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A  COMPILATION 

OF  THE 


MESSAGES  AND  PAPERS 

OF  THE 

PRESIDENTS 


Prepared  Under  the  Direction  of  the  Joint  Committee 

on   Printing,   of   the   House  and   Senate. 

Pursuant    to   an   Act   o{    the    Fifty-Second    Congress 

of   the   United   States 

(With   Additions   and    Encyclopedic    Index 
by  Private   Enterprise) 

VOLUME  XX 

ENCYCLOPEDIC  INDEX 

N-Z 
BIOGRAPHIC  INDEX 


PUBLISHED    BY 


BUREAU  OF  NATIONAL  LITERATURE,  Inc. 

NEW  YORK 


BUREAU  OP  NATIONAL  LITERATURE 


College 
Library 

or 

8/ 


V.20 


f  '  c  f  r  •  o  «•-> 

' 


Naples 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Naples,  Italy: 

Claims  against,  by — 

Merchants   of   United   States,    598, 

1112. 
United   States,  556,  598,  867,  1109, 

1112,  1157. 

Extension  of  time  allowed   com- 
missioners   for    settlement    of, 
recommended,  1267. 
Minister  of  United  States  to,  557. 
Treaty  with,  referred  to,  1195. 
Narragansett     Indians.      (See     Indian 

Tribes.) 
Nashville    Convention.— The    Mississippi 

State  convention  of  184'J  suggested  to  other 
Southern  States  the  feasibility  of  holding 
conventions  to  make  some  public  expression 
on  the  slavery  question  and  the  encroach- 
ments of  Northern  antisiavery  men.  Ac- 
cordingly, a  convention  was  called  in  Nash- 
ville, Tenn.,  in  June,  1850,  composed  of 
delegates  from  all  the  Southern  States. 
The  Wilmot  Proviso  and  the  Missouri  Com- 
promise were  disapproved  of  by  this  meet- 
ing. Delegates  from  Texas,  Mississippi,  and 
South  Carolina  advocated  open  resistance 
to  Federal  authority,  but  more  conservative 
action  prevailed.  The  convention  met  again 
in  November,  but  only  moderate  resolutions 
were  passed. 

Nashville  (Tenn.),  Battle  of.— After  the 
battle  of  Franklin,  Nov.  30,  18G4,  Gen. 
Schofield  retreated  to  Nashville,  closely  fol- 
lowed by  Hood,  who  formed  his  linos  near 
that  city  Dec.  4.  Reinforcements  were  sent 
to  Thomas  at  Nashville,  swelling  his  forces 
to  5<i.OOO  men.  Dec.  15  Thomas's  army  ad- 
vanced against  Hood.  The  day  was  con- 
sumed in  manceuvering  and  skirmishing. 
There  were  not  many  killed  or  wounded, 
but  the  results  of  the  day's  operations  were 
the  driving  of  the  Confederates  from  every 
position  held  by  them  and  the  capture  of 
16  guns,  1,200  prisoners,  40  wagons,  and 
several  hundred  stand  of  small  arms.  The 
T'nion  forces  bivouacked  on  the  field  and 
renewed  the  attack  the  next  morning.  By 
4  o'clock  In  the  afternoon  the  Confederates 
were  in  retreat  toward  Franklin.  They 
were  pursued  until  Dec.  28,  when  Hood 
crossed  the  Tennessee  with  the  remnants 
of  his  army.  The  loss  in  killed  and  wound- 
ed was  comparatively  light,  but  53  guns  and 
4,875  Confederate  prisoners  were  captured. 

Nashville,   The,   mentioned,   6765,  6766, 

6767,  6768,  6769,  6836,  6838. 
'Nassau,  Duchy  of: 

Convention  with,  2303. 

(Exequatur  issued  consul  of,  revoked, 

3709>.'/ 
(^Natchez  :'^_  __ 

Commi«sioners~~of   United   States   as- 

Jsemble  in,  186,  192,  236. 
Government  in,  establishment  of,  rec- 
ommended, 2.'il). 
'Natchez,     The.      (See.     Ccncrul     Urrni, 

The.)  ^ 

National  -  Academy  of  Sciences.— The 
National  Academy  of  Sciences  was  Incor- 
porated under  an  act  of  Congress  approved 
March  .'{.  1M1,.'',.  It  was  self-created  and 
retains  autonomous  powers,  but  derives  na- 
tional character  from  the  provision  In  the 
article  of  Incorporation  that  "the  academy 
shall,  whenever  called  upon  by  any  depart- 


ment of  the  government,  investigate,  ex- 
amine, experiment  and  report  upon  any 
subject  of  science  of  art,  the  actual  ex- 
pense of  such  investiganous,  examinations, 
experiments  and  reports  to  be  paid  from 
appropriations  which  may  be  made  for  the 
purpose ;  but  the  academy  shall  receive 
no  compensation  whatever  for  any  services 
to  the  Government  of  the  United  States." 
The  first  meeting  was  held  April  22,  1863, 
and  Alexander  D.  Bache  was  elected  presi- 
dent. Originally  the  membership  was  limited 
to  fifty.  This  limit  was  removed  in  1870, 
but  the  policy  remained  exclusive,  election 
being  regarded  as  a  dignity  conferred  in 
recognition  of  special  scientific  work  and 
only  five  names  are  considered  for  each 
year's  election.  A  stated  session  is  held 
annually  in  Washington  on  the  third  Tues- 
day in  April,  and  another  is  commonly  held 
elsewhere  during  each  autumn.  The  mem- 
bership (at  present  96  members  and  43  for- 
eign associates)  comprises  many  of  the 
leading  scientific  specialists  of  the  United 
States  who  are  grouped  into  committees 
on  (1)  mathematics  and  astronomy,  (2) 
physics  and  engineering,  (3)  chemistry,  (4) 
geology  and  paleontology,  (5)  biology,  and 
(6)  anthropology.  There  are  in  addition 
a  number  of  foreign  associates  distinguished 
for  scientific  attainment.  The  president  is 
Dr.  W.  H.  Welch  of  Johns  Hopkins  Uni- 
versity, and  Dr.  A.  L,  Day  Is  the  Home 
Secretary. 

National  Academy  of  Sciences,  commis- 
sion from   membership  of,  to  formu- 
late plans  for  forestry  system,  6167. 
National  Air. — The  tune,  or  song,  adopted, 
usually  by  custom,  as  a  musical  symbol  of 
the  country ;  as,  in  England,  "God  Save  the 
King" ;    in    France,    "The   Marseillaise" ;    in 
the  United  States,  "The  Star  Spangled  Ban- 
ner."    (See  Star  Spangled  Banner.) 

In  all  public  assemblages  it  is  a  custom, 
amounting  to  an  unwritten  law,  for  all  per- 
sons to  stand  when  the  national  air  is  played 
or  sung ;  likewise  it  is  the  custom,  under 
similar  circumstances  for  all  men,  when 
out  of  doors  to  uncover.  This  mark  of  re- 
spect is  held  so  sacred  that  any  one  violat- 
ing it  is  apt  to  be  roughly  treated.  This  is 
especially  true  when  the  martial  spirit  pre- 
vails. Foreigners,  even  though  not  in  sym- 
pathy with  the  air  being  played,  are  ex- 
pected to  obey  this  custom  as  a  matter  of 
"courtesy  to  the  host." 

National      Anti-imperialistic      League. 

(See   Imperialism.) 

National  Anti-Slavery  Party. — A  party 
organized  in  1833  for  united  opposition  to 
slavery.  It  merged  into  the  Liberty  Party 
(q.  v.),  and  finally  into  the  Abolition  Party 
(q.  v.). 

National  Army. — The  term  applied  to  the 
first  draft  army  of  500.000  called  to  the 
colors  in  the  war  with  Germany.  (See 
Army.) 

National  Association  of  Naval  Veter- 
ans.— Organized  1SS7;  6,000  mem- 
bers; 1,500  contributing  members;  30 
associations  in  all  the  principal  cities 
of  the  United  States. 

National  Bank  Circulation: 

Act   to  fix  amount  of  United   States 

notes  and,  vetoed,  4222. 
Discussed  by  President — 
Arthur,  4720,  4766,  4832. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


National 


Cleveland,   4926,   5876,  5966,    5986, 
6074,  6157,  6175. 

Harrison,   Bcnj.,   5474. 

Johnson,  3563,  3769. 

Roosevelt,  7050. 
National  Bank  Examiners,  reports  of, 

referred  to,  4655. 

National  Banks.  (See  Banks,  National.) 
National  Board  of  Health.— By  act  of 
Congress  approved  March  3,  1870,  a  Na- 
tional Board  of  Health  was  established, 
consisting  of  7  civilian  physicians,  1  army 
surgeon,  1  navy  surgeon,  1  surgeon  of  the 
Marine-Hospital  Service,  and  1  officer  of 
the  Department:  of  Justice.  This  hoard  was 
abolished  by  law.  A  national  quarantine 
law  was  passed  June  3,  1870. 

National  Board  of  Health: 

Establishment  of — 
Discussed,  4631. 
Recommended,  5983. 

Report  of,  transmitted,  4857,  4972. 
National  Cemeteries.     (See  Cemeteries, 
National.) 

Establishment    of,    and     number    of 
Union  soldiers  buried  in,  discussed, 
3649. 
National   Committee   of  Patriotic   and 

Defence    Societies.      (See    Prepared- 
ness Societies.) 
National  Conference  of  Electricians  at 

Philadelphia  referred  to,  4956. 
National  Conservation  Association.  (See 

Conservation  Commission.) 
National  Debt.     (See  Debt,  Public.) 
National  Defense: 

Discussed  by  President — 

Wilson,  8020. 

National  Defense  Act.  — The  name  of  the 
act  of  Congress  of  June  3,  1916,  providing 
for  Increases  in  the  provisions  for  the  United 
States  Army.  (See  Army.) 
National  Food  Board.— This  was  an  or- 
ganization created  by  and  under  the  Council 
of  National  Defence  (q.  v.),  in  order  to 
handle  as  well  as  possible  the  problems 
arising  from  t]ie  food  situation  of  the  coun- 
try, until  Congress  passed  legislation  re- 
quested by  the  President  in  order  to  make 
food  regulation  efficient  and  official. 
National  Forests. — President  Cleveland,  in 
his  fourth  annual  message,  Dec.  7.  1896 
(page  6167),  reported  that  the  commission 
appointed  from  the  membership  of  the  Na- 
tional Academy  of  Sciences  to  formulate 
plans  for  a  national  forestry  system  would 
soon  be  prepared  to  present  the  result  of 
a  thorough  and  intelligent  examination  of 
the  preservation  of  the  growing  timber  of 
the  country.  McKinley,  in  his  second  an- 
nual message,  Dec.  5.  1898,  reported  that 
up  to  the  previous  June  30th,  thirty  forest 
reservations  had  been  created  by  executive 
proclamations  (page  6346).  These  em- 
braced an  estimated  area  of  40,719.474 
acres.  By  the  next  year  he  was  able  to 
report  the  addition  of  some  five  million 
acres  to  the  national  forest  reserves.  (Page 
6390.)  President  Roosevelt  discusses  at 
length  the  importance  of  the  preservation 
of  forests  and  water  supply  in  his  first 
message  after  assuming  the  presidency. 
(Page  6653.)  Mr.  Roosevelt's  strongest 


plea  for  the  preservation  of  our  forests  Is 
found  In  his  message  of  Dec.  8,  1008. 
(Page  71218.) 

The  great  areas  contained  in  the  national 
forests  have  now  been  brought  to  a  condi- 
tion where  ttiey  are  beginning  to  serve  the 
purposes  of  the  West.  The  conservation  of 
timber  and  forage  through  wise  use,  and  the 
protection  of  stream  (low,  are  the  means 
of  sustaining  many  industries  which  have 
contributed  materially  to  the  prosperity  of 
the  country.  At  the  head  of  the  Forest 
Service  are  the  Forester  and  the  Associate 
Forester. 

The  163  national  forests  are  distributed 
In  six  districts,  with  a  District  Forester 
in  charge  of  each,  and  headquarters  as  fol- 
lows :  District  1  (Montana,  northeastern 
Washington,  northern  Idaho,  northwestern 
South  Dakota,  northern  Michigan,  northern 
Minnesota  and  southwestern  North  Dakota), 
Missoula,  Mont.;  District  '2  (Colorado, 
^yyoming,  the  remainder  of  South  Dakota, 
Nebraska  and  western  Kansas),  Denver, 
Col.  ;  District  3  (most  of  Arizona,  Arkansas, 
Florida,  New  Mexico  and  Oklahoma),  Albu- 
querque, N.  Mex.  :  District  4  (Utah,  south- 
ern Idaho,  western  Wyoming,  eastern  and 
central  Nevada  and  a  small  portion  of 
northwestern  Arizona),  Ogden,  Utah  ;  Dis- 
trict 5  (California  and  southwestern  Ne- 
vada), San  Francisco,  Cal.,  and  District  6 
(Washington,  Oregon  and  Alaska),  Port- 
land, Ore. 

On  July  1,  1913,  the  force  employed  by 
the  Forest  Service  numbered  3,79"l.  Of 
these  3.068  were  employed  upon  the  na- 
tional forests  and  72.3  were  engaged  in 
administrative,  scientific  and  clerical  work 
at  the  Washington  and  district  headquar- 
ters. Of  the  employees  on  the  national 
forests  the  force  engaged  principally  in 
protective  work  numbered  2.302  men,  as 
follows:  Forest  Rangers.  359;  Assistant 
Forest  Rangers,  888  ;  Forest  Guards.  1,053  ; 
Game  Wardens,  2.  The  protective  force 
was  therefore  about  one  man  for  every 
80,000  acres,  or  125  square  miles.  (Prussia 
has  one  man  for  every  1,700  acres,  and 
Baden  one  for  every  750.) 

The  branch  of  silviculture  directs  the 
management  of  the  national  forests  as  re- 
gards both  the  systems  of  cutting  mature 
timber  and  the  work  of  forest  planting; 
supervises  their  protection  ;  co-operates  with 
states  in  developing  forest  policies  adapted 
to  their  requirements ;  co-operates  with 
private  forest  owners  who  desire  to  practice 
forestry  on  their  lands ;  and  carries  on 
silvicultural  investigations  of  the  important 
species  of  the  United  States.  In  planting 
within  the  national  forests  the  primary 
object  is  to  produce  commercial  timber,  al- 
though in  a  number  of  cases  planting  has 
been  done  chiefly  with  the  view  of  reforest- 
ing denuded  watersheds  in  order  to  control 
and  regulate  the  flow  of  streams  directly 
supplying  cities  and  towns.  During  the 
year  ending  June  30,  1913,  about  30,000 
acres  in  national  forests  were  sown  or 
planted  to  trees,  chiefly  Douglas  fir,  a 
Western  yellow  pine.  Austrian  pine  and 
Engelmann  spruce.  There  are  forty  Gov- 
ernment nurseries  which  supply  the  national 
forests.  In  the  East,  forest 'planting  has 
been  done  mainly  in  connection  with  states 
and  private  owners.  At  the  request  of 
the  states  the  Forest  Service  makes  exam- 
inations of  their  forest  conditions  and 
conducts  other  studies  needed  to  serve  as 
a  basis  for  forest  legislation  and  formula- 
tion by  each  state  of  a  forest  policy  adapted 
to  its  special  requirements.  The  service 
co-operates  with  private  owners,  especially 
small  owners,  in  states  which  have  no  State 
Forester. 

The    branch    of    grazing    supervises    the 


National 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


grazing  of  live  stock  upon  the  national 
forests,  the  principal  Hues  of  work  being 
the  allotment  of  grazing  privileges.  The 
number  of  stock  grazed  during  the  past 
season  (1!)13),  under  permit,  was  1.557,118 
head  of  cattle,  horses  and  swine,  and  7,867,- 
851  head  of  sheep  and  goats.  The  annual 
productive  value  of  this  number  of  stock 
is  more  than  $20.000.000.  The  number  of 
persons  holding  permits  to  graze  live  stock 
during  the  past  year  was  in  excess  of 
27.000.  About  15  per  cent  of  all  the  sheep 
in  the  United  States  are  grazed  in  the  na- 
tional forests. 

The  branch  of  products  carries  on  studies, 
tests  and  demonstrations  to  further  the 
more  complete  utilization  of  the  products 
of  the  forest.  A  forest  products  laboratory 
is  operated  at  Madison,  Wis..  in  co-opera- 
tion with  the  University  of  Wisconsin.  In 
the  Western  States  all  products  work 
centres  in  the  district  offices  at  Denver, 
San  Francisco  and  Portland. 

The  act  of  March  1,  1911.  commonly 
known  as  the  Weeks  law,  provides  for  the 
acquisition  of  forest  lands  on  the  water- 
sheds of  navigable  streams.  Its  purpose 
is  to  promote  and  protect  the  navigability 
of  the  streams  by  preserving  the  forest  on 
the  upland  portions  of  their  watersheds. 
Through  this  act  means  are  afforded  of 
extending  the  national  forest  system  to 
regions  where  the  Government  has  hitherto 
owned  no  forest  lands  and  taken  no  direct 
part  in  forest  preservation.  July  1,  1905, 
all  matters  relating  to  forest  reserves  passed 
to  the  Department  of  Agriculture. 

The  original  appropriation  was  $2,000.- 
000  per  year  for  five  and  one-half  years, 
beginning  with  the  last  half  of  the  fiscal 
year,  1911.  The  Agricultural  Appropria- 
tion bill  for  the  fiscal  year,  1013.  made  the 
appropriation  for  1952  and  subsequent 
years  available  until  expended.  Up  to  July 
1,  1913,  5,833,103  acres  were  reported  upon 
favorably  by  the  Geological  Survey.  No 
unfavorable  reports  have  been  ma'de. 

New  York  has  purchased  and  set  aside 
1.642.000  acres  in  the  Adirondack  and 
C'atskill  Mountains  as  forest  preserves,  un- 
der the  control  of  the  Conservation  Com- 
mission of  the  state.  These  lacds  and 
private  lands  in  the  preserve  counties  are 
protected  from  fire  by  an  adequate  system 
of  rangers. 

Pennsylvania  has  purchased  more  than 
920,000  acres  of  land  for  state  forest  pre- 
serves, and  the  Forestry  Commission  has 
the  right  to  purchase  additional  forest  lauds 
at  a  price  not  to  exceed  $5  an  acre.  The 
preserves  are  situated  chiefly  on  the  moun- 
tains of  the  central  part  of  the  state  and 
located  with  special  references  to  protecting 
the  water  supply  at  the  sources  of  rivers. 

Minnesota,  Wisconsin  and  Michigan  have 
well  organized  state  forest  departments. 
Minnesota  has  51,000  acres  reserved,  Wis- 
consin 385,000  acres  and  Michigan  232.000. 
These  are  protected  from  fire  and  the 
open  land  is  being  planted  and  the  mature 
timber  cut  and  sola.  Kansas,  Connecticut, 
Ohio,  New  Hampshire  and  Vermont  also 
distribute  planting  material  to  private 
owners  and  give  them  advice  in  regard 
to  methods  of  forest  management.  The 
following  states  have  forestry  departments 
which  seek  to  protect  from  'fire  by  means 
of  an  organized  warden  system  all  of  the 
greater  portion  of  the  forest  lands  In  the 
Btate  :  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont, 
Massachusetts,  IMiode  Island.  Colorado, 
Montana,  Idaho,  Connecticut,  New  Jersey, 
Maryland,  West  Virginia,  Kentucky,  Ten- 
nessee. Alabama,  Oregon,  Washington  arid 
California. 

The  following  table  shows  tlin  Timber  Disposed  of, 
Q'nntity,  Price,  ami  Number  of  I'scrs,  Revenue  Under 


Specified  Heads,  and  Details  of  Grazing  Privileges,  Year 
Ended  June  30,  U15. 

(From  Reports  of  the  Forest  Service,  Department  of 

.  Agriculture.) 

Free  timber  given: 

Number  of  users 40  040 

Timber  cut,  M  ft 123  250 

Value  dollars .'  206,507 

limber  salas: 

Number.     io.905 

Quantity,  M  ft 1,093  .5S9 

Price  per  M  ft.  (average),  dollars 2  44 

Grazing: 

Area  of  ranges,  acres 110,000,000 

Kinds  of  stock — 

Cattle  No 1,627  321 

Goats,  No "  "  I  '  5U09 

Hogs,  No 2,732 

Horses,  No 96,933 

Sheep,  No 7 .232,276 

Total,  No 9,010,731 

Revenue: 
From — 

Timber s?lra.  dollars 1,164,008.29 

Timber  settlements,  dolLrs 3;180. 89 

Penalties  for  timber  trespass,  dollars.       7,284. 17 

Turpentine  sal  ?s,  dollars 8^832 '.  61 

Fire  trespass,  dollars £(;o  (>Q 

Special  uses,  dollars \.    167,007  76 

Grazing  fees,  dollars 1, 124^677' 4i 

Grazing  trespass,  dollars 5,817^51} 

Total  revenue,  dollars 2,481,469.35 

National  Forests: 

Combining  Manzano  and  Zmii  in  Ari- 
zona and  New  Mexico,  7987. 
National  Foundry,  erection   of,  recom- 
mended,  1607,   1714. 
National   Guard. — The  enrolled   militia 
of  the  States  is  known   collective- 
ly  as   the   National   Guard.        (See 
Militia.) 

Encampment  of,  in  coast  works  rec- 
ommended, 5476. 
Encouragement  of,  5550. 
Reorganization  of,  6672,  6805,  7236. 
National  Incorporation  Act,  suggested, 

7074,  7455,  7456,  7457,  7458. 
National  Intelligencer,  publication  in, 
of  proceedings  of  President  and  Cabi- 
net respecting  interpretation  of  re- 
construction acts  discussed,  3725. 
National  Monuments. —(See  also  Statues 
and  Monuments.)  lly  act  approved  June  8. 
1!)0(5,  the  President  is  authorized  to  set 
apart,  as  National  Monuments,  certain  por- 
tions of  the  land,  or  landmarks  on  the  land 
owned  and  administered  by  the  Government, 
which  may  he  of  historic  or  scenic  interest. 
There  are  thirty  such  monuments  which 
have  been  set  aside  for  preservation  by 
Presidential  order,  of  which  number  nine- 
teen are  administered  by  the  Interior  De- 
partment. The  Interior  Department  also 
administers  the  more  than  eighty  bird  pre- 
serves of  the  Government.  (Sec  Interior 
Department.) 

National  Museum.— The  National  Museum 
is  an  offshoot  of  the  Smithsonian  Institu- 
tion at  Washington,  and  was  organized 
under  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  18  JO 
creating  the  parent  Institution.  It  Is  a 
museum  of  record,  research  and  education, 
and  the  legal  depository  of  nil  national  col- 
lections. It  Is  especially  rich  in  American 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Naturalization 


sirclupolorv  nud  natural  history,  but  con- 
tains specimens  from  all  over  the  world. 
The  new  building  was  completed  In  11)10 
at  a  cost  of  $:5,500,000.  It  contains  the 

specimens  collected  by  the  scientific  expedi- 
tion into  Africa  conducted  by  Kx-President 
Roosevelt.  Through  the  beneficence  of  this 
private  enterprise  the  museum  was  enriched 
by  specimens  of  African  mammals  superior 
to  that  of  any  other  museum  In  the  world. 
The  series  of  birds,  reptiles  and  plants  is 
also  of  great  importance.  The  additions  to 
the  museum  consisted  of  4,cS!)7  mammals, 
4,000  birds,  2,000  reptiles  and  batrnchlana 
mid  500  (ishes,  a  total  of  about  11. :'.!)?. 
(See  illustration,  frontispiece,  Vol.  VIII.) 
National  Museum,  appropriation  for, 

recommended,  4431,  4458. 
Eeferrcd  to,  6676. 

"National  Parks,  should   be  placed  un- 
der Department  of  Agriculture,  7604. 
(See   Chickamauga   and   Chattanooga 
National  Military  Park.) 
National  Parks  and  Reservations.    (See 

Parks,  National.) 

National  Party. — In  1900  the  National 
Tarty  was  organized  as  the  result  of  defec- 
tion from  the  First  Liberty  Congress  (q.  v.). 
Donelson  Caffery  was  nominated  for  Presi- 
dent and  M.  Howe  for  Vice  President.  The 
platform  declared  against  expansion,  but  in 
favor  of  the  Gold  Standard,  and  it  was  de- 
cided that  one  elector  of  the  National  Party 
should  be  voted  for  at  the  head  of  cither  the 
Republican  or  Democratic  ticket. 
National  Prison  Congress  at  Baltimore 
referred  to,  4162.  (See  also  Interna- 
tional Prison  Congress.) 
National  Republican  Party.— After  the 
defeat  of  John  Quincy  Adams  by  Jackson 
in  1828  the  broad-construction  wing  of 
the  Democratic-Republican  party  organized 
and  came  out  with  a  platform  directly  op- 
posed to  Jackson  on  the  question  of  the 
tariff  and  the  United  States  Bank.  They 
opposed  the  spoils  system  in  the  public 
service,  favored  internal  improvements  at 
national  expense,  a  bank  of  the  United 
States,  and  a  division  of  the  proceeds  of 
laud  sales  among  the  States.  In  1832 
they  supported  Henry  Clay  for  the  Presi- 
dency and  advocated  a  protective  tariff. 
Clay  was  defeated,  receiving  but  49  elec- 
toral votes,  and  in  3835  the  party,  reen- 
forced  by  other  elements,  took  the  name 
of  Whig. 

National  Rivers  and  Harbors  Congress. 

— This  body  consisted  of  about  three  thou- 
sand delegates,  representing  nearly  all  the 
states  and  territories.  Processions  were  held 
in  Washington  for  a  period  of  three  days  in 
the  latter  part  of  1908. 

National  Security  League.  (See  Pre- 
paredness Societies.) 

National  Shipping  Board.  (See  United 
States  Shipping  Board.) 

National  Silver  Party. — o  r  g  a  n  i  z  e  d 

In  1896  ;  nominated  William  Jennings  Bryan 
for  President  and  Arthur  Sewell  for  Vice 
President  (the  candidates  on  the  Democratic 
tickets.  The  platform  adopted  followed  gen- 
erally the  lines  of  the  Democratic  platform. 
National  University. — Washington  strong- 
ly disapproved  of  foreign  education  for 
American  youth  and  early  conceived  the 
idea  of  establishing  a  national  university 


in  the  central  part  of  the  United  States. 
lie  bequeathed  fifty  shares  of  the  Potomac 
Company  toward  the  endowment  of  such  an 
institution  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  but 
ultimately  the  stock  of  the  company  proved 
valueless.  Several  of  the  presidents  from 
time  to  time  in  their  messages  recom- 
mended the  establishment  of  a  national 
university  or  universities,  or,  as  they  some- 
times called  them,  "seminaries  of  learn- 


National   University    (see   also  Educa- 
tion; Seminaries  of  Learning): 

Establishment   of,   recommended,  58, 
194,  197,  308,  470,  553,  878,  4208. 

Lands,    donation   of,   to,   recommend- 
ed, 398,  470,  4208. 

National  Waterways  Commission. — A 
special  commission  created  by  Congress  In 
1909,  and  the  membership  of  which  was 
drawn  entirely  from  Congress,  to  make  an 
investigation  of  transportation  by  water, 
and  to  make  recommendations  to  Congress. 
It  was  largely  the  result  of  the  Lake-to-the- 
(!ulf  Deep  Waterway  Association  ((].  v. ), 
and  of  the  National  Rivers  and  Harbors 
Congress  (q.  v. ). 

National  Zoological   Park  referred   to, 

6674. 

Nationality. — Federal  and  not  state  law 
determines  the  status  of  the  nationality 
of  persons  in  the  United  States.  Until  the 
adoption  of  the  Fourteenth  Amendment. 
the  Constitution  established  no  rules  re- 
garding the  loss  or  acquisition  of  nation- 
ality. Birth  in  the  country  is,  as  a  rule, 
the  test,  but  not  all  persons  born  in  the 
United  States  are  considered  as  endowed 
with  nationality.  Tiie  naturalization  act 
of  1790  extended  nationality  to  children 
born  to  American  parents  beyond  the  sea. 
In  1855  an  act  passed  restricting  this  to 
children  whose  fathers  were  citizens.  The 
Civil-Rights  Act  (q.  v.)  of  18G6  declared 
"all  persons  born  in  the  United  States  and 
not  subject  to  any  foreign  power"  to  be  citi- 
zens of  the  United  States.  The  Fourteenth 
Amendment  defines  citizens  as  "all  persons 
born  or  naturalized  in  the  United  States 
and  subject  to  the  jurisdiction  thereof." 
The  citizens  of  Hawaii  became  citizens  of 
the  United  States  by  virtue  of  annexation, 
it  being  so  stated  in  the  act  of  Congress 
of  1900  which  made  Hawaii  a  Territory. 
The  inhabitants  of  the  Philippine  Islands 
and  Puerto  Rico  are  entitled  to  the  protec- 
tion of  the  Constitution  but  cannot  enjoy 
the  privileges  of  citizenship  until  Congress 
admits  their  countries  to  the  Union  as 
states  or  organizes  them  as  territories. 
Nations,  Congress  of.  (See  under 

Panama,  Isthmus  of.) 
Nations,    Foreign.     (See    Powers,    For- 
eign; the  several  powers.) 
Native    Birds,    reservation   established 

for,  on  Smith  Island,  7959. 
Natural  Rights. — The  rights  which  by  na- 
ture inhere  in  man  (as  distinguished  from 
the  rights  given  by  law)  such  as  life,  liberty 
and  the  pursuit  of  happiness.  (See  Declara- 
tion of  Independence.  Volume  I,  page  1.) 
The  right  to  these  blessings  does  not  carry 
with  it  the  power  to  secure  them,  but  gov- 
ernment must  be  formed  to  establish  guar- 
antees of  natural  rights  by  the  enactment  of 
positive  law. 

Naturalization. — The  investment  of  an 
alien  with  the  rights  and  privileges  of 
citizenship.  Section  8  of  Article  I.  of  the 


Naturalization      Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Constitution  empowered  Congress  "to  estab- 
lish a  uniform  rule  of  naturalization." 
Naturalization  laws  were  passed  by  the 
colonial  legislatures  of  Maryland,  Virginia, 
New  York,  South  Carolina  and  Massachu- 
setts between  1GGG  and  1715.  In  1740  the 
British  Parliament  enacted  a  law  regulating 
colonial  naturalization.  In  1790  Congress 
legislated  for  the  first  time  so  as  to  pro- 
vide for  uniformity  of  naturalization  under 
the  Constitution.  The  conditions  of  this 
law  were  that  any  free  white  alien  might 
be  admitted  to  citizenship  by  any  court 
of  record  of  the  state  in  which  he  has 
resided  for  one  year,  having  been  a  resident 
of  the  United  States  two  years.  An  act  of 
1795  required  five  years'  residence  and  ap- 
plication three  years  prior  to  naturaliza- 
tion :  that  of  1798  required  fourteen  years' 
residence  and  application  five  years  prior 
to  naturalization.  The  act  of  April  14, 
1802,  restored  the  conditions  of  the  act  of 
1795  and  required  a  proof  of  five  years' 
residence  in  the  United  States  and  one  in 
the  state,  good  character,  an  oath  of  alle- 
giance, and  a  renunciation  of  titles  and 
prior  allegiance.  No  alien  may  be  natural- 
ized if  his  country  is  at  war  with  the 
United  States.  Conditions  and  procedure 
in  naturalizing  an  alien  are  prescribed  by 
sections  21G8-2174  of  the  Revised  Statutes 
of  the  United  States.  Naturalization  of 
Chinese  is  prohibited  by  section  14,  chapter 
120,  laws  of  1882 ;  and  of  anarchists  by 
the  immigration  act  of  1903.  Naturalized 
citizens  of  the  United  States  receive  the 
same  protection  when  abroad  as  native- 
born  citizens.  (See  also  Expatriation.) 

The  following  paraphrase  and  conden- 
sation of  the  naturalization  laws  of  the 
United  States  have  been  revised  by  the 
Commissioner  of  Naturalization  of  the  De- 
partment of  Labor,  and  includes  such  minor 
changes  in  the  law  as  were  provided  by 
the  recent  amendments  embodied  in  the 
act  of  Congress,  approved  June  25,  1910. 

The  following  courts  alone  have  the 
power  to  naturalize  aliens :  United  States 
District  Courts  now  existing,  or  which  may 
hereafter  be  established  by  Congress  in  auy 
state,  United  States  District  Courts  for  the 
Territories  of  Hawaii  and  Alaska,  also  all 
courts  of  record  in  any  state  or  territory 
now  existing,  or  which  may  hereafter  be 
created,  having  a  seal,  a  clerk  and  juris- 
diction In  actions  at  law  or  equity,  or  law 
and  equity,  in  which  the  amount  in  contro» 
versy  Is  unlimited. 

The  power  to  naturalize,  conferred  upon 
the  above  mentioned  courts,  is  limited  to 
persons  residing  within  the  geographical 
limits  over  which  their  respective  jurisdic- 
tion extends. 

Any  alien  who  Is  a  white  person,  or  of 
African  nativity  or  African  descent,  is 
required.  If  he  desires  to  become  naturalized, 
to  file  a  declaration  of  intention  in  the 
clerk's  office  of  any  court  having  jurisdic- 
tion over  the  place  In  which  he  lives,  and 
such  declaration  may  not  be  filed  until  the 
alien  has  reached  the  age  of  eighteen  years. 
This  declaration  must  contain  Information 
ns  (o  the  name,  age,  occupation,  time  and 
place  of  arrival  in  the  United  States,  and 
must  further  show  that  it  is  the  declarant's 
lirtna  fltlc  intention  to  become  a  citizen  of 
the  United  States  and  to  renounce  forever 
nil  allegiance  and  fidelity  to  any  foreign 
prince,  potentate,  state  or  sovereignty,  and 
particularly  to  the  one  of  which  he  may 
be  at  the  time  n  citizen  or  subject. 

Any  alien,  of  the  age  of  twenty-one  years 
nnd  upward,  who  has  served,  five  consecutive 
years  In  the  United  States  navy  or  one  en- 
listment In  the  United  States  marine  corps, 
may  be  admitted  to  citizenship  without 
any  previous  declaration  of  intention. 

The  widow   and  children  who  are  under 


age  at  the  time  that  an  alien  who  has  made 
his  declaration  of  intention  has  died,  with- 
out having  secured  a  certificate  of  naturali- 
zation, are  also  exempted  from  the  neces- 
sity of  filing  a  declaration  of  intention. 

By  act  of  June  25,  1910,  any  person  who 
on  May  1,  1905,  was  an  inhabitant  for 
five  years  and  qualified  to  become  a  citizen 
of  the  United  States  and  who  for  the 
five  years  preceding  May  1,  1910,  had 
resided  in  the  United  States  continuously 
and  who,  because  of  misinformation  in  re- 
gard to  his  citizenship,  had  in  good  faith 
exercised  the  rights  and  duties  of  a  citizen 
of  the  United  States  because  of  wrongful 
information  and  belief,  may,  upon  proof 
of  these  facts  satisfactory  to  a  court  having 
jurisdiction  to  naturalize  aliens,  petition 
for  naturalization  without  filing  the  re- 
quired declaration  of  intention  upon  com- 
pliance with  the  other  requirements  of  the 
law. 

Not  less  than  two  years  after  an  alien 
has  filed  his  declaration  of  intention,  aitd 
after  not  less  than  five  years'  continuous 
residence  in  the  United  States,  he  may  file 
a  petition  for  citizenship  in  any  one  of  the 
courts  above  stated  which  has  jurisdiction 
over  the  place  in  which  he  resides,  pro- 
vided he  has  lived  at  least  one  year  con- 
tinuously, immediately  prior  to  the  filing 
of  such  petition,  in  the  state  or  territory 
in  which  such  place  is  located.  This  peti- 
tion must  be  signed  by  the  petitioner  in  his 
own  handwriting  and  shall  give  his  full 
name,  place  of  residence,  occupation,  place 
of  birth  and  the  date  thereof,  the  place 
from  which  he  emigrated,  and  the  date  and 
place  of  his  arrival  in  the  United  States. 
If  such  arrival  occurred  subsequent  to  the 
passage  of  the  act  of  June  29.  1906,  he 
must  secure  a  certificate  from  the  Depart- 
ment of  Labor  showing  the  fact  of  such 
arrival  and  the  date  and  place  thereof, 
for  filing  with  the  clerk  of  the  court  to  be 
attached  to  his  petition.  If  he  is  married 
he  must  state  the  name  of  his  wife  and.  if 
possible,  the  country  of  her  nativity  and 
her  place  of  residence  at  the  time  of  the 
filing  of  his  petition,  and,  if  he  has  children, 
the  name,  date  and  place  of  birth  and 
present  place  of  residence  of  each  living 
child.  The  petition  must  set  forth  that  he 
is  not  a  believer  in  or  opposed  to  organized 
government,  or  a  member  of  or  atfiliated 
with  any  organization  or  body  of  persons 
teaching  disbelief  in  or  opposition  to  or- 
ganized government ;  that  he  is  not  a 
polygamist  or  a  believer  in  the  practice  of 
polygamy,  and  that  he  absolutely  and  for- 
ever renounces  all  allegiance  and  fidelity  to 
any  foreign  country  of  which  he  may,  at 
the  time  of  filing  such  petition,  be  a  citizen 
or  subject.  This  petition  must  be  verified 
at  the  time  it  is  filed  by  the  affidavit  of 
two  credible  witnesses,  who  are  citizens  of 
the  United  States  and  who  shall  state  that 
they  have  known  the  petitioner  during  his 
entire  residence  in  the  state  in  which  the 
petition  is  filed,  which  must  be  not  less 
than  one  year,  and  that  they  have  known 
him  to  be  a  resident  of  the  United  States 
continuously  during  the  five  years  Immedi- 
ately preceding  the  filing  of  the  petition  ; 
that  during  such  time  he  acted -ns  a  man 
of  good  moral  character,  attached  to  the 
principles  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States  and  well  disposed  to  the  good  order 
and  happiness  of  the  same.  If  a  portion  of 
the  five  years-  lias  been  passed  by  the 
petitioner  in  some  other  state  than  that  In 
which  he  resides  at  the  tUue  of  filing  his 
pctitjmi  the  affidnvit  of  the  witness  may 
verify  so  much  of  thr»  petitioner's  residence 
ns  has  been  passed  In  the  state,  nnd  the 
portion  of  said  five  years'  residence  out 
of  the  state  may  be  shown  by  depositions 
at  the  time  of  hearing  on  the  petition. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Naval 


No  petition  may  be  heard  until  the  ex- 
piration of  at  least  ninety  days  after  it  is 
filed  nor  within  thirty  days  preceding  a 
general  election.  At  the  hearing  upon  a 
petition,  which  shall  be  a  date  fixed  by 
order  of  the  court,  the  witnesses  are  re- 
quired to  again  attend  and  testify  in  open 
court  so  that  the  judge  or  judges  thereof 
may  be  satisfied  that  the  petitioner  is  quali- 
fied and  that  he  has  complied  with  all  the 
requirements  of  the  law. 

An  alien  who  has  borne  a  hereditary 
title  or  been  a  member  of  an  order  or 
nobility  must  renounce  such  title  or  posi- 
tion expressly  before  becoming  naturalized. 
No  alien  may  become  naturalized,  if  physi- 
cally capable,  who  does  not  speak  the  Eng- 
lish language. 

Aliens  who  are  admitted  to  citizenship 
by  order  in  open  court  will  be  required  to 
take  the  oath  of  allegiance  and  thereafter 
will  be  entitled  to  a  certificate  of  naturali- 
zation. 

The  law  also  provides  as  to  those  per- 
sons who,  though  not  citizens,  owe  per- 
manent allegiance  to  the  United  States, 
and  who  may  become  citizens  of  any 
state  or  organized  territory  of  the  United 
States,  that  they  may  be  naturalized  upon 
compliance  with  all  the  requirements  of  the 
law,  except  that  they  will  not  be  called 
upon  to  renounce  allegiance  to  any  foreign 
sovereignty. 

At  the  time  of  filing  his  declaration  of 
intention  an  alien  is  required  to  pay  to  the 
clerk  of  the  court  a  fee  of  one  dollar.  At 
the  time  of  filing  a  petition  for  naturaliza- 
tion a  petitioner  is  required  to  pay  to  the 
clerk  of  the  court  a  fee  of  four  dollars. 

The  naturalization  of  Chinamen  is  ex- 
pressly prohibited  by  Sec.  14,  Chap.  126, 
Laws  "of  1882. 

Naturalization: 

Act  on  subject  of  uniform  rule   of, 

vetoed,  508. 
Discussed  by  President — 

Adams,  John,  248. 

Arthur,  4715,  4828. 

Buchanan,  3171. 

Cleveland,  4921,  5090,  5366,  5370. 

Grant,  3990,  4193,  4245,  4299,  4359. 

Harrison,  Benj.,  5472,  5478,  5551. 

Jefferson,  319. 

Johnson,   3715,   3778. 

Lincoln,   3381. 

Madison,  508,  559. 

Eoosevelt,  6788,  6790,  6915,  6917, 
6935,  7002,  7003,  7055. 

Taft,  7372,  7543,  7689. 

Washington,  58. 
Frauds  in,  4245,  4299,  4359,  6916. 

Germany,  4419,  4520,  4625,  4916, 
5084,  "5471,  5869. 

Russia,  5961. 

Switzerland,  4715,  6337. 

Turkey,  4920,  5089,  5872,  5962,  6337. 
Treaty  regarding,  with — 

Austria-Hungary,  4069,  4098,  4142. 

Bavaria,  3888. 

Belgium,   3892. 

Denmark,  4160,  4193. 

Ecuador,  4119,  4193. 

Germany,  3828,  3829,  3830,  3888. 
Questions  arising  under,  referred 
to,  4419,  4520,  4625,  4916,  5084, 
5471,  5869. 


Great    Britain,    3894,    3956,    4014, 

4056,  4077. 
Prussia,  3827. 

Sweden  and  Norway,  403.3,  4142. 
Turkey,   4258,    5398. 
Question    arising    out    of,    4920, 

5089,  5878,  5962,  6337. 
Wiirttemberg,  3997. 

Naturalization,  Federal  Bureau  of,  rec- 
ommended, 7002. 
Naturalization  Laws: 

Laws  regarding  expatriation  and  elec- 
tion of  nationality,  discussed,  3656, 
3778,  4193,  4245,  4300,  4359,  4921. 
(See  also  Impressment;  Naturalized 
Citizens.) 

Revision    of,    recommended,    58,    60, 
248,  319,  508,  559,  4359,  4828,  4921, 
5090,  5370,   5478,   6240,   6789,   6790, 
6916,   6917,   6935,  7002,   7003,   7055. 
Naturalization  of  Filipinos,  7689. 
Naturalized  Citizens  (see  also  Aliens) : 
Address  to,  8066. 
Allegiance   of,  to  native  government 

discussed,  3778. 

Bureau  of  registration  of.  (See  Reg- 
istration Bureau.) 

Distinctions  not  to  be  recognized  be- 
tween native  citizens  and,  3172. 
Duties  of  citizenship  evaded  by,  dis- 
cussed, 5370. 

Impressed    into    military    service    of 
foreign     countries,     3121,     3656, 
6425. 
By  France,  discussed  and  referred 

to,  3171,  3715,  5199,  5366. 
Italy,  referred  to,  5673. 
Prussia,    discussed    and    referred 

to,  3120,  3123,  3715,  3778. 
Returning     to     native    country     and 
claiming      citizenship      in      United 
States,  discussed,  3381,  3990,  4193, 
4245,  4299. 

Nautical  Almanac.— The  Ephemeral  and 
Nautical  Almanac  of  the  United  States  Navy 
Department  was  first  published  in  1853.  It 
contains  tables  indicating  the  rising  and 
the  setting  of  the  sun,  moon  and  stars,  with 
various  astronomical  observations  of  im- 
portance to  mariners,  including  announce- 
ments of  eclipses.  It  contains  data  for 
finding  latitude  and  longitude,  and  its 
ephemerides  are  calculated  for  both  the  meri- 
dian of  Washington  and  the  meredian  of 
Greenwich.  It  is  published  three  yoars  in 
advance  of  the  year  with  which  it  deals,  so 
that  all  the  information  it  contains  may  be 
used  on  the  longest  voyages.  (See  Naviga- 
tion.) 

Navajo  Indians.     (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Naval  Academy.      (See  Navy,  Depart- 
ment of.) 

Naval  Academy. — An  institution  for  the 
training  of  naval  officers,  founded  at  An- 
napolis, Md.,  in  1845,  through  the  efforts  of 
George  Bancroft,  then  Secretary  of  the 
Navy.  The  Academy  was  not  established 
by  formal  legislation  of  Congress,  but  was 
opened  in  October,  1845,  under  orders 
from  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy.  It  was 


Naval 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


not  until  Aug.  10,  1846,  that  Congress  took 
any  action  toward  the  encouragement  of 
the  enterprise.  At  that  time  $28,000  was 
appropriated  for  repairs,  improvement  and 
instruction,  and  the  following  year  a  like 
sum  was  appropriated.  In  1850  the  school 
was  reorganized  and  the  name  changed  to 
the  United  States  Naval  Academy.  At  the 
outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  the  Academy  was 
removed  to  Newport,  K.  I.,  where  it  re- 
mained until  the  summer  of  1865,  when 
it  was  re-established  at  Annapolis. 

The  Naval  Academy  Is  under  the  juris- 
diction of  the  Bureau  of  Navigation  of  the 
Navy  Department  and  in  the  immediate 
control  of  an  academic  board,  consisting  of 
a  superintendent,  who  is  a  naval  officer : 
a  commandant  of  cadets,  and  the  heads  of 
the  different  departments  of  study,  who 
are,  with  one  exception,  naval  officers. 

The  students  of  the  Naval  Academy  are 
called  Midshipmen.  Two  Midshipmen  are 
allowed  for  each  Senator,  Representative 
and  Delegate  In  Congress,  two  for  the 
District  of  Columbia,  and  five  each  year 
from  the  United  States  at  large.  The  ap- 
pointments from  the  District  of  Columbia 
and  five  each  year  at  large  are  made  by 
the  President.  One  Midshipman  is  allowed 
rrom  Porto  Rico,  who  must  be  a  native  of 
that  island.  The  appointment  is  made  by 
the  President,  on  the  recommendation  of 
the  Governor  of  Porto  Rico.  The  Congres- 
sional appointments  are  equitably  dis- 
tributed, so  that  as  soon  as  practicable  each 
Senator,  Representative  and  Delegate  in 
Congress  may  appoint  one  Midshipman  dur- 
ing each  Congress. 

The  course  for  Midshipmen  is  four  years 
at  the  Academy,  when  the  succeeding  ap- 
pointment is  made,  and  the  examination  for 
graduation  takes  place.  Midshipmen  who 
pass  the  examination  for  graduation  are 
appointed  to  fill  vacancies  in  the  lower 
grade  of  the  Line  of  the  Navy,  in  the 
order  of  merit  as  determined  by  the  Aca- 
demic Board  of  the  Naval  Academy. 

The  act  of  June  29,  1906,  prescribes  that 
the  Secretary  of  the  Navy  shall,  as  soon  as 
possible  after  June  1  of  each  year  preced- 
ing the  graduation  of  Midshipmen  in  the 
succeeding  year,  notify  in  writing  each 
Senator,  Representative  and  Delegate  in 
Congress  of  any  vacancy  that  will  exist 
at  the  Naval  Academy  because  of  such 
graduation,  and  which  he  shall  be  entitled 
to  fill  by  nomination  of  a  candidate  and 
one  or  more  alternates  therefor.  The  nom- 
ination of  candidate  and  alternate  or  alter- 
nates to  fill  said  vacancy  shall  be  made 
upon  the  recommendation  of  the  Senator, 
Representative  or  Delegate,  if  such  recom- 
mendation is  made  by  March  4th  of  the 
year  following  that  in  which  said  notice 
In  writing  is  given,  but  if  it  is  not  made 
by  that  time  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy 
shall  fill  the  vacancy  by  appointment  of  an 
actual  resident  of  the  'State,  Congressional 
District  or  Territory,  as  the  case  may  be, 
In  which  the  vacancy  will  exist,  who  shall 
have  been  for  at  least  two  years  immedi- 
ately preceding  the  date  of  his  appointment 
an  actual  and  bona  fide  resident  of  the 
State,  Congressional  District  or  Territory 
In  which  Hie  vacancy  will  exist,  and  of  the 
legal  qualification  under  the  law  as  now 
provided. 

Candidates  allowed  for  Congressional  Dis- 
tricts, for  Territories,  and  for  the  District 
of  Columbia  must  be  actual  residents. 
Candidates  nt  the  time  of  their  examination 
must  be  physically  sound,  well  formed  and 
of  robust  constitution.  Attention  will  also 
be  paid  to  the  stature  of  the  candidate, 
and  no  one  manifestly  under  size  for  his 
ago  will  be  received  at  the  Acndemy.  The 
height  of  candidates  for  admission  shall 


not  be  less  than  5  feet  2  Inches  between 
the  ages  of  16  and  18  years,  and  not  less 
than  5  feet  4  inches  between  the  ages  of 
18  and  20  years;  and  the  minimum  weight 
at  16  years  of  age  shall  be  100  pounds, 
with  an  increase  of  not  less  than  5  pounds 
for  each  additional  year  or  fraction  of  a 
year  over  one-half.  Any  marked  deviation 
in  the  relative  height  and  weight  to  the 
age  of  a  candidate  will  add  materially  to 
the  consideration  for  rejection.  Candidates 
must  be  unmarried,  and  any  Midshipman 
who  shall  marry,  or  who  shall  be  found 
to  be  married,  before  his  graduation,  shall 
be  dismissed  from  the  service.  All  candi- 
dates must,  at  the  time  of  their  examina- 
tion for  admission,  be  between  the  ages  of 
16  and  20  years.  The  pay  of  a  Midship- 
man is  $600,  beginning  at  the  date  of 
admission.  The  regulations  regarding 
places  and  times  of  examinations  and  sub- 
jects of  examinations  may  be  obtained  by 
addressing  the  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of 
Navigation,  Navy  Department,  Washington. 

The  Sixty-third  Congress,  upon  the  rec- 
ommendation of  the  Navy  Department,  con- 
tinued the  law  which  had  expired  by  limita- 
tion providing  for  the  appointment  of  two 
midshipmen  by  each  member  of  Congress, 
and  the  Sixty-fourth  Congress,  as  the  first 
act  in  larger  preparedness,  passed  the  bill 
giving  three  appointments  to  each  Senator 
or  Representative.  This  made  possible  an 
increase  of  ~>ttl  midshipmen  in  a  year. 

President  Wilson  signed,  Feb.  16,  the  first 
of  the  national  defense  bills.  One  increased 
the  entrance  class  at  the  Naval  Academy. 

Naval  Academy: 

Address  to  class  of  1914  by  President 
Wilson,  7949. 

Appropriation    for    paving    sidewalk 
at,  recommended,  4671. 

Board  of  Visitors   to,  report   of,  re- 
ferred to,  3587. 

Discussed,  2669,   3386. 

Establishment  of,  recommended,  876. 

Instruction  at,  should  be  more  prac- 
tical, 7117. 

Removal  of,  discussed,  3561. 

Reorganization  of,  discussed,  2713. 
Naval  Aeronautics. — The  division  of 

.Naval  Aeronautics  in  the  Navy  Department 
investigates  and  develops  in  particular  the 
use  of  air-craft  from  the  decks  of  vessels  and 
from  the  surface  of  the  sens.  (See  Aero- 
nautics; Navy;  Navy  Department.) 
Naval  Auxiliary  Reserve.  (See  Naval 

Reserve.) 
Naval    Coast   Defence   Reserve.      (See 

Naval  Reserve.) 
Naval  Code.     (See  Code.) 
Naval  Code,  revision  of,    2625. 
Naval  Communications  Service.     (See 

Radio  Service.) 

Naval  Consulting  Board.— The  S'aval  Con- 
suiting  Board  was  organized  in  July,  101:". 
by  Secretary  of  Navy  .Tosephus  Daniels.  It 
is  composed  of  members  selected  by  the 
lending  scientific  societies  of  the  United 
States,  and  it  is  ho.'ided  and  directed  by 
Thomas  A.  Kdison.  Although  it  advises  the 
Navy  Department  on  all  matters  of  im- 
portance in  the  development  of  tlie  Nnvy.  It 
is  concerned  especially  with  new  Inventions, 
which  it  Investigates  nnd  on  which  it  re- 
ports, and  with  plans  for  industrial  prepara- 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Naval 


tlon  for  naval  purposes.  In  which  work  It  Is 
assisted  by  branch  committees  in  all  the 
states  of  the  Union.  It  also  conducts  a 
laboratory  In  experimental  and  research 
work,  In  order  to  study  all  new  develop- 
ments in  naval  warfare.  The  personnel  of 
the  Board  at  its  organization  wns  as  fol- 
lows :  Thomas  A.  Edison,  Lawrence  Ad- 
dicks,  A.  I>.  If.  Baekeland,  II.  E.  Coftin, 
Alfred  Craven,  W.  L.  Eminett,  Cooper  Hew- 
itt, A.  M.  Hunt,  J5.  G.  Lamme,  Hudson 
Maxim,  Spencer  Miller.  .1.  W.  Uichards,  A. 
I/.  Riker,  Thomas  Robins,  W.  L.  Saunders. 
M.  B.  Sellers,  E.  A.  Sperry,  P.  J.  Sprague, 
B.  B.  Thayer.  A.  G.  Webster.  W.  R.  Whitney. 
II.  A.  W.  Wood,  R.  S.  Woodward.  (See 
Navy;  Navy  Department.) 

Naval  Courts  of  Inquiry,  892. 
Naval  Expeditions.     (See  Arctic  Expe- 
ditions; Exploring  Expeditions.) 

Naval  Militia. — In  1888  Congress  passed 
an  act  authorizing  the  maritime  states  to 
organize  a  naval  reserve,  to  be  trained  and 
fitted  for  operating  the  coast  and  harbor 
defense  vessels,  etc.,  in  time  of  war,  thus 
liberating  the  regular  naval  force  to  man 
tne  heavy  seagoing  war  sh'ps,  etc.  Massa- 
chusetts was  the  first  state  to  pass  laws 
providing  for  such  organization.  New 
York  took  similar  action,  and  by  1898  most 
of  the  maritime  states  had  regularly  organ- 
ized naval  militia.  The  first  appropriation 
for  the  equipment  of  the  force  was  $25,- 
000,  made  by  Congress  in  1891.  The  naval 
militia  is  now  organized  in  twenty-two 
states  and  in  the  District  of  Columbia. 

The  reported  strength  in  1913  was  5SG 
commissioned  officers.  32  warrant  officers, 
1,639  petty  officers  and  5,269  enlisted  men, 
a  total  of  7,526. 

All  matters  relating  to  the  Naval  Militia 
come  under  the  cognizance  of  the  Assistant 
Secretary  of  the  Navy,  who  transacts  all 
business  with  the  Naval  Militia  through  the 
Governors  and  Adjutants-General  (or  Quar- 
termasters-General) of  the  states.  The 
officer  in  the  Navy  Department,  Washing- 
ton, having  charge  of  Naval  Militia  matters 
is  Commander  F.  B.  Bassett,  Jr.,  U.  S.  N. 

Naval  Militia,  development  of,  dis- 
cussed, 5759,  6166,  6669. 
Naval  Observatory. — A  division  of  the 
Bureau  of  Equipment  of  the  Navy  Depart- 
ment. Its  functions  are  to  determine  ac- 
curately the  positions  of  the  sun,  moon, 
planets  and  the  earth  for  use  in  preparing 
the  Nautical  Almanac;  to  test  chronom- 
eters and  to  issue  correct  time  daily ;  to 
distribute  to  vessels  of  the  navy  instru- 
ments of  precision  for  navigating  purposes : 
to  conduct  astronomical  investigations  of 
general  and  special  scientific  interest,  and, 
since  1894,  to  publish  the  Nautical  Almanac. 
In  1830  the  Navy  Department  established 
a  depot  of  charts  and  instruments  in  charge 
of  Lieutenant  L.  M.  Goldsborough,  and 
he  mounted  a  3-inch  transit  instrument. 
In  1833  Lieutenant  Wilkes  moved  the 
depot  to  a  site  on  Capitol  Hill,  and  at  his 
own  expense  built  an  observatory  contain- 
ing a  transit  instrument  of  3J  inches  aper- 
ture and  63  inches  focal  length  :  a  Borda's 
circle  ;  a  34-foot  achromatic  portable  tele- 
scope ;  a  portable  transit  instrument :  and 
a  sidereal  clock.  In  1838  the  Secretary  of 
the  Navy  granted  authority  for  the  pur- 
chase of  all  necessary  supplies  for  making 
a  constant  series  of  observations  in  astron- 
omy, magnetism  and  meteorology,  and 
detailed  naval  officers  to  the  work  under 
the  instructions  of  Lieut.  J.  M.  Gilliss. 


The  new  equipment  then  installed  consisted 
of  a  sidereal  clock  and  a  mean  time  clock  ; 
a  meridian  circle  of  5.5  inches  aperture 
furnished  with  a  circle  ;,0  inches  in  diam- 
eter ;  a  portable  achromatic  telescope  of 
3i  inches  aperture  and  42  inches  focal 
length.  Berlin,  Paris,  Greenwich  and 
Vienna  presented  some  200  rare  volumes 
of  the  highest  standard  as  the  nucleus  for 
an  astronomical  library.  The  work  done 
at  Capitol  Hill  between  1S3S  and  1842 
was  published  as  Astronomical  Observations 
Made  at  the  Naral  Observatory,  being  the 
first  American  work  of  this  nature. 

In  1842  Congress,  through  the  efforts 
of  Lieut.  Gilliss,  authorized  the  erection 
of  a  new  observatory.  Lieut.  Maury  was 
placed  in  charge  of  the  new  establishment 
and  gained  an  international  reputation 
through  his  studies  of  ocean  currents  and 
other  hydrographic  and  nautical  subjects. 
He  was  succeeded  in  1861  by  Lieut.  Gilliss 
and  later  by  Charles  II.  Davis  and  John 
Rodgers. 

Among  the  earliest  scientific  achievements 
of  the  new  observatory  were  the  observa- 
tions of  the  planet  Neptune,  secured  in 
1846,  immediately  after  its  discovery,  which 
enabled  Sears  C.  Walker,  by  identifying  two 
older  foreign  observations,  to  discuss  the 
elements  of  Neptune  during  his  short  con- 
nection with  the  observatory.  The  adapta- 
tion of  electricity  to  record  observations  by 
Prof.  John  Locke,  formerly  lieutenant  in 
.  the  navy,  resulted  in  the  installation  of  the 
first  practical  chronograph  at  the  observa- 
tory in  1849.  With  the  9.6-inch  equatorial 
Assistant  Astronomer  James  Ferguson  dis- 
covered several  planetoids  between  1854 
and  1860.  With  the  26-inch  refractor 
(made  by  Alvan  Clark),  at  that  time  the 
largest  telescope  in  the  world.  Prof.  Asaph 
Hall  discovered  the  moons  of  Mars  in  1877. 
This  instrument  was  set  in  place  in  time 
to  observe  the  transit  of  Venus  in  1874. 

The  present  observatory  buildings  on  the 
more  favorable  site  of  Georgetown  Heights 
were  completed  in  1893.  They  comprise  a 
commodious  office  building  occupied  by  the 
astronomical,  nautical  instrument,  time  ser- 
vice and  Nautical  Almanac  departments, 
while  the  26-inch  equatorial,  a  9-inch  and 
a  6-inch  transit  circle,  and  a  5-inch  prime 
vertical  instrument  are  placed  in  suitable 
dome  and  houses  to  the  south,  east,  west 
and  north  of  a  clock  house,  the  longitude 
of  which  is  5h.  8m.  15.78s.  west  and  the 
latitude  38°  55'  14"  north.  Besides  the 
above-named  instruments  there  are  a  12- 
inch  equatorial,  a  6-inch  altazimuth,  a  5- 
inch  transit,  a  5-inch  photoheliograph. 

Although  one  of  the  youngest  among  the 
great  astronomical  institutions,  it  has  de- 
veloped in  a  short  time  to  a  rank  with  those 
at  Greenwich  and  Puikowa.  Its  object  is 
rather  the  development  and  application  of 
the  known  facts  of  astronomy  than  the 
making  of  further  discoveries.  Professors 
Newcomb  and  Hall,  of  the  older  scientific 
staff  of  the  institution,  have  recently  been 
succeeded  by  Professors  Skinner,  See.  Upde- 
grnph,  Eichelberger,  Littell  and  Harsch- 
mnnn.  The  library  now  contains  some  22,- 
000  volumes  and  stands  second  to  Puikowa 
only. 

Naval  Observatory: 

Estimates  for  observation  of  transit 

of  Venus,  referred  to,  4668. 
Appropriation    for,     recommended. 

4688. 

Referred  to,  4249. 
Removal  of,  recommended,  5158. 
(See  also  Navy,  Department  of.) 
Naval  Officers.     (See  Navy.) 


Naval 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Naval  Order  of  the  United  States.— 
Composed  of  a  General  Commandery  and 
commanderies  in  the  States  of  Massachu- 
setts, Pennsylvania,  New  York,  California 
and  Illinois,  and  in  the  District  of  Colum- 
bia The  General  Commandery  meets  tri- 
ennially  on  Oct.  5th,  and  the  State  Com- 
nia»derles  meet  annually  in  the  month  of 
November.  The  Massachusetts  Commandery 
is  the  parent  Commandery,  and  was  organ- 
ized at  Boston  on  July  4,  1890.  The  Gen- 
eral Commandery  was  established  three 
years  later,  on  June  19,  1893.  The  Com- 
panies of  the  Order  are  officers  and  the 
descendants  of  officers  who  served  in  the 
navy  and  marine  corps  in  any  war  or  in 
any  battle  in  which  the  said  naval  forces 
of  the  United  States  have  participated. 
The  membership  clause,  as  adopted  at  the 
triennial  congress  held  at  Boston,  Oct.  5, 
1895,  provides  for  two  classes  of  members: 
First,  veteran  officers  and  their  male  de- 
scendants :  and.  second,  enlisted  men  who 
have  received  the  United  States  naval  medal 
of  honor  for  bravery  in  the  face  of  the 
enemy. 
Naval  Parade,  to  be  held  in  New  York 

Harbor,  5760. 

Naval  Peace  Establishment.  (See Navy.) 
Naval  Pension  Fund.  (See  Pensions.) 
Naval  Reserve.— By  act  of  Congress,  ap- 
proved August  29,  1916,  provision  was  made 
for  the  establishment  of  a  naval  reserve  In 
the  United  States  Navy.  Under  this  head, 
the  act  created  six  classes  of  service  :  Fleet 
Naval  Reserve.  Naval  Reserve,  Naval  Auxil- 
iary Reserve,  Naval  Coast  Defence  Reserve, 
Volunteer  Naval  Reserve,  and  Naval  Re- 
serve Flying  Corps.  The  same  act  also 
provided  for  the  establishment  of  a  Marine 
Corps  Reserve.  The  legislation  provides  for 
a  naval  reserve  force  embracing  all  former 
officers  and  men  of  the  navy  now  in  civil 
life,  the  officers  and  men  of  the  merchant 
marine,  and  civilians  capable  of  serving  the 
navy  in  connection  with  the  defense  of  the 
coasts.  After  16  or  20  years  of  service, 
enlisted  men  may  transfer  from  the  active 
list  to  the  Naval  Reserve.  It  Is  estimated 
that  at  the  time  of  tlie  passage  of  the  act, 
it  provided  for  a  reserve  force  of  20.000 
men,  and  that  after  a  few  years  that  number 
will  have  Increased  to  30,000  men. 

1'aii. — In  the  Fleet  Naval  Reserve,  officers 
receive  2  months'  base  pay  of  their  rank  ; 
and  men  of  4  years'  service,  $50  a  year : 
men  of  8  years'  service,  $72  a  year ;  and 
men  of  12  years'  service,  $100  a  year.  Pay 
Is  Increased  25%  for  eacli  enrollment.  In 
the  Naval  Auxiliary  Reserve,  officers  receive 
1  month's  base  pay  of  their  rank,  nnd 
men  2  months'  base  pay  of  their  rating, 
with  a  25%  increase  for  each  enrollment. 
Men  In  the  Volunteer  Naval  Reserve  receive 
no  pay.  In  nil  other  classes,  officers  and 
men  receive  2  mouths'  base  pay  of  their 
rank  or  rating.  Knlisted  men  who  transfer 
to  the  Naval  Reserve  nfter  16  or  20  years' 
service  receive  between  $40  and  $00  per 
month. 

Ncrricc. — Members  of  the  Naval  Reserve 
may  lx-  ordered  into  actual  service  in  tlie 
Navy  bv  the  President  in  time  of  war  or 
national  emergency.  Enrollment  and  re- 
enrollment  are  for  terms  of  four  years,  but 
In  times  of  peace  or  of  no  national  emergency 
members  of  tlie  Naval  Reserve  shall  be  dis- 
charged nt  their  request,  provided  that  they 
reimburse  the  Government  for  any  clothing 
gratuities  which  may  have  l>oen  furnished 
them  during  their  enrollment.  Members 
upon  enlisting  are  assigned  ranks  according 


to  their  qualifications  for  service,  which  are 
determined  by  examinations.  In  time  of 
actual  service,  all  members  of  the  Naval 
Reserve  shall  be  subject  to  the  same  regula- 
tions as  apply  to  the  enlisted  men  in  the 
Navy,  and  their  pay  during  time  of  actual 
service  shall  be  equal  to  that  of  enlisted 
men  and  officers  in  the  regular  service  of 
the  Navy  of  corresponding  grade. 

Divisions. — In  the  Fleet  Naval  Reserve, 
all  former  officers,  including  midshipmen,  of 
the  Naval  Service,  who  have  been  honorably 
discharged  after  not  less  than  one  four-year 
term  of  enlistment,  are  eligible.  In  the 
Naval  Reserve,  men  between  the  ages  of 
eighteen  and  thirty-five  who  have  followed 
the  sea-going  profession  are  eligible.  In  the 
Naval  Auxiliary  Reserve,  those  eligible  are 
men  who  have  been  or  who  are  engaged  on 
vessels  of  the  American  merchant  marine 
which  have  been  listed  by  the  Navy  Depart- 
ment as  suitable  for  service  in  time  of  war. 
The  Naval  Coast  Defence  Reserve  is  re- 
served for  those  citizens  who  may  be  of 
especial  value  to  the  Navy  Department  in 
connection  with  the  defense  of  the  coasts. 
Those  citizens  who  are  willing  to  serve  in 
the  Naval  Reserve  without  retainer  pay  and 
uniform  gratuity  in  time  of  peace  are  eligible 
to  the  Volunteer  Naval  Reserve.  The  Naval 
Reserve  Flying  Corps  is  composed  of  those 
persons  who  are  skilled  in  the  designing, 
building,  or  operating  of  aircraft.  The 
Marine  Corps  Reserve  is  divided  into  classes 
corresponding  to  the  first  five  classes  listed 
above. 

Naval    Reserve    Flying    Corps.      (See 

Naval  Eeserve.) 
Naval  Reserve,  National,  establishment 

recommended,  6669. 

Naval  Stations. — Naval  bases  or  shore 
stations  are  ports  on  homo  or  foreign 
shores  owned  or  leased  by  the  government, 
where  fuel  and  supplies  are  stored,  and 
which  are  regularly  visited  by  vessels  on 
cruise.  Recruiting  and  instruction  are  also 
carried  on  at  these  stations,  and  they  form 
the  bases  for  sea  manoeuvres.  Following 
are  the  locations  of  the  permanent  stations 
at  home  and  abroad  : 

Annapolis,  Md.  (naval  academy)  ;  Balti- 
more, Md.  (recruiting  station ,i  ;  Boston, 
Mass.  (yard  and  recruiting  station)  ; 
Charleston,  S.  C.  (yaru  and  barracks); 
Great  Lakes,  111.  (training  station)  ;  Indian 
Head  (proving  ground^  ;  Key  West,  Fla.  ; 
Las  Animas,  Colo,  (hospital)  ;  Mare  Island, 
Cal.  (yard,  barracks,  prison,  iron  works); 
Narragansett  Bay,  R.  I.  (training  station)  ; 
New  York,  N.  Y.  (Brooklyn  yard  I  :  Nor- 
folk, Va.  (Newport  News  yard)  ;  Philippine 
Islands  (Olongapo,  Cavite,  Canacaoy; 
Panama  ((.'anal  Zone);  Pensacola,  Fla.; 
Philadelphia,  Pa.  (recruiting  station,  home, 
hospital,  etc.):  Port  Royal,  S.  C.  (dis- 
ciplinary barracks)  ;  Portsmouth,  N.  II. 
(yard,  'iron  works,  hospital,  etc.):  Puget 
Sound  (Bremerton,  Wash.,  dock,  etc.)  ;  San 
Francisco,  Cal.  :  Washington,  I).  C.  (ad- 
ministrative dopt.)  ;  Guam;  Guantanamo, 
Cuba  :  Hawaii,  II.  I. ;  Tutulla.  Samoa ; 
Yokohama,  Japan. 

Naval  Stations: 

Establishment  of — 
Discussed,  4573,  4586. 
Tn  West  Indies,  recommended,  3777. 
Lands  for.     (See  Lands,  Public.) 
Survey  for,  mentioned,  1038. 
(See  also  Navy  Yards  and  Docks.) 
Naval    War   College.— A    course    of    lec- 
tures on   and  instruction  In  the  manlpula- 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Navigation 


tion  of  torpedoes  established  by  the  Gov- 
ernment at  Coasters  Harbor  Island,  New- 
port, It.  I.,  in  1881).  The  class  consists 
chiefly  of  officers  and  men  in  the  torpedo 
service,  but  lectures  are  delivered  on  all 
branches  of  naval  improvements  and  prog- 
ress. The  course  continues  three  mouths 
In  each  year. 

Naval  War  College,  discussed,  6166. 

(See  also  Navy,  Department  of.) 
Navassa  Island,  West  Indies: 

Occupation  of,  by  American  citizens, 

referred  to,  3120. 
^Recognition    of,    as    appertaining    to 

United  States,  referred  to,  5625. 
Trial    of    laborers    in,    charged    with 
killing    agents    of    Navassa    Phos- 
phate  Co.,   discussed,   5625. 
Navassa  Phosphate  Co.,  trial  of  laborers 
charged    with    killing    agents    of,    in 
Navassa  Island,  discussed,  5625. 
Navies    of    the    World.— Compiled    from 
the  latest  available  data. 


Laws  of,  having  tendency  to  prolong 

War    of    1812,    should    be    revised, 

525. 

Prosperous  condition  of,  2404. 
Deferred   to,   74,   77,   78,   81,  95,  227, 

318,  346,  470,  480,  559,  2571. 
Treaty     with    Spain    regarding,   106, 

110,  164. 
Utility  of  canal,  explained,  482,  785. 

Navigation  Act. — An  Important  move  in 
England's  struggle  with  the  Dutch  for  pos- 
session of  the  carrying  trade  of  the  wo.'ici. 
The  act  was  first  promulgated  in  1045, 
amplified  in  1G.">0,  and  renewed  with  a  few 
changes  by  Charles  II.  in  10GO.  It  related 
to  live  subjects — coasting  trade,  fisheries, 
commerce  with  the  colonies,  commerce  with 
European  countries,  and  commerce  with 
Asia,  Africa  and  America.  The  clauses  of 
importance  to  American  history  were  those 
providing  that  all  colonial  trade  should 
be  carried  on  in  ships  built  and  owned  in 
England  and  the  colonies  and  that  in  the 
case  of  many  specified  goods  trade  should 


Powers 

Modern  Battleships 

.2. 
13 
JS 
c! 

w 

'3 
O 

.!• 

+j 
a 
« 

*a 
O 

First-Class  Cruisers 

Second-Class 
Cruisers 

Third-Class 
Cruisers 

Gunboats 

Monitors 

Destroyers 

'S 
o 
pq 

o 

T3 

I 

O 

H 

Submarines 

Personnel 
Officers  and  Men 

29 

10 

38 

42 

37 

33 

10 

227 

58 

85 

*137  500 

19 

7 

20 

9 

6 

39 

7 

141 

47 

30 

J66  783 

14 

25 

5 

15 

28 

9 

62 

27 

50 

fG4  780 

17 

15 

18 

4 

9 

G 

87 

173 

90 

60621 

Japan.  ... 

9 

13 

12 

10 

9 

5 

60 

54 

15 

**51  054 

9 

4 

8 

6 

G 

3 

i 

105 

48 

52  463 

Italy  .  .  . 

8 

8 

7 

3 

10 

35 

73 

20 

33,095 

4 

9 

3 

2 

7 

3 

18 

53 

15 

17  581 

Brazil... 

9 

1 

2 

19 

10 

4 

3 

8  000 

Argentina  

2 

4 

3 

1 

4 

10 

8 

9,836 

1 

9 

8 

51 

7 

5  715 

Netherlands  .    . 

0 

9 

2 

4 

8 

33 

8 

11,164 

Norway  

1 

4 

16 

9 

3 

26 

5 

1,003 

Chile  

o 

1 

1 

9 

o 

13 

6 

2 

10000 

Denmark  

1 

1 

4 

3 

15 

3 

4,000 

3 

1 

1 

8 

7 

26 

10  165 

Portugal  

1 

0 

19 

2 

7 

0 

6  000 

1 

3 

8 

3 

12 

10 

2 

4  000 

Turkey  ... 

9 

1 

3 

0 

2 

1 

o 

10 

8 

30,000 

China  

1 

10 

Mexico.  ... 

o 

1  200 

Siam  

1 

5,100 

*  Nava!  Reserve  seamen,  26,200.  f  Naval  militia,  7,526  men.  J  Reserve  of  110,000  men.  **  Re- 
serve of  114,000  men.  a  The  Imperil!  German  Navy  is  the  second  in  respect  of  tonnage  and  armament, 
and  is  only  exceeded  by  the  British  Navy,  the  additions  made  from  time  to  time,  under  a  settled  plan  of 
development,  actually  exceeding,  in  some  years,  those  made  by  the  United  Kingdom  (1909,  German  warships 
launched  amounted  to  83,181  tons;j  British,  92,957  tons;  .1910,  German,  101,830  tons;  British,  176, 582  tons) 


Navigation: 

Accidents  in,  resulting  from  criminal 

negligence  in  use  of  steam  power, 

discussed,   1253. 
Advancement   in  science   of  nautical 

affairs,  2670. 
Appropriation    for    improvement    of, 

recommended,   266G. 
Bridges   so    constructed    over   waters 

as  to  obstruct,  discussed,  4934. 
Depressed  state  of,  559. 
Extension   of  laws   of,   etc.,  referred 

to,  2544. 


be  confined  to  English  markets.  The  for- 
mer clause  acted  as  a  powerful  stimulant 
to  colonial  shipbuilding.  The  act  was  ren- 
dered largely  inoperative  by  the  prevalence 
of  smuggling,  and  the  efforts  of  Great  Brit- 
ain to  enforce  it  were  among  the  leading 
causes  of  the  Revolution. 

Navigation,  Bureau  of,  Navy  Depart- 
ment. (See  Bureau  of  Navigation.) 
Navigation  Laws. — The  Constitution  gives 
Congress  power  to  pass  navigation  laws  in 
accordance  with  the  principles  of  interna- 
tional law.  Ry  act  of  1780  a  tonnage  tax 
of  G  cents  per  ton  was  levied  on  all 
American  vessels  and  one  of  50  cents  a  ton 


Navigation 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


on  all  vessels  built  and  owned  in  foreign 
countries  and  entering  American  ports, 
which  practically  gave  a  "monopoly  of 
American  trade  to  American  bottoms.  In 
1702  the  act  requiring  American  registra- 
tion was  passed.  In  1793  the  coasting 
trade  was  closed  to  foreign  vessels.  In 
1816,  1817  and  1820  the  American  naviga- 
tion laws  were  remodeled  and  made  to 
correspond  closely  to  those  of  Great  Britain. 
Tonnage  taxes,  which  had  been  abolished, 
were  renewed  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil 
War.  With  the  advent  of  iron  vessels 
came  the  decrease  in  American  shipbuilding 
and  the  decrease  in  the  American  marine 
was  further  due  to  the  law  forbidding  any 
but  American-built  ships  to  fly  the  Ameri- 
can flag.  This  restriction  was.  however, 
modified  by  the  act  of  1892.  The  act  of 
1886  reduced  the  tonnage  rates  consider- 
ably. (See  Seamen's  Act.) 

Navigators  Islands.      (See  Samoan  Is- 
lands.) 

Navy.— During  the  Revolution  this  coun- 
try had  practically  no  navy.  In  September, 
1775,  the  British  troops,  closely  environed 
in  Boston,  could  receive  supplies  only  by 
water.  To  intercept  these  Washington  de- 
tailed certain  of  his  officers  and  men  who 
were  familiar  with  nautical  matters  to 
patrol  Boston  Harbor  in  small  armed  cruis- 
ers. Some  of  the  states  had  already  con- 
structed vessels  at  public  expense  to  pro- 
tect their  coast  line.  New  England  sea- 
men cruised  with  such  effect  in  Massachu- 
setts Bay  as  not  only  to  deprive  the  British 
garrisoned  in  Boston  of  their  necessary 
supplies,  but  also  to  add  to  the  resources 
of  the  Continental  Army  by  the  capture 
of  numerous  prizes.  At  the  end  of  1775 
the  Continental  Congress  began  the  con- 
struction of  a  navy  by  ordering  thirteen 
frigates  to  be  built.  These  performed 
some  service,  but  most  of  the  achievements 
of  the  war  were  by  privateers.  By  1781 
all  of  the  thirteen  Federal  vessels  had  been 
either  captured  or  destroyed. 

In  1707  and  1798,  in  anticipation  of  war 
with  France,  Congress  authorized  the  con- 
struction of  the  Constitution,  United  States, 
and  Comttellation  and  the  purchase  of  twen- 
ty-four other  vessels.  Hostilities  with 
France  having  been  averted,  the  newly  ac- 
quired navy  was  used  with  good  effect  in 
resisting  the  Barbary  States.  At  the  out- 
break of  the  War  of  1812  the  United 
States  had  about  a  score  of  vessels,  three 
of  them  being  first-class  frigates — -the 
Constitution,  the  President,  and  the  United 
Stiitcn—iiK  against  England's  830.  The 
brilliant  achievements  of  American  vessels 
in  that  war  secured  increased  appropria- 
tions. In  1810  $1,000,000  annually  for 
eight  years  was  appropriated. 

By  the  law  of  1819  the  Navy  was 
largely  increased  and  a  resolution  provided 
for  naming  ships  of  the  line  after  the 
states,  frigates  after  the  rivers  of  the 
United  States,  and  sloop  of  war  after  the 
chief  cities  and  towns.  The  vessels  were 
divided  among  four  squadrons  and  sta- 
tioned in  the  Mediterranean,  the  Pacific, 
the  West  Indies,  and  on  the  coast  of  Bra- 
zil, and  In  1841  an  additional  squadron  was 
ordered  to  cruise  along  the  coast  of  the 
United  Staffs.  During  the  Mexican  War 
the  Gulf  Squadron  blockaded  Vera  Cruz 
and  bombarded  the  fort  of  San  Juan  de 
Ullon  into  submission,  while  the  Pacific 
Squadron  seized  Monterey  and  T/os  Angeles, 
Oil. 

At  tho  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  the 
United  States  had  only  about  forty  ves- 
sels In  commission.  The  character  of  naval 
warfare  at  this  time  had  been  changed  by 
Improved  armament.  The  old  wooden 


vessels  were  useless  when  opposed  by  the 
Whitworth  and  other  modern  guns  of 
long  range  and  heavy  caliber.  The  tur- 
reted  ironclad  was  born  of  the  emergency. 
A  new  navy  had  to  be  constructed  in  or- 
der to  maintain  the  ulockade  of  Southern 
ports,  and  by  Jan.  1,  1864,  the  National 
Government  had  over  600  vessels,  seventy- 
five  of  them  ironclads,  -with  more  than 
4,600  guns  and  35,000  men.  After  the  war 
the  Navy  was  reduced.  Notwithstanding 
the  appropriation  of  large  sums  of  money, 
1882  found  the  United  States  in  possession 
of  only  140  vessels,  and  more  than  100  of 
these  wTere  Incapable  of  sea  service. 

Soon  after  this  date  a  new  policy  regard- 
ing the  Navy  was  inaugurated  and  has 
since  been  pursued  with  credit  and  honor 
to  the  nation. 

The  most  Important  nai.y  yard  is  at 
Brooklyn,  on  the  East  River,  where  there 
are  four  dry  docks,  a  clothing  factory 
where  naval  uniforms  are  made  for  en- 
listed men,  and  other  adjuncts.  (See  Navy 
Yards  and  Naval  Stations.) 

The  officers  of  the  navy  are  trained  for 
their  profession  at  the  United  States  Naval 
Academy  at  Annapolis  (which  see). 

Target  Practice. — So  necessary  is  target 
practice  considered  for  the  efficiency  of  the 
United  States  Navy  that  there  exists  a 
separate  division  of  Target  Practice  in  the 
Navy  Department  (q.  v.).  Up  to  1903,  tar- 
get practice  in  the  Navy  was  at  the  short 
range  of  about  a  mile,  as  naval  experts  were 
almost  unanimous  in  the  opinion  that  naval 
battles  could  never  be  fought  at  distances 
greater  than  two  or  three  miles.  The  range 
of  target  practice  was  gradually  increased 
until  the  outbreak  of  the  European  War 
showed  that  naval  battles  could  be  fought  at 
great  distances,  and  in  recent  target  prac- 
tices of  the  United  States  Navy  the  range 
has  been  thousands  of  yards.  In  the  prac- 
tices off  Guantanamo  in  February.  1916,  the 
ships  of  the  Navy  averaged  11%  of  hits  at 
battle  distance.  Ships  of  the  dreadnaught 
class,  aiming  at  screen  targets  90  feet  long 
and  30  feet  high,  made  7%  of  hits  at  long 
battle  distance  and  21%  of  hits  at  mean 
battle  distance.  Secretary  of  the  Navy 
Daniels  reports  that  these  records  are  be- 
lieved not  only  to  have  equalled,  but  even  to 
have  bettered  the  best  records  made  in  the 
European  War. 

Salutes.— ft  is  the  custom  of  foreign 
ships  of  war  entering  the  harbor,  or  in 
passing  in  the  vicinity  of  a  fort,  to  hoist 
at  the  fore  the  flag  of  the  country  in  whose 
waters  they  are  and  salute  it ;  on  the  com- 
pletion  of  the  salute  to  the  flag,  a  salute 
(of  twenty-one  guns)  is  returned  as  soon  as 
possible  by  the  nearest  fort  or  battery  :  If 
there  are  several  forts  or  batteries  in  sight, 
or  within  the  radius  of  six  miles,  the  prin- 
cipal fort  returns  the  salute.  The  Presi- 
dential salute  of  twenty-one  guns  was  adopt- 
ed that  a  uniformity  In  national  salutes 
might  be  maintained,  it  being  the  same 
number  of  guns  as  the  royal  salute  of  Eng- 
land. The  reason  why  twenty-one  should 
have  been  selected  as  the  number  of  guns 
has  been  a  source  of  search  and  gi>ess 
with  no  satisfactory  results.  Of  the  many 
surmises,  the  two  carrying  the  most  weight 
of  opinion  are:  First,  that  twentv-one 
was  the  same  number  of  years  fixed  bv 
English  aw  as  the  age  of'  majority  ;  the 
second  that  seven  was  the  original  'salute 
and  three  times  seven  would  signify  one 
seven  for  each  of  the  divisions.  England 
and  "Kales,  Scotland,  and  Ireland  It  is 
also  asserted  flint  the  United  States  adopt- 
ed this  salute  to  signify  to  the  mother 
country  that  her  child  had  reached  Its 
majority,  and  was  prepared,  in  law  to 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Navy 


Inherit  the  land;  and  to  this  cud  firod  the 
"gun  of  177(5,"  the  iigures  of  which  year 
added  together  equal  twenty-one.  The 
salutes  given  in  addition  to  the  Presidential 
salute  are  as  follows :  To  the  Vice-Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States  and  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  Senate,  19  guns;  members  of 
Cabinet,  Chief  Justice  of  United  States, 
Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives, 
17  guns;  rear-admiral,  13  guns;  commo- 
dore, 11  guns  ;  captain,  9  guns  ;  to  a  sov- 
ereign or  chief  magistrate  of  any  foreign 
country,  21  guns;  to  the  heir  apparent  or 
consort  of  a  reigning  sovereign,  21  guns. 
A  salute  in  accordance  with  their  rank  is 
also  given  to  the  viceroy,  governor-general 
or  governors  of  provinces  belonging  to  for- 
eign states,  to  ambassadors  extraordinary 
and  plenipotentiary,  to  envoys  extraordi- 
nary and  plenipotentiary,  to  ministers  resi- 
dent accredited  to  the  United  States,  to 
charge's  d'affaires  in  charge  of  missions  in 
the  United  States,  to  consuls-general  ac- 
credited to  the  United  States,  and  to  offi- 
cers of  foreign  services. 

The  war  with  Spain  brought  the  impor- 
tance of  the  navy  into  prominence,  and 
resulted  in  a  general  desire  for  its  en- 
largement, for  it  became  evident  that  if 
this  country  should  be  attacked  by  a  for- 
eign power,  that  attack  would  be  by  sea  ; 
and  the  true  method  of  defense  would  be 
by  means  of  a  navy  that  eon  Id  meet  the 
enemy,  pursue  and  destroy  them  on  the 
seas,  not  by  means  of  mere  harbor  de- 


fenses. The  rapidity  of  this  enlargement 
can  be  judged  by  the  comparative  ex- 
penses. For  the  year  ending  June 
;{(),  1897,  the  year  before  the  war  with 
Spain,  the  cost  of  the  navy  was  $34,- 
5(il,54«;  and  for  the  year  1904  the  cost 
was  $102,»5<>,102. 

All  otlicers  paid  under  this  table,  below 
the  rank  of  Rear-Admiral,  are  entitled  to 
10  per  cent,  increase  UDOQ  the  full  yearly 
pay  of  their  grades  for  each  and  every 
period  of  five  years'  service  as  "longevity 
pay,"  computed  upon  their  total  actual  ser- 
vice in  the  Navy  or  Marine  Corps,  provided 
that  the  total  amount  of  such  Increase  shall 
not  exceed  40  per  cent,  upon  the  full  yearly 
pay  of  their  grade. 

All  officers  on  sea  duty  and  all  officers  on 
shore  duty  beyond  the  continental  limits  of 
the  United  Stales  shall  while  so  serving  re- 
ceive ten  per  centum  additional  of  their  sal- 
aries and  increase  as  above  provided,  and 
such  increase  shall  commence  from  reporting 
for  duty  on  board  ship  or  the  date  of 
sailing  from  the  United  States  for  shore 
duty  beyond  seas  or  to  join  a  ship  in  for- 
eign waters. 

Warrant  officers  (boatswains,  gunners, 
carpenters,  sailmakers,  pharmacists,  machin- 
ists and  pay  clerks)  are  paid  from  $1,125  to 
$2.250  a  year. 

Commandants'  clerks  receive  from  $1,000 
to  $1,800  a  year. 

The  present  status  of  the  vessels  of  the 
Navy  is  given  in  the  following  table  : 


SHIPS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  NAVY— VESSELS  BUILT. 
BATTLESHIPS — FIRST  LINE. 


] 

dimension 

3 

•a 

0} 

_e 

If 

Name 

Dis- 
plare- 
ment 

Net 
tonnage 
fW~ 
Suez 
Canal 

Length 
on 
L.  \V. 

Beam 
on 
L.  \V. 

Draft 
aft  at 

.de- 
signed 

Speed 
(trial) 

of  4  inche. 
over 

T, 

capacity  b 
imum),  42 
Bet  per  ton 

Date 

author- 
ized 

L. 

L. 

full 
load 

S 

o 

3 

0 

3l 

Arkansas  

Tuns 
26,000 

Tons 

Ft,  In. 
5.54    0 

Ft.   In. 
93    2J 

Ft.   In. 
29      7 

Knots 
21  05 

33 

4 

Tons 
2  754 

Mar    09 

20,000 

510    0 

85    2i 

28     10 

21  56 

24 

4 

2  732 

June    06 

Florida 

21,825 

510    0 

SS    2| 

30      1 

22  08 

26 

4 

o  5QO 

May    08 

27,000 

olio    0 

95    2k 

29      7 

21  47 

31 

4 

2  918 

June    10 

North  Dakota       

20,000 

510    0 

85    2-i 

28    10 

21  01 

24 

4 

0  740 

Mar    07 

Texas 

27,000 

505    0 

05    2k 

°9      7 

21  05 

31 

4 

9  960 

Utah  
Wyoming  

21,825 
26,000 

510    0 
554    0 

88    2j 
93    2i 

30      1 
29      7 

21.04 

21.22 

26 
33 

4 

4 

2,581 
2,704 

May    08 

Mar.    09 

BATTLESHIPS — SECOND  LINE. 


11  552 

4  228 

308    0 

72     2k 

24    9 

17  01 

18 

# 

1  4S1 

June    99 

16,000 

5,877 

450    0 

76  10 

26    8 

18  78 

24 

22 

2  510 

July     09 

14,948 

5,316 

435    0 

76    2§ 

25  10 

19  26 

24 

16 

2  014 

Mar     92 

11  552 

4  270 

368    0 

72    2J 

24    9 

17  45 

18 

g 

1  5''2 

June    96 

10  2S8 

3  °04 

348    0 

69    3 

26    5 

12 

10 

j~535 

11  346 

3  806 

360    0 

72    2| 

27    4 

17  09 

22 

4 

1  082 

July    90 

16,000 

5,899 

450    0 

76  10 

26    8 

IS  09 

24 

22 

2  445 

Mar    03 

11  590 

4  205 

368    0 

72    2J 

24  11 

16  82 

26 

4 

1  679 

Mar     95 

11  5°0 

4  °09 

368    0 

72    2k 

24  11 

16  90 

26 

4 

1  658 

10,000 

5,806 

450    0 

76  10 

26    8 

18  82 

24 

22 

2  446 

July    02 

12  500 

4  000 

388    0 

72    2| 

25    6 

18  00 

20 

10 

1  908 

May    9S 

10,288 

3,204 

348    0 

69    3 

26    5 

16  21 

12 

16 

1  596 

June    90 

Michigan  

16,000 

450    0 

SO    2} 

27    1 

18  79 

8 

26 

2  437 

Mar    05 

16  000 

5,882 

450    0 

76  10 

26    8 

18  85 

24 

22 

2  4°0 

Mar    03 

Missouri  

12,500 

4,400 

388    0 

79     oi. 

2      8 

18  15 

20 

10 

1  932 

May    98 

14  <M8 

£  305 

435    0 

76    9.V 

•>     10 

19  06 

24 

16 

1  009 

Mar     99 

\  ?w  Hampshire  
Now  Jersey  
Ohio 

16,000 
14,948 
1  9  ."00 

5,738 
<),L5-j 
4  810 

4;o  o 

435    0 
3XS    0 

76  10 
76    2k. 

~0       01 

2      0 
2     10 
°5    4 

18.16 
19.18 
17  8° 

24 
24 
20 

22 
15 
10 

2,053 
1,993 

O   ^>-JJ 

Apr.    04 
June    00 
Miv    98 

Oregon  
Rhode  Island  

10,288 
14.94S 

3,354 
5,252 

348    0 
435    0 

09    3" 
70    2* 

20    5 
25  10 

16.79 
19  01 

12 
24 

16 
16 

1,460 
2  031 

June    90 
June    00 

South  Carolina  

10,000 
10,000 

5,861 

450    0 
450    0 

80    2i 
76  10 

:.'7    i 
9t;   s 

18.86 
18  33 

8 
24 

26 
22 

2,433 
0  4S6 

Mar.    05 
Mar     03 

Virginia  
Wisconsin  

14,948 
11,552 

5,272 
4.257 

435    0 
368    0 

76    25- 
72    2\ 

25  10 
2!    9 

19.01 
17.17 

24 
IS 

16 

8 

1,970 
1.447 

Mar.    99 
June    96 

Navy 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


SHU'S  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES   NAVY — VESSELS  BUILT— Continued. 

ARMORED  CRUISERS 


Name 

Dis- 
place- 
ment 

Net 
tonnage 
for 
Suez 
Canal 

Dimensions 

Speed 
(trial) 

Guns  of  4  inches 
and  over 

Guns  under  4 
inches 

Coal  cap.  bunker 
(maximum),  42 
cubic  feet  per  ton 

Date 

author- 
ized 

Length 
on 
L.  W. 
L. 

Beam 
on 
L.  W. 
L. 

Draft 
aft  at 
de- 
signed 
full 
load 

Colorado  
Maryland 

Tons 
13,680 
13,680 
14,500 
14,500 
13,680 
13,680 
13,680 
14  500 

Tons 
4,000 
3,953 
4,509 
4,509 
4,000 
4,050 
4,050 

Ft.  In. 
502    0 
502    0 
502    0 
502    0 
502    0 
502    0 
502    0 
502    0 
502    0 
502    0 

Ft.  In. 
69    6i 
69    6J 
72  10* 
72  10i 
69    6i 
69    6i 
69    6i 
72  10i 
72  10i 
69    6J 

Ft.  In. 
26    1 
26    1 
26  11 
26  11 
26    1 
26    1 
26    1 
26  11 
26  11 
26    1 

Knots 
22.24 
22.41 
22.26 
21.91 
22.44 
22.20 
22.24 
22.16 
22.27 
22.15 

18 
18 
20 
20 
18 
18 
18 
20 
20 
18 

22 
22 
26 
26 
22 
22 
22 
26 
26 
22 

Tons 
1,976 
2,098 
2,164 
2,164 
1,992 
2,233 
2,233 
2,084 
2,062 
2,098 

June  00 
June  00 
Apr.  04 
Apr.  04 
Mar.  99 
Mar.  99 
June  00 
July  02 
July  02 
Mar.  99 

Montana  
North  Carolina  
Pittsburgh 

San  Diego  
South  Dakota    .  . 

Tennessee2  . 

Washington  

14,500 

West  Virginia  

13,680 

3,953 

CRUISERS,  FIRST  CLASS 

Brooklyn  
Charleston  

9,215 
9,700 

3,363 

400    6 
424    0 
424    0 
380    6 
424    0 

64    8 
66    0 
66    0 
64  10 
66    0 

26    6 
24  10 
24  10 
26    4 
24  10 

21.91 
22.04 
22.22 
21.00 

22.13 

20 
14 
14 
14 
14 

4 
22 
22 
12 
22 

1,449 
1,818 
1,744 
1,100 
1,793 

July  92 
June  00 
June  00 
Sept.  88 
June  00 

Milwaukee 

9,700 
8,150 
9,700 

3,401 

2,838 

Saratoga  
St.  Louis  

CRUISERS,  SECOND  CLASS 


Chicago  
Columbia  

4,500 
7,350 

1,560 
2536 

325    0 
411    7 

48    2| 
58    2 

22    0 
24    6 

18.00 
22.80 

19 
11 

11 
2 

870 
1,561 

Mar.    83 
June    90 

Minneapolis 

7  350 

2  537 

411    7 

58    2 

24    6 

23  07 

11 

2 

1  433 

Mar.  91 

Olympia  

5,865 

1  ,896 

340    0 

53    OJ 

25    0 

21.69 

12 

4 

1,024 

Sept.    88 

CRUISERS,  THIRD  CLASS 


Albany 

3  430 

1  121 

346    0 

43    9 

19     1 

20  52 

10 

2 

782 

Birmingham  

3,750 

420    0 

47    1 

18    9 

24.33 

2 

8 

1,433 

Apr.    04 

Boston.  . 

3  000 

1  280 

277    5 

42    2 

20  10 

15  60 

6 

6 

438 

Mar.   83 

Chattanooga..   . 

3,200 

292    0 

44    0 

17    0 

16.65 

10 

8 

739 

Mar.   99 

Chester 

3  750 

420    0 

47    1 

18    9 

26  52 

2 

8 

1  408 

Apr     04 

Cincinnati 

3  183 

934 

300    0 

42    0 

19    6 

19  91 

11 

6 

727 

Sept    88 

Cleveland.  .  . 

3,200 

292    0 

44    0 

17    0 

16  45 

10 

8 

737 

Mar.   99 

Denver  

3,200 

1,566 

292    0 

44    0 

17    0 

16.75 

10 

8 

727 

Mar.   99 

DesMoines  
Galveston 

3,200 
3  200 

292    0 

292    0 

44    0 
44    0 

17    0 
17    0 

16.65 
16  41 

10 
10 

8 
8 

705 
741 

Mar.   99 
Mar    99 

Marblehead 

2,072 

626 

257    0 

37    0 

16    3 

18.44 

10 

6 

354 

Sept.   88 

Montgomery  . 

2,072 

587 

257    0 

37    0 

16    3 

19.06 

7 

2 

271 

Sept.  88 

New  Orleans  

3.430 

1,130 

346    0 

43    9 

19    1 

20.00 

10 

2 

768 

Raleigh 

3  183 

934 

300    0 

42    0 

19    6 

21.12 

11 

6 

713 

Sept    88 

Salem  

3,750 

420    0 

47    1 

18    9 

24.72 

2 

8 

1,433 

Aor.    04 

Tacoma  

3,200 

1  ,554 

202    0 

44    0 

17    0 

16.58 

10 

8 

727 

Mar.    09 

MONITORS 


Amphitrite  

3,990 
3  225 

259    3 
252    0 

55    4 
50    0 

14    8 
13    3 

10.50 
11.80 

6 
6 

2 
2 

277 
132 

Aug.    86 
May    98 

Monadnock 

3,990 

988 

258    6 

55    5 

14    8 

11.63 

6 

5 

395 

Aug.    86 

Monterey 

4,084 

822 

256    0 

59    05 

15    4 

13.60 

4 

6 

211 

Mar.   87 

3  225 

252    0 

50    0 

13    3 

12  03 

6 

2 

352 

May    98 

Tallahassee 

3  225 

252    0 

50    0 

13    3 

12  40 

6 

3 

363 

May    98 

Tonopah  

3,225 

252    0 

50    0 

13    3 

13.04 

6 

2 

346 

May    98 

DESTROYERS 


Ammcn  .  . 

742 

289    0 

26     1| 

9    5 

30.48 

3 

5 

67,855 

Mar.   09 

Aylwin  

1,036 

300    0 

30    4 

10    6 

29.60 

4 

4 

92,273 

Mar.    11 

Balrh.  .  .  . 

1  036 

300    0 

30    4 

10    6 

29.62 

4 

4 

92  273 

Mar     11 

Beale  

742 

289    0 

26    li 

9    5 

29.65 

3 

5 

68,012 

Bcnham  
Burrows 

1,036 
742 

300    0 

283    0 

30    4 

26    li 

10    6 
9    5 

29.59 
30  67 

4 
3 

4 
5 

92,273 
VO  176 

Mar.    11 
May    08 

Cassin  

1,020 

300    0 

30    4 

10    3 

30.14 

4 

4 

98,280 

Mar.    11 

Cummings  

1,020 

300    0 

30    4 

10    3 

30  57 

4 

4 

98,280 

Mar.    11 

1  050 

300    31 

30    4$ 

10    9i 

29  18 

92393 

Aug.    12 

Downes  

1,072 

300    0 

30    6 

10    9J 

29  07 

91,854 

Mar.    11 

742 

289    0 

26    1$ 

9    6 

30  83 

3 

5 

70580 

May    08 

Duncan  .         .    . 

1  014 

300    0 

30    4 

10    6 

29  14 

4 

4 

91  284 

Mar.    11 

Ericsson  

1,090 

300    0 

30    6 

10    8J 

29.29 

92,  303 

Aug.    12 

742 

289    0 

26    li 

9    5 

29  99 

3 

5 

67  3-42 

Fluaser. 

700 

289    0 

26    0 

10    0 

30  41 

3 

324 

May    07 

Henley  

742 

289    0 

26    li 

9    5 

30  32 

3 

5 

74,287 

June    10 

742 

289    0 

26    li 

9    5 

30  01 

3 

5 

66  707 

June    10 

Jenkins  

742 

2S9    0 

26    1J 

9    5 

31  27 

3 

5 

66471 

Jouett  

742 

2S9    0 

26    li 

9    5 

32.27 

3 

67,420 

June    10 

Lamson  

700 

742 

289    0 
289    0 

26    0 
26    1J 

10    7 
9    5 

28.61 
30  22 

3 
3 

5 
5 

291 
73,583 

June    06 
May    08 

McCall 

742 

289    0 

26    1J 

9    5 

30  fiO 

3 

5 

70  575 

May   08 

I  ,020 

300    0 

30    6 

9    8 

30  70 

4 

4 

97  980 

Aug     12 

742 

2S9    0 

26    1J 

9    6 

30  45 

3 

5 

70,074 

May    09 

Nicholson  

1,050 

300    0 

30    4 

10    5| 

29.08 

92,393 

Aug.    12 

!Now  call-jd  Mcinphia 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Navy 


SHIPS   OK  THE   UNITED    STATES    NAVY — VESSELS   HIJILT — Continued. 
DKSTHOYKKS — Continued. 


Net 

] 

Dimension 

B 

i 

S 

8 
-a 

a 

•ST! 

^"s's 

Name 

Dis- 
place- 
ment 

tonnage 
for 
Suez 
Canal 

Length 
on 
L.  \V. 
L. 

Beam 
on 
L.  W. 
L. 

Draft 
aft  at 
de- 
signed 
full 
load 

fil>eed 
(trial) 

Guns  of  4  incb 
over 

••* 

S3 
•a 

a 

Coal  capacity 
ers  (maxiim 
cubic  feet  p 

Date 

author- 
ized 

O'Brien                    

Tons 
1,050 

Tons 

Ft.  In. 
300    0 

Ft.  In. 
30    4 

Ft.  In. 

10    5i 

Knots 
29  05 

Tons 
92  393 

Aug.    12 

1,030 

300    0 

30    4 

10    0 

29.55 

4 

4 

92,273 

Mar.    11 

742 

289    0 

20     1J 

9    5 

29  09 

3 

5 

70  701 

Mar.   09 

742 

289    0 

20     \\ 

9    0 

32.80 

3 

5 

70,580 

May    OS 

742 

289    0 

20    li 

10    1 

29  70 

3 

5 

73  815 

May    08 

700 

289    0 

20    0 

10  11 

29  18 

3 

5 

290 

Reid                              

700 

289    0 

20    0 

10    0 

31  82 

3 

5 

324 

Mar.    07 

Roe 

742 

289    0 

20    li 

10  11 

29  00 

3 

5 

70074 

May    08 

Smith                            .    . 

700 

289    0 

20    0 

10    7 

28  35 

3 

5 

305 

June    00 

Steret 

742 

289    0 

20     1} 

10    1 

30  37 

3 

5 

73  815 

May    08 

742 

289    0 

20    li 

10  11 

30.24 

3 

5 

70,074 

May    08 

Trippe                  

742 

289    0 

20    li 

9    5 

30  89 

3 

5 

09824 

Mar.   09 

l,0(iO 

310    0 

29  10 

10    0 

30  07 

8G7G8 

Mar     13 

Walke                      

742 

289    0 

20     li 

9    5 

29  78 

3 

5 

73  815 

Mar.   09 

742 

289    0 

20    li 

9    5 

30.12 

3 

5 

73,583 

May    08 

Winslow  

1,050 

300    0 

30    4 

10    5i 

29  05 

92,393 

AUK.    12 

COAST  TORPEDO  VESSELS.     Destroyers.    (Not  serviceable  for  duty  with  fleet.) 


420 

229 

245  0 

23  1 

9  4 

28.45 

2 

7 

216 

May  98 

420 

229 

245  0 

23  1 

9  4 

28  13 

2 

7 

183 

Mav  98 

420 

229 

245  0 

23  1 

9  4 

28  64 

2 

7 

216 

May  98 

Dale  

420 

229 

245  0 

23  1 

9  4 

28  00 

2 

7 

211 

May  98 

420 

229 

245  0 

23  1 

9  4 

28  10 

2 

7 

209 

May  98 

408 

238  9 

23  li 

10  5 

29  02 

2 

8 

157 

May  98 

Hull         

40S 

238  9 

23  li 

10  3 

28  04 

2 

8 

159 

May  98 

400 

240  7 

22  2i 

9  5 

28  41 

2 

7 

125 

Mav  98 

400 

240  7 

22  2i 

9  5 

28  03 

2 

7 

119 

May  98 

420 

229 

245  0 

23  1 

8  11 

28  91 

2 

7 

185 

May  98 

Perry 

420 

229 

245  0 

23  1 

8  11 

28  32 

2 

7 

183 

May  98 

Preble     

420 

229 

245  0 

23  1 

8  11 

28  03 

2 

7 

183 

Mav  98 

420 

245  0 

23  1 

9  2 

29  69 

2 

7 

194 

May  98 

433 

248  0 

22  3i 

9  10 

29  58 

2 

8 

177 

May  98 

433 

248  0 

22  3i 

9  10 

28  24 

2 

8 

179 

May  98 

Worden  

433 

248  0 

22  3i 

9  10 

29.86 

8 

188 

May  9S 

TORPEDO  BOATS 


175 

68 

157  0 

17  7i 

4  11 

29  15 

3 

3 

44 

Mav  98 

Bailey  

280 

205  0 

19  3 

6  10 

30  20 

2 

4 

101 

Mar.  97 

175 

68 

157  0 

17  7i 

4  11 

29  04 

3 

3 

44 

May  98 

Biddle  .     

175 

68 

157  0 

17  7i 

4  11 

28  57 

3 

3 

44 

May  98 

Blakely  

190 

175  1 

17  9 

5  11 

25  58 

3 

3 

74 

May  98 

146 

147  0 

16  4i 

4   7 

30  00 

3 

4 

33 

June  90 

De  Long  

190 

175  1 

17  9 

5  11 

25  52 

3 

3 

74 

May  93 

165 

175  0 

17  8i 

4   8 

28  58 

3 

4 

78 

Mar  95 

279 

100 

213  6 

20  8 

6   0 

30  13 

2 

4 

97 

June  96 

142 

160  0 

16  1 

5   0 

24  53 

2 

3 

45 

July  94 

Fox          .... 

154 

140  0 

15  4 

5  10 

23  13 

3 

3 

41 

June  96 

255 

198  0 

20  7 

6  10 

27  40 

2 

4 

91 

Mar.  97 

Mackenzie   

05 

99  3 

12  9 

4   3 

20  11 

2 

1 

15 

June  96 

105 

138  3 

15  6 

4   1 

24  00 

3 

3 

27 

142 

160  0 

16  1 

5   0 

24  49 

3 

3 

45 

July  94 

200 

104 

175  0 

17  6 

5   2 

26  07 

3 

3 

84 

May  98 

150 

149  4 

17  6 

5  10 

15  00 

38 

200 

104 

175  0 

17  6 

5   2 

24  88 

3 

3 

87 

Mav  98 

Tingev  

105 

103 

175  0 

17  6 

4   8 

24.94 

3 

3 

75 

May  98 

TENDERS  TO  TORPEDO  VESSELS 


Dis- 

Net 
tonnage 

] 

Dimension 

a 

Guns 

Guns 

Coal 
capacity 
bunkers 

Name 

place- 
ment 

for 
Suez 
Canal 

Length 
on 
L.  W.  L. 

Beam, 
ex- 
treme 

Mean 
draft 

Sjwed 
(trial) 

inches 
and 
over 

under 
4 
inches 

(maxi- 
mum) 
42  cubic 
feet  per 
ton 

Alert    

Tons 
1,110 

Tons 
713 

Ft.  In. 
177    4 

Ft,  In. 
32      0 

Ft.  In. 
13      0 

Knots 
10  00 

4 

Tons 
202 

3,580 

300    0 

45      8 

15      0 

14  14 

197,472' 

0,114 

3,074 

391     1 

48      3 

19     11 

14  50 

12 

1,100 

1,408 

13      0 

12  34 

2 

234 

6,100 

1,923 

310    6 

39      0 

24      0 

10  00 

4 

307 

7  150 

3  941 

400    0 

54      5* 

20      0 

15  09 

269,280' 

3,380 

1,912 

304    8 

40      8 

15      9 

13  50 

691 

3  085 

234    0 

33      6 

15    10 

10  50 

205 

1  Gallons  fuel  oil. 

Navy 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


SHIPS  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES   NAVY— VESSELS   BUILT— Continued. 

GUNBOATS 


I 

)imension 

s 

Name 

Dis- 
place- 
ment 

Net 
tonnage 
for 
Suez 
Canal 

Length 
on 
L.  W.  L. 

Beam 

Draft 
aft  at 
de- 
signed 
full 
load 

Speed 

Guns 
of  4 
inches 
and 
over 

Guns 
under 
4 
inches 

Coal 
capacity 
bunkers 

Tons 
1,010 

Tons 
560 

Ft,  In. 
168    0 

Ft.  In. 
36    0 

Ft,  In. 
12    9 

Knots 
13  17 

6 

6 

Tons 
235 

Callao            

243 

115    3 

17  10 

7    6 

10  00 

4 

34 

1,177 

398 

204    0 

32    1J 

12    0 

16  03 

2 

6 

215 

Dolphin          

1,486 

447 

240    0 

32    0 

17    0 

15  50 

G 

271 

1  13') 

366 

210    0 

32    0 

15    8 

12  20 

2 

10 

209 

1,085 

568 

174    0 

35    0 

13    4 

12  90 

6 

6 

252 

Elcano    

620 

157  11 

26    0 

12    0 

11  00 

4 

4 

96 

1,392 

921 

250    9 

39    8 

10    0 

15  50 

8 

4 

307 

1,030 

314 

192    8 

30    H 

12    0 

11  23 

4 

4 

163 

Machias  

1,177 

398 

204    0 

32     1-J 

13    7 

15  46 

4 

9 

267 

990 

532 

174    0 

34    0 

12  10 

13  02 

6 

6 

234 

190 

160    0 

24    6 

2    5 

13  25 

8 

13 

Nashville  

1,371 

756 

220    0 

38    1-J- 

12    7 

16  30 

8 

6 

372 

1,010 

560 

168    0 

36    0 

12    9 

12  29 

8 

229 

Paducah            

1,085 

174    0 

35    0 

13    4 

12  85 

4 

6 

242 

Palos   

190 

160    0 

24    6 

2    5 

13  25 

8 

13 

243 

568 

115    3 

17  10 

7    6 

10  00 

6 

34 

Petrel 

890 

181    4 

31    0 

12  10 

11  40 

4 

4 

198 

1,010 

362 

168    0 

36    0 

12    9 

10  64 

6 

c 

231 

350 

560 

137    9 

22    9 

9    3 

11  00 

4 

80 

1,261 

177    4 

32    0 

10  00 

182 

1,425 

210    0 

40  10| 

11     6 

12  78 

3 

2 

494 

243 

115    3 

17  10 

7    6 

10  50 

6 

34 

100 

110    0 

15    6 

5  10 

8  00 

4 

16 

1,010 

560 

168    0 

36    0 

12    9 

12  71 

6 

6 

248 

370 

148    0 

23    0 

9    0 

11  00 

6 

67 

990 

sis 

174    0 

34    0 

12  10 

12  SS 

6 

6 

256 

1,392 

921 

250    9 

39    8 

10    0 

15  08 

8 

4 

307 

Yorktown  

1,710 

482 

230    0 

36    0 

16    3 

16.14 

6 

8 

349 

TRANSPORTS 


Name 

Dis- 
place- 
ment 

Net 
tonnage 
for 
Suez 
Canal 

Dimensions 

Speed 

Guns 
of  4 
inches 
and 
over 

Guns 
under 
4 
inches 

Coal 
capacity 
bunkers 
(maxi- 
mum) 
42  cubic 
feet  per 
ton 

Carrying 
capacity 

Length 
on 
L.  W.  L. 

Beam 

Mean 
draft 

8 
tfi 

O 

Enlisted  Men 

Buffalo  

Tons 

6,000 

Tons 

Ft,  In. 
391  1 
212  6 
450  2 
39!  6 

Ft,  In. 
48  3 
29  9 
45  4 
4S  3 

Ft,  In. 
19  5 
11  0 

24  3 

20  9 

Knots 
14.5 
10.5 

14'  5 

6 

4 
2 
8 
15 

Tons 
1,408 
246 
900 
1  ,330 

29 
15 

23' 

800 
200 
192 
750 

1,115 

8,500 

Prairie  

6,620 

SCPPLY  SHIPS. 


Name 

Dis- 
place- 
ment 

Net 
tonnage 
for 
Suez 
Canal 

Dimensions 

Speed 

Guns 
under 
4 
inches 

Coal 

capacity 
bunkers 
(maxi- 
mum) 
42  cubic 
feet  per 
ton 

Cargo 
capacity 

Length 
on 
L.  W.  L. 

Beam 

Moan 
draft 

Celtic.                                  

Tons 
6,750 
0,000 
8,325 
4,325 

Tona 
2,483 
2,692 

Ft.  In. 
369    8 
334    4 
353    0 
3!2     7 

Ft.  In. 
44  7 
43  0 
46  1 
43  4 

Ft,  In. 
21  0 
21  9 
25  4 
19  5 

Knots 
10.5 
13.25 
12.3 
9.66 

4 
4 

4 
(i 

Tons 
757 
9  SO 
.  939 
1  .(154 

Tona 

Culgoa  

Glacier 

Supply    

HOSPITAL  SHIP 


Name 

Dis- 
place- 
ment 

Net 
tonnage 
for 
Suez 
Canal 

Dimensioi 

s 

Speed 

Coal 

capacity 
bunkers 
(maxi- 
mum) 

Capacity 
for 
patients 

Length 
L.  \V.  L. 

Beam 

Mean 

draft 

se 
c 

", 

Solace  

Tons 
5,700 

Tons 

Ft.  In. 
361     2 

Ft.  In. 
44  0 

Ft.  In. 
22  0 

Knots 
15.0 

Tons 
1,024 

0 

234 

Encyclopedic  Index' 


Navy 


SHIPS  OF  TUB  UNITED   STATES   NAVY— VESSELS   BUIUT— Continued. 

FUEL  SHIPS 


Name 

Dis-, 
place- 
ment 

Net 
tonnage 
for 
Suez 
Canal 

Dimensions 

Speed 

Coal  capacity 

Length 
over 
all 

Beam 

Moan 
draft, 
loaded 

Loaded 

Light 

Bunker, 
42  cubic 
feet  per 
ton 

Cargo 

Tons 
6,705 
9,250 
6,159 

Tons 
2,133 
3,320 

Ft.  In. 

325    6 
387    6 
343    6 
332    C 
322    1 
542    0 
403    0 
536    0 
542    0 
475    7 
403    0 
300    0 
542    0 
522    0 
323    5 
536    0 
522    0 
297    1 
284    0 
403    0 

Ft.  In. 
42    OJ 
46    6 
42    2 
41     6 
43  11 
65    0 
53    0 
65    0 
65    0 
56    0 
53    0 
39    0 
65    0 
62    0 
41    0 
65    0 
62    0 
40    5 
37    0 
53    0 

Ft.  In. 
22  10 
24    8 
20  11 
23     1 
19    7 
27    8 
24    8 
27    8 
27    8 
26    2 
24    8 
20    9 
27    7 
27    8 
22    0 
27    8 
27    8 
21    3 
22    6 
24    8 

Knots 
9.00 
10.00 
10.00 
10.00 
10.00 
14.61 
12.87 
14.32 
14.00 
14.00 
12.65 
10.5 
12.93 
14.58 
9.00 
14.47 
14.67 
11.00 
11.00 
12.82 

Knots 
ll.QO 

Tons 
832 
512 
685 
560 
779 
2,286 
837 
2,048 
2,092 
1,584 
837 
437 
2,048 
2,048 
307 
2,048 
2,048 
394 
469 
837 

Tons 
3,400 
5,000 

4,000 
3,156 
10,457 
8,128 
10,500 
10,457 
7,539 
8,128 
2,782 
10,500 
10,500 
3,500 
10,500 
10,500 
2,495 
2,672 
8,128 

Ajax  

Brutus     

6,600 
5,920 
19,360 
11,230 
19,132 
19  360 

2,314 
2,072 
7,055 
3,902 

ii.66 

Cyclops  

Hector 

Jason  ....              

14  500 

Mars  

11,230 
4,830 

3,902 

n'oo 

Neptune  

19,375 

Nereus  

19,000 

6,360 
19,132 

2,204 

Orion  

19  000 

n'oo 

Saturn     

4,842 
5  663 

Vulcan     

11.230 

3,092 

CONVKRTKD  YACHTS 


] 

Dimension 

8 

Coal 
capac- 

Name 

Dis- 
place- 
ment 

Length 

Beam. 

Mean 
draft 

Speed 

Guns 
.of  4 
inches 
and 
over 

Guns 
under 
4 
inches 

ity 
bunk- 
ers 
(maxi- 
mum), 
42  cu- 
bic feet 
per  ton. 

Aileen  

Tons. 
192 

Ft.  in. 
120    0 

Ft.  in. 
20    0 

Ft.  in. 
8    0 

Knots. 
14  0 

3 

Tons. 
46 

Dorothea  

594 

182    4 

23    5 

11    5 

14  0 

2 

80 

434 

155    6 

24    0 

11     6 

12  50 

2 

68 

Elfrida    

164 

101     6 

18    Oi 

7    9 

10  5 

1 

24 

786 

204    0 

27    2 

12    0 

17  0 

7 

123 

Hawk  

375 

145    0 

22    0 

11    6 

14  5 

1 

72 

Huntress  

82 

97    0 

16    0 

7    3 

14.0 

2 

17 

Mayflower  

2,690 

273    0 

36    0 

17    4 

14  50 

6 

538 

775 

212    9 

28    1 

11    0 

17  85 

4 

136 

Sylph             

152 

123    8 

20    0 

7    6 

15  0 

48 

Sylvia  

302 

130    0 

18    6 

10    0 

9  0 

4 

61 

Vixen                

806 

182    3 

28    0 

12    8 

16  0 

6 

195 

Wasp 

630 

180    0 

23    0 

12    0 

16  5 

2 

81 

975 

185    0 

27    6 

13  10 

14  0 

2 

174 

SPECIAL  TYPES 


1 

Dimensions. 

Guns 

Coal 

Dis- 

of 4 

Guns 

Name 

place- 

Type 

i 

Speed. 

inches 

under  4 

ity  of 

ment 

Length. 

Beam. 

Mean 
draft. 

and 
over. 

inches 

•* 

bunk- 
ers 

Tons. 

Ft.  in. 

Ft.  in. 

Ft.  in. 

Knots. 

Tons. 

Baltimore  

4,413 

Mine  depot  ship  

327    6 

48    7-| 

19    6 

20.10 

4 

4 

1,092 

Hannibal  

4,000 

Surveying  ship  

263    4 

39    3 

17    7 

10.0 

4  800 

Lebanon  

3,285 

Ammunition  ship  

249    0 

37    4J 

17    3 

10  0 

4 

4 

192 

Leonidas  

4,023 

Surveying  ship  

263    3 

39    2| 

17    7 

9.5 

200 

Prometheus  

12,585 

Repair  ship  

450    0 

60    1 

26    0 

16  0 

4 

1  614 

San  Francisco  .... 

4,083 

Mine  depot  ship  

310    0 

49    2 

18    9 

19.52 

8 

4 

640 

Vestal  

12,585 

Repair  ship  . 

450    0 

60    0 

26    0 

16  0 

4 

1  422 

Vesuvius  

930 

Torpedo  practice  ship  .  . 

252    4 

26    6J 

10    7 

21.65 

1 

135 

Navy 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


SHIPS   OF  THE  UNITED   STATES   NAVY— VESSELS   BUILT—  Continued. 

TOGS 


Name. 

Dis- 
place- 
ment. 

Dimensions. 

Indi- 
cated, 
horse- 
power. 

Speed. 

Coal 
capac- 
ity, 
^cu- 
bic feet 
per  ton. 

Length. 

Beam. 

Mean 
draft. 

Tons. 
187 
296 
318 
650 
548 
274 
450 
198 
702 
192 
202 
241 
548 
368 
192 
800 
1,120 
571 
755 
755 
275 
225 
230 
230 
487 
854 
401 
785 
194 
186 
270 
225 
2:3 
155 
1,120 
230 
450 
221 
548 
280 
684 
212 
355 
441 
300 
150 
152 
462 

Ft.  in. 
81    5 
107    0 
101    9 
141     6 
122    6 
91    5 
137    0 
101     6 
152    0 
92    6 
89    5 
96    9 
122    6 
104    0 
92    6 
141    4 
175    0 
125    5 
148    0 
148    0 
112    0 
92    6 
92    6 
92   -6 
131    0 
149    0 
124    4 
138    9 
101    0 
96    0 
93    0 
92    6 
99    0 
84    6 
175    0 
92    6 
137    0 
88    6 
122    6 
106    0 
110    0 
96    9 
110    0 
119    3 
116    0 
85    0 
92    0 
117    6 

Ft.  in. 
18  10-5 
22    6 
25    6 
29    0 
24    0 
21    0 
26    0 
20    6 
26    0 
30  1!} 
19    0 
20  10 
24    0 
24    0 
20  Hi 
27    6 
34    0 
26    3 
29    Oi 
29    0* 
27    3 
21     1 
21     1 
21     1 
25    0 
28    7 
27    0 
28    6 
21    0 
16    4 
28    0 
21    0 
21    0 
19    0 
34    0 
21     1 
26    0 
21     6 
24    0 
29    4 
30    0 
20    9 
25    0 
25    0 
21    0 
17    6J 
20  Hi 
25    6 

Ft.  in. 
8    5 
10    0 
8    0 
10    0 
12  10 
1U    0 
9    6 
9    0 
13    6 
8    0 
8    6 
9    3 
12  10 
11    0 
8    0 
14    1 
12    6 
14    0 
12    3 
12    3 
7    0 
8    9 
9    0 
9    0 
10    6 
12    0 
9     6 
12    0 
10    0 
7    6 
9    0 
8    9 
8    0 
8    0 
12    6 
9    0 
9    6 
9    3 
12  10 
9    0 
10    0 
9    0 
9  11 
12    0 
9    0 
8    0 
8    0 
12    0 

320 

600 
250 
550 
800 
550 
334 
350 
1,000 
350 
150 
175 
800 
400 
300 
935 
1,517 
800 
1,160 
1,160 
250 
450 
450 
450 
270 
2,000 
425 
2,000 
397 
125 
450 
450 
450 
290 
1,506 
506 
400 
540 
800 
240 

Knots. 
10.0 
12.0 
10.0 
10.0 
10.76 
10.0 
10.0 
12.0 
13.25 
11.58 
9.0 
10.0 
11.11 
12.0 
11.22 
12.0 
13.23 
14.0 
13.0 
13.0 
10.0 
12.2 
12.0 
12.0 
9.0 
16.0 
10.5 
16.0 
13.0 
10.0 
8.0 
12.0 
12.0 
10.0 
13.08 
11.10 
10.0 
11.0 
10.84 
10.0 

Tons. 
34 
82 
15 
120 
62,624' 
72 
111 
41 
210 
36 
35 
41 
62,624' 
33 
36 

Alice 

Fortune  

Jwanfl 

Modoc           

Mohave  

Narkeeta.        .         ... 

Navajo   

Ontario 

445 
154 
324 
324 
1? 
31 
29 
29 
70 
242 
46 
205 
58 
14 
34 
31 
31 
46 
445 
29 
82 
41 
52,624' 

Osceola   .         .... 

Patapsso    

Pawnee     .    . 

Pawtucket  

Pentucket  

Piscataqua 

Pontiac  

Pnwhaten           ,    , 

Rapido  

Rocket 

Samoset  

Sebago  

Sonoma     

Sotoyomo  

Standish 

Tpciimaph 

Tillamook  

Traffic 

Transfer  

Triton  

300 
500 
750 
450 
450 
300 
650 

13.0 
12.0 
12.0 
12.0 
13.0 
11.58 
13  0 

46 
7,885 
123 
77 
31 
36 
133 

Unadilla 

Uncaa 

Vigilant  

\Vaban  

Wahneta 

Wompatuck  

STEEL    VESSELS   TINDER   CONSTRUCTION    AND   AUTHORIZED 


Name  and 
Type. 

Dis- 
place- 
ment 
(tons). 

I.  H.  P. 

Propul- 
sion. 

Guns 
(main                 Name  and 
bat-                      Type. 
tcry). 

Dis- 
place- 
ment 
(tons). 

I.  H.  P. 

Propul- 
sion. 

Guns 
(main 
bat- 
tery). 

Battleships  — 
Nevada  
Oklahoma  
Pennsylvania.. 
Arizona  
California  
Mississippi  .... 

27,500 
27,500 
31,400 
31,400 
32,000 
32,000 
32.  OCX) 
32  (U) 
32  000 
32  000 

20,500 
24,800 
31,500 
34.000 
27,500 
32,000 
32,000 
27,500 
27,500 

T.  S. 
T.  S. 
4  screws. 
4  screws. 
4  screws. 
4  screws. 
4  screws. 
4  screws. 
4  screws. 

Wilkes 

1,110 
,110 

,085 

17,000 
17,000 

T.S. 
T.S. 

4 
4 

31              Shaw  
31              69  

34             70  

,035 

34              71   

,125 

31             72  

,134 

34             73  

,134 

31             71         

1  085 

New  Mexico.  .  . 
Tennessee  
43  ..      . 

34          Fuel  Ships— 
34             Cuyama  

14,500 

34             Maumcc  

14,500 

T.S. 

44.    . 

32  000 

4  screws. 

T.  S. 
T.  S. 
T.  S. 
T.  S. 
T.  S. 
T.S. 
T.S. 
T.  S. 
T.S. 

34          Transport- 
Henderson  
4          Supply  Ship  — 
4             No  1 

10,000 
8,500 

T.S. 
T.S. 

8 
4 

Dffltroyers  — 
Tucker  

1,090 
1  ,000 
1  ,000 
1,150 
1,1.00 
1,111 
1,111 
1,071 
1,071 

17,900 
18,000 
IS,  000 
17,000 
17,  (XX) 
17,000 
17,000 
17,500 
17,50*1 

Conyngharn.. 
Porter  
Jacob  Jones.  .  .  . 
VVainwright  
Sampson  
Rowan  
Davis  
Allen  

4          Tugs- 
4             Wando  

4             Pocahontas.  .  .  . 

fitibnnirincx.  —  A-2.  A  -3,  A-4.  A-">,  A-ti,  A-7, 
authorized    June,    1000;    I'.-l,   H-2,    P.-.'i,    C-l, 
iiuthorixed   April,    1JKI4  ;    C-'2.    C-3.    C-4,   C-5, 
D-l.   D-'2.   D-.'5.   authorized   June,   1900;   E-l, 

'Gallons  fuel  oil 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Navy 


E-2  P-l,  F-2,  F-3,  G-l,  G-4,  authorized  May, 
1!)08 ;  II-l,  H-2,  11-3,  authorized  March, 
1909-  K-l,  K-2,  K-3,  K-4,  authorized  June, 
1910;  K-5,  K-0,  K-7,  K-8,  authorized  March, 
15)11.  G-2,  G-3,  L-l,  L-2,  L-3,  ls-4.  L-5,  L-G, 
L-7,  L-8,  L-9,  L-10,  L-ll,  M-l,  Scnley  (fleet 
submarine),  N-l,  N-2,  N-3,  N-4,  N-5,  N-6, 
N-7,  80.  01  (fleet  submarines),  O-l,  O-2,  O-3, 
O-4,  O-5,  O-O,  O-7,  O-8,  O-9,  O-10,  O-ll, 
O-12,  O-13,  O-14,  O-15,  O-16. 

UNSBKVIOEABLH  FOH  WAR  PURPOSES. — 
Adams,  Boxer,  Constellation,  Constitution, 
Cumberland,  Essex,  Gopher,  Granite  State, 
Hartford,  Intrepid,  Mohican,  Philadelphia, 
Rainbow,  Itelnn  Mercedes,  Relief,  Richmond, 
Severn,  Southery,  Topeka,  Wolverine,  Yantic. 

UNITED  STATES  NAVY  PAY  ROLL. 

Rank  Base  Pay 

Admiral  $13,500 

Rear-Admirals,  first  nine  8.0UO 

Rear-Admirals,  second  nine 6,000 

Captains  4,000 

Commanders  3,500 

Lieutenant-Commanders  3,000 

Lieutenants 2,400 

Lieutenants  (Junior  Grade)  2,400 

Ensigns  1  ,"00 

Midshipmen  GOO 

All  staff  officers,  such  as  medical  direc- 
tors, chaplains,  naval  constructors,  pay  di- 
rectors, civil  engineers,  etc.,  to  receive  the 
pay  of  their  rank. 

Chief  boatswains,  and  other  commissioned 
warrant  officers,  receive  the  same  pay  as 
ensigns. 

Petty  officers  master-at-arms,  boats- 
wains' mates,  gunners'  mates,  gun  cap- 
tains, quartermasters,  machinists,  hospital 
stewards,  yeomen,  bandmasters,  first  musi- 
cians, coxswains,  electricians,  boiler-makers, 
coppersmiths,  blacksmiths,  plumbers  and  fit- 
ters, sailmakers'  mates,  carpenters'  mates, 
oilers,  printers,  painters,  water  tenders,  and 
hospital  apprentices  (first  class)  receive 
from  $39(5  to  $924  a  year. 

The  pay  of  second-class  seamen  per  month 
Is  $26  :  seamen  gunners,  $28  ;  firemen,  first 
class,  $88  ;  musicians,  first  class,  $34. 

The  pay  of  second-class  seamen  per  month 
is  :  Ordinary  seamen,  $21  :  firemen,  second 
class,  $33  ;  shipwrights,  $27  ;  musicians,  sec- 
ond class,  $33. 

The  pay  of  third-class  seamen  per  month 
is:  Landsmen,  for  training.  $17;  coal  pass- 
ers, $24  ;  apprentices,  third  class,  $10. 

The  pay  of  the  enlisted  men  of  the  Navy 
is  divided  into  the  following  items.  Pay  of 
48,000  petty  officers,  seamen,  etc.,  $21.887,- 
424 ;  3,500  apprentices  under  training, 
$742,749 ;  395  retired  enlisted  men,  $340,- 
095,  and  1,000  enlisted  men  in  prisons  un- 
dergoing sentences  of  court-martial,  etc., 
$335,406. 

Each  man  in  the  Navy  holding  an  hon- 
orable discharge  receives  a  bounty  upon  re- 
enlistment. 

Each  officer  or  enlisted  man  in  the  Navy 
who  dies  from  wounds  or  disease  contracted 
in  the  line  of  duty  is  entitled  to  have  paid 
to  'his  beneficiary  a  sum  equal  to  one-half 
of  his  annual  pay.  For  this  purpose  the 
sum  of  $75.000  will  be  required  for  the  fis- 
cal year  1914. 

The  term  of  enlistment  in  the  Navy  is 
four  years,  except  for  boys  under  eighteen, 
who  enlist  for  minority,  with  the  consent 
of  parents  or  guardian.  Minors  over  eight- 
een are  enlisted  without  the  consent  of  par- 
ents or  guardian,  but  they  must  furnish  a 
birth  certificate  or  verified  written  state- 
ment of  parent  or  guardian  as  to  their  age. 
Minors  under  twenty-one  years  of  age  will 
not  be  accepted  for  enlistment  if  their  par- 
ents object.  Only  American  citizens  of  good 
character  who  may  reasonably  be  expected 
to  remain  in  the  service  are  enlisted,  and 
every  applicant  must  pass  the  required 


physical  examination,  be  able  to  read  and 
write  English  and  take  the  oath  of  alle- 
giance. 

Roosevelt  was  the  most  Insistent  of  all 
Presidents  in  urging  naval  efficiency.  In 
his  flrst  annual  message  to  Congress  he 
says  (pages  6ti(!."i,  6GOO)  :  "The  work  of 
upbuilding  the  Navy  must  be  steadily  con- 
tinued. It  is  not  possible  to  improvise  a 
navy  after  war  breaks  out.  No  one  point 
of  our  policy,  foreign  or  domestic,  is  more 
important  than  this  to  the  honor  and  ma- 
terial welfare,  and  above  all  to  the  peace, 
of  our  nation  in  the  future.  Whether  we 
desire  it  or  not,  we  must  henceforth  rec- 
ognize that  we  'have  international  duties 
no  le.ss  than  international  rights.  *  *  * 
The  Navy  offers  us  the  only  means  of  mak- 
ing our  insistence  upon  the  Monroe  Doc- 
trine anything  but  a  subject  of  derision  to 
whatever  nation  chooses  to  disregard  It. 
We  desire  the  peace  which  comes  as  a  right 
to  the  just  man  armed ;  not  the  peace 
granted  on  terms  of  ignominy  to  the  craven 
and  the  weakling."  This  attitude  was 
maintained  througuout  his  administration. 

One  million  dollars  for  the  development 
of  aeronautics  in  the  navy,  the  largest 
amount  ever  appropriated  in  a  single  meas- 
ure for  this  object,  is  contained  in  the 
naval  appropriation  bill,  which  was  passed 
and  approved  durinsr  the  last  hours  of  the 
63d  Congress.  "Big  Navy"  men  in  both 
branches  regard  the  bill  as  a  triumph,  in- 
asmuch as  the  conferees  who  took  the  bill 
under  consideration  after  a  disagreement 
upon  it  was  reached,  restored  many  of  the 
items  cut  by  the  "little  navy"  men  in  the 
House  and  Senate.  The  bill  carries  an  ag- 
gregate of  $150,000,000  and  will  make  the 
following  additions  to  the  sea  forces  ;  two 
battleships,  six  destroyers,  two  sea-goiug 
submarines,  sixteen  coast  defense  sub- 
marines, and  one  fuel  ship.  The  hospital  ship 
and  the-  gunboat,  authorized  by  the  Senate, 
were  rejected  in  conference,  where  the  ap- 
propriation of  $500.000  for  a  Government 
projectile  plant,  and  the  appropriation  for  a 
second  hospital  ship  also  were  eliminated. 
Navy: 

Admiral  of,  revival  of  grade  of,  rec- 
ommended, 6345. 

Amalgamation  of  staff  corps  recom- 
mended, 7696. 

Appointments  in,  referred  to,  2129, 
2134. 

Apprentices,  corps  of,  recommended, 
2713. 

Appropriations  for.  (See  Navy  De- 
partment.) 

Army  and,  forces  mobilized  on  bor- 
ders of  Mexico  to  protect  interests 
of  citizens  of  United  States  dur- 
ing uprising,  7658. 

Auxiliary  in  Spanish-American  War, 
6313. 

Award  of  medals  in,  6927. 

Base  in  Philippines  advocated,  6880. 

Boys,  enlistment  of,  in,  recommended, 
1392,  1476,  2713. 

Bureau  of  Navigation,  report  of  chief 
of,  6294. 

Classifying  and  rating  of  officers  and 
men,  "6602. 

Classifying  and  manning  vessels  of, 
6613. 

Code  of,  revision  of,  recommended, 
2625. 


Navy 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Commissary      branch,      salaries      in, 

6700. 
Condition   and   equipment   at   end  of 

1911,  8075. 

Condition  of,  report  regarding,  trans- 
mitted, 6258. 

Courts-martial  in.      (See  Courts-Mar- 
tial.) 
Courts    of    inquiry    in,    referred    to, 

892. 

Development  of,  6666,  6722,  7001. 
Discipline   of — 
Discussed,  6166. 
Flogging     abolished,     referred     to, 

2633. 
Punishment    discussed,    2669,    2712, 

2714,  2822. 

Beferred  to,  2633,  2942. 
Discussed   by  President — 

Adams,    John,    226,    263,    270,    297, 

302. 

Adams,  J.  Q.,  876,  925,  955. 
Arthur,  46-38,  4671,  4674,  4726, 

4768,  4796,  4834,  4848. 
Buchanan,  2990,  3055,  3062. 
Cleveland,  4935,  5100,  5375,  5882, 

5972,  6164. 
Fillmore,  2624,  2633,  2668,  2711. 

2714. 
Grant,  3994,  4009,  4062,  4103,  4150, 

4202,  4249,  4304,  4362. 
Harrison,  Benj.,  5479,  5551,  5635, 

5758. 
Hayes,  4405,  4407,  4425,  4452,  4525, 

4565,  4573. 
Jackson,  1022,  1167,  1254,  1269, 

1334,  1392,  1411,  1444,  1475. 
Jefferson,  317,  333,  335,  360,  407, 

416,  442. 

Johnson,  3561,  3649,  3775,  3882. 
Lincoln,  3240,  3249,  3350,  3385, 

3449. 
McKinley,  6268,  6313,  6344,  6387, 

6451. 
Madison,  455,  461,  463,  471,  504, 

513,  519,  534,  538,  551. 
Monroe,  585,  594,  600,  603,  615,  618, 

631,  649,  677,  764,  783,  791,  800, 

811. 

Pierce,  2748,  2821,  2872,  2942. 
Polk,  2262,  2276,  2355,  2411,  2501. 
Eoosevelt,  6665,  6722,  6806,  6925, 

7001,  7066,  7069,  7114,  7117,  7236. 
Taft,  7371,  7429,  7470,  7529,  7695. 
Taylor,  1902,  1941,  2055,  2064,  2122, 

2127,  2129,  2130,  2131,  2134, 

2559. 
Van  Buren,  1609,  1719,  1754,  1818, 

1835. 

Washington,  185,  133. 
Education  in.    (See  Naval  Academy.) 
Eflicionoy   of,   6666,  6G68,   6926,   7001, 

7066,  7069. 

Elections  in,  interference  in,  by,  pro- 
hibited,   3866. 


Enlisted  men,  discharge  of,  6707. 
Pay  of,  6702,  6708. 

Establishment  of,  recommended,  193. 

Expenditures  of.  (See  Navy  Depart- 
ment.) 

Fighting  force  of,  in  Spanish-Ameri- 
can War,  6313. 

Foundry  for  making  heavy  guns  for, 
recommended,  4797,  4833. 

General  Board  of,  6668,  7069. 

General  Staff,  advocated,  6880,  7237. 

Gunboats.  (See  Vessels,  United 
States.) 

Hospital  ships,  two  recommended, 
7237. 

Increase  in.     (See  Vessels  for,  post.) 

Insane  asylum  for.  (See  Government 
Hospital  for  Insane.) 

Laws  in  relation  to,  1269. 

Lessons  of  Eusso-Japanese  War,  7076. 

Larger  Navy,  need  of,  6666.  6668, 
6925,  7000^  7066. 

Marine   Corps.     (See    Marine   Corps.) 

Manoeuvers  of,  6722. 

Naval  force  abroad.  (See  Chile; 
Great  Lakes;  Haiti;  Mediterranean 
Sea;  Peru;  Squadrons;  West  In- 
dies.) 

Naval  force  for  protecting  commerce 
indispensable,  193,  197,  226,  1719. 
Eeferred  to,  1835. 

Naval  parade  to  be  held  in  New  York 
Harbor,  5760. 

Naval  reserve   of  steamships  recom- 
mended,  5492. 
"Navy  Board — 

New  organization  of,  1252. 
Eeport  of,  referred  to,  2308. 
Should  be  dispensed  with,  1023. 

