are  needed  to  support  the  government. 
The  Chamber  of  Commerce  of  New-York,  representing  the  commercial 
community  of  this  great  city,  has  immense  power  and  influence,  and  the 
Chamber  is  bound  to  exert  it  faithfully  and  consistently  in  support  of  the 
government.  And  there  are  modes  in  which  we  can  be  especially  useful 
to  the  government  New-York  is  now  the  headquarters  of  finance  in  this 
country.  The  members  of  this  Chamber  are  scattered  widely  through 
this  community,  and  especially  in  those  places  where  money  is  largely 
disposed  of.  Their  influence  can  materially  aid  the  government  in  the 
negotiation  of  loans,  and  a  loan  is  now  pending  in  which  that  influence 
win  be  felt  Every  one  here  knows  that  in  any  large  amount  which  the 
City  or  State  of  New-York,  or  other  States,  will  be  borrowing,  there  will 
be  a  heavy  pressure  of  stock  in  the  market,  and  it  is  very  important  that 
the  credit  of  the  government  be  fully  sustained,  and  all  its  loans  taken 
promptly,  and  taken  on  such  terms  as  will  be  creditable  and  honorable  to 
the  government  The  government  are  well  aware  of  the  value  of  our 
influence,  and,  during  our  proceedings  this  afternoon,  you  will  receive  an 
acknowledgment  on  the  part  of  the  Secretary  of  State  of  the  resolutions 


768  Chambers  of  Commerce  and  Boards  of  Trade, 

which  were  transmitted  from  this  board,  when  we  held  a  meeting  speciallj 
for  that  object,  which  is  important  evidence  that  the  government  is  rati- 
fied, and  feel  very  much  encouraged  by  the  resolutions  adopted  here, 
and  the  measures  which  followed  those  resolutions.  I  trust,  therefore, 
'that  whilst  there  will  undoubtedly  be  a  great  deal  of  work  to  do  during 
the  year,  everybody  here  will  do  all  in  tneir  power  to  assist  the  govern- 
ment. 

The  other  officers  were  also  unanimously  re-elected,  so  that  the  officers 
for  the  ensuing  year  remain  the  same,  as  follows  : 

The  First  Vice-President,  Royal  Phelps,  and  Second  Vice-President, 
A.  A.  Low,  were,  by  unanimous  consent,  re-norainated  for  re-election  and 
were  unanimously  re-elected.  J.  Smith  Homans  was  unanimously  re- 
elected Secretary  and  Mr.  E.  C.  Bogbrt,  Treasurer. 

The  president  said  the  next  business  in  order  would  be  the  election  of 
a  Chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Arbitration,  and  suggested  the  name  of 
George  Opdyke.  Some  discussion  ensued  between  Messrs.  Wxtmorx, 
Opdyke  and  Conkling,  relative  to  the  proposed  amendments  to  the  by- 
laws of  the  Chamber,  by  which  it  is  provided  that  a  member  of  the  Com- 
mittee of  Arbitration  shall  be  elected  every  three  months,  instead  of  every 
month,  as  at  present. 

The  following  amendments  of  the  by-laws  proposed  at  the  last  meeting 
were  this  day  adopted : 

Strike  out  Articles  12,  13  and  14,  and  insert  in  their  stead  the  follow- 
ing: 

Article  12. 

The  Chamber  shall  elect  a  Btanding  committee,  to  he  styled  a  Committee  of  ArfaU 
tratiei^4o  whom  all  mercantile  dispates  which  may  arise  between  members  of  the 
Chamber,  or  between  parties  claiming  by,  through  or  imder  them,  may  be  referred 
by  mutual  agreement.  Said  committee  shall  consist  of  five  members,  one  of  whom 
shall  be  elected  as  the  chairman  of  the  committee,  and  shall  hold  office  one  year; 
the  other  members  of  the  committee  shall,  In  the  first  instance,  be  elected  to  hold 
ofiice  for  the  following  terms,  viz. :  one  for  three  months,  one  for  six  months,  one 
for  nine  months,  one  for  twelve  months.  When  their  terms  of  service  shall  expire 
respectively,  their  places  shall  be  filled  by  electing  a  member  of  the  committee  to 
hold  office  twelve  months. 

The  Chamber  shall  also  appoint  a  standing  committee,  to  be  styled  the  "  Commit- 
tee of  Appeal,**  to  which  an  appeal  may  be  taken  from  the  decision  of  the  Committee 
of  Arbitration,  provided  notice  of  appeal  in  writing  shall  be  served  on  the  chairmaa 
of  the  Committee  of  Arbitration  and  on  the  opposite  party  within  ten  days  after  the 
award  in  the  case  shall  have  been  made,  and  notice  thereof  shall  have  been  served 
on  the  parties.  The  Committee  of  Appeal  shall  consist  of  the  president,  the  fint 
and  second  vice-presidents,  and  the  treasurer  of  the  Chamber,  together  with  the 
Chairman  of  the  Committee  of  Arbitration. 

Abtiglb  13. 

The  Committee  of  Arbitration  and  Appeal  respectively  shall  have  power  to  ap- 
point a  clerk,  to  prescribe  his  duties  uid  emoluments,  and  to  adopt  such  rules  to 
govern  proceedings  before  them  as  they  shall  deem  necessary  or  proper  from  time 
to  time ;  they  BhaU  keep  minutes  of  their  proceedings  and  decisions,  which  shall  be 
open  to  the  inspection  of  the  Chamber. 

In  case  of  a  vacancy  occurring  in  either  of  the  Committees  of  Arbitration  or  Appeal, 
the  place  so  vacant  shall  be  filled  at  the  next  meeting  of  the  Chamber.        i 

A&TICLB  14. 

It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  members  of  t^e  Committee  of  Arbitration  and  Appeal 
respectively  to  meet,  hear  and  determine,  with  reasonable  promptitude,  all  cases 


Chambers  of  Commerce  and  Boards  of  Trade.  960 

which  shall  be  duly  submitted  to  them ;  and  any  member  of  either  of  said  committees 
who,  in  the  judgment  of  a  majority  of  his  associates,  shall  neglect  or  refuse  so  to 
perform  his  duty,  shall  thereby  yacate  his  office,  and,  upon  Uie  fiM^  being  officially 
certified  to  the  Chamber,  a  member  shall  be  elected  in  his  stead. 

The  following  gentlemen  were  elected  members  of  the  Gonmiittee  on 
Arbitration :  Georgb  Opdtke,  Robbbt  B.  Minturk,  Walter  S.  Grif- 
riTH,  Jonathan  Stuross  and  Samuel  D.  Babcock. 

Moses  H.  Grinnsll,  Benjamin  R.  Winthrop  and  Archibald  G. 
King  were  chosen,  on  behalf  of  the  Chamber,  trustees  of  the  Institution 
for  the  Savings  of  Merchants'  Clerks. 

The  following  gentlemen  were  elected  as  the  Executive  Committee  for 
the  present  year :  Charles  H.  Marshall,  James  D.  P.  Ogden,  Henrt 
A.  OMTTHB,  Augustus  C.  Kichards,  Henrt  Chauncet,  William  £. 
Dodge,  Shbppard  Gandt,  Jambs  Gallatin,  Benjamin  R.  Winthrop, 
Nathaniel  L.  MoCreadt. 

Mr.  Perit,  at  this  stage,  announced  the  reception  of  the  following  let- 
ter of  acknowledgment  nrom  Mr.  Seward,  Secretary  of  State,  in  reply  to 
the  resolutions  adopted  April  19th,  which  was  read  by  the  secretary : 

*  Dkpabtmxnt  or  State,  WAsmNQTON,  26^  April,  1861. 

To  Pelatiah  Pbrtt,  Esq.,  Chaimuui  of  the  Chamber  of  Commeree,  New-Tork: 

Sm, — ^The  resolutions  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  concemin^  the  present  attitude 
of  public  affairs,  although  sent  forward  so  early  as  the  20th  mst,  nave,  in  conse- 
quence of  postal  obstructions,  only  just  now  reached  this  department.  I  have  lost 
no  time  in  submitting  them  to  the  President  of  the  United  States.  He  directs  me 
to  assure  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  that  he  has  read  the  resolutions  with  the  highest 
appreciation  of  the  loyalty,  patriotism  and  liberality  of  that  body ;  and  to  the  end 
that  they  may  find  a  just  place  in  the  history  of  this,  the  most  important  crisis,  saye 
one,  that  our  country  has  been  called  to  meet,  I  have  deposited  the  resolutions  in 
the  archives  of  the  gOTemment. 

I  have  the  honor  to  be,  with  the  highest  respect,  your  obedient  servant, 

WnXIAM  H.    SSWARD. 

Messrs.  C.  A.  Davis,  C.  H.  Marshall,  H.  K  Booert,  William  Bar* 
TON  and  J.  K  Myers  were  elected  as  the  Committee  on  the  Mercantile 
Library. 

The  treasurer  presented  his  annual  report,  showing  that  the  receipts 
during  the  past  year  had  been  $6,981  55,  and  the  disbursements, 
$6,654  49,  leaving  a  balance  of  $327  06  in  bank.  On  motion  of  Rotal 
Phelps  the  thanks  of  the  Chamber  were  tendered  to  the  treasurer  for 
promptly  presenting  the  annual  report,  this  being  the  first  time,  he  said, 
m  fourteen  years,  that  the  treasurer  s  financial  statement  had  been  received 
at  the  annual  meeting. 

Messrs.  Benjamin  F.  Butler,  Mansfield  Loybll,  Peter  Marie  and 
Luke  T.  Merrill,  who  had  been  nominated  at  the  last  meeting,  were  then 
elected  members  of  the  Chamber. 

Mr.  Theodore  Dehon  submitted  his  report  as  treasurer  of  the  receipts 
of  the  Finance  Committee,  i^pointed  by  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  on 
the  19th  of  April,  to  receire  subscriptions  of  merchants  for  the  outfit  of 
volunteers.  The  receipts  were  $11 5,853,  and  the  disbursements,  $92,883, 
leaving  a  balance  of  $22,970,  which  was  paid  over  to  the  Union  Defence 
Committee,  into  which  the  conmiittee  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  has 
been  merged. 

VOL.   XLIV. — NO.   VL  49 


110  Chamberi  of  Commerce  and  Boards  of  Trade, 

PHILADBLPHIA   CORK  BXCHANOB   ASSOCIATION. 

Preamble  and  Reeolutione  adopted  April  15, 1861. 

The  following  preamble  and  resolutions  were  read  and  adopted  by  a 
unanimous  vote : 

WhereaSy  Armed  rebellion  has  raised  its  hand  against  the  goremment 
of  the  United  States,  and  is  now  engaged  in  the  perpetration  of  infiunons 
outrages  upon  the  honor,  intemty  and  safety  of  our  beloved  country ;  and, 

IF%«rea«,  It  is  the  duty  of  all  true  men,  in  a  crisis  like  the  present, 
to  express  their  dcTotion  to  the  sacred  cause  of  their  country  and  thdr 
firm  determination  never  to  abandon  her  to  her  enemies ;  therefore. 

Resolved^  That  the  Com  Exchange  Association,  in  the  manifestation  of 
their  unceserved  and  entire  sympathy  with  the  administration  in  this 
trying  hour,  and  in  token  of  their  earnest  desire  to  do  all  that  men  may 
do  in  behalf  of  their  country,  do  now  instruct  their  Committee  of  Supe^ 
intendence  to  purchase  inmiediately,  and  cause  to  be  extended,  the  in- 
sulted but  still  beloved  flag  of  the  United  States  in  front  of  their  buOd- 
ing  before  sunset,  and  to  keep  it  fl^dng  there  under  all  circumstances. 
^In  half  an  hour  after  the  adoption  of  the  above  the  flag  was  thrown  ^ 
to  the  breeze. 


PHILADELPHIA  BOARD  OF  TRADE. 

Preamble  and  Besolutuma  adopted  April  15,  1861. 

The  following  preamble  and  resolutions  were,  on  motion  of  Mr. 
Mbrriok,  unanimously  adopted  by  a  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Trade  on 
Monday  evening : 

WhereaSj  In  tLe  present  critical  condition  of  political  affiiirs,  it  becomes 
incumbent  on  all  loyal  citizens,  of  every  class,  publicly  to  express  their 
fealty  to  the  national  government,  and  their  unalterable  devotion  to  the 
Constitution  and  the  Union ; 

And  whereaSj  such  expression  is  peculiarly  appropriate  at  this  time 
from  the  mercantile  and  industrial  classes  of  this  community,  whose  in- 
terests have  been  cherished  and  extended  under  the  protection  of  the 
flag  of  our  country ;  therefore, 

Mesolvedy  That  the  Board  of  Trade  of  Philadelphia  take  this  oppor- 
tunity of  declaring  the  ardent  and  unwavering  attachment  of  its  mem- 
bers, and  of  the  eommercial  community  of  uiis  city  generally  to  the 
Union,  the  Constitution  and  the  flag  of  the  United  Stat^ 

Resolvedy  That  the  Association  of  the  Board  of  Trade,  and  the  me^ 
chants  and  manufacturers  of  Philadelphia,  be  invited  to  assemble  at  these 
rooms  at  12  o'clock  noon,  on  Wednesday,  the  I7th  instant,  to  respond 
to  the  above  resolutions. 

Resolved^  That  the  Secretary  be  instructed  to  raise  the  United  States 
flag  over  the  building  and  rooms  of  the  Board. 


THB  BOSTOV  BOARD  OF  TRADB. 

Special  Meeting  of  the   Government  of  the  BoeUm  Board  of  Trade^ 
Monday,  April  29,  1861. 
The  President  stated  that  the  object  of  this  meeting  was  to  consider 
the  present  aspect  of  afiairs  as  rektes  to  our  commerce,  which  is  exposed 


Cfhambers  of  Cammeree  and  Boards  of  Trade.  *t*J\ 

to  depredation  from  the  action  of  the  *'  Confederate  States,"  so  called ; 
and  suggested  that  some  measures  of  protection  were  absolutely  neces- 
sary on  the  part  of  the  Federal  government  When  he  had  concluded, 
Mr.  Charlbs  J.  Morrill  moved  the  following  resolutions,  which,  after 
spirited  remarks  by  Messrs.  Charles  G.  Nazro,  Joseph  S.  Ropes,  M.  D. 
Boss,  Charles  0.  WmrMORSiand  Johk  Collamoeb,  were  unanimously 
adopted. 

Memdvtdy  That  a  due  regard  to  the  protection  of  maritime  com- 
merce demands  an  immediate  increase  in  the  available  naval  force  of  the 
United  States,  bv  the  purchase  by  the  Federal  government  of  ten  or 
more  first-class  chpper  ships  and  ocean  steamers,  to  be  equipped,  armed 
and  commissioned  forthwith,  and  employed  on  our  coast,  especially  for 
the  protection  of  merchant  vessels  from  attacks  of  privateers  or  piratical 
cruisers,  and  to  co-operate  with  the  blockading  squadron. 

Eeiolvedy  That  the  President  and  Secretary  be  requested  to  prepare, 
and  transmit  to  the  President  of  the  United  States  a  memorial  embrac- 
ing a  copy  of  the  foregoing  resolution,  and  asking  the  inmiediate  action 
of  the  government  in  accoraance  therewith. 

Bendvedj  That  the  Secretary  be^quested  to  laransmit  a  copy  of  the 

of  Isew-T 


\  of  this  meeting  to  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  of  New-York, 
and  the  Soard  of  Trade  of  Philadelphia,  and  solicit  their  co-operation 
in  the  object 


BOSTON  BOARD  OF  TRADE. 


Monthly  Meeting,  May  6, 1861. — ^A  report  of  disasters  to  Boston  vessels  and  vessels 
employed  in  the  trade  of  Boeton,  for  the  month  of  April,  was  presented  and  ordered 
on  file  for  the  use  of  the  committee  on  inqmry  into  the  canses  of  shipwreek.  Vx. 
Jomr  T.  UxARO  presented  a  report,  which  was  accepted. 

The  **  Committee  on  the  Crisis"  woold  respectrally  rei>ort,  that  they  have  held 
frequent  meetings  since  their  appointment.  General  subjects  have  engaged  their 
attention,  but  their  only  action  has  been  that  which  has  resulted  in  the  formation  of 
a  State  organizadon  for  the  raising  and  care  of  a  soldier^s  fimd.  That  organisation 
acts  independently  of  the  government  of  the  Board  of  Trade. 

The  committee  were  requested  to  continue  their  services,  and  to  act  at  discretion 
upon  whatever  questions  may  come  to  thdr  notice.  A  letter  was  read  from  Robxbt 
B.  Forbes,  acc(Mnpanied  by  twelve  charts  of  various  distant  coasts,  according  to  the 
surveys  of  Captam  Rinooold  and  Lieut  Roobbs,  U.  S.  N.,  for  the  use  of  the  mem- 
bers of  this  Board,  and  for  the  information  of  the  public,  and  expressing  the  hope 
that  the  Board  will  take  measures  to  procure  copies  of  these  charts  from  Washing- 
ton, fen*  circulation  among  persons  interested  in  navigation  and  commerce.  Read 
and  ordered  on  file. 

The  President  and  Secretary  reported,  that  in  accordance  with  the  vote  at  the 
special  meeting,  they  had  transmitted  a  memorial  to  the  President  of  the  United 
States  on  the  subject  of  employing  clipper  ships  and  ocean  steamers  to  protect  ves- 
sels of  our  flag  returning  m>m  foreign  voyages,  in  ignorance  of  the  unnappy  con- 
dition of  our  public  afffurs;  to  protect  the  Califcnnua  steamers  and  other  vessels 
exposed  to  cloture  under  the  proclamation  of  JsmotsoH  Davis,  and  to  give  aid  to 
the  blockading  squadron. 

The  preamble  and  resolutions  of  the  New-York  Chamber  of  Commerce,  adopted  by 
that  body  ''  unanimously  and  by  acclamation,"  reUting  to  the  present  crisis,  were 
read;  but  this  Board  have  acted  upon  the  same  matter.  Ordered  that  the  Secretary 
reply  thereto,  expressing  our  entiro  approval  of  the  sentiments  embraced  therein. 

Communication  from^ikMcu.  H.  Dalb,  of  Bangor,  on  the  evils  of  the  present  syv- 
tem  of  promissory  notes,  payable  to  the  order  of  the  makers,  and  their  sale  by 
brokers,  was  discussed  by  Messrs.  Roris,  Boim  and  the  President,  and  referred  to 
the  Secretary. 


972  Journal  of  Mercantile  Lav), 


JOURNAL  OF  MERCANTILE  LAW. 


1.  Illboal  CoAfimo  Tsaob.    S.  Fobxiom  Owhbbs  or  Yxsbxls.   8.  ABArnxmrnaet  or  Bbif^No- 

TtOB  TO  tjKDSBWBinBS.     4.  TXADB  UaMXB,     5.  LlJLBUJTT  FOB  NBQLBOT.     C  DVTT  OB  HmBB. 