New  system  of  accountability  in,  rec- 
ommended, 1902. 

Nominations  for,  discussed,  3062. 

Number  of  available  vessels  and  men 
in  the  Spanish-American  War,  6313. 

Officers   in — 
Additional  grades  of,  recommended, 

3240. 
Conduct    of,    to    be    investigated, 

847. 

Flag  officer  to  take  rank  in  cer- 
tain cases  with  major-generals, 
3240. 

Increase  in  number  of,  1609. 
Letter  of   John    Eandolph,   Jr.,  re- 
lating  to    the    privileges    of    the 
House,    demanding    that    certain 
be   punished   for   insulting,   291. 
Nominations  of,  discussed,  3062. 
Promotion  of,  discussed,  2669,  4103, 

5973,  7495,  7496. 

Eelative  rank  witli  officers  in  Army 
referred  to,  2624,  2633,  2669, 
2714,  3240. 

Eetirod  list  for,  recommended, 
2624,  2669,  2714. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Navy 


Limitations       on,        recommended, 

2820. 

Salary  of — 

Equalization  of  pay  of  army  offi- 
cers and,  1254. 

Should  be  the  same  as  army  offi- 
cers, 1023. 
Payment  of,  resolution  providing  for, 

approved,  3350. 
Peace  establishment  of — 

Plan  for,  764,   791. 

Referred  to,  925,  4103. 

Should   be  permanent,   876. 
Pensioners  of.     (See  Pensioners.) 
Petty  officers  schools,  6742,  6748. 
Promotions  in.    (See  officers  in,  ante.) 
Punishment    in.      (See    disciplint3   of, 

ante.) 

Rank  in,  discussed,  3450. 
Rear-admiral  in,  rank  of  acting  con- 
ferred    upon     certain     officers     in- 
quired into,  4848. 
Reduction  in,  referred  to,  3561,  3775, 

3882. 
Referred  to,   594,   600,   615,   619,  650, 

1022,  2127,  4009. 
Reorganization       of,      recommended, 

2669. 
Revision  of  code  for  government  of, 

recommended,  2625. 
Rules    and   regulations   for,    referred 

to,    603,   1255. 
Scarcity  of  officers  and  enlisted  men 

discussed,  6756,  6763,  7002. 
School  of  instruction  for.      (See  Xa- 

val  Academy.) 

Seamen,  permanent  corps   of,  recom- 
mended, 2712. 
Should    be    in    readiness    for    actual 

service,  463. 

Statement  of,  585,  1167. 
Success  of,  due  to  enterprising  spirit 

of,  504. 
Sunday,  observance  of,  by,  enjoined, 

3326,  5464. 
Supplies  for  naval  force  referred  to, 

811. 
Timber  for — 

Care  of  reservations  for  supplying, 
referred  to,  3799. 

Machinery  for  preserving,  4676. 
Vessels     for,     construction     of,     dis- 
cussed, by  President — 

Adams,  John,  226,  263. 

Adams,  J.  Q.,  876,  927,  955. 

Arthur,  4638,  4727,  4768,  4796,  4834. 

Buchanan,  2990,  3055. 

Cleveland,  4935,  5100,  5376,  5882, 
5972,  6164. 

Grant,  4150,  4202,  4249,  4304,  4362. 

Harrison,  Benj.,  5479,  5551,  5635, 
5758. 

Hayes,    4565. 

Jackson,  1022,  1392,  1411,  1476. 

Jefferson,  317,  333,  360,  407,  442. 

Lincoln,  3385,  3450. 


McKinley,  6344. 

Madison,   455,    461,   471,    504,    513, 
538,  551. 

Monroe,  594,  615,  618,  631,  649,  677, 
765. 

Pierce,  2748,  2821,  2872,  2942. 

Polk,  2262,  2276,   2355,  2411. 

Roosevelt,   6666.    6806,    6926,    7001, 
7237. 

Taft,  7429,  7530,  7696. 

Tyler,  1941,  2122,  2130,   2131. 

Van  Burcn,  1609,  1719. 

Washington,  185,  193. 
Vice-admiral  of,  creation  of  grade  of, 

recommended,  3450,  6345. 
"War  College  discussed,  6166. 
Wireless  telegraph  station  established 

in  Canal  Zone  for  use  of,  8340. 
Navy  Board: 

New  organization  of,  1252. 
Report   of,  referred   to,  2308. 
Should  be   dispensed  with,   1023. 
Navy,  Department  of. — The  Continental 
Navy    was    under    the    direction    of    vari- 
ous   committees,    boards    and    agents ;    the 
first    committee,    being   one    of   three    mem- 
bers,  was   appointed  on   Oct.    13.    1775.      In 
1781,  the   Board   of  Admiralty   then   acting 
was   replaced    by   the   Secretary    of    Marine, 
whose  duties  correspond  with'those  of  the 
present  Secretary  of  the  Navy  ;   but  before 
the    end    of    that    year    the    duties    of    the 
office    were    transferred    to    the    Treasury 
Department. 

Upon  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution, 
in  1789,  naval  matters  were  placed  under 
the  jurisdiction  of  the  War  Department 
and  so  remained  until  April  30.  17118.  when 
in  consequence  of  depredations  of  French 
cruisers,  twelve  new  ships  were  added  to 
the  fleet  ;  and  the  modern  Department  of 
the  Navy  was  organized  with  a  Secretary 
at  its  head.  In  1815  a  board  of  three 
"Navy  Commissioners"  was  created  which 
was  charged  with  the  duty  of  procuring 
uav.il  stores,  of  constructing  and  equipping 
vessels  and  of  superintending  the  navy 
yards  ;  the  order  creating  these  Commis- 
sioners expressly  provides  that  they  should 
not  interfere  with  the  powers  of  the  Sec- 
retary of  the  Navy  Department. 

In  1842  five  bureaus,  namely,  Navy 
Yards  and  Docks.  Construction,  Equipment 
and  Repairs,  Clothing  and  Provisions,  Ord- 
nance and  Hydrography,  and  Medicine  and 
Surgery  took  the  place  of  the  Commis- 
sioners. Another  reorganization  took  place 
in  1862  which  placed  the  Department  sub- 
stantially upon  its  present  basis.  The 
Hydrographic  Office  was  then  established 
and  the  office  of  Judge-Advocate-General, 
created  in  1865,  was  reorganized  in  1880. 
Although  assistants  to  the  Secretary  had 
been  from  time  to  time  appointed  before 
that  date,  it  was  not  till  1890  that  the 
office  of  Assistant  Secretary  was  estab- 
lished. 

The  Secretary  of  the  Navy  has  the  gen- 
eral supervision  of  the  work  of  the  Depart- 
ment, and.  although  under  the  Constitution 
the  President  is  Commander-in-chief  of 
the  Navy,  the  official  acts  of  the  Secretary 
are  final.  The  details  of  the  Secretary's 
duties  are  carried  out  by  eight  Bureaus, 
each  presided  over  by  a  naval  officer  hav- 
ing the  actual  or  nominal  rank  of  Rear- 
Admiral.  The  Bureau  of  Navigation  at- 
tends to  the  promulgation  and  enforcement 
of  the  Secretary's  orders  ;  the  education  of 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Navy 


officers  (see  Naval  Academy)  ;  the  enlist- 
ment and  education  of  enlisted  men  ;  keeps 
their  records  and  preserves  the  Naval  Reg- 
ister; and  directs  the  enforcement  of  all 
regulations.  The  Bureau  of  Yards  and 
Docks  attends  to  the  construction,  equip- 
ment and  maintenance  of  all  Docks  and 
Navy  Yards.  The  Bureau  of  Equipment 
furnishes  all  supplies  to  the  ships,  directs 
the  Naval  Observatory  (q.  v.)  and  pre- 
pares the  Nautical  Almanac;  the  Hydro- 
graphie  Office,  whose  duties  relate  to  the 
preparation  of  charts  and  gathering  Infor- 
mation on  all  kinds  of  nautical  subjects,  Is 
a  branch  of  this  Bureau.  The  Bureau  of 
Ordnance  supervises  the  manufacture  of 
offensive  arid  defensive  armor  and  appa- 
ratus, and,  In  connection  with  the  Bureau 
of  Construction  and  Repairs,  their  installa- 
tion on  the  ships.  The  Bureau  of  Construc- 
tion and  Repairs  designs  and  constructs 
war-ships,  has  charge  of  the  docking  of  the 
ships  and  repairing  all  permanent  fixtures. 
The  Bureau  of  Steam-Engineering  con- 
structs and  repairs  all  steam  machinery. 
The  Bureau  of  Medicine  jind  Surgery  has 
charge  of  and  furnishes  supplies  to  the 
Medical  Department  and  all  naval  hospi- 
tals. The  Bureau  of  Supplies  and  Ac- 
counts furnishes  all  the  general  supplies 
and  keeps  all  naval  accounts. 

In  addition  to  these  Bureaus,  the  offices 
of  the  Judge-Advocate-General  form  the 
law  department  of  the  Navy.  The  Com- 
mandant of  Marines  Is  the  head  of  the 
Marine  Corps  (q.  v.).  The  General  Board, 
composed  of  naval  officers  of  various 
grades,  advises  the  Secretary  on  technical 
matters  and  submits  plans  for  naval  ma- 
noeuvres, etc. 

Building  Pronramme. — The  Secretary  of 
the  Navy  in  his  annual  report  for  1913, 
recommended  the  authorization  by  Con- 
gress of  a  building  programme  which 
should  include  two  dreadnaughts,  eight 
destroyers  and  three  submarines  annually. 

Naval  Schools. — There  was  established 
on  board  the  Des  Mpincx,  in  1913,  a  school 
for  academic,  vocational  and  technical  In- 
struction of  enlisted  men.  The  experiment 
met  with  such  success  that  It  was  pro- 
posed to  install  the  school  generally  upon 
the  ships  and  at  the  shore  stations  of  the 
navy.  Four  schools  are  now  maintained 
for  training  recruits — at  Newport,  Nor- 
folk, Chicago  and  San  Francisco. 

Enlistments. — The  policy  recently  adopt- 
ed by  the  department  of  raising  the  stand- 
ard for  admission  to  the  navy  has  in- 
creased the  number  as  well  as  bettered  fhe 
character  of  the  men  entering  the  service. 
There  is  now  a  ri"id  exclusion  of  those  not 
morally  or  physically  fit. 

For  more  detailed  information  as  to  the 
scope  and  activities  of  the  Navy  Depart- 
ment consult  the  index  references  to  the 
Presidents'  Messages  and  Encyclopedic 
articles  under  the  following  headings  : 


Following  Is  a  list  of  the  secretaries  of 
the  Navy  and  the  Presidents  under  whom 
they  served  : 


Bureau  of  Construc- 
tion and  Repair. 

Bureau  of  Medicine 
and  Surgery. 

Bureau  of  Naviga- 
tion. 

Bureau  of  Ordnance. 

Bureau  of  Steam 
Engineering. 

Bureau  of  Yards  and 
Docks. 

ITydrographic   office. 

Judge  Advocate 
General. 

Marine  Corps. 


Marine  Insurance. 

Marine.  Secretary  of. 

Nautical  Almanac. 

Naval  Academy. 

Naval  Consulting 
Board. 

Naval  Militia. 

'Naval  Observatory. 

Naval  Reserve. 

Naval  War  College. 

Navigation  Act. 

Navigation  Laws. 

Navy  Yards. 

Office  naval  opera- 
tions. 


PRESIDENT 

Secretary  of  the  Navy 

,-g 

<! 

a 

Adams.  .  .  . 

George  Cabot,  Massachusetts.  .  • 

1798 

" 

Benjamin  Stoddert,  Maryland.- 

1798 

Jefferson.  .  . 

"                          " 

1801 

" 

Robert  Smith,  Maryland  • 

1801 

" 

Jacob  Crowninshield,  Mass  • 

180.5 

Madison..  . 

Paul  Hamilton,  South  Carolina.  • 

1809 

" 

William  Jones,  Pennsylvania.  .  .  • 

1813 

" 

B.  W.  Crowninshield,  Mass.  .  .  .  • 

1814 

Monroe..  .  . 

"                      " 

1817 

"       .... 

Smith  Thompson,  Now  York 

1818 

"       .... 

Samuel  L.  Southard,  New  Jersey- 

1823 

J.Q.Adams. 

«                      « 

1825 

Jackson  — 

John  Branch,  North  Carolina  .  .  • 

1829 

"       

Levi  Woodbury,  NewHampshire- 

1831 

"       .... 

Mahlon  Dickerson,  New  Jersey.  • 

1834 

Van  Buren. 

"                         " 

1837 

" 

James  K.  Paulding,  New  York.  • 

1838 

Harrison..  . 

George  E.  Badger,  N.  Carolina.  • 

1841 

Tyler  

"                      "            .  • 

1841 

"     

Abel  P.  Upshur,  Virginia  • 

1841 

** 

David  Henshaw,  Massachusetts- 

1843 

« 

Thomas  W.  Gilmer,  Virginia.  .  .  • 

1844 

« 

lohn  Y    Alason    Virginia              • 

1844 

Polk  

George  Bancroft,  Massachusetts- 

1845 

« 

1846 

Taylor  

William  B.  Preston,  Virginia.  .  .  - 

1849 

Fillmore.  .  . 

William  A.  Graham,  N.  Carolina' 

1850 

" 

John  P.  Kennedy,  Maryland.  .  .  . 

1852 

Pierce  

James  C.  Dobbin,  N.  Carolina.  . 

1853 

Buchanan  . 

Isaac  Toucey,  Connecticut  

1857 

Lincoln..  .  . 

Gideon   Welles,  Connecticut.  .  .  - 

1861 

Johnson.  .  . 

u                               u 

1865 

Grant.  . 

Adolph  E.  Boric,  Pennsylvania.  . 

1869 

George  M.  Robeson,  New  Jersey. 

1869 

Hayes  

Richard  W.  Thompson,  Indiana.  . 

1877 

* 

Nathan  Goff,  Jr.,  West  Virginia.  ' 

1881 

Garfield... 

William  H.  Hunt,  Louisiana.  .  .  . 

1881 

Arthur.  .  .  . 

Win.  E.  Chander,  N.  Hampshire. 

1X82 

Cleveland.. 

William  C.  Whitney,  New  York.. 

1885 

B.  Harrison 

Benjamin  F.  Tracy,  New  York.  . 

1889 

Cleveland.. 

Hilary  A.  Herbert,  Alabama.  .  .  . 

1893 

McKinley.. 

John  D.  Long,  Massachusetts.  .  . 

1897 

Roosevelt.. 

"                      "          .  .  . 

1901 

« 

Wrilliam  H.  Moody,  Mass  

1902 

a 

Paul  Morton,  Illinois  

1904 

«           " 

C.  J.  Bonaparte,   Maryland  

1905 

" 

Victor  H.  Metcalf  ,  California  .... 

1907 

" 

Truman  II.  Newberry,  Michigan. 

1908 

Taft    .    .  . 

George   von  L.   Meyer,  Mass.  .  . 

1909 

Wilson.  .  .  . 

Joscphus  Daniels,  N.  Carolina.  . 

1913 

Navy  Department: 

Accounts  of,  in  Fourth  Auditor 's  Of- 
fice referred  to,  1096. 
Amount  charged  to  State  Department 
for  services  rendered  by  naval  ves- 
sels referred  to,  3660. 
Appointments  in,  referred  to,  1965. 
Appropriations  for,  927,  4426. 

Diverted   to   survey  of  Isthmus  of 

Darien   referred   to,   4000. 
Necessary  to  render  efficient,  1444. 
Eecommended,  955,  1168,  1475,  2055, 

2872,  4405,  4674,  4796. 
Referred  to,  4407. 
Transfer     of,     referred     to,     1818, 

2122. 

Act  authorizing,  approved,  2131. 
Appropriations  for  docks,  etc.,  should 
be  separated  from  those  for  naval 
service,   2625,    2670. 


Navy 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Board  of  Commissioners  for,  referred 

to,   603,    631. 

Clerks  in,  referred  to,  3585. 
Deficiencies  in,  referred  to,  4407. 
Expenditures  of,  335,  800,  2055,  2064, 
2625,  2670,  3450,  3650,   3775,  3882, 
4062,  4407,  4425,  4452,   4525,  4573, 
5376,  5972. 
Fireproof  building  for,  recommended, 

2281,  2704. 

Land  reserved  for  use  of,  6703,  6706. 
Navy  Board — 

New  organization  of,  1252. 
Eeport  of,  referred  to,  2308. 
Should  be  dispensed  with,  1023. 
Persons  employed  in,  without  express 

provisions  of  law,  1964,  2174. 
Transfer  of— 

Coasts,    Survey    to,    recommended, 

4727,  4932,  5973. 

Light-House     Service     to,     recom- 
mended, 4727. 
Payment     of    naval    pensions     to, 

recommended,  4060. 

Navy  League.     (See  Preparedness  So- 
cieties.) 

Navy  List. — A    complete    account    of    tlie 
ships,    personnel,    and   general   organization 
of    the    Navy    Department    of    the    United 
States,  similar  to  the  Army  List  (q.  v.). 
Navy    Medical     Department,     relative 

rank  of  officers  of,  7000. 
Navy,  Secretary  of: 

Letter    of    Bovnton    and    Fisher    to, 

referred  to,  3669. 
Eeport  of,   3236,  6294. 

Discussed.      (See  Navy  discussed.) 
Transmitted,    335,    845,    994,    1097, 

1444,  2064. 

Navy  Yards. — Yards,  docks,  and  shops  for 
construction  and  repair  of  vessels,  and  sta- 
tions for  coaling,  storing  supplies,  and  as 
bases  for  operation  are  maintained  by  the 
Navy  Department  as  follows  : 

1.  New  York  Navy  Yard,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

2.  Boston  Navy  Yard,  Boston,  Mass. 

3.  Norfolk  Navy  Yard,  near  Norfolk,  Va. 

4.  Portsmouth  Navy  Yard,  Portsmouth,  N.  II. 

5.  Philadelphia    Navy    Y'ard,     Philadelphia, 

Pa. 

C.  Maro  Island  Navy  Yard,  near  San  Fran- 
cisco,  Cal. 

7.  Washington     Navy     Y'ard,     Washington, 

D.    C. 

8.  Pugct     Sound     Navy    Y'ard,     Bremerton, 

Wash. 

0.  Charleston  Navy  Y'ard,  Charleston,  S.  C. 
Navy  Yards: 

At    Boston,    machinery    at,    for    pre- 
serving wood,  referred  to,  4676. 
Title  of  United   States   to  land   oc- 
cupied as,  referred  to,  4698. 
At   New    York,    7if>\v   boiler   shop   at, 

recommended,  4681. 
At  Norfolk,  emplovmciit  at,  referred 

to.  3Gf>0. 

At  Washington,  manufacture  of  guns 
at,  discussed,   5073. 


Civil  service  in  connection  with,  dis- 
cussed,   5974. 
Order  regarding,  6146. 
Defense    of,    demands    attention    of 

Congress,  1754. 

Discontinuance   of,   on   Atlantic   sea- 
board referred  to,  2958. 
Establishment  of — 
At     Memphis     referred     to,     2202, 

2829. 

On   Atlantic   seaboard  recommend- 
ed, 3385,  3450. 
Mississippi    River  recommended, 

2132. 
San  Francisco  Bay  recommended, 

2669. 
Western       river      recommended, 

3385. 

Eecommended,  3561. 
Improvements  in,  recommended,  4062. 
Labor    at,     secured    through    boards 
of    labor,     employment,     discussed, 
6166. 

List  of.     (See  Encyclopedic  Index  ar- 
ticle on  the  Navy.) 
Officers  and  men  in,  referred  to,  765, 

3660. 
Referred  to,  6255. 

Near  East,  and  Europe,  political  condi- 
tions in,  7667. 

Near  East,  commerce  with,  7667. 

Near  Eastern  Division,  State  Depart- 
ment.— This  division  was  organized  In  1009 
by  Secretary  of  State  Knox.  It  falls  under 
the  supervision  of  the  third  assistant  secre- 
tary of  state  (q.  v.)  ;  and  it  has  charge  of 
matters  other  than  administrative  in  Ger- 
many, Austria-Hungary.  Russia,  Roumania, 
Servia,  Bulgaria,  Montenegro,  Turkey, 
Greece,  Italy,  Abyssinia,  Persia.  Egypt  and 
the  colonies  of  these  countries.  (See  State 
Department.) 

Nebraska. — One  of  the  western  group  of 
states ;  nickname,  "Black  Water  State." 
Motto,  "Equality  before  the  law."  It 
extends  from  lat.  40°  to  43°  north  and 
from  long.  95°  25'  to  104°  west.  It  ia 
bounded  on  the  north  by  South  Dakota 
(partly  separated  by  the  'Missouri  River), 
on  the  east  by  Iowa  and  Missouri  (sepa- 
rated from  both  by  the  Missouri  River),  on 
the  south  by  Kansas  and  Colorado,  and 
on  the  west  by  Colorado  and  Wyoming, 
and  has  an  area  of  77,520  square  miles. 

Nebraska  originally  formed  part  of  the 
Louisiana  Purchase  and  was  later  made  a 
part  of  the  Territory  of  Missouri.  It  was 
made  a  Territory  in  1854,  and  included 
portions  of  the  Dakotas,  Montana,  Wyo- 
ming and  Colorado.  Nebraska  was  admitted 
to  the  Union  in  1867.  The  State  takes 
its  name  from  the  river.  It  was  first 
permanently  settled  nt  Bellevue  in  1S47. 

The  State  is  one  of  the  first  in  the 
production  of  corn,  being  extremely  ferlile 
in  (he  eastern  part  and  along  the  Platte 
River.  Us  principal  industries  are  agricul- 
ture and  stock  raising,  slaughtering  and 
meat  packing.  South  Omnha  being  one  of 
the  great  cattle  markets  of  the  world 
Butter,  cheese,  condensed  milk  and  kindred 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Negroes 


dairy  products  are  the  chief  manufactured 
products. 

The  Federal  irrigation  scheme,  completed 
In  1011,  includes  the  watering  of  110,000 
acres  of  Nebraska  and  Wyoming.  There 
are  3,074,658  acreg  of  land  in  the  State 
unreserved  and  unappropriated.  Land 
offices  are  located  at  Alliance,  Broken  Bow, 
Lincoln,  North  Platte,  O'Neill  and  Valen- 
tine. 

Statistics  of  agriculture  collected  for  the 
last  Federal  census  place  the  number  of 
farms  in  the  State  at  129,678,  comprising 
38,622,021  acres,  valued,  with  stock  and 
improvements,  at  $2,079,817,647.  The  aver- 
age value  of  land  per  acre  was  $41.80,  an. 
increase  from  $16.27  In  1900.  The  value 
of  domestic  animals,  poultry,  etc.,  was  $222,- 
222,004,  including  2.932.350  cattle,  valued 
nt  $73,074,057;  1,008.378  horses,  $102.804,- 
!)07  :  83,405  mules,  $10,374,076;  3.435,734 
swine,  $29,649,482  ;  293,500  sheep,  $1,486,- 
948.  The  yield  and  value  of  field  crops 
for  1911  is  given  as:  Corn,  7,425,000  acres, 
155,925.000  bushels,  $85,759,000 ;  wheat, 
3,098,000  acres,  41,594.000  bushels,  $36,- 
169,000 ;  oats,  2,500,000  acres,  34,750,000 
bushels,  $14,942,000;  rye,  52,000  acres, 
676,000  bushels,  $507,000  ;  potatoes,  116,000 
acres,  6,032,000  bushels,  $5,549,000;  hay, 
1,350,000  acres,  1,148,000  tons,  $11,- 
136,000. 

While  not  noted  as  a  manufacturing 
state,  Nebraska  has  2.500  establishments, 
employing  32.000  persons,  and  capitalized 
at  about  $100,000.  These  are  engaged  in. 
slaughtering  and  meat  packing,  manufactur- 
ing flour  and  meal  and  dairy  products  for 
shipment,  and  minor  Industries  incidental 
to  local  needs.  The  value  of  the  output  of 
the  manufactories  in  1911  was  about  $200,- 
000,000.  There  are  no  mines  in  the  State. 
The  receipts  at  the  State  Treasury  for  the 
biennial  period  ending  Nov.  30,  1910,  were 
$10,960,919,  and  the  disbursements  $10,- 
744,066  ;  balance  on  hand,  $601,290.  School, 
college  and  university  trust  funds  of  the 
State  amounted  to  $8,863,690. 

The  number  of  manufacturing  establish- 
ments in  Nebraska  having  an  annual  output 
valued  at  $500  or  more  at  the  beginning  of 
1915  was  2,493.  The  amount  of  capital  in- 
vested was  $121,020,000,  giving  employment 
to  33,695  persons,  using  material  valued  at 
$174,114,000,  and  turning  out  finished  goods 
worth  $221,616,000.  Salaries  and  wages 
paid  amounted  to  $24,011,000. 

Nebraska  (see  also  Omaha) : 
Act- 
Extending  time  of  payment  to  pur- 
chasers  of   Indian  lands   in,   ve- 
toed, 5525. 

For  admission  of,  into  Union,  ve- 
toed, 3687. 
For  sale  of  Indian  reservation  in, 

4656. 

To  provide  for  lease  of  Fort  Oma- 
ha Military   Reservation   to,  ve- 
toed, 6119. 
Admission  of,  into  Union,  proclaimed, 

3714. 

Indian    lands     in,     titles    to,     extin- 
guished, proclaimed,  5535. 
Memorial  from  citizens  of,  regarding 

creation  of  new  Territory,  3111. 
Military  forces   sent   to   and  reasons 

therefor,  discussed,  4673. 
Public  lands  in,  survey  of,  referred 
to,  4959. 


Eed   Cloud  Agency  in,  deficiency  in 

supplies  at,  4312,  4313. 
Supplies   issued,   suffering  people   in, 

referred  to,  4272. 

?•  Survey-general  in,  recommendations 
for  discontinuance  of  office  of, 
4959. 

Negotiations,  Diplomatic,  Breaking  of. 
i       (See  Diplomatic  Negotiations,  Break- 
ing of.) 

Negro  Plot. — An  alleged  attempt  on  the 
part  of  certain  negroes,  incited  and  as- 
sisted by  whites,  to  burn  New  York  City. 
March  18,  1741,  a  fire  occurred  in  the 
chapel  and  barracks  of  Fort  George.  It 
was  at  first  thought  to  be  accidental,  but 
eight  other  fires  of  unaccountable  origin 
within  a  month  strengthened  the  allegation 
of  one  Mary  Burton,  a  servant  in  the 
employ  of  John  Hnghson,  that  a  number  of 
negroes  and  sailors  were  implicated  in  a 
plot  to  destroy  the  town.  It  was  charged 
that  the  Spanish  were  inciting  plots  among 
the  negroes.  Twenty  whites  and  more  than 
160  negro  slaves  were  imprisoned.  Four 
whites  and  18  negroes  were  hanged  and  13 
others  were  burned  at  the  stake  before  the 
:  excitement  abated. 

Negro     Troops. — In     early     Revolutionary 

days  and  in  the  first  two  years  of  the  Civil 

War    negro    troops    were    employed     to    a 

limited    extent.     In    July,    18G3,    a    general 

:    provision  was  made  for  their  enlistment  in 

I    the    Union    Army    and    numbers    were    in 

*    service.     Since    the    Civil    War    there    have 

'    always    been    negro    troops    in    the    regular 

j    army.     They  served  in  the  war  with  Spain 

\1    in   1898,    and   proved   to   be   less   subject   to 

1    the    prevailing    fever    and     the    enervating 

1    effects  of  heat  than  white  soldiers. 

Negroes. — According  to  the  census  of  1900 
;i  there  were  in  the  United  States  9,192,389 
colored  inhabitants.  Of  these,  119,050  were 
Chinese,  85.986  Japanese,  and  266.760  In- 
dians, leaving  8.621,493  negroes,  or  about 
one-ninth  the  entire  population. 

Negroes  (see  also  Freedmen;  Liberia): 
;»      Colonization   of — 

Discussed,   3255,   3328,   3341,   3401, 

3588. 

In    Mexico,    and    action    taken    by 
United  States  for  relief  of,   dis- 
cussed, 6066,  6096. 
Vessels  to  bring  back,  3433. 
Education     and     industrial     training, 

recommended,  7032. 
Emigration    of — 
•    Agreement  with  Bernard  Koch  for, 

canceled,  3368. 
Discussed,  3653. 

Exposition  to  commemorate  achieve- 
ments of,  8064. 

Lynching  of,  discussed,  5767,  7030. 
Recruiting   of,   in   War   between    the 

States,    order    regarding,    G335. 
Sale  of,  taken  from  United  States  by 

British  forces,  referred  to,  6278. 
To  be  employed  for  military  purposes 
in   war  between   the   States,  order 
regarding,  3318. 

Welfare    of,    discussed   by   President 
Taft,  7376. 


Nepal 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Nepal. — Nepal  lies  between  26°  20'-30" 
KX  N.  lat.  and  80°  15'-88°  14'  E.  long., 
with  an  extreme  breadth  from  west  to  east 
of  520  miles,  and  a  mean  of  150  miles  from 
north  to  south.  The  State  is  bounded  on 
the  north  by  Tibet ;  on  the  east  by  Sik- 
kim  ;  on  the  south  by  Bengal  and  Bihar  and 
Orissa  ;  and  on  the  southwest  and  west  by 
Agra  and  Oudh.  The  area  is  54,000 
square  miles.  The  dominant  race  is  the 
Gurkhali,  or  Gurkha,  descendants  of  Brah- 
mans  and  Rajputs  who  retreated  from  India 
during  the  Muhammadan  invasions  of  the 
fourteenth,  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries, 
and  conquered  the  country  in  the  eighteenth 
century  A.  D.  The  inhabitants  are  almost 
entirely  Buddhists,  but  their  languages  dif- 
fer according  to  racial  distinctions,  the 
Gurkha  dialect  being  of  Sanskrit  origin, 
and  the  remaining  dialects  akin  to  Tibetan. 
The  population  is  estimated  at  5.000,000. 

Physical  Features. — The  Himalayas  trav- 
erse the  centre  of  western  Nepal,  and  ex- 
tend along  the  northern  boundary  of  the 
eastern  division,  where  the  highest  peak  of 
the  whole  range,  Mount  Everest,  rises  to 
29,002  feet  above  sea  level,  the  greatest 
land  altitude  yet  ascertained. 

Western  Nepal  contains  many  fertile  val- 
leys north  and  south  of  the  range,  and 
tire  southern  portion  of  eastern  Nepal  con- 
tains low-lying  alluvial  land  known  as  the 
taraf. 

The  rivers  of  Nepal  flow  from  the  Hima- 
layas with  a  general  southward  course 
to  the  Ganges,  their  tributaries  flowing 
through  the  valleys  between  parallel  ranges 
of  lower  elevation  than  the  Himalayas. 
The  valley  of  Nepal  and  the  southern  plains 
have  a  rainy  season  from  June  to  October, 
winter  from  October  to  March,  and  a  hot 
season  from  April  to  June.  The  climate  of 
the  mountains  and  higher  valleys  depends 
on  latitude  as  well  as  altitude,  and  varies 
from  tropical  to  alpine  conditions. 

History. — The  conquest  of  Nepal  by  the 
Gurkhas  was  completed  in  1705,  since  which 
date  the  whole  country  has  been  under  the 
hereditary  rule  of  the  Sahi  dynasty.  Since 
1816  the  actual  power  has  been  in  the 
hands  of  successive  Prime  Ministers.  The 
southern  trend  of  the  Gurkha  conquests  led 
to  a  war  with  the  British  Government  of 
India  in  1814-1 810,  since  Which  time  a  Brit- 
ish resident  has  been  accepted  at  Kat- 
mandu. 

Government. — Internal  affairs  are  unfet- 
tered, but  foreign  relations  are  controlled 
by  the  Government  of  India,  and  by  ar- 
rangement with  Nepal,  India  obtains  many 
fine  recruits  for  its  Gurkha  regiments. 

The  public  laws  have  been  greatly  modi- 
fied since  the  first  visit  of  the  Nepalese 
Prime  Minister  to  Kngland  in  1851,  and 
the  death  penalty  is  now  confined  to  murder 
and  the  killing  of  cows,  manslaughter  and 
cattle  maiming  being  punished  by  imprison- 
ment for  life.  The  private  code,  especially 
caste  law,  is  somewhat  rigorous,  and  slavery 
Is  a  recognized  institution. 

Ruler :  Maharajadhiraja  Trlbhubana  Bir 
Bikram  Jang  Bahadur  Sliah  Bahadur  Shum- 
Bhere  Jung,  born  June  .'50,  190G,  succeeded 
his  father,  Dec.  11,  1911. 

Almost  every  male  Gurkha  is  a  soldier, 
and  there  is  a  standing  army  of  30.000  in- 
fantry and  mountain  artillery,  with  a  re- 
serve of  about  30,000.  In  addition  some 
20,000  Gurkhas  are  In  the  service  of  the 
Government  of  India  in  ten  rifle  regiments. 
Education. — Education  is  provided  by  the 
State  free  of  cost  in  a  central  college  at 
the  capital,  with  branch  schools  In  the  sur- 
rounding district.  Instruction  is  given  In 
Sanskrit,  Urdu,  and  English,  and  there  Is 
a  considerable  sprinkling  of  English-speak- 
ing Nepalese. 


Finance.— The  revenue  is  derived  from 
land  rents,  forests,  cusioms  duties,  mining 
royalties  and  monopolies,  and  exceeds  $5,- 
000,000.  The  trade  with  India  bears  a 
duty  each  way  of  about  12  per  cent. 

Production  and  Industry. — Every  avail- 
able acre  is  cultivated  for  the  production  of 
grain,  fruit  and  foodstuffs,  and  the  live 
stock  (which  consists  only  of  a  few  sheep 
and  cattle)  is  grazed  in  the  jungles  or  stall- 
fed.  The  principal  crop  is  rice,  and  wheat, 
pulse,  maize  and  other  grains  are  grown, 
while  fruit,  flowers  and  vegetables  are  freely 
cultivated.  In  the  hills  tea,  cotton  and 
tobacco  are  grown,  and  hemp,  dye  plants 
and  medicinal  herbs  are  obtained. 

Gold,  silver,  lignite  and  coal  have  been 
found,  and  iron,  copper,  zinc,  lead  and 
sulphur  are  plentiful.  Limestone  and  mar- 
bles abound  in  central  Nepal,  and  there  are 
numerous  mineral  springs. 

Coarse  cottons,  paper,  bells,  brass  and 
Iron  metal  work,  weapons,  and  gold  and 
silver  ornaments  are  the  principal  manufac- 
tures. The  dominant  Gurkha  race  despises 
trade  and  peaceful  industries,  which  are  in 
the  hands  of  the  Newars,  a  subject  Mongol 
race.__ 

Commerce. — The  chief  trade  route  is  be- 
tween Katmandu  and  the  Bengal  frontier 
(70  miles).  This  road  traverses  the  valley 
of  Nepal,  and  is  the  only  practicable  means 
of  access  from  India.  Two  routes  lead  to 
Tibet  over  the  Himalayas,  near  the  north- 
western and  northeastern  boundaries,  but 
in  each  case  there  is  accommodation  for 
pedestrians  only  in  the  passes,  where  goods 
are  carried  on  men's  backs.  Three-quarters 
of  .the  trade  is  with  British  India.  , 

Nesqually  Indians.  (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Nesqually,  Wash.,   proclaimed   port    of 
delivery,  2588. 

Netherlands. — The  kingdom  of  the  Nether- 
lands is  a  maritime  country  of  northwest 
Europe,  extending  from  53°  32'  21"  to  50° 
45'  49"  N.  lat.,  and  from  3°  23'  27"  to  7° 
12'  20"  E.  long.  The  greatest  length  from 
north  to  south  is  104  miles,  and  the  greatest 
breadth  is  123  miles.  The  kingdom  is 
bounded  on  the  east  by  Germany,  and  on 
the  south  by  Belgium,  the  northern  and 
western  boundaries  being  the  North  Sea. 
At  the  northeastern  extremity  the  boundary 
crosses  the  Dollart,  a  basin  at  the  mouth 
of  the  river  Ems. 

Physical  Features. — The  coast  of  the 
southwest  provinces  of  Zeeland  and  South 
Holland,  and  of  the  northern  provinces  of 
Frieslaud  and  Groningeu  is  broken  in  many 
places,  and  groups  of  islands  have  been 
formed  by  the  inroads  of  the  sea.  For 
nearly  200  miles,  however,  the  western  coast 
consists  of  unbroken  sand  dunes,  protected 
from  the  sea  by  breakwaters,  and  on 
the  landward  side  by  plantations.  The 
southern  archipelago  lies  between  the  estu- 
aries of  the  Meuse  and  Scheldt,  and  north 
of  fhe  Meuse  estuary  is  an  irregular  land 
formation  known  as  the  Hook  of  Hol- 
land ;  the  northern  archipelago  extends  in 
a  semi-circle  from  the  Tcxel  Gat  to  the  Ems 
basin.  Behind  the  chain  of  northern  is- 
lands or  Frisian  archipelago,  are  the  great 
gulf  or  inland  sea,  known  as  the  Zuyder 
Zee,  or  South  Sen,  to  distinguish  it  from 
the  external  North  Sea,  the  northeastern 
S'hallows  or  \Vaddon,  and  the  inundated 
Ems  basin,  or  Dollart.  all  of  which  were 
formed  during  the  thirteenth  century  by 
Inroads  through  the  original  coast  line,  now 
marked  by  the  chain  of  Frisian  islands. 
The  area  of  the  Zuyder  Zee  and  Wadden 
extends  2.000  English  square  miles,  and 
the  Netherlands  portion  of  the  Dollart 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Netherlands 


twenty-three  square  miles,  giving  a  total 
area  for  the  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands  of 
close  on  14,800  English  square  miles. 

As  the  name  implies,  the  Netherlands  are 
generally  low-lying  and  Hat.  Of  the  total 
land  area,  12,761  square  miles,  nearly  5,- 
000  square  miles  would  be  submerged  at 
high  water  but  for  the  protecting  barriers 
of  sand  dunes,  dikes  and  dams,  the  latter 
accounting  for  many  of  the  place  names  In 
the  country. 

The  principal  rivers  are  the  Rhine  (Riju) 
and  the  Meuse  (Maas),  the  former  crossing 
t'hc  eastern  border  from  Germany  and  How- 
ing  in  several  branches  to  the  North  Sea 
and  Zuyder  Zee,  and  the  latter  traversing 
the  province  of  Limburg  and  flowing  to  the 
North  Sea.  The  estuaries  of  the  Scheldt 
(Schekle)  are  also  in  Netherlands  territory. 
The  country  is  also  intersected  with  lesser 
streams,  and  these  are  turned  to  account 
for  the  purposes  of  navigation,  Irrigation 
and  land  drainage,  and  are  connected  by 
numerous  artificial  canals,  or  grac'hls,  lined 
with  trees  and  studded  with  windmills.  The 
intervening  land  often  consists  of  drained 
morasses,  or  polders,  transformed  into  fer- 
tile agricultural  or  grazing  land.  In  addi- 
tion to  the  communicating  canals  there  are 
many  ship  canals,  the  largest  being  the  New 
Waterway  from  Rotterdam  to  the  Hook  of 
Holland,  and  the  North  Sea  Canal  from 
Amsterdam  and  the  Zuyder  Zee,  along  the 
bed  of  the  river  Y  to  Ymuiden  on  the  North 
Sea  coast.  There  are  many  inland  lakes, 
or  meers,  particularly  in  the  northeast,  of 
much  importance  to  the  fishing  industry, 
but  the  principal  hydrographical  feature  is 
the  Zuyder  Zee,  a  land-locked  inlet  about 
eighty-four  miles  from  north  to  south,  and 
forty-five  miles  from  east  to  w_est  at  its 
widest  part.  The  mean  depth  is  between 
11  and  12  English  feet,  and  the  nature  of 
much  of  the  bed  has  prompted  several  drain- 
age projects,  the  reclaimed  soil  being  cap- 
able of  practical  cultivation.  The  present 
Government  are  preparing  fres'h  proposals 
for  the  reclamation  of  large  portions  of 
the  Zuyder  Zee. 

History. — The  territory  now  known  as  the 
Netherlands  was  incorporated  as  a  Prov- 
ince of  the  Roman  Empire  in  the  first 
century,  A.  D.,  being  at  that  time  peopled 
by  various  Germanic  tribes,  the  names  of 
the  Batavi  and  the  Prisii  being  still  pre- 
served in  the  kingdom.  As  the  Roman  em- 
pire crumbled  to  pieces,  the  south  Nether- 
lands became  part  of  the  Prankish  do- 
minions, and  the  inhabitants  were  convert- 
ed to  Christianity,  but  the  Frisians  of  the 
north  retained  their  independence  and 
heathendom  until  the  eighth  century,  when 
they  were  subdued  and  converted  by  Charle- 
magne, himself  a  Netherlander  by  descent. 
The  twelfth  century  witnessed  the  rise  of 
the  towns,  but  by  the  fifteenth  century  the 
lordship  of  these  towns  had  passed  with 
that  of  most  of  the  feudal  states  to  the 
rulers  of  Burgundy,  and  the  overlords'hip 
passed  successively  to  France  and  Austria 
and  so  to  the  head  of  the  Holy  Roman  em- 
pire, and  at  the  abdication  of  Charles  V.  to 
his  son  Philip  II.,  King  of  Spain.  The  six- 
teenth and  seventeenth  centuries  witnessed 
the  beginnings  of  the  Reformation  and  the 
rise  of  the  Dutch  Republic.  The  religious 
dissensions  had  divided  the  country  into  a 
Protestant  Northern  Netherlands  and  Cath- 
olic Southern  Netherlands,  the  latter  form- 
ing the  country  now  known  as  Belgium.  The 
Netherlands  were  acknowledged  to  be  inde- 
pendent by  the  Treaty  of  Miinster  (1048), 
and  in  1688  their  Stadtholder,  William, 
Prince  of  Orange,  who  'had  married  the 
daughter  of  the  Duke  of  York  (James  II.), 
became  King  William  III.  of  Great  Britain. 
From  1700-1713  the  Netherlands  were  the 
scene  of  many  battles  of  the  War  of  the 


Spanish  Succession,  and  at  the  close  of  the 
eighteenth  century  the  people  threw  over 
their  Stadtholder  (whose  otlice  'had  been 
declared  hereditary  in  1747 )  and  the  Uu- 
tavian  Republic  was  set  up  under  the  pro- 
tection of  the  French  Republic,  but  in 
1806  Louis  Bonaparte,  brother  of  the  Em- 
peror Napoleon,  was  crowned  King  of  Hol- 
land. By  the  Treaty  of  London  (June  14, 
1814)  the  Northern  and  Southern  Nether- 
lauds  (the  Dutch  and  Belgian  provinces) 
were  united  and  formed  info  the  Kingdom 
of  the  Netherlands,  under  the  Prince  of 
Orange-Nassau,  a  descendant  of  the  house 
which  had  taken  a  leading  part  in  the  des- 
tiny of  the  nation  since  the  thirteenth  cen- 
tury. This  prince  was  crowned  in  1815 
as  King  William  I.,  but  the  artificial  union 
of  Protestant  and  Catholic  countries  broke 
down  in  ]8.';0-l,s:!l,  when  the  Belgian  Prov- 
inces revolted,  and  became  an  independent 
kingdom. 

Government. — The  crown  is  hereditary  in 
the  male  (and  eventually  in  the  female) 
line  of  the  House  of  Orange-Nassau,  and 
Kings  William  I,  (1815-1840),  William 
II.  (1840-1849)  and  William  III.  (1849- 
1890)  were  followed  in  1800  by  the  only 
surviving  child  of  the  last-named  sovereign. 

Present  Ruler:  Her  Majesty  Wilhelmina 
Helena  Pauline  Maria,  Queen  of  the  Neth- 
erlands, Princess  of  Orange-Nassau,  Duch- 
ess of  Mecklenburg,  born  at  The  Hague, 
Aug.  31.  1880  ;  succeeded  her  father  Nov. 
23,  1890;  assiuned  the  government  (which 
had  been  carried  on  by  the  Queen-Mother, 
as  Regent)  Aug.  31,  1898;  married  at  The 
Hague,  Feb.  7,  1901,  to  His  Royal  High- 
ness Prince  Henry,  Prince  of  the  Nether- 
lands and  Duke  of  Mecklenburg. 

The  States  General  consists  of  two  cham- 
bers. The  First  Chamber  contains  50  mem- 
bers, elected  for  9  years  (and  renewable 
as  to  one-third  every  3  years)  by  the  Pro- 
vincial Legislature.  The  Second  Chamber 
consists  of  100  members  elected  for  4 
years  by  the  direct  vote  of  registered  male 
electors.  Electors  are  not  registered  until 
the  age  of  25,  and  64  per  cent,  of  the 
male  population  of  that  age  are  on  the  reg- 
ister. 

Justice  is  administered  in  101  Cantonal 
Courts,  23  district  tribunals  which  also  act 
as  courts  of  appeal  from  the  cantonal 
courts.  There  are  5  higher  Courts  of  Ap- 
peal and  a  Court  of  Cassation  (Ilooge 
Raad)  at  The  Hague. 

Each  of  the  11  Provinces  has  a  legis- 
lature elected  for  6  years. 

AREA  AND   POPULATION 

Area  in         Popula- 
Provincea  English  tion 

Sq.  Miles  1909 

Drenthe 1,027          173,318 

Friesland 1,278          359,552 

Groningen 909  328,045 

Gelderland 1,965          639,002 

Limburg 1,977          332,007 

North  Brabant 851          62ti,079 

North  Holland 1,078       1,107,093 

Overyssel 1,291  382,880 

South  Holland 1,162       1,390,744 

Utrecht 531  288,514 

Zeeland 692          232,515 

Total 12,761      5,858,175 

The  estimated  population  on  Dec.  31, 
1912,  was  6,102,399. 

Education. — The  educational  system  is  pe- 
culiar, in  that  primary  instructional  es- 
tablishments are  encouraged  by  State  aid, 
while  public  institutions  are  provided 
(where  private  enterprise  is  lacking)  by 
local  taxation.  Primary  education  is  com- 
pulsory between  the  ages  of  7-13,  the  av- 
erage attendance  being  95  per  cent,  of  the 
enrolment.  Technical  education  is  'highly 
efficient,  horticulture  and  agriculture  being 


Netherlands        Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


a  feature  of  special  schools.  There  are 
State  Universities  at  Leiden  (founded  in 
1575),  (Jroniu.uen  (1585),  aud  Utrecht 
(Ki.'!4i.  and  a  municipal  University  at  Am- 
sterdam (1877),  attended  by  4,000  students 
(700  women),  aud  a  Technical  University 
at  Delft  (1804)  attended  by  1,200  students. 

Finance. — The  average  revenue  for  five 
years  including  1914  was  212,445,116  florins 
and  the  average  expenditure  for  the  same 
period  was  224,574,1)39  florins.  The  fund- 
ed debt  Jan.  1,  1914,  was  1,148,379,900 
florins,  the  cost  of  which  for  interest  and 
sinking  fund  was  38.505,204  florins.  The 
florin  or  gulden,  the  unit  of  value,  is  equal 
to  $0.40,2  United  States  money. 

Toii-ns. — Capitals,  Court:  The  Hague; 
Commercial  :  Amsterdam  and  Rotterdam.  In 
1913  there  were  10  communes  with  a  popu- 
lation exceeding  50,000,  11  others  exceeding 
30,000,  and  10  more  over  20,000.  The 
chief  ports  are  Amsterdam,  Rotterdam, 
Flushing,  Terueuzen,  Harllngen,  Delfzyl, 
Dordrecht,  Zaandam  and  Schiedam. 

Canals. — The  total  length  of  the  various 
canals  is  stated  to  exceed  1,500  miles,  in- 
cluding the.  great  ship  canals,  and  the  net- 
work of  auxiliary  canals  connecting  the 
various  natural  w'aterways.  In  1911  there 
were  3,190  kilometres  of  railway  open  for 
traffic. 

Shipping. — The  mercantile  marine  consist- 
ed on  Dec.  31,  1911,  of  428  sailing  ships 
and  347  steamships. 

Production  find  Industry. — Of  the  total 
area  (8,038,000  English  statute  acres)  5.- 
308,450  acres  were  under  crops  and  grass, 
2.141.930  acres  were  arable  land,  and  041,- 
449  acres  were  woods  and  forests  in 
1909. 

At  the  Census  of  1910  there  were  1,068,- 
3G1  cows,  and  958,582  other  cattle,  889,- 
O.'IO  sheep  and  lambs,  224.231  goats,  1,- 
259,844  pigs,  and  327,377  horses. 

In  1910  over  20,000  persons  were  em- 
ployed in  the  North  Sea  fisheries,  the  her- 
ring catch  of  that  year  being  valued  at 
close  on  £1,000,000. 

The  mineral  resources  of  the  Nether- 
lands are  confined  to  coal,  which  is  mined 
in  Limburg,  and  to  stone,  clay,  and  other 
non-metallic  minerals,  used  in  the  sea  de- 
fences and  for  industrial  purposes. 

The  cotton  industry  is  in  an  increasingly 
flourishing  condition,  woolens  and  linens 
being  manufactured  at.  Tilburg,  Leiden, 
Utrecht,  and  Kindhoven,  and  carpets  at  De- 
venter.  Spirits,  liqueurs,  and  beer,  leather, 
paper  making,  earthenware,  chocolate,  dia- 
mond cutting,  tobacco  and  shipbuilding,  are 
also  important  industries. 

Trade,  with  the  United  Stntcs. — The  value 
of  merchandise  imported  into  Netherlands 
from  the  United  States  for  the  year  191.", 
was  $125.009,802,  and  goods  to  the  value 
of  .$3S,180.907  were  sent  thither— a  bal- 
ance of  $87, 728,895  in  favor  of  the  United 
States. 

NKTTrfiRLAXn  7.VD7.1 .— Lies  between  0° 
N.  and  1 1  °  S.  Int.  aud  95°-141°  K.  long., 
and  is  divided  into  two  administrations, 
Java  (with  Madura)  and  the  "Outposts," 
under  a  Governor-General. 

DUTCH  WKNT  /.V/>//;.S'. — The  possessions 
in  the  West.  Indies  are  divided  into  two 
administrative  areas,  Surinam  (Xctherland 
Guiana)  on  the  mainland  of  South  America, 
and  the  island  of  Curacao  with  its  depend- 
encies. 

Surinam  Is  situated  between  British  and 
Frcni'h  Guiana,  on  the  northeast  coast  o_f 
South  America,  and  contains  an  area  esti- 
mated lit  49,845  square  miles,  with  a  popu- 
lation H912)  of  95.099.  About  50.000  acres 
are  cultivated,  the  principal  products  being 
sugar,  cacao,  bananas,  maize,  coffee  and 
rice.  Gold  is  found  aud  exported,  and  also 
batata. 


Curacao  is  an  island  in  the  West  Indies, 
about  forty  miles  north  of  Venezuela.  Salt, 
phosphates,  cattle  and  straw  hats  are  ex- 
ported, together  with  the  Curacao  orange, 
with  w'  ich  the  celebrated  liqueur  is  mi- 
vored. 

Netherlands   (see  also  Hague,  The): 
Accounts  of  bankers  of  United  States 

in  Amsterdam,  rendered,   113. 
Claims  of  United  States  agaiust,  852, 

1109,  1456,  1693. 
Payment  of,  1750. 
Coffee    imported    into    United    States 

from,  duties  on,  2250. 
Commercial  relations  with,  599,  918, 

1369. 

Consular  convention  with,  4437,  4520. 
Convention  with,  2696. 
Coronation  of  Queen  of,  6335. 
Discriminating  duties — 

On  production  of  Dutch  East  In- 
dies imported  from  Holland, 
4626,  5088. 

Fisheries  of,  referred  to,  1327. 
Fugitive   criminals,    convention  with, 
for     surrender     of,     2910,     2952, 
2994,  4542,   4562,    5176,    5397. 
Withdrawn    from    consideration    of 

Senate,   2916. 

King  of,  umpire  between  Great  Brit- 
ain and  United  States.  (See  North- 
eastern Boundary.) 
Leaf  tobacco  from,  taxation   of,  dis- 
cussed, 4979,   4986,   5088. 
Loan    contracted    by    United    States 

in — - 

Amsterdam,  120. 

Holland,   73,  78,  OS,  133,   167,J_69. 
Minister   of,  to  United  States — 
Received,  4718. 

Refuses  to  testify  in  courts  of  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia,  2952. 
Petroleum   in   Holland,  etc.,  taxation 

of,  referred  to,  4979,  4986. 
Postal    convention  with,  3775,   3SS3. 
Queen  of,  coronation  of,  referred  to, 

6413. 

Treaty    with,    transmitted     and     dis- 
cussed bv  President — 
Buchanan,  2994. 
Cleveland,  5176,  5397. 
Fillmore,  2696. 
Hayes,    4437,    4542,    4562. 
Johnson,  37iT2. 
Pierce,    2835,    2910,   2952. 
Van  Burcn,  1728,   ;1719. 
Withdrawn    from    consideration    of 

Senate,   2916. 
Vessel  of  United  States,  captured  by, 

1612. 

Claims  arising  out  of,   1603. 
Vessels  of — • 

Discriminating       duties       on,       re- 
ferred  to,   918,    033,    1369. 
Should  be  abolished,  2250. 
Duties   on    suspended,   5154. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Neutral  Rights 


War  with  Achcon,  neutrality  of  Unit- 
ed States  in,  4192. 

Netherlands,  Treaties  with. — The  treaty 
of  commerce  and  navigation  of  1S;)9  was 
in  part  superseded  by  the  treaty  of  com- 
merce and  navigation  of  1851.'.  Together 
they  provide  for  equitable  imposition  of 
duties  of  import  and  export,  together  with 
the.  extension  to  one  of  1ho  contract  ing 
parlies  of  such  additional  rights,  privileges, 
or  exemptions  as  may  hereafter  he  granted 
by  I'll  her  of  them  to  a  third  power.  The 
reciprocal  equality  of  the  Hags  Is  recognized 
in  home  ports  and  In  the  colonial  posses- 
sions. The  coasting  trade  Is  exempted  from 
the  provisions  of  the  treaty.  Holland  does 
not  relinquish  her  right  of  imposing  dis- 
criminating duties  on  trade  between  the 
home  ports  of  Holland  and  her  colonies; 
nor  does  the  United  States  relinquish  her 
right  to  sustain  her  discriminating  duties 
on  coffee  and  tea.  Hut  in  the  event  of  the 
abolition  of  these  discriminating  duties  by 
the  one  power,  the  other  shall  reciprocate. 
International  arbitration  was  agreed  to  by 
a  convention  signed  in  Washington  May 
2,  11)08.  (For  the  consular  convention  of 
1878,  see  Consular  Conventions;  for  the 
terms  of  the  extradition  treaty  of  1887,  see 
Extradition  Treaties.) 

Neutral  Rights. — The  most  recent  defini- 
tion of  the  rights  and  duties  of  neutral 
powers  and  persons  during  war  is  set  forth 
in  a  convention  concluded  Oct.  18,  1907,  at 
The  Hague;  ratilicatiou  advised  by  the 
Senate  of  the  United  States  March  10, 
190S;  ratified  by  the  President  Feb.  2.'5, 
l'.H>9,  and  the  ratification  deposited  with 
the  Netherlands  government  Nov.  27.  1909; 
proclaimed  Feb.  2S,  1910.  Ratifications 
were  deposited  at  The  Hague  Nov.  27,  1909, 
by  Germany,  United  States,  Austria-Hun- 
gary, Denmark,  Mexieo,  the  Netherlands, 
Russia,  Sweden,  Bolivia  and  Salvador. 

His  Majesty  the  German  Emperor,  King 
of  Prussia  ;  the  President  of  the  United 
States  of  America  :  the  President  of  the 
Argentine  Republic:  His  Majesty  the  Em- 
peror of  Austria.  King  of  Bohemia,  etc., 
and  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary:  His  Maj- 
esty the  King  of  the  Belgians  ;  the  President 
of  the  Republic  of  Bolivia;  the  President 
of  (he  Republic  of  the  United  States  of 
Brazil  ;  His  Royal  Highness  the  Prince  of 
Bulgaria  :  the  President  of  the  Republic 
of  Chile:  the  President  of  the  Republic  of 
Colombia;  the  Provisional  Governor  of  the 
Republic  of  Cuba  :  His  Majesty  the  King 
of  Denmark  ;  the  President  of  the  Domini- 
can Republic;  the  President  of  the  Republic 
of  Ecuador:  His  Majesty  the  King  of 
Spain  :  the  President  of  the  French  Repub- 
lic; His  Majesty  the  King  of  the  United 
Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland 
and  of  the  British  Dominions  beyond  the 
Seas,  Emperor  of  India:  His  Majesty  the 
King  of  the  Hellenes:  the  President  of  the 
Republic  of  Guatemala  ;  the  President  of 
the  Republic  of  Haiti  :  His  Majesty  the 
King  of  Italy:  His  Majesty  the  Emperor 
of  Japan:  His  Royal  Highness  the  Grand 
Duke  of  Luxemburg.  Duke  of  Nassau:  the 
President  of  the  United  States  of  Mexico  ; 
His  Royal  Highness  the  Prince  of  Monte- 
negro: His  Majesty  the  King  of  Norway; 
the  President  of  the  Republic  of  Panama  ; 
the  President  of  the  Republic  of  Paraguay  ; 
Her  Majesty  the  Queen  of  the  Netherlands  ; 
the  President  of  the  Republic  of  Peru ; 
His  Imperial  Majesty  the  Shah  of  Persia: 
His  Majesty  the  King  of  Portugal  and  of 
the  ATgarves,  etc.  ;  His  Majesty  the  King 
of  Roumania  :  His  Majesty  the  Emperor 
of  All  the  Russias :  the  President  of  the 
Republic  of  Salvador  ;  His  Majesty  the  King 


of  Servia  ;  His  Majesty  the  King  of  Slam; 
His  Majesty  the  King  of  Sweden  ;  tin; 
Swiss  Federal  Council  ;  His  Majesty  the 
Emperor  of  the  Ottomans:  tin;  President 
of  tlie  Oriental  Republic  of  Uruguay;  the 
President  of  the  1,'niled  States  of  Venezuela. 

With  a  view  to  laying  down  moro  clearly 
the  rights  and  duties  of  neutral  Powers  in 
case  of  war  on  laud  and  regulating  the 
position  of  the  belligerents  who  have,  taken 
refuge  in  neutral  territory; 

Being  likewise  desirous  of  defining  tho 
meaning  of  the  term  "neutral."  pending 
the  possibility  of  settling,  in  its  entirely, 
the  position  of  neutral  individuals  in  their 
relations  with  the  belligerents: 

Have  resolved  to  conclude  a  Convention 
to  this  effect  : 

The  territory  of  neutral  powers  is  in- 
violable. 

Belligerents  are  forbidden  to  move  troops 
or  convoys  of  cither  munitions  of  war  or 
supplies  across  the  territory  of  a  neutral 
power. 

Belligerents  are  likewise  forbidden  to 
erect  on  the  territory  of  a  neutral  power 
a  wireless  telegraphy  station  or  oilier  ap- 
paratus for  the  purpose  of  communicating 
with  belligerent  forces  on  land  or  sea;  or 
to  use  any  installation  of  this  kind  estab- 
lished by  them  before  the  war  on  the  ter- 
ritory of  a  neutral  power  for  purely  mili- 
tary purposes,  and  which  bus  not  been 
opened  for  the  service  of  public  messages. 

Corps  of  combatants  cannot  be  formed 
nor  recruiting  agencies  opened  on  the  terri- 
tory of  a  neutral  power  to  assist  the  bel- 
ligerents. 

A  neutral  power  must  not  allow  any  of 
the  acts  referred  to  in  preceding  para- 
graphs to  occur  on  its  territory. 

It  is  not  called  upon  to  punish  acts  in 
violation  of  its  neutrality  unless  (he  said 
acts  have  been  committed  on  its  own  terri- 
tory. 

The  responsibility  of  n  neutral  power  is 
not  engaged  by  the  fact  of  persons  cross- 
ing the  frontier  separating  to  offer  their 
services  to  one  of  the  belligerents. 

A  neutral  power  is  not  called  upon  to 
prevent  the  export  or  transport,  on  behalf 
of  one  or  other  of  the  belligerents,  of  arms, 
munitions  of  war,  or,  in  general,  of  any- 
thing which  can  be  of  use  to  an  army  or 
a  fleet. 

A  neutral  power  is  not  called  upon  to 
forbid  or  restrict  the  use  on  behalf  of  the 
belligerents  of  telegraph  or  telephone  cables 
or  of  wireless  telegraphy  apparatus  belong- 
ing to  it  or  to  companies  or  private  indi- 
viduals. 

Every  measure  of  restriction  or  prohibi- 
tion taken  by  a  neutral  power  in  regard  to 
transportation  and  communication  must  be 
impartially  applied  by  it  to  both  bellig- 
erents. 

A  neutral  power  must  see  to  the  same 
obligation  being  observed  by  companies  or 
private  individuals  owning  telegraph  or 
telephone  cables  or  wireless  telegraphy  ap- 
paratus. 

The  fact  of  a  neutral  power  resisting, 
even  by  force,  attempts  to  violate  its  neu- 
trality cannot  be  regarded  as  a  hostile  act. 

A  neutral  power  which  receives  on  its 
territory  troops  belonging  to  the  belligerent 
armies  shall  intern  them,  as  far  as  possible, 
at  a  distance  from  the  theater  of  war. 

It  may  keep  them  in  camps  and  even 
confine  them  in  fortresses  or  in  places  sot 
apart  for  this  purpose. 

It  shall  decide  whether  officers  can  be 
left  at  liberty  on  giving  their  parole  not  to 
leave  the  neutral  territory  without  permis- 
sion. 

In  the  absence  of  a  special  convention  to 
the  contrary,  the  neutral  power  shall  sup- 


Neutral  Rights    Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


ply   the    interned    with    the    food,    clothing, 
and    relief    required    by    humanity. 

At  the  conclusion  of  peace  the  expenses 
caused  bj  the  internment  shall  be  made 
good. 

A  neutral  power  which  receives  escaped 
prisoners  of  war  shall  leave  them  at  lib- 
erty. If  it  allows  them  to  remain  in  its 
territory  it  may  assign  them  a  place  of 
residence. 

The  same  rule  applies  to  prisoners  of 
war  brought  by  troops  taking  refuge  in 
the  territory  of  a  neutral  power. 

A  neutral  power  may  authorize  the  pas- 
sage into  its  territory  of  the  sick  and 
wounded  belonging  to  the  belligerent  armies, 
on  condition  that  the  trains  bringing  them 
shall  carry  neither  personnel  nor  war  mate- 
rial. In  such  a  case,  the  neutral  power  is 
bound  to  take  whatever  measures  of  safe- 
ty and  control  are  necessary  for  the  purv 
pose. 

The  sick  or  wounded  brought  under 
these  conditions  into  neutral  territory  by 
one  of  the  belligerents,  and  belonging  to 
the  hostile  party,  must  be  guarded  by  the 
neutral  power  so  as  to  ensure  their  not 
taking  part  again  in  the  military  operations. 
The  same  duty  shall  devolve  'on  the  neu- 
tral state  with  regard  to  wounded  or  sick 
of  the  other  army  who  may  be  committed 
to  its  care. 

The  Geneva  Convention  applies  to  sick 
and  wounded  interned  in  neutral  territory. 

The  nationals  of  a  state  which  is -not 
taking  part  in  the  war  are  considered  as 
neutrals. 

A  neutral  cannot  avail  himself  of  his 
neutrality :  If  he  commits  hostile  acts 
against  a  belligerent  :  if  he  commits  acts 
in  favor  of  a  belligerent,  particularly  if  he 
voluntarily  enlists  in  the  ranks  of  the 
armed  force  of  one  of  the  parties.  In 
such  a  case,  the  neutral  shall  not  be  more 
severely  treated  by  the  belligerent  as 
against  whom  he  has  abandoned  his  neu- 
trality than  a  national  of  the  other  bellig- 
erent Mate  could  be  for  the  same  act. 

The  following  acts  shall  not  be  consid- 
ered as  committed  in  favor  of  one  bellig- 
erent in  the  sense  of  the  above  paragraph  : 
Supplies  furnished  or  loans  made  to  one 
of  the  belligerents,  provided  that  the  per- 
son who  furnishes  the  supplies  or  who 
makes  the  loans  lives  neither  in  the 
territory  of  the  other  party  nor  in  the 
territory  occupied  by  him.  and  that  the 
supplies  do  not  come  from  these  territories  ; 
services  rendered  in  matters  of  police  or 
civil  administration. 

Railway  material  coming  from  the  ter- 
ritory of  neutral  powers,  whether  it  be 
the  property  of  the  said  powers  or  of  com- 
panies or  private  persons,  and  recognizable 
as  such,  shall  not  be  requisitioned  or  util- 
ized by  a  belligerent  except  where  and  to 
the  extent  that  it  is  absolutely  necessary. 
It  shall  be  sent  back  as  soon  as  possible  to 
the  country  of  origin. 

A  neutral  power  may  likewise,  in  case 
of  necessity,  retain  and  utilize  to  an  equal 
extent  material  coming  from  the  territory 
of  the  belligerent  power. 

Compensation  shall  be  paid  by  one  party 
or  the  oilier  in  proportion  to  the  material 
used,  ;iuil  to  the  period  of  usage. 

The  provisions  uf  Hie  present  Conven- 
tion do  not  apply  except  between  contract- 
Ing  powers.  MIM!  then  only  if  all  the  bellig- 
erents are  parties  to  the  Convention. 

Forty  four    countries    became    parties    to 
this    Convention,     as    follows: 
rnlted  States,  Biiliraria, 

Argentina.  Chile, 

Aust  rin-llungary,  <  'hina, 

Itclu'lnin,  Colombia, 

Bolivia,  Cuba, 

Brazil,  Denmark, 


Paraguay, 

Peru, 

Persia, 

Portugal, 

Roumania, 

Russia, 

Salvador, 

Santo  Domingo, 

Servia, 

Siam, 

Spain, 

Sweden, 

Switzerland, 

Turkey, 

Uruguay, 

Venezuela. 


Ecuador, 

France, 

Germany, 

Great  Britain  (with 

reservations), 
Greece, 
Guatemala. 
Haiti, 
Italy, 
Japan, 

Luxembourg, 
Mexico, 
Montenegro, 
Netherlands, 
Nicaragua, 
Norway, 
Panama, 

Neutral  Rights: 
Discussed,  2808. 
Disregarded  by — 

Belligerent  nations,  439. 

Great  Britain,  486. 
Measures    taken   with    Great   Britain 

for   settlement   of,   not   acceded    to 

by  United  States,  433. 
New  principles   to    be   introduced   in 

regard   to,   injurious,  384. 
Proposal     made     to     Great     Britain, 

France,   Spain   and   Prussia   to   ad- 
just complaints,   119. 
Prussia  agrees  to  enter  into  conven- 
tion 011  subject  of,  2809. 
Referred   to,  2773. 

Sicily    agrees   to    enter   into    conven- 
tion on  subject  of,  2809. 
Treaty  regarding,  with — 

Peru,    2953. 

Russia,  2777. 

Referred  to,  2809. 

Sicily,  2836. 

Violation   of,  by  United   States,   dis- 
cussed, 3328. 
Neutral    Vessels    deemed    lawful   prize 

by- 
France,  253,  432. 
Spain,  432. 

Neutrality  (see  also  Foreign  Policy): 
Alleged      violation     of,      by     United 

States  referred  to,   1738,  3377. 
Appeal  by  Wilson  to  citizens  to  main- 
tain, during  European  war,  7978. 
Armed,    in    Middle    States,   discussed, 

3225. 
Confederacy     of     armed,     discussed, 

2808. 

Execution    of    laws     of,     by    United 
States,   discussed  by  President — 

Adams,  John.  228. 

Buchanan.  2998,  3037,  3089,  3174. 

Fillmore,  2715. 

Grant,   40.13,   4045,  4051,    4192. 

Harrison,   Benj.,   5618. 

1  laves,  4-118. 

Jackson,   1370. 

Johnson,    35S1,   3712. 

Lincoln,  3-1-14. 

Monroe,  5SL',  <!27,  039,  057,  6S5,  762. 

Pierce.  2S(i 4. 

Taylor,  2548. 

Van   Buren,   1698,   1699,   1702. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Nevada 


Washington,   131,   148. 

In  address  of  House,  136. 
Wilson,  7888,  71)98. 
Maintained  by  United  States  in — 
Insurrection    in    Cuba,    6023,    6068, 

6126. 

Kevolution  in  Brazil,  5867,  5956. 
Schleswig-Holstcin  war,  2548. 
War  between — 

Acheen  and  Netherlands,  4192. 
France  and  allied  powers,  148. 
Trance  and  Germany,  4050. 

Proclaimed,  4040,  4043,  4045. 
Great    Britain    and    France    and 

China,  3037,   3089,  3174. 
Great   Britain   and   "Russia,   2864. 
Italy  and  Austria-Hungary,  8065. 
Mexico  and  Texas,  1370. 
Eussia  and  Turkey,  4418. 
Spain  and  her  colonies,  582,  627, 

639,  657,  685,  762. 
War   in — 

Canada,  1702,    1748. 

Proclaimed,    1698,   1699. 
Europe.     (See  Proclamations   be- 
low.) 
Japan,  3888. 

Proclaimed,   3712. 
Mexico,  3444,  3581. 
South   Africa,  6371,  6407,  6429. 
Of  Panama  Canal  Zone,  8008. 
Powers   to    be    invited   to   accede    to 
rules  of,  in  treaty  of  May  8,  1871, 
4462. 

Preserved  by  foreign  powers  in  Span- 
ish-American War,  6312. 
Proclamation  of  in  war  between: 
Austria-Hungary  and   Servia;   Ger- 
many and   Russia,  and   Germany 
and  France,  7969. 
Austria-Hungary  and  Russia,  7974. 
Belgium  and  Germany,   7976. 
Belgium       and       Austria-Hungary, 

7977. 

France  and  Austria-Hungary,  7975. 
Germany  and  Great  Britain,  7974. 
Great  Britain  and  Austria-Hungary, 

7975. 

Japan   and   Austria-Hungary,   7975. 
Japan  and  Germany,  7976. 
Turkey  and  Great  Britain,  8014. 
Protection  of  neutrals,  3377. 
Recommendations  respecting,  4828. 
United    States     preserves    strict,     in 

Boer  War,  6371,  6407,  6429. 
Violation  of — 

By   army  on  Rio  Grande,  3574. 
In    Department    of    Texas,    action 
of     Government    regarding,    dis- 
cussed,  5877. 
Wireless  stations  ordered  to  observe, 

7962. 

Neutrality,  Armed.      (See  Armed  Neu- 
trality ) 


Neutrality,  Proclamation  of.— Neutrality, 
In  international  law,  is  the  attitude  and 
conditions  of  a  nation  or  state  which  docs 
not  take  part  directly  or  indirectly  in  a 
war  between  oilier  slates,  hut  111:1111- 
tains  relations  of  friendship  with  all  the 
contending  parties.  In  ancient  times  war 
between  any  two  nations  was  likely  i» 
involve  any  other,  cither  through  sympathy 
or  by  its  being  drawn  unwillingly  into  the 
controversy  on  accusation  of  favoring  one 
or  the  other  of  UK;  belligerents.  Modern 
civilixation  has  made  it  possible  for  a  peace- 
fully inclined  nation  to  avoid  entanglements 
in  quarrels  not  of  its  own  making.  The 
position  which  a  state  intends  to  take  in 
case  of  war  between  its  neighbors  .should 
be  clearly  defined.  It  is  customary,  there- 
fore, on  the  breaking  out  of  hostilities  for 
every  nation  not  participating  therein  to 
declare  its  position  with  reference  to  the 
belligerents.  This  is  usually  done  by  a 
proclamation  by  the  chief  ruler  of  a  slate 
proclaiming  its  neutrality  and  calling  upon 
ils  citizens  to  refrain  from  any  acts  of 
hostility  or  special  favor  toward  either  of 
the  parties  to  the  strife.  It  is  also  custo- 
mary for  every  nation  to  put  on  its  statute 
books  general  laws  regulating  the  acts  of 
its  citizens  with  reference  to  foreign  wars. 
Upon  the  declaration  of  war  between  Franco 
and  Great  Britain  in  179,'{  it  was  decided 
unanimously  by  Washington  and  his  Cab- 
inet that  a  proclamation  of  neutrality 
should  issue  and  that  a  French  minister 
should  be  received.  The  proclamation  was 
drafted  by  John  Jay  and  declared  the 
intention  of  the  United  States  to  pin-sue  a 
policy  of  friendship  toward  both  nations, 
and  enjoined  upon  all  citizens  to  avoid  a 
contravention  of  that  disposition  upon  pain 
of  prosecution.  It  is  a  curious  fact  that 
the  word  "neutrality"  was  omitted  from 
this  proclamation,  but  it  was  enforced  with 
fairness.  President  Roosevelt  on  Feb.  11, 
1904,  issued  a  proclamation  declaring  the 
neutrality  of  this  country  in  the  Kusso- 
Japanese  War.  With  the  outbreak  of  the 
European  war  of  1914  President  Wilson 
issued  a  number  of  proclamations  all  of  the 
same  general  tenor.  (See  pages  79G9  et  seq.) 
Nevada. — One  of  the  western  group  of 
states;  nickname,  "The  Sage  Brush  State"; 
motto,  "  All  for  our  country."  Nevada 
extends  from  lat.  35°  to  42°  north  and  from 
long.  114°  to  120°  west.  It  is  hounded  on 
the  north  by  Oregon  and  Idaho,  on  the  east 
by  Utah  and  Arizona,  and  on  the  west 
and  southwest  by  California,  and  has  an 
area  of  110,1190  square  miles.  The  State 
is  rich  in  precious  metals,  the  principal 
products  being  silver  and  gold.  The  terri- 
tory was  ceded  by  Mexico  in  1848.  and  the 
first  settlements  were  made  in  1848  and 
1850.  Silver  was  discovered  in  1S5H.  Ne- 
vada Territory  was  organized  in  18(11  and 
was  admitted  to  statehood  in  18G4. 

Nevada  is  a  Spanish  word  meaning 
"snowy"  or  "white  as  snow,"  and  the  name 
of  the  State  was  derived  from  the  Sierra 
Nevada.  The  State  ranks  sixth  in  si/e  in 
the  Union.  Its  length  from  north  to  south 
is  484  miles,  its  width  321  miles,  and  its 
area  109.821  square  miles. 

The  history  of  Nevada  is  chiefly  the  his- 
tory of  her  mines.  Since  the  discovery  of 
the'  Comstock  lode  and  other  famous'  ore 
bodies  periods  of  activity  and  prosperity 
have  alternated  with  periods  of  depression. 
Kach  discovery  of  high-grade  ore  in  note- 
worthy quantity  has  been  followed  l>\-  rapid 
settlement  in  that  locality  and  the  estab- 
lishment of  one  or  more  towns.  In  l.vio- 
189:>  a  sharp  decline  in  the  price  of  silver 
initiated  or  accompanied  a  period  of  depres- 
sion in  Nevada's  mining  and  general  indus- 


Nevada 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


trial  prosperity.  Silver  is  so  important  a 
resource  of  the  State  that  to  a  large  extent 
even  now  her  prosperity  depends  upon  the 
market  for  that  metal.  Of  late  years,  how- 
ever, an  increased  production  of  gold,  cop- 
per, and  recently  of  platinum  has  accompa- 
nied a  gradual  and,  it  is  hoped,  substantial 
industrial  progress.  Permanent  towns  have 
grown  up  and  agriculture  and  related  pur- 
suits are  becoming  liriuly  established. 

There  are  within  the  State  61,177.050 
acres  of  unappropriated  and  unreserved 
lands,  which  can  be  entered  at  the  United 
States  land  otlice  at  Carson  City.  Agri- 
culture is  retarded  by  lack  of  transportation 
facilities. 

There  are  160,000  acres  within  the  State 
subject  to  the  Federal  irrigation  project. 
The  farm  area  consists  of  nearly  3,000.000 
acres,  of  which  about  one-third  is  improved 
land.  The  farm  animals  reported  Jan.  1, 
1010,  were  08.OOO  horses,  valued  at  $7,044,- 
000;  4,000  mules,  .s:ilO.OOO;  1!),()00  uiilch 
cows.  .5830,0(10  :  404. ono  other  cattle,  $8,- 
303,000  ;  l,r>xr>,000  sheep,  .-<r..SG4.000.  The 
yield  and  value  of  Held  crops  for  1911  is 
given  as  follows:  Corn,  l.Ooo  acres.  3O.OOO 
bushels,  $27.0nu  :  wheat.  30.000  acres,  1,- 
O1S.OOO  bushels.  $908.000:  oats.  8.000  acres, 
300.000  bushels,  .S223.OOO  :  potatoes.  8.OOO 
acres.  l,2sn.OOO  bushels,  $1.11)7.000:  hay, 
25J.OOO  acres,  801.  ono  tons.  $s.l>OS.OOO. 
The  State  is  one  of  the  leading  producers 
of  gold  and  silver.  The  output  of  gold 
in  1011  was  017. 005  fine  ounces,  worth  $1  H,- 
008.578;  the  silver  output  was  10,051 .571 
fine  ounces,  valued  at  .$5.858.304.  While 
theretofore  ranking  first  in  the  production 
of  silver.  Nevada  in  I'.Ml  took  third  place, 
being  surpassed  by  both  Utah  and  Mon- 
tana. The  Ely  district,  in  White  Pine 
County,  produced  04.4Kl.C-IO  pounds  of  cop- 
per in  1010,  and  has  Increased  since.  The 
receipts  by  the  State  Treasurer  for  the  fis- 
cal year  of  1011  were  .S004.8S2.,  and  the 
disbursements1,  S1.VJ8.347;  balance  on  hand 
Jan.  1.  1011.  $055.531. 

In  1005  there  were  115  manufacturing 
establishments,  with  a  capital  of  .52.801.- 
007.  employing  Ons  persons,  who  converted 
.51.027.770  worth  of  raw  material  into  lin- 
ished  goods  worth  .S3.nOO.274. 

In    1000   there   were   1.1  In  miles  of   stonm 
railway  in  the  State  and  live  miles  of  elec- 
tric   line.       The    population    in    1010     was 
81,875. 
Nevada: 

Admission  of,  into  Union  proclaimed, 

3430. 
"Rof erred  to,  3-1  :"0. 

Condition   of,   referred   to,  3-10.". 

Creation  and  organization  of,  as  Ter- 
ritory referred   to,  32.1-1. 

Legislation  in,  recommended,  3272. 

Payment  of  settlers  for  improve- 
ments on  lands  in  Thick  Valley  in, 
referred  to.  4004,  4770. 
New  Brunswick,  Canadian  Province; 
area,  2.000  square  miles;  popula- 
tion, 1001,  31,120. 

Aggressions    on    rights    of    American 
citi/ens  !>y  eiti/.ens  of,  003. 

Imprisonment    of    American    citi/ens 

i.y.  003.  ooo,  ooo.  in  7;",  1022,  ins 7. 

(See  nl«o  (.'rent  I'.ritain.) 
New  England. —  A  name  applied  to  the 
northeastern  section  of  the  T'nlted  Stales  by 
rapt.  John  Sniilh  In  his  map  of  the  New 
World  published  in  1010.  Though  composed 
of  separate  Colonies,  there  w:is  always  a 
f-imil.irii  y  in  the  customs  ami  habits  of  (lie 


people.  New  England  formed  part  of  North 
Virginia,  granted  to  the  Plymouth  Company 
by  James  I.  in  1GOG.  In  1043  most  of  the 
New  England  Colonies  were  united  for  de- 
fensive purposes  in  the  New  England  Con- 
federation. New  England  is  now  applied 
collectively  to  the  States  of  Maine,  New 
Hampshire,  Vermont,  Massachusetts,  Rhode 
Island,  and  Connecticut. 
New  England  Emigrant  Company.— 
The  passage  of  the  Kansas-Nebraska  law 
in  1854  made  the  institution  of  slavery  in 
Kansas  dependent  upon  the  will  of  the 
majority  of  the  people  of  the  state.  Pro- 
slavery  advocates  In  Missouri  set  to  work 
to  establish  slavery  by  assisting  in  the 
emigration  of  Southern  families.  In  1855 
an  association  was  formed  in  Boston  to 
offset  this  movement  by  assisting  New 
England  farmers  to  establish  home's  in  the 
debatable  territory.  This  organization  was 
known  as  the  New  England  Emigrant  Com- 
pany, and  did  much  toward  making  Kan- 
sas a  free  state. 

New  England  Shilling.— The  general  court 
of  Massachusetts  on  May  27,  1052,  estab- 
lished a  mint  at  Boston  and  installed  John 
Hull  as  mint  master.  The  lirst  coins  which 
were  struck  were  but  rude  plancheis 
stamped  "N.  E.,"  near  the  bonier  on  the 
obverse  and  the  denomination  mark  (XII  I 
on  the  reverse,  signifying  the  value  of  l:_'d. 
This  was  known  as  the  New  England 
shilling  and  was  valued  at  18i  cents. 
New  France. — A  French  expedition  under 
Vernizano  formed  a  settlement  in  America 
as  early  as  1524,  on  land  discovered  by  John 
and  Sebastian  t'abol  in  1-107.  In  1535 
Jacques  ('artier  ascended  the  St.  Lawrence 
Hiver  as  far  as  the  sile  of  Montreal.  The 
lirst  permanent  settlement  in  New  France 
was  founded  at  Quebec;  by  Champlain  in 
1008.  The  colonists  cultivated  friendly  re- 
lations with  the  Indians,  and  Jesuit  'mis- 
sionaries extended  the  French  inlliicnce 
through  the  region  of  the  Creat;  Lakes  to 
the  headwaters  of  the  Mississippi  ami  down 
that  stream  to  the  French  possessions  in 
the  South.  The  country  was  comiu  -icd  by 
the  English  in  1020  and  restored  in  1<;:;i'. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  Seven  Years'  \Var 
New  France  was  made  the  scene  of  a  part 
of  the  struggle  between  France  :l|,,|  i;,,;; 
land.  By  1750  New  France,  with  Louisiana 
added,  comprised  the  St.  Lawremv  .-md 
<;reat  Lakes  basins  and  the  Mississippi 
basin,  though  the  settlements  were  se.-it- 
tered.  In  1750  Canada  was  reconquered  by 
the  English  and  its  possessions  continued  fo 
them  by  the  treaty  of  Paris.  Feb.  In.  170::. 
The  result  of  this  treaty  was  the  ccssjon  of 
all  the  country  east  of  the  Mississippi  to 
England  and  that  west  to  Spain.  The 
French  laws  were  continued  in  force  and 
religious  liberty  was  extended  to  Itoiuau 
Catholics. 

New  Granada. — A     name    by    which     that 
part  of  South  America  now  called  Colombia 
was  known.      (See  Colombia.) 
New  Granada  (see  also  Colombia"): 
American     citi/ens     in,     outrages    on, 

20I«,   30-M>. 
Claims     of     Vnited     States     airainst, 

2110,   2 HI.'!,    20-JS.   30-1  it. 
Adjustment    of,    referred    to,    211(1, 

3175. 
Commission   to  settle,   extension    of 

time    for,  recommended,   320S. 
Convent  ion    for   adjustment    of,   re- 
ferred  to,  3320. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


New  Jersey 


Mail  transported  across  Isthmus  of 
Panama,  complaints  regarding, 
2552. 

Minister  of  United  States  to,  reasons 
for  not  presenting  credentials  dis- 
cussed, 3348. 

Postal  convention  with,  2168. 
Relations  with,  discussed,  2978. 
Tonnage   duties   levied   on   American 
vessels     by,     in     contravention     of 
treaty    discussed,    2948,    3049. 
Treaty    with,    transmitted    and    dis- 
cussed,   2217,    2:!59,    2361,    2576, 
2577,  2581,  2582,  2902,  3063,  3122, 
3174,  3349. 

Contravention   of,  by  New   Grana- 
da, 2948,  3049. 

Provisions  of,  discussed,  2361. 
Regarding    Panama    Canal.       (See 

Panama  Canal.) 

Right  of  passage  over  Isthmus  of 
Panama  guaranteed  by,  2361, 
2555,  2902,  3048,  6807. 
Wars  in,  discussed,  3349. 
New  Hampshire.— One  of  the  thirteen 
original  states ;  nickname,  "The  Granite 
State."  It  extends  from  lat.  42°  40'  to 
45°  IS'  north  and  from  long.  70°  43'  to 
71!°  ;'.o'  west.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north 
by  the  Province  of  Quebec  (Canada),  on 
the  east  by  Maine  aud  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
on  the  south  by  Massachusetts  and  on  the 
west  by  Vermont  (separated  by  the  Con- 
necticut III  vert  and  Quebec.  New  Hamp- 
shire is  called  the  "Switzerland  of  Amer- 
ica," being  noted  for  the  grandeur  of  its 
mount;' in  scenery  and  the  beauty  of  its 
lakes.  It  has  an  area  of  9.341  square 
miles.  It  is  one  of  the  leading  states  in. 
the  manufacture  of  boots  and  shoes,  and 
produces  also  cotton,  woolen,  and  worsted 
goods,  lumber  and  timber  products,  hosiery, 
am1,  foundry  aud  machine  shop  products. 

New  Hampshire  was  visited  by  Pring  in 
1003  and  by  Capt.  John  Smith  in  1(514.  It 
formed  part  of  the  territory  granted  to 
Gorges  in  1021.  It  was  settled  by  the 
Knglish  at  Portsmouth  and  Dover  in  1023. 
Between  1041  and  1079,  and  at  various 
times  thereafter,  it  was  a  part  of  Massa- 
chusetts. Its  final  separation  was  in  1741. 
Vermont  was  claimed  as  part  of  New  Hamp- 
shire until  1704. 

About  three-fifths  of  the  area  of  the 
State  consists  of  forests. 

Statistics  of  agriculture  collected  for  the 
last  Federal  census,  place  the  number  of 
farms  in  the  State  at  27,053,  comprising 
3.249.438  acres,  valued,  with  stock  and 
improvements,  at  $103.704.190.  The  aver- 
age value  of  farm  land  per  acre  was  $13.70, 
an  increase  of  $9.83  in  1900.  The  value  of 
domestic  animals,  poultry,  etc..  was  $11,- 
910. -178.  including  107.831  cattle,  valued  at 
$5240,122:  40.229  horses.  $5.266.389:  195 
mules.  $29.681  :  45.237  swine.  $504.174. 
and  43.772  sheep.  $192.346.  The  yield  and 
value  of  field  crops  for  1911  was:  Corn, 
23000  acres,  1.035.000  bushels.  $849.000; 
oats,  12.000  acres.  406.000  bushels.  $248.- 
000;  potatoes.  17.000  acres.  2.125.000 
bushels,  $1.849.000 ;  hay.  640,000  acres, 
072.000  tons,  $11.558.000:  tobacco,  100 
acres,  170.000  pounds.  $27.200.  The  manu- 
facturing business  of  the  State  employs  84.- 
191  persons  and  $139.990.000  capital,  and 
turns  out  $104.581.000  worth  of  goods  an- 
nu.illy.  The  leading  industry  is  the  manu- 
facture of  boots  and  shoes  and  next  is 


cotton  goods,  followed  by  woolen  goods, 
lumber  and  paper.  The  indebtedness  of  the 
State  at.  the  end  of  the  liscal  year  1911 
was  $  103, .S07.  Iteeeipts  were  if  2, G12.U77, 
and  disbursements,  $2,707.5:;5. 

The  mountain  and  lake  regions  of  the. 
State  afford  delightful  summer  resorts. 
There  are  1,270  miles  of  steam  railways 
in  the  State,  and  292  miles  of  electric  line. 
The  population  in  J'.llO  was  430,572. 

The  number  of  manufacturing  establish- 
ments in  New  Hampshire  having  an  annual 
output  valued  at  $5OO  or  more  at  the  begin- 
ning of  1915  was  1,730.  The  amount  of 
capital  invested  was  $150,749,000,  giving 
employment  to  JS5,oi:;  persons,  using  mate- 
rial valued  at  $11 4,9!):!. 000,  and  turning 
out  finished  goods  worth  $182.844,000.  Sal- 
aries and  wages  paid  amounted  to  .S4o,5L'4,- 
000. 

New  Hampshire: 

Claims    of    for    maintaining   jurisdic- 
tion over   Indian  stream,  269. 

Referred  to,  1498. 

Constitution  of  United  States,  evi- 
dence of  ratification  of  amend- 
ments to,  by,  65,  107. 

Light-Houses  ceded  to  United  States 
by,  102. 

Northeastern  boundary,  correspond- 
ence regarding.  (See  Northeastern 
Boundary.) 

New  Hope  Church,  or  Pumpkin  Vine 
Creek  (Ga.),  Battle  of.— When  Gen.  John- 
ston withdrew  the  Confederate  forces  from 
Resaca,  Ga.,  May  10,  1801.  he  retired  by 
way  of  Cassville  across  the  Klowah  and 
occupied  a  strong  position  commanding  the 
Allatoona  Pass.  May  23  Sherman  crossed 
the  Ktowah  and  moved  towards  Dallas. 
Hooker,  with  the  Twentieth  Army  Corps, 
moving  from  P.urnt  Hickory  toward  Dal- 
las. May  25  encountered  a  force  of  Con- 
federate cavalry  at  Pumpkin  Vine  Creek. 
They  were  driven  across  the  stream,  and 
about:  two  miles  to  the  eastward  the  Fed- 
erals encountered  Johnston's  entire  army. 
Here  a  severe  battle  took  place.  The  Con- 
federates retired  and  occupied  a  strong  po- 
sition from  Dallas  to  Marietta.  The  losses 
of  each  army  in  these  operations  were  about 
2.500  men  killed  and  wounded. 

New  Ireland.— Jan.  12,  1779,  Capt.  Mo- 
watt,  with  three  British  sloops  of  war, 
landed  Gen.  McLane  and  900  troops  on  the 
peninsula  of  P.iguyduce  (now  Castine'i.  on 
the  south  coast  of  Maine.  On  the  25th  of 
the  following  July  an  expedition  of  nine- 
teen armed  vessels  and  twenty-four  trans- 
ports under  O union  Snltonstall,  a  Connecti- 
cut sea  captain,  and  1,500  men  from  Massa- 
chusetts under  Gen.  Lovell.  arrived  at 
Penobscott  for  the  purpose  of  dislodging  the 
British.  They  delayed  making  the  attack, 
however,  and  the  arrival  of  five  British 
ships  from  New  York  on  1he  13th  of  August 
forced  them  t~  burn  their  ships  and  dis- 
perse. As  a  result  of  their  success  the  Brit- 
ish during  the  next,  year  attempted  to  erect 
Maine  into  a  province  under  the  name  of 
New  Ireland. 

New  Jersey. — One  of  the  thirteen  original 
states.  It  extends  from  lat.  38°  56'  to 
41°  21'  north  and  from  long.  73°  54'  to 
75°  33'  west.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north 
by  New  York,  on  the  east  by  New  York  (sep- 
arated by  the  Hudson  River,  New  York 
Bay  and  Staten  Island  Sound)  and  the  At- 
lantic Ocean,  on  the  south  by  Delaware 
Bay  and  on  the  west  by  Pennsylvania  and 
Delaware  (both  separated  by  the  Delaware 


New  Jersey         Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


River.)       It    lias   an    area   of    8,224    square 
miles. 

New  Jersey  was  first  settled  by  the  Dutch 
at  Bergen,  probably  about  1017.  There  were 
succeeding  colonies  there  of  Swedes,  Finns, 
and  Knglish.  In  1004  it  was  granted  by  the 
Duke  of  York  to  Sir  George  Carteret,  lieu- 
tenant-governor of  the  Isle  of  Jersey,  to 
be  a  perpetual  inheritance  and  to  be  called 
New  Jersey.  It  was  reconquered  by  the 
Dutch  in  1073  and  restored  to  Kngland  in 
1074,  and  sold  to  the  Quakers.  Proprietary 
government  ceased  in  1702  and  New  Jersey 
was  made  a  royal  province.  It  was  under 
the  same  governor  as  New  York  until  1738. 
Statistics  of  agriculture  collected  for  the 
last  Federal  census,  place  the  number  of 
farms  in  the  State  at  33.487,  comprising 
2.073,857  acres,  valued,  with  stock  and  im- 
provements, at  $254.832.005.  The  average 
value  of  land  per  acre  was  $48.23.  The 
value  of  domestic  animals  and  poultry,  etc, 
was  $24.558.039,  including  222,91(9  cattle, 
valued  at  $8.393,117;  88.922  horses.  $12.- 
012512;  4.041  mules,  $021. 774  j  147.0O3 
swine,  $1.127.040:  30.083  sheep.  $101.138; 
poultry,  $2.221.010.  The  yield  and  value 
of  field  crops  for  1911  is  given  as  follows: 
Corn  270  OOO  acres.  9.936,000  bushels.  $7.- 
055.000;  Wheat.  84,000  acres,  1.402,000 
bushels,  $1.404.000 :  oats,  71,000  acres,  2,- 
024.000  bushels,  $1,012.000  ;  rye,  72.000 
acres,  1.181,000  bushels,  $980.000:  pota- 
toes, 84.000  acres,  0.132,000  bushels,  $0.- 
439.000  :  hay,  428.000  acres,  449,000  tons, 
$9.878,000.  "  Some  iron  and  zinc  is  mined 
in  the  State.  The  Mine  Hill  mines,  in 
Sussex  County,  produced,  in  1910.  308.353 
short  tons  of  zinc,  besides  G7.324  tons  of 
crude  oil.  The  receipts  by  the  State  Treas- 
urer for  the  fiscal  year  1911  were  $8.014,- 
870.  and  the  'disbursements  were  $9,250,- 
283  •  balance  on  hand  Oct.  31,  1911,  $3,- 
301.781. 

In  1905  the  manufacturing  establish- 
ments of  the  State  had  a  capital  of  $715.- 
000  174  and  employed  289.532  operatives, 
who  converted  $470.440.170  worth  of  raw 
material  into  silks,  cotton  and  woolen 
goods,  worsteds,  'hats,  hosiery,  ironware, 
leather,  beer,  breadstuffs,  chemicals,  pottery, 
refined  petroleum,  etc.,  to  the  amount  of 
$774,309.025. 

There  are  2.297  miles  of  steam  railway 
within  the  State  and  1.198  miles  of  electric 
line.  The  population  in  1910  was  2,537,107. 
The  number  of  manufacturing  establish- 
ments in  New  Jersey  having  an  annual  out- 
put valued  at  $500  or  more  at  the  begin- 
ning of  1915  was  9,742.  The  amount  of 
capital  invested  was  .S1.352.3S2.00O.  giving 
cinjilovmcnt  to  431.003  persons,  using  ma- 
terial'valued  at  $883,405,000,  and  turning 
out  finished  goods  worth  $1,406.633,000. 
Salaries  and  wages  paid  amounted  to 
$280,984,000. 
New  Jersey: 

Boundary  line  with  New  York,   1268. 
Ratification  of — • 

Amendment    to    For!  oral     Constitu- 
tion by,  referred  to,  70,  249. 
Fifteenth   amendment   by,  40S1.- 
Fourteenth      amendment      bv,      dis- 
cussed,  ?&?,(}. 

Request  from  the  governor  of,  that 
Congress  consent  to  fin  ;i'_rr<'cmcnt 
made  with  \c\v  York  State  regard- 
ing boundary,  IL'fjS. 

Now  Jersey,  The,  interference  by  Ainer- 
ie;ui  minister  to  Franco  in  case  of, 
3S7. 


New  Jersey  Plan. — At  the  convention  held 
in  Philadelphia  in  1787  to  amend  the  Ar- 
ticles of  Confederation  William  I'aterson, 
of  New  Jersey,  proposed  a  constitution 
providing  for  a  single  house  of  Congress, 
with  power  to  regulate  taxation  and  com- 
merce and  choose  the  President;  that 
requisitions  from  states  should  be  contin- 
ued as  under  the  Articles  of  Confedera- 
tion; that  a  judiciary  should  be  estab- 
lished  ;  that  the  executive  should  coerce 
refractory  states  or  individuals,  and  other 
matters  of  general  but  minor  interest. 
The  plan  was  unfavorably  reported.  The 
convention  accepted  the  Virginia  plan  with 
extensive  mollifications. 

New  London  (Conn.),  Capture  of.— Sept. 
(>.  1781.  Benedict  Arnold's  expedition  against 
Connecticut  arrived  in  the  harbor  of  New 
London.  The  only  defense  of  the  town 
was  the  unfinished  Fort  Trumbull,  manned 
by  about  25  or  30  State  militia  under 
('apt.  Shopley.  About  a  third  of  these  were 
lost  while  escaping  in  boats  to  Fort  (Iris- 
wold  after  firing  one  volley,  disabling  4  or 
5  of  their  assailants. 

New  Madrid  (Mo.),  Battle  of.— On  the 
Bin-render  of  Fort  Donelson  to  Grant  the 
Confederates  abandoned  Columbus,  Ky..  on 
fhe  Mississippi,  and  fell  back  to  New 
Madrid,  Mo.,  about  eighty  miles  below  Cairo. 
It  was  defended  by  Fort  Thompson  and  sev- 
eral batteries  and  by  0  gunboats  mounting 
heavy  guns  under  Commodore  llollius. 
March  4,  1802,  Gen.  Pope  appeared  before 
New  Madrid  with  an  army  of  20.000.  which 
he  had  been  commanding  in  eastern  Mis- 
souri. On  the  14th,  having  received  heavy 
guns  from  Cairo,  he  gave  the  place  a  severe 
cannonading,  disabling  several  of  the  gun- 
boats. Gen.  MeCown,  unable  to  hold  New 
Madrid,  removed  his  garrison  during  fhe 
night  and  in  the  midst  of  a  thunderstorm 
to  Island  No.  10.  Pope  lost  51  men  killed 
and  wounded. 

New  Mexico.— One  of  the  southwestern 
group  of  states;  nickname,  "Adobe  State;" 
motto,  "Crescit  eundo"  ("It  increases 
as  it  goes").  It  extends  from  lat.  40°  20' 
to  37°  north  and  from  long.  103°  2'  to 
109°  2'  west.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north 
by  Colorado,  on  the  east  by  Texas  and  Okla- 
homa, on  the  south  by  Texas  and  Mexico, 
and  on  the  west  by  Arizona. 

New  Mexico  was  visited  by  Niza  in  1539, 
and  Francisco  Vasquez  de  Coronado  con- 
ducted an  expedition  consisting  of  400 
Spanish  and  80n  Indians  as  far  north  as 
the  present  city  of  Santa  Fe.  in  1540.  Near 
the  close  of  the  sixteenth  century  Spanish 
missionaries  made  settlements  about  the 
head  waters  of  fhe  Hio  Grande,  and  in 
1005  Santa  F6  was  founded.  The  Spanish 
were  temporarily  expelled  by  the  Indians 
in  1680.  In  1S46  the  region  was  conquered 
by  the  Americans  under  Genera!  Kearny, 
who  proclaimed  himself  provisional  gover- 
nor. H,v  the  treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo 
proclaimed  In  ISIS.  NY\V  Mexico  became 
a  part  of  the  Tinted  State's.  A  territorial 
government  was  established  by  act  erf  Con- 
gress approved  Sept.  !».  1850'.  In  isr,:t  a 
part  of  the  Gadsden  Purchase  was  added 
to  New  Mexico,  making  the  present  area 
122.034  square  miles.  It  was  admitted  to 
the  T'nlon  June  20.  1910. 

The  Industries  of  New  Mexico  nre  mostly 
confined  to  mining  and  stock-raisins-  Some 
cereals,  vegetables,  fruit  and  cof'inn  are 
raised.  With  the  extension  of  irrigation 
more  attention  is  being  given  both  to  agri- 
culture and  stock  raising.  In  lllou  die  irri- 
gated area  covered  -n:;.S93  .acres,  exclusive 
of  lands  in  Indian  reserves.  The  area  to 


Encyclopedic  Index 


New  Netherlands 


be  reclaimed  under  the  Federal  reclamation 
act  Includes  40,000  acres  in  New  Mexico. 
The  Kio  (Jrande  project  provides  for  reser- 
voir construction  for  the  Irrigation  of  180,- 
000  acres  in  New  Mexico  and  Texas.  Pri- 
vate enterprise  is  also  devoted  largely  to 
reservoir  and  canal  construction.  The  for- 
est area  covers  more  than  8,300,000  acres. 
There  are  44,777,905  acres  of  public  lauds 
in  the  territory  unreserved  and  unappro- 
priated. The  land  offices  are  at  Clayton, 
Las  Cruces,  Koswell,  and  Santa  F<5. 

The  agricultural  development  of  New 
Mexico  has  been  promoted  by  irrigation, 
both  public  and  private.  From  less  than 
400,000  acres  of  fertile  soil  in  1900,  the 
farm  lands  have  increased  to  2,000.000 
acres  actually  producing  through  irrigation 
and  dry  farming,  and  it  is  believed  that 
.'{.000.000  acres  additional  may  be  reclaimed 
by  storage  and  diversion  of  water.  The 
Las  Vegas  irrigation  project  just  com- 
pleted will  deliver  water  to  18.000  acres; 
by  diversion  of  water  from  the  I'ecos  River, 
Guadaloupe  County,  16,000  acres  have  been 
reclaimed :  the  central  pumping  station  In 
1'ortales.  Roosevelt  County,  furnishes  water 
for  10,000  acres.  During  the  fiscal  year 
ending  in  1910,  the  irrigation  department 
received  158  applications  to  appropriate 
water  to  017. S10  acres  of  land.  During  the 
year  ended  June  30.  1910.  299,255  cattle 
and  10,988  horses  were  shipped,  at  prices 
ranging  from  $18  to  $28.  Sheep  to  the 
number  of  719,444  were  shipped.  In  the 
spring  of  1910  there  were  .'5.500,000  sheep 
in  pasture  in  the  State.  Wild  game  and 
fish  are  abundant. 

The  copper  production  of  1910  was  3,- 
784,609  pounds,  while  5.031.136  pounds 
was  produced  the  preceding  year.  In  1911 
the  output  was  increased  and  the  cost 
of  production  decreased.  Companies  whose 
finished  product  cost  15  cents  per  pound 
in  1907,  sold  in  1911  at  12.7  cents  and 
made  a  profit.  The  Chino  Copper  Company, 
with  mills  in  the  Santa  Rita  district,  is  the 
latest  important  producer.  The  gold  pro- 
duced in  1911  was  worth  $639,897,  and  the 
silver  was  valued  at  $628,282. 

In  1906  there  were  2.795  miles  of  steam 
railway  and  14  miles  of  electric  line  in  the 
territory.  The  population  in  1910  was  327,- 
301. 

New  Mexico: 

Abduction  of  citizens  from,  referred 

to,  2G43. 
Admission   of,  into   Union,  discussed, 

2556,  7020,  7229. 
Admission   to    Union,    Act   providing 

for,  vetoed,  7636. 

Appropriations   for,   requested,    3666. 
Approval      of      constitution      recom- 
mended, 7598. 

Boundaries  of,  discussed,  2446. 
Boundary  line  with  Texas,  2566,  2568, 

2586,  2587,   2601,   2628. 
Proposition    of    United    States    re- 
garding   establishment   of,   ac- 
cepted, 2630. 

Proclamation  regarding,  2643. 
Views  of  President  Fillmore  on  set- 
tlement of,  2603,  2630. 
Capitol    at    Santa    Fe,   appropriation 
for    completion    of,    recommended, 
4737. 


Cession  of  California  and,  to  United 

States  by  Mexico — 
Area  and  value  of,  discussed,  2449, 

2484. 

Discussed  and  recommendations  re- 
garding,   2306,    2309,    2344,    2356, 
2386,  2426,  2437,  2444,  2484. 
Treaty   for,   transmitted,   2437. 
Claims  of  Texas  to  portion  of.    (See 

Boundary   line,    ante.) 
Condition   of,  discussed,  444. 
Constitution  adopted  by,  transmitted, 

2611. 

Forces  to  be  employed  in,  2454. 
Government  of,  discussed,  2557,  2564. 
Indian  hostilities  in,  discussed,  4528. 
Indians  in — 

Enslaved,  discussed  and  orders  re- 
garding, 3540. 

Hostilities   of,   referred  to,  3121. 
Number  of,  2453. 

Land  laws,  extension  of,  over;  recom- 
mended,  2623. 
Lands  granted  to,  in  aid  of  colleges 

accepted,  3358. 
Lands  in — 

Claims  under  Spanish  and  Mexican 
grants,     discussed,      5484,     5510, 
5561. 
Records    of    Mexican    Government 

regarding,  4257. 
Set  apart  as  public  reservation  by 

proclamation,  5686,  6872. 
Legislative   sessions  of — 

Law   providing   for   time   for   com- 
mencement of,  referred  to,  4675. 
Recommendation  by  territorial  gov- 
ernor for  holding,  4736. 
Mines  in,   referred   to,   2493. 
Officer  commanding  in,  2587. 

Proclamation  of,  referred  to,  2601. 
Persons  convicted  of  treason   in,  re- 
ferred  to,  2448. 
Prohibition   by    authorities    of    Spain 

to  land  American  cargoes  at,  334. 
Revenue     laws    over,     recommended, 

2493. 

Slavery    in,    right   to    introduce,    dis- 
cussed, 2490.     (See  also  Slavery.) 
Surveyor-General's    office    in,    recom- 
mended, 2493. 

Territorial  government  over — 
Deemed   inexpedient,   2567. 
Difficulties  in   organizing,  2663. 
Proposition    and    proclamation    re- 
garding,   2630,   2643. 
Recommended,   2392,   2439,   2488. 
Unlawful  combinations  in,  proclama- 
tions against,  4441,  5932. 
New  Netherlands.— The  second  in  order  of 
settlement    of    the    thirteen    Colonies.        It 
was  the  name  of  the   region  lying  between 
the    Delaware   and    Connecticut   rivers.       It 
was  claimed  by  the  Dutch   by  virtue  of  its 
discovery    by    Henry    Hudson,    an    Knglish 
navigator  in  charce  of  a  Dutch  expedition, 
In    1609.      A    trading    post,    the    germ    of   a 
colony,  was  established,  1613-14,  and  main- 


New  Neth'l'ds     Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


tained.  In  1614  the  States-General  of  the 
Netherlands  granted  the  exclusive  privilege 
of  trading  in  New  Netherlands  to  the  ex- 
plorers. In  lOlo  the  New  Netherlands  Com- 
pany was  formed  to  trade  in  furs,  but  little 
attempt  was  made  to  settle  families  before 
1621.  In  1623  the  new  country  was  made 
a  province  of  Holland  and  granted  the 
armorial  distinction  of  a  count.  Charles  II. 
of  England  iu  1664  granted  the  country  to 
his  brother,  the  Duke  of  York,  and  the 
garrison  of  the  little  block-house  at  New 
Amsterdam,  being  menaced  by  six  times  its 
number,  was  compelled  to  surrender.  The 

Elace  was  recovered  by  the  Dutch  in  167:5, 
ut  restored  the  following  year.  In  1(>74 
the  name  was  changed  to  New  York.  The 
question  of  the  priority  of  the  settlement  of 
New  York  by  the  Dutch  to  that  of  Plymouth 
by  the  expatriated  English  Pilgrims,  fresh 
from  Holland,  is  one  that  still  divides  the 
historians.  Dr.  Brodhead,  on  the  authority 
of  Holland  documents,  seems,  however,  to 
have  shown  that  the  early  trading  post  set 
up  by  the  Dutch  In  1613  was  never  aban- 
doned and  was  really  a  settlement  before 
the  date  of  the  Plymouth  colonization.  A 
similar  post  was  established,  1014,  near  the 
present  site  of  Albany. 
New  Orleans,  La.;  population  (1900), 

287,104. 

Alarm    excited    at,   over   report   that 
Aaron  Burr  would  assemble  armies 
in,  403. 
Blockade    of    port    of,    removed    by 

proclamation,  3290. 
Branch    mint   at — 

Seizure  of,  by  authorities  of  Loui- 
siana, referred  to,   3199. 
Capture  of,   referred   to,   3315. 
Cincinnati  and  Louisville  expositions, 

4819. 
Defense   of,   should  engage   attention 

of  Congress,  394,  447,  688. 
Investigations    of    Gen.     Smith    and 
James    T.    Brady    at,    referred    to, 
3G83. 

Italians  lynched   in,  discussed,  5617. 
Indemnity     for,     paid     by     United 

States/  5751. 

Memorial   from,   regarding  irregular- 
ity  in    mail   service,   2883. 
Rights  of  deposit  at  port  of,  suspend- 
ed, 338. 
Restored.  346. 
Pilot  at,   referred   to,  3662. 
Spanish    subjects  in,   assaulted,   2654. 
Claims    arising    out    of,    discussed, 

2688. 

Title  to  lots  in.  referred  to,  430. 
Vessels  bound  for,  for  military  neces- 
Kities    allowed    to    enter    port    of, 
3378. 

World's   Industrial    and    Cotton    Cen- 
tennial   Exposition    at,    discussed 
and    recommendations    regarding, 
4773,  4802.   4804,  4863,  4923. 
Board    on    behalf  of  Executive   De- 
pnrfnicnts      designated,      4815, 
4817. 

Also  placed  in  charge  of  Cincin- 
nati and  Louisville  expositions, 
4819. 


Instructions  to,  4819,  4820.' 
Proclamation  regarding,  4746. 
Report  of  board  of  management 

transmitted,  4953. 

New  Orleans  (La.),  Battle  of.— Within 
a  week  after  the  battle  of  Rodriguez  Canal 
both  Jackson  and  Sir  Edward  I'akeuham 
received  reenforcements.  Jackson's  whole 
force  on  the  New  Orleans  side  of  the  river 
on  Jan.  8,  1815,  was  about  5,000,  of 
which  only  2,200  were  at  the  front.  Only 
800  of  the  latter  were  regulars.  On  the 
opposite  side  of  the  river  was  Gen.  Morgan 
with  800  militia.  This  force  of  5,800,  in- 
differently armed  and  disciplined,  was  con- 
fronted by  10,000  of  the  finest  soldiers  in 
the  world,  most  of  them  fresh  from  the 
continental  campaign  under  Wellington.  The 
Americans  were  intrenched  behind  their  for- 
tifications, which  the  British  were  com- 
pelled to  approach  across  an  open  plain. 
In  the  conflict  2,000  were  lost  to  the  Brit- 
ish, of  Whom  700  were  killed,  1,400  wound- 
ed, and  500  taken  prisoners.  The  Americans 
lost  only  8  kilk"!  and  13  wounded.  Prob- 
ably no  other  battle  in  history  presents 
this  disparity  In  the  number  lost.  The  bat- 
tle was  fought  after  peace  was  proclaimed, 
but  before  this  news  reached  New  Orleans. 
(See  illustration  opposite.) 

New  Orleans  (La.),  Capture  of.— Feb.  20, 

1862,  Commodore  Farragut,  with  his  flag- 
ship, the  sloop  of  war  Hartford,  arrived  at 
Ship  Island,  100  miles  north-northeast  ol 
the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi.  lie  was  In 
command  of  t'he  Western  Coast  Blockading 
Squadron,  with  directions  to  take  posses- 
sion of  New  Orleans.  A  military  force  to 
cooperate  with  Farragut  arrived  at  Ship 
Island  March  25,  under  Gen.  B.  F.  Butler. 
The  defenses  of  New  Orleans  were  Fort 
Jackson,  on  the  right  bank  or  south  side 
of  the  river,  near  its  last  great  bend  before 
It  separates  inlo  the  Delia,  and  Fort  St. 
Philip,  a  little  farther  upstream  on  the 
opposite  side.  The  former,  with  its  water 
battery,  mounted  75  guns  ;  the  latter  40. 
Just  above  the  forts  was  a  fleet  of  15  ves- 
sels, including  the  Ironclad  ram  Manamms 
and  a  floating  battery,  covered  w it'll  rail- 
road iron,  called  the  Lotil^iiitxi.  These  were 
in  command  of  Commodore  J.  K.  Mitchell. 
A  heavy  chain  was  also  stretched  across 
the  river  below  Fort  Jackson.  Farragut 'a 
fleet  consisted  of  (i  sloops  ol'  war,  1(i  gun- 
boats, 21  schooners,  each  carrying  a  1.".  inch 
mortar,  and  5  other  vessels.  The  fleet  car- 
ried more  than  200  guns. 

Farragut  bombarded  (be  forts  for  six  days 
with  his  mortar  boats  without  much  effect. 
The  Confederate  loss  was  14  killed  and  .",!) 
wounded.  It  was  theii  decided  to  run  by 
the  forts.  The  obstructions  were  opened  in 
the  face  of  a  heavy  fire,  and  the  fleet  formed 
in  three  divisions  and  awaited  the  signal. 
It  was  given  at  half  past  :;  o'clock  on  the 
morning  of  April  24,  1S<>2  Capl.  Bailey 
led  ofi'  with  Ids  division  of'S  vessels,  T'ri- 
der  the  storm  of  shot  and  shell  (hey  passed 
the  obstructions  and  ran  by  the  forts 
against  the  current  in  a  stream  less  than 
half  a  mile  wide,  escaping  the  bla/ing  rafts 
only  to  be  met  at  the  end  of  their  journey 
by  the  Confederate  gunboats  eager  to  begin 
the  fight.  The  second  division  of  (he  fleet 
was  led  through  the  fiery  gauntlet  by  the 
Ifnrlfunl,  with  Farragut  on  board.  The  .S'ri- 
fitti.  carrying  Fleet  Captain  Bell,  led  flio 
third  division.  The  Kcn»d>r<\  Itiixm.  and 
~\\'in<ind  failed  1o  pass  (be  fort^.  becoming 
entangled  In  the  rafts  and  floating  debris 
and  delayed  beyond  the  dawn.  Tbe  latter 
lost  all  but  one  man  of  her  rilled  gnu  crew. 
Having  passed  the  forts  the  fleet  savagely 


Encyclopedic  Index 


New  York 


attacked  the  small  Confederate  gunboats 
beyond  and  their  destruction  was  speedily 
accomplished.  May  1  New  Orleans  was  for- 
mally occupied  by  the  United  States  troops. 
The  Federals  lost  in  the  taking  of  New 
Orleans  37  killed  and  147  wounded.  The 
Confederate  loss  was  slated  as  only  40 
killed  and  wounded. 

New  Orleans  Massacre.  ^On  March  15. 
1891,  a  mob  broke  Into  the  jail  at  New  Or- 
leans and  killed  a  number  of  Italians,  who 
were  held  charged  with  the  murder  of  Mayor 
Hennessey.  (The  Mayor  had  been  active  in 
investigating  a  secret  society  of  Sicilian 
origin,  called  "Maflosi.")  Secretary  of 
State  Blalne  immediately  urged  the  Gov- 
ernor of  Louisiana  to  preened  against  the 
guilty  parties.  The  Italian  Premier,  through 
diplomatic  correspondence,  urged  punishment 
of  the  members  of  the  mob  and  Indemnity 
for  the  death  of  the  Italians.  Blaine  in- 
sisted that  the  United  States  was  without 
authority  to  act,  and  that  the  State  of 
Louisiana  had  full  power.  Thereupon  the 
Italian  Minister  at  Washington,  Baron  Fava, 
quit  his  post,  thus  substantially  cutting  off 
diplomatic  relations.  President  Harrison 
restored  friendly  relations  with  Italy  by 
reversing  Blatne's  position  and  by  offering, 
in  the  name  of  the  United  States,  to  pay  the 
indemnity  demanded,  which  amounted  to 
something  over  $24,000. 
New  Panama  Canal  Company,  treat- 
ment of,  by  Colombia,  6922. 
New  South  Wales,  Australia: 

International  exhibition  at  Mel- 
bourne to  celebrate  founding  of, 
discussed,  5176. 
Postal  convention  with,  4882. 
New  York.— One  of  the  thirteen  original 
states ;  nickname,  "The  Empire  State"  ; 
motto,  "Excelsior."  It  extends  from  lat. 
40°  30'  to  45°  1'  north  and  from  long.  71° 
51'  to  79°  46'  west.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
north  and  northwest  by  Ontario,  Canada 
(separated  for  the  most  part  by  Lake  On- 
tario and  the  St.  Lawrence  River)  ;  on  the 
east  by  Vermont  (partly  separated  by  Lake 
Champlain),  Massachusetts,  and  Connecti- 
cut ;  on.  the  south  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
New  York  Bay,  New  Jersey  and  Pennsyl- 
vania (partly  separated  by  the  Delaware 
River),  and  on  the  west  by  Pennsylvania 
and  Ontario  (separated  by  Lake  Erie  and 
the  Niagara  River).  Long  Island,  Staten 
Island,  and  several  small  islands  are  in- 
cluded in  the  State.  The  area  is  49,204 
square  miles.  It  is  mountainous  in  the 
eastern  part,  along  the  Hudson  River.  A 
beautiful  rolling  country  constitutes  the 
watershed  separating  the  north  and  south 
drainage  of  the  western  and  central  parts 
of  the  State.  To  the  north  the  surface 
descends  in  undulating  terraces  toward  Lake 
Ontario.  To  the  south  the  country  is 
higher,  in  places  reaching  an  altitude  of 
2.000  to  2.500  feet.  The  valley  of  the  Mo- 
hawk extends  westward  from  the  Hudson 
for  nearly  150  miles.  New  York  is  the  first 
state  of  the  Union  in  commerce,  manufac- 
tures, population,  and  estimated  value  of 
property,  and  the  second  state  in  value  of 
farms. 

Statistics  of  agriculture  collected  for  the 
last  Federal  census,  place  the  number  of 
farms  in  the  State  at  215.597,  comprising 
22,030,367  acres,  valued,  with  stock  and 
improvements,  at  $1.451,481.495.  The  aver- 
age value  of  land  per  acre  was  $32.13, 
against  $24.34  in  1900.  The  value  of  do- 
mestic animals,  poultry,  etc.,  was  $183,090,- 
844,  including  2,423,003  cattle,  valued  at 


$83,062,242;  59,008  horses,  $80.043,312; 
4,052  mules,  $650,497;  000,179  swine,  $5,- 
005.272  ;  930.  300  sheep,  $4,839,651,  and 
poultry,  $7,879,388.  The  yield  and  value 
of  field  crops  for  1911  was:  Corn,  530,000 


tatoes,  375,000  acres,  27,750.000  bushels, 
$24,975,000;  hay,  4.703.ooo  acres,  4,858,- 
000  tons,  $86,958,000  ;  tobacco,  3.800  acres, 
5,054.000  pounds,  $525,  016.  The  State 
ranks  fourth  in  the  production  of  iron  ore, 
the  output  for  1910  being  1,287,209  tons, 
valued  :it  $3,848,683. 

In  1900  the  output  of  talc  was  67,800 
tons,  worth  $626,000,  and  9.042,178  barrels 
of  salt,  worth  $2,335,15t».  In  19O7,  1.375,- 
020  tons  of  iron  ore.  valued  at  $2.820,135, 
mostly  magnetite,  were  mined.  The  yield 
of  crude  petroleum  was  valued  at  $2,127,- 
748,  the  natural  gas  at  $706,157,  the  min- 
eral water  at  $080,574.  and  the  building 
stone,  cement,  clay  products,  etc.,  at  $21,- 
917,152. 

The  number  of  manufacturing  establish- 
ments in  New  York  having  an  annual  output 
valued  at  $500  or  more  at  the  ln'giiining  of 
19ir>  was  48.  2O3.  The  amount  of  capital 
invested  was  $3,334,278,000,  giving  employ- 
ment to  1,289.0!>8  persons,  using  material 
valued  at  $2,108,607,000,  and  turning  out 
finished  goods  worth  $.'{,814.001,000.  Sal- 
aries and  wages  paid  amounted  to  $873,771,- 
000.  Preeminent  among  the  industries  of 
the  State  is  the  manufacture  of  clothing. 
This  factory  industry  origin;)  ted  in  the 
State  about  1835,  and  by  1880  it  was  first 
among  the  industries  of  the  State.  In  1905 
New  York  was  first  in  the  production  of 
clothing. 

The  sugar-refining  business,  though  con- 
ducted in  only  eight  establishments,  turned 
out  $110,438.838  worth  of  finished  goods. 
Next  in  importance  to  sugar  comes  the 
manufacture  of  iron  ware  and  machinery- 
Printing  and  the  manufacture  of  liquors, 
bread,  tobacco,  meats  and  flour  follow  in 
Importance  in  the  order  named.  Dairying 
is  carried  on  in  1,706  establishments,  with 
a  capital  of  $9.060.426,  and  the  annual  out- 
put exceeds  $31.000.000.  The  textile  indus- 
tries turned  out  $114,371,226  worth  of 
cotton  and  woolen  goods,  silks,  carpets, 
hosiery  and  knit  goods  in  1905.  In  1906 
the  flour  and  grist  mills  made  $54.546.435 
worth  of  breadstnffs.  The  issues  from  the 
printing  presses  brought  $137.985.751,  near- 
ly half  of  which  was  from  periodical  papers, 
printed  in  English,  French,  German.  Italian, 
Spanish,  Hebrew,  Scandinavian.  Polish.  Bo- 
hemian, Chinese,  Japanese,  Arabic.  Greek, 
Hungarian,  and  twenty-six  other  languages. 

New  York  City  is  the  third  shipping  port 
of  the  world,  London  and  Liverpool  taking 
precedence.  The  imports  for  1907-08 
amounted  to  $688.215,938,  and  the  exports 
to  $701.062.913:  the  tonnage  of  foreign 
trade  was:  entered,  12.154,780  tons; 
cleared.  11.939.964  tons. 

In  1906  there  were  8.336  miles  of  steam 
railway  and  3.304  miles  of  electric  line. 
The  population  in  1910  was  9,113,279. 

New  York  (see  also  Hudson;  New  York 

City)  : 
Boundary  line  with  New  Jersey,  re- 

ferred to,  1268. 

Branch  mint  in,  recommended,   2352. 
Canadian  outrages  on  frontier  of,  dis- 

cussed. 1618,  1676,  1695,  1840. 
Canals    in,    recommendations   regard- 

ing, 3334. 


New  York 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Colonial  history  of,  referred  to,  1054. 

Constitution  pf  United  States,  evi- 
dence of  ratification  of  amendments 
to,  by,  67,  164,  166. 

Courts  in — 

Crowded    condition    of    docket    of, 

discussed,  5119. 
Recommendations   regarding,  4633. 

Judge,  additional,  for  southern  dis- 
trict of,  recommended,  5008. 

Judges  of  United  States  circuit  court 
for  district  of.  opinion  of,  regard- 
ing pensions,  115. 

Sheriffs  in,  duties  of,  respecting  pris- 
oners, 67. 

Statue  of  George  Clinton  presented 
to  Congress  by,  4214. 

Unlawful  expeditions  in,  1616,  2697. 
New  York,  The,  mentioned,  6313. 

New  York  and  Montana   Iron  Mining 
and  Manufacturing  Co.,  act  to  enable 
purchase  of  lauds  by,  vetoed,  3614. 
New  York  City: 

Act  to  authorize  New  York  and  New 
Jersey  Bridge  Companies  to  con- 
struct bridge  across  Hudson  Eiver 
at,  vetoed/ 5912. 

Ancient     obelisk     presented     to,     by 

Egyptian   Government,    4520,    4564. 

Branch  mint  in,  recommended,  2352, 

2407,  2500. 

Centennial    celebration    of   inaugura- 
tion of  President  Washington  to 
be  held   in,  5371. 
Proclamation  regarding,  5453. 
Custom-house   in—- 
Affairs of.  investigated,  1952,  2007, 

4423. 

Expenses  of,  referred  to,  2010. 
Report  of  commissioners  referred 

to,  2005,   20 J  4,  4402. 
Authority    for    instituting    investi- 
gation demanded,  1952. 
Reply  of  President,  1952. 
Officers   of,  suspended   and  reasons 

therefor,   4463. 

Regulations  governing  appoint- 
ments and  promotions  in,  4502, 
5157. 

Report  on,  discussed,  4588. 
Dock   at,   about   completed,   2669. 
East    River  at,   appropriation  for  re- 
moval   of    Flood    Rock    in,    recom- 
mended. 47S8. 

Tn  1790  and  1915,  views  of,  1343. 
Maltreatment   of  passengers  and  sea- 
men   cm    ships    plying   between    As- 
pinwall   and,   referred    to,   3413. 
Navy-yard   at,  new  boiler   for,  recom- 
mended, 46SJ. 

Post  office      in,     rule.;     governing     ap- 
pointments    and     promotions     in, 
4307. 
K-'ferred    to,    45S8. 


Provision  for  accommodation  of 
United  States  courts  in,  discussed, 
2832. 

Provision  for  defense  of,  447. 

Steamship  line  between  Havre  and, 
referred  to,  2011,  2173. 

Subtreasury    in,    regulations    govern- 
ing   appointments    and    promotions 
in,  4502. 
New  York  Harbor: 

Appropriation  for  removal  of  Flood 
Rock  in,  recommended,  4788. 

Naval  parade  to  be  held  in,  5760. 

New  buildings  for  recruiting  service 
at,  referred  to,  4664. 

Statue   of   Liberty    Enlightening  the 
World  to  be  placed  on  Bedloe's  Is- 
land  in.      (See   Liberty  Enlighten- 
ing the  World.) 
New     York     Indians.        (See      Indian 

Tribes.) 

New  York  Journal  of  Commerce,  spu- 
rious proclamation  printed  in,  orders 

regarding,   3438. 

New   York    World,    spurious    proclama- 
tion    printed    in,     orders     regarding, 

3438. 

New  Zealand. — The  Dominion  of  New 
Zealand  is  distant  about  1,200  miles  south- 
east of  the  mainland  of  Australia,  and  con- 
sists of  three  main  islands  in  the  South 
Pacific  Ocean,  known  as  the  North,  South, 
and  Stewart  Islands,  between  33°-53°  S. 
latitude  and  162°  1C. -172°  W.  longitude, 
with  several  groups  of  smaller  islands  lying 
at  some  distance  from  the  principal  group. 

Plil/xit-al  Feature*. — A  mountain  chain 
traverses  the  west  side  of  the  South  Island, 
culminating  in  Mount  Cook.  12, .'549  feet  in 
height.  The  North  Island  is  less  generally 
elevated.  The  North  Island  has  a  large 
central  lake  (Taupoi  3(>  miles  long,  from 
which  the  river  Waikato  flows  northwest 
to  the  sea.  The  celebrated  "pink  terraces" 
of  Kotomahana.  formed  by  the  deposit  of 
silica  tinted  with  oxide  of  iron,  were  de- 
stroyed by  volcanic  action  in  ISSfi.  but  are 
again  in  process  of  formation.  The  South 
Island  has  many  Alpine  lakes  of  great  depth. 

The  extremes  of  daily  temperature  vary 
throughout  the  year  only  by  an  average  of 
20°.  The  mean  annual  temperature  of  the 
whole  Dominion  for  the  different  seasons 
is  :  Spring.  55°  :  summer.  63°  :  autumn,  57° ; 
and  winter,  -48°. 

AREA    AXD    POPULATION 

European 

Area  in    Population 

Islands  English      Census  of 

Sq.  Miles         1911 

North  Island 44,073        563,729 

South  Island 57.923         444,120 

Stewart  Island f>05  357 

Chatham  Islands 375  258 

Auckland,     Campbell,     Antip- 
odes,    Bounty,      Kcrmadeo, 

Cook,  and  other  Islands.  ...  720  12,598 

Maori  Population ....  4<iT,si4 


104, 35(1     1,070,910 

Tlixttini.  The  west  coast  of  the  South 
Island  of  New  Zealand  was  discovered  by 
Abel  Janseii  Tasman,  the  navigator  (voy- 
aging under  the  direction  of  the  Nefhe'r- 
Innds'  Kast  India  Company),  on  December 
13.  1042,  The  islands  wore  visited  in  1700 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Newfoundland 


by  Captain  Cook,  who  returned  to  them  in 
1773,  1774,  and  1777.  In  1793  the  Gov- 
ernment of  New  South  Wales  despatched 
H.M.S.  Daedalus  to  the  islands  on  a  dip- 
lomatic mission.  The  first  settlement  of 
Europeans  was  made  in  1814,  but  no  colo- 
nization took  place  until  1825.  In  1840 
British  sovereignty  was  proclaimed,  and  on 
May  3,  1841,  New  Zealand  was,  by  letters 
patent,  erected  into  a  separate  colony  dis- 
tinct from  New  South  Wales. 

Uovernment. — The  Constitution  rests  upon 
the  Act  of  1852,  under  which  the  execu- 
tive authority  is  entrusted  to  a  Governor 
appointed  by  the  Crown  and  aided  by  a 
Council  of  Ministers,  with  a  Legislature 
of  two  houses. 

Parliament  consists  of  a  Legislative 
Council  appointed  by  the  Governor  (prior 
to  1891  the  appointments  were  for  life ; 
since  that  date  for  7  years  only),  at  present 
consisting  of  42  members;  and  a  House  of 
Representatives,  consisting  of  80  members 
elected  for  3  years.  Four  of  the  members 
are  Maoris  ele'eted  by  the  natives.  Women 
are  entitled  to  register  as  electors  and  to 
vote  at  the  elections  for  Members  of  the 
House  of  Representatives,  but  are  not  qual- 
ified for  election  or  for  appointment  to 
the  Legislative  Council.  The  capital  is 
Wellington. 

Army. — The  New  Zealand  Defence  Forces 
consist  of  the  N.  Z.  Staff  Corps  (Officers), 
the  Permanent  Staff,  and  the  Royal  New 
Zealand  Artillery. 

Military  training  is  compulsory  on  all 
male  citizens  between  the  ages  of  12  and 
25.  The  Peace  Effective  is  about  30,000 
of  all  ranks.  The  material  from  which  the 
Australian  and  New  Zealand  armies  are 
being  constructed  is  the  finest  in  the  world. 

Nary. — The  Dominion  possesses  the  super- 
dreadnought  battle  cruiser  New  Zealand 
(1S.SOO  tons),  which  has  been  placed  at 
the  disposal  of  H.  M.  Admiralty,  and  tor- 
P(  do-boats  and  submarine-mining  steamers  ; 
the  Calliope  Dock,  capable  of  docking  two 
warships,  was  subsidized  by  the  Imperial 
Government  in  1898. 

Finance. — The  annual  revenues  amount  to 
nearly  £12,000,000,  and  the  expenditures 
are  about  the  same  amount.  The  debt  was 
stated  in  1913  as  £90.000.000.  The  Brit- 
ish system  of  money  is  in  use. 

Education. — The  State  system  of  educa- 
tion is  free,  secular,  and  compulsory  ;  there 
are  also  310  private  schools,  with  20,238 
scholars,  and  in  addition,  104  village 
schools  for  the  Maoris.  The  higher  educa- 
tion of  boys  and  girls  in  t'he  cities  and 
large  towns  is  carried  on  in  32  endowed 
colleges  and  grammar  schools. 

Production  and  Industry. — The  area  of 
the  two  main  islands  is  ('..">, 440. 815  acres, 
and  the  total  extent  of  land  under  all  kinds 
of  crop,  and  of  land  broken  up  but  not 
under  cron,  is  1,729.504  acres,  while  there 
are  14,214,741  acres  of  land  in  sown  grass, 
of  which  9,214.515  acres  had  not  been  pre- 
viously ploughed.  Amongst  the  forest  pro- 
ductions are  the  Kauri  pine  (found  only 
at  the  northern  extremity  of  the  islands), 
much  valued  for  shipbuilding  and  for  its 
resin  (Kauri  gum).  New  Zealand  flax  is 
used  for  the  manufacture  of  ropes  and 
twine. 

TAre  StocJ:. — The  cattle  in  1911  numbered 
2.020,171  ;  sheep.  23,750,153  (in  April, 
1912)  ;  pigs,  348.754:  and  horses,  mules 
nnd  asses,  404. (588.  The  pastures  of  the 
Smith  Island  produce  the  celebrated  sheep 
of  the  Canterbury  Plain. 

Minerals. — Coal-mining  Is  one  of  the  larg- 
est industries.  Gold-mining,  both  alluvial 
and  quarts!,  is  an  important  industry  in 
ninny  districts,  and  rich  iron  ore.  in  the 
form  of  iron  sand,  has  been  found  in  Tara- 


naki,  and  in  the  form  of  brown  liar-niatito 
at  Parapara :  copper  is  also  found. 

Dependencies  of  \ein  Zealand. — Antipodes 
Group,  Auckland  Islands,  Bounty  Islands 
and  Campbell  Islands,  all  uninhabited. 
Chat'ham  Islands  and  Cook  Islands.  The 
Cook  and  other  islands,  annexed  to  the  Brn- 
ish  Empire  in  October,  1900,  and  included 
in  the  boundaries  of  New  Zealand  since 
June,  1901,  consist  of  the  islands  of  Raro- 
toriga,  Aitutald.  Mangala,  Atiu,  Manke,  Miti- 
aro,  The  Llerveys  and  Takutea. 

New  Zealand: 

Sequestration  of  lands  in,  claimed  by 
William  Webster,  referred  to,  4327. 

Titles  to  lands  in,  claimed  by  Ameri- 
can citizens,  referred  to,  5179. 
Newbern  (N.  C.),  Capture  of.— After  se- 
curing Roanokc  Island  Burnside  proceeded 
to  the  execution  of  another  clause  of  his 
orders  by  advancing  upon  Newbern.  March 
14,  1802,  he  landed  a  force  of  men  on  the 
banks  of  the  Neiise  River,  eighteen  miles  be- 
low the  city.  They  advanced  within  five 
miles  of  the  place  where  they  encountered  a 
redoubt,  whic'h  was  taken  by  assault.  The 
bridge  over  the  Trent,  a  tributary  of  the 
Neuse,  was  burned  by  the  Confederates  as 
they  retreated.  With  the  capture  of  New- 
bern 40  heavy  guns,  3  batteries  of  light 
artillery,  and  a  large  amount  of  stores  fell 
into  P.urnside's  hands  The  Federal  loss  was 
90  killed  and  4m;  wounded.  The  Confed- 
erate loss  was  23  killed,  58  wounded,  and 
about  2,500  prisoners. 

Newburg  Addresses. — There  were  many 
things  to  criticise  and  much  to  complain 
of  in  the  conduct  of  the  Revolutionary 
War,  but  heroic  achievement  and  devotion 
to  the  cause  of  freedom,  as  a  rule,  over- 
shadowed the  jealousies  of  officers  and  the 
complaints  of  men.  Gen.  Horatio  Gates 
had  always  been  a  rival  of  Washington 
for  command  of  the  army,  nnd  frequently 
conspired  against  the  hitter's  popularity. 
In  1783,  while  Washington's  army  was  en- 
camped at  Newlmrg,  two  anonymous  ap- 
peals were  issued  to  the  officers,  urging 
them  to  hold  a  meeting  to  consider  rhe 
question  of  the  money  due  them  by  Con- 
gress. The  appeals  were  written  by  ('apt. 
Armstrong,  of  Pennsylvania,  and  were  sup- 
posed to  have  been  instigated  by  the 
Gates  faction.  Washington  Immediately 
denounced  the  meeting  as  subversive  of 
discipline  and  called  a  regular  meeting 
of  the  officers  to  consider  the  matter.  Gates 
was  placed  in  the  chair.  Washington's 
friends  carried  motions  characterizing  as 
'•infamous  proposals"  the  suggestions  of  the 
Newbnrg  addresses,  and  furthermore  de- 
claring their  unshaken  confidence  in  Con- 
gress. 

Newfoundland. — The  Island  of  Newfound- 
land is  situated  between  40°  37'-57°  39'  N. 
latitude  and  52°  35'-59°  25'  W.  longitude, 
on  the  northeast  side  of  the  Gulf  St.  Law- 
rence, and  is  separated  from  the  North 
American  Continent  by  the  Straits  of  Belle 
Isle.  The  island  is  about  317  miles  long 
and  316  miles  broad,  and  is  triangular  in 
shape,  with  Cape  Bauld  north.  Cape  Race 
southeast,  and  Cape  Ray  southwest  at  the 
angles. 

Pliirsical  Features. — The  coast  is  extreme- 
ly rugged,  and  the  coastal  regions  are  moun- 
tainous, the  north  and  east  being  excessively 
cold  owing  to  the  quantities  of  ice  brought 
down  from  the  Greenland  seas.  The  interior 
is  undulating  and  is  covered  with  tolts 
(round  hills)  interspersed  with  lakes,  rivers. 
and  swamps,  but  containing  many  fertile 
valleys,  where  the  climate  is  favorable  to 


Newfoundland     Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


agriculture,  and  a  great  wealth  of  forests, 
mainly  of  pine  and  birch.  The  climate  is 
salubrious,  and  the  people  are  a  strong, 
healthy,  hardy,  industrious  race.  The  ther- 
mometer seldom  falls  below  zero  in  winter, 
and  ranges  in  the  shade  in  summer  from 
70°  to  80". 

History. — Newfoundland  is  the  oldest 
English  i  >lony  in  America,  for  it  was  dis- 
covered by  Jo'hn  Cabot  on  June  24,  1497  ; 
the  first  land  seen  was  hailed  as  Prima 
Vista — the  present  Cape  Bonavista.  The 
island  was  afterwards  visited  (1500)  by  the 
Portuguese  navigator,  Caspar  de  Cortereal, 
and  soon  became  the  centre  of  an  extensive 
fishing  industry,  with  settlements  of  Portu- 
guese, Biscayans,  and  French.  In  August, 
ir>83,  the  island  was  formally  occupied  by 
Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert,  in  the  name  of  Queen 
Elizabeth,  and  by  the  Treaty  of  Utrecht 
(1713)  the  whole  island  was  acknowledged 
to  be  British.  A  Governor  was  first  appoint- 
ed in  1728,  and  in  1SS5  "Responsible  gov- 
ernment" was  accorded  to  the  island. 

Government. — The  executive  is  entrusted 
to  a  Governor  appointed  by  the  Crown,  aid- 
ed by  au  Executive  Council,  with  a  Leg- 
islature of  two  houses. 

AREA    AMD    POPULATION. 

Area  in   Population 
English          1911 
Sq.  Allies 

Newfoundland 42,750        238,670 

Labrador  Coast 120,000  3,949 


Total 102,750        242,619 

Pro'ilnrtinn  and  InfluKtry. — The  Inhabit- 
ants are  chiefly  located  on  the  coast-line  of 
the  shore  and  bays,  and  for  the  greater  part 
nre  engaged  in  fishing — for  cod  in  summer, 
and  seal  fishing  in  winter  and  spring;  agri- 
culture, mining,  and  lumbering  are  also  en- 
gaging attention,  while  large  pulp  and  pa- 
per mills  have  been  erected.  The  larger 
portion  of  the  interior  is  practically  in  a 
state  of  nature ;  but  their  railways  have 
opened  up  large  tracts  of  rich  agricultural, 
mineral,  and  timber  lands  hitherto  of  small 
value.  There  were  770  miles  of  railway 
open  in  1011. 

Shipping. — On  Dec.  31,  1010,  the  Mer- 
cantile Marine  of  Newfoundland  consisted 
of  3.318  sailing  vessels  of  132.510  tons, 
and  <;8  steam  vessels  of  14,041  tons. 

The  Capital,  St.  John's  (population  32,- 
292  >,  contains  two  cathedrals,  several 
banks,  and  numerous  public  buildings. 

LA/tJfADOIf.  a  dependency  of  Newfound- 
land, forms  the  most  easterly  part  of  Amer- 
ica,  and  extends  from  Blanc  Sublon,  in  the 
Straits  of  Belle  Isle,  on  the  south,  to  Cape 
Chudleigh,  at  the  entrance  to  Hudson's 
Straits  (or  to  Cape  Wolstenholme),  011  the 
north  ;  the  boundaries  between  Quebec  and 
Labrador  being  a  matter  of  keen  controversy 
which  is  expected  to  come  up  for  settlement 
before  t'he  Judicial  Committee  of  the  Privy 
Council.  Labrador  possesses  valuable  cod, 
herring,  trout,  and  salmon  fisheries.  One 
of  the  grandest  spectacles  in  the  universe 
is  provided  by  the  Great  Ealls  of  Labrador, 
on  the  Hamilton  River.  The  inhabitants  of 
this  S.'O  miles  of  coastal  America  are  main- 
ly Eskimos,  engaged  in  fishing  and  hunting. 
There  an:  no  towns,  hut  tin-re  are  Moravian 
mission  stations  at  Maggovik,  Ilopedale, 
Naln,  Okak,  Hebron  and  Killinek.  Pulp 
and  paper  mills  have  been  founded  at  Sand- 
wich Bay  nnd  Hamilton  Inlet,  to  deal  with 
the  almost  inexhaustible  supply  of  timber. 

Tnulr.  irith  the  l/nitnl  8tutcx. — The  value 
of  merchandise  Imported  from  the  United 
States  into  Newfoundland  and  Labrador  for 
tin-  year  1!)i:',  was  $4.SSX,(;1S,  and  goods 
to  the  value  of  $1.  ir,1.S7r»  were  sent  thither 
— a  balance  of  $3, I'M, 743  iu.  favor  of  the 
United  States. 


Newfoundland : 

Certain   articles   of  treaty   at   Wash- 
ington extended  to,  4227,  4243. 

Commercial     intercourse     with,      re- 
ferred to,  2867. 

Importations   from,   proclamation   re- 
moving duties  on,  2922. 

Postal  convention  with,  4203. 

Reciprocity  with,  6717. 
Newport,  Vt.,  privileges  of  other  ports 

granted  to,  by  proclamation,  3428. 
Newspapers,  transportation  of: 

Referred  to,  120,  124. 

Repeal  tax  on,  recommended,  134. 
Nez     Perce     Indians.       (See     Indian 

Tribes.) 

Nez  Perce  War.     (See  Indian  Wars.) 
Niagara,   The,   employed  to  return  ne- 
groes to  Africa,  3058. 
Niagara  Falls: 

American   victory   on   Canadian    side 
of,  533. 

Attack  of  American  forces  upon  Brit- 
ish  troops  near,   unsuccessful,  501. 

Ship  canal  around,  discussed,  4150. 
Nicaragua. — Nicaragua  is  the  largest  of 
t'he  Central  American  Republics  and  is  situ- 
ated between  10°  45'-15"  N.  lat  and  83° 
40'-87°  38'  W.  long.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
north  by  Honduras  and  on  the  south  by 
Costa  Rica,  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Oceans 
washing  the  east  and  west  coasts.  The 
Atlantic  (Caribbean  or  Mosquito)  coast  of 
about  300  miles  is  low  and  swampy,  with 
numerous  lagoons  and  estuaries,  with  har- 
bors at  Gracls  a  Dios,  in  the  extreme 
northeast,  Bluefields,  and  San  Juan  del 
Nprte  or  Grey  town  in  the  extreme  south 
The  Pacific  Coast  of  about  200  miles  is 
rocky  and  elevated,  but  possesses  good  har- 
bors in  Fonseca,  Corinto,  Brito  and  San 
Juan  del  Sur.  The  area  is  51,600  square 
miles. 

Physical  Features. — A  mountain  range 
known  in  the  southeast  as  the  Cordillera  d.» 
lolaina  runs  from  the  Caribbean  coast  to 
the  northwestern  boundary.  Parallel  with 
this  range  and  close  to  the  Pacific  is  a  range 
of  volcanic  peaks,  of  which  several  are  liable 
to  eruption.  Between  these  ranges  are  low- 
lying  plains  and  the  Lakes  of  Nicaragua  and 
Managua  and  east  of  the  main  range  the 
country  slopes  gradually  to  the  low-lying 
Mosquito  Coast. 

The  principal  rivers  are  the  Wanks  or 
Cocos  or  Segovia,  which  forms  part  of  the 
northern  boundary  witli  Honduras-  the  Rio 
Grande,  with  its  tributary,  the  Tumn  •  the 
San  Juan,  which  forms  part  of  the  southern 
boundary  with  Costa  Rica  and  flows  from 
Lake  Nicaragua  to  the  Caribbean  at  San 
Juan  del  Norte.  The  main  hydrographlcal 
features  of  the  country  are  the  vast  lakes 
Nicaragua  and  Managua.  Lake  'Nicaragua 
has  total  area  of  almost  3.000  square 
miles  and  a  total  length  of  over  loo  miles. 
The  lake  contains  numerous  islands  and  is- 
lets, the  largest  containing  the  two  volcanic 
peaks  of  Ometepe  and  Madera.  Lake  Mana- 
gua is  about  thirty  miles  long  and  has  a 
total  area  of  080  square  miles.  The  I'nne- 
loya  channel  connects  the  two  lakes,  but  the 
higher  level  of  Managua  presents  a  navi- 
gable connection  between  the  two  lake*. 

HiHturji. — Nicaragua  was  discovered  by 
Columbus  in  1502  and  was  overrun  hv  the 
Spaniards  under  Davila  In  the  first  quarter 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Nicaragua 


of  the  sixteenth  tontury,  and  formed  part 
of  the  Spanish  Captaincy-General  of  (Guate- 
mala until  the  revolt  of  the  Spanish  Colo- 
nies. In  1821  Nicaragua  declared  its  Inde- 
pendence of  Spain  and  from  1823-1839 
formed  part  of  the  Federation  of  Central 
American  States,  hut  since  1839  the  Repub- 
lic has  been  Independent. 

Government. — The  Constitution  rests  on 
the  fundamental  law  of  Nov.  10,  1911  (as 
amended  in  11)13),  and  Is  that  of  a  cen- 
tralized republic.  The  President  Is  elected 
by  direct  suffrage  for  four  years.  Presi- 
dent of  Nicaragua,  until  Dec.  31,  191G, 
Adolfo  Diaz. 

Congress  consists  of  a  Senate  of  13  mem- 
bers and  a  Chamber  of  40  deputies,  elected 
in  botli  instances  for  4  years  and  renewable 
as  to  one  half  biennially. 

There  Is  a  /supremo  court  at  the  Capital, 
and  courts  of  appeal  at  Leon,  Masaya  and 
Bluoiiolds,  with  courts  of  first  instance  In 
all  centres  of  population. 

Service  in  the  Army  is  compulsory  and 
universal  between  the  ages  of  17  and  55. 

Ethnography. — On  the  east  coast  are 
many  uncivilized  tribal  Indians  known  as 
Mosquitos,  their  numbers  being  estimated 
at  30.000,  wlille  pure-blooded  Indians  are 
still  living  in  the  central  districts.  There 
is  also  a  sprinkling  of  Kuropoans  and  their 
descendants,  the  greater  number  being  Span- 
ish and  German.  The  total  population  is 
about  600,000. 

Production  and  Industry. — The  principal 
agricultural  product  is  coffee,  which  is 
grown,  principally  in  the  department  of 
Matagalpa,  under  German  management  and 
exported  to  Hamburg.  Bananas  arc  also 
grown  in  the  eastern  districts  and  on  the 
Mosquito  coast.  Rice,  beans,  sugar,  cocoa, 
and  tobacco  are  also  cultivated,  but  large 
quantities  of  foodstuffs  are  imported.  The 
live  stock  Includes  cattle,  horses,  and  pigs. 
The  forest  products  are  important,  mahog- 
any and  rubber  being  exported. 

Gold  and  silver,  copper,  coal  petroleum, 
and  precious  stones  are  found,  the  gold  ex- 
port in  1910  exceeding  £200,000.  The  mines 
are  not  fully  developed. 

Manufactures. — Leather  and  furniture, 
beer  and  spirits,  tobacco,  candles  and  soap 
are  among  the  principal  industries,  those 
connected  with  cattle  raising  being  the 
most  important.  The  imports  are  princi- 
pally cottons  and  other  manufactured  goods 
from  the  United  States. 

Forcir/n  Trade. — Of  the  imports  50  per 
cent  are  from  the  United  States  and  15  per 
cent  from  Germany:  the  exports,  40  per 
cent  to  the  United  States,  15  per  cent  to 
Germany,  and  12  per  cent  to  France. 

Kailirays. — A  line,  172  miles  in  length, 
runs  from  the  principal  port  of  Corinto  to 
Loon  Managua  and  Granada  on  the  lakes, 
whence  a  line  of  steamers  runs  at  regular 
Intervals  to  the  southern  shores.  Many  lines 
are  projected,  including  a  trans-isthmus  sys- 
tem to  Monkey  Point,  on  the  Caribbean. 

Posts  and  Telegraphs. — In  1908  there 
were  135  post  offices  and  130  telegraph 
offices,  with  1.591  miles  of  line,  the  Re- 
public being  linked  up  with  the  Pacific  cable 
from  Mexico  to  Peru. 

Slrippinfl. — In  1908  the  ports  were  visited 
by  804  vessels,  mainly  United  States  and 
German.  The  Pacific  harbors  are  the  most 
frequented,  Corinto  being  the  chief  com- 
mercial port. 

Debt. — In  May,  1909,  the  Nicaraguan 
Government  obtained  a  foreign  loan  of 
£1,250,000.  issuing  gold  bonds  with  interest 
at  G  per  cent.  The  product  of  the  sale  of 
these  bonds  was  to  pay  off  the  British  loan 
of  ISSti  (C245.000).  and  the  United  States 
loan  of  1904  ($1,000,000).  while  $2.175,000 
was  set  aside  for  the  construction  of  a  new 


railroad  from  Lake  Nicaragua  to  Monkey 
Point  on  the  Atlantic  seaboard.  The  1911 
government  entered  into  negotiations  for  a 
$20,000,000  gold  loan  in  the  United  Slates. 
In  June,  1912,  the  government  defaulted 
In  the  payment  of  interest  on  the  0  pel 
cent  bonds,  and  entered  into  an  agreement 
with  tiie  bondholders  for  the  substitution 
of  other  securities  with  a  scheme  of  pay- 
ments. T'p  to  September,  1913,  the  Amer- 
ican bankers  had  advanced  only  .$1,000,000, 
while  (hey  hold  as  security  all  the  revenues 
(including  customs  and  railways)  and  prac- 
tically control  the  Banco  Nacional. 

Cities. — Capital,  Managua.  Population. 
35.000.  Others  are  Leon  ui5.000),  Granada 
(20,000).  Matagalpa,  Masaya,  Jinotega, 
Chinandega,  Ksteli,  Boaco,  Jinotepe,  and 
Greytown. 

The  unit  of  value  Is  the  gold  codolin  of 
100  centavos,  worth  $1  in  United  States 
currency,  the  paper  peso  fluctuating,  and 
being  worth  about  8  cents.  In  conjunction 
with  the  United  States  loan  scheme  a  mone- 
tary reform  has  been  introduced.  Token 
money  of  the  standard  value  of  the  T'nited 
States  dollar  is  issued  by  the  Banco  Na- 
cional, and  the  paper  pesos  are  convertible 
at  the  rate  of  12.50  per  cordoba. 

Traile,  irith  the  United  Ktati's. — The  value 
of  merchandise  Imported  into  Nicaragua 
from  the  United  States  for  the  year  1913 
was  $2.925,807,  and  goods  to  the  value  of 
.$1,437.939  were  sent  thither- — a  balance  of 
$1,487,868  in  favor  of  the  United  States. 

Nicaragua    (see   also   Mosquito    Indian 

Strip): 
Adventurers    undertake    to    establish 

government   in,  2S14. 
American    citizens    in,    outrages    on, 

3048. 

Arrest    of    "William    Walker    in,    dis- 
cussed, 2997,  3001,  3017. 
Bombardment   of   San   Juan.         (See 

San  Juan,  Nicaragua.) 
Boundary  line   with   Costa  Rica — 
Arbitration   of,   referred   to    Presi- 
dent of  United  States  and  award 
of,  discussed,  5369. 
Proposition   for   settlement    of,    re- 
ferred to,  2736. 

Settlement      of,     indispensable     to 
commencement     of     ship     canal, 
2702. 
Survey  of  port  and  river  San  Juan 

to    be   made,   3444. 
British  authority  and  aggressions  in, 

discussed,  2571. 
British    troops    landed    at    Bluefields. 

(See  Mosquito  Indian  Strip.) 
Civil   convulsions  in,  discussed,   2657. 
Claims     of     United     States     against, 

3048.  3100,  3175. 
Correspondence  regarding,  referred 

to,  4460. 

Clayton-Bulwer  treaty  for  protection 
of   canal   through,   discussed,   2580, 
2617,  2903,  2943,  3117. 
Correspondence    regarding,    transmit- 
ted,  2722,  2S94. 
Diplomatic  relations  with,  discussed, 

2948,  4562,  6264,  6427. 
Distracted      condition,     referred     to, 
2S69,  2905,  2947. 


Nicaragua 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Expedition  against — 

Discussed,  2978,  2997,  3000. 
Proclamation     against,     by     Presi- 
dent— 

Buchanan,  3027. 
Pierce,  2921. 
Referred  to,  3001,  3017. 
Forfeiture  of  concessions  of,  to  Nic- 
aragua Canal,  referred  to,  5960. 
Fugitive   criminals,   convention   with, 

for  surrender  of,  4067,  4100. 
Grant    of   exclusive   right    of   transit 
over  territory  of,  to  European,  re- 
ferred to,  3987. 
Greytown — • 

Bombardment  of,  and  reasons  for, 
discussed,  2814.      (See  illustra- 
tion opposite  2817.) 
Claims  arising  out  of,  2995,  3049. 
Complaints  of  foreign  powers  re- 
garding, 2814. 

Vessels  from,  duties  on,  suspend- 
ed by  proclamation,  4872. 
Honduras  and,  treaties  with,  proposed 

by  Taft,  7663. 

Measures  for  protection  of  American 
citizens    and    property    in,    recom- 
mended, 3048,  3069,  3100,  3181. 
Minister    of,    to    United    States,    re- 
ceived, 2906. 

Return   of,  referred   to,   2948. 
Ministers   from  two   contending  par- 
ties   in,    not    received    by    United 
States,  2948. 

Mosquito  Indian  Strip,  affairs  of,  dis- 
cussed. (See  Mosquito  Indian  Strip.) 
Negotiations  with,  transmission  of  in- 
formation     regarding,      refused, 
2690. 

Transmitted,  2695. 

Report   of  T.   C.   Reynolds  on,  trans- 
mitted,  5116. 

Revolutions  in,  discussed,  5870,  6432. 
Rupture    with    Costa    Rica    amicably 

settled,  6325,  6426. 

Tariff    laws    of,    evidence    of    modifi- 
cations  of,   proclaimed,   5698. 
Discussed,  57-17. 

Transit  way  across,  discussed  and 
measures  for  protection  of,  rec- 
ommended, 2S13,  2901,  2947,  3046, 
300!),  3ino,  :>,1S1.  (See  also  Nica- 
ragua Canal.) 
Treaty  regarding,  between  United 

States  and — 
Honduras,   3110. 
\icaragua,   .'1017,  48'J5,  4843. 
Treaty  and  negotiations  with,  regard- 
in  jr    Niciiragna   ('anal.       (See    Nica- 
ragua    C;m;il.) 
Treat  v   of,    \vitli  — 
Fnm.-e,    :;iL'l. 
('rent     Britain,    .'',170. 
Treaty     with,     tran-rnit  t  .•<!     :uid     dis- 
cusser!   1,\-    President  — 
Arthur,  4825,  4s.j:;. 


Buchanan,  3100,  3108. 
Fillmore,  2602. 
Grant,  4067,  4100. 
Johnson,  3779,  3885. 
Lincoln,  3273. 
Pierce,  2870,  2883. 
Taylor,  2571. 

Ratification  of,  discussed,  3273. 
Failure  of,  referred  to,  3114. 
Withdrawn,   4888. 
Discussed,  4912. 
Vessels  of — 

Discriminating  duties  on,   suspend- 
ed by  proclamation,  3416. 
Duties   on    vessels   from   San   Juan 
del   Norte   suspended   by   procla- 
mation, 4872. 

Nicaragua,  Treaty  with. — The  treaty  of 
friendship,  commerce,  navigation,  and  as 
to  isthmian  transit,  was  denounced  by 
Nicaragua  to  take  effect  in  19012.  The  ex- 
tradition treaty  of  1870  was  also  denounced 
by  Nicaragua  to  take  effect  in  the  same 
year.  The  protocol  with  Nicaragua  of  1900 
for  the  construction  of  an  interoceanic  ca- 
nal provided  that  the  President  of  the 
United  States  is  empowered  to  acquire  con- 
trol of  such  portion  of  the  territory  of  Nica- 
ragua as  may  be  necessary  or  advisable  to 
construct  a  ship  canal  from  a  point  near 
San  Juan  del  Norte  on  the  Caribbean  Sea, 
through  Lake  Nicaragua  to  Brite,  on  the 
Pacific  Ocean.  As  a  preliminary  to  nego- 
tiations it  is  agreed  that  the  details  of 
the  canal  construction  be  the  same  as  those 
contained  in  a  treaty  with  Great  Britain 
ponding  decision  of  the  Senate  of  the  Unit- 
ed States.  (See  Extradition  Treaties.) 

Nicaragua  also  became  a  party  to  the 
convention  between  the  United  States  and 
the  several  republics  of  South  and  Central 
America  for  the  arbitration  of  pecuniary 
claims  and  the  protection  of  inventions, 
etc.,  which  was  signed  in  Buenos  Aires  in 
1010  and  proclaimed  in  Washington  July 
29,  1914.  (See  South  and  Central  America, 
Treaties  with.) 

Nicaragua  Canal.— A  proposed  ship  canal 
across  the  Republic  of  Nicaragua  to  con- 
nect the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  oceans.  As 
early  as  1522  Lake  Nicaragua  was  entered 
from  the  western  coast  and  explored  by 
Spanish  navigators.  In  1550  Antonio  Oai- 
vao,  a  Portuguese,  proposed  four  routes 
for  a  ship  canal  across  the  Isthmus  one 
by  way  of  Lake  Nicaragua  and  the  Sun 
Juan  Kivei-.  Later  surveys  were  made  by 
tbe  Spanish  and  Central  American  govern- 
ments. In  1850  Col.  O.  W.  (  bilds  sur- 
veyed a  canal  route  from  Lake  Nicaragua 
to  the  Pacific.  More  complete  surveys 
were  made  for  the  United  States  in  1872- 
1ST.S  and  ls,S5,  and  the  cost  of  construc- 
tion was  variously  estimated  at  from  $  JO  . 
000,000  to  $140,000,000.  The  Nicaraguan 
Government  made  concessions  to  Ameri- 
cans for  constructing  a  canal  in  1849  ;md 
1880  and  to  a  Frenchman  in  ts5x  but 
they  all  lapsed  without  results.  In  188}  n 
treaty  was  signed  for  the  construction  of 
n  canal  by  the  United  States,  but  the 
Senate  refused  to  ratify  it.  In  1887  a 
new  concession  was  granted  by  Nicaragua 
and  continued  by  Costa  Rica  '  \  company 
was  immediately  formed  and  chartered  by 
the  United  States,  work  was  In. gun  but 
ceased  in  1S92  f,,r  lack  of  fluids,  and  final- 
ly in  IX'.*::  the  company  was  plae.-d  in  the 
hands  <>(  a  receiver.  President  McKinlev 
in  1811!)  appointed  a  commission  to  report 
on  the  question  of  the  best  route  for  au 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Nominations 


Interocean  canal  and  in  1001  n  report  was 
presented  advising  the  Nicaragua  route, 
mainly  on  (lie  ground  of  the  difficulty  of 
acquiring  rights  and  control  in  Panama. 
In  1000  the  House  passed  a  hill  providing 
for  tiie  construction  of  a  Nicaragua  Canal 
but  the  Senate  refused  to  pass  it.  An- 
other bill  of  a  similar  character  passed 
the  House  in  January,  11*02,  but  before 
it  went  to  the  Senate,  n  report  was  re- 
ceived from  the  Canal  Commission  recom- 
mending (lie  Panama  route.  The  construc- 
tion of  the  Panama  Canal  settles  the  ques- 
tion of  the  isthmian  route. 

Nicaragua  Canal  (sec  also  Panama  Ca- 
nal): 

Clayton-Bulwer  treaty  for  protection 
of,  discussed,  2580,  2617,  2903,  2943, 
3117. 
Construction    of,    referred    to,    5120, 

5544,  5623. 

Importance  of,  discussed,  but  Gov- 
ernment aid  to,  not  recommend- 
ed, 2553. 

Report  on,  transmitted,  6097. 
Contract    of    Interoccanic    Canal    Co. 

discussed,    5470. 
Control    of,    should    not   be    held   by 

one  nation  alone,  2554. 
Correspondence     regarding,    referred 

to,  5120. 

Discussed  by  President — 
Arthur,  4843. 
Buchanan,  3116. 
Cleveland,  5870. 
Fillmore,  2617. 
Harrison,   Bcuj.,   5470,    5544,   5623, 

5752. 

Hayes,  4521. 

McKinley,   6265,  6326,  6366,  6433. 
Pierce,  2901. 
Taylor,  2553,  2571,  2580. 
Forfeiture  of  Nicaraguan  concessions 

to,  referred  to,  5960. 
Government     aid     to,     recommended, 

5624,  5752. 

Report  on,  transmitted,  6185. 
Right   of  way  for,   referred  to,  2569. 
Should  be  accomplished  under  Ameri- 
can auspices,  5870. 
Treaty  regarding,  with — 

Great  Britain,  discussed,  2580,  2617, 

2943,  3117. 

Nicaragua    (see   also  Nicaragua) — 
Discussed,  2571,  2601,  4825,  4843. 
Withdrawn,   4888,    4912. 
Nicaragua  Canal  Commission  discussed, 

6326,  6366. 
Nicaragua,    The,    indemnity   to    owners 

of,  6826. 

Nickel. — A  name  given  to  the  five-cent 
piece,  although  only  one-third  of  the  metal 
is  nickel,  the  other  two-thirds  being  copper. 
Ninety-Six  (S.  C.),  Siege  of.— I  mined  i- 
ately  after  the  surrender  of  Charleston 
(May  12.  1780)  Clinton  sent  I.ient.  Conger 
up  the  Saludn  to  Ninety-Six,  a  village  iu 
South  Carolina,  about  seventy-five  miles 
from  Columbia.  May  21.  1781,  a  part  of 
Gen.  Greene's  army  laid  siege  to  the  place. 


Koscinsko  planned  the  approaches  and  the 
condition  of  the  garrison  had  become  criti- 
cal, when,  on  June  20,  the  siege  was  raised 
on  the  approach  of  Lord  Kawdon  with  the 
tlank  companies  of  three  regiments. 

Nipmuc  Indians.     (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Nipsic,    The,    disabled    at    Samoan    Is- 
lands, 5479. 

Niter,  appropriation  for  improvement 
in  manufacture  of,  recommended, 
2957. 

No  Man's  Land. — A  small  island  three 
miles  southwest  of  Martha's  Vineyard, 
Mass.,  to  which  it  belongs. 

The  term  was  also  applied  to  a  strip  of 
land  ceded  by  Texas  to  the  United  States 
in  1850.  It  lies  between  lat.  30°  30'  and 
37°  north  and  long.  100"  and  103°  west. 
It  was  not  included  under  any  government, 
though  often  called  part  of  the  Indian  Ter- 
ritory. The  name  originally  proposed  for 
the  district  was  Cimarron.  In  1800  it  be- 
came part  of  Oklahoma,  and  is  now  known 
as  Beaver  County. 

Nobel  Prize. — The  Swedish  scientist,  Al- 
fred B.  Nobel,  the  inventor  of  dynamite, 
died  in  1806,  bequeathing  his  fortune,  esti- 
mated at  $0,000.000.  to  the  founding  of  a 
fund,  the  interest  of  which  should  yearly 
be  distributed  to  those  who  had  mostly  con- 
tributed to  "the  good  of  humanity."  The 
interest  is  divided  in  five  equal  shares, 
given  away,  "One  to  the  person  who  in 
the  domain  of  physics  bas  made  the  most 
important  discovery  or  invention,  one  to 
the  person  who  has  made  the  most  impor- 
tant chemical  discovery  or  invention,  one 
to  the  person  who  has  made  the  most  im- 
port nut  discovery  in  the  domain  of  medi- 
cine or  physiology,  one  to  the  person  who 
in  literature  has  provided  the  most  excel- 
lent work  of  an  idealistic  tendency,  and 
one  to  the  person  who  has  worked  most 
or  best,  for  the  fraternization  of  nations, 
and  the  abolition  or  reduction  of  standing 
armies,  and  the  calling  in  and  propagating 
of  peace  congresses." 

A  committee  of  the  Norwegian  Storthing 
awarded  the  prize  for  the  promotion  of 
peace  between  nations  to  President  Roose- 
velt in  1000.  The  money  value  of  the 
prize  was  about  $40,000,  and  the  President 
devoted  it  to  the  Foundation  for  the  Pro- 
motion of  Industrial  Peace  at  home.  In 
accordance  with  his  wishes,  Congress  passed 
an  act  creating  a  board  of  trustees,  con- 
sisting of  the  Chief  Justice  of  the  United 
States,  the  Secretaries  of  Agriculture  and 
Commerce  and  Labor,  a  representative  each 
of  labor  and  capital,  and  two  persons  rep- 
resenting the  general  public,  to  administer 
the  fund.  An  industrial  peace  committee 
of  nine  members  was  authorized  to  meet 
in  Washington  each  year  during  the  ses- 
sions of  Congress  to  discuss  differences 
arising  between  capital  and  labor.  (See  In- 
dustrial Peace  Committee.) 

Nominations. — In  politics  an  act  of  des- 
ignation to  office,  the  ratification  of  which 
depends  upon  another  person  or  body  of 
persons.  The  President  nominates  to  the 
Senate  candidates  for  high  Federal  offices, 
and  makes  the  appointment  only  after  ap- 
proval. The  head  of  an  Executive  De- 
partment nominates  to  the  President  those 
whom  he  desires  as  bis  subordinates  in  the 
hig'her  official  position.  A  national,  state1, 
city,  county,  or  town  convention  of  a  po- 
litical party  nominates  its  candidates  for 
office  in.  anticipation  of  election. 


Nominations        Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Nominations.     (Sec  Executive  Nomina- 

tioiis.) 

Nominating   Convention.    (See   Conven- 
tions, Nominating.) 

Nonfeasance. — Failure  to  perform  the  du- 
ties of  a  public  office. 

Nonimportation  Agreement. — in  1765  the 
merchants  of  New  York  and  Boston  unani- 
mously agreed  to  order  no  new  merchandise 
from  England,  and  to  countermand  old  or- 
ders. This  was  done  in  retaliation  for  the 
passage  of  the  Stamp  Act  by  Parliament. 
The  agreement  was  strictly  observed  until 
1770,  when  only  tea  was  prohibited.  The 
members  of  the  Continental  Congress  signed 
a  nonimportation  agreement  in  1775. 
Nonintercourse  Act.— in  consequence  of 
tho  interference  with  American  commerce 
by  vessels  of  France  and  England,  who 
were  then  at  war,  Congress  in  1807  passed 
the  embargo  act  prohibiting  foreign  com- 
merce. This  was  found  to  work  unneces- 
sary injury  to  American  shipping  interests, 
and  in  1809  it  was  repealed  and  the  non- 
intercourse  act  substituted.  It  forbade 
the  entrance  to  American  ports  of  public 
or  private  British  or  French  vessels,  all 
commercial  intercourse  with  France  or 
Great  Britain,  and  the  importation  after 
May  20,  1809,  of  all  goods  grown  or  manu- 
factured in  the  two  countries  or  their  co1- 
onies.  The  act  was  to  continue  until  the 
next  session  of  Congress,  but  was  revived 
by  acts  of  June  28,  1809,  May  1,  1810,  and 
March  2,  1811. 

Non-intervention.— Reference  to  a  political 
policy  not  to  intervene.  (See  Intervention.) 
Noo-wha-ha  Indians.  (See  Indian 

Tribes.) 

Nook-wa-chah-mish  Indians.      (See   In- 
dian Tribes.) 
Norfolk,  Va.: 

Blockade     of    port    of,    removed    by 

proclamation,  3431. 
Deferred   to,    .'{446. 
British  oflicers  treated  at  hospital  at, 

3404. 

Navy-yard  at,  referred  to,  2.'!  12. 
Surrender      of,     referred      to,      3313, 

3315. 
Vessels  entering  and  leaving  port  of, 

order  regard  in<r,  3225. 
Norfolk  (Va.),  Burning  of.— Lord  Dun- 
more,  the  royal  governor  of  Virginia,  as- 
sumed military  control  of  Norfolk  in  No- 
vembcr,  1775.  He  was  defeated  in  an  effort 
to  dislodge  some  Virginia  and  Maryland  mi- 
liiia  who  had  taken  up  a  position  near  the 
town.  He  thereupon  embarked  in  a  Brit- 
ish vessel  which  lay  in  the  Elizabeth  River. 
Col.  Woodford.  with  the  Second  Virginia 
Militia,  and  Col.  Howe,  with  one  regiment 
from  North  Carolina  and  two  companies  of 
Maryland  militia,  occupied  the  town.  On 
Jan.  1.  ITTi;,  Dunmorc  began  a  bombard- 
ment, and  sent  ashore  a  party  who  set  fire 
to  the  town.  Its  destruction  was  completed 
by  the  Americans  to  prevent  its  becoming  a 
Shelter  for  the  British. 

Norfolk  (Va.),  Surrender  of.— The  move- 
ment of  tin-  Federal  Army  up  the  peninsula 
of  Virginia,  in  May.  1HC.2,  led  to  I  he  with- 
drawal of  Ihe  Confederate  force  from  Nor- 
folk and  to  the  destruction  of  the  ironclad 
MiiihiKir.  This  left  the  James  Itiver  open 
to  navigation.  An  expedition  was  sent  out 


from  the  Fortress  Monroe,  under  Gen.  Wool, 
May  10,  to  take  possession  of  Norfolk.  It 
was  turned  over  by  the  mayor  without  a 
struggle. 

Norsemen. — In  the  sagas  or  accounts  of 
Scandinavian  heroes  the  vikings  of  Norway 
are  represented  as  having  visited  the  coast 
of  America  as  early  as  801  A.  I).  The 
narratives  of  the  early  voyages  of  the 
Northmen  to  America  are  more  or  less  in- 
termingled with  fiction.  Enough  lias  been 
verified,  however,  to  warrant  some  reliable 
historians  giving  credence  to  the  more  like- 
ly part  of  their  claims.  We  are  told  that 
Norsemen  had  established  a  settlement  in 
America  in  875  A.  1).  (probably  in  Iceland, 
visited  by  Nadodd  twelve  to  fifteen  years 
previously),  and  that  Gunbiorn,  a  Norse 
navigator,  sighted  land  farther  west. 

Eric  the  Red  discovered  and  named 
Greenland  in  982,  and  three  years  later 
made  a  second  voyage  to  the  new  country. 
During  the  same  year  an  expedition  under 
Bjarni  sailed  from  Iceland  to  Greenland, 
but  was  driven  south  by  a  storm  and  sight- 
ed land  at  Newfoundland  and  at  Cape  Cod 
or  Nant  ticket.  Thence  he  returned  to 
Greenland.  In  the  year  1000  Leif,  son  of 
Eric  the  Red,  sailed  with  one  ship  and 
thirty-live  men  in  search  of  the  land  seen 
by  Bjarni.  He  touched  on  the  coast  of 
Labrador  and,  journeying  southward, 
stopped  for  the  winter  near  the  site  of  the 
present  city  of  Boston.  Leif  called  the 
place  Vinland,  from  tho  abundance  of 
grapes  found.  This  seems  to  be  the  earli- 
est authentic  account  of  Norse  discoveries 
iu  America. 

Thorvald,  Leif's  brother,  visited  Vinland 
in  1002,  wintered  near  Mount  Hope  Bay,  R. 
I.,  and  in  the  spring  of  1003  sent  a  party 
of  ills  men  to  explore  the  coast,  probably 
as  far  south  as  Cape  May.  In  1004  Thor- 
vald was  killed  near  Boston  by  Skrelings 
(the  Icelandic  name  for  the  aboriginal 
Americans),  and  his  companions  returned 
to  Greenland.  About  lo<>7  or  loos  Thortinn 
Karlsefne  sailed  from  Greenland  with  three 
ships  and  10O  persons.  He  landed  at  Rhode 
Island  and  spent  three  years  in  Vinland. 
Here  a  son  was  born  to  Thorium,  from 
whom  Albert  Thorvaldsen,  a  Danish  sculp- 
tor living  at  Copenhagen  in  the  latter  part 
of  the  eighteenth  and  the  early  part  of  the 
nineteenth  century,  was  able  to  trace  direct 
descent.  A  full  account  of  these  early  voy- 
ages is  preserved  in  the  "Codex  Fbiloieii- 
sis,"  written  in  1 387-1  :;!>.">,  and  found  in  a 
monastery  on  the  west  coast  of  Iceland. 
The  latest  tidings  of  Vinland  were  re- 
ceived in  l.'!47,  and  communication  with 
Greenland  ceased  about  14OO.  Before  Co- 
lumbus was  born  European  navigators  bad 
journeyed  westward  and  touched  land,  and 
several  maps  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean  had 
been  made.  Prior  to  1170  Columbus  had 
visited  Iceland,  and  it  has  been  suggested 
that  he  there  learned  of  the  Western  Con- 
tinent from  the  Norse  navigators. 

North  America.— The  area  of  North  Amer- 
ica, including  Mexico,  is  about  7.200,- 
000  square  miles,  a  little  less  than  (wire 
that  of  Europe.  Its  extreme  longitudes 
extend  from  a  little  west  of  l"o°  W.  to 
52j°  W.  in  the  east  of  Newfoundland,  and 
its  extreme  latitudes  from  about  SO0  N 
latitude  to  1  .V  N.  latitude  in  the  south  of 
Mexico.  It  is  surrounded  by  seas  on  all 
sides,  except  in  the  south,  where  it  joins 
the  Isthmian  States  of  Ceneral  America. 

The  nations  of  North  America,  with  1h« 
form  of  government  and  capital  of  each 
follow: 

Canada   (Dominion),  Ottawa. 
Mexico    (Republic),   Mexico   City. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


North  Carolina 


Newfoundland    (Rrltish),    St.  John's. 

United     Slates     (Republic),     Washington. 

Alaska  (United  States),  Juneau. 

Throe  main  divisions  can  bo  made  In 
the  roliof  of  North  America.  The  Kastorn 
Mountains,  the  Great  Plains,  and  tho  West- 
ern Mountains.  The  Eastern  Mountains  ex- 
tend from  Labrador  to  Alabama.  The 
Great  Plains  form  a  comparatively  level 
and  continuous  surface  from  the  Arctic 
Ocean  and  the  shores  of  Hudson  Bay  to 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  This  Is  broken  in  only 
three  places  !>•"•  elevations  of  importance— 
the  Ozark  Mountains,  the  Lake  Plateau 
(on  which  stand  Lakes  Superior,  Michi- 
gan and  Huron)  and  the  Black  Hills  of 
South  Dakota.  A  distinction  must  he  made 
between  the  Prairies,  which  are  open  plains 
with  few  trees,  rising  to  about  800  feet 
In  Minnesota  at  the  watershed  between 
Hudson  Bay  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and 
the  high  plains  to  the  west,  which  are 
far  dryer  and  less  fertile  than  the  prairie 
wheat  lands.  In  parts  these  rise  to  over 
6,000  feet,  and  are  much  higher  than  the 
Appalachians.  In  Canada  these  high 
plains  form  the  ranching  lands  of  Alberta. 
In  the  Arctic  plains  there  are  many 
marshes  and  lakes.  The  Western  Moun- 
tains consist,  in  the  United  States,  of  the 
Rockies,  with  summits  exceeding  14,000 
feet,  among  which  Pike's  Peak  forms  a 
conspicuous  dome,  the  Sierra  Nevada,  the 
highest,  point  of  which  is  Mount  Whitney 
(14.522  foot)  and  the  Cascade  range,  with 
Mount  Rainier  (14,525  feet)  and  Mount 
Shasta,  and  the  ('oast  ranges.  Which  reach 
7,500  feet  in  the  densely  forested  Olympic 
Mountains  of  Puget  Sound. 

Between  the  Rockies  and  the  Sierra  Ne- 
vada is  the  Great  Basin  traversed  by 
ridges,  which  rise  to  no  great  elevation 
above  the  plateau.  There  is  little  rainfall, 
and  there  are  numerous  salt,  lakes,  of 
which  the  Great  Salt  Lake  in  Utah  is  the 
most  important.  The  1  tenth  Valley  in 
California  is  several  hundred  feet  below 
sea-level.  The  Valley  of  California  is  a 
depression  between  the  Sierra  Nevada  and 
Cascade  ranges  and  the  Coast  ranges.  The 
Western  Coast  ranges  rise  to  great  eleva- 
tions in  Alaska,  where  Mount  St.  Ellas 
and  Mount  McKinley,  over  20.000  feet, 
are  the  most  prominent  summits. 

Mexico  is  a  tableland,  generally  above 
6,000  feet,  which  is  bounded  by  two  escarp- 
ments, the  Eastern  Sierra  Madre,  not  a  dis- 
tinct mountain  range  but  the  margin  of 
the  plateau,  and  the  Western  Sierra  Madre, 
which  is  from  8,000  to  12,000  feet  and 
falls  steeply  to  the  Pacific.  Here  is  a 
broad  volcanic  zone  in  which  Orizaba, 
18.252  feet.  Popocatepetl,  17,250  feet,  and 
Ixtaehihuatl.  10,000  feet,  are  the  highest 
summits.  Colima  is  the  only  active  vol- 
cano. The  rivers  are  mostly  short  and 
torrential.  The  peninsula  of  Yucatan  is  a 
low  limestone  plateau  flat  and  treeless  with 
few  running  streams. 

Five  drainage  areas  may  be  distinguished. 
the  Arctic,  the  Atlantic,  the  Gulf,  Inland 
and  the  Pacific.  In  the  Arctic  Basin  the 
Mackenzie  is  the  only  large  river.  The 
Atlantic  Basin  contains  the  St.  Lawrence 
draining  the  Great  Lakes  and  the  Hudson. 
The  Delaware,  Susquehanna  and  Potomac 
cut  deeply  into  the  northern  Alleghanies, 
but  south  of  Chesapeake  Bay  the  rivers 
rise  on  the  eastern  margin.  The  Alabama 
and  Tennessee  form  longitudinal  valleys 
in  the  southern  Alleghanies.  The  Missis- 
sippi occupies  the  southern  portion  of 
the  Orent  Plains.  It  has  numerous  large 
tributaries,  the  Ohio  on  the  east,  and  the 
Missouri,  Platte,  Kansns,  Arkansas  and 
Red  River  on  the  west.  The  Rio  Grande  del 
Norte  rises  in  the  San  Jnau  mountains.  On 


tho  Pacific  Coast  the  Colorado  rises  in  the 
Rockies  and  Hows  In  deep  canons  through 
the  Arizona  deserts.  Use  has  been  made  of 
Its  water  to  irrigate  the  Salton  depression  to 
the  northwest  of  its  mouth.  From  the  Colo- 
rado to  the  Columbia  there  are  no  large 
rivers  except  in  the  valley  of  California, 
where  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquln 
are  invaluable  for  Irrigation.  The  Snake 
tributary  of  the  Columbia  River  rises  in 
the  Yellowstone  National  Park,  and  cuts 
great  canons  through  a  lava  plateau.  The 
Frazor,  like  the  Columbia,  has  a  long  north 
and  south  valley.  The  Yukon  rises  not  far 
from  the  coast  in  the  northwest,  and  flows 
into  Boring  Sea.  The  Inland  Basin,  be- 
tween the  Rockies  and  the  Sierra  Nevada, 
has  no  large  rivers. 

North  Ann  Crossing  (Va.),  Battle  of.— 
Proceeding  southward  after  the  battle  of 
Spottsylvanla,  Grant's  army  arrived  at  the 
North  Ann  River  May  23,  1804.  Warren, 
whose  corps  was  on  the  right,  crossed  the 
river  at  Jericho,  Hancock  at  a  point  four 
miles  below,  and  the  Sixth  Corps  at  Jericho. 
Lee  meantime  had  retired  to  a  position 
south  of  the  North  Ann,  and  his  left  wing 
rested  on  the  river  at  a  point  between  the 
two  sections  of  Grant's  army.  Burnside's 
corps  was  unable  to  cross  the  river.  Lee's 
position  was  impregnable  and  Grant  was 
compelled  to  withdraw  his  army  to  the 
north  s'de  of  the  river  after  a  loss  of  1,007 
in  killed  and  wounded.  May  27,  having 
been  rejoined  by  Sheridan,  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac  moved  toward  the  Painunky  River. 
North  Carolina.— One  of  the  thirteen 
original  states  ;  nicknames,  'The  Tar 
State,"  "The  Tar-Heel  State-,"  and  the 
"Old  North  State;"  motto,  "Esse  quain 
videri"  ("To  be  rather  than  to  seem").  It 
extends  from  lat.  33°  50'  to  30°  33'  north 
and  from  Jong.  75°  27'  to  84°  20'  west.  It 
is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Virginia,  on  the 
east  and  southeast  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
on  the  south  by  South  Carolina  and  Georgia, 
and  on  the  west  by  Tennessee  (separated 
by  the  Smoky  and  other  ranges  of  moun- 
tains;. It  has  an  area  of  52.420  square 
miles.  The  surface  is  mountainous  in  the 
west,  rolling  or  gently  undulating  in  the 
center,  and  toward  the  eastern  coast  or 
lands  bordering  on  the  Albemarle  and  Pam- 
lico  Sounds  generally  level. 

Unsuccessful  attempts  at  colonization 
were  made  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  in  1518- 
1587.  Scattering  settlements  were  made 
prior  to  1003,  probably  as  early  as  105:5. 
The  territory  was  granted  to  proprietors  in 
1003  by  Charles  II.  The  first  two  colonies 
are  known  in  history  as  the  Albemarle  and 
the  Clarendon.  In  1009  a  constitution  was 
introduced  modeled  by  the  philosopher,  John 
Locke,  upon  principles  of  a  landed  aristoc- 
racy and  feudal  service.  The  constitution 
was  not  a  success  and  was  abandoned  after 
twenty-five  years.  Citizens  of  North  Caro- 
lina passed  a  set  of  resolutions  in  1775 
similar  to  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 
(See  Mecklenburg  Declaration.)  It  was 
the  first  colony  to  instruct  its  delegates  in 
Congress  to  vote  for  independence.  The 
State  seceded  from  the  Union  May  20,  1S01, 
and  was  readmitted  by  act  of  Congress 
June  25,  1808. 

Statistics  of  agriculture  collected  for  the 
last  Federal  census,  place  the  number  of 
farms  in  the  State  at  253.725,  comprising 
22,439.129  acres,  valued,  with  stock  and  im- 
provements, at  $375, 71 0.210.  The  average 
value  of  land  per  acre  was  £1529  as 
against  $0.24  in  1900.  Tho  value  of  do- 
mestic animals,  poultry,  etc..  was  $02049 
984,  including  700.801  cartle.  valued  at 
$12,550,054:  100,151  horses.  $18.428,134; 


North  Carolina    Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


174.711  mules,  $23.GG9,GS7 :  1,227.025 
swine,  $4.C28,04G  :  214.473  sheep,  $559,217, 
and  poultry,  $2.212.570.  The  value  of  field 
crops  in  the  State  in  a  recent  year  was 
placed  hy  the  census  bureau  in  excess  of 
$r_'5.<Mt<xoOO. 

North  Carolina  is  the  leader  among  the 
Kaslern  states  in  the  production  of  gold, 
the  output  for  11(10  being  3.291  fine  ounces, 
worth  $08.045.  The  silver  production  was 
9.053  fine  ounces,  valued  at  $4.020.  Iron 
and  copper  are  also  produced.  Vegetable 
raising  for  early  northern  markets  is  a 
growing  industry,  as  well  as  dairying. 

The  manufactures  of  the  State  are  those 
of  cotton,  lumber  and  tobacco.  The  total 
output  for  1905  was  §142.520,776,  of  which 
$51,002,843  was  cotton  goods,  oil  and  cake  ; 
$28,087.909  tobacco,  and  $15,731.379  lum- 
ber and  timber.  In  1906  the  State  con- 
tained 4,409  miles  of  steam  railway  and 
107  miles  of  electric  line.  The  population 
in  1910  was  2, 20(5,287. 

The  number  of  manufacturing  establish- 
ments in  North  Carolina  having  an  annual 
output  valued  at  $500  or  more  at  the  begin- 
ning of  1915  was  5,507.  The  amount  of 
capital  invested  was  $253.842,000,  giving 
employment  to  151,333  persons,  using  mate- 
rial valued  at  $169.942,000,  and  turning  out 
finished  goods  worth  $289,412.000.  Salaries 
and  wages  paid  amounted  to  $56,283,000. 

North   Carolina    (see   also   Confederate 

States): 
Admission     of,     into     United     States 

referred  to,  57,  59,  61. 
Branch    mint    in,    referred    to,    1383, 

1495. 
Ceding  of  jurisdiction  of  lands  to  the 

United   States  by,  64,   105,   167. 
Clerks  of  Federal  courts  and  United 

States  marshal  in,  referred  to,  3661. 
Constitution  of,  referred  to,  3831. 
Constitution   of  United   States — 

Evidence  of  ratification  of,  amend- 
ment to,  by,  62,  68,  182. 

Fourteenth  amendment  to,  ratified 
by,  proclamation  announcing, 
3854. 

Hovernor  of,  referred  to,   64. 
Jails    in,   use    of,    granted    to    United 

States,  103. 
Judges,  United  States,  in,  opinion  of, 

regarding  pensions,  125. 
Lands    ceded    to    United    States    by, 

referred  to,  64,  105,  167.    (See  also 

F.nc.  Art.,  Franklin.) 
Light-house — 

Lands  ceded  to  United  States  for 
erection  of,  103. 

Lands,    jurisdiction    of,    for,    ceded 

to   United  States,   182. 
Military    governor    of,    referred     to, 

3281. 

Obstruction  to  laws  in,  proclamation 
regarding,  3743. 

Copies     of,    for     executive     clerks, 

3756. 
Provisional    governor    for,    appointed 

and  restoration  of,   into   I'nion  dis- 
cussed, 3510. 
Survey  of  coast  of,  (5.'56,  680. 


Unlawful   combination    in,   discussed, 

4071,   4072. 
North  Carolina,  The: 

Seizure  and  imprisonment  of  crew  of, 
by  Spanish  authorities  referred  to, 
2761. 

Sent  to  Mediterranean  Sea,  826. 
North  Dakota. — One  of  the  western  group 
of  states;  nickname,  ''Cyclone  State;" 
motto,  ''Liberty  and  I'nion  now  and  for- 
ever, one  and  inseparable."  It  extends 
from  lat.  46°  to  49°  north  and  from 
long.  96°  30'  to  104°  5'  west.  It  is  bound- 
ed on  the  north  by  the  Dominion  of  Canada, 
on  the  east  by  Minnesota,  on  the  south  by 
South  Dakota,  and  on  the  west  by  Mon- 
tana. Its  area  is  70,8157  square  miles.  Its 
surface  is  generally  undulating  and  level. 

Dakota  was  first  settled  at  IVmbina  by 
French  traders  in  1780.  The  territory  of 
Dakota,  comprising  the  present  States  of 
North  and  South  Dakota,  was  organized 
from  Nebraska  Territory  by  act  of  March 
2,  1861.  It  was  divided  on  the  forty-sixth 
parallel  and  the  upper  portion  admitted  to 
the  I'nion  NOT.  2,  1889  (5455). 

Under  the  Federal  reclamation  act  much 
improved  farm  laud  is  subject  to  irrigation. 
The  tillable  area  of  the  State  is  more  than 
15,000,000  acres,  of  which  10.000.000  is  im- 
proved. The  live  stock  reported  Jan.  1, 
1910,  was  712,000  horses,  valued  at  §81,- 
1G8.000  ;  8.000  mules,  $1,040.000;  270,000 
milch  cows,  $8,373,000;  610,000  other 
cattle,  $12,628,000;  621.000  sheep,  $2,484.- 
000;  206.000  swine,  $2.206.000:  the  wool 
production  was  715,000  pounds  scoured. 
The  yield  and  value  of  field  crops  in  1911 
was:  Corn.  290.000  acres,  7,25u.OOO  bush- 
els, $4,350.000:  wheat.  9.150.000  acres,  73,- 
200,000  bushels.  $05.148.000 ;  oats.  2.180.- 
000  acres.  51,230.000  bus-hels,  $21,004,000; 
rye,  36,000  acres,  598.000  bushels,  $454,- 
000  :  potatoes.  42.000  acres,  5.040.000  bush- 
els, $2.772.000:  hay,  192.000  acres,  211,- 
000  tons.  $1,477,000;  flaxseed,  of  which  the 
production  was  the  largest  of  any  state 
in  the  l"nion  in  1910,  was  5.778,000  bush- 
els on  1,605.000  acres,  and  sold  for  $13.- 
578,000.  There  were  399.041  tons  of  lignite 
coal  produced  in  the  state  in  1910,  worth 
$595.139.  The  total  mineral  output  of  the 
State  was  $738. SIS.  There  were  753  man- 
ufacturing establishments  in  the  State,  wiih 
an  aggregate  capital  of  $11,594.000.  paying 
$2.422.000  in  wages  and  producing  ,^19,- 
150. OOO  in  finished  products. 

There  are  within  the  State  1,300.333  acres 
of  public  land  unreserved  and  unappropriat- 
ed. United  States  land  oilices  are  located 
at  Bismarck.  Devil's  Lake,  Dickinson,  Far- 
go, Minnt.  and  \Villiston. 

Tn  19(M;  there  were  :!,701  miles  of  steam 
railway  and  10  miles  of  electric  line  within 
the  State.  The  Federal  census  of  1910  gave 
the  population  as  577,056. 

North  Dakota: 

Admission  of,   into  Union — 
Discussed,  54S5. 
Proclaimed,   51;". 
Lands  in — 

Open      to     settlement     by     procla- 
mation,  5707. 
Set  apart  as  public  rcservalion   by 

proclamation,  5579. 
Lotterv    in,   efforts    to   secure    charter 

for,    discussed,    5515. 
Unlawful   combinations   in,  proclama- 
tion, against,  5185. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


North  Polar 


North  Point  (Md.),  Battle  of.— After 
burning  Washington  in  1814  Gen.  Ross  with- 
drew to  Admiral  Cockburn's  fleet  and  the 
invaders  ran  up  the  Chesapeake  Bay  to  the. 
mouth  of  t'iie  1'utapsco  River.  On  the  morn- 
ing of  Sept.  12,  1S14,  the  British  forces 
9,000  strong  were  landed  at  North  Point, 
twelve  miles  from  Baltimore,  with  provi- 
sions for  three  days  and  eighty  rounds  of 
ammunition  per  man.  Baltimore  was  de- 
fended by  about  the  same  number  of  troops 
under  Gen.  Samuel  Smith.  Hearing  of  (ho 
landing  of  the  British,  he  sent  Gen.  Strieker 
with  3,200  men  to  oppose  their  advance. 
Gen.  Ross  was  killed  in  a  preliminary 
skirmish.  The  battle  was  carried  on  for 
four  hours,  when  the  Americans  fell  back 
toward  the  city  and  the  British  bivouacked 
on  the  field.  \ 

North  Polar  Regions. — The  arctic  Ocean 
consists  of  a  deep  sea  over  2,000  fath- 
oms, on  the  southern  margin  of  which 
there  is  a  broad  continental  shelf  with 
numerous  islands.  Into  this  deeper  sea 
there  is  only  one  broad  channel,  about  700 
miles,  between  Greenland  and  Scandinavia. 
Bering  Strait  is  only  49  miles  wide  and  27 
fathoms  deep.  The  southern  boundary  of 
the  Arctic  Ocean  is  the  Wyville-Thomson 
and  Faeroe-Icelandic  submarine  ridge, 
which  separates  the  North  Atlantic  from 
the  Norwegian  and  Greenland  oeas.  Most 
of  the  icebergs  are  formed  on  the  east 
and  west  coasts  of  Greenland  and  are  car- 
ried south  by  the  Polar  currents.  The 
lowest  temperature  observed  is  -03°  in  85° 
N.  latitude,  a  good  deal  less  than  that  of 
Verkhoyansk  (-90°,  the  least  recorded  tem- 
perature of  the  globe),  forests  of  pine 
and  larch  reach  73°,  N.  in  Siberia,  and  to 
the  north  of  this  are  dwarf  birches,  wil- 
lows, mosses  and  lichens.  There  is  suffi- 
cient vegetation  to  the  north  of  Greenland 
to  support  rodents  and  ruminants.  Among 
sea  animals  are  the  right  whale  and  the 
narwhal,  which  is  found  further  north 
than  any  other  species,  and  the  walrus. 
The  right  whale  is  now  almost,  extinct. 
Numerous  seals  are  found  on  the  Arctic 
margin.  Numerous  races  are  found  along 
the  fringe  of  the  Arctic.  The  Lapps  are 
the  original  inhabitants  of  Arctic  Norway  ; 
there  are  wandering  tribes  of  Samoyedes, 
Tunguses  and  Yakuts ;  the  Chukches  of 
Bering  Peninsula  are  more  numerous  than 
most  of  the  nomadic  tribes.  The  most 
northerly  of  the  polar  peoples  are  the  Eski- 
mo. Peary  owed  the  success  of  his  expe- 
dition to  the  North  Pole  largely  to  the  help 
of  these  tribes,  who  were  called  the  Arctic 
Highlanders  by  Sir  J.  Ross. 

Exploration. — The  first  discoveries  in  the 
Arctic  were  made  by  the  Norsemen,  Ice- 
land being  reached  in  861  A.  D.  and  Green- 
land before  1.000  A.  D.  Newfoundland 
and  Nova  Scotia  were  visited  from  the  set- 
tlements made  in  Greenland.  Modern  Arc- 
tic exploration  may  be  said  to  commence 
with  the  search  for  the  Northwest  Passage. 
In  1496  John  Cabot  and  his  son  Sebastian 
reached  58°  N.  latitude.  In  1527  Robert 
Thome,  of  Bristol,  actually  set  out  for  the 
North  Pole,  but  the  records  of  his  voyage 
are  unsatisfactory.  The  first  attempt  on 
the  Northeast  Passage  was  made  by  Sir 
Hugh  "\Villoughby  and  Richard  Chancellor. 
The  latter  succeeded  in  reaching  the  north 
coast  of  Russia  at  a  point  which  after- 
wards became  the  port  of  Archangel,  and 
in  opening  up  trade  with  that  country. 
The  second  expedition  in  this  direction  was 
made  by  Stephen  Burrough,  who  discov- 
ered Novnya  Zemlya.  In  1576  Martin  Fro- 
bisher  sailed  for  the  Northwest  Passage 
and  discovered  Frobisher  and  Hudson 
Straits. 


In  1585  John  Davis  made  the  most  im- 
portant series  of  early  voyages.  He 
reached  75°  N.  latitude  as  a  result  of  three 
expeditions,  but  was  unable  to  make  the 
passage  round  Nort'h  America  to  the  west. 
He  demonstrated,  however,  the  commercial 
importance  of  the  Arctic  in  whales,  seal 
and  deer  skins.  In  1580  an  expedition 
reached  the  Kara  Sea  under  the  auspices 
of  the  Muscovy  Company,  who  in  15!)4 
and  1596  again  fitted  out  ships  for  the  ex- 
ploration of  the  Northeast  Passage.  The 
Pilot,  Wilinm  Barent,  was  the  first  Arctic 
explorer  known,  to  pass  a  winter  in  the 
Polar  ice. 

In  1607  Henry  Hudson  began  his  remark- 
able voyages.  His  first  two  expeditions, 
in  which  he  reached  80°  23'  N.  latitude, 
were  to  the  northeast.  His  last  voyage  in 
1610  was  again  directed  toward  the  North- 
west Passage.  The  Discovery  was  ice  bound 
in  Hudson  Bay,  and  Hudson  was  deserted 
by  his  crew,  who  mutinied  in  the  ensuing 
summer,  and  nothing  is  known  of  his  fate. 
In  1615  William  Baffin  was  appointed  pilot 
to  the  Discovery  and  sent  out  by  the  Mer- 
chant Adventurers  to  search  for  the  North- 
west Passage.  In  1616  he  penetrated  north 
along  the  west  coast  of  Greenland  to  lati- 
tude 77"  45',  a  record  not  afterwards 
passed  for  two  centuries. 

In  1725  Russian  exploration  began,  and 
between  that  date  and  1760  Bering  mapped 
a  large  part  of  the  northeast  coast  of  Asia 
and  opened  up  the  fur  trade.  In  1773 
another  strictly  Polar  expedition  was 
planned,  and  John  Phipps  reached  80°  40' 
N.  latitude,  to  the  north  of  Spitzbergen. 
In  1817  two  expeditions  were  sent  out 
with  geographical  and  scientific  aims,  un- 
der Buchan  and  Franklin,  and  under  Ross 
find  Parry.  In  1821  Parry  made  an  at- 
tempt to  the  south  of  Lancaster  Sound. 
A  further  voyage  in  1823  was  also  unsuc- 
cessful. Meanwhile  Franklin  made  an 
overland  journey  to  the  mouth  of  the  Cop- 
permine River,  where  a  canoe  voyage  was 
undertaken  to  Point  Turnagain,  68°  18' 
N.  and  109°  25'  W.  longitude.  Franklin's 
second  overland  journey  (1825-1827)  re- 
sulted in  further  exploration  on  the  Arctic 
coast  of  North  America.  Parry's  last  Arc- 
tic voyage  in  1827  was  an  attempt  to 
reach  the  Pole  by  sledge  boats.  From  the 
north  of  Spitzbergen,  traveling  for  the  first 
time  by  night  alone,  he  reached  latitude 
82°  45'.  In  1829  Ross  made  another  at- 
tempt on  the  Northwest  Passage  in  the 
Victory,  and  reached  Bellot  Strait,  the  real 
channel  leading  to  the  Arctic  Sea,  but 
failed  to  recognize  it  as  a  passage,  and  re- 
turned without  success  after  spending  four 
winters  in  the  ice.  In  the  course  of  these 
voyages  he  attained  the  Magnetic  Pole. 
The  anxiety  at  Ross's  long  absence  led  to 
Black's  relief  voyage  in  the  Terror.  The 
Erebus  and  Terror,  which  had  returned  from 
the  Antarctic,  were  fitted  out  with  steam, 
and  Franklin  was  commissioned  in  1845  to 
attempt  the  entrance  to  Lancaster  Sound. 
The  two  ships  were  last  sighted  near  this 
point  by  a  whaler,  but  were  never  seen 
again.  In  1847  relief  expeditions  were 
sent  out  from  the  east  through  Lancaster 
Sound,  from  the  west  through  Bering 
Strait,  and  from  the  south  to  the  Arctic 
shores  of  North  America. 

The  final  result  of  these  search  expedi- 
tions was  the  completion  of  the  Northwest 
Passage  by  M'Ciure,  who  returned  home  in 
1854.  The  first  authoritative  news  of  the 
fate  of  Franklin  was  obtained  by  Rae  in 
his  exploration  of  the  west  coast  of  Booth- 
ia. In  1857  Lady  Franklin  fitted  out  a  last 
search  expedition,  whic'h  was  commanded 
by  M'Clintock,  and  finally  Franklin's  last 
record  was  found  on  the  east  coast  of 


North  Polar 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Kins  William's  Land.  From  this  it  wag 
learned  that  his  ship  hail  been  caught  In 
the  ice  and  never  released.  Till  1874 
further  Polar  exploration  was  left  to  Amer- 
ican. German,  and  Austrian  explorers. 

The  Northeast  Passage  was  discovered 
l>y  Nordonskioid,  who  reached  the  mouth 
of  the  Yenisei  in  two  successive  years,  and 
attained  the  East  Cape  in  1879,  after  a 
winter  in  the  ice  not  far  from  Bering 
Strait. 

The  first  crossing  of  the  lofty  ice-cov- 
ered plateau  of  Greenland  was  accom- 
plished by  Nansen  in  1888.  Another  re- 
markable journey  over  the  inland  ice  was 
carried  througn  by  Peary,  who  proved 
the  insular  character  of  Greenland.  In 
1802  Nansen  attempted  to  reach  the  Pole 
by  a  novel  method.  His  plan  was  to  fol- 
low  the  course  taken  by  the  Ill-fated 
Jcannrtte,  which  had  been  caught  in  the 
ire  near  Wranjjel  Land,  and  had  drifted  to 
New  Siberia.  The  I-' ram  was  constructed 
to  withstand  enormous  ice  pressure,  and 
preparations  were  made  for  drifting  across 
the  Polar  I'.nsin  in  the  hope  that  the  cur- 
rents would  tiring  the  ship  close  to  the 
Pole.  Finding  that  the  ship's  track  did' 
not  approach  sufficiently  near  to  the  Pole, 
Nansen  and  Johannsen  left  the  ship  in  181)5 
wiih  dogs  and  sledges,  and  reached  N.  lati- 
tude 8(>J  14'.  the  farthest  point  attained 
up  to  that  time.  The  From,  under  the 
command  of  Otto  Sverdrup,  finally  reached 
Norway  in  safety,  after  drifting  to  near- 
ly as  high  a  latitude  as  that  attained  by 
Nansen. 

In  1800  an  attempt  to  reach  the  North 
Pole  by  balloon  was  made  by  Andree,  but 
the  expedition  was  never  seen  again.  In 
1  !)<•!)  the  Duke  of  the  Abruzzi  made  an 
expedition  in  the  Stella  Pnlare,  and  Captain 
Cagni  succeeded  in  reaching  latitude  80° 
::ir.  a  lit  tie  north  of  Nansen's  record,  by 
a  sledge  journey  over  the  Ice. 

The  honor  of'tirst  reaching  the  Pole  was 
reserved  for  Commander  Robert  Edwin 
Peary,  of  the  Tnited  States  Navy,  wno 
finally,  after  many  voyages  in  the  north 
of  Greenland,  attained  success  by  a  re- 
innrkablo  sledge  journey  during  the  winter 
nlglif.  reaching  the  North  Pole  on  April 
<;.  I:M»;».  (See  Article  Explorations.) 

North  Star,  The.  (See  Rodycrs,  The.) 
North  Star  State. —  Alternative  nickname 
for  Minnesota.  (See  Gopher  State.) 
Northeastern  Boundary.— By  (he  treaty 
of  ITS::  Hie  northeastern  boundary  of  the 
I'nited  States  was  defined  as  extending 
from  the  source  of  the  St.  Croix  River 
<lne  north  to  the  highlands  or  watershed 
between  the  Atlantic  and  St.  Lawrence 
systems.  1'ience  along  those  highlands  to 
liie  iiorthwcsterninost  head  of  the  Connec- 
lieui  River.  There  was  a  continual  dis- 
pute over  this  boundary,  and  the  claims 
of  Americans  and  Canadians  were  pressed 
t-o  vigorously  as  to  lead  to  preparation  for 
hostilities.  "The  matter  was  referred  to 
iirl.il  ration.  In  1K.">1  the  King  of  the  Neth- 
erlands, as  arbitrator,  made  an  award  which 
neither  Great  Britain  nor  (lie  United 
Stales  would  accept.  Finally  by  the  Wcb- 
sier-Ashlnirton  treaty  of  1842  the  present 
boundary  was  agreed  upon,  not  far  from 
that  suggested  by  the  I  Hitch  King.  The 
T'niled  States  secured  about  seven-twelfths 
of  the  disputed  territory  and  Great  Britain 
live-twelfths. 

Northeastern  Boundary  between  United 

Strifes  ami   Great  Britain: 
Amie:ilile     settlement     of,     discussed, 
17!7,  JSM,  IS  JO. 


Appropriation   for   survey   of,   neces- 
sary, 1845. 
Arbitration   committed  to  citizens  of 

Maine,  1007. 
Ashlmrton     treaty     discussed.        (Sec 

Ashburton  Treaty.) 
Commissioners   appointed   to  fix,  188, 

101,  242,  264,  1821. 
Convention    with    Great    Britain    re- 
garding,  347,   351,  058. 
Conventional     agreement     to     be  ar- 
ranged, 181 1. 

Correspondence    in    regard    to,    1564, 
1622,  1648,  1687,  1738,  1785,  1701, 
1708,  1812,  1045,  1065,  2023. 
Referred  to,  1448,  1784,  2278. 
Depredations   committed  on   disputed 

territory,   1733. 
Correspondence      regarding,      1738, 

1785,  1701. 
Disagreement     in     decision     of,     810, 

047. 
Report  of,    1846,   1645,   1065,   2024, 

2087. 

Discussed,  64,  65,   101,  242,  264,  268, 
1156,    1230,    1316,   1368,   1455,   1501, 
1820,    1031,    2047. 
Excitement  growing  out  of,  partially 

subsided,   1820. 

Imprisonment    of    American    citizens 
charged    with     trespassing,     06:'., 
060,   000,    1123. 
Release  of,   1110. 

Joint  commission  for  survey  of — 
Appointment  of,  referred  to,   1702. 
Report  of,  2024. 

King  of  Netherlands   selected  as   ar- 
bitrator,   071. 
Award  of,   referred   to,   1110,   1122, 

1123,     1126. 

Great   Britain  agrees   to.   1123. 
Protest    of    United    States    min- 
ister against,  1122. 
Maps    regarding    transmitted,    06(i. 
Proposition      of     United      States     for 

settlement   of — 

Declined  by  Great  Britain,   136^. 
To  be  acceded  to  by  Great  Britain 

1811. 

Referred     to,    022,     OK),     107<>.      n:;:;, 
1156,    1200,    1316,    1448,    I(i;i7;    17i»), 
1784,    1706,   1S05,   1054. 
Reports    of    commissioners    on,    18(6, 

1045,   1065,  2021,   2087. 
Resolutions    of    Maine    legislature    re- 
garding,   1  126. 
Survey    of,    referred    to,     1845,    1031, 

1015. 
Treaty     regarditig,     discussed,     2015, 

2017. 

Northern  Cheyenne  Indians.      (See  In- 
dian Tribes.) 
Northwest  Territory.— The  portion  of  the 

T'niled  States  known  in  history  as  the 
Northwest  Territory  comprises  all  the  coun- 
try lying  between  the  Ohio  River,  the  Mis- 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Norway 


sissippl  River  and  Ihe  Groat  Lakes,  Im- 
mediately west  of  the  original  states,  and 
now  forming  tlie  states  of  Ohio,  Indiana, 
Illinois,  Michigan,  and  Wisconsin.  The 
original  states  severally  laid  claim  to  this 
territory  by  their  charters,  which  granted 
possession  from  ocean  to  ocean.  New  York 
ceded  her  claims  to  this  region  to  thn 
General  Government  in  1782,  and  was  fol- 
lowed by  Virginia  in  1784,  Massachusetts 
In  178;"),  and  Connecticut  in  17.80.  The 
latter  state,  however,  retained  a  small  tract 
as  the  foundation  for  her  school  fund. 
This  became  known  as  the  Western  He- 
serve. 

Congress  In  July,  1787,  passed  an  ordi- 
nance for  the  government  of  this  territory, 
and  to  the  wise  measures  incorporated  into 
that  law  the  states  formed  from  the  terri- 
tory are  indebted  for  much  that  Is  wise 
and  judicious  in  their  constitutions.  It  Is 
claimed  by  some  that  the  foundations  for 
future  national  greatness  were  laid  by  the 
manner  in  which  Congress  dealt  with  the 
question  of  territorial  government  at  this 
time.  A  clause  forbidding  slavery  after 
1800  was  at  first  voted  down,  but  after- 
wards was  adopted.  The  ordinance  pro- 
vided that  no  land  should  be  taken  up 
until  it  had  been  purchased  from  the  In- 
dians and  offered  for  sale  by  the  United 
States  :  no  property  qualification  was  to  be 
required  of  electors  or  elected  ;  a  tempo- 
rary government  might  be  established  until 
the  male  population  of  the  territory  readied 
I), 000,  then  a  permanent  representative 
government,  would  be  permitted,  with  a 
Representative  in  Congress  entitled  to  de- 
bate but  not  to  vote.  When  the  inhabi- 
tants of  any  one  of  the  five  divisions  of 
the  territory  reached  (50,000  it  should  be 
admitted  as  a  state,  these  states  to  re- 
main forever  a  part  of  the  United  States, 
pay  their  portion  of  the  Federal  debt,  and 
in"  their  government  uphold  republican 
forms  and  prohibit  slavery;  but  fugitive 
slaves  were  to  be  surrendered.  Arthur  St. 
Clair  was  governor  from  1788  to  1802. 

Northwest  Territory: 

Government  established  in,  and  rec- 
ommendations made  to  enable  the 
governor  and  secretary  to  visit  the 
posts  in,  190. 

Northwestern  Boundary.— The  territory 
bounded  on  the  north  by  lat.  54°  40',  on 
the  east  by  the  Rocky  Mountains,  on  the 
south  by  lat.  42°,  and  on  the  west  by  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  has  been  variously  claimed 
by  Russia,  Spain,  Great  Britain,  and  the 
United  States.  Russia's  claim  rested  for 
the  most  part  upon  occupation  by  fur  trad- 
ers, and  was  settled  by  a  treaty  of  Jan. 
11,  1825,  under  the  terms  of  which  the 
United  States  were  to  make  no  settlements 
north  of  lat.  54°  40'  and  Russia  none 
south  of  that  latitude.  England  made  a 
treaty  with  Russia  on  the  same  terms.  By 
the  treaty  which  ceded  Florida  in  1819  the 
Spanish  claims  were  confined  to  the  south 
of  lat.  42°.  This  left  the  territory  be- 
tween 42°  and  54°  40'  to  the  Americans 
and  English.  Great  Britain  had  no  claim 
by  discovery.  The  claim  of  the  United 
Slates  rested  upon  the  voyage  of  Gray  up 
the  Columbia  River  in  1792  and  the  ex- 
plorations of  Lewis  and  Clark  through  the 
Rocky  Mountains  and  the  Oregon  country 
in  1805  and  1 80G  under  the  orders  of  Jef- 
ferson. By  the  treaty  of  Oct.  20,  1818, 
the  entire  country  west  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  was  to  be  opened  to  both  coun- 
tries for  ten  years,  and  at  the  end  of  this 
period  joint  occupation  for  an  indefinite 
time  was  agreed  upon.  This  arrangement 


produced  much  dissatisfaction  and  was 
made  a  political  issue  in  the  lulled  States 
in  1844.  (See  "Fifty-four  Forty  or  Fight. "i 
After  considerable  negotiation  lat.  4!»'  was 
agreed  upon  (in  l.HHi)  as  the  boundary 
from  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  chanm-1 
between  Vancouver  Island  and  the  main- 
land. (See  also  San  Juan  do  Fuca  ex- 
plorations.) 

Northwestern  Boundary  between  Unit- 
ed States  and  Great  Britain. 
Commission  for  settlement  of,  recom- 
mended and  referred  to,  2810,  28G6, 
3989,  4056. 
Convention   for   adjustment    of,    958, 

2243,  2299,  3380. 
Concluded  and  signed,  2302. 
Exchange   of   ratifications   referred 

to,  2307. 
Correspondence   regarding,   890. 

Referred  to,  2127. 

Discussed,    705,    922,    946,    956,    1133, 
1614,   16] 5,   1684,   2049,   2063,   2110, 
2127   2180,    2190,    2214,   2242,    2277, 
2484,  3092,  3197,  3894,  3899. 
Emperor  of  Germany  chosen  as  arbi- 
trator, 4097. 
Award  of,  4139. 
Thanks  of  United  States  tendered, 

4140. 

Final  settlement  of,  4357,  4382. 
Joint  commission  for  marking,  4141. 

Report  of,  4191. 

Marking     and     tracing     of,     recom- 
mended, 2655,  2741. 
Settlement  of — 

By   arbitration,   4139. 

Recommended,    3198,    3213. 
Proposition   regarding,   by — 
Great   Britain — 
Declined,  2213. 

Referred  to,  2305. 
Submitted,   2299. 
Accepted,  2302. 
Ratification    of,    referred    to, 

2307. 
United     States     declined,      2111, 

2243. 

Referred  to.  2305. 
Referred  to,  2484. 
Treaty  regarding,   3894,    3956. 
Warlike  preparations  made  by  Great 

Britain  on  account  of,  2277. 
Norwalk  Harbor,  Conn.,  survey  of,  re- 
ferred to,   1043. 

Norway. — Norway  occupies  the  west  and 
north  of  the  Scandinavian  peninsula,  be- 
tween 57°  58'-71"  11'  N.  latitude  and  4° 
30'  31°  11'  E.  longitude.  Within  these 
limits  Jie  the  mainland  and  a  multitude  of 
islands  and  inlets,  estimated  at  150.000 
in  all.  The  boundaries  on  the  north,  west, 
and  south  are  the  Arctic  and  Atlantic 
Oceans  and  the  North  Sea,  and  the  south- 
east coast  is  washed  by  the  Skager  Rack, 
which  separates  the  kingdom  from  the 
Danish  promontory  of  Jutland.  The  Swed- 
ish frontier  forms  the  eastern  boundary, 
but  beyond  this  frontier  to  the  northeast 
the  Norwegian  Amt  of  Finmarken  extends 
along  the  boundary  of  the  Russian  Grand 
Duchy  of  Finland. 


Norway 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Physical  Features  and  Climate. — The 
coast  is  extremely  rugged,  broken  by  inlets 
or  fjords,  and  studded  with  islands.  The 
fjords  run  inland  for  a  groat  distance, 
\vit.h  precipitous  dirt's  on  either  side,  and 
down  many  of  them  the  mountain  torrents 
find  their  way  to  the  sea  in  picturesque, 
elevated  waterfalls. 

The  coast  is  fringed  with  a  "fence  of 
islands"  (skjsergaard),  almost  throughout 
its  length  from  southeast  to  northeast. 
In  the  extreme  north  is  the  large  island 
of  Magero,  which  contains,  in  North  Cape, 
the  most  northerly  point  of  Norway  and 
of  the  continent  of  Europe. 

Norway  consists  of  an  almost  continuous 
plateau,  with  frequent  peaks  and  valleys. 
In  addition  to  the  fjords  there  are  count- 
less inland  lakes,  the  largest  being  Mjosen, 
sixty  miles  in  length.  The  principal  river 
of  Norway  is  the  Glommen.  Many  of  the 
rivers  run  in  precipitous  beds,  anil  mag- 
nificent waterfalls  occur  in  the  course  of 
many  of  them,  the  most  famous  being 
Sarpsfos  on  the  Glommen,  Rjukanfos,  or 
"Smoking  Fall."  on  the  Maan,  Lotefos  and 
Espelandsfos,  which  discharge  into  liar- 
danger  Fjord,  and  Voringsfos,  on  the  Bjoreia 
River. 

The  climate  of  Norway  is  in  no  way 
typical  of  the  latitudes  in  which  the  king- 
dom is  situated,  for  although  a  great  part 
of  the  land  lies  within  the  Arctic  Circle, 
the  coast  is  kept  free  of  ice  by  the  pre- 
vailing southwest  winds  and  the  Gulf 
Stream  drift  of  warm  waters  from  the  At- 
lantic Ocean.  The  direction  of  the  Gulf 
Stream  is  not  only  along  the  west,  but 
round  the  north  and  northeast  coast,  and 
the  most  northerly  point  of  the  kingdom  is 
thus  kept  free  from  the  icy  currents  which 
cause  many  lands  in  lower  latitudes  to  be 
ice-bound  ;  in  fact,  the  Skager  Rack  of 
the  south  is  liable  to  be  closed  by  ice  al- 
though the  seas  of  northernmost  Norway, 
1,000  miles  nearer  the  North  Pole,  are 
free  all  the  year  round.  The  highest  mean 
annual  temperature  is  45°  Fahrenheit  on 
the  southwest  coast,  and  the  lowest  mean 
is  1"  above  freezing  in  the  extreme  north, 
when  the  summer  average  is  as  high  as 
?>:>°  Fahrenheit,  as  against  62°,  the  sum- 
mer mean  at  the  capital. 

The  Miilnif/)it  Situ. — Owing  to  the  geo- 
graphical position  of  Norway,  the  country 
generally  experiences  a  phenomenon  known 
as  "The  Midnight  Sun,"  the  sun  being 
above  the  horizon  continuously  from  May 
to  July,  at  North  Cape,  and  even  in  the 
extreme  south  there  is  no  darkness  from 
April  to  August.  Conversely,  there  is  no 
sun  at  North  Cape  from  November  to  Jan- 
uary, but  this  absence  of  sunlight  does  not 
pn-vall  further  south. 

Jlintori/. — The  Kingdom  of  Norway  had 
been  established  for  some  centuries  and 
Christianity  had  been  Introduced  about  1.">0 
years  when  King  Harald  III.  fell  at  Stam- 
ford Bridge  in  England  (Kitif,  A.  I).),  and 
from  138M-1521  the  kingdom  funned  part 
of  the  tripartite  League  of  Kalmar  (see 
Denmark ),  by  which  Norway.  Sweden  and 
Denmark  were  united  under  King  Eric 
(i:',W)-i:;97>.  In  15l.M.  the  secession  of 
Sweden  left  Norway  in  union  with  Den- 
mark, and  in  1814,  by  the  Treaty  of 
Kiel  (Jan.  14.  1S14)  this  union  was  dis- 
Kolved,  and  the  kingdoms  of  Norway  and 
Sweden  were  united  under  one  crown.  In 
1005  the  Norwegian  Storting  adopted  a 
resolution  dissolving  tin-  union  with  Swe- 
den (June  7),  and  later  in  the  same  year 
a  referendum  resulted  In  flu  overwhelming 
maiorltv  (.",<;.S.211  votes  to  184)  In  favor 
of  the  dissolution  of  tin-  union.  Negotia- 
tions between  represent  a1  ives  of  Norway 
and  Sweden  .settled  the  terms  of  tile  sever- 


ance, which  was  ratified  by  the  Norwegian 
Storting  and  the  Swedish  "Riksdag  on  Oct. 
9.  On  Oct.  27  King  Oscar  of  Sweden  and 
Norway  issued  a  proclamation  relinquish- 
ing the  crown  of  Norway,  and  a  Nor- 
wegian referendum  authorized  the  Stor- 
ting to  offer  the  crown  to  Prince  Charles 
of  Denmark,  \\jho  entered  the  Norwegian 
capital  with  his  consort  on  Nov.  25,  and 
was  crowned  in  Troudhjem  Cathedral  in 
190(J.  as  King  Haakon  VII.,  fhe  first  of  that 
name  (Haanon  the  Good),  having  reigned 
over  Norway  from  935-iMil  A.  D. 

Government. — Ilsakon  VII.,  King  of  Nor- 
way, born  at  Charlottenlund,  Aug.  3,  1872 
(son  of  the  late  King  Frederick  III.  of  Den- 
mark) ;  elected  King  of  Norway  and  accept- 
ed the  throne  Nov.  18,  1905.  "The  Legisla- 
ture, or  Storting,  consists  of  12.''  members, 
elected  for  tnree  years  by  universal  suf- 
frage of  Norwegians  of  both  sexes,  aged 
twenty-live  years,  paying  a  certain  mini- 
mum of  taxation.  The  Storting  meets  an- 
nually and  elects  one-tiuarter  of  its  mem- 
bers to  form  the  Lagting,  the  remaining 
three-quarters  forming  the  Odelsting. 

There  are  separate  courts  for  civil  and 
criminal  cases.  Civil  cases  are  generally 
brought  before  a  court  of  mediation  (for- 
likskommission)  from  which  appeals  may 
be  brought  to  local  court  or  to  the  three 
superior  courts  of  appeal  (overretter)  at 
Christiania,  Uergen  and  Trondhjem.  Crimi- 
nal cases  are  tried  by  jury  courts  or  at 
assizes.  The  final  court  of  the  Kingdom 
is  the  Supreme  Court  at  Christiania. 

AREA    AND    POPULATION 

Area  in 

Governments  English 

Sq.  Miles 

Akershus 2,054 

Bergen 5 

Bergenhus,  Nordre 7,130 

Bergenhus,  Sondre 0,025 

Bratsberg 5,803 

Buskerud 5,790 

Christiania 0 

Christians 9,790 

Finmarken ]  8,291 


Hedemarken 10,618 

Jarlsberg  and  Larvik 890 

Lister  and  Mandal 2.S04 

Nedenes 3,009 

Nordland 14,513 

Rornsdal 5,780 

iSmaalenene 1,598 

Stavunger 3,531 

Tromso S.789 

Trondhjem,  Nordre 7,182 

Trondhjem,  Sondre 10,131 


Population 
1910 

128,042 
70,807 
90,040 
140,000 
108,084 
123,043 
241,834 
119,230 
38,005 
134,555 
109,070 
82,007 
70,450 
104,087 
144,022 
152,300 
111,010 
81,902 
,84,948 
148,300 


Total 124,411     2,391,782 

Army. — Service  in  the  National  Militia  is 
universal  and  compulsory.  (For  the  Annv, 
sue  Armies  of  the  World.) 

A'«r.y. — The  maritime  population  is  uni- 
versally liable  for  service  in  the  Navy  be- 
tween the  ages  of  twenty-two  and  forty-one, 
with  active  training  of  six  months.  (For  the 
naval  strength,  si  •  Navies  of  the  World.) 

I'rvtluctitin  mid  In<luxtri/. — The  total  land 
area  is  estimated  at  7»>.  518,000  English 
acres,  of  which  1 7.<»7 1 . 15,8  acres  were 
(191O)  woods  and  forests,  2. 740.514  acres 
cultivated  hind,  and  57, o  IS..S49  acres  per- 
manent grass,  marsh  land  and  uncultivat- 
ed. The  chief  crops  were  wheat,  barley, 
oats,  rye.  corn,  potatoes  and  hay.  The  live 
stork  included  cattle,  sheep,  goats,  JiorseS 
and  reindeer. 

The  chief  articles  of  export  are  timber, 
woodwork,  wood  pulp  and  matches,  tish 
oil  and  other  products  of  the  fisheries, 
paper,  skins  and  furs,  nails,  minerals,  stone, 
ice.  saltpetre,  cyanide,  ferro-slllciirn.  zinc, 
aluminium,  calcium  carbide,  condensed  milk, 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Nutrias 


butter,  margarine  and  tinned  goods.  The 
chief  imports  arc  cereals,  groceries  and 
clothing,  coal,  hides  and  skins,  cotton  and 
wool,  oil,  machinery,  steamships  and  metal 
goods. 

Education. — Primary  education  Is  com- 
pulsory and  free  between  the  ages  of 
seven  and  fourteen,  schools  being  main- 
tained by  local  taxation  with  State  grants 
in  aid.  'The  attendance  Is  very  high,  the 
pupils  numbering  .'{7(5.72.'?  in  1010.  The 
mivorslly  of  Christ iania  was  founded  in 
1812,  and  was  attended  in  1912  by  1,500 
st  udents. 

Finance.  —  The  budget  for  1013-1014 
called  for  an  expenditure  of  1411, 0120, 000 
kroner,  in  anticipation  of  a  revenue  of 
l.V.t. 7O2.0OO  kroner.  The  public  debt 
amounts  to  302.S05.503  kroner,  which  cost 
in  1914  17.730.9OO  kroner  in  interest  and 
sinking  fund.  The  unit  of  value,  the  krone, 
is  equivalent  to  $0.126,8  United  States 
money. 

Hailtraiis. — In  1913  there  were  1,040 
miles  of  railway  open  for  traffic,  282  miles 
being  private  and  the  remainder  State 
owned.  The  receipts  of  the  State  lines  in 
1912  were  22. (571. 50(5  kroner  and  the  ex- 
penses 17,2~r>,r> 49  kroner. 

Kliipinnrj. — The  mercantile  marine  of  Nor- 
way is  exceeded  as  to  tonnage  by  only 
three  nations  (United  Kingdom,  I'nited 
Slates,  and  Germany),  and  amounted  in 
January  1,  11113,  to '3,232  vessels  (2,488,- 
582  gross  tons),  of  which  2,126  (1,800,614 
gross  tons)  were  steamers  and  motor  boats, 
and  1,106  (687,968  gross  tons)  sailing 
vessels. 

Cities. — Capital.  Christianla.  on  the  south- 
east coast  at  the  head  of  Christianla  Fjord. 
Population  (1910).  241,834.  There  are 
fourteen  other  cities  having  a  population 
of  between  10,000  and  100,000. 

There  are  many  reasons  why  Americans 
should  be  interested  in  Norway  and  in  the 
development  of  our  trade  with  that  rugged 
and  northerly  country.  There  are  certainly 
half  as  many  Norwegians  here  as  there  are 
in  the  Fatherland  and  they  own  six  times 
as  much  farming  land.  It  is  estimated  that 
the  property  owned  by  Norwegians  in  this 
country  is  equal  in  value  to  the  total  wealth 
of  Norway.  This  in  itself  is  an  excellent 
reason  for  further  developing  the  trade  re- 
lations between  this  great  part  of  our  popu- 
lation and  Norway.  And  in  considering  how 
we  may  most  effectively  build  up  our 
trade  we  should  consider  carefully  not  only 
what  we  may  sell  to  Norway,  but  what  Nor- 
way has  to  sell  that  we  can  buy. 

The  commerce  of  Norway  has  increased 
rapidly  in  the  last  few  years.  In  1901  the 
export's  amounted  to  $44.248.000  ;  in  1912. 
Hie  latest  year  for  which  statistics  are  avail- 
able, they 'had  reached  just  a  little  less  than 
$100,000,000.  The  imports  in  1901  were 
valued  at  $76,981.000;  in  1912  they  were 
valued  at  just  a  little  more  than  $150,000,- 
000.  A  large  part  of  this  trade  is  in  the 
hands  of  Germany  and  England.  Of  the 
imports  the  I'nited  States  furnish  only  a 
paltry  6  per  cent,  and  of  the  exports  we 
take  about  9  per  cent.  These  figures  indi- 
cate the  possibility  of  extending  the  com- 
merce between  Norway  and  the  United 
States.  The  principal  Norwegian  exports 
are  fish  and  fish  products,  wood  and  wood 
pulp,  paper,  oil,  hides  and  skins,  sulphur, 
calcium  carbide.  condensed  milk.  and 
matches.  The  principal  imports  are  coal 
and  coke,  iron  and  steel  wares,  rye  and  rye 
meal,  machinery  and  locomotives,  iron 
wrought  and  unwrought.  wool  and  wool  man- 
ufactures, cotton  and  cotton  manufactures, 
hides  and  skins,  coffee,  sugar,  wheat  and 
wheat  meal,  barley,  petroleum,  tobacco,  and 
bacon  and  lard. 


N'Quentl-ma-mish  Indians.    (Sec  Indian 
Tribes.) 

Nuestra   Senora,    The,    seizure    of,   and 
claims  arising  out  of,  discussed,  3795. 

Nullification. — The  general  meaning  of 
nullification  is  the  act  of  invalidating  or 
making  void.  In  American  politics  it  is 
almost  exclusively  applied  to  the  doctrine 
set  forth  by  John  ('.  Calhoun  and  his  friends 
In  the  South  Carolina  controversy  with  the 
Federal  Government,  1828-1833.  This  doc- 
trine asserted  the  right  of  any  state  to 
declare  the  unconstitutionally  of  any 
United  States  law,  though  it  should  have 
been  enacted  in  the  proper  manner  and 
held  to  be  constitutional  by  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States.  It  was  further 
claimed  that  any  attempt  to  enforce  such 
law  in  a  state  which  had  refused  to  ac- 
knowledge its  validity  would  justify  it  In 
at  once  leaving  the  Union.  The  Immediate 
cause  of  this  declaration  of  principles  was 
that  the  existing  tariff  law  bore  unjustly, 
so  it  was  claimed,  on  the  non-manufac- 
turing and  raw-material-producing  states 
of  the  south.  The  arguments  in  fa- 
vor of  nullification  were  mainly  based  upon 
language  used  by  Jefferson  and  Madison  in 
the  Kentucky  and  Virginia  resolutions  of 
1798  and  1799  in  regard  to  the  alien  and 
sedition  laws.  Here  it  was  asserted  that 
the  General  Government  was  not  "the  final 
or  exclusive  judge  of  the  powers  delegated 
to  itself,  but  that,  as  in  all  other  cases  of 
compact  among  powers  having  no  common 
judge,  each  party  has  an  ecjual  right  to 
judge  for  itself,  as  well  of  infractions  as 
of  the  mode  and  measure  of  redress."  Sen- 
ator Hayne,  of  South  Carolina,  was  the 
first  to  advocate  this  doctrine  in  Congress. 
On  the  advice  of  Calhoun  the  governor  of 
South  Carolina  called  a  convention,  and  an 
ordinance  of  nullification  was  passed  on 
Nov.  19,  1832.  This  ordinance  declared 
the  Federal  tariff  law  "null  and  void"  and 
authorized  the  citizens  to  refuse  payment 
of  duties  under  it.  It  also  denied  the 
right  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States  to  pass  upon  the  nullification  ordi- 
nance. The  legislature  was  on  the  point 
of  enacting  a  bill  in  accordance  with  this 
ordinance  when  the  necessity  was  partly 
obviated  by  the  passage  of  Clay's  com- 
promise measures  (c.  v.,  in  1833).  The 
attempt  to  interfere  with  the  execution 
of  Federal  laws  was  met  by  President 
Jackson's  prompt  instructions  to  the  reve- 
nue officers  at  Charleston,  his  proclama- 
tion of  Dec.  10,  1832  (1203),  and  his  spe- 
cial message  to  Congress  on  the  subject 
(1173).  March  3.  183.",,  a  new  tariff  bill 
was  passed  which  gave  satisfaction  to  the 
nnllifiers,  and  on  March  16  a  state  conven- 
tion of  South  Carolina  repealed  the  ordi- 
nance of  nullification. 

Nullification: 

Message  regarding,   1173. 
Proclamation   regarding,   1203. 
Referred  to,   1185,   1197. 

Nutmeg  State.— A  nickname  given  to  the 
State  of  Connecticut  in  facetious  reference 
to  the  story  that  wooden  nutmegs  were 
manufactured  in  the  state. 

Nutrias,    The,    seizure    of.    and    claims, 
arising    out    of.    4114,    511)8,    5547, 
5673,   5873,   5D62. 
Award  in  case  of.  6070. 


Oath 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Oath. — A  solemn  appeal  to  the  Supreme 
Being  in  attestation  of  the  truth  of  some 
statement  or  the  binding  character  of  some 
covenant,  undertaking,  or  promise.  In 
point  of  law  an  oath  is  a  solemn  declaration 
which  is  necessary  as  a  condition  to  the 
filling  of  some  ollice  more  or  less  public  or 
of  giving  evidence  in  a  court  of  justice. 
The  Constitution  requires  that  before  the 
President  shall  "enter  on  the  execution  of 
his  ollice  he  shall  take  the  following  oath 
or  affirmation:  'J  do  solemnly  swear  (or 
affirm;  that  I  will  faithfully  execute  the 
office  of  President  of  the  United  States, 
and  will  to  the  best  of  my  ability  preserve, 

trotect  and  defeud  the  Constitution  of  the 
"niied  States.'  "  The  lirst  act  of  Congress 
provided  for  oaths  of  office.  An  oath  sim- 
ilar to  the  foregoing  is  required  of  all  offi- 
cers of  Ihe  executive,  legislative,  and  ju- 
dicial departments  of  states  and  the  na- 
tion. 

Congress  in  June,  1778.  directed  "Wash- 
ington to  administer  the  following  oath  of 
allegiance  to  the  officers  of  the  Army  be- 
fore leaving  Valley  Forge:  "I,  [name  of 
ollice]  in  the  armies  of  the  United  States 
of  America,  do  acknowledge  the  United 
States  of  America  1o  be  free,  independent, 
and  sovereign  stales,  and  declare  that  the 
people  thereof  owe;  no  allegiance  or  obedi- 
ence to  George  111,  King  of  Great  Britain, 
and  I  renounce,  refuse,  and  abjure  any 
allegiance  or  obedience  to  him  ;  and  I  do — 
that  I  will  to  the  utmost  of  my  power 
support,  maintain,  and  defend  the  United 
States  against  the  said  King  George  III, 
his  heirs  and  successors,  and  his  or  their 
abettors,  assistants,  and  adherents,  and 
will  serve  the  snid  United  States  in  the 
ollice  of which  I  now  hold,  with  fidel- 
ity according  to  the  best  of  my  skill  and 
understanding."  By  an  act  of  Congress  of 
Aug.  .'!,  IStil,  the  oath  of  allegiance  for 
the  cadets  at  West  Point  was  amended  so 
as  to  abjure  all  allegiance,  sovereignty,  or 
fealty  to  any  state,  county  or  country 
whatsoever  and  to  require  unqualified  sup- 
port of  the  Constitution  and  the  National 
Government.  In  1865  oaths  of  allegiance 
were  required  as  a  condition  of  pardon  of 
persons  who  had  participated  in  the  rebel- 
lion. The  oath  required  of  persons  ap- 
pointed to  ollice  from  the  southern  states, 
declaring  that  they  had  in  no  way  aided 
or  abetted  the  rebellion,  was  called  the 
''iron  clad  oath,"  and  was  modified  as  soon 
sis  all  apprehension  of  further  difficulty 
with  the  south  had  passed  away. 

The  oath  administered  to  jurors  enter- 
ing upon  their  duties  Is  substantially  as 
follows:  "You  shall  well  and  truly  try  the, 
issue  between  the  parties  and  a  'true  ver- 
dict give  according  to  the  evidence,  so 
help  you  God"  :  and  the  juror  sometimes 
kisses  the  New  Testament.  Witnesses 
must  be  sworn  In  a  similar  manner,  the 
word  being,  "The  evidence  you  shall  give 
filial!  be  the  truth,  the  whole  truth,  and 
nothing  but  the  truth,  so  help  you  God." 
Witnesses  must  have  sufficient  understand- 
ing to  know  the  nature  of  nn  oath,  and 
on  this  ground  young  children  are  excluded 
as  witnesses.  A  religious  belief  was  for- 
merly required  before  an  oath  could  he 
considered  as  binding.  Several  statutes  of 
Congress  permit  a  simple  affirmation  In 
lieu  of  an  appeal  to  the  Almighty.  Any 
person  having  conscientious  'scruples 
acainst  oaths  now  makes  a  solemn  affirma- 
tion. Jews  are  sworn  on  the  Pentateuch, 
keep  on  their  hats,  and  conclude  their 
oaths  with  tb^  words  "so  help  me  Jeho- 
tah."  A  Mohammedan  is  sworn  on  the 
Koran.  A  Chinaman  is  sworn  by  break- 
Ing  a  dish  on  I  be  witness  bo\  or  behead- 
ing a  fowl.  The  form  of  taking  an  oath 


Is  immaterial,  the  essential  thing  being 
that  the  witness  acknowledge  some  bind- 
ing effect  derived  from  his  sense  of  moral 
obligation  to  tell  the  truth.  (See  also 
Perjury.) 

Oath   of  Allegiance,    army   officers    di- 
rected to  subscribe,  anew,  3219. 
Taken   by   insurgents    in   the   Philip- 
pines, 6692. 
Oath  of  Office: 

Act  prescribing,  for  participants  in 
War  between  the  States  discussed, 
4076. 

Modification  of,  recommended,  35SO. 
Observatories.  (See  Meteorological  Ob- 
servatory; Naval  Observatory.) 
Obtrusive  Partizanship. —  Au  expression 
often  incorrectly  quoted  as  "Offensive  Pnrtl- 
zanship"  (used  by  Grover  Cleveland,  5070). 
In  the  same  message  he  used  the  term  "Per- 
nicious Activity."  Both  these  expressions 
referred  to  efforts  on  the  part  of  office-hold- 
ers to  influence  voting,  and  became  very 
popular. 

Ocean  Cables: 

Amount    expended    for   telegraphing 

by,  referred  to,  4123. 
Atlantic  telegraph  referred  to,  3329, 

3382,  3445,  3653. 

Between  France  and  America  to  be 
landed  on  Massachusetts  coast 
discussed,  4519. 

Communication  recommended  with — 
Australia,  4567. 
Guam,  Island  of,  6354. 
Hawaiian  Islands,  4565,  5036,  5368 

5761,  6354. 
Surveys    for,    in    progress,    5623 

5663,   5679. 
Japan,   4565. 
Philippine  Islands,  6354. 
Concessions   to   companies  and  rights 
of    United    States     regarding,    dis- 
cussed,   3989,    4297,   4519. 
Convention  regarding,  5119,  5176. 
Corporate      company      proposing      to 
operate  cable  between   France   and 
America  discussed,  3989,  4297,  4519. 
International     agreement     regarding 
interchange     of     messages     recom- 
mended,  6401. 
International  convention  at  Paris  for 

protection  of,  in — 
1880,  4714. 
1884,  4799. 

Declaration     of,     transmitted     to 

Senate,  5117,  5187. 
Discussed,  5084. 
Legislation    to   carry    into    effect 

recommended,    5180. 
Landing  of,    on   American  shores   re- 
ferred to,  4853,  5124. 
Legislation   for  protection  of,  recom- 
mended, 4864. 

Plan  for  connecting  American  and 
European  telegraph  lines  bv,  re- 
ferred to,  2952. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Officers 


ftatc  charges  imposed  upon  American 
corporation,  questions  with  Argen- 
tine  Kepublic,   regarding,  6323. 
Eecommendations      of     International 
American  Conference  regarding,  re- 
ferred to,  5511. 
Stipulations    with    French    Cable  Co. 

referred  to,  473.8,  4744. 
Oceania. — One    of    the    geographical    divi- 
sions of  the  globe.     It  embraces  tho  Conti- 
nent  of    Australia   and    the    islands   of   tho 
Pacific   Ocean    east   to    Kaster   Island    (109 
W  )        The    islands    generally    are    grouped 
In    two    divisions — Australasia    and     Poly- 
Australasia   is  subdivided   Into   Australia 
proper     and     Melanesia,      "islands     of     the 
blacks."      The  latter  includes  New   Guinea, 
Bismarck    Archipelago,    New   Caledonia   Isl- 
and,   and    Solomon,    Santa   Cruz    New  Heb- 
rides,   and    Loyally    groups       The   Fiji 
amis   (Polynesia),  are  usually  treated  with 
Australia,    as   are    New    Zealand    and    las- 

'  'Polynesia  comprises  Polynesia  proper — 
Fllice  Sauioan,  Phcenix,  Palmyra,  Society, 
and  Tuamotu  Islands— and  Micronesia,  "the 
little  islands."  The  latter  embraces  the  re- 
maining islands  of  the  Pacific,  including 
Marianne  and  Caroline  west  and  Hawaiian 
east.  Land  area  of  Oceania,  3,460,000 
square  miles — more  than  three-fourths  be- 
longing to  Australia.  (See  Australia.) 

For  the  Oceanic  possessions  of  the  Unit- 
ed States  see  Hawaii  and  the  islands  of 
Wake  and  Guam. 

jtritixh-  Possessions.— Besides  the  islands 
constituting  Australasia,  the  principal 
croups,  and  isolated  islands  belonging  to 
Great  Britain  are  Cook  Islands,  Manihlkl, 
Tokelau  and  1'lurnix  groups,  Kllico  Islands, 
Gilbert  Islands,  Santa  Cruz  Islands,  British 
Solomon  islands,  and  the  Islands  ot  1  it- 
c'lirn  Fanning,  Maiden,  and  Christmas 
The  New  Hebrides  Islands  are  jointly  prc 
tected  by  Great  Britain  and  France. 

French  Possessions. — New  Caledonia  and 
dependencies,  and  the  Society  Islands,  the 
Marquesas,  Tuamotu,  Gambler,  and  Tubuai 
groups,  and  the  Island  of  Ilapa. 

derinan  Possessions. — The  northeastern 
portion  of  New  Guinea  (Kaiser  Wilhelm 
Land),  Bismarck  Archipelago,  the  north 
erlv  part  of  the  Solomon  group,  Marshall 
Islands  tho  Marianne  or  Ladrone  Islands 
(exclusive  of  Guam),  the  Caroline  Islands 
and  Pelew  Islands. 

jVeic  Guinea. — Discovered  by  Portuguese 
in  1511;  named  Papua  in  1526;  New 
Guinea  in  1545.  Visited  by  Dutch  1076. 
Circumnavigated  by  Dampier  1699.  The 
Dutch  took  possession  of  the  country  west 
of  141°  K.  in  1828.  The  southeastern  por- 
tion became  a  British  protectorate  in 
1884;  a  Crown  Colony  in  1888  A  Ger- 
man protectorate  was  established  in  the 
northeast  in  1884.  Total  area  about  312, 
000  square  miles.  Interior  wide  plains  and 
lofty  mountains  ;  greatest  elevation  16.000 
feet  The  chief  rivers  are  the  Kaiserin 
Augusta  and  the  Fly.  The  coast  line  is 
deeply  indented  and  has  line  harbors.  The 
forests  contain  cedar,  sandalwood,  ebony, 
India  rubber,  areca  and  sago  palms,  bam- 
boos, etc.  The  soil  is  adapted  to  tobacco, 
rice  tea,  sugar  cane,  coffee,  cotton,  fruits, 
etc.'  The  German  have  established  cotton 
and  tobacco  plantations.  The  chief  indus- 
tries are  wood  carving  and  manufacture 
of  rope  and  pottery.  Leading  exports- 
copra,  pearl  shell,  trepang,  gold,  pearls,  and 
sandalwood.  Gold,  coal,  and  plumbago  are 
found  The  population  is  about  1.800.000. 
Area  'of  Papua  (British),  90,540  square 
miles;  population  270,000.  The  govern- 


ment  Is  administered  by  a  LlontfiiHtil  Gov- 
ernor. New  South  Wales,  Victoria,  and 
Queensland  furnish  funds  and  have  a  voice 
in  its  affairs.  Port  Moresby  Is  the  capital; 
population  1,500.  Kaiser  Wlllielm's  Land 
— German  New  Guinea — area  70,000  square 
miles;  population  about  .'ioo.ooo.  In 
hands  of  German  New  Guinea  Company. 
Friedrlch  Wilhelmshafen  most  important 
harbor. 

Kamoan  Inlands. — First  explored  by  Bou- 
gainville In  1768;  Christianity  was  Intro- 
duced in  1830.  Neutrality  and  independ- 
ence was  guaranteed  by  Great  Britain, 
United  States,  and  Germany  in  1SS!).  The 
Islands  were  divided  between  Germany  and 
United  States  in  IS!)!).  They  are  situated 
In  t'he  middle  of  the  Pacific  about  400  miles 
northeast  of  Fiji  :  the  largest,  Savaii  and 
Upolu,  belong  to  Germany.  Tutuila  and  ad- 
jacent Islands  to  United  States.  Total  area 
1.701  square  miles,  ('lilcf  products  are  su- 
gar, coffee,  cotton,  maize,  and  tropical  fruits. 
Apia  is  the  chief  trading  center;  popula- 
tion 3,742.  Pago-pago,  Tutuila,  Is  a  line 
natural  harbor.  The  natives  are  Christians. 
(See  also  Samoan  Islands  and  Tutuila.) 

New  Hebrides. — Discovered  by  Spanish  in 
1606;  explored  and  named  by  Cook  in 
1774.  The  group  is  northeast  of  New 
Caledonia  and  stretches  northwest  and 
southeast  500  miles.  Area,  5,700  square 
miles.  Cocoannls  (for  copra),  maize,  mil- 
let, coffee,  and  bananas  are  grown.  Popu- 
lation about  80.OOO.  Jointly  administered 
by  Franco  and  England. 

Solomon  Island*. — Discovered  by  Mendnna 
In  1567-1568;  rediscovered  by  Bougainville 
1768.  An  archipelago  in  Melanesia,  5OO 
miles  east  of  New  Guinea.  Area  10,950 
square  miles,  in  large  part  covered  with 
thick  forests.  Chief  commercial  products 
tortoise  shell,  copra,  ivory  nuts,  and  san- 
dalwood. Germany  has  Bougainville  ami 
dependencies  in  the  north;  the  southern 
portion  of  group  is  under  British  rule; 
Cholseul  and  Isabel  were  ceded  to  Great 
Britain  by  Germany  In  1899. 

Trade,  with  the  United  States. — The  value 
of  merchandise  imported  into  Oceania 
from  the  United  States  (including  the  Phil- 
ippine Islands)  for  the  year  1!>12  was  $79,- 
102,845,  and  goods  to  the  value  of  $37,- 
543,441  were  sent  thither — a  balance  of 
$41,559,404  in  favor  of  the  United  States. 

Ocean   Mail   Post-Office,    establishment 

of,  discussed,   5633. 

Ocean  Mail  Service.     (See  Postal  Ser- 
vice, steamship.) 
Offenses  on  High  Seas,  acts  to  provide 

for  punishment  of,  returned,  57(59. 
Officers,     Public    (see    also   the    several 
officers.) 

A.ct  regulating  tenure  of  certain  civil 
officers  vetoed.  (See  Teuure-of-Of- 
fice  Act.) 

Application  of  public  money  by,  for 
private  uses  should  be  made  a 
felony,  1709. 

Appointment  of.  (See  Executive 
Nominations.) 

Availing  themselves  of  benefits  of 
insolvent-debtors  act  must  be  dis- 
missed, 1107. 

Bonding  system  of,  discussed,  1611. 

Books  of,  should  be  carefully  in- 
spected, 1709. 

Breach  of  duty  in  publishing  Senate 
executive  business  discussed,  209 1. 


Officers 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Bribery  of,  recommendations  regard- 
ing punishment  for,  2714. 
Commissions   claimed    by,    should   be 

regulated,   1730. 

Compensation  of.      (See  Salaries.) 
Compensation   withheld   from,  in  ar- 
rears, 775. 
Defalcation  of — 

Freedom    from,    in    collecting   rev- 
enue discussed,  5542,  5746. 
Inquired  into,  2218,  2918. 
Delinquency      in      handling      public 

money  a  cause  of  removal,  1905. 
Disbursing     officers     should     deposit 
moneys  in  legal  depositories,  2941. 
False   entries  by,   should   be  made   a 

felony,   2818,  2870. 

Fee   system,  abolition   of,   in   certain 
cases  discussed   and   recommended, 
4939,  5879,  5968,  6161. 
Hours   of   labor  of.      (See   Hours   of 

Labor.) 

Militia  called  forth   to   protect,   154. 
Nomination      of.        (See      Executive 

Nominations.) 
Number    of,    should    be    diminished, 

316,  1018. 

Oath  of.     (See  Oath  of  Office.) 
Offenses    against    court    officers,    etc., 
should  be  made  cognizable  in  Fed- 
eral courts,   5477,   5633. 
Papers  of,  must  be  handed  over,  2818. 
Partisan     interference     in     elections 

by- 
Discussed  by  President  Tvler,  1905, 

1942. 

Order  regarding,  by  President — 
Cleveland,  5079. 
Hayes,  4402. 

Persons  holding  Federal  positions 
must  not  accept  State  offices, 
4172. 

Application    of,   explained,    4173. 
Presents    to,     from     foreign    govern- 
ments referred  to,  1258,  1260. 
Records    and    papers    should    pass    to 

their  successors,  2818. 
Referred   to,  1911. 
Removal    of.       (See    Removals    from 

Office.) 

'Rolls  of,  transmitted  to  Congress,  508. 
Salary  of.  (See  Salaries.) 
Official  Etiquette. — As  state  social  func- 
tions in  America  arc;  not  hedged  about  by 
tin-  privileges  and  prerogatives  to  which 
rank,  station  and  birth  alone  entitle  the 
holder  in  monarchical  courts,  American  cere- 


monies, observances  nml 
piirison,  simple  and  mcag 
sons  are  required  nor  an 
to  carry  off  with   proper 


itual  are.  in  com- 
e.  No  special  les- 
rel-earsals  needed 


li'-rnity  any  of  the 


Nevertheless, 
of  that  ostenta- 


observances  of  state  court 
although  there  is  an  al>; 
tioiis  display  which  marks  the  ceremonies  of 
the  courts  of  Kurope.  official  etiquette  In 
America  is  prescribed  hy  a  riuid  code  estab- 
lished l,y  the  highest  authorities,  which  is 
not  disregarded. 

It    is   only    natural    that  state  receptions 


should  be  governed  by  more  arbitrary  rules 
than  those  which  direct  purely  social  inter- 
course. It  must  be  remembered  that  when 
an  official  reception  is  held,  it  is  always  an 
official  duty  that  is  being  performed.  The 
.state  forms  and  ceremonies  which  have  ob- 
tained in  America  have  varied  from  time  to 
time  according  to  the  usages  of  the  day  and 
the  taste  of  the  national  hostess.  They 
have,  at  times,  been  further  modified  b.T 
periods  of  national  calamity,  war  and  the 
death  of  immediate  relatives,  but  through  all 
this  variation  and  modification  there  has 
run  the  golden  thread  of  democratic  sim- 
plicity so  dear  to  the  national  heart. 

The  period  of  Washington's  administration 
must  be  regarded  as  a  time  of  transition. 
Xor  is  there  cause  for  wonder  that  much 
formality  and  stateliness  marked  the  dis- 
pensation of  national  hospitality  in  the  be- 
ginning of  the  nation's  development.  The 
term  "colonial1'  is  today  associated  in  our 
minds  with  a  courtly,  stately  conventionality 
peculiarly  its  own.  Men  and  women  of  that 
time,  who,  either  at  first  hand  or  through 
their  mothers  and  fathers,  had  received  their 
education  in  courtesy,  grace  and  proper  be- 
havior from  the  customs  of  England,  could 
not  easily  shake  off  their  second  nature ; 
and  no  doubt  fretted  over  the  meagre  means 
of  gratifying  their  wishes  ;  but  as  soon  as 
they  were  cut  off  by  their  own  desire  from 
this  influence  and  became  self-dependent, 
that  pure  simplicity  nurtured  by  individual 
worth  became  evident.  It  is  not  surprising 
that  in  the  earliest  period  the  Executive 
Mansion  was  a  place  of  stately  and  con- 
tinuous reception,  and  that  Martha  Wash- 
ington is  famous  for  the  dignity,  grace  and 
splendor  of  her  social  reign  ;  but.  on  the 
other  hand,  the  simplicity  of  Jefferson's 
time  has  passed  into  a  proverb,  and  was 
such  as  to  excite  comment  even  abroad.  The 
youth,  gaiety  and  impetuous  brilliancy  of 
"Dolly  Madison"  contributed  largely  to  the 
breaking  down  of  much  of  the  severity  and 
conventionality  which  preceded  her  time. 

The  President  is  the  leader  of  social  as 
well  as  of  official  life.  Although  he  is  ac- 
cessible to  all  to  the  extent  that  all  may 
call  upon  him,  he  is  not  expected  to  return 
any  visits.  He.  of  course,  has  the  privilege 
of  calling  upon  a  friend.  The  same  is 
equally  true  of  the  wife  of  the  President. 
He  is  always  addressed  as  "Mr.  President." 
He  does  not  leave  the  country,  as  a  rule, 
and  in  this  respect  is  under  greater  restric- 
tions than  are  any  of  the  crowned  heads  of 
Europe.  Under  this  "unwritten  law"  a  for- 
eign legation  in  Washington  is  construed  as 
being  foreign  ground  and  may  not  be  entered 
by  the  President.  Neither  may  he  set  foot 
upon  a  foreign  vessel.  The  only  formal  calls 
that  he  may  make  are  those  upon  a  Presi- 
dent-elect, an  ex-President,  or  a  President 
or  reigning  monarch  of  a  foreign  state  visit- 
ing Washington.  He  carries  no  personal 
card,  but  one  rending  simply  ''The  Presi- 
dent.'' He  may  not  accept  valuable  gifts; 
and  if  such  are  tendered,  they  are  usually 
placed  in  t'ie  National  Museum. 

The  Chief  Justice  of  Hie  Supreme  Court 
ranks  next  to  the  President  socially.  P.elow 
him  in  turn  socially  come  the  Vice-President, 
the  Speaker  of  the  House,  the  Ccneral  of  the 
Army  and  the  Admiral  of  the  Navy.  It  is 
considered  one  of  the  first  duties  of  the 
Members  of  the  House  of  Representatives  to 
call  upon  these  when  coming  to  Washington. 
The  social  rank-  of  women  is  decided  by  that 
of  the  husband  or  father. 

The  inaugural  P.all.  held  upon  the  even- 
ing of  the  dav  of  inauguration,  was  the  lirst 
social  event  in  the  life  of  the  newly  inaugu- 
rated President,  until  it  was  abolished  by 
President  Wilson.  It  partook  more  of  the 
nature  of  a  reception  than  a  bull,  for  it  was 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Ohio 


so  largely  attf>nded  that  dancing  was  an  im- 
possibility. It  was  usually  held  in  one  of  the 
departmental  buildings.  For  several  days 
after  the  President's  Inauguration,  public 
informal  receptions  follow  and  a  week  or 
more  is  consumed  in  receptions  during  the 
day  and  dinners  at  night.  These  latter  are 
classified,  to  a  certain  extent,  so  that  all 
branches  of  the  official  service  are  formally 
recognized.  Saturday  is  the  oflieiaj  recep- 
tion day  at  the  White  House.  The  public 
receptions  which  are  held  from  the  first  of 
.la nuary  until  the  beginning  of  Lent  were, 
inaugurated  by  President  Jackson.  The 
guests  assemble  in  the  Kast  Room  and  as 
quickly  as  this  is  filled  the  President  greets 
them  as  they  pass  out.  The  formal  recep- 
tions are  not  held  so  frequently  as  pre- 
viously, on  account  of  the  great  increase  in 
the  number  of  Senators  and  Representatives. 
This  is  compensated  for  by  inviting  some 
Members  of  Congress  to  state  dinners  and 
entertaining  others  with  less  ceremony. 

The  scene  at  a  formal  or  official  reception 
is  a  brilliant  one.  The  Government  officials, 
the  officers  of  the  Army  and  Navy,  and  the 
foreign  legations  mingle  in  uniform,  and  the 
ladies  are  not  in  full  dress,  but  in  reception 
toilettes.  Diplomats  and  attaches  wear  their 
court  costumes.  The  President  stands  at 
the  head  of  the  line,  next  to  him  his  wife, 
who  invites  several  prominent  ladies  to  as- 
sist her  in  receiving.  As  the  guests  enter, 
they  pass  down  the  receiving  line  until  they 
have  greeted  all  of  the  ladies  of  the  receiv- 
ing party.  The  daughters  of  the  household 
of  a  state  official  are  not  invited  to  state 
dinners  unless  the  daughter  is  the  female 
representative  of  the  family. 

The  general  conduct  of.  and  the  social 
observances  at  these  several  ceremonies  are 
the  same  as  those  which  direct  social  ob- 
servances elsewhere  in  good  society.  The 
cards  of  invitation  and  responses  to  the 
ordinary  receptions  do  not  differ  from  those 
in  other  American  homes  :  but  at  the  state 
dinners  and  official  receptions,  which  are  to 
lie  regarded  in  some  sense  as  an  interchange 
of  international  courtesy,  the  rules  of  at- 
tendance are  very  strict  and  no  one  would 
think  of  neglecting  to  attend  without  an 
eminently  satisfactory  excuse. 

Official  Publications.   (See  Records  and 

Documents.) 

Official  Register.      (See   Biennial   Reg- 
ister.) 

Officialism. — The  perfunctory  performance 
of  duties  in  office  merely  for  pay  or  glory, 
without  genuine  display  of  public  interest. 
Ogallala  Indians.  (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Ogden  VS.  Saunders. — An  important  United 
States  Supreme  Court  case  limiting  the 
operation  of  State  bankruptcy  laws.  Og- 
den, of  Louisiana,  declared  upon  certain 
bills  of  exchange  drawn  in  1800  upon  the 
defendant  Saunders,  a  citizen  of  Kentucky, 
but  then  living  in  New  York.  Saunders 
pleaded  a  certificate  of  discharge  under 
the  act  of  the  New  York  legislature  of 
1801  for  the  relief  of  insolvent  debtors. 
The  district  court  of  Louisiana  gave  judg- 
ment for  the  plaint  iff.  On  a  writ  of  error 
the  case  was  taken  before  the  Supreme 
Court  of  Hit-  United  States,  which  decided 
in  1827  that  the  power  to  pass  bankruptcy 
laws  did  not  belong  exclusively  to  the 
United  States,  and  that  the  fair  and  ordi- 
nary exercise  of  that  power  by  the  States 
need  not  involve  a  violation  of  the  obliga- 
tion of  contracts,  but  that  State  law  could 
not  discharge  a  debt  due  to  a  citizen  of 
another  State.  Justice  Johnson  delivered 


the  opinion,  in  which  concurred  Chief  Jus- 
tice Marshall  and  Justices  Duvul  and  Story. 

Ogden,  Utah,  hill  to  authorize  city  of, 
to  assume  increased  indebtedness  ve- 
toed, 5518. 

Ogdensburg    (N.   Y.),   Capture  of. — in 

September,  1812,  Gen.  Brown  was  sent  to 
Ogdensburg,  N.  Y.,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Oswegatchie  IJiver,  to  garrison  Fort  Pres- 
entation and  attempt  the  capture  of  some 
British  stores  that  were  reported  as  being  on 
the  way  up  the  St.  Lawrence  Hiver.  Oct. 
2,  about  forty  British  bateaux,  escorted  by 
a  gunboat,  were  seen  approaching.  On  the 
4th  two  gunboats  and  twenty-five  bateaux, 
containing  750  men,  started  for  Ogdensburg. 
The.  American  force  amounted  to  about  1,200 
effective  men.  After  two  hours  of  tiring  t'he 
invaders  withdrew  with  a  slight  loss.  No 
one  was  injured  on  the  American  side. 
Later  Maj.  Forsyth  was  placed  in  command 
of  the  garrison  at  Ogdensburg.  With  a 
party  of  citizens  and  militia  he  crossed  over 
to  Ellzabethtown,  Canada,  Feb.  0,  1813,  and 
rescued  a  number  of  prisoners  held  there. 
In  retaliation  for  this  exploit  Lieut. -Col.  Me- 
Donell,  with  about  800  men,  crossed  the 
river  on  the  ice  Feb.  22.  181.'?.  and  after 
a  short  engagement  gained  possession  of 
the  town,  which  they  gave  over  to  plun- 
derers. 

Ohio. — One  of  the  central  western  group 
of  states  :  nickname.  "The  Buckeye  State." 
Ohio  extends  from  lat.  :?8°  24'  to  41°  57' 
north  and  from  long.  80°  34'  to  84°  49' 
west.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Michi- 
gan and  Lake  Erie,  on  the  east  by  Pennsyl- 
vania and  West  Virginia  {separated  by  the 
Ohio  Kiver),  on  the  south  by  Kentucky 
(separated  by  the  Ohio  River),  and  on  the 
west  by  Indiana,  and  'has  an  area  of  41,010 
square  miles. 

Ohio  was  tirst  visited  by  the  French  under 
La  Salle  at  the  end  of  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury. It  was  claimed  by  both  the  French 
and  English.  It  was  ceded  to  Great  Brit- 
ain in  1  1 63  and  to  the  United  States  in 
1783.  In  1787  it  became  part  of  the  North- 
west Territory.  The  first  settlement  was 
made  at  Marietta  in  1788.  The  State  was 
admitted  to  the  Union  in  1802. 

Statistics  of  agriculture  collected  for  the 
last  Federal  Census,  place  the  number  of 
farms  in  the  State  at  272.545,  comprising 
24.105.708  acres,  with  stock  and  improve- 
ments, valued  at  $1,902. (194. 589.  The 
average  value  of  farm  land  per  acre  was 
$53.34.  an  increase  from  $33.35  in  1900. 
The  value  of  the  domestic  animals  poultry. 
etc.,  was  $197.332.112.  including  1,837,007 
cattle.  valued  at  $51.403.344:  910.224 
horses,  $93.910.638  :  22,850  mules,  $2,775,- 
831:  3.105.627  swine,  $19.412.730:  3.909.- 
162  sheep,  $14,941.381  ;  poultry.  $9.532.672. 
The  yield  and  value  of  field  crops  for  1911 
was  :'  Corn.  3.900.000  acres.  150,540.000 
bushels,  $87.313.000  :  wheat.  2.265,000 
acres.  36.240.000  bushels,  $32.987.000  ;  oats, 
1,700.000  acres.  54.570.000  bushels.  $24.- 
550.000  :  rye.  60,000  acres.  930.000  bushels, 
$790,000 ;  'potatoes.  190.000  acres,  12.350,- 
000  bushels.  $10,374.000:  hay.  2,550.000 
acres.  2.505.00O  tons.  $47. .".44. 000  :  tobacco, 
88.000  acres.  81.400.000  pounds.  $6.186.400 

Ohio  ranks  fourth  among  the  states  in 
the  value  of  its  mineral  production,  accord- 
ing to  the  United  States  Geological  Sur- 
vey. The  total  value  of  the  mineral  pro 
du'ction  of  the  state  increased  from  $111.- 
229,656  in  1912  to  $121 .69U.661  in  1913 
It  is  the  premier  state  in  the  value  of  clay 
products  and  in  the  manufacture  of  grind- 
stones and  pulpstones.  It  is  second  in  the 
production  of  bromine  and  lime,  third  in  the 


Ohio 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


output  of  calcium  chloride,  natural  gas, 
salt,  sand  and  gravel,  and  gypsum,  fourth 
iu  the  production  of  coal,  oilstones,  scythe- 
stones,  and  stone,  and  seventh  in  quantity 
and  sixth  in  value  iu  the  production  of 
petroleum.  Ohio  ranks  next  to  Pennsyl- 
vania and  second  in  tin.-  country  in  the 
manufacture  of  pip  iron,  and  if  pip  iron 
rather  than  iron  ore  were  taken  as  the 
measure  of  iron  production.  Ohio  would 
rank  second  in  tin-  total  value  of  its  min- 
eral products,  which  would  he  increased  in 
1!)KI  hy  nearly  ninety  per  cent  over  the 
value  ohtalned  if  pip  iron  is  excluded. 
Practically  all  the  pig  iron  produced  in 
Ohio,  however,  Is  made  from  Lake  Superior 
ores  and  the  iron  production  is  credited  to 
the  state  iu  which  the  iron  ore  was  mined. 

The  i  wo  .leading  products  of  Ohio  are 
coal  and  clay  products,  coal  having  slightly 
flie  better  of  it  in  l'.)12  and  191:5.  whereas 
in  1011  tln>  value  of  the  clay  products  ex- 
ceeded that  of  coal.  The  production  of  coal 
iu  101."  amounted  to  ."(i.200.527  short  tons, 
valued  at  .<:!'.). !>-ls. 05.8.  the  output  both  in 
i|iianiity  and  value  being  the  maximum 
record  for  the  state.  The  production  of 
petroleum,  which  stands  third  among  the 
state's  mineral  industries  and  iu  which 
Ohio  ranks  sixth,  value  considered,  among 
all  the  states,  decreased  slightly  in  quan- 
tity, from  S.'.HiO.OuT  barrels  in  T912  to  8,- 
7M.4*;s  barrels  in  191:!.  while  the  value  in- 
creased about  45  per  cent  over  the  previous 
year,  from  .•jsi'J.OS.V.IOS  to  .«17.r>:!S.4r,2.  The 
value  of  the  natural  gas  produced  in  1913 
was  !?  10.41  *;,<>'.)!)  iu  19i;:,  against  $11,891,- 
L'99  in  l!)12. 

The  number  of  manufacturing  establish- 
ments in  Ohio  having  an  annual  output 
Miltied  at  $•"(>(•  or  more  at  the  beginning  of 
I'.M.'i  was  I.">.i',.""iS.  The  amount  of  capital 
invested  was  ,$1.(>77.5.">2.0OO,  giving  employ- 
ment to  <;of». so7  persons,  using  material 
v, lined  at  xi.ouo.7S2, 000.  and  turning  out 
finished  goods  worth  *1 .7S2.SOS.OOO.  Sal- 
aries and  wages  paid  amounted  to 
$424.180,000, 

Ohio     Csee     also     Columbus;     Dayton; 

Portsmouth )  : 
Boundary  of — 

Act  respect  in  jr.  executed,   P>.">7. 
Controversy  with  Michigan,  regard- 
ing, 140-i,  14(17. 
Referred  to,  117.'!. 
L:in<ls    in — • 

i.vfem-d  to,  s:;.",. 

Title    of    United    Brethren    to,    SOI. 
Michigan  boundary  line  dispute  with, 
and    the  necessity    of   an   early   set- 
tlement of,  liy  Congress,   178. 
National   Ciuard  of,  expiration  of  en- 
listmont  of,  referred  1o  and  thanks 
of    ['resident    tendered,  3440. 
1'at  i  ficat  ion  of  fourteenth  amendment 

\\  it  hdrawn  by,  .'>8'56. 
Ohio  Companies.— in  1740  George  II. 
granted  to  a  band  of  wealthy  citizens 
of  Virginia  and  Maryland,  calling  them- 
selves the  Ohio  Company,  a  tract  of  land 
containing  .",00,000  acres,  lying  in  the 
Ohio  Valley  south  of  the  Ohio  Hiver. 
Thomas  I.ee  was  tin-  projector  of  the  com- 
pany, but  il  was  later  conducted  by  Law- 
rence Washington.  The  i  erms  of  1  lie  grant 
required  that  1  oo  families  should  be  es- 
tablished upon  the  tract,  a  fort  should  be 
built,  and  a  garrison  maintained.  A  num- 
ber of  storehouse*  were  also  established. 
Iu  17s:;  the  territory  east  of  the  Missis- 


sippi, north  of  the  Ohio  Uiver,  and  west  of 
Pennsylvania,  which  before  the  Revolution 
had  been  part  of  the  Province  of  Quebec 
and  afterwards  had  been  claimed  by  Vir- 
ginia, was  ceded  to  the  l.'uited  States, 
with  the  proviso  that  it  was  to  be  settled 
and  formed  into  stales.  March  1,  178*5, 
liufus  Putnam  suggested  a  second  Ohio 
company,  and  two  days  later  he  and 
Messrs.  Cutler,  Brooks,  Sargent,  and  dish- 
ing formed  an  association  and  issued  l.ooo 
shares  at  $l,ooo  each  in  Continental  cer- 
tificates or  .$125  in  gold.  A  year  after- 
wards Congress  granted  certain  lots  free 
of  charge,  and  an  enormous  tract  was 
bought  at  about  eight  or  nine  cents  pel- 
acre  in  specie.  Colonization  was  imme- 
diately begun.  Slavery  was  prohibited. 
This  company  had  large  influence  iu  shap- 
ing the  ordinance  for  the  government  of 
the  Northwest  Territory,  of  which  it  be- 
came a  part. 

Ohio  River: 

Canal  from  Chesapeake  Bay  to.   (See 
Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal.) 

Navigation  on,  SlM,  '.)(>;). 
Appropriation  for,  !).">4. 
Mode    of    improving,    referred    to, 
1196,  268.1. 

Referred   to,   1104,   1  I'll. 

Ship  canal  around  fall  of,  3S10. 

Survey  of,  appropriation  for,  70S. 
Ojibwa  Indians.  (Sec  Indian  Tribes.) 
Oklahoma. — One  of  the  southern  group  of 
states  formed  iu  1907  by  the  Union  of 
Oklahoma  with  the  Indian  Territory. 
Nickname,  "P.oomer  State."  Motto,  "la- 
bor omnia  vincit."  (Labor  conquers  every- 
thing). It  extends  from  latitude  '.',:'>" 
;!5'  to  r>7°  nort'h  and  from  longitude  91' 
20'  to  10.".°  west.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
north  hy  Kansas  and  Colorado,  on  the  east 
by  Arkansas  and  Missouri,  on  the  south  by 
Texas  (separated  by  the  Red  River)  and 
on  the  west,  by  Texas  and  New  Mexico,  it 
has  an  area  of  70.O57  square  miles. 

Oklahoma  Territory  was  formed  in  IS'.Mi 
from  the  western  part  of  Indian  Territory 
and  the  public  strip  called  \.>  Man's  I. and 
((].  v. ) .  Invasions  of  I  he  Indian  Territory 
took  place  in  1ST!)  but  the  settlers  were 
ordered  out  bv  proclamations  of  lYesid'Ul 
Hayes  ( paces  440!),  -l.V.oi.  Several  subse- 
quent invasions  of  tin-  Territory  were  made 
in  defiance  of  Federal  law.  but  all  e.\p.  di- 
tions  of  settlers  were  arrested  ami  their 
towns  broken  up.  Finally  delegates  of  tin- 
Creek  Nation  met  at  Washington  and  sold 
the  western  half  of  rliejr  domain  to  i  lie 
1'nited  States  Government  for  JS2.2SO,S.~i< . 
Congress  ratified  this  agreement  March  I. 
ISSO.  P.y  proclamation  of  ['resident  Harri- 
son l.~>tr>Oi  Oklahoma  was  opened  to  settle- 
ment at  noon  April  22.  iss;i.  and  during 
the  afternoon  of  that  day  ;">o.ooo  settlers, 
who  had  been  encamped  on  the  border, 
rushed  Into  the  territory,  formed  a  pro- 
vincial government,  and  laid  out  lown  sites. 
In  IS!).",  (he  Cherokee  si  rip  was  ceded  by 
the  Indians  to  the  Government  for  ss.:;oo. 
000.  Agriculture  and  stock-raising  are  the 
principal  industries.  Salt  is  the  only 
mineral  now  mined,  but  in  the  future  min- 
ing promises  to  he  the  chief  industry  of 
Oklahoma,  as  gold,  silver,  lend,  /ine  and 
gypsum  are  known  to  exist  in  many  places, 
"statistics  of  agriculture  collected  for  the 
last  Federal  census,  pine.'  the  number  of 
farms  in  the  slate  at  1. Dos. 102.  comprising 
2S.Sr,n.:',r,:t  acres,  valued,  with  stock  and 
improvements,  at  !?!MS.1!»S.SS2.  The  aver- 


Encyclopedic  hide  A' 


Olive 


nge  valuo  of  land  per  nere  was  $22. 4$.  an 
increase  from  .$('..50  In  1900.  The  value  of 
domestic  animals,  poultry,  etc..  was  $152,- 
432.792.  including  1,953,5(50  cattle,  valued 
nl  $4:US7.(i(»1  :  742.959  horses,  $G3,<551.<!31  : 
257,07(1  mules,  !|;28, (!1 8,224  ;  1.839.030 
swine.  $11. 997. (541  ;  02.472  sheep,  $253,804; 
poultry,  $3,713,943.  The  yield  and  value 
of  the  Held  props  for  1911  was:  Corn.  5,- 
1575.000  acres,  30,888,000  hushels,  $25,822,- 
0(10;  wheat  1.122,000  acres.  8.97ti,000  hush- 
els,  $8,258.000,  oats,  009,000  acres,  8,181,- 
OOO  hushels,  $3,927,000 ;  rye,  4,000  acres, 
38.000  hushels.  .$40.000:  potatoes,  30,000 
acres.  540,000  hushels,  .$(570.000  :  hay,  810.- 
000  acres.  (54S.OOO.  tons,  $5,184.000.  and 
cotton,  915.000  halos.  In  the  production  of 
petroleum  Oklahoma  now  ranks  second,  hav- 
ing been  surpassed  only  by  California  in 
1910.  The  production  that  year  was  52,- 
028,718  barrels.  Some  gold  and  silver  also 
are  produced. 

The  number  of  manufacturing  establish- 
ments in  Oklahoma  having  an  annual  out- 
put valued  at  $500  or  more  at  the  beginning 
of  1915  was  2.518.  The  amount  of  capital 
invested  was  $05.478,000,  giving  employ- 
ment to  22.700  persons,  using  material  val- 
ued at  $70.970.000.  and  turning  out  finished 
goods  worth  $102,00<>.000.  Salaries  and 
wages  paid  amounted  to  $14,213.000. 

The  Federal  census  of  1910  gave  the  pop- 
ulation as  1,057,155. 

Oklahoma: 

Appropriation    for    settlement   under 
treaties  of  freedom,  etc.,  upon  lands 
in,  recommended,  4785. 
Admission   to   Union   discussed,   7020. 
Boundary  line  with  Colorado,  6937. 
Lands   in — • 

Agreement    for    cession    of,    564S, 

5649,  57(18. 

Opened  to  settlement  by  proclama- 
tion, 5450,  5591,  5710,  5838,  6020, 
6695. 

Referred  to,  5637. 
Eeservation  of,  6695,  6889. 
Laws  of  Nebraska  in  force  in,  contin- 
uation of,  recommended,  5566. 
Memorial    from    Wichita    and    Caddo 
Indians  regarding   claims   to   lands 
in,  5671. 

Organization  of,  discussed,  5393. 
Act  regarding  returned,  5503. 
Reservations     in,     ceded     to     United 

States,  5591. 

Suffering    among  settlers  in,    recom- 
mendations regarding,  5516. 
Memorial    from    legislature    asking 

for  relief,  5567. 
Unauthorized     occupancy     of,     4832, 

4943. 

Proclamations   against,   4811,  4888. 
Oklahoma  Central  Railroad,  act  to  au- 
thorize construction  and  operation  of 
railway   by,   through   Territories,   ve- 
toed,  6014". 

Oklahoma  City,  Okla.,  act  authorizing 
issuance  of  bonds  by,  to  provide  the 
right  of  way  for  railroad,  vetoed, 
5571. 

Old  Bay  State. — A  nickname  for  Massa- 
chusetts (q.  v.).  (See  also  States.) 


Old  Colony. — A  popular  name  for  Plym- 
outh County,  Mass.  The  territory  was  for- 
merly Included  In  the  Plymouth  Colony, 
but,  being  unable  to  obtain  a  charter  from 
the  Itritish  Crown  on  account  of  its  out- 
spoken opposition  lo  the  established 
church,  was  in  1(591.  absorbed  into  Massa- 
chusetts Hay  Colony. 

Old  Dominion.  A  name  popularly  applied 
to  the  State  of  Virginia.  In  colonial  docu- 
ments Virginia  is  frequently  referred  lo  as 
"Ills  Majesty's  Dominion  of  Virginia." 
Old  Dominion  State. — A  nickname  for  Vir- 
ginia (q.  v.),  (Sec  also  States)  ;  sometimes 
also  nicknamed  Mother  of  States  and  Mother 
of  Presidents. 

Old  Hickory. —  An  affectionate  nickname 
given  to  Andrew  Jackson  in  1813  when,  dis- 
regarding the  order  of  the  Secretary  of  War 
to  disband  his  troops,  he  assumed  the  re- 
sponsibility of  marching  them  in  a  body 
from  Natchez,  at  his  own  expense.  The  Gov- 
ernment afterwards  approved  Jackson's  dis- 
obedience, and  reimbursed  him.  The  nick- 
name stuck  to  him  even  through  his 
1'residency,  and  to  his  grave. 

Old  Line  State. — A    nickname    for    Mary- 
land (q.  v.).     (See  also  States.) 
Office  of  Exhibits.     (See  Exhibits,  Office 

of.) 
Office  of  Farm  Management.   (See  Farm 

Management,  Office  of.) 
Office  of  Indian  Affairs.     (See  Depart- 
ment of  the   Interior.) 
Office  of  Inspection.     (See   Inspection, 

Office  of.) 

Office  of  Public  Roads  and  Rural  Engi- 
neering.      (See     Public     Roads     and 
Rural  Engineering,  Office  of.) 
Old  North  State.  —  Alternative    nickname 
for  North  Carolina.     (See  Tar  I7eel  State.) 
Old  Point  Comfort,  Va.,  school  for  ar- 
tillery  instruction    at,    824. 
Old-Settlers'  Meeting. — A  gala  day  or  pic- 
nic   occasion,    especially    in    rural    sections, 
where  the  countryside  gathers  to  do  homage 
to   the    fathers   and   mothers   who   settled   in. 
and  developed  the  neighborhood.      (See  Set- 
tler and  Pioneer.) 

Old  Winnebago  Reservation,  Dakota, 
restoration  of,  to  public  domain, 
order  regarding,  declared  void, 
4890. 

Discussed,  4943. 
Oldenburg: 

Commercial  relations  with,  820. 
Exequatur  issued  consul  of,  revoked, 

3710. 

Eeferred  to,  3720. 
Treaty  with,  2479. 
Vessels   of,   discriminating  duties  on, 

suspended,  666,  1059. 
Oleomargarine,  act  defining  butter  and 
imposing   tax   on,   approved   and  dis- 
cussed, 4992. 

Oligarchy. — Government  by  a  few  officials. 
— derived  from  the  Greek  words  meaning 
"few  rule." 

Olive   Branch,    The,    condemnation    of, 
indemnification  asked  for,  1268. 


Olmstead 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Olmstead  et  al.  vs.  Rittenhouse's  Exec- 
utrixes.— In  1778  Olmstead  and  other  citi- 
zens of  Connecticut  wore  pressed  into  the 
service  of  the  British  aboard  the  sloop 
Active.  They  revolted  and  took  posses- 
sion of  the  vessel,  and  were  in  turn  cap- 
tured by  the  Pennsylvania  armed  brig 
Convention.  The  State  court  of  admiralty 
of  Pennsylvania  adjudged  the  Active  lawful 
prize  and  awarded  the  proceeds  of  her  sale 
to  the  State,  officers  and  crew  of  the  Con- 
tention, and  the  owners,  officers,  and  crew 
of  Lc  Gernrd,  a  privateer,  which  assisted 
in  the  capture.  Olmstead  and  the  others 
claimed  the  whole  prize,  but  were  awarded 
only  one-fourth.  They  then  appealed  to 
the  Federal  commissioners  of  appeals  and 
received  a  favorable  verdict.  The  State 
court  of  admiralty  of  Pennsylvania  set 
aside  this  verdict  and  ordered  that  the 
money  be  brought  into  court.  May  1, 
1779,  the  loan  certificates  for  the  prize 
money  were  deposited  with  State  Treasurer 
Rittenhouse.  In  1803  the  district  court  of 
the  United  States  for  the  State  of  Penn- 
sylvania entered  a  final  decree  that  the 
money  be  paid  over  to  the  libellams. 
The  case  having  come  before  the  United 
States  Supreme  Court,  March,  1808,  that 
court  ordered  a  mandamus  as  against  the 
district  judge,  and  in  1800  judgment  was 
executed  in  favor  of  the  plaintiffs  in  spite 
of  violent  opposition  from  Pennsylvania, 
which  opposition  had  prevented  Judge 
Peters  from  carrying  out  his  decree.  The 
facts  in  the  matter  are  all  given  in  the 
Peters  case.  (See  also  456,  Peters  vs. 
United  States.) 