7.  Amiobmbbt.    8.  Suit  oh  Bobd. 

ILLEGAL   COASTING   TRADE. 

The  United  States  vs.  The  Schooner  Rsstlxss. 

This  vessel  was  seized  by  the  collector  of  this  port  on  her  anind 
from  the  Island  of  Cuba,  for  an  alleged  violation  of  the  act  of  1793, ''  for 
enrolling  and  receiving  ships  or  vessels  to  be  employed  in  the  coasting 
trade,  and  for  regolatmg  tne  same."  The  fects  were  reported  under 
oath  to  the  Hon.  S.  P.  Chase,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury.  That  func- 
tionary has  decided  **  to  remit  all  the  right  and  claim  and  demand  of  the 
United  States,  and  of  all  others  to  the  said  forfeiture,  on  the  payment 
of  all  the  costs,  charges  and  expenses  incurred  in  the  case,  it  appearing  to 
my  satisfaction  that  the  forfeiture  was  incurred  without  wilful  n^ligence." 
The  case  of  the  cargo  of  the  Restless  has  not  been  passed  upon,  but  a 
similar  decision  may  be  expected. 

TTie  United  States  vs.  6,000  grain  hags. — ^This  was  a  similar  proceeding 
i^ainst  an  importation  by  the  Liverpool,  New-Tork  and  Philadelphia 
steamship  line,  and  which  had  been  forfeited  for  a  violation  of  an  act 
passed  in  March,  1799,  to  regulate  the  collection  of  duties.  Hie  H<nL 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  miKle  a  similar  order  to  that  in  the  case  of  the 
Restless  for  the  release  of  the  goods  on  the  payment  of  all  the  costs. 


rOBBIOV  OWITBRS   OF    VESSELS — ^WHEK    THERE   IS    OBSDIT    THERE   IB    HO 
LIEN  FOR  NECBBSART  SUPPLIES. 

Before  the  United  States  District  Court,  N.  Y. 

Hie  vessel  was  arrested  on  a  claim  of  a  blacksmith  to  the  amount  of 
two  hundred  and  sixty-seven  dollars  and  forty-two  cents,  for  materials  and 
labor  supplied  her  in  this  city  for  her  repair.  It  was  admitted  that  she 
was  a  foreign  vessel,  and  came  into  this  port  disabled,  and  requiring  a 
large  outlay  in  iron  work  for  the  repairs,  and  that  the  supplies  and  labor 
furnished  at  the  libellant's  shop,  and  put  upon  her,  were  necessary  to 
enable  her  to  complete  her  voyage  to  her  nome  port  The  principal 
question  raised  was  to  the  jurisdiction  of  the  court  over  the  cause  of 
action,  upon  the  ground  that  libellant  required  no  lien  on  the  vessel  ibr 
his  demand ;  her  owner,  at  the  time,  possessing  funds  and  credit  in  Uiis 
port  amply  sufScient  to  meet  the  demand,  of  which  the  libellant  had 
notice,  or  ready  and  certain  means  of  informing  himsel£ 

BsTTS,  J. — ^This  point  is  vital  to  the  action,  and  precludes  the  necessity 
of  considering  the  case  upon  its  general  merits.  It  is  believed  that  up 
to  December,  1866,  it  was  recognised  in  the  books  and  adopted  in  man- 
lime  courts  in  this  country  and  abroad,  as  a  fixed  principle  of  maritime 


Journal  of  Mercantile  Law,  773 

law,  that  a  vessel  in  a  port  foreign  to  her  owners,  and  found  in  want  of 
supplies  or  repairs  to  render  her  fit  for  navigation,  and  obtaining  them  on 
credit  on  the  implication  of  her  master,  the  owners  would  thereoy  become 
bound  for  the  debt,  and  the  vessel  be  impliedly  hypothecated  therefor, 
and  subject  to  ftrrest  in  rem  in  the  maritime  courts  for  its  satisfaction. 
The  cardinal  &ct  open  to  inquiry  in  fixing  the  liability  of  the  vessel  was, 
whether  the  supplies  and  materials  were  necessary  for  her  in  her  then 
condition ;  and  probably  in  connection  with  that  question  there  might 
be  materiality  in  ascertaining  whether  the  credit  was  bona  fide  obtained 
by  the  master,  or  if  the  creditors  set  up  a  lien  with  knowledge  that  the 
master  had  funds  in  his  hands  or  at  his  command  sufficient  to  satisfy  the 
credit  when  the  debt  was  incurred.  The  Supreme  Court,  in  Pratt  ve,  Rebd, 
denied  that  a  lien  attached  for  necessaries  supplied  a  vessel  in  a  foreign  port 
at  the  request  of  her  master,  unless,  in  addition  to  the  proof  of  the  necessity 
of  the  vessel,  there  is  also  proof  to  show  that  at  the  time  of  procuring  the 
supplies  there  was  a  necessity  for  a  credit  upon  the  vessel  The  court 
declares  this  proof  as  essential  as  that  of  tne  necessity  of  the  article 
itself  The  doctrine  thus  declared  seems  unequivocal  and  positive.  It  is 
authoritative  and  final  in  this  court  Since  this  determination  the  rule  has 
been  implicitly  followed  in  this  court,  and  it  fully  covers  and  must  govern 
the  present  case.  The  testimony  is  clear  that  Uie  owners  of  this  vessel 
had,  at  the  time  she  was  repaired  in  this  port,  ample  credit  and  actual 
funds  in  the  hands  of  Mr.  Bullet,  their  agent  here,  and  that  the  libellant 
had  implied  notice  of  that  fact  through  his  personal  and  business  inter- 
course with  that  agent,  and  could  have  had  explicit  assurance  of  the  fact, 
if  inquiry  had  been  made  of  the  agent  or  master  of  the  vessel  The  law 
accordingly  excludes  the  jurisdiction  of  the  court  over  the  subject  matter 
of  the  action.    libel  dismissed. 


ABANDONMENT  OF   SHIP  AND   CARGO   WHEN  JUSTIFIED— NOTICE    OF  TO  UN- 
DERWRITERS. 

The  schooner  Orb,  having  encountered  severe  gales  and  continued 
rough  weather  in  the  neighborhood  of  Cape  Horn,  was  so  much  damaged 
as  to  be  obliged  to  put  back  in  distress  to  some  port  of  safety.  Under 
these  circumstances  she  arrived  in  the  port  of  Rio  in  October,  1851. 
After  a  survey  held,  she  was  condenmed  as  wholly  unseaworthy,  not 
worth  repairing,  and  recommended  to  be  sold.  The  caigo,  an  assorted 
one,  containing  fruits,  fish,  oysters  and  many  other  peri^ble  articles, 
was  much  deteriorated,  and,  on  a  survey,  was  recommended  to  be  sold. 
No  shipment,  in  whole  or  in  part,  could  be  had  to  the  place  of  destination. 
Held^  that  mere  notice  of  abandonment  of  ship  and  cargo  to  the  under- 
writers,  without  actual  abandonment,  amounts  to  nothing.  That  this  was 
a  proper  case  for  abandonment  of  both  vessel  and  cargo.  Where  a  ship 
puts  into  a  port  in  a  damaffed  condition,  and  the  cargo  is  surveyed  and 
recommended  to  be  sold,  it  being  in  such  a  position  that  it  is  out  of  the 
power  of  the  assured  or  underwnter  to  procure  its  arrival  at  the  port  of 
destination,  the  case  is  a  proper  one  for  an  abandonment.  After  the 
abandonment,  is  complete  the  master  is  the  agent  of  the  underwriters,  and 
bound  to  use  diligence,  skill  and  care  towitfds  the  interest  of  all  con- 


754  Journal  of  Nautical  Intelligence, 

17**  66'  18"  east  of  Greenwich,  or  8  miles  westward  of  the  longitude  in 
the  Admiraltj  charts. 

Spain  and  Fbancb. — 4.  Fixed  White  Light  at  Llanes. — On  and  after 
the  30th  day  of  September,  1861,  a  light  will  be  exhibited  from  a  light- 
house recently  erected  on  Point  San  Ajitonio,  on  the  southern  shore  of 
the  mouth  oi  the  estuary  of  the  Llanes,  in  the  province  of  Oviedo,  on 
the  north  coast  of  Spain,  in  the  Bay  of  Biscay.  The  light  is  a  Jixed 
white  light,  placed  at  an  elevation  of  64  feet  above  the  mean  level  of  the 
sea,  and  should  be  visible  in  clear  weather,  from  the  deck  of  a  ship,  at  a 
distance  of  0  miles.  The  illuminating  apparatus  is  dioptric,  or  by  lenses, 
of  the  sixth  order.  The  tower,  which  is  octagonal  and  26  feet  hi^h,  is 
attached  to  the  north  front  of  the  keeper's  house,  and  both  are  pamted 
white.  Its  position  is  in  lat  43°  26'  46"  N.,  long.  4°  46'  31"  west  of 
GreenwicL 

6.  Fixed  and  Flashing  Light  at  Cartaya. — On  and  after  the  1st  day 
of  April,  1861,  a  light  will  be  exhibited  from  a  lightrhouse  recently 
erected  at  a  place  called  Rompido  de  Cartaya,  on  the  left  bank,  at  the 
entrance  of  the  river  of  Las  Piedras,  on  the  southwest  coast  of  Andaluda. 
The  light  is  a  fixed  white  light,  varied  by  a  flash  everj/our  minutes.  It 
is  placed  at  an  elevation  of  79  feet  above  the  mean  level  of  the  sea,  and 
should  be  seen  in  clear  weather,  from  the  deck  of  a  ship,  at  the  distance 
of  14  miles.  The  illuminating  apparatus  is  dioptric,  or  by  lenses,  of  tiiie 
third  order.  The  tower  is  circular,  36  feet  high,  and  of  a  yeUow  color ; 
it  is  surmounted  by  a  lantern  painted  green.  It  stands  in  the  centre  of 
the  southern  face  of  the  keeper's  dwelling,  which  latter  is  square.  The 
position  of  the  tower  is  in  lat  37°  11'  6"  N.,  long.  6°  68'  26"  west  of 
Greenwich. 

6.  Bed  Lights  at  the  entrance  of  the  Guadiana. — On  and  after  the 
1st  day  of  May,  1861,  two  new  lights  would  be  exhibited  on  Canela 
Island,  near  Canela  Point,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  mouth  of  the  River 
Guadiana,  to  aid  in  crossing  the  Bar  of  Ayamonte.  The  lights  are  fixed 
red  liffhts.  The  northern  of  the  two  is  placed  at  an  elevation  of  22  J  feet, 
and  the  southern  one  21  feet  above  the  mean  level  of  the  sea,  and  should 
be  visible  in  clear  weather,  from  the  deck  of  a  ship,  at  a  distance  of  8 
miles.  Each  light  is  placed  on  a  column  to  the  eastward  of  the  light- 
house keeper's  dwelling.  The  position  of  the  lights  is  in  lat.  37°  10'  30" 
N.,  long.  7°  16'  38"  west  of  Greenwich,  and  3  miles  from  the  bar.  They 
are  changed  whenever  the  position  of  the  bar  alters. 

7.  Green  Lights  at  Cristina  Island, — On  and  after  the  1st  day  of 
March,  1861,  two  new  lights  would  be  exhibited  from  La  Punta,  or  the 
point  to  the  south  of  the  town  of  Isla  Cristina,  for  crossing  the  bar  at 
that  place.  The  lights  are  fixed  green  lights,  "riie  northern  one  is  phiced 
at  an  elevation  of  26  feet,  and  the  southern  one  16  feet  above  the  mean 
level  of  the  sea,  and  should  be  seen  in  clear  weather,  from  the  deck  of  a 
ship,  at  the  distance  of  7  miles.  Each  light  is  placed  on  a  column  to  the 
eastward  of  the  light-keeper's  dwelling.  The  position  of  the  lights  is  in 
lat  37°  10'  46"  N.,  long.  7°  13'  46"  west  of  Greenwich,  and  one  mile 
from  the  bar. 

8.  Alteration  of  Lights  at  ffuelva. — On  and  after  the  1st  day  of  March, 
1861,  two  new  lights  would  be  placed  on  Punto  del  Padre  Santo,  on  the 


Journal  of  Nautical  IntelUgena.  755 

east  sbore  of  the  month  of  the  River  Odiel,  in  liea  of  those  now  in  nse. 
The  lights  are  Ju^  white  lights.  The  northern  one  is  placed  at  an  ele- 
vation of  27^  feet,  and  the  soathem  one  16^  feet  above  the  mean  level  of 
the  sea,  and  should  be  seen  in  clear  weather,  from  the  deck  of  a  ship,  at  a 
distance  of  8  miles.  Each  light  is  placed  on  a  brown  column  to  the  west- 
ward of  the  lightrkeeper's  dwelling.  The  position  of  the  lights  is  in  lat. 
87°  T  30"  N.,  long.  6°  47'  25"  west  of  Greenwich,  and  three-quarters  of 
a  mile  from  the  bar. 

0.  Bed  Light  on  the  ShiSquet  Bock. — On  and  after  the  20th  day  of 
February,  1861,  a  light  will  be  exhibited  on  the  tower  recently  built  on 
the  S^n^quet  Rock,  in  the  D^route  Passage,  about  6  miles  north  of 
Regneville,  on  the  west  coast  of  the  Department  of  La  Manche.  The 
light  will  be  a  fixed  red  light,  placed  at  an  elevation  of  56  feet  aboye 
high  water,  and  should  be  visible  from  the  deck  of  a  ship,  in  clear  weather, 
at  a  distance  of  10  miles.  The  tower  stands  in  lat  49°  5'  82"  N.,  long. 
1°  89'  49"  west  of  GreenwicL 

10.  West  Coast— Change  in  the  Biarritz  Light— The  Biarritz  Light, 
which  now  revolves  once  every  30  seconds,  will  be  changed  to  a  light 
revolving  every  20  seconds,  showing  alternately  a  white  and  red  face, 
which  should  be  visible  in  ordinary  weather  at  a  distance  of  22  miles. 
Biarritz  light  tower  stands  about  2^  miles  southwest  of  the  entrance  of  the 
River  Adour,  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  lat  43°  29' 
38"  K,  long.  1°  33'  19"  west  of  GTreenwich. 

11.  Lights  at  the  Port  of  CetU. — On  and  after  the  15th  day  of  Febru- 
ary, 1861,  the  following  changes  will  take  place  in  the  position  of  the 
lights  of  the  port  of  Cette,  on  the  south  coast  of  France,  m  the  Mediter- 
ranean :  1.  The  great  fixed  light  of  the  port  will  be  changed  to  the  tower 
recently  built  in  the  centre  of  St  Louis  mole-head.  It  will  be  placed  at 
a  height  of  105  feet  above  the  mean  level  of  the  sea,  and  should  be 
visible  from  the  deck  of  a  ship,  in  an  ordinary  state  of  the  atmosphere,  at  a 
distance  of  15  miles.  The  tower,  which  is  88  feet  high,  stands  in  lat 
48°  23'  50"  N.,  long.  3°  42'  1"  east  of  Greenwich.  2.  The  two  small 
lights  vertical  on  the  sea-mark  near  Fort  Richelieu  will  be  changed  to 
the  southwest  angle  of  that  fort,  at  about  840  yards  W.  by  N.  ^  N.  of 
the  Mole-Head  Light,  so  as  to  form  with  it  leading  lights  for  the  eastern 
entrance  of  the  harbor.  These  lights,  which  wiU  be  elevated  272  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea,  will  be  visible  at  a  distance  of  4  miles  in  ordi- 
nary weather ;  but  they  blend  and  appear  as  one  light  when  beyond  the 
distance  of  one  mile  and  a  half  They  will  be  replaced  at  a  later  period 
by  lights  which  will  be  established,  one  on  the  extremity  of  the  Frontig- 
nan  Jetty,  the  other  on  the  northeast  pier  head  of  the  detached  briselame 
or  breakwater  which  shelters  the  entrance  of  the  port  All  bearings  are 
magnetic.    Variation  17°  85'  W.  in  1861. 

Baltic — Gulf  of  Finland. — 12.  Lights  at  Kronstat — ^The  following 
alterations  will  be  made  in  the  lights  at  Kronstat,  prior  to  the  opening  of 
the  navigation  in  tibe  spring  of  1861 :  The  three  fixed  lights  in  tne  centre 
of  the  fort  of  Emperor  Paul  I.,  or  Risbank  Fort,  will  be  discontinued. 
The  eastern  light  on  Nicholas  Battery,  at  Eronslot,  which  is  now  45  feet 
above  the  mean  level  of  the  sea,  wiU  be  raised  58  feet  above  the  same 
level,  and  should  be  visible  from  the  deck  of  a  ship,  in  clear  weather,  at  a 


754  Journal  of  Nautical  Intelligence. 

17^  56'  18"  east  of  Greenwicli,  or  3  miles  westward  of  the  longitade  in 
the  Admiralty  charts. 

Spaik  and  France. — 4.  Fixed  White  Light  at  Llanes. — On  and  after 
the  30th  day  of  September,  1861,  a  light  will  be  exhibited  from  a  light- 
house recently  erected  on  Point  San  Ajitonio,  on  the  southern  shore  of 
the  mouth  oi  the  estuary  of  the  Llanes,  in  the  province  of  Oviedo,  on 
the  north  coast  of  Spain,  in  the  Bay  of  Biscay.  The  light  is  a  fixed 
white  light,  placed  at  an  elevation  of  64  feet  above  the  mean  level  of  the 
sea,  and  should  be  visible  in  clear  weather,  from  the  deck  of  a  ship,  at  a 
distance  of  0  miles.  The  illuminating  apparatus  is  dioptric,  or  by  lenses, 
of  the  sixth  order.  The  tower,  which  is  octagonal  and  26  feet  hi^h,  is 
attached  to  the  north  front  of  the  keeper's  house,  and  both  are  pamted 
white.  Its  position  is  in  lat  43°  26'  46"  N.,  long.  4°  45'  31"  west  of 
GreenwicL 

5.  Fixed  and  Flashing  Light  at  Cartaya, — On  and  after  the  1st  day 
of  April,  1861,  a  light  will  be  exhibited  from  a  lightrhouse  recently 
erected  at  a  place  called  Rompido  de  Cartaya,  on  the  left  bank,  at  the 
entrance  of  the  river  of  Las  Piedras,  on  the  southwest  coast  of  Andalucia. 
The  light  is  a  Jixed  white  light,  varied  by  a  flash  every /our  minutee.  It 
is  placed  at  an  elevation  of  79  feet  above  the  mean  level  of  the  sea,  and 
should  be  seen  in  clear  weather,  from  the  deck  of  a  ship,  at  the  distance 
of  14  miles.  The  illuminating  apparatus  is  dioptric,  or  by  lenses,  of  the 
third  order.  The  tower  is  circular,  36  feet  high,  and  of  a  yellow  color ; 
it  is  surmounted  by  a  lantern  painted  green.  It  stands  in  the  centre  of 
the  southern  face  of  the  keeper's  dweUing,  which  latter  is  square.  The 
position  of  the  tower  is  in  lat  37°  11'  5"  N.,  long.  6°  58'  25"  west  of 
Greenwich. 