Olustee  (Fla.),  Battle  Of.— In  February. 
18(>4,  a  Federal  expedition  was  sent  to  Flor- 
ida from  Port  Royal  under  command  of  Gen. 
Seymour.  It  was  composed  of  twenty  steam- 
ers, eight  schooners  and  about  5,000  troops. 
Feb.  7  the  land  forces  occupied  Jacksonville. 
On  the  18th  they  marched  inland,  encoun- 
tering the  Confederates  on  the  20th  at  Olus- 
tee. a  railroad  station  about  fifty  miles  west 
of  Jacksonville.  The  battle  was  unexpected 
and  was  fiercely  fought  from  2  o'clock  till 
dark,  when  the"  vanquished  Federals  retired 
twenty  miles  to  Barbers.  Seymour  lost 
nearly  2,000  men,  as  well  as  five  pieces  of 
artillery,  in  this  disastrous  fight,  and  the 
expedition  returned  to  Hilton  Head. 

Olympia,  The,  mentioned,  6297. 
Omaha,  The.     (See  Ikisima  Island.) 
Omaha  Indians.    (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Omaha,  Nebr.,  act  to  extend  privileges 
to  port  of,  vetoed,  4999. 

Oman. — Oman  is  an  independent  sultanate 
of  southeast  Arabia,  with  a  Muhamma- 
dan  population  that  is  mainly  Arab,  but 
contains  many  foreign  elements,  including 
Indians,  Persians,  Buluchis,  and  Swahili 
negroes.  The  territory  (if  the  sultanate  ex- 
tends from  the  peninsula  of  El  Katar,  on 
the  Persian  (iiilf,  to  the  promontory  of  Has 
Snir,  on  the  Arabian  Sea,  a  total  length  of 
const  (if  dose  on  1.5(1(1  miles.  The  north- 
west extremity  is  in  51  °  .'{()'  E.  longitude, 
and  Oman  extends  to  the  easternmost 
point  of  Arabia  in  5!t'  4,V  K.  longitude, 
,'ind  thence  southwest  to  a  point  about 
f.4"  2M'  I-:,  lontritude  and  10°  50'  X.  lati- 
tude. The  most  northerly  point  is  Ras 
Miisandum  in  2<J°  :',(>'  N.  latitude.  The 
area  is  81,0oo  square  miles. 

/'hi/xii-nl  l-'fiitin-fx.  The  northwest  and 
southwest  extremities  are  in  the  form  of 
a  horse-shoe,  the  intervening  land  being 
the  arid  mid  sandy  desert  of  central  tinrl 
Koiitliern  Arabia,  the  irreat  Ruba  el  Khali, 
or  Dahlia  Desert,  which  covers  the  penin- 


sula, from  Oman  in  the  east  to  Yemen  In 
the  west.  The  northern  coast  of  Oman  is 
washed  by  the  Persian  Gulf;  the  Cape  of 
Ras  Musandum  reaches  to  the  narrow 
Strait  of  Ormuz :  the  eastern  coast  is 
washed  by  the  Gulf  of  Oman,  and  the 
southeastern  coast  by  the  Arabian  Sea. 
The  promontory  (Ras  Jebel)  which  termi- 
nates in  Ras  Musandum  is  formed  by  the 
western  horn  of  a  range  of  mountains, 
which  stretches  across  northeastern  Oman, 
from  Musandum  to  101  Hadd,  and  shuts  out 
the  coastal  districts  from  the  interior.  The 
west  coast  of  the  Ras  Jebel  promontory, 
known  as  the  Pirate  Coast,  and  the  re- 
mainder of  the  Persian  Gulf  littoral,  are 
low  lying  and  sandy,  and  many  rocky  islets 
lie  close  inshore. 

History. — Oman  was  established  as  an 
Independent  sultanate  in  1741  by  Ahmed 
ben  Said,  an  imam  (or  sultan)  of  Yemen, 
who  consolidated  his  power  at  the  expense 
of  the  Ottoman  empire  In  the  earlier 
years  of  the  nineteenth  century  Oman  was 
the  most  powerful  state  in  Arabia,  and 
the  rule  of  the  Sultan  was  extended  over 
the  Makran  coast  of  the  Arabian  Sea  and 
over  parts  of  East  Africa,  including  So- 
cotra  and  Zanzibar.  In  1850  the  sultanate 
was  divided  by  the  two  sons  of  Sultan  Sey- 
yid,  and  Zanzibar  was  formed  into  a  sepa- 
rate sultanate. 

Government. — The  government  is  absolute 
and  is  hereditary  in  the  descendants  of 
Ahmed  ben  Said.  At  the  present  time  the 
authority  of  the  Sultan  is  effective  only 
in  the  capital  and  the  neighboring  terri- 
tory, for  although  the  Bedouin  Arabs  rec- 
ognize his  superiority,  the  rule  is  only 
nominal  in  the  interior,  and  trade  is  ham- 
pered by  tribal  warfare  and  robbery  of 
caravans,  which  are  forced  to  proceed  with 
strong  escorts  through  the  various  passes 
over  the  mountains,  some  of  which  are 
guarded  by  friendly  chiefs.  Since  1798  the 
relations  between  Muscat  and  England 
have  been  friendly,  and  many  conventions 
and  treaties  have  been  made.  British  war- 
ships have  upheld  the  authority  of  the  Sul- 
tan against  rebellious  tribes.  The  Sultan 
is  in  treaty  relations  with  the  Government 
of  India  and  receives  annually  a  subsidy, 
while  a  British  agent  resides  at  the  capital. 
A  joint  Anglo-French  declaration  of  1802 
guarantees  his  independence,  and  the  Sul- 
tan is  pledged  not  to  cede  territory  to  any 
Power  but  the  British  Government.  His 
Highness  Seyyid  Taimar  bin  Turk!  :  born 
1886,  succeeded  his  father  as  Sultan  in 
1913. 

Cities. — Capital,  Muscat,  the  principal 
seaport,  on  the  east  coast.  Population 
about  25,000.  Other  towns  and  ports  are 
Mat  rah,  about  five  miles  north  of  the  capi- 
tal (population  10.000.  Barkha  and  Sohar, 
on  the  east  const  :  and  Sharkah  on  the 
Pirate  (  oast.  The  principal  inland  towns 
are  Xizwa  in  the  "Garden  of  Oman,"  and 
Bereima  in  the  northwest. 

Production  ami  I inlii  :trii. — Communica- 
tion is  carried  on  by  pack  animals  (chiefly 
dromedaries)  under  strong  escort,  and  there 
is  a  much  frequented  route  from  tUe  Turk- 
ish territory  in  the  northwest  to  the  town 
of  Bereima.  From  Bereima  the  route  leads 
southward  to  Nizwa  and  the  Garden  of 
Oman,  thus  connecting  the  northwest  with 
the  eastern  ports.  There  is  a  pilgrimage 
route  of  twenty-one  days  across  the  Arabi- 
an Desert,  from  the  Garden  of  Oman  to 
Mecca,  in  the  Turking-Arabian  vilayet  of 
Ileiljaz. 

The  trade  of  Oman  is  considerable,  the 
seaboard  trade  of  Muscat  and  Mat  rah  ex- 
ceeding $.'{.450.000  in  1JM2  1!>13.  The  chief 
export  is  dates,  the  principal  imports  be- 
ing rice,  arms  and  ammunition,  coffee,  cot- 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Open 


ton  and  silk  goods.  There  Is  an  Import 
duty  of  5  per  cent  ud  valorem,  which 
forins  tho  principal  source  of  revenue,  but 
exports  arc  free. 

Omnibus  Bill.— Early  ill  the  first  session 
of  the  Thirty-first  Congress  Henry  Clay  in- 
troduced a  series  of  six  resolutions  as  a 
basis  for  the  compromise  of  the  slavery 
question.  These  resolutions  provided  for 
the  admission  of  California  as  a  free 
state;  territorial  governments  for  New 
Mexico  and  Utah  without  conditions  as  to 
slavery  :  a  territorial  boundary  line  be- 
tween" Texas  and  New  Mexico  favorable  to 
the  former;  payment  of  the  Texas  debt; 
suppression  of  ihe  slave  trade  in  the  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia;  a  more  effective  fugitive 
slave  law,  and  a  denial  of  the  power  of 
Congress  to  interfere  with  the  slave  trade 
between  the  slave  states. 

Ou  Feb.  5  and  G,  1850,  Clay  ably  advo- 
cated tho  passage  of  his  resolutions  by 
the  Senate.  That  body  was  strongly 
Democratic,  though  the  administration  was 
Whig.  Debate  on  Clay's  resolutions  lasted 
two  months  and  was  participated  in  by 
Webster  (Mass.),  Calhouii  (S.  C. ),  Benton 
(Mo.),  King  (Ala.),  Davis  and  Foote 
(Miss.),  Hamlin  (Me.),  Cass  (Mich.),  Sew- 
ard  and  Dickinson  (X.  Y.),  Chase  and  Cor- 
win  (Ohio),  Douglass  (111.),  Fremont 
(Cal.),  Soule.  (La.),  Hale  (N.  II.),  Mangum 
(N.  C.),  Hunter  and  Mason  (Va.),  Bell 
(Tenn.),  and  others  of  note.  On  April  19 
the  resolutions  were  referred  to  a  com- 
mittee of  thirteen,  with  Clay  as  chairman, 
and  consisting  of  six  other  Whigs  and 
six  Democrats.  On  May  8  this  committee 
submitted  au  elaborate  series  of  bills  em- 
bodying the  substance  of  Clay's  resolu- 
tions. These  several  bills  were  known 
collectively  as  the  ••Omnibus  bill,"  and 
the  last  was  passed  on  Sept.  20.  (See  also 
Compromise  of  1850.) 
Oneida,  The.  (See  Aroostook,  The.) 
Oneida  Indians.  (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Oneota,  The,  purchased  for  Peru,  de- 
tention of,  3831,  3835. 
Onondaga  Indians.  (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Ontario,  Lake.  (See  Lake  Ontario.) 
Open  Door  in  China.— With  China  foreign 
commerce  is  a  matter  of  modern  history. 
As  early  as  151G  the  Portuguese  had  es- 
tablished a  trading  port  in  China  and,  to- 
gether with  the  Dutch,  English  and  Amer- 
icans, who  followed  them,  carried  on  an 
irregular  and  unsatisfactory  trade  for  a 
hundred  years  without  government  protec- 
tion or  favor  besides  being  looked  upon 
with  suspicion  and  hatred,  as  barbarians. 
From  1GU4  to  1834  England's  China  trade 
was  in  the  hands  of  the  East  India  Com- 
pany, whose  monopoly  came  to  an  end  in 
the 'latter  year.  The  opium  trade,  worth 
$5.000,000  "to  $8.000,000  annually  to  the 
government  of  British  India,  had  long 
been  illegal,  and  China,  in  1837,  decided 
to  suppress  it.  England's  refusal  to  make 
tratiic  in  opium  a  'crime  punishable  with 
death  brought  on  a  war  in  1840.  This  was 
concluded  by  a  treaty  which  opened  to 
British  trade'  the  live  ports  of  Canton,  Am- 
ov  Fu-Chow,  Ning-l'o,  and  Shanghai. 

'  Caleb  dishing,  heading  an  embassy  from 
the  United  States,  negotiated  a  similar 
treaty  in  1844.  By  its  terms  a  customs 
duty  was  established  and  in  considera- 
tion of  a  transit  duty,  goods  were  given 
free  conveyance  to  all  places  in  China. 

In  185G  England  again  found  a  pretext 
for  war  with  China  and  was  joined  by 
France  in  1857.  This  was  terminated  in 
1S58  by  the  treaty  of  Tien-Tsiu,  which 
granted'  toleration  to  the  Christian  mis- 
22 


siouaries  in  China,  and  freedom  of  Chinese 
rivers  to  English  and  French  merchant 
vessels.  At  the  same  time  Hussia  signed 
a  treaty  by  widen  she  acquired  the  Amur 
territory. 

While  these  powers  were  gaining  con- 
cessions in  China,  President  Buchanan  sent 
William  B.  Heed  to  open  negotiations  on 
behalf  of  the  United  States.  The  result 
of  Mr.  Heed's  efforts  was  a  treaty  of 
amity  and  commerce,  guaranteeing  that  no 
American  vessel  should  engage  in  contra- 
band trade  with  China. 

Auson  Burllnganie,  United  States  min- 
ister to  China  from  ISC.1  to  1SG7.  won 
the  confidence  of  the  Orientals  and  se- 
cured a  treaty  granting  further  conces- 
sions. Btirlingame  later  headed  a  Chi- 
nese embassy  accredited  to  eleven  differ- 
ent nations.  In  .In no,  1873,  the  Chinese 
Emperor  for  the  lirst  time  gave  personal 
audience  to  the  ministers  of  tho  United 
States,  Russia,  Great  Britain,  France,  Ger- 
many, Holland,  and  Japan.  By  the  war 
with  Japan,  in  1894-1895  China  was  forced 
to  concede  the  independence!  of  Korea,  and 
cede  to  Japan  tho  island  of  Formosa,  the 
Liaotuug  peninsula  and  the  Pescadoro  Isl- 
ands and  an  indemnity  in  money. 

While  China  was  thus  embarrassed  Rus- 
sia, through  France,  advanced  a  loan  of 
$77,290,000  to  help  pay  the  Japanese  in- 
domnity.  In  189G  American  and  German 
capitalists  loaned  $80, OOO.OOO  and  in  ls'.i8 
another  $80,000,000  was  advanced  by  the 
English  and  German  banks.  In  return  for 
these  loans  valuable  railway  and  trading 
concessions  were  exacted  with  a  view  to 
establishing  spheres  of  intluence  which 
would  serve  as  an  excuse  for  military  oc- 
cupation. 

Until  1904  only  twenty-one  ports  had 
been  opened  to  foreign  trade.  In  that 
year  three  others  were  opened,  and  in 
190G  sixteen  more  allowed  the  ships  of 
the  western  world  to  enter.  The  opening 
of  these  ports  was  looked  upon  by  China 
as  a  great  concession  wrung  from  her  by 
the  overpowering  military  strength  of  the 
allied  commercial  world.  The  agreements 
of  1897-1898  provide  that  "the  administra- 
tion of  the  Imperial  Maritime  Customs 
Service  shall  be  conducted  by  representa- 
tives of  foreign  powers  until  1943.'' 

An  outbreak  of  the  anti-foreign  feeling 
in  China,  directed  against  Americans  in 
particular,  on  account  of  the  Chinese  ex- 
clusion laws  of  this  country,  was  shown 
in  the  boycott  against  American  goods 
which  began  in  the  southern  provinces  in 
1905.  This  was  entirely  dispelled  by  the 
wise  policy  of  the  Roosevelt  "administration, 
carried  into  execution  by  Secretaries  John 
Hay  and  Elihu  Root. 

William  H.  Taft,  when  Secretary  of  War, 
declared  in  a  speech  made  in  China  that 
the  United  States  would  actively  interfere 
whenever  necessary  to  preserve  the  open 
door  in  all  parts  of  the  Chinese  empire. 
Further  acts  of  friendship  on  the  part  of 
the  United  States  were  the  remission  of  a 
part  of  the  Boxer  indemnity,  upon  recom- 
mendation of  President  Roosevelt,  and  the 
liberal  contributions,  under  Presidential 
patronage,  to  the  famine  fund  in  19US. 

Open  Door,  in  the  Orient,  policy  of  the 
United  States  to  be  firm  in  contro- 
versies, 6797. 

Open  Shop.— A  term  used  to  describe  the 
conditions  of  employment  in  an  establish- 
ment where  men  are  and  may  be  employed 
irrespective  of  their  membership  or  non- 
membership  in  a  trade  union  or  other  labor 
organization.  (See  Trade  Unions.  Closed 
Shop.) 


Opium 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Opium  Traffic,  treaty  with  China  for  re- 
pression  of,    and   recommendations 
regarding,  4629,  4986. 
International  Commission,  7671. 
Eeport  of,  transmitted,  7469. 
Legislation    regarding,  recommended, 

5983. 

Eeferred  to,  7596. 
Taxes  and  laws  regulating  traffic  in, 

recommended,  7419,  7470,  7596. 
Orange  Eiver  Colony. — A  British  colony 
in  South  Africa.  It  was  formerly  an  inde- 
pendent republic  known  as  the  Orange  Free 
State,  and  was  founded  by  the -Boers  in  1836 
and  recognized  by  Great  Britain  ten  years 
later.  In  consequence  of  the  part  taken  in 
the  Boer  War  it  was  annexed  to  the  British 
Crown  in  1900.  Area,  48,326  square  miles  ; 
population  in  18'JO  (estimated),  77,716 
white  and  129,787  blacks,  natives  of  the 
country. 

Order  of  Indian  Wars  of  the  United 
States. — This  order  was  organized  at  Chi- 
cago 111.,  June  10,  189G,  and  received  its 
charter  from  the  State  of  Illinois.  The 
order  consists  of  two  classes  of  companions  : 
First,  commissioned  officers  of  the  army, 
navy,  and  marine  corps,  and  of  state  and 
territorial  organizations,  which  have  been, 
or  may  hereafter  be,  engaged  in  conflicts, 
battles  or  actual  field  service  against  hos- 
tile Indians  in  the  I'nited  States ;  second, 
sons  of  living  members  of  the  first  class. 
The  object  of  the  Association  is  to  perpetu- 
ate the  history  01  the  services  rendered  by 
the  American  military  forces  in  their  con- 
flicts and  wars  within  the  territory  of  the 
United  States,  and  to  collect  and  secure  for 
publication  historical  data  relating  to  the 
instances  of  brave  deeds  and  personal  de- 
votion by  which  Indian  warfare  has  been 
illustrated. 

Order  of  the  Founders  and  Patriots  of 
America. — This  order  was  founded  in  1896, 
its  object  being  "to  bring  together  and  as- 
sociate congenial  men  whose  ancestors 
struggled  together  for  life  and  liberty,  'home 
and  happiness,  in  the  land  when  it  was  a 
new  and  unknown  country  and  their  patriot 
descendants  ;  from  them  came  thorough 
patriots  who  sustained  the  Colonies  In  the 
struggle  for  Independence  in  the  Revolution- 
ary War  :  to  teach  reverent  regard  for  the 
names  and  history,  character  and  persever- 
ance, deeds  and  heroism  of  the  founders  of 
tills  country  and  their  patriot  descendants  ; 
to  tench  that  the  purpose  of  the  founders 
could  have  had  no  lasting  result  but  for 
their  patriot  sons;  to  inculcate  patriotism; 
to  discover,  collect,  and  preserve  records, 
documents,  manuscripts,  monuments,  and 
history  relating  to  the  first  colonists  and 
their  ancestors  and  their  descendants,  and 
to  commemorate  and  celebrate  events  in  the 
history  of  the  Colonies  and  the  Republic." 
Eligibility — Any  man  above  the  age  of 
twenty-one  years,  of  good  moral  character 
and  reputation,  and  a  citi/en  of  the  United 
States,  who  Is  lineally  descended  in  the 
male  line  of  either  parent  from  an  ancestor 
who  settled  in  any  of  the  Colonies  now  In- 
cluded in  the  I'nited  Slates  of  America 
prior  to  May  !.'{,  1i>.~>7,  and  whose  intermedi- 
ate ancestors  In  the  same  line  during  the 
Revolutionary  period  adhered  as  patriots  to 
the  cause  of  the  Colonies,  s'iiall  be  eligible 
for  membership.  There  are  state  societies 
in  New  York.  Connecticut,  New  Jersey  and 
Pennsylvania. 

Orders  in  Council.— Ar.  the  sovereigns  of 
Great  Britain  can  act  only  through  privy 


councilors  or  upon  their  advice,  the  more 
formal  acts  of  the  administration  must 
proceed  from  the  authority  of  the  sovereign 
In  council,  and  their  execution  is  directed 
at  a  meeting  of  the  privy  council,  and  laid 
before  Parliament  within  thirty  da.vs  if  In 
session,  and  if  not  in  session  within  thirty 
days  after  assembling.  Those  of  most  in- 
terest in  the  United  States  were  issued  in 
1793  and  1794,  prohibiting  trade  with 
France  and  directing  the  seizure  of  neutral 
ships  engaged  in  such  traffic.  In  1806  an 
order  was  issued  declaring  the  whole  coast 
of  Europe  from  the  Elbe  to  Brest,  France, 
under  blockade.  The  specific  order  which 
caused  the  greatest  indignation  in  America 
and  provoked  retaliatory  measures  by  both 
France  and  the  United  States  was  that  of 
1807,  which  prohibited  neutral  trade  direct- 
ly with  France  or  her  allies.  All  goods 
were  ordered  to  be  landed  in  England,  to 
pay  duties  there,  and  to  be  reexported  under 
British  regulations.  (See  also  Berlin  De- 
cree; Embargo;  Milan  Decree.) 

Ordnance  (see  also  Arms  and  Ammuni- 
tion) : 

Board     of    Fortifications,    and,    dis- 
cussed, 5373. 
Cannon — 

Exportation   of,  order   prohibiting, 

3326. 
Foundry  for  making,  recommended, 

1607,  1714,  4797. 
Manufacture     of,     discussed,     323, 

4724,   4833. 

Discussed,  5550,  5878,  5972,  6159. 
Foundry  for  heavy,  board  appointed 

to  select  location  for,  4748. 
Discussed,  4767. 
Eeport  of,  referred  to,  4791,  4797, 

4833. 

Gunpowder       manufactory,       recom- 
mended, 1608,  1714. 
Proving    and    experimenting    ground 

for,  site  for,  recommended,  4148. 
Small    arms,    manufactory    for,    rec- 
ommended, 1608. 
Statement   of,   in    fortifications,    etc., 

transmitted,  6287. 

Ordnance,  Bureau  of,  Navy  Department. 
(See  Bureau  of  Ordnance,  Navy  De- 
partment.) 

Ordnance  Department: 

Board  for  determining  strength  and 
value  of  iron,  steel,  etc.,  ap- 
pointed, 4281. 

Continuance  of,  recommended,  4378. 
Machine  purchased  from  A.  II.  Em- 
ery bv,  appropriation  for,  recom- 
mended, 4540. 
Eeport  of,  referred  to,  4321,  4438, 

4534. 

Expenses  of,  referred  to,  766,  771. 
Increase  in  crops,  recommended,  1448, 

1475,  1G07. 

Manufacturing  operations  of,  recom- 
mendations regarding,  43G2,  5878. 
Progress  in,  2942. 

Eegulations  for  distributions  of  arms, 
stores,  etc.,  5159,  5462. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Oregon 


Oregon. — One  of  the  Pacific  coast  states; 
motto,  "The  Union ;"  nickname,  "Wobfoot 
country,"  from  the  excessive  rainfall.  It 
extends  from  lat.  42°  to  40°  15'  north  and 
from  long.  110°  40'  to  124°  32'  west.  It 
Is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Washington 
(partly  separated  by  the  Columbia  Uiver), 
on  the  east  by  Idaho  (partly  separated  by 
the  Snake  Hiver),  on  the  south  by  Nevada 
and  California,  and  on  the  west  by  the 
1'aciiic  Ocean.  It  has  an  area  of  90,090' 
square  miles.  Oregon  is  traversed  by  the 
(.'oast  Range  and  Cascade  and  Blue  Moun- 
tains, which  run  parallel  to  the  coast  in 
the  eastern  portion  of  the  state.  It  is 
drained  largely  by  the  Columbia,  though 
there  is  a  large  inland  basin  in  the  south- 
east. The  chief  industries  are  ns'hing  and 
agriculture. 

The  mouth  of  the  Columbia  River  was 
discovered  by  ('apt.  Cray,  an  American,  in 
179i;.  The  river  was  partly  explored  by 
Lewis  and  Clark  in  180-4-5.  A  trading  post 
was  founded  at  Astoria  in  1811.  The  terri- 
tory, long  in  dispute,  was  finally  made  part 
of  'the  United  States  by  the  treaty  with 
Great  Britain  in  184(5.  It  was  organized  as 
a  territory  in  1848  and  was  admitted  to  the 
Union  in  1859. 

Statistics  of  agriculture  collected  for  the 
last  Federal  census,  place  the  number  of 
farms  in  the  state  at  45,502,  comprising 
11,085,110  acres,  valued,  with  stock  and 
improvements,  at  $5-8.243,782.  The  value 
of  domestic  animals,  poultry,  etc.,  was  $59,- 
4(51.828,  including  72o,255  cattle,  valued  at 
$17.570,685  ;  271.708  horses,  $25,181,143; 
9.927  mules,  $185.788;  217,577  swine,  $1,- 
570,949;  2,099.135  sticep,  $12,213,942; 
poultry.  $1.007.743.  The  yield  and  value 
of  field  crops  for  1911  was  :  Corn,  20,000 
acres.  570.000  bushels,  $450,000 ;  wheat, 
790.000  acres,  10.720,000  bushels,  $12,545,- 
000 ;  oats,  359,000  acres,  12,457,000  bush- 
els, $5.481.000;  rye,  18,000  acres.  351,000 
bushels,  $310,000;  potatoes.  40,000  acres, 
5,980,000  bushels,  $4.007.000  ;  hay,  452,- 
000  acres,  949.000  tons,  $9.110,000.  The 
mineral  production  of  the  state  is  Inconsid- 
erable, the  coal  output  baring  been  cur- 
tailed by  the  use  of  petroleum  from  Cali- 
fornia for  fuel  for  railroads  and  in  manu- 
factures. The  lumber  cut  has  grown  steadi- 
ly for  many  years,  until  lumbering  has  tak- 
en lirst  rank  in  the  state's  industries.  Ore- 
gon has  one-sixth  of  the  standing  timber  of 
the  United  States.  In  1909  there  were  1,- 
408.155  thousand  feet  cut,  which  sold  for 
$18,010.588,  mostly  fir.  spruce  and  cedar. 
The  salmon  catch  on  the  Oregon  side  of  the 
Columbia  River  in  1908  was  18.404.000 
pounds,  and  on  the  coast  streams  0,423^000 
pounds.  Nearly  live  thousand  men  are  en- 
gaged in  the  Columbia  Uiver  fisheries.  The 
slate  has  of  late  years  become  noted  for  its 
Innovations  In  government.  In  t'he  general 
election  of  1910  the  voters  enacted  under 
t'he  initiative  four  important  measures. 
They  were:  Presidential  preference,  giving 
to  each  voter  the  opportunity  of  expressing 
in  primary  elections  his  choice  for  president 
and  vice-president  of  the  United  States. 
The  single  tax,  which  authorizes  each  coun- 
ty in  the  state  to  prescribe  its  own  method 
of  taxation  ;  an  employers'  liability  law,  pre- 
pared ard  submitted  to  the  people  by  or- 
ganized labor,  after  a  less  objectionable  bill 
had  met  defeat  in  the  legislature  ;  the  three- 
fourths  Jury  verdict,  which  has  reduced 
the  number  of  mistrials  and  relieved  the 
badly  congested  condition  of  the  courts.  A 
constitutional  amendment  extending  the 
right  of  suffrage  to  women  was  submitted 
to  Ihe  voters  in  Nov..  1912.  This  has  been 
defeated  three  times  with  increasing  ma- 


jorities. (See  Initiative,  Referendum  and 
Recall.) 

Sugar,  beets  and  hops  art;  also  Important 
crops.  Apples  and  plums  are  raised  iu 
great  abundance  and  shipped  to  all  leading 
markets.  West  of  the  Cascade  Mountains 
almost  every  crop  common  to  the  temperate 
zone  is  grown,  but  east  of  Ihe  mountains 
t'he  country  is  arid.  The  Federal  irriga- 
tion plan,  now  in  operation,  contemplates 
the  reclamation  of  254,000  acres  in  Ore- 
gon. Private  irrigation  schemes  will  add 
207,000  acres  more.  There,  are  O.O72.5.V) 
acres  of  forest  reservation  in  the  stall!. 
July  1,  19O8,  there  remained  unreserved  and 
unappropriated,  10,957. 9 13  acres  of  land. 
The  United  Slates  land  ollices  are  located 
at  Burns,  LaCrando,  Lakeview,  Portland, 
Roseberg  and  The  l)alles. 

The  mineral  output  of  1907  was  valued 
at  $2,038,587,  and  consisted  of  gold,  silver, 
copper,  coal,  nickel,  cobalt,  lead  and  gvp- 
sum.  Garnets  and  opals  are  found. 

The  number  of  manufacturing  establish- 
ments in  Oregon  having  an  annual  output 
valued  at  $.">()(»  or  more  at  the  beginning  of 
1915  was  2, 320.  The  nmount  of  capital  in- 
vested was  $139.500.000,  giving  employment 
to  35. 449  persons,  using  material  valued  at 
$03.258.000.  and  turning  out  finished  goods 
worth  $109,702,000.  Salaries  and  wage.-; 
paid  amounted  to  $20,01 4.0UO. 

Large  ocean-going  vessels  navigate  the 
Columbia  River  as  far  as  Portland.  The 
railway  mileage  in  19O7  was  2.031  miles  of 
steam  road  and  280  miles  of  electric  lines. 
The  population  in  1910  was  672,705. 

Oregon: 

Aid  and  protection  of  United  States 
invoked  by,  2-134. 

President    Folk's    message    regard- 
ing, 2434. 

Boundary  of,  in  dispute.   (See  North- 
western Boundary.) 
Correspondence     regarding,     referred 

to,  2279. 
Emigrants    to,    should    be    protected, 

2246. 
Establishment    of    surveyor-general  'a 

office  in,  recommended,   240!). 
Extinguishment  of  rights  of  Hudsons 

Bay  Company  in,  referred  to.     (See 

Hudsons  Bay   Co.) 
Force  to  be  employed  in,  2454. 
Geological    survey    of,    referred     to, 

3016. 

Grants  of  land  to  settlers  in,  recom- 
mended, 2308,  2-109. 
Great  Britain   desires  that  boundary 

line   with,   be  marked    out,    2655. 
Hudsons  Bay  Co.,  in.      (See  Hudsons 

Bay    Co.) 

Indian  schools  in,  4576. 
Indians   in — 

Appointment  of  Indian  agents 
among,  recommended,  2496. 

Depredations  of,  discussed  2434 
2494,  2873,  2894,  2896,  2900,  2911 
2941. 

Number  of,  2453. 

Referred  to,  3015,  3016. 
Land    office    in     recommended,    2663 

2714. 


Oregon 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Lands  in — 

Granted  for  construction  of  wagon 

roads,  frauds  in,  5195. 
Granted   to,  for  Willamette  Valley 
and    Cascade    Mountain    AYagon 
Road  Co.,  4665. 
Granted    to    Iludsons    Bay    Co.    by 

Great  Britain,  2073. 
Grants      of,      to      settlers,     recom 

mended,  230S. 
Opened  to  settlement  by  proclama 

tion,   6018. 
Keferred    to,    2662. 
Set  apart  as  public  reservations  by 

proclamation,  5719,  5859,  5861. 
Light-houses   to   be   erected  in,   2557, 

3902. 
Mail  facilities  to,  recommended,  2247, 

2307,  2354,  2489,  2560. 
Provisions  for,  2409. 
Military  posts  in,  recommended,  2100. 
National    rights    in,    must    be    main 

tained,   2247. 

Oflicers    of,    referred   to,   2494. 
Overland    mail    route,    recommended/ 

2247,   2354. 
Population  of,  2435. 
Referred   to,   2272,   2305. 
Report  on,  by  Lieut.  "Wilkes,  referred 

to,   2013. 
Seat  of  government   of — 

Conflict    of   opinion   respecting    es 
tablishment  of,  and  rccommcnda 
tions  regarding,  2685. 
Correspondence       with       Governor 

Gaines  relative  to,  2684. 
Territorial   government   over,   recom 

mended,  2307,  2354,  2408,  2434. 
Approval   of  act   to   establish,   and 

reasons   therefor,  2456. 
Oregon,  The — 
Mentioned,  6317. 
Voyage    and    arrival    of,     from    San 

Francisco,  discussed,   6316. 
Oregon  Boundary.     (See   Northwestern 

Boundary.) 

Oregon  Indians.  (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Organized  Labor.  (See  Trade  Unions.) 
Original  Package.— In  the  onfoi-fpinput  of 
the  prohibitory  liquor  law  in  the  Slate  of 
Iowa  the  officers  were  frequently  charged 
v.itli  exceeding  tin.'  limits  of  the  slate's 
jurisdiction  in  inierfering  with  the  trallie 
in  spirits.  State  officers  sei/ed  and  confis- 
cated liquors  which  it  was  claimed  by  the 
owners  were  sent,  into  t'lie  state  for  reship- 
iriPiit  to  points  outside  the  jurisdiction  of 
the  state  courts.  State  oll'ic^rs  defended 
themselves  under  the  prohibition  amend- 
iii'-nl  to  the  constitution.  In  IS'.HI  the  Sti- 
preine  Court  of  tin-  I  nit'd  S.ates,  in  th" 
case  of  |.ci-:y  &  Co.  rn.  llardin.  In  Id  that, 
the  plaini  ill's,  liri'v.  ers  in  Illinois.  Ir'd  th" 
right  to  carry  liquors  inlu  :i:iy  state  and 
sell  lh"iii  in  Ilie  original  package  without 
n  tVi-eiicc  to  loc-al  pro'iiiliitorv  or  re-  t  rid  ive 
law-;.  'I'lie  dei'Mon  ol  the  Court  n^ti'd  on 
il'.e  right  of  Cnii;.'ri  ss  to  have  exclusive  con- 
trol of  interstate  romm'Tce.  Congress  there- 
upon passed  a  law  giving  states  control  of 


the  liquors  so  imported,  although  in  the 
original  package. 

Oriskany  (N.  Y.),  Battle  of.— in  August, 
1777,  Gen.  Burgoyue  sent  a  detachment  of 
his  army,  consisting  of  200  regulars.  Sir 
John  Johnson's  Royal  Greens,  and  some 
Canadian  rangers  and  Indians,  under  Col. 
St.  Leger,  to  operate  in  western  and  cen- 
tral New  York  and  ultimately  to  join  the 
main  army  under  Howe  at  New  York.  St. 
Leger  proceeded  by  way  of  t'he  St.  Law- 
rence River,  Lake  Ontario,  and  the  Oswego 
and  Oneida  rivers  to  within  a  few  miles 
of  Fort  Stanwix  (now  Schuyler,  near  the 
present  city  of  Rome,  on  the  Mohawk  River. 
The  post  was  garrisoned  by  less  than  l.OOU 
men,  under  Colonels  Gansevoort  and  \Villet. 
Gen.  Ilerkimer  collected  the  militia  of  Try- 
on  County  and  advanced  to  the  assistance 
of  the  fort.  On  Aug.  G  when  about  sis 
miles  from  the  post,  near  Oriskany.  he  fell 
into  an  ambush  and  was  fiercely  assailed 
by  the  British  and  the  Indians  under  Brant. 
By  reason  of  a  successful  sally  by Willet 
the  assailants  were  repulsed,  but  not  wit'h- 
out  the  loss  of  400,  including  many  of  the 
leading  patriots  of  that  region.  St.  Leger 
made  no  official  report  of  his  loss  except 
that  of  his  Indian  allies.  The  fight  lasted 
several  hours  and  was  one  of  the  most 
fiercely  contested  conflicts  of  the  war.  St. 
Leger.  deserted  by  his  Indian  allies,  retired 
precipitately  to  Canada. 
Orleans,  Territory  of.— The  old  name  for 
the  present  State  of  Louisiana.  In  March, 
1804,  after  the  purchase  of  Louisiana  from 
France,  Congress  divided  the  territory,  cut- 
ting off  that  portion  between  Texas  and  the 
Mississippi  River  and  from  the  Gulf  of  Mex- 
ico north  to  the  parallel  of  hit.  33°  north 
and  establishing  it  as  a  territory,  with  Wil- 
liam C.  C.  Claiborne  as  governor.  In  1810 
the  citizens  of  Baton  Rouge,  territory  of  St. 
Francisville,  overcame  the  local  Spanish  gar- 
rison, shot  the  Spanish  governor  and  es- 
tablished the  Territory  of  West  Florida 
After  the  people  of  West  Florida  had  elected 
a  governor  and  framed  a  constitution  Presi- 
dent Madison  issued  a  proclamation  (4(i."i) 
directing  Governor  Claiborne,  of  the  Terri- 
tory of  Orleans,  to  take  possession  of  West 
Florida  and  annex  it  to  Orleans.  In  Feb- 
ruary. 1811,  an  act  was  passed  "to  enable 
the  people  of  the  Territory  of  Orleans  to 
form  a  constitution  and  state  government." 
April  1L>,  18li>,  an  act  was  passed  for  the 
admission  of  the  State  of  Louisiana  into  the 
I'nion,  extending  the  limits  to  include  all 
between  the  Mississippi  and  Pearl  Rivers 
south  of  hit.  .'U°  north. 

Orleans  Territory: 

Admission  into  Union  applied  for  by, 

483. 

Citi/ens   of,    must  be   protected,    372. 
Indians  inhabiting,  386. 
Territory   south  of  Mississippi  Terri- 
tory and  eastward  of  Mississippi 
River,    added   to,   465.   460. 
Expenses  incurred  incident  thereto, 

482. 

Osago  Indians.   (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
1'avnient  of  interest  due,  referred  to, 

4058. 

Treaty  with,  464,  474.  554.  614,  616, 
767',  8x3,  sso,  'ML*,  inlu,  :;.",(.i3,  ::r>7.s, 
:is:::{,  3*43. 

Osborn  vs.  United  States  Bank,  Ohio.  - 
A  leading  case  in  the  Supreme  Court.  Sep- 
tember term,  1810,  iiiTolving  the  right  of 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Ozania 


n  State  to  tax  United  States  property. 
Osborn,  auditor  of  the  State  of  Ohio, 
through  his  deputy,  forcibly  took  from  I  he 
United  States  Bank  at  Chillicol  lie  $1(M»,- 
000  and  delivered  it  to  the  State  treas- 
urer as  payment  to  the  State  tinder  the 
act  which  'was  passed  by  the  legislature 
Feb.  8,  1819,  levying  taxes  upon  banks  do- 
ing business  in  (lie  State  without  author- 
ization of  the  State  law.  The  United 
States  circuit  court  of  Ohio  decreed  that 
a  restitution  be  made  with  interest.  The 
Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  hav- 
ing been  appealed  to,  affirmed  the  decision 
of  the  circuit  court,  but  gave  no  interest. 
The  opinion  was  delivered  by  Chief  Justice 
Marshall  and  was  very  elaborate.  Justice 
Johnson  dissented  on  the  point  of  juris- 
diction. Clay,  Webster,  and  Sergeant  ar- 
gued for  the  right  of  the  bank  to  sue  in 
the  circuit  court  of  the  United  States. 
(See  also  McCullocb  f».  Maryland.) 

Osette  Indians.  (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Ostend  Manifesto. — In  isr>2  France  and 
F.ngland.  fearful  of  the  filibustering  expedi- 
tions against  Cuba  and  the  possible  future 
favor  of  the  United  States  toward  such  ex- 
peditions, suggested  a  tripartite  convention 
in  which  each  nation  should  disclaim  all 
intention  to  obtain  possession  of  Cuba  and 
should  discountenance  such  possession  by 
another  power.  With  a  view  to  promoting 
negotiation  with  Spain  for  the  purchase  of 
Cuba  by  the  United  States,  Pierre  Soule, 
American  minister  to  Spain  (empowered  to 
negotiate  for  the  purchase  of  Cuba),  John 
Y.  Mason,  minister  to  France,  and  James 
Buchanan,  minister  to  Great  Britain,  met 
at  Osteud.  Belgium  Oct.  9.  1854.  and  after 
three  days'  session  adjourned  to  meet  at 
Aix-la-Cnapelle.  They  wrote  to  the  United 
States  Government  their  views  of  the  policy 
the  Administration  s'hould  pursue.  Their 
message  or  communication  is  known  as  the 
Ostend  Manifesto.  It  declared  that,  as 
Spanish  oppression  in  Cuba  was  such  that 
the  island  would  speedily  resort  to  arms  to 
free  herself,  the  United  States  should  offer 
Spain  a  sum  not  to  exceed  $120.000,000  for 
Cuba,  and  in  the  event  of  Spain's  refusal 
to  sell,  the  United  States  would  be  justi- 
fied in  taking  forcible  possession  of  Cuba 
rather  than  see  it  Africanized,  like  Santo 
Domingo.  President  Pierce  did  not  think 
It  prudent  to  act  upon  this  suggestion,  and 
Soule.  disgusted,  resigned  soon  afterwards 
and  returned  home. 

Oswego  (N.  Y.),  Capture  of.— May  5, 
1814,  the  British  squadron  commanded  by 
Sir  James  Yeo.  and  consisting  of  8  vessels, 
aggregating  '2'2'2  pieces  of  ordnance,  besides 
several  gunboats  and  other  small  craft, 
moved  toward  Oswego,  N.  Y.,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Oswego  Hiver.  The  squadron  carried 
more  than  1,200  troops,  under  Lieut. -Col. 
Drummond.  Oswego  was  protected  by  Fort 
Ontario,  mounting  six  old  guns,  and  a  gar- 
rison of  less  than  300  men,  under  Lieut.- 
Col.  Mitchell.  These  repulsed  a  landing 
party  sent  ashore  and  the  fleet  put  to  sea. 
It  returned  the  next  day  and  landed  the 
greater  portion  of  the  force,  which  ascended 
a  long,  steep  hill  to  the  fort  in  the  face 
of  a  heavy  tire  from  the  Americans.  Over- 
whelming numbers  finally  compelled  Mitchell 
to  fall  back.  The  American  loss  was  09, 
including  among  the  killed  Lieut.  Blaney. 
The  Brltis'h  lost  94,  among  the  wounded 


being  Capt.  Muicaater,  of  the  1'rincrfx  Char- 
luttc,  and  Capt.    1'oimam,   of   the   Montreal. 

Otoe  and  Missouria  Reservation,  Nebr.: 
Kight  of  way  for  railroad  through,  re- 
ferred to,  4681. 
Sale  of,  bill  for,  4056. 
Otoe  Indians.  (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Ottawa  Indians..  (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Ottoman  Empire..  (Wee  Turkey.) 
Ottoman  Empire,  Treaties  with. — A 
treaty  of  commerce  and  navigation  was 
concluded  in  18.'iO.  The  text  of  the  treaty 
was  in  the  Turkish  language,  and  by  reason 
of  the  difficulty  of  exact  translation,  much 
diplomatic  correspondence  has  resulted 
without  reaching  an  accord.  By  its  terms 
equitable  imposition  of  taxes  and  duties  is 
agreed  upon  in  the  case  of  merchants  of 
the  Sublime  Porte  traveling  in  the  pos 
sessions  of  the  United  States  and  upon 
citizens  of  the  United  States  traveling  in 
the  countries  and  ports  of  the  Sublime 
Porte  ;  and  conditions  of  trade  shall  be  con- 
ducted in  all  cases  upon  the  terms  of  the 
most  favored  nation.  Appointment  of  con- 
sular officers  is  agreed  upon  in  the  domin- 
ions of  both  parties  upon  the  terms  usual 
in  consular  conventions.  Brokers  may  be 
employed  to  assist  in  the  conduct  of  busi- 
ness :  and  vessels  coining  to  the  several 
ports  in  both  countries  shall  proceed  upon 
the  same  conditions  of  charges  as  the  most 
favored  nation. 

In  case  of  litigation  between  subjects 
of  the  Sublime  Porte  and  citizens  of  the 
United  States,  no  decision  shall  be  made 
or  verdict  reached  unless  the  American 
dragoman  be  present  :  and  citizens  of  the 
United  States  peaceably  and  lawfully  fol- 
low their  avocation  shall  not  be  molested. 
When  an  offence  has  been  committed  such 
citizens  shall  be  tried  before  their  own 
consul  and  punished  by  his  sentence  or  de- 
cision. American  vessels  may  safely  go 
under  their  own  flag,  but  imist  not  'take 
the  flag  of  another  country  nor  lend  their 
Hag.  Merchant  vessels  may  pass  the  royal 
residence  and  come  and  go  in  the  Black 
Sea.  The  vessels  of  either  country  may  not 
be  taken  by  force  and  be  compelled  to  en- 
gage in  war  service.  The  customary  hu- 
mane regulations  are  made  regarding  ship- 
wreck. (For  the  extradition  treaty  of  1S74, 
see  Extradition  Treaties.) 

Ounalaska,  The,  condemned  by  Salva- 
dor and  subsequently  presented  to 
United  States,  recommendations  re- 
garding, 4988. 

Outlawry.— 1.  A  state  of  society  dominated 
by  individuals,  or  groups  of  individuals,  who 
treat  the  law  with  contempt,  or  take  the  law 
into  their  own  hands.     2.  A  form  of  punish- 
ment which  deprives  a  person  from  the  bene- 
fits or  protection  of  the  law. 
Outrages   on    American   Citizens.    (See 
Central   America;   Costa  Rica;    Mexi- 
co;  New   Granada;   Puerto   Rico;   the 
several  powers.) 

Overt  Act.     (See  Act  of  Hostility.) 
Ozania  Eiver,  building  of  bridge  over, 
at  Santo  Domingo  City  by  American 
citizens,  5784. 


Pacific 


Kfessages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Pacific    Forest    Reserve,     Washington. 
(See  Mount  Rauier  Forest  Reserve.) 
Pacific  Highways.    (See  Transcontinen- 
tal Highways.) 
Pacific  Ocean: 

Claims  of  foreign  powers  to  territory 
on.    (See  Northwestern  Boundary.) 
Commerce    on,    force    should    be    em- 
ployed to  maintain,  827,  928,  1115. 
Harbor  and  breakwater  on  coast  of, 

recommended,  4572. 
Junction  between  Atlantic  and — 
Desired,  2813,  2988. 
Referred  to,  2128,  2676. 
Railroad   from    Mississippi   River   to, 

recommended,  2714,  2754. 
Vessels  to  examine  harbors  in,  984. 
War  on,  referred  to,  4667. 
Pacific  Ocean  Exploring  Expedition,  ex- 
penses of,  referred  to,  994. 
Pacific  Railroads.— In  1848  Asa  Whitney, 
a  Now  York  merchant,  zealously  advocated 
the  building  of  a  railroad  by  the  Federal 
Government  to  the  Pacific  Ocean  from  some 
point  on  the  Missouri  or  Mississippi  Kiver. 
A  bill  providing  for  such  a  road  was  intro- 
duced in  the  Senate.  It  was  opposed  by 
Thomas  II.  Henton  and  linally  tabled  by  a 
vote  of  twenty-seven  to  twenty-one.  The 
next  year  Beuton  introduced  a  I'aciiic  rail- 
road measure  of  his  o\\n.  In  March,  1853, 
an  act_  was  passed  providing  for  surveys. 
IJy  1N.~»5  Government  surveyors  had  ascer- 
tained practicable  passes  through  the  Hocky 
Mountains.  The  rapid  growth  of  the  Pa- 
cilic  Stales  in  consequence  of  t'he  "gold 
fever"  and  the  diiliculiy  of  communication 
between  the  Kast  and  the  West,  on  ac- 
count of  the  vast  extent  of  intervening 
plains  made  railroad  communication  more 
and  more  desirable.  The  hopelessness  of 
undertaking  so  stupendous  a  work  with 
private  capital  led  many  who  otherwise 
were  opposed  to  the  principle  of  Federal  aid 
to  Internal  improvements  to  advocate  the 
building  of  the  Pacific  railroads  under  Gov- 
ernment subsidies.  In  18(10  both  the  leading 
political  parties  in  their  platforms  declared 
in  favor  of  building  a  road  under  national 
supervision.  The  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War 
and  t'he  necessity  for  closer  military  com- 
munication aided  the  movement. 

The  bill  providing  for  the  Tnion  Pacific 
and  Central  Pacific  roads  was  approved 
July  2,  1M12.  and  granted  as  subsidies  (j 
per  cent  j_'old  bonds  of  ihe  I'nited  States. 
It  gave  to  the  rnioii  Pacific  $1(5,0(10  per 
mile  for  tlie  great  plain  west  from  Omaha, 
Nebraska.  548.000  per  mile  for  150  miles 
over  the  RocUy  Mountains,  and  $32.000  j>ei 
mile  for  the  remainder  in  all.  1,o:M  miles, 
$27.2::i;.;il2  :  to  the  Central  I'aciiic  $luoo<>. 
$:'.2.OOO.  and  S-IS.OOO  per  mill — in  all,  883 
miles.  .*  2  7  >."">  .">.;">  ill!.  Kndi  company  also  re- 
ceived 12. Mil)  acres  of  land  per  mile  of 
road  25.000.000  acres  in  all  -by  a  subse- 
quent act  .Inly  1.  ls<54.  The  companies 
were  allowed  to  issue  an  equal  amount  of 
their  own  bonds,  whb-h  were  to  be  a  first 
lien  on  the  road,  the  Government  bonds  the 
second.  The  time  fixed  for  opening  was  set 
at  .lulv  1,  l*7ii.  nml  the  road  was  actually 
opened  May  lo.  1.XC9.  The  nvo  lines  were 
joined,  with  impressive  ceremonies.  at 
Promontory  Point.  I'lali.  The  last  tie,  of 
laurel  wood,  with  a.  plate  of  silver  upon  it, 
was  laid,  and  I  lie  \n<\  spike,  made  of  Iron, 
silver  and  jrold.  wns  driven  in  the  presence 
of  distinguished  men.  The  officers  of  the 
road  and  a  large  concourse  of  visitors  from 


East  and  West  were  present.  Telegraph 
wires  were  attached  to  the  last  rail,  and 
the  last  blows  were  signaled  upon  bells  in 
Washington  and  other  large  cities.  In  many 
places  large  crowds  had  gathered  to  receive 
the  first  Intimation,  conveyed  almost  In- 
stantaneously over  the  electric  wires,  that 
the  great  work  was  complete.  When  the 
signal  was  received  In  San  Francisco  and 
elsewhere  all  the  church  bells  were  rung, 
and  cannons  were  fired.  The  general  direc- 
tion Is  nearly  east  and  west  on  or  about  the 
fortieth  degree  of  latitude.  The  total 
length  of  the  road  built  by  the  two  com- 
panies from  Omaha  to  San  Francisco  la  1,- 
917  miles.  July  2,  18G4,  a  charter  with 
sujtsidies  was  granted  to  the  Northern  Pa- 
cific from  Lake  Superior  to  Puget  Sound, 
a  distance  of  1,800  miles,  and  thence  to 
the  Columbia  Kiver,  200  miles.  The  land 
granted  to  this  road  amounted  to  47.000,000 
acres,  or  73,000  sq.  miles.  The  road  was 
commenced  in  1870  and  was  to  have  been 
finished  in  1S70,  but  in  1873  the  company 
became  embarrassed  and  ceased  work.  In 
1875  the  company  was  reorganized  and  the 
time  for  construction  extended.  On  Sept.  9, 
1883,  the  last  spike  was  driven  at  a  point 
fifty  miles  west  of  Helena,  Mont.  The 
Great  Northern  extension  from  Pacific  Junc- 
tion, Mont.,  to  Lowell,  on  Puget  Sound, 
was  completed  Jan.  0,  1893. 

July  27,  1SGU,  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific 
road  was  chartered  to  run  from  Springfield, 
Mo.,  to  the  I'aciiic  on  or  near  the  thirty- 
fifth  parallel  of  latitude,  a  distance  of  2,- 
000  miles,  and  subsidized  with  42.oO«,0(to 
acres  of  land.  March  3,  1871,  the  Southern 
Pacific  road  was  chartered  to  run  from  Mar- 
shall to  Kl  Paso,  Tex.,  thence  through  New 
Mexico  and  Arizona  to  Los  Angeles.  Cal., 
along  the  thirty-second  parallel  of  latitude. 
The  act  granted  the  same  amount  of  laud 
per  mile  as  the  others  had  received. 

In  May,  1878,  an  act,  known  as  the  Thur- 
man  Act,  was  passed,  -prescribing  more 
stringent  terms  for  the  repayment  of  gov- 
ernment advance.  In  addition  to  the 
amounts  retained  out  of  sums  due  for  gov- 
ernment service,  the  Act  of  1802  provided 
for  the  payment  of  five  per  cent  of  the 
net  earnings  of  the  company.  The  Act  of 
1878  retained  the  entire  amount  due  to  the 
companies  for  government  service,  one-half 
to  be  applied  to  interest  payments,  one  half 
to  form  a  sinking  fund  for  the  principal, 
and  it  required,  moreov  r,  the  annual  pay- 
ment of  a  tixed  sum  <!?850.000  for  the  I'liion 
Pacific  and  $1.200.000  for  the  Central  Pa- 
cific), or  £o  much  thereof  as  might  be 
necessary  to  make  the  total  obtained  by 
adding  the  five  per  cent  of  net  earnings 
and  the  whole  of  the  compensation  retained, 
equal  to  twenty-live  per  rent  of  the  net 
earnings.  The  method  of  computing  the  net 
earnings  was  prescribed,  and  it  was  pro- 
vided that  the  additional  payments  thus  re- 
quired were  not  to  be  exacted  unless  the  net 
earnings  were  suflicient  to  meet  the  interest 
on  the  bonds  prior  in  lien  to  the  government 
mortgage. 

From  a  memorandum  issued  by  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury.  McAdoo.  Sept.  :;<>.  1'UJ. 
the  Central  Branch  Tnion  Pacific  Railroad 
is  still  indebted  to  the  I'nited  Stales  .?:?.- 
(518,779.72.  of  which  Sl.r.ou.ooo  is  princi- 
pal and  $2. 018,771). 72  is  interest. 

Pacific  Railroads: 

Condition     and    obligations     of,     dis- 
cussed,  61  nil. 

Construction  of,    discussed    bv  Presi- 
dent— 

Buchanan,  2988,  .".D",  .'iio;?, 
Fillmorc,   2622. 
Johnson,   3560,  3651. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Paints 


Lincoln,  333.3,   3388,  3451. 
Taylor,  2558. 
Funding    of    debt    of,    recommended, 

4837. 
Government    aid     to,     recommended, 

2088,  3057,  3103,  3181. 
Indebtedness  of — 

Change    of    plan    for    payment    of, 

suggested,  5111. 

Commission  to  report  plan  for  set- 
tlement of,  recommended,  5640. 
Commission  to  settle,  6343,  6389. 
Discussed,  6169. 
Order  regarding,  6233. 
Eeport    of    Commissioner    of    Rail- 
roads on,  discussed,  5640. 
Reports   of   commissioners  on,   dis- 
•  cussed,  5181,  5384. 
Lands   granted   in   aid  of,   discussed, 

2823,   3651,  4065,   4944,   5384. 
Forfeiture  of,  discussed,  4837,  5379. 
Revocation   of   withdrawal    of,   re- 
ferred to,  5197. 
Kansas    Pacific,    sale    of,    discussed, 

6342,   6390. 

Northern  Pacific  agreements  with  In- 
dians for  sale  of  lands  for  use  of, 
4657,   4740,  4779,   4864,  4954,   5178. 
Southern  Pacific,  contracts  and  leases 

of,  referred  to,  4958. 
Union  Pacific — 

Bonds  issued  to,  referred  to,  3794. 
Completion  of  section  of,  extension 
of  time  for,  recommended,  3582. 
Construction  of — 

Discussed  by  President — 
Johnson,  3560,  3651. 
Lincoln,  3333,  3388,  3451. 
Referred  to,  3891,  4003. 
Discussed  by  President — 
Cleveland,   6169. 
Johnson,   3881. 
Injunction    restraining   election   of 

officers  of,   referred  to,   3963. 
Location   of,  referred   to,   3578. 
Points    of    commencement    of,    dis- 
cussed     and     order      regarding, 
3401,  3435. 
Reorganization    of,    recommended, 

5969. 

Report  of  Attorney-General  regard- 
ing, referred  to,  4434. 
Report  of  Government  directors  of, 
referred     to,     4661,     4745,    4789, 
4850,  4958,  4959. 

Sale  of,  discussed,  6273.  6342,  6389. 
Subscriptions   to    capital   stock    of, 
order   designating   place    for    re- 
ceiving, 3476. 
Pacific  Squadron.   (See  Manila  Harbor 

(Philippine   Islands),   Battle   of.) 
Pacific    Telegraph,    referred    to,    3329, 

3382,   3445,  3564,  3643. 
Pacifist. — The  term  arose  during  the  Great 
European  War,  and  Is  applied  to  those  per- 
sons, who  are  opposed  to  war ;  evidently  the 


word  wns  coined  In  order  to  displace  the 
more  awkward  "pacificator."  Although  tin- 
word  Is  loosely  applied  to  those  who  are 
sympathizers  with  or  workers  in  tin;  cause 
of  international  peace,  it  is  more  correctly 
applied  to  those  persons  who  are  opposed  to 
war  under  any  conditions,  non-resistants, 
hornet lines  described  as  believers  in  peacc-at- 
any-prlce.  In  the  days  preceding  the  en- 
trance of  the  United  Slates  into  the  war  the 
word  sprang  into  threat  prominence,  and  be- 
came applied  Indiscriminately  to  all  those 
persons  who  opposed  war  with  the  Central 
Towers.  Although  there  had  been  many 
peace  societies  active  in  the  United  States  in 
the  past  few  decades,  yet  most  of  these  did 
not  oppose  the  war  with  Germany,  and  hence 
were  not  considered  "pacifist"  organizations, 
— for  instance,  the  Carnegie  Foundation  for 
the  Advancement  of  Peace,  the  American 
Peace  Society,  the  World  Court  League,  the 
Lea.cue  to  Enforce  Peace.  The  two  pacifist 
organizations  most  prominent  in  tlie  days 
before  President  Wilson's  announcement  of 
a  state  of  war  were  the  American  Union 
against  Militarism  and  the  Emergency  Peace 
Federation,  each  of  them  newly  organized 
bodies.  The  Woman's  Peace  Party,  founded 
by  Jane  Addams,  was  not  prominently  active 
in  the  period  preceding  the  war,  nor  was 
Henry  Ford,  the  instigator  and  backer  of 
the  so-called  Ford  Peace  Expedition  (q.  v., 
under  European  War).  The  American  Fed- 
eration of  Labor  wns  definitely  anti-pacifist, 
and  Socialists  In  the  United  States  divided 
sharply  on  the  issue.  (See  Peace  Societies.) 

Pactole,   The,  referred  to,  1172. 
Padroni  System,  discussed,  6065. 
Painting  presented  to  Congress,  Lincoln 
and   Cabinet   at   reading   of   Emanci- 
pation  Proclamation,  4435. 
Paintings    of    Presidents. — Official    por- 
traits of  the  presidents  as  they  hang  in  the 
White  House  have  been  selected  as  the  best 
work    of    contemporary    artists.       Most    of 
them   have    been    painled   by   order   of   Con- 
gress.    They  are : 

George  Washington Gilbert  Charles  Stuart 

John  Adams George  P.  A.   Henly 

Thomas  Jefferson Eliphalet  F.  Andrews 

James  Madison Unknown 

James  Monroe Unknown 

John  Quincy  Adams George  P.  A.  Healy 

Andrew  Jackson Eliphalet  F.  Andrews 

Martin  Van  Buren George  P.  A.  Healy 

W.  H.  Harrison Eliphalet  F.  Andrews 

John  Tyler George  P.  A.  Healy 

James  K.  Polk George  P.  A.  Healy 

Zachary  Taylor Eliphalet  F.  Andrews 

Millard  Fillmore ......George  P.  A.  Healy 

Franklin  Pierce George  P.  A.  Healy 

James  Buchanan Eliphalet  F.  Andrews 

Abraham  Lincoln Unknown 

Andrew  Johnson Unknown 

U.  S.  Grant Thomas  LeClear 

R.  B.  Hayes Daniel  Huntington 

James  A.  Garfield Eliphalet  F.  Andrews 

Chester  A.  Arthur Daniel  Huntington 

Groyer  Cleveland S.  Frost  Johnson 

Benjamin  Harrison S.  Frost  Johnson 

William  McKinley Joel  Benziger 

Theodore  Roosevelt John  S.  Sargent 

William  Howard  Taft Max  Zorn 

Paints,  Oils  and  Varnishes. — As  early 
as  1795  the  use  of  paint  for  houses  was 
common  In  the  United  States.  In  cities 
and  towns  the  Inside  of  the  house,  at  least, 
was  painted,  and  In  all  but  the  cheaper 
wooden  buildings  the  outside  carried  a  coat 
of  paint.  The  white  house  with  green  win- 
dow blinds,  was  for  many  years  of  our 
early  history  the  typical  American  dwell- 
ing. 


Pain 


Afcssagcs  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


A  small  mill  for  making  linseed  oil  was 
started  iu  New  York  City  in  1715,  and  in 
1718  John  Trout,  Jr.,  erected  a  linseed  oil 
mill  in  Connecticut,  In  1780  four  oil  mills 
were  in  operation  in  Lancaster  County.  1'a. 
These  greatly  stimulated  the  use  of  paints, 
and  in  18O4  Samuel  Wetherill  made  the 
first  successful  attempt  to  manufacture 
white  lead.  Red  lead,  as  well  as  white, 
was  made  by  him  of  as  good  a  quality  as 
that  imported. 

In  18OO  experiments  in  color  making 
were  carried  on  by  Anthony  Tiemann,  and 
within  the  year  he  began  the  regular  manu- 
facture of  paints.  His  first  productions 
were  rose  pink,  Dutch  pink,  French  green 
and  blue.  The  manufacture  of  Prus- 
sian blues  was  begun  in  1809,  and  in  1820 
chrome  yellow  was  added  to  the  products 
of  this  establishment.  By  1811  Philadel- 
phia mills  were  turning  out  twenty-two 
different  colors  of  paint,  and  three  small 
red-lead  factories  at  Pittsburg  (the  first 
west  of  the  Alleghanies),  were  making  an 
annual  product  of  $13.000.  Chrome  paints 
of  first  quality  in  the  early  days  of  the  in- 
dustry comma'nded  as  much  as  $3  a  pound, 
and  t'he  business  was  profitable.  Extensive 
deposits  of  chromic  iron,  discovered  in 
Chester  County.  Pa.,  gave  an  added  impetus 
to  paint  grindi'ng,  and  its  growth  was  strong 
and  steady.  The  succeeding  decade  saw 
the  industry  firmly  established  in  New 
York.  By  1820  there  were  extensive  works 
in  Brooklyn  and  New  York,  producing  red 
and  white  leads,  chrome  and  other  colors, 
while  a  factory  in  Rensselaer  County,  X.  Y., 
was  turning  out  annually  $4.500  worth  of 
Prussian  blue  extracted  from  the  by-product 
of  a  tannery. 

Before  1828  all  the  varnish  used  in  this 
country  was  imported.  Its  use,  while  less 
general  than  that  of  paint,  was  common 
enough  to  recommend  it  to  manufacturers 
as  a  profitable  business,  and  the  first  estab- 
lishment for  its  manufacture  was  founded 
by  P.  B.  Smith  in  New  York  City  in  1828. 
Tilden  &  Ilurlburt,  the  first  permanent  con- 
cern in  the  business,  was  established  in 
1830.  This  firm  made  the  first  importa- 
tions of  gum  copnl  from  Zanzibar  and  the 
west  coast  of  Africa,  and  was  the  first  to 
export  American  varnish,  consigning  a 
quantity  to  Mexico  and  South  America  in 
1830.  'The  quality  of  the  American  goods 
proved  so  exceptional  that  they  not  only 
competed  with,  but  in  a  great  measure  sup- 
planted, the  exportation?!  of  the  Kuropean 
manufacturers.  Tin-  stimulation  of  a  heavy 
foreign  demand  added  to  increased  domes- 
tic consumption  so  swelled  the  business 
that  the  matter  of  obtaining  supplies  of 
the  gums  used  became  "f  serious  impor- 
tance. In  18.17  such  quantities  "f  these  rnw 
materials  were  used  that  the  manufacturers 
were  obliged  to  establish  a  sysietn  of  direct 
trade  with  the  west  coast  of  Africa. 

The  growth  of  the  paint  and  varnish 
business  had  in  the  meantime  affected  the 
oil  mills.  l"p  to  1830  these  mills  had  used 
only  home  grown  seed,  and  a  capacity  of 
fifty  bushels  a  day  was  a  fair  average  out- 
put. With  the  growing  use  of  linseed  oil 
new  methods  wen.  found  necessary,  and  the 
linn  of  .1.  &  L.  K.  Bridge,  of  Brooklyn,  in 
that  year  imported  the  first  cargo  of  liax- 
seed  from  Sicily.  Odessa,  Alexandria  and 
Calcutta,  were  successively  opened  as  supply 
points  of  this  rapidly  increasing  trade. 

In  18.10  the  paint  industry  entered  upon 
a  new  era.  The  zinc  deposits  of  New  Jer- 
<--ev,  opened  in  thai  year,  gave  an  adequate 
and  cheaply  worked  supply  of  ore  from 
which  the  ovide  could  easily  be  reduced. 
This  /inc  oxide,  in  the1  form  of  white  pow- 
der, had  long  been  recoi:ni.'.ed  as  a  valuable 
.substitute  for  white  lead  as  a  body  for 


paints.  It  had  up  to  this  time,  however, 
received  little  attention  owing  to  the  small 
amount  available  for  the  market.  The  new 
and  abundant  supply  turned  the  attention 
of  manufacturers  to  experiments  in  this  di- 
rection, and  its  use  has  since  become  gen- 
eral. Several  mines  were  opened  and  soon 
were  placing  the  white  powdery  zinc  oxide 
on  the  market. 

Mineral  paints,  made  from  different 
earths,  came  into  prominence  about  this 
time,  under  strong  claims  of  being  fire- 
proof and  indestructible.  Ready  mixed 
paints  were  introduced  to  the  trade  in  18.12. 

About  1857  D.  F.  Tiemann  &  Co.  made 
carmine  from  cochineal,  a  monopoly  there- 
tofore held  by  France.  In  1800  they  made 
a  blue,  soluble  in  water,  for  laundry  use. 
and  free  from  acid.  They  also  established 
the  manufacture  of  quicksilver  vermilion, 
previously  monopolized  by  Kngland. 

The  National  Lead  Company,  which  con- 
trols the  greater  part  of  the  output  of  white 
lead  in  this  country,  includes  and  operates 
its  own  oil  and  paint  grinding  mills,  as 
well  as  the  lead  factories  proper,  and  with 
a  capitalization  of  about  $30,000.000,  is 
the  largest  concern  in  the  paint  business. 

Reports  were  received  from  855  establish- 
ments engaged  in  the  paint  and  varnish  in- 
dustry in  1014,  the  total  products  of  which 
for  the  year  were  valued  at  $149.040.820. 
Of  these  855  establishments,  the  principal 
business  of  799  was  the  manufacture  of 
paints  or  varnishes,  and  56  were  engaged 
primarily  in  other  industries  but  produced 
paints  oi-  varnishes  to  the  value  of  $3,507,- 
182  as  subsidiary  products. 

The  products  in  1914  comprised  colors  or 
pigments  valued  at  $17.407,955  ;  oil  paints, 
$70.582.401  ;  water  paints  and  kalsomine, 
$2.202,281  ;  varnishes  and  japans.  $30.0<;1.- 
203;  fillers,  including  putty,  $3.23'.). 174  : 
bleached  shellac.  $1,800.802  ;  and  other  prod- 
ucts to  the  value  of  $17,749.944. 

The  more  important  materials  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  paint  and  varnish  are  lead 
in  the  form  of  pig  lead  or  as  oxides  and 
white  lead,  zinc  white,  iron  oxides  and 
other  earth  colors,  barytes,  dry  colors,  gums, 
and  solvents  or  vehicles  such  as  linseed  oil. 
turpentine,  benzine,  and  wood  and  grain 
alcohol. 

Returns  were  received  from  108  establish- 
ments engaged  in  the  production  of  essential 
oils  in  1914.  the  total  products  of  which  for 
the  year  were  valued  at  $2. 505. 301. 

Including  the  by-products  and  the  essen- 
tial oils  distilled  for  others,  the  total  produc 
tion  in  1914  comprised  ."03.991  pounds  of 
peppermint,  valued  at  $001,017:  :»4.209 
pounds  of  spearmint,  valued  at  $2.">s.o7l  : 
41.17s  pounds  of  black  birch,  valued  at 
$07. 0'.H  ;  O.uuf)  pounds  of  wintergrcen. 
valued  at  $24,5:18  :  4.7O2  pounds  of  worm 
wood,  valued  at  S9.01O;  and  oils  of  camphor, 
cedar,  cloves,  lemon,  parsley,  patchouli, 
pennyroyal,  sandalwood,  sassafras,  tansy, 
etc.,  to  the  value  of  $348, 522. 

Petroleum  Iteftniiif/. — Petroleum  or  rock 
oil  was  first  found  in  the  1'nited  Slates  In 
1 0.".5,  in  what  is  now  southwestern  New 
York  or  northwestern  I'ennsvlvania.  A 
well  in  Kentucky  in  1829  yielded  such  great 
quantities  that  it  was  drained  into  the  Cum- 
berland River  or  burned.  It  was  only  used 
to  a  small  extent  for  lighting  and  in  medi- 
cine. The  petroleum  districts  of  the  I'liited 
States  are  western  Pennsylvania.  Ohio.  In- 
diana, West  Virginia,  Kentucky,  Tennessee, 
Texa«.  California.  Oklahoma,  and  in  smaller 
quantities  in  other  western  slates.  The  re- 
lining  of  petroleum  is  bused  upon  the  sepa- 
ration of  tbe  component  hydrocarbons  by 
a  process  of  fractional  distillation. 

The  method  of  mining  or  drilling  for 
petroleum  is  the  same  as  that  used  iu  sink- 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Pan-American 


Barrels 

Year 

Barrels 

2,01)0 

1  890.  .  . 

.  .  .    45,82;!,  572 

500,000 

1895.... 

.  .  .    52,892,276 

.      2,497,700 

1900  

.  .  .    63,620,529 

.     5,260,745 

1905  

.  .  .134,717,580 

.    10,020,94.5 

1910..  . 

.  .236,997,659 

.    20,286,123 

1915.  .  . 

.  .  .290,312,535 

.    21,858,785 

Ing  gas  or  artesian  water  wells.  Cheap 
and  rapid  transportation  is  secured  by 
means  of  a  series  of  tanks  about  thirty 
miles  apart,  connected  by  underground 
pipes,  and  the  oil  Is  forced  from  one  set 
of  tanks  to  another  by  means  of  pumps. 
Pennsylvania  has  about  25,000  miles  of 
such  pipe  line. 

The  growth  of  the  petroleum  industry  In 
the  I'uited  States  is  shown  by  the  following 
table,  which  gives  (he  annual  production  at 
five-year  intervals  since  1859  : 

Year 
1859. . 
1860. . 
1865. . 
1870. . 
1875. . 
18SO. . 
1885. . 

Crude  Petroleum  Production,  1914.— (United  States 
Geological  Survey.)  Karrelg 

(42  gallons) 

California (J  >,775,327 

Mid-Continent  (Kansas,  Oklahoma,  etc.) 97,995,400 

Pennsylvania  grade  (Appalachian) 24,101,048 

Illinois...                         21,919,749 

Gulf 13,117,528 

Lima-Indkna 6,002,543 

Colorado,  Wyoming,  and  othjr  fields 3,730,910 

Total  production 265,702,535 

Reports  were  received  from  170  establish- 
ments operating  refineries,  the  products  of 
which  for  the  year  1914  were  valued  at 
$390,361,405.  They  used  191,202,724  bar- 
rels of  crude  petroleum. 

The  production  of  naphthas  and  lighter 
products,  chietly  gasoline,  increased  from 
10.800,550  barrels  in  1909  to  29.200,764  bar- 
rels in  1914,  or  by  170.2  per  cent,  while  the 
value  increased  from  $39,771,959  to  $121,- 
919,307. 

Of  the  170  refineries  in  1914,  48  were  in 
Pennsylvania,  38  in  California,  23  in  Okla- 
homa. 13  in  Kansas,  9  in  Texas,  9  in  Illinois, 
8  in  New  Jersey,  7  in  Ohio.  0  in.  New  York, 
4  in  Colorado,".'?  in  Maryland.  3  in  West 
Virginia,  H  in  \Yyoniing,  and  one  each  in 
Indiana,  Louisiana,  and  Missouri. 

Palestine,  outrages  committed  on  Amer- 
ican citizens  in,  3015. 
Palisades  Interstate  Park. — The  state  of 
New  York  possesses  several  forest  reserva- 
tions and  also  several  parks.  One,  the 
Niagara  reservation,  comprises  the  land 
about  the  great  cataract,  purchased  at  a 
cost  of  $1,000,000.  The  Slate  Forest  Pre- 
serve in  the  Adirondack  region  on  Oct.  1, 
1913,  contained  1,495,257.294  acres,  and  the 
Catskill  Forest  Preserve  on  the  same  day 
contained  112.750.15  acres.  There  are  also 
Letchworth  Park,  about  the  falls  of  the 
Genesee  River  ;  John  Boyd  Thatcher  Park, 
about  the  Indian  Ladder,  in  Albany  County, 
and  islands  in  the  St.  Lawrence  river. 

Lastly,  there  is  the  Palisades  Interstate 
Park,  partly  in  the  state  of  New  Jersey  and 
partly  in  the  state  of  New  York,  extending 
along  the  Hudson  river  in  its  Palisades  re- 
gion, and  extending  north  so  as  to  include 
Bear  mountain.  The  development  of  this 
park  to  its  present  great  dimensions  began 
in  1910,  when  Mary  L).  Ilarriman,  widow  of 
the  late  Edward  II.  Ilarriman,  informed 
Governor  Hughes  of  New  York  that,  follow- 
ing the  wishes  of  her  husband,  she  was  will- 
ing to  convey  10.000  acres  of  land  in  the 
counties  of  Orange  and  Rockland  to  be  used 
as  a  park,  and  also  give  $1,000,000  toward 
the  park  project. 

The  Palisades  Park  Commission  had  the 
same  year  collected  $1,025,000  for  the  same 


purpose.  Previously  the  commission  had 
acquired  by  gift  of  land  and  of  money  to  the 
amount  of  ,$30O,OOO,  a  contribution  of  $40<i,- 
000  from  tlie  state  of  New  York,  ai:d  $50,- 
(KlO  from  the  slate  of  New  Jersey,  the  face 
of  tin:  Palisades  from  Piermont  to  Fort  Lee. 
It  was  also  proposed  in  1910  that  the  state 
of  New  York  should  appropriate  $2,500.000 
for  a  further  purchase  of  land  for  the  Pali- 
sades Interstate  Park.  Subsequently,  in 
1910,  this  proposal  was  ratified  by  the. 
voters,  and  consequently  the  Palisades  In- 
terstate Park,  which  will  cost  nearly 
$0,000.000,  was  authorized. 

The  commissioners  of  tin;  Palisades  Inter- 
state Park  since  1910  have  been  busily  en- 
gaged in  developing  the  park.  The  sta'le  of 
New  York  is  preparing  to  build  the  last  end 
of  Route  3,  north  of  the  New  Jersey  state 
line,  so  that  ultimately  there  will  be  a  state 
highway  from  the  state  boundary  line  of 
New  Jersey  and  New  York  along  the  west 
shore  of  the  Hudson  river  north  to  New- 
burgh.  The  commissioners  have  also  co- 
operated with  the  state  of  New  York  and 
Orange  county,  N.  Y.,  in  securing  the  con- 
struction of  Route  3  of  the  New  York  state 
highway  system  along  the  Hudson  river 
through  the  United  States  Reservation  at 
West  Point  and  around  Storm  King  moun- 
tain. The  park  roads,  when  built,  are  to 
connect  with  (he  main  state  highways  of 
New  York  and  New  Jersey.  There  is  a 
"Henry  Hudson  Drive"  under  the  Palisades 
and  a  road  from  Bear  mountain  on  the  Hud- 
son river,  to  Southfields,  both  of  which  an- 
on park  properties.  The  commission  is  ad- 
vancing the  F.nglewood  approach  to  the 
Henry  Hudson  drive.  The  drive,  when  com- 
pleted, will  be  located  tinder  the  Palisades! 
in  the  state  of  New  Jersey,  with  a  number 
of  approaches  or  spurs  connecting  the  drive 
with  the  roads  on  top  of  the  cliff. 

A  camp  has  been  established  at  Blauvelt 
for  the  use  of  working  girls,  which  is  used 
by  girls  of  all  nationalities  and  religions. 
Palmetto  State. — A  nickname  for  South 
Carolina  (q.  v.).  (See  also  States.) 
Palo  Alto  (Mexico),  Battle  of.— May  7, 
1840,  Gen.  Taylor  started  from  Point  Isa- 
bel, with  a  force  of  2,288  men,  to  relieve 
Fort  Brown,  twenty-seven  miles  away.  At 
noon  on  the  following  day,  when  about  half 
way  between  Point  Isabel  and  Fort  Brown, 
Taylor's  army  sighted  the  enemy  at  the 
water  hole  of  Palo  Alto.  The  regular  Mexi- 
can force  under  Arista  numbered  0.000  men, 
and  there  were  some  irregular  troops  and 
twelve  pieces  of  artillery.  Battle  was  imme- 
diately begun  and  fiercely  fought  until  sun- 
set. By  the  light  of  the  moon  and  the 
burning  prairie  grass  the  belligerents  buried 
their  dead.  The  Mexicans  lost  200  killed 
and  400  wounded.  The  American  loss  was 
only  4  killed  and  40  wounded. 

Palo  Alto,  Mexico,  Battle  of,  referred 

to,  2295,  2300,  2342. 
Pan-American  Congress.  (See  Interna- 
tional American  Conference.) 
Pan-American  Exposition.— To  illustrate 
the  progress  of  civilization  in  the  western 
hemisphere  during  the  nineteenth  century, 
there  was  held  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  from  May 
1  to  Nov.  2,  1901,  an  International  Amer- 
ican Fair,  participated  in  officially  by  the 
various  states  of  the  Union,  by  Canada,  and 
the  South  and  Central  American  countries. 
The  site  covered  an  area  of  350  acres  and 
the  buildings  were  artistically  designed  and 
arranged  so  as  to  present  an  allegorical 
study  of  man's  struggle  with  the  elements 
and  his  final  triumph.  The  color  scheme, 
as  well  as  the  artistic  beauty,  gained  for 


Pan-American     Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


flie  grounds  the  name  of  the  Rainbow  City. 
The  total  attendance  was  8,179,074.  The 
cost  of  the  exposition  was  $8,800,757,  and 
the  receipts  $5,534,043,  a  deficit  of  $3,320,- 
114.  President  McKinley  was  shot  by  an 
assassin  in  the  Temple  of  Music  while  hold- 
ing a  reception  there  Sept.  0,  1901,  and  died 
eight  days  later  at  the  home  of  the  presi- 
dent of  the  Exposition. 

Pan-American  Exposition,  referred  to, 

6675. 

Pan-American  Railroad,  discussed,  6864. 
Pan-American  Union. — The  Pau-American 
Union  (the  new  name  given  to  the  Interna- 
tional Bureau  of  American  Republics  by  the 
Fourth  International  American  Conference, 
which  met  at  Buenos  Aires  in  July  and 
August,  1910)  was  established  under  the 
recommendation  of  the  First  Tan-American 
Conference,  held  in  the  City  of  Washington 
in  1889-90  for  the  purpose  of  developing 
and  maintaining  closer  relations  of  com- 
merce arid  friendship  between  the  twenty- 
one  Republics  of  the  Western  Hemisphere. 
Its  first  report  was  transmitted  to  Congress 
lu  1891  (5047).  It  was  reorganized  by  the 
Third  and  Fourth  Pan-American  Confer- 
ences, 'held  in  Rio  de  Janeiro  in  1900,  and 
iu  Buenos  Aires  in  1910,  respectively,  and 
its  scope  widened  by  imposing  many  new 
and  important  duties.  The  Pan-American 
I'nion  regularly  communicates  with  these 
governments,  and  furnishes  such  informa- 
tion as  It  possesses  or  can  obtain  on  a  great 
variety  of  subjects  to  all  of  the  Republics 
and  to  their  officials  and  citizens.  It  is 
the  custodian  of  the  archives  of  the  Pan- 
American  Conferences,  and  Is  especially 
charged  with  the  performance  of  duties  im- 
posed upon  it  by  these  conferences.  The 
Pan-American  I'nion  is  sustained  by  con- 
tributions from  the  American  Republics  in 
proportion  to  their  population  and  is  gov- 
erned by  a  board  composed  of  their  diplo- 
matic representatives  at  Washington,  and 
the  Secretary  of  State  of  the  United  States, 
who  is  ex-otlicio  its  chairman.  It  is  there- 
fore strictly  an  International  institution 
and  not  a  subordinate  bureau  of  any  one 
government.  Its  chief  executive  officer  Is 
the  Director-General,  elected  by  this  gov- 
erning board.  It  publishes  a  monthly  bulle- 
tin containing  the  latest  information  re- 
specting the  resources,  commerce,  and  gen- 
eral progress  of  the  American  Republics,  as 
well  as  maps  and  geographical  sketches  of 
These  countries,  handbooks  of  trade,  travel, 
and  description,  and  special  reports  on 
commerce,  tariffs,  improvements,  conces- 
sions, new  laws,  etc.  It  also  conducts  a 
large  correspondence  not  only  with  manu- 
facturers and  merchants  in  all  countries 
looking  to  the  extension  of  Pan-American 
trade,  but  with  writers,  travelers,  scientists, 
students,  and  specialists,  for  the  purpose 
of  promoting  general  Pan-American  inter- 
course. Another  and  practical  feature  of  the 
Pan-American  Union  Is  the  Columbus 
Memorial  Library  and  reading  room,  which 
contains  22.000  volumes  relating  to  the 
American  Republics.  (See  also  Interna- 
tional American  Conference  and  American 
Republics,  Bureau  of.) 

See   illustration  opposite  7150. 

Pan- American  Union: 

Financial  conference,  8071. 

Practical  work  of,  7UH. 
Panama. — The  Republic  of  Panama  occu- 
pies (ho  Isthmus  which  connects  the  conti- 
nent of  North  and  South  America,  and 
lies  between  Costa  Rica  and  Colombia,  hav- 
ing formed  a  department  of  the  latter  Re- 
public until  Nov.  4,  1903.  The  isthmus  of 


Panama  lies  between  7°  15'-9°  39'  N.  lati- 
tude and  77°  15'-83°  30'  W.  longitude,  and 
has  an  area  of  32,380  square  miles.  The 
northern  coast  is  washed  by  the  Caribbean 
Sea  (Atlantic)  and  the  southern  coast  by 
the  Pacific  Ocean. 

Physical  Features. — The  country  is  every- 
where mountainous,  with  a  ridge,  more  or 
less  defined,  extending  from  the  western 
to  the  eastern  boundary,  and  consists  of 
a  succession  of  hills  and  valleys  with  little 
open  plain.  The  Cordilleras  of  Chlriqui 
and  Veraguas  of  the  west  are  continued 
eastward  by  the  Cordilleras  of  Panama  and 
Darien. 

The  largest  rivers  are  the  Tuira,  or  Rio 
Darien,  of  the  eastern  province,  rising 
close  to  the  Caribbean  shore  and  flowing 
into  the  Pacific  in  the  Gulf  of  San  Mi- 
guel ;  the  Chepo,  or  Bayano,  with  a  simi- 
lar course  to  the  Bay  of  Panama  ;  and  the 
Chngres  which  flows  northward  through 
Gatun  Lake  to  the  Caribbean,  part  of  its 
course  being  utilized  for  the  Panama  Ca- 
nal. The  only  lake  is  that  of  Gatun,  which 
has  been  formed  by  the  construction  of  a 
dam  in  order  to  raise  the  water  level  of  the 
Canal. 

Although  lying  within  the  tropics  the 
climate  is  not  unhealthy,  and  the  mean 
temperature  varies  little  throughout  the  re- 
public, being  about  80"  Fahrenheit.  The 
wet  season  lasts  from  April  to  December, 
find  the  dry  season  is  bracing  with  dry 
northeast  winds  from  the  Caribbean. 

llifttorif. — Panama  formed  a  department 
of  the  Republic  of  Colombia  from  1855  un- 
til its  secession  in  1903.  On  Jan.  4,  1904, 
a  constitutional  assembly  was  elected  and 
a  constitution  was  adopted,  under  which 
a  centralized  republic  was  inaugurated. 

Government. — The  President  is  elected  by 
the  votes  of  all  adult  male  citizens  for  the 
term  of  four  years  and  is  ineligible  for  a 
successive  term  of  office,  unless  he  retires 
from  ollico  eighteen  months  before  the  elec- 
tions. There  is  no  Vice-President,  but  the 
assembly  elects  three  desiguados  to  pro- 
vide a  head  for  the  State  in  case  of  the 
death  of  the  President.  President  (1912- 
1910,  elected  Oct.  1,  1912)  :  Dr.  Belisarlo 
Porras. 

The  executive  power  is  vested  in  the 
President,  who  appoints  ministers,  judges 
of  the  Supreme  Court,  diplomatic  represen- 
tatives, and  provisional  governors. 

Tbe  National  Assembly  consists  of  a  sin- 
gle chamber  of  twenty-eight  members,  elect- 
ed for  four  years  by  direct  adult  male  suf- 
frage, and  meets  biennially  on  Sept.  1. 
The  President  has  a  veto  on  legislation,  but 
the  Assembly  can  pass  the  same  bill  a 
second  time  and  the  President  must  then 
sign  it,  if  the  Supreme  <'oiirt  declares  it 
to  be  within  the  constitutional  limits. 

The  Supreme  Court  consists  of  five 
judges,  appointed  by  the  President,  and 
there  are  superior  courts  and  circuit 
courts,  and  justices  of  municipal  courts 
appointed  by  fhe  five  judges  of  the  first- 
named  tribunal. 

Kach  of  the  seven  provinces  is  under  a 
governor,  appointed  bv  tbf>  President,  and 
possesses  municipal  districts  with  elective 
legislatures,  and  an  alcalde  appointed  by 
the  governor.  Under  the  treaty  by  which 
the  Panama  Canal  /one  was  ceded  to  the 
United  States,  fhe  municipalities  of  Colon 
and  Panama  within  the  ceded  area,  were 
expressly  excluded  from  the  zone. 

There  is  no  standing  army,  but  the  In- 
tegrity of  the  republic  lias  been  guaranteed 
by  fhe  United  States.  Order  Is  maintained 
by  a  small  national  police  force. 

Ktltirutinn. — Primary  education  Is  free 
and  compulsory,  294  primary  schools  be- 
ing maintained  by  the  State,  the  pupila 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Panama 


numbering  nearly  20.000.  There  arc  nlso 
secondary  and  special  Reboots,  for  the 
training  of  teachers,  and  a  university  has 
been  opened  at  the  capital,  with  a  com- 
petent stuff  of  professors,  both  native  and 
foreign. 

Finance. — The  assembly  meets  biennially, 
nnd  votes  a  provision  for  two  financial 
years.  The  finances  of  the  Republic;  at  the 
present  time  show  a  surplus  in  the  treas- 
ury with  no  debts  of  $500,000.  In  addi- 
tion the  United  States  Government  paid 
the  first  instalment  of  $25o,ooo  per  annum 
for  rental  of  the  Canal  /one.  which  sum 
is  on  deposit  In  the  United  States  as  well 
ns  $15,000,000  gold,  portion  of  the  .$10,- 
000,000  paid  for  the  Canal  Zone  Conces- 
sion. Moreover  the  government  has  near- 
ly $1,000,000  gold  invested  in  the  National 
Bank  In  Panama  and  as  a  guarantee  for 
the  parity  of  the  silver  currency  with  gold 
(balboa=$l  United  States  money). 

mi  2.  1013. 

Revenue     $3,4.V>,287     $3,842,214 

Expenditure    3,402,504       3,842,214 

There  is  n  small  local  debt  of  about 
$500,000.  The  Government  has  $6,300,- 
000  invested  in  the  United  States,  and 
$750,000  in  the  National  Bank. 

Production  and  Industry. — The  soil  is  ex- 
tremely fertile,  but  there  is  little  cultiva- 
tion, and  nearly  one-half  the  land  is  un- 
occupied. The  greater  part  of  the  culti- 
vated partion  is  under  bananas,  other  crops 
including  coffee,  tobacco  and  cereals,  while 
cacao  grows  wild  in  the  northwestern 
province  of  Bocas  del  Toro.  The  forest- 
clad  hills  provide  valuable  medicinal  plants 
nnd  dyestuffs,  India  rubber,  mahogany  and 
other  limber  and  cabinet  woods.  The  live 
stock  is  being  greatly  improved  and  there 
are  excellent  grazing  grounds.  Immigra- 
tion is  encouraged  by  the  grant  of  small 
farms  to  likely  settlers  on  favorable  terms. 
The  fisheries  are  important,  and  the  pearl 
Industry  is  being  largely  exploited  with 
profitable  results.  Gold  is  mined  in  the 
eastern  provinces,  nnd  copper  is  found  in 
the  west,  where  also  valuable  coal  depos- 
its exist  and  await  development.  Iron  is 
also  found,  and  there  are  productive  salt 
mines  on  1'arita  Bay,  while  mineral  springs 
abound. 

Chocolate  factories  and  soap  works  have 
been  established  in  the  capital,  and  sugar 
refineries  are  projected.  The  tobacco  and 
salt  industries  are  government  monopolies. 

The  principal  exports  are  bananas,  rub- 
ber, raw  cocoa,  vegetable  ivory,  mother-of- 
pearl,  cabinet  woods  and  medicinal  plants  ; 
the  imports  are  almost  entirely  manufac- 
tured goods  and  foodstuffs.  Customs  du- 
ties (15  per  cent  ad  valorem,  except,  on 
flour,  rice,  corn  and  a  few  prime  necessities 
which  are  10  per  cent  ad  nrtorcni),  are 
levied  at  all  ports,  including  those  of  the 
Canal  Zone,  the  latter  being  paid  over  to 
the  Panama  government  by  the  officials 
of  the  United  States,  but  supplies  for  the 
canal  are  exempt  from  duty. 

Transportation. — The  only  railway  runs 
along  the  canal  route  from  Colon  (or 
Aspinwall)  to  Panama  and  was  included 
in  the  purchase  by  the  United  States. 
This  intcroceanic  line  is  fifty  miles  in 
length  and  was  built  by  United  States 
capitalists  in  1855.  In  'the  province  of 
Bocas  del  Toro  the  United  Fruit  Company 
(American)  have  constructed  about  150 
miles  of  railway  (including  spurs)  on  their 
banana  plantations,  which  cover  an  area  of 
35,000  acres.  This  line  is  being  extended 
toward  Port  Limon  (Costa  Rica),  and  only 
twenty  miles  separates  the  terminal  from 
that  port. 

In  1010  there  were  ninety-six  post-offices 
and  thirty-seven  telegraph  offices,  with  one 


wireless  station.  There  Is  a  wireless  Hta- 
lion  at  Colon,  and  another  with  radius  of 
200  miles  at  Balboa.  A  high  power  station 
to  communicate  3,000  miles  or  more  is  be- 
ing erected  in  the  Canal  /one. 

Cities. — Capital,  Panama,  on  t'he  south 
coast,  the  Pacific  terminus  of  the  inter- 
oceanic  line  from  Colon  (Atlantic)  and 
within  the  Canal  /one,  but  expressly  re- 
served to  the  Republic.  Population  (1011), 
,'57.505  Other  towns  are  Colon  (17,748), 
David  (10,000),  Los  Santos,  Santiago,  Las 
Tablas,  Boeas  del  Toro. 

Trade,  irilli  the  United  Rtatcs. —  The  value 
of  merchandise  Imported  into  Panama  from 
the  United  States  for  the  year  11M3  was 
$24. 502, 247,  and  goods  to  the  value  of 
$4,234,010  were  sent  thither — a  balance  of 
$20,328,237  In  favor  of  the  United  States. 

Panama: 

Consul  of  United  States   in,  absence 

of  referred  to,  3844. 
Dispute   with    Costa   Rica   settled  by 

arbitration,  7657. 
Federal  district  created  in,  508.°). 
Independence  gained,  6741,  6771,  6787, 

6809,  6814,  6833. 

Our  relations  with,  7664. 

Revolts  against  Colombia,  details  of, 

6810,  6811,  6832,  6833. 

Treaty    with,    for    canal,    6816,    6823^ 
7020. 

United   States   grants  $10,000,000   to, 
6855. 

United  States  minister  to,  status  of, 
6938. 

United    States    removes    discriminat- 
ing tonnage  duties  against,  6954. 

Vessels    from,    duties    on,    suspended 

by  proclamation,  4871. 
Panama,  Treaties  with. — By  The  treaty 
concluded  in  1903  for  the  construction  of 
a  ship  canal,  it  was  agreed  that  the  United 
States  guarantees  and  will  maintain  the 
Independence  of  Panama.  The  United 
States  receives  in  perpetuity  the  use,  occu- 
pation, and  control  of  a  zone  of  laud  for 
the  construction,  maintenance  and  protec- 
tion of  a  canal ;  said  zone  to  be  ten  miles 
in  width  and  extending  five  miles  in  wid'h 
on  both  sides  of  the  central  line  of  the  path 
of  the  canal,  and  three  marine  miles  at 
each  end  out  to  sea.  Grant  is  also  made 
of  other  parts  of  territory  adjacent  which 
may  be  necessary  for  the  construction  and 
maintenance  of  the  canal.  This  grant  in- 
cludes the  islands  of  Perico,  Naos,  Cu- 
lebra,  and  Flamenco.  The  rights,  power, 
and  authority  of  the  United  States  within 
the  zone  shall  be  the  same  as  though  the 
territory  were  an  integral  part  of  the  Unit- 
ed States.  The  use  of  rivers,  streams  and 
bodies  of  water  is  included  in  the  grant. 

The  Republic  af  Panama  acknowledges 
a  monopoly  to  the  United  States  of  tho 
construction  of  the  canal  within  the  limits 
of  its  possessions.  At  the  same  time  the 
grants  hereby  conveyed  do  not  in  any  de- 
gree invalidate  the  claims  of  private  land- 
holders within  the  area  :  nor  does  the  grant 
interfere  with  the  rights  of  the  public  to 
roads  and  means  of  conveyance  within  the 
territory.  Damages  arising  from  the  occu- 
pancy by  the  United  States  are  to  be  ap- 
pralsed  by  a  joint  commission  of  Panama 
and  the  United  States  and  awards  for  dam- 
ages resulting  from  the  construction  of  the 
canal  shall  be  paid  solely  by  the  United 
States. 


Panama 


Rfcssagcs  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


The  United  States  has  the  power  to  make 
such  alterations  iu  the  sanitary  arrange- 
ments of  the  cities  of  Panama  and  Colon 
as  it  may  deem  desirable  for  the  supply 
of  water  "and  the  distribution  of  sewage; 
and  for  such  improvements  made  at  the 
cost  of  the  United  States,  that  government 
has  the  authority  to  impose  reasonable 
taxes  upon  the  inhabitants  of  the  cities. 

Authority  is  granted  to  the  United  States 
to  adopt  the  measures  necessary  for  the 
maintenance  of  law  and  order  within  the 
limits  of  these  cities.  The  Republic  of 
Panama  transfers  to  the  T'nited  States  all 
rights  of  sovereignty  over  the  canal,  the 
New  Panama  Canal  Company,  and  the  Pan- 
ama Railroad  Company  which  it  has  in- 
herited from  the  Republic  of  Colombia,  and 
authorizes  the  United  States  to  exercise  all 
such  rights  and  privileges  in  the  construc- 
tion of  'he  canal. 

The  only  charges,  imposts,  and  duties 
which  are  to  be  levied  by  i  he  United  States 
at  the  entrance  to  the  canal  and  by  the 
Republic  of  Panama  shall  be  the  ordinary 
charges  of  toll  for  the  use  of  the  canal 
and  the  imposition  of  customs  duties  upon 
such  merchandise  as  is  destined  to  bo  con- 
sumed within  the  Republic  of  Panama. 
No  national,  state,  or  municipal  taxes  shall 
be  imposed  upon  HIP  canal  or  upon  any 
machinery,  or  material  of  construction,  or 
auxiliaries  and  accessories  of  all  kinds. 
The  telegraph  and  telephone  lines  within 
the  zone  shall  be  at  the  service  of  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  Republic  of  Panama  for  the 
transmission  of  official  messages  at  the  cus- 
tomary and  usual  rates.  There  shall  be 
free  and  safe  access  permitted  by  Panama 
to  the  immigration  to  the  zone  by  persons 
of  all  classes  and  nationalities. 

The  United  States  agrees  to  pay  to  Pan- 
ama for  the  rights,  privileges  and  conces- 
sions herein  granted  ten  millions  of  dollars 
in  gold  on  ratification  of  this  treaty  and 
an  annual  sum  of  two  hundred  and  fifty 
thousand  dollars,  beginning  nine  years  after 
ratification. 

The  canal  shall  be  neutral  in  perpetuity 
and  shall  be  opened  in  accordance  with 
the  treaty  between  the  United  States  and 
Great  Britain  on  this  subject.  Free  trans- 
portation of  vessels,  troops,  and  munitions 
of  war  is  granted  to  Panama.  If  any  terms 
or  conditions  of  this  treaty  shall  prove  in- 
compatible with  later  terms  or  conditions 
granted  to  a  third  power,  the  Republic  of 
Panama  agrees  to  waive  its  rights  on  such 
points.  No  anterior  pledges,  debts,  liens, 
trusts,  or  liabilities  granted  by  the  Republic 
of  Panama  shall  operate  to  the  detriment 
of  the  United  States  and  any  damages  re- 
sulting therefrom  shall  be  liquidated  by 
Panama. 

All  claims  for  remuneration  in  connec- 
tion with  the  canal  construction  which  have 
been  arranged  for  or  any  profits  which 
might  accrue  to  the  advantage  of  Panama 
are  hereby  renounced  by  that  power. 

The  United  States  has  full  power  to  po- 
lice, fortify,  and  station  troops  to  preserve 
order  or  maintain  safety  in  the  canal  zone. 
The  rights  hereby  granted  to  the  United 
States  shall  not  be  lessoned  or  impaired 
bv  any  changes  in  the  laws  or  in  the  po- 
litical'integrity  of  Panama.  Naval  or  coal- 
ing stations  w'ill  be  conveyed  by  Panama  to 
the  United  States  by  sale  upon  terms  to 
be  agreed  upon  should  such  become  neces- 
sary for  the  better  maintenance  or  preser- 
vation of  the  canal. 

An  extradition  treaty  was  signed  in  1004, 
Hi,-  term*  of  which  will  be  found  In  the 
Miievciopcdlc  article.  Kxtradltion  Treaties. 

Panama  a  No  became  a  party  to  the  con- 
vention between  the  I'nited  States  and  the 
several  republics  of  South  and  Central 
America  for  the  arbitration  of  pecuniary 


claims  and  the  protection  of  inventions, 
etc.,  which  was  signed  in  Buenos  Aires  in 
1910  and  proclaimed  in  Washington  July 
29,  1914.  (See  South  and  Central  America, 
Treaties  with.) 

Panama  Canal.— The  idea  of  constructing 
a  ship  canal  between  the  Atlantic  and  Pa- 
cific oceans  occurred  to  navigators  as  soon 
as  the  form  of  the  continents  of  North  and 
South  America  became  known.  As  early 
as  1527  II.  de  la  Serna  surveyed  a  canal 
route  from  Chagrcs  to  Panama.  Lopez  de 
Gomarfa  in  1551  proposed  to  the  Spanish 
Government  the  building  of  a  canal.  In 
1098,  when  William  Paterson,  an  adventur- 
ous Scor,  had  established  an  English  colony 
on  the  Isthmus  of  Darien  which  he  called 
New  Caledonia,  he  advocated  constructing 
a  canal  across  the  narrow  strjp  of  land  sepa- 
rating t'he  two  great  oceans.  Many  sur- 
veys have  been  made  of  the  Isthmus  with 
the  view  of  piercing  it  with  an  artificial 
waterway.  The  United  States  obtained 
some  very  complete  maps  of  the  country  by 
the  explorations  of  Col.  Hughes  in  1849, 
Lieut.  Strain  in  1854,  Lieut.  Michler  in 
1858.  and  Commodores  Selfridge  and  Tull 
in  1870  and  1875.  (See  opposite  3882.) 
In  1809  a  treaty  was  signed  by  representa- 
tives of  the  United  States  of  Colombia  and 
the  United  States,  providing  for  the  con- 
struction of  a  canal  by  the  latter  nation, 
1m  t  there  was  so  much  delay  and  the 
treaty  was  so  amended  by  the  Colombian 
Congress  that  the  matter  was  temporarily 
dropped  by  the  United  States.  In  1877 
the  Colombian  Government  granted  a  con- 
cession to  a  Frenchman  named  Wyse  for 
constructing  a  canal  giving  him  "exclusive 
privilege  for  the  excavating  of  a  canal 
between  the  two  oceans,"  the  terminal  ports 
and  waters  to  be  neutral. 

At  the  invitation  of  Ferdinand  de  Les- 
seps,  an  International  Scientific  Congress 
met  at  Paris  in  1879  and  hastily  decided 
upon  the  Panama  route  for  a  canal,  the 
American  members  of  the  congress  refrain- 
ing from  voting.  The  Panama  Canal  Com- 
pany was  then  formed,  with  De  Lesseps  as 
president,  and  t'he  Wyse  concession  was  pur- 
chased for  10,000.000  francs.  The  route 
selected  was  close  to  the  present  line  of 
the  Panama  Railroad,  crossed  the  Chagrcs 
River  six  times  and  contemplated  a  iong 
and  deep  cut  through  the  Cordillera.  The 
cost  had  been  estimated  at  $109,000.000, 
and  shares  of  the  company  had  been  taken 
by  French  citizens,  many  of  them  of  the 
middle  class,  to  the  amount  of  $260,000.- 
OOO.  Work  was  begun  in  1881,  but  the 
affairs  of  the  company  were  conducted  with 
so  great  corruption,  that  it  became  bank- 
rupt in  1SS9.  and  a  year  later  suspended 
work.  In  1892,  after  an  investigation  of 
the  affairs  of  the  company.  I  >e  Lesseps,  his 
son.  the  contractor  Kiffcl  and  others  in 
public  life  were  arrested  on  charges  of 
fraud  in  the  management  of  the  funds  in- 
trusted to  them  for  use  iu  the  construction 
of  the  canal,  and  in  .March  of  the  follow- 
ing year,  the  New  Panama  Canal  Company 
was  formed,  with  renewed  concessions  to 
terminate  in  April,  1910. 

In  flic  meantime  American  interest  in  an 
interoceanic  canal  bad  revived,  null  there 
was  much  discussion  of  a  route  across  the 
territory  of  Nicaragua.  The  Nicaragua 
Canal  Association  obtained  concessions  from 
Nicaragua  and  carried  on  work  of  construe 
lion  from  1  Ss9  until  ls'.».",,  when  it  become 
bankrupt.  In  Is'.i'.i  a  commission  was  ap- 
pointed by  Congress  to  determine  the  most 
feasible  route  for  an  isthmian  canal.  It 
reported  that  if  the  rights  and  properly 
of  the  New  Panama  Canal  Company  could 
be  purchased  for  a  reasonable  price  'a  canal 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Panama 


across  rannum  could  bo  built  more  eco- 
nomically than  one  across  the  territory  of 
Nicaragua,  and  recommended  the  L'auama 
route.  In  order  that  the  United  States 
might  have  exclusive  control  over  the  pro- 
posed canal  the  Clayton-Bulwer  Treaty 
(q.  v.),  between  (treat  Britain  and  the  Unit- 
ed States,  was  superseded  by  the  llay- 
Pauncefote  Treaty  on  Dec.  17,  1001.  In 
1902,  in  accordance  with  the  report  of  its 
commission  appointed  in  189!),  Congress 
passed  an  act:  (approved  June  28),  author- 
izing the  President  to  secure  for  the  United 
States  the  property  of  the  New  Panama 
Canal  Company,  at  a  cost  of  $40,000,000. 
It  was  further  provided  in  the  act,  that 
"should  the  President  be  unable  to  obtain 
for  the  United  States  a  satisfactory  title 
to  the  property  of  the  New  Panama  Canal 
Company  and  the  control  over  the  neces- 
sary territory  of  the  Republic  of  Colombia 
*  *  *  within  a  reasonable  time  and  upon 
reasonable  terms,  then  the  President  should 
endeavor  to  provide  for  a  canal  by  the 
Nicaragua  route."  The  Colombian  Govern- 
ment, 'however,  on  Aug.  12,  1!)03.  rejected 
the  Hay-llerran  Treaty,  which  had  been 
negotiated  between  it  and  the  United  States, 
thereby  refusing  the  United  States'  linal 
offer  of  $10.000.000  down  and  $250,000  an- 
nually for  the  Panama  concession.  (bee 
Ilay-ilerran  Treaty,  page  6828.) 

On  Nov.  3,  1903,  the  Department  of  Pana- 
ma proclaimed  its  independence  of  Colom- 
bia, and  having  been  recognized  as  an  in- 
dependent republic  by  the  United  States, 
on  Nov  18,  the  Isthmian  Canal  Treaty  be- 
tween the  United  States  and  the  Republic 
of  Panama  was  signed  at  Washington. 

According  to  this  treaty  the  Republic  of 
Panama  granted  to  the  United  States  the 
perpetual  use,  occupation  and  control  oi'  a 
zone  of  land  ten  miles  wide  (five  miles  on 
each  side  of  the  central  line  of  the  route  of 
the  canal)  across  the  Isthmus,  complete 
sovereignty  to  which  was  to  pass  to  the 
United  States.  The  price  paid  the  Republic 
of  Panama  by  the  United  States  was  $10,- 
000  000  down  and  $250.000  annually  as  long 
as  the  convention  should  continue,  beginning 
nine  years  after  the  date  of  ratification. 
The  United  States  also  guaranteed  the 
neutrality  of  the  canal  and  the  independ- 
ence of  the  Republic  of  Panama.  Ratifica- 
tions of  the  treaty  were  exchanged  at  Wash- 
ington on  Feb.  26,  1904.  According  to >  an 
act  of  Congress  approved  April  28,  1 
the  President  took  possession  of  the  Canal 
/one  and  organized  its  government.  The 
President  also  appointed  an  Isthmian  Canal 
Commission  of  seven  members,  and  directed 
that  the  War  Department,  through  tins 
Commission,  should  undertake  the  supervis- 
ion of  the  construction  of  the  canal  and  the 
government  of  the  Canal  Zone.  On  April 
4  1905  this  Commission  was  dismissed  and 
a' second  appointed,  the  responsibility  being 
placed  chiefly  upon  the  executive  committee 
of  three  members. 

The  present  composition  of  i'he  Isthmian 
Canal  Commission  is  as  follows:  Chairman 
and  Chief  Engineer.  Col.  George  W. 
Goethnls  ;  Assistant  Chief  Engineer.  Col. 
II.  F.  Hodges.  Civil  Engineer.  U.  S.  N.  : 
assistant  to  the  Chief  Engineer,  II.  II. 
Rousseau  :  Division  Engineer.  Central  Di- 
vision, Lieut.-Col.  D.  D.  Oaillard  :  Division 
Engineer,  Atlantic  Division.  Lieut.-Col.  Wil- 
liam L.  Sibert :  Chief  Quartermaster,  Lieut.  - 
Col.  C  A.  Devol  :  Chief  Sanitary  Officer. 
Col.  W.  C.  Cxorgas  ;  Hon.  Maurise  H.  That- 
cher, In  charge  of  the  Department  of  Civil 
Administration. 

A  proposed  expression  of  regret  from 
the  United  States  Government  for  its  recog- 
nition of  the  Republic  of  Panama  raises  the 
question  whether  the  secession  of  Panama 


from  Colombia  was  or  was  not  a  legal 
action. 

The  federation  of  the  United  States  of 
Colombia  was  formed  Dec.  17.  ISli),  and 
it  a  Constitution  promulgated  .Inly  12,  18::o. 
At  that  time  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  a 
(separate  Spanish  administrative  department, 
was  still  under  Spanish  control. 

In  November,  1821,  the  Isthmus  of  Pana- 
ma revolted,  expelled  the  Spanish  garrison 
and  set  up  an  independent  state;.  In  so 
doing  it  received  no  Colombian  assistance. 
Subsequently,  of  its  own  volition,  and  re- 
serving its  sovereign  rights,  it  federated 
with  the  States  of  Colombia.  In  IS.'iO  Pana- 
ma warned  the  Colombian  Government  that 
the  illegal  assumption  of  autocratic  power 
by  Bolivar  would  force  it  to  resume  its 
separate  existence,  and  this  decision  was 
only  modilied  by  Bolivar's  resignation  of  the 
presidency  in  that  year.  In  1841,  after  live 
years  of  civil  war,  an  Isthmian  Convention 
met  at  Panama  and  voted  to  separate  from 
the  federation  and  to  resume  their  inde- 
pendent sovereign  rights.  Under  this  reso- 
lution the  Isthmus  remained  independent 
for  about  a  year,  when  it  rejoined  the  fed- 
eration on  the  promise  of  promulgation  of  a 
new  Constitution  that  should  recognize  its 
rights. 

Two  Constitutions  adopted  in  1843  and 
1853  were  unsatisfactory  and  caused  con- 
tinuous insurrection  on  the  Isthmus.  Finally, 
by  an  amendment  to  the  Constitution  of 
New  Granada  in  1855,  Panama  was  recog- 
nized as  a.  sovereign  state,  while  all  the 
other  provinces  remained  in  direct  control 
of  the  central  Government.  In  1858  this 
amendment  was  confirmed  by  the  promulga- 
tion of  a  new  Constitution  creating  the 
Granadau  Confederation,  and  constituting  a 
group  of  sovereign  states  federated  for 
limited  purposes,  but  otherwise  independent 
and  possessing  at  all  times  the  rights  of 
nullification  and  secession.  In  1860  sev- 
eral of  the  states  in  this  federation,  includ- 
ing Panama,  adopted  ordinances  of  seces- 
sion and  the  president  of  the  republic 
recognized  their  right  to  do  so  in  address- 
ing the  President  of  the  State  of  Panama  as 
follows : 

"I  trust  that  in  reply  to  this  letter  you 
will  advise  me  that  the  Slate  of  Panama 
is  still  in  union  with  the  others,  and  that 
you  will  send  your  plenipotentiary  to  take 
his  seat  in  the  Congress,  the  convocation  of 
which  I  have  communicated  to  you." 

In  September.  1861,  a  new  agreement  of 
federation,  signed  by  the  President  of  the 
State  of  Panama  and  the  commissioner 
plenipotentiary  of  the  United  States  of  New 
Granada,  contained  the  following  specific 
reservations  : 

Article  1.  The  sovereign  State  of  Pana- 
ma shall  be  incorporated  into  the  new  na- 
tional entity  which  is  called  the  United 
States  of  New  Granada,  and  shall  continue 
in  consequence  to  form  one  of  the  federal 
sovereign  states  which  compose  that  asso- 
ciation *  *  *  with  the  specific  reserva- 
tion and  conditions  expressed  in  the  follow- 
ing article. 

Article  2.  *  *  *  the  said  state  to  be 
hereby  incorporated  with  the  United  States 
above  mentioned,  but  this  state,  in  exercise 
of  Its  sovereignty,  reserves  to  itself  the 
right  to  refuse  its  approval  to  the  said  new 
pact,  and  to  the  Constitution  which  may 
be  drawn  up,  whenever,  in  its  judgment,  it 
may  violate  the  autonomy  of  the  state. 

And  this  agreement  was  ratified  by  the 
Legislative  Assembly  of  Panama.  Oct.  15, 
1801,  with  the  following  stipulation: 

The  president  of  the  state  is  hereby  au- 
thorized, in  order  to  reconstitute  the  re- 
public, to  incorporate  the  said  state  therein, 
always  provided  that  it  shall  be  accorded 


Panama 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


the  same  concessions  as  set  forth  in  the 
agreement  of  Sept.  0  last. 

The  rights  of  nullification  and  secession 
recognized  in  the  constitutional  amendment 
of  1855,  the  Constitution  of  1858,  and  the 
agreement  of  1801  were  never  relinquished 
by  the  citizens  of  Panama,  and  the  terms  of 
this  agreement  of  1801  were  included  in 
the  Colombian  Constitution  of  1803.  But 
notwithstanding  this  fact,  a  new  Constitu- 
tion promulgated  in  1885,  by  executive  de- 
cree, and  in  violation  of  the  procedure  of 
amendment  defined  in  previous  Constitu- 
tions, purported  to  terminate  those  rights 
and  to  reduce  the  Isrhmus  of  Panama  to 
the  status  of  a  crown  colony  without  repre- 
sentation in  the  national  Congress  :  and  it 
was  held  in  involuntary  subjection  by  over- 
powering garrisons  of  the  national  army 
stationed  in  the  Isthmian  cities  by  order 
of  the  executive  at  Bogota. 

The  act  of  secession  adopted  by  the  citi- 
zens of  Panama  in  popular  assembly  Nov. 
:'.,  190.'5.  was,  therefore,  a  reassertion  of 
legal  rights  maintained  since  the  independ- 
ence of  Panama  was  achieved  by  its  citizens 
in  1821,  and  in  the  meantime  on  numerous 
occasions  asserted  by  Panama,  acknowledged 
by  t'he  Colombian  Government  and  never  re- 
linquished by  the  citizens  of  Panama  :  and 
the  recognition  of  the  independence  of  the 
Republic  of  Panama  was,  as  Secretary  Root 
wrote  to  Colombian  Minister  Mendoza  in 
1900.  "a  recognition  of  the  just  rights  of 
the  people  of  Panama." 

It  would  appear  that  the  recognition  of 
the  Republic  of  Panama  was  an  act  for 
which  the  United  States  should  take  credit 
to  Itself  in  espousing  the  cause  of  an  op- 
pressed people,  and  for  which  it  owes  the 
Government  of  Colombia  no  apology  or 
reparation. 

The  canal  Is  about  fifty  miles  in  length 
from  deep  water  in  the  Caribbean  Sea 
(Union  Bay)  to  deep  water  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean.  The  minimum  width  is  500  feet 
and  the  depth  is  forty-one  feet.  Vessels 
entering  the  canal  from  the  north,  or 
Caribbean,  end  pass  through  a  sea  level 
channel  for  about  seven  miles  to  the  Gatun 
dnm  and  locks,  where,  by  a  series  of  three 
lifts,  they  are  raised  to  eighty-five  feet 
above  sea  level. 

The  Oatun  dam,  which  Is  the  largest 
ever  built  crosses  the  Chagres  River  where 
it  flows  between  two  hills.  It  is  8.000 
feet  long  across  the  top  and  2.100  feet 
thick  at  its  greatest  width  at  the  base. 
Its  crest  is  115  feet  above  sea  level,  or 
thirty  feet  above  the  level  of  Gatuu  Lake. 
The  dam  expands  the  waters  of  the  river 
and  lake  Into  one  continuous  body  of  water 
104  square  miles  in  area,  backing  them 
through  the  Culebra  cut  thirty-one  miles 
to  Pedro  Miguel  lock.  A  spillway  285  feet 
wide  carved  1,200  feet  through  solid  rock 
carries  off  the  surplus  water. 

The  Culebra  cut,  which  ranks  with  the 
Gatun  dam  as  one  of  the  engineering  won- 
ders of  the  age,  pierces  the  highest  part 
of  the  mountain  range  on  the  isthmus. 
Gold  Hill,  330  feet  high,  had  to  be  cut 
down  to  within  forty  feet  of  sea  level, 
necessitating  the  removal  of  nearly  n  hun- 
dred million  cubic  yards  of  earth.  The  cut 
Is  ,'!00  feet  wide  at  the  bottom  and  nine 
miles  long. 

After  reaching  this  elevation  through  the 
locks  at  (iatun.  vessels  proceed  thirty-one 
miles  to  Pedro  Miguel  lock  and  are  lowered 
thirty  feet  to  Mirallores  Lake,  whence,  by 
two  more  locks,  they  ;ire  lowered  to  the 
level  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  eight  miles  from 
deep  water. 

There  Is  a  1. 000-foot  dry  dock  at  the 
Pacific  side,  and  the  locks  iire  ench  1  ,OOO 
feet  long  and  double.  The  time  of  transit 


through  the  canal  of  an  ordinary  ocean- 
going vessel  is  from  nine  to  eleven  hours. 
Passage  through  the  locks  is  aided  by  elec- 
tric "mules"  or  locomotives  on  tracks  at 
each  side,  and  vessels  may  proceed  under 
their  own  steam  at  the  entrances  and 
through  Gatuu  Lake. 

The  toll  rate  is  $1.20  per  net  ton,  about 
the  same  as  the  charges  for  passage  through 
the  Suez  canal  (8140.  8148). 

The  canal  puts  the  United  States  on  an 
equal  footing  with  Europe  In  trading  with 
Australia,  New  Zealand,  China,  Japan, 
Hawaii  and  the  Philippines.  A  ten-knot 
ship  can  now  run  by  way  of  the  canal 
from  New  York  to  Yokohama  in  fifteen 
days  less  than  it  takes  to  go  by  the  Suez 
route,  bringing  the  Japanese  city  nearer  to 
New  York  than  Liverpool  by  1,805  miles. 

From  New  York  to  all  Pacific  American 
ports  north  of  Panama,  there  will  be  a  uni- 
form reduction  by  way  of  the  canal  of 
8.415  miles  and  to  such  ports  south  of 
Panama  a  uniform  reduction  of  about 
5.000  miles.  Between  New  York  and  Hawaii 
or  Manila  the  saving  is  about  5,800  miles. 
Distances  from  Liverpool  and  Antwerp  to 
points  on  the  Pacific  coasts  of  North  and 
South  America  are  shortened  about  O.OOO 
and  2.000  miles,  respectively.  \Vellington, 
New  Zealand,  by  canal  is  2.542  miles  nearer 
New  York,  and  the  distance  between  them 
2,759  miles  less  than  between  Wellington 
and  Liverpool. 

The  chief  engineer  in  charge  of  the  work 
was  Col.  George  W.  Goethals,  U.  S.  A. 
The  construction  of  the  canal  was  made 
possible  largely  through  the  sanitation  work 
of  Gen.  W.  C.  Gorgas,  U.  S.  A.,  under 
whose  supervision  the  fever  germs  and 
disease  breeding  mosquitoes  were  eliminated 
at  a  cost  to  the  government  of  more  than, 
twenty  million  dollars.  The  number  of 
men  on  the  work  reached  the  maximum  in 
March,  11)13,  when  44.733  were  employed, 
of  whom  between  5.000  and  0.000  were 
Americans.  From  that  date  the  number  be- 
gan to  decrease.  Work  was  begun  in 
February.  1910.  The  official  opening  was 
set  for  Jan.  1,  1915,  but  work  progressed 
so  far  beyond  expectations  that  vessels 
and  cargoes  passed  through  six  months 
earlier. 

Early  in  May,  1914,  cargoes  of  sugar 
from  Hawaii  were  transferred  to  barges 
and  towed  through  the  canal,  reloaded  and 
landed  in  New  York  May  27th.  June  8th, 
the  Allianca,  4.000  tons,  was  towed  through 
the  locks.  The  question  of  the  exemption 
of  American  coastwise  vessels  from  payment 
of  tolls  is  discussed  by  Presidents  Wilson 
and  Taft.  (See  also  Ilay-Pauucefote 
Treaty.) 

The  total  cost  of  the  work  is  about  $375.- 
000.000.  To  pay  three  per  cent  interest 
oil  cost,  one  per  cent  for  sinking  fund  and 
to  provide  for  maintenance,  operation  and 
government  of  the  zone  and  payments  to 
Panama  will  require  a  revenue  of  nearly 
S2o.ooo.OOO.  It  is  estimated  that  10,000,- 
000  tons  of  freight  will  pass  through  the 
canal  the  first  year,  one-fifth  between 
American  ports.  (See  also  Suez  Canal.) 

The  Canal  toll  earnings  up  to  April  1, 
1915.  totaled  $2.894.300.  The  total  cost  of 
operation  and  maintenance  during  the  same 
period  wis  .*3  o"o  ooo  a  deficit  of  $125. 7OO. 

See  Illustrations  opposite  7092,  710S, 
7110,  7172,  7230,  720S. 

Panama  Canal: 

Act  for  control  of,  paid  to  violnto 
irny-l'aiinccfoto  treaty,  77fiS,  79:C?. 

AniericMii  cifi/cns  left  destitute  by 
stoppage1  of  work  on,  to  lit1  trans- 
ported to  tTnitcd  states,  ni;57. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Panama 


American    control    of,    to    encourage 

coastwise  trade,  77G1. 
Belligerent  vessels,  rules  for  use  of, 

by,  8008. 

Board  of  Engineers,  pay  of,  6970. 
British  protest  against  tolls,  7760. 
Canal  Zone — 

Executive  Orders — 

Establishing    permanent    govern- 
ment for,  7920. 

Fixing  interest  rates  in,  7905. 
Forbidding  corrupting  employees 

in,  7918. 

Providing  conditions  of  employ- 
ment in,  792,3. 
Regulating   bearing   of   arms    in, 

790:5. 

Regulating  hunting  in,  7919. 
Extent  and  population  of,  7687. 
Government  for,  discussed,  7687. 
Military  government  for,  suggested, 

7687. 

Neutrality  of,  proclaimed,  8008. 
Clayton-Bulwer  treaty  for  protection 
of,     discussed,     2580,     2617,     2903, 
2943,  3117,  4628. 
Commission,  expenses  of,  6730. 
Committee  created  to  open,   7944. 
Compensation   for  employees   injured 

on,  7990. 

Construction,  progress  of — 
Earthquake,  7278. 
Engineers'  report,  7269. 
Gatun  dam,  7269. 
Lock  system,  7268. 
Organization,  7275. 
Rock  excavation,  7278. 
Type  of,  7277. 
Water  supply,  7279. 
Control  and  supervision   of,  4713. 
Controlled     and     owned     by     United 

States,  7759. 
Control    of — 
Compared    with    Suez    Canal,    7758, 

7759. 
Discriminates     only    in     favor     of 

coastwise  trade,  7761. 
Discussed  by  President- 
Arthur,  4628,  4713. 
Buchanan,  3048,  3116. 
Cleveland,  4888,  4912. 
Grant,   3987. 
Hayes,  4474,  4537,  4562. 
Jackson,   1491. 
Johnson,   3663,   3885. 
Pierce,   2901,   2943. 
Polk,    2361. 

Roosevelt,  6663,  6718,  6806,  6827- 
6857,  7020,  7022,  7100,  7229,  7268, 
7287,  7348. 

Taft,  7374,  7518,  7686,  7758. 
Taylor,    2554,    2580. 
Wilson,  7920,  7923,  7930,  7933. 
Dock  facilities,   supplies   and    repairs 
furnished  by  Government,  7688. 


Employees      on,      compensation     for, 
when  injured,  7990. 

Establishing    permanent    government 
of,  7920. 

Establishing   Washington    Office    for, 
7930. 

Exemption      of     coastwise     shipping 
from  tolls,  or  refund,  7758. 

Exemption    of  tolls  amounts  to   sub- 
sidy, 7761. 

Extension  of  favors  not  contrary  to 
Hay-Pauneefote  treaty,  7760. 

Fixing  interest  rates  in  Zone,  7905. 

Forbidding     corrupt     influencing     of 
Canal  Zone  employees,  7918. 

Form   of  government  for  Zone,   7687, 
7920,  7930. 

Fortification  of  necessary,  7519. 

Great  Britain  protests  against  remis- 
sion of  tolls,  7758,  7933. 

Hay-Pauncefote     treaty    invoked     in 
opposition  to  control  of,  7758,  7933. 

Legislation  for  maintenance  and  con- 
trol, 7687,  7903,  7905,  7918,  7920. 

Maintenance     and     management     by 
government,  7521. 

Memorandum  to  accompany  signature 
of  act  for  control  of,  7758. 

Neutralization  of,  7759. 

Pictures    of,    7092,    7108,    7140,    7172, 
7236,  7268. 

President  Roosevelt's  policy,  regard- 
ing,   6S27-6857. 

Progress  of  work  on,  and  early  com- 
pletion promised,  7686. 

Protest  against  remission  of  tolls  ab- 
surd,  7760. 

Protest       by      British      Government 
against  tolls  on,  7758. 

Providing   conditions   of  employment 
in  Canal  Zone,  7923. 

Question     of    control     could     be     de- 
cided by  Supreme  Court,  7763. 

Railroad  companies  forbidden  to  own 
and  operate  ships  using,  7521,  7962. 

Referred  to,   1647. 

Regulating   bearing   of    arms   in   the 
Canal  Zone,  7903. 

Regulating  hunting  in  Zone,  7919. 

Repeal  of  exemption  from  tolls  clause 
of  law  asked,  7933. 

Sanitation  of  Canal  Zone,  7021. 

Ships  owned  by  railroads  forbid  use 
of,   7762. 

Tolls- 
Remission    of,    to    American    ship- 
ping,  7688. 

Rates  proclaimed,  7766,  7806. 
Should  be  fixed  by  President,  7688. 
Tonnage  estimated,  7519. 

Treaty  regarding,  with — 
Colombia.  3900,  4011,  4068. 

Discussed,  6740,  6816,  6828,  6^29. 
Great     Britain,     2580,     2617,    2903, 
2943,  3117,  7933. 


Panama 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


New  Granada,  2361,  2902,  3048, 

3116. 

Panama,  text  of,  in  full,  6816-6823. 

Zone    of    United   States    influence, 

6815,  7903,  7905,  7918,  7920,  7930. 

Use  of — 

Bv  warships  of  belligerent  nations, 

'8008. 
Denied    owners   of   ships    violating 

anti-trust  law,  7763. 
To  be  in  interest  of  public,  7762. 
Panama  Canal  Commission,   7020. 
Panama  Congress. — A  congress  called  by 

the  several  South  and  Central  American 
Republics  to  meet  at  Panama  in  June,  1820, 
to  consider  the  rights  of  those  states. 
Only  one  preliminary  meeting  was  held, 
and  the  adjourned  session  of  the  con- 
press  for  1827  never  occurred.  Among 
the  objects  of  the  proposed  congress  were 
the  regulations  of  commercial  intercourse, 
assent  to  the  doctrine  that  free  ships  make 
free  goods,  and  an  agreement  that  "each 
will  guard  against  the  establishment  of 
any  future  European  colony  within  its 
borders."  The  failure  of  the  congress 
demonstrated  the  inadvisability  of  an  alli- 
ance between  the  United  States  and  the 
smaller  Republics.  President  Adams  warm- 
ly favored  the  establishment  of  closer  rela- 
tions with  the  Central  and  South  American 
Republics,  and  was  supported  in  the  Cab- 
inet by  Henry  Clay,  whose  influence  in 
<'ongress  was  considerable.  In  opposing 
the  alliance  of  American  Republics  in  a 
speech  in  the  Senate  in  April,  182(5.  John 
Randolph  referred  to  the  coalition  of  Adams 
and  Clay  as  a  "coalition  between  the  Puri- 
tan and  the  blackleg."  This  remark  pro- 
voked a  duel  between  Clay  and  Randolph. 

Panama  Congress.    (See  Panama,  Isth- 
mus of.) 
Panama,  Isthmus  of: 

Affairs  of,   discussed,  5083. 
Congress    of    nations    assembles    at, 

868.     (See   also  Taeubaya.) 
Adjournment  of,  922. 
C'oinpensation    to    American    repre- 
sentatives at,  936. 
Discussed,  8S4,  895,  922. 
Measures    for   protection    of   rights 
of   American    cili/.ens,  2049,  3046, 
3100,    50S3,    5301. 
Purposes   of,    discussed.    805. 
Referred  to,  887,  803,  906,  911.  033, 

997. 
Treaties  concluded  at,  not  ratified, 

951. 

United   States    inviti'd    to  be  repre- 
sented at,  S6S.   sv.j. 
Appropriations    for.    recommend- 
ed.  894. 

Ministers    nominated    for,    886. 
Death  of  one  of,  022. 
Instructions   to,   997. 
Secretary  to  minion  appointed, 

8X(>. 

Forces  of  United   Stales  son<    to  keep 
transit   across,   open,    1011. 


Freedom  and  security  of  communica- 
tions across,  must  be  preserved, 
2978. 

Measures  for  protection  of  American 
citizens    and    property    in,    recom- 
mended,    2949,     2978,     3046,     3100, 
^3181,  4622,  4911,  5083,  5391. 
Naval      stations     on,     recommended, 

4573,    4586. 

Outrages  committed  on  American  cit- 
izens in,   3072. 
Eailroad  across — 

Discussed  by  President — 
Buchanan,  2978,  3116. 
Fillmore,    2657. 
Pierce,  2901,   2948. 
Taylor,    2555,    2580. 
Treaty  regarding,  with — 
Great   Britain,  258u. 
New    Granada,   2361,    2555,   3116. 
Survey  of — • 

Authority  for  diverting  appropria- 
tions to,  referred  to,  4000. 
Discussed,   3987. 

Taxation  of  American  citizens   when 

in  transitii  across,  referred  to,  2636. 

Panama-Pacific  Exposition  in  1915.— An 

International  Exposition  to  commemorate 
the  opening  of  the  Panama  Canal  to  com- 
merce and  celebrate  the  four  hundredth 
anniversary  of  the  discovery  of  the  Pacific 
Ocean  will  be  held  in  the  city  of  San 
Francisco,  Cal.,  in  1915. 

Congress,  in  February,  1911  decided  the 
rival  claims  of  San  Francisco  and  Xew 
Orleans  for  Federal  recognition  as  the  site 
ol  the  exposition  in  favor  of  the  former 
city,  the  vote  of  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives being  259  to  43.  The  act  of  Feb.  15. 
1911,  provided  that  "Whenever  it  shall  be 
shown  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  President 
of  the  Lnited  States  that  a  suitable  site 
has  been  selected  and  that  the  sum  of  not 
less  than  §15.000.000  will  be  available  to 
enable  the  Panama-Pacific  International 
Exposition  Company,  a  corporation  organ- 
ized and  existing  under  and  by  virtii"  <>f 
the  laws  of  the  State  of  California,  for  the 
purpose  of  inaugurating,  carrying  forward 
iind  holding  an  exposition  at  the  city  and 
county  of  San  Francisco  on  or  about  Jan 
I,  l.H;.i.  then  the  president  is  authorized 
to  invite  by  proclamation  all  foreign  coun- 
tries and  nations  to  such  proposed  exposi- 
tion. By  act  of  March  4,  19U,  the  presi- 
dent is  further  authorized  to  invite  th» 
representatives  of  foreign  nations  and  their 
fleets  to  assemble  at  Hampton  Roads,  Va 
and  (hence  the  representatives  go  to  the 
city  of  Washington  to  be  formally  wel- 
comed by  the  president,  after  which  he  will 
proceed  with  them  to  Hampton  Roads  and 
there  review  the  assembled  fleets  as  they 
start  on  their  voyage  for  San  Francisco 

In  pursuance  of  this  authority.  President 
T:ift.  on  Oct.  14.  1'.m.  in  the  "city  of  San 
Francisco,  in  the  presence  of  ;l  ^re-il  as- 
semblage, turned  tile  first  spadeful  of  earth 
at  flu;  fair  site.  The  President.  Oovernor 
of  the  State  and  Mayor  of  the  citv  made 
addresses,  the  ships  of  the  Pacific  'fleet  jn 

the    harbor    joined    jn    th >lel, ration    and 

there  was  an  extended  military  parade  In 
the  streets.  The  site  of  the'  permanent 
buildings  of  the  exposition  Is  (Joldcn  Cate 
Park  excepting  an  enormous  convention 
hall  to  be  located  at  the  civic  center  of  the 
city.  Van  Ness  Avenue  and  Market  Street. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Papal 


The  Industrial  buildings  and  other  tempor- 
ary structures  will  be  placed  on  (lit;  bay 
shore  overlooking  the  entrance  to  the  har- 
bor. The  citizens  of  San  Francisco  have 
subscribed  $7,000,000,  the  state  legislature 
has  authorized  an  appropriation  of  $5, OOO,- 
000  and  the  municipality  one  of  $5,000,- 
000  for  the  exposition.  The  various  com- 
mercial and  Industrial  bodies  of  San  Fran- 
cisco have  interested  themselves  in  the 
enterprise  and  numerous  plans  have  been 
considered  to  make  the  occasion  of  the  ox- 
position  attractive  to  the  visitors  who  may 
be  expected  to  come  in  throngs  from  all 
parts  of  the  world,  not  only  to  witness  the 
wonderful  uprising  of  San  Francisco  from 
its  desolation  by  fire,  but  to  view  the 
scenic  splendors  of  the  Pacific  Coast  region. 

Panchita,   The,   seizure   of,  ou   African 

coast,  3017. 

Panhandle  State. — A  nickname  for  West 
Virginia  (q.  v.).  (See  also  States.) 
Panics. — A  word  formed  from  the  name  of 
the  Greek  god  of  shepherds,  who  is  said 
to  have  had  the  power  of  inspiring  sudden 
fright  without  apparent  cause.  It  is  now 
commonly  used  to  describe  a  state  of  fear 
bordering  on  frenzy,  from  whatever  cause 
induced.  In  history  great  commercial  crises 
are  spoken  of  as  panics.  England,  Hol- 
land and  France  have  experienced  them, 
and  the  United  States  has  passed  through 
several  notable  ones.  Those  most  disas- 
trous have  usually  followed  general  inju- 
dicious speculation  in  lands  or  inflated 
securities.  The  crisis  of  181(5-1819  in  the 
United  States,  it  is  claimed,  was  due  to  the 
speculation  and  disorder  following  the  War 
of  1812.  The  next  occurred  in  1823.  A 
very  memorable  panic  was  that  of  1837. 
The  few  years  preceding  had  been  marked 
by  extraordinary  speculation,  carried  on 
with  an  unsound  banking  system.  Jack- 
sou's  "specie  circular"  caused  many  banks 
to  suspend,  and  credit  was  generally  im- 
paired throughout  the  country.  Govern- 
mental aid  was  invoked  by  many  financial 
institutions,  but  without  avail,  as  Van 
Buren,  who  had  succeeded  to  the  Presi- 
dency, insisted  upon  individuals  righting 
their  own  affairs.  In  1857  another  period 
of  inflation  was  followed  by  another  panic. 
Again  in  1873  there  was  a  severe  mone- 
tary crisis.  Just  twenty  years  later  occurred 
the  last  panic  from  which  the  country  has 
suffered.  (See  also  Black  Friday.) 

The  crisis  of  1873  is  usually  dated  from 
the  failure  of  Jay  Cooke  &  Co.,  Sept.  18th. 
The  New  York  Stock  Exchange  closed  on 
the  20th  and  was  not  reopened  until  the 
end  of  the  month.  Clearing  House  loan 
certificates  were  issued  in  large  quantities, 
the  last  of  which  were  redeemed  Jan.  14, 
1874.  There  had  been  certain  premonitory 
symptoms  of  the  approaching  collapse,  and 
there  followed  a  long  period  of  depression, 
which  did  not  reach  its  lowest  point 
until  three  years  later.  The  number  of 
business  failures  reported  by  commercial 
ngents  in  1872  was  4.06!),  and  by  1876.  the 
year  of  the  deepest  depression,  the  number 
had  steadily  increased  to  0.084. 

The  depression  of  1893  was  preceded 
by  reckless  investments  in  foreign  secur- 
ities and  was  brought  on  by  the  shipments 
of  gold  to  Europe  caused  by  the  operation 
of  the  act  of  Congress  of  July  14,  1890. 
which  required  the  purchase  by  the  United 
States  Treasury  of  4.500,000  ounces  of 
3'lver  per  month.  When  the  gold  reserve 
held  in  the  Treasury  for  the  redemption  of 
United  States  notes'  fell  to  near  $100,000.- 
000,  panic  seized  the  business  centers  of 
the  country.  Rank  reserves  in  New  York 
fell  from  $25,439.925  in  May  to  $5.481,975 


in  June.  The  financial  tension  was  ren- 
dered more  acute  by  the  news  that  the 
Indian  government  had  suspended  the  pub- 
lic coinage-  of  silver.  This  caused  insistent 
demands  for  the  repeal  of  the  silver  pur- 
chase law.  President  Cleveland  called  an 
extra  session  of  Congress  and  the  vicious 
measure  was  repealed,  whereupon  recovery 
was  rapid,  aided  materially  by  imports  of 
gold  and  easier  money. 

Henewed  activity  in  all  lines  of  manu- 
facture and  commerce  succeeded  the  panic 
of  1893  and  I  lie  year  1906  witnessed  the 
culmination  of  the  remarkable  industrial 
expansion.  In  1907  many  great  railway 
and  industrial  enterprises  endeavored  to 
sell  securities  to  augment  their  working 
capital,  with  the  result  that  the  stock 
markets  felt  the  oversupply  and  prices  fell 
with  a  crash  ;  bank  loans  were  called  in 
and  debtors  failing  to  respond  were  sold 
out.  The  crisis  was  accentuated  by  the  ef- 
forts of  a  few  men  to  corner  certain  stocks, 
and  their  failure  caused  the  suspension  of 
banks  which  held  their  securities  as  col- 
lateral for  loans.  It  transpired  that  the 
market  manipulators  were  in  some  instances 
officers  of  the  banks  making  the  loans,  and 
criminal  indictments  were  secured  against 
them.  This  panic  was  relieved  by  J.  Pier- 
pont  Morgan,  who  formed  a  pool  of  $25,- 
000,000  to  lend  on  approved  security.  (See 
Currency  Laws.) 

Panics : 

Bank   of   United   States   attempts   to 

bring  about,  1250. 
Derangement  in  moneyed  institutions, 

623. 

Failures  frequent  in  large  cities,  G30. 
Labor,  fall  in   price  of,   630. 
Pecuniary     embarrassments     existing 

in   Union,  629. 
Prostrations  of  business,  discussed  by 

President — 
Buchanan,  2068,  3051. 
Cleveland,  5833. 
Grant,    4189,    4197,    4238. 
Hayes,  4397. 
Roosevelt,  7040,  7050. 
Tyler,  2057. 
Van  Buren,   1541. 

Paoli  (Pa.)  Massacre.— After  the  retreat 
from  Brandywine  Washington  moved  out  on 
the  Lancaster  road  as  far  as  Warren's  Tav- 
ern. Finding  that  Howe  did  not  contem- 
plate an  attack  upon  Reading,  Washington 
stationed  Gen.  Anthony  Wayne  with  1.500 
men  at  Paoli,  a  retired  and  well-chosen 
position,  to  be  ready  to  fall  upon  the  rear 
of  Howe's  army.  On  t'he  night  of  Sept.  20, 
1777,  Wayne  was  surprised,  through  the 
treachery  of  the  people  of  the  country,  and 
300  of  his  men  were  killed,  wounded,  or 
captured,  with  a  loss  of  only  an  inconsider- 
able number  of  the  enemy.  Wayne  saved 
his  artillery  and  most  of  his  baggage. 

Papago  Reservation.      (See  Oila  Bend 

Reservation,  Ariz.) 