6.  Bed  Lights  at  the  entrance  of  the  Guadiana, — On  and  after  the 
1st  day  of  May,  1861,  two  new  %hts  would  be  exhibited  on  Canela 
Island,  near  Canela  Point,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  mouth  of  the  River 
Guadiana,  to  ^d  in  crossing  the  Bar  of  Ayamonte.  The  lights  are  fixed 
red  l^hts.  The  northern  of  the  two  is  placed  at  an  elevation  of  22^  feet, 
and  the  southern  one  21  feet  above  the  mean  level  of  the  sea,  and  should 
be  visible  in  clear  weather,  from  the  deck  of  a  ship,  at  a  distance  of  8 
miles.  Each  light  is  placed  on  a  column  to  the  eastward  of  the  light- 
house keeper's  dwelling.  The  position  of  the  lights  is  in  lat  37°  10'  80" 
N.,  long.  7°  16'  38"  west  of  Greenwich,  and  3  nales  from  the  bar.  They 
are  changed  whenever  the  position  of  the  bar  alters. 

7.  Green  Lights  at  Cristina  Island. — On  and  aft^r  the  Ist  day  of 
March,  1861,  two  new  lights  would  be  exhibited  from  La  Punta,  or  the 
point  to  the  south  of  the  town  of  Isla  Cristina,  for  crossing  the  bar  at 
that  place.  The  lights  are  fixed  green  lights.  Tlie  northern  one  is  placed 
at  an  elevation  of  26  feet,  and  the  southern  one  16  feet  above  the  mean 
level  of  the  sea,  and  should  be  seen  in  clear  weather,  from  the  deck  of  a 
ship,  at  the  distance  of  7  miles.  Each  light  is  placed  on  a  colunm  to  the 
eastward  of  the  light-keeper's  dwelling.  The  position  of  the  lights  is  in 
lat.  37°  10'  45"  N.,  long.  7°  13'  45"  west  of  Greenwich,  and  one  mile 
from  the  bar. 

8.  Alteration  of  Lights  at  Huelva, — On  and  afl«r  the  1st  day  of  Marcht 
1861,  two  new  lights  would  be  placed  on  Punto  del  Padre  Santo,  on  the 


Journal  of  Nautical  Intelligtna,  *J55 

east  shore  of  the  month  of  the  River  Odiel,  in  liea  of  those  now  in  nse. 
The  lights  are  JUsed  white  lights.  The  northern  one  is  placed  at  an  ele- 
vation of  27^  feet,  and  the  southern  one  16^  feet  above  the  mean  level  of 
the  sea,  and  should  be  seen  in  clear  weather,  from  the  deck  of  a  ship,  at  a 
distance  of  8  miles.  Each  light  is  placed  on  a  brown  column  to  the  west- 
ward of  the  lightrkeeper's  dwelling.  The  position  of  the  lights  is  in  lat 
3^o  tj,  3Qf/  j^^  j^jjg  go  ^Y'  26"  west  of  Greenwich,  and  three-quarters  of 
a  mile  from  the  bar. 

0.  Bed  Light  on  the  SinSquet  Bock. — On  and  after  the  20th  day  of 
February,  1801,  a  light  will  be  exhibited  on  the  tower  recently  built  on 
the  S6n6quet  Rock,  in  the  D^route  Passage,  about  6  miles  north  of 
Regneville,  on  the  west  coast  of  the  Department  of  La  Manche.  The 
light  will  be  a  fixed  red  light,  placed  at  an  elevation  of  56  feet  aboye 
high  water,  and  should  be  visible  from  the  deck  of  a  ship,  in  clear  weather, 
at  a  distance  of  10  miles.  The  tower  stands  in  lat  49°  6'  82"  N.,  long. 
1°  39'  49"  west  of  Greenwich. 

10.  West  Coast — Change  in  the  Biarritz  Light, — ^The  Biarritz  Light, 
which  now  revolves  once  every  30  seconds,  will  be  changed  to  a  %ht 
revolving  every  20  seconds,  showing  alternately  a  white  and  red  face, 
which  should  be  visible  in  ordinary  weather  at  a  distance  of  22  miles. 
Biarritz  light  tower  stands  about  2^  miles  southwest  of  the  entrance  of  the 
River  Adour,  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  lat  43°  29' 
38"  N.,  long.  1°  33'  19"  west  of  Cfreenwich. 

11.  Lights  at  the  Port  of  Cette, — On  and  after  the  16th  day  of  Febru- 
ary, 1861,  the  following  changes  will  take  place  in  the  position  of  the 
lights  of  the  port  of  Cette,  on  the  south  coast  of  France,  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean :  1.  The  great  fixed  light  of  the  port  will  be  changed  to  the  tower 
recentlv  built  in  the  centre  of  St  Louis  mole-head.  It  will  be  placed  at 
a  height  of  106  feet  above  the  mean  level  of  the  sea,  and  should  be 
visible  from  the  deck  of  a  ship,  in  an  ordinary  state  of  the  atmosphere,  at  a 
distance  of  16  miles.  The  tower,  which  is  88  feet  high,  stands  in  lat 
43°  23'  60"  N.,  long.  3°  42'  1"  east  of  GreenwicL  2.  The  two  small 
lights  vertical  on  the  sea-mark  near  Fort  Richelieu  will  be  changed  to 
the  southwest  angle  of  that  fort,  at  about  840  yards  W.  by  N.  f  N.  of 
the  Mole-Head  L^ht,  so  as  to  form  with  it  leading  lights  for  the  eastern 
entrance  of  the  harbor.  These  lights,  which  wiU  be  elevated  272  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea,  will  be  visible  at  a  distance  of  4  miles  in  ordi- 
nary weather ;  but  they  blend  and  appear  as  one  light  when  beyond  the 
distance  of  one  mile  and  a  half  They  will  be  replied  at  a  later  period 
by  lights  which  will  be  established,  one  on  the  extremity  of  the  Frontig- 
nan  Jetty,  the  other  on  the  northeast  pier  head  of  the  detached  briselame 
or  brealn^ater  which  shelters  the  entrance  of  the  port  All  bearings  are 
magnetic.    Variation  17°  36'  W.  in  1861. 

Baltic — Gulf  of  Fikland. — 12.  Lights  at  KronstaU — ^The  following 
alterations  will  be  made  in  the  lights  at  Eronstat,  prior  to  the  opening  of 
the  navigation  in  the  spring  of  1861 :  The  three  fixed  lights  in  the  centre 
of  the  fort  of  Emperor  Paul  I.,  or  Risbank  Fort,  will  be  discontinued. 
The  eastern  light  on  Nicholas  Battery,  at  Eronslot,  which  is  now  46  feet 
above  the  mean  level  of  the  sea,  wiU  be  raised  68  feet  above  the  same 
level,  and  should  be  visible  from  the  deck  of  a  ship,  in  clear  weather,  at  a 


754  Journal  of  Nautical  Intelligence. 

17**  66'  18"  east  of  Greenwich,  or  8  miles  westward  of  the  longitude  in 
the  Admiralty  charts. 

Spain  and  France.— 4.  Fixed  White  Light  at  Zlanes, — On  and  after 
the  30th  day  of  September,  1861,  a  light  will  be  exhibited  from  a  light- 
house recently  erected  on  Point  San  Antonio,  on  the  southern  shore  of 
the  mouth  or  the  estuary  of  the  Llanes,  in  the  province  of  Oviedo,  on 
the  north  coast  of  Spain,  in  the  Bay  of  Biscay.  The  light  is  a  faced 
white  light,  placed  at  an  elevation  of  64  feet  above  the  mean  level  of  the 
sea,  and  should  be  visible  in  clear  weather,  from  the  deck  of  a  ship,  at  a 
distance  of  9  miles.  The  illuminating  apparatus  is  dioptric,  or  by  lenses, 
of  the  sixth  order.  The  tower,  which  is  octagonal  and  26  feet  hi^h,  is 
attached  to  the  north  front  of  the  keeper's  house,  and  both  are  pamted 
white.  Its  position  is  in  lat.  43°  26'  46"  N.,  long.  4°  46'  31"  west  of 
GreenwicL 

6.  Fixed  and  Flashing  Light  at  Cartaya, — On  and  after  the  1st  day 
of  April,  1861,  a  light  will  be  exhibited  from  a  light-house  recently 
erected  at  a  place  called  Rompido  de  Cartaya,  on  the  left  bank,  at  the 
entrance  of  the  river  of  Las  Piearas,  on  the  southwest  coast  of  Andalucia. 
The  light  is  a  fixed  white  light,  varied  by  a  flash  every /our  minutee.  It 
is  placed  at  an  elevation  of  79  feet  above  the  mean  level  of  the  sea,  and 
should  be  seen  in  clear  weather,  from  the  deck  of  a  ship,  at  the  distance 
of  14  miles.  The  illuminating  apparatus  is  dioptric,  or  by  lenses,  of  the 
third  order.  The  tower  is  circular,  36  feet  high,  and  of  a  yellow  color ; 
it  is  surmounted  by  a  lantern  painted  green.  It  stands  in  the  centre  of 
the  southern  face  of  the  keeper's  dweUing,  which  latter  is  square.  The 
position  of  the  tower  is  in  lat  37°  11'  6"  N.,  long.  6°  68'  26"  west  of 
Greenwich. 

6.  Red  Lights  at  the  entrance  of  the  Guadiana, — ^On  and  after  the 
1st  day  of  May,  1861,  two  new  %hts  would  be  exhibited  on  Canela 
Island,  near  Canela  Point,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  mouth  of  the  River 
Guadiana,  to  aid  in  crossing  the  Bar  of  Ayamonte.  The  lights  are  fixed 
red  lights.  The  northern  of  the  two  is  placed  at  an  elevation  of  22^  feet, 
and  the  southern  one  21  feet  above  the  mean  level  of  the  sea,  and  should 
be  visible  in  clear  weather,  from  the  deck  of  a  ship,  at  a  distance  of  8 
miles.  Each  light  is  placed  on  a  column  to  the  eastward  of  the  light- 
house keeper's  dwelling.  The  position  of  the  lights  is  in  lat  37°  10'  80" 
N.,  long.  7°  16'  38"  west  of  Greenwich,  and  3  miles  from  the  bar.  They 
are  clumged  whenever  the  position  of  the  bar  alters. 

7.  Cheen  Lights  at  Cristina  Island. — On  and  after  the  1st  day  of 
March,  1861,  two  new  lights  would  be  exhibited  from  La  Punta,  or  the 
point  to  the  south  of  the  town  of  Isla  Cristina,  for  crossing  the  bar  at 
that  place.  The  lights  are  fixed  green  lights.  The  northern  one  is  placed 
at  an  elevation  of  26  feet,  and  the  southern  one  16  feet  above  the  mean 
level  of  the  sea,  and  should  be  seen  in  clear  weather,  from  the  deck  of  a 
ship,  at  the  distance  of  7  miles.  Each  light  is  placed  on  a  column  to  the 
eastward  of  the  lightrkeeper's  dwelling.  The  position  of  the  lights  is  in 
lat  37°  10'  46"  N.,  long.  7°  13'  46"  west  of  Greenwich,  and  one  mile 
from  the  bar. 

8.  Alteration  of  Lights  at  Huelva, — On  and  after  the  1st  day  of  March, 
1861,  two  new  lights  would  be  placed  on  Punto  del  Padre  Santo,  on  the 


Journal  of  Nautical  Intelligence.  755 

east  shore  of  the  month  of  the  River  Odiel,  in  liea  of  those  now  in  nse. 
The  lights  are  JUced  white  lights.  The  northern  one  is  placed  at  an  ele- 
vation of  27^  feet,  and  the  southern  one  16^  feet  above  uie  mean  level  of 
the  sea,  and  should  be  seen  in  clear  weather,  from  the  deck  of  a  ship,  at  a 
distance  of  8  miles.  Each  light  is  placed  on  a  brown  column  to  the  west- 
ward of  the  light-keeper's  dwelling.  The  position  of  the  lights  is  in  lat 
37°  r  30"  K,  long.  6°  47'  26"  west  of  Greenwich,  and  three-quarters  of 
a  mile  from  the  bar. 

0.  Red  Light  on  the  Sin4quet  Rock, — On  and  after  the  20th  day  of 
February,  1801,  a  light  will  be  exhibited  on  the  tower  recently  built  on 
the  S^n^quet  Rock,  in  the  D^route  Passage,  about  6  miles  north  of 
Re^cville,  on  the  west  coast  of  the  Department  of  La  Manche.  The 
light  will  be  a  fixed  red  light,  placed  at  an  elevation  of  55  feet  above 
high  water,  and  should  be  visible  from  the  deck  of  a  ship,  in  clear  weather, 
at  a  distance  of  10  miles.  The  tower  stands  in  lat  49°  5'  32"  N.,  long. 
1°  39'  49"  west  of  Greenwich. 

10.  Weet  Coast — Change  in  the  Biarritz  Light, — ^The  Biarritz  Light, 
which  now  revolves  once  every  30  seconds,  will  be  changed  to  a  light 
revolving  every  20  seconds,  showing  alternately  a  white  and  red  fcu^e, 
which  should  be  visible  in  ordinary  weather  at  a  distance  of  22  miles. 
Biarritz  light  tower  stands  about  2^  miles  southwest  of  the  entrance  of  the 
River  Adour,  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  lat  43°  29' 
38"  N.,  long.  1°  33'  19"  west  of  CfreenwicL 

11.  Lights  at  the  Port  of  Cette, — On  and  after  the  15th  day  of  Febru- 
ary, 1861,  the  following  changes  will  take  place  in  the  position  of  the 
lights  of  the  port  of  Cette,  on  the  south  coast  of  France,  m  the  Mediter- 
ranean :  1.  The  great  fixed  light  of  the  port  will  be  changed  to  the  tower 
recently  built  in  the  centre  of  St  Louis  mole-head.  It  will  be  placed  at 
a  height  of  105  feet  above  the  mean  level  of  the  sea,  and  should  be 
visible  from  the  deck  of  a  ship,  in  an  ordinary  state  of  the  atmosphere,  at  a 
distance  of  15  miles.  The  tower,  which  is  88  feet  high,  stands  in  lat 
43°  23'  50"  N.,  long.  3°  42'  1"  east  of  GreenwicL  2.  The  two  small 
lights  vertical  on  the  sea-mark  near  Fort  Richelieu  will  be  changed  to 
the  southwest  angle  of  that  fort,  at  about  840  yards  W,  by  N.  f  N.  of 
the  Mole-Head  Light,  so  as  to  form  with  it  leading  lights  for  the  eastern 
entrance  of  the  harbor.  These  lights,  which  wiU  be  elevated  272  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea,  will  be  visible  at  a  distance  of  4  miles  in  ordi- 
nary weather ;  but  they  blend  and  appear  as  one  light  when  beyond  the 
dbtance  of  one  mile  and  a  half!  They  will  be  rephu^ed  at  a  later  period 
by  lights  which  will  be  established,  one  on  the  extremity  of  the  Frontig- 
nan  Jetty,  the  other  on  the  northeast  pier  head  of  the  detached  briselame 
or  breakwater  which  shelters  the  entrance  of  the  port  All  bearings  are 
magnetic.     Variation  17°  35'  W.  in  1861. 

Baltic — Gulf  of  Futlakd. — 12.  Lights  at  Kronstat — ^The  following 
alterations  will  be  made  in  the  lights  at  Kronstat,  prior  to  the  opening  of 
the  navigation  in  the  spring  of  1861 :  The  three  fixed  lights  in  tne  centre 
of  the  fort  of  Emperor  Paul  I.,  or  Risbank  Fort,  will  be  discontinued. 
The  eastern  light  on  Nicholas  Battery^  at  Eronslot,  which  is  now  45  feet 
above  the  mean  level  of  the  sea,  wiU  be  raised  58  feet  above  the  same 
level,  and  should  be  visible  from  the  deck  of  a  ship,  in  clear  weather,  at  a 


780  Jtail'Eoad,  Canal  and  Steamboat  Statistics. 

plisbed  in  an  hoar  and  a  half^  including  the  passage  of  five  locks,  and  Uie 
Islington  Tunnel,  half  a  mile  long.  The  Pioneer,  an  ordinary  flj-boat, 
75  feet  long  by  7  feet  extreme  breadth,  25  tons  burden,  and  drawing  2^- 
feet  of  water,  with  an  engine  of  six  horse  power,  was  the  boat  employed 
towing  another  fly-boat  which  was  laden  with  a  general  caiffo  to  go  to 
Wolverhampton.  The  two  boats  were  able  to  go  through  uie  locks  at 
once,  floating  side  by  side,  and  thus  saving  much  delay.  It  is  stated 
that  the  Pionteer,  when  tried  at  Manchester,  proved  able  to  draw  six 
loaded  barges  at  once,  with  a  total  burden  of  no  less  than  300  tons. 
Four  miles  an  hour,  allowing  for  the  locks  and  other  hindrances,  will  be 
the  average  rate  of  steam  performance,  instead  of  two  miles  an  hour,  the 
usual  speed  obtained  by  horse-towing.  The  steamboat  has  stowage  room 
for  2\  tons  of  coal,  which  will  carry  her  from  London  to  Birmingham 
and  half-way  back,  superseding  the  expensive  relays  of  horses  and  dnvers 
requisite  for  so  long  a  journey.  This  water  locomotive  is  estimated  to 
be  nearly  30  per  cent  cheaper  than  ndlway  carriage,  and  the  canak  are 
not  done  with  yet 


AMERICAN  STREET  RAILWAYS. 

The  American  street  cars  run  from  well-known  terminal  d6p5t8,  at 
certain  well-known  intervals  of  time,  and  never  at  any  other.  They  do 
not  run  ofl"  brutally,  ten  together,  like  a  pack  of  hungry  curs,  to  fight  and 
wrangle  for  the  same  twenty  passengers,  but  are  orderly  as  planets. 
They  run  at  graduated  hours,  and  with  proper  intervals  between  each 
other ;  each  horse,  each  carriage,  each  driver,  each  conductor  perform  so 
many  journeys  in  the  day.  The  horses  are  never  jaded,  and  the  carriage, 
full  or  empty,  never  lingers  at  crossings,  side  streets  or  public  houses. 
You  never  have  to  wait  twenty  minutes  for  a  conveyance.  I  have  already 
said  that  these  street  rail-roads  require  no  turn-tables  or  other  mechanical 
appliance.  The  reason  of  this  is,  the  ingenious  construction  of  the 
carriages,  which  are  provided  on  either  hand  with  iron  holders  for  the 
traces,  and  with  boxes  to  receive  the  pole ;  thus,  when  the  driver  gets, 
say  to  Harlem,  and  wants,  after  resting  his  prescribed  quarter  of  an  hour^ 
to  return  to  the  city,  the  groom  of  the  terminus  stables  merely  un&sten 
the  horses  (Americans,  on  account  of  the  heat,  use  very  little  harness) 
from  the  front,  and  attach  the  animals  in  two  minutes  to  what  was  just 
now  the  rear.  There  is  no  bawling  of  scurrilous  conductors  in  American 
streets.  Every  one  can  read  the  names  of  places,  in  large  legible  letters, 
on  the  street  cars ;  if  a  stranger  wants  to  inquire  his  way,  it  is  worth  tea 
cents  to  leap  on  the  steps,  ride  for  ^  few  minutes  and  learn  the  road  from 
the  conductor ;  who,  if  he  sees  him  to  be  an  Endishman,  (and  they 
always  find  an  EnglisJiman  out,)  will  be  delighted  to  have  a  few  minutes* 
talk  with  )mn.—DicJcem'  ''All  the  Tear  Bound:' 


RAIL-ROAD  ACCIDENTS  DURING  THE  TEAR  1860. 

The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  rail-road  accidents  which  have 
occurred  in  the  United  States  during  the  year  just  closed,  which  were 
attended  with  loss  of  life  and  injury  to  persons,  together  with  the  number 


RaiUBoady  Canal  and  Steamboat  Statistibs. 


781 


of  killed  and  wonnded,  compared  with  the  number  of  like  accidents  in 
1859: 


1860. 


1859. 


Mov 


Aeet- 
dent$. 


January, 11 

February, 10 

March, 1 

April, 6 

May, 6 

June, 4 

July, 6 

Augcist, 6 

September, 7 

October, 8 

NoTember, 4 

December, 8 


Killed. 

6 
8 

4 
5 

4 
5 
5 
8 
6 
7 
6 


Wounded, 

68  . 

8a  . 

6  . 

17  . 

18  . 
88  . 
U  . 
20  . 
68  . 
24  . 

6  . 

16  . 


Aeoi- 
dente. 

.  7 
9 
9 
6 
6 

.  10 
9 
8 
6 
6 
5 
4 


Killed, 

4 

6 

8 

8 

4 
47 

6 
16 

4 
10 
16 

2 


Wound- 
ed. 

64 
18 
18 
16 
24 
96 
27 
82 
66 
8 
86 
84 


Total,. 


74 


67 


816 


79 


129 


411 


The  above  figures  do  not  include  individual  accidents,  caused  by  the 
carelessness  of  travellers  themselves,  or  deaths  or  injuries  resulting  from 
the  reckless  conduct  of  persons  in  crossing  or  standing  upon  rail-road 
tracks  where  trains  are  in  motion. 

The  following  additional  table  shows  the  number  of  accidents,  and  the 
number  of  persons  killed  and  injured  by  accidents  to  rail-road  trains  dur- 
ing the  last  eight  years : 


1868, 

1864, 
1866, 
1866, 
1867, 
1868, 
1869, 
1860, 


Total  in  dght  years. 


YidMUe. 

Killed. 

Wounded. 

188 

284    . 

496 

193 

186    . 

689 

142 

116    . 

689 

148 

196 

629 

126 

180    . 

680 

82 

119    . 

417 

79    .. 

129 

411 

74 

67    . 

816 

977   .. 

1,166 

8,926 
JRmlway  Betnew. 

SUNBURY  AND  ERIE  RAIL-ROAD. 

The  name  of  this  company  has  been  changed,  by  the  act  of  the  State 
legislature,  to  that  of  the  Jrhiladelphia  and  Erie  Rail-Road,  by  which 
name  it  will  hereafter  be  known.  The  same  act  provides  for  a  release 
of  the  State  first  mortgage  on  this  road,  and  the  issue  of  $5,000,000  first 
mortgage  bonds,  or  £1,000,000  sterling  bonds,  payable  in  twenty  years 
from  date,  at  six  per  cent,  interest ;  the  proceeds  of  these  first  mortgage 
bonds  to  be  used  in  completing  and  equipping  the  road  and  paying  the 
debts  of  the  company  contracted  for  that  purpose.  This  issue  to  be  a 
first  lien  on  the  whole  road,  except  as  to  that  part  of  the  road  from  Sun- 
bury  to  Williamsport,  on  which  a  mortgage  for  $1,000,000  already  exists, 
and  which  takes  the  precedence  of  the  mortgage  now  authorijeed  on  that 
section.  The  State  claim  of  $3,500,000  is  then  to  be  secured  by  a  second 
mortgage  of  $4,000,000,  in  forty  bonds  of  $100,000  each,  which  are  ti> 
be  held  as  collateral  security  for  the  payment  of  the  State  claim. 


782 


Statistics  of  Trade  and  Commerce. 


STATISTICS   OF   TRADE   AND    COMMERCE. 


COTTON  IN  ENGLAND. 


The  following  statistical  table  exhibits  tbe  increase  and  decrease  of  the 
cotton  crop  in  tne  several  countries  named,  througbout  a  series  of  years, 
as  indicated  by  the  imports  into  Great  Britain.  The  returns  for  1860 
have  just  been  received  in  the  London  Economist  The  other  years  are 
from  authoritative  sources,  but  mostly  from  that  reliable  journal : 


VnUedStaiM, 

W€9t  Indist, 

Brawli. 

XattJndUB. 

'^ 

TXABS, 

lb: 

m. 

lb$. 

lU. 

1791,. 

189,816  . 

.  12,000,000  . 

20,000,000  . . 

......      .. 

•  •  •  • 

1800,, 

17,789,803  . 

.  17,000,000  . 

24,000,000  . . 

8,000,000  . . 

.... 

1821, 

124,898,406  . 

.    9,000,000.. 

28,000,000  . . 

60,000,000.. 

••6,000,000 

1882,. 

822,216,122  . 

.    1,708,764.. 

20,109,660  . . 

§6,178,626  . . 

••9,118,890 

1838, 

696,962,297  . 

.       928,425  . . 

24,464,606  . . 

§40,230,064  . . 

not  given. 

1840,. 

742,941,061  . 

427,629  . . 

14,779,171  . . 

J57,600,0b0  . . 

••8,824,987 

1846,. 

872,906,996  . 

.  »1,894,447  . 

20,167,688.. 

1192,800,000  . . 

82,587,600 

1848,. 

814,274,481  . 

.  18,166,600  . 

t40,080,400  . . 

91,004,800  . . 

••7,281,861 

1866,. 

1,861,481,827  . 

.     •462,784 . 

21,880,704  . . 

180,496,624  . . 

84,899,006 

1867,. 

1,048,282,472  . 

.  •1,443,668  . 

29,910,882  . . 

260,888,144  . . 

24.682,267 

1868,. 

1,118,624,012  . 

.         

18,617,872  . . 

188,268,860.. 

S8,282,8«> 

1869,. 

961,707,264  . 

.  * . . 

22,478,960  . . 

192,880,880  . . 

87,667,066 

I860,. 

1,116,890,608  . 



17,286,864  . . 

204,141,168  . . 

48,946,064 

THE  NEW  ROUTE  FOR  COTTON. 

Twenty  car  loads  a  day  on  the  NevhTork  Central. — "For  some  days 
there  has  been  sent  East,  from  Buffalo  to  Boston,  on  an  average,  twenty 
car  loads  of  cotton  per  day,  or  eighteen  thousand  bales  in  that  time,  and 
still  it  comes.  Thirty  bales,  or  about  seven  tons  and  a  half  weighty  is 
readily  put  in  each  car.  This  is  the  compressed  cotton,  as  formerly  only 
about  twenty  or  twenty-three  bales  was  all  that  could  be  stored  in  a  car. 
The  price  for  carrying  this  cotton  from  Memphis  to  Boston  is  about  |4  50 
per  bale  of  five  hundred  pounds.  This  is  cheaper  than  it  can  be  shipped 
down,  the  Mississippi  to  New-Orleans,  and  thence  by  vessel,  and  the  dif- 
ference in  time  is  about  thirty  days  in  favor  of  the  Northern  route.  It 
comes  to  Cincinnati  by  river,  and  then  by  rail  all  the  way  to  Boston.    A 

•  West  Indies  and  Gniana. 
\  West  Indies,  indading  Demarora. 
Brasil,  indnding  Portugese  Colonies. 
\  East  Indies  and  Mauritius. 
[Annual  average  from  1836  to  1689. 

If  Annual  average  from  1840  to  1844,  during  the  Chinese  war. 
••  Turkey  and  Egjrpt 

NoTS. — ^The  amount  imported  from  **  other  countries^  was  leas  in  1880  than  Ibr  the 
year  preceding.  It  was,  in  1869,  11,804,912  lbs.,  and  in  1860,  9,666,048  Iba.,  thw 
disappointiDg  the  expectations  of  those  who  anticipated  a  lanpe  increase.  The  sup- 
plies from  "  other  countries** — ^British  West  Indies,  Guiana,  Mauritius,  Turkey  aira 
South  America — are  not  given  separately  in  the  London  Eeoncmnt  of  March  2d, 
1860,  from  which  the  three  last  years  are  quoted. 


StatisHct  of  Trade  and  Commerce. 


IBS 


small  portion  is  brought  all  the  way  bj  rail,  bat  the  rates  on  this  are  a  lit- 
tle higher.  For  the  fonr  months  np  to  the  first  of  February,  the  New-York 
Central  carried  from  the  Bridge  and  Buffalo  7,550  bales,  and  in  February 
about  3,000.  This  month,  ^m  appearances,  they  will  do  the  largest 
business  they  ever  did." — Buffalo  dommercial. 


M0VBMENT8   OF  GRAIN. 


Receipts  at  Buffalo  for  eleven  yearSyfrom  1850  to  1800,  inclusive. 


YlAl. 

Onan                  Gnln,lii. 
alone.             dading  Flour. 

Oraln 
TxAB.                 alone. 

GrainMn. 
eluding  Flour. 

Buth€l9,                 Buthelt. 

Btuthat. 

BU9M9, 

1860, 

6,618,004     . .     12,069,468 

1867 16,848,980 

. .     19,678,696 

1861, 

11,449,661     . .     17,740,781 

1868, 20,002,444 

. .     27,812,980 

1862, 

18,892,987     ..     20,890,604 

1869, 14,229,060 

. .     21,680,722 

1868, 

11,078,741     . .     16,966,626 

1860, 81,441,440 

..     87,068,116 

1864, 

18,668,466     . .     22,262,286 

1865, 

19,788,478     ..     24,472,278 

Total,..  186,626,812 

..  244,460,202 

1866, 

20,128,667     . .     26,768,907 

Receipts  at  Lake  Ports  first  week  in  Aprils  1861. 

How.           WbMt.            Oorn.            Oats. 

Barler.        Bye. 

Bbl:             ButK,             Buth,           BmH, 

Buth.       ButK, 

At  Chicago 

16,686  ..   118,661   ..   117,827  ..     860  . . 

6,971   ..        .. 

«   Mawanlde, 6,601  ..     98,887  ..         998  ..     903  . . 

918  ..     884 

"  Detwrit, 

8,688  ..       6,809  ..       6.706 

, 

"  Toledo,. 

18,688  ..     11,766  ..     66,776 

....        .  • 

"   Caereland, 26,900  ..       9,44C 

..     86,764  ..     192  .. 

192  ..     400 

The  total  receipts  of  grain,  reducing  flour  to  wheat,  at  Buffalo  and 
Oswego,  during  the  year  1860,  were  as  follows : 

At  Bufialo, bush.        87,068,116 

"  Oswego, 16,726,826 

68,779,441 
Receipts  at  Toledo^  quarter  ending  March  Zlst,  1861. 


Fkmr. 
1861.  Mi4. 

January, 80,064  , 

February, 86,818  . 

March, 80,691 

97,088  . 


In  store  Jan.  Itt.,.. 


Wheat 
Buth. 
41,188  . 
12,458  . 
18,682  . 

79,218  . 
150,788  . 


Oorn. 
Buth. 
180,987 
96,726  . 
171,842 

899,805 
80,988  , 


Oata. 
Bu9k, 


488 


Barley.     Bye.       Pork. 

Buth,     Bush,      Bbls. 

484  ..  2,774  ..  99,062  , 

,      ..     ..  8,878  ..  84,888 

.  8,671  ..     100  ..    9,908 


Dressed 
Hogs. 

P&unds, 

6,664,996 

804,874 


860  ..  4,106  , 
7,888  ..      666 


6,769 

1,699 


68,108  ..  7,869,870 


97,068  ..  999,950  ..  480,188  ..  8,109  ..  4,660  ..  7,844  ..  68,108  ..  7,869,870 


DETROIT  STAVES. 

The  staTO  trade  of  the  city  of  Detroit,  and  of  the  State  of  Michigan, 
has  Tery  quietly  grown  into  one  of  large  proportions,  the  amount  turned 
out  last  year  being  estimated  at  eight  millions,  nearly  all  of  which  was 
for  the  European  market  The  Detroit  Tribune  says  that  the  Michigan 
forests  are  ^culiarly  adapted  to  the  production  of  **  Eagle  pipes,"  and 
something  is  now  being  done  in  that  variety.    Their  dimensions  are  7^ 


784  Commercial  BegulatUmi, 

feet  long,  6  inclies  wide  and  3  inches  thick.  Their  appearance  is  not 
unlike  a  well-shaped  rail-road  tie  of  the  larger  chiss,  and  they  are  de- 
signed, we  learn,  for  shipment  to  Germany,  where  they  are  used  for  lager 
beer  vats.     The  last  report  of  the  Detroit  market  says : 

'*  The  foreign  demand  is  now  ve^  slack,  and,  as  a  consequence,  tiie 
market  here  is  doll,  the  decline  on  W.  L  being  $4  per  M.  since  last  fall, 
only  $10  being  now  paid,  delivered  on  the  line  of  the  rail-road.  Onr 
western  buyers  are  mostly  still  operating  to  a  moderate  exten^  but  the 
buoyancy  of  the  market  is  gone  for  the  present  Notwithstanding  these 
unfavorable  circumstances,  there  is  considerable  activity  in  getting  out 
staves,  and  they  arc  beginningto  arrive  freely.  From  200,000  to  250,000 
are  now  on  the  dock  of  the  Detroit  and  Milwaukie  Rail-Road  awaiting 
shipment." 


COMMERCIAL   REGULATIONS. 


IMPORTATION  OF  GUANO  UNDER  THE    PROVISIONS    OF  THE  OUANO  ACT 
OF  AUGUST   18,    1866. 

Haying  received  official  information  from  the  Department  of  State 
that  the  islands  noted  below  have  been  recognised  by  the  issue  of  the 
proper  certificate,  as  appertaining  to  the  United  States,  for  the  purposes 
specified  in  the  guano  act  of  August,  18,  1856,  the  same  is  published  for 
the  information  and  government  of  officers  of  the  customs  and  others 
concerned. 

The  special  attention  of  collectors  and  other  officers  of  the  custonu  is 
called  to  the  provisions  of  the  8d  section  of  the  act  aforesaid,  to  wit : 

"  Sbo.  3.  And  be  it  further  enacted.  That  the  introduction  of  guano 
from  such  islands,  rocks  or  keys  shall  be  regulated  as  in  the  coasting 
trade  between  different  parts  of  the  United  States,  and  the  same  laws 
shall  govern  the  vessels  concerned  therein." 

There  being  no  officer  of  the  customs  at  the  islands,  rocks  or  keys  in 
question  to  grant  clearances  or  certify  manifests,  those  provisions  of  the 
coasting  laws  which  authorize,  under  certain  circumstances,  the  omisdon 
of  those  papers,  will  apply  to  vessels  engaged  in  thb  trade,  and  they  will 
be  put  on  the  footing  of  vessels  of  the  Xfnited  States  laden  with  domestic 
productions.  But  masters  of  such  vessels  will  be  required  to  have  mani- 
fests subscribed  by  themselves  of  the  cargo,  and  to  exhibit  the  same,  on 
demand,  to  officers  of  the  customs  for  inspection.  Regular  entries  at  the 
custom-house  must  be  made  on  arrival  at  the  port  of  destination  in  the 
United  States,  and  collectors  of  the  customs  are  instructed  to  cause  in 
all  cases  the  cargo  to  be  carefully  inspected. 

It  will  be  perceived  that  the  3d  section  of  the  act  aforesaid  implies  the 
provisions  of  the  laws  regulating  the  coasting  trade  to  vessels  emj^oyed 
m  the  transportation  of  guano  from  the  islands,  rocks  and  keys  in  ques- 
tion to  ports  in  the  United  States. 

Only  such  vessels,  therefore,  as  can  legally  engage  in  the  coasti^  trade 
of  the  United  States,  can  be  employed  in  such  transportation.     Foreign 


Commercial  BegulaUoiM.  785 

Teasels  must,  of  course,  be  excladed,  and  the  priyilege  coDfined  to  the 
duly  documented  vessels  of  the  United  States. 

Starve,  or  Barren,  lat  6^  40'  S.,  long.  165^  56'  W. 

McKean,  lat  3°  35'  S.,  long.  174**  17'  W. 

Phoenix,  lat  3**  85'  S.,  long.  170**  bb'  W. 

Enderbury,  lat  3**  08'  a,Tong.  171°  08'  W. 

Certificates  for  which  have  been  issued  to  the  Phoenix  Guano  Company. 

Nevassa,  lat  18°  10'  N.,  long.  76°  W.,  certificate  for  which  has  been 
issued  to  E.  K  Cooper. 

Howland,  lat  00^52'  N.,  long.  176°  62'  W.,  certificate  for  which  has 
been  issued  to  the  United  States  Guano  Company. 

Jarvis,  lat  00°  21'  S.,  long.  169°  62'  W. 

Baker's,  or  New-Nantucket,  lat  00°  15'  N.,  long.  176°  30'  W.,  certifi- 
cate for  which  has  been  issued  to  the  American  Guano  Company. 


BLOCKADE  OF  THE  SOUTHERN  PORTS. 

ProdamoHim  of  the  President  of  the  United  Staiee,  April  \9th,  1861. 