Papal  States. — A  former  dominion  of  Italy, 
comprising  the  Romajrna,  the  Marches, 
Umbria,  and  the  present  province  of  Koine, 
and  governed  directly  by  the  Papal  See.  It 
was  bounded  on  tin-  north  by  the  I.onibrirdo- 
Venotian  Kingdom,  on  the  east  by  the  . \ilri- 
atic  Sea.  on  the  southeast  by  the  KiiiL'iloin 
of  Naples,  on  the  southwest  by  the  Medi- 
terranean Sea,  and  on  the  west  by  Tuscany 


Papal 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


and  the  Duchy  of  Modena.  In  1800  the 
larger  part  was  annexed  to  Italy,  and  the 
remainder  In  1870. 

Papal  States  (see  also  Italy) : 

Annexation  of,  to  Italy,  referred  to, 
4098. 

Outrages  on  American  citizens  in, 
3110. 

Revolutions  in,  2551. 

Vessels  of,  discriminating  duties  on, 
suspended  by  proclamation,  942, 
3022. 

Paper  and  Wood  Pulp  Industry. — Re- 
turns were  received  by  the  Department  of 
Commerce  from  727  establishments  engaged 
in  the  paper  and  wood  pulp  industry  in 
1914.  Of  the  total  number,  503  establish- 
ments manufactured  paper  only,  63  wood 
pulp  only,  and  161  both  paper  and  wood 
pulp. 

The  production  of  wood  pulp  in  1014 
amounted  to  2,804,650  tons,  as  compared 
with  2.408,055  tons  in  1000,  the  Increase 
being  15.8  per  cent.  In  addition  to  the 
domestic  production  there  were  used  534,395 
tons  of  Imported  pulp  in  1014  and  301.392 
tons  in  1000,  the  Increase  for  this  Item 
being  77.3  per  cent. 

The  total  value  of  the  paper  produced  in 
1014  was  $204, .'555. 875,  as  compared  with 
$235,242,437  in  1909,  the  Increase  being 
25.1  per  cent. 

The  production  of  news  paper  In  1914 
amounted  to  1,313.284  tons,  valued  at 
$52,042.774,  as  compared  with  1.175,554 
tons,  valued  at  $46,855,560,  in  1000,  the 
increase  in  quantity  being  11.7  per  cent., 
and  in  value,  13  per  cent.  There  were 
manufactured  in  the  later  year  934)970  tons 
of  book  paper,  valued  at  $73.400,514.  and  in 
the  earlier,  694.005  tons,  valued  at  $54,798,- 
840,  the  increase  in  quantity  being  34.5  per 
cent.,  and  In  value,  34.1  per  cent. 

The  production  of  fine  paper  amounted 
to  247.728  tons,  valued  at  $34,054,018,  In 
1014,  and  to  108.213  tons,  valued  at  $29,- 
076.63S.  In  10(10.  the  increase  In  quantity  be- 
ing 25  per  cent,  and  in  value,  17.1  per  cent. 

The  production  of  wrapping  paper  was 
881.709  tons,  valued  at  $40,372,753,  In 
10H,  and  766,760  tons,  valued  at  $42.456,- 
427,  in  1009,  the  Increases  being  15  per 
cent,  in  quantity  and  10.3  per  cent,  in  value. 

COMPARATIVE    SI'MMARY    OP    THE    MAXOFAC- 
TCHK   OF   PAPER    AND    WOOD   PULP. 


Census 

"°  £2 

1014 

1909 

i-  "o 
&  -31 

Number   of    estab- 

lishments   

718 

777 

7.6* 

Persons  engaged  in 

manufacture  

95,516 

81,473 

17.2 

Proprietors  and 

firm  member? 

221 

250 

11.6* 

Salaried    em- 

ployees   

6,838 

5,245 

30.4 

\V  ago     earners 
Primary  horsepower 

88,457 
1,013,010 

75,978 
1,304,205 

16.4 
23.7 

('  ipital  

•534,625,000 

$409,340,000 

30.6 

Services  

66,184,000 

50,315,000 

31.5 

Salaries  

12,918,000 

9,510,000 

35.S 

Wajps  

53,240,000 

40,805,000 

30.5 

Materials      

213,181,000 

10.5,442.000 

28.9 

Value  of  products 

332,147,000 

267,657,000 

24.1 

Value,     a-ld.-d     by 

manufacture 

118.nOfi.000 

102,215,000 

16.4 

*  Decrease. 


Location  of  Establishments. — Of  the  727 
establishments  reported  in  1014,  152  were 
located  in  N'cw  York,  86  in  Massachusetts, 
50  in  Wisconsin,  54  in  Pennsylvania,  48  in 
Ohio.  44  in  Connecticut,  39  in  Michigan,  38 
in  Maine,  34  in  New  Jersey,  31  in  New 
Hampshire,  24  in  Indiana.  23  in  Vermont, 
22  in  Illinois,  13  in  Maryland,  8  each  in 
Minnesota,  Virginia,  and  West  Virginia,  7 
in  Delaware,  5  each  in  California  and  Ore- 
gon, 3  each  in  Iowa,  Kansas,  North  Caro- 
lina, and  Washington,  2  in  Texas,  and  1 
each  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  Georgia, 
Mississippi,  Rhode  Island,  South  Carolina. 

History. — Paper  was  manufactured  in 
this  country  near  Philadelphia  as  early  as 
1600.  The  growth  of  the  industry,  how- 
ever, was  slow  until  within  the  last  forty 
years,  during  which  time  the  introduction 
of  improved  machinery  and  the  use  of  wood 
fibre  as  a  material  have  brought  about  a 
remarkable  growth  In  the  industry.  In  the 
decade  1800-1009  the  value  of  products 
increased  $140,330,802  or  110.2  per  cent, 
this  percentage  being  higher  than  that  for 
any  other  decade  since  1860.  Some  part 
of  this  increase,  however,  was  due  to  ad- 
vance in  prices,  particularly  during  the 
first  half  of  the  decade. 

Up  to  1800  native  spruce  and  poplar 
were  used  almost  exclusively  for  pulp  wood. 
Since  that  time,  however,  the  advancing 
price  of  the  native  stock  has  led  to  the 
Increased  importation  of  these  woods  from 
Canada  and  to  the  use  of  other  and  cheaper 
native  woods. 

Paper  Currency.        (Sec  Currency;   Fi- 
nances discussed.) 

Paraguay. — Paraguay  proper  is  an  in- 
land state  of  South  America,  lying  between 
the  rivers  Paraguay  and  Alto  Parana,  and 
bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Brazilian 
province  of  Matto  <; rosso,  while  the  Cliaco 
territory  lying  between  the  rivers  Para- 
guay and  Pllcomayo  (and  bounded  on  the 
north  by  Bolivia),  is  also  claimed  to  be 
Paraguayan,  but  forms  the  subject  of  a 
long-standing  dispute  between  Paraguay 
and  Bolivia.  The  whole  country  may  be 
said  to  be  bounded  on  the  north  by  Bo- 
livia and  Brazil,  on  the  east  by  Brazil  and 
Argentina,  and  on  the  south  and  west  by 
Argentina.  The  area  is  given  as  172,000 
square  miles. 

Physical  Feature*. — The  country  consists 
of  a  scries  of  plateaus.  The  Paraguay  and 
Alto  Parana  Rivers  are  navigable  at  all 
seasons.  The  Pilcomayo  River  is  navigable 
for  180  miles  from  Asuncion.  The  plateaus 
are  covered  with  grassy  plains  and  dense 
forest.  The  Chaco  is  practically  a  dead 
level,  pierced  by  great  rivers ;  it  suffers 
much  from  floods  and  still  more  from 
drought. 

History. — Paraguay  was  visited  in  1527 
by  Sebastian  Cabot,  and  in  1535  was  set- 
tled as  a  Spanish  possession.  From  that 
date  to  1776  the  country  formed  part  of 
the  vice-royalty  of  Peru,  from  which  It 
was  separated  In  177(5  and  made  an  ad- 
junct of  the  vice-royalty  of  Buenos  Aires. 
In  1811  Paraguay  declared  Its  independ- 
ence of  Spain,  and  from  1814-1840  was 
governed  by  Francla,  a  Paraguayan  despot, 
who  was  succeeded  by  Lopez,  1840-1862. 
In  1862  Francisco  Solano  Lopez  succeeded 
his  father,  and  In  1864  declared  war 
ngnlnst  Brazil,  Argentina  and  Uruguay  be- 
ing Involved  in  the  struggle.  Against 
these  three  nations  Lopez  conducted  a  five 
years'  war,  which  terminated  In  his  defeat 
and  death  at  the  Battle  of  Cerro  Cora, 
March  1.  1S70.  This  dogged  struggle  re- 
duced the  country  to  complete  pros!  ra- 
tion, and  the  population,  which  was  800,- 
000  in  1857,  Is  alleged  to  have  fallen  in 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Paraguay 


1870    to    250,000,    of    whom    barely    30,000 
were  men. 

Government. — The  present  constitution 
was  adopted  at  the  close  of  the  war,  and 
under  its  provisions  the  head  of  the  ex- 
ecutive Is  the  President,  elected  by  an 
electoral  college  for  four  years  and  ineligi- 
ble for  office  for  eight  consecutive  years 
after  the  expiration  of  his  term.  A  Vice- 
President  Is  similarly  elected,  and  succeeds 
automatically  in  case  of  the  death,  expul- 
sion or  absence  of  the  President.  There  Is 
a  Cabinet  of  five  members.  The  republic  Is 
subject,  to  frequent  revolutions,  of  which 
those  of  1911  and  1912  were  exceptionally 
fierce  and  sanguinary.  President  (Aug.  15, 
1912-19H.)  :  Kduardo  Schaercr. 

Congress  consists  of  two  houses.  The 
Senate  is  composed  of  thirteen  members, 
elected  by  direct  vote  for  six  years,  one- 
third  renewable  every  two  years;  the 
Chamber  of  Deputies  contains  twenty-six 
members,  elected  by  direct  vote  for  four 
years  and  renewable  as  to  one-half  every 
two  years. 

There  is  a  supreme  court  at  the  capital 
with  three  judges,  two  courts  of  appeal, 
a  court  of  jurymen,  and  nine  judges  of 
lirst.  instance. 

I'Ojiitlation. — The  inhabitants  of  Paraguay 
are  mainly  of  Ouarani  Indian  descent. 
The  old  Spanish  stock  has,  to  a  large  ex- 
tent, become  mixed  with  the  primitive  In- 
habitants, but  during  the  last  lit'ty  years 
a  considerable  number  of  Europeans  have 
settled  in  the  country.  The  Paraguayan 
Chaco  is  only  partially  explored  and  is  in- 
habited almost  entirely  by  tribes  of  no- 
madic Indians,  estimated  at  100,000.  The 
population  ol'  Paraguay  proper  includes 
about  50.000  uncivilized  Indians,  and  20,- 
000  to  30,000  foreigners,  of  whom  about 
1(1,000  are  from  Argentina.  10,000  to  15, 
000  are  Italian,  3.000  German,  1.500  Bra- 
zilian, 1,000  Spanish,  750  French,  000  Uru- 
guayan, and  -400  to  500  British.  Immigration 
is  encouraged,  but  has  fallen  to  about  500 
yearly  since  1909.  The  official  language  is 
Spanish,  but  Ouarani  is  general,  and  little 
else  is  spoken  away  from  the  towns. 

Production  and  Iniluxtri/. — The  chief  nat- 
ural products  are  timber  and  yerba  mate 
(Paraguayan  tea).  Tobacco  and  fruit, 
chiefly  oranges,  are  grown  for  export,  su- 
gar cane,  roots  and  grain  for  home  con- 
sumption. The  chief  industry  is  stock 
raising.  The  primitive  conditions  of  the 
country  and  the  scarcity  of  labor  appear 
to  be,  at  present,  unfavorable  to  agricul- 
ture. The  soil  and  climatic  conditions, 
however,  are  said  to  be  exceptionally  prom- 
ising. 

Marble,  lime  and  salt  are  found  and 
worked  in  small  quantities.  Iron  ore  is 
said  to  exist  in  large  quantities,  but  coal 
has  not  been  found.  Copper  manganese 
and  other  minerals  exist,  but  the  mineral 
resources  are  practically  unexplored. 

The  principal  exports  are  oranges,  hides, 
tobacco,  yerba  male,  timber,  dried  meat, 
meat  extracts,  and  quebracho  extract. 
The  imports  are  textiles,  hardware,  wines, 
foodstuffs,  fancy  goods,  drugs  and  cloth- 
ing. The  principal  sources  of  revenue  are 
Import  and  export  duties,  land  tax,  stamps, 
stamped  paper  and  sundry  internal  taxes. 

Finance. — The  revenue  of  the  country 
varies  widely  between  500,000  and  3,000,- 
000  pesos,  and  the  expenditures,  while 
nearer  constant,  vary  from  000,000  to 
1,000.000  pesos.  The  gold  peso,  the  stand- 
ard of  value,  is  equivalent  to  the  dollar 
of  the  United  States,  the  silver  peso  to 
$0.43,5,  and  the  current  paper  pesos  of 
the  country,  of  which  65,000.000  are  in 
circulation, 'has  depreciated  to  almost  noth- 
ing. There  is  a  debt  of  something  over 
$10,000,000. 


Kuilirana. — A  railway  (Paraguay  Central) 
has  been  built  and  extended  from  Asun- 
cion, t'he  capital,  to  Kiicarnaciou,  a  total 
distance  of  232  miles.  There  Is  a  through 
train  service  from  Asuncion  to  Buenos 
Aires,  the  coaches  being  conveyed  across 
the  intervening  rivers  by  means  of  train 
ferries.  The  rolling  stock  is  up-to-date 
and  the  sleeping  and  restaurant  cars  simi- 
lar to  those  of  European  main  lines.  Un- 
der normal  conditions  vessels  drawing  ten 
feet  can  reach  Asuncion. 

Trade  icith  the  United  States. — The  value 
of  merchandise  imported  into  Paraguay 
from  the  United  States  for  the  year  1912 
was  $187,8<;7,  and  goods  to  the  value  of 
$58,285  were  sent  thither — a  balance  of 
$129,582  in  favor  of  the  United  States. 

Paraguay: 

Affairs  in,  referred  to,  40G9. 
Boundary    question    with    Argentine 
Republic,     submission    of    arbitra- 
tion   of,    to    President    of    United 
States,  referred  to,  4449. 
Claims     of     United     States     against, 
2980,  3050,  3091,  3114,  3195,  3270, 
3281. 
Commissioners  appointed  to  adjust, 

3050. 

Convention   regarding,   3108. 
Naval  force  sent  to,  to  await  con- 
tingencies, discussed,  3050,  3091. 
Satisfactorily  settled,  3091. 
Convention   with,   award   of    commis- 
sioners under,  discussed,  3195,  3268. 
Imprisonment    of    American    citizens 

in,   3884,   3898. 
Minister  of  United  States  to — 

Controversy  with  President  of,  dis- 
cussed, 3883. 
Difficulties,     referred     to,     3890, 

3898,    3899. 
Withdrawn,    3987. 

Questions    with,    regarding    right    of 
asylum   discussed   and   referred    to, 
3883,  3890,  3898,   3899. 
Treaty   with,  2759,  2813,   3091,   3108, 

3114. 

Ratification  of — 
Delayed,  2914. 
Refused,  2980. 

Vessels  of  United  States  seized  or  in- 
terfered with  by,  2952,   3046,  3091, 

3195. 
War  with  Brazil — 

Good  offices  of  United  States  ten- 
dered,  3776,   3883. 
Referred   to,   4078. 
Paraguay  Expedition.     (See  illustration 

opposite  2817.) 

Paraguay,  Treaties  with. — A  treaty  of 
friendship,  commerce,  and  navigation  was 
concluded  in  1859.  Concessions  to  the 
United  States  include  free  navigation  of 
the  Paraguay  River  as  far  as  the  bound- 
aries of  Brazil  and  of  the  right  side  of 
the  Parana  in  the  dominions  of  Paraguay 
on  like  terms  as  are  conferred  upon  other 
nations;  vessels  may  discharge  all  or  part 
of  the  cargo  at  the  ports  of  Pilar  or  may 
proceed  to  Asuncion.  Rights  and  conces- 
sions enjoyed  by  other  nations  are  conferred 


Paraguay 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


and  shall  accrue  to  the  United  States. 
Equitable  imposition  of  charges,  tolls,  and 
fees:  freedom  of  importation  and  exporta- 
tion is  equally  enjoyed  by  the  United  States 
and  Paraguayan  vessels. 

The  rights  of  citizens  of  the  United 
States  to  conduct  trade,  commerce,  and  to 
follow  trades,  vocations,  and  professions,  in 
1'nniguay  are  equal  to  those  of  subjects 
of  Paraguay.  The  transfer  and  holding  of 
property,  succession  to  real  or  personal 
property  by  will  or  otherwise  and  free 
and  open  access  to  courts  of  justice  are 
secured  to  citizens  of  the  United  States. 
The  consular  otlice  may  act  as  executors  or 
administrators  of  estates. 

No  military  exactions  of  service  or  forced 
loans  or  contributions  other  than  those  to 
which  all  subjects  of  Paraguay  are  law- 
fully subject  shall  be  imposed.  Consular 
appointment  is  provided  for  as  in  consular 
conventions.  In  the  event  of  war  it  is 
agreed  that  citizens  of  each  country  re- 
siding or  doing  business  within  the  con- 
tines  of  the  other  shall  suffer  no  injustice, 
persecution,  or  spoliation  and  shall  be  free 
to  continue  in  business  or  to  close  out  39 
they  may  elect  ;  nor  shall  debts,  stocks,  or 
interest  be  sequestered  or  detained.  Re- 
ligious freedom  is  secured  to  citizens  or 
subjects  in  the  dominions  of  the  other  con- 
tracting party. 

International  arbitration  on  the  lines  laid 
down  by  The  Hague  Convention  of  1899 
was  agreed  to  by  a  treaty  signed  at  Asun- 
cion March  13,  1909. 

Paraguay  also  became  a  party  to  the  con- 
vention between  the  United  States  and  the 
several  republics  of  South  and  Central 
America  for  the  arbitration  of  pecuniary 
claims  and  the  protection  of  inventions, 
etc..  which  was  signed  in  Buenos  Aires  in 
1910  and  proclaimed  in  Washington  July 
29,  1914.  (See  South  and  Central  America, 
Treaties  with.) 

Parcel  Post. — The  agitation  for  a  parcel 
post  in  the  United  States  dates  back  to 
1870  at  least,  and  during  the  following 
thirty-five  years  (to  quote  Postmaster-Gen- 
eral Wanamaker),  only  four  objections  have 
been  raised  against  it,  namely,  the  United 
States,  the  Wells  Fargo,  the  American, 
and  the  Adams  express  companies. 

In  1907  Postmaster-General  Meyer  advo- 
cated the  establishment  of  a  general  and 
a  local  parcel  post  system.  His  plan  for 
the  general  parcel  post  he  described  as 
follows:  "The  present  rate  for  the  trans- 
mission of  fourth-class  matter  through  the 
mails  is  10  cents  a  pound,  and  the  limit 
of  weight  is  four  pounds.  Under  our  postal 
treaties  the  rate  from  any  American  post 
otlice  to  29  foreign  countries  is  12  cents  a 
pound,  and  the  limit  of  weight  to  twenty- 
four  of  these  countries  is  eleven  pounds. 
The  Department  has  simply  recommended 
that  our  citizens  be  permitted  to  dispatch 
parcels  to  each  other,  in  our  own  country, 
at  as  liberal  a  rate  as  that  at  which  they 
are  allowed  to  send  them  to  a  foreign 
country. 

"The  general  parcels  post  system  is  in 
operation  in  Great  P.ritain,  New  Zealand. 
Australia,  Germany.  Austria.  France, 
P.elgliim,  Italy,  Holland,  (  bile  and  Cuba. 
The  weight  limit  in  eaeh  case  (with  the 
exceptions  of  Austria  and  P.elgiumi  is 
eleven  pounds.  In  Kngland  20  cents  will 
mall  an  eleven-pound  package,  the  rate 
being  o  cents  for  the  lirst  pound  and  2 
cents  for  each  additional  pound.  Germany 
has  scheduled  its  rales  by  /.ones:  thus  all 
packages  conveyed  not  more  than  10  miles 
are  charged  0  cents,  and  for  greater  dis- 
tances they  are  cliarired  1 .'!  cents,  and  when 
the  parcels  exceed  1 '_'  pounds,  the  rales  are 


for  each  additional  2  pounds  carried  10 
miles,  2  cents;  20  miles,  3  cents;  50  miles 
5  cents;  100  miles,  8  cents.  The  weight 
limits  in  Austria  and  Belgium  are,  respec- 
tively, 143  and  132  pounds." 

As  to  the  cost  of  a  general  parcel  post 
system  in  the  United  States,  Mr.  Meyer, 
using  the  cost  of  handling  fourth-class 
matter  as  a  basis,  estimated  it  as  follows  : 

Revenue  from  postage   $240.00 

Expenditures  : 

It.  It.  charge  per  ton §29.70 

Labor  charge  per  ton   ....    103.87 
Other  conveyances 15.70  149.27 


Excess  of  receipts  over  expenditures  $90.73 

The  above  figures  being  based  on  the  aver- 
age haul  (540  nalles),  Mr.  Meyer  pointed 
out  that  $90.73  excess  would  cover  the 
transportation  by  rail  of  the  entire  ton 
over  an  additional  1,040  miles. 

"This  recommendation  is  founded  upon 
the  broad  ground  of  the  ability  of  the  Gov- 
ernment to  render  the  service  at  a  profit, 
yet  with  great  advantage  to  the  farmer, 
the  retail  merchant,  and  other  patrons  of 
the  rural  routes.  The  necessary  machinery 
is  at  hand." 

Postmaster-General  Hitchcock,  in  Decem- 
ber, 1910,  recommended  the  establishment 
of  a  general  parcel  post  throughout  the 
country  "as  soon  as  the  postal  savings 
system  is  thoroughly  organized."  As  the 
preliminary  step  he  hoped  that  Congress 
would  authorize  the  local  parcel  post, 
which,  he  said,  would  entail  little  if  any 
additional  expense,  and  which,  if  successful, 
might  lead  to  the  general  one.  However, 
he  urged  Congress  to  appropriate  a  fund 
for  further  investigation  of  the  cost  and 
possibilities  of  the  general  system  at  the 
time  when  it  authorizes  the  local  parcel 
post. 

In  accordance  with  an  act  of  the  Sixty- 
second  Congress  a  parcel  post  system  was 
inaugurated  Jan.  1,  1913. 

The  limit  of  weight  for  parcels  of  fourth- 
class  matter  for  delivery  within  the  first 
and  second  zones  was  extended  by  act  of 
pec.  0,  1913,  to  fifty  pounds,  and  delivery 
in  other  than  the  first  and  second  zones 
is  twenty  pounds. 

Parcels  weighing  four  ounces  or  less 
are  mailable  at  the  rate  of  one  cent  for 
each  ounce  or  fraction  of  an  ounce,  regard- 
less of  distance.  Parcels  weighing  more 
than  four  ounces  are  mailable  at  the  pound 
rates  shown  in  the  table  on  the  following 
page,  a  fraction  of  a  pound  being  considered 
a  full  pound. 

The  rate  on  parcels  for  Alaska,  the 
Hawaiian  Islands,  the  Philippine  Islands. 
Guam,  the  United  States  Postal  Agency  at 
Shanghai  (Chinai,  Tutuila  (Samoa),  "and 
the  Canal  Zone  (except  for  parcels  weighing 
four  ounces  or  less,  on  which  the  rate  is 
one  cent  for  each  ounce  or  fraction  there- 
of), is  twelve  cents  per  pound  or  fraction 
thereof. 

Third-class  matter  can  not  be  sent  by 
parcel  post.  (See  Postal  Rates.) 

Seeds,  cuttings,  bulbs,  roots,  scions  and 
plants  are  matter  of  the  fourth  class,  but 
are  chargeable  with  the  special  rate  of 
postage  of  one  cent  for  each  two  ounces 
or  fraction  thereof,  regardless  of  distance. 
Ordinary  or  parcel  post  stamps  are  valid 
for  postage  and  for  insurance  and  collect 
on  delivery  fees  on  fourth-class  mail. 

Packages  mailed  as  first-class  matter 
should  be  sealed.  Fourth-class  parcels  must 
not  be  senled. 

Boxes  to  which  the  lids  are  nailed  or 
screwed  may  be  accepted  for  mailing  at 
the  fourth-class  rates  of  postage,  if,  with 
reasonable  effort,  the  lids  can  be  removed 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Parcel  Post 


for  the  purpose  of  permitting  examination 
of  the  contents. 

Parcels  in  bags  or  cloth  so  stitched  that 
the  necessary  examination  can  not  be  made 
will  be  regarded  as  closed  against  inspection. 

In  addition  to  the  name  and  address  of 
the  sender  which  is  required,  it  is  permis- 
sible to  write  or  print  on  the  covering  of 
a  parcel,  or  on  a  tag  or  label  attached  to 
it,  the  occupation  of  the  sender,  and  to 
indicate  in  a  t-mall  space  by  means  of 
marks,  letters,  numbers,  names  or  other 
brief  description,  the  character  of  the  par- 
cel, but  ample  space  must  be  left  on  the 
address  side  for  the  full  address  in  legible 
characters  and  for  the  necessary  postage 
stamps.  Inscriptions  such  as  "Merry 
Christmas,"  "Please  do  not  open  until 
Christmas,"  "Happy  New  Year,"  "With  best 


wishes,"  and  the  like,  may  be  placed  on  the 
covering  of  the  parcel  in  such  manner  as 
not  to  interfere  with  the  address. 

Parcels  may  he  remailed  or  forwarded 
on  the  payment  of  additional  postage  at 
the  rate  which  would  be  chargeable  if  they 
were  originally  mailed  at  the  forwarding 
office,  in  which  rase  the  necessary  stamps 
shall  be  altixed  by  the  forwarding  postmas- 
ter. Payment,  must  be  made  every  time  the 
parcel  is  forwarded. 

A  mailable  parcel  on  which  the  postage 
is  fully  prepaid  may  be  Insured  against 
loss  in  an  amount  equivalent  to  its  actual 
value,  but  not  to  exceed  .$25,  on  payment  of 
a  fee  of  five  cents,  and  in  an  amount 
equivalent  to  its  actual  value  In  excess  of 
$lir>,  but  not  to  exceed  $50,  on  payment  of 
a  fee  of  ten  cents  in  stamps,  such  stamps 


Weight  in 
pounds 

Local  * 

ZONES 

1st 
Up  to  50 
milea 

2d 
50  to  150 

miles 

3d 
150  to 
300 
miles 

4th 
300  to 
600 
miles 

5th 
600  to 
1,000 
miles 

6th 
1  ,000  to 
1,400 
mik's 

7th 
1  ,400  to 
1,800 
miles 

8th 
Over 
1,800 
miles 

1  

$0.05 
.06 
.06 
.07 
.07 
.08 
.08 
.09 
.09 
.10 
.10 
.11 
.11 
.12 
.12 
.13 
.13 
.14 
.14 
.15 
.15 
.16 
.16 
.17 
.17 
.18 
.18 
.19 
.19 
.20 
.20 
-.21 
.21 
.22 
22 

$0.05 
.06 
.07 
.08 
.09 
.10 
.11 
.12 
.13 
.14 
.15 
.16 
.17 
.18 
.19 
.20 
.21 
.22 
.23 
.24 
.25 
.26 
.27 
.28 
.29 
.30 
.31 
.32 
.33 
.34 
.35 
.36 
.37 
.38 
39 

$0.05 
.06 
.07 
.08 
.09 
.10 
.11 
.12 
.13 
.14 
.15 
.16 
.17 
.18 
.19 
.20 
.21 
.22 
.23 
.24 
.25 
.26 
.27 
.28 
.29 
.30 
.31 
.32 
.33 
.34 
.35 
.36 
.37 
.38 
39 

$0.06 
.08 
.10 
.12 
.14 
.16 
.18 
.20 
.22 
.24 
.26 
.28 
.30 
.32 
.34 
.36 
.38 
.40 
.42 
.44 

$0.07 
.11 
.15 

.19 
.23 
.27 
.31 
.35 
.39 
.43 
.47 
.51 
.55 
.59 
.63 
.67 
.71 
.75 
.79 
.83 

$0.08 
.14 
.20 
.26 
.32 
.38 
.44 
.  50 
.56 
.62 
.68 
.74 
.80 
.86 
.92 
.98 
1.04 
1.10 
1.16 
1.22 

$0.09 
.17 
.25 
.33 
.41 
.49 
.57 
.65 
.73 
.81 
.89 
.97 
1.05 
1.13 
1.21 
1.29 
1.37 
1.45 
1  .  53 
1.61 

SO.  11 
.21 
.31 
.41 
.51 
.61 
.71 
.81 
.91 
1.01 
1.11 
1.21 
1.31 
1.41 
1.51 
1.61 
1.71 
1.81 
]  .91 
2.01 

$0.12 
.24 
.36 
.48 
.60 
.72 
.84 
.96 
1.08 
1.20 
1.32 
1.44 
1.56 
1.68 
1.80 
1.92 
2.04 
2.16 
2.28 
2.40 

2              

3     

4                  

5     

6                  

7              

8   

9                  

10     

11    

12              

13     

14  

15              

16     

17 

18                

19      

20                  

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

.23 
.23 
.24 
.24 
.25 
.25 

.40 
.41 
.42 
.43 
.44 
.45 

.40 
.41 
.42 
.43 
.44 
.45 

37 

38 

39 

40 

41 

42 

.26 

.26 
.27 
.27 
.28 
28 

.46 

.47 
.48 
.49 
.50 
51 

.46 
.47 
.48 
.49 
.50 
.51 
.52 
53 

43 

44 

45 

46 

47 

48 

.29 
.29 
.30 

.52 
.53 
.54 

49 

50 

.54 

Parcel  Post          Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


to  be  affixed.  The  amount  of  the  insurance 
fee  shall  be  placed  on  the  receipt  given  the 
sender  and  on  the  coupon  retained  at  the 
mailing  office. 

The  sender  of  a  mailable  parcel  on  which 
the  postage  is  fully  prepaid  may  have  the 
price  of  the  article  and  the  charges  thereon 
collected  from  the  addresses  on  payment  of 
a  fee  of  ten  cents  in  stamps  affixed,  pro- 
vided the  amount  to  he  collected  does  not 
exceed  $100.  Such  a  parcel  will  be  insured 
against  loss  without  additional  charge  in 
an  amount  equivalent  to  its  actual  value, 
but  not  to  exceed  $50. 

Matter  manifestly  obscene,  lewd,  lascivi- 
ous, or  immoral  is  unmallable,  also  spirit- 
uous, vinous,  malted,  fermented,  or  other 
intoxicating  liquors,  or  odorous,  inflam- 
mable or  otherwise  dangerous  substances. 

Parcel  Post,  extension  of,  recommended, 
7102,   7227,   7694. 

Pardons: 

Amnesty   proclamation    of   President 

Lincoln,  3414. 
Discussed,  3390,  3455. 
Persons  entitled  to  benefits  of,  de- 
fined, 3419. 
Eeferred  to,  3508. 

Amnesty  proclamations   of  President 
Johnson,  3508,   3745,   3853,   3906. 
Authority  for,  discussed,  3895. 
Circular  regarding,  3539. 
Persons   worth    more    than   $20,000 
to  whom  special  pardons  issued, 
referred  to,  3583. 
Eeferred  to,  3659,  3669,  3722,  3779. 
General  amnesty  and  removal  of  po- 
litical     disabilities     recommended, 
4107,  4209. 
Granted — 

American     citizens     by    Queen     of 

Spain,  2689,  2692. 
Counterfeiters,     forgers,     etc.,     re- 
ferred to,  3818. 

Deserters    from    Army,    413,     497, 
499,  528,  1062,  3364,  3479,  4189. 
Act   authorizing,   3365. 
Foreigners  on  condition  of  emigra- 
tion to  United   States  discussed, 
3653. 
Insurgents    in    Pennsylvania,    173, 

293. 

Eeferred  to,  176. 

Persons  carrying  on  lawless  trade, 
but  who  aided  in  defense  of  New 
Orleans,  543. 

Persons  guilty  of  unlawful  cohabi- 
tation under  color  of  polygamous 
marriage,  5803,  5942. 
Political  disabilities,  removal  of,  rec- 
ommended, 4107,  4209. 
Queen  of  Spain  grants,  to  American 

citizens,   2689,   2692. 
Sentences  of  deserters  condemned  to 

death   commuted,  3434. 
Paris,  The,  mentioned,  6313. 
Paris,  Declaration  of. — in  the  treaty  of 

Purls,  which  was  concluded  March  30,  I8."»f5, 
between  Russia  and  Turkey,  Croat  Britain, 
France,  and  Sardinia,  the  following  decla- 


rations with  regard  to  the  conduct  of  war 
were  subscribed  to  by  all  the  parties  to  the 
treaty  and  have  since  been  accepted  by 
nearly  all  civilized  nations :  First,  Priva- 
teering Is  and  remains  abolished.  Second, 
Neutral  goods  in  enemies'  ships,  enemies' 
goods  in  neutral  ships,  except  contraband 
of  war,  are  not  liable  to  capture.  Third. 
Paper  blockades  are  unlawful.  The  United 
States  refused  to  agree  to  this  declaration 
on  account  of  the  clause  doing  away  with 
privateers,  as  the  country  was  compelled  to 
rely  largely  upon  such  service  in  naval  war- 
fare. This  refusal  cost  it  heavily  in  the 
Civil  War.  although  il  was  willing  to  sub- 
scribe to  the  declaration  in  l.xni.  In  1871 
the  declaration  was  censured  by  the  British 
Parliament. 

Paris,  France: 

International  Congress  of  Electri- 
cians at,  4581,  4625,  4714.  (See 
also  National  Conference  of  Elec- 
tricians.) 

International   convention   at — 
For  protection  of — 
Industrial    property,  4560,    4794, 

4857,    5118. 
Ocean  cables — 
In  1880,  4714. 
In  1884,  4799. 
Declaration  of,  transmitted   to 

Senate,  5117. 
Discussed,  5084. 
On     the     subject    of    trade-marks, 

4714. 

International  exhibition  at — 
In   1878,  4405,   4419,   4447. 
In  1889,  5181,  5471. 
International    Monetary     Conference 

at— 
In  1867,  3776,  3792. 

Report  of  S.  B.  Euggles  on,  re- 
ferred to,  4013. 

In   1878,  4447,  4464,  4474,  4510. 
In   1881,   4625. 
In  1882,  4697. 

International  Postal  Congress  at,  dis- 
cussed, 3387. 

New  convention  adopted  by,  4453. 
Official    publications,    agreement 

reached  for  interchange  of,  4718. 
Spanish-American  P-eace  Commission 

at,  632],  6322. 
Universal  exposition  at — 

In   1867,  3569,  3592,  3660,  .'5776. 
Commissioners   of   United    States 

to,   3798,   3828. 

Correspondence    regarding,    366.8. 
Memorial    to    Congress    concern- 
ing, 3668. 
To  be  held   in  1900,  6061. 

Eepresentation  of  United  States 
at,  discussed,  6247,  6267,  6275, 
6329,  6368,  6411,  6427,  6461. 

Paris,  Monetary  Conferences  at.— 
There  have  been  three  Important  interna- 
tional monetary  conferences  held  in  Paris. 
The  tirst  assembled  June  17,  1S<!7,  at  the. 
solicitation  of  France,  to  "consider  tlio 
question  of  uniformity  of  coinage  and  seek 
for  the  basis  of  ulterior  negotiations." 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Parks 


The  United  States  sent  representatives,  ag 
did  also  nearly  every  Kuropean  nation. 
The  conference  adjourned  after  about  a 
month  without,  having  arrived  at  any  defi- 
nite conclusion. 

August  10,  1878,  a  second  International 
monetary  conference  convened  at  Paris, 
this  time  at  the  instance  of  the  United 
States,  "to  adopt  a  common  ratio  between 
gold  and  silver  for  the  purpose  of  estab- 
lishing internationally  the  use  of  bimetallic 
money  and  securing  tixlty  of  relative  value 
between  those  metals."  The  collective  de- 
cision of  the  European  delegates  was  that 
this  would  be  Impossible,  monetary  ques- 
tions being  governed  by  the  special  situa- 
tion of  each  State  or  group  of  States. 
With  this  as  the  final  conclusion  the  con- 
ference adjourned  August  29. 

The  conference  of  April  8,  1881,  assem- 
bled at  the  call  of  France  and  the  United 
States  to  adopt  a  permanent  relative  value 
between  gold  and  silver,  but  adjourned 
.Inly  8  without  arriving  at  any  agreement. 
(See  also  Brussels,  Belgium;  Paris, 
France.) 

Paris,  Treaties  of. — Paris  has  been  the 
scene  of  numerous  important  diplomatic 
conferences,  both  between  France  and  other 
powers  and  between  neighboring  nations, 
who  found  hospitable  neutral  ground  of 
the  French  capital. 

Among  the  most  important  of  treaties  of 
Paris  is  that  of  Feb.  10,  1763,  between 
tireat  Britain  on  one  side,  and  France, 
Spain,  and  Portugal  on  the  other.  France 
coded  to  Great  Britain  Canada,  Prince  Ed- 
ward Island,  Cape  Breton,  Mobile,  all  the 
territory  east  of  the  Mississippi,  Dominica, 
Tobago,  St.  Vincent  and  Granada.  Eng- 
land restored  to  France  Guadeloupe,  Mar- 
tinique, St.  Pierre,  Miquelon  and  Pomli- 
cherry,  and  ceded  St.  Lucia  to  her.  Spain 
ceded  Florida  to  Great  Britain,  England 
restored  Havana  to  Spain,  and  France 
ceded  Louisiana  to  Spain. 

The  treaty  of  Paris  of  1782-83  between 
Great  Britain  on  one  side  and  France, 
Spain,  and  the  United  States  on  the  other, 
was  arranged  in  17S2  and  formally  ratified 
Sept.  3,  17S3.  John  Jay,  John  Adams, 
Benjamin  Franklin,  and  Henry  Laurens 
formed  the  American  commission.  The  ab- 
solute independence  of  the  United  States 
was  recognized  ;  Florida  and  Minorca  were 
returned  to  Spain  ;  navigation  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi was  made  free  to  both  Spain  and 
the  United  States;  the  Americans  relin- 
quished their  pretensions  to  the  territory 
north  of  Lake  Erie;  the  St.  Lawrence  lllver 
system  from  the  western  end  of  Lake  Su- 
perior to  the  forty-fifth  parallel  was  made 
the  boundary  between  the  United  States 
and  the  British  possessions  (from  the  forty- 
fifth  parallel  to  the  sea  the  boundary  fol- 
lowed the  highlands  after  an  uncertain 
fashion  and  was  long  a  matter  of  dispute)  ; 
loyalists  and  tories  were  to  be  protected  in 
America  ;  English  troops  were  to  be  with- 
drawn without  destroying  any  property  or 
taking  away  any  negro  slaves  belonging  to 
Americans  ;'  the  right  of  fishing  on  the  Ca- 
nadian and  Newfoundland  coasts  was 
granted  to  Americans.  The  portion  of  the 
treaty  which  directly  affected  America  was 
signed  at  Paris,  but  that  between  Great 
Britain,  France,  a»d  Spain  was  signed  at 
Versailles,  by  which  name  the  entire  treaty 
Is  sometimes  called. 

At  Versailles  the  region-  of  Senegal  was 
granted  to  France  and  neutral  restitution 
of  conquests  in  the  West  Indies  was  made. 

In  1908  commissioners  were  appointed 
by  the  Governments  of  the  United  States 
and  Spain  to  meet  at  Paris  and  frame  a 
treaty  of  peace  in  accordance  with  the 
terms  of  the  protocol  signed  Aug.  12,  1898. 


The  commissioners  began  their  sessions 
Oct.  1  and  ended  wilh  the  signing  of  a 
treaty  of  peace,  Dec.  10.  (See  also  Treat- 
ies with  the  various  countries.) 

Paris  Tribunal  of  Arbitration: 

Acts  to  give  effect  to  award  of,  pro- 
claimed, 5926,  6123. 

Award  of,  discussed,  recommenda- 
tions regarding,  5958,  6062. 

Case  of  United  States  at,  prepared 
by  John  W.  Foster,  5748. 

Convention  for  settlement  of  claims 
under,  6097. 

Discussed,   5869. 

Enforcement  of  regulations  in  ac- 
cordance with  decision  of,  referred 
to,  6000. 

Failure  of  negotiations  of,  to  pro- 
tect fur  seals  of  Alaska,  6182. 

Eeports  of  agent  of  United  States  to, 

transmitted,  5909. 

Parks,  National. — Congress  has  on  several 
occasions  set  aside  and  exempted  from  sale 
certain  territory  because  of  Its  picturesque 
character  or  historic  interest.  The  princi- 
pal tracts  thus  appropriated  to  the  use  of 
all  the  people  up  to  the  present  time  are 
the  Yellowstone  National  Park  and  the 
Yosemite  National  Park,  which  was  made 
a  national  park  by  act  of  Congress  passed 
June  30,  1864,  and  ordered  to  include  the 
Mariposa  Big  Tree  Grove.  This  park  was 
granted  by  Congress  to  the  State  of  Cali- 
fornia, conditional  upon  its  being  forever 
set  aside  as  a  place  of  public  resort  and 
recreation.  It  is  about  155  miles  from  San 
Francisco,  Is  six  miles  long  by  about  a 
mile  in  width,  and  its  perpendicular  depth 
below  the  surrounding  country  is  about  a 
mile,  though  it  lies  4,000  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea.  Yellowstone  Park  was 
created  by  an  act  approved  March  1,  1872, 
which  dedicated  it  as  a  pleasure  ground  for 
the  benefit  and  enjoyment  of  the  people. 
Its  general  elevation  is  about  6,000  feet, 
though-  mountains  10,000  and  12,000  feet 
high  rise  on  every  side.  The  region 
abounds  in  scenery  of  unparalleled  grandeur. 
Tall  columns  of  basalt  rise  to  1,000  feet  In 
height ;  waters  of  different  degrees  of  tem- 
perature and  of  untold  therapeutic  proper- 
ties are  met  on  every  hand  ;  acres  of  mini- 
ature volcanoes  sputter  and  fume ;  giant 
geysers  intermittently  spurt  columns  of  hot 
water  and  steam  hundreds  of  feet  Into 
the  air  from  basins  of  all  sizes  and  most 
fantastic  shapes  and  vivid  colorings,  while 
the  Gardiner  River  plunges  through  a  for- 
bidding black  hole  Into  the  Grand  Canyon, 
whose  precipitous  walls  of  2,000  feet  in 
height  have  never  been  explored,  and 
emerges,  with  an  abrupt  descent  of  350 
feet,  to  pursue  its  tranquil  course  over  a 
fertile  rolling  prairie. 

In  1890  three  sections  of  land  In  Tulare 
County,  Cal.,  containing  giant  trees,  were 
reserved  for  a  national  park.  In  1890  Con- 
gress provided  for  a  park  of  1,500  acres 
on  Rock  Creek,  District  of  Columbia,  half 
the  cost  ($1,200,000)  being  paid  by  the 
people  of  Washington  and  half  by  the' Unit- 
ed States.  Later  Congress  reserved  the 
battle  grounds  of  Chlckamauga,  Shlloh, 
Vicksburg,  and  others  as  public  parks.  The 
total  area  of  the  national  parks  amounts  to 
3,883,190  acres. 

The  national  parks  and  reservations  men- 
tioned below  are  under  the  supervision  of 
the  Secretary  of  the  Interior.  General  In- 


Parks 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


formation,  the  annual  administrative  re- 
ports, copies  of  the  rules  and  regulations, 
and  compilations  of  the  laws  relating  to 
the  parks  may  he  obtained  from  the  Sec- 
retary of  the'  Interior  or  from  the  super- 
intendents of  the  parks. 

Yellowstone  National  Park  is  in  Wyo- 
ming, Montana,  and  Idaho,  and  has  an  ai>ea 
of  2,142,720  acres.  The  superintendent's  ad- 
dress is  Yellowstone  Park,  Wyoming.  The 
park  can  he  reached  by  the  following  rail- 
roads :  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  to  Gardi- 
ner, the  northern  entrance,  via  Livingston, 
Mont.  ;  Oregon  Short  Line  Railroad  to  Yel- 
lowstone, Mont.,  the  western  entrance ; 
Chicago,  Burlington  and  Quincy  Railroad 
to  Cody,  Wyo.,  from  which  the  eastern  en- 
trance "to  the  park  is  accessible.  Stage  and 
private  transportation  connections  for  the 
reservation  are  made  at  all  these  points. 
The  tourist  season  extends  from  June  1  to 
Sept.  13,  but  accommodations  are  furnished 
at  Mammoth  Hot  Springs  the  entire  year. 

Yosemite  National  Park,  California,  in- 
cluding the  Yosemite  Valley  and  Mariposa 
Big  Tree  Grove,  embraces  an  area  of  719,- 
022  acres.  The  superintendent's  address 
Is  Yosemite,  Cal.  The  park  can  be  reached 
from  Merced  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  and 
Santa  Fe  and  the  Southern  Pacific  rail- 
roads, by  way  of  Yosemite  Valley  Rail- 
road, which  runs  to  the  western  boundary, 
and  by  connections  of  the  same  roads  to 
Raymond,  on  the  southwest  :  stage  lines  run 
from  the  terminus  of  the  Yosemite  Valley 
Railroad  and  from  Raymond  to  Yosernite 
Valley  within  the  park. 

Glacier  National  Park,  Montana,  has  an 
area  of  approximately  915,000  acres,  of 
which  15,000  acres  have  been  surveyed. 
Within  the  limits  stated  there  are  250 
lakes,  ranging  from  ten  miles  to  a  few 
hundred  feet  in  extent.  There  are  more 
than  sixty  glaciers  between  five  square 
miles  and  a  few  acres  in  area.  There  are 
wild  animals,  plants,  and  rocks  in  num- 
bers and  quantity  to  satisfy  the  most  ar- 
dent student,  and  views  of  great  variety, 
beauty  and  grandeur  to  gratify  the  artist 
and  the  lover  of  nature.  The  park  can  be 
reached  via  the  Great  Northern  Railway. 

Mount  Rainier  National  Park,  Washing- 
ton, has  an  area  of  207,,'iOO  acres.  The 
superintendent's  address  is  Ashford,  Wash. 
The  park  is  reached  by  stage  or  private 
transportation  from  Ashford,  Wash.,  on 
the  Tacoma  Eastern  Railroad,  and  by  trail 
from  Fairfax,  on  the  Northern  Pacitic  Rail- 
road. The  tourist  season  extends  from 
June  15  to  Sept.  15. 

Sequoia  National  Park,  California,  has 
an  area  of  101.597  Mi-res.  The  address  of 
the  superintendent  is  Ranger,  Cal.,  during 
tin;  tourist  months  (June  1  to  Sept.  15)  anil 
Three  Rivers,  Cal.,  the  balance  of  the  year. 
This  park  may  be  reached  from  Visalia, 
on  the  Southern  Pacitic  and  the  Atchison, 
Topeka  and  Santa  Ft'-  railroads  by  way  of 
the  Visalia  Kledric  Railroad  Company  to 
Lemon  Cove,  thence  by  stage  or  private 
conveyance. 

General  Grant  National  Park.  California, 
has  an  area  of  -J.5.",ii  acres.  This  reserva- 
tion Is  administered  jointly  with  Sequoia 
National  Park,  and  the  tourist  season  ex- 
tends from  June  1  to  Sept.  15.  The  ad- 
dress of  i  lie  superintendent  is  given  above. 
The  park  may  be  reached  |,y  stage  and  pri- 
vate conveyance  from  Sanger,  on  the  South- 
ern Pacific  Railroad. 

Crater  Lake  National  Park,  Oregon,  has 
an  area  of  1 59,.'',i;o  acres.  The  address  of 
the  superintendent  during  the  tourist 
months  (June  15  to  Sept.  .".0 1  is  Crater 
Lake.  Ore.,  mid  during  the  balance  of 'the 
year  Klamath  Falls,  On-.  This  park  may 
be  reached  by  steamer  line  ;md  stage  from 


-  Klamath  Falls,  Ore,  or  by  private  convey- 
ance from  Medford,  on  the  Southern  Pacific. 

Wind  Cave  National  Park,  South  Dakota, 
contains  10,522  acres.  The  superintendent's 
address  is  Wind  Cave,  S.  Dak.  This  park 
may  be  reached  by  private  conveyance  from 
Hot  Springs,  on  the  Chicago,  Burlington 
and  Quincy  and  the  Chicago  and  Northwest- 
ern railroads,  or  by  similar  conveyance  from 
Custer,  on  the  Chicago,  Burlington  and 
Quincy  Railroad.  The  reservation  is  open 
to  tourists  the  entire  year. 

Sullys  Hill  Park,  North  Dakota,  on  the 
shore  of  Devil's  Lake,  has  an  area  of  780 
acres.  The  address  of  the  superintendent 
is  Fort  Totteu,  N.  Dak.  Devil's  Lake,  Nar- 
rows, and  Tokio,  on  the  Great  Northern 
Railroad,  are  close  to  the  park,  and  from 
these  points  the  reservation  can  be  ap- 
proached by  wagon,  or  by  boat  (private 
conveyance). 

Platt  National  Park,  at  Sulphur,  Okla- 
homa, has  an  area  of  848.22  acres.  Sul- 
phur is  the  post-office  address  of  the  su- 
perintendent. The  town  is  accessible  by 
the  Atchisou,  Topeka  and  Santa  Fe  and 
the  St.  Louis  and  San  Francisco  railroads. 
The  park,  which  is  open  to  tourists  the 
entire  year,  is  within  walking  or  riding 
distance  of  the  railroads. 

Mesa  Verde  National  Park,  Colorado,  has 
an  area  of  42,370  acres,  and  the  five-mile 
strip  under  the  park  jurisdiction  for  the 
protection  of  ruins,  which  abuts  the  park, 
contains  175, 3GO  acres.  The  address  of 
the  superintendent  is  Mancos,  Col.,  the  near- 
est railroad  station,  on  the  Rio  Grande 
Southern  Railroad.  This  station  is  about 
twenty-five  miles  from  the  ruins,  which 
may  be  readied  only  by  horseback  or  afoot. 

Casa  Grande  Ruin,  Arizona,  a  reserva- 
tion, has  an  area  of  480  acres.  The  near- 
est railroad  station  is  Casa  Grande,  on  the 
Southern  Pacitic  Railroad.  It  may  also  be 
reached  by  private  conveyance  from  Flor- 
ence, Ariz.,  on  the  Phoenix  and  Eastern 
Railroad.  The  address  of  the  custodian 
is  Florence.  The  Mesa  Verde  National  Park 
and  the  Casa  Grande  Reservation  were  set 
aside  to  protect  the  Instructive  prehistoric 
ruins  and  other  objects  of  antiquity  which 
they  contain.  These  ruins  are  being  ex- 
cavated and  repaired  and  are  open  for  the 
inspection  of  visitors.  Reports  on  the  re- 
pair of  such  ruins  have  been  issued  by  the 
Department  of  the  Interior,  and  more  de- 
tailed accounts  are  distributed  by  the  Bu- 
reau of  American  Ethnology,  Smithsonian 
Institution. 

Hot  Springs  Reservation,  Arkansas  (the 
permanent  reservation),  has  an  area  of 
911.0.')  acres.  Eleven  bathhouses  on  the 
reservation  and  thirteen  in  the  city  of  Hot 
Springs,  as  well  as  several  hotels 'operated 
in  connection  with  bathhouses,  receive  hot 
water  from  the  springs,  under  lease  with 
the  Secretary  of  the  Interior.  The  address 
of  the  superintendent  is  Hot  Springs,  Ark. 

Rocky  Mountain  National  Park,  created 
by  the  act  of  Jan.  2«i,  1915,  is  in  Colorado, 
about  45  miles  in  an  air  line  northwest  of 
Denver.  It  has  an  area  of  approximately 
229. OOO  acres,  and  is  on  both  sides  of  the 
Continental  Divide  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Long's  Peak.  The  park  may  be  reached 
from  Lyons,  on  the  Chicago,  Burlington  and 
Quincy  Railroad  :  from  I.oveland.  on  the 
Colorado  and  Southern  Railroad,  and  from 
Granby,  on  the  Denver  and  Salt  Lake  Rail- 
road. 

Lassen  Volcanic  National  Park,  the  bill 
creating  which  President  Wilson  signed  in 
August.  1910.  is  California's  fourth  national 
park.  Lassen  Peak,  which  showed  volcanic 
activity  only  a  few  years  ago.  was  set  apart 
as  a  national  monument  in  190C,.  Cinder 
Cone,  in  its  immediate  neighborhood  was 


En  yclopcdic  Index 


Patents 


nlso  thus  distinguished  at  the  same  time. 
The  new  national  park  includes  both  of 
these  remarkable  volcanic  monuments  with- 
in its  area  of  8U,8&0  acres. 

Parks,  National,    establishment  of  Bu- 
reau of,  recommended,  7724. 
Parley. — Tn  military  parlance,  a  conference 
between   army   officers   of  belligerents. 
Parliamentary. — In    accordance    with    the 
rules  laid  down  for  the  Riddance  of  assembly 
deliberations;   originally  in  accordance  with 
the  rules  laid  down  for  the  guidance  of  Par- 
liament. 

Parliamentary  Law.      (See    Parliamen- 
tary.) 

Parole. — TO  permit  or  grant  leave  of  ab- 
sence, especially  to  a  soldier. 

Partlzan  (or  Partisan). 

ing  to  a  political  party,  or  to  a  political 
principle;  especially  a  blind  follower  of  such 
party  or  principle. 

Party. — In  political  parlance,  a  body  of  per- 
sons working  together  for  the  same  political 
ends.      (See  Political  Parties.) 
Passamaquoddy    Bay,    between    Maine 

and    New   Brunswick,    commissioners 

to    mark    international   boundary    in, 

referred  to,  6063. 

Passport. — A  document  issued  by  compe- 
tent civil  authority,  granting  permission  to 
the  person  specified  in  it  to  travel  or  au- 
thenticating his  right  to  protection.  In  some 
nations  no  person  is  allowed  to  leave  the 
country  without  a  passport  from  his  gov- 
ernment ;  but  the  regulations  of  the  differ- 
ent jurisdictions  regarding  the  use  of  pass- 
ports have  greatly  varied  and  of  late  years 
have  exhibited  a  tendency  toward  a  relaxa- 
tion of  stringency,  extending  in  many  coun- 
tries to  their  total  abolition.  Passports 
of  the  United  States,  which  are  given  under 
the  seal  of  the  Secretary  of  State,  request 
that  the  person  named  therein  be  permitted 
to  pass  freely  and  safely,  and  in  case  of 
need  that  aid  and  protection  be  afforded  him. 

The  extent  to  which  an  American  pass- 
port held  by  a  naturalized  citizen  of  this 
country  is  'recognized  in  his  native  land, 
depends  principally  upon  whether  that  coun- 
try has  concluded  a  treaty  of  naturalization 
with  the  United  States,  although,  under  the 
law  of  this  country,  no  distinction  is  made 
between  native  and  naturalized  American 
citizens  so  far  as  their  right  to  protection 
is  concerned.  The  United  States  has  trea- 
ties of  naturalization  with  the  following 
European  countries:  Austria-Hungary,  Bel- 
gium, Denmark,  the  German  States,  Great 
Britain,  Norway,  and  Sweden. 

Passports: 

Abolishing  fees  for  and  providing 
for  certification  of,  7968. 

Authentication  of,  denial  of,  by  Rus- 
sian consuls  to  Jews,  discussed, 
6067. 

Charge  for,  for  citizens  visiting  for- 
eign countries,  referred  to,  4985. 

Issue  of,  extended  to  residents  of 
United  States  insular  possessions, 
6747. 

Laws  regarding  issue  of,  revision  of, 
recommended,  5370. 

Order  amending  rules  governing 
granting  of,  7966. 


Order  regarding,  rescinded,   3537. 
Persons  not  permitted  to  enter  Unit- 
ed States  without,  3475. 
Order    modifying,    as    to    Canada, 

3483. 

Regulations  of  foreign  powers  re- 
garding, printing  of  reports  on,  rec- 
ommended, 6.181. 

Patagonian  Boundary,  between  Chile 
and  Argentine  Republic,  referred  to, 
4629. 

Patapsco  River,  Maryland,  act  for  im- 
provement of,  vetoed,  2921. 
Patent     Congress,     International,      at 

Vienna,  4215. 

Patent  Law.     (See  Patent  Office.) 
Patent     Medicines.       (See     Medicines, 

Patent.) 

Patent    Office.      (See    Patents    and    In- 
terior Department.) 
Patent  Office: 

Accounts   of,    deficiency  in,    1031. 
Analytical   digest   of   patents   recom- 
mended, 2708. 

Appropriations,  estimates  for,  4676. 
Building  for,   recommended,  1133. 
Deficiency     appropriation     for     pay- 
ment of  salaries  in,   recommended, 
4668. 

Discussed  by  President — 
Cleveland,  4945,  5110. 
Grant,  3995,  4065,  4155,  4206,  4306. 
Harrison,  Benj.,  5553. 
Jackson,    1096. 
Johnson,  3652,  3774,  3880. 
Lincoln,   3253. 

McKinley,  6345,  6388,  6453. 
Pierce,  2750. 

Establishment  of,  recommended,  556. 
Fire  in,  referred  to  and  recommenda- 
tions regarding,  4405,  4407. 
Inventions — 

Examination   of,  to  prevent  explo- 
sions, referred  to,   1726. 
Referred  to,  1728,  1732. 
Protection    to    American   inventors 

in  Europe  secured,  4190. 
Should  be  encouraged,  58,  60,  2750. 
Laws    relating    to    improvement    of, 

recommended,  881,  1120,  2750. 
Receipts  and   expenditures  of.      (See 

discussed,  ante.) 

Reciprocity  with  foreign  countries  in 
relation    to   patents,   recommended, 
6802. 
Reorganization  of — 

Discussed,    4155. 

Recommendation  regarding,   4115. 
Separation   of,   from  Interior  Depart- 
ment,   recommended,   4155,   4206. 
Transfer  of,  from  State  Department 
to  Attorney-General,  recommended, 
2265. 

Patents. — Literally,  open  letters.  In  Eng- 
land the  word  is  applied  to  all  licenses  and 
authorities  granted  by  the  Crown.  Patents 


Patents 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


for  titles  of  nobility  were  first  granted  by 
I'M  ward  III.  in  133"4.  The  earliest  patent 
for  the  exclusive  privilege  of  printing  books 
was  granted  in  lo!)l.  The  property  right 
of  inventors  and  discoverers  to  their  arts 
and  manufactures  was  first  secured  by  let- 
ters patent  by  an  act  passed  in  1628.  In 
the  United  States  a  patent  is  generally 
understood  to  mean  ihe  right  to  the  exclu- 
sive use  for  a  limited  number  of  years,  of 
a  new  or  useful  invention  or  discovery  by 
the  inventor  or  discoverer  or  his  heirs  or 
assigns.  A  few  patents  had  been  issued  by 
the  states.  In  171)0  the  tirst  patent  law 
was  passed  by  the  General  Government,  and 
granted  letters  patent  for  fourteen  years  to 
both  citizens  and  foreigners.  Application 
had  formerly  to  be  made  to  the  Secretaries 
of  War  and  State  and  the  Attorney-Gen- 
eral. In  1703  an  act  was  passed  permitting 
the  issue  of  patents  to  citizens  only  and 
requiring  a  fee  of  $30.  The  states  were 
not  permitted  to  Issue  patents.  This  was 
decided  in  the  case  of  Gibbons  rs.  Ogden 
(q.  v.),  from  New  York.  In  1836  the  patent 
laws  were  revised  and  the  present  patent 
system  in  (his  country  may  be  said  to  date 
from  that  year.  One  of  the  most  important 
changes  then  introduced  was  the  regulation 
requiring  a  preliminary  examination  of  the 
novelty  and  patentability  of  an  invention. 
In  1839  an  inventor  was  given  the  right  to 
use  his  invention  before  applying  for  a  pat- 
ent, but  such  use  was  limited  to  two  years. 
Under  the  law  of  1842  patents  were  granted 
for  a  term  of  seven  years ;  the  term  was 
subsequently  extended  to  fourteen  years, 
and  finally  in  1861  the  present  seycnteen- 
year  term  was  granted.  The  patent  laws 
were  revised  in  1870  and  patents  were  al- 
lowed to  all  persons,  both  citizens  and  for- 
eigners, who  could  prove  the  novelty  and 
usefulness  of  their  inventions.  The  salient 
features  of  the  patent  laws  of  to-day,  how- 
ever, are  still  those  of  the  law  of  1836. 
Tim  number  of  patents  granted  annually  is 
about  30.000.  Since  the  year  1836,  no  less 
than  SS.~>. 635  patents  have  been  issued  by 
the  United  States,  while  the  combined  total 
of  foreign  countries  amounts  to  1.863,830. 
(Seei  also  Department  of  the  Interior.) 

Patents  are  issued  in  the  name  of  the 
United  Stales,  and  under  the  seal  of  the 
Patent  Office,  to  any  person  who  has  In- 
vented or  discovered  any  new  and  useful 
art,  machine,  manufacture,  or  composition 
of  matter  or  any  new  and  useful  improve- 
ment thereof,  or  any  new  original  and  orna- 
mental design  for  an  article  of  manufac- 
ture, not  known  or  used  by  others  in  this 
country  before  his  invention  or  discovery 
thereof,  and  not  patented  or  described  in 
any  printed  publication  in  this  or  any  for- 
eign country,  before  his  invention  or  dis- 
covery thereof  or  more  than  two  years  prior 
to  his  application,  and  not  in  public  use  or 
on  sale  in  the  United  States  for  more  than 
two  years  prior  to  his  application,  unless 
the  same  Is  proved  to  have  been  abandoned, 
upon  payment  of  the  fees  required  by  law 
and  othe'r  due  proceedings  had. 

Kvery  patent  contains  a  grant  to  the 
patentee,  his  heirs  or  assigns,  for  the  term 
of  seventeen  years,  except  in  the  case  of 
design  patents,  of  the  exclusive  right  to 
make,  use.  and  vend  the  invention  or  dis- 
covery throughout  the  United  States  and 
the  territories,  referring  to  the  specification 
for  the  particulars  thereof. 

if  it  appear  that  the  inventor,  at  the  time 
of  making  his  application,  believed  himself 
to  be  the  first  inventor  or  discoverer,  a  pat- 
enl  will  not  be  refused  on  account  of  the  In- 
vention or  discovery,  or  any  part  thereof, 
having  been  known  or  used  in  any  foreign 
country  before  his  invention  or  discovery 


thereof,  if  it  had  not  been  before  patented 
or  described  in  any  printed  publication. 

Joint  inventors  are  entitled  to  a  joint 
patent;  neither  can  claim  one  separately. 
Independent  Inventors  of  distinct  and  in- 
dependent improvements  in  the  same  ma- 
chine cannot  obtain  a  joint  patent  for  their 
separate  inventions  ;  nor  does  the  fact  that 
one  furnishes  the  capital  and  another  makes 
the  invention  entitle  them  to  make  appli- 
cation as  joint  inventors  ;  but  in  such  case 
they  may  become  joint  patentees  by  means 
of  a  deed  of  assignment. 

No  person  otherwise  entitled  thereto  will 
be  debarred  from  receiving  a  patent  for  his 
invention  or  discovery,  by  reason  of  its  hav- 
ing been  first  patented  or  caused  to  be  pat- 
ented by  the  inventor  or  his  legal  repre- 
sentatives or  assigns  in  a  foreign  country, 
unless  the  application  for  said  foreign  pat- 
ent was  filed  more  than  twelve  months  prior 
to  the  filing  of  the  application  in  this  coun- 
try, and  four  months  in  cases  of  designs, 
in  which  case  no  patent  shall  be  granted  in 
this  country. 

If  an  inventor  wishes  to  file  an  applica- 
tion for  patent,  a  copy  of  the  Rules  of 
Practice,  containing  forms  and  instructions, 
will  be  sent  upon  request.  It  is  advisable, 
in  every  case,  that  the  services  of  a  compe- 
tent registered  patent  attorney  be  secured, 
as  the  value  of  patents  depends  largely  upon 
tho  skilful  preparation  of  the  specification 
and  claims. 

Applications  for  a  patent  must  be  made 
in  writing  to  the  Commissioner  of  Patents. 
The  applicant  must  also  file  in  the  Patent 
Office  a  written  description  of  the  invention 
or  discovery,  and  of  the  manner  and  process 
of  making,  constructing,  compounding,  and 
using  It,  in  such  full,  clear,  concise,  and 
exact  terms  as  to  enable  any  person  skilled 
In  the  art  or  science  to  which  It  appertains, 
or  with  which  it  is  most  nearly  connected, 
to  make,  construct,  compound,  and  use  the 
same  ;  and  in  case  of  a  machine,  he  must 
explain  the  principle  thereof,  and  the  best 
mode  in  which  he  has  contemplated,  apply- 
ing thnt  principle,  so  as  to  distinguish  it 
from  other  inventions,  and  particularly 
point  out  and  distlncllv  claim  the  part, 
improvement,  or  combination  which  he 
claims  as  his  invention  or  discovery.  The 
specification  and  claim  must  be  signed  by 
the  inventor  and  attested  by  two  witnesses. 

When  the  nature  of  the  case  admits  of 
drawings,  the  applicant  must  furnish  a 
drawing  of  the  required  size,  signed  by  the 
inventor  or  his  attorney  In  fact,  and  at- 
tested by  two  witnesses.  The  applicant,  if 
required  by  the  Patent  Office,  shall  furnish 
a  model  of  convenient  size  to  exhibit  ad- 
vantageously the  several  parts  of  his  in- 
vention or  discovery,  but  a  model  should 
not  be  sent  unless  first  called  for  by  the 
Patent  Office. 

The  applicant  shall  make  oath  that  he 
verily  believes  himself  to  be  the  original 
and  first  Inventor  or  discoverer  of  the  art. 
machine,  manufacture,  composition,  or  Im- 
provement for  which  he  solicits  a  patent  : 
that  he  docs  not  know  and  does  not  believe 
that  the  same  was  ever  before  known  or 
used,  and  shall  state  of  what  country  he 
is  a  citizen  and  where  he  resides,  and 
whether  he  is  the  sole  or  Joint  Inventor  of 
the  invention  claimed  In  his  application.  In 
every  original  application  the  applicant 
must  distinctly  state  under  oath  that  the 
invention  'has  not  been  patented  to  himself 
or  to  others  with  hi*  knowledge  or  consent 
in  this  or  any  foreign  country  for  more 
than  two  years  prior  to  bis  application,  or 
on  an  application  for  a  paient  tiled  in  any 
foreign  country  by  himself  or  bis  legal 
representatives  or  assigns  more  than  twelve 
mouths  prior  to  his  application  in  thia 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Paul 


country,  or  four  months  In  eases  of  de- 
signs. If  any  application  for  patent  has 
been  filed  in  any  foreign  country  by  tin; 
applicant  in  this  country  or  by  his  legal 
representatives  or  assigns,  prior  to  IWs  ap- 
plication In  this  country,  be  shall  state  the 
country  or  countries  in  which  such  applica- 
tion has  been  filed,  giving1  the  date  of  such 
application,  and  shall  also  state  that  no 
application  has  been  filed  in  any  other 
country  or  countries  than  those  mentioned  ; 
that  to  the  best  of  his  knowledge  and  be- 
lief the  invention  has  not  been  in  public  use 
or  on  sale  in  the  United  States  nor  de- 
scribed in  any  printed  publication  or  patent 
In  this  or  any  foreign  country  for  more  than 
two  years  prior  to  his  application  In  this 
country. 

Every  patent  or  any  Interest  therein  shall 
be  assignable  in  law  by  an  instrument  in 
writing:  and  the  patentee  or  his  assigns  or 
legal  representatives  may.  in  like  manner, 
grant  and  convey  an  exclusive  right  under 
his  patent  to  the  whole  or  any  specified 
part  of  the  United  States. 

A  reissue  is  granted  to  the  original  paten- 
tee, his  legal  representatives,  or  the  as- 
signees of  the  entire  interest  when,  by  rea- 
son of  a  defective  or  insufficient  specifica- 
tion, or  by  reason  of  the  patentee  claiming 
as  his  invention  or  discovery  more  than  he 
had  a  right  to  claim  as  new,  the  original 
patent  is  inoperative  or  Invalid,  provided 
the  error  has  arisen  from  inadvertence,  ac- 
cident, or  mistake,  and  without  any  fraudu- 
lent or  deceptive  intention.  Reissue  appli- 
cations must  be  made  and  the  specifications 
sworn  to  by  the  inventors,  if  they  be  living. 

Fees  must  be  paid  in  advance,  and  are  as 
follows :  On  filing  each  original  applica- 
tion for  a  patent.  $15.  On  issuing  each 
original  patent,  $20.  In  design  cases  :  For 
three  years  and  six  months,  $10;  for  seven 
years,  $15 ;  for  fourteen  years,  $30.  On 
every  application  for  the  reissue  of  a  pat- 
ent,'  $.'50.  On  filing  each  disclaimer,  $10. 
For  certified  copies  of  patents  and  other 
papers  in  manuscript,  ten  cents  per  hundred 
words  and  twenty-five  cents  for  the  cer- 
tificate :  for  certified  copies  of  printed  pat- 
ents, eighty  cents.  For  uncertified  printed 
copies  of  specifications  and  drawings  of 
patents,  five  cents  each.  For  recording 
every  assignment,  agreement,  power  of  at- 
torney, or  other  paper,  of  three  hundred 
words  or  under,  $1  ;  of  over  three  hundred 
and  under  one  thousand  words,  $2  ;  for  each 
additional  thousand  words,  or  fraction 
thereof.  $1.  For  copies  of  drawings,  the 
reasonable  cost  of  making  them.  The  Pat- 
ent Office  is  prepared  to  furnish  positive 
photographic  copies  of  the  drawings  of 
pending  patented  or  abandoned  cases,  in 
sizes  and  at  rates  as  follows  :  Large  size, 
10x15  inches,  twenty-five  cents;  medium 
size,  Sxl2'/i  inches,  fifteen  cents.  Negative 
photographic  copies  of  specifications  and 
drawings  of  foreign  patents,  or  of  any  page 
or  part  of  page  of  any  printed  publication 
in  the  possession  of  the  office,  will  be  fur- 
nished on  paper  Txll  inches,  for  fifteen  cents 
per  sheet.  Fee  for  examining  and  register- 
ing trade-mark,  $10,  which  includes  certifi- 
cate. Stamps  cannot  be  accepted  by  the 
Patent  Offlce  in  payment  of  fees. 

The  receipts  of  the  Patent  Office  during 
the  year  ending  December  31.  1912.  were 
$2.118,158.30,  and  expenditures,  $2,022,- 
0(>G.ll.  Receipts  over  expenditures.  $90,- 
092.19.  Total  net  surplus  to  December  81, 
1912.  $7.100.017.95.  The  number  of  new 
patents  issued  during  1912  was  37.573. 

The  total  number  of  applications  filed  at 
thf>  Patent  Offlce  in  seventy-five  years.  1837- 
1912.  was  1.92(5.009;  number  of  original 
patents,  including  designs  and  reissues  is- 
sued, 1,100,235. 


There  is  now  no  law  permitting  the  filing 
of  a  caveat,  the  old  law  having  been  re- 
pealed July  1,  11*10.  Patent  No.  1,000,000 
was  granted  August  8,  1911,  to  F.  11.  Hol- 
toii,  of  Akron,  O.,  for  an  automobile  tire. 

Patents: 

Commissioner  of  recommendations  of, 
referred  to,  4115. 

Protection   of   in   South  and   Central 

America,  7984. 

Patriotic  Societies,  National  (see  En- 
cyclopedic Index  articles  on  follow- 
ing subjects) : 

American   Continentals. 

American  Cross  of  Honor. 

American  Flag  Association. 

American  National  Red  Cross  Association. 

Anti-Saloon    League. 

Army   and   Nuvy    Union. 

Aztec  Club  of   1847. 

Carnegie  Hero  Fund. 

Cincinnati,    Society    of. 

Colonial  Dames  of  America. 

Colonial   Society  of  America. 

Dames    of   the    Revolution. 

Daughters    of    the    American    Revolution. 

Daughters  of  the  Revolution. 

Grand  Army  of  the  Republic. 

Huguenot   Society  of  America. 

Interstate  National   Guard   Association. 

Loyal  Legion,  Military  Order  of. 

Medal  of   Honor   Legion. 

Mayflower  Descendants. 

Military  Order  of  Foreign  Wars. 

Mount  Vernon  Ladies'  Association. 

National  Association  of  ,\av;'i  Veterans. 

Naval  Order  of  the  United  States. 

Navy  League  of  the  United  States. 

Order     of     Indian    Wars    of     the     United 
States. 

Order  of  the  Founders  and  Patriots. 

Purity   Federation. 

Regular  U.  S.  Army  and  Navy  Union. 

Societies  of  Spanish  War  Veterans. 

Societies  of  the  Union  Army  of  1801  05. 

Society    of   the    Army    and    Navy    of    the 
Confederate  States. 

Societies  of  the  War  of  1812. 

Society  of  Colonial  Wars. 

Sons  of  the  American  Revolution. 

Sons  of  the  Revolution. 

Sons  of  Veterans,   U.  S.  A. 

Tammany  Society. 

Union  Veteran  Legion. 

United   Confederate  Veterans. 

United  Daughters  of  the  Confederacy. 

United   Sons  of  Confederate  Veterans. 

United  States  Daughters  of  1812. 

Veterans  of  Indian  Wars. 

Washington   Headquarters  Association. 

Woman's  Relief  Corps. 

Patriotism? — Ardent  devotion  to  the  cause 
and  purposes  of  one's  country,  usually  ac- 
companied by  willingness  to  fight  for  that 
country. 

Patrol. — A  soldier  who  guards  life  or  prop- 
erty.    (See  Picket,  Sentry  and  Sentinel.) 
Patrons  of  Husbandry. — A  secret  society 

organized  for  the  purpose  of  establishing 
cooperation  among  farmers.  In  1870  it  took 
the  name  "Grangers'  (q.  v.). 
Paul  VS.  Virginia. — An  important  case  be- 
fore the  United  States  Supreme  Court. 
The  statutes  of  Virginia  required  the  de- 
posit in  the  State  treasury  of  certain  mon- 
eys in  State  bonds  by  insurance  companies 
not  incorporated  under  the  State  Inws  in 
return  for  licenses  to  do  business  in  the 
State.  Tills  law  was  enacted  Feb.  3.  1SO<>, 
and  later  in  the  month  a  supplemental  act 


Paul 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


was  passed.  In  the  same  year  Samuel 
Paul,  a  citizen  of  Virginia,  acting  as  agent 
for  a  New  York  insurance  company,  was 
indicted  In-fore  the  Circuit  Court  of  Peters- 
burg and  sentenced  to  pay  a  line  of  $50 
for  refusing  to  comply  with  the  above  law. 
The  court  of  appeals  of  Virginia  affirmed 
the  decree  of  the  Circuit  Court,  and,  the 
case  having  been  taken  to  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States,  that  tribunal 
affirmed  the  judgment  of  the  State  court 
of  appeals  on  the  ground  that  the  State 
law  in  question  did  not  conflict  with  that 
clause  of  the  National  Constitution  which 
declares  that  "the  citizens  of  each  State 
shall  be  entitled  to  all  privileges  and  im- 
munities of  citizens  in  the  several  States," 
nor  with  the  power  of  Congress  to  "regu- 
late commerce  with  foreign  nations  and 
among  the  several  States."  Justice  Field, 
for  the  court,  held  that  Issuing  a  policy  of 
Insurance  is  not  a  transaction  of  commerce. 
The  policies  are  local  transactions  and  are 
governed  by  the  local  law.  Justice  Field 
stated  that  corporations  are  not  citizen3 
within  the  meaning  of  the  Constitution. 
Paulus  Hook  (N.  J.) ,  Capture  of  .—In  the 
summer  of  1779  the  British  had  a  garrison 
of  383  men  stationed  at  Paulus  Hock.  N.  J., 
opposite  New  York  City.  At  3  o'clock  on 
the  morning  of  Aug.  19,  Maj.  Harry  Lee, 
with  a  force  of  300  picked  men,  made  a 
descent  upon  the  fort  and  in  a  short  en- 
gagement killed  30  men  and  took  100  pris- 
oners. The  British  'having  retired  to  a 
small  circular  redoubt  too  strong  for  Lee's 
men,  he  returned  to  camp  with  his  prisoners. 
Congress  rewarded  Lee  with  thanks  and  a 
gold  medal. 

Paupers,  Foreign: 

Introduction    of,    into  United   States, 

16S6,  2368. 

Legislation  respecting,  recommend- 
ed, 4757. 

Request   of  President  to  withdraw 
articles  regarding,  from  consider- 
ation of  House,  1C92. 
Involuntary  deportation  of  convicts, 
idiots,      insane      persons,     and,     to 
United     States,    referred    to,  4219, 
4588. 

Pawnee  Indians.      (Sec  Indian  Tribes.) 
Pawnee  Reservation,  Ind.  Ter.,  enlarge- 
ment of,  bill   for,  46<i5. 
Paymaster  General.     (See  War  Depart- 
ment and  Army.) 

Payson     Forest     Reserve,     Utah,     pro- 
claimed,   68-19,    727.'!. 
Pea  Patch  Island,  Delaware  River: 
Fortifications  for,   lO.'IS,  1725. 
Jurisdiction  of,  should  bo  secured  by 

Government,  J  ~L'f>. 
Private  claims  to,  69.1,  799. 
Proceedings   to  try  title  to,  referred 

to,   ISO!).' 
Pea  Ridge  (Ark.),  Battle  of.— Called  by 

the  Confederate's  tin-  battle  of  Klk  Horn. 
In  December,  1S»',1.  Ceti.  Samuel  It.  Curtis 
took  command  of  tin-  JL'.OOO  Federal  troops 
at  IJolla,  Mo.,  and  advanced  against  den. 
Sterling  Pi-ice,  who  retreated  before  him 
Into  Arkansas.  On.  Pri«-e  was  joined  by 
On.  Ben.  McCulloch.  In  January  Gen.  Karl 
Van  Doru  assumed  command  of  the  com- 
bined Confederate  forces.  estimated  at 
10,000,  including  some  0,000  Cherokee  In- 


dians recruited  for  the  service  by  Albert 
Pike.  Curtis  had  about  10,000  men  in  line 
and  forty-eight  pieces  of  artillery.  Mar.-h 
7,  180^  Van  Dorn  attacked  Curtis  in  his 
position-  on  Pea  Ridge,  a  line  of  bluffs  along 
Sugar  Creek,  in  Benton  County,  Ark.  Skill- 
ful manipulation  of  The  artillery  in  Sigel's 
division  did  much  toward  determining  the 
result.  Fighting  continued  all  day.  anil 
during  the  night  both  armies  changed  posi- 
tions. The  battle  was  renewed  at  sunrise 
on  the  8th,  and  after  two  hours  Van  Horn's 
forces  retreated.  The  Confederate  Generals 
McCulloch  and  Melntosh  were  killed  and 
Price  and  Slack  were  wounded.  The  Con- 
federate losses  were  about  1.300.  The  Uuiou 
army  lost  1,351  in  killed,  wounded,  and 
missing. 

Peace  Commission: 

In   1867,  treaties  concluded  by,  4005. 

Spanish-American,     at     Paris,     6321, 

6322. 

Peace  Congress,  International,  at  Wash- 
ington, 4684,  4717. 

Invitation    extended,    American    na- 
tions to  attend,  4685. 

Postponement  of,  referred  to,  4717. 
Peace  Establishment  of  Navy.  (See 

Navy.) 

Peace,  International.— The  most  power- 
ful factors  in  the  bringing  about  of  uni- 
versal peace  have  been  democracy  and  edu- 
cation. The  one  has  taken  the  powers  of 
peace  and  war  from  sovereigns  and  rul- 
ing classes  and  has  placed  them  in  the 
custody  of  those  on  whose  shoulders  the 
scourge  of  war  must  inevitably  fall — the 
masses.  The  other  has  dissipated  the  ra- 
cial and  religious  bigotry  bred  by  igno- 
rance and  instilled  a  wholesome  broadness 
of  view  and  charity  for  all  men  into  the 
minds  of  the  young  of  successive  genera- 
tions, so  that,  in  the  occidental  world, 
there  remains  to-day  scarcely  a  vestige  of 
the  old  national  antipathies. 

Viewing  the  movement  for  international 
peace  thus — as  a  movement  in  which  the 
\yorking  masses  of  all  races  ami  all  na- 
tions are  interested — it  is  peculiarly  pleas- 
ant to  note  that  the  first  important  in- 
stance of  arbitration  was  afforded  by  the 
world's  foremost  popular  governments, 
Great  Britain  and  the  ['niicd  States.  The 
story  is  told  in  the  article  entitled  "Ala- 
bama Claims." 

Since  that  glorious  achievement  the  move- 
ment for  arbitration,  for  universal  peace, 
and  for  disarmament  has  progressed  rap- 
idly. The  article,  "Hague  Peace  Confer- 
ence," describes  a  recent  achievement  of 
the  propaganda. 

The  longest  step  forward  was  taken  in 
August,  1911,  when  President  Taft  nego- 
tiated with  Great  Britain  and  France  (see 
p.  7!''.i7)  treaties  contemplating  the  arbi- 
trament of  oil  question*.  They  differed 
from  previous  pads  having  for  iheir  pur- 
pose the  arbitration  of  ini<  .-national  con- 
troversies by  frankly  including  in  the  dif- 
ferences susceptible  of  adjudication  even 
questions  involving  national  honor,  thereto- 
fore the  most  elastic  pretexts  of  war.  An 
idea  of  the  character  of  the  treaties  (which 
were  the  same  in  each  case)  may  best  be 
obtained  by  following  the  steps  provided 
for  therein  in  a  suppositions  case  of  an  act 
contrary  to  the  Monroe  Doctrine  on  the 
part  of  Great  Britain.  Kveii  though  such 
an  injury  to  our  national  pride  aroused  a 
fervor  throughout  the  country  as  passion- 
ate as  thi>  popular  sentiment  that  forced 
the  government  to  declare  war  in  1808, 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Peace  Treaties 


and  oven  though  public  opinion  and  the  ad- 
ministration wore  united  in  tlio  belief  that 
tho  question  wus  not  properly  subject  to 
jii-lilt  ration,  yet.  would  wo  bo  bound  by 
the  treaty  to  request  Great  Britain,  through 
diplomatic  channels,  to  appoint  throe  mem- 
bers to  constitute  with  throe  American 
members  tho  Joint  High  Commission  of 
Inquiry  provided  for  by  tho  treaty.  Either 
party  might,  according  to  the  treaty,  post- 
pone convening  the  Commission  until  one 
year  from  the  dato  of  our  request,  thus 
affording  opportunity  for  warlike  prepara- 
tions, for  diplomatic  negotiations,  or  for 
moderate  counsels,  as  tho  caso  might  be  ; 
but  if  neither  party  desires  such  postpone- 
ment tho  Commission  would  convene  im- 
mediately. Tho  six  Joint  High  Commis- 
sioners would  hear  the  two  sides  of  tho 
controversy,  subpmua.  and  administer  oaths 
to  witnesses,  and  make  a  report  which 
should  elucidate  the  facts,  define  the  is- 
sues, and  contain  such  recommendations  as 
it  may  deem  appropriate.  This  report 
would  not  be  considered  as  a  decision  on 
the  facts  or  the  law,  and,  jf  five  or  all  of 
the  six  Commissioners  considered  tho  mat- 
ter properly  subject  to  adjudication,  the 
controversy  would,  under  tho  treaty,  go  to 
some  arbitral  tribunal  like  that  at  The 
Hague  for  settlement,  no  matter  whether 
or  not  the  people  of  both  countries  were 
unanimous  in  demanding  war  or  not. 

Peace  Note: 

From  resident  Wilson  to  Belligerent 
Nations,  8190. 

Belgian.  Reply  to,  8196. 

Entente  Allies'  Reply  to,  8195. 

Germany's  Reply  to,  8193. 
Peace  Societies.  (See  Pacifist.) — Among 
the  prominent  peace  societies  in  the  United 
States  may  be  mentioned  the  American 
Union  Against  Militarism ;  the  Emergency 
I'eaco  Federation  (organized  Feb.  7,  1017)  ; 
tiie  Women's  Peace  Party;  the  American 
Peace  Society ;  the  World  Court  League, 
which  aims  for  the  establishment  of  an 
international  Supreme  Court;  the  Carnegie 
Peace  Foundation,  which  seeks  to  prepare 
the  way  for  perpetual  peace  by  education; 
and  tho  League  to  Enforce  Peace  (q.  v.). 
Of  these,  the  only  ones  actively  to  oppose 
the  entrance  of  the  United  States  into  the 
European  War  were  the  first  two  men- 
tioned, which,  after  the  declaration  of  war, 
devoted  themselves  to  opposing  such  war 
measures  as  censorship  and  conscription. 
The  American  Committee  on  War  Finance 
was  a  committee  growing  out  of  the  Ameri- 
can Union  Against  Militarism,  and  agitated 
for  an  increase  in  taxation  which  would 
enable  the  war  to  be  met  by  the  present,  in- 
stead of  by  future  generations.  After  war 
was  declared,  the  Emergency  Peace  Federa- 
tion called  a  Conference  for  discussing  terms 
of  peace  on  May  30,  1017.  The  Religious 
Society  of  Friends,  who  refuse  to  participate 
in  war,  also  had  their  pence  committees  ac- 
tive during  the  war  agitation. 
Peace  Treaties. — "When  'William  Jennings 
Bryan  was  appointed  Secretary  of  State 
by  President  Wilson  in  1018,  he  conceived  a 
plan  for  the  advancement  of  the  cause  of 
peace  throughout  the  world  by  means  of 
treaties  pledging  all  nations  to  submit  their 
grievances  with  other  nations  to  representa- 
tives of  disinterested  nations  for  adjust- 
ment instead  of  resorting  to  war.  They 
were  on  the  same  plan  but  on  a  broader 
scale  than  President  Taft's  treaties  vyith 
Great  Britain  and  France.  These  provided 
for  a  year's  delay  on  request  of  either  party 
before  resort  to  arms,  and  in  the  meantime 


a  joint  high  commission  of  three  to  investi- 
gate the  dispute.  Tile  senate  eliminated  so 
much  of  tho  Taft  treaties  as  to  make  them 
valueless  and  they  were  never  signed. 

Bryan's  idea  was  not  so  much  arbitration 
as  delay  for  a  year,  or  at  least  six  months, 
during  which  time  Investigations  should 
bo  made  and  neither  nation  should  increase 
its  army  or  navy.  It  was  informally  ad- 
vanced at  a  grapojuico  banquet  given  to 
some  forty  members  of  tho  diplomatic  corps 
in  Washington  in  April,  101.'!.  President 
Wilson  acquiesced  in  the  movement,  and 
thirty-nine  treaties  worn  prepared.  The 
text  of  tho  original  treaties  follows: 

Article  I. — Tho  high  contracting  parties 
agree  that  all  disputes  between  them,  of 
every  nature  whatsoever,  which  diplomacy 
shall  fail  to  adjust,  shall  bo  submitted  for 
investigation  and  report  to  an  International 
Commission,  to  be  constituted  in  the  man- 
ner prescribed  in  the  next  succeeding  Ar- 
ticle ;  and  they  agree  not  to  declare  war  or 
begin  hostilities  during  such  investigation 
and  report. 

Article  II. — The  International  Commis- 
sion s'hall  be  composed  of  tive  members,  to 
he  appointed  as  follows  :  One  member  shall 
be  chosen  from  each  country,  by  the  Gov- 
ernment thereof  ;  one  member  shall  be  cho- 
sen by  each  Government  from  some  third 
country;  the  fifth  member  shall  be  chosen 
by  common  agreement  between  the  two 
Governments.  The  expenses  of  the  Com- 
mission shall  be  paid  by  the  two  Govern- 
ments in  equal  proportion. 

Tho  International  Commission  shall  be 
appointed  within  four  months  after  the  ex- 
change of  the  ratifications  of  this  treaty; 
and  vacancies  shall  be  filled  according  to 
the  manner  of  the  original  appointment. 

Article  III. — In  case  the  high  contracting 
parties  shall  have  failed  to  adjust  a  dis- 
pute by  diplomatic  methods,  they  shall  at 
once  refer  it  to  the  International  Com- 
mission for  investigation  and  report.  Tin: 
International  Commission  may,  however, 
act  upon  its  own  initiative,  and  in  su'h 
case  it  shall  notify  both  Governments  and 
request  their  cooperation  in  tho  investi- 
gation. 

The  report  of  the  International  Commis- 
sion shall  be  completed  within  one  year 
after  the  date  on  which  it  shall  declare 
its  investigation  to  have  begun,  unless  tho 
hig'h  contracting  parties  shall  extend  the 
time  by  mutual  agreement.  The  report  shall 
be  prepared  in  triplicate ;  one  copy  shall 
be  presented  to  each  Government,  and  the 
third  retained  by  the  Commission  for  its 
files. 

The  high  contracting  parties  reserve  tho 
right  to  act  independently  on  the  subject- 
matter  of  the  dispute  after  the  report  of 
tho  Commission  shall  'have  been  submitted. 

*  Article  IV. — Pending    the     investigation 
and  report  of  the  International  Commission, 
the  high    contracting    parties    agree    not    to 
increase   their   military   or  naval   programs, 
unless    danger    from    a   third    power    should 
compel    such    increase,    in    which    case    the 
party    feeling    itself    menaced    shall    confi- 
dentially   communicate   the   fact   in    writing 
to    the   other   contracting  party.    Whereupon 
the   latter    shall    also    be    released    from    its 
obligation     to     maintain    its     military    and 
naval    status    quo. 

Article  V. — The  present  treaty  shall  be 
ratified  by  the  President  of  the  United 
States  of  America,  by  and  with  the  ad- 
vice and  consent  of  tho  Senate  thereof ; 
and  by  the  President  of  the  Republic  of 
Guatemala,  with  the  approval  of  the  Con- 
gross  thereof;  and  t'he  ratifications  shall  be 

*  Article   IV  was  eliminated  by  most  of 
the  signatories. 


Peace  Treaties    Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


exchanged  as  soon  ns  possible.  It  shall 
take  effect  immediately  after  the  exchange 
of  ratification,  and  shall  continue  in  force 
for  a  period  of  five  years ;  and  it  shall 
thereafter  remain  in  foroe  until  twelve 
months  after  one  of  the  high  contracting 
parties  has  given  notice  to  the  other  of 
au  intention  to  terminate  it. 

In  witness  whereof  the  respective  pleni- 
potentiaries have  signed  the  present  treaty 
and  have  aflixed  thereunto  their  seals. 

Done  in  Washington  on  the  twentieth 
day  of  September,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord 
nineteen  hundred  and  thirteen. 

After  the  elimination  of  Article  IV  and 
some  other  changes  in  phraseology  thirty 
of  the  thirty-nine  governments  to  whic'h  it 
had  been  submitted  indicated  tentative  ac- 
ceptance of  the  proposal.  Of  the  nine 
which  refused  two  later  signed.  By  the 
time  the  European  war  was  well  under  way, 
peace  treaties  had  been  signed  by  Italy, 
Argentina.  Bolivia.  Brazil,  Russia,  Nor- 
way, Persia,  Portugal.  Denmark.  Chile, 
Costa  Rica.  Honduras.  Nicaragua.  The  Neth- 
erlands, Switzerland.  Salvador.  Guatemala, 
Panama,  Uruguay  and  Venezuela. 

Peace  Without  Victory  Address,  Presi- 
dent Wilson's,  8109. 
Peach  Tree   Creek    (G-a.),   Battle   of.— 

July  17,  1804.  Sherman's  army  advanced 
across  the  Chattahoochee  River  and  John- 
ston fell  back  toward  Atlanta.  Just  at  this 
time  Johnston  was  superseded  in  command 
of  the  Southern  army  by  Gen.  John  B.  Hood. 
Before  the  Federal  forces  could  be  brought 
into  line  of  battle  before  Atlanta  they  were 
attacked  by  Hood's  army  near  Peach  Tree 
Creek,  July  20,  18(54.  The  attack  fell  main- 
ly upon  Newton's  division  of  the  Fourth 
Corps,  the  Twentieth  Corps,  and  Johnston's 
division  of  the  Fourteenth  Corps.  After  a 
severe  battle  the  Confederates  retired  into 
their  Intrcnchments,  leaving  upon  the  field 
5OU  dead,  1,000  wounded.  7  stand  of  colors, 
and  many  prisoners.  The  Federal  loss  in 
killed,  wounded,  and  missing  was  1.500. 
(Jen.  Hood  censured  Hardee  for  the  reverse. 
Peacock,  The. — A  United  States  sloop  of 
war.  carrying  eighteen  guns,  commanded  by 
Capt.  Lewis  Warrington.  On  April  29,  1814, 
when  off  the  coast  of  Florida,  this  vessel 
attacked  the  British  brig  Eprrrirr,  also 
mounting  eighteen  guns.  After  a  battle  last- 
ing forty  minutes,  in  which  22  of  her  men 
were  killed  or  wounded,  the  Piper  vicr  sur- 
rendered. It  proved  a  rich  prize,  as  it  had 
on  board  SllS.dOO  in  specie.  On  June  .SO, 
ISlfi,  the  1'rnrrifk  attacked  and  captured  the 
\uiitihix,  of  fourteen  guns.  This  capture 
took  place  after  the  treaty  of  peace.  Next 
day.  on  ascertaining  this  fact  Capt.  War- 
ring! on  released  the  Nautilus,  and  returned 
home. 

Pearl  Harbor,  Hawaii,  improvement 
and  fortification  recommended,  7484. 
Pearl  River,  Hawaiian  Islands,  im- 
provement of  harbor  of,  and  estab- 
lishment of  naval  station  at,  recom- 
mended, 5623. 

Pelican  State. — A   nickname  for  Louisiana 
(<|.    v.),    (See  also    States);   sometimes   also 
nicknamed  the  Creole  State. 
Pembina,  Minn.,  proclamation  granting 

privileges  of  other  ports  to,  2859. 
Penitentiaries. — The    first   penitentiary    In 
the    I'nited    States    was    founded    in    Phila- 
delphia   in    17MJ    through    the    influence    of 
the-   Society  of  Friends.     This  was  followed 


Roon  afterwards  by  the  New  York  prisons 
at  Sing  Sing  and  Auburn.  Sept.  2.'..  1789, 
Congress  recommended  to  the  several  states 
to  make  it  the  duly  of  keepers  of  jails 
to  receive  prisoners  committed  under  au- 
thority of  the  United  States.  In  17!)O  the 
legislature  of  Pennsylvania  passed  a  law 
to  try  the  system  of  solitary  confinement 
of  prisoners  at  'hard  labor  as  a  reformatory 
measure.  A  society  for  the  improvement 
of  prison  discipline  and  for  the  reformation 
of  juvenile  offenders  was  established  in 
Boston  in  1815,  and  in  1S25  the  House  of 
Refuge  on  Blackwell's  Island,  N.  Y.,  the 
first  institution  in  the  United  States  for 
reforming  juvenile  delinquents,  was  opened. 
The  contract  system  of  leasing  prisoners  to 
private  parties  began  with  the  Mississippi 
penitentiary  Feb.  21,  18<>7. 

Fcdcrnl  Penitentiaries, — All  territorial  pen- 
itentiaries were  placed  under  control  of 
United  States  marshals  and  the  Attorney- 
Gencral  was  authorized  to  prescribe  rules 
for  their  government  by  act  of  Congress  of 
June  10,  1871.  In  1874  the  I'nited  States 
Military  Prison  was  established  at  Fort 
Leavenworth.  In  18St>  a  United  States  jail 
was  located  at  Fort  Smith,  Ark.  In  18!)l 
Congress  authorized  three  United  States 
prisons,  there  being  now,  besides  those  men- 
tioned above,  a  United  Stales  penitentiary 
at  Atlanta,  Ga.,  one  on  McNeil's  Island. 
State  of  Washington,  a  United  States  jail 
In  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  a  Terri- 
torial prison  at  Yuma,  Avi/.ona.  There  is 
also  one  penitentiary  in  Hawaii,  and  in  the 
Philippine  Islands  two  such  institutions 
for  the  confinement  of  offenders  against  the 
civil  law.  In  the  several  states,  under  state 
jurisdiction,  there  are  altogether  fifty-six 
prisons  and  penitentiaries.  I'nited  Slates 
prisoners  not  confined  in  Federal  Institu- 
tions are  kept  In  those  of  the  various  states. 

Penitentiaries: 

State  laws  regulating,  discussed,  5755. 

Uniform  credit  for  good  behavior  in, 

recommended,  5755. 
Penitentiaries,  Government: 

Erection  of,  recommended,  4830,  5102 
5363,   5880,  5969,   6161. 

Military  prison  at  Fort  Lcavenworth, 

use   of,   as   discussed,    6161. 
Eecommended,  5969. 
Penitentiary  Congress,  International,  at 

London,  4162. 

Pennant.— A  streamer-like  pointed  Hag. 
Penn  Yan,  N.  Y.,   special  agent   to  take 

charge   of  post-oflice    in,   referred   to, 

3799. 

Pennamite  War.       (See  Wyoming  Con- 
troversy.) 

Pennsylvania. — One  of  the  thirteen  origi- 
nal states;  nickname,  "The  Keystone 
State";  motto,  "Virtue,  Liberty  and  Inde- 
pendence." It  extends  from  lat.  .".!)°  4.".'  to 
42°  15'  north  and  from  lung.  71°  4o'  to  80° 
34'  west.  It  Is  bounded  on.  the  north  by 
Lake  lOrie  and  New  York,  on  the  east  by 
New  York  and  New  Jersey  (separated  from 
both  by  the  Delaware  Klveri,  on  the  south 
by  Delaware,  Maryland  and  West  Virginia, 
and  on  the  west  by  O'hio  and  West  Vir- 
ginia. It  has  an  area  of  45, 12(J  square 
miles.  Pennsylvania  was  originally  named 
Sylvania  ("forest  country").  In  1081  Wil- 
liam I'enn  obtained  a  grant  of  40,000  *quare 
miles  of  land  from  Charles  11  in  pavment  of 
a  debt  of  £10.000  due  I'enn's  fat  her.  an  ad- 
miral in  the  Kngllsh  navy.  The  King  gave 
the  territory  thu  name  of  Pennsylvania  in 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Pennsylvania 


honor  of  Ponn.  In  1G82  the  city  of  Phila- 
delphia was  laid  out  on  plans  druwu  in 
England.  1'enn  established  a  popular  form 
of  proprietary  government  and  offered  In- 
ducements to  immigrants  hy  his  wise  ad- 
ministration and  honorable  dealings  with 
the  Indians.  Ills  rights  passed  to  'his 
heirs,  from  whom  they  were  purchased  by 
the  state  in  1770.  Pennsylvania  had  been 
settled  by  a  colony  of  Swedes  in  16.'!8,  prior 
to  the  grant  of  the  territory  to  Penn.  The 
United  States  Constitution  was  ratified  by 
a  state  convention  Dec.  12,  1787.  A  new 
state  constitution  was  made  in  1790,  an- 
other In  1838,  and  the  present  in  1873. 

The  state  is  traversed  from  northeast  to 
southwest  by  low  parallel  ranges  of  the  Al- 
leghanies,  and  is  drained  by  the  Ohio,  Sus- 
quehanna,  and  Delaware  Rivers.  It  is  the 
first  state  In  the  production  of  petroleum 
and  the  manufacture  of  iron  and  second 
in  general  manufactures. 

Pennsylvania  so  far  exceeds  all  the  rest 
of  the  states  in  the  value  of  its  mineral 
products  as  to  stand  almost  alone.  Exclu- 
sive of  the  value  of  pig  iron,  coke,  and 
other  derived  or  secondary  products  not  In- 
cluded in  the  total,  the  value  of  Pennsyl- 
vania's mineral  production  Is  nearly  one- 
fourth  that  of  the  entire  country  ;  and  In 
1913,  according  to  figures  of  the  United 
States  Geological  Survey  computed  in  co- 
operation with  the  Pennsylvania  Topo- 
graphic and  Geologic  Survey  Commission, 
It  equaled  the  combined  value  of  the  pro- 
duction of  West  Virginia,  Illinois,  Ohio,  and 
California,  the  next  four  states  in  the  value 
of  their  mineral  products. 

Pennsylvania  derives  its  mineral  wealth 
almost  entirely  from  nonmetalliferous  min- 
ing operations.  Except  for  a  small  amount 
of  copper  It  produces  none  of  the  precious 
or  semiprecious  metals,  and  the  only  other 
metal  which  figures  in  the  total  produc- 
tion of  the  state  Is  Iron,  of  which  a  small 
Quantity  (less  than  500,000  tons  of  ore  in 
1913)  is  mined.  In  addition,  however,  to 
being  the  premier  state  in  the  production 
of  coal,  Pennsylvania  leads  also  iu  the 
manufacture  of  cement,  the  burning  of  lime, 
and  the  production  of  mineral  paints,  sand, 
slate,  and  stone.  It  Is  second  In  the  value 
of  clay  products  and  natural  gas,  and  sixth 
In  the  production  of  petroleum. 

Although  not  an  Iron-ore  state,  Penn- 
sylvania Is  by  far  the  leading  producer  of 
pig  iron,  which  is  obtained  from  the  Lake 
Superior  ores.  The  production  In  1913  was 
12,871,349  long  tons,  valued  at  $197,726,- 
314.  If  the  value  of  the  pig  Iron  made  in 
Pennsylvania  were  added  to  the  value  of 
Ihe  other  products  of  the  state,  the  total 
values  for  1913  would  have  exceeded  $700,- 
<H)0,000,  which  is  more  than  one-fourth  of 
the  value  of  the  total  mineral  production 
of  the  United  States. 

The  production  of  coal  In  Pennsylvania 
In  1912  amounted  to  246,227,086  short  tons, 
valued  at  $346,993,123;  in  1913  the  value 
was  $388,220,933,  an  Increase  of  $41,227,- 
810,  or  12  per  cent,  over  1912. 

Second  in  importance  among  Pennsyl- 
vania's mineral  Industries  is  the  manufac- 
ture of  Portland  cement,  closely  followed 
by  the  clay-working  industry.  The  produe- 
tion  of  cement  in  1913  was  28,060,495 
barrels,  valued  at  $24,268,800,  against  27,- 
625,340  barrels,  valued  at  $18,945,835,  in 
1912.  The  value  of  the  clay  products,  ex- 
clusive of  raw  clay  mined  and  sold,  In- 
creased from  $21,537,221  in  1912  to  $24,- 
231,482  in  1913.  Although  ranking  second 
in  the  total  value  of  its  clay  products, 
Pennsylvania  is  first  in  the  production  of 
brick  and  tile.  A  large  part  of  the  fire 
clay  is  mined  in  connection  with  coal  min- 


ing and  becomes  In  reality  a  by-product  of 
that  industry. 

Fourth  In  Importance  among  Pennsyl- 
vania's mineral  products  is  natural  gas,  in 
the  production  of  which  Pennsylvania  was 
the  leading  state  until  1910.  In  1910  West 
Virginia  attained  first  place  In  the  produc- 
tion of  this  fuel,  and  she  has  continued  to 
hold  It,  but  Pennsylvania  continues  to  rank 
first  In  its  consumption,  making  up  for  the 
shortage  in  Us  own  production  by  bringing 
in  gas  from  West  Virginia.  The  value  of 
the  natural  gas  produced  in  Pennsylvania 
increased  from  $18,539,672  In  1912  to  $21,- 
695,845  in  1913. 

Up  to  1894  Pennylvanla  was  the  lead- 
ing state  in  the  production  of  petroleum, 
but  In  1895  it  was  exceeded  by  Ohio,  the 
production  of  Pennsylvania  having  begun 
to  decline  in  1891,  while  Ohio  was  approach- 
ing Its  maximum,  which  was  attained  in 
1896.  In  more  recent  years  West  Virginia, 
Texas,  California,  Illinois,  and  Oklahoma 
have  all  risen  rapidly  and  passed  Pennsyl- 
vania In  the  production  of  petroleum.  On 
account  of  the  higher  grade  of  Pennsyl- 
vania's oil,  however,  it  still  ranks  fifth  in 
value  of  production.  The  output  of  petrole- 
um in  Pennsylvania  increased  slightly  in 
quantity,  from  7,837,948  barrels  in  1912 
to  7.963,282  barrels  in  1913,  with  an  in- 
crease of  over  50  per  cent  in  value,  from 
$12,886,752  to  $19,805,452. 

The  number  of  manufacturing  establish- 
ments In  Pennsylvania  having  an  annual 
output  valued  at  $500  or  more  at  the  begin- 
ning of  1915  was  27,521.  The  amount  of 
capital  invested  was  $3,149,411,000,  giving 
employment  to  1,000.502  persons,  using  ma- 
terial valued  at  $1,688,921,000,  and  turning 
out  finished  goods  worth  $2,832,349,000. 
Salaries  and  wages  paid  amounted  to 
$072,563,000. 

Pennsylvania   (see   also  Philadelphia): 

Buckshot  War  referred  to,  11-4,  1725. 

Combinations,  unlawful,  in,  discussed 

and    proclamation    issued    against 

4424,  4451. 

Conflict  at  Lattimer,  claims   of  Aus- 
tria-Hungary    regarding     subjects 
killed  in,  6324. 
Insurrections    in — 

Discussed,   154,   ICO,   1C2,   279,   2S2, 

284,   287. 
Pardons  granted  insurgents,  173, 203. 

Referred  to,  170. 

Proclamations  against,  150, 153,  276. 
Kef  erred  to,  1724,  1725. 
Suppression  of,  293. 
Judges,    Federal,    in    opinion    of,    re- 
garding pensions,  115. 
Marine     hospital     at     Erie     tendered 
United  States    by,    for   use    as   sol- 
diers' and  sailors'  home,  4786. 
Persons    in,    fleeing    from    justice    re- 
ferred to,  103. 
Ratification  of  amendment  to  Federal 

Constitution  by,  66,  102,  249. 
Resolutions  of  legislature   of — 

Pledging  support  to  United  States, 

etc.,  112,  446,  482. 
Protestiug  against    Supremo    Court 
decisions  in  case  of  Gideon  Olm- 
stead,  456. 

Subjects  of  Austria-Hungary  killed 
in  riots  at  Lattimer,  in,  6324. 


Pennsylvania       Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Suppression  of  insurrections  in,  and 
authorization  to  employ  armed 
force,  293. 

Transmitted,  456,  482. 
United   States  Bank  of.      (See  Bank 

of  Pennsylvania.) 

Unlawful  combination  in,  discussed 
and  proclamation  against,  4401, 
4424. 

Whisky  Insurrection  in- 
Discussed,  154,  160,  162. 
Pardon  granted  insurgents,  173. 

Referred  to,  176. 
Proclamations  against,  150,  153. 
Penobscot  River: 

Ship  channel  of,  referred  to,  1038. 
Survey  of,  1128. 
Pensacola,  Fla.: 

Blockade  of  port  of,  removal  by  proc- 
lamation, 3431. 
Referred  to,  3446. 
Dry  Dock  at,  referred  to,  2414. 
Pension  Frauds.     (See  Pension  Laws.) 
Pension  Fund,  Naval.    (See  Pensions.) 
Pension  Laws: 

Abuses  and  frauds  discussed  by  Pres- 
ident— 

Adams,  J.  Q.,  874. 
Arthur,  4772. 
Cleveland,    4945,    5109,   5363,   5382, 

5884,  5978,  6169. 
Fillmore,  2664,  2714. 
Grant,   4207. 
Jackson,   1333. 
Lincoln,    3253. 
Pierce,  2748. 

Act  to  amend,  by  increasing  pension 
of  soldiers  and  sailors  who  lost  arm 
or  leg  in  service,  returned,  4994. 
Pension  Office.    (See  illustration,  frontis- 
piece, Vol.  X.) 
Pension  Vetoes.     (See    Cleveland,   Gro- 

ver;  Grant,  Ulysses  S.) 
Pensions. — The  word  "pension"  Is  derived 
from  the  word  pensio,  a  payment,  and  re- 
fers to  allowances  of  money  paid  in  fixed 
amounts  at  certain  intervals  by  a  govern- 
ment to  such  persons  as  have  rendered  some 
valuable  public  service,  or  to  the  dependent 
relatives  of  such.  In  Kngland  pensions  are 
granted  to  those  "who  by  their  useful  dis- 
coveries in  science  and  attainments  in  liter- 
ature and  the  arts  have  merited  the  gra- 
cious consideration  <>f  their  sovereign  and 
the  gralilude  of  their  country."  Aug.  20, 
1770,  the  Continental  Congress  passed  an 
act  to  provide  by  pension  for  I  lie  disabled 
soldiers  of  the  Ki'volution.  II  was;  also  re- 
solved during  the  same  year  that  all  the 
olh'cers  who  should  continue  in  the  service 
until  the  end  of  tin-  war  should  receive 
half  pay  for  seven  years  after  peace  had 
been  established.  A  few  years  later  1  he- 
widows  and  orphans  of  those  who  had  died 
were  included  in  the  provision  of  this  act. 
In  1785  Congress  recommended  that  the 
several  states  provide  for  invalid  soldiers. 
l',y  laws  passed  in  17S!)  and  1S08  the  I'nii- 
e<i  Slates  assumed  the  pension  obligations 
of  the  several  states. 

Ollieers  and  seamen  of  the  Navy  disabled 


in  service  were  placed  on  the  pension  lists 
by  act  of  July  1,  1797,  and  by  acts  passed 
in  1799  and  1800  money  accruing  from 
prizes  was  made  to  constitute  a  fund  for 
the  payment  of  naval  pensions.  By  an  act 
passed  April  24,  1816,  the  rate  of  pension 
for  total  disability  was  nxed  at  $17  per 
mouth  for  first  lieutenants,  $15  for  second 
lieutenants,  and  $8  for  non-commissioned 
oflicers  and  privates.  In  1818  an  act  was 
passed  granting  pensions  to  all  who  had 
served  nine  months  or  more  in  the  Rev- 
olutionary Army  and  were  in  indigent  cir- 
cumstances. More  claimants  applied  than 
could  possibly  have  survived  from  Wash- 
ington's army.  The  amount  required  to  be 
paid  the  first  year  was  eleven  times  what 
had  been  estimated,  and  the  second  year 
seventeen  times  the  estimate.  In  1808, 
when  all  the  Revolutionary  pensioners  had 
died,  there  remained  S88  widows  of  such 
soldiers.  There  remained  on  the  pension 
rolls  as  late  as  1908  two  daughters  of  Revo- 
lutionary soldiers.  Acts  of  July  14.  1802, 
and  subsequent  dates  provided  pensions  for 
soldiers  and  sailors  disabled  in  the  Civil 
War  and  for  the  dependent  relatives  of 
those  wlio  had  died.  Under  these  acts  ex- 
penditures for  pensions  readied  $,"4,44.'5,895 
in  1871.  and  then  declined  until,  on  Jan. 
25,  1879,  the  arrears  act  was  passed,  al- 
lowing back  pay  on  all  claims  theretofore 
allowed.  In  two  years  this  act  doubled  tin; 
total  annual  sum  paid  for  pensions.  Mean- 
while, in  1871.  another  act  had  pensioned 
all  who  had  served  a  certain  time  in  the 
War  of  1812,  and  their  widows  if  married 
before  the  treaty  of  Ghent.  The  last  sur- 
vivor of  the  War  of  1812  who  was  on  the 
pension  rolls  was  Hiram  Cronk.  of  Ava, 
N.  Y.,  who  died  May  11,  1905,  at  the  age 
of  105  years. 

The  act  of  June  27,  1890.  pensioned  all 
who  served  ninety  days  in  the  Civil  War, 
and  were  honorably  discharged,  and  who 
were  incapacitated  for  manual  labor,  and 
the  widows,  children,  and  dependent  parents 
of  such. 

The  fiscal  year  ending  Juno  30,  1910, 
began  with  940.194  pensioners,  and  29.219 
having  been  added  and  54..","O  dropped,  the 
year  closed  with  921.()S;5  pensioners,  a  net 
reduction  of  25,111  having  taken  place. 
$159.9 1 4,050.08  was  paid  to  pensioners  dur- 
ing the  year,  which  sum  was  smaller  by 
$2,000.000  than  that  disbursed  for  the  same 
purpose  the  preceding  year.  The  administra- 
tive cost  for  the  year  was  $2.0.>7,07:i.SO. 
Pension  disbursements  by  the  government 
now  total  $4. 191. 419. .",04. -19.  T'p  to  June 
.'{0,  18(55,  the  Government  had  expended  for 
pensions  only  $90.445,444.2:;,  but  from  July 
1,  1805,  to  June  .",<>.  1910,  it  paid  out  for 
pensions  $4, 094. 97.",, 800.20. 

The  lirst  section  of  the  net  of  April  19. 
1908,  provides  thai  from  and  after  its  pas- 
sage "the  rate  of  pension  for  widows,  minor 
children  under  the  age  of  sixteen  years,  and 
helpless  minors  as  delined  by  existing  laws, 
now  on  the  roll  or  hereafter  to  be  placed 
on  the  pension  roll  and  entitled  to  receive 
a  less  rate  than  hereinafter  provided  shall 
be  $12  per  month."  The  second  section  of 
the  ad  grants  pensions  at  t'he  rate  of  $1'J 
per  month  to  the  widows  of  persons  who 
served  ninety  days  or  more  in  the  armv  or 
navy  of  the  I'nited  States  during  the  Civil 
War  and  were  honorably  discharged,  with- 
out regard  to  their  pecuniary  condition, 
provided  they  were  married  prior  to  June 
27,  1S90.  All  pensions  granted  under  the 
second  section  of  this  act  commence  on  the 
dale  the  applications  are  filed  in  the  bureau 
of  pensions.  The  conditions  of  title  under 
this  section  of  the  act  are  identical  with 
those  imposed  upon  widows  by  the  act  of 
June  27,  1890,  as  amended  by  the  act  of 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Pensions 


May  9,  1900,  with  the  exception  that  tho 
requirements  as  to  dependence  are  oil  mi- 
nuted. This  act  therefore  supersedes  the 
act  of  June  27,  1890,  in  so  far  as  the 
claims  of  widows  are  concerned,  and  pen- 
sions are  not  now  being  granted  to  widows 
under  the  act  of  18'JU  upon  applications 
executed  and  filed  on  or  after  April  19, 
1908. 

There  is  no  law  granting  service  pensions 
to  any  person  for  service  rendered  since 
1858,  aside  from  the  allowances  made  under 
the  provisions  of  sections  475C  and  4757, 
Revised  Statutes,  for  twenty  years'  and  ten 
years'  service,  respectively,  in  the  United 
States  Navy  or  Marine  Corps. 

There  were  added  to  the  rolls  during  the 
year  ended  June  30,  1911,  the  na.mes  of 
20.200  new  pensioners.  The  number  of 
pensioners  lost  from  the  rolls  during  the 
year  was  55,185.  showing  a  decrease  of 
28.985  on  the  rolls,  as  compared  with  the 
close  of  the  fiscal  year  1910.  There  were 
892.098  pensioners  on  the  rolls  June  30, 

1911.  The    pension   disbursements    for    the 
tiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1914,  were  172,. 
417,540. 

The  dollar-a-day   pension  law  of  May  11, 

1912.  provides  t'hat  any   person   who  served 
ninety  days  or  more  in  the  military  or  naval 
service  of  the  United  States  during  the  late 
Civil  War,  and  who  has  been  honorably  dis- 
charged   therefrom,    and    who    has    reached 
the  age  of  sixty-two  years  or  over,  on  mak- 
ing   proof   of    such   facts    is   entitled    to   re- 
ceive a  pension  as  follows  :     Age  sixty-two 
years — For  a  service  of  ninety  days,  $13.00 
per   month;   six   months.   $13.50:    one   vear, 
$14.00:    one    and    one-half    years,    $14.50; 
two  years,   $15.00;   two  and  one-half  years, 
$15.50:   and   three  years  and   more,   $10.00. 
Age  sixty-six  years — For  a  service  of  ninety 
days.      $15.00      per      month  ;      six      months, 
$15.50:    one    year,    $10.00;    one    and    one- 
half  years.   $10.50:   two  years.   $17.00;  two 
and     one-half     years.      $18.00,     and     three 
years     and     more,     $19.00.        Age     seventy 
years — For  a  service  of  ninety  days.  $18.00 
per   month  ;    six   months,    $19.00  :   one  year, 
$20.00  :     one    and    one-half    years,    $21.50  ; 
two  years.   $23.00  :   two  and  one-half  years, 
$24.00,   and    three   years   and   more,   $25.00. 
Age    seventy-five    years — For    a    service    of 
ninety  days,  $21.00  per  month  :  six  months. 
$22.50  :  one  year.  $24.00  ;   one  and  one-half 
years.    $27.00,    and    two    years    and    more, 
$30.00.      And   such   pension   shall   commence 
from    the   date   of   filing   the   application    in 
the   Bureau   of  Pensions.      Any   person   who 
served   sixty  days  or  more  in   the  war  wifh 
Mexico,  and  who  received  an  honorable  dis- 
charge,   is    entitled    to    $30.00    per    month. 
Any    person    who    was    wounded    in    battle 
or   in    line   of   duty    in    the   Civil    War,    and 
is    now    unfit    for    manual    labor    by    reason 
thereof,  or  who  from  disease  or  other  causes 
incurred    in    line    of    duty    resulting    in    his 
disability,    is   now   unable    to   perform    man- 
ual    labor,      is      entitled     to      $30.00      per 
month. 

The  following  are  the  rates  for  total  dis- 
ability from  causes  incident  to  the  service  : 

Armi/. — Lieutenant-colonel  and  all  officers 
of  higher  rank,  $30 :  major,  surgeon,  and 
paymaster.  $25  :  captain,  provost  marshal, 
and  Chaplain.  $20  :  first  lieutenant,  assistant 
surgeon,  and  deputy  provost  marshal,  $17  ; 
second  lieutenant  and  enrolling  officer,  $15  ; 
enlisted  men.  $8. 

Xury. — Captain  and  officers  of  higher 
rank,  commander,  lieutenant  commanding 
and  master  commanding,  surgeon,  paymas- 
ter, and  chief  engineer,  respectively  ranking 
with  commander  by  law,  $30:  lieutenant, 
surgeon,  paymaster,  and  chief  engineer,  re- 
spectively ranking  with  lieutenant  by  law, 
and  passed  assistant  surgeon,  $25  ;  master, 

23 


professor  of  mathematics,  assistant  surgeon, 
assistant  paymaster  and  chaplain,  $20;  first 
assistant  engineer,  ensign,  and  pilot,  $15  ; 
cadet  midshipman,  passed  midshipman,  mid- 
shipman, clerks  of  admirals,  paymasters,  or 
other  officers  commanding  vessels,  second 
and  third  assistant  engineers,  master's  mate, 
and  warrant  officers,  $10  ;  enlisted  men,  $8. 

Civil  Service.- — -President  Taft  on  several 
occasions  advocated  pensions  for  civil  em- 
ployees of  the  government,  which  should 
be  provided  by  a  fund  jointly  accumulated 
by  the  government  and  the  employees.  (See 
pages  7931,  8077  and  8134.)  Ills  argument 
was  based  on  the  grounds  of  justice  to  the 
employee  and  improvement  of  service.  A 
bill  was  introduced  to  that  effect,  but  failed 
of  passage. 

Marine  Corf>s. — Lieutenant-colonel  and 
officers  of  'higher  rank.  $30;  major,  $25; 
captain.  $20:  first  lieutenant,  $17;  second 
lieutenant,  $15  ;  enlisted  men.  $8. 

The  number  of  pensioners  and  the 
amounts  paid  each  year  from  1809  to  the 
fiscal  year  ended  June  .'JO,  1913,  as  re- 
ported by  the  Commissioner  of  Pensions, 
follows  : 


Number  of  Pensioners  on 

the  Rolls 

Year 

Paid  as 
Pensions 

Invalids 

Widows, 
etc. 

Total 

1809 

82,859 

105,104 

187,963 

$28,513,247.27 

1870 

87,521 

111,165 

198,686 

29,351,488.78 

1871 

93,394 

114,101 

207,495 

28,518,792.62 

1872 

113,9.54 

118,275 

232,229 

29,752,746.81 

1873 

119,500 

118,911 

238,411 

26,982,063.89 

1874 

121,628 

114,613 

227,241 

30,206,778.99 

1875 

122,989 

111,832 

234,821 

29,270,404  .  76 

1876 

124,239 

107,898 

232,137 

27,936,209.53 

1877 

128,723 

103,381 

232,104 

28,182,821.72 

1878 

131,649 

92,349 

223,998 

26,786,009.44 

1879 

138,615 

104,140 

242,755 

33,664,428.92 

1880 

145,410 

105,392 

250,802 

56,689,229.08 

1881 

164,110 

104,720 

268,830 

50,583,405.35 

1882 

182,633 

103,064 

285,697 

54,313,172.05 

1883 

206,042 

97,616 

303,658 

60,427,573.81 

1884 

225,470 

97,286 

322,756 

57,912,387.47 

1885 

247,146 

97,979 

345,125 

65,171,937.12 

1886 

270,346 

95,437 

365,783 

64,091,142.90 

1887 

306,298 

99,709 

400,007 

73,752,997.08 

1888 

343,701 

108,856 

452,557 

78,950,501.67 

1889 

373,699 

116,026 

489,725 

88,842,720.58 

1890 

415,654 

122,290 

537,944 

106,093,850.39 

1893. 

536,821 

139,339 

676,160 

117,312,690.50 

1892 

703,242 

172,826 

876,068 

139,394,147.11 

1893 

759,706 

206,306 

966,012 

150,906,637.94 

1894 

754,382 

215,162 

969,544 

139,986,726.17 

1895 

751,456 

219,068 

970,524 

139,812,294.30 

1896 

748,514 

222,164 

970,678 

138,220,704.40 

1897 

747,492 

228,522 

976,014 

139,949,717.35 

1898 

758,511 

235,203 

993,714 

144,651,879.80 

1899 

754,  lOt 

237,415 

991,519 

138,355,052.95 

1900 

752,510 

241,019 

993,529 

138,462,180.65 

1901 

748,649 

249,086 

997,735 

138,531,483.84 

1902 

739,443 

260,003 

999,446 

137,504,267.99 

1903 

729,356 

267,189 

996,545 

137,759,653.71 

1904 

720,921 

273,841 

994,762 

141,093,571.49 

1905 

717,761 

280,680 

998,441 

141,142,861.33 

1906 

701,483 

284,488 

985,971 

139,000,288.25 

1907 

679,937 

287,434 

967,371 

138,155,412.46 

1908 

658,071 

293,616 

951,687 

153,093,086.27 

1909 

632,557 

313,637 

946,194 

161,973,703.77 

1910 

602,180 

318,903 

921,083 

159,974,056.08 

1911 

570,050 

322,048 

892,098 

157,325,160.35 

1912 

538,000 

322,294 

860,294 

152,986,433.72 

1913 

503,633 

316,567 

820,200 

174,171,660.80 

1914 

470,331 

314,908 

785,239 

172,417,546.26 

1915 

437,723 

310,424 

748,147 

165,518,266 

The  amounts  that  have  been  paid  for 
pensions  to  soldiers,  sailors,  and  marines, 
their  widows,  minor  children,  and  dependent 
relatives  on  account  of  military  and  naval 


Pensions 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


service  In  the  several  wars  and  in  the  repu- 
lar  service  since  the  foundation  of  the  gov- 
ernment to  June  30,  1915,  are  as  follows  : 

War  of  the  Revolution  (estimate) $  70,000,000 

War  of  1812  (service  pension) 45,972,895 

Indian  wars  (service  pension) 13,315,227 

War  with  Mexico  (sen-ice) 49,618,948 

Civil  war 4,614,643,267 

War   with   Spain  and  insurrection  in   the 

Philippine  Islands 49,944,441 

Regular  establishment 35,472,408 

Unclassified 16,508,447 


Total $4,895,475,637 

Pensions: 

Act— 

For    relief    of    dependent    parents 
and  honorably  discharged  soldiers 
and  sailors  now  disabled  and  de- 
pendent, vetoed,  5134. 
To  allow  pension  of  $37  per  month 
to  soldiers  losing  arm  and  leg,  re- 
turned for  amendment,   4382. 
To  provide  for  settlement  of  claims 
barred    by    limitations,    opinions 
regarding,  referred  to,  115,   125. 
Acts   granting,   vetoed.      (See   Cleve- 
land, Grover;  Grant,  Ulysses  S.) 
Army  officers  not  allowed,  except  in 

certain  cases,  1005. 
Civil     retirement     and     contributory 

pension  system,  7697. 
Civil  Service,  for  age  and  disability, 

approved,  7754. 
Disability,     pension     act     dismissed, 

5552,  5762,  5883,  5977. 
Discussed    by    President — 
Adams,  J.  Q.,  874,  927,  958. 
Arthur,   4645. 
Cleveland,   4945,   5108,    5382,    5883, 

5977,   6168. 
Grant,  3995,  4066,  4156,  4207,  4254, 

4307. 
Harrison,    Benj.,    5484,    5550,   5552, 

5639,  5762. 
Jackson,    1019. 
Johnson,    3560,     3650,    3652,    3774, 

3880. 

Lincoln,  3253,  3452. 
McKinley,   6345,  6388,  6452. 
Madison,  482. 
Monroe,   588. 
Eoosevelt,  680.'!. 
Taft,  7697,  7754. 
Tyler,   1902. 
Expenditures    for.       (See    Discussed, 

ante.) 

Foreign  pensioners,  provision  for  pay- 
ment of  expenses  of  obtaining  evi- 
dence      regarding,       recommended, 
4668. 
Frauds      discussed.         (See      Pension 

Laws.) 
Laws    in     regard    to.       (Sen    Pension 

Laws.) 

Names  and  ages  of  pensioners  should 
be    taken    with    census,    1714. 


Xaval   pensioners   and   pension   fund 
referred     to,     1810,     1837,    4408, 
6283. 
Transfer  of  payment  of,  to   Navy 

Department  recommended,  4060. 
Pension    obtained     by    fraud.       (See 

Pension  Laws.) 

Payments  to  invalids,  order  regard- 
ing, 6308. 

Pensioners  entering  Confederate 
army  should  be  stricken  from  rolls, 
3253. 

Pensioners  in  Southern  States,  recom- 
mendations   regarding    restoration 
of  certain,  4254. 
Eeport  regarding,  transmitted,   3061, 

4408. 
Revolutionary  War — 

Amount     paid    pensioners    of,    re- 
ferred to,  602,  927. 
Compensation  to  agents  in  paying, 

referred  to,  2354. 

Sums  paid  to,  and  residences  of  pen- 
sioners referred  to,  602. 
Pensions,  Bureau  Of.— Up  to  1833  the  dis- 
bursement of  pensions  had  been  under  the 
supervision  of  the  Secretary  of  War  and 
the  Secretary  of  the  Navy.  In  that  year 
Congress  established  the  Pension  Bureau 
and  placed  J.  L.  Edwards  in  charge.  lie 
Immediately  assumed  the  business  thereto- 
fore under  the  War  Department,  and  in 
1840  the  pension  affairs  of  the  Navy  De- 
partment were  transferred  to  this  Bureau. 
In  1849,  when  the  Department  of  the  In- 
terior was  created,  the  Pension  Bureau 
was  placed  under  its  jurisdiction.  The 
chief  officer  of  this  Bureau  is  called  the 
Commissioner  of  Pensions. 

Pensions,  Bureau  of: 

Expenditures  of.  (See  Pensions  dis- 
cussed.) 

Good  work  of,  6803. 
Increase  in  clerical  force  of,  5552. 

Recommended,  46~.''>. 
Transfer    of,    from    Interior    Depart- 
ment   to   War    Department    recom- 
mended,  4060. 

Pensions,  Commissioner  of,  provision 
for  continuance  of,  recommended, 
1789. 

Peoples  Party.  (See  Populist  or  Peo- 
ples Party.) 

Peoria  Indians.    (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Peciuot,  or  Pequod  Indians.       (See  In- 
dian Tribes.) 

"Perdicarls  Alive  or  Raizuli  Dead." — 
In  100-1,  Ion  II.  IVrdicaris,  an  American 
citizen,  was  held  for  ransom  by  Kai/.uli,  a 
bandit  in  Morocco.  After  mild  negotiations 
had  failed  to  obtain  the  release  of  IVrdi- 
caris, John  May.  then  Secretary  of  State, 
by  direction  of  President  Koosevelf  sent  to 
Mr.  (Imnmere.  the  American  Consul  at  Tan- 
gier, the  famous  ultimatum  cablegram  :  "\Ve. 
want  IVrdicaris  alive  or  Kaizuli  dead."  The 
result  was  the  immediate  release  of  IVrdi- 
caris. 

Perjury. — In  law  the  willful  giving,  under 
oath  lawfully  administered  in  a  judicial 
proceeding,  of  false  testimony  in  regard 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Persia 


to  a  matter  or  thing  material  to  the  issue 
or  point  of  inquiry.  The  early  Uonians 
threw  perjurers  from  the  Tarpeian  Hock. 
The  CJ reeks  branded  I  hem  with  a  mark  of 
infamy.  After  the  Empire  became  Chris- 
tianized any  person  who  swore  falsely  upon 
the  Gospels  was  seiiteneed  to  have  his 
tongue  cut  out.  The  canons  of  the  early 
•hureli  imposed  eleven  years'  penance.  In 
some  countries  the  perjurer  was  liable  to 
any  punishment  to  which  his  false  testi- 
mony had  exposed  an  innocent,  person.  In 
England  perjury  was  punished  by  line,  the 
pillory,  and  imprisonment.  It  is  now  in 
both  England  and  America  a  statutory 
offense,  punishable  by  line  or  imprisonment, 
or  both. 

Permanent     Taxation.      (Sec  Revenue, 

Public;   Taxatiou.) 

Pernicious  Activity.— A  phrase  contained 
in  an  Executive  order  of  President  Cleve- 
land. It  occurred  in  the  following  sen- 
tence:  "Individual  Interest  and  activity  in 
political  affairs  are  by  no  means  con- 
demned. Officeholders  are  neither  disfran- 
chised nor  forbidden  the  exercise  of  po- 
litical privileges,  but  their  privileges  are 
not  enlarged  nor  is  their  duty  to  party 
increased  to  pernicious  activity  by  ollicc- 
iioldiug."  (507U.)  (See  Obtrusive  Par- 
tisanship.) 

Perpetual  Emigrating  Fund  Co.,  suit 
instituted  by  Government  for  termi- 
nation of,  discussed,  5379. 

Perry's    Victory    Exposition.— The    one 

hundredth  anniversary  of  the  victory  of 
Commodore  Oliver  Hazard  Perry  over  the 
British  fleet  uiiuer  command  of  Captain 
Barclay  in  the  battle  of  Lake  Erie,  Sept. 
10,  IS  1.'5,  was  celebrated  by  an  historical 
and  educational  exposition  at  Put-iu-Bay 
Island  during  tne  summer  of  1913  and  a 
dedication  of  a  national  memorial  to  Com- 
modore Perry  and  the  American  seamen 
who  perished  in  that  conflict,  the  remains 
of  many  of  whom  have  reposed  in  un- 
marked graves  on  Put-in-Bay  Island  for 
nearly  a  hundred  years.  The  memorial  cost 
more  than  a  million  dollars.  Congress  has 
appropriated  $250,000. 

The  State  of  Ohio  took  the  initiative  in 
the  project  by  necessary  legislation  provid- 
ing for  the  appointment  of  commissioners 
to  carry  forward  such  plans  as  they  deemed 
advisable,  and  since  that  time  Pennsyl- 
vania, Michigan,  Illinois.  Wisconsin  and 
other  states,  nine  in  all,  by  legislation  and 
the  appointment  of  commissioners,  joined 
in  the  enterprise. 

The  officers  of  the  Ohio  Commission 
were  :  President,  William  H.  Keinhart, 
Sandusky  ;  Vice-President,  George  H. 
Worthingham,  Cleveland;  Secretary,  Web- 
ster P.  lluntington,  Columbus  ;  Treasurer, 
S.  M.  Johannsen,  Put-In-Bay.  Among  the 
other  members  of  the  commission  were 
Lieut-Gen.  Nelson  A.  Miles.  Uear-Admiral 
Charles  E.  Clark.  Col.  Henry  Wntterson, 
Myron  T.  Herrick  and  Richmond  P.  Hob- 
son. 

The  exposition  opened  July  4,  1013,  and 
closed  Sept  10.  Its  historical  and  educa- 
tional interests  were  under  the  direction 
of  tlie  historical  societies  and  the  univer- 
sities and  colleges  of  the  states  participat- 
ing. The  only  industrial  feature  related 
to  an  exhibit  for  the  promotion  of  the  ship- 
ping interests  of  the  great  lakes.  In  con- 
junction with  the  permanent  memorial  to 
Commodore  Perry  the  exposition  commemo- 
rated the  one  hundredth  anniversay  of  Gen. 
William  Henry  Harrison's  northwestern 
campaign: 


Perryville  (Ky.),  Battle  of.— Oct.  i,  18G2, 
the  Confederate  forces  under  Bragg  and 
Kirby  Smith  having  united  at  Frankfort, 
Ky.,  Bragg  issued  a  proclamation  calling  the 
people  of  Kentucky  to  his  assistance.  He 
inaugurated  a  provisional  government  at 
Frankfort,  with  Kit-hard  Uawes  as  governor. 
Buell's  army,  divided  into  three  corps,  under 
McCook,  Gilbert,  and  Critieiidcn,  advanced 
against  the  Confederates  by  way  of  Louis- 
ville. Oct.  .S,  McCook's  corps  was  attacked 
near  Perryville,  and  after  a  light  lasting  all 
day  Bragg's  army  was  repulsed.  The  engage- 
ment, while  not  general  all  day,  was  severe. 
During  the  night  tin'  Confederates  retired, 
and  later  retreated  to  Cumberland  Gap, 
leaving  1,200  wounded  and  sick  behind.  The 
Federal  losses  were  910  killed  (including 
Generals  Jackson  and  Terrell),  2,94.'',  wound- 
ed, and  489  missing-  -a  total  of  4, .'548.  The 
Confederates  lost  510  killed.  2,r..'!5  wounded 
and  251  missing — a  total  of  :{,:{yo. 
Persia. — Persia  is  a  kingdom  in  fhe  west 
of  the  continent  of  Asia,  and  is  bounded 
on  the  north  by  Russian  Transcaucasia,  the 
Caspian  Sea,  and  Russian  Transcaspia,  on 
the  east  by  Afghanistan  and  British  Balu- 
chistan: on  the  south  by  the  Arabian  Sea 
and  the  Persian  Gulf;  and  on  the  west  by 
Asiatic  Turkey.  The  territory  thus  de- 
lined  lies,  approximately,  between  44°-03° 
10.  longitude,  and  between  25°-:i9°  45'  N. 
latitude,  an  area  of  O.'tO.OOO  square  miles. 
It  is  called  Iran  by  the  natives,  and  is 
referred  to  in  the  Bible  as  Elarn. 

I'ltyfiical  Features. — The  kingdom  occupies 
the  western  and  greater  portion  of  the 
Iranian  Plateau  (which  extends  between 
the  valleys  of  the  Indus  and  the  Tigris), 
and  consists  of  a  series  of  plateaus.  The 
coast  of  the  Caspian  is  low  lying  and  for- 
est clad ;  the  shores  of  the  Persian  Gulf 
and  Arabian  Sea  are  low  and  sandy,  but 
elsewhere  the  country  between  the  'moun- 
tain ranges  is  elevated.  In  the  southeast 
are  two  volcanoes,  Kuh  i  Basman  (dor- 
mant), about  12,000  feet  in  height,  and 
Kuh  i  Nushadar  (active),  a  triple-peaked 
cone  of  12,681  feet.  The  Kizil  Uzaln,  the 
Herhaz.  the  Gurgan  and  the  Atrek  rivers 
flow  into  the  Caspian  Sea.  Many  rivers 
into  the  Persian  Gulf  and  Arabian  Sea. 
The  salt  swanips  of  the  depressions  of  the 
interior  are  watered  by  many  streams, 
which  soon  lose  themselves  in  the  saline 
swamps  or  dry  salt  area.  There  are  many 
lakes,  the  largest  being  Lake  Urmia,  about 
4,000  feet  above  sea  level,  its  area  being 
close  on  1.000  square  miles  and  its  waters 
so  salt  that  flsh  cannot  live  therein. 

IIMorji. — The  country  now  known  as 
Persia  formed  part,  at  various  times,  of  a 
much  greater  kingdom,  and  under  Cyrus 
( 500-528  B.C.)  was  included  in  a  mighty 
empire  extending  from  Asia  Minor  and 
Syria  to  the  Indies.  Attempts  at  a  west- 
ward extension  under  Darius  (521-485 
B.C.)  and  Xerxes  (485-465  B.C.)  were 
checked  by  the  victories  of  the  Greeks  at 
the  battles  of  Marathon  (490).  Thermopy- 
1»  (480).  Salamis  <4SO)  and  Platre  (479 
B.C.).  Under  a  later  dynasty  (226-651 
A.D.),  known  as  the  Sassanians  (Assassins 
or  Isma'ilites),  the  Persian  empire  was  ex- 
tended once  again,  to  be  consolidated  by 
Chosroes  (or  Khosrai.  over  an  area  from 
the  Red  Sea  to  the  Indus,  and  from  Arabia 
into  the  heart  of  Central  Asia.  From  the 
eighth  to  the  tenth  centuries  A.D.  Persia 
fell  under  Moslem  rule,  and  with  a  short 
interval'  of  independence  was  afterwards 
overrun  by  the  Mongols  from  the  north- 
east, forming  part  of  the  territories  of 
Jenghiz  Khan  at  his  death  in  1272.  A  fur- 
ther period  of  independence  was  inter- 


Persia 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


rupted  by  the  conquest  of  Persia  by  Timur 
(Tamburlane  the  Great),  from  whose  death 
(1403)  to  the  present  time  the  kingdom 
has  been  independent,  under  the  rule  of 
a  Shah,  the  reign  of  Nadir  Shah  (1730- 
1747)  being  the  most  brilliant  in  the  an- 
nals of  modern  Persia.  After  the  death  of 
Nadir,  Afghanistan  asserted  its  independ- 
ence, and  the  nineteenth  century  witnessed 
the  gradual  decay  of  the  kingdom.  The 
rule  of  the  8hah  was  absolute  and  despotic 
from  the  earliest  times,  but  many  internal 
dissensions,  culminating  in  the  revolution 
of  1905-1900,  have  marked  the  later  years 
of  Persian  history  and  nave  further  weak- 
ened the  powers  of  resistance  to  external 
forces.  Owing  to  increasing  popular  discon- 
tent with  a  corrupt  and  incompetent  ad- 
ministration and  an  extravagant  Court,  a 
nationalist  movement  began  in  December, 
1905.  Owing  to  the  vacillation  of  the 
Shah  and  the  anarchical  state  of  u  if  airs, 
Kngland  and  Russia  made  strong  repre- 
sentations in  favor  of  the  restoration  of  a 
constitutional  regime.  A  Russian  force 
eventually  crossed  the  frontier,  while  the 
revolutionary  bands  concentrated  on  Tehe- 
ran, which  was  occupied  without  much 
fighting  on  July  13,  1901).  The  Shah  was 
deposed  by  the  National  Council,  and  his 
son,  aged  eleven  years,  appointed  to  suc- 
ceed him.  It  declared  its  intention  of 
strengthening  the  army,  punishing  disor- 
ders, reforming  the  police  and  law  courts, 
improving  education  and  provincial  admin- 
istration, and  employing  foreign  advisers  in 
certain  offices.  In  October,  1910,  England 
demanded  the  restoration  within  three 
months  of  security  on  the  southern  trade 
routes,  failing  which  she  would  take  over 
the  policing  of  the  Bushire-Isfahan  route. 
In  1911  the  ex-Shah  invaded  Persia  from 
Russian  territory,  but  after  he  was  de- 
feated and  driven  out,  his  followers  con- 
tinued the  struggle.  Russia  and  Kngland 
despatched  further  troops ;  and  while  the 
Russian  troops  remain  in  the  country,  the 
British  troops  were  withdrawn,  as  Great 
Britain  preferred  to  give  the  Persian  Gov- 
ernment time  to  restore  order  themselves, 
and.  with  that  view,  strongly  support  the 
gendarmerie  being  formed  under  Swedish 
officers. 