Whereas,  an  insurrection  against  the  government  of  the  United  States  has  broken 
ont  in  the  States  of  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Alabama,  Florida,  Mississippi,  Loum- 
ana  and  Texas,  and  the  laws  of  the  Unit^  States  for  the  collection  of  the  reyenue 
cannot  be  effectually  executed  therein,  conformably  to  that  proyision  of  the  Consti- 
tution which  requires  duties  to  be  uniform  throughout  the  Umted  States ; 

And  whereas,  a  combination  of  persons,  engaged  in  such  insurrection,  haye  threat- 
ened to  grant  pretended  letters  of  marque  to  auUiorize  the  bearers  thereof  to  commit 
assaults  on  the  liyes,  yessels  and  property  of  good  dtixens  of  the  country  lawfully 
engaged  in  commerce  on  the  high  seas,  and  in  waters  of  the  United  States ; 

And  whereas,  an  executiye  proclamation  has  been  already  issued,  requiring  the 
persons  engaged  in  these  disorderly  proceedings  to  desist  therefrom,  calling  out  a 
militia  force  for  the  purpose  of  repressing  the  same,  and  conyening  Congress  in 
extraordinary  session  to  deliberate  and  determine  thereon ; 

Now,  therefore,  I,  Abraham  Lincoln,  President  of  the  United  States,  with  a  yiew 
to  the  same  purpose  before  mentioned,  and  to  the  protection  of  the  public  peace  and 
the  liyes  and  property  of  quiet  and  orderly  citizens  pursuing  their  lawful  occupations, 
until  Congress  shall  naye  assembled  and  deliberated  on  the  said  unlawful  proceed- 
ings, or  until  the  same  shall  haye  ceased,  haye  further  deemed  it  adyisable  to  set 
on  foot  a  blockade  of  the  ports  within  the  States  aforesaid,  in  pursuance  of  the  laws 
of  the  United  States  ana  of  the  law  of  nations  in  such  case  proyided.  For  this 
purpose  a  competent  force  will  be  posted  so  as  to  preyent  entrance  and  exit  of 
yessels  ftom  the  ports  aforesaid.  If,  therefore,  with  a  yiew  to  yiolate  such  blockade, 
a  yessel  shall  approach  or  shall  attempt  to  leaye  any  of  the  siud  ports,  she  shall  be 
duly  warned  by  the  commander  of  one  of  the  bloclLading  yessels,  who  will  endorse 
on  ner  register  the  &ct  and  date  of  such  warninfi^ ;  and  if  the  same  yessel  shall  again 
attempt  to  enter  or  leaye  the  blockaded  port,  she  will  be  captured  and  sent  to  the 
nearest  conyenient  port  for  such  proceedings  against  her  and  her  cargo  as  prize  as 
may  be  deemed  adyisable. 

And  I  hereby  proclaim  and  declare,  that  if  any  person,  under  the  pretended 
authority  of  the  said  States,  or  under  any  other  pretence,  shall  molest  a  yessel  of 
the  United  States,  or  the  persons  or  cargo  on  board  of  her,  such  persons  will  be 
held  amenable  to  the  laws  of  the  United  States  for  the  preyention  and  punishment 
of  piracy. 

In  witness  whereof,  I  haye  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  caused  the  seal  of  the 

United  States  to  be  affixed.    Done  at  the  C^ty  of  Washington,  this  nine> 

[l.  s.]      teenth  day  of  April,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  ei^t  hundred 

and  sixty-one,  and  of  the  independence  of  the  United  States  the  dghty-fifth, 

Ahbaham  Ijhoolv. 

William  H.  Sbwabd,  Secretary  of  State, 
VOL.  XLIV, — ^iro,  VI.  60 


786  Commercial  BegulatwM. 

Blockade  of  North  Carolina  aih)  VinGiinA  Ports. 
Proelamaiion  of  the  President  of  the  United  States,  April  21th,  1861. 
"By  the  Prksidknt  of  the  Unttbd  States  of  America: 

"Whereas,  for  the  reasons  assigned  in  my  proclamation  of  the  19th  instant,  a 
blockade  of  the  ports  of  the  States  of  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Florida,  Alabama, 
Louisiana,  Mississippi  and  Texas  was  ordered  to  be  established;  and,  whereas, 
ainoe  that  date  public  pr<H>erty  of  the  United  States  has  been  amed,  the  collection 
of  the  reyenue  obstructed,  and  duly  conmiissioned  officers  of  the  United  States, 
while  engaged  in  executing  the  orders  of  their  superiors,  have  been  arrested  and 
held  in  custody  as  prisoners,  or  have  been  impeded  in  the  discharge  of  their  official 
duties,  without  due  legal  process,  by  persons  claiming  to  act  under  authority  of 
the  States  of  Virginia  and  North  Carolina,  an  efficient  blockade  of  the  ports  of  these 
States  will  there£»re  also  be  established. 

"  In  witness  whereof,  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  caused  the  seal  of  the 
United  States  to  be  affixed.    Done  at  the  City  of  Washington,  this  2'ith 
[l.  s.]      day  of  April,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
sixty-one,  and  of  the  Independence  of  the  United  States  the  eighty-fifth. 
"By  the  President,  Abraham  I!jxcol5. 

"William  H.  Seward,  Secretary  of  State.'* 


To  COLLSOTOBS,  SURYSTORS  AND  OTHER  OFFICERS  OF  THE  CUSTOMS  ON  THE  NORTHERN 

Waters  of  the  United  States. 

Treasury  Department,  May  2d,  1861. 

On  the  19th  day  of  April,  1861,  the  President  of  the  United  States,  by  prodama- 
tion,  declared  the  ports  of  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Florida,  Alabama,  Louisiana, 
Mississippi  and  Texas  under  blockade ;  and  on  the  2Vth  of  the  same  month,  by 
another  proclamation,  declared  the  ports  of  Virginia  and  North  Carolina  also  under 
blockade,  since  which  proclamation  this  department  has  received  reliable  information 
that  attempts  are  frequently  made  to  furnish  arms,  munitions  of  war,  provisions  and 
other  supplies  to  persons  and  parties  in  those  States  in  open  insurrection  against 
the  constitutional  authorities  of  the  Union.  It  becomes  my  duty,  therefore,  to  in- 
struct you  to  cause  a  careful  examination  to  be  made  of  the  manifests  of  all  steam 
or  other  vessels  departing  from  your  port  with  cargoes  whose  ultimate  destination 
you  have  satisfactory  reasons  to  believe  is  for  any  port  or  place  under  the  control 
of  such  insurrectionary  parties,  and  to  compare  the  same  with  the  careo  on  board ; 
and  if  any  such  manifests  be  found  to  embrace  any  articles  of  the  description  before 
mentioned,  or  any  such  articles  be  found  to  constitute  a  part  of  the  cargo,  vou  will 
take  all  necessary  and  proper  means  to  prevent  the  departure  of  the  vessel,  and  to 
detain  the  same  in  your  custody  until  all  such  articles  shall  be  removed  therefrom,  and 
for  further  proceedings  according  to  law.  You  will  also  make  a  careful  examination 
of  all  flat-boats  and  other  water  craft  without  manifests,  and  of  rail-road  cars  and 
other  vehicles,  arriving  at  or  leaving  your  port,  laden  with  merchandise,  the  ultimate 
destination  of  which  you  have  good  reason  to  believe  is  for  any  port  or  place  under 
insurrectionary  control ;  and  if  arms,  munitions  of  war,  provisions  or  other  supplies 
are  found  having  such  destination,  you  will  seize  and  detain  the  same,  to  await  tlie 
proper  legal  proceedings  for  confiscation^  and  forfeiture. 

In  carrying  out  these  instructions,  you  will  bear  in  mind  that  all  persons  or  parties  iu 
armed  insurrection  against  the  Union,  however  such  persons  or  parties  may  be  organ- 
ized or  named,  are  engaged  in  levying  war  a^^ainst  the  United  States,  and  that  all  per- 
sons furnishing  to  such  insurgents  arms,  mumtions  of  war,  provisions  or  oth^  supplies, 
are  giving  them  aid  and  comfort,  and  so  guilty  of  treason  within  the  terms  of  the 
second  section  of  the  third  article  of  the  Constitution.  And  you  will  therefore  use 
your  utmost  vigilance,  and  endeavor  to  prevent  the  prohibited  shipments,  and  to 
detect  and  bring  to  punishment  all  who  are  in  any  way  concerned  in  furnishing  to 
such  insurgents  any  of  the  articles  above  described.  You  will,  on  the  other  h^d, 
be  carefhl  not  to  interrupt,  vexatiously  or  beyond  necessity,  by  unwarranted  or  pro- 
tracted detentions  and  examinations,  the  r^ular  and  lawful  commerce  of  your  port 
You  will  report  forthwith  whether  any,  and  If  any,  what  additional  measures  may 
be  necessary,  in  your  judgment,  to  carry  into  fall  effect  the  foregoing  resoluUons, 
and  you  wiU  report  to  this  department,  from  time  to  time,  your  action  under  these 
instructions.  I  am,  very  respectfully, 

S.  P.  Chase,  SeerOary  of  the  TWofiry. 


Commercial  Chronicle  and  Bevieu.  181 


COMMERCIAL   CHRONICLE  AND  REVIEW. 

CoxDinoN  or  CojomtoxAL  ATrAnts— Southbrx  Coucxxo— Lbttsbs  or  Maxqitb— Impobts  of 

FORBIGIV  I>BT  CtoODfl— SXPOBTS  FBOX  NxV-YomK  TO  FOXXIOK  POBTB— OASH  DUTISS  AT  NsW- 

TosK— FosxioH  Imposts  at  Nbw-Yobk— GoimuBUTzoire  nr  Dsraroi  or  thb  Uiaok— Albaht 
Bamk  Failitbxb. 

The  unfjAYorable  condition  of  commercial  afi^irs,  reported  in  our  last 
number,  has  not  been  ameliorated  since  that  time.  On  the  contrary, 
the  stagnation  indicated  in  the  months  of  March  and  April  has  increased. 
The  non-reception  of  our  usual  supplies  of  Southern  produce  for  foreign 
export  is  strongly  felt  The  light  importations  of  foreign  goods  at  tms 
and  other  ports  are  among  the  prominent  features  of  the  season,  resulting 
in  continued  and  lower  rates  of  foreign  exchange  at  this  port  The  gov- 
ernment has  commenced  its  policy  of  blockade  of  the  Southern  ports, 
which  will  be  thoroughly  and  effectually  sustained  by  the  naval  forces  of 
the  country. 

Southern  commerce  is  thus,  for  the  time,  crushed.  There  can  be  no 
outlets  for  the  cotton,  tobacco  and  rice  of  the  South ;  but  this  is  the  in- 
evitable result  of  the  revolution  among  the  seceding  States.  Congress 
has  power  farther  to  close  all  the  Southern  ports  as  "  ports  of  entry ;"  a 
measure  which  would  permanently  drive  all  foreign  and  coastwise  com- 
merce from  those  harbors.  The  Southern  Confederacy  has  issued  a  pro- 
clamation authorizing  letters  of  marque. 

It  has  been  strongly  urged  by  cotemporary  writers  that  an  unrecog- 
nised government  possesses  no  power  to  issue  letters  of  marque  and  re- 
prisal, and,  under  the  law  of  nations  and  all  laws,  any  v^sel  sailing  un- 
der such  a  flag,  and  seizing  a  merchantman,  would  commit  robbery  on 
the  high  seas,  and  be  guilty  of  piracy,  and  every  man  on  board  of  her 
would  be  subject  to  the  penalty  of  death.  By  the  law  of  nations,  piracy 
is  robbery  upon  the  sea.  By  the  laws  of  the  United  States,  any  person 
who  shall  commit  the  crime  of  robbery  or  murder  on  the  high  seas  shall 
be  deemed  a  pirate.  Then  what  is  robbery  on  the  high  seas  ?  The  Su- 
preme Court  nave  decided  that  all  persons  are  pirates  on  board  vessels 
which  throw  off  their  national  character  by  cruising  piratically  and  com- 
mittingplunder  of  other  vessels.  The  question  has  been  settled  by  the  Su- 
preme Cfourt,  in  the  case  of  The  Unitbd  States  vs.  Klintooh,  5  Wheaton, 
That  was  tried  in  Virginia,  and  decided  by  Virginia's  Chief-Justice  Mar- 
shall. The  prisoner  had  been  fitted  out  with  a  privateer  conmiission, 
purporting  to  be  from  the  "  Mexican  Republic,"  and  he  seized  a  vessel 
and  took  her  into  Savannah  as  a  prize.  This  was  in  1820,  before  the 
Mexican  Republic  was  acknowledged,  and  Chief-Justice  Marshall  held, 
that  the  assumed  chief  had  no  power,  as  an  oflBcer  of  the  Mexican  Republic 
unacknowledged,  to  give  commissions  to  authorize  private  or  pubbc  ves- 
sels to  make  captures  at  sea.  This  settles  the  point,  and  it  follows  the 
English  law  that  no  commission  of  a  vessel  to  seize  other  vessels  on  the 
high  seas  can  be  recognised  when  issued  by  an  unacknowledged  govern- 
ment 

In  the  matter  of  dry  goods  the  business  of  the  year  1861,  so  far,  is 
very  limited,  compared  with  the  past  two  years.    The  entries  under 


1SB 


Oommereiai  Chronicle  amd  Refriew, 


the  new  tariff  are,  however,  large  in  the  single  month  of  ApriL     We  annex 
the  returns  for  the  four  months : 

DEPOBTf  or  rOBXXOV    DBY    OOODfl  AT  TBS    POST  OF  XSW-TOBK  FOE  FOUB   IfOSTHS    FBOH 

JAVUABY  IflT. 
XHTERED  FOB  OOESUVPnOV. 

Mownfactvru^tf  1868.  1889.  1860.  188L 

Wool, 1 8,084,804  . .  %  10,442,018  . .  1 10,411,495  . .  1 4,816,078 

Cotton,...' 2,906,622  ..       9,846,810  ..       7,468,682  ..     2,811,126 

Bilk, 4,920,197  ..     11,608,681  ..     18,494,206  ..     6,778,296 

Flax, 1,148,809  ..       8,926,080  ..       8,016,649  ..     1,140,116 

MiBcellAneoDfl, 1,068,046  ..       2,866,286  ..       1,982,007  ..     1,866,866 

Total, 18,061,678  ..     88,074,878  ..     86,267,929  ..  16,402,467 

-wirBDRAinr  fbok  wabbrovse. 

Man^aei^Mrmitf                   1888.                   1859.  1860.  188L 

Wool, 1 1,768,102  . .  $  669,688  . .  1 1,019,681  . .  $  8,817,967 

Cotton, 2,686,089  ..          994,689  ..  1,589,664  ..  8,106,206 

SUk, 2,077,889  ..          879,928  ..  712,876  ..  2,988,486 

Flax, 1,186,688  ..          616,248  ..  418,782  ..  1,162,189 

Miscellaneoas, 729,820  ..          204,047  ..  816,462  ..  602,864 

Total, 8,811,638  ..       2,764,886  ..       4,006,464  ..  11,122,662 

Add  enf  d  for  consump.,  18,061,678  . .     88,074,878  . .     86,257,929  . .  16,402,467 

Total  on  market, 21,878,111  ..     40,828,718  ..     40,264,898  ..  26,626,119 

BHTBBED  FOE  WABEHOUSOTG. 

M<ln^factyrM^tf  1858.  1859.  1860.  186L 

Wool, 1768,656  ..  $667,607  ..  $1,084,118  ..$3,086,872 

Cotton, 1,266,607  ..  628,749  ..  1,084,960  ..     8,145,938 

Silk, 765,607  ..  208,069  ..  665,497  ..     2,980,832 

Flax, 484,506  ..  218,881  ..  162,880  ..     1,171,161 

MiscellaneoQS, 816,968  ..  118,278  ..  290,966  ..        667,259 

Total, 8,636,248  ..       1,621,069  ..       8,280.905  ..  10,941,047 

Add  enfd  for  consump.,  18,061,678  . .     88,074,878  . .     86,267,929  . .   16,402,467 

Total  entered  at  port,  16,597,826  ..     89,696,447  ..     89,688,884  ..  26,848,514 

The  following  will  show  the  value  of  the  different  manufactures  of  dry 
'goods  imported  at  New-York  for  ten  months  of  three  fiscal  years : 

Mamtfactvr4tqr  1869.  1860.  188L 

Wool, $25,586,400  ..  $31,072,800  ..  $27,086,700 

Cotton, 16,811,800  ..  19,684,000  ..  18.649,800 

Silk 28,862,800  ..  81,928,200  ..  26,661,100 

Flax, 7,500,200  ..  8,710,500  ..  6,442,800 

MiaceUaneons, 4,994,400  ..  5,487,800  ..  6,889,900 

Total, $77,264,600     ..      $96,727,800     ..      $76,618,800 

EXBOBTS  FBOK  NXW-TOBE  TO  FOBEIGK  P0BT8  FOE  THE  MOUTH  OF  APEIL. 

1858.  1859.  1860.  1861. 

Domettlei»rodnce, $6,513,117  ..$6,950,921  ..$6,638,682  ..$9,266,648 

Herchandise  (free) 166,416  ..       441,489  ..        254,772  ..        209,678 

MerchaEdi9e(doUable),...       482,398  ..       882,289  ..       482,489  ..        281,784 

Specie  aadbdltion, 646,285  ..     6,269,167  ..     2,996,502  ..     1,412,674 

Totalexporte,.^...'....     6,746,211  ,.  13,038,866  ..  10,371,416  ..  11.109,679 
Exduaive  of  spade,....     6,077,926  ..     6,774,699  ..     7,375,918  ..     9,697,006 


Commercial  Chronkle  and  Eev%m».  789 

The  exports  for  the  four  months  since  Jannarv  Ist,  show  a  fityorable 
result ;  the  movement  in  breadstuffs  has  been  agam  krge. 

Thos  the  export  of  domestic  prodnce  is  nearly  one-half  more  than  in 
April,  1860. 

SZPOBTS  nOM  NXW-TORK  TO  TOBBION  POBTB  FOB  TOUB  MOUTHS,  IBOIC  JAKUABT  1. 

18A8.  1859.  1860.  186L 

Domestic  produce,. . .  1 17,934,664  . .  1 18,874,586  . .  1 24,685,808  . .  1 40.851,800 

Merchandise  (free),...  509,998  ..  949,967  ..       1,009,690  ..  856,788 

Merch'dise  (dutUble),      1,699,446  ..       1,175,889  ..       2,858,011  ..       1,966,714 

Specie  and  bullion,...       9,976,010  ..     14,279,969  ..       7,207,786  ..       2,876,296 

Total  exports, 80,119,112  ..     84,780,800  ..     85,410»785  ..     46,061,048 

Exdnsive  of  specie,     20,844,102  ..     20,500,841   ..     28,202,999  ..     48,174,747 

The  exports  of  the  ten  months  of  the  fiscal  year  are  abont  eleven  mil- 
lions in  excess  of  last  year.  The  following  is  a  brief  comparison  of  the 
shipments  of  produce,  to  which  we  have  added,  at  the  foot,  the  ship- 
ments of  specie.    These  were  large  in  the  first  months  of  the  fiscal  year. 

It  is  interesting  to  bring  forward  the  total  of  exports  from  this  port  for 
the  expired  portion  of  the  fiscal  year,  as  the  aggregate,  exclusive  of  specie, 
is  far  beyond  all  former  precedent  We  have,  therefore,  compiled  a  table 
showing  the  comparative  shipments  of  the  produce  and  merchandise 
since  the  Ist  of  July : 

BXPOBTS,  XZCLUSiyB    OF  BPXCIX,  FBOM    NBW-YOBK    TO  FOBXIOH    YOBTS  FOB  TMT   MOHIBI 

XNDIKO  WITH  AFBIU 

1858.  1859.  1860.  186L 

Six  months, 1 84,702,441   . .  1 27,994,884  . .  1 86,871,068  . .  t  69,924,484 

January 4,689,789  ..       4,114,008  ..       6,022,462  ..     11,148,848 

February, 4,178,677  ..       8,786,688  ..       6,676,870  ..     10,804,807 

March, 5,180,860  ..       6,876,001   ..       8,128,764  ..     11,629,592 

April, 6,099,926  ..       6,774,699  ..       7,876,918  ..       9,697,005 

Total, 64,846,648  ..    ^48,495,176  ..     64,674,067  ..  108,099,181 

Specie  for  the  same,..     81,987,122  ..     27,921,481  ..     48,726,680  ..     28,487,716 

Total  exports, 86,783,666  ..     76,416,606  ..  108,299,687  ..  126,686,896 

The  above  shows  a  decline  during  the  ten  months  of  the  fiscal  year, 
in  the  shipments  of  specie,  of  twenty  million  dollars,  and  an  increase, 
during  the  same  time,  of  nearly  forty  millions  in  the  exports  of  merchan- 
dise and  produce.  This  is  the  largest  exhibit  of  export  commerce  ever 
made  at  mis  port,  the  total  being  uur  beyond  all  former  precedents. 

The  receipts  for  cash  duties  of  course  show  a  decrease  in  the  aggre- 
sate,  keeping  pace  with  the  import  of  goods  at  the  port  The  following 
IS  a  comparative  sunmiary : 

CASH  DVTIBS  BBOXITBD  AT  KBW-TOBK. 

1858.  1859.  I860.  186L 

Six  months,...  116,845,658  67  $15,887,618  49   $19,822,060  96   $17,687,802  21 

In  January,...       1,641,474  69  ..  8,478,471  88  ..  8,899,166  17  ..  2,069,202  88 

February, 2,068,784  86  . .  8,828,688  98  . .  8,378,048  28  . .  2,528,786  88 

March, 2,218,462  16  ..  8,164,011  25  ..  3,477,646  74  ..  2,489,926  2C^ 

April,, 1,736,610  41  ..  8,212,060  49  ..  2,444,267  96  ..  1,648,261  99 

Total  ten  mos.,    24,000,775  68      28,670,850  54      82,521,984  11      26,858,929,61 

The  amount  of  cash  duties  has  decreased  in  New-Tork,  it  appears, 
more  than  six  millions,  compared  with  last  year. 


790  Commercial  Chronicle  and  Beview. 

By  the  monthly  statement  of  the  conmierce  of  this  port  for  April  it 
will  be  seen  that  the  total  of  dutiable  goods,  entered  directly  for  con- 
sumption during  the  last  month,  was  only  about  half  the  amount  for  the 
corresponding  month  of  last  year.  The  entries  for  warehousing  have 
been  about  the  same  ;  but  the  entries  of  free  goods  show  a  gain  of  one 
million,  and  the  receipts  of  specie  an  increase  of  nearly  two  millions. 
The  following  is  a  comparative  summary  of  foreign  imports  at  New-York 
for  the  month  of  April,  1857  to  1861 ; 

FORSIOir  IMP0BT8  AT  KSW-TOBK,  1857  TO  1860,  FOB  THE  XONTH  OF  APBIL. 

EirmoD  1M7.  1868.  186a  1800.  186L 

For  consumption, . .  $  11,155,580  . .  $  6,887,646    $  15,695,741    $  10,407,966  . .  $  5,898,809 
"   warehousing,..       8,168,142..    2,148,241..    8,754,895..    4,127,867..    4,187,678 

Free  goods, 955,428  . .     2,658,381  . .    2,802,542  . .    2,886,347  . .     8,851,905 

Specie  and  bulUon,  989,218  . .       624,867  . .       272,441  . .         49,186  . .    1,968,001 

Total,  April, $21,218,818    $11,169,025    $22,425,619    $16,971,856    $14,886,898 

Withdrawn, 2,987,816  . .    8,208,689  . .    1,548,661  . .     2,069,428  . .     1,761,245 

Without  the  imports  of  specie,  the  remaining  imports  since  January 
1  St,  are  about  twenty-two  million  doUars  less  than  for  the  corresponding 
four  months  of  1859  and  1860.     We  annex  our  usual  comparison : 

FORXION  niPOBTS  AT  NEW-TOBK  FOB  FOVB  XOKTHB,  FBOIC  JAKUABT  IST. 

Entxeed  1867.  1858.  1860.  1800.  ISOL 

For  consumption,..  $57,814,960    $23,098,846    $61,697,987    $57,559,878    $27,276,106 
"    warehousing,..     19,066,289..    7,200,542..    9,025,617  ..  11,991,188  ..  19,584,228 

Free  goods, 6,592,569  . .     8,567,911  . .  10,301,888  . .  11,560,620  . .  12,863,850 

Specie  and  bullion,       8,911,278..    1,851,691..       517,615..        552,505  ..  17,055,700 

Total,  four  months,  $86,885,046    $40,213,489    $81,642,407    $81,664,186    $76,269,862 
Withdrawn   from 
warehouse, 10,101,989  ..  16,886,251  ..    7,618,056  ..    9,572,218  ..  15,808,890 

The  imports  for  the  ten  months  of  the  present  fiscal  year  show  a  large 
decrease  over  the  previous  year,  in  the  aggregate.  If  we  omit  the  heavy 
aggregate  of  bullion  and  coin  imported,  we  shall  find  that  the  imports  of 
miscellaneous  goods  are  below  the  dull  period  of  1868. 

FOBXIOK  DfPOBTS  AT  KEW-TOBK  FOB  TEN  MONTHS,  ENDING  APBIL  80,  1867 — 1861. 

1867.  1868.  1860.  180a  186L 

Sixmonths,....  $106,264,740   $109,688,702     $91,082,488   $116,000,643   $120,642,884 

January, 19,006,782  . .      8,105,719  . .   19,447,962  . .    21,756,278  . .   26,827,411 

February, 25,524,492  . .      9,209,048  . .   18,848,870  . .   19,866,879  . .    16,841,707 

March, 21,185,604..    11,729,702..   20,820,456..    28,580,126..    18,204,851 

April, 21,218,818..    11,169,026..   22,425,619..    16,971,868..    14,886,898 

Total  10  months,  $192,189,786  $149,902,191   $172,624,840  $197,664,778  $196,802,246 

The  following  is  a  recapitulation  of  contributions,  by  banking  insti- 
tutions and  individuals,  for  the  defence  of  the  Union : 

Connecticut, $  2,160,000 

Indiana, 1,062,000 

SUnois, 8,658,000 

Iowa, 100,000 


New-Hampshire, 68,000 

New-Jersey, 2,281,000 

Ohio, 8,848,000 

Pennsylvania, 8,080,000 

Rhode  Island, 523,000 

Vermont, 1,027,000 

Wisconsin, 1,077,000 


Kansas, 20,000 

Maine, 1,866,000 

Massachusetts, 8,740,000 

Michigan 1,100,000 

New-York, 6,881,000  $  81,106,000 

All  this  money  must  be  returned  by  |Jie  United  States  hereafter  to  the 
several  States  as  in  the  war  of  1812-15. 


Commercial  Chronicle  and  Review,  791 

The  Finance  Conmiittee  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  have  issned  the 
following  notice : 

The  undersigned,  a  committee  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  havinf,  by  a  sab 
committee,  recently  visited  "Washington  to  confer  with  the  Secretary  of  the  TYeaeury 
on  the  subject  of  the  loans,  which  he  is  authorized  by  law  to  issue,  they  beg  to  call 
the  attention  of  the  public  to  the  particulars  of  these  loans,  as  follows : 

1st.  A  loan  of  about  nine  millions  dollars,  which  will  be  issued  in  bonds  or  stock 
havinff  twenty  years  to  run,  and  at  six  per  cent  interest.  For  this  proposals  are 
invited,  and  it  will  be  awarded  to  the  highest  bidder,  at  Washington,  on  Tuesday, 
the  21st  instant. 

2d,  A  loan  of  fourteen  millions  dollars  [$14,000,000,]  which  is  limited  by  the  law 
of  June,  1860,  at  par.  This  loan  is  now  advertised  to  be  awarded  on  the  80th 
instant,  but  from  its  limitation  it  will  probably  have  to  be  issued  in  Treasury  Notes 
having  two  years  to  run,  and  convertible  into  twenty  years  stock  or  bonds,  as  above, 
at  the  pleasure  of  the  holder ;  which  notes  the  Secretary  is  by  law  authorized  to 
substitute,  and  which  are  idso  restricted  to  par. 

And  the  committee  invite  all  capitalists  and  moneyed  institutions  to  avail  of  these 
opportunities  for  investment. 

Committee. — ^Pilatiah  Pmarr,  Stewart  Brown,  William  H.  Aspiwwall,  J.  J. 
AsTOR,  Jr.,  August  Belmont,  James  Oallatin,  A.  T.  Stewart,  J.  M.  Morrison, 
Moses  Taylor,  George  S.  Coe,  F.  A.  Palmer,  John  Q.  Jones,  D.  R.  Martin,  Jaoob 
Campbell,  Jr. 

The  feilnres  of  the  Bank  of  Albany  and  of  the  Bank  of  the  Capitol,  at 
Albany,  have  given  rise  to  some  nneasiness ;  but  the  loss  in  these  cases 
will  fall  upon  stockholders  only.  So  much  commercial  paper  has  recently 
gone  to  protest  in  this  State,  that  the  assets  of  our  banfcinff  institutions 
are  seriously  lessened.  In  addition  to  these  are  the  failures  of  the 
National  Bank  and  the  Bank  of  the  Interior,  both  at  Albany. 

The  currency  of  the  Western  States  is  now  undergoing  a  severe  crisis.' 
The  bills  of  those  banks  that  have  been  founded  on  the  bonds  of  the 
States  of  Virginia,  Missouri  and  Tennessee,  are  for  the  present  in  jeopardy, 
owing  to  the  serious  decline  in  the  market  values  of  those  secunties. 

We  have  the  important  intelligence  that  the  British  government  will 
remain  strictly  neutral  in  respect  of  affairs  incident  to  the  rebellion  in 
the  United  States.  The  British  government  has  issued  a  proclamation, 
warning  British  subjects  against  engaging  in  the  American  war,  and  stating 
that  all  doing  so  will  be  held  responsible  for  their  own  acts.  The  proclama- 
tion declares  the  intention  to  maintain  the  strictest  impartial  neutrality 
between  England  and  the  government  of  the  United  States  and  certain 
States  styling  themselves  the  Confederate  States  of  America.  It  warns 
all  British  subjects,  if  they  enter  tiie  military  service  of  either  side,  or 
join  ships  of  war,  or  transports,  or  attempt  to  get  recruits,  or  fit  out  ves- 
sels for  war  purposes  or  transports,  or  break  or  endeavor  to  break  any  block- 
ade, lawfully  or  actually  eettMiehed,  or  carry  soldiers,  despatches,  or  any 
material  contraband  of  war,  for  either  party,  that  they  will  be  liable  to 
all  the  penalty  and  consequences,  and  will  do  so  at  their  peril,  and  in 
nowise  obtain  the  protection  of  the  British  government.  It  was  an- 
nounced in  the  House  of  Lords  that  Spain  had  given  assurances,  in  ac- 
cepting the  annexation  of  the  eastern  portion  of  St.  Domingo,  that  AMcan 
slavery  should  not  be  re-established.  Mr.  Gladstone  stated  in  the  House 
of  Commons  that  the  Mail  contract  with  the  Galway  Steamship  Line  had 
terminated.  The  Cotton  Growing  Company  of  Jamaica  had  determined 
to  plant  several  thousand  acres  forthwith,  so  that  the  crop  may  be  de- 
livered in  Manchester  before  the  end  of  the  year. 


793  Foreign  Carrt9p(mdemoi. 

FOREIGN    CORRESPONDENCE 

OF  THB   MEBCHAirrS'   MAGAZINE   AND   COMMERCOAL   BEYIEW. 

London,  May  4(A,  1861. 
Thk  principal  topic  of  discussion  for  two  weeks  has  been  The  Budget 
l^e  debate  on  Mr.  Gladstone's  proposition  was  virtoallj  condaded 
on  Thursday  night,  2d  inst,  when  a  division  took  place,  which  resulted 
in  a  majonty  of  eighteen  for  the  goyemment,  viz. :  299  for  and  281 
against  it  In  this  result  the  ministry  have  not  much  cause  for  triumph, 
^e  point  on  which  the  struggle  took  place  was,  whether  the  tea  dutj 
should  be  lowered  from  Is.  5d.  to  Is.  per  pound,  in  preference  to  allow- 
ing the  paper  duty  to  be  abolished,  and  the  country  at  large  were  evi- 
dently in  favor  of  the  reduction  in  the  tea  duty,  although  they  were 
not  desirous  of  any  event  that  might  embarrass  Uie  preliminaiy  debate, 
originated  by  Mr.  Thomas  Baring.  Mr.  Baring  had  two  objects  in 
Yiew,  one,  to  show  that  Mr.  Gladstone's  financial  calculations  could  not 
be  depended  upon ;  the  other,  that  a  portion  of  the  estimated  surplus 
had  better  be  appropriated  to  the  reduction  of  the  duty  on  tea  instead  of 
the  abolition  of  tne  pt^r  tax.  No  fewer  than  seventeen  gentlemen  suc- 
ceeded Mr.  Baring  in  the  debate,  about  half  in  defence  of  the  Budget 
propositions,  the  others  in  opposition  to  them.  The  debate  was  long 
and  wearisome.  The  object  of  the  attack  on  the  Budget  was  to  give  a 
*'  quiet  snub  to  Mr.  Gladstone,"  and  by  that  means  "  splinter  the  cabinet/* 
Compared  with  the  corresponding  month  of  1860,  the  trade  of  the 
country,  represented  by  exports,  appears  to  have  increased  about  fire 
per  cent,  their  total  declared  value  amounting  to  £10,950,830,  against 
£10,303,470.  The  branches  of  our  manu&ctures  contributing  chiefly  to 
the  increase  are  cottons,  linens  and  woollens,  the  extension  of  trade  being 
principally  with  the  continent  The  exports  of  lead  to  France  and  China 
also  show  an  increase.  In  silk  manufactures  there  is  very  little  difference, 
an  improvement  in  some  descriptions  being  about  counterbalanced  by  a 
fidling  off  in  others.  The  leather,  iron  and  copper  trades  appear  to  have 
retrograded ;  and  in  the  exports  of  the  plates  the  decrease  is  mty  per  cent^ 
For  me  first  quarter  of  the  year  the  exports  show  a  material  reduction  to 
the  United  States,  the  totals  being  as  follows : 

Mabob.  Fun  QvAsnB. 

laeo.  "  1861.  '    iMo!  laet 

iSM88,000         ...         £1,298,000         ...         £5,064,000         ...         £8,078,000 
The  decline,  compared  with  the  same  period  of  1860,  is  large  in  those 
articles  nsuaUy  demanded  by  the  American  trade,  viz. : 

JvLT.  Van  QvA 


1860.  1861.  1860.  18eL 

Ckytton  nuurafAotnres,  ...  £  246,000  . .  £  262,000  . .  £  1,210,000  . .  £  928,000 

Linen  goods, 120,000  ..  178,000  ..  527,000  ..  865,000 

WooUen  doths, 84,000  ..  74,000  ..  260,000  ..  199,000 

"       mixed  goods,  <fcc,     148,000  ..  184,000  ..  488,000  ..  424,000 

"       worsted 108,000  . .  84,000  . .  842,000  . .  244.000 

Tinplates 106,000  ..  86,000  ..  266.000  ..  65,000 

ffilks, 20,000  ..  29,000  ..  98,000  ..  76,000 

Mniinery, 170,000  ..  160,000  ..  524,000  ..  421,000 

Iron  and  steel, 265,000  ..  140,000  ..  646,000  ..  418.000 


Fi^rtign  Carrtsp(mdenee,  19Z 

A  lai^  bnsinett  has  been  done  in  April  in  the  lir^pool  cotton  mar- 
ket, at  improving  rates,  and  a  farther  advance,  eqoal  to  three-quarters  of 
a  cent  per  pound,  has  been  conceded.  Prices  are  now  two  cents  per 
pomid  above  those  current  at  this  time  hist  year.  A  speculative  demand 
sprang  up  last  week  on  receipt  of  the  news  of  hostilities  having  com- 
menced in  the  United  States.  The  stock  now  held  is  75,000  bales  less 
than  it  was  twelve  months  ago. 

At  Llotd's,  war  premiums  have  been  demanded  of  one  to  one  and  a 
half  per  cent  on  American  vessels  that  have  sidled  from  New-Orleans,  and 
three  per  cent,  on  vessels  that  have  yet  to  start  For  American  ships 
fix>m  New-York  the  charge  is  only  one-half  per  cent 

Wednesday,  the  first,  was  a  holiday  at  the  Stock  Exchange,  the  transfer 
books  at  the  bank  being  closed  for  the  half-yearly  balancing  of  their 
books. 

The  East  India  and  China  Association  have  issued  their  usual  state- 
ments of  the  number  and  tonnage  of  ships,  both  British  and  foreign,  that 
have  entered  inwards  and  cleared  outwards  with  car^o  from  and  to  places 
'^  within  the  limits  of  the  late  East  India  Company's  charter"  for  three 
months,  ending  31st  of  March,  in  the  years  1861  and  1860,  respectively. 
From  this  it  appears  that  in  the  past  three  months  of  1861  there  were 
805  vessels  of  175,785  tons,  while  in  the  like  period  of  1860  there  were 
330  vessels  of  217,510  tons  for  the  entries  inwards,  showing  a  &lling  off 
of  25  vessels  and  41,725  tons.  The  entries  outwards  for  the  like  period 
were  311  vessels  of  214,877  tons  in  1861,  against  347  vessels  of  253,432 
tons  in  1860,  exhibiting  a  decrease  of  36  vessels  and  88,655  tons. 

At  the  request  of  the  Turkish  government,  the  British  Board  of  Trade 
has  sent  out  persons  properly  qu^ified  to  assist  in  the  investigation  into 
the  finances  of  the  empire,  with  a  view  to  fheir  adjustment  upon  some 
defined  basis.  French  officers  are  said  already  to  have  reached  Constan- 
tin^le  on  a  similar  mission. 