Government. — In  August.  1900,  the  Shah, 
admitting  the  need  for  reforms,  granted  a 
Constitution.  The  first  elections  for  the 
Mejliss  (National  Council  or  Consultative 
Assembly)  were  held  in  October,  1906.  A 
Cabinet  of  eight  responsible  Ministers  was 
formed  in  September,  1907.  In  October, 
19O7,  the  Shah  signed  a  new  Constitution 
limiting  the  sovereign  prerogatives  and  ec- 
clesiastical authority,  and  granting  liberty 
of  conscience,  of  the  person,  of  education, 
of  the  press,  of  association,  and  of  speech. 
But  he  broke  his  pledges  and  violently  dis- 
solved the  Mejliss.  A  fresh  nationalist 
movement  sprang  up,  Tabriz  being  the  cen- 
tre of  revolt  Ruler:  Sultan  Ahmed  Mir/a, 
Shah  in  Shall  (King  of  Kings  I  ;  born  at 
Tabriz,  Jan.  L'O,  1898:  succeeded  to  the 
throne  July  17.  19<r.  .  Regent:  Aboul  Kas- 
sim  Khan,  Xazer-ul-Mulk  ;  appointed  Sept. 
Ii5,  1910.  The  young  King  was  crowned 
at  Teheran  July  in,  1914.  The  Kxeciitive 
government  is  entrusted  to  a  cabinet  of 
seven  ministers. 

Tnder  the  constitution  outlined  in  the 
rescript  of  Shah  Muhammad  AH  (who  ab- 
dicated on  July  Hi,  19O-.I.  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  his  son.  the  present  ruleri.  is- 
sued on  August  5,  190(i,  a  legislature  (mej- 
llss)  was  to  be  inaugurated,  consisting  of 
an  upper  house,  or  Senate,  of  sixty  mem- 
bers (thirty  appointed  and  thirty  fleeted). 
and  of  a  National  Council  of  l.'iO  members 
elected  for  two  years  and  meeting  annual- 
ly on  October  8. 


The  administration  of  justice  is  entrust- 
ed to  co-ordinate  authorities,  offences  un- 
der the  written  or  religious  law  being  dealt 
with  by  the  Sheikhs-ul-lslam  and  subordi- 
nate priests,  and  those  against  customary 
law  by  the  governors,  lieutenant-governors 
and  their  subordinates. 

By  the  Anglo-Russian  Convention  of  Aug. 
31,  1907,  Great  Britain  and  Russia  mu- 
tually engaged  to  respect  the  integrity  and 
independence  of  Persia,  while  marking  out 
certain  regions  in  southeastern  and  north- 
ern Persia,  in  which  each  had,  for  geograph- 
ical and  economic:  reasons,  special  interests. 
Russia  engaged  not  to  seek  political  or 
commercial  concessions  (for  railways, 
mines,  etc.)  beyond  a  line  running  from 
the  Afghan  frontier  via  Gazik,  Birjaud  and 
Kerman,  to  Bunder  Abbas,  while  Great 
Britain  made  a  like  engagement  as  regards 
a  line  running  from  Kasr-i-Shirin  via  Isfa- 
han, Yezd  and  Kakhli,  to  the  point  of  in- 
tersection of  the  Russian  and  Afghan  fron- 
tiers. In  the  so-called  Neutral  /one  either 
of  the  contracting  parties  is  at  liberty  to 
obtain  concessions.  This  includes  the  prov- 
inces of  Arabistan  and  Fars,  an  area  of 
L'OO.OOO  square  miles,  containing  a  million 
and  a  half  of  population.  The  Russian 
sphere  covers  .'',00,000  square  miles,  and 
includes  the  provinces  of  Ardalan,  Astra- 
bad,  Azerbaijan,  Gilan,  Ilamadan,  Irak 
Ajmi,  Isfahan,  Karmanshah,  Kasvin, 
Khamseh,  Khorasan,  Luristan,  Mazanda- 
ran,  Teheran  and  Yezd.  Karman  is  solely 
British  and  Kuhistan  is  jointly  British  and 
Russian. 

The  debt  consists  of  Russian  and  British 
loans   to   the   amount   of  some  $30,000,000. 
The  capital  is  Teheran. 
Persia: 

Diplomatic  relations  with,  2977,  4078, 
4718.  4761,  5088. 

Diplomatic      representation      of,      in 
United  States,  5IJ68. 

Minister  of  United  States  to,  recom- 
mended, 2977. 
Legation  established,  5088. 

Protection    of    American    citizens    in, 
referred  to,  4678. 

Eesources  of,  developed  by  American 
citizens,  discussed,  5471. 

Treaty  with,  2682,  2!>56. 

Referred   to,   2!)77. 
Persia,     Treaties     with. — A     treaty     of 

friendship  and  commerce  was  concluded  in 
1850.  Provision  is  made  for  the  reception 
and  protection  of  ambassadors  and  diplo- 
matic agents  on  terms  of  the  most  favored 
nation  ;  freedom  of  travel  is  secured  to  all 
citizens,  and  of  trade  in  conformity  with 
the  laws  of  the  country  in  which  such  is 
carried  on.  Such  privileges  as  may  at  any 
time  lie  conferred  upon  other  powers  are  in 
be  enjoyed  by  citizens  and  subjects  of  the 
two  contracting  powers.  No  exceptional 
or  discriminating  tax  upon  import  or  ex- 
port is  to  lie  charged.  Suits  and  disputes 
are  to  In'  tried  before  the  proper  Persian 
otlicer  in  the  presence  of  the  consul  or  of 
his  agent  or  representative  at  the  place  of 
consular  residence.  Disputes  between  citi- 
zens of  the  Tinted  States  are  to  be  settled 
by  and  before  the  consul. 

Disputes  between  citizens  of  the  United 
States  and  subjects  of  other  powers  in 
Persia  are  to  lie  settled  by  their  consuls. 
The  goods  anil  effects  of  a'  citizen  or  sub- 
ject dying  in  the  country  of  the  other  shall 
'be  delivered  to  his  heirs  or  successors; 
when  such  are  not  represented,  the  effects 
shall  be  delivered  to  the  consul  for  disposi- 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Peru 


tion.  Each  country  shall  appoint  a  diplo- 
matic agent  to  reside  at  the  seat  of  gov- 
ernment of  the  other,  and  three  consuls, 
those  of  the  United  States  to  reside  at 
Teheran,  Render  Rushir,  and  Tauris  ;  those 
of  Persia  at  Washington,  Ne\v  York,  and 
New  Orleans.  No  greater  number  of  do- 
mestics may  be  retained  by  the  diplomatic 
agent  in  Persia  than  arc  allowed  to  Russia 
by  treaty. 

Personal-Liberty  Laws.— A  name  given  to 
laws  passed  by  some  of  the  northern  states 
for  the  purpose  of  impeding  the  operations 
of  "fugitive-slave  laws."  In  1840  and  the 
years  immediately  prior  and  subsequent 
thereto  most  of  the  northern  states  enacted 
statutes  for  the  protection  of  negroes  willi- 
in  their  borders.  Indiana  and  Connecticut 
had  previously  provided  that  fugitive  slaves 
might  have  trial  by  jury.  After  the  1'rigg 
decision  many  of  the  states  forbade  the 
use  of  their  jails  for  the  detention  of  fugi- 
tives. The  bitter  opposition  in  the  north 
to  the  fugitive-slave  law  of  1850  induced 
many  of  the  state  legislatures  to  enact 
personal-liberty  laws.  Besides  prohibiting 
the  use  of  state  jails,  these  laws  forbade 
state  judges  and  officers  to  assist  claim- 
nuts  or  issue  writs.  Trial  was  to  be  given 
all  alleged  fugitives.  Such  acts  were  passed 
by  Vermont,  Connecticut,  Rhode  Island, 
Massachusetts,  Maine,  Michigan,  Wiscon- 
sin, Kansas,  Ohio,  and  Pennsylvania,  and 
heavy  penalties  were  provided  for  their 
violation.  New  Jersey  and  California  alone 
of  the  northern  states  sanctioned  the  re- 
turn of  fugitives.  It  was  claimed  by  the 
people  of  the  South  that  these  laws  were 
In  violation  of  Article  IV.,  section  2,  of  the 
Constitution,  which  reads  as  follows  :  "No 
person  held  to  service  or  labor  in  one 
state,  under  the  laws  thereof,  escaping 
into  another,  shall,  in  consequence  of  any 
law  or  regulation  therein,  be  discharged 
from  such  service  or  labor,  but  shall  be 
delivered  up  on  claim  of  the  party  to  whom 
such  service  or  labor  may  be  due." 

Perthshire,  The,  appropriation  to  own- 
ers for  detention  of,  recommended, 
3247. 

Peru. — Peru  is  a  maritime  country  on  the 
northwest  of  the  South  American  Conti- 
nent, between  1°  31'-17°  47'  S.  latitude  (the 
territory  between  17°  47'-10°  13'  being  the 
department  of  Tacna,  occupied  by  Chile), 
with  a  coast-line  on  the  Pacilic  of  about 
1,200  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by 
Ecuador  and  Colombia,  on  the  east  by  Bo- 
livia and  Brazil,  and  on  the  south  by 
Chile. 

Pliiixical  Features. — The  country  is  trav- 
ersed throughout  its  length  by  the  Andes, 
running  parallel  to  the  Pacific  coast,  the 
highest  points  being  Iluascaran  (22,050 
feet),  Huandoy  (21.100  feet).  Areqnlpn  (or 
Misti)  volcano  (20,013  feet).  Ilualcan  (20,- 
000  feet),  and  Lirima.  Tocora.  and  Sara- 
sara,  all  over  1!),000  feet.  There  are  four 
distinct  regions,  t'he  costa,  west  of  the  An- 
des, a  low  arid  desert  except  where  wa- 
tered by  transverse  mountain  streams,  but 
capable' of  irrigation;  the  sierra  or  western 
slopes  of  the  Andes,  the  punas  or  moun- 
tainous wastes  below  the  region  of  perpet- 
ual snow,  and  the  inward  slopes  and  bound- 
less forests  of  the  Amazonian  basin. 

Histori/. — Peru  was  conquered  in  the 
sixteenth  century  by  Francisco  Piznrro, 
who  subjugated  the  Incus  (a  tribe  of  the 
Quiehna  Indians),  who  had  invaded  the 
country  some  500  years  earlier,  and  for 
nearly'  three  centuries  Peru  remained  un- 
der the  Spanish  rule.  A  revolutionary 


war  of  1821-1821   established    its  independ- 
ence,   declared   on   .Inly    28,    1821. 

AUEA    AND    POPULATION 

Area  in    Estimated 

Departments  English   Population 

Sq.,Mile.s  1906 

Amazonas 13,94  1  53,000 

Annichs 16,059  317,000 

Apurimao S,  LhO  133,000 

Arequipa 21,947  172,000 

Ayacucho 18,188  227,000 

Cajamarca 12,545  3:53,000 

Callao 14  34,000 

Cuzco 131,300  313,000 

lluancavclica 0,2(14  KiS.OOO 

Iluanuto 13,890  109,000 

Ira        8,085  (iS.OOO 

Jimin 23,314  3011,000 

Lambaycque 4,593  93,000 

Liberdad 10,190  188,000 

Lima 13,278  250,000 

Lorcto 254, .007  120,000 

Madro  dc  Dios 24,045  1(1,000 

Moquegua 5,7 14  32,000 

I'iura 14,822  154,000 

Puno 41,000  403,000 

San  Martin 31,243  33,000 

Tacna 12,590  39,9(11 

Tumbcz 1,930  8,000 


Total 692,016     3,509,961 

If  the  total  may  be  assumed  at  3,500,- 
000  the  races  may  be  approximately  stated 
at:  Whites,  480.0(10:  Indians  (Quichua 
and  Aymara.  tribes  and  "wild"  Indians  of 
the  forests  of  the  eastern  interior),  2,000,- 
000;  Half-castes  (Cliolos  or  Spanish  Indi- 
an and  Zamhos  or  Spanish  Negro),  875,- 
000;  Negroes,  87,500;  and  Asiatics  (main- 
ly Chinese),  60,000. 

Gorcrniiicnt. — The  constitution  rests  upon 
the  fundamental  law  of  Oct.  18,  185(5 
(amended  Nov.  25,  I860),  and  is  that  of  a 
democratic  Republic.  The  President  and 
two  Vice-Presidents  are  elected  for  four 
years  by  direct  vote  of  the  people,  and  are 
ineligible  for  a  succeeding  term  of  office. 
President  ( 101 2-191  (1 1  :  Scnor  Cuillero  Bil- 
liiighnrst,  Installed  Sept.  25,  1912,  for  four 
years. 

Congress  consists  of  a  Senate  and  Cham- 
ber of  Deputies,  and  meets  annually  on 
Independence  Day  (July  28)  for  ninety 
days.  The  Senate  is  composed  of  fifty- 
two  members,  the  Chamber  of  110  mem- 
bers, in  each  case  elected  by  the  direct 
vote  of  all  male  citizens  aged  twenty-one 
who  can  read  and  write  or  possess  a  small 
property  or  tax-paying  qualification. 

There  is  a  Supreme  Court  at  Lima,  the 
members  of  which  are  appointed  by  Con- 
gress, and  Superior  Courts  at  Arequipa, 
Ayacucho,  Cajamarca,  Cuzco,  Huaraz,  Pi- 
nra,  Puno.  and  Truxillo. 

The  twenty  Departments  and  three  Prov- 
inces are  subdivided  into  Provinces  (110 
in  all),  which  again  are  parcelled  out  into 
850  districts.  At  the  head  of  the  Depart- 
ment is  a  Prefect,  with  a  sub-Prefect  over 
each  Province. 

Armif. — I!y  a  law  of  Dec.  27.  1SOS.  service 
in  tlie  Army  is  compulsory  for  all  citizens. 
(For  the  Army,  see  Armies  of  the  World.) 

Xnri/. — The  Peruvian  Navy  consists  of  2 
modern  protected  cruisers  (Almirante  Grau 
and  Corouel  Rolognesil,  one  modernized 
cruiser  (Lima),  and  two  submarines;  with 
certain  miscellaneous  craft,  school  ships, 
sailing  vessels,  etc. 

I'roiluctitni  nml  f»iluxtrii. — The  eastern 
provinces  are  of  vast  extent  and  fertility 
with  a  tropical  climate,  while  the  valleys 
running  from  the  Andes  to  the  coast  are 
very  fertile  and  are  capable  of  develop- 
ment by  irrigation.  The  staple  agricultural 


Peru 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Eroduct  is  sugar,  while  cotton  is  grown  in 
irge  and  increasing  quantities.  The  me- 
dicinal products  of  the  eastern  provinces 
are  valuable,  and  include  cinchona  (Peru- 
vian bark),  sarsaparilla,  copaiba,  cocaine, 
etc.  India  rubber  is  a  product  of  the  Ama- 
zonian basin,  and  coffee  and  cocoa  are  in- 
creasingly grown,  while  the  sugar  planta- 
tions are  mainly  in  the  costa  west  of  the 
Andes.  The  Live  Stock  includes  herds  of 
guaiiaco,  llama,  and  alpaca,  the  wool  be- 
ing a  valuable  item  of  the  export  trade. 
Guano  is  brought  from  the  Lobos  and  other 
islands  on  the  Pacific  coast. 

The  mountains  are  rich  in  minerals, 
among  which  silver,  quicksilver,  copper 
and  coal  (of  inferior  quality)  are  conspicu- 
ous ;  while  in  the  department  of  Tumbez, 
in  the  northwest,  there  are  important  bedi 
of  petroleum.  Gold  is  found  in  many  dis- 
tricts, but  especially  in  the  province  of 
Carabaya,  where  mining  on  an  important 
scale  is  carried  on.  An  American  syndi- 
cate has  bought  four-fifths  of  the  whole 
mineral  zone  of  Cerro  de  Pasco  and  many 
others  in  neighboring  mining  districts,  and 
has  constructed  a  railway  from  Oroya  to 
Cerro  de  Pasco. 

There  is  a  lack  of  industrial  develop- 
ment, but  many  openings  exist  for  capital 
so  soon  as  the  rich  land  on  the  inward 
slopes  of  the  Andes  is  taken  up  by  suitable 
colonists. 

The  principal  imports  are  coal,  cotton, 
woollen,  linen,  and  silk  goods,  drugs, 
earthen  and  stone  wares,  machinery,  ex- 
plosives, metals  and  manufactures  thereof, 
oils,  stationery,  paper  manufactures,  tim- 
ber, and  wheat.  The  chief  exports  are 
sugar,  copner  and  other  ores,  guano,  gold, 
silver,  cotton,  llama  and  alpaca  wool,  rub- 
ber, and  cocaine. 

Finance. — The  average  revenue  for  four 
recent  years  was  3,164,954  libra,  and  the 
expenditures  for  the  same  time  average 
3,201,372  libra.  The  libra,  the  unit  of 
value,  is  equivalent  to  the  English  pound 
or  $4.8605  of  United  States  money. 

During  September.  1916,  the  Congress  of 
Peru  had  under  consideration  the  proposed 
budget  for  the  fiscal  year  1917.  The  pro- 
posed appropriations  for  the  various 
branches  of  the  government  were  as  follows, 
the  amounts  being  in  Peruvian  libra,  which 
are  now  quoted  at  par,  $4.8665  :  Ministry 
of  Komento,  £198.736  ;  Foreign  Relations, 
£5K067  :  Government,  £553.749  ;  Justice, 
£5.~>4.565  :  Legislative,  £108,322  ;  Treasury, 
£1,206.589;  War  and  Marine,  £641,009; 
total  expenditures,  £3,412,237. 

The  estimated  revenues  are  based  on  the 
actual  receipts  during  the  first  half  of  the 
present  fiscal  year,  with  the  exception  of 
revenues  provided  for  in  recent  laws,  such 
ns  the  taxes  on  inheritances  and  mineral 
export  duties.  No  revenue  is  estimated  from 
the  opium  monopoly  this  year,  as  it  is  the. 
desire  of  the  executive  to  prohibit  the  sale 
of  this  drug  except  fur  medicinal  purposes. 
The  estimated  revenues  were  as  follows  : 
Maritime  customs  duties,  £S52,OSO ;  fluvial 
duties.  £60.000;  export  duties  on  agricul- 
tural and  mineral  products,  £2!iO.S90  ;  taxes, 
£812,587;  monopolies,  £774.500;  postollico, 
£105.100;  telegraph,  £32.000  :  wireless, 
£1,500;  impost  on  circular  cheeks,  £23,OOO  ; 
education  funds,  £161,500;  various  rev- 
enues, £286.480;  total  revenues,  £.'!, 412,237. 

Citicx. — Capital,  Lima,  on  the  mountain 
stream  Kimac,  with  a  magnificent  cathe- 
dral founded  by  Plzarro  in  154O.  Popu- 
lation M908)  143.500.  Oilier  towns  are 
Callao  (34,346),  Arequipa  (40.0OO),  Cuzco, 
the  ancient  capital  of  the  Incas,  Ayacu- 
cho  and  Iqultos. 


Peru    (see    also    Peru-Bolivian    Confed- 
eration) : 

Alleged  agreement  between  ministers 
of    United    States,    Great    Britain, 
France,  and  Italy  in,  4745. 
Claims  against,  of — 

Members  of  Hydrographic  Commis- 
sion  of   the   Amazon,  6099. 
United    States,    1594,    2193,    4463, 

4919,  5988,  6092,  6335. 
Arbitration  of,   6335. 
Convention    for    adjustment    of, 
referred  to,  1933,  1944,  2135, 
2193,  2294,  2400,  2586,   3353, 
3381,  3396,  3893,  3987,  5088. 
Amendment    to,   recommended, 

3553. 

Indemnity  paid,  2400. 
Indemnity  stipulated  to  be  paid, 

2586. 

Payment  of  mutual  claims,  3445. 
Claims     of,     against     United     States 
(see  also  (Jcorttiana,  The;  Lizzie 
Thompson,  The)— 
Appropriation  for,  4013. 
Convention  for  adjustment  of,  3893, 

4013. 
Commercial     relations      with,      1159, 

2745. 

Domestic  disturbances  in,  5960. 
Earthquakes  in,  3885. 
Fugitive   criminals,   convention    with, 

for  surrender  of,  4068,  4247. 
Termination   of,   referred   to,   4919. 
Government  in,  restored,  5088. 
Guano  imported  from.      (See  Guano.) 
Gunboats    constructed    by    Spain     in 
and    near    New    York    to    operate 
against,  discussed,  3987. 
Imprisonment    of    American    citizens 
by,  and  claims  arising  out  of,  5988, 
6092,  6335. 
Lobos  Islands,  discussed.     (See  Lobos 

Islands.) 
Naval     force     of     United     States    on 

shores    of,    875. 

Neutral    rights,    treaty   with,   regard- 
ing,  2953. 

Proceeds  of  cargo  of  th^  Mnt'ciJniiinii 
seized    in,   by  authorilies   of   Chile. 
(See  Macedonian,  The.) 
Railroads   operated   by  American   cit- 
izens in,  questions  affecting  Ameri- 
can   interests    in    connection    with, 
5470. 
Relations  of,  with   Chile,  referred  to. 

4662,  467.'!. 

Treaty    with,    transmitted     and     dis- 
cussed  by   President— 
Buchanan,  .'5001 
Cleveland.  5179,  5369, 
Fillrnorc,  2600,  2680. 
Grant,  406H,  4212,  42-17. 
Pierce,  2952. 
Polk,  2-122,  2-1 7!>. 
Tyler,   1944,  2116,   2135. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Pettaquamscut 


Termination  of — 

Notification    of,     given    by     Peru, 

6335. 

Referred  to,  4919. 
Vessels   purchased   for,   from   United 

States,  detained,  3831,  3835. 
Vice-President    of,   refuge    given    to, 

by  the  *S7.  Louis,  1133. 
War    between    Chile,     Bolivia,    and, 

4522,  4563,  4628,  4717. 
Claims  of  United  States  arising  out 

of,  4913,  5083,  5369,   5514. 
Conditions    of    peace    proposed    by 
Chile,  discussed,  4662,  4717,  4760. 
Efforts   of    United    States   to    bring 
about     peace,     discussed,     4522, 
4563,  4582,  4662,  4717. 
Stable      government      restored      in 

Peru,  5088. 
Terminated,  4822. 
Treaty  of  peace,  discussed,  4760. 
Peru,  Treaties  With. — A  convention  de- 
claring the  rights  of  neutrals  at  sea  was 
concluded  in  1836.  Both  parties  recog- 
nize the  principle  that  free  ships  make 
free  goods  and  that  the  property  of  neu- 
trals on  an  enemy's  vessel  is  not  subject 
to  detention  or  confiscation  unless  contra- 
band of  war.  The  rights  resulting  from  a 
formal  recognition  of  these  principles  shall 
be  conferred  upon  all  other  countries  who 
desire  to  accede.  Arbitration  and  natu- 
ralization conventions  are  also  in  force. 
(For  extradition  terms  of  1899,  see  Extra- 
dition Treaties.) 

Peru  also  became  a  party  to  the  conven- 
tion between  the  United  States  and  the  sev- 
eral republics  of  South  and  Central  America 
for  the  arbitration  of  pecuniary  claims  and 
t'he  protection  of  inventions,  etc.,  which  was 
signed  in  Buenos  Aires  in  1910  and  pro- 
claimed in  Washington  July  29.  1914.  (See 
South  and  Central  America,  Treaties  with.) 

Peru-Bolivian   Confederation   (see   also 
Bolivia;  Peru) : 

Dissolution  of,  referred  to,  1751. 

Treaty  with,  1563,  1694,  1706. 
Pet  Banks.     (See  Banks,  Pet.) 
Petersburg,   Va.,  explosion   of  mine   in 

front  of,  referred  to^  3471. 
Petersburg  (Va.),  Siege  of.— When  Grant 
crossed  the  Rapidau,  May  4,  18G4,  with  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac  to  operate  against 
Lee.  he  ordered  Ben.  Butler,  with  the  Army 
of  the  Jamt'S,  to  proceed  up  the  James  River 
toward  Richmond.  Butler's  army  consisted 
of  the  Tenth  and  Eighteenth  army  corps, 
under  Generals  Gillmore  and  W.  F.  Smith, 
and  numbered  38.048  officers  and  men  and 
ninety  guns.  May  5,  he  occupied  City  Point 
and  Bermuda  Hundred,  eighteen  miles  south- 
east of  Richmond.  On  the  evening  of  May 
13  and  the  morning  of  the  14th  he  carried 
a  portion  of  the  first  line  of  defenses  of 
Richmond  at  Fort  Darling,  on  Drury's  Bluff. 
On  the  Kith  Butler  was  attacked  and  driven 
back  to  Bermuda  Hundred.  June  10  he  sent 
a  force  under  Gillmore  and  Kautz  against 
Petersburg.  The  cavalry  entered  the  town, 
but  were  driven  back,  and  the  expedition 
returned  to  Bermuda  Hundred.  June  15. 
after  a  march  of  fifty-five  miles  from  Cold 
Harbor  in  two  days,'  Grant  was  ready  to 
cross  the  James.  The  army  of  130.000  men 
crossed  by  pontoon  bridge  in  three  day.s. 
The  two  armies  were  now  united  and  pre- 


pared for  final  operations  against  Richmond. 
The  first  step  toward  taking  Richmond 
seemed  to  be  the  occupation  of  Petersburg, 
twenty-two  miles  to  the  south,  on  the  Rich- 
mond and  Petersburg  Railroad  June  1(5, 
3804,  after  the  jtmclion  of  the  Army  of  the 
James  and  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  an 
attack  was  made  on  Petersburg  by  W.  F. 
Smith's  corps.  The  assaults  were  continued 
for  four  days.  Reenforcements  were  sent 
from  Richmond  to  defend  tin.-  place,  and  the 
attempts  cost  Grant  7,881  men. 

During  parts  of  June  and  July  a  powder 
mine  was  dug  benealh  portions  of  the  Pe- 
tersburg intrenchments.  It  was  Intended  to 
explode  this  und  make  an  assault  through 
the  breach  thus  made.  The  mine,  known 
as  "the  Crater,"  was  charged  with  8,000 
pounds  of  powder,  and  at  4  o'clock  A.  M., 
July  30,  1804,  was  exploded.  A  Confederate 
battery  and  most  of  a  regiment  were  blown 
up.  The  assault,  which  was  made  by  50,- 
000  men  under  Burnside,  Warren,  and  Ord, 
was  a  total  failure,  and  4,000  men  were 
lost  in  it.  (Jen.  Mahone  commanded  The 
Confederate  force  that  recovered  the  line 
broken  by  the  explosion.  During  this  siege 
a  number  of  brilliant  sorties  were  made. 
The  losses  in  Lee's  army  are  not  fully  re- 
ported. Elliott's  brigade  lost  077  men.  Pe- 
tersburg was  not  surrendered  until  April 
3,  1805,  nearly  a  year  afterward. 

Petition.— The  Constitution  prohibits  Con- 
gress from  making  any  law  to  abridge  "the 
right  of  the  people  peaceably  to  assemble 
and  to  petition  the  Government  for  a  re- 
dress of  grievances."  Feb.  11,  1790,  a 
petition  signed  by  Benjamin  Franklin  was 
offered  to  Congress,  praying  for  the  aboli- 
tion of  slavery,  but  no  notice  was  taken  of 
it.  Between  1830  and  1844  numerous  peti- 
tions from  Abolitionists  poured  into  Con- 
gress. May  26,  1830,  the  House  resolved, 
by  a  vote  of  117  to  68,  that  "all  petitions, 
memorials,  resolutions,  propositions,  or  pa- 
pers relating  in  any  way  to  the  subject  of 
slavery  or  the  abolition  of  slavery  shall, 
without  being  printed  or  referred,  be  laid 
on  the  table,  and  that  no  further  action  be 
taken  thereon."  This  was  the  first  of  the 
famous  "gag  rules"  of  Congress.  John 
Quiiicy  Adams  championed  the  cause  of 
the  Abolitionists  and  opposed  the  gag  rules 
for  ten  years,  finally  securing  their  repeal. 
In  1837  he  presented  a  petition  to  Congress 
purporting  to  come  from  slaves.  This  was 
the  tirst  of  the  kind  ever  offered,  though  in 
1800  Congress  was  thrown  into  an  uproar 
of  debate  by  a  petition  from  freed  negroes. 

In  his  annual  message  to  Congress,  Dee. 
2,  1835,  President  Jackson  asserted  that 
publications  addressed  to  the  passions  of 
slaves  and  stimulating  them  to  insurrec- 
tion were  being  circulated  through  the 
mails,  aud  suggested  laws  to  prohibit,  un- 
der severe  penalties,  such  circulation 
(1394).  One  of  the  most  noted  laws  under 
this  recommendation  was  the  Athertou  gag, 
introduced  by  K.  G.  Athertou,  of  New 
Hampshire.  It  wao  rescinded  in  1845.  The 
rules  of  Congress  now  provide  that  peti- 
tions, when  presented,  shall  be  indoi^ed 
with  the  name  of  the  member  presenting 
them  and  the  committee  to  which  they 
were  referred.  They  are  entered  by  the 
Clerk  on  the  Journal  and  then  transmitted 
to  the  proper  committee. 
Petrel,  The,  mentioned,  6297. 
Petroleum.  (See  Paints,  Oils,  etc.) 
Petroleum,  taxation  of,  in  Holland,  etc., 

referred  to,  4979,  49S6. 
PettaquamKcut      Purchasers.— Tn       i  ooo 
John    Hull,    who    had    become    well    known 
through     his    coinage     of     pine-tree     money 


Pettaquamscut    Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


(q.  v.),  organized  a  company  and  pur- 
chased a  tract  of  land  from  the  Narragan- 
sett  Indians,  about  Pettaquamscut  Rock, 
on  the  south  shore  of  Rhode  Island,  be- 
tween Point  Judith  and  Wlckford.  About 
the  same  time  lauds  near  Wickford  had 
been  purchased  by  a  company  headed  by 
Humphrey  Athertou,  of  Massachusetts,  the 
two  companies  claiming  the  same  territory. 
When  the  boundary  line  between  Connec- 
ticut and  Khode  Island  was  settled,  in 
ltit;2,  the  Atherton  Company  had  its  re- 
gion placed  under  the  government  of  Con- 
necticut. In  1005  the  royal  commission 
ordered  the  Indians  to  return  the  price 
paid  by  the  Atherton  Company,  and  that 
the  lands  be  returned  to  them.  The  dis- 
puted territory  became  the  King's  prov- 
ince. It  was  later  made  part  of  Rhode 
Island  and  was  known  as  King's  County 
until  the  Revolution,  when  the  name  was 
changed  to  Washington  County.  It  was 
a  subject  of  contention  between  Connecti- 
cut and  Rhode  Island  for  lifty  years. 
Pewter  Muggers.— A  faction  of  the  Demo- 
cratic party  in  New  York  City  which  in 
1828  bolted  the  Tammany  candidates. 
These  dissatislied  Democrats  held  their 
meetings  over  a  resort  in  Frankfort  Street, 
New  York,  locally  famous  for  its  refresh- 
ments served  in  'pewter  mugs ;  hence  the 
name. 
Philadelphia,  The: 

Attacked  by  vessel  of  Morocco.  352. 
Disavowal  of,  by  Emperor  of  Mo- 
rocco,   353. 

Wrecked  on  coast  of  Tripoli,  356,  3G2. 
Claims  of  officers  and  crew  arising 

out  of,  1025. 

Philadelphia  (Pa.),  Occupation  of.— The 
defeat  of  Washington's  army  at  Brandywiue 
Creek  and  the  disaster  to  Wayne's  forces  at 
1'aoli  rendered  Howe's  occupation  of  Phila- 
delphia merely  a  successful  maneuver. 
Sept.  2."),  1777,  lie  entered  (iermantown,  and 
the  next  day  sent  Cornwallis  to  occupy  Phil- 
adelphia. The  occupation  was  effected  with- 
out a  battle. 

Philadelphia,  Pa.: 

Centennial     anniversary    of    framing 
Constitution,    proposition    to     cele- 
brate,  in,  discussed,  5118. 
Centennial    Exposition    held    in,    dis- 
cussed, -1158,  4215,  425-4,  430S. 
Appropriation     for,     recommended, 

4270,  4314. 

Commission,  referred  to,  4272,  4315. 
Correspondence  regarding,  referred 

to,    431  1. 
Executive    orders,   regarding,    4235, 

-1280. 
Government    aid    to,   recommended, 

4215. 

Proclamation  regarding,  41S1. 
Removal  of  (!o\  eminent   exhibit  to 
Washington   for   permanent   ex- 
hibit, recommended,  43(54. 
Exhibits  of   foreign    nations   con- 
tributed  for,  4365. 
Ifoport    of   board    on    behalf   of   Ex- 
ecutive      Departments,      printing 
and    distribution    of,    recommend- 
ed,   43S1,    4I2D. 


Report  of  commission,  referred  to, 

4304,  4465. 
Results    of,    discussed,    4355,    4364, 

4465. 

Congress  assembles  in,  240,  244,   247. 
Courts,  Federal,  in,  provision  for  ac- 
commodation of,  discussed,  2832. 
Appropriation     for,     recommended, 

2899. 

Dry  dock  at,  2414. 
Completed,   2669. 
National    Conference   of  Electricians 

at,  referred  to,   4956. 
Oflicers    continued     in,    without     con- 
sent of  Senate  referred  to,  3C63. 
Post-office  building  to  be  erected  in, 

2911. 
Appropriation     for,     recommended, 

2912. 
Seat    of   Government    transferred   to, 

Washington   from,  281,   295,  298. 
Sickness   prevalent   in,   does  not   pre- 
vent    convening     of     Congress     at, 
240. 
Philippine       Commission,       mentioned, 

6692,  6861. 

Philippines. —  The  Philippine  group,  ly- 
ing off  the  southern  coast  of  Asia,  extend- 
ing almost  due  north  and  south  from 
Formosa  to  Borneo  and  the  Moluccas,  be- 
tween longitude  110°  40'-12G°  34'  and 
latitude  4°  40'-2l°  10',  approximately  num- 
bers about  3,141  islands  and  islets,  of 
which  l,Ut>8  are  listed  by  name,  while 
1,473  are,  so  far  as  known,  without  names. 
The  actual  land  area  is  about  lir>,02<; 
square  miles.  The  six  New  England 
States,  New  York,  and  New  Jersey  have 
about  an  equal  area.  The  island  of  Luzon, 
on  which  the  capital  city  (Manila)  is  situ- 
ated, is  the  largest,  most  populous,  and 
wealthiest  member  of  the  group,  being  about 
the  size  of  the  State  of  New  York!  Min- 
danao is  nearly  as  large,  but  its  population 
is  very  much  smaller.  'There  are  two  islands 
with  areas  exceeding  10,000  square  miles 
each,  namely,  Luzon  with  40,969,  and  Min- 
danao with  3(i.2'.>2.  There  are  nine  islands 
each  of  which  has  an  area  of  more  than 
1.000  square  miles  and  less  than  10.OOO. 
There  are  twenty  between  loo  and  1,nui> 
square  miles,  seventy-three  between  10 
and  100  square  miles,  and  two  hundred 
and  sixty-two  between  1  and  10  square 
miles.  The  remaining  number.  2.77.~>.  or 
seven-eighths  of  all,  have  areas  less  than 
a  square  mile  each. 

The  area  of  the  larger  islands  with  popu- 
lation ascertained  by  the  latest  United 
States  census  follows: 

Population 
Island  Area  100:5 

Luzon •  lO.'HiO     3, 70S, 507 

Mindanao :.ii;,202        400,(i:it 

Sainur ",,():!  1          222, (JOO 

Pansiv !,r,H         7-t:5,(»-tti 

Mindoro :;,x.">l 

I.eytc 2,722         3.", (Ml 

Nruros 4, SSI         4('.(),77(i 

(Vim 1,7C,2         .r.r,2,2»7 

iiohol ...         1,-l.Jl         243.14S 

The  capital  of  the  Archipelair<>  is  Ma- 
nila, with  23  I. -Kill  inhabitants.  Other  towns 
ar«-:  In  Luzon.  Kalian  ( 31i.(i!i-h,  Lipa  (37,- 
'.13  H.  Lanag  (34. ir.l).  Uatangas  (33.1311, 
San  Carlos  (27.ir,r,i.  Tobacco  <21.!ll(ii;  in 
Samar,  Calbayo^  (  1  n.S'.Ci)  ;  in  Pa  nay,  Ja- 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Philippines 


ninny  (20,738),  Miagao  (20,050),  Hollo  (19,- 
<).-)4)  ;  in  Cebu,  Argao  (35, -MM),  Ccbu  C'.l,- 
OV!»),  Barili  (31,017),  Cart-sir  (31,895), 
Sibonga  (25,848)  ;  in  Leyle,  Baybay  (22,- 
990),  Ormot-  (1(5,128). 

A  census  of  tlie  i'hlllpplnes  was  taken 
in  1903  under  the  auspices  of  the  Cen- 
sus OtHt-e.  The  population  returned  was 
7,035,420.  Of  this  number  about  seven 
millions  are  more  or  less  civilized.  The 
wild  tribes  form  about  9  per  cent,  of  the 
entire  population.  Racially  the  inhabi- 
tants are  principally  Malays.  The  civil- 
ized tribes  are  practically  all  adherents 
of  the  Catholic  Church,  the  religion  being 
thsit  introduced  into  the  country  by  the 
Spaniards  when  they  took  possession  o£  the 
islands  in  1505.  The  Church  has  since 
then  been  n  strong  ruling  power  and  the 
priesthood  is  numerous.  The  Moros  are 
Mohammedans. 

The  density  of  population  in  the  Phil- 
ippines is  07  per  square  mile.  In  Conti- 
nental United  States  it  is  2(5  per  square 
mile.  Foreigners  number  about  50,000,  of 
whom  nearly  three-fourths  are  Chinese. 
Exclusive  of  the  army  there  are  8,i:i5 
Americans  In  the  islands,  nearly  one-half 
being  located  in  the  city  of  Manila.  There 
are  about  twenty-five  different  tribes  in 
the  islands,  speaking  fifteen  or  sixteen  dis- 
tinct dialects,  the  largest  tribe  being  the 
Visayans,  who  form  nearly  one-fourth  of 
the  entire  civilized  population  (3,219,030). 
The  Tagalogs,  occupying  the  provinces  in 
the  vicinity  of  Manila  (1.469,695),  rank 
second  in  number  and  the  llocauos  (803,- 
U42)  the  third. 

Education  has  been  practically  reorgan- 
ized by  the  Americans.  The  total  annual 
enrolment  is  440,050.  Seven  thousand  six 
hundred  and  seventy-one  teachers  are  em- 
ployed, of  whom  658  are  Americans  and 
7,013  Filipinos.  Fuglish  is  very  generally 
taught,  and  the  next  generation  of  Fili- 
pinos will  probably  speak  that  tongue.  Pau- 
perism is  almost  unknown  in  the  islands. 
in  1002  there  were  only  1,608  paupers 
maintained  at  public  charge.  Vital  statis- 
tics are  as  yet  restricted  to  Manila.  The 
death  rate  in  the  city  of  Manila  is  24.20 
per  thousand.  The  birth  rate  is  36.51  per 
thousand. 

In  11)12  there  were  70  newspapers  and 
periodicals  published  in  the  islands,  19  be- 
ing in  English,  10  in  Spanish,  15  in  na- 
tive dialects,  7  in  Spanish  and  English,  11 
in  Spanish  and  native  dialects  and  2  in 
Spanish,  English,  and  native  dialects.  The 
assessed  real  estate  property  value  in  1912 
was  484,037,327.10  pesos.  The  reported 
value  of  church  buildings,  mostly  Catholic, 
is  41,698,710  pesos. 

The  climate  is  one  of  the  best  in  the  trop- 
ics. The  thermometer  during  July  and  Au- 
gust rarely  goes  below  79°  or  above  85°. 
The  extreme  ranges  iu  a  year  are  said  to 
be  61°  and  97°,  and  the  annual  mean  81°. 

Although  agriculture  is  the  chief  occupa- 
tion of  the  Filipinos,  yet  only  one-ninth 
of  the  surface  is  under  cultivation.  The 
soil  is  very  fertile,  and  even  after  deduct- 
ing the  mountainous  areas  it  is  probable 
that  the  area  of  cultivation  can  be  very 
largely  extended  and  that  the  islands  can 
support  population  equal  to  that  of  Japan 
(42.000.000). 

The  chief  products  are  hemp,  rice,  corn, 
sugar,  tobacco,  cocoa  nuts,  and  cacao,  hemp 
being  the  most  important  commercial  prod- 
uct and  constituting  43  per  cent,  of  the 
value  of  all  exports.  Coffee  and  cotton 
were  formerly  produced  in  large  quantities 
— the  former  for  export  and  the  latter  for 
home  consumption  ;  but  the  coffee  plant  has 
been  almost  exterminated  by  insects  and 
the  home-made  cotton  cloths  have  been 


driven  out  by  the  competition  of  those 
imported  fnnii  England.  The  rice  and 
corn  are  principally  produced  in  Luzon 
and  Mindoro  and  are  consumed  in  the 
Islands.  The  cacao  is  raised  in  the  south- 
ern islands,  the  best  quality  of  it  til  .Min- 
danao. The  sugar  cane  is  raised  in  the; 
Visayas.  The  hemp  Is  produced  in  South 
ern  Luzon,  Mindaro,  the  Visayas,  and  Min- 
danao, ll  is  nearly  all  exported  in  bales. 
Tobacco  is  raised  in  many  of  the  islands, 
especially  Luzon  and  Negros. 

Iu  the  year  ending  June  30,  1913,  the 
exports  of  domestic  merchandise  from  the 
United  States  to  the  Philippines  were  $25,- 
300,046,  and  the  total  imports  from  the 
Philippines  for  the  same  period  were  $21,- 
010,248. 

The  imports  of  merchandise  from  foreign 
countries,  year  ending  June  30,  1913,  were 
$30,948,498,  and  the  exports  were  $33,- 
834,438.  The  principal  foreign  countries 
trading  with  the  Philippines  are  Great 
Britain,  French  East  Indies,  China,  and 
Spain. 

Oil  July  1,  1902,  Congress  passed  (chap- 
ter 1309)  "An  act  temporarily  to  provide 
for  the  administration  of  the  affairs  of 
civil  government  in  the  Philippine  Islands." 
Under  this  act  complete  civil  government 
was  established  in  the  Archipelago,  ex- 
cept that  portion  inhabited  by  Moros,  com- 
prising part  of  Mindanao  and'  the  Sulu  Isl- 
ands, aud  the  otlice  of  Military  Governor 
was  terminated.  \Vm.  II.  Taft  was  ap- 
pointed Civil  Governor  by  the  President, 
the  title  being  subsequently  changed  lo 
that  of  Governor-General.  Governor  Taft 
was  succeeded  by  Luke  10.  Wright  in  Decem- 
ber, 1903,  by  Ileury  Clay  Ide  in  1905, 
James  F.  Smith  in  1906,  W.  Cameron 
Forbes  in  1909,  and  Francis  Burton  Harri- 
son in  1913.  The  government  was  com- 
posed of  a  Civil  Governor  aud  seven  com- 
missioners, of  whom  four  were  Americans 
*nd  three  Filipinos.  By  act  of  Congress, 
approved  May  11,  1908,  the  commission 
was  increased  by  one  member,  to  lie  ap- 
pointed by  the  President,  making  the  com- 
mission nine  members  in  all,  including  the 
Governor-General,  who  is  President  of  the 
Philippine  Commission.  There  are  four 
executive  departments — Interior,  Finance 
and  Justice,  Commercial  and  Police,  and 
Public  Instruction.  There  are  thirty-eight 
provinces,  each  with  a  Governor,  a  Treas- 
urer, and  prosecuting  attorney  (provincial 
fiscal).  Local  governments  have  been  estab- 
lished in  about  715  towns.  The  officials 
consist  of  a  President,  Vice-President,  and 
Couiicilmen  (the  latter  varying  iu  number 
according  to  the  population)  and  are  elected 

ty  the  qualified  voters  of  the  municipality 
nd  serve  for  four  years.  The  Judiciary 
consists  of  a  Supreme  Court,  with  seven 
Judges ;  Courts  of  First  Instance,  Justice 
of  the  Peace  Courts,  and  a  Court  of  Laud 
Registration.  There  are  seventeen  Judicial 
Districts.  In  each  province  there  is  a  Court 
of  First  Instance  and  a  Court  of  the  Jus- 
tice of  the  Peace  in  each  organized  munici- 
pality in  every  province  where  there  is  a 
Court  of  First  Instance.  Two  resident  com- 
missioners are  elected  to  represent  the 
islands  in  (he  House  of  Representatives  at: 
Washington.  The  Presidential  appointees 
are  members  of  the  Commission. 

Iu  March.  1907,  the  President,  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  act  of  Congress,  directed 
the  Commission  to  call  a  general  election 
of  delegates  to  a  Philippine  Assembly.  The 
new  Assembly  was  chosen  July  "0,  and  was 
opened  October  16  by  Secretary  of  War 
Taft.  The  lotal  vote  recorded  at  the  elec- 
tion for  delegates  was  104.000.  which  is 
only  1.4  per  cent  of  the  population.  The 
second  election  was  held  ou  November  & 


Philippines 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


1909.  The  number  of  persons  registered 
was  208,845  and  the  number  of  votes  cast 
192,975,  which  is  2.81  per  cent  of  the 
population.  The  third  election  was  held 
on  June  4,  1912.  Incomplete  returns 
showed  248,154  registered  voters  and  235,- 
786  votes  cast.  By  act  of  February  15, 
1911,  the  members  of  the  Philippine  Assem- 
bly are  elected  for  four  years  from  the  16th 
day  of  October  following  their  election,  and 
the  resident  commissioners  for  four  years, 
their  term  of  office  beginning  on  March  4 
following  their  election.  The  next  elec- 
tion will  take  place  about  June  1,  1916. 

At  the  first  session  of  the  Sixty-first  Con- 
gress an  act  was  passed  and  approved  Au- 
gust 5,  1909,  readjusting  the  custom  duties 
on  imports  from  all  countries,  including  the 
United  States,  on  the  basis  generally  of  re- 
ductions. By  act  of  Congress  approved 
March  23,  1912,  the  act  of  July  1,  1902, 
to  provide  for  the  administration  of  the 
affairs  of  civil  government  in  the  Philip- 
pine Islands,  was  amended  to  read  : — "That 
all  inhabitants  of  the  Philippine  Islands 
continuing  to  reside  therein  who  were  Span- 
ish subjects  on  the  eleventh  day  of  April, 
eighteen  hundred  and  ninety-nine,  and  then 
resided  in  said  islands,  and  their  children 
born  subsequent  thereto,  shall  be  deemed 
and  held  to  be  citizens  of  the  Philippine 
Islands  and  as  such  entitled  to  the  protec- 
tion of  the  United  States,  except  such  as 
shall  have  elected  to  preserve  their  alle- 
giance to  the  Crown  of  Spain.  Provided, 
That  the  Philippine  Legislature  is  author- 
ized to  provide  by  law  for  the  acquisition 
of  Philippine  citizenship  by  those  natives  of 
the  Philippine  Islands  who  do  not  come 
within  the  foregoing  provisions,  the  natives 
of  other  insular  possessions  of  the  United 
States,  and  such  other  persons  residing  in 
the  Philippine  Islands  who  could  become 
citizens  of  the  United  States,  under  the  laws 
of  the  United  States  if  residing  therein. 

The  Philippine  Constabulary,  which  is 
distributed  throughout  the  Archipelago  in 
119  stations,  consists  of  323  officers  and 
4,157  enlisted  men. 

There  are  in  operation  587  post-offices, 
free  delivery  municipal  letter-carrier  service 
in  397  municipalities,  253  money-order  of- 
fices, and  47  postal-savings  banks,  with  35,- 
802  accounts.  Of  the  35,751  depositors,  29,- 
555  are  Filipinos. 

The  total  kilornetreage  of  telegraph  and 
cable  lines  on  June  30,  1912,  was  9,010.84, 
and  the  number  of  telegraph  offices  207. 
There  are  also  four  wireless  stations  oper- 
ated. The  total  kilornetreage  of  railroads 
in  operation  is  1,014.3. 

Of  the  legislation  enacted  by  the  legis- 
lative authority  in  the  islands  during  the 
last  two  years  might  be  mentioned  that 
fixing  the  gold-standard  fund  at  a  sum 
equal  to  35  per  cent  of  the  money  of  the 
Government  of  the  Philippine  Islands  in 
circulation  and  available  for  that  purpose, 
exclusive  of  the  silver  certificates  in  circu- 
lation protected  by  gold  reserve;  that  pro- 
viding for  the  apportionment  between  the 
insular,  provincial,  and  municipal  govern- 
ments of  taxes  paid  by  grantees  or  fran- 
chises ;  that  embodying  certain  provisions 
concerning  the  building  and  operation  of 
railroads,  and  that  providing  for  the  estab- 
lishment of  an  irrigation  system. 

The  Philippine  Islands  came  into  the 
possession  of  the  United  States  as  a  result 
of  the  war  with  Spain  through  the  treaty 
of  Paris,  Dec.  10,  1S9S.  Two  davs  before 
the  ratification  of  the  treaty  (he  Filipinos, 
under  Aguinaldo,  attacked  the  American 
soldiery  in  Manila  and  an  Insurrection  was 
set  on 'foot  which  lasted  for  two  years. 

I'll  Hi \> i>i nc  fn-flcpendcncc. — The  Philippine 
bill  as  reported  from  conference,  with  the 


Clarke  amendment  providing  for  independ- 
ence of  the  islands  within  four  years  elimi- 
nated, but  containing  a  promise  of  freedom 
whenever  the  Filipinos  have  demonstrated 
their  ability  to  maintain  a  stable  govern- 
ment, finally  was  approved  by  the  Senate 
August  16  and  passed  the  House  August  18, 
1916.  The  vote  was  37  to  22  in  the  Sen- 
ate. All  those  who  voted  for  the  measure 
were  Democrats  and  twenty-one  of  the 
twenty-two  Senators  who  opposed  the  bill 
were  Republicans.  The  only  Democrat  to 
vote  against  the  bill  was  Senator  Lane  of 
Oregon.  The  Philippine  Commission,  which 
had  been  in  charge  of  the  islands'  affairs 
since  their  annexation,  was  dissolved  by  the 
bill.  In  its  place  was  set  up  in  general 
legislative  control  of  the  Philippine  legisla- 
ture of  two  houses — both  elected  by  the 
native  people.  Twenty-four  of  the  twenty- 
six  members  of  the  upper  house,  or  Senate, 
are  now  chosen  by  the  electorate.  All  were 
formerly  appointed  by  the  Governor-General. 
In  accordance  with  the  doctrine  of  offering 
as  wide  an  opportunity  as  possible  for  self- 
education  in  government,  the  electoral  fran- 
chise was  also  extended  to  include  all  those 
who  speak  and  write  a  native  dialect.  For- 
merly property  ownership  or  the  ability  to 
speak  and  write  English  or  Spanish  were 
the  requirements.  The  change  increased 
the  electorate  from  250.000  to  approxi- 
mately 800,000  or  900,000  voters.  The 
executive  departments,  with  the  exception 
of  that  of  .Public  Instruction,  were  placed 
entirely  in  the  hands  of  the  new  Legislature. 
The  Vice-Governor  Is  to  be  head  of  that 
department.  lie,  with  the  Governor-Gen- 
eral, an  auditor,  assistant  auditor,  and  the 
justices  of  the  Supreme  Court,  will  be  the 
only  officers  appointed  by  the  President  of 
the  United  States.  The  Governor-General 
lias  the  same  veto  power  over  the  native 
Legislature  as  that  enjoyed  by  the  Execu- 
tive in  the  American  form  of  government, 
and  all  acts  of  the  Philippine  Government 
are  subject  to  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Presi- 
dent, Congress,  and  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States.  Americans  on  the  islands 
are  required  to  give  up  American  citizenship 
before  voting  there.  President  Wilson 
signed  the  bill  August  29. 

Trade  with  the  United  States. — The  value 
of  merchandise  imported  into  the  Philippine 
Islands  from  the  United  States  for  the  year 
1913  was  $25,384,793,  and  goods  to  the 
value  of  $21,010,248  were  sent  thither — a 
balance  of  $4,374,545  in  favor  of  the  United 
States. 

Philippine  Islands: 

Administration    of,   6661,    666.'!,    6SOO. 
Amnesty   proclaimed    for    insurgents, 

6690. 
Army  of  United  Slates  in,  6(504,  6720, 

6947. 

Cable    communications    with,    recom- 
mended,  6348. 
Cattle  plague  in,  7015. 
Civil    and     military    government    in, 

6602,   6720,   6740,   GS15,  GSfil,   6S86. 
Commissioners  to,  and  duties  of,  set 

forth  by  President,  658-1. 
Contributions  to  be  levied  upon.  (See 

Military  occupation  of.  /">*/.) 
Cruelty  by  soldiers  in,   6720. 
Disasters  to  agriculture  in,  7015. 
Distress  in,  67112,  (>7.'!S. 
Expeditions    to,    under    command    of 

C.en.  Merritt,  6:515. 
Education  in,  7015. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Phonograph 


Eulogy  of  civil  servants  in,  6229. 
Extension   of  debt  limit   recommend- 
ed, 7689. 

Force,    etc.,    suggestions    from    com- 
manders   regarding,    requested    by 
President,  6580. 
Free  trade  with,  proposed,  7017,  7050, 

7:574. 

Friars'  lands,  disposition  of,  7689. 
Gen.   Otis   directed    to   avoid   conflict 

with  insurgents  in,  C584. 
Government  for.    (See  Military  occu- 
pation of,  pout.) 
Grants  of  public  or  corporate  rights 

in,   order    regarding,    6583. 
Military    occupation    of,    by    United 
States    and    government    for,    or 
ders  regarding,  6569,  6571,  6572, 
6581. 
Joint    occupation    with    insurgents 

not  to  be  permitted,  6579. 
Naturalization      of     natives     recom- 
mended,  7689. 

Naval  base  in,  proposed,  6806. 
Oath   of  allegiance  to  United  States 

taken  by  insurgents,  6692. 
Peace  in,  6692,  6720,  7015. 
Progress   of,    6928,   7015,    7017,    7051, 

7232. 

Proposed   scientific   surveys  in,   6944. 
Revenue  of,  7015. 

Self-government  of,  6929,  7911,  8017. 
Tariff  in,  6738,  7050,  7374,  7380,  7406, 

7516. 

Troops  to  Tloilo,  order  to  send,  6583. 
Value  of,  6928. 

Vessels    of    Spain    from,    discriminat- 
ing  duties  on,  suspended  by  proc- 
lamation,  5155. 
Victory   of — 

American    squadron    over    Spanish 
fleet    in    bay    of    Manila    dis- 
cussed, 6297,  6315. 
Commander  of  American   squad- 
ron— - 
Appointed  acting  rear-admiral, 

6297,  6568. 
Sword  to  be  presented  to,  and 

medals  to  men  under,  6302. 
Thanks    of    Congress    to,    and 

men  under,  6298. 
Eeeommended,  6297. 
Reply  of,  6302. 
Thanks  of  President  tendered, 

6568. 

Referred  to,  6297. 
Commander  of  the  Huyli  McCiiJ- 
locJi,  in  recognition  of  services 
of,  recommended,  6305. 
American  squadron  and  land  forces 

at  ManMa  discussed,  6319. 
Thanks     of    President     tendered 
commanders   and  men,  6579. 

Phoenix,    Arizona,    office    of    Surveyor- 
General  located  at,  6704. 


Phonograph. — The  word  phonograph  is  In- 
discriminately applied  to  all  talking  ma- 
chinos  or  instruments  used  for  the  repro- 
duction of  previously  recorded  sounds, 
whether  of  the  voice  or  of  musical  instru- 
ments. A  pencil  attached  to  one  prong  of 
a  tuning  fork  and  passed  lightly  over  a 
sheet  of  paper  while  the  fork  vibrated  pro- 
duced the  first  recorded  sound.  The  earliest 
device  for  registering  speech  was  made  by 
Leon  Scott  in  185").  lie  called  his  machine 
the  phonautograph.  It  consisted  of  a  sort 
of  cone,  the  larger  end  of  which  was  open 
to  receive  the  sound.  From  the  smaller 
enclosed  end,  projected  a  tube,  across  which 
was  stretched  a  flexible  membrane.  To  this 
membrane  was  attached  a  bristle  which 
moved  in  consonance  with  the  slightest  mo- 
tion of  the  membrane.  In  front  of  the 
membrane  was  a  horizontal  cylinder  or  roll 
of  paper  covered  with  lampblack,  against 
which  the  bristle  touched  lightly.  Sound 
waves  entering  the  open  end  of  the  cone 
were  transmitted  to  the  bristle  by  the  vibra- 
tions of  the  membrane,  and  as  the  blackened 
cylinder  was  made  to  revolve  and  advance 
slowly  the  faintly  moving  bristle  cut 
through  the  lampblack,  leaving  a  white 
wavy  lino  which  was  an  exact  graphic  rec- 
ord of  the  sounds  entering  the  cone. 

In  1877  Edison  constructed  a  form  of  this 
machine,  substituting  a  metal  diaphragm 
for  the  membrane,  a  sharp  metallic  point  for 
the  bristle  and  a  wax  or  tin-foil-covered 
cylinder  for  the  lampblack  coated  paper.  In 
this  machine  the  microscopic  sound  waves 
were  indented  instead  of  traced  on  the  sur- 
face of  the  cylinder. 

By  reversing  the  machine  and  causing  the 
metal  point  to  retrace  the  indentations  pre- 
viously made  in  the  cylinder  the  original 
sound  was  reproduced  by  the  diaphragm. 

Charles  S.  Tainter  and  C.  A.  Bell  in  18F5 
substituted  a  wax  cylinder  for  the  tin-foil, 
and  an  up  and  down  line  was  cut  rather 
than  indented  in  the  wax. 

In  1887  Kmil  Berliner,  a  German-Ameri- 
can of  Philadelphia,  patented  the  gramo- 
phone, wherein  the  sound  waves  of  a  dia- 
phragm are  recorded  on  a  disk  as  a  wavy 
line  in  a  horizontal  plane,  instead  of  as  a 
vertical  cut  in  a  cylinder.  As  this  line  is 
cut  in  a  continuous  spiral,  no  feed  screw 
is  necessary  to  propel  the  metal  point  or 
the  recorded  sound  waves,  only  a  clock 
spring  being  necessary  to  rotate  the  disk. 
This  was  incorporated  in  the  machine  by 
Eldrldge  R.  Johnson.  With  the  expiration 
of  the  Tainter  and  Bell  patents  on  wax 
records  the  etching  process  was  abandoned 
for  the  wax  cutting  process,  which  now  be- 
came common  property,  but  horizontal  re- 
cording was  retained.  Berliner  made  elec- 
trotyped  reverses  of  these  wax  records,  and 
from  the  plates  so  obtained  duplicate  copies 
of  the  records  may  be  turned  out  like 
printed  sheets  from  the  printing  press.  The 
records,  formerly  stamped  in  celluloid  or 
vulcanized  rubber,  are  now  printed  on  light 
fibrous  compositions  similar  to  paper  pulp 
coated  with  shellac. 

The  manufacture  of  disk  records  began 
in  1897,  and  soon  became  recognized  as  an 
important  industry.  The  cylinder  machines 
remained  in  use  under  the  names  dictaphone 
and  dictograph,  and  are  used  for  recording 
conversation  for  future  reproduction,  such 
as  testimony,  instruction,  commercial  corre- 
spondence, etc.,  and  the  reproductions  have 
been  accepted  as  legal  evidence  by  judges  of 
criminal  courts. 

Opera  singers,  orators,  musicians,  orches- 
tras, bands,  aid  other  entertainers  were 
soon  in  demand  for  making  records  for  re- 
production, and  the  voice  that  once  en- 
thralled a  contemporaneous  audience  but  a 


Phonograph     Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


brief  hour  may  now  become  immortal  and 
be  heard  by  millions  after  life  has  left  the 
human  tones.  The  lield  thus  widened  has 
afforded  new  and  increased  popularity  and 
earning  power  for  all  who  sing  or  talk  or 
play  an  instrument  for  hire.  Some  of  the 
favorite  singing  artists  are  paid  outright 
for  the  records  of  their  voices,  while  others 
receive  a  percentage  of  the  price  of  every 
record  sold.  An  idea  of  the  extent  of  the 
business  may  be  had  from  the  statement 
that  the  royalties  of  an  individual  singer 
have  exceeded  $100.000. 

In  1,S8!>  there  were  but  two  establish- 
ments in  the  country  making  records  and 
reproducing  instruments.  In  ten  years  the 
number  had  increased  to  eleven,  with  a 
capital  of  $.'{.o48,282,  and  a  yearly  output 
valued  at  $2,240.274.  In  1!)0!)  there  were 
18  establishments  with  a  total  capital  of 
$14. .';<!.'», .'JGl,  and  an  output  valued  at  $11,- 
725. !)!)(!.  In  1!)14  the  eighteen  establish- 
ments turned  out  products  which  they  val- 
ued at  $27.115,'.>1G,  an  increase  of  1,':!9.7 
per  cent,  in  live  years.  Although  the  num- 
ber of  records  and  blanks  increased  but  one- 
tenth  of  1  per  cent,  in  the  live  years  the 
declared  value  of  the  goods  increased  from 
$5,007.104  to  $11.111,418,  an  increase  of 
121. it  per  cent.  This  is  said  to  be  due  to 
the  increased  price  obtained  for  disk  records 
over  cylinders. 

Phosphates  discovered  on  coast  of  Bra- 
zil, 4795. 
Piankeshaw      Indians.       (See      Indian 

Tribes.) 

Pichon,  Citizen,  letter  of  Charles  M. 
Talleyrand  to,  regarding  United 
States  ministers  to  France,  273. 
Picket. — 1.  A  soldier  placed  on  guard  to 
discover  the  movements  of  the  enemy,  and 
to  give  warning  in  case  an  enemy  approaches. 
2.  A  small  number  of  soldiers  sent  out  after 
comrades  wiio  have  over-stayed  their  leave 
of  absence.  3.  A  small  force  of  soldiers  kept 
ready,  under  arms,  to  meet  a  surprise  at- 
tack by  the  enemy.  4.  A  selected  member  of 
a  labor  union  organization  sent  out  to  rea- 
son with  non-union  workers  or  strike-break- 
ers, or  to  intimidate  them,  in  the  effort  to 
prevent  them  from  working  under  non-union 
conditions.  5.  A  selected  member  of  tile 
National  Woman's  Party  (see  Woman  Suf- 
frage) detailed  in  1017  to  guard  the  en- 
trances to  the  White  House  for  the  purpose 
of  impressing  the  President  with  the  seri- 
ousness of  their  intentions.  (See  Patrol, 
Sentinel  and  Sentry.) 

Piegan  Indians.     (See   Indian   Tribes.) 
Pierce,   Franklin. — 1853-1857. 
Seven  teen  I  h    Administration— Democratic. 

l'ii-c-1'ri'xiilait — William    H.    King. 
ficci'ctarn   <if   .S/u/'1 — 

William    I,.    Marcy. 
Secrcturii  oj  tin1  Ti-cuxury — 

.lame;;    Guthric. 
Kecrclur)/  of   War — 

Jefferson    Davis. 
/SV'ffr  tari/  of  the  \nri/  — 

Jame.s   ('.    Dobbin. 

Kccrcluni  of  tin1  Interior — 

Robert,     McCl.-llan. 


James    Campbell. 
Attorney  (!<•>:<  nil 

Caleb    Cusliilig. 

'Nomination. — Pierce  was  elected  as  a 
Democrat.  At  tnc  national  con  vent  ion 
which  met  at  Baltimore  in  June,  1X52,  thir- 
ty-five ballots  were  taken  f,,r  a  Presiden- 
tial candidate  without  a  choice  being 
reached  and  without  mention  of  Pierce's 


name.  Up  to  that  point  Lewis  Cass  and 
James  Buchanan  were  leaders  in  the  bal- 
loting. Virginia  then  presented  Pierce's 
name  and  he  was  chosen  on  the  forty- 
ninth  ballot. 

Platform. — The  platform  of  the  Demo- 
cratic party  commended  rigid  economy  in 
public  expenditure  and  a  tariff  for  revenue 
and  for  the  gradual  payment  of  the  pub- 
lic debt  ;  opposed  the  national  banking  sys- 
tem as  being  unconstitutional  ;  favored 
free  immigration  and  ease  of  naturaliza- 
tion ;  deprecated  Federal  interference  in 
domestic  affairs,  and  especially  in  imposing 
restrictions  upon  slave-holding;  supported 
the  Fugitive  Slave  Act  ;  characterized  the 
war  with  Mexico  as  just  and  necessary ; 
and  condemned  monopolies  and  exclusive 
legislation  for  the  benefit  of  the  few. 

Opposition. — The  Whig  National  Conven- 
tion at  Baltimore,  in  June,  1S52,  nominated 
General  Wiiitield  Scott  on  the  fifty-third 
ballot,  over  Millard  Fillmore  and  Daniel 
Webster.  The  party  stood  upon  a  plat- 
form embodying  strict  construction  of  the 
Constitution  ;  freedom  from  entangling  alli- 
ances with  foreign  countries;  a  tariff  for 
revenue  and  for  the  encouragement  of 
American  industry  ;  internal  improvements, 
and  support  of  the  Fugitive  Slave  Act. 
The  Free-Soil  Democrats  met  at  Pittsburg 
in  August,  1852,  and  nominated  John  1'. 
Hale,  on  a  platform  setting  forth  strict 
construction  of  the  Constitution;  "no  more 
slave  states,  no  slave  territory,  no  nation- 
alized slavery,  anu  no  national  legislation 
for  the  extradition  of  slaves"  ;  the  aboli- 
tion of  slavery;  the  repugnance  of  the 
Fugitive  Slave  Act  to  the  Constitution;  the 
inconsistence  with  Democracy  of  the  Com- 
promise Measures  of  1850  ;  the  natural 
right  of  all  men  to  the  soil  ;  the  holding  in 
trust  of  the  public  lands  for  the  landless 
settlers  ;  the  keeping  of  government  funds 
separate  from  banking  institutions;  the 
provision  by  Congress  of  internal  improve- 
ments ;  the  hostility  of  the  Free  Demo- 
cratic party  to  both  the  Whigs  and  the 
Democrats;  and  embodying  the  principles 
of  the  party  in  the  phrase  "Free  Soil,  Free 
Speech,  Free  Labor,  and  Free  Men." 

Voie. — The  popular  vote  in  thirty-one 
states — California  participating  for  the 
first  time — gave  Pierce,  1.001,274:  Scott, 
1. .'{86,580;  and  Hale,  155.825.  The  elec- 
toral vote,  counted  on  Feb.  9,  1853,  gave 
Pierce  254  votes,  and  Scott  42. 

Party  Affiliation. — Pierce  gave  his  earliest 
political  allegiance  to  the  cause  of  General 
Jackson,  whom  he  sunuorted  throughout. 
In  Congress  he  opposed  the  abolition  of 
slavery'  within  the  District  of  Columbia, 
and  t  he  policy  of  internal  improvements. 
When  he  left 'Congress  and  retired  tempo- 
rarily to  private  life,  lie  favored  the  an- 
nexation  of  Texas:  and  led  the  Democrats 
of  his  state  in  the  memorable  struggle 
against  John  P.  Hale.  In  1850.  he  reluc- 
tantly supported  the  several  compromise 
measures,  including  the  Fugitive  Slave  Act 
and  the  admission  of  California  as  a  free 
state.  He  was  thus  in  hearty  accord  with 
the  principles  enunciated  by  his  party  when 
elected  to  the  Presidency. 

I'olitirtil  ('oinpli'.rion  of  Coiifirrm*.  —  In  the 
Thirty-third  Congress  the  Senate  was  com- 
posed' of  02  members,  of  whom  .'!8  were 
Democrats,  22  Whigs,  and  2  Free-Soil. 
The  House  was  composed  of  2H4  mem- 
bers, of  whom  15!l  were  Democrats.  71 
Whisks,  and  4  Free-Soil.  In  the  Thirty- 
fourth  Congress  the  Senate,  of  02  members, 
was  made  up  of  42  Democrats.  15  Republi- 
cans, and  5  Americans.  The  House,  of  2!>4 
members,  was  divided  as  follows:  8.''  Dem- 
ocrats, 108  Republicans,  and  4.'{  Americans. 

Finance. — The  platform  of  the  Democrats 


Encyclopedic  Indc.v 


Pierce 


party  upon  which  Pierce  was  elected  com- 
mitted the  administration  to  a  policy  of 
rigid  economy  in  the  expenditure  of  the 
public  funds.  The  practice  of  this  econ- 
omy, and  opposition  to  internal  improve- 
ments, curtailed  the  expenditure  and  left 
a  surplus  in  the  Treasury,  which  was 
applied  to  the  reduction  of  the  public  debt, 
and  made  the  subject  of  an  argument  in 
favor  of  a  reduction  in  the  tariff.  The 
condition  of  the  public:  finances  is  re- 
ferred to  and  discussed  in  each  of  the  an- 
nual messages,  but  as  the  statements  cover 
dissimilar  periods,  the  following  table  will 
better  show  the  financial  status  of  the 
country  during  the  administration  at  the 
end  of  each  fiscal  year  : — 

Public  Debt,  Receipts, 

Year.                            Less  Cash,  Total  Net, 

in  Treasury.  Ordinary. 

1853...               ..   $59,803,117.70  $01,587,0:52.00 

1854 42,242.222.42  7:5,800, 341 .00 

1 855 35,580,950 . 50  05,350,575  . 00 

1856 10,905,953.01  74,050,099.00 

Expenditures,  Total  Money 

Year.                              Total  Net,  in  Circula- 

Ordinary.  tion. 

1853 $44,078,150.00  $402,238,107.00 

1S54 51,9(17,528.00  425,551,240.00 

1855 50,310,198.00  418,020,247.00 

1850 Go.772,528.00  425,840,025.00 

Forciyn  Polirii. — In  his  Inaugural  Ad- 
dress (page  2730)  President  Pierce  advo- 
cated the  cultivation  of  peace  with  the 
nations  of  the  world.  He  said:  "The 
rights,  security  and  repose  of  this  Con- 
federacy reject  the  idea  of  interference  or 
colonization  on  this  side  of  the  ocean  by 
any  foreign  power  beyond  present  juris- 
diction as  utterly  inadmissible."  During 
this  administration,  no  fewer  than  twenty- 
eight  treaties  with  foreign  powers  were 
signed.  Among  the  most  important  of  them 
was  that  with  Japan  by  Commodore  Per- 
ry; the  settlement  with  Great  Britain  of 
the  fisheries  rights  in  Canada,  and  the  free 
navigation  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  the 
Gadsden  Treaty  with  Mexico.  Complica- 
tions with  Nicaragua  caused  the  bombard- 
ment of  Greytown  in  the  spring  of  1854, 
by  the  United  States  vessel  Cyane,  in  re- 
taliation for  property  stolen  from  Ameri- 
cans; and  in  185(5,  William  'Walker  con- 
ducted a  filibustering  expedition  against 
Nicaragua  with  such  temporary  success 
that  President  Pierce  recognized  the  Min- 
ister sent  by  him  to  the  United  States. 
The  British  Minister  and  the  Consuls  at 
New  York,  Philadelphia,  and  Cincinnati 
were  dismissed  by  President  Pierce  for 
complicity  in  recruiting  in  the  United 
States  for  the  Crimean  War,  in  1854  and 
1855.  Bills  for  the  reorganization  of  the 
diplomatic  and  consular  systems  were 
signed  by  the  President  in  1855.  The  at- 
tempts to  gain  Cuba  from  Spain,  in  which 
the  Ostend  Manifesto  (q.  v.)  was  an  inci- 
dent, in  1854,  proved  abortive  by  reason 
of  the  unfriendly  attitude  of  European 
powers  and  tho  excitement  at  home  over 
the  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill.  In  his  Fourth 
Annual  Address  he  said  (page  2950)  :  "In 
foreign  relations  we  have  to  attemper  our 
power  to  the  less  happy  condition  of  other 
Republics  in  America  and  to  place  our- 
selves in  the  calmness  and  conscious  dig- 
nity of  right  by  the  side  of  the  greatest 
and  the  wealthiest  of  the  Empires  of  Eu- 
rope." 

Slavery. — Tn  his  Inaugural  Address  (page 
2730)  the  President  set  forth  his  convic- 
tion that  slavery  was  constitutional,  as 
was  also  the  Fugitive  Slave  Act,  and  de- 
nounced slavery  agitation.  "Such."  he 
says,  "have  been,  and  are,  my  convictions, 


and  upon  them  I  shall  act.  I  fervently 
hope  that  the  question  is  at  rest,  anil 
that  no  sectional  or  ambitious  or  fanatical 
excitement  may  again  threaten  the  durabil- 
ity of  our  institutions  or  obscure;  the  light 
of  our  prosperity."  Doubtless  he  was  sin- 
cere in  his  hopes  and  wishes,  but  the 
enforcement  of  his  policies  was  fraught 
with  tremendous  and  lasting  results.  The 
two  most  important  pre-slavery  measures 
supported  by  the  Pierce  administration 
were  the  Ostend  Manifesto  and  the  Kan- 
sas-Nebraska Bill.  President  Pierce  re- 
views the  historical  and  constitutional  as- 
pects of  slavery  in  his  Third  Annual 
Message  (page  28(50),  and,  in  concluding 
his  denunciation  of  abolitionist  reformers, 
says:  "I  know  that  the  Union  is  a  thou- 
sand times  stronger  than  all  the  wild  and 
chimerical  schemes  of  social  change  which 
are  generated  one  after  another  in  the 
unstable  minds  of  visionary  sophists  and 
interested  agitators." 

In  Ills  Fourth  Annual  Message  (page 
2030)  he  is  especially  severe  in  his  ar- 
raignment of  the  slavery  reformers,  of 
whom  he  said  :  "They  are  perfectly  aware 
that  the  change  in  the  relative  conditions  of 
the  white  and  black  races  in  the  slave-hold- 
ing states  which  they  would  promote  is  be. 
yond  their  lawful  authority;  that  to  them 
it  is  a  foreign  object ;  that  it  cannot  be 
effected  by  any  peaceful  instrumentality 
of  theirs;  that  for  them  and  the  states  of 
which  they  are  citizens  the  only  path  to 
its  accomplishment  is  through  burning  cit- 
ies, and  ravaged  fields,  and  slaughtering 
populations,  and  all  there  is  most  terrible 
in  foreign,  complicated  with  civil  and 
servile,  war ;  and  that  the  first  step  in 
the  attempt  is  the  forcible  disruption  of  a 
country  embracing  in  its  broad  bosom  a 
degree  of  liberty  and  an  amount  of  indi- 
vidual and  public  prosperity  to  which  there 
is  no  parallel  in  history,  and  substituting 
in  its  place  hostile  governments,  driven  at 
once  and  inevitably  into  mutual  devasta- 
tion and  fratricidal  carnage,  transforming 
the  new  peaceful  and  felicitous  brotherhood 
into  a  vast  permanent  camp  of  armed  men, 
like  the  rival  monarchies  of  Europe  and 
Asia." 

But  for  the  wanton  opening  of  the 
slavery  question,  Piercc's  administration 
would  have  been  one  of  the  most  creditable 
in  the  nation's  history.  But  for  the  repeal 
of  the  Missouri  Compromise  and  the  popu- 
lar excitement  attending  the  whole  question 
of  slavery  the  defection  from  the  Demo- 
cratic party  and  the  formation  of  the  Re- 
publican party  in  1850  would  have  been 
at  least  longer  delayed. 

Internal  Improvements. — Tn  his  First  An- 
nual Message  (page  2751)  President  Pierce 
declares  that  the  subject  of  internal  im- 
provements "has  stood  as  a  deep  graven 
line  of  division  between  statesmen  of  emi- 
nent_  ability  and  patriotism";  refers  to 
President  Jackson's  message  of  May  27, 
1830,  on  the  subject:  and  asks  Congress 
for  a  reconsideration  of  the  subject,  'with 
a  view  to  adopting  a  settled  standard  of 
action.  In  vetoing  certain  bills  making 
appropriations  for  works  corning  under  this 
head  (page  2700),  the  President  fully  dis- 
cusses the  several  phases  of  the  question 
find  clearly  defines  his  opposing  attitude, 
summing  up  with  these  words:  "On  the 
other  hand,  so  long  as  these  improvements 
are  carried  on  by  appropriations  from  tho 
Treasury  the  benefits  will  continue  to  in- 
nre  to  those  alone  who  enjoy  tho  facilities 
afforded,  while  the  expenditure  will  be  a 
burden  upon  the  whole  country  and  The 
discrimination  a  double  injury'  to  places 
equally  requiring  improvement,  but  not 
equally  favored  by  appropriations."  He 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Pierce 


seeks  to  Illustrate  the  difficulty  of  knowing 
what  improvements  may  properly  l>e  pro- 
vided by  the  national  government  and  what 
should  be  left  to  Individual  or  state  enter- 
prise, by  concrete  examples  of  railroads 
anil  harbor  improvements.  Again,  in  185(5, 
several  bills  of  the  same  nature  were  ve- 
toed by  the  1'resident.  In  fact,  nearly  all 
of  the  vetoed  measures  during  this  admin- 
istration were  bills  of  this  nature. 

Commerce. — In  his  Second  Annual  Mes- 
sage (puge  2808)  President  Pierce  was 
able  to  say :  "Our  foreign  commerce  has 
reached  a  magnitude  and  extent  nearly 
e»iu:il  to  that  of  the  first  maritime  power 
of  the  earth,  and  exceeding  that  of  any 
other."  Especial  emphasis  was  laid  in  this 
message  upon  the  necessity  of  securing 
by  treaty  with  the  other  world  powers  a 
recognition  of  the  rights  of  neutrals  in 
time  of  war  as  the  best  means  of  conserv- 
ing the  commercial  interests  and  safety  of 
the  country.  Great  progress  was  made  by 
the  administration  in  securing  from  Euro- 
pean nations  a  treaty  agreement  to  the 
principle  that  free  ships  make  free  goods, 
except  in  the  case  of  articles  contraband 
of  war,  and  that  neutral  property  other 
than  contraband,  though  on  board  enemy's 
ships,  shall  be  exempt  from  confiscation. 
The  condition  of  the  commercial  aspects 
of  the  country  during  the  four  years'  ad- 
ministration is  presented  in  the  following 
table : 

1853  1854 

Imports $263,777,205     $297,803,794 

Exports 203,489,282       237,043,704 

Miles  of  Railway 15,300  10,720 

Tons  of  Vessels  Built.  427,494  530,040 

No.  of  Immigrants 308,645  427,833 

1855  1850 

Imports 3257,808.708     8310,432,310 

Exports 218,909,503       281,219,423 

Miles  of  Railway 18,374  22,016 

Tons  of  Vessels  Built.  583,450  469,293 

No.  of  Immigrants 200,877  195,857 

Tariff. — In  his  First  Annual  Message, 
President  Pierce  (page  2747)  asks  the  at- 
tention of  Congress  to  the  consideration  of 
a  decrease  in  duties,  in  view  of  the  sur- 
plus in  the  Treasury.  Again,  in  his  Third 
Annual  Message  he  says  (page  2871)  :  "The 
conspicuous  fact  that  the  annual  revenue 
from  all  sources  exceeds  by  many  millions 
of  dollars  the  amount  needed  for  'a  prudent 
and  economical  administration  of  public 
affairs,  can  not  fail  to  suggest  the  propri- 
ety of  an  early  revision  and  reduction  of 
the  tariff  of  duties  on  imports."  In  his 
Fourth  Annual  Message  (page  2941)  he 
urges  a  reduction  so  that  the  revenue 
from  customs  should  not  exceed  forty- 
eight  or  fifty  millions.  Congress  according- 
ly passed  the  act  of  March  3,  1857,  "re- 
ducing the  duty  on  imports,  and  for  other 
purposes." 

Army. — In  his  Second  Annual  Message 
President  Pierce  (page  2819)  urge's  that 
the  forces  be  increased  to  prevent  the 
Indian  atrocities  on  the  frontier,  and  adds  : 
"Without  increase  of  the  military  force 
these  scenes  will  be  repeated,  it  is  to  be 
feared,  on  a  lare-er  scale  and  with  more  dis- 
astrous consequences."  At  the  previous 
session  of  Congress  a  bill  was  passed  in- 
creasing the  pay  of  the  rank  and  file  of 
the  Army,  which  the  President  reports 
"has  had  beneficial  results,  not  only  in  fa- 
cilitating enlistments,  but  in  obvious  im- 
provement in  the  class  of  men  who  enter 
the  service."  He  regrets  that  the  increase 
had  not  been  extended  to  the  officers.  To 
meet  the  present  needs  of  the  nation,  he 
asks  for  four  new  regiments,  two  of  in- 
fantry and  two  of  cavalry.  Several  sug- 
gestions are  made  in  this  message  to  re- 


form the  Army  organization,  especially  in 
the  direction  of  the  creation  of  a  retired 
list  in  order  to  provide  for  ollicers  who, 
having  rendered  distinguished  or  even 
meritorious  service,  would,  by  the  standard 
of  seniority  be  promoted  to  posts  which 
impairment  by  age  would,  render  them  unlit 
to  till,  lie  asks  that  a  test  of  one  year 
be  made  of  the  efficacy  of  the  plan  pro- 
posed. The  organization  of  the  artillery 
is  subjected  to  criticism  because  the  force 
as  then  organized  required  infantry  duty 
from  the  force,  because  of  its  arrangement 
in  regiments  instead  of  batteries. 

In  his  Fourth  Annual  Message  (page 
2941)  he  commends  the  work  of  the  Army 
in  suppressing  the  hostile  demonstrations 
of  the  Indians  and  reiterates  his  recom- 
mendation for  the  adoption  of  measures  of 
reform  in  the  organization  and  in  the  in- 
crease of  the  force  which  "during  the  past 
year  has  been  so  constantly  employed 
against  the  hostile  Indians  in  various 
quarters  that  it  can  scarcely  lie  said  to 
have  been  a  peace  establishment." 

Navy. — The  Navy  was  substantially  in- 
creased during  this  administration  by  the 
addition  of  six  new  steam  frigates,  of 
which  the  President  says  (page  2942): 
"The  condition  of  the  Navy  is  not  merely 
satisfactory  but  exhibits  the  most  gratify- 
ing evidences  of  increased  vigor.  .  .  .  The 
new  frigates  ordered  by  Congress  are  now 
(1856)  afloat  and  two  of  them  are  in  ac- 
tive service.  They  are  superior  models  of 
naval  architecture  and  with  their  formid- 
able battery  add  largely  to  public  strength 
and  security." 

Among  the  reforms  in  the  organization 
of  the  Navy  carried  through  by  this  admin- 
istration were  the  apprentice  system  by 
which  boys  were  trained  for  service  on  a 
three  years'  cruise  in  national  vessels,  the 
permission  granted  to  honorably  discharged 
seamen  to  enlist  after  a  tew  months  with- 
out cessation  of  pay.  and  the  law  for  the 
promotion  of  discipline  in  the  naval  force. 

Pierce,   Franklin: 

Annual  messages  of,  2740,  2806,  2860, 

2930. 

Biographical  sketch  of,  272S. 
Death   of,   announced   and    honors  to 

be  paid  memory  of,  3979. 
Domestic      relations      discussed      by, 

2874,   2930,  2950. 
Exequaturs  granted  consuls  of  Great 

Britain  revoked  by,  2924,  2925. 
Finances    discussed    by,    2746,    2817, 

2870,  2940. 
Foreign    policy    discussed    by,    2731, 

2745,  2S07,  2864,  2904. 
Inaugural  addresses  of,  2730. 
Intercourse      with     British     minister 

terminated  by.  2908. 
Internal   dissensions    discouraged   by, 

2755,   2930. 
Internal   improvements   discussed  by, 

2751,  2789,   2790,  2919,   2920,   2921. 
Large  standing  army  unnecessary  in 

time  of  peace.   2733. 
Portrait  of,  2227. 

Powers    of   Federal    and    State    Gov- 
ernments  discussed  by.   2751,  2755. 

2780,   2789,  2790.   2855,   2874,   2919. 

2920,  2921,  2930. 
Proclamations    of — 

Boundary  line   with  ^Texico,   202fi, 


Pierce 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Commercial  agreement  with   Great 

Britain,   2858,    2922. 
Exequaturs  issued  consuls  of  Great 

Britain    revoked,    2024,   2925. 
Extraordinary  session  of — 
Congress,  2927. 
Senate,  2959. 

Military  expeditions  against — 
Cuba*  28(1.3.     (See  illustration  op- 
posite 27G9.) 
Mexico,  2804. 
Nicaragua,  2921. 
Privileges    granted    certain    ports, 

2859. 
Unlawful    combination   in    Kansas, 

2923. 

Prosperous  condition   of  country  dis- 
cussed   l.y,   2755,    2950. 
Retirement    of,    from   Presidency    al- 
luded  to  by,    2949. 

.Sectional  agitation  in  the  States  dis- 
cussed  by,    2755,  2874,   29:50. 
Special   session   message   of.  2927. 
State     of    the     Union     discussed    by, 

2740,  280(5,  2S74,  2930. 
Svstem   of  government   discussed  by, 

'27-15,   2825,   2S74. 

Tariff  discussed  by,  2747,  2S71,  2941. 
Veto  messages  of — 

Deepening  channel  over — 
St.   Clair  Hats,   29.19. 
St.    Mary's   River,   2920. 
French  spoliation   claims,  2S40. 
Grant    of    lands   for    benefit    of   in- 
digent   insane,   2780. 
Improvement  of — - 

Des  Moines  Rapids,  2921. 
Navigation    of    Patapsco    River, 

2921. 

Ocean  mail   transportation,  2S55. 
Removing    obstructions    to    naviga- 
tion  in   Mississippi  River,  2919. 
Repair  and   preservation  of  public 

works,    2789. 

Reasons  for  vetoing,  2790. 
Pilgrim  Fathers.— A  name  Riven  by  Wil- 
liam Bradford  in  his  journal  to  certain 
emigrants  under  the  leadership  of  Brad- 
ford, Brewster,  Cusliman,  Carver,  and  Miles 
Standish,  who  came  to  New  England  early 
In  tlic  scvcnl  ecni  li  century  on  account  of 
religions  differences  in  England  and  founded 
the  colony  of  Plymouth.  Those  who  came 
in  the  first  three  ships  are  also  called  "old 
comers"  or  "forefathers."  The  tirst  ship, 
the.  Mai/ft'iH'rr,  arrived  on  11i<>  coast  in  I)e- 
eenilier,  Kii'ti,  and  had  on  hoard  108  souls. 
The  l>'nrhtnr.  en  me  in  November.  Ki'Jl,  with 
twenty-nine,  and  the  Amir  and  l.illlr  Jatncn 
came  in  August,  lUi':;,  bringing  forty-six 
persons.  In  religion  the  Pilgrims  were  Sepa- 
ratists or  Independents,  while  the  settlers 
of  Massachusetts  Bay  were  Puritan,  who 
at  first  adliereii  to  tlie  Church  of  England 
anil  ende.-r,  ored  to  purify  it. 
Pillage,  Plunder,  especially  that  captured 
from  t!.e  enemy  in  war.  CSeo  Plunder.) 
Pinchot-Eallingcr  Controversy.  — -  James 

H.    Cat-Held,    Secretary    of    the     Interim-    un- 
der   Koosexelt,    and    CiiVord    Pinchot.    Chief 


Forester,  attacked  the  policy  and  conduct 
of  Mr.  U.  A.  Bulliuger,  Secretary  of  the 
Interior  tinder  President  Tuft,  in  the  mat- 
ter of  the  conservation  of  the  natural  re-, 
sources  in  the  public  domain,  using  as  their 
principal  text  the  course  of  Mr.  Ballinger 
with  reference  to  the  coal  lauds  in  Alaska. 
The  principal  items  in  the  indictment  of 
Mr.  Ballinger  were  as  follows  : 

(1)  That,     in     1907,    as     Land    Commis- 
sioner under  President  Roosevelt,  he  ordered 
the    so-called    Cunningham    claims   prepared 
for  patent,    though   to    his   knowledge   there 
were   on    tile    three    reports    by    Held    agents 
that     these     claims     were    fraudulent,     and 
that    shortly    thereafter    he    urged    a    Con- 
gressional Committee  to  favor  a  law  which 
would  have  validated  the  claims. 

(2)  That  lie  violated  a  statute  by  aiding 
in    the    prosecution    of   a    claim    which    was 
pending    while    he   was   Laud    Commissioner 
within  two  years  after  leaving  that,  office. 

( ',', )  That,  by  unwise  administration,  Mr. 
Ballmger  caused  the  nation  the  loss  of  valu- 
able water-power  sites  on  the  public  domain. 

Congress,  in  January,  1910,  appointed 
n  committee  consisting  of  six  members 
from  each  house  to  investigate  the  charges. 
In  September  the  four  Democratic  mem- 
bers and  one  "insurgent"  Republican  met 
in  Minneapolis,  and  drafted  a  report  rec- 
ommending the  dismissal  of  Mr.  Ballinger. 
The  seven  "regular"  Republican  members 
issued  a  majority  report.  I.iec.  7.  11)10,  in 
which  it  was  declared  that  the  evidence  did 
not  exhibit  Mr.  Ballinger  as  being  anything 
but  a  competent  and  honorable  gentleman, 
honestly  and  faithfully  performing  the 
duties  of  his  high  office  with  an  eye  single 
to  the  public  interest.  The  most  important 
lindinir  of  the  committee  was  that  coal 
mines  on  the  public  land  should  be  leased, 
not  sold,  hy  the  Government. 

Pine-Tree  Money.— On  May  27,  1G."2.  the 
general  court  of  Massachusetts  passed  an 
act  establishing  a  mint  at  Boston.  John 
Hull  was  appointed  mint  master,  and  he 
began  the  coinage  of  shillings,  Gd.  pieces, 
and  .'id.  pieces.  This  was  called  pine-tree 
money  from  a  design  on  the  obverse  of  a 
pine-tree  encircled  by  a  grained  ring,  with 
the  legend  "Masat htiset s.  In."  The  coin- 
age was  discontinued  on  the  death  of  the 
mint  master,  Oct.  1,  1083. 

Pine  Tree  State. — A  nickname  for  Maine 
(().  v. ) ,  (See  also  States)  ;  sometimes  also 
nicknamed  Down  East  State  and  Lumber 
State. 

Pines,  Isle  of,  Cuba,  referred  to,  6739. 
Pioneer. — One  who  blazes  the  way  for  a 
new  settlement  or  movement.  lie  may  or 
may  not  become  a  permanent  fixture.  In 
the  development  of  America,  pioneers  have 
played  a  tremendously  important  role,  going 
into  new  sections  of  the  country  and  risking 
their  lives  among  savages,  wild  animals,  and 
expansive  woods  or  prairies,  with  nothing 
hut  faith  to  assure  safety.  The  development 
of  the  great  West  has  been  due  in  large 
measure  to  Intrepid  pioneers.  (See  Ex- 
plorer.) 

Pioneering.      (See   illustration    opposite 

21)29,  and  description  on  back.) 
Piracy. —  Robbery  on  the  high  seas.  In  the 
law  of  nations  the  essential  element  of 
piracy  is  the  intention  of  preying  indis- 
criminately on  the  human  race,  and  not  a 
desire  to  interfere  with  the  trade  of  some 
distinct  power.  As  the  high  seas  are  not: 
under  the  jurisdiction  of  any  one  state, 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Plattsburg 


the  crime  of  piracy  Is  triable  in  any  court. 
The  difference  between  a  pirate  and  a  pri- 
vateer consists  in  these  facts,  that  where- 
as the  former  is  a  sea  rover  who  preys 
on  the  vessels  and  goods  of  any  nation  lie 
may  chance  to  run  across,  or  who  makes 
descents  upon  laud  for  purposes  of  plun- 
der, a  privateer,  on  the  other  hand,  has 
for  his  purpose  the  preying  upon  the  com- 
merce of  a  hostile  nation  only  ;  lie  is 
under  bond  to  the  state  whose  Hag  he  Hies 
and  of  which  he  carries  the  commission 
or  letter  of  marque  granting  I''1"  !l  share 
in  the  prizes  taken.  A  privateer  exceed- 
ing his  commission  might  not  be  consid- 
ered a  pirate,  but  one  with  commissions 
from  two  opposite  belligerents  would  be,  for 
It  would  be  apparent  that  his  motive  would 
lie  plunder  of  both.  A  vessel  of  a  part  of 
a  country  organized  for  rebellion  has  been 
held  to  be  piratical  because,  although  it 
may  have  a  commission,  such  commission 
Issued  by  an  unknown  and  unrecognized 
power  can  not  be  admitted  as  valid,  as  it 
offers  no  guaranty  of  legal  belligerent  be- 
havior. Piracy  in  the  international  sense 
of  the  word,  however,  is  a  crime  against 
all  nations;  but  any  nation  may  class  other 
crimes  under  this  head. 

The  United  States  in  1820  made  the 
slave-trade  piracy  for  any  of  its  citizens 
on  any  ship  and  for  persons  not  citizens 
on  any  of  its  vessels.  Notwithstanding 
this  law  passed  by  the  United  States,  slave 
trading  was  not  piracy  in  the  international 
sense  of  (lie  word.  Search  of  a  vessel  by 
a  public  ship  of  another  state  is  a  war 
right  only,  but  the  right  to  search  on  sus- 
picion of  piracy  exists  at  all  times.  The 
usual  penally  for  piracy  is  the  confiscation 
of  the  vessel  and  hanging  of  the  cre\v, 
while  the  penalty  for  privateering  is  at 
most  imprisonment.  (See  also  Privateer- 
iug.) 
Piracy: 

Cuba,  piracies  from,  suppressed,  782. 
Gulf  of   Mexico,   force   employed   in, 

for   suppression    of,    826. 
Mediterranean     Sea     infested     with 

piracies,   929. 
Practice  of — 

Death  penalty  for,  discussed,  2202. 
Must    be    suppressed,    848. 
Prizes    captured    by    pirates,    recom- 
mendations regarding  recapture  of, 
3248. 

Puerto     Rico,     piracies     from,     sup- 
pressed, 783. 
Sumatra,   American   vessels   attacked 

by  pirates  on  coast   of,   ]]59. 
Vessels    instructed    to    defend    them- 
selves  against,  324S. 
West  Indies,  758,  7G5,  984. 
Suppression  of,   in,   929. 
Pittsburg  Landing   (Tenu.),  Battle  of. 

(See  Shiloh    (Tenn.),  Battle  of.) 
Pi-Ute  Indians.      (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Plague,  The    (see  also  Contagious  Dis- 
eases;  International  Sanitary  Con- 
ference;  Quarantine  Regulations) : 
Regulations    to   prevent    introduction 

of,   into  United   States,   4501. 
Revoked,    4509. 

Plant  Industry,  Bureau  of.— This  bureau 
of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  conducts 
experiments  in  economic  botany,  physiology, 
and  diseases  of  plants  and  forest  trees  ;  plant 


breeding  ;  soil  bacteriology  ;  biophysics  ;  ac- 
climatization and  adaptation  of  plants.  It 
also  studies  farm  management ;  demonstra- 
tion work  with  farmers  in  improved  farm 
practice;  conditions  of  agriculture  under  dry 
land,  irrigation  and  other  special  conditions. 
It  also  collects  and  tests  seeds  and  plants 
from  foreign  countries.  It  engages  in  the 
purchase  and  distribution  of  seeds,  largely 
through  members  of  Congress  ;  makes  tests 
of  imported  and  domestic  seeds,  and  estab- 
lishes standard  grades  of  grain  and  cotton. 
Jt  takes  care  of  department  parks  and  con- 
servatories, and  manages  the  Arlington  Kx- 
perhnental  farm. 

There  are  more  than  6,300,000  farms  In 
the  United  States.  The  primary  function  of 
this  bureau  is  to  assist  the  fanner  to  in- 
crease the  output  per  acre  and  at  the  same 
time  to  build  up  and  maintain  the  fertility 
of  the  soil. 

Study  of  the  diseases  of  forest  trees, 
plants,  fruit,  potatoes,  cotton  and  truck 
crops  engage  the  attention  of  the  bureau. 
In  one  recent  year  $i!,7.'!0,8!>!i  was  expended 
in  fighting  diseases  of  plants.  Standard 
grades  of  cotton  and  corn  have  been  estab- 
lished by  the  bureau  and  enacted  into  law 
by  Congress  to  the  advantage  of  both  buyer 
and  seller. 

Plaster  of  Paris,  restriction  on  importa- 
tion of,  removed  by  proclamation, 
603,  605. 

Platforms. — Tn  politics  the  platform  of  a 
party  is  the  public  declaration  of  the  prin- 
ciples that  the  party  represents.  In  May, 
IS',}-,  a  national  assembly  of  young  men 
was  held  in  Washington,  D.  C.,  to  indorse 
the  nomination  of  Henry  Clay  by  the  Na- 
tional Republican  party.  They  agreed  to 
the  lirst  platform  ever  adopted  by  a  na- 
tional convention.  In  1844  both  the  Whigs 
and  Democrats  drew  up  platforms,  but  in 
1848  the  Whigs  refused  to  commit  them- 
selves by  a  platform.  After  this  time  the 
adoption  of  party  platforms  by  national 
conventions  became  general. 

Platt  Amendment.      (See  Cuba.) 

Platt  National  Park.  (See  Parks,  Na- 
tional.) 

Plattsburg,  The,  surrender  of  persons 
charged  with  murder  on  board  of,  re- 
ferred to,  1S08. 

Plattsburg    (N.    Y.),    Battle    of— The 

overthrow  of  Napoleon  by  the  allied  powers 
in  1814  released  many  British  soldiers  from 
service  in  Kurope,  and  several  thousand  of 
them  were  sent  to  reenforce  the  little  army 
in  Canada.  By  Aug.  1,  Governor-General 
1'revost  had  15.000  troops  under  his  com- 
mand at  Quebec,  most  of  them  hardened 
veterans  from  the  Peninsula.  One  brigade 
was  sent  west.  The  remainder  were  held 
for  a  contemplated  invasion  of  New  York. 
Wilkinson  and  Hampton  had  been  retired 
from  the  American  Army  and  (Jen.  George 
I/a i-d  was  placed  in  command  of  the  right 
wing  of  the  Army  of  the  North,  May  4.  1814, 
with  headquarters  at  Plattsburg.  N.  Y..  near 
the  head  of  Lake  Champlain.  Notwithstand- 
ing it  was  evident  that  the  British  contem- 
plated a  descent  upon  New  York  by  way 
of  Lake  Champlain  and  the  Hudson,  Ixard 
was  detached  from  his  command  and  sent 
with  4,000  men  to  the  Niagara  frontier, 
leaving  Gen.  Macomb  in  command  with 
about  o.500  men.  Sept.  G.  1814.  the  British 
army,  fully  14.000  strong,  already  upon 
American  soil,  marched  toward  Plattsburg. 
Maj.  Wool,  with  a  body  of  about  :!00  regu- 
lars, met  the  invading  army  at  Beekiuau- 
town,  about  four  miles'  north  of  Plattsburg, 


Plattsburg  Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


and  subjected  it  to  a  harassing  fire  all 
the  way  to  the  Sarauac  River.  Wool's  re- 
iruatlng  column  crossed  the  stream  to 
South  Plattsburg  and  destroyed  the  bridges. 
Though  in  overwhelming  force,  the  British 
army  was  checked,  with  a  loss  in  killed  and 
wounded  of  more  than  .200  men.  The  Amer- 
ican loss  was  45. 

From  Sept.  7  to  11,  Prevosfs  army 
rested,  preparatory  to  acting  in  conjunction 
with  the  Heel  on  Lake  Champlain.  On  the 
11  Ih,  while  the  forces  of  Macomb  and  Pre- 
vost  contended  on  laud,  a  desperate  naval 
battle  was  fought  on  Lake  Champlain  be- 
tween the  American  and  British  fleets,  the 
former  under  Macdouough  and  the  latter 
under  Downie.  This  battle  lasted  for  two 
hours,  resulting  in  victory  for  t'he  Ameri- 
cans. The  British  lost  '200  men  and  the 
commodore  of  the  fleet.  The  news  of  the 
naval  victory  reached  the  contending  armies 
at.  a  critical  point  of  the  battle  and  turned 
the  tide  in  favor  of  the  Americans.  Prevost 
fled  with  his  army  to  Champlain.  leaving 
behind  his  sick  and  wounded  and  large 
quantities  of  stores.  Sept.  24  the  British 
returned  to  Canada,  having  lost  in  the  ex- 
pedition about  2.000  men.  (See  Lake  Cham- 
plain.  Battle  of.) 

See  illustration  opposite  583. 

Plattsburg,    N.    Y.,    battle    of,    British 

troops  defeated  in,  534. 
Plattsburg  Training  Camp  — The  wave  of 
Preparedness  (q.  v.)  which  swept  over  the 
country  in  1914,  1015,  and  1910,  was  respon- 
sible for  the  establishment  of  a  training 
camp  for  college  graduates  and  business  and 
professional  men  at  Plattsburg,  X.  Y.,  in 
1915.  The  camp  was  under  the  direction  of 
the  United  States  Regular  Army,  and  di- 
rectly under  Major-General  Leonard  Wood, 
commander  of  the  Department  of  the  East. 
The  camp  was  so  successful  and  attracted  so 
much  attention  that  other  similar  camps 
were  established  in  different  parts  of  the 
country  during  the  following  year.  The 
Plattsburg  camp  was  held  again  in  191 G,  and 
in  1917  was  used  as  a  training  center  for 
officers  volunteering  for  service  in  the  Euro- 
pean War.  Attendance  at  the  camp  was 
voluntary,  and  did  not  increase  the  attend- 
ant's military  obligations  to  the  Govern- 
ment; and  the  camp  was  established  pri- 
marily for  those  men  who  wished  to  increase 
their  potential  military  effectiveness  for  the 
country,  but  who  were  unable  to  assume 
service  in  the  Xational  Guard. 
Pleasant  Hill  (La.),  Battle  of.— After 

the  defeat  of  the  Federal  army  under  Gen. 
Banks  at  Sabine  Cross  Roads,  April  8.  1804, 
it  retreated  by  way  of  Pleasant  Grove  to 
Pleasant  Hill,'  about  eighteen  miles  south, 
where  Banks  was  joined  by  Gen.  A.  J. 
Smith  with  10,000  men.  Occupying  a 
strong  position  here,  the  Federals  awaited 
the  pursuing  force  under  Kirby  Smith  and 
l)ick  Taylor.  April  9,  about  4  o'clock  in 
the  afternoon,  the  Confederates  came  tip  and 
began  the  attack.  In  the  battle  which  en- 
sued they  were  checked  ;md  some  of  the 
guns  they  had  taken  fhe  day  before  at:  Sa- 
bine Cross  Roads  were  retaken.  Banks  now 
returned  to  the  Red  River  at  Grand  Kcore, 
having  lost,  in  the  campaign  18  guns,  5. MOO 
men,  1!'>0  wagons,  1,2OO  hors.-s,  and  many 
small  arms. 

Pleuro-Pneumonia    aimni^    cattle,    dis- 
cussed,  4H78,    450S,    4771,    HllL',  H.'iS.H, 
.1764,  nSS7. 
Plumed  Knight  of  Maine. — A  soubriquet 

given  to  James  G.   P.lnlne. 


Plunder. — In  military  parlance,  belongings 
taken  by  force,  usually  those  of  a  non-mili- 
tary character.  (See  Pillage.) 
Plurality. — The  excess  in  votes  obtained  by 
the  winning  candidate  over  the  votes  ob- 
tained by  the  second  best  candidate  when 
there  are  more  than  two  candidates  In  the 
field ;  same  as  majority  in  case  of  two  can- 
didates. 

Plutocracy. — Government  controlled  by  the 
people  of  wealth  ;  also  applied  to  character- 
ize the  wealthy  classes  generally. 
Plymouth  Colony. — The  earliest  settlement 
in  Massachusetts.  It  was  founded  by  a 
party  of  English  Separatists  who  arrived 
in  this  country  Dec.  21,  1620,  aud  lauded 
for  permanent  settlement  in  the  following 
January.  These  Separatists  were  dissent- 
ers from  the  Church  of  England.  Unlike 
the  Puritans,  who  sought  to  purify  the 
church,  they  regarded  such  purification  as 
hopeless,  and  therefore  advocated  and  prac- 
ticed separation.  The  Plymouth  colonists 
came  to  America  from  Delft,  Holland, 
whither  they  had  emigrated  from  Plym- 
outh, England.  One  of  the  chief  objects 
in  coming  to  America  was  to  enjoy  their 
religion  without  molestation.  The  com- 
pany named  their  settlement  Plymouth, 
partly  because  it  had  been  so  called  by 
Capt.  John  Smith,  who  had  previously  sur- 
veyed the  harbor,  and  partly  because  the 
people  of  Plymouth,  England,  had  treated 
them  kindly.  Miles  Standish  was  made 
captain,  with  military  authority,  soon  after 
lauding,  and  John  Carver  was  chosen  the 
lirst  governor  of  the  colony.  They  en- 
tered into  a  treaty  with  Massasoit,  chief 
of  the  Wampauoags,  which  was  faithfully 
kept  for  fifty-five  years.  Xo  royal  charter 
was  ever  granted.  With  the  arrival  of  the 
ship  Fortune  and  twenty-nine  immigrants 
in  1G21  came  a  land  patent  from  the  Coun- 
cil for  New  England.  The  patent  did  not 
flx  territorial  limits,  but  allowed  100  acres 
of  land  to  each  immigrant  and  1,500  for 
public  buildings,  and  empowered  the  gran- 
tees to  make  laws  and  set  up  a  government. 
After  enduring  many  hardships  and  priva- 
tions the  lirst  colonists  were  joined  by 
others  from  England  and  material  pros- 
perity followed.  Plymouth  Colony  became 
a  member  of  the  Xew  England  Confedera- 
tion in  10415.  By  the  Massachusetts  char- 
ter of  1091  it  was  united  with  the  Colony 
of  Massachusetts  Bay. 
Plymouth  Company.— In  1000  a  company 
of  merchants  of  Bristol  and  Plymouth, 
England,  wen;  incorporated  under  a  char- 
ter granted  by  James  1.  and  called  the 
North  Virginia  Company.  They  became  a 
rival  of  Hie  London  Company.  In  1007, 
having  obtained  a  grant  of  laud  between 
Long  Island  and  Passamaquoddy  Bay,  they 
sent  out  two  ships  carrying  a  company 
of  colonists  commanded  by  George  Pop- 
ham.  A  settlement  was  attempted  on  the 
Keimeber.  but  I'opham  died  and  the  other 
colonists  returned  home.  The  company  con- 
tinued to  exist  till  1G2O,  when  it'  was 
reorganized  as  the  Xew  England  Company 
or  Council  for  Xew  England. 

Plymouth,  N.  C.,  capture  of,  referred  to, 

3-1 58. 
Pocket,    The,    convention    with    Texas, 

for   adjustment   of  claims    in   case  of, 

IfWi. 

Pocket-Borough. — An  opprobrious  term  re- 
f erring  to  a  political  division  supposed  to 
be  completely  controlled  by  a  leader  or  boss; 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Polk 


especially  with  the  Implication  that  It  Is 
controlled  by  the  use  of  money  from  his 
pocket. 

Pocket  Vetoes.     (Seo  the  several  Pres- 
idents; the  several  messages.) 
Point   Barrow,    Alaska,   refuge   station 

established  at,  5476. 

Poland. — A  country  of  northeastern  Eu- 
rope bounded  by  Russia,  Prussia  and  Aus- 
tria. It  is  said  to  have  become  a  duchy 
tinder  Lechus  or  Lesko  I,  550  ;  and  a  king- 
dom under  Boleslns,  about  902  ;  the  natives 
belong  to  the  great  Slavonic  family.  The 
word  Pole  is  not  older  than  the  10th  cen- 
tury. This  kingdom  in  its  best  days  em- 
braced a  territory  of  about  284,000  sq.  miles, 
and  extended  71.'?  miles  north  and  south  and 
60:5  east  and  west. 

Its  destruction  as  a  separate  nationality 
and  the  absorption  of  its  territory  by  Aus- 
tria, Prussia,  and  Russia,  commencing  in 
1772  (when  it  embraced  an  area  of  about 
2S2.000  sq.  miles,  with  a  population  of  not 
far  from  12.000.000)  and  finished  in  17i)5, 
the  aid  of  Poland  herself,  and  while  sympa- 
thy Is  aroused  at  the  needless  destruction 
could  not  have  been  accomplished  without 
of  a  nation,  still  it  was  due  (1)  to  the  in- 
veterate jealousy  and  feuds  of  the  Polish 
nobility  among  themselves;  (2)  the  absence 
of  a  middle  or  national  class,  which  the 
nobles  made  impossible  ;  (">)  the  intolerance 
of  the  Jesuitical  Komish  party;  (4)  total 
incapacity  of  its  later  rulers;  (5)  no  nat- 
ural frontier  boundaries.  Its  history  as  a 
nation  ceased  in  1705  with  Stanislas  II, 
when  Coin-land  was  annexed  to  Russia  and 
the  King  resigned  his  crown  at  Grodno. 
This  followed  the  suppression,  by  the  Rus- 
sians, of  an  insurrection  of  Poles  under 
Kosciusko,  after  his  return  from  America, 
where  he  took  part  in  the  Revolution. 
Napoleon  I  wintered  his  army  in  Warsaw, 
the  ancient  capital,  in  1800-7.  The  central 
provinces  were  constituted  a  kingdom  under 
Alexander  of  Russia  in  1815.  In  ISI'.l  an- 
other revolution  broke  out,  and  after  its 
suppression  the  Polish  language  was  pro- 
hibited in  tlie  courts  of  law  and  in  public 
places.  In  1841  Poland  was  declared  a  Rus- 
sian province. 

During  the  European  war  beginning  in 
]014  Warsaw  was  occupied  by  the  Germans 
and  the  Russians  were  expelled  from  the 
province.  November  5,  101G,  a  joint  procla- 
mation by  the  Emperor  of  Germany  and  the 
Emperor  of  Austria  established  the  Polish 
districts  and  provinces  into  a  national  state 
with  a  hereditary  monarchy  and  a  constitu- 
tional government.  The  exact  delimitation 
of  the  frontiers  of  the  revived  kingdom 
were  left  to  the  future  for  decision,  as  was 
also  the  question  of  who  should  be  placed 
upon  the  throne. 

Polar  Congress,  International,  at  Ham- 
burg, Germany,  4535. 
Policy,  Foreign.  (See  Foregin  Policy.) 
Poliomyelitis.  (Infantile  Paralysis.) — > 
So  far  as  can  be  discovered,  this  disease  is 
of  recent  origin.  At  least,  the  first  serious 
poliomyelitis  outbreak  occurred  in  New  York 
in  1007.  The  disease,  which  is  acutely  in- 
fections, is  caused  by  a  strong  virus  which 
distributes  itself  generally  throughout  the 
body,  but  attacks  in  particular  the  brain 
jind  the  spinal  cord.  Infection  may  be  either 
direct,  as  from  the  nose  or  mouth  of  a  per- 
son suffering  from  the  disease  or  carrying 
the  virus  without  injury  to  himself :  or  in- 
direct, as  from  the  use  of  a  towel  or  drink- 
ing glass  after  such  a  person.  The  name  of 
Infantile  paralysis,  generally  used  to  de- 


scribe the  disease,  owes  its  origin  to  the 
fact  that  the  disease  usually  attacks  young 
children,  especially  those  under  five;  and  to 
the  fact  that  paralysis,  complete,  partial,  or 
Slight,  often  is  an  after-result.  However, 
so  many  cases  of  infantile  paralysis  pass  un- 
noticed because  of  the  absence  of  evil  after- 
effects that  it  has  been  estimated  that 
paralysis  does  not  occur  In  the  majority  of 
cases,  although  it  may  well  occur  in  the 
majority  of  those  cases  where  the  infection 
is  strong  enough  to  make  its  presence  evi- 
dent. The  most  frequent  symptoms  are 
fever,  stiffness  of  the  neck,  digestive  disturb- 
ances, and  vomiting.  If  paralysis  is  to  de- 
velop, it  usually  occurs  from  2  to  8  days 
after  the  illness  of  the  patient  has  become 
pronounced. 

The  most  severe  epidemic  of  poliomyelitis 
in  the  world  occurred  in  New  York  City  in 
the  summer  of  1010,  and  to  a  lesser  extent 
in  different  parts  of  the  country.  It  is  esti- 
mated that  12,000  cases  broke  out  in  that 
period,  of  which  almost  25%  were  fatal. 
All  efforts  to  find  a  cure  proved  futile — 
drugs  being  useless  and  the  best  results  be- 
ing obtained  by  injecting  into  the  spinal 
canal  of  the  patient  a  blood  serum  from  a 
person  who  had  had  the  disease  some  years 
previously.  The  best  treatment  would  se(>m 
to  be  scientific  after-care,  and  convalescence 
should  last  for  from  one  to  two  years  after 
the  disease  lias  departed. 
Political  Economy.  (Sec  Economies.) 
Political  Expenses,  appropriation  for, 

suggested,  7106. 

Contributions       from        corporations 

should  be  prohibited,  7370. 
Political  Parties.— The  following  is  a  list 
of  the  principal  political  parties  extant  and 
heretofore  existent  in  the  United  States. 
(See  respective  names)  :  Abolition,  Ameri- 
can, Anti-Federalists,  Anti-Masonic,  Demo- 
cratic, Democratic-Republican,  Federalists, 
Free  Soil,  Greenback,  Independence,  Inde- 
pendent National,  Liberal  Republicans,  Lib- 
erty. National,  National  Anti-Slavery  So- 
ciety, National  Republican,  National  Silver, 
Patrons  of  Husbandry,  People's  Progressive, 
Prohibition,  Populist,  Populist  or  People's. 
Republican,  Social-Democrat,  Socialist,  So- 
cialist Labor.  Sound  Money  Democrats, 
Strong  Government  Men,  Tory,  Whig. 
Political  Prisoners.  (Sec  Civil  War.) 
Politician. — A  person,  in  or  out  of  office, 
who  helps  to  direct  political  affairs ;  espe- 
cially one  who  helps  another  person  as  a 
candidate  in  an  effort  to  secure  office  for 
himself  either  by  election  or  appointment. 

Polk,  James  K. — 1845-1849. 

Fifteenth    A  dm  in  is  I  rat  ion — Democratic. 

Vice-President — George    M.    Dallas. 
Secretary  of  state — 

James   Buchanan. 
Secretary  of  tlic  Treasury — 

Robert  J.   Walker. 
Secretary  of  War — 

William   L.  Marcy. 
Secretary  of  the  Nary — 

George  Bancroft. 

John  Y.  Mason. 
Postmaster-General — 

Cave  Johnson. 
Attorney-General — 

John  Y'.  Mason. 

Nathan   Clifford. 

Isaac  Toucey. 

Polk  was  elected  by  Ihe  Democratic  party, 
Nov.  5.  1844.  lie  was  the  first  "dark-horse" 
candidate  ever  nominated  by  a  prominent 
party.  At  the  Democratic  National  Con- 
vention held  in  Baltimore,  May  27-20,  184-1, 


?.  5 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Polk 


Van  Burcn  and  Cass  wore  the  loaders  in  the 
first  eight  ballots.  On  the  ninth  ballot, 
1'olk's  voto  rose  from  44  In  the  eighth 
to  233,  sutlicient  for  tho  nomination. 

Platform. — The  platform  of  Iho  party  re- 
aflirinod  the  nine  sections  of  the  platform 
of  1840  and  added  throe  more  sections. 
Those  specilied  that  tho  public  lands  should 
be  hold  as  the  Constitution  provides,  and 
that  proceeds  from  the  sale  should  not  be 
distributed  among  States;  that,  the  veto 
power  of  the  President  should  in  no  wise 
be  curtailed;  and  that,  all  of  Oregon  be- 
longed to  the  Tinted  States,  and  thai  Texas 
should  be  roanuexed  as  soon  as  practicable. 

(>l>lio8iilon. — At  tho  Whig  National  Con- 
vention held  at  Baltimore  in  -May,  1844, 
Henry  Clay  was  endorsed  for  the  Presidency, 
and  tho  ti'rst  Whig  national  platform  was 
formulated.  It  advocated  a  well-regulated 
currency,  tariff  for  revenue  and  protection, 
distribution  of  the  money  derived  from  sales 
of  public  lauds,  a  single  term  for  the  Presi- 
dency, curtailing  of  Executive  Power,  and 
an  effective,  careful,  and  economical  gov- 
ernment. The  Liberty  party  met  at  Buffalo 
in  convention  on  Aug.  30,  1843,  and  nomi- 
nated James  G.  Birney  for  the  Presidency. 
The  platform  adopted  at  that  convention  an- 
nounced belief  in  human  brotherhood,  the 
abolition  of  slavery. 

Vote. — The  popular  vote  cast  by  twenty- 
six  States  gave  Polk,  1,337.243 ;  Clay,  1,- 
299,008;  and  Biruoy,  02,300.  The  elec- 
toral vote,  counted  on  Fob.  12,  1845,  gave 
Polk  170  and  Clay  105. 

I'arty  Affiliation. — Polk  was  brought  up 
a  Jeffiersoman  in  politics  and.  during  the 
whole  period  of  Jackson's  administration, 
he  was  a  leading  supporter  of  his  policies. 
As  Speaker  of  the  House  (1835-1839)  he 
supported  Van  Buren's  administration.  His 
opposition  to  the  reforms  advocated  by  the 
anti-slavery  party  was  firm  but  not  rabid. 
As  Governor  of  Tennessee  (1839-1841.)  he 
opposed  the  national  bank.  Federal  taxation 
for  revenue  surplus,  and  t'he  policies  of  the 
Abolitionists,  lie  strongly  favored  the  re- 
annexation  of  Texas,  and  it  was  upon  this 
issue  that  he  was  elected  President. 

J'oUtical  Complexion  of  Congress. — Tn  the 
Twenty-ninth  Congress  (1S45-1S-57)  the 
Senate,  of  5G  members,  was  composed  of 
30  Democrats,  25  Whigs,  and  1  vacancy; 
and  the  House,  of  225  members,  was  made 
up  of  141  Democrats,  78  Whigs,  and  6 
Americans.  In  the  Thirtieth  Congress 
(1S47-1849)  the  Senate,  of  58  members, 
was  composed  of  37  Democrats  and  21 
Whigs  ;  and  the  House,  of  227  members, 
was  made  up  of  108  Democrats,  115  Whigs, 
and  4  Independents. 

Public  Debt. — The  public  debt  of  the 
United  States  during  the  years  of  Polk's 
administration  stood  ns  follows:  184G,  $15,- 
550  "02. 07  ;  1847,  $38,82(5,534.77:  1848, 
$47.044.802,23;  1849,  $03,001.858.69. 

In  his  First  Annual  Message  (page  2252) 
President  Polk  referred  to  the  total  extin- 
guisliment  of  the  public  debt  by  a  previous 
administration  and  cherished  tho  hope  that, 
by  especial  effort,  his  administration  might 
bring  about  the  same  most  desirable  result. 
But  the  expenses  due  to  the  wars  in  whic'h 
the  country  became  involved  soon  dispelled 
all  hope  of  accomplishing  his  purpose. 

Tariff. — Tn  his  First  Annual  Message 
(page  2253 1  President  Polk  discusses  the 
tariff  in  theory  and  the  scale  of  the  tariff 
of  1S42  specifically.  He  points  out  the 
difference  between  the  revenue  standard 
and  the  protection  standard,  and  says  :  ''It 
does  not  follow  that  Congress  should  levy 
the  highest  duty  on  all  articles  of  import 
which  they  will  bear  within  the  revenue 
standard,  for  such  rates  would  probably  pro- 
duce a  much  larger  amount  than  the  eco- 
nomical administration  of  the  Government 


would  require."  Such  Incidental  protection 
as  a  taritf  for  revenue  carries  with  it  should 
in  his  opinion  be  so  regulated  that  the  tax 
may  be  made  to  bear  equally  upon  consum- 
ers, and  should  be  so  arranged  as  to  justly 
protect  all  industries  alike.  He  refers  to 
the.  fact  that  tho  tariff  of  1842  was  passed 
by  a  majority  of  only  one  vote  in  the  Sen- 
ate and  two  in  the  House  (page  21:55.).  He 
recommends  a  reduction  in  tho  tariff  and 
prefers  the  ail  lalorcni  to  the  spocitic  duty. 
"Such  a  system,  when  once  liruily  estab- 
lished, would  be  permanent,  and  not  be 
subject  to  tin;  constant  complaints,  agita- 
tions, and  changes,  which  must  ever  occur 
when  duties  are  not  laid  for  revenue,  but 
for  tin:  protection  merely  of  a  favored  in- 
terest." 

In  a  special  message  of  June  10,  1840, 
the  President  presents  a  plan  from  the  Sec- 
retary of  the  Treasury  for  t'he  modification 
of  tho  duties.  He  says  <  page  2301 )  :  "Tin: 
high  duties  at  present  levied  on  many 
articles  totally  exclude  them  from  importa- 
tion, whilst  the  quantity  and  the  amount 
of  others  which  are  imported  are  greatly 
diminished.  By  reducing  these  duties  to  a 
revenue  standard,  it  is  not  doubted  that  a 
large  amount  of  the  articles  on  which  they 
are  imposed  would  be  imported,  and  a  cor- 
responding amount  of  revenue  be  received 
at  the  Treasury  from  this  source."  On  July 
30,  1840  Congress  passed  an  act  "reducing 
tho  duty  on  imports,  and  for  other  pur- 
poses." This  act  went  into  effect  on  Dec. 
1,  1840.  In  his  Third  Annual  Message  the 
President  (page  2403;  reports  the  satisfac- 
tory working  of  this  act  in  its  first  year, 
and  says  :  "All  tho  beneficial  effects  which 
were  anticipated  from  its  operation  have 
been  fully  realized."  The  revenue  for  the 
year  was  increased  over  $8,000.000.  "While 
the  repeal  of  the  prohibitory  and  restrictive 
duties  of  tr^  act  of  1842  and  the  substitu- 
tion in  their  place  of  reasonable  revenue 
rates  levied  on  articles  imported  according 
to  their  actual  value  has  increased  the  rev- 
enue and  augmented  our  foreign  trade,  all 
the  groat  interests  of  the  country  'have 
been  advanced  and  promoted."  These  re- 
sults are  reported  as  continuing  during  the 
following  year  (page  2497).  The  Presi- 
dent's attitude1  on  the  question  of  protection 
is  fully  enunciated  in  his  discussion  of  the 
American  System  in  his  Fourth  Annual 
Message  (page  2504). 

Foreirjn  Pulley. — On  the  annexation  of 
Texas  and  the  possible  interference  by  for- 
eign powers,  the  President  said  in  his  In- 
augural Address  (page  2230 i:  "I  regard 
the  question  of  annexation  as  belonging  ex- 
clusively to  the  I'nitod  States  and  Texas. 
They  are  independent  powers  competent  to 
contract,  and  foreign  powers  have  no  right 
to  interfere  with  them  or  to  take  excep- 
tions to  their  reunion.  Foreign  powers  do 
not  seem  to  appreciate  tho  true  character 
of  our  government.  .  .  .  Foreign  powers 
should  therefore  look  on  the  annexation  of 
Texas  to  the  United  States  not  as  the  con- 
quest of  a  nation  seeking  to  extend  her  do- 
minions by  arms  and  violence,  but  as  the 
peaceful  acquisition  of  a  territory  once  her 
own.  by  adding  another  member  to  our  con- 
federation, with  the  consent  of  that  mem- 
ber, thereby  diminishing  the  chances  of  war 
and  opening  to  them  new  and  ever-increas- 
ing markets  for  their  products."  In  his 
First  Annual  Message  (page  2237)  the  Pres- 
ident, in  referring  to  the  same  subject,  said  : 
"We  may  rejoice  that  the  tranquil  and  per- 
vading influence  of  the  American  principle 
of  self-government  was  sufficient  to  defeat 
the  purposes  of  British  and  French  interfer- 
ence, and  that  the  almost  unanimous  voice 
of  the  people  of  Texas  has  given  to  that 
interference  a  peaceful  and  effective  rebuke. 
From  this  example,  European  governments 


Polk 


Hfessages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


may  learn  how  vain  diplomatic  arts  and  in- 
trigues must  ever  prove  upon  this  continent 
against  the  system  of  self-government  which 
seems  natural  to  our  soil,  and  which  will 
ever  resist  foreign  interference."  In  the 
same  message  he  reviews  the  conditions  of 
the  war  with  Mexico. 

ll'«»-  irith  .1fr.rico. — The  proclamation  of 
war  against  Mexico  (page  2:!2U)  was  issued 
by  President  1'olk  on  May  1:5,  1840.  In  his 
Second  Annual  Message  (page  2.'{L.'1)  the 
President  goes  fully  into  the  Mexican  Wai- 
history. 

In  his  Third  Annual  Message,  in  speak- 
ing of  the  Mexican  War  (page  2.'594),  he 
says  :  "I  am  persuaded  that  the  best  means 
of  vindicating  the  national  honor  and  in- 
terest and  of  bringing  the  war  to  an  hon- 
orable close  will  be  to  prosecute  it  with 
increased  energy  and  power  in  the  vital 
parts  of  the  enemy's  country."  In  his 
Fourth  Annual  Message  (page  2481),  in 
speaking  of  the  effects  of  the  Mexican  War. 
the  President  says:  "One  of  the  most  im- 
portant results  of  the  war  into  which  we 
were  recently  forced  with  a  neighboring 
nation  is  the  demonstration  it  has  afforded 
of  the  military  .strength  of  our  country. 
.  .  .  The  great  results  which  have  devel- 
oped and  been  brought  to  light  by  this 
war  will  be  of  immeasurable  importance  in 
the  future  progress  of  our  country.  They 
will  tend  powerfully  to  preserve  us  from 
foreign  collisions,  and  enable  us  to  pursue 
uninterruptedly  our  cherished  policy  of 
'peace  with  all  nations,  entangling  alli- 
ances with  none.'  " 

Panama. — A  special  message  (page  230.1 1 
accompanies  the  treaty  with  (Iranada.  which 
by  its  thirty-fifth  article  confers  upon  the 
1'nited  States  the  right  of  passage  across 
the  Isthmus  of  Panama.  The  President 
says  :  ''The  importance  of  this  concession  to 
the  commercial  and  political  interests  of 
the  T'nited  States  can  not  be  easily  over- 
rated. The  route  by  the  Isthmus  of  Pan- 
ama is  the  shortest  between  the  two  oceans, 
and  from  the  information  herewith  com- 
municated it  would  seem  to  ho  the  most 
practicable  for  a  railroad  or  a  canal." 

Xlarcry. — In  his  Fourth  Annual  Message 
President  Polk  gives  his  views  on  slavery 
(page  2401;  in  these  words:  ".  .  .  Xo  duty 
imposed  on  Congress  by  the  Constitution  re- 
quires that  they  should  legislate  on  the  sub- 
ject of  slavery,  while  their  power  to  do  so 
is  not  only  seriously  questioned  hut  de- 
nird  by  many  of  the  soundest  expounders 
of  that  instrument.  Whether  Congress  shall 
legislate  or  not.  the  people  of  the  acquired 
territories,  when  assembled  in  convention  to 
form  State  constitutions  will  possess  the 
sole  and  exclusive  power  to  determine  for 
themselves  whether  slavery  s'hall  or  shall 
not  exist  within  their  limits.  .  .  .  Any  and 
all  of  the  states  possess  this  right,  and 
Congress  can  not  deprive  them  of  it.  The 
people  of  Georgia  might  if  they  chose  so 
alter  their  Constitution  as  to  abolish  slav- 
ery within  its  limits,  and  (he*  people  of 
Vermont  might  so  alter  their  Constitution 
as  to  admit  slavery  wit'hin  its  limits." 

Polk,  James  K.: 

Acquisition  of  Yucatan,  discussed"  by, 

2431. 

Advice  of  Senate  desired  by,  2290. 
American  system,  discussed  l>y,  2504. 
Annexation  of  Texas,  discussed  by, 

(See    Texas.) 
Annual  messages  of,  22?..",  2321,  2-'iS2, 

2479. 
Biographical    sketch    of,    2221. 


Cession  of  California  and  New  Mex- 
ico, discussed   by.     (See    California 

or   New  Mexico.) 

Constitutional  treasury  recommended 
by,   2256. 

Successful    operation    of,    discussed 

by,  2406,   2498. 
Death  of  announced  and  honors  to  be 

paid  memory  of,  2546. 
Declaration    of   war   against   Mexico, 

facsimile  of,  opposite  2;!  12. 
Discretionary     power     of     President 

over     nominations,     removals,     and 

other  acts,  discussed  by,  2232,  2281, 

2416,  2452,  2529. 
Finances    discussed    by,    2252,    2346, 

2401,  2406,  2496. 
Foreign    policy    discussed    by,    2229, 

2236,   2248,   2276,   2322,  2337,  2361, 

2386,   2431,  2437,  2444,  2480. 
Geographical  distinctions  in  country, 

discouraged  by,  2413. 
Inaugural  address  of,  2223. 
Internal  improvements,  discussed  by, 

2310,  2460,  2506. 
Large  standing  army  unnecessary  in 

time    of    peace,    2263. 
Mexican     War     discussed     by,     2287, 

2205,  2300,   2306,   2321,    2363,   2383, 

2415,    2437,    24S1. 
Monroe  Doctrine,  reasserted  by,  2248, 

2390,  2432. 

National   banks,    discussed   bv,   2504. 
Tocket   veto    of,    2460. 
Portrait  of,  2220. 

Powers  of  Federal  and  State  Govern- 
ments,   discussed    by,     2310,    2456, 

2460,  2490,  2506. 
Principles  of  laws  of  war,  discussed 

by,  2444. 
Proclamations   of — 

Discriminating  duties  suspended  on 

vessels  of—- 
Brazil,   2372. 
France,  2371. 

Existence   of  war  between   United 
States   and    Mexico,    2320. 

Extraordinary    session     of    Senate, 
2539. 

Privileges    of    other    ports    granted 
Lewiston,   N.    Y.,    2319. 

Retrocession   of   Alexander   County 
to    Virginia,   2320. 

Treaty  with  Mexico,  2477. 
Request    of   House   for — 

Account  of  expense  for  foreign  in- 
tercourse  refused.   2281. 

Information    regarding    foreign    in- 
tercourse refused  by,  2-116,  2452. 

Referred  to.  2529. 
Request,    of    Senate     for    information 

regarding  annexation    of   Texas   re- 
fused   by.    2232. 
Slavery  discussed  by,  2190. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Populist 


State    of    the    Union    discussed    by, 

2321,    2382,    217!). 
Tariff  discussed  by,  2253,  2301,  2348, 

2366,  2403,  2407,  2506. 
Texas,   relations   with,   discussed   by. 

(See  Texas.) 

To  cultivate  peace  and  {rood  will  with 
all    nations,     policy    of     American 
people,  2383. 
Veto  messages  of — 

Continuing  works  in  Wisconsin, 
reasons  for  applying  pocket  veto, 
2460.  ' 

French    spoliation   claims,   2316. 
Improvement  of  rivers  and  harbors, 

2310. 
Veto    power    of    President    discussed 

by,   2512. 
Warehousing    system,    discussed    by, 

2405. 

Poll. — (a)  The  receiving  and  counting  of 
votes,  or  the  act  of  voting,  (b)  The  place 
where  votes  are  cast  and  received. 
Poll  Tax. — An  individual  or  head  tax  lev- 
ied upon  the  male  citizens  of  some  for- 
eign countries  and  a  portion  of  the  United 
States.  The  Federal  Government  has  the 
power  to  levy  such  a  tax  in  proportion  to 
the  census  (20)  but  has  never  exercised 
it.  Before  the  Revolution  the  Colonies 
levied  poll  taxes  at  various  times.  In 
1X98  twenty-seven  states  and  territories 
levied  and  collected  a  poll  tax.  Some 
states,  as  South  Carolina,  have  constitu- 
tional provisions  for  levying  the  poll  tax. 
In  Ohio  and  some  other  states  any  tax  on 
polls  is  prohibited  by  the  constitution.  In 
others,  as  in  Massachusetts  and  Tennes- 
see, its  payment  is  made  a  qualification  for 
voting.  Many  of  the  states  devote  their 
revenue  from  poll  taxes  to  free  schools. 

Pollock  vs.   Farmers'  Loan  and  Trust 
Co.      (See  Income  Tax  Cases.) 

Polyandry. — Having    more    than    one    hus- 
band;— the  antithesis  of  Monandry   (q.  v.). 
Polygamy  (see  also  Mormons) : 
Discussed  by  President — 

Arthur,  4644,  4731,  4771,  4837. 

Buchanan,  2985. 

Cleveland,  4946,  5379. 

Garfield,   4601. 

Grant,  4105,  4157,  4309,  4310. 

Harrison,  Benj.,  5553,  5641. 

Hayes,  4511,  4557. 

Roosevelt,  7428. 
Pardons    granted    persons    guilty    of 

unlawful    cohabitation  under    color 

of      polygamous     marriage,      5803, 

5942. 

Ponca    Commission,    appointment    and 
report  of,  discussed,  4582. 

Ponca  Indians.     (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Poncarar  Indians.    (See  Indian  Tribes.) 

Pontiac'S  War. — A  war  between  the  Eng- 
lish garrisons  and  settlers  on  the  western 
frontier  and  a  confederacy  of  the  Delaware. 
Shawnee,  Mingo,  Ottawa,  Chippewa,  and 


other  Indian  tribes,  led  by  Tontine,  an  Otta- 
wa chief.  I'ontiae  assembled  a  great  council 
of  Indians  near  Detroit  April  '27,  17(>:i,  and 
unfolded  his  plans  for  retarding  or  prevent- 
ing white  settlers  locating  west  nf  Pittslmrg. 
To  capture  Detroit  was  I'ontiac's  special 
task,  and  May  7  was  the  date  selected,  but 
the  commander  of  the  post  was  warned  of 
the  plot  by  an  Indian  girl,  and  the  attempt 
was  not  made.  The  town  was  surrounded, 
however,  and  July  .">!  the  garrison  made  a 
night  attack  on  the  Indians  in  which  Ii9 
English  were  killed  or  wounded.  Oct.  12 
Poniiae  raised  the  siege  and  retired.  Forts 
Satidusky.  St.  Joseph.  Miami.  Otiatanon, 
Mackinaw,  Presque  Isle,  Le  Boeuf,  and  Venan- 
go  were  taken  and  their  garrisons  massacred 
by  the  Indians  in  this  war.  A  treaty  of 
peace  was  made  in  17<i(i.  Pontiac  was  mur- 
dered by  a  Kaskaskia  Indian  in  17U9. 

Pontifical  States.  (See  Italy;  Papal 
States.) 

Pontoon-Bridge.— A  bridge  for  small  bodies, 
as  the  support  of  a  flooring  or  road. 
Poor  Richard's  Almanac,  -in  1732  Ren.ja- 
min  Franklin  began  the  publication  of  Poor 
Richard's  Almanac.  It  contained  many 
homely  but  very  striking  maxims,  and  for 
this  reason  became  famous. 

Pope  of  Rome,  sentiments  of  regard  for 
President,  conveyed,  referred  to, 
2761. 

Popular  Vote. — Vote  of  the  people.  The 
popular  vote  has  been  gradually  extended, 
and  by  the  XVII  Amendment  provision  was 
made  for  the  election  of  United  States  Sena- 
tors by  direct  popular  vote.  (See  Amend- 
ments.) 

Population. — The  first  United  States  cen- 
sus having  been  taken  in  1790,  all  popu- 
lation figures  previous  to  that  date  are 
based  upon  estimates. 

Early  estimates,  of  somewhat  doubtful  ac- 
curacy, give  the  following  population  figures 
for  the  colonies  and  states  since  incorporated 
into  the  Union  : 


IfiSS 200.000 

1714 4:U.OOO 

1750 1,260,000 

The  number  of  imm 


1700 1.09."  000 

1770 2.:n2.000 

17.SO 2.94.j,000 

rrants   added   to   the 


apnlation      was     estimated     for     different 
periods  as  follows  : 

From   16.- 4  to  1701 134.000 

From  1702  to   1800 492.00O 

From  1801   to  1S20 178.000 

From  1821  to  1800 15,000,000 

The  people  of  New  England  were  almost 
purely  English  ;  those  of  New  York  largely 
Dutch.  Pennsylvania  and  the  countries  to 
the  southward  attracted  many  Ormans, 
Scotch.  Irish,  and  Huguenot  immigrants,  the 
latter  settling  largely  in  South  Carolina  and 
Georgia. 

Population,  Center  of.— (See  Center-  of 
Population.) 

Population  of  the  United  States  from 
1790  to  1917.  (See  table  on  following 
page.) 

Populist  Or  People's  Party.— In  Decem- 
ber. 1889.  a  meeting  of  the  Farmers'  and 
Laborers'  Union  of  America  was  held  at 
St.  Louis,  Mo.,  for  the  purpose  of  con- 
solidating the  various  bodies  of  organ- 
ize! farmers  which  had  been  formed  at 
different  times  and  places  in  the  United 
States  since  1807,  and  which  were  known 


Population 


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Encyclopedic  Index 


Port  Royal 


under  the  general  name  of  Grangers  (q.  v.). 
The  consolidated  body  was  railed  the 
Farmers'  Alliance  and  Industrial  I'nion. 
On  Dec.  2,  1800,  a  nalional  conveni  ion 
was  held  at  Oca  la,  Fla.  Thirty-live  Stales 
and  Territories  were  represented  by  Hi.'i 
delegates.  Independent  political  action 
was  decided  upon,  and  a  platform  was 
adopted  advocating  free  silver,  I  lie  sub- 
treasury  plan,  equal  taxation,  a  graduated 
income  tax,  election  of  President,  V'ice- 
1'resident,  and  Senators  by  direct  vole,  and 
prohibition  of  alien  ownership  of  land. 

The  second  convention  was  held  at  Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio,  May  lit,  1891.  Thirty  Slates 
and  Territories  were  represented  by  1,418 
delegates.  At  this  convention  the  Ocala 
platform  was  heartily  indorsed  and  the 
name  People's  party  was  adopted.  A  third 
national  meeting  was  held  at  St.  Louis, 
Mo.,  In  February,  18!fJ.  It  was  decided 
to  put  In  the  Held  candidates  for  President 
and  Vice-President,  and  on  July  1!,  1802,  a 
national  body  of  delegates  met  at  Omaha, 
Nebr.,  and  nominated  Gen.  James  15.  Weav- 
er, of  Iowa,  for  President,  and  James  G. 
Field,  of  Virginia,  for  Vtce-President. 
Weaver  obtained  a  popular  vote  of  1,041,- 
028  and  an  electoral  vote  of  '22. 

In  189G  the  People's  party  met  at  St. 
Louis,  Mo.,  and  nominated  for  President 
William  J.  Bryan  of  Nebraska,  and  for 
Vice-President  Thomas  K.  Watson,  of 
Georgia.  Mr.  Bryan  had  been  previously 
nominated  for  the  Presidency  by  the  Demo- 
cratic party.  In  the  popular  vote  the 
Bryan  and  Watson  ticket  (straight  Popu- 
list) received  245,728  votes,  and  Bryan 
and  Sewall  ticket  (Democratic  and  straight 
fusion  ticket)  0.257,198  votes.  In  the 
electoral  college  McKinley  and  Ilobart  (Re- 
publican candidates)  received  271  votes. 
Bryan,  17fi.  Sewall  140,  and  Watson  27. 
On  May  10,  1900.  a  convention  of  the 
fusion  wing  of  the  party  met  at  Sioux 
Falls,  S.  D.,  and  nominated  William  J. 
Bryan  for  President  and  Charles  A.  Town 
for  Vice-President.  Mr.  Town  withdrew 
in  favor  of  Adlai  Stevenson,  the  Demo- 
cratic candidate,  and  on  Aug.  2Sth  the  ex- 
ecutive committee  nominated  Mr.  Steven- 
son. The  anti-fusion  wing  of  the  party 
met  at  Cincinnati  on  May  l()th  and  nomi- 
nated Wharton  Barker  for  President  and 
Ignatius  Donnelly  for  Vice-President.  The 
Democratic  and  fusion  nominees  received 
(!,. '574.307  popular  votes  and  155  electoral 
votes.  The  anti-fusion  (middle  of  the  road) 
wing  of  the  People's  party  received  50,373 
popular  votes.  In  1004  the  People's  party 
nominated  Thomas  F.  Watson  for  President 
and  Thomas  II.  Tibbies  for  Vice-President 
and  they  received  120.00:',  votes.  In  10OS 
Watson' and  Samuel  Williams  of  Indiana 
were  nominated  to  head  the  ticket.  The 
vote  this  year  fell  to  :>>?>. 871. 

Pork-BanOl. — A  term  applied,  in  compara- 
tively recent  years,  to  the  Congressional  ap- 
propriations for  local  improvements,  with 
the  insinuation  that  they  are  not  vital  to 
the  cause  of  the  country,  but  that  they  are 
obtained  as  a  result  of  "log-rolling"  (<].  v.) 
and  favoritism,  and  for  the  purpose  of  im- 
pressing constituents  with  the  Importance  of 
their  Congressmen  or  Senators, — such  as 
appropriations  for  rivers  and  harbors,  post- 
office  buildings,  etc. 

Pork  Products.    (See  Animals  and  Ani- 
mal Products.) 

Port  Gibson  (Miss.),  Battle  of.— On  the 
night  of  April  10.  1S<>",  the  Federal  gun- 
boats under  Admiral  Porter  succeeded  in 
running  past  the  batteries  at  Vicksburg. 
Grant  ordered  Sherman  to  make  a  feint  on 
the  Confederate  batteries  at  Haines  Bluff, 


above  Vicksburg.  while  Porter  covered  the 
landing  of  McClernaud's  and  McPliersou's 
corps  at  Bruinsburg,  a  few  miles  below 
Grand  Gulf.  Immediately  upon  landing  Mc- 
Clernand  pushed  forward  toward  Port  (Jib- 
son.  A  march  of  eight  miles  brought  him 
in  sight  of  the  Confederates,  whom  he  forced 
back  until  dark.  The  next  day  i  .May  2)  the 
Confederates  held  a  strong  position,  which 
I  hey  stubbornly  defended.  Thai  night  the 
troops  slept  on  their  anus.  During  the 
night  the  Confederate  forces  retired  across 
the  Bayou  Pierre,  pursued  next  day  by  Me- 
Pherson's  corps.  The  Federal  loss  was  KM 
killed,  710  wounded,  and  25  missing — a  total 
of  875.  One  thousand  prisoners  and  5 
cannon  were  taken  from  I  he  Confederates. 

Port    Hudson    (La),    Surrender   of.— As 

early  as  August,  18(>2,  Confederates  began 
to  fortify  Port  Hudson,  a  point  on  the  .Mis- 
sissippi River  in  Louisiana,  at  the  terminus 
of  the  Clinton  and  Port  Hudson  Railroad, 
twenty-live  miles  above  Baton  Rouge  and 
one  hundred  and  forty-seven  above  .New  Or- 
leans. Dec.  14.  18U2,'  Ma.j.-Gen.  ,\.  P.  Banks 
took  command  of  the  Department  of  the 
Gulf,  and  in  March,  ISO.'!,  made  a  demon- 
stration against  Port  Hudson  while  Farra- 
gut's  ileet  attempted  to  run  t'he  batteries  to 
assist  Porter  in  the  naval  investment  of 
Vicksburg.  The  attempt  was  a  failure.  May 
20.  18(!.">,  Banks  again  invested  Port  Hud- 
son, and  was  reeuforced  by  Ma j. -Gen.  Au- 
gur, Brig. -(Jen.  T.  W.  Sherman,  and  Gen. 
Weitzel,  increasing  his  forces  to  12,000  men. 
An  unsuccessful  assault  was  made  on  the 
27th,  which  showed  the  place  to  be  strongly 
fortified.  Banks  lost  2,000  men  in  the  as- 
sault. June  14  a  second  assault  was  made 
after  a  bombardment  of  several  days  by  Far- 
ragut's  ileet.  This  was  also  repulsed,  with 
a  loss  of  700  killed  and  wounded.  Banks 
now  invested  the  place  by  a  series  of  ap- 
proaches. July  (5  the  news  of  the  surrender 
of  Vicksburg  reached  Port  Hudson,  and 
three  days  later  Gardner  surrendered,  wit'h 
(i,;'.40  men  and  51  guns.  Besides,  the  gar- 
rison lost  aboiit  500  prisoners  or  deserters 
before  the  surrender,  and  about  700  killed 
and  wounded. 

Port  Republic  (Va.),  Battle  of.— June  o, 

18(12,  the  morning  after  the  skirmish  be- 
tween the  forces  of  Ewell  and  Fremont  at 
Cross  Keys,  Jackson  drew  in  Kwell.  crossed 
the  branch  of  the  Shcuandoah,  and  destroy- 
ing the  bridges  cut  oil'  two  brigades  of 
Shields's  advance  from  Fremont,  defeated 
them  in  battle,  and  captured  some  450  pris- 
oners and  800  muskets. 

Port  Royal  (S.  C.),  Expedition  to. — Oct. 
20,  1801,  a  strong  naval  and  military  ex- 
pedition left  Hampton  Roads  under  com- 
mand of  Commodore  Samuel  F.  Du  Pout 
and  (Jen.  Thomas  W.  Sherman.  The  first 
was  composed  of  the  steam  frigate  Waliaxh. 
fourteen  gunboats,  twenty-two  lirst-class  and 
twelve  smaller  steamers,  and  twenty-six  sail- 
ing vessels.  The  land  forces  under  Sherman 
consisted  of  thirteen  regiments  of  volun- 
teers, forming  three  brigades  and  numbering 
10.000  men.  After  a  tempestuous  voyage  the 
fleet  arrived  off  Port  Royal.  S.  C..  Nov.  :\. 
l"pon  each  side  of  the  mouth  of  the  Broad 
River  is  an  island  on  which  the  Confederates 
had  built  forts.  On  Bay  Point  Fort  Beaure- 
gard  mounted  twenty-three  guns,  and  on  Hil- 
ton Head,  opposite,  Fort  Walker  had  six, 
some  of  them  of  the  largest  caliber.  A 
fleet  of  eight  steamers  lay  inside  the  har- 
bor. The  guns  of  the  fort  were  fully 
manned  by  1,700  South  Carolinians,  and  a 
field  battery  with  500  men  supported  one  of 
them.  On  the  7th  Du  Pont  brought  his  gun- 
boats into  action.  He  manoeuvred  his  fleet 


Port  Royal          Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


in  a  circle  around  the  harbor  between  the 
forts,  tiring  broadsides  as  he  passed  the 
Confederate  batteries.  His  shells  wrought 
havoc  in  the  works,  but  the  moving  ships 
were  little  damaged.  For  four  hours  the 
battle  railed,  when  the  garrison  retreated 
leaving  everything  behind.  Forty-three  guns 
were  captured.  Hilton  Head  was  made  the 
center  of  later  naval  operations. 

Port    Koyal,    S.    C.,    blockade    of,    re- 
moved by  proclamation,   :!290. 

Portage   Lake,    Mich.,    act    authorizing 

establishment  of  new  harbor  lines  in, 

returned,  5506. 
Portland   Company,   bill   for   relief  of, 

vetoed,   5527. 

Portland,   Ore.,   proclaimed   port   of  de- 
livery,  2588. 

Lewis   and   Clark  Centennial  Exposi- 
tion at,  G798. 

Porto  Rico.— The  island  of  Porto  Rico, 
over  which  the  flag  of  the  United  States 
was  raised  in  token  of  formal  possession 
on  October  18,  1S9S,  is  the  most  eastern 
of  the  Great  Amtilles  in  tlie  West  Indies 
and  is  separated  on  the  east  from  the  Dan- 
ish island  of  St.  Thomas  by  a  distance  of 
about  fifty  miles,  and  from  Haiti  on  the 
west  by  the  Mona  passage,  seventy  miles 
wide.  Distances  from  San  Juan,  the  capi- 
tal, to  important  points  are  as  follows: 
New  York,  1,411  miles;  Charleston,  S.  C., 
1.200  miles:  Key  West,  Fla.,  1,030  miles; 
Havana,  1,000  miles. 

The  island  is  a  parallelogram  in  general 
outline,  108  miles  from  the  east  to  the  -west 
and  from  37  to  43  miles  across,  the  area 
being  about  3,000  square  miles,  or  some- 
what less  than  half  that  of  the  State  of 
New  Jersey  (Delaware  has  2,050  square 
miles  and  Connecticut  4,990  square  miles). 
The  population  according  to  an  enumeration 
tuade  by  the  United  States  Government  in 
1900  showed  a  population  of  1)33.248,  of 
whom  580,426  are  white  and  363,817  are 
colored.  The  density  was  200  to  the  square 
mile  in  1900;  83.2  per  cent  of  the  popula- 
tion could  not  read.  The  population  in  1910 
is  reported  as  1,118,012. 

Porto  Hico  is  unusually  fertile,  and  its 
dominant  industries  are  agriculture  and  lum- 
bering. In  elevated  regions  the  vegetation 
of  the  temperate  zone  is  not  unknown. 
There  are  more  than  300  varieties  of  trees 
found  in  the  forests,  and  the  plains  are 
full  of  palm,  orange,  and  other  trees.  The 
principal  crops  are  sugar,  coffee,  tobacco, 
and  maize,  but  oranges,  bananas,  rice,  pine- 
apples, and  many  other  fruits  are  important 
products.  The  largest  article  of  export  from 
Porto  Hico  is  sugar.  The  next  is  tobacco. 
Oilier  exports  in  order  of  amount  are  coffee, 
fruits,  molasses,  cattle,  timber,  and  hides. 

The  principal  minerals  found  in  Porto 
Kico  arc  gold,  carbonates,  and  sulphides 
of  copper  and  magnetic  oxide  of  iron  in 
large  quantities.  Lignite  is  found  at  Utuado 
and  Moea,  and  also  yellow  amber.  A  large 
variety  of  marbles,  limestones,  and  other 
building  stones  are  deposited  on  the  island, 
but  these  resources  are  very  undeveloped. 
There  are  salt  works  ;it  Guaniea  and  Sallna 
mi  the  south  coast,  and  at  Cape  Kojo  on 
the  west,  and  these  constitute  tin-  principal 
mineral  industry  In  Porto  Itico. 


The  principal  cities  are  Mayaguez,  -with 
10,939,  Police,  33,027  inhabitants  ;  and  San 
Juan,  the  capital,  with  48,710.  The  ship- 
ments of  domestic  merchandise  from  the 
United  States  to  Porto  Itico,  year  ending 
June  30,  1913,  were  $32,223,191.  The  ex- 
ports of  domestic  merchandise  to  the  United 
States  were  $40,529,603.  The  foreign  trade, 
year  ending  June  30.  1013,  was:  Imports, 
$3,745.057  :  exports.  $8.304,942. 

An  act  providing  for  a  civil  government 
for  Porto  Kico  was  passed  by  "the  Fifty- 
sixth  Congress  and  received  the  assent  of 
the  President  April  12,  1900  (page  0078). 

Under  this  act  a  civil  government  was  es- 
tablished which  went  into  effect  May  1, 
1900.  There  are  two  legislative  chambers, 
the  Executive  Council,  or  "upper  house," 
composed  of  the  Government  Secretary,  At- 
torney-General, Treasurer,  Auditor,  Com- 
missioner of  the  Interior,  and  Commissioner 
of  Education,  and  five  citi/cns  appointed  by 
the  President,  and  the  House  of  Delegates, 
or  "lower  house,"  consisting  of  thirty-live 
members,  elected  by  the  people.  The  island 
is  represented  in  the  Congress  of  the  United 
States  by  a  Resident  Commissioner. 

President  Roosevelt  in  messages  to  Con- 
gress Dec.  3,  1903  (page  7018),  Dec.  3, 
1!>00  (patre  7031).  Dec.  3.  1907  (page 
7104)  and  Dec.  8.  1908  (page  72.",:!)  recom- 
mended the  granting  of  United  States  citi- 
zenship to  the  Porto  Ricans,  and  a  bill  was 
Introduced  in  ihe  Sixty-second  Congress  pro- 
viding for  ihe  same,  but  failed  to  reach  a 
final  vote. 

The  Legislature  of  1912  enacted  a  sani- 
tation law  establishing  an  insular  board  of 
health,  and  a  general  sanitary  organization, 
provided  a  bureau  of  labor,  and  authorized 
investment  by  the  treasurer  of  $200.000  in 
tirst  mortgage  bonds  of  a  corporation  to  In- 
organised  for  tlie  construction  of  a  modern 
hotel  in  San  Juan.  It  also  authorized  a 
bond  issue  of  $300.00(1  in  connection  with 
port  improvement  at  San  Juan.  The  Leg- 
islature of  1913  provided  for  the  retirement 
on  three-quarter  pay  of  the  Justices  of  the 
Supreme  (  oiirt  of  the  island  after  ten  years' 
service,  and  upon  reaching  sixty-five  years 
of  age,  and  ordered  the  establishment  of  an 
insular  hospital  in  each  of  the  seven  districts 
in  which  tlie  island  is  divided,  for  those 
suffering  from  transmissible  and  contagious 
diseases. 

Porto  Rico: 

American  citizens  in,  unlawfully  pun- 
ished,  783. 

Campaign  against,  under  command  of 
Maj.-C.en.  Miles,  6:5  IS. 

Citi/enship   for  islanders,   7018,    70.11, 
7104,  72:::',. 

Civil  government  of,  66S1,  (1772,  701.8. 

Commercial  relations  with,  12b'0,  1,'!  17, 

482(3,  4!i21,  5081),  5-170,  <iO<!!>. 
Treaty  regarding,  4842,  4S47,  4848. 

Expeditions  against,  referred  to,  2741. 

(irants    of  public   or   corporate   rights 
in,   order  regarding,   658.'}. 

Lands    reserved    in,    for    public    pur- 
poses, 6778. 

Military    commission    to    superintend 
Spanish    evacuation    of.    (i.'!22. 

Piracies  from,  suppressed,   78.'!. 

Privateering  in   ports  of,  2.'M5. 

liailroads  in,  (!7.'!0. 

Delations     of,     with     United     States, 
<i<;r,S,  7018. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Portugal 


Sanitary  problems  connected  with,  re- 
ferred to,  6341. 
Slavery   in,   discussed,  4100. 

.Release    of    persons    held    in,    dis- 
cussed,  4194. 

Tariff  Jaws  of,  evidence  of  modifica- 
tions of,  proclaimed,  5583. 
Referred  to,  5615,  5747. 
Telephones  in,  6732. 
Vessels  from  certain  ports  of,  duties 
on,     suspended     by     proclamation, 
4871. 

Vessels  of  Spain  from,  discriminating 
duties   on,   suspended   by   procla- 
mation, 4810,  5075,  5155. 
Discussed,  5089. 
Suspension  revoked,  5074. 
Vessels    of    United    States,    discrimi- 
nating   duties    and    fines    on,    in, 
4626,  4714,  4763,  4786,  4788,  5961. 
Abolished,  4810,  5155. 
Retaliatory     measures,      discussed, 

4763. 
Visit    of    American   naval   officer    to, 

referred  to,  845. 

Ports.      (See  Rivers  and  Harbors.) 
Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  dry  dock  at,  about 

completed,   2669. 
Site  for,  934. 
Portsmouth,   Ohio,   act  to   erect  public 

building  at,  vetoed,  5152. 
Portsmouth,  Treaty  of. — A  treaty  of 
peace  between  Russia  and  Japan,  at 
Portsmouth,  N.  II.,  Sept.  5,  1903,  bring- 
ing to  a  close  the  war  that  had  been  waged 
between  those  two  countries  since  Feb.  11, 
1004. 

Shortly  after  the  battle  of  the  Japan 
Sea,  May  27-29,  1905  (see  Japan),  Presi- 
dent Roosevelt,  after  conference  with  the 
Russian  Ambassador  and  the  Japanese 
Minister,  sent  identical  notes  to  the  Gov- 
ernments of  the  two  countries,  urging  them 
to  begin  direct  peace  negotiations  with 
each  other,  and  offering  the  services  of 
the  United  States  in  bringing  their  envoys 
together.  Japan  accepted  the  proposition 
two  days  later,  and  Russia  within  a  week. 
Various  places  were  proposed  for  the  meet- 
ing :  Paris.  The  Hague.  Chefoo,  Geneva, 
and  Washington.  As  the  summer  heat 
made  the  latter  place  unsuitable,  the 
United  States  Government  offered  the  use 
of  a  building  at  the  United  States  Navy 
Yard,  at  Portsmouth,  N.  II.,  and  the  offer 
was  accepted.  The  envoys  appointed  were, 
on  the  part  of  Japan.  Karon  Koimira, 
Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs,  and  Kogoro 
Takahira,  Minister  to  the  United  States; 
and  on  the  part  of  Russia,  Count  Sergius 
Witte  and  Baron  Rosen,  Ambassador  to 
the  United  States. 

On  Aug.  5  the  envoys  assembled  on  the 
United  States  cruiser,  Mayflowrr,  near  Oys- 
ter Bay,  L.  I.,  and  were  introduced  by 
President  Roosevelt.  The  sessions  of  the 
conference  began  Aug.  9,  when  the  Japa- 
nese presented  their  terms:  I.  Recognition 
by  Russia  of  the  preponderating  influence 
of  Japan  in  Korea  :  IT.  Simultaneous  evac- 
uation of  Manchuria  by  Russia  and  Japan; 
III.  Transfer  to  Japan  of  the  Russian 
leases  of  Port  Arthur  and  Dalny  ;  IV.  The 
return  of  Manchuria  to  China'  according 


to  the  previous  agreement  between  Russia 
and  China  ;  V.  The  cession  of  Sakhalin 
Island  to  Japan;  VI.  The  transfer  to  Japan 
of  all  public  property  In  Port  Arthur  and 
Dalny,  rights  of  private  property  to  be  re- 
spected; VII.  The  transfer  to  Japan  of  the 
Manchitrlan  railroad  between  Port  Arthur 
and  Dalny  and  Harbin;  VIII.  Russia  to 
retain  the  main  line  In  Vladivostok;  IX. 
The  reimbursement  of  Japan  for  the  ex- 
penses of  the  war  ;  X.  The  surrender  to 
Japan  of  the  Russian  warships  interned  at 
neutral  ports;  XI.  Limitation  of  Russia's 
naval  strength  in  the  Pacific  ;  XII.  Fishing 
rights  for  citizens  of  Japan  in  Russian  wa- 
ters. 

To  some  of  these  Russia  agreed  at  once; 
but  the  questions  of  indemnity  and  the  ces- 
sion of  the  Island  of  Sakhalin  still  remained 
open,  and  by  the  Utth  of  August  the  nego- 
tiations seemed  certain  to  end  in  failure. 
The  pressure  of  neutral  nations,  brought 
to  bear  on  both  parties,  and  especially  the 
influence  of  President  Roosevelt,  led  '  to  a 
compromise.  Japnu  waived  the  question  of 
indemnity,  and  withdrew  her  demand  for 
the  interned  warships;  while  Russia  con- 
sented to  the  surrender  of  the  southern 
half  of  the  island  of  Sakhalin.  Each  na- 
tion agreed  to  pay  the  cost  of  the  main- 
tenance of  its  prisoners  of  war,  an  arrange- 
ment much  to  the  advantage  of  Japan. 
An  agreei.ient  was  reached  August  29.  and 
the  formal  treaty  was  signed  Sept.  5,  19O5. 
Ratifications  of  the  treaty  were  exchanged 
on  Oct.  14,  1905.  (See  also  Japan.) 

Portugal. — Continental  Portugal  occupies- 
part  of  the  maritime  district  of  the  Iberian 
Peninsula,  between  G°  15'-9°  30'  W.  longi- 
tude, and  37°-42°  8'  N.  latitude,  and  in 
bounded  on  the  north  and  east  by  Spain, 
and  on  the  south  and  west  by  the 'Atlantic 
Ocean.  The  Azores  and  Madeira  Islands 
form  an  integral  part  of  Portugal  for  ad- 
ministrative purposes. 

Physical  Features. — Portugal  is  generally 
hilly,  but  with  no  great  heights,  and  there 
are  many  plains.  The  principal  rivers  are 
Douro,  Tagus,  Guadiana  and  Minho.  The 
climate  is  equable  and  temperate,  the  south- 
western winds  bringing  an  abundant  rain- 
fall. Lisbon  has  an  annual  mean  tempera- 
ture of  01°  F.,  but  there  is  a  difference  of 
50s  F.  in  the  extremes. 

History. — From  the  close  of  the  eleventh 
century  until  the  revolution  of  1010  the 
government  of  Portugal  was  a  monarchy 
and  in  the  year  1500  the  King  of  Portugal 
was  "Lord  of  the  conquest,  navigation,  and 
commerce  of  India,  Ethiopia,  Arabia  and 
Persia,"  the  territories  of  the  Fmpire  in- 
cluding also  the  Vice-Royalty  of  Brazil, 
which  declared  its  independence  in  1822 
(see  Brazil).  In  1910  an  armed  rising 
drove  the  King  and  the  Royal  family  into 
exile,  effected  a  separation  of  Church  and 
.State  and  set.  up  a  Republic. 

Government. — The  National  Assembly  of 
Aug.  21,  1911.  sanctioned  the  Republic'  and 
adopted  a  Constitution,  with  a  President 
elected  by  Congress  for  four  years,  a  Con- 
gress of  two  Chambers,  and  an  Executive 
appointed  by  the  President  but  responsible 
to  the  Legislature.  The  Republic  was  for- 
mally recognized  bv  the  Powers  on  Sept.  1  I, 
1911.  President  of  the  Republic  (Aug  24 
1911-1915),  Dr.  Manoel  d'Arriaga.  There  Is 
a  Congress  of  two  houses,  the  Senate  and 
the  Chamber  of  Deputies.  The  Senate  con- 
sists of  seventy-one  members,  elected  by  the 
Municipal  Councils  of  the  Republic  for  six 
years,  one-half  renewable  every  three  years. 
The  Chamber  of  Deputies  '(or  National 
Council)  consists  of  104  members,  elected  by 
direct  vote  for  three  years. 

There  are  Courts  of  first  instance  in  each 


Portugal 


Messages  and  Pap'ers  of  the  Presidents 


of  the  103  judicial  districts  or  eomarcas, 
with  Courts  of  Appeal  (tribunaes  de  rela- 
cao)  at  Lisbon  and  Oporto  aud  at  Fonta 
Delgada  in  the  Azores.  There  is  a  Supreme 
Court  of  Appeal  at  Lisbon. 

The  Republic  is  divided  into  twenty-one 
Districts  (Continental  Portugal  seventeen, 
Azores  three,  Madeira  one),  governed  by  an 
appointed  Governor,  a  District  Auditor  and 
an  elective  council  of  three  members. 

AREA    AND    POPULATION 


Area  in   ] 

3opulation 

Districts 

English 

Census 

Sq.  Miles 

1911 

Aveiro  

1,004 

336,243 

Azores  

922 

242,560 

Beja  

3,958 

192,499 

Braga  

1,041 

382,276 

Bragan<;a  

2,512 

192,024 

Castello  Branco  

2,581 

241,184 

Coimbra  

1,507 

359,387 

Evora  

2,856 

148,295 

Faro  

1,937 

272,861 

Guarda  

2,114 

271,616 

Leiria  

1,316 

262,632 

Lisboa  

3,085 

852,854 

Madeira  

314 

169,783 

Portalegre  

2,404 

141,481 

Porto  

S92 

679,540 

Santarem  

2,554 

325,775 

Vianna  do  Castello  

857 

227,250 

Villa  Real  

1,649 

245,547 

Vizeu  

1,937 

410,744 

Total  Portugal  

35,500 

5,900,056 

Portuguese  Colonies 


804,841     9,675,000 


Grand  Total  ............    840,341  15,635,056 

In  1911  there  wore  41,197  foreigners  resi- 
dent in  Portugal,  of  whom  20,517  were 
Spanish,  12,14:5  Brazilians,  2,510  British, 
1,832  French,  1,045  Americans. 

For  the  army  s?e  Armies  of  the  World 
and  for  the  navy  see  Navies  of  the  World. 

Production  and  Industry.  —  The  principal 
products  are  wheat,  barley,  oats,  maize,  flax 
aud  hemp,  while  the  vine  is  extensively 
cultivated,  the  best  wiue  being  produced 
in  the  elevated  tracts,  and  the  commoner 
kinds  in  the  low-lying  country.  In  the 
plains  and  lowlands  rice,  olives,  oranges, 
lemons,  citrons,  tigs,  and  almonds  are 
abundantly  grown.  The  vine  and  the  olive 
are  the  chief  branches  of  industry,  the 
rich  red  wine  known  as  "port"  being  grown 
in  the  Paiz  do  Vinho  and  carried  down  the 
Douro  partly  in  sailing  vessels  but  mainly 
by  rail,  for  shipment  at  Oporto.  The  Live 
Stock  (1!)10)  included  cattle,  sheep,  pigs, 
and  horses. 

There  are  extensive  forests  of  oak,  chest- 
nut, seapine,  mid  cork,  covering  nearly  L'7 
per  cent  of  the  cultivated  area  of  the  coun- 
try, and  cork  products  are  largely  manu- 
factured for  export,  whno  the  wine  trade 
requires  much  timber  for  Che  numerous 
cooperages,  much  of  which,  however,  is 
imported  from  abroad. 

The  value  of  the  fish  landed  annunlly  Is 
about  0,000,000  milreis,  including  tunny 
fish  and  sardines  and  fresh  water  salmon, 
8,208  vessels  employing  20,802  men,  are 
engaged  In  the  deep  sea  and  coast  fisheries. 

Education.  —  Primary  is  free  and  nominally 
compulsory  between  tin-  ages  of  seven  mill 
fifteen.  Inn  attendances  are  not  strictly  en- 
forced, and  over  7.">  per  cent  of  the  popu- 
lation above  seven  years  old  are  illiterate. 
The  University  of  Colmbra  (founded  in  r_'91 
nt  Lisbon  and  transferred  to  Coimbra  iu 
1  527  i  has  a  library  of  150.OOO  volumes. 
In  1!»10  there  wore  1.100  matriculated  stu- 
dents at  the  University. 


Finance. — The  average  annual  revenue  for 
the  rive  years  ending  with  1013  was  72,- 
000,000  escudos,  and  the  expenditure  for 
the  same  time  averaged  76,000,000  escudos. 
The  escudo,  the  unit  of  value,  is  the  an- 
cient milreis,  aud  is  equivalent  to  $1.08 
United  States  money.  The  debt  was  stated 
on  Jan.  1,  1013,  at  $64,018,000,  with  car- 
rying charges  of  $21,701,000. 

Railways,  etc. — In  1010  there  were  1,760 
miles  of  railway  open  and  working,  of  which 
680  miles  were  State  owned.  The  principal 
lines  cross  the  Spanish  border  to  the  ports 
of  Lisbon  and  Oporto,  and  a  coastal  system 
runs  from  the  northern  boundary  to  Faro 
on  the  south  coast.  The  principal  water- 
•  ays  are  the  Lower  Tagus  and  the  Douro, 
the  latter  traversing  the  wine  district, 
which  provides  most,  of  the  traffic. 

Cities. — Capital,  Lisbon,  on  the  Tagus. 
Population  (1011)  435, 359.  Oporto  had  a 
population  (1011)  of  104,064.  There  are 
no  other  large  cities. 

Trade  icith  tJic  United  States. — The  value 
of  merchandise  imported  into  Portugal  from 
the  United  States  for  the  year  1913  was 
$4,107  158,  aim  goods  to  the  value  of  $6,- 
870,223  were  scut  thither — a  balance  of 
$2,703,005  in  favor  of  Portugal. 

POKTl'Gl'KSK  /.YD/.thas  an  area  of  1,470 
square  miles,  with  an  estimated  population 
of  00."), 000.  The  Portuguese  dominions  con- 
sist of  Goa  on  the  western  coast  of  India, 
about  205  miles  southeast  of  Bombay;  Da- 
mao,  on  the  east  side  of  the  Gulf  of  Cam- 
bay,  and  of  Din,  a  town  and  fort  on  an 
island  on  the  west  side  of  the  same  gulf. 
These  settlements  form  a  single  adminis- 
trative province  under  a  Governor-General. 

MACAO  is  a  settlement  on  the  western 
side  of  the  estuary  of  the  Canton  River, 
occupied  by  the  Portuguese  in  the  sixteenth 
century,  and  finally  ceded  by  China  in  1887. 

PORTl'GUESE  771/O/,'  consists  of  the 
northern  portion  of  Timor,  a  largo  island  in 
the  Malay  Archipelago,  of  an  enclave  on 
the  northwest  coast  of  the  island,  and  of  the 
neighboring  island  of  Pulo  Caiubing,  with 
area  of  7,450  square  miles,  aud  an  estimated 
population  of  300,000. 

CAPE  VERDI-:  /.S'MYDS  are  an  archipel- 
ago of  the  west  African  coast,  between  14° 
47'-17°  13'  N.  latitude  and  22°  40'-2.V  22' 
W.  longitude,  consisting  of  twelve  islands. 
They  wore  settled  by  the  Portuguese,  who 
imported  negroes  from  the  African  coast  to 
work  the  plantations,  slavery  being  tinally 
jibolished  in  1870.  The  inhabitants  are 
mainly  negroes  and  mulattoes,  who  speak 
a  debased  form  of  Portuguese,  and  belong  to 
the  Roman  Catholic1  Church.  (  offee  is  the 
principal  product,  maize,  millet,  sugar  cane, 
manioc,  oranges,  tobacco  and  cotton  being 
also  grown.  The  exports  are  coffee,  physic- 
mils,  millet,  sugar,  spirits,  salt,  live  ani- 
skins and  tisli  :  the  imports  being 
textiles,  food  stuffs,  wine,  metals, 
o,  pottery,  machinery  and  vegetables. 

POIfTJ'flrK&l-}  C/r/.VA.M  'extends  along  the 
west  coast  of  Africa  between  the  Casatuanci 
district  of  Senegal  (French)  and  French 
Guinea.  The  settlement  includes  also  <)r- 
augo,  P.olama,  1'issao  and  other  islands,  and 
has  a  total  area  of  about  .14. <MM)  square 
miles,  with  an  estimated  population  of  ,'{00,- 
000  to  500,001),  of  various  negro  tribes. 
The  interior  is  dense  forest  with  palms, 
ebony  and  mahogany. 

fl.To  77/OU/;  and  PKIWriPfi  are  two  isl- 
ands in  the  Gulf  of  Guinea.  The  principal 
product  of  both  islands  is  cocoa,  the  exports 
of  which  were  about  one  sixth  of  the  world's 
supply  in  19<>7.  Exaggerated  reports  as  to 
Hie  'conditions  of  Indentured  laborers 
stopped  the  cocon  exports  from  1000-1  01  O, 
but  the  conditions  have  now  been  radically 
altered. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Post-Office 


ANGOLA  lies  south  of  the  Kongo  River 
In  West  Africa  and  extends  eastward  as 
far  a.s  Rhodesia.  The  northern  boundary  is 
that  of  the,  Kulgian  Kongo,  ami  the  southern 
boundary  in  conterminous  with  German 
Southwest  Africa. 

PORTUGUESE  EAST  AFRICA  lies  be- 
tween German  j^ast  Africa  on  the  north  and 
Natal  on  the  south.  The.  area  is  estimated 
us  300,000  square  miles,  with  population 
not  exceeding  :5, 200, 000,  of  whom  about 
10,000  are  Europeans.  Of  the  natives,  !JO 
per  cent  are  JSantu  negroes.  The  Province 
of  Mocambique  is  administered  by  a  Gov- 
ernor-General, with  headquarters  at  Lou- 
reneo  Marques.  Large  portions  of  the  terri- 
tory are  leased  to  the  Coinpanhla  de  Mo- 
sambique  (headquarters,  Heira),  the  Com- 
panhia  di  Zambezia  (Quelimane),  and  the 
Companhia  do  Nyasa  (Porto  Amelia).  The 
mineral  resources  include  coal  and  ironstone, 
malachite,  copper,  gold,  petroleum  and  bitu- 
men. The  agricultural  products  are  wheat 
and  other  cereals,  sugar-cane,  rice,  ground- 
nuts, coffee  and  tobacco.  The  exports  are 
principally  rubber,  sugar,  coal,  beeswax, 
coco-nuts,  copra  and  mangrove  bark,  ivory, 
cattle,  skins  and  hides,  ground-nuts,  cotton, 
tobacco  and  gold  ;  the  imports  being  cotton 
goods,  hardware  and  foodstuffs.  The  spe- 
cial trade  of  the  Province  is  about  30,000,- 
000  escudos  annually,  the  transit  trade  be- 
ing of  approximately  the  same  value,  on 
the  way  to  and  from  the  Transvaal  (via 
Loureugo  Marques  and  Beira). 

Portugal   (see  also  Lisbon;  Oporto): 
Blockade    established    by,    claims    of 
United  States  growing  out  of,  1098, 
1113,  1243. 

Brazil,   questions  with  respecting  es- 
cape    of     insurgent     Admiral     Da 
Gama,  5956. 
Citizens  of,   effort   made   to   improve 

condition  of,  7G2,   786. 
Claims     of     United    States     against, 
1071,  1113,  1157,  3243,  1317,  2268, 
2453,  2550,  2618,  2680,  2759.  (See 
also     General    Armstrong,     The; 
Miles,  The.) 
Admitted,  but  payment  of,  delayed, 

1456. 

Convention   for  adjustment  of,  re- 
ferred to,  2618,  2642,  2655. 
Payment  of,  1157,  1243,  1368,  1749, 

2855. 

Commercial  relations  writh,  811. 
Vessels  sent  to  protect  American  in- 
terests,   1099. 
Copyright     privilege      extended,     by 

proclamation,  5830. 
Cotton  culture  in  African  possessions 

of,  referred  to,  3267. 
Diplomatic   relations    with,    resumed, 

1008. 

Duties  on  rice  reduced  by,  1243. 
Friendly  disposition  of,  toward  Unit- 
ed States,  919. 
Government   of,  removed   to   Lisbon, 

674. 

Internal  tranquility  restored  to,  1317. 
Minister  of  United  States  in,  90. 
Salary  of,  referred  to,  3667, 


Railroad  in,  operated  by  American 
citizens,  seized  by  Government 
of,  5470. 

Claim  regarding,  submitted  to  arbi- 
tration,   5546. 

Relations  with,   89,    168,   820. 
Republic  of,  recognized,  8049. 
Revenue  laws  of  United  States,  com- 
plaints   of,    against,    referred     to, 
1956. 
Slavery   in    colonies   of,  abolition   of, 

discussed,   42X9. 
Treaty  with,  referred  to,  1821,  1839, 

1894,   2127. 
Vessels  of — • 

Discriminating  duties   on,  suspend- 
ed by   proclamation,  4080. 
Report    regarding,    ]]35,    1443. 
Requested   by  Portugal,  1442. 
Duties  on,  1135. 
Proclamation     levying     duties     on, 

1589. 

Referred  to,  1592. 

Vessels  of  United  States  seized  or  in- 
terfered with  by,  1070,  1098,  1113, 
1243. 

Vice-consul  of,  to  United  States,  ex- 
equatur  of,   revoked,   4038. 
Wines  of,  duties  on,  referred  to,  2127, 
2250. 

Portugal,  Treaty  with. — A  reciprocal 
commercial  arrangement  was  made  with 
Portugal  in  1000.  It  provides  for  a  prefer- 
ential tariff  on  goods  (chiefly  wines,  their 
products,  and  works  of  art)  coming  into 
the  United  States  ;  and  on  certain  classes 
of  goods  (chiefly  food-stuffs,  machinery, 
oils,  tar,  and  pitch)  entering  Portugal, 
the  Azores,  and  Madeiras  from  the  United 
States.  Should  the  United  States  at  any 
time  impose  high  duties  on  crude  cork 
and  coffee  from  Portugal,  that  country  re- 
serves the  right  to  arrest  the  operation  of 
this  convention  on  three  months'  notice. 
Arbitration,  extradition  and  naturalization 
conventions  are  also  in  force. 

Post-Office.       (See    Post-Office    Depart- 
ment.) 

Post-Offices. — First  -  class  post  -  offices  are 
those  in  which  the  postmaster  receives  a 
salary  of  more  than  $::.000  yearly  ;  second 
class,  those  in  which  the  postmasters'  sal- 
aries are  between  .$3,000  and  $2,000  yearly  ; 
third  class,  those  in  which  the  postmasters' 
salaries  are  between  $2,000  and  $1,000 
yearly  ;  and  fourth-class,  those  in  which  the 
postmasters'  salaries  are  below  $1,000 
yearly.  The  salaries  of  postmasters  in  the 
first  three  classes  depend  upon  the  gross 
receipts  of  their  offices,  although  third-class 
postmasters  receive  an  additional  three  cents 
for  each  money  order  they  issue.  Fourth- 
class  postmasters  receive  a  commission  on 
the  cancellation  of  stamps  in  their  offices. 
The  scale  provides  that  fourth-class  post- 
masters receive  the  full  amount  of  their 
cancellation  up  to  $50  quarterly,  with  slid- 
ing scales  between  this  amount  and  cancella- 
tion up  to  $250  quarterly,  and  in  addition 
they  receive  rents  of  boxes  in  their  offices. 
(See  Post-Office  Department.) 


Post-Office         Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Post-Office  Building: 

Destruction    of,   by   fire   referred   to, 

1483. 
Erection    of — 

Appropriation     for,     recommended, 

148;:,   1911. 

Eecommended,  1477,   1720. 
Erection    of,  for   joint  use   of  Wash- 
ington   City    post-office    and    Post- 
Olliee     Department     recommended, 
5479. 
Extension     of,     referred      to,      2915, 

2917. 
Heating  and  ventilating  of,  referred 

to,  3110,   3112. 

Illustration,  frontispiece,  Vol.  TV. 
Referred  to,   1798. 

Uniform  standard  in  amount  of  gross 
receipts  to  fix  right  of  community 
to,  recommendations  regarding, 
5377. 

Post-Office  Department.— This  department 
of  the  executive  branch  of  the  federal  gov- 
ernment was  established  under  the  Constitu- 
tion Sept.  2G,  1789,  but  the  work  then  offi- 
cially taken  up  by  it  had  been  in  continuous 
operation  from  early  colonial  times.  Fp  to 
lU'J.'J  the  postal  service  was  entirely  carried 
on  by  the  towns  and  villages.  From  that 
year  until  1707  it  was  administered  under 
the  patent  granted  Thomas  Nealc  by  the 
King  in  1091,  Andrew  Hamilton  having  been 
appointed  Postmaster-General  of  America, 
lie  established  a  weekly  service  from  Ports- 
mouth. N.  II.,  to  Virginia,  and  so  success- 
ful was  his  administration  that  he  has 
been  called  "The  Father  of  American  posts." 
lie  was  succeeded  by  his  son,  John  Hamil- 
ton, in  170o. 

On  Dec.  25,  1774,  Postmaster-General 
Foxcroft  announced  the  cud  of  the  British 
postal  system  in  North  America,  and  on 
July  20.  1775,  nearly  a  year  before  political 
independence  was  declared,  the  Continental 
Congress  appointed  Benjamin  Franklin  Post- 
master-General of  the  Colonies.  When 
Franklin  was  sent  to  Europe  in  177G,  Rich- 
ard Bache.  his  son-in-law,  was  made  Post- 
master-General. In  the  passage  of  t'he  pos- 
tal ordinance  of  Oct.  18,  1782,  which  uni- 
fied all  previous  postal  acts.  Congress  re- 
quired the  payment  of  postage  in  silver  or 


its  equivalent,  and  newspapers  were  admit- 
ted to  transportation  in  the  mails.  The 
rates  were  fixed  at  7.4  cents  for  single  let- 
ters carried  less  than  sixty  miles:  11.1 
cents  for  distances  between  sixty  and  a 
hundred  miles  and  three  cents  for  each  ad- 
ditional hundred  miles.  It  was  in  this  year 
that  the  Post-Office  Department,  in  distinc- 
tion from  the  postal  service,  was  practically 
created,  and  from  this  time  the  modern 
American  post-office  dates  its  origin.  In 
the  same  year  Ebenezer  Hazard  was  ap- 
pointed Postmaster-General.  Under  'his  ad- 
ministration an  American  Atlantic  service 
was  established  and  the  domestic  service 
perfected  and  extended,  until,  at  the  end 
of  his  term,  1789,  there  were  eighty-five 
post-offices  in  the  country  and  2,.'!99  miles 
of  post-roads,  the  volume  of  business  being 
about  .300.000  letters  a  year. 

Up  to  this  time  the  means  of  transporta- 
tion had  been  almost  entirely  by  horseback, 
but  an  act  of  Congress  of  Sept.  0.  1785, 
gave  the  Postmaster-General  power  to  make 
contracts  for  the  transmission  of  mail  by 
stage-coach.  After  the  establishment  of  the 
Constitution,  in  1789,  the  postal  service  was 
for  a  time  carried  on  under  the  direction 
of  the  Treasury  Department,  although  the 
postal  ordinance  of  1782  remained  in  force 
until  1792,  when  a  new  postal  law  reform- 
ing the  postage  tariff  was  passed. 

The  law  permanently  and  definitely  estab- 
lishing the  Department  was  passed  May  8, 
1799.  In  1810  the  office  of  Second  Assist- 
ant Postmaster-General  was  created,  a  new 
postage  tariff  (8  to  25  cents,  according  to 
distances  for  single  letters,  and  one  cent 
each  for  newspapers  not  going  beyond  the 
State  of  publication)  was  established,  and 
the  various  post-routes  connected  in  one 
system.  In  1811  the  Department  established 
a  service  between  Baltimore  and  Philadel- 
phia in  coaches  owned  by  the  Government, 
and  two  years  later  the  Postmaster-General 
was  authorized  to  make  use  of  steamboats 
in  the  transportation  of  mail. 

The  organic  law  of  the  Department  was 
again  changed  in  1825.  provision  being  made 
for  the  building  of  a  General  Post-office  at 
the  seat  of  Government,  and  the  Postmas- 
ter-General being  given  great  powers  in  the 
conduct  and  development  of  the  service.  In 
1827  the  salary  of  t'he  Postmaster-General 
was  made  $0,000  a  year,  the  same  as  that 
of  heads  of  the  other  Executive  Depart- 
ments, and  two  years  later  he  was  called 
to  a  seat  in  the  Cabinet. 

The  present  extent  and  recent  growth  of 
the  service  is  shown  in  the  following  table  : 


FISCAL  YEARS 

Number 
of  Post- 
Offices 

Revenue  of 
the 
Department 

Expenditure 
of  the 
Department 

AMOUNT  PAID  FOR  — 

Compensa- 
tion to 
Postmasters 

Transporta- 
tion of 
the  Mail 

1900 

70,088 
76,945 
75,924 
74,109 
71,131 
os,  1:51 

$102,354,579 
111,031,193 
121,848,047 
134,224,443 
143,582,024 
152,820,585 
107,932,782 
183,585,005 
191,478,063 
203,502,383 
224,128,057 
237,879,823 
240,744,015 
200,019,525 
287,934,505 
287,248,105 
312,057,088 

$107,740,208 
115,554,920 
124,785,097 
13S.7S4.4SS 
152,302,117 
107.399,109 
178,449,778 
190,238,288 
2(  18,35  l.SSO 
221,004,102 
229,977,224 
237,0.18,920 
248,525,450 
202,007,541 
283,543,709 
29S,  540,020 
300,204.033 

$19,112,097 

19,949,514 
20,783,919 
21,031,724 
22,273,344 
22,743,342 
23,544,585 
24,575,091) 
25,599,397 
20,509,892 
27,521,013 
28,284,904 
28,407,720 
29,102,002 
29,908,515 
30,400,145 
31.135,230 

$50,374,200 
58,204,040 
01,153,775 
05,321,711 
09,820,732 
72,802,005 
70,174,945 
81,  090,8  19 
81,381,421 
84,052,590 
85,259,102 
88,058,922 
89,154,811 
92,278,517 
98,002,421 
104,701,200 
102,189,229 

1901  

190..'  

1903. 

1904  

19().">  

1900. 

05.000 
02,059 
01,158 
(10,144 
59  580 

1907  

90S  

909  

910 

91  1 

59  237 

912  

58,729 
58,020 
50,810 
50,380 
55,935 

913  

191  1  

1915  

19  Hi  

Of  the  whole  number  of  post-offices  at  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year, 
dentiul  offices  and  47,400  were  fourth-class  offices. 


30,  1915,  8,920  were  Presi- 


Post-Office 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Following  is  a 
General  and  the 
they  served  :* 


list    of    the    Postmasters- 
Presidents    under    whom 


PRESIDENT 

Postmaster-General 

,   3 
~"'3 

1789 
1791 
1795 
1897 
1801 
1801 
1809 
1814 
1817 
1823 
1825 
1829 
1835 
1837 
1840 
1841 
1841 
1841 
1845 
1849 
1850 
1852 
1853 
1857 
1859 
1861 
1861 
1804 
1805 
1860 
1809 
1874 
1874 
1876 
1877 
1880 
1881 
1881 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1888 
1889 
1893 

1895 

Washington 

Adams.  .  .  . 
Jefferson..  . 

Madison..  . 

Samuel  Osgood,  Massachusetts.  .  . 

Joseph  Habersham,  Georgia  

Gideon  Granger,  Connecticut  .... 
Return  J.  Meigs,  Jr.,  Ohio  

Monroe..  .  . 

J.Q.  Adams 
Jackson  

Van  Buren. 

Harrison.  .  . 
Tyler 

William  T.  Barry,  Kentucky  

John  M.  Niles,  Connecticut  

Francis  Granger,  New  York'  

poik/.'.';;: 

Taylor  

Charles  A.  Wickliffe,  Kentucky.  .  . 
Cave  Johnson,  Tennessee  
Jacob  Collamer,  Vermont  

Nathan  K.  Hall,  New  York  

Pierce  
Buchanan.. 

Lincoln..  .  . 
Johnson.  .  . 
Grant  

S.  D.  Hubbard,  Connecticut  
James  Campbell,  Pennsylvania.  .  . 
Aaron  V.  Brown,  Tennessee  

Montgomery  Blair,  Maryland.  .  .  . 

Alex.  W.  Randall,  Wisconsin  
John  A.  J.  Cresswell,  Maryland.  .  . 
James  W.  Marshall,  Virginia  
Marshall  Jewell,  Connecticut.  .  .  . 

Hayes  

Garfield.  .  . 
Arthur.  .  .  . 

David  McK.  Kev,  Tennessee.  .  .  . 

Horace  Maynard,  Tennessee  
Thomas  L.  James,  New  York  
Timothy  O.  Howe,  Wisconsin.  .  .  . 

Cleveland  .  . 

B.  Harrison 
Cleveland.. 

McKinley.. 
Roosevelt.. 

Taft 

Don  M.  Dickinson,  Michigan.  .  .  . 
John  Wanamaker,  Pennsylvania.  . 
Wilson  S.  Bissell,  New  York  
William  L.  Wilson,  West  Vir- 

James  A.  Gary,  Maryland  
Charles  Emory  Smith,  Pcnn... 

Henry  C.  Payne,  Wisconsin  
Robert  J.  Wynne,  Pennsylvania.  .  . 
George  B.  Cortelyou,  New  York  .  . 
George  von  L.  Meyer,  Mass.  .  .  . 
[•"rank  II.  Hitchcock,  Mass. 

1897 
189S 
1901 
1001 
1904 
1905 
1907 
1909 
1913 

Wilson  

Albert  S.  Burleson,  Texas  

*  The  Postmaster-General  was  not  considered 
a  Cabinet  officer  until  1820. 

I!y  the  net  of  July  2,  1S30  the  accounting 
wa*' transferred  to  the  Auditor  of  the  Trea- 
sury for  the  Post-Olliee  Department,  and  it 
was  required  that  nil  revenues  of  the  De- 
partment be  paid  into  the  United  States 
Treasury.  Until  the  passage  of  this  net  all 
postmasters  had  been  appointed  by  the  Post- 
master-General, but  from  this  time  those 
whose  commissions  amounted  to  si.ooo  or 
more  a  year  were  to  be  appointed  by  tin: 
President,  with  the  advice  ;md  consent  of 
the  Senate,  fop  ;i  term  of  four  year*.  The 
four  assistants  are  appointed  in  the  same 
way. 

Hallway  mail  service  was  authorized  in 
18.'!8. 

Postage  rali'S  were  fixed  on  a  weltrht 
basis  in  18I.">,  but  willi  distance  limita- 
tion (half  ounce  .",nO  miles,  five  eentsi. 

Stamps  were  authorized  in  1X17.  (See 
Postage,  Postage  Stamps,  Postage  Kates). 


Postal  Savings  Ranks  were  authorized  by 
act  of  June  25,  1010,  and  the  Parcel  Post 
began  operations  Jan.  1,  1913. 

The  money-order  system  was  established 
on  May  1<,  1804;  and  the  special-delivery 
system  on  Oct.  1.  ISS.'J. 

The  free  rural-delivery  system  was  be- 
gun in  1897,  and  two  years'  later  the  reg- 
istry system  was  extended  in  cities  so  that 
letters  might  be  registered  at  the  home  cf 
the  sender. 

For  more  detailed  information  as  to  the 
scope  and  activities  of  the  Post-Office  De- 
partment consult  the  Index  references  to 
the  Presidents'  Messages  and  Encyclopedic 
articles  under  the  following  headings  : 

Assistant  Postmas-         Division   of   Rural 

ters-General.  Mails. 

City    Delivery,    Divl-       Division    of   Stamps. 


sion  of. 

Civil    Service. 

Division   of  Dead 
Letters. 

Division  of  Finance. 

Division  of  Miscel- 
laneous   Transpor- 
tation. 

Division  of  Money 
Orders. 

Division   of   Railway 
Adjustment. 

Division   of   Regis- 
tered Mails. 


Foreign  Mail  Service. 
Mail  Matter. 
Parcel  Post. 
Postage  Stamps. 
Postal  Conventions. 
Postal  Currency. 
Postal  Rates. 
Postal  Savings. 
Postal  Service. 
Postmaster-General. 
Post-Offices. 
Railway  Mail  Serv- 
ice. 
Star  Routes. 


Post-Office  Department: 

Act      regarding     post-office,     vetoed, 
4339. 

Assistant  in,  recommended,  493S,  5102. 
Building  for.      (See  Post-Office  Build- 
ing.) 

Clerks  in,  referred  to,  3585. 
Discussed.      (See  Postal  Service   dis- 
cussed.) 

Funds  of,  deficit  in,  133.",  2943,  3107. 
Issuance    of    commissions    to    officials 
by  Postmaster-General,  recommend- 
ed, 4063,  4193. 
Laws  of,  recommendations  regarding, 

784. 

Reforms  in,  recommended,  6163. 
Kevenu.es  and  expenditures  of — 
Appropriation  for,  22(12.  2992. 
Bill    providing   for,    failure    of,    to 

pass,  3102. 
Deficit   turned   into  surplus  in   two 

years,  7693. 
Discussed    by    President — 

Adams,  J.  Q.,  S77.   929.  950,  985. 
Arthur,   4639,  -1728,  4769. 
Buchanan.  2992,  .".054,  30.16,  3107. 
Cleveland.  4937,  610],  5377,  5SSO, 

5969.    6161. 
Fillmore,  2625, 
Grant,     3991,     • 

4363. 

Harrison,  Tien  j. 
Hayes,  4426.  •!• 
Jackson,  Iii23, 

1393,    1476. 
Johnson.    3561.    .'',6." 
Lincoln,  .'1252,   '.'< 
McKinley.   6335. 
"Monroe,    7^4,    *27. 
Pierce,   274 s,   2S22,   2872,   2943. 


50. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Postal 


Polk,  2264,  2355,  2502. 
Eoosevclt,  6675,  6677,  6723,  6798, 

6913,  7102. 
Taft,  74:5:5,  7525,  769:5,  7732,  7733, 

7814. 

Tyler,  1902,  2056,  2202. 
Van  Burcn,  1610,  1719,  1755,  1836. 
Second    class    mail   matter,  report    of 

commission  on,  7733. 
Treasurer   for,   should    be   appointed, 

1336. 
Post-Offices: 

Classification    of   fourth-class,   recom- 
mended,   6172. 

Clerks  in,  legislation  regarding  clas- 
sification of,  recommended,  5378. 
Consolidation  of,  6164,  6172. 
Number  of,  784,  6314. 

Increase  in,  877,  933,  956,  985, 
1610,  1719,  1755,  2355,  2625, 
2670,  2992,  4203,  4574,  4769, 
5376,  5756,  5881,  5971. 
Post  Roads.  (See  Mail  Eoutes.) 
Postage. — The  price  established  by  law  to 
bo  paid  for  the  conveyance  of  a  letter 
or  other  mailable  matter  by  a  public  post. 
Kates  of  postage  were  fixed  by  the  Con- 
tinental Congress  in  1789  as  follows:  Sin- 
gle letters  under  GO  miles,  7.4  cents;  be- 
tween (50  and  100  miles,  11.1  cents;  be- 
•ween  100  and  200  miles,  14.8  cents,  and 
.'5.4  cents  for  each  additional  100  miles. 
As  early  as  1794  a  delivery  system  was 
Inaugurated,  a  fee  of  2  cents  being  re- 
quired for  each  letter  delivered.  In  1814 
the  rates  of  postage  were  increased  by  50 
per  cent,  but  the  old  rate  was  restored  in 
1810.  Mails  were  first  carried  on  horse- 
back, later  by  stage  coach,  and  in  18I54  by 
railway.  July  7,  1S88,  Congress  declared 
every  railroad  to  be  a  mail  route. 

The  free-delivery  system  was  established 
in  1872  in  cities  of  50,000  population  or 
over,  and  in  1887  the  system  was  extended. 
h'liral  Free  Dclircrij. — In  1896  the  experi- 
ment of  free  delivery  in  rural  districts  was 
tried  and  proved  to  be  a  success;  since  that 
date  the  principle  has  been  adopted  and  is 
being  extended  all  over  the  country.  (See 
also  1'ost-Otlice  Department.) 

The  following  table  exhibits  the  growth 
of  the  rural  delivery  service  from  1898  to 
1915  : 


Year 


1898. 
1900. 
1901 . 
1903. 
1904, 
1905. 
1906. 
1907. 
1908. 
1909. 
1910. 
1911. 
1912. 
1913. 
1914. 
1915. 


Carriers 
(Number) 


Daily 
Mileage 


Annual 
Cost 


The  maximum  salary  of  rural  carriers 
was  increased  July  1,  1914,  from  $1,100  to 
$1,200. 

24 


Postage   (see  also  Franking  Privilege): 

Census  papers  discussed,  654. 

Increase    in,    recommended,    3056. 

On  census  papers  discussed,  654. 

Eeduction   in — 

Discussed,   2202,    2264,    2412,    2560, 
2671,  2713,  2943,  4835,  4937,  5101. 
Eecomi.iended,      1476,     1836,     2503, 
2560,   2625,   4728,   4769,   4836. 

Eevenue  derived  from.  (See  Post- 
Office  Department,  revenues,  etc., 
of.) 

Postage  Stamps. — An  official  mark  or 
stamp  affixed  to  or  embossed  on  letters 
sent  through  the  mails  as  evidence  of  the 
prepayment  of  postage.  Adhesive  stamps 
were  made  as  an  experiment  by  James 
Chalmers  in  his  printing  otlice  In  Dundee 
in  18,-!4,  but  they  were  not.  made  public- 
till  November,  18J57.  In  February,  18.-!7, 
Sir  Rowland  Hill  proposed  a  postage  stamp 
for  prepayment  of  letter  postage.  In  1840 
Alulrcady'a  envelope  was  introduced,  bear- 
ing an  allegorical  design  of  Kngland  at- 
tracting the  commerce  of  the  world,  but 
this  was  soon  superseded  by  the  adhesive 
stamp.  Local  stamps  were  in  use  in  va- 
rious cities  in  the  United  States  as  early  as 
1842 — in  New  York,  St.  Louis,  Baltimore, 
and  Braltleboro.  By  act  of  May  '.',,  1847, 
the  use  of  postage  stamps  was  authorized, 
and  issues  of  5  and  10  cent  stamps  were 
made  by  the  Government  bearing,  re- 
spectively, designs  of  the  heads  of  Frank- 
lin and  Washington.  In  1851  three  new 
values  \yere  added — 1,  3,  and  12  cents. 
From  this  time  till  18GO  a  complete  series 
was  issued  in  values  from  5  to  90  cents. 
In  1809  a  new  series  was  brought  out  in 
various  designs,  such  as  a  horseman,  a 
locomotive,  eagle,  steamship,  landing  of 
Columbus,  Declaration  of  Independence, 
heads  of  Franklin,  Washington,  and  Lin- 
coln. The  series  of  1870-72  bore  heads  of 
Franklin,  after  Ruprieht's  bust;  Jackson, 
after  Powers;  Washington,  after  the  bust 
by  Houdon ;  Lincoln,  after  Volk ;  Stanton, 
from  a  photograph ;  Jefferson.  after 
Powers's  statue ;  Clay,  after  the  bust 
by  Hart ;  Webster,  after  the  Clevenger 
bust  :  Scott,  after  the  bust  by  Coffee ; 
Hamilton,  after  Ccrrachi ;  and  Perry,  from 
Wolcott's  statue. 

At  the  International  Postal  Conference 
held  at  Berne,  Switzerland,  in  1874,  the 
Universal  Postal  Union  was  formed,  with 
rates  of  5  cents  per  half  ounce  on  all  let- 
ters passing  between  the  countries  compos- 
ing the  union.  In  1875  a  5-ceut  stamp  was 
issued  for  this  foreign  service,  bearing  the 
head  of  Jackson,  taken  from  a  photograph, 
and  in  1882  another  of  the  same  value 
with  the  head  of  Garlield.  Stamped  en- 
velopes were  issued  in  1852  and  postal 
cards  in  1872. 

Postal     Congress,     International,    at— 

Berne,  4250. 

Lisbon,   4938. 

Paris,   3387. 

New  convention  adopted  by,  4453. 

Washington,  6164. 

Postal  Conventions. — At  the  instance  of 
Montgomery  Blair,  Postmaster-General  of 
the  United  States,  an  international  confer- 
ence of  postal  delegates  was  held  at  Paris, 
in  May  and  June,  18<!:?.  Hon.  John  A. 
Kasson  represented  the  United  States.  The 
objects  of  the  conference  were  to  facilitate 
postal  intercourse  between  nations  and  to 


Postal 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


inaugurate  a  general  system  of  uniform  in- 
ternational charges  at  reduced  rates  of 
postage  and  to  form  the  basis  of  future 
conferences.  President  Johnson,  in  his  third 
annual  message  of  Dec.  .'?,  1 807  (page 
o775),  reported  the  ratification  of  postal 
conventions  with  Great  Britain,  Belgium, 
the  Netherlands.  Switzerland,  the  North 
German  Union,  Italy,  and  the  colonial  gov- 
ernment of  Hong  Kong,  largely  reducing 
the  rates  of  ocean  and  land  postage  to 
and  from  and  within  those  countries. 

In  October,  1874.  the  general  postal  union 
at  Berne,  Switzerland,  reduced  international 
letter  postage  generally  to  five  cents  per  half 
ounce.  A  third  convention  for  a  Universal 
Postal  Union  was  signed  at  Paris.  June  1. 
1878,  by  Jo'hn  X.  Tyner  and  Joseph  II. 
P.lackfan  on  behalf  of  the  United  States. 
The  postal  congress  at.  Lisbon  in  April, 
1880,  confirmed  the  international  rate  of 
five  cents  per  half  ounce  for  prepaid  letters 
and  two  cents  for  postal  cards.  The  next 
congress  was  held  at  Vienna  in  1801.  Presi- 
dent Hayes  gave  a  good  idea  of  the  extent 
of  the  Postal  Convention  in  his  second  an- 
nual message  of  Dec.  2,  1878  (page  44r>:; ). 
The  rate  of  postage  or  letters  to  foreign 
countries  now  is  five  cents  for  the  first 
ounce  or  less  (each  additional  ounce  three 
cents),  except  Great  Britain,  Germany, 
Canada,  Cuba  and  Mexico,  where  the  rate 
is  two  cents. 
Postal  Conventions: 

Discussed,  3387,  4152,  4038. 
Embarrassment     arising     under,     re- 
ferred to,  4453. 
With— 

Bahama  Islands,  5377. 

Barbados,   5377. 

Belgium,  3775,  3883,  4203. 

Canada,  4836,  5377. 

China,  4775. 

Costa  Rica,  3284. 

France,  4250. 

Germany,  3775,  3883,  4203. 

Great  Britain,  2528,  2560,  272-1, 
3650,  3775,  3833,  3883. 

Honduras,  5377. 

Italy,  3775,  3883. 

Japan,   4203. 

Mexico,  3235,  3264,  5377. 

Ratification  of,  referred  to,  3274. 

Netherlands,  3775,  388:!. 

New  South   Wales,   4882. 

Newfoundland,   4203. 

Sweden  and  Norway,  4203. 

Switzerland,   3775,   3883,   4250. 
Postal  Crimes: 

Act  relating  to,  etc.,  returned,  520-}. 
In  Canal  Zone,  order  relating  to,  7!H>4. 
Postal  Currency.— During  the  Civil  War, 
when  silver  became  very  scarce,  a  substi- 
tute for  fractional  currency  was  invented 
by  Gen.  Spinner,  United  States  Treasurer 
under  President  Lincoln.  It  consisted  of 
postage  stamps  pasted  upon  paper  used 
for  Government  securities  and  representing 
different  sums.  These  pieces  of  paper 
were  circulated  among  tin-  clerks  of  the 
Department  and  became  for  a  while  the 
medium  of  exchange  in  a  small  way. 
Postal  Matter,  abuse  of  classification 

of,  6675. 

Postal  Notes.      (Sec  Money-Order  Sys- 
tem.) 


Postal  Savings  Banks.  —  TO  encourage 
people  of  small  means  to  deposit  their  sav- 
ings where  they  would  be  immediately 
available  in  emergency,  and  at  the  same 
time  be  secure  from  misappropriation  while 
earning  a  small  interest,  postal  savings 
banks  have  been  established  in  most  other 
progressive  countries,  and  in  the  United 
States  the  question  was  long  discussed  be- 
fore being  put  in  operation. 

Post-office  savings  banks  were  established 
in  England  in  IStil  to  meet  the  growing 
wants  of  the  people  for  a  secure  and  con- 
venient place  of  deposit  for  savings. 

President  Roosevelt  said,  in  his  Seventh 
Annual  Address,  Dec.  :j,  1!)07  (page  710J)  : 
"I  commend  to  the  favorable  consideration 
of  the  Congress  a  postal  savings  bank  sys- 
tem, as  recommended  by  the  Postmaster- 
General.  The  primary  object  is  to  encourage 
among  our  people  economy  and  thrift  and 
by  the  use  of  postal  savings  banks  to  give 
them  an  opportunity  to  husband  their  re- 
sources, particularly  those  who  have  not, 
the  facilities  at  hand  for  depositing  their 
money  in  savings  banks.  Viewed,  however, 
from  the  experience  of  the  past  few  weeks. 
It.  is  evident  that  the  advantages  of  such 
an  institution  arc  still  more  far-reaching. 
Timid  depositors  have  wit'hdrawn  their  sav 
ings  for  the  time  being  from  national  banks, 
trust  companies,  and  savings  banks ;  indi- 
viduals have  hoarded  their  cash  and  the 
workingmen  their  earnings  :  all  of  which 
money  lias  been  withheld  and  kept  in  hiding 
or  in  safe-deposit  box  to  the  detriment  of 
prosperity.  Through  the  agency  of  the 
postal  savings  banks  such  money  would 
be  restored  to  the  channels  of  trade,  to 
the  mutual  benefit  of  capital  and  labor." 

In  continuation  of  Mr.  Hoosevelt's  policy 
and  in  accordance  with  the  declarations  of 
the  platform  on  which  he  \vas  elected,  Mr. 
Taft.  in  his  Inaugural  Address,  March  1. 
1000,  said  (page  737.'!)  :  "The  incoming 
Congress  should  promptly  fulfill  the  promise 
of  the  Republican  platform  and  pass  a 
proper  postal  savings  bank  bill.  It  will 
not  be  unwise  or  excessive  paternalism. 
The  promise  to  repay  by  the  Government 
will  furnis'n  an  inducement  of  savings  de- 
posits which  private  enterprise  cannot  sup- 
ply and  at  such  a  low  rate  of  interest  as 
not  to  withdraw  custom  from  existing 
banks.  It  will  substantially  increase  the 
funds  available  for  investment  as  capital 
in  useful  enterprises.  It  will  furnish  abso- 
lute security  which  makes  the  proposed 
scheme  of  government:  guaranty  of  deposits 
so  alluring,  without  its  pernicious  results." 

Congress  appropriated  $100.000,  June  2,"i, 
1910,  to  start  the  postal  savings  system, 
and  named  as  trustees  the  Postmaster-Gen- 
eral, the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  and 
the  Attorney-General.  <>n  Jan.  2.  1011.  a 
selected  post-office  in  each  of  the  t'orly- 
eight  states  was  prepared  to  accept  deposits. 
(See  Banks,  Postal  Savings.! 

An  act  of  Congress  approved  June  '-'5. 
101O,  authorized  flic  establishment  of  postal 
savings  depositary  ollices,  created  a  board 
of  trustees,  consisting  of  the  Postmaster- 
General,  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  and 
the  Attorney-General,  with  power  to  desig- 
nate such  post  ollices  as  they  may  select 
to  be  postal  savings  depositary  ollices.  Ac- 
counts may  be  opened  |,y  the  deposit  of  a 
dollar  or  a  larger  sum  in  multiples  of  a  dol- 
lar, or  by  purchasing  a  posial  savings  card 
for  ten  cents  and  allixing  thereto,  at  con- 
venience, nine  specially  prepared  postal  sav- 
ings stamps  costing  ten  cents  each.  The 
holder,  on  presenting  the  card,  is  entitled 
to  open  an  account  \vith  one  dollar  to  his 
credit.  Additional  deposits  may  be  made  in 
like  manner,  hut  no  person  may  deposit 
more  than  $100  in  any  one  niout'h,  and  the 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Postal 


balance  to  the  credit  of  any  person  shall 
never  exceed  $500,  exclusive  of  accumulated 
interest.  The  Treasurer  of  tin:  United 
States  is  treasurer  of  tho  Hoard  of  Trus- 
tees, and  live  per  cent  of  the  deposits  are 
to  be  deposited  with  him  as  a  reserve.  The 
funds  received  at  any  depositary  are  to  be 
deposited  in  any  local  bank  willing  '<>  ro- 
ceive  the  same  under  (lie  terms  of  the  act 
and  pay  2\<.  per  cent  interest  thereon.  The 
(ioverninent  pays  the  depositor  '2,  per  cent 
on  all  sums  on  deposit  for  one  year,  com- 
puted monflily,  and  it  is  assumed  that  the 
M;  per  cent  difference  between  the  amount 
paid  the  depositor  and  the  2'/i  per  cent  paid 
by  the  bank  will  pay  the  cost  of  administer- 
ing the  law.  I'rovision  is  also  made  for 
converting  deposits  in  postal  savings  hanks, 
in  amounts  of  $20  or  multiples  thereof,  inio 
United  States  bonds  bearing  interest  at  U'/y 
per  cent,  payable  seml-annually.  The  board 
may  at  any  time  withdraw  30  per  cent 
of  the  funds  and  purchase  bonds  or  other 
securities  of  the  United  States,  and.  under 
direction  of  the  President,  may  withdraw 
the  other  05  per  cent  and  similarly  invest 
t'he  amount.  At  first  only  one  post  ollice  in 
each  state  was  designated  as  a  depositary. 
On  Xov.  1,  1011,  4,747  banks  had  been 
established.  The  postal  savings  banks  have 
done  even  better  than  had  boon  expected. 
Their  record  Is  said  to  surpass  even  that  of 
tho  postal  sayings  banks  of  Great  Kritain 
following  their  opening.  Two  predictions 
of  their  advocates  have  been  fulfilled.  l<Mrst 
it  has  encouraged  thrift  among  the  young, 
many  children  becoming  depositors;  and, 
second,  it  has  checked  the  outflow  of  money 
to  Kurope  by  foreigners  who  are  suspicious 
of  privately  conducted  savings  banks. 

Tho  law  of  .Tune  24,  1010,  was  amended 
on  May  IS,  10KJ,  to  allow  deposits  up  to 
$1.000  deposited  at  any  timo  and  in  any 
amount.  Government  bonds  at  2%%  pur- 
chased with  postal  savings  are  not  counted 
toward  the  limit  of  .$1.000.  On  .Tune  30, 
101 G.  postal  savings  deposits  amounted  to 
$80,619,885,  representing  602,037  deposi- 
tors, with  an  average  deposit  of  $142.07. 
At  that  time  there  were  provisions  for  re- 
ceiving postal  savings  in  8,421  depositories, 
including  854  fourth-class  post-offices,  and 
5.034  banks  were  also  authorized  to  receive 
postal  savings.  The  postal  savings  system 
Is  under  the  supervision  of  the  third  assist- 
ant postmaster-general  (q.  v. ).  (See  Post- 
office  Department  :  Postal  Service. 1 

At  the  close  of  the  year  1011.  there  were 
5.1S5  post-offices  accepting  deposits,  and 
these  showed  a  balance  on  hand  of  $10.- 
<!14.t>7G.  At  the  end  of  the  next  year  the 
report  showed  12.177  post-offices  accepting 
deposits  and  the  total  deposits  had  reached 
$28.057.059. 

I'.alanco  to  the  credit  of  depositors  June 
no.  1014.  S4:>,.44-4.271  :  deposits  durinir  fiscal 
year.  $70. 31 4. 85$  :  deposits  withdrawn  dur- 
ing the  fiscal  year.  $48,074.421  :  balance  to 
credit  of  depositors  .Tune  3O.  1«I15.  iS(55.(iS4.- 
70S  :  balances  on  deposit  in  banks  June  30, 
1015,  $<;0.08ti.31S.04. 

Postal  Savings  Banks: 

Recommended  l>y  President- 
Arthur,   4639." 
Grant,  4152,  4204. 
Hayes,    4574. 
Roosevelt,  7102,  7226. 
Taft,  7373,  7434,  7525. 
Three   months   of   experiment,    8073. 
Postal    Service. — The    first    mention    of    a 
postal   service   in   the   United   States   is   that 
of    the    General    Court   of    Massachusetts    in 
1G39  :     "It  is  ordered   that  notice  be   given 
that  Richard  Fairbanks,  his  house  in  Boston 


Is  the  place  annotated  for  all  letters  which 
are  brought,  from  beyond  the  seas,  or  are 
lo  he  srni  rhithor  to  be  left  with  him,  and 
he  is  to  take  care  that  they  are  to  bo 
delivered  or  sent  according  to  the  direc- 
tion. And  he  is  allowed  for  every  letter 
a  penny,  and  must  answer  all  miscarriages 
through  his  own  neglect  in  this  kind."  Out: 
of  this  humble  beginning  grew  the  present 
post-office  department,  with  nearly  sixty 
thousand  oflices,  earning  a  revenue  of  $2»',<;,- 
t!l  0.525  for  the  past  year. 

Postal  Service: 

Abuses  of,  discussed,  4610,  4730,  5970, 

6162. 
Civil  Service  in,  discussed,  5972,  0172. 

(See  also  Railway  Mail  Service.) 
Communication   with  Santiago,  Cuba, 

order   regarding,    G577. 
Consolidation    of    post-offices    recom- 
mended,   G1G4,   01 72. 
Correspondence     with    foreign     coun- 
tries, security  required   in,    1477. 
Discussed  by  President- 
Adams,  J.'  Q.,  877,  929,  95G,  985. 
Arthur,   4639,  4728,   4769,   4835. 
Buchanan,    2992,    305G,    3101,    3107, 

3184. 
Cleveland,   4937,    5100,    5376,   5880, 

5970,  6161. 

Fillmore,  2625,  2670,  2713. 
Grant,  3994,  4063,  4103,  4151,  4203, 

4250,  4305,  43G3. 
Harrison,  Benj.,  5478,  5551,  5559, 

5633,  5756. 

Hayes,    4426,   4452,    4526,   4573. 
Jackson,    1023,     1089,    1168,     1252, 

1335,   1393,   1476. 
Johnson,   3561,   3650,   3775,    3882. 
Lincoln,    3252,    3332,   33S6,   3450. 
McKinley,  G344,  6386. 
Monroe,  784,  824. 
Pierce,   2748,   2822,   2872,   2943. 
Polk,   2264,  2355,   2412,  2502. 
Roosevelt,    6677,    6723,    6798,    6913, 

7102. 
Taft,   7433,   7525,  7693,   7732,   7733, 

7814. 

Taylor,    2559. 

Tyler,  1902,  1941,  2056,  2123,  2202. 
Van  Buren,  1610,   1719,  1755,  1835. 
Washington,  58,  75,  99,  120/124. 
Employees    in,    number    of,    6344. 
Expenditures    for.       (See    Post-Office 

Department.) 

Foreign  postal  arrangements  and 
routes  referred  to,  2175,  2411,  2413, 
2428,  2502,  2560,  2697,  2724,  3332, 
3565,  3586,  3650,  3883,  4151,  4203, 
4522,  4640,  4938,  5101,  5559,  5634. 
Franking  privilege  discussed.  (See 

Franking  Privilege.) 
Frauds  in,  discussed,  4640,  4730. 
Free-delivery   System — 

Discussed  and  recommendations  re- 
garding, 4204,  4769,  4836,  4937, 
5103,  5376,  5756,  5881,  5971, 
6451. 


Postal 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Extension    of    to    towns    of    5,000 

population  recommended,  5633. 
Growth  of,  6677,  6724,  6913. 
In   Spanish-American  War  discussed, 

6344. 

Inadequate   facilities   extended   rural 
communities  discussed    and   recom- 
mendations regarding,   5633. 
Inspector    service,     recommendations 

regarding,  6163. 
Mail- 
Communication  with  Australia,  rec- 
ommendations regarding,  5559. 
Depredations  on,  allowance  to  wit- 
nesses   in    cases    of    prosecution 
referred   to,    1756. 
Import    duty    on    foreign,    recom- 
mended,   4527. 

Modification  of  law  regulating 
rates  upon  second-class  matter 
recommended,  5970,  6162. 
Publications  for  instigating  slaves 
to  insurrection  sent  through,  dis- 
cussed, 1394. 

Mail  routes.     (See  Mail  Routes.) 
Mail  transportation — 

Act     making     appropriations     for 
transportation    by    steamers   and 
otherwise   vetoed,   2855. 
Annual    cost    of,    2670,   2823,    2872, 

3056,  4151,  4250. 

Between   Atlantic   and  Pacific   dis- 
cussed,  2901,   3127,   3184. 
Between     "Washington      and     New 
Orleans,  irregularity  of,  referred 
to,  2883. 

Cost   of,   to  Pacific  coast,  etc.,  re- 
ferred to,  4077. 
Fraudulent     bonds      accompanying 

bids  and  contracts  for,  4655. 
Joint  resolution  in  regard  to  carry- 
ing mail  from  St.  Joseph,  Mo.,  to 
Placerville,  Cal.,  reasons  for  ap- 
plying pocket  veto  to,  3073. 
Laws    to    prevent    transmission    of 
lottery  advertisements  discussed 
and  recommendations   regarding, 
5479,  5515,  5551. 

Legislation      to      protect,      recom- 
mended, 4081. 

Money-order    system    discussed,    985, 
4639,  49:i7,   5377,   5756,  5881,   5971. 
Money     orders,      international,     dis- 
cussed,   5881,    5971. 
Ocean  mail  post-office,  establishment 

of,  discussed,  5633. 
Penn    Tan,    X.    Y.,     agent    to    take 
charge  of  post-office  at,  referred  to, 
3799. 

Post  routes.     (See  Mail  Routes.) 
Postal  notes.     (See  Money-Order-Sys- 

tem,    ante.) 

Postal  treaties.     (See  Postal  Conven- 
tions.) 


Railway — 

Authority  to  compel  railroads  to 
carry  mail  recommended,  5378. 

Compensation  for — 

Change  in,  recommended,  3994. 
Discussed,  5100. 
Exorbitant,  1393,   1941,  274S. 
Reduction   of,   4527. 
Should  be  regulated  by  Congress, 
1394,   1941. 

Contracts  demand  attention  of  Con- 
gress, 1476,  1720,  1756,  2943. 

Contracts  for,  should  be  made  by 
Postmaster-General  on  equitable 
basis,  1476. 

Discussed.        (See     Postal     Service 

discussed.) 
Railway  Mail  Service.     (See  Railway 

Mail  Service.) 

Registry  system  discussed,  4639. 
Report  on,  7693. 

Rural  service  of,  6677,  6724,  6798. 
Second-class   mail  matter,   change   in 

law  regarding,  recommended,  5970, 

6162. 
Special  delivery  stamps — 

Discussed,  5881,  5971. 

Recommended,  4836. 
Star  routes — 

Decrease  in,  referred  to,  4639. 

Fraudulent  bids  referred  to,  4655. 

Increase  in,  recommended,  4527. 

Prosecution    of    frauds   in    service, 

4640,  4730. 
Steamboat — 

Discussed,   3650,  4640. 

Referred  to,  1756. 
Steamship — 

Advertisements  issued  for  lines  of, 
5634. 

American  vessels  compelled  to 
carry  mail  discussed,  4832. 

Between  United  States  and  Brazil 
referred  to,  3565,  3586,  4522. 

Contracts  for,  referred  to,  2502, 
4938,  5757,  5971. 

Differences  with  companies  dis- 
cussed, 5101. 

Discussed,  5634,  5757. 

Establishment  of  lines  of,  recom- 
mended, 2203,  457-1,  5492,  5757. 

Expenses  of,  referred  to,  2611,  27-18, 
4151,  4G40. 

Post-offices  established   on,   5633. 

Should  be  extended  to  South  Ameri- 
can and  Pacific  foreign  ports, 
7231. 

Special  grants  to,  recommended, 
3450. 

Subsidies  to,  4306. 

Views   of  Postmaster-General  re- 
garding,  3561. 

Union  of  telegraph  system  and,  dis- 
cussed. (See  Telegraph  Lines, 
Government  control  of.) 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Potomac 


Unit  of  weight  in  rating  first-class 
matter  discussed,  4836. 

Unlawful    publications,    prohibited 

from    using,   1394. 
Postal  Treaties.      (Sec  Postal  Conven- 

tions.) 
Postal    Union,    International    (see   also 

Postal    Congress,   International): 
Convention     for     establishment      of, 

4250. 
Postal     Union,     Universal,     discussed, 

4,174,  4640,  5071,  6164. 
Postmaster.Gencral.-Thc  head  of  the 
Post-Office  Department,  and  as  such  the 
director  of  the  entire  postal  service  of  the 
country.  The  postmaster-general  has  been 
n  member  of  the  Cabinet  since  1825).  and 
his  salary  is  $1:2,000  a  year.  By  act  of 
June  8,  1872,  his  tenure  of  office  is  during 
the  term  of  the  President  by  whom  he  is 
appointed  and  for  one  month  thereafter,  un- 
less  removed  with  the  advice  and  consent  of 
the  Senate.  His  powers  over  his  department 
are  particularly  untramelled  and  broad.  He 
appoints  all  the  important  officers  in  bis  de- 
partment,  except  the  assistant  postmasters- 
general  (q.  v.)  and  the  purchasing  agent, 
who  are  appointed  by  the  President.  He 
makes  the  contracts  with  railroad  lines. 
steamship  companies  and  other  agents  of 
transportation  for  the  conveyance  of  the 
mails;  and  concludes  postal  contracts  with 
other  countries,  although  these  latter  must 
receive  the  approval  of  the  President.  He 
adds  new  post-offices  to  the  list  and  aban- 
dons  old  ones,  according  to  his  judgment  ; 
and  his  discretion  is  the  sole  factor  in  en- 
larging  or  contracting  the  postal  system  in 
its  various  details.  (  Sec  Post-Office  Depart- 
rnotit  » 

Postmaster-General: 

Disclaims  any  intended  disrespect  in 

pnmmnnien'tinn   tn  Sptintf.     174^ 

communication  to  Ssenate,  1/4D. 

Post-office   building   report    of,   recom- 

mending   erection   of,   1483. 
Postmasters    appointed    by,    referred 

to,    2571. 
Report  of,  recommending  erection  of 

new   post-office   building,   1483. 
Eeport  for  year  ended  June  30,  1911, 

7731 
,,      .„, 
POStmasteiS. 

Amount    due    from,   784. 
\rmonitTiiPiit    of     bv    Postrmstpr-Oen- 

Appointment  or,  oy  i-osti 

eral,  referred  to,  2571. 
Appointments  of,  referred  to,  2008. 

Assistants  more  efficient  in  classified 

,--.,0 
service,    /  /  dZ. 

Inclusion  in  classified  service  recom- 


Classification     or      fourth-class,     dis- 

-,  -,  ,    ,  .     ' 

cussed     and     recommendations     re- 

garding, 6172,  7102. 
Compensation  to,  discussed,  784,  2943, 

Interference    with,    discussed,    4.,63, 

Relative   merit    of.   plan    to   indicate, 

recommended.   5479,   5489. 
Potato.—  The  so-called  Irish   potato   is   na- 
tive   to    the   west   coast   of   South    America. 
and   is   said   to   have   been    introduced   into 


Ireland  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  who  grew 
the  roots  on  his  large  estate  in  Comity  Cork. 
Though  now  so  universal  an  article  of  food 
it  was  scarcely  known  prior  to  the  17th 
century,  and  was  not  generally  cultivated 
until  the  middle  of  the  ISth. 

Potato  Crop. — Intimated  acreage,  produc- 
tion, and  value.  lf)O7  to  1014,  and  in  I'.iiri 
by  states.*  (Source:  Reports  of  the  l>e- 
partment  of  Agriculture.) 

Total 

Acreage  Farm  Value, 

Year  Dec.  1 

1907 3,128,000  8184,184.000 

1908 3,257,000  197,039,000 

1909 3,525,000  2013,545,000 

1910 3,720,0(10  194,506.000 

1911 3,619,000  233,778,000 

1912 3,711,000  212,550.000 

1913 3,668,000  227,903,000 

1914 3,708,000  198,009,000 

State 

Alabama 20,000  1,440,000 

Arizona 1 ,000  05,000 

Arkansas 28,000  1,915,000 

California 78,000  7 ,005,000 

Colorado 53,000  3,935,000 

Connecticut 24,000  2,183,000 

Delaware 11,000  784,000 

Florida 12,000  1,10-1,000 

Georgia 16,000  1,030,000 

Idaho 28,000  1,900,000 

Illinois 126,000  8,177,000 

Indiana 75,000  3,990,000 

Iowa 148.000  8,392,000 

Kansas 71,000  4,361,000 

Kentucky 51,000  3,534,000 

Louisiana 28,000  1.357,000 

Maine 142,000  15,407,000 

Maryland 44,000  2,046.000 

Massachusetts 26,000  2,933,000 

Michigan 355,000  11,729.000 


Minnesota 
Mississippi 
Missouri 

Montana 
Nebraska 

Nevada 

New  Hampshire 

New  Jersey 
New  Mexico 


North  Dakota 
Ohio 


285,000 

13,000 
90,000 

39,000 
llO.ooo 

13,000 

16,000 

93.000 

1;1° 
80,000 

153,000 
35,000 

280.000 
5.000 
11,000 
68,000 
36,000 
42,000 

20noo 
24.000 


Pennsylvania 
Rhode  Island 
South  Carolina 
South  Dakota 
Tennessee 
Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia  ..................      140,000 

wrashV}.6t™:  ...... 

West  Virginia  .............  oO.OOO 

Wisconsin  ................  298.000 

Wyoming  ................  16,000 

Total,  1915...  .    3,761,  ooo         5221,104,000 

,   .     .    , 
*  Does  not  include   sweet  potatoes. 

Potomac,   The,   instructions   given  corn- 
mauder  of,  at  Sumatra,  1138. 

Potomac  River: 

Bri(]gos  ^  Jn  Distri(.t  of  Columbia> 

T   <Soe   District    of   Columbia.) 
Improvement  of,  recommended,  4  30, 

Bl11  for'   submitted,  4533. 
Lands  lying  on,  referred  to,  128. 


Pottawatomie     Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Pottawatomie    Indians.       (See    Indian 

Tribes.) 
Powder,  Smokeless: 

Adoption   of,   recommended,   6128. 
Development  of,  5759. 
Powers,   Foreign    (see   also  the  several 

powers) : 
Claims    against,    referred     to,     3066, 

3067. 

Claims    of,    arising    out   of   War    be- 
tween  the    States    discussed,    3328, 
4086. 
Collection  of  commercial  relations  of, 

referred  to,  632,  775. 
Commerce    of.         (See   Commerce    of 

Foreign   Powers.) 
Commerce  with.     (See  Commerce.) 
Duties  levied  by,  export,  referred  to 

and  recommendation,  4744. 
Expeditions    against — 

Discussed    by    President — • 
Arthur,  4640. 

Buchanan.   2978,   2907,   3180. 
Fillmore,  2643,  2649,  2697. 
Jefferson,  394,  395,  400,  417. 
Johnson,  3655,  36.18. 
Monroe,   582,   583,   590,   592,   601, 

609,  620,  769. 
Pierce,   2741,  2779. 
Polk,  2455. 
Taylor,    2549,    2585. 
Van  Buren,  1616. 
Washington,  146. 

Proclamations     against,    by    Presi- 
dent— 

Buchanan,  3027. 
Cleveland,  6023,  6126. 
Fillmore,  2647,  2648. 
Grant,   4039,   4045. 
Jefferson,   392. 
Johnson,  3631. 
Madison,   546. 
Pierce,   2804,   2805,   2921. 
Taylor,   2555. 
Tyler,    1910. 
Washington,   149. 
Explosives,  order  to  prevent  shipment 

of,   abroad,  4815. 
Export  duties  levied  bv,  referred  to, 

4744. 
Imprisonment    of    American    citizens 

by.      (Soo  Imprisonment.) 
Imprisonment      of     citizens     of,     by 
United   States.         (See    the    several 
powers.) 

Intermeddling    (if,    with    Indians    re- 
ferred to,   1728. 
Ministers  of,   to  United   Stales.     (See 

the  Severn  1    powers.) 
Ministers    of    the    United    States    to. 

(See    Ministers   of   United  States.) 
Xi'utral     rights     of.        (See     Neutral 

Rights.) 

Peace  with,  should  not   lie   interfered 
with  by  American  citi/.ens,   120. 


Relations  with,  referred  to,  3285. 
Revenues  and  finances  of,  referred  to, 

3272. 
Subjects  of,  in   United   States.     (See 

Aliens;    Naturalized  Citizens.) 
Treaties  with,  referred  to,  2538,  3888, 
4851.         (See      also      the      several 
powers.) 

Vessels  of  United  States  seized  by 
authorities  of.  (See  Vessels,  United 
States.) 

Powers  of  Federal  and  State  Govern- 
ments discussed  by  President — 
Arthur,  4707,   4771,  4808. 
Buchanan,     2962,     2981,     3028,     3074, 
3084,  3130,  3139,  3145,   3150,  3157, 
3168,  3186. 

Cleveland,     4960,    4992,     4996,    5142, 
5363,   5412,   5422,   5924,  6070,   6109. 
Fillmore,   2626. 

Grant,    3992,  4126,   4170,   4196.   4259. 
Harrison,  Benj.,  5489,  5562,  5766. 
Hayes,  4445,    4466, '4175,   4484,   4488, 
4493,   4497,  4512,  4543,  4544,   4553. 
Jackson,  1014,  1024,  1046,  107]',  1077, 
1082,    1120,   1141,    1201,   1224,    1275, 
1288,    13.37,   1351,'  1395,  1450. 
Jefferson,  397,  444. 
Johnson,  3551,  3570,  3593,  3596,  3603, 
3611,  3620/3643,   3670,    3681,   3687, 
3690,   3696,   3729,   3734,  3756,   3766, 
3781,   3820,   3837,  3844,   3846,  3848, 
3849,  3870,  3889. 
Lincoln,  3206,  3221,  3269,  3274,  3286, 

3335. 

Madison,  -174,  475,  5-10,  569. 
Monroe,  587,  711,  713. 
Pierce,  2751,  2755,  2780,  2789.  2790, 
2855,  2874,  2919,  2920,  2921,  2930! 
Polk,  2310,  2456,  2460,  2490,  2506. 
Tyler,  1916,  1921,  1941,  2036,  2043, 

2183. 

Washington,   ISO. 

Prairie  Grove  (Ark.),  Battle  of.— Sept. 
30.  isc,i>,  President  Lincoln  directed  flint 
Missouri.  Arkansas,  Kansas,  and  (tie  east- 
ern portion  of  Indian  Territory  should  con- 
stitute the  Department  of  the  Missouri,  ID 
be.  commanded  by  I'.rijj.-Ccii.  Samuel  i;.  Cur- 
tis. The  only  important  enira.iremeni  lliat 
occur'-ed  in  this  department  while  Curtis 
was  in  command  was  at  Prairie  <;rove.  Ark. 
The  Confederate  Ceiieral  Thomas  C.  Hind- 
man  was  on  his  way  north  into  Missouri 
with  a  law  force  when,  on  Dee.  7,  isill!, 
he  encountered  (he  united  forces  of  Cen- 
erals  .Fames  (',.  I'.lunt  and  Francis  .7.  Her 
ron.  During  I  lie  encasement  which  ensued 
the  Federals  lost  1.1 -is  and  rhe  Confeder- 
ates. 1,:;17.  The  latter  retired  during  the 
night. 

Prairie  State. — A  nickname  for  Illinois  fq. 
v.i.  i  See  also  States)  ;  sometimes  also  nick- 
named Surlier  State. 

Prayer,  special  day  of,  set  apart  for  na- 
tions engaged  in  \v;ir,  S007. 
Prenchers   of   Discontent,   discussed   by 
1 'resident  Roosevelt,  7033. 


Encyclopedic  Index' 


Preparedness 


Preemption  Laws.— The  first  law  regulat- 
ing I  he  preemption  of  and  payment  for  pub- 
lie  lands  was  passed  March  o,  ISUL  It  was 
a  special  art  affecting  the  Symmes  colo- 
ni/.ation  scheme  on  tne  -Miami  Kiver.  A 
number  of  preemption  laws  were  passed, 
most  of  them  of  a  more  or  less  special  na- 
ture. The  lirst  general  law  was  passed  ill 
1SJ50.  The  law  of  IS  11  granted,  in  consid- 
eration of  residence  and  improvement,  free- 
dom of  entry  upon  Kid  acres  of  public:  lauds 
to  any  person  over  twenty -one  years  of  age  ; 
twelve  to  thirty-three  months  were  allowed 
for  payment,  and  the  r. mount  to  be  paid  va- 
ried with  the  situation  and  value  of  the 
tract  preempted.  (See  Lands,  Public.) 

Preemption  Laws: 

Discussed,  171:5,  3753,  3651,  4064,  5484. 

Ixecommended,  1606,  L'259. 

Amendments  to  law  recommended, 
2-JOS,   2500. 

Eopeal  of  preemption  act  recom- 
mended, 4770,  -1S37,  5107. 
Preparedness. — -i'"cw  movements  iu  all  our 
1  istory  have  so  gripped  the  minds  and 
hearts  of  the  American  people  as  t'  e  move- 
ment for  adequate  preparation  on  land  and 
sea.  either  for  aggressive  or  defensive  pur- 
poses in  case  of  war.  .The  Preparedness 
movement  cannot  be  said  to  have  originated 
among  those  men  in  the  public  eye  who  for 
years  had  been  urging  the  need  for  a  larger 
army  and  navy.  It  originated  rather  among 
citizens  who  formerly  had  been  deaf  or  an- 
tagonistic to  the  cry  for  increased  appropria- 
tions for  war  purposes;  and  it  originated  as 
a  direct  result  of  the  European  '\Yar.  For 
the  -supreme  lesson  in  military  tactics  taught 
by  that  vast  conflict  was  the  impossibility 
of  preparing  adequately  on  short  notice,  and 
the  necessity  for  carefully-planned  and  ma- 
tured preparations  for  any  new  forces  which 
a  nation  might  need  at  any  given  time.  Pre- 
paredness was  brought  home  to  America  also 
as  a  fact,  and  not  a  theory,  by  diplomatic 
differences  between  the  United  States  and 
the  belligerent  European  countries,  espe- 
cially Germany,  when  the  entrance  of  the 
United  States  into  the  struggle  became  no 
longer  debatable,  and  passed  from  a  proba- 
bility to  a  certainty. 

For  the  position  which  the  United  States 
occupied  among  the  nations  of  the  world  in 
respect  to  military  strength,  see  the  articles 
Armies  of  the  World  and  Navies  of  the 
World.  From  these  tables,  it  will  be  under- 
stood that  the  first  direction  taken  by  the 
Preparedness  movement  was  inevitably  to- 
wards an  extensive  increase  in  our  land 
forces.  The  unwieldiness  and  the  lack  of 
centralized  authority  in  the  National  Guard, 
so  far  as  availability  for  Federal  purposes 
was  concerned,  were  well  revealed  by  the 
mobilization  of  troops  on  the  Mexican  bor- 
der in  li)lt>.  (See  Mexico.)  The  smashing 
victories  of  the  Teutonic  armies  early  in  the 
European  War  could  be  explained  only  by 
the  attention  long  paid  military  prepared- 
ness by  Germany,  while  the  same  explana- 
tion arose  for  the  sturdy  resistance  of  the 
French  and  the  immediate  and  complete 
domination  of  the  English  Navy  over  all  the 
seas.  On  the  other  hand,  the  length  of  time 
taken  by  England  to  get  her  land  fighting- 
machine  under  way,  despite  the  most  earnest 
efforts  nroved  the  weakness  of  a  country 
which  waited  until  the  declaration  of  war  m 
order  to  nrenare.  Accordingly,  along  wttn 
t>>e  Preparedness  movement  went  a  move- 
ment for  universal  militarv  service  and  for 
military  training  in  the  public  schools  ( 
Compulsory  Military  Service  and  Military 
Training  in  the  Schools.) 


As  the  danger  of  America  being  plunged 
into  the  European  vortex  daily  became  more 
acute,  the  Preparedness  movement  also  de- 
voted itself  largely  to  the  question  of  mak- 
ing our  Navy  better  available  for  service. 
The  prominent  part  played  by  submarines 
and  aeroplanes  in  the  European  War  had 
almost  revolutionized  naval  tactics,  and 
grave  doubts  arose  whether  our  navy,  de- 
spite its  strength,  was  sulliciently  prepared 
in  the  newer  lields  of  naval  activities. 

Preparedness  became  almost  the  leading 
subject  of  discussion  in  private  so  well  as  in 
public  gatherings  all  over  the  United  States. 
The  resignation  of  Secretary  of  War  Garri- 
son on  Feb.  10,  1  !>!<;.  because  of  a  difference 
of  opinion  with  President  Wilson  concerning 
the  federalization  of  the  National  Guard, 
created  intense  excitement;  and  the  country 
was  virtually  divided  into  two  camps  on  the 
issue  involved.  Many  new  organizations 
such  as  the  National  Security  League  and 
National  Defense  Society  were  created  in 
order  to  assist  the  preparedness  movement, 
while  organizations  like  the  Navy  League 
redoubled  their  efforts  for  naval  Prepared- 
ness. Mass-meetings  and  parades  were  held 
all  over  the  I'nited  States  in  support  of 
Preparedness,  and  there  were  few  meetings 
of  public  or  semi-public  bodies  in  which  the 
subject  w;is  not  discussed.  An  idea  of  the 
amount  of  interest  involved  may  be  gathered 
from  the  fact  that  the  great  Preparedness 
Parade  held  in  New  York  on  May  18,  !!)](> 
took  12  hours  to  pass  a  given  point.,  and 
consisted  of  no  less  than  1:i.">.flX.'{  men  and 
women  marching  in  support  of  the  cause. 
1'reparedness  became  a  political  event  of 
the  first  magnitude,  not  only  in  the  national 
election  of  IfllG,  but  also  in  state  and 
municipal  elections.  One  result  of  the  agi- 
tation arose  in  the  establishment  of  a  large 
training  camp  for  volunteers  at  Plattsburg. 
N.  Y.  (q.  v.).  The  motto  of  the  movement 
was  early  "In  times  of  peace,  prepare  for 
war  :"  but  as  the  sinking  of  American  ves- 
sels by  German  submarines  seemed  to  many 
persons  to  constitute  acts  of  actual  warfare, 
the  motto  became  "In  times  of  war.  prepare 
for  war.'' 

On  the  other  hand,  the  opponents  of  Pre- 
paredness were  by  no  means  few  or  inactive. 
To  some  extent,  the  opposition  came  from 
citizens  and  non-citizens  of  Teutonic  de- 
scent, called  in  this  crisis,  fairly  or  unfairly, 
German-Americans  (q.  v.)  ;  hut  the  majority 
of  the  opponents,  although  not  necessarily 
those  most  active  in  the  propaganda  against 
Preparedness,  were  Americans  sincerely  con- 
vinced that  Perparcdness  was  the  first  step 
towards  a  war  which  they  wished  to  avoid. 
The  Women's  Peace  Party,  the  Emergency 
Peace  Federation,  and  the  Union  Against 
Militarism  were  particularly  active.  The 
position  taken  by  them  and  by  their  sup- 
porters was  that  the  European  conflict  arose 
from  the  fact  the  countries  of  Europe  had 
been  prepared  for  it.  They  asserted  further- 
more that  by  resorting  to  1'reparedness 
America  was'  betraying  the  interests  of 
pe-ice.  and  was  abandoning  the  position 
which  would  logically  accrue  to  her  after 
t''e  war  was  over  as  the  nation  which  had 
shown  by  her  record  that  she,  and  she  alone. 
coul-l  he  entrusted  to  lead  the  warring  na- 
tions to  a  new  and  perpetual  peace.  It  was 
chiimed.  in  addition,  that  America  was 
geographically  not  involved  in  a  European 
quarrel,  and  that  her  geographical  position 
made .  aggression  against  her  an  impossi- 
bility. 

On  October  G,  1015,  in  a  speech  in  New 
York,  President  Wilson  definitely  committed 
himself  to  the  Preparedness  program  :  and 
his  administration  devoted  itself  to  having 
enacted  many  measures  carrying  out  the 
Preparedness  Idea.  The  army  re-organiza- 


Preparedness      Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


tion  act,  approved  on  June  3,  1916,  made 
new  and  elaborate  increases  in  the  army  of 
the  United  States  (q.  v.),  nor  could  it  be 
said  that  the  Administration  neglected  the 
navy  of  the  United  States  (q.  v.).  Many 
administrative  changes  in  behalf  of  prepar- 
edness, such  as  the  organization  of  new 
boards  for  industrial  and  scientific  integra- 
tion and  preparedness,  were  made ;  but  even 
with  all  this  preparation,  when  the  United 
States  finally  entered  the  conflict  on  April 
(i.  1917,  she  was  still  only  partially  prepared 
to  assume  her  burden  of  the  conflict ;  and 
many  months  elapsed  in  the  formation  and 
completion  of  the  plans  necessary  to  place  a 
strong  American  army  on  the  battlefields  of 
Europe, 

Preparedness  Means  Peace.  —  A  catch- 
phrase  much  used  during  the  European  War, 
and  prior  to  the  President's  message  of 
April  '2,  1917,  asking  Congress  to  declare  the 
existence  of  a  state  of  war. 
Preparedness  Societies. —  (See  Prepared- 
ness.) Among  the  many  societies  called  into 
existence  by  or  aiding  in  the  Preparedness 
movement  in  this  country  may  be  mentioned 
the  following:  The  Navy  League,  the  first 
preparedness  society,  with  330.000  members 
in  1917,  which  was  organized  in  1902,  to 
assist  in  the  enactment  of  laws  constantly 
making  for  the  increased  efficiency  of  the 
Navy,  until  it  becomes  the  greatest  navy  in 
the  world;  The  Army  League,  which  is  or- 
ganized to  promote  interest  in  and  legisla- 
tion for  the  increased  efficiency  of  the  Army  ; 
The  Universal  Military  Training  League, 
organized  for  the  establishment  of  Compul- 
sory Military  Service  (q.  v. )  and  of  a  Na- 
tional Defense  Commission ;  the  National 
Security  League,  which  was  organized  on 
Dec.  1.  1917,  and  has  an  enrollment  of  100,- 
000  members  in  its  program  for  increased 
military  preparation  for  the  United  States  ; 
the  American  Rights  Committee,  organized 
to  end  the  violation  of  American  rights  on 
the  high  seas.  All  these  bodies  are  repre- 
sented on  the  National  Committee  of  Patri- 
otic and  Defense  Societies.  (See  Prepared- 
ness.) 

President,  The. — Previous  to  the  War  of 
1S12  American  commerce  had  suffered  con- 
siderably at  the  hands  of  British  cruisers, 
which  hovered  about  our  coasts  and  cap- 
tured many  United  States  vessels  bound  for 
France.  These  cruisers  also  made  many  im- 
pressments of  sailors.  In  May,  1811,  Commo- 
dore John  Kodgers,  commanding  the  Amer- 
ican frigate  President  was  ordered  to  put 
to  sea  from  Chesapeake  Bay  and  protect  our 
commerce.  When  thirty  miles  off  Cape 
Charles,  May  lt>,  Kodgers  gave  chase  to  the 
J.ittlc  Belt,  &  Britis'h  frigate.  The  latter 
tired  upon  the  President,  attempted  flight, 
and  failed  to  show  her  colors.  The  fire  was 
returned  by  the  Prexident,  and  in  eighteen 
minutes  the  Little  licit  was  disabled.  A  dis- 
pute arose  as  to  which  of  the  commanders 
was  at  fault,  but  it  was  never  decided,  as 
the  discussion  was  dropped  by  mutual  agree- 
ment. In  September,  1814,  the  President, 
under  Decatur,  was  captured  by  the  Endy- 
•)ni(,n,  and  other  British  vessels. 
President  of  a  State.— Some  of  the  earlier 
organized  states  provided  for  a  president  as 
the  executive  head.  To  avoid  misunder- 
standing and  confusion,  this  was  after- 
wards changed  to  governor.  The  first  con- 
stitutions of  Pennsylvania  and  New  Hamp- 
shire, adopted  in  177<>.  provided  for  an 
executive  council  of  which  one  member  was 
president.  Delaware.  South  Carolina  and 
the  New  Hampshire  constitution  of  1781 
provided  for  a  single  bead,  but  called  him 


president.  South  Carolina  in  1778,  Penn- 
sylvania in  1790,  and  Delaware  and  New 
Hampshire  in  1792  altered  the  title  to 
governor. 

President  of  United  States.— The  title  of 
the  Chief  Executive  of  the  United  States. 
In  1090  William  1'enn  proposed  a  plan  for 
a  general  government  for  the  Colonies  in 
America.  The  plan  comprehended  a  chief 
executive  with  the  title  of  president.  The 
Alhaiiy  Convention  proposed  that  of  presi- 
dent-general. The  Continental  Congress 
had  its  president.  In  the  Convention  of 
1787  it  was  decided  that  there  should  be  a 
single  executive  to  whom  the  title  of  presi- 
dent was  given.  In  order  to  be  eligible,  the 
president  must  be  thirty-five  years  of  age, 
a  native-born  citizen  of  the  United  States, 
and  a  resident  within  the  United  States  for 
fourteen  years.  He  is  elected  for  a  term 
of  four  years  by  electors  chosen  by  the 
different  states.  These  electors  are  chosen 
by  direct  vote  of  the  people,  on  ballot  tickets 
usually  headed  by  the  names  of  the  candi- 
dates voted  for  as  president  and  vice-presi- 
dent, followed  by  the  names  of  the  electors, 
who  are  pledged  to  vote  for  these  candidates 
only.  (See  Electoral  Colleges.) 

The  president's  duties  and  powers  under 
the  Constitution  are  to  approve  or  veto 
bills  ;  to  grant  reprieves  and  pardons  for 
offenses  against  the  United  States,  except 
in  case  of  Impeachment  ;  to  make  treaties  ; 
to  nominate  ambassadors  and  other  public 
ministers,  consuls,  judges  of  the  Federal 
courts,  etc.,  and,  by  and  with  the  consent 
of  the  Senate  appoint  suc'h  officers  :  to  lill 
vacancies  tha.t  may  occur  during  the  recess 
of  the  Senate  by  granting  commissions 
which  shall  expire  at  the  end  of  the  next 
session  ;  to  convene  one  or  both  Houses  of 
Congress,  and  to  adjourn  Congress  to  such 
a  time  as  lie  may  deem  proper  in  case  it  can 
not  agree  upon  an  adjournment.  He  is  also 
commander-in-cbief  of  the  army  and  navy 
and  of  the  militia  of  the  several  states  when 
called  into  the  service  of  the  United  States. 
He  is  required  to  give  information  to  Con- 
gress from  time  to  time  regarding  the  state 
of  the  Union  and  recommend  to  its  con- 
sideration such  measures  as  he  shall  judge 
necessary  and  expedient  :  receive  ambassa- 
dors and  other  public  ministers  ;  see  that 
the  laws  are  faithfully  executed,  etc.  He 
receives  a  salary  of  .$75. 000  per  annum.  Up 
to  the  time  of  the  ratification  of  the  twelfth 
amendment  (1804)  the  president  and  vice- 
president  were  not  separately  voted  for. 
but  the  candidate  for  president  who  received 
next  to  the  highest  number  of  voles  was 
made  vice-president.  Jefferson  and  J.  <J. 
Adams  were  elected  by  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives, as  provided  by  the  Constitu- 
tion, neither  presidential  candidate  having 
a  majority  of  the  electoral  vote. 

Title  and  Tcnn  of  the  President. — The 
address  of  the  president  is  simply  "The 
President  of  the  United  States."  "in  the 
First  Congress,  there  was  debate  over  a 
title  and  it  was  proposed  by  some  members 
that  he  be  addressed  as  "His  Excellency" 
and  by  others  as  "Ills  Highness."  but  a 
committee  reported  thai  "it  is  not  proper 
to  annex  any  style  or  title  other  than  that 
expressed  in  the  Constitution."  In  the  Con- 
stitutional Convention  the  first  report  fixed 
the  term  of  oflice  at  seven  years  without 
eligibility  to  n-election.  In  debate  various 
periods  from  "during  good  behavior"  to 
twenty  years  were  favored.  The  limit  to 
four  years  was  finally  adopted  in  grand 
committee  and  ratified  by  the  convention. 

]lrrxiil<  tilinl  I'liKi.  It  is  usual  in  oilier 
countries  to  have  a  special  ensign  to  desig- 
nate the  presence  oil  a  Vessel  of  III.'  ruler 

of  the  nation.      It   was  not    until   lalelv   fliat 


Encyclopedic  Index 


President 


the  I'nitcd  Stales  had  such  a  flap.  Presi- 
dent. Arthur  suggested  it  in  the  early  part 
of  1882,  and,  us  his  Cabinet  concurred  in 
his  suggestion,  decided  on  the  design  of  a 
blue  ground  with  the  arms  of  the  ( 'nited 
States  in  the  center.  The  Navy  Department 
ordered  that  this  flag  should  lie  displayed 
at  t'he  mainmast  of  any  vessel  that  hore  the 
president.  Arthur  first  used  it  in  iss:;. 

The  theoretical  model  for  the.  President 
of  the  I  "nited  States?  was  the  King  of  Eng- 
land, but  the  practical  model  used  by  the 
frainers  of  the  Constitution  was  a  com- 
posite of  the  colonial  governors  and  the 
executive  heads  of  states  already  formed. 
Popular  conlidence  in  Washington  was  all 
that  prevented  further  limitation  of  the 
powers  of  the  Chief  Executive.  The  ulti- 
mate position  of  the  American  President 
was  not  determined  until  the  end  of  Jack- 
son's administration.  Washington  cstab- 
Ished  and  maintained  the  ollicc  upon  a 
broad  national  basis,  but  even  he  could  not. 
render  it  strictly  nonpar!  isan.  Jefferson 
first  exemplified  the  methods  of  a  brilliant 
statesman  and  a  successful  party  leader. 
1'nder  the  weaker  partisanship  of  his  im- 
mediate successors  the  congressional  caucus 
usurped  many  of  the  prerogatives  of  the 
Executive. 

The  strong  will  and  determined  charac- 
ter of  Jackson  soon  restored  the  presidency 
to  a  position  equal  to  if  not  superior  in 
power  to  the  legislative  and  judicial 
branches  of  the  government.  It  was  during 
his  administration  that  the  congressional 
caucus  declined  before  the  growing  power 
of  the  national  convention,  and  the  develop- 
ment of  party  machinery  based  upon  execu- 
tive patronage.  This  national  party  ma- 
chinery later  became  a  source  of  weakness 
by  securing  the  election  of  second-rate  party 
men  over  first-rate  statesmen  gf  unavowed 
party  loyalty. 

The  arbitrary  military  powers  of  the 
President  reached  t'hcir  highest  develop- 
ment under  Lincoln.  As  commander  in 
chief  of  t'he  land  and  naval  forces  he  de- 
clared the  existence  of  insurrection,  sus- 
pended the  civil  law  and  denied  the  writ  of 
habeas  corpus  to  prisoners  hundreds  of 
miles  from  the  scene  of  the  disorder. 

The  Constitution  requires  the  President 
to  execute  the  laws  and  vests  in  him  the 
power  of  appointment  of  executive  officers 
and  consequently  t'he  power  of  removal. 
These,  with  the  veto  power,  in  the  hands 
of  a  .judicious  leader  give  him  more  power 
than  is  wielded  by  most  constitutional  inon- 
archs  of  Europe. 

Although  the  Constitution  requires  all 
treaties  with  foreign  powers  to  be  con- 
cluded "with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the 
senate."  the  President  may  direct  the  writ- 
ing of  treaties,  and  if  amended  by  the 
Senate  against  his  wishes  he  need  not  sub- 
mit them  to  the  diplomats  of  other  nations. 
lie  has  the  power  to  recognize  the  indepen- 
dence of  a  revolutionary  faction  in  a  for- 
eign country  and  thus  establish  or  destroy 
a  nation. 

President  of  United  States  (see  also  the 

several  Presidents) : 
Act- 
Fixing  salary  of,  vetoed,  4334. 
Of     Congress     approved     but     not 
signed,    whether    in    force     dis- 
cussed,  856. 

Of  Congress  duly  certified  and 
approved  which  had  not  passed 
discussed,  1353. 

Providing  for  performance  of  du- 
ties of,  in  case  of  death,  etc.,  of 


Vice-President      ami,      returned. 
5674. 

Appointing  power  of.  (See  Execu- 
tive Nominations.) 
Appointment  of  members  of  House 
l»y,  in  whoso  election  they  liavo 
been  officially  concerned  discussed, 
1011,  1120. 

Appointments  of,  referred  to,  1965. 
Arbitration  of  boundary   dispute   be- 
tween   Brazil    and    Argentine!     Ue- 
public   submitted   to.      (See   Cleve- 
land, Grover.) 

Arbitrator  of  claim  of  Italy  against 

Colombia.   (Sec  Cleveland,  Grover.) 

Bills  considered  by,  time  allowed  for, 

discussed,  2993,  3060. 
Cabinet  of.      (Sec    Cabinet.) 
Civil  service  extended  over  employees 

in  office  of,  61232. 

Communications  of,  to  Congress  not 
to  be  questioned  by  foreign  power, 
1397. 

Compensation  due,  referred  to,  8S9. 
Conduct  of  public  officers,  request  of 
House    for    documents    concerning, 
declined,  847. 
Constitutional  amendment — 

Designating    officer    to    succeed,    in 
event   of   vacancy  in   Presidency 
and       Vice  -  Presidency       recom- 
mended, 3837,   3889.        (See  also 
Successor  to,  post.) 
Eegarding      election      of,      recom- 
mended,   1010,    10S1,    1120,    1168, 
1253,  1336,  1395,  1478,  3838,  3889, 
4196,  4397. 
Eegarding     selection     of     electors 

recommended,  5644. 
Eelative    to    approval    of   separate 
items   of  bill  and  veto   of  others 
recommended,    4196,    4725,    4774 
4840. 

Constitutional  function  as  commander 
of    Army,    act    interfering    with, 
discussed,   3670. 
Repeal  of,  recommended,  3871. 
Constitutional  meaning  of  "inability 
to   discharge  powers  and  duties  of 
office     of, "    discussed    and    recom- 
mendations  regarding,    4652,    4734, 
4774,  4840. 
Death  of.    (See  Gar  field;  Harrison,  W. 

IT.;  Lincoln;  Taylor.) 
Discretionary  authority   of,  to — 
Invite    nations    to     conference     on 
subject  of  coinage  recommended, 
5877. 

Retaliate  in  cases  of  discrimi- 
nating duties  levied  on  American 
vessels  recommended,  4763,  5205. 
Send  delegates  to  foreign  con- 
ventions,  recommendations  re- 
garding, 4714,  4763,  4S27,  5546, 
6325. 


Presidential 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Discretionary  authority  which  can  be 
regulated    by   Congress   should    not 
be  exercised  by,  1387. 
Discretionary    power    of,    over    nomi- 
nations, removals,  and  other  acts 
discussed  by  President — 
Cleveland,  4960. 
Jackson,    1255,    1261,    1272,     1346, 

1351. 

Monroe,  847. 

Polk,   2232,  2281,   2416,   2452,  2520. 
Tyler,  1903,  1941,  1958,  2073,  2080. 
Washington,   186. 
Election  of — 

Act  providing  for,   and  regulating 
counting    of    votes    in,    approved 
and  reasons  therefor,  4376. 
Constitutional    amendment    regard- 
ing,    recommended,     1010,     1081, 
1120,  116S,  1253,  1336,  1395,  1478, 
3838,   3889,  4196,   4397. 
Legislation      respecting     ascertain- 
ment and  declaration  of  vote  rec- 
ommended, 4365,  4651,  4734,  4822. 
Elections    discussed — 
1864,   3453. 

Table  showing  number  of   votes 
cast     in,     as     compared     with 
election  of  1860,  3456. 
1876,  4398. 
1880,  4553. 
1884,  4822. 
1896,  6146. 

Electors,  method  of  appointment  of, 
and  effect  of  gerrymander  dis- 
cussed, 5643. 

Constitutional    amendment   regard- 
ing, recommended,  5644. 
Executive  acts  performed  during  ab- 
sence  of,    from   seat   of   Govern- 
ment  discussed,  4315. 
Memorandum    accompanying    mes- 
sage, 4318. 

Fines  remitted  by.     (See  Fines.) 
Foreign   intercourse,  request   of   Sen- 
ate  and    House    for   information 
regarding,     refused,     18G,     2281, 
2416,  2452,  2690,  2691,  2695,  6101. 
Referred  to,  2529. 
Free  confidential  communication  with 

Senate  should  be  preserved,  893. 
Home   of.     (See  Executive  Mansion.) 
Impeachment      of.        (Sec     Impeach- 
ment.) 
Information  regarding  annexation  of 

Texas  refused  by,  2232. 
Law  conferring  po\v<>r  upon — 

To  employ  forces  for  protection  of 
American  citi/.ens  abroad  recom- 
mended, 297S,  307(1,  3100. 
To  employ  naval  forces  for  pro- 
tection of  American  vessels  rec- 
ommended, 3100. 

Meets  and  advises  with  Senate  re- 
specting treaty  with  Southern  In- 
dians, 53. 


Militia  can  not  be  called  into  service 
by,  except  bv  authority  of  Con- 
gress, 2640. 
Modification     in     laws     regarding, 

recommended,   2641. 
Nominations     of.        (See     Executive 

Nominations.) 

Oath  of,  and  ceremonies  attending 
administration  of.  (See  the  sev- 
eral Presidents.) 

Personal  interviews  with,  respecting — 
Appointments  to  office,  rules  regu- 
lating, discussed,   5831. 
Business   transactions   unnecessary, 

order  regarding,  3546. 
Pocket   vetoes   of.      (See  the   several 
Presidents;  the  several  messages.) 
Power  should  be  given,  to  prevent  in- 
juries   to    citizens    of    neighboring 
nations,    1616. 

Presents  offered,  by  Imaum  of  Mus- 
cat, recommendations  regarding, 
1809,  2169. 

Provisions   and  laws  respecting  elec- 
tion of,   etc.,  3866. 
Public  money,  authority  of,  over,  dis- 
cussed, 1541. 
Removals  from  office  discussed.    (See 

Removals   from   Office.) 
Right  of,  to  make  public  confidential 
information     of    predecessors     dis- 
cussed, 2283. 

Successor  to,  in  event  of  vacancy  in 
Presidency    and    Vice-Presidency 
discussed,  3837,   38S9,   4950. 
Act  regarding,  returned,  5674. 
Term  of,  recommendations  regarding 

limitation   of,    1011,    1336,   4397. 
Thanks    of,    tendered.      (See    Thanks 

of  President.) 
Treaties- 
Power  to  make,  vested  in  President 

with   consent    of   Senate,   1S7. 
Request    of    House    in    correspond- 
ence   regarding,   declined,    186. 
Vacancies,    power    of,    to    make    pro- 
visional   appointments    to   fill,   dis- 
cussed,  3190. 

Veto  messages  of.      (See   the  several 
Presidents;   the   several    messages.) 
Velo  power  of,  discussed,   2.112.   2561. 
War,  power  to  declare,  discussed.  31UU. 
Executive  authority  to    furnish    in- 
stant redress  recommended,  3100. 
Presidential  Elections.— The  record  of  any 
popular    vote    for   electors    prior   to    fsus    is 
so    meagre    and    Imperfect    tlial     a    compila- 
tion    would     be     useless.        In     must     of     the 
states,   for  more   than   a  (piaNn-  ceiilnry   fol- 
lowing    the    establishment     of     (he     (Jovorn- 
ment,     the     State     Legislatures     ••appointed" 
the     1'residenl  ial     electors,     and     the     people 
therefore    voted    only     indirectly     for    them, 
their   choice    bein:,'   expressed    l>y    their   voles 
for    members   of   the   Legislature. 

17S!».  —  Previous  to  1.S04,  eMcli  elector 
voted  for  two  candidates  for  President. 
The  one  who  received  ih'1  largest  number 
of  voles  was  declared  President,  and  the 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Presidential 


one  who  received  the  next  largest  number 
of  voles  was  declared  Vlcc-1'rosldout.  The 
electoral  voles  for  the  lirst  rresident  of 
the  rnited  States  were:  Ceor^e  Washiiitf- 
lon,  C!> ;  John  Adams,  of  Massachusetts, 
34  ;  Johu  Jay,  of  Now  York,  <J  ;  H.  II. 


Harrison,  of  Maryland,  0;  John  Ilntlodgp, 
of  Sontn  Carolina,  «i  ;  John  Hancock,  of 
Massachusetts,  4  ;  (Jcorjce  Clinton,  of  New 
York,  3;  Samuel  Huntingdon,  of  Connecti- 
cut, -  :  John  Milton,  of  Georgia,  2  ;  James 
Armstrong,  of  Ceor^ia  ;  lienjainin  Lincoln, 


K1,KCT(>I(AL   AND    POPI.'LAU   VOTES    FOR   PRKSIDF.NT  AM)    VICK-PHK.SIUKNT 


Year 
of                Candidates  for  President 
Election 

Popular 
Vote 

Plurality 

Elec- 
toral 
Vote 

Candidates  for  Vice-President    • 

Elec- 
toral 
Vote 

1828  —  Andrew  Jackson,*  Tenn.  (Dem.)  
John  Q.  Adums,  Mass.  (Nut.  H.)  

047,.';;  i 

5U9.0J7 

138,134 

17S 
83 

JohnC.  Calhoun,*  S.  C'.  (Dem.)... 
Richard  Rush,  Pa.  (Nat.  IU  
William  Smith,  S.  C.  (Dem.)  

171 
83 
7 

183-'—  Andrew  Jackson,*  Tenn.  (Dem.)  
Henry  Clav,  Ky.  (Nut.  H  ).     . 

GS7.502 

5;;u  Ksu 

157,313 

219 
49 
11 

M.  Van  Buren,*  N.  Y.  (Dem  ) 

189 
49 
11 
7 
30 

John  Sergeant,  Pa.  (Nat.  R.)  
Henry  Leo,  Mass.  (Ind.)  
Amos  Ellmaker  (c),  Pa.  (Anti-M.)  
Win.  Wilkins,  Pa.  (Dem.) 

John  Flovd  Ga   (I  ml  ) 

}     33,108 

j 

William  Wirt  (c),  Md.  (Aiiti-M.)  

1836—  Martin  Van  Buren,*  X.  Y.  (Dem.)...  . 
W.  H.  Harrison,  Ohio  (Whig) 

7(11,54'., 

24,893 

I 

170 

26 
14 
li 

R.  M.  Johnson  (d)*  Ky.  (Dem.)  
Francis  Granger,  N.  Y.  (Whig;  
John  Tyler,  Va.  (Whig) 

147 
77 
47 
23 

Hu;;h  L.  White,  Ter.n.  (Whig).  .  . 

Daniel  Webster,  Mass.  (Whig)  
Willie  P.  Mangum,  N.  C.  (Whig)  

|  /,>6,6.,6 

i 

William  Smith,  Ala.  (Dem.). 

1840—  W.  H.  Harrison,*  Ohio  (Whig)  
Martin  Van  Buren,  N.  Y.  (Dem.)  
James  G.  Birney,  N.  Y.  (Lib.)  

1,275,017 
1,128,702 
7.05!/ 

140,315 

234 
60 

John  Tyler,*  Va.  (Whig)  

234 

48 
11 

1 

L.  U'.  Tazewell,  Va.  (Dem  ) 

James  K.  Polk,  Tenn.  (Dem.)  
Thomas  Earle,  Pa.  (Lib.)  

1844—  James  K.  Polk,*  Tenn.  (Dem  ) 

1,337,243 

38,175 

170 

George  M.  Dallas,*  Pa.  (Dem  ) 

170 
105 

Henry  Clay,  Ky.  (Whig)..  .  ;  
James  G.  Birney,  N.  Y.  (Lib.)  

1,299,068 
62,300 

105 

T.  Frelinghuysen,  X.  J.  (Whig)  
Thomas  Morris,  Ohio  (Lib.). 

1848—  Zacharv  Taylor,*  La.  (Whig)   

1,360,101 
1,220,5-1  i 
291,263 

139,557 

163 
127 

Millard  Fillmore,*  N.  Y.  (Whig)..  .  . 
William  O.  Butler,  Ky.  (Dem  ) 

163 
127 

Lewis  Cass,  Mich.  (Dem.) 

Martin  Van  Buren,  N.  Y.  (F.  Soil).  .  . 

Charles  F.  Adams,  Mass.  (F.  Soil) 

1852—  Franklin  Pierce,*  N.  H.  (Dern.)  

1,601,474 

220,896 

254 

William  R.  King,*  Ala.  (Dem.). 

254 
42 

Winfield  Scott,  N.  J.  (Whi-1  

1,3SJ,57G 

42 

William  A.  Graham,  N.  C.  (Whig).  .  .  . 
George  W.  Julian,  Ind.  (F.  Soil)  

John  P.  Hale,  N.  H.  (F.  Soil)  (i)  
Daniel  Webster  (k),  Mass.  (Whig)  

156,140 
1,670 

1856  —  James  Buchanan,*  Pa.  (Dem.)  
John  C.  Fremont,  Cal.  (Rep.)  

1,S3S,1G9 
1,341,264 

496,905 

174 
114 

8 

J.  C.  Breckinridge,*  Ky.  (Dem.)  
William  L.  Dayton,  N.  J.  (Rep.)  
A.  J.  Donelson,  Tenn.  (Amer.)  

174 
114 

8 

Millard  Fillmore,  N.  Y.  (Amer.)  

874,538 

1860—  Abraham  Lincoln,*  111.  (Rep.)  

1,866,352 
1,375,157 

491,195 

ISO 
12 
7° 

Hannibal  Hamlin,*  Me.  (Rep.)  .  .  . 

180 
12 
72 
39 

Stephen  A.  Douelas,  111.  (Dem.) 

H.  V.  Johnson,  Ga.  (Dem.)  
Joseph  Lane,  Ore.  (Dem.). 

J.  1'.  P.rpckinridge,  Kv.  (Dem.)  

845,763 

John  Bell,  Tenn.  (Union) 

589,581 

39 

Edward  Everett,  Mass.  (Union)  

1864—  Abraham  Lincoln,*  111.  (Rep.)..    . 
George  B.  McClellan,  N.  J.  (Dem.).  .  .  . 

2,216,067 
1,808,725 

407,342 

e  212 
21 

Andrew  Johnson,*  Tenn.  (Rep.)  
George  H.  Pendleton,  Ohio  (Dem.). 

212 
21 

18GS—  Ulysses  S.  Grant,*  111.  (Rep.)  

3,015,071 
2,709  615 

305,456 

f  214 
80 

Schuvler  Colfax,*  Ind.  (Rep.)..  .. 
F.  P.  Blair,  Jr.,  Mo.  (Dem.)  

214 
80 

286 
47 

1S72—  Ulysses  S.  Grant,*  111.  (Rep.)  
Horace  Greeley,  N.  Y.  (D.  &  L.)  
Charles  O'Conor,  N.  Y.  (Dem.)  
James  Black,  Pa.  (Temp.)  

3,597,070 
2,834,079 
29,408 
5,608 

762,991 

2S6 
?  ... 

'  '42 
18 
2 

Henrv  Wilson,*  Mass.  (Rep.)  
B.  Gratz  Brown,  Mo.  (D.  &  L.)  
John  Q.  Adams,  Mass.  (Dem.)  
John  Russell,  Mich.  (Temp.)  

George  W.  Julian,  Ind.  (Lib.)  
A.  H.  Colquitt,  Ga.  (Dem.)  
John  M.  Palmer,  111.  (Dem  ) 

5 
5 
3 
3 
1 
1 
1 

B.  Gra-z  Brown,  Mo.  (Dem.)  

Dayid  Davis,  111.  (Ind.).     .   . 

1 

T.  E.  Bramlette,  Kv.  (Dem.). 

W.  S.  Groesbeck,  Ohio  (Dem  ).     . 

Willis  B.  Machen  Kv   (Dem  ) 

N.  P.  Banks,  Mass.  (Lib.)  

1870—  Samuel  J.  Tilden,  X.  Y.  (Dem.)  
Rutherford  B.  Haves,*  Ohio  (Rep.) 

4.284,885 
4,033,950 

250,935 

184 
h  185 

T.  A.  Hendricks,  Ind.  (Dem.).  .  . 
William  A.  Wheeler,*  N.  Y.  (Rep.).... 

184 
185 

Peter  Cooper,  N.  Y.  (Gre'nb)  
Green  Clay  Smith,  Ky.  (Proh.)  
James  B.  Walker,  111.  (Amer.)  

81,740 
9,522 
2,630 

Samuel  F.  Carv,  Ohio  (Gre'nb)..    .  . 

Gideon  T.  Stewart,  Ohio  (Proh)  
D.  Kirkpatrick,  N.  Y.  (Amer.)  

*  Elected,  (a)  The  first  Republican  Party  is  claimed  by  the  present  Democratic  Party  as  its  progenitor,  (b)  Xo 
candidate  having  a  majority  of  the  electoral  vote,  the  House  of  Representatives  elected  Adams,  (c)  Candidate  of  the 
Anti-Masonic  Party,  (d)  There  being  no  choice,  the  Senate  elected  Johnson,  (e)  Eleven  Southern  States,  being  within 
the  belligerent  territory,  did  not  vote,  (f)  Three  Southern  States  disfranchised,  (g)  Horace  Greeley  died  after  election, 
and  Democratic  electors  scattered  their  votes,  (h)  There  being  a  depute  over  the  electoral  vote  of  Florida,  Louisiana, 
Oregon,  and  South  Carolina,  they  were  referred  by  Congress  to  an  electoral  commission  composed  of  eight  Republicans  and 
eeveu  Democrats,  which,  by  a  strict  party  vote,  awarded  185  electoral  votes  to  Hayes  and  184  to  Tilden.  (i)  Free  Soil, 


Presidential     Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 

ELECTORAL   AND   POPULAR   VOTES   FOR   PRESIDENT   AND   VICE-PRESIDENT — Continued. 


Year 
of                Candidates  for  President 
Election 

Popular 
Vote 

Plurality 

Elec- 
tural 
Vote 

Candidates  for  Vice-President 

Elec- 
toral 
Vote 

1880—  James  A.  Garfield,*  Ohio  (Rep.)  
W.  S.  Hancock,  Pa.  (Dem  )     

4,449,053 
4,442,03.5 
307  300 

7,018 

214 
155 

Chester  A.  Arthur,*  N.  Y.  (Rep.)..  .  . 
William  II.  English,  Ind.  (Dem.)  

214 
155 

Neal  Dow,  Me.  (Proh.)  
John  \V.  Phelps,  Vt.  (Amer.)  

10,30.5 
707 

H.  A.  Thompson,  Ohio  (Proh.)  
S.  C.  Pomeroy,  Kan.  (Amer.)  

1884—  G  rover  Cleveland,*  N.  Y.  (Dem.)  
James  G.  Blaine,  Me.  (Rep.)  

4,911,017 
4,848,334 

62,683 

219 
182 

T.  A.  Heudricks,*  Ind.  (Dem.).  .  . 
John  A.  Logan,  111.  (Rep.) 

219 
182 

John  P.  St.  John,  Kan.  (Proh.)  

151,80'J 

William  Daniel,  Md.  (Proh.)  

133  82.3 

A.  M.  West,  Miss.  (Gre'nb) 

P.  D.  Wig'jinton,  Cal.  (Amer.)  

1888—  Grover  Cleveland,  N.  Y.  (Dem.)  
Benjamin  Harrison,*  Ind.  (Rep.)  

5,538,233 
5,440,210 

98,017 

108 
2o3 

Allen  G.  Thurman,  Ohio  (Dem.)..  .  . 
Levi  P.  Morton,*  N.  Y.  (Rep.)  

168 
233 

Clinton  B.  Fisk,  N.  J.  (Proh.)  

249,907 

John  A  Brooks,  Mo.  (Proh.)  

Alson  J.  Streeter,  111.  (U.  L.) 

148,105 

C.  E.  Cunningham,  Ark.  (U.  L  ) 

R.  H.  Cowdry,  111.  (U'd  L.) 

2,808 

W.  H.  T.  Wakefield,  Kan.  (U'd  L.) 

James  L.  Curtis,  N.  Y.  (Amer.)  

1,591 

James  B.  Greer,  Tenn.  (Amer.)..  . 

1892—  Grover  Cleveland,*  N.  Y.  (Dem.)  
Benjamin  Harrison,  Ind.  (Rep.)  

5,556,918 
5,176,108 

380,810 

277 
145 

Adlai  E.  Stevenson,*  111.  (Dem.)  
Whitelaw  Reid,  N.  Y.  (Rep.)  

277 
145 

James  B.  Weaver,  Iowa  (Peop.)   

1,041,028 

90 

James  G.  Field,  Va.  Teop.) 

22 

John  Bidwell,  Cal.  (Proh.) 

264,133 

James  B.  Cranfill,  T'x.  (Proh  ) 

Simon  Wing,  Mass.  (Soc.  L.)  

21,164 

Charles  H.  Matched  N.  Y.  (Soc.  L.).. 

1896—  William  McKinley,*  Ohio  (Rep.).  .  . 
William  J.  Bryan,  Neb.  (Dem.)  ; 
William  J.  Bryan,  Neb.  (Peop.)  ,' 
Joshua  Levering,  Md.  (Proh.)  
John  M.  Palmer,  111.  (N.  Dem.)  
Charles  H.  Matchett,  N.  Y.  (Soc.  L.)..  . 
Charley  E.  Bentlcy,  Neb.  (Nat.  (j)  

7,104,779 
6,502,925 

231,097 
133,148 
36,274 
13,969 

601,854 

I  

271 
170 

Garret  A.  Hobart     N.  J.  (Rep.)  
Arthur  Sewall        •.  (Dem.)  
Thomas  E.  Watson,  Ga.  (Peop.)  
Hale  Johnson,  111.  (Proh.)  
Simon  B.  Buckner,  Ky.  (N.  Dem.)..  .  . 
Matthew  Maguire,  N.  J.  (Soc.  L.).  .  .  . 
James  H.  Southgate,  N.  C.  (Nat.  (j).  . 

271 
149 
27 

1900—  William  McKinley,*  Ohio  (Rep.)  
William  J.  Bryan,  Neb.  (Dem.  P.)  
John  G-  Woolley,  111.  (Proh.)  

7,207,923 
6,358,133 
208  914 

849,790 

2;>2 
155 

Theodore  Roosevelt,*  N.  Y.  (Rep.).  .  . 
Adlai  E.,  Stevenson,  111.  (Dem.  P.).  .  .  . 
Henrv  B.  Metcalf,  Ohio  (Proh.) 

292 
155 

Wharton  Barker,  Pa.  (MP(m)  
Eugene  V.  Debs,  Ind.  (Soc.  D.)  

50,373 
87,814 

Ignatius  Donnelly,  Minn.  (MP(m).  .  .  . 
Job  Harriman,  Cal.  (Soc.  D.)  

Jos.  F.  Malloney,  Mass.  (Soc.  L.(k)  
J.  F.  R.  Leonard  la.  (U.  C  (n). 

39,739 
1  059 

Velentine  Remmel,  Pa.  (Soc.  L.)  
John  G  Woolley,  111.  (U.  C   (n) 

Seth  H.  Ellis,  Ohio  (U.  R.  (o) 

5  698 

Samuel  T.  Nicholson,  Pa.  U.  R   (o) 

1904—  Theodore  Roosevelt,*  N.  Y.  (Rep.).  .  . 
Alton  B.  Parker,  N.  Y.  (Dem.)  

7,623,480 
5077,911 

2,545,515 

336 
140 

Charles  W.  Fairbanks,*  Ind.  (Rep.).  .  . 
Henry  G.  Davis,  W.  Va.  (Dem.). 

318 

403 

Eugene  V.  Debs,  Ind.  (Soc.)  

402,283 

Benjamin  Hanford,  N.  Y.  (Soc.)  

Silas  C.  Swallow,  Pa.  (Proh.)  
Thomas  E.  Watson,  Ga.  (Peop.). 

258,536 
117,183 

George  W.  Carroll,  Tex.  (Proh.)  
Thomas  H.  Tibbies,  Neb.  (Peop.). 

Charles  H.  Corrigan,  N.  Y.  (Soc.  L.).  . 

31,249 

William  W.  Cox,  111.  (Soc.  L.)     .  . 

1 

1908—  William  H.  Taft,*  Ohio  (Rep.).  .  . 
William  J.  Brvan,  Neb.  (Dem.)  

7,678,908 
6409  104 

1,269,804 

321 
162 

James  S.  Sherman,*  N.  Y.  (Rep.)  — 
John  W.  Kern,  Lnd.  (Dem.).. 

321 
162 

Eugene  V.  Debs,  Ind.  (Soc.)  

420,793 

Benjamin  Hanford,  N.  Y.  (Soc.).. 

Eugene  W.  Chafin,  Ariz.  (Proh.)  

253.S40 

Aaron  S.  Watkins,  Ohio  (Proh.)  

Thomas  E.  Watson,  Ga.  (Peop.)  
August  Gillhaus,  N.  Y.  (Soc.  L.).  .  .    . 
Thos.  L.  Hisgen,  Mass.  (Ind.)  

29,100 
13,825 
82,872 

Samuel  Williams,  Ind.  (Peop.)  
Donald  L.  Munroc,  Va.  (Soc.  L.)  
John  Temple  Graves,  Ga.  (Ind.)  

1912—  Woodrow  Wilson,*  N.  J.  (Dem.)..  .  . 
William  H.  Taft,  Ohio  (Rep.)  
Theodore  Roosevelt,  N.  Y.  (Prog.)  
Eugene  V.  Debs,  Ind.  (Soc.) 

6,296,01!) 
3,481,950 
4,119,507 
901  873 

2,173,512 

435 

8 
88 

Thomas  R.  Marshall.*  Ind.  (Dem.).  .  . 
Herbert  S.  Hadley,  Mo.  (Rep.)  
Hiram  W.  Johnson,  Cal.  (Prog.)  
Emil  vSeidel,  Wis.  (Soc.).     . 

435 

8 
88 

Eugene  W.  (,'hafin,  Ariz.  (Proh.).   .    . 

207  928 

Aaron  S.  Watkins,  Ohio  (Proh.) 

Arthur  E.  Reimer,  Mass.  (Soc.  L.)  

22599 

August  Gilhaus,  N.  Y.  (Soc.  L.)  

1910—  Woodrow  Wilson*  N.  J.  (Dem.)..  .  . 
Charles  K.  Hughes,  N.  Y.  (Rep.).  .  . 
J.  Frank  Hanly,  Ind.  (Proh.)  
Allan  L.  Benson,  (Soc.)  
Arthur  E.  RcimiT,  Mass.  (Soc.  L.)  