Cotton  is  the  leading  topic  of  interest  out  of  London.  Official  reports 
show  the  following  shipments  of  cotton  from  Alexandria  from  the  8d  of 
October  to  the  1st  of  April : 


Obxat  BmiTAiv. 

Frahob. 

AvinuA. 

ToicU 

£alM. 

BalM. 

Bals$, 

Balu. 

1866-1857, 

...    82,620 

8,712 

9,847 

60,679 

1857-1868, 

...    84,762 

10,061 

6,982 

61,746 

1868-1869, 

...   46,886 

16,027 

8.98S 

71,896 

1869-1860. 

...    66,820 

14,999 

6,604 

87,828 

1860-1861, 

...    66,071 

22,278 

4,819 

91,668 

The  attempt,  so  long  desired  by  the  cotton  States,  to  establish  a  line 
of  steam  communication  with  England,  is  about  to  be  tried  at  Liverpool 
A  prospectus  has  been  issued  of  a  Liverpool  and  New-Orleans  8team 
Navigation  Company,  with  a  capital  equal  to  $1,000,000,  in  shares  of 
$250  each.  The  vessels  are  to  run  monthly,  and  are  expected  to  com- 
mence during  the  ensuing  summer.  Mr.  Joshua  Schofibld,  the  mem- 
ber for  Birmingham,  is  to  be  on  the  direction,  and  the  other  supporters 
of  the  undertaking  are  Mr.  Chablis  Hollakd,  of  Liverpool,  a  director 
of  the  Demerara  Kaiiway  Company ;  Mr.  Charlks  Robertson,  of  Liver- 
pool, merchant ;  Mr.  Francis  Boult,  of  the  firm  of  Boult,  English  A 
Brandon,  of  Liverpool ;  and  Messrs.  Hohoton,  Rankin  ds  Co.,  of  New- 
Orleans.     Additional  names,  it  is  promised,  will  soon  be  published.     As 


V94  Foreign  Correspondence. 

a  speculation  to  attract  the  public  there  can  be  little  hope  of  its  bein^ 
responded  to.  If  it  be  launched  at  all  it  will  be  through  the  personiu 
contributions  of  houses  directly  interested  in  the  southern  trade. 

The  failure  of  the  two  great  firms  of  Battazzi  <fe  Co.  and  Hava  k  Co., 
at  Marseilles,  in  the  Greek  trade,  created  much  anxiety,  lest  suspensions 
should  follow  in  London.  The  Marseilles  stoppages  took  place  in  conse- 
quence of  a  sudden  withdrawal  of  facilities  by  the  Bank  of  France ;  and 
at  a  meeting  of  Greek  merchants  held  in  London  this  afternoon  it  has 
been  resolved  to  send  a  deputation  to  that  establishment  to  induce  it,  it 
is  supposed,  to  relax  its  policy.  The  feilure  of  Messrs.  P.  Hava  &  Co., 
one  of  the  oldest  and  most  respectable  of  our  Greek  firms,  was  announced 
this  week,  but  it  is  believed  that  their  assets  are  good  and  will  peld  a 
large  surplus.  Whether  any  other  firms  in  the  same  interest  will  have 
to  suspend  is  a  point  that  remains  doubtful  There  is  no  question  of  the 
general  solvency  of  the  merchants  in  this  trade,  provided  the  Turkish 
government,  to  whom  they  have  made  imprudent  advances,  fulfil  their 
obligations. 

BiOHARD  CoBDEN  has  written  a  letter  to  the  Mayor  of  Manchester,  in 
which  the  following  passage  occurs : 

"  We  are  not,  I  trust,  taking  too  sanguine  a  view  of  the  effects  of  the 
recent  commercial  arrangement  in  assuming  that  its  infiuence  will  be  felt 
beyond  the  limits  of  the  two  countries  immediately  concerned.  When 
England  and  France  are  found  co-operating,  whether  in  peace  or  war,  for 
the  attainment  of  a  common  object,  they  can  hardly  Mi  to  make  Uieir 
policy  triumphant  throughout  Europe,  and  looking  at  the  negotiations 
now  going  on  elsewhere,  and  the  indications  generally  manifested,  I  am 
led  to  the  conclusion  that  ere  long  the  example  of  those  two  nations  will 
induce  the  whole  continent  to  adopt  a  more  liberal  commercial  policy. 
In  the  mean  time,  whatever  hesitation  there  may  be  in  Europe,  or  whi^ 
ever  temporary  backsliding  in  America,  it  is  satis&ctory  to  know  that 
England,  speaking  through  the  voice  of  Manchester,  remains  foithful  to  the 
principle  of  unconditional  freedom  of  trade ;  if  it  be  accompanied  widi 
reciprocity  from  other  countries,  so  much  the  better  for  her  and  them — 
if  not,  so  much  the  better  for  her  than  them.  In  any  case,  liberty  will 
bring  its  own  reward." 

Mr.  CoBDBN  was  to  leave  Algiers  on  the  23d,  and  it  is  probable  that 
he  will  resume  his  parliamentary  duties  about  the  second  week  in  May. 
His  health,  we  are  happy  to  learn,  is  greatly  improved.  In  passing  through 
the  south  of  France  it  is  his  intention  to  consult  the  most  eminent  wine- 
producers  and  shippers  a^  to  the  best  method  of  levying  a  duty  on  win^ 
so  as  to  remove  the  dissatisfaction  felt  in  England  regarding  the  working 
of  the  alcoholic  test  There  is  an  on  dit  afloat  that  a  week  or  two  back 
Mr.  CoBDBN  received  from  Lord  Palmerston  a  letter,  intimating  the 
willingness  of  the  Queen  to  bestow  upon  the  honorable  gentleman  some 
mark  of  her  high  sense  of  the  important  services  rendered  by  him  in 
negotiating  the  commercial  treaty  with  Flrance,  It  is  said  that  Mr.  Cob- 
den  respectfully  declined  to  receive  the  proffered  honor. 

A  few  days  since  tenders  were  received  for  the  supply  of  forty  loco- 
motives for  the  Russian  railways.  There  were  numerous  offers  from 
English  and  French  manufacturers,  but  the  contract,  it  is  said,  is  given 
to  CocKEBiLL  &  Co.,  of  Licgc,  who  presented  the  lowest  tender,  63,000£ 
the  engine.    A  manufacturer  at  La  Yillette,  near  Paris,  has  obtained  a 


Foreign  Carreapcmdence, 


705 


contract  for  the  supply  of  five  hundred  wagons  for  the  railway  from  Ali- 
cante to  Seville.  Another  manufacturer  has  obtained  a  contract  for  the 
supply  of  1,200  tons  of  iron  for  the  same  company. 

The  treaty  between  Switzerland  and  Italy  for  carrying  a  railway  over  the 
Lackmanier  has  been  concluded.  Switzerland  is  to  contribute  48,000,000fl 
towards  the  cost  of  construction.  The  treaty  also  stipulates  that  when 
25,OOO,000fl  of  this  amount  shall  have  been  guaranteed,  and  6,000,000fl 
actually  spent  on  the  construction  of  the  railway,  the  Hngdom  of  Italy 
will  within  four  years  contribute  20,000,000£,  which  will  not,  however, 
bear  interest  It  has  been  further  stipulated  that  the  cost  of  laying  the 
railway  over  that  portion  of  the  Alps  between  Dissentis  and  Olivone 
shall  be  defrayed  by  the  kingdom  of  Italy.  The  Canton  of  St  Gall  has 
already  voted  5,000,000f.  towards  the  expenses. 


Fbsiohts  at  Liyxbpool. 

Botton,                 irmo-York,  FMladilphia,             IT&w-Orleant. 

Bails, O«.0d.to  Ot.Od.  ..    0«.  Od.  to  09.0(2...    Ot.Od.to  Ot.Od,  ..    0«.0c2.to  0«.  Od. 

Ban, 10    0     "00  ..80     **00  ..10    0     "00  ..200     "00 

]1iieIron,Jbc,10    0     "00  ..90     "00  ..10    0     "00  ..900     "00 

ChemiciaB,...10    0     "00  ..  12    6     "00  ..  10    0     "  11    0  ..  20    0     "00 

Salt,. Domlnal.                   nomtaia].  nominal.                    nominal. 

Dry  Goods,..  10    0     "  16    0  ..  10    0     "  IT    6  ..  12    6     "  20    0  ..  20    0     "00 

Hardware,...  12    6     "  16    0  ..10    0      "  12    6  ..  16    0     "  20    0  ..  26    0     "00 

Barthenwnre,   46     "00  ..70      "00  ..TO     "00  ..80     "00 

PassengcrB,..           £815«.                     £&1U.M,  £810«.                       £409. 

£4                              ....  £4nom.                          £0. 

The  Tribunal  of  Commerce  has  dissolved  the  company  of  the  Caisse 
Mir^s,  and  appointed  oflScial  administrators  to  wind  up  its  affairs.  On 
the  part  of  (Jount  de  Grerminy  it  was  stated  that,  by  instruction  of  the 
Minister  of  Finance,  he  was  obliged  to  resign  his  post  An  advocate, 
who  appeared  for  M.  Mires,  said  that,  though  that  gentleman  maintained 
the  protest  he  had  made  against  all  that  had  been  done  with  regard  to 
his  company  since  his  arrest,  he  had  no  objection  to  offer  to  the  present 
application,  and  acknowledged  that  Count  de  Glerminy  had  rendered 
immense  services  to  the  company.  The  tribunal  declared  the  company 
of  the  Caisse  G6n6rale  des  Chemins  de  Fer  dissolved,  and  appointed  MM. 
BoRDiAuz  and  Richardibre  to  wind  up  its  affairs. 

There  has  been  more  activity  in  the  Scotch  pig  iron  trade  during  the 
month  of  March,  the  shipments  within  that  period  having  reached  a  total 
of  25,161  tons  as  compared  with  20,620  tons  last  year.  Since  the  com- 
mencement of  the  year  the  shipments  had  exhibited  great  dullness,  but 
a  better  state  of  things  may  probably  be  now  anticipated.  The  reduction 
in  the  rate  of  discount  is  beginning  to  exercise  a  beneficial  influence  on 
the  wool  market  Prices  have  not  exhibited  any  change,  but  holders  are 
firm,  and  consumers  are  operating  rather  more  freely.  A  limited  liability 
company  has  been  formed  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  a  line  of 
steamers  between  Newcastle  and  Dundee. 


199  The  Book  Trade. 


THE  BOOK  TRADE. 


1.  A  Critieal  Dietionary  of  English  Literature  and  BriHeh  and  Amerie€m  Avtken, 
living  and  deceased,  from  the  earliest  accounts  to  the  middle  of  the  Nineteenth  Ctnbtnf, 


Oontainingthirty  thousand  Biographies  and  lAtercay  NoticeSj  with  forty  indexes  ef 
subjects.    By  S.  Auamt  Alubons.    Vol  1.    Royal  ocUto,  pp.  1,004,  double  tm- 
GmuM  A  Petseson,  Philadelphia. 


This  is  one  of  the  choice  books  of  the  age.  It  enters  upon  a  field  hitherto  v 
pied  in  this  country,  and  embracing  men  and  things  whicb  should  be  familiar  to  the 
whole  reading  community.  To  the  legislator  and  the  lawyer,  the  clergyman  and 
the  editor,  the  Dictionary  is  of  inestimable  yalue.  It  is,  in  met,  the  key  to  hundreds 
of  thousands  of  yolumes  which  otherwise  would  be,  to  the  mass  of  readers,  «mM 
hooks.  In  addition  to  a  biographical  sketch  of  authors  and  of  writers,  Mr.  Alldokb 
ffives  a  list  of  the  writings  of  each,  the  dates  of  publication,  and  critical  notes  en 
both  the  authors  and  their  works.    These  notices  are  either  taken  from  the  writiigi 


of  cotemporary  authors,  from  the  reyiews  and  magazines  of  the  day,  or  (as  in  manr 
cases)  are  originaL  Even  this  department  of  the  work  has  inTolyed  a  deep  reeeaito 
into  the  depths  of  thousands  of  yolumes ;  and  the  opinions  of  the  learned  are  thai 


brought  prominently  before  us. 

To  the  book-buyer,  and  to  those  who  are  forming  libraries,  the  Dictionary  has 
peculiar  charms.  It  g^yes  them  an  instant  and  clear  insight  into  all  the  works  ez> 
tant  in  the  English  language. 

The  only  work  of  a  sinmar  character,  possessing  much  yalue,  was  Watts*  BibUB- 
iheea  Britannica,  published  in  the  year  1824,  in  four  quarto  yolumes.  This  woik 
was  the  result  of  a  life's  labor,  and  finally  impoyerished  tne  author,  and  he  died  with- 
out knowing  the  estimation  in  which  it  was  held. 

The  second  yolume  of  Mr.  Allibons's  work  will  exceed  in  yalue  the  first.  It  will 
contain  an  alphabetical  list  of  subjects,  and  giye  the  titles  of  the  yarioos  works 
written  and  published  in  reference  thereto.  Few  persons  now  know,  for  inntance, 
the  yolume  published  in  reference  to  the  history  of  the  indiyidual  States  <^  thii 
Union.  Of  some  the  history  is,  unfortunately,  unwritten ;  and  the  material  for  such 
history  are  scattered  to  the  winds.  We  shall  soon  be  supplied  with  the  conclnsioa 
of  the  Dictionary,  which  will  enable  us  to  ascertain  readily  the  names  of  all  woria 
upon  any  subject  of  inquiry. 

2.  T7u  Ordeal  of  Free  Labor  in  the  BHtish  West  Indies,   By  Wji.  G.  Skwkix.   12iiio. 
pp.  824.    HlaPBR  A  Brothbbs,  N.  T. 

The  object  of  this  book  is  to  bring  before  the  public  the  results  of  emancipation  in 
the  British  West  Indies ;  to  giye,  as  See  from  comment  as  possible,  such  information  st 
he  has  obtained  from  personal  obseryation  and  reference  to  reliable  sources,  about  its 
present  population,  their  customs,  habits,  commerce,  industry  and  their  g^yemmeni 
It  is  not  intended  to  draw  any  inferences,  fityorable  or  un&yorable,  between  emanel' 
pation  in  the  United  States  and  the  West  Indies ;  for  the  social  and  poliUoal  condi- 
tion of  the  two  countries  forbid  any  comparison ;  but  to  deny  the  too  preyaleot 
opinions,  that  the  negro  is  unable  to  work  without  a  master,  is  incapable  of  hi^ 
ciyilization,  and  thus  emancipation  has  ruined  the  West  Indies. 

The  first  ten  chapters  are  deyoted  to  the  Windward  Islands,  First  ImpressioBS, 
Barbadoes  and  its  Capital,  the  Goyeming  Classes  and  Colored  Population  of  Barba- 
does ;  the  Experience  of  Free  and  Slaye  Labor  there ;  the  present  Social  Distinctions; 
the  Commerce  and  Prosperity  of  these  Islands,  and  the  condition  of  St  Vincent, 
Grenada,  Tobago  and  St.  Lucia  since  emancipation.  Four  chapters  describe  Trini- 
dad, it8  characteristics ;  the  Creoles  of  African  descent ;  the  Scheme  of  Asiatic  Im- 
migration ;  its  Cultiyation  and  Commerce ;  then  the  Prosperity  of  and  Want  of 
Labor  in  Antigua  and  the  Minor  Colonies.  The  last  eleyen  chapters  are  deyoted  to 
Jamaica ;  its  Past  and  Present  Times ;  a  Tour  through  the  Island ;  the  Mddle  and 


The  Book  Trade.  ?97 

Laboring  dasses ;  Free  and  Slaye  Labor ;  Want  of  Labor ;  Neeesaity  for  Immi^ 
gratlon. 

8.  7%e  Zmw9  of  Business/or  Businets  Men,  in  all  the  Statet  of  the  Unum,  toithfonm 
for  Mercantile  Instrumente,  dsc,  Ac.  By  THEOPHiLua  Parsons,  LL.  D.,  Profeeecr 
of  Lau)  in  the  UnivertUt/  of  Cambridge,    Little,  Brown  A  Co.,  of  Boston. 

The  interests  of  every  business  man  or  holder  of  property  in  a  dvilised  commu- 
nity are  affected  by  the  laws  enacted  by  that  commnnity ;  and  from  the  time  of  the 
feudal  a^es  down,  business  connections  have  been  multiplying^  and  property  becom- 
ing annuaHy  more  diffused,  rftep  by  step,  with  the  progress  o?  society.  The  law  to 
protect  rights  meets  the  operator  at  every  turn,  and  the  necessity,  as  well  as  the 
aesire,  to  Know  something  of  the  general  principles  of  law,  have  become  more  urgent. 
An  eminent  English  lawyer  has  said  that  it  is  astonishing  within  how  small  a 
space  all  the  principles  of  commercial  law  may  be  compacted.  Acting  on  these  data, 
Mr.  Parsons  has  compiled  a  book  which,  with  a  moderate  application  of  time  and 
intelli^nce,  will  place  within  the  reach  of  every  man  a  food  knowledge  of  law 
principles.  It  is  provided  with  an  index  that  makes  possible  a  ready  recurring  to 
the  principles  of  law  applicable  to  every  transaction  that  may  arise  in  business.  It 
is,  therefore,  not  only  an  exceedingly  useful  work,  but  one  of  highest  authority. 

4.  A  Practical  Treatiee  on  the  Revenue  Law  of  the  United  8tate$,    By  C.  0.  Air- 
DBKWS.    Little  <k  Brown,  Boston. 

This  volume  is  intended,  by  its  able  author,  to  elucidate  those  obscurities  in  the 
revenue  laws  of  the  United  States,  of  which  Mr.  Justice  Stort  louff  since  expressed 
the  complaint  of  the  bar.  The  whole  so-called  system  of  law  has  been  left  by  Con- 
gress in  a  very  imperfect  state,  without  any  serious  attempt  to  reconcile  contradic- 
tion or  cure  defects.  The  volume  of  Mr.  Asvrzwa  foes  some  way  towards  supply- 
ing the  want,  and  appears  to  have  been  executed  witn  much  abilify. 

5.  The  Life  and  Career  of  Major  John  Andrs,  At^utant-Oeneral  of  the  Britieh  Army 
in  America,    By  Winthrop  Saroxnt.    Boston :  Tickmor  A  Fiblds. 

There  has  been  ever  a  romantic  interest  attending  the  fate  of  Andrk,  who,  young, 
accomplished,  rich  and  admired,  died  a  felon's  death,  in  accordance  with  the  inexo- 
rable martial  law  which  punishes  the  spy  with  death.  The  fate  was  the  more  re- 
gretted that  the  arch-traitor  escaped  by  the  point  of  honor  that  forbade  the  delivery 
of  Arnold,  to  expiate  his  crime  of  treason  and  the  fault  of  Andrx.  Mr.  Saroxnt,  in 
the  present  volume,  has  brought  toeether  all  that  can  be  discovered  in  relation  to 
Akdrb,  his  family  and  career ;  and  has,  so  to  speak,  "  set**  the  information  in  a  col- 
lection of  very  agreeable  gossip  of  the  men  ana  times  in  which  Andrb  moved.  The 
fiLshions,  customs  and  manners  of  Philadelphia  and  New-Tork  during  their  occupa- 
tion by  the  gay  officers  of  Britain,  are  pleasantly  brought  before  us,  throwing  an 
additional  interest  around  the  fate  of  the  young  offi<^  who,  from  amidst  those 
scenes,  was  trandated  to  the  gallows,  which,  claiming  a  victim,  took  him  in  foult  of 
Ajlvold. 

6.  The  Hietm  of  England,  from,  the  Aceeeeion  of  Jamxs  IL  By  Lord  Macaulat. 
Vol.  6.  Edited  by  his  sister.  Lady  Treveltan,  with  additionaf  notes.  A  sketch 
of  Lord  Maoaulats  lAfe  and  Writtnga,  By  S.  Austin  Allibonb  ;  and  a  complete 
Index  to  the  entire  work.    Boston :  Crosbt,  Nichols,  Lee  <k  Co. 

This  volume  contidns  that  portion  of  the  continuation  of  the  "  History  of  Eng- 
land" which  was  revised  by  Lord  Maoaulat.  It  is  given  precisely  as  he  left  it,  and 
is  the  last  thought  of  the  great  mind  as  it  passed  away,  untouched  by  any  other 
hand.  From  the  notes  left  by  Mm  an  account  of  the  death  of  Wiluam  has  been 
arranged  and  added  to,  while  Kept  distinct  from  the  work  of  Macaulat.  The  life  of 
Maoaulat,  by  Alubone,  was  in  the  possession  of  the  former  for  more  than  a  year  be- 
fore his  death,  and  it  received  the  stamp  of  accuracy.  The  account  of  the  death 
and  its  effsct  upon  the  piihlic  has  been  added. 

1,  What  we  Eat.  An  aeeotmt  of  the  moet  common  aduUeratione^  Food  emd  Drink, 
with  eimple  teste  hy  which  many  of  them  may  be  detected.  By  Iiioocab  H.  Hossnia^ 
M.  D.     12mo.  pp.  218.    Boston :  T.  O.  H.  P.  Burnham. 

The  rapid  growth  of  large  cities  causes  an  ever  increasing  demand  i^on  the  fi>od 
resources  of  the  country,  tending  to  raise  the  prices  at  the  same  moment  that  thes;v»> 


798  The  Book  Trade. 

rage  means  of  parchaee  amoD^  a  large  proportion  of  the  people  dimioiflhea.  H« 
the  temptation  to  adulterate  a^ost  every  consumable  article  offered  for  sale.  Tlda 
operation  has  been  of  old  date  in  European  cities,  but  is  comparatiTely  of  recent 
date  in  this  country ;  neyertheless  it  has  become  an  evil  of  great  magnitude.  The 
volume  before  us  treats  of  this  subject  in  most  of  its  phases  in  an  interestii^  man- 
ner. It  shows  the  manner  of  and  the  materials  with  which  flour  and  its  manuractnre, 
cocoa,  butter,  lard,  honey,  sugar,  pepper,  spices,  confectionery,  fruits,  meata,  fiafa, 
liquors  of  all  sorts,  <&c.,  <ec.,  are  adulterated,  to  the  injury  of  health  and  finanees.  It 
also  points  out  the  tests  for  detection,  and  describes  Uie  means  of  avoiding  these  im- 
positions.   To  state  these  fetcts  is  to  commend  the  work  to  the  public  attention. 

8.  Ccrrespondtnceof  Fbaulein  Gukderodb  and  Bettinb  von  Amm,  12mo.  pp.  S44. 
Boston :  T.  0.  BC  P.  Bubmham. 

This  volume  comprises,  as  its  title  si^ifies,  the  correspondence,  in  the  early  part 
of  the  century,  between  Ounderode,  vmo  was  a  canoner  of  one  of  those  convent 
boarding-schools  described  by  LAMASTcnE  in  his  account  of  his  father^s  courtship, 
and  a  you^  lady,  of  a  wealthy  fiunily,  who  had  formerly  been  ah  inmate  of  the 
convent  Tne  latter  subsequently  became  the  friend  of  Goethe.  The  correspondence 
has  many  attractions,  not  the  least  of  which  is  the  picture  it  draws  of  the  diffisr- 
ent  spheres  of  life  in  which  the  writers  respectively  moved. 

9.  Annual  of  Scientific  Di9covery;  w^  YearAiook  of  facts  in  Science  and  Art  for  1861. 
By  David  A.  Wells,  A.  M.,  <fec.     12mo.  pp.  424.    Boston :  Gould  A  Lixcol5. 
This  welcome  volume  again  makes  its  appearance,  rich  with  the  progress  of  science 

and  invention  during  the  past  year.  In  every  branch  of  art  there  are  some  new  and 
interesting  discoveries  to  record,  and  the  book  is  supplied  with  a  lull  and  complete 
analytical  index  that  makes  reference  to  it  a  matter  of  little  difficulty. 

10.  7%e  North  American  Review,  April,  1861.  Boston:  Cbosbt,  Nichols,  Lee  A  Co. 
The  present  number,  the  191st,  well  sustains  a  reputation  which  has  been  earned 

for  it  successively  by  its  many  brilliant  writers.  It  contains  an  article  upon  the 
present  difficulties  oi  the  country  which  will  attract  much  attention  There  is  also 
an  able  paper  upon  explorations  in  Eastern  Africa,  a  country  in  which  new  intereal 
has  been  excited  by  the  events  that  have  been  crowding  upon  the  commercial  and  po- 
litical world  in  the  last  few  years  here.  Whatever  of  capacities  and  resources  may  be 
there  latent  are  likely  to  be  drawn  out  before  the  existing  enterprises  shall  have  been 
abandoned.  There  are  other  attractive  papers  that  wifi  command  attention.  The 
subjects  of  the  Review  are  the  following :  L  Criminal  Procedure.  II.  Surra's  Table* 
of  Ecclesiastical  History.  III.  Explorations  in  Eastern  Africa.  lY.  Documentarj 
History  of  the  Revolution.  V.  De  Gebando.  VI.  Temporal  Power  of  the  Church. 
Vn.  The  Literature  of  Power.  VIH.  Slavery,  ite  Origin  and  Remedy.  IX.  Af- 
pleton  on  the  Rules  of  Evidence.  X.  Travel  in  Europe.  XL  The  usual  Critiod 
Notices  and  New  Publications. 

From  thb  notice  of  Mr.  Afpleton's  work  on  the  Jtules  of  Evidence,  we  gather  that 
the  States  in  which  parties  are  admitted  to  testify  in  their  own  behalf  are  Maine, 
Rhode  Island,  Connecticut  and  New-York.  The  States  in  which  interest  io  the  event 
of  a  suit  does  not  exclude  a  witness  are  Maine,  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island.  Con- 
necticut, New-York,  Wisconsin,  Indiana,  Ohio,  California  and  Alabama. '  The  States 
in  which  the  rule  excluding  witnesses  on  account  of  religious  belief  has  been  modi- 
fied to  a  greater  or  less  degree  are  Maine,  New-Hampshire,  Massachusetta,  Connecti- 
cut, Indiana,  California  and  Georgia.  The  States  in  which  conviction  of  crime 
affects  credibility  and  not  competency,  are  Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  Indiana  and 
Ohio.  The  common-law  rule  has  been  modified  in  Maine,  New- York,  and  perhapa 
in  other  States. 

11.  Chahbers'  Encyclopedia;  a  IHctionary  of  Universal  Knowledge  for  the  PeopU. 
Dlustrated  with  mans  and  numerous  wood  engravings^  Edinburgh :  W.  A  R. 
Chambers.  Philadelphia:  J.  B.  Lippincott  A  Co.  VoL  1,  royal  octovo,  pp.  822, 
double  columns. 

This  volume  embraces  subjects  from  "  A.**  to  "Belfast."  It  is  a  work  eminently 
fit  for  families,  embracinc^  articles  on  several  thousand  topics,  many  of  which  are 
copiously  illustrated.    The  maps  are  highly  finished,  inclucung  in  this  volume  only 


The  Book  Trade.  199 

thoee  of  Afnca,  Central  America,  North  America,  Soutli  America,  Ada,  Australia 
and  Austria.  The  Encyclopedia  of  Messrs.  Chambers  is  constructed  on  the  basis  of 
the  latest  edition  of  the  German  Canveraaiioru  Lexicon,  but  is  entirely  fresh  in  its 
materials.  The  articles  on  Great  Britain  and  her  colonies,  North  and  South  America, 
have  been  prepared  with  elaborate  care.  The  articles  in  the  departments  of  biog- 
raphy, geo^aphy,  natural  history  and  mythology  possess  great  merit,  and  are  just 
long  enough  for  reference  and  family  reamng. 

12.  The  American  Almanac  for  1861.    Boston :  Crosby,  Nk^ols,  Ln  A  Co. 

This  is  a  standard  work  in  American  statistics,  politics  and  affairs,  which  is  indis- 
pensable for  every  one  to  have  who  is  a  student,  professional  man,  statesman  or  cul- 
tivated person.  Here  are  the  facts  of  the  country.  Here  is  a  list  of  the  principal 
officers,  both  of  the  general  and  State  governments ;  instructive  essays ;  one  on 
Meteorology,  by  Prof.  Joseph  Loverino,  of  Harvard  College ;  and  one  on  Pleuro- 
pneumonia, or  the  cattle  disease,  by  Dr.  Morrill  Wyman,  of  Cambridge.  The  tides, 
signs,  cycles,  calendars,  days  and  seasons,  commerce  and  navigation  and  laws,  lati- 
tudes and  longitudes,  obituaries,  domestic  and  forei^  records  of  events,  and  sketches 
of  the  officers  of  the  foreign  kingdoms.    It  is  a  highly  valuable  volume  for  all  classes. 

18.   Works  of  Francts  Bacon.    Vol.  16;  being  vol.  6  of  the  Literary  and  Profes- 
sional Works.    Boston:  Brown  <fe  Taooa&d. 

Messrs.  Brown  <b  Taooard  have  so  far  completed  their  magnificent  edition  of  the 
works  of  Francis  Bacon  as  to  have  issued  ^yc  volumes,  the  last  of  which  is  volume 
15  of  the  entire  publication,  containing  the  conclusion  of  the  Professional  Works,  and 
a  most  excellent  index  to  the  Literary  and  Professional  Works. 

In  this  volume  we  find  much  matter  that  shows  how  largely  he  was  concerned  in 
the  leading  legal  questions  of  his  time,  involving  points  of  constitutional  law,  such 
as  can  be  discussed  properly  only  by  lawyers,  wno  are  also  statesmen  and  scholars. 
The  "  Case  of  the  Post-Nati  of  ocoUand'*  is  an  example  of  this,  and  it  made  as  de^p 
an  impression  in  the  times  of  James  I.  as  one  of  Mr.  Webster's  constitutional  argu- 
ments was  sure  to  make  in  the  times  of  President  Jackson.  There  are  other  legal 
questions  discussed  by  him,  the  reports  of  which  are  here  published,  and  the  perusal 
of  which  assists  greatly  to  the  understanding  of  several  points  of  English  history. 


TITLES    OF    RECENT    FOREIGN    PUBLICATIONS    ON 
COMMERCE,  GEOGRAPHY,   Ac. 

14.  The  Great  Sahara;  Wanderings  South  of  the  Atlas  Mountains,  By  Rev.  H.  B. 
Tristram,  M.  A.    With  illustrations.    Post  8vo.    ISs.    John  Murray,  London. 

15.  Iceland;  its  Volcanoes,  Geysers  and  Glaciers,  By  Commander  C.  S.  Forbes,  R. 
N.    With  illustrations.    Post  8vo.    14s.    John  Murray,  London. 

16.  Sententia  Chronologies;  a  complete  System ^ Ancient  and  Modem  Chronoloay ; 
Introductory  Lessons  on  bates  in  general;  Chronology  before  Christ;  Chronology 
after  Christ;  Chronology  necessary  in  the  Study  of  Bcclesi<tstical  History ;  Dates 
useful  to  Artists;  Dates  connected  with  Science  and  Literature  ;  Chronology  for  the 
History  of  France  ;  Dates  useful  to  Musicians;  Dates  useful  in  the  Medical  Profestion ; 
Dates  Vor  the  History  of  the  East  Indies;  General  Chronological  Table,  By  Mrs. 
John  Slater.     12mo.     8s.  6d.    Cluth.    London :  Longmans  <b  Co. 

n.  A  Treatise  on  Mills  and  Mill  Work,  By  Wiluam  Fairbairn,  LL.  D.,  F.  R.  S., 
F.  G.  S.  With  plates  and  wood-cut  illustrations.  2  vols.  8vo.  (March,  1861.) 
London :  Longmans  &  Co. 

IB,  The  Life  o/"  William  Sooresby,  M.  A.,  D.  D.  By  Ids  nephew,  R.  E.  Sooresbt 
Jackson,  M.  D.     London :  Nelson  &  Sons. 

19.  The  Sea,    (La-mer.)    Par  J.  BIichslet.    Paris:  Hachetts. 

20.  A  Seaman*s  Narrative  of  his  Adventure*  during  a  Captivity  among  Chinese  Pi- 
rates on  the  Coast  of  Cochin-China.  By  Edward  Brown.  8s.  6d.  London: 
Charles  Westerton. 


800  Th4  Book  Tradh. 

21.  Rev,  C.  W.  Kino  on  Antiqw  Gem%;  their  Origin,  U$e$  and  Vahie  om  hUerpr^Un 
of  Aneietit  Hietory  and  Art,  with  Hint*  to  Gem  ChUectorB,  Uliutrationt.  8to. 
428.     London:  John  Hureat. 

22.  Ninffpo,  (Archdeacon  of.)  Pictura  of  the  Chinese  drawn  by  themeelves.  Described 
by  Bev.  R.  H.  Goedold.    Ulostrations.    Poet  8vo.    98.    London :  John  H rujkr. 

28.  Oenu  and  JeweU;  their  Historv,  Geoaraphy,  Chemistry  and  Ana, /rom  earHed 
ages  to  the  present  titne.  By  Madame  Dz  Ba&rxra.  Post  8yo.  lus.  6d.  Loo- 
don  :  Richard  BsNTLEr. 

24.  Seasons  with  the  8ea-Horses ;  or.  Sporting  Adventures  in  the  Korthem  Seas,  By 
James  Lamont,  F.  O.  S.   With  map  and illnstrations.  London:  Hubst  A  Blacxrt. 

20.  Six  Years  of  a  TraoeUet's  lAfs  in  Western  Africa,  By  Francibco  Yaldbt,  A^ 
bitrator  at  Loandas  and  the  Cape  of  Gk)od  Hope.  2  toIb.  With  nuneroiis  illnitiip 
dona.     London :  Hurst  <b  Blaokbtt. 

29.  Adidterations  Detected;  or.  Plain  Instructions  for  the  Discovery  of  JVouAm 
Food  and  Medicine.  By  A.  H.  Hassall,  M.  D.  Crown  8vo.  With  220  wood- 
cuts.    Price  IVs.  6d.    Cloth.    London:  Longmans  dt  Co. 

27.  The  Cotton  Manufactures  of  Great  Britain,  systematically  investigated,  with  on 
Introductory  View  of  its  Comparative  State  in  Foreign  Countries.  By  Andixw 
Urb,  M.  D„  F.  R.  S.  New  edition.  Revised  by  P.  L.  Simmons.  With  IM 
illustrations.    Vol.  1.    Post  Svo.     Cloth.     5s.    Bohn,  London. 

28.  Egypt,  the  Soudan  and  Central  Africa;  with  Explorations  from  Khartoumontk$ 
White  Nile  at  the  regions  of  the  Equator  ;  being  Sketches  from  Sixteen  Tears  Traed, 
By  John  Pethericx.,  F.  R.  G.  S.,  Her  Britannic  Majesty's  Consul  for  the  Soudan. 
8yo.    London :  William  Blackwood  A  Sons. 

29.  The  past  and  present  Life  of  the  Globe;  being  a  Sketch  in  Outline  cfthe  Worlds 
Life  System,  By  David  Page,  F.  G.  S.,  author  of  Text-Books  of  Geology.  la 
crown  8vo.    WiUi  engravings.    London :  William  Blackwood  A  Sonb. 

80.  The  Lake  Regions  in  Central  Africa.  B.  R.  F.  Burton,  Captain  H.  M.  Indian 
Army.  With  map  and  illustrations.  2  vols.  8vo.  81s.  6d.  London:  Lose- 
MANS  <fe  Co. 

81.  All  Around  the  World,  An  Illustrated  Record  of  Voyages,  Travels  and  Adsm- 
tures  in  all  parts  of  the  Globe.  Edited  by  W.  F.  Ainsworth,  F.  R.  G.  a  Office: 
122  Fleet-street,  iJondon.    Price  7s.  6d. 

82.  7^  Progress  of  Nations;  or,,  the  Principles  of  National  Development  in  (Mt 
relation  to  Statesmanship;  a  Study  in  Analytical  History.  8vo.  188.  LondoB: 
Longmans  <t  Co. 

88.  The  French  Treaty  and  Tariff  of  1860.     WUh  an  Historical  Sketch  ofthepsd 

Commercial  Legislation  of  France.    Edited  by  H.  Readee  Lack,  Esq.,  secreUiy 

to  the  British  Commissioners  for  Negotiating  the  French  Treaty. 

Besides  the  value  accruing  to  this  volume  from  its  official  authentication,  and  from 

the  complete  Tariff  in  French  and  English,  it  contains  the  onlv  existing  list  of  srti- 

cles  not  included  in  the  treaty,  all  the  explanatory  notes  published  by  the  French 

government.  Statistical  Tables  of  the  Commerce  between  England  and  France,  and 

an  Historical  Introduction ;  the  accuracy  of  all  these  documents  being  guaranteed 

by  the  highest  sanction.    Crown  8vo.    Cloth  boards.    6s.    Cassell,  Pettee  A  Qaitdi 

iJondon. 

84.  Manual  of  Modem  Geography ;  Mathematical,  Physical  and  Political.  On  ansa 
J^an,  embracing  a  complete  development  of  the  River  Systems  of  the  Globe,  By  tbe 
Rev.  Alexander  Maokat,  F.  R.  G.  S.  In  foolscap  8vo.  pp.  712.  Prioe  Ts. 
London :  William  Blackwood  A  Sons. 

86.  Copenhagen,  Jutland  and  the  Danish  Isles.  By  Horace  Maryatt.  With  ffloft- 
trations.    2  vols.  8vo.    24s.    John  Murray,  London. 


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