9,110,290 
8.547,474 
225,101 
750,000 
11,470 

568,822 

270 

255 

Thomas  R.  Marshall,  Ind.*  (Dem.) 
Charles  W.  Fairbanks,  Ind.  (Rep.).. 
Ira  Lambrith,  (Proh.)  ,. 
Georgo  R.  Kirkpatrii'k,  (Soc.)  .  . 
Caleb  Harrison,  (Soc.  J,.)..    . 

276 

255 

*  Elected.  0')  Free  Silver  Prohibition  Party.  He)  In  Massachusetts.  There  was  also  n  Xative  American  ticket  in 
that  State,  which  received  184  votes,  (m)  Middle  of  the  Road  or  Anti-Fusion  Party,  (n)  L'uited  Christian  Party 
(o;  Uuiou  Reform  Party.  *Ste  N.  Y.  American,  Dec.  17th,  1910. 


f  Massachusetts.  and  Kdward  Telfnir,  of 
eor^ia,  1  vote  each.  Vacancies  (voles  not 
ist),  4.  (icorfje  Washin^lon  was  chosen 
resident  rind  John  Adams  Vicf-I'residcnt. 


Washington,      Federalist, 


received    l.'!U    votes;    John   Adams,    I'Ydi 


1st.  77  ;  Oeor^o  Clinton,  of  New  York,  Re- 
publican (a),  5(l;  Thomas  Jefferson,  of 
Virginia,  Republican,  4  ;  Aaron  1'nrr,  of 
New  York,  Republican.  1  vote.  Vacancies, 
.''.  (leori^e  Washington  was  chosen  I 'resi- 
dent and  John  Adams  Vice-1'ivsideiit. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Presidential 


j  VOTK  FOR  PHKSIDKNT,  HY  PKINTIPAL  POLITICAL  PAI'TIKS  AND  HT  KTATKS,  1900  TO  1016 


1900 

1904 

1908 

19 

12 

1916 

State 

Re- 

pub- 
lican 

Dem- 
ocrat- 
it; 

Total 

He- 
pub- 
lican 

Dem- 
ocrat- 
ic 

Total 

Ro- 
pulv 
lican 

Dem- 
ocrat- 
ic 

Total 

Re- 
pub- 
lican 

Dem- 
ocrat- 
ic. 

Pro- 
gres- 
sive 

Total 

Re- 
pub- 
lican 

Dem- 
ocrat- 
ic 

Total 

1  1 

1  1 

11 

11 

11 

11 

12 

12 

1? 

12 

3 

3 

3 

3 

Arkansas  

8 

8 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

10 

10 

10 

10 

o 

11 

13 

13 

13 

Colorado  

4 

4 

5 

5 

5 

6 

(i 

(i 

(i 

(i 

c 

7 

7 

7 

i 

7 

7 

Delaware  

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

4 

4 

(i 

c, 

6 

6 

Georgia  

13 
3 

13 
3 

3 

13 

13 
3 

3 

13 

13 
3 

14 
4 

14 

4 

11 
4 

14 
4 

24 

94 

27 

''7 

27 

27 

29 

29 

29 

29 

15 

15 

lf> 

15 

15 

1") 

1") 

15 

15 

15 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

11) 

j;j 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

Louisiana  

(i 

CS 

S 
6 

6 

9 

9 
6 

6 

9 

9 
6 

10 
(i 

10 

6 

"(i 

10 

10 

6 

Maryland  
Massachusetts  

8 
15 
14 

8 
15 

14 

1 
16 
14 

7 

8 

16 
I  | 

2 
16 

14 

6 

8 
16 

14 

8 
18 

15 

8 
18 
15 

'  'is 

15 

8 

8 
IS 
15 

9 

9 

11 

11 

11 

11 

12 

12 

12 

12 

Mississippi  

9 

9 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

17 

17 

IS 

18 

IS 

IS 

18 

18 

18 

18 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

4 

4 

4 

4 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

Nevada       

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

New  Hampshire  .... 
New  Jersey  

4 
10 

4 
10 

4 

12 

4 
12 

4 
12 

4 
12 

4 
14 
3 

4 
14 
3 

'l4 

4 
'3 

4 
14 
3 

36 

36 

39 

3') 

39 

39 

4.) 

4.5 

45 

45 

11 

11 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

North  Dakota  
Ohio 

3 
23 

3 

4 

4 
23 

4 

4 
23 

5 

21 

5 
24 

5 
21 

5 
24 

7 

10 

10 

10 

10 

Oregon            

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

5 

5 

5 

5 

32 

32 

34 

34 

34 

34 

38 

38 

38 

38 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

,5 

5 

5 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

0 

9 

South  Dakota... 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

5 

5 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

15 

15 

18 

IS 

IS 

18 

20 

20 

20 

20 

Utah  

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

Virginia 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

JO 

12 

12 

12 

Washington  

4 
6 

4 

6 

5 

7 

5 

5 

5 

8 

7 

8 

8 

7 

7 
8 

Wisconsin  

VI 

12 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

Total     .  .  . 

292 

155 

417 

"3d 

MO 

•570 

321 

162 

483 

8 

435 

88 

531 

255 

276 

531 

Plurality    

137 

196 

159 

347 

21 

179G. — John  Adams,  Federalist,  71  ; 
Thomas  Jefferson,  Republican,  G8  :  Thomas 
I'iuekney,  of  South  Carolina,  Federalist, 
f>!)  ;  Aaron  Burr,  of  New  York,  Republican, 
30;  Samuel  Adams,  of  Massachusetts,  Re- 
publican, 15:  Oliver  Klls\vorth,  of  Con- 
necticut, Independent,  11;  George  Clinton. 
of  New  York,  Republican,  7  ;  John  Jay,  of 
New  York,  Federalist,  5  :  James  Iredell, 
of  North  Carolina,  Federalist,  3:  George 
"Washington,  of  Virginia  :  John  Henry,  of 
Maryland,  and  S.  Johnson,  of  North  Caro- 
lina, all  Federalists,  12  votes  each:  Charles 
Cotesworth  I'inckney,  of  South  Carolina, 
Federalist,  1  vote.  John  Adams  was 
chosen  President  and  Thomas  Jefferson 
Vice-President.  (b) 

1800.— Thomas  Jefferson.  Republican, 
73  ;  Aaron  Burr,  Republican,  7.'!  ;  John 
Adams,  Federalist,  05;  Charles  C.  Pinck- 
ney,  Federalist,  <>4  :  John  Jay,  Federalist, 
1  vote.  'There  being  a  tie  vote  for  Jeffer- 
son and  Burr,  the  choice  devolved  upon 
the  House  of  Representatives.  Jefferson 


received  the  votes  of  ten  states,  which 
being  the  largest  vote  cast  for  a  candidate, 
elected  him  President.  Burr  received  the 
votes  of  four  States,  which  being  the  next 
largest  vote,  elected  him  Vice-President. 
There  were  '2  blank  votes. 

1804 — The  Constitution  having  been 
amended,  the  electors  at  this  election  voted 
for  a  President  and  a  Vice-President,  in- 
stead of  for  two  candidates  for  President. 
'The  result  was  as  follows  :  For  President, 
Thomas  Jefferson,  Republican,  ]<'>2; 
Charles  C.  Pinckney,  Federalist.  14.  For 
Vice-President.  George  Clinton.  Republican, 
Kill;  Rufus  King,  of  New  York,  Federalist, 
14.  Jefferson  was  chosen  President  and 
Clinton  V ice- President. 

1808— For  President,  James  Madison,  of 
Virginia.  Republican,  IL'1':  Charles  C. 
Pinckney,  of  South  Carolina.  Federalist, 
47  ;  George  Clinton,  of  New  York  :  Repub- 
lican, 0.  For  Vice-President.  Geortre  Clin- 
ton, Republican,  11.".:  Rnfus  King,  of 
New  York,  Federalist,  47  ;  John  Langdon, 


Presidential        Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


of  New  Hampshire,  0  ;  James  Madison,  3  ; 
.lames  Monroe,  3.  Vacancy,  1.  Madison  was 
chosen  President  and  Clinton  Vice-President. 

1812. — For  President,  James  Madison, 
Republican,  128  :  l»e  Witt  Clinton,  of  Now 
York,  Federalist,  89.  For  Vice-President, 
Flbridge  Gerry,  of  Massachusetts,  131  ; 
Jared  Ingersoll,  of  Pennsylvania,  Federal- 
ist, 86.  Vacancy,  1.  Madison  was  chosen 
President  and  Gerry  Vice-President. 

1S1(>. — For  President.  James  Monroe,  of 
Virginia,  Republican,  183;  Rufus  Kins,  of 
New  York,  Federalist,  34.  For  Vice-Presi- 
dent, Daniel  I>.  Tompkins,  of  New  York, 
Republican,  18.'?;  John  Eager  Howard,  of 
Maryland,  Federalist,  22  :  James  Ross,  of 
Pennsylvania,  5  ;  John  Marshall,  of  Vir- 
ginia, 4  ;  Robert  G.  Harper,  of  Maryland, 
3.  Vacancies,  4.  Monroe  was  chosen 
President  and  Tompkins  Vice-President. 

1S20. — For  President  James  Monroe,  of 
Virginia,  Republican,  1_'31  ;  John  Q.  Adams, 
of  Massachusetts,  Republican.  1.  For  Vice- 
President,  Daniel  D.  Tompkins,  Republi- 
can, 218;  Richard  Stockton,  of  New  Jer- 
sey, 8 ;  Daniel  Rodney,  of  Delaware,  4  ; 
Robert  G.  Harper,  of  Maryland,  and  Rich- 
ard Rush,  of  Pennsylvania,  1  vote  each.  Va- 
cancies, 3.  James  Monroe  was  chosen  Presi- 
dent and  Daniel  I).  Tompkins  Vice-President. 

1824. — For  President,  Andrew  Jackson,  of 
Tennessee,  Republican,  99 ;  John  Quincy 
Adams,  of  Massachusetts,  Republican,  84  ; 
Henry  Clay,  of  Kentucky,  Republican,  37  ; 
William  II.  Crawford,  of  Georgia,  Repub- 
lican, 41.  No  candidate  having  a  majority 
of  the  electoral  vote,  John  Quincy  Adams 
was  elected  by  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives. For  Vice-President,  John  C.  Cal- 
houn,  of  South  Carolina,  Republican,  182  ; 
Nathan  Sanford,  of  New  York,  Republican, 
30  ;  Nathaniel  Macon,  of  North  Carolina, 
Republican,  24  •  Andrew  Jackson,  of  Ten- 
nessee. Republican,  13  :  Martin  Van  Bnrcn, 
of  New  York,  Republican,  9  ;  Henry  Clay, 
of  Kentucky,  Republican,  2  ;  Calhoun  was 
chosen  Vice-President. 
Presidential  Electors.— Persons  chosen  by 
t'.ie  people  of  the  several  states  to  elect  the 
President  and  Vice  President.  As  a  matter 
of  custom,  though  not  of  legal  requirement, 
the  electors  exercise  the  choice  in  accord- 
ance with  the  expressed  wish  of  the  voters 
at  the  polls. 
Presidential  Electors: 

Constitutional   amendment   regarding 
selection    of,    recommended,   5G44. 

Method  of  appointment  of,  and  effect 
of  gerrymander  discussed,  5643. 

(See  Electors;  Electoral  Colleges). 
Presidential  Primaries.— The  presiden- 
tial primary  is  a  device  to  enable  the  voters 
at  large  to  record  their  choice  for  candi- 
dates for  the  presidency.  It  was  little 
beard  of  previous  to  1911,  but  in  that  year 
it  became  a  leading  topic  of  political  dis- 
cussion. Provisions  for  the  presidential 
primary  exist  as  statutes  in  six  States — 
New  Jersey,  Wisconsin,  Nebraska,  North  Da- 
kota, Oregon,  and  California.  The  Cali- 
fornia law,  which  is  typical  of  the  others, 
provides  that,  the  name  of  any  person  may 
be  put  upon  the  ballot  at  the  presidential 
primary  election  to  be  held  in  May.  pre- 
ceding'an  elect  ion  for  president,  through  the 
tiling  of  a  petition  signed  by  "tie  j>rr  ceni. 
of  any  parly  in  each  Conirress  district.  The 
chief  merit  of  such  a  primary,  in  tin-  opin- 
ion of  those  who  supporl  it,  would  lie  the 
practical  elimination  of  the  national  nom- 
inating conventions  and  (he  opportunity 
given  the  people  at  large  of  recording  their 
choice  for  the  presidency.  The  main  ob- 
jections urged  by  the  opponents  of  the 


presidential  primary  are  that  it  would  in- 
tensify factional  bitterness  and  add  to  the 
expense  of  elections.  The  presidential 
primary  had  its  chief  supporters  in  1!)1L 
among  the  members  of  the  progressive 
wings  of  both  Democratic  and  Republican 
parties.  An  attempt  was  made  to  indorse 
the  idea  at  the  meeting  of  the  National  Re- 
publican Committee  held  in  Washington  in 
December,  1911.  but  it  failed.  In  addition 
to  the  states  which  'have  provided  for  presi- 
dential primaries  by  statute  South  Caro- 
lina and  Louisiana  observe  them  as  party 
rules,  and  some  other  states  have  what  is 
equivalent.  Pennsylvania  delegates  to  th« 
National  Conventions  are  elected  by  direct 
primaries  and  candidates  for  delegate  are 
permitted  to  print  on  the,  ballot  the  uainu 
of  the  candidate  for  the  presidency  they 
wish  to  support. 

Presidential  primaries  or  some  equivalent 
expression  of  opinion  were  held  in  1912  in 
California,  Illinois,  Maryland,  Massachu- 
setts, Nebraska,  New  Hampshire,  New  Jer- 
sey, North  Dakota,  Ohio.  Oregon,  Pennsyl- 
vania, South  Dakota  and  Wisconsin,  and 
upon  the  results  in  these  states  Mr.  Roose- 
velt based  his  assertion  that  he  was  the  peo- 
ple's choice,  but  it  was  found  that  only  two- 
thirds  of  the  voters  expressed  their  choice. 

Presidential  Succession.— The  Constitu- 
tion provides  for  the  succession  of  the  vice- 
president  in  case  of  the  death,  removal, 
resignation,  or  disability  of  the  president, 
and  gives  Congress  power  to  provide  what 
officer  shall  succeed  in  case  of  the  death, 
removal,  etc.,  of  the  vice-president.  In 
1793  Congress  enacted  that  in  such  case  the 
president  of  the  Senate  should  succeed,  and 
then  t'he  speaker  of  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives. This  was  attended  with  some 
inconvenience  and  danger  and  there  was 
some  doubt  of  its  constitutionality.  An  a--t: 
of  Congress,  approved  Jan.  19,  1886,  pro- 
vided that  the  succession  should  pass  to  the 
members  of  the  Cabinet  in  the  following 
order:  Secretary  of  State,  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  Secretary  of  War,  Attorney-Gen- 
eral, Postmaster-General,  Secretary  of  iho 
Navy,  and  Secretary  of  the  Interior.  The 
Secretaries  of  the  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture, and  of  the  Department  of  Commerce 
and  Labor,  whose  oflices  'have  been  created 
since  the  passage  of  the  Succession  Act. 
are  not  eligible  for  presidential  succession. 
The  following  Vice-Presidents  have  succeed- 
ed to  the  Presidency  on  account  of  the 
death  of  the  President:  John  Tyler,  Mil- 
lard  Fillrnore.  Andrew  Johnson,  Chester  A. 
Arthur,  and  Theodore  Roosevelt.  (See  Vico- 
Presidents,  and  Cabinet,  also  Atchison,  D. 
R.,  in  Index.) 

Presiding  Ladies  of  the  White  House. 
(See  biographies  and  portraits  in  text 
volumes  at  the  beginning  of  the  ad- 
ministrations of  the  respective  Presi- 
dents.) 

Presque  Isle,  Pa.: 

Obstructions  to  entrance  of  harbor 
of  port  of,  786. 

Title  to,  proffered  by  marine  hos- 
pital of  Pennsylvania,  4735. 

PreSS,  Freedom  Of.— The  n,-sl  amendment 
to  the  Constitution,  introduced  in  (lie  First 

Congress,    established     free, loin    ()f    s] eh, 

religion,  and  the  press.  Though  the  Fed- 
eral Conslil  iilion  was  originally  silent  upon 
the  subject,  nearly  all  of  the  states  in- 
serted in  their  cnnsi  i!  ut  inns  climses  per- 
mitting freedom  of  speech  iind  publication 
to  every  citizen.  Abuses  of  this  liberty 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Printing 


were  punishable  under  tho  common  law. 
New  York  and  Now  Jersey  made  no  pro- 
vision in  their  lirst  constitutions,  but 
clauses  wore  later  embodied  Insuring  tin; 
widest  liberty  of  expression.  During 
British  rule  of  the  Colonies  this  freedom 
was  much  restricted  by  the  star  chamber 
press  censorship  regulation  of  ]<>:{7,  which 
was  continued  by  i'arliament  in  1(343. 

Pretoria,  Republic  of,  joint  resolution 
relating  to  congratulations  from,  ve- 
toed, 4384. 

Primaries.  (See  Presidental  Primaries.) 
Prince  of  Wales,  visit  of,  to  United 

States,  3171. 
Prince  of  Wales  Island,  Alaska,  referred 

to,  6697. 

Princeton  (N.  J.),  Battle  of.— The  be- 
ginning of  the  year  1777  found  the  British 
army  of  7,000  or  8,000  men  encamped  at 
I'riuceton,  N.  J.  On  Christmas  night,  177G, 
Washington  had  turned  back  his  retreating 
army,  reerossed  the  Delaware,  overcome  the 
Hessians  at  Trenton,  and  again  crossed  the 
Delaware  into  Pennsylvania.  To  relieve 
I'adwalader  he  again  crossed  the  river  and 
was  ready  to  march  upon  Princeton.  Corn- 
svallis.  who  had  been  sent  by  Howe  from 
New  York,  advanced  to  meet  him  with  most 
3f  his  army.  Washington  skilfully  passed 
around  the" left  wing  of  Cornwallis's  army, 
jnd  on  Jan.  o,  1777,  encountered  the  Brit- 
sh  rear  guard,  consisting  of  three  regiments 
and  three  troops.  These  were  scattered, 
,vith  the  loss  of  about  500.  The  American 
loss  was  25  or  30,  besides  officers.  Corn- 
.vallis  retreated  to  New  Brunswick  and 
Washington  occupied  a  strong  position  at 
\Iorristo\vu,  remaining  there  until  the  latter 
part  of  May. 

Princeton,  The,  construction  of,  re- 
ferred to,  2130. 

Printing  and  Engraving.  (See  Engrav- 
ing and  Printing,  Bureau  of.) 
Printing  and  Publishing.— At  the 
?lose  of  the  Revolutionary  war  the  printing 
trade  was  carried  on  almost  exclusively  in 
the  Atlantic  coast  cities.  The  earliest 
?stablishrueuts  set  up  in  inland  cities  were 
at  Lexington,  Ky..  1'ittsburg,  Pa.,  and  Cin- 
•innati,  Ohio.  The  main  printing  centers 
have  always  been  New  York,  Philadelphia, 
i'hicago  and  Boston. 

The  growth  of  the  business  has  been  ac- 
?elerated  by  the  invention  of  electrotyp- 
.ng,  stereotyping,  type-setting  machines, 
the  cylinder  press  and  the  web  press  (print- 
ing from  a  continuous  roll  of  paper,  in- 
stead of  separate  sheets. 1  The  manufacture 
nf  wood-pulp  paper  cheaply  in  large  quanti- 
ties has  also  been  an  important  factor. 
Coverumental  encouragement,  in  the  form 
nf  special  rates  of  transportation  by  the 
Postoftice,  has  always  been  a  large  asset  of 
the  publishing  business. 

According  to  the  census  of  1010  there 
were  ."  1.445  establishments  engaged  in 
printing  books,  periodicals.  newspapers, 
music  and  job  work  in  the  Tnited  States. 
These  were  capitalized  at  $5S8..S45.708,  and 
gave  employment  to  :'.Ss.4t>0  persons,  pay- 
ing them  in  wages  and  salaries  an  aggre- 
gate of  $2fix. 080.431.  The  value  of  the  out- 
put is  placed  at  $737,870.087. 

Printing  has  been  the  most  generous  con- 
tributor to  human  progress,  and  perhaps 
the  most  powerful  factor  in  making  the 
nineteenth  century  the  leader  of  all  cen- 
turies in  genius  ;md  invention.  The  con- 
struction of  the  Ill-cylinder  press  by  Kobert 
lloe  in  1S5:>  was  considered  one  of  the 
greatest  steps  forward  recently  made  in 


printing.  The  first  practical  Improvement 
upon  typesetting  was  made  by  Mergenthalcr 
\\ith  his  linotype  machine,  by  which  a  row 
of  brass  matrices  assembled  in  a  line  of 
desired  length  by  means  of  a  keyboard 
became  the  mould  in  which  tin;  writer's 
words  were  cast  in  softer  metal  ready  for 
the  ink  and  press.  Other  type-composing 
machines  were  invented,  and  new  methods 
of  cutting  and  casting  ornamental  styles 
and  si'/.es  of  display  type  gave  artistic  tone 
to  the  printed  page. 

The  greatest  advances  in  press  building 
since  ixso  have  been  made  in  perfecting 
presses.  These  machines  are  now  construct- 
ed of  such  enormous  size  and  with  such 
great  capacity  that  it  is  possible  to  obtain 
at  short  notice  a  newspaper  press  which 
will  produce  100,000  impressions  per  hour 
printed  in  twelve  colors. 

In  18(>2  the  kind  of  news  paper  ordi- 
narily used  was  made  of  cotton  rags.  It  was 
imperfect,  poor  in  color  and  made  in  the 
crudest  manner.  The  price  was  24  cents  a 
pound.  At  present  wood  pulp  paper  of  uni- 
form finality  can  be  bought  for  two  cents 
per  pound. 

The  volume  of  advertising  circulars, 
booklets  and  pamphlet  literature  was  never 
before  so  large  or  of  such  mechanical  ex- 
cellence as  during  the  last  decade. 

Machinery  for  folding  printed  sheets, 
gathering,  stitching  and  building  them  into 
book  form  has  been  so  perfected  that  the 
costliest  literary  treasures  of  the  past  gen- 
eration may  be  reproduced  and  placed  In 
the  reader's  hands  today  at  trifling  cost. 

A  notable  feature  of  the  printing  industry 
of  the  past  decade  has  been  the  growth  of 
monthly  magazines.  By  sensational  articles 
on  timely  subjects,  wide  circulation  and 
enormous  sales  have  been  secured.  This 
brought  increased  advertising,  and  the 
transportation  of  this  class  of  merchandise 
through  the  mails  at  reduced  rates  granted 
for  the  purpose  of  disseminating  learning 
caused  President  Taft  to  call  attention  to 
the  propriety  of  increasing  the  rates  to  off- 
set a  deficit  in  the  Postolfice  Department. 
(See  pages  74,'Jo,  7528,  77o.'i.) 

According  to  the  census  classification  the 
printing  and  publishing  industry  is  made  up 
of  three  branches,  comprising:  (1)  estal>- 
lishments  whose  chief  business  is  book  and 
job  printing,  book  printing  and  publishing,  or 
book  publishing  only  ;  (2)  establishments 
whose  sole  or  chief  business  is  music  print- 
ing, or  music  printing  and  publishing,  or 
music  publishing  only:  and  ( :>  >  establish- 
ments \yhich  are  engaged  in  the  printing  and 
publishing,  or  in  the  publishing  only,  of 
newspapers  and  periodicals,  some  of  the  first- 
named  doing  job  work  also.  The  number  of 
establishments  in  this  industry  in  11)14 
aggregated  .'I1.G12,  and  the  total  value  of 
their  products  amounted  to  $810.508.111. 
Of  the  .'U.012  establishments  canvassed  for 
1H1-!,  those  engaged  in  the  printing  and 
publishing  or  in  the  publishing  only  of  news- 
papers and  periodicals  numbered  lit. .'117. 
Those  engaged  chiefly  in  the  printing  and 
publishing  of  Iwoks  and  pamphlets  or  in  job 
printing,  or  both,  numbered  12.115.  and  the 
number  engaged  solely  or  chieily  in  music 
printing,  or  music  printing  and  publishing. 
01-  music  publishing  only,  numbered  isn. 
The  total  value  of  products  reported  for 
1014,  of  establishments  printing  and  pub- 
lishing newspapers  and  periodicals,  was 
$495.005.984.  The  value  of  products  of  es- 
tablishments engaged  chietly  in  book  and  job 
work  of  all  kinds  aggregated  S3()7.:>.'>0.st;i'  in 
1!M4.  The  value  of  products  of  establish- 
ments engaged  chiefly  in  music  printing  and 
publishing  in  1014  aggregated  .S7.271  .'-'mi. 
The  value  of  products  of  the  nowspap"r  and 
periodical  branch  of  the  indu<tn-  formed 
C.1.2  per  cent  of  the  total  in  1014;  of  the 


Printing 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


lx>ok  and  job  branch,  .°>7.9  per  cent ;  and  of 
the  music  printing  and  publishing  branch, 
uiiH'-tonths  of  1  per  cent.  The  daily  news- 
paper, according  to  the  census  definition,  is 
a  publication  issued  on  each  of  the  secular 
days  of  the  week,  Sunday  editions  being  ex- 
cluded. A  morning  and  an  evening  paper 
issued  by  the  same  plant  are  counted  as  two 
papers.  A  total  of  2.580  dailies  was  reported 
for  1014.  The  aggregate  circulation  of  the 
dailies  in  1914  was  28.4:;6,030.  The  num- 
ber of  Sunday  papers  published  in  the  United 
States  in  1014  was  570,  as  compared  with 
520  in  1909  ;  and  their  combined  circulation 
in  the  later  year,  16,445,820,  represented 
an  increase  of  '23.2  per  cent  as  compared 
with  the  corresponding  figure  for  the  earlier 
year.  The  number  of  weekly  newspapers  and 
periodicals  reported  for  1914,  15.10(5,  shows 
a  slight  increase  as  compared  witli  the  cor- 
responding number  in  1909.  15.097.  The 
1914  circulation  of  such  publications  was 
50.454,7.'!8.  an  increase  of  2o.G  per  cent  as 
compared  with  1909. 

Printing  executed  by  authority  of  the 
several  Departments  referred  to,  2911. 
Printing  Office,  Government.     (See  Gov- 
ernment Printing  Office.) 

Prison  Congress,  International,  at — 
St.  Petersburg,  5117. 
Stockholm,   4406,  4464. 

Prison    Congress,    National,    at    Balti- 
more, 4162. 

Prisoners.      (See  Imprisonment.) 

Prisoners    of  War.       (See    Civil   War; 
War  of  1812.) 

Prisons.     (See  Penitentiaries.) 
Private. — In  the  army,  a  soldier's  rank,  as 
distinguished  from  an  officer's. 
Private  Armed  Vessels: 
Depredations  of,  must  be  checked,  358. 
Instructions  were  issued  May  28,  1798, 
to  commanders  of  armed  vessels  of 
United  States  to  seize  foreign  ves- 
sels attacking  those  of  the  United 
States,  especially  those  sailing  un- 
der the  flag  of  the  French  Republic. 
Issuance  of  commissions  to,  discussed, 

779. 

Referred  to,   2774. 
Proposition    to    forego    resort    to,    in 

case  of  war  discussed,  2809,  2945. 
Private  Claims  against  United  States: 
Amount   paid   on,    referred   to,    1778, 

1783. 
Proceedings   under   act   for   payment 

of,  suspended,  565. 
Report  of  commissioners  referred  to, 

566. 

Settlement  of,  by  commission  recom- 
mended, 2627,  '2673,  2714. 
Private  Land  Claims.      (See    Court   of 

Private    Land    Claims.) 
Private  Property: 

Right  to   capture,  at   sea  in   time   of 

war,  6795,  6796. 
Soi/uro  and   confiscation   of,   referred 

to,  3831. 

Shall     not    bo    taken    for    public    use 
without  just  compensation,  435. 


Privateering: 

Abolition  of,  discussed,  2945. 
Issuance    of    commissions    to    vessels 

for,  discussed,   779,  2774. 
Not  to  be  resorted  to  by — 

France  in  war  with  Spain,  779. 

United   States  in  war   with   Spain, 

6474. 

Referred  to,  6312. 
Proposition    to    forego    resort    to,    in 

case  of  war  discussed,  2809,  2945. 
Referred  to,  2909. 

Privateers. — Armed  vessels  owned  and  offi- 
cered by  private  persons,  but  acting  under 
commissions  from  the  government  known 
as  letters  of  marque.  It  was  formerly  the 
custom  of  all  nations  in  time  of  war  to 
legalize  private  vessels  to  assist  the  regu- 
lar navy  in  blockading  the  ports  of  an 
enemy,  intercepting  supplies,  and  capturing 
prizes.  Vessels  so  employed  are  called 
privateers  and  are  supplied  with  letters  of 
marque  on  condition  of  their  conforming 
to  the  rules  and  usages  of  war.  Herein 
lies  the  difference  between  privateers  and 
pirates  (q.  v. ).  These  vessels  and  crews 
may  be  hired  or  impressed  by  the  govern- 
ment or  they  may  be  owned,  officered,  and 
sent  to  sea  at  private  expense  under  gov- 
ernment commission.  The  latter  has  been 
a  favorite  way  of  employing  sailors  and 
merchant  ships  when  commerce  has  been 
hampered  by  war,  and  to  a  nation  with  a 
small  navy  it  affords  protection  against 
formidable  naval  foes. 

The  practice  of  privateering  has  long 
been  looked  upon  as  an  evil  by  the  most 
advanced  nations.  At  the  Declaration  of 
Paris  in  1856  (q.  v.)  one  of  the  rules  of 
warfare  subscribed  to  was  that  "privateer- 
ing is  and  remains  abolished."  The  Uni- 
ted States  refused  to  agree  to  this  clause 
of  the  declaration  on  the  ground  that  with- 
out privateers  it  would  have  no  adequate 
sea  force  in  time  of  war.  As  the  agree- 
ment was  only  binding  on  parties  thereto, 
American  commerce  was  left  a  prey  to 
the  ships  of  all  other  nations.  In  1861 
Secretary  Seward,  on  behalf  of  the  Uni- 
ted States,  made  an  offer  to  England  and 
France  to  come  under  the  operation  of 
the  rules  of  war  subscribed  to  in  the 
Declaration  of  Paris,  but  the  offer  was 
refused  on  the  ground  that  it  would  im- 
pose an  international  rule  of  warfare  upon 
the  Confederate  States  then  in  rebellion. 
In  the  colonial  wars  Great  Britain  derived 
much  support  from  colonial  privateers. 
Upward  of  400  were  fitted  out  and 
ravaged  the  French  West  Indies  and  made 
numerous  captures  along  the  coast  of 
France. 

In  March,  1776,  the  Continental  Con- 
gress accorded  permission  to  citizens  to  tit 
out  privateers  against  the  British.  During 
that  year  342  British  vessels  fell  a  prey  to 
privateers  fitted  out  at  Salem,  Cape  Ann, 
Newburyport,  Bristol,  and  other  seaports. 
This  sort  of  warfare  became  so  lucrative 
that  sailors  could  hardly  be  induced  to 
enter  the  regular  service.  Jan.  '_'S,  1778, 
an  American  privateer  surprised  and  cap- 
tured the  British  fort  of  New  Providence, 
in  the  Bahamas,  and  a  10-gun  man-of-war. 
During  the  War  of  1812  some  500  priva- 
teers were  fitted  out.  They  were  mostly 
schooners  or  britrs  of  20<)  or  :!00  tons  and 
carried  from  80  to  1  uo  men.  Of  400 
British  vessels  captured  in  1M:{  four-fifths 
were  taken  by  privateers.  Later  in  this 
war  largei-  vessels  like  the  lli'huli  <  r.  .[run, 
and  ninh-cli'H  wen-  built.  They  did  not 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Progressive 


confine  themselves  to  merchant  vessels,  but 
attacked  and  frequently  captured  British 
war  ships.  They  hung  about  the  coasts  of 
Great  Britain,  Ireland,  and  the  Canary  and 
West  Indian  Islands,  and  greatly  aided  the 
American  cause. 

Prize  Agents,  accounts  of,  referred  to, 

773,  816. 
Prize  Court  (International),  ratified  by 

United  States,  7(570. 

Prize  CourtS.—Courts  which  adjudicate 
the  property  In  vessels  captured  at  sea  from 
a  belligerent.  The  general  rule  Is  that  when 
a  captor  brings  home  a  prize  the  tribunal 
of  his  own  country  has  sole  jurisdiction 
over  it  and  the  decision  rendered  is  bind- 
ing everywhere.  A  prize  court  differs  from 
other  courts  in  that  the  property  of  for- 
eigners is  brought  within  its  jurisdiction, 
not  voluntarily,  as  in  ordinary  courts,  but 
by  force.  During  the  colonial  wars  prize 
cases  were  adjudged  by  the  admiralty 
courts  held  by  colonial  governors  as  vice- 
admirals,  or  by  judges  whom  they  ap- 
pointed, with  appeal  to  commissioners  in 
England.  With  the  outbreak  of  the  Revo- 
lution the  states  established  admiralty 
courts  to  hear  prize  cases.  Tue  Continen- 
tal Congress  established  a  court  of  appeals 
for  such  cases  when  in  dispute  between  the 
states.  Under  the  judiciary  act  of  178'J 
the  United  States  district  courts  were  made 
prize  courts,  with  appeal  to  the  Supreme 
Court. 

Prize  Money.— A  dividend  from  the  pro- 
ceeds of  a  captured  vessel  and  her  cargo, 
etc.,  paid  to  the  captors.  Prior  to  March 
3,  1899,  prize  money  in  the  United  States 
was  distributed  according  to  an  act  of  June 
30,  1804.  If  the  prize  was  equal  or  supe- 
rior to  the  captor,  it  became  the  sole  prop- 
erty of  the  latter.  If  inferior,  the  United 
States  took  half  and  the  captors  divided 
the  remainder.  Privateers  with  letters  of 
marque  kept  the  whole  of  the  prize  unless 
otherwise  stipulated  in  their  commissions. 
By  the  Navy  personnel  act  of  March  3, 
1899,  the  law  authorizing  the  distribution 
of  prize  money  nmoiig  the  captors  of  ves- 
sels was  repealed. 

Prize  Money  referred  to,  2570. 
Pro-Ally.— Favoring  the  Entente  Allies    (q. 
v.)   in  the  European  War,  or  a  person  favor- 
ing them. 

Pro-German. — Favoring    Germany    in     the 
European   War;  a   person  who  favors  Ger- 
many in  the  European  War. 
Pro-Teuton. — Favoring  the  Teutonic  powers 
in  the  European  War  as  against  the  Allies 
(q.  v.)  ;  pro-German  (q.  v.). 
Proclamations.    (See  the  several  Presi- 
dents or  the  several  subjects.) 
Products.     (See  Agricultural  Products; 

Animals  and  Animal  Products.) 
Progressive  Labor  Party.— At  the  annual 
session  of  the  United  Labor  party  held  at 
Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  19.  1886,  the  radi- 
cal or  socialistic  element  withdrew  and 
formed  the  Progressive  Labor  party.  They 
advocated  a  common  inheritance  of  land, 
wealth,  and  industries  find  upheld  all  the 
tenets  of  extreme  socialism. 
Progressive  Party. — Theodore  Roosevelt 
having  been  defeated  for  the  Republican 
nomination  for  President  at  the  hands  of 
the  National  Convention  in  June.  191-!, 
called  a  convention  of  his  own  followers 


and  people  in  general  who  were  dissatis- 
fied with  the  Republican  party  and  its 
managers  to  meet  in  <  on  vent  ion  in  Chicago 
in  August,  19112.  This  convention  formed 
the  Progressive  party  and  nominated  Mr. 
Roosevelt  for  President  and  Hiram  \V. 
Johnson,  of  California,  for  Vice-President. 

They  adopted  a  platform  declaring  in  fa- 
vor of  direct  primaries  ;  nation-wide  Presi- 
dential preference  primaries  ;  direct  elec- 
tion of  united  States  Senators;  the  short 
ballot  and  the  initiative,  referendum,  and 
recall  in  the  States  ;  a  more  easy  and  ex- 
peditious method  of  amending  the  Federal 
Constitution  ;  the  bringing  under  effective 
National  jurisdiction  of  those  problems 
which  expand  beyond  the  reach  of  the 
individual  States  ;  equal  suffrage  for  men 
and  \yomeii;  limitation  of  campaign  con- 
tributions and  expenditures,  and  publicity 
before  as  well  as  after  primaries  and  elec- 
tions; laws  requiring  the  registration  of 
lobbyists,  publicity  of  committee  hearings, 
and  recording  of  all  voles  in  committee; 
prohibiting  Federal  appointees  from  taking 
part  in  political  organizations  and  political 
conventions. 

Popular  review  of  judicial  decisions  on 
J*ws  for  securing  social  justice  ;  the  review 
by  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  Slates 
of  decisions  of  State  courts  declaring  legis- 
lative acts  unconstitutional;  the  reform  of 
legal  procedure  and  judicial  methods;  the 
prohibition  of  the  issuance  of  injunctions 
In  labor  disputes  when  such  Injunctions 
would  not  apply  if  no  labor  dispute  existed, 
and  jury  trial  for  contempt  in  labor  dis- 
putes except  when  the  contempt  was  com- 
mitted in  the  presence  of  the  court  ;  effec- 
tive legislation  looking  to  the  prevention 
of  industrial  accidents,  occupational  dis- 
eases, overwork,  involuntary  unemploy- 
ment, and  other  injurious  effects  incident 
to  modern  industry;  the  (ixing  of  minimum 
safety  and  health  standards  for  the  vari- 
ous occupations  and  the  exercise  of  the 
public  authority  to  maintain  such  stand- 
ards ;  the  prohibition  of  child  labor  ;  mini- 
mum wage  standards  for  workiiigwomen.  to 
provide  a  "living  wage"  in  all  industrial 
occupations  ;  the  general  prohibition  of 
night,  work  for  women  and  the  establish- 
ment of  an  eight-hour  day  for  women  and 
young  persons. 

One  day's  rest  iu  seven  for  all  wage- 
workers  ;  the  eight-hour  day  in  continuous 
twenty-four-hour  industries  ;  the  abolition 
of  the  convict  contract  labor  system  ;  sub- 
stituting a  system  of  prison  production 
for  governmental  consumption  only,  and 
the  application  of  prisoners'  earnings  to 
the  support  of  their  dependent  families; 
publicity  as  to  wages,  hours,  and  condi- 
tions of  labor  ;  full  reports  upon  industrial 
accidents  and  diseases,  and  the  opening  to 
public  inspection  of  all  tallies,  weights, 
measures,  and  check  systems  on  labor  prod- 
ucts ;  standards  of  compensation  for  death 
by  industrial  accident  and  injury  and  trad.' 
disease  which  will  transfer  the  burden  of 
lost  earnings  from  the  families  of  working 
people  to  the  industry,  and  thus  to  the  com- 
munity ;  the  protect  ion  of  home  life  against 
the  hazards  of  sickness,  irregular  employ- 
ment, and  old  age.  through  the  adoption 
of  a  system  of  social  insurance  adapted  to 
American  use:  the  establishment  of  con- 
tinuation schools  for  industrial  education; 
industrial  research  laboratories  ;  a  Depart- 
ment of  Labor;  the  development  of  agri- 
cultural credit  and  cooperation:  the  en- 
couragement of  agricultural  education;  the 
establishment  of  a  Country  Life  Commis- 
sion :  full  and  immediate  inquiry  into  the 
high  cost  of  living,  and  immediate  action 
dealing  with  every  need  disclosed  thereby. 

A    National     Health     Service;     establish- 


Progressive         Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


incut  of  a  strong  Federal  administrative 
commission  to  maintain  permanent  active 
supervision  over  industrial  corporations,  as 
the  Government  now  does  over  National 
lianks  and,  through  the  Interstate  Com- 
merce Commission,  over  railways:  the 
strengthening  of  the  Sherman  Law  by 
specific  prohibitions;  the  enactment  of  a 
pa  tout  law  to  prevent  the  suppression  or 
the  misuse  of  patents  in  the  interest  of 
injurious  monopolies  :  giving  the  Interstate 
Commerce  Commission  the  power  to  value 
the  physical  property  of  railways;  the 
abolition  of  the  Commerce  Court;  prompt 
legislation  for  the  improvement  of  the  Na- 
tional currency  system  which  shall  give 
the  Government  full  control  over  the  issue 
of  currency  notes ;  the  appointment  of 
diplomatic  and  consular  officers  solely  for 
litness  and  not  for  political  expediency  ; 
the  retention  of  forest,  coal,  and  oil  lands, 
water  and  other  natural  resources  in  the 
ownership  of  the  Nation  ;  a  vigorous  good 
roads  campaign  through  the  construction 
of  National  highways;  the  extension  of 
the  rural  free  delivery  service. 

The  retention  of  the  natural  resources 
of  Alaska  in  ownership  by  the  Nation, 
and  their  prompt  opening  to  use  upon  lib- 
eral terms  requiring  immediate  develop- 
ment ;  for  Alaska  the  same  measure  of  lo- 
cal self-government  that  has  been  given  to 
other  American  territories;  the  comprehen- 
sive development  of  waterways;  the  opera- 
tion of  the  Panama  Canal  so  as  to  break 
the  transportation  monopolies  now  held 
and  misused  by  transcontinental  railways; 
a  protective  tariff  which  shall  equalize  con- 
ditions of  competition  between  the  United 
States  and  foreign  countries  both  for  the 
farmer  and  the  manufacturer,  and  which 
shall  maintain  for  labor  an  adequate  stand- 
ard of  living;  an  immediate  downward  re- 
vision of  the  tariff:  a  non-partisan,  scien- 
tific tariff  commission;  a  graduated  inher- 
itance tax. 

The  ratification  of  the  Amendment  of  the 
Constitution  giving  the  Government  power 
to  levy  an  income  tax  ;  introduction  of  ju- 
dicial "mid  other  peaceful  means  of  settling 
international  differences;  an  international 
agreement  for  the  limitation  of  nav.il 
forces,  and,  pending  such  an  agreement,  the 
maintenance  of  the  policy  of  building  two 
battleships  a  year:  protection  of  the  rights 
of  American  citizenship  at  home  and 
abroad;  governmental  action  to  encourage 
the  distribution  of  immigrants,  and  to  su- 
pervise all  agencies  dealing  with  them,  and 
to  supervise  and  promote  their  education 
and  advancement;  a  wise  and  just  policy 
of  pensioning  American  soldiers  and  sail- 
ors; a  parcel  post,  with  rates  proportion- 
ately to  distance  and  service:  the  rigid  en- 
forcement and  extension  of  the  Civil  Serv- 
ice A'-t;  a  readjustment  of  the  business 
methods  of  Hie  National  Government,  and 
a  proper  coordina'ion  of  the  Federal  bu- 
reaus; governmental  supervision  for  the 
protection  of  the  public  from  fraudulent 

Stock   issues. 

At  the  presidential  election  the  follow- 
ing November  tlie  party  polled  a  popular 
vote  of  more  than  -1. 11!>,507  votes,  carrying 
(lie  Slates  of  Michigan.  Minnesota.  I'enn- 
svlvania.  California,  Soiilli  Dakota  and 
Washington,  thii>  winning  88  electoral 
voles.  This  split  of  tin-  Republican  vote 
resulted  in  the  election  of  Wilson,  the 
Democratic  candidate,  to  the  presidency. 

No  presidential  candidate  was  nominated 
in  1!HO. 

In. ring   .Inly    the  ^'renter   part  of  the   Pro- 

(.'l-e.—  iv       p:'fly       follow.  (I       tlie       ]..;nl      of      C,,|. 

|;oi.se\.||  :>!id  the  national  committee  in  en 
dor -'HIT  llic.'ln  ;  for  Hie  presidency.  Local 
iirgiini/at  ions  in  several  slates,  however,  re- 


fused to  be  reconciled.  John  M.  Parker,  vice- 
presidential  nominee  of  the  Progressive  con- 
vention held  in  Chicago  in  June,  issued  a  call 
for  a  new  Progressive  ticket  July  15,  to  be 
drawn  up  at  a  convention  scheduled  to  open 
in  Chicago  Aug.  it.  lie  declared: 

"The  Bull  Moose  led  his  loyal  followers 
into  the  wilderness — and  there  deserted 
them.  Let  us  eternally  bury  their  emblem, 
and  adopt  as  the  new  emblem  of  the  progres- 
sive party  the  national  bird,  the  American 
eagle,  which  will  always  be  a  patriotic  in- 
spiration to  look  upward,  and  a  constant 
reminder  to  be  true  to  those  sterling  princi- 
ples which  have  made  America  great,  and 
lirought  to  tins  country  the  bravest  and  most 
adventurous  spirits  of  the  Old  World.  These, 
and  their  descendants,  are  truly  loyal  and 
patriotic  Americans." 

The  insurgent  element  was  successful  at 
the  Syracuse  meeting  of  the  New  York  state 
committee,  July  22,  and  managed  to  prevent 
an  endorsement  of  Hughes.  The  insurgents 
then  made  preparations  for  a  second  Bull 
Moose  National  Convention  in  Chicago  on 
August  5. 

Plans  for  the  reorganization  and  perpetu- 
ation of  the  Progressive  Party  as  a  national 
political  organization  were  adopted  at  In- 
dianapolis, August  .'!.  at  a  conference  of  Pro- 
gressive representatives.  The  conference 
decided  against  reassembling  the  party  for  a 
national  convention  to  fill  the  vacancy  on 
tlie  national  ticket,  caused  by  Theodore 
Koosevelt's  declining  the  nomination  for 
President.  Instead,  the  organization  de- 
cided to  put  up  an  electoral  ticket  in  every 
State  where  there  is  the  nucleus  of  an  or- 
ganization left,  bearing  the  name  of  John  M. 
Parker  of  Louisiana,  nominee  for  Vice-Presi- 
dent, in  the  hope  of  perhaps  electing  enough 
presidential  electors,  who  might  prove  tlie 
balance  of  power  in  the  event  of  a  close 
contest  between  the  two  parties.  Tlie  in- 
dorsement of  Hughes  was  severely  criticized 
by  the  party  leaders. 

Prohibition,  National.— Prohibition  first 
appeared  as  a  national  political  issue  in 
1809,  and  since  1872  tlie  Prohibition  party 
has  placed  presidential  tickets  in  the  field. 
The  party  candidates  since  1872  with  the 
popular  vote  polled  have  been  as  follows  : 
1872— James  Black.  Pennsylvania..  5,008 
1870 — Green  Clay  Smith,  Kentucky.  9,522 

1SSO— Neal  Dow.   Maine 10,:',i»r, 

1884— John  P.  St.  John,  Kansas. .  .150,309 
1888— Clinton  B.  Fiske.  New  York.  .24!), 50(5 

IS!  12 — John  Bidwell.  California 255,841 

189(5— Joshua    Levering.    Maryland.  .131,312 

litOO— John  G.    Woolley,    Illinois 208,555 

1904— Silas     C.     Swallow,     Pennsyl- 
vania     258. 83S 

1908— Fugene  W.  Cliatin,  Illinois  ..  .241 ,252 
1!»12— Ku-ene  W.  Chafm.  Arizona .  .207,928 
1!»1C— J.  Frank  Ilanly.  Indiana  ...  .225.1 01 
In  1S!><;  tlie  party  split  on  the  silver 
question,  those  favoring  tlie  free  coinage  of 
silver  at  tlie  ratio  of  1(5  to  1,  forming  the 
National  party  and  nominating  Charles  K. 
Bent  ley,  who  received  13,1)08  votes. 

Prohibition,  State.— The  prohibition  of 
the  manufacture  and  sale  of  alcoholic  drinks 
has  long  been  a  subject  of  political  discus- 
sion in  America.  Long  before  the  Revolu- 
tion the  liquor  trallie  was  taxed,  and  the 
Continental  Congress  advised  tlie  states  to 
pass  laws  prohibiting  the  distillation  of 
grain.  Prohibition  became  a  purely  state 
political  issue  lirst  in  the  Maim-  legislature 
In  1837,  when  a  prohibitory  bill  was  intro- 
duced and  defeated.  In  1840  a  bill  with 
the  same  purpose  been  me  a  law.  but  did 

not     serve    tlie    purpose    and    was    su edeil 

In  1851  by  a  more  effective  measure  drafted 
by  Neal  Dow.  This  law  provided  for  search 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Protection 


and  seizure,  but  tho  Prohibitionists  lost 
their  nmjority  and  the  law  was  repealed. 
Later  n  second  law  was  passed  which  was 
made  a  part  of  tho  state  constitution  In 
1884  and  is  still  In  force. 

Between  1849  and  1850  prohibitory  laws 
were  passed  In  the  following  states  and 
were  repealed  or  made  Inoperative  as  In- 
dicated below:  Illinois  repealed  In  1853; 
Khode  Island  repealed  In  18(>:5  ;  Pennsyl- 
vania repealed  in  1800 ;  Delaware  repealed 
In  1807 ;  Massachusetts  repealed  In  1808 ; 
Connecticut  repealed  in  187^  ;  Michigan  re- 
pealed in  1875;  New  York  declared  uncon- 
stitutional; Iowa  amended  in  1894  so  as  to 
be  Ineffective ;  Vermont  repealed  In  1902 ; 
New  Hampshire  repealed  in  1 !)().'). 

Including  those  States  which  decided  at 
the  election  of  1010  to  prohibit  the  manu- 
facture and  sale  of  Intoxicating  liquors, 
twenty-three  are  now  denominated  "dry. 
The  strictly  prohibition  States  are  :  Ala- 
bama, Arizona,  Arkansas,  Colorado,  Georgia, 
Idaho,  Iowa,  Kansas,  Maine,  Michigan,  Mis- 
sissippi, Montana,  Nebraska,  North  Carolina, 
North  Dakota,  Oklahoma,  Oregon,  South 
Carolina,  South  Dakota,  Tennessee,  Wash- 
ington, West  Virginia.  Virginia. 

Resides  these,  Florida  and  Utah  in  1910 
elected  Governors  pledged  to  enforce  pro- 
hibitory liquor  laws.  Including  those  states 
made  partially  dry  under  local  option,  more 
than  00  per  cent  of  the  people  of  the  coun- 
trv  and  85  per  cent  of  the  area  are  under 
prohibition.  The  popular  vote  of  Alaska  in 
1910  favored  abolition  of  the  liquor  traffic. 

The  Prohibition  National  Convention  of 
1010  was  held  at  St.  Paul,  Minn.,  .Tuly  19-21. 
.7.  Frank  Hanly,  former  governor  of  Indiana, 
was  nominated  for  president  by  a  vote  of 
440  to  181  for  William  Snlzer,  former  gov- 
ernor of  New  York,  his  nearest  competitor. 
Dr.  Ira  D.  Landrith,  of  Nashville,  Tcnii., 
was  nominated  for  vice-president. 

The  platform  expressed  opposition  to  the 
"wasteful  military  programs  of  the  Demo- 
cratic and  Republican  parties,"  but  favored 
"preparedness  for  peace.''  It  suggested,  a 
"compact  among  nations  to  dismantle  navies 
and  disband  armies,"  but  until  "such  court 
and  compact  are  established  we  pledge  our- 
selves to  maintain  an  effective  army  and 
navy  and  to  provide  coast  defenses  entirely 
adequate  for  national  protection.'' 

It  also  favored  legislation  to  encourage 
the  establishment  of  an  adequate  fleet  of 
American  merchant  ships.  It  opposed  war 
with  Mexico,  pledged  aid  to  the  protection 
of  American  lives,  and  favored  use  of  force 
when  necessary- 
Projectile. — -A  shell  or  other  missile  to  be 
thrown  into  the  ranks  of  the  enemy,  usually 
by  the  use  of  cannon,  but  sometimes  by 

Proletariat. — Used  by  the  Pvomans  to  desig- 
nate the  lower  classes,  or  plebeians,  ns  dis- 
tinguished from  the  patricians.  It  is  now 
generally  used,  especially  in  the  philosophy 
of  Socialism  (q.  v.),  to  designate  the  in- 
dustrious poor. 

Prometheus,   The,   firing  into  and   seiz- 
ure of,  by  British  vessel,  2675,  2680. 
Property  at  Sea: 

International    agreement    to    regard, 
as  exempt  from  capture  by  bellig- 
erent powers,  recommended,  6.°>38. 
International  conference  at  Washing- 
ton for  security  of  life  and,  5468, 
5493,  5498. 
Maritime  powers  invited  to  attend, 

5370. 

Recommended,  5180. 
Treaty  with  Italy  regarding,  4098. 


Property,  Captured: 

Cotton    captured     and     forfeited     re- 
ferred to,  3066. 

Should  not  be  adjudged  without  regu- 
lar investigation,  485. 
Property,  Industrial,  international  con- 
vention   at    Paris   for    protection    of, 
4560,  4794,  4857,  5118. 
Property,  Private: 

Seizure  and  confiscation  of,  referred 

to,  3831. 
Shall    not   be    taken    for    public    use 

without  just  compensation,  435. 
Proprietaries. — American  territory  was 
parceled  out  by  tho  various  crowned  heads 
of  Kurope  to  personal  friends  or  favorites 
or  in  recognition  of  some  useful  service  to 
the  sovereign.  Persons  to  whom  these 
grants  were  made  established  what  were 
known  as  proprietary  governments.  The 
proprietor  appointed  the  governor,  and  in 
general  performed  all  those  acts  of  gov- 
ernment which  are  usually  the  prerogative 
of  the  Crown.  New  York,  New  Jersey, 
Pennsylvania,  the  Carolina*,  Delaware,  and 
Maryland  were  proprietary  governments. 
The  laws  of  Pennsylvania  and  Delaware 
were  subject  to  the  supervision  of  the 
Crown,  but  those  of  Maryland  were  not. 

Prosperity. — A  condition  where  there  is 
abundant  fulfilment  of  all  desires,  including 
work  at  good  wages, — as  distinguished  from 
1'ard  times,  where  so  many  people  are  out 
of  employment  that  charity  has  to  be  widely 
extended  to  ameliorate  the  suffering.  The 
word  "prosperity"  is  much  played  upon  in 
political  campaigns,  as  it  is  the  most  allur- 
ing condition  which  can  be  promised  con- 
stituents. 

Prosperity,    National,    discussed,    6709, 

67.10,  689-1,  6973. 

Protection. — In  political  economy  the  prin- 
ciple or  system  of  imposing  such  duties  on 
imported  goods  as  will  protect  or  foster 
domestic  industries.  Tariffs  are  either 
chiefly  to  produce  revenue  or  to  afford 
protection.  Nearly  all  American  tariffs 
previous  to  that  of  1824  come  under  the 
former  head.  But  the  preamble  of  the  first 
tariff  act  of  1789  declared  that  one  of  its 
objects  was  "the  encouragement  and  pro- 
tection of  manufactures,"  and  the  principle 
of  protection  was  ably  advocated  by  Sec- 
retary Hamilton,  in  his  elaborate  report  on 
manufactures,  in  1791,  and  by  many  mem- 
bers of  Congress  from  that  time  to  the 
present.  The  tariff  of  1810  was  claimed 
as  protective  and  proposed  as  such  by 
northern  members,  while  Calhonn  and 
other  southerners  advocated  it.  Later  the 
relative  views  of  north  and  south  were 
radically  changed,  and  the  north  became 
protectionist,  while  southern  members  (ex- 
cept Clay  and  his  Whig  followers  I  were 
for  a  low  tariff  for  revenue  only.  Tho  tar- 
iff bill  introduced  in  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives in  ]  820  by  Representative  Raid- 
win,  of  Pennsylvania,  from  the  Committee 
on  Manufactures  was  frankly  stated  to  be  a 
protective  measure,  and  at  that  time  the 
question  of  a  protective  duty  was  first 
suggested  to  be  unconstitutional.  This  bill 
did  not  pass,  but  in  1S'_*4  a  tariff  bill  be- 
came a  law  with  average  duties  of  37  per 
cent.  The  protectionists  claimed  that: 
many  of  the  duties  wore  too  low  for  effect- 
ive protection,  and  in  1  S:!S.  after  a  pro- 
longed commercial  depression,  a  congress 
opposed  to  protection  passed  a  high  pro- 
tective tariff,  which  satisfied  neither  party, 


Protection 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


and  was  denounced  as  "a  bill  of  abomina- 
tions." The  failure  of  another  act,  passed 
iu  1832,  to  sufficiently  reduce  the  rates  of 
the  tariff  of  18^8  was  the  chief  cause  of 
the  nullification  movement  (q.  v.).  The 
Clay-Calhoun  tariff  of  1833,  known  as  the 
"Compromise  of  1833,"  gradually  reduced 
duties  to  a  revenue  basis.  The  act  of  1842 
was  protective;  that  of  1846  (the  Walker 
tariff)  was  strictly  a  revenue  tariff.  The 
Merrill  tariff  of  1861  and  all  subsequent 
tariff  acts  have  been  protective.  The  du- 
ties have  been  high,  running  from  an  aver- 
age of  18  per  cent  to  48  per  cent  ad  valorem 
on  all  dutiable  articles. 

In  1908,  President  Taft  was  elected  on  a 

flat  form  which  advocated  a  revision  of  the 
Mugley  Tariff.  Immediately  after  his  elec- 
tion he  called  an  extra  session  of  Congress 
(7370)  and  recommended  a  reduction  of 
duties.  Congress,  after  deliberating  nearly 
all  summer,  passed  a  tariff  law,  taking  away 
all  protection  from  hides,  and  making  re- 
ductions of  10  to  15  per  cent  on  leather, 
lumber,  paper,  coal,  iron  and  steel  sheets, 
and  chemicals.  The  principle  of  protection 
was  abandoned  in  the  Democratic  tariff 
law  of  1013.  (See  Tariff;  Import  Duties.) 

Protection  of  Industrial  Property  Un- 
ion, acts  of  international  conference, 
7671. 

Protective  Tariff.     (See  Protection  and 

Import  Duties  discussed.) 
Protestant  Church  at  American  embassy 

at    Rome,    removal    of,    referred    to, 

3662,  3717. 

Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in  Alexan- 
dria, Va.,  act  incorporating,  vetoed, 
474. 

Protests. — The  official  papers  of  the  Presi- 
dents as  they  are  sent  to  Congress  are 
properly  designated  "messages,"  lint  on 
several  occasions  the  Chief  Executives  have 
sent  papers  known  as  "protests."  They  are 
sent  in  the  customary  message  form*  but 
contain  the  formal  protest  of  the  President 
against  the  actions  of  Congress  as  a  whole 
or  of  one  or  the  other  of  the  two  Houses. 

Protests  of  President — 

Buchanan   to   proceedings    of    House, 

3145,  3150. 

Jackson     to     resolutions     of     Senate 
charging  him  with  violating  Con- 
stitution and  laws,  1288. 
Additional      statement     regarding, 

1312. 

Johnson  to  act  depriving  him  of  com- 
mand of   Army,  3670. 
Tyler  to  action  of  House  in  adopting 
report  assailing  his  official  conduct, 
2043. 

Proteus,  The.— The  vessel  in  which  Gen. 
Adolphus  W.  Greely,  with  twenty-four  men, 
sailed  from  St.  Johns.  Newfoundland,  July 
7,  18S1,  and  reached  Disci, very  Harbor 
Hat.  K1°  .|-J'  north,  i,,,,.,.  <;.}o  4V  Wf.st)_ 
Aug.  1L',  1*81,  where  he  established  his 
Ktation.  Tin-  Pn>l'iin  was  lost  in  Smith 
Sound,  midway  between  ('ape  Sahine  and 
Cape  Albert.  July  I.'.'!.  1ss:>.  while  attempt- 
ing to  reach  LiMy  Franklin  Bav  with  a 
relief  party  for  Greely. 

Proteus,  The,  loss  of.  mid  court  of  in- 
quiry regarding,  4700. 


Protocol. — A  preliminary  agreement  be- 
tween countries  or  other  conflicting  forces, — 
reached  by  diplomatic  negotiation,  and  exe- 
cuted by  the  signatory  powers, — upon  which 
to  base  a  permanent  treaty  or  contract. 
Providence  Plantations.— in  1636  Roger 
Williams  and  his  followers,  who  advocated 
complete  separation  of  church  and  state  and 
toleration  for  all  creeds,  were  banished  from 
Massachusetts  Bay  Colony.  They  journeyed 
southward  and  founded  Providence.  Two 
3'ears  later  the  followers  of  Anne  Hutchin- 
sou  founded  Portsmouth,  and  in  1639  New- 
port was  settled.  In  1644  Williams  ob- 
tained from  the  parliamentary  commission- 
ers a  patent  which  associated  the  three 
towns  in  one  community.  Both  Plymouth 
and  Massachusetts  claimed  the  territory, 
but  failed  to  make  their  claims  good.  In 
1663  a  new  charter  was  granted,  which 
united  Rhode  Island  to  the  Providence 
Plantations  and  remained  substantially  the 
fundamental  law  until  1841*. 

Providence    Plantations.      (See    Rhode 

Island.) 

Providencia,  The,  appropriation  for 
seizure  of,  by  American  steamer  rec- 
ommended, 3263. 

Provincial. — Peculiar  to  a  confined  section, 
• — usually  a  rural  section.  (See  Provincial- 
ism.) 

Provincialism.— A  state  of  mind,  expres- 
sion, or  manners  peculiar  to  a  confined  sec- 
tion, especially  a  province  or  rural  district. 
Provisional  Courts  in  Louisiana,  order 

regarding,  3323. 

Provisional  Governors  (see  also  Recon- 
struction; Restoration): 
Appointment  of,  and  restoration  into 

Union   of — 
Alabama,   3521. 
Florida,  3527. 
Georgia,   3516. 
Mississippi,    3512. 
North  Carolina,  3510. 
South  Carolina,  3524. 
Texas,   3519. 
Referred   to,   3577,  3643. 
Restoration  referred  to — 
Arkansas,  3423,  3452. 
Louisiana,  3423,  3J52. 
Provisions,  importation  of,  into  foreign 
countries    and    rates   of   duty   on,    re- 
ferred to,  5503. 

Prussia. — A  Kingdom  of  northern  Germany. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  North  Sea, 
Denmark,  Oldenburg,  and  the  Baltic,  on  the 
east  by  Russia,  on  the  south  by  Austria, 
Saxony,  etc.,  and  on  the  west  by  Luxem- 
burg, Belgium,  and  the  Netherlands.  In 
(lie  northern  and  eastern  portions  Hie  coun- 
try is  generally  level,  but  in  the  south  and 
southwest  it  is  hilly  or  mountainous.  Tho 
chief  agricultural  products  are  rye,  wheat, 
orils,  potatoes,  barley,  millet,  fruit,  beet 
root,  tobacco,  and  maize.  Prussia  is  very 
largely  engaged  in  manufacturing.  The  gov- 
ernment is  a  hereditary  constitutional  mou- 
firchy  administered  by  ;\  Kini:  and  a  Land- 
tag consisting  of  two  chambers. 

Prussia  is  the  principal  State  of  the  Gor- 
man Empire.  It  lias  seventeen  votes  in  the 
Biindesrath  and  2.°,r,  members  in  the  Reichs- 
tag. Hanover,  Frankfort,  Nassau  and  some 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Public 


other  states  were  acquired  by  Prussia  In 
18(50.  This  resulted  in  forming  tin?  Norih 
German  Confederation.  As  u  result  of  the 
war  between  Franco  and  Germany,  1870-71, 
the  German  Empire  was  formed,  with  the 
crown  hereditary  in  the  Prussian  dynasty. 

The  agricultural  area  of  1'russia  is  28,- 
470,730  hectares,  divided,  In  1005,  into  3,- 
308,051  separate  holdings  or  farms,  about 
two-thirds  of  which  were  of  less  than  ten 
hectares  (twenty-live  acres)  in  area.  These 
farms  supported  a  population  of  10.!)48,47(J. 
The  chief  crops  were  rye,  hay,  oats,  pota- 
toes, wheat  and  barley.  There  were  vine- 
yards of  18,033  hectares,  yielding  370,107 
hectolitres  of  wine. 

In  1005-0,  286  establishments  consumed 
12,500,787  metric  tons  of  beet  root  in  the 
manufacture  of  1,801,970  metric  tons  of 
raw  sugar  and  200,859  metric  tons  of  mo- 
lasses ;  4,320  breweries  made  3:5,000,000 
hectolitres  of  beer — ninety  litres  per  head 
for  the  population  ;  0.404  distilleries  pro- 
duced 3,722,o;!2  hectolitres  of  alcohol. 

Prussia  yields  about  half  of  the  world's 
zinc  ;  copper,  lead  and  coal  are  also  mined. 
During  1010  there  were  003,534  persons  em- 
ployed in  the  mines  and  their  wages  were 
800,302,800  marks.  (German  mark  =  23.8 
cents.) 

The  area  of  Prussia  is  135,134  square 
miles,  and  the  population  (1010),  40,105,- 
210. 

Prussia:     (See  also  German  Empire.) 
American  citizens  in — • 
Expelled  from,  3123. 
Impressed  into  military  service  of. 

(See  Naturalized  Citizens.) 
Commercial  relations  with,  820. 
Confederate    envoys    sent    to    Great 
Britain    and    France    referred    to. 
(See  Mason  and  Slidell.) 
Friendly  disposition  of,  toward  Unit- 
ed States,  919. 

Fugitive   criminals,  convention  with, 
for  surrender  of,  2267,  2689,  2719. 
Ratification  of,  referred  to,  2450. 
Immigration  treaty  with,  3827. 
Imprisonment    of    American    citizens 

by,  1136. 

Naturalization  treaty  with,  3827. 
Treaty    with,    transmitted    and    dis- 
cussed, 287,  296,  968,  1002,  2267, 
2689,  2719,  3827. 

Impressment  of  American  citizens 
into  military  service,  violating 
treaty  with,  3827. 

Violation  of,  by  United  States  com- 
plained  of,   2249. 
Vessels  of— 

Application    for    rights    regarding, 

621. 
Suspension  of  discriminating  duties 

on,  recommended,  969. 
Vessels  of  United  States,  discriminat- 
ing duties  on,  abolished  by,  969. 
Prussia,  Treaties  with. — Of  the  treaty 
of  1785  the  only  article  that  has  survived 
is  that  on  the  neutrality  of  vessels.  The 
treaty  of  amity  and  commerce  of  1700 
contained  many  articles  which  expired 
by  limitation  in  1810,  and  some  oth- 
ers were  revived  by  treaty  of  1828. 
Contraband  goods  may  be  detained ;  ves- 


sels are  to  be  distinctively  marked  for 
recognition  in  time  of  war  by  passport  and 
other  specified  documents.  The  examina- 
tion and  search  of  vessels  in  time  of  wai- 
ls to  be  conducted  with  ease,  freedom  from 
embarrassment  and  annoyance,  according 
to  specilied  methods.  Vessels  taken  by  au 
enemy  and  recaptured  by  one  of  the  parties 
thereto  are  to  bo  restored  to  the  other  of 
these  parties.  Humane  treatment  is  to  be 
extended  in  cases  of  distress  on  shipboard 
and  in  wrecks.  Citizens  of  the  OIK;  party 
are  not  to  act  offensively  against  the  other 
when  at  war  with  a  third  party.  The  neu- 
trality of  vessels  and  the  principle  that 
free  ships  make  free  goods  are  fully  rec- 
ognized. In  case  of  war  between  the  par- 
ties thereto,  citizens  of  the  one  in  the  coun- 
try of  the  other  shall  be  fully  protected 
In  life,  property  and  business.  Prisoners 
of  war  are  not  to  be  sent  to  unsafe  or  un- 
healthy localities  but  are  to  be  cared  for 
humanely  and  with  regard  to  safety  of  life 
and  health. 

The  treaty  of  commerce  and  navigation 
of  1828  extended  freedom  of  trade  without 
discrimination  in  shipping  charges  or  im- 
port duties  by  reason  of  the  nationality  of 
the  carrying  vessels.  The  coastwise  trade 
is  excepted  from  provisions.  All  commer- 
cial privileges  are  upon  the  basis  of  the 
most  favored  nation.  The  establishment  of 
consuls  and  consular  agents  is  permitted 
and  prescribed  with  full  powers  regarding 
the  arrest  and  detention  of  deserters  and 
the  administration  of  the  affairs  of  de- 
ceased persons.  (For  extradition  terms, 
see  Extradition  treaties.) 

Pmssianlsm. — A  term  applied  to  the  mili- 
tarism (q.  v.)  which  many  observers  char- 
acterize as  the  prevailing  spirit  of  the  Ger- 
man Empire,  of  which  the  foundation  is 
Prussia  (q.  v. ). 

Public  Accounts.  (See  Accounts,  Pub- 
lic.) 

Public  Acts.  (See  Acts,  Public;  Bills 
and  Acts.) 

Public  Archives,  building  for,  recom- 
mended, 7728. 

Public  Buildings.  (See  Buildings,  Pub- 
lic.) 

Public  Buildings,  Commissioner  of.  (See 

Buildings,  Public,  Commissioner  of.) 

Public     Buildings,     Surveyor  of.     (See 

Buildings,  Public,  Surveyor  of.) 
Public  Credit.     (See  Credit,  Public.) 
Public  Debt.     (See  Debt,  Public.) 
Public  Defenses.     (See  Defenses,  Pub- 
lic.) 

Public  Deposits.  (See  Deposits,  Public.) 
Public  Documents.  (See  Eecords  and 

Documents.) 
Public  Domain: 

Classification  of,  suggested,  7719. 

In  Alaska,  7719. 

Mineral  lauds,  leasing  of,  suggested, 

7719. 

Reclamation    act,    amendments    sug- 
gested, 7719. 

Public    Health     (see     also     Quarantine 

Regulations) : 

Federal  aid  for  State  and  City  health 
boards   recommended,   7104. 


Public 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Placing  Federal  bureaus  of,  under  one 

department  recommended,  7 -'2$. 
Public    Health    and    Marine    Hospital 

Service,   United   States: 
Land   reserved   for,   in   Puerto   Eico, 

6708. 
Public    Health   Service.      (See    Health 

{Service.) 

Public  Information  Committee. — By  or- 
der of  President  Wilson  on  April  1',',,  1917,  a 
committee  on  Public  Information  was 
malted.  The  committee  is  composed  of  the 
Secretaries  of  War,  Navy  and  State,  with  a 
civilian  director.  The  appointment  of  civil- 
inn  director  went  to  Mr.  George  Creel,  for- 
merly Director  of  Public  Safety  in  Denver. 
Colorado,  and  later  a  writer  of  prominence 
on  political  and  social  questions.  Secretary 
of  State  Lansing  announced,  on  May  8,  1917, 
that  all  further  news  from  the  State  De- 
partment would  be  given  out  through  the 
newly-created  liurcan  of  Intelligence  within 
that  department,  and  that  all  employees  of 
the  Department  were  forbidden  to  give  out 
to  any  one  information  of  any  character. 
(  See  Censorship.) 

Public  Lands  Division,  Justice  Depart- 
ment.— Tliis  bureau  enforces  the  laws  re- 
specting the  public  lands  (q.  v.).  (See  also 
.1  ustice  Department. ) 

Public  Land  Laws.  (See  Lands,  Public.) 
Public  Land  Offices.  (See  Land  Offices, 

Public.) 

Public  Lands.     (See  Lands,  Public.) 
Public  Lands  Commission,  report  of,  re- 
ferred to,  4r35,  6863,  6947. 
Public  Libraries,  discussed,  6676. 
Public  Money.     (See  Revenue,  Public.) 
Public  Officers.      (See  Officers,  Public.) 
Public  Printer. — The    officer    in    charge    of 
the  printing  of  Government  documents,  etc. 
(See   Government  Printing  Office.) 
Public  Records.    (See  Records  and  Doc- 
uments.) 
Public  Reservations.  (See  Reservations, 

Public.) 

Public  Revenue.  (See  Revenue,  Pub- 
lie.) 

Public  Roads.  (Son  Agriculture,  De- 
partment of,  also  Mail  Routes.) 

Public  Statutes  of  United  States.  (See 
Revised  Statutes.) 

Public  Supplies.  (See  Supplies,  Pub- 
lic.) 

Public  Works.  (See  Internal  Improve- 
ments.) 

Publications,  Division  of,  Agriculture 
Department.  —An  office  in  the  Department 

of  Agriculture  to  which  is  entrusted  the  edit- 
ing Jif  agricultural  puhlieai  ions,  particularly 
the  \«ir  Hin,/:  of  tin-  department.  This 
oflice  also  has  eharire  of  all  the  printing  and 
illustrating  done  for  the  Department  of  Agri- 
culture, as  well  as  tlie  distribution  of  the 
documents  after  they  are  printed.  The  pub- 
lications Include  retrnlar  "Fa  rmers'  I'.nlle- 
tlns,"  "Experiment  Station  Record,"  "Month- 


ly Weather  Review,"  and  "Crop  Reporter," 
also  works  of  more  special  character.  These 
are  given  free  to  scientific  institutions  and 
to  collaborators  of  the  department,  libraries, 
colleges  and  experiment  stations.  The  ex- 
penditures of  the  bureau  in  this  line  amount 
to  about  $4,500,000  per  year. 

Publications,     Official.       (See     Records 
and  Documents.) 

Puebla  (Mexico),  Battle  of.— After  Gen. 
Scott  had  proceeded,  on  his  march  to  the 
City  of  Mexico,  Gen.  Rea,  a  guerrilla  chief, 
was  joined  by  Santa  Anna.  Col.  Childs, 
commandant  of  the  Puebla  garrison  left  by 
Scott,  sent  Capt.  Blanchard  with  thirty- 
three  men  to  capture  a  band  of  guerrillas. 
Blanchard  and  twenty-two  men  were  am- 
buscaded and  killed  the  latter  part  of  Au- 
gust, 1847.  Sept.  25  Santa  Anna  demanded 
the  surrender  of  the  forts  at  1'uebla. 
Childs.  who  had  only  about  3t!0  men.  re- 
fused and  maintained  his  position  in  spite 
of  an  almost  continuous  lire  of  the  Mexicans, 
until  relieved  by  reenforcements  under  Gen. 
Lane,  on  Oct.  12. 

Puget  Sound. — An  arm  of  the  Pacific  ex- 
tending into  the  State  of  Washington  south- 
ward from  the  Strait  of  San  Juan  de 
Fnca,  by  which  it  is  connected  with  the 
Pacific.  The  sound  is  divided  into  two 
parts — Puget  Sound  proper  and  Admiralty 
Inlet.  The  latter  is  to  the  north  and  the 
former  to  the  south.  Fine  harbors  are 
found  along  the  sound,  the  water  generally 
being  quite  deep.  It  is  about  eighty  miles 
long. 

Puget  Sound  Agricultural  Co.: 

Claims  of,  against  United  States,  re- 
ferred to,  3888. 
Treaty  with  Great  Britain  regarding, 

3395,  3401. 
Commissioners      appointed      under, 

3447. 
Award  of,  and  appropriation  for, 

recommended,   3989. 
Value    of    possessory    rights    of,    re- 
ferred to,   2866. 

Pumpkin  Vine  Creek  (Ga.),  Battle  of — 
(See  New  Hope  Church  (Ga.),  Battle 
of.) 

Puritan,  The,  mentioned,  6318. 
Pure  Food  Act.      (See  Food  and  Drugs 

Act.) 

Purity  Federation. — The  object  of  this 
Federation  is  to  unite  in  national  co-oper- 
ation all  those  forces  in  America  that  are 
striving  to  promote  purity  in  the  life  of  the 
individual  and  in  social  relations  through 
preventive?  educational,  reformatory,  rescue, 
law  enforcement,  legislative  and"  sanitary 
lines  of  effort.  It  is  in  every  sense  non- 
sectarian,  and  is  open  to  all  who  are  sin- 
cerely and  seriously  striving  to  promote  its 
object.  Many  of  the  leaders  in  religious, 
philanthropic  mid  reform  movements  in  the 
I'nited  States  are  ollicinlly  connected  with 
tliis  Federation.  Fach  year  a  largely  at- 
tended national  purity  conirress  is  held  un- 
der the  auspices  of  the  Federation. 

Puyallup  Commission,  report  of,  trans- 
mitted, f5663. 

Puyallup  Indians.   (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Pyramid  Lake  Reservation,  Nev.,  agree- 
ment for  cession  of  portion  of,  5649. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Queen 


Quadruple  Alliance.     (See  Central  Pow- 
ers.) 

Quallah  Battoo,  Sumatra,  American  citi- 
zens murdered  in,  1138. 
Quapaw  Indians.  (Wee  Indian  Tribes.) 
Quarantine. — A  term  derived  from  the 
French  word  "qunrnntaine"  (in.  Lut.  qua- 
ranteua),  meaning  "forty  days."  Passen- 
gers on  vessels  arriving  at  Venice  from  the 
Levant  were  formerly  required  to  remain 
forty  days  in  the  House  of  St.  Lazarus  or 
Lazaretto.  This  regulation  was  after- 
wards adopted  l>y  other  ports  in  southern 
Europe,  and,  with  various  changes  in  the 
period  of  detention,  extended  to  travelers 
from  all  ports  whence  contagion  might  be 
carried.  In  the  United  States  quarantine  en- 
actments were  passed  l>y  the  colonial  legis- 
latures and  subsequently  for  many  years 
l>y  the  states.  The  tirst  national  quarantine 
act.  was  passed  Feb.  23,  1799,  and  required 
Federal  officers  to  aid  in  the  execution  of 
state  or  municipal  quarantine  regulations. 
In  1878,  however,  a  national  quarantine 
law  was  passed  authorizing  the  establish- 
ment, in  certain  contingencies,  of  national 
quarantines.  In  March,  188:?,  $100.000  was 
appropriated  by  the  Federal  Government  for 
maintaining  quarantine  stations  along  the 
coasts,  and  the  authority  for  declaring 
quarantine  was  conferred  upon  the  Presi- 
dent. Most  of  the  quarantine  stations  are 
under  state  supervision  The  mode  of  pro- 
cedure is  as  follows:  On  the  arrival  of  a 
vessel  she  is  visited  by  the  health  officer, 
who  examines  her  bill  of  health,  musters 
the  passengers  and  crew,  and  inspects  the 
vessel  in  every  part.  If  free  from  con- 
tagious disease,  and  if  she  does  not  hail 
ftom  an  infected  port,  she  is  allowed  to 
proceed  without  further  detention.  If  she 
hails  from  an  infected  port,  she  is  detained 
until  the  expiration  of  the  period  of  incu- 
bation of  the  disease  prevalent  at  the  port 
whence  she  sailed.  If  disease  is  found  on 
board,  or  if  the  vessel  is  in  an  unsanitary 
condition,  the  diseased  persons  are  removed 
to  a  quarantine  hospital  and  the  vessel 
allowed  to  proceed  after  a  thorough  purifi- 
cation. 

Quarantine  Regulations   (see  also   Con- 
tagious      Diseases;       International 

Sanitary    Conference): 
For  Canal  Zone,  7966. 
Proclamation  regarding,  4812. 

Referred  to,  4840. 

Recommendations  regarding,  by  Pres- 
ident— 

Adams,  John,  261. 

Arthur,  4622,  4840. 

Cleveland,  5877. 

Harrison,  Bcnj.,  3765. 

Hayes,  4444. 

Jefferson,  371. 

Monroe,    854. 

Roosevelt,  6914,  6048,  7104,  7228. 
Quarter-Deck.— The  deck  used  for  prome- 
nade by  officers  of  a  war  vessel. 
Quarter  Dollar.— I"  17SG  the  Continental 
Congress  decided  upon  certain  coins. 
Among  these  was  a  quarter  dollar,  to  be 
made  of  silver.  The  United  States  Mint 
was  established  in  1792  and  began  coinage 
in  1793.  It,  was  not  until  179(5.  however, 
that  the  silver  quarter  was  issued.  Its 
weight  was  tixed  at  104  grains.  It  was 
reduced  to  93  grains  in  1853,  and  by  the 
coinage  act  of  1873  was  raised  to  96.45 


grains,  or  0.20O  of  an  ounce,  the  present 
\\eigfii,  and  9OO  line.  The  coin  is  legal 
tender  to  the  amount  of  $1O.  The  quarter 
dollar  of  18^7  is  one  of  the  rare  coins  of 
the  United  States.  There  were  no  issues 
of  this  coin  during  the  years  1798  to  J8<i:;, 
1808  to  1815,  nor  during  1S17,  1821,  1820, 
and  1830. 

Quarter  Eagle.— A  gold  coin  of  the  Unit- 
ed States  authorized  in  1792  and  first  coined 
in  1790.  It  is  legal  tender  in  any  sum. 
The  present  weight  of  the  coin  is  0.1. '',4 
ounce,  or  04.5  grains,  and  the  lineness  90O. 
It  is  coined  under  an  act  of  Congress  of 
June  28,  1834. 

Quartering  Acts.— Certain  acts  of  the 
British  1'arlianieiit  distasteful  to  the  Amer- 
ican colonists.  The  first  was  passed  in 
1705  and  compelled  the  Colonies  to  pro- 
vide the  garrisons  in  America  with  tire, 
candles,  vinegar,  salt,  bedding,  cooking  uten- 
sils, and  liquors.  This  was  the  first  act 
requiring  the  colonists  to  tax  themselves 
for  imperial  object.  In  1774  an  act  was 
passed  legalizing  the  quartering  of  impe- 
rial troops  in  Boston. 

Quartermaster-General.     (See   War  De- 
partment and  Army.) 
Quartermaster-General    of    Army,    fire- 
proof building  for  records  in  office  of, 
recommended,  4524. 

Quebec  (Canada),  Battle  of.— After  tak- 
ing Montreal  Gen.  Montgomery  proceeded 
down  the  St.  Lawrence  River  to  Quebec, 
where  on  December  5,  1775,  he  ioined  the 
expedition  which  had  been  sent  oy  way  of 
the  Kennebec  and  Chaudiere  rivers  under 
Benedict  Arnold.  Their  combined  forces 
amounted  to  about  3,000  men,  supported  by 
about  a  dozen  light  guns.  Carleton  had  for 
the  defense  of  Quebec  one  company  of  regu- 
lars, a  sloop  of  war,  and  a  few  marines,  to- 
gether with  as  many  of  the  citizens  as  could 
be  induced  to  enlist — in  all  something  like 
1.000  men.  On  the  night  of  Dec.  31  tin- 
city  was  attacked.  Montgomery  was  killed. 
Arnold  was  wounded,  and  the  troops  retired 
in  confusion.  Three  thousand  troops  were 
sent  to  reenforce  Arnold,  and  4,000  occupied 
Montreal,  St.  Johns  and  Chambly.  May 
0,  1770,  three  brigades  of  infantry,  beside.-: 
artillery,  stores,  ammunitions,  transports, 
and  men-of-war,  arrived  from  England  and 
the  Americans  retired,  leaving  Canada  as  it 
was  before  the  invasion.  (See  also  Mon- 
treal (Canada),  Capture  and  Loss  of.) 

Queen  Anne's  War.— The.  name  of  which 

the  War  of  the  Spanish  Succession  was 
known  in  America.  It  broke  out  in  1702 
and  was  ended  with  the  treaty  of  Utrerbt 
in  1713.  The  New  England  Colonies  suf- 
fered from  frequent  inroads  of  French  and 
Indians  from  Canada,  but  the  New  York 
Colony  was  protected  by  the  barrier  of  th>; 
Six  Nations  of  Indians,  then  at  peace  with 
the  English.  Aug.  10.  170.">,  Indians  under 
French  leaders  attacked  Wells,  Cape  Por- 
poise, Saco,  Casco.  Scarboro.  Spurwink,  and 
Purpooduck.  completely  destroying  the  last 
two.  In  1704  and  1705  James  'Moore,  of 
South  Carolina,  with  50  whites  and  about 
l.OOO  Creek  Indians,  attacked  and  destroyed 
several  Spanish  settlements  in  Florida.  Col. 
Church  organized  an  expedition  in  Maine  in 
1704  and  proceeded  up  the  coast  as  far  as 
the  Bay  of  Fundy.  destroying  all  the  settle- 
ments and  taking  100  prisoners,  with  the 
loss  of  only  0  men.  Feb.  28,  1704.  about 
350  French-Canadians  and  Indians  burned 
the  town  of  Deertield.  Mass.,  massacring  40 
persons  and  taking  100  prisoners.  After 


Queen 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


three  attempts  by  the  New  England  troopa 
Acadia  was  liually  captured.  July  30,  1711, 
Gen  Nicholson  left  Albany  with  an  army  of 
4,000  men  and  llovenden  Walker  sailed  from 
Boston  with  a  fleet  and  7,000  men,  as  well 
as  a  fine  train  of  artillery,  to  attack  Quebec 
and  Montreal.  The  fleet  was  driven  upon 
the  rocks  at  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Lawrence, 
losing  eight  transports  and  more  than  1,000 
men.  The  survivors  sailed  for  England  and 
the  army  disbanded. 

Queenston  Heights  (Canada),  Battle  of. 

. — Early  in  October,  1812,  Ben.  Van  Rens- 
selaer  resolved  to  invade  Canada  from  west- 
ern New  York.  His  headquarters  were  at 
Lewlston,  opposite  Queenston,  Canada.  The 
American  army  consisted  of  3,050  regulars 
and  2,050  militia.  The  British  force  on  the 
western  bank  of  the  Niagara  River  numbered 
1,500,  including  about  250  Indians  under 
John  Brandt.  Maj.  Ben.  Brock,  who  had 
taken  Detroit  in  August,  had  returned  to 
the  east  and  established  his  headquarters 
at  Fort  George.  He  posted  batteries  every 
mile  along  the  river  from  there  to  Queens- 
ton.  On  the  morning  of  Oct.  13,  1812,  the 
invasion  was  begun  prematurely,  insufficient 
boats  having  been  provided  for  transporta- 
tion. Reenforcements  came  so  slowly  that 
the  advance  guard  was  forced  to  surrender. 
Gen.  Brock  was  mortally  wounded.  Van 
Rensselaor  was  disabled  and  the  American 
command  fell  upon  Captain  Wool.  British 
reenforcements  and  Indians  pressing  'hard 
upon  the  Americans,  they  were  forced  to 
surrender.  About  000  Americans  were  taken 
prisoners,  90  were  killed,  and  about  100 
wounded.  The  British  lost  in  killed,  wound- 
ed, and  captured  about  130.  The  number 
of  Indians  killed  is  not  known. 

Queretaro,  Treaty  of.    (Sec  Guadalupe 

Hidalgo,  Treaty  of.) 

Quids.— A  name  applied  to  the  anti-Madi- 
son faction  of  the  Republican  party,  led 
by  John  Randolph  from  1805  to  1811.'  Jef- 
forson  strongly  favored  the  succession  of 
Madison  and  the  Quids  declared  war  upon 
the  administration,  charging  "backstairs" 
Influence.  They  opposed  the  restrictive  sys- 
tem and  nominated  Monroe  in  1808. 

Quint. — One  of  the  silver  coins  presented 
by  Robert  Morris  to  the  Continental  Con- 
gress In  1783  for  consideration  as  a  national 


coin.  It  weighed  5  pennyweights  and  15 
grains  and  was  equal  to  about  35  cents. 
On  the  obverse  was  an  eye,  13  points 
crossing  (equidistant)  a  circle  of  as  many 
stars,  and  the  legend  'A  ova  Constellanuo"  ; 
on  the  reverse,  "U.  S.  500,"  surrounded 
by  a  wreath  and  the  legend,  "Llberlas  Jus- 
titia."  This  coin  was  not  accepted  and 
afterwards,  with  the  mark,  became  known 
as  the  Nova  Coustellatio  coinage. 


Indians. 


Indians. 


(See 
(See 


Indian 
Indian 


Qui-nai-elt 

Tribes.) 
Quil-leh-ute 

Tribes.) 

Quo  WarrantO.— The  legal  writ  served  upon 
public  officers  calling  upon  them  to  show 
cause  why  they  should  not  perform  certain 
duties,  or  why  they  should  not  bo  removed 
from  office,  whether  they  have  acquired  the 
office  legally  or  illegally. 

Quorum. — -A  word  adopted  from  the  Latin, 
meaning  in  the  original  tongue  "of  whom." 
Legally  it  denotes  a  certain  specified  num- 
ber out  of  a  large  number  necessary  to  act 
for  certain  purposes.  Business  in  charge 
of  trustees  or  committees  might  often  be  re- 
tarded on  account  of  the  absence  of  one 
or  more  members  if  the  actions  of  a  quorum 
were  not  legal.  Unless  otherwise  stipu- 
lated, a  majority  of  the  members  of  any 
body  is  considered  a  quorum.  In  parlia- 
mentary usage  a  quorum  is  the  number  that 
must  be  present  in  order  that  business  may 
be  transacted.  It  is  sometimes  less  than 
1  per  cent  of  the  members,  as  in  the  case 
of  the  British  House  of  Lords,  where  3  out 
of  450  members  constitute  a  quorum.  Ac- 
cording to  the  Constitution,  a  majority  of 
either  branch  of  Congress  constitutes  a 
quorum.  For  the  first  fifty  Congresses  the 
presence  of  a  constitutional  quorum  In  the 
House  was  determined  by  a  count  of  votes. 
No  matter  how  many  members  were  pres- 
ent, unless  a  majority  voted  it  was  consid- 
ered there  was  not  a  quorum  present.  This 
sometimes  led  to  obstructive  tactics.  In 
1SOO,  during  the  first  session  of  the  Fifty- 
first  Congress  the  Speaker  of  the  House 
ruled  that  a  quorum  was  present  when 
enough  members  were  visible  to  constitute 
a  quorum,  whether  they  voted  or  not.  The 
Senate  enforces  th<>  rule  which  requires  a 
majority  of  the  body  to  vote  In  order  that 
a  quorum  may  be  counted. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Railroads 


Radical. — In  politics,  a  person  who  advo- 
cates extreme  doctrines, — the  antithesis  of 
conservative;  in  the  plural  a  group,  or 
party,  urging  extreme  reforms. 

Eadio.     (See  Wireless  Telegraph.) 
Eadio  Service,  Navy  Department. — The 

name  of  this  service  lias  recently  l>een 
changed  to  the  "Naval  Communications 
Service."  It  is  in  charge  of  the  Government 
Kadlo  Service,  and  of  all  telegraph,  tele- 
phone, and  cahlo  communications  connected 
with  the  naval  service.  It  also  maintains  a 
censorship  over  all  radio  stations  in  time  of 
war.  and  in  time  of  peace  it  maintains  such 
a  censorship  to  the  point  of  enforcing  the 
neutrality  (q.  v.)  of  the  United  States. 
There  are  51  radio  stations  in  service,  which 
are  operated  both  on  shore-  and  on  light  ves- 
sels. There  is  an  extensive  radio  system 
operated  from  various  points  on  the  coasts 
in  order  to  control  the  movements  of  the 
United  States  fleet,  and  the  Navy  Depart- 
ment Is  connected  at  all  times  with  all  its 
naval  stations,  navy  yards,  and  radio  sta- 
tions in  the  United  States  by  means  of  tele- 
phone, telegraph  and  cable  connections.  In, 
1916,  the  naval  communications  service  car- 
ried G28.997  official  messages  and  97,084 
commercial  messages.  By  act  of  Congress 
approved  August  13,  1912,  radio  stations 
within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  United  States 
may  be  taken  over  by  the  Government  for 
use  in  nnval  communications,  to  the  exclu- 
sion of  other  control  and  use:  and  all  radio 
stations  not  necessary  to  Naval  communica- 
tions may  be  closed  for  radio  communica- 
tion. By  order  of  April  G.  1917.  President 
Wilson  issued  an  order  to  tMs  effect,  to  be 
operative  during  the  war  with  Germany. 

Bailroads  and  Equipment.— The  first 
railway  in  the  United  States  is  said  to 
have  been  the  three-mile  private  tramway 
running  from  the  Quincy  (Mass.)  granite 
quarries  to  tidewater  at  Neponset,  over 
which  was  hauled  the  stone  to  build  Bunker 
Hill  monument.  The  road  was  completed 
in  1820  at  a  cost  of  $34.000  and  the  cars 
were  drawn  by  horses.  This  was  followed 
chronologically  by  the  Mauch  Chunk  (Pa.) 
switchback  iii  1827.  The  first  railroad, 
however,  on  which  cars  were  actually 
drawn  by  a  locomotive  was  the  Carbondale 
Railroad',  built  in  1.V2S.  by  the  Delaware 
and  Hudson  Canal  Company  from  their  coal 
mines  to  Ilouesdale,  Pa.,  a  distance  of  six- 
teen miles.  In  1829  a  locomotive  named 
the  "Stourbridge  Lion."  built  in  England 
from  plans  of  Horatio  Allen,  an  American 
engineer,  was  brought  over  and  began  run- 
ning regularly  on  this  road.  Within  the 
year  the  multi-tubular  boiler  engine,  which 
succeeded  the  Allen  type,  was  perfected  by 
Robert  Stephenson,  an  English  miner.  It 
was  this  locomotive,  named  the  "Rocket," 
that  made  the  present  day  railroad  possible. 

The  lirst  American  locomotive  to  run 
over  an  American  railroad  was  the  "Tom 
Thumb."  invented  and  built  by  Peter  Cooper 
and  driven  by  him  over  the  Baltimore 
and  Ohio  Railroad  in  1830.  This  locomo- 
tive was  defeated  by  a  horse  on  one  of  its 
earliest  trial  trips,  much  to  the  humilia- 
tion of  its  inventor. 

The  regular  motive  force  of  the  Balti- 
more and  Ohio  Railroad  at  that  time  was 
horse  power,  and  for  some  miles  the  stage 
route  ran  alongside  the  tracks.  While  mak- 
ing an  exhibition  run  in  the  "Tom  Thumb," 
Mr.  Cooper  encountered  the  proprietor  of 
the  stage  route  at  the  point  where  the  two 
roads  became  parallel.  The  latter  bad  been 
awaiting  an  opportunity  with  one  of  his 
fleetest  horses,  and  entered  upon  the  race 
with  a  determination  to  show  the  superior- 


ity of  horseflesh  over  steam.  Mr.  Cooper 
fired  up  his  little  furnace  to  its  fullest 
capacity  and  the  "Tom  Thumb"  whirled 
along  exceeding  the  speed  limit  of  I  hose 
days,  if  Ihey  bad  one.  He  was  showing  a 
bright  pair  of  wheels  to  the  ambit  ions  stage 
driver  when  suddenly  the  belt  which  passi-d 
over  one  of  the  wheels  of  the  carriage  and 
worked  a  pair  of  bellows  to  blow  the  lire, 
broke,  the  lire  blackened  and  died  down  and 
the  stage  coach  driver  drew  ahead  in  tri- 
umph. 

The  second  American  locomotive  was 
built  at  the  West  Point  foundry,  near  Cold 
Spring,  N.  Y.,  (where  the  Parrot  t  guns 
were  cast  during  the  Civil  wan  after  plans 
by  K.  L.  Mil  er,  and  was  equipped  with  a 
common  vertical  boiler.  It  attained  a  speed, 
unattached,  of  thirty  to  thirty-five  miles 
an  hour;  and,  with  a  train  of  five  cars, 
fifteen  to  twenty  miles  an  hour.  This  loco- 
motive named  the  "Best  Friend"  was  built 
for  the  South  Carolina  Railroad,  which  ran 
between  Charleston  and  Hamburg. 

The  bursting  of  the  boiler  of  the  "Best 
Friend"  caused  the  introduction  of  the 
"barrier  car"  on  this  road.  This  was  a  car 
loaded  with  bales  of  cotton  coupled  between 
the  locomotive  and  the  passenger  coaches, 
to  protect  the  travellers  from  being  scalded 
by  steam  in  case  of  an  explosion. 

Among  other  very  early  American  rail- 
roads were  the  Baltimore  and  Susquehanna, 
dating  from  1830:  the  little  four-and-a- 
half  mile  line  between  New  Orleans  and 
Lake  Pontchartraiu,  starting  the  same  year  ; 
the  Boston  and  Lowell,  incorporated  in 
1830 :  the  Boston  and  Providence,  and 
Boston  and  Worcester,  incorporated  in 
1831  :  and  the  Mohawk  and  Hudson,  which 
commenced  running  in  September,  1831. 

See   illustration   opposite   1295. 

The  possibilities  of  the  railway  were  at 
once  recognized  by  the  rival  seaports  of  the 
Atlantic — New  York,  Boston,  Philadelphia 
and  Baltimore.  The  Erie  Canal  penetrat- 
ing to  the  interior  of  the  continent  on  the 
line  of  least  elevation  above  tidewater,  had 
made  New  Y'ork  the  national  port  of  entry 
and  chief  center  of  distribution.  Even  New 
Orleans,  with  the  Mississippi  River  as  a 
feeder,  felt  the  diversion  of  trade  through 
the  Erie  Canal.  It  was  the  effort  to  recover 
this  trade  that  caused  the  Baltimore  and 
Ohio  Railway  to  be  projected.  Philadel- 
phia, too.  began  reaching  toward  the  west 
with  a  railway,  and  the  Boston  and  Worces- 
ter penetrated  the  Berkshire  hills  toward 
Albany.  New  York  capitalists,  to  maintain 
the  supremacy  of  the  seaport,  supplemented 
the  Erie  Canal  with  the  Erie  Railroad.  The 
New  York  Central  Railway  was  formed  in 
1853  by  the  consolidation  of  five  small  rail- 
ways. The  rapid  increase  of  railway  mile- 
nge  from  1830  is  shown  in  tabular  form  as 
follows  : 

1830 23 

1S35 1.09S 

1S40 2.S1S 

1S45 4,633 

1S50 9,021 

1855 18,374 

1860 '30,620 

Prior  to  1850  there  were  few  railroads 
west  of  the  Alleghanies.  The  first  to  be 
built  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  were  the 
Clinton  and  Port  Hudson,  incorporated,  in 
1833,  and  the  Bayou  Sara  and  Woodville 
road,  incorporated  in  Louisiana  in  1831,  as 
the  West  Feliciana  Railroad.  These  pioneer 
railroads  of  the  South  have  been  operating 
continuously  since  1840.  A  system  of  land 
grants  did  much  to  foster  railroad  building 
in  the  West.  The  general  government  al- 
lotted certain  alternate  sections  of  public 
lands  to  the  several  States  in  the  West  and 


52,922 

18^0 !  .  '.  .'    9:;i296 

1S90 100,706 

1900 194,262 

1910 243,107 

1915 240,816 


Railroads 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


these  States  codod  them  under  conditions, 
in  the  immre  of  a  subsidy,  to  the  railroads. 
The  Illinois  Central  and  the  Mobile  and 
Ohio  were  the  first  to  obtain  these  advan- 
tages. During  the  Civil  war  railway  build- 
ing was  impeded  but  the  westward  stride 
was  resinned  in  1805.  and  only  fell  off  dur- 
ing the  financial  panic  of  187:5.  Adverse 
legislation  cheeked  the  extension  of  rail- 
ways between  1'Jll  and  11)15. 

Transcontinental  Lines. — April  1,  1850,  a 
meeting  was  called  in  Philadelphia  to  dis- 
cuss the  feasibility  of  a  railroad  to  the 
Pacific  coast.  The  discovery  of  gold  iu  Cal- 
ifornia turned  all  Eastern  eyes  on  the  newly 
acquired  territory  won  from  Mexico.  From 
a  liitle  known  region  where  traders  bar- 
tered for  hides  with  the  indolent  Mexicans 
the  I'acilic  coast  became  the  El  Dorado 
where  t!ie  Eastern  thousands  longed  to  go  ; 
and  venturesome  miners  early  on  the  spot 
clamored  for  supplies  the  East  was  anx- 
ious to  exchange  for  Western  gold.  The 
only  communication  between  the  Atlantic 
and  I'acitic  was  around  Cape  Horn,  across 
the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  or  over  land  across 
the  plains  and  mountains,  beset  by  hostile 
Indians,  hunger,  thirst,  and  the  parching 
sun  of  the  intervening  prairies.  The  Phila- 
delphia meeting  was  twenty  years  ahead  of 
its  time.  The  second  step  toward  trans- 
continental railways  was  taken  during  the 
administration  of  President  Pierce,  when 
Jefferson  Davis.  Secretary  of  War,  organ- 
ised and  carried  out  a  great  survey,  laying 
out  several  routes  across  the  continent. 
See  illustration  opposite  3058. 

In  response  to  the  repeated  demands 
Congress  -July  1,  18(i2,  incorporated  the 
Union  Pacific,  which,  in  its  junction,  seven 
years  later,  with  the  Central  Pacific  near 
Ogden,  Utah,  completed  the  first  transcon- 
tinental line.  (See  I'acilic  Railroads.) 

Railroad  statistics  for  1911  as  presented 
by  Poor's   Manual  are  as  follows: 
Cost    of    roads    and    equip- 
ment    $15,872,462.792 

Number  of  miles  operated..  240,055 

Passengers  carried  one  mile  33,505,339,282 
Tons  of  freight  moved  one 

mile     258. 590.04.°,.  087 

Revenue  from  earnings,  etc.     $1,085,951,595 
Paid  in  taxes,  dividends,  in- 
terest,   etc 957,829. 7.°-2 

Surplus   for   the   year 128,121,80:? 

Capital    stock 8,582.4(53,250 

Bonded  debt    10.989,00s, 551 

Reports  to  the  Interstate  Commerce  Com- 
mission for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June 
30,  1913,  by  roads  having  gross  operating 
revenues  of  SlOo.OOO  or  more  for  the  year 
showed  244,418  miles  of  single  track  in  use. 
Of  the  total  number  (03.378)  of  locomo- 
tives 14,390  were  passenger  and  37. 91!  4 
freight.  The  number  of  cars  was  2.445.5OX, 
of  which  51,700  were  passenger,  and  2,273,- 
504  freight. 

The  average  rate  of  interest  on  railroad 
bonds  has  been  steadily  declining  from  4.94 
In  188:;  to  .",.74  in  19l'l.  The  average  divi- 
dend rate  declined  from  2.70  in  188::  to  1.51 
In  1S97.  and  then  advanced  to  3.O4  in  1911. 
1'<inii»i«-nt.—  \i\  1831  Matthias  W.  Bald- 
win, a  maker  of  bookbinders'  tools  in  Phila- 
delphia, was  engaged  to  build  a  model  loco- 
motive for  exhibition  In  a  local  museum. 
The  success  of  this  mode]  resulted  in  Mr. 
Baldwin  being  engaged  In  construct  n  loco- 
motive for  the  Philadelphia,  Germantnwn 
and  Xorri-'town  Railway  Company.  This 

ciiirlne.  "Old  Ironsides,"  attained  a  si d  of 

th'rty  miles  nn  hour  wilh  train,  and.  de- 
tacbed,  is  said  to  have  made  sixty  miles. 
This  was  Hie  pioneer  of  the  Baldwin  I.oeo- 
tnotlve  Works  later  owned  by  Burnhiim. 
Williams  &  Co.  The  Rogers  Locomotive 


Works  were  established  in  Paterson,  X.  J., 
iu  1830,  and  the  Schenectady  works  in  1848. 
After  the  war  the  Pitishurg  works,  those 
at  Providence,  R.  I.,  the  Brooks  shops  at 
Dunkirk,  X.  Y.,  and  the  Richmond,  Va., 
works  were  established.  The  total  number 
of  locomotives  in  use  on  the  railways  of  the 
United  States,  Canada  and  Mexico  in  1894 
was  given  by  Poor's  Manual  as  35.813.  The 
number  of  establishments  engaged  in  the 
manufacture  was  thirteen. 

The  real  progress  in  locomotive  building 
has  been  increasing  the  weight  of  trains 
which  can  be  hauled  with  certainty  at  rates 
of  speed  previously  regarded  as  phenom- 
enal. September  11,  1895,  a  locomotive  of 
the  Xew  York  Central  hauled  the  Empire 
State  Express  from  New  York  to  East  Buf- 
falo. 430  1-2  miles,  in  407  2-3  minutes,  an 
average  speed  of  04.20  miles  an  hour. 

The  Erie  Railroad  conducted  a  test  at 
Binghamton,  X.  Y..  on  July  24.  1914,  of  the 
pulling  power  of  the  new  Centipede  locomo- 
tive, which  weighs  410  tons  and  has  24 
driving  wheels.  The  officials  in  charge  kept 
adding  car  after  car  of  coal  to  the  train 
until  it  consisted  of  250  fully  loaded  steel 
cars,  with  a  total  weight  of  21.000  ton-;. 
The  locomotive  pulled  this  train  40  miles 
at  the  rate  of  10  miles  an  hour. 

In  1857  Thomas  Hall,  of  Boston,  con- 
structed and  exhibited  a  small  electric  lo- 
comotive, which  took  its  current  from  a 
stationary  battery  by  means  of  the  rails 
and  wheels.  Electrical  locomotives  were 
tried  on  the  Xew  York  elevated  railroad  in 
1880.  Aft^r  1890  electric  locomotives  were 
common,  especially  on  suburban  lines. 

The  first  passenger  coach,  used  in  Penn- 
sylvania in  1.S32.  was  a  stage  coach  slightly 
enlarged.  With  the  increased  sp-ed  of  the 
locomotive  attention  was  drawn  t»  the 
wheels,  and  Messrs.  Knight,  Edgar,  Winans 
and  Davis  of  Baltimore  developed  and  im- 
proved the  flange.  The  sleeping  car  had  its 
origin  as  early  as  1838.  In  1858  two 
sleeping  cars  were  run  between  Cleveland 
and  Buffalo,  hut  they  were  not  popular.  It 
was  while  riding  in  one  of  these  that  George 
M.  Pullman  designed  the  improvements 
which  have  revolutionized  railway  travel. 
Ilis  first  car,  the  "Pioneer,"  was  built  in 
1803.  This  car  was  used  to  convey  Presi- 
dent Lincoln's  body  from  Chicago  to  Spring- 
field, 111.,  for  interment,  and  shortly  after- 
ward by  General  Grant  to  go  from  Detroit 
to  Galena,  111. 

In  the  winter  of  1808-09  the  first  West- 
inghotisc  air  brake  was  used  on  the  Siouben- 
ville  accommodation  train  running  on  th.> 
Pittsburg.  Cincinnati  &  St.  Louis  Railroad 

The  transportation  of  various  kinds  of 
products,  such  as  live  stock,  coal,  dressed 
meat,  oil,  and  timber,  has  called  into  being 
cars  especially  adapted  to  each  class  of 
freight,  and  steel  is  gradually  supplanting 
wood  in  the  construction  of  all  cars. 

Xl><'«!  li'crariln. — The  fastest  single  mil  • 
ou  record  for  a  railway  train  was  .",'J  sec- 
onds, made  by  the  Empire  State  Express  on 
the  Xew  York  Central  Road,  at  Crittenden. 
X.  Y..  in  May.  1893,  which  was  at  the  rate 
of  11L.'.5  miles  per  hour.  Xumeroiis  in- 
stances are  recorded  of  short  runs  dive 
miles  or  lessi  at  a  rate  of  more  than  n 
hundred  miles  an  hour.  The  best  record  for 
(lie  longest  distance  was  made  by  the  Chi- 
cago, Burlington  &  <>uincy  train  in  riinnin<: 
from  Chicago  to  Denver.  1.O25  miles,  in  IS 
hours  and  5_'  seconds,  a  rate  of  58.74  miles 
an  hour,  in  Eehruary.  1x97.  The  New  York 
Central  trains  have  repeatedly  made  the  dis- 
tance between  \ew  York  and  Chicair".  1(00 
miles,  at  an  average  speed  of  more  than  Oo 
miles  an  li»iir. 

Among    the    fastest     iv.ru'ar    trains    in    the 

United      Slates      !11V      believed      to      be      tile      XeW 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Railroads 


York  Central  "Empire  Slate  Express,"  be- 
tween New  York  and  Albany,  14.'!  mile.)  in 
175  minutes,  and  the  "Congressional  Lim- 
ited," on  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad,  which 
makes  tlie  run  from  Jersey  City  to  Wash- 
ington in  4  hours  and  40  minutes,  a  distance 
of  227  miles.  The  "Pennsylvania  Special," 
over  1'.  R.  R.,  which  runs  from  Jersey  City 
to  North  Philadelphia,  84  miles  In  83  min- 
utes; from  Jersey  City  to  Ilarrisburg,  i'a., 
104  miles  in  190  minutes.  The  Hoyal  I?!u  > 
Line  from  New  York  to  Philadelphia  (Head- 
ins  Terminal),  91.1  miles,  in  1  hour,  50 
minutes.  <  >n  November  25,  1913,  a  special 
train,  consisting  of  a  locomotive  and  two 
cars,  ran  from  Washington,  I).  C.,  to  Jersey 
City,  227  miles,  in  4  hours,  the  fastest  trip 
ever  made  between  (he  two  cities. 

In  October,  1905,  the  "Ilarrlman  Special" 
made  the  run  from  Oakland  to  Jersey  City 
(3,239  miles)  in  73  hours,  12  minutes,  or 
44. 30  miles  per  hour.  In  May,  1900,  the 
"llarriman  Special"  made  the  run  from  Oak- 
land. Cal.,  to  New  York  City  in  71  hours,  27 
minutes.  The  "Scott  Special"  left  Los 
Angeles,  Cal..  July  9.  1905.  and  arrived  in 
Chicago  (2,415.5 "  miles)  July  11,  having 
made  the  run  in  44  hours,  54  minutes, 
maintaining  an  average  speed  while  in  mo- 
tion of  51  miles  an  hour. 

The  .Tarrett  and  Palmer  special  theatrical 
train,  Jersey  City  to  Oakland  (San  Francis- 
co), 3,311  miles,  June,  1870.  S3  hours,  45 
minutes ;  average  speed,  39.53  miles  per 
hour. 

On  November  15,  1907,  at  Clayton,  N.  J., 
in  a  trial  test  on  Pennsylvania  R.  R.  be- 
tween steam  and  electric  locomotives,  the 
steam  engine  made  93.0  miles  an  hour  on  a 
specially  built  seven  mile  curved  track, 
while  the  electric  locomotive  made  but  90 
miles  an  hour. 

Returns  for  1914  were  received  from  242 
establishments  which  manufactured  13s. 178 
steam  and  electric  cars,  valued  at  $165,071.- 
427.  These  totals  include  figures  for  US 
railroad  repair  shops  which  reported  the 
construction  of  11.049  new  cars,  valued  at 
$12.811,087,  and  7  establishments  engaged 
primarily  in  other  lines  of  manufacture  but 
which  produced  4.481  railway  cars,  valued 
at  $3,178,677,  as  subsidiary  products. 

In  1914  there  were  built  135.357  steam- 
railway  cars,  valued  at  $155.029.539.  The 
number  of  steam  passenger  cars  built  in 
1914  was  3,558,  and  their  value  was  $45,- 
027.0S3.  Of  freight  and  other  cars  for  use 
on  steam  railroads,  the  output  in  1914  was 
131.799.  valued  at  $110.002,456. 

The  number  of  electric  cars  manufactured 
in  1914  was  2.821,  and  their  value  was 
$1 0.041. S8S.  The  output  of  electric  cars  in 
1!)14  comprised  2.583  passenger  cars,  110 
freight  cars,  and  128  other  cars. 

Ei'/Jit  Hour  Da;/. — A  strike  vote  among 
the  300.000  members  of  the  four-train  serv- 
ice brotherhoods  on  the  question  of  an  eight- 
hour  day  and  time  and  a  half  for  overtime 
was  taken  during  July.  The  vote  followed 
the  failure  of  the  conference  in  June  with 
the  representatives  of  the  railroads  of  the 
United  States. 

The  National  Conference  Committee  of  the 
railways  made  public.  July  25,  a  summary  of 
finding's  on  wages  paid  by  the  roads,  together 
with  the  conclusion  that  their  employees  con- 
stitute one  of  the  highest  paid  groups  of 
workers.  Railroad  accountants  had  been  ex- 
amining the  payrolls  of  every  road  in  the 
country  for  six  months.  The  purpose  of  _the 
railway  managers  was  to  combat  the  effort 
of  the' four  brotherhoods  to  obtain  raises  in 
pay.  They  held  that  the  men  were  paid 
sufficiently'  high  not  to  need  an  increase  in 
wages. 

The  average  yearly  wage  payments  to  all 
Eastern  train  'employees  (including  those 


who  worked  only  part  of  the  year),  as  shown 
by  the  1'Jlo  payrolls,  were : 

1'assenger.  Freight.  Yard. 

Engineers  $1790  $15H;  $1384 

Conductors  1724  14OI  123s 

Firemen  1033  9O3  844 

Brake-men 1018  858  990 

Three-quarters  of  these  men  (including  all 
those  who  put  in  a  full  year's  service) 
earned  these,  wages  : 

Engineers  (road),  $1585  to  $3224  ;  (yard  I, 
$1303  to  $2178. 

Conductors  (road),  $1552  to  $3001; 
(yard),  $1145  to  $1991. 

Firemen  (road),  $933  to  $1702;  (yard), 
$752  to  $1033. 

Rrakemen  (road),  $802  to  $1707;  (yard), 
$834  to  $1035. 

For  the  whole  country,  the  average  wages 
of  three-quarters  of  the  employees  were  : 

1'assengcr.  Freight.  Yard. 

Engineers  $2007  $1892  $1520 

Conductors  185(1  1719  1310 

Firemen  1203  1117  924 

Brakemen 1095  %  1013  1070 

Declaring  a  break  Inevitable  unless  some 
strong  measures  of  intervention  were  speed- 
ily introduced,  an  r.ppeal  was  made  to 
President  Wilson  August  2,  to  take  action 
in  the  matter  of  the  threatened  railroad 
strike.  It  was  backed  by  as  large  a  number 
of  business  men  as  had  ever  been  heard  on 
a  sinirlc  subject.  The  spokesman  was  Harry 
A.  Wheeler,  of  Chicago,  chairman  of  the 
committee  on  the  railroad  situation  of  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce  of  the  United  States. 

On  the  3d,  the  President  designated  G.  W. 
W.  Hanger,  assistant  commissioner  of  media- 
tion and  conciliation,  to  be  a  member  of  the; 
United  States  Board  of  Mediation  and  Con 
filiation.  This  filled  the  one  vacancy  on  the 
board  and  placed  it  in  a  position  to  take  up 
the  railroad  matter  just  as  soon  as  the 
trouble  should  come  to  a  crisis. 

Ninety-four  per  cent  of  the  400.000  rail- 
way workers  voted  for  a  strike  if  the  carriers 
should  fail  to  grant  their  demands  at  a  con- 
ference in  New  York  August  8.  The  vote 
was  as  follows,  in  favor  of  a  strike  : 

Locomotive  engineers —  Per  cent 

Southern   District 9S.72 

Western  District 9O.35 

Eastern    District 94.51 

Firemen  and   enginemen 98. lo 

Railway    trainmen 97.00 

Railway  conductors — . 

Western    District 84.03 

Eastern     District 84. 08 

Southern    District 93.04 

General   officers 85.00 

The  services  of  the  Federal  Mediation 
Board  were-  accepted  by  both  sides  August  9. 
and  conferences  were  arranged  at  once,  but 
by  the  13th  the  Federal  Mediators  announced 
the  failure  of  their  efforts.  President  Wil- 
son then  proposed  several  White  House  con- 
ferences, after  which  he  submitted,  on  the 
Kith,  the  following  proposals  : 

"Acceptance  by  the  railroad  managers  of 
the  eight  hour  day. 

"Abandonment  by  the  employees  of  their 
demands  for  time  and  one-half  for  overtime, 
and  the  acceptance  of  pro  rata  for  overtime. 
"Abandonment  by  the  railroad  managers 
of  their  contention  that  the  entire  contro- 
versy be  submitted  to  arbitration  either  by 
the  hoard  of  Mediation  or  a  board  appointed 
by  the.  President. 

"Appointment  of  a  commission  to  investi- 
gate the  operation  of  the  eight  hour  day.  to 
determine  its  cost  to  the  railroads,  and  to 
make  recommendations  concerning  the  col- 
lateral problems  involved  and  the  payment 
of  time  and  one-half  for  overtime.'1 


Railroads 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


These  proposals  were  rejected  by  the 
Managers'  Committee  the  next  clay,  where- 
upon President  Wilson  summoned  the  rail- 
road presidents,  who,  on  the  18th,  failed  to 
accept  the  settlement  plan.  The  plan  was 
formally  accepted  by  the  four  railway 
brotherhoods.  A  delegation  of  railroad  ex- 
ecutives went  to  the  Wliite  House  August 
22,  and  discussed  with  President  Wilson  a 
modified  acceptance  of  his  proposals. 

It  was  learned  that  the  President  told  the 
railroad  presidents  that  he  would  not  act 
as  mediator  between  the  brotherhoods  and 
the  railroads  beyond  the  proposal  for  settle- 
ment he  had  made  and  which  had  been  ac- 
cepted by  the  brotherhoods. 

The  special  committee  of  railroad  execu- 
tives drew  a  compromise  proposal,  August 
24,  which  provided  : 

"The  eight-hour  basic  day  should  be 
granted  to  the  trainmen. 

"The  administration  should  make  every 
effort  to  obtain  a  freight  rate  increase  for 
the  roads. 

"Congress  should  be  asked  to  enact  legisla- 
tion to  insure  settlement  of  future  labor  dis- 
putes through  an  investigating  commission." 

After  lengthy  conferences  President  Wil- 
son announced,  August  2S.  that  he  would  go 
before  Congress  to  ask  for  legislation  to  stop 
the  impending  strike.  lie  appealed  to  the 
brotherhood  heads  to  have  the  strike  order 
for  Lal>or  Day  rescinded,  but  was  told  that 
the  order  was  beyond  recall.  His  appeal  to 
Congress  was  made  August  20.  lie  upheld 
the  Brotherhoods'  attitude,  placed  blame  on 
the  railway  managers  and  suggested  the  fol- 
lowing six  propositions  : 

"1.  Enlarge  the  membership  of  the  Inter- 
state Commerce  Commission  from  seven  to 
nine,  as  provided  for  in  the  Adamson  bill, 
which  passed  the  House  some  time  ago. 

"2.  Establish  an  eight-hour  day  as  a  basis 
for  wage  and  work  on  all  interstate  carriers. 

".'5.  Appoint  a  small  commission  to  ob- 
serve the  results  of  the  eight-hour  day  and 
report  to  Congress  without  recommenda- 
tion. 

"4.  That  Congress  signify  its  approval  of 
an  increase  in  freight  rati's  as  a  basis  of 
compensating  the  railroads  for  the  extra 
cost  of  the  eight-hour  day. 

"."».  That  the  powers  of  the  P.oard  of  Medi- 
ation and  Conciliation  be  increased  so  as  to 
give  it  authority  to  investigate  labor  trou- 
bles and  to  make  a  report  thereon,  in  the 
meantime  making  it  unlawful  for  a  strike 
or  lockout  to  occur  while  this  work  is  going 
on. 

"0.  Give  the  President  authority  to  use 
the  military  forces  of  the  Government  to 
keep  the  roads  running  in  case  of  a  strike 
and  give  the  President  power  to  draft  men 
into  the  military  service  for  this  purpose." 

Measures  taken  by  Congress  Aug.  ."1,  with 
the  active  assistance  of  President  Wilson, 
insured  the  passage  of  both  houses  of  a  bill 
that  would  satisfy  the  brotherhoods. 

The  impending  railroad  strike  was  averted, 
S'cpt.  2,  by  the  passage  of  the  Adamson 
eight-hour  bill. 

Railroad  officials  declared  that  the  action 
of  Congress  would  cost  them  900.000,000  a 
year  in  increased  wages  to  the  trainmen. 
Krotherhood  officials,  however,  said  the  en- 
actment would  mean  not  more  than  an  an- 
nual increase  of  $20,000,01(0. 

The  Adamson  ek'ht-hour  1,111  passed  tin' 
House,  Sept.  1.  bv  a  vote  ,,f  •_•:;!(  to  r.C,,  and 
the  Senate  on  the  following  day  by  a  vote 
of  -I.'!  to  2.S — almost;  a  strict  party  vote. 
The  bill  was  parsed  without  amendments 
amid  stirring  scenes,  after  many  Senators. 
Democrats  and  IC'-pnblicans.  had  fouirht  des- 
perately to  amend  the  measure  l,y  provisions 
designed  to  prevent  industrial  disasters  in 
the  future.  Some  Senators,  thoroughly 
aroused,  declared  Congress  was  being  coerced 


into  enactment  of  legislation  which  it  did 
not  desire  and  which  it  knew  would  return 
to  plague  it  in  the  future. 

In  both  Houses  the  measure  was  signed 
within  few  minutes  after  the  final  vote  in 
the  Senate,  and  it  was  sent  at  once  to  the 
White  House,  where  President  Wilson  signed 
it  at  7  :•'!()  o'clock  Sunday  morning.  That 
there  might  be  no  question  as  to  the  legality 
of  the  measure  as  a  result  of  its  having  been 
signed  on  Sunday,  the  President  also  affixed 
his  signature  upon  his  return  to  Wash- 
ington on  the  following  Tuesday. 

Three  hours  after  the  measure  passed  the 
Senate,  the  heads  of  the  four  great  rail- 
road employees'  brotherhood  canceled  the 
strike  orders  which  were  to  have  taken  effect 
on  Sept.  4. 

The  bill  provided  that  after  .Tan.  1,  1017, 
eight  hours  should  be  regarded  as  a  basis 
of  reckoning  for  a  day's  pay  of  men  engaged 
in  the  operation  of  railroad  'trains  in  in- 
terstate commerce  (excepting  roads  less  than 
loo  miles  long  and  electric  lines),  that  they 
should  receive  pro  rata  pay  for  work  in 
excess  of  eight  hours,  and  that  their  rate 
of  compensation  should  not  be  changed 
pending  an  investigation  for  from  six  to 
nine  months  of  the  effect  of  the  eight-hour 
'day  upon  the  railroads  by  a  commission  to 
be  appointed  by  the  President. 

"Atlaiiifton  Lfiir — Section  1.  That  beginning 
Jan.  1.  1917,  eight  hours  shall,  in  contracts 
for  labor  and  service,  be  deemed  a  day's 
work,  and  the  measure  or  standard  of  a 
day's  work  for  the  purpose  of  reckoning  the 
compensation  for  service  of  all  employees 
who  are  now  or  may  hereafter  be  employed 
by  any  railroad  which  is  subject  to  the  pro- 
visions of  the  act  of  Feb.  1,  1SS7.  "An  act 
to  regulate  commerce,"  as  amended,  and  who 
are  now,  or  may  hereafter  be  actually  en- 
gaged in  any  capacity  in  the  operation  of 
trains  used  for  the  transportation  of  per- 
sons or  property,  on  railways  from  any 
state  or  territory  of  the  I'nited  States  or 
the  District  of  Columbia  to  any  other  state 
or  territory  of  the  I'nited  States  or  the 
District  of  Columbia,  or  from  one  place  in  a 
territory  to  another  place  in  the  same  ter- 
ritory, or  from  any  place  in  the  ("nited 
States  to  an  adjacent  foreign  country,  or 
from  any  place  in  the  I'nited  States  through 
a  foreign  country  to  any  other  place  in  the 
I'nited  States. 

"Section  2.  That  the  president  shall  ap- 
point a  commission  of  three,  which  shall 
observe  the  operation  and  effects  of  the  in- 
stitution of  the  eight-hour  .standard  work- 
day as  above  defined,  and  the  facts  and 
conditions  affecting  the  relations  between 
such  common  carriers  and  employees  dur- 
ing a  period  of  not  less  than  six  months 
nor  more  than  nine  months,  in  the  discretion 
of  the  commission,  and  within  ;>i)  days 
thereafter  such  commission  shall  report  its 
findings  to  the  president  and  Congress.  That 
each  member  of  the  commission  created 
under  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  re- 
ceive such  compensation  as  niav  be  fixed 
by  the  president.  That  the  sum  of  .S2.~i.OOO. 
or  so  much  thereof  as  may  be  necessary, 
be  and  hereby  is  appropriated  out  of  any 
money  in  the  I'nited  States  treasury 
not  otherwise  appropriated'  to  be  imme- 
diately available  and  to  continue  available 
until  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year  ending 
June  :;<>,  1!M7.  for  the  Decenary  and  proper 
expenses  incurred  in  conned  inn  \\iih  the 
work  of  such  commission,  including  salaries 
per  diem,  traveling  expenses  of  members 
and  employees  and  return,  furniture,  olliee 
fixtures  and  supplies,  books,  salaries  and 
other  necessary  expenses,  the  same  »o  be 
approved  by  the  chairman  of  said  commis- 
sion and  audit"d  by  the  proper  accounting 
officers  of  (be  treasury. 

"Section  :;.   That  pending  the  report  of  the 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Railway 


commission  heroin  provided  for,  and  for  a 
period  of  :>0  days  thereafter,  the  compensa- 
tion of  railway  employees  subject  to  this  act 
for  a  standard  eight-hour  workday  shall  not 
he  reduced  below  the  present  standard  day's 
wane,  and  for  all  necessary  time  in  excess 
of  eight  hours  such  employees  shall  he  paid 
at  H  rate  not  less  than  the  pro  rata  rate  for 
such  standard  eight-hour  workday. 

"Section  4.  That  any  persons  violating  any 
provision  of  this  act  shall  be  guilty  of  a  mis- 
demeanor and  upon  conviction  shall  be  lined 
not  less  than  ono  hundred  dollars  and  not 
more  than  one  thousand  dollars,  or  im- 
prisonment not  to  exceed  one  year,  or  both." 

10.  1'.  Kipley,  president  of  the  Atchison, 
Topeka  &  Santa  Kc  Kaihvay,  declared  in  a 
formal  statement,  Sept.  <!,  that  the  Sauta 
Fe  did  not  intend  to  comply  with  the  Adam- 
sou  law. 

The  determination  of  tho  railroads  to  op- 
pose the  8-hour  law  is  consistent  with  their 
opposition  to  all  regulation  of  their  affairs 
by  federal  laws.  They  opposed  the  creation 
of  the  Interstate  Commerce  Commission  and 
the  extension  of  its  authority  to  regulate 
rates.  They  declared  the  Hepburn  law  con- 
liscatory  and  therefore  unconstitutional. 
They  opposed  the  national  workmen's  com- 
pensation act  and  the  building  of  the  Pan- 
ama Canal.  They  fought  the  law  requiring 
use  of  safety  appliances  on  freight  and  pas- 
senger trains,  and  all  legislation  putting  a 
limit  to  continuous  service  of  employees. 
They  opposed  and  later  evaded  the  order  to 
separate  coal  mining  from  transportation. 
These  regulations  were  embodied  into  law 
only  when  the  abuses  complained  of  were  no 
longer  tolerable. 

Railroad  Commission: 

Recommended,  5040,  5763. 

Eeport  of,  on  indebtedness  of  Pa- 
cific railroads  discussed  and  recom- 
mendations regarding,  5181,  5384. 

Railroad  Employees,  legislation  for  in- 
creased safety  in  use  of  couplers  and 
brakes  recommended,  5480',  5561, 
5642,  5766. 

Railroad  Transportation: 

Bill    authorizing   payment    of,    trans- 
mitted, 4674. 
Discussed,  6172. 

State  laws  regulating  rates  of,  ad- 
judged inoperative  by  Supreme 
Court,  5111. 

Railroad  Underground.  (See  Under- 
ground Kailroad.) 

Railroads  (see  also  the  several  rail- 
roads; Interstate  Commerce;  Inter- 
state Commerce  Commission;  Rail- 
road Commission;  Railroads,  Com- 
missioner of;  Strike  Commission): 

Between  United  States  and  Mexico, 
4562. 

Casualty  list  discussed,  6897. 

Construction  of,  as  military  measure 
recommended,  3247. 

Couplers  and  brakes  upon  freight 
trains,  legislation  for  increased 
safety  in  use  of,  recommended, 
5486,  5561,  5642,  5766. 

Freight  rates,  establishment  of  maxi- 
mum and  minimum,  6977, 


From — 

Atlantic    to    Pacific    States    recom- 
mended, 2988. 
Missouri    River    to    Pacific    Ocean, 

uniform  gaugo  for,  3361. 
Omaha,  Nebr.,  to  Sacramento,  Cal., 

discussed,  3881. 

Government    aid    to,    under    Constitu- 
tion discussed,  2753. 
Grant  to  American  citizens  for  lines 

of,  through  Mexico,  3665. 
Hours  of  employees  on,  6982,  7035. 
In   Europe,  3270. 

Lands  granted  in  aid  of,  discussed, 
2749,  2823,  3580,  3651,  4065,  4944, 
5384. 

Forfeiture  of,  discussed,  4837,  5379. 
Provocation  of   withdrawal  of,   re- 
ferred  to,   5197. 
Military     possession     of,     taken     by 

United  States,  3314,  3379. 
National    inspection    and    control   of, 

recommended,  6978,  7074,  7087. 
N.  Y.,  N.  H.  &  II.  R.  R.  Co.,  dissolu- 
tion of,  directed,  8023. 
Publicity  of  accounts  of,  6978. 
Rates  discussed,  7128,  7129. 
Rebates,  Federal  abolition  of,  recom- 
mended,    6900,     6901,     6976,     6977, 
7024,  7025,  7026. 
Referred  to,  3479. 

Right   of  way  for,  through   reserva- 
tions.     (See  Indian   Reservations.) 
Safety-Appliance  law,  6803,  6897. 
Strikes  discussed.     (See  Strike  Com- 
mission.) 
Subsidies  to — 
Discussed,  4064. 

Information     regarding,     transmit- 
ted, 4958. 

Survey     for,    across     continent     dis- 
cussed, 2753. 
Recommended,  2558. 
Taxation    of,    discussed,   4730. 
Total  mileage  of,  discussed,  5741. 
Transportation   rates.     (See   Railroad 

Transportation. ) 
Railroads,  Commissioner  of,  report  of, 

discussed,  5640,  5763. 
"Railsplitter." — A  soubriquet  given  to 
Lincoln  because  of  his  humble  origin  and  his 
boyhood  experience  in  splitting  rails.  A 
term  used  in  derision  by  his  contemporary 
enemies,  and  in  praise  by  his  friends  at  all 
times. 

Railway  Adjustment.     (See  Division  of 

Railway  Adjustment.) 
Railway  Mail  Service: 

Classification  of  employees  in,  5429. 
Amendments    to    rules     regarding, 
5465,     5466,     5542,     5610,     5948, 
5954,  5955,  6040. 
Discussed,    5882. 
Recommended,   4527. 
Time   for,  extended,  5462. 

Discussed,    5488. 
Discussed,  5882. 


Railway 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Railway  Mail  Service,  Division  of. — An 

act  of  Congress  of  September  6,  1785,  au- 
thorized the  Postmaster-general  to  contract 
for  the  delivery  of  mail  by  stage-coach.  In 
1811.  the  Post-Office  Department  established 
a  system  of  mail  service  between  Baltimore 
and'  Washington  in  stage-coaches  owned  by 
the  Government,  and  in  1813  the  Postmas- 
ter-general was  authorized  to  use  sailing 
vessels  in  the  transportation  of  mail.  The 
first  railway  post-office  was  established  in 
1802  and  the  first  definite  railway  mail 
service  was  inaugurated  in  1804,  although 
railway  post-offices  had  been  suggested  to 
the  Postmaster-general  by  assistant  postmas- 
ter-general Ilobbie,  as  early  as  1847.  The 
present  service  is  in  operation  over  217,402 
miles  of  railroad,  and  covers  .327. 00!), 708 
miles  of  actual  service.  It  is  estimated  that 
15.uOO.OOU.000  pieces  of  matter  are  trans- 
ported and  assorted  by  the  railway  mail 
service  in  the  course  of  a  year.  The  appro- 
priations for  this  branch  of  the  post-office 
service  in  li>17  were  $31.931.669,  and  the 
estimate  for  1918  is  $31.108.410.  The  serv- 
ice is  administered  under  the  second  assist- 
ont  postmaster-general  (q.  v. ),  and  com- 
prises 34  officers,  114  chief  clerks,  and  18,- 
040  permanent  railway  postal  clerks.  The 
special  cars  used  in  the  service  are  virtually 
traveling  post-offices,  and  although  they 
are  furnished  by  the  railroads,  they  are 
manned  by  the  Government  postal  service. 
In  addition  to  transportation  by  railroad, 
mail  is  transported  by  the  Department  by 
wagon,  by  special  messenger,  by  electric  car, 
by  steamship  lines,  by  dog  sled,  by  motor 
vehicles,  by  pneumatic  tubes,  and  by  aero- 
plane. (See  Post-Office  Department/Postal 
Service.) 

Railway  Postal   Service.      (See   Postal 
Service;  Bailway  Mail  Service.) 

Rain-Getter    Dyrenforth.      (See    Eain- 
Maker.) 

Rain-Maker. — In  ancient  times  a  priest  or 
sorcerer  who  claimed  the  power  to  bring 
rain  by  prayer  or  incantations.  During  the 
years  of  the  intensified  settlement  of  the 
then  arid  states  of  Kansas  and  Nebraska, 
the  United  States  Government  tried  out  the 
experiment  of  causing  the  condensation  of 
moisture,  with  consequent  rain-fall,  by  the 
use  of  explosives.  R.  G.  Dyrenforth  was 
the  leader  of  the  movement  for  this  experi- 
ment, and  thus  acquired  a  sobriquet  derived 
from  his  initials,  Kain-Getter  Dyrenforth. 

Raizuli.    (See  "Perdicaris  alive  or  Rai- 

zuli  dead.") 

Raleigh,  The,  mentioned,  6297. 
Rally. — A  largo  gathering  of  people,  espe- 
cially in  political  campaigns,  for  the  purpose 
of  arousing  or  rallying  enthusiasm  for  a 
political  or  other  cause,  or  for  the  success 
of  party  candidates.  In  certain  sections 
party  leaders  frequently  organi/e  rallies  in 
the  nature  of  picnic  parties,  accommodating 
their  followers  with  boat  or  other  transpor- 
tation to  tlie  rallying  place,  and  there  serv- 
ing a  feast,  accompanied  by  music  and 
speech-making. 

Rambouillet  Decree.— March  23.  1810.  af- 
ter the  American  Congress  had  repealed  the 
non-intercourse  act  of  March  1,  1810.  Na- 
poleon ordered  the  immediate  seizure  and 
sale  of  all  American  vessels  in  the  ports 
of  France  or  the  ports  of  her  territories 
occupied  by  French,  aiuilcs.  Iu  this  decree 


Napoleon  avowed  his  determination  to  pro- 
hibit any  commercial  intercourse  with  the 
enemies  of  France  which  was  not  enjoyed 
by  that  country  also.  Under  this  decree 
132  vessels,  with  their  cargoes,  valued  at 
$8,000,000  were  ordered  sold.  (See  also 
Herlin  Decree;  Embargo;  Milan  Decree; 
Noniutercourse  Acts.) 

Rampart. — A  breastwork  of  earth  or  other 
substance,  thrown  up  around  a  fort,  as  pro- 
tection against  the  shells  of  the  enemy. 
Ramsey  &  Carrnick,  claims  of,  referred 

to,  3065. 

Ranger,  The,  referred  to,  1030. 
Raritan,   The,   postponement   of  sailing 

of,  referred  to,  2129. 

Ratification  of  Constitution.— The  Con- 
stitution, by  its  terms,  was  not  to  become 
binding  until  ratified  by  nine  of  the  thir- 
teen states.  It  was  signed  by  the  dele- 
gates in  convention  Sept.  17,  1787,  and 
by  them  submitted  to  Congress.  Congress 
immediately  ordered  copies  sent  to  all  the 
states.  Hamilton,  Jay  and  Madison  took 
leading  parts  in  bringing  about  the  ratifica- 
tion by  the  states.  Gen.  Washington's 
great  influence  was  also  thrown  into  the 
scale.  The  commercial  classes  in  most  of 
the  states  favored  its  adoption,  but  there 
was  much  opposition  to  it  on  all  sides. 
Delaware  was  the  first  state  to  ratify  the 
new  document,  taking  favorable  action 
thereon  Dec.  7,  1787.  It  was  then  rati- 
fied by  the  other  states  in  the  following 
order :  Pennsylvania,  Dec.  12  ;  New  Jersey, 
Dec.  18;  Georgia,  Jan.  2,  1788;  Connecti- 
cut, Jan.  9  ;  Massachusetts,  Feb.  6 ;  Mary- 
land, April  28 ;  South  Carolina,  May  23  ; 
New  Hampshire,  June  21  ;  Virginia,  June 
25  ;  New  York,  July  20  ;  North  Carolina, 
Nov.  21,  1789  and  Rhode  Island.  May  29. 
1790.  The  Constitution  went  into  effect 
March  4,  1789,  before  North  Carolina  and 
Rhode  Island  had  ratified  it. 

Ration.  — (Usually  in  the  plural.)  The  food 
served  in  specified  quantities  to  soldiers  and 
other  persons  under  military  government. 
In  times  of  military  stress  and  scarcity  of 
rations,  soldiers  arc  permitted  to  forage. 
(See  Forage.) 

Ratification  of  Constitution.    (See  Con- 
stitution; Admission  of  States.) 
Raymond    (Miss.),   Battle    of.— May    7, 

1S03,  Sherman  effected  a  junction  with 
Grant,  swelling  the  force  about  to  proceed 
to  the  siege  of  "Vieksburg  to  50,000  men,  in- 
cluding infantry,  cavalry,  and  artillery. 
Grant  immediately  ordered  a  general  move- 
ment on  two  parallel  roads  on  I  he  south- 
east of  the  P.ig  Hlack  Kiver.  McPherson. 
advancing  on  the  road  nearest  the  river,  met 
two  brigades  of  the  enemy,  under  Gregg  and 
Walker,  at  Raymond,  fifteen  miles  southwest 
of  Jackson,  on  May  12,  and  after  a  sharp 
engagement  defeated  fhem.  The  Confeder- 
ate loss  was  in.4!  killed  and  720  wounded 
and  missing.  McPherson  lost  09  killed,  341 
wounded,  and  32  missing. 

Reaction.— In  political  parlance,  the  polit- 
ical tendency  after  progress  to  become  con- 
servative to  the  extent  of  retiring  from  ad- 
vanced theories  and  to  go  back  to  original 
conditions. 

Reactionary. — A  victim  of  reaction  (q.  v.)  ; 
one  opposing  progress. 

Rear-Admiral. — This  is  a  naval  grade  cre- 
ated by  act  of  Congress  iu  18G2.  This 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Reciprocity 


grade  In  the  Navy  ranks  with  that  of 
major-geuerul  In  the  Army.  Until  the  spe- 
cial iiris  creating  tin;  grades  of  admiral 
nnd  vice-admiral,  that  of  rear-admiral  was 
the  highest  naval  office.  There  are  now 
fifteen  rear-admirals  ranking  with  major- 
generals  in  tin-  Army,  and  nlno  rear-admi- 
rals ranking  with  brigadier-generals. 
Rear-Admiral,  rank  of  acting,  con- 
ferred upon  certain  officers  inquired 
into,  4848. 

Rebates,  apparent   conflict  of  decisions 

by  district  judges  concerning,  7024. 

New  York  Central  and  Hudson  River 

R.  R.  convicted  for  giving,  7026. 
Holt    (.Judge),   opinion  and   sentence 

quoted,  7025. 
Letter    showing    illegal    payment    in 

California,  71)55. 
Rebecca,    The,   seizure   and   sale  of,  at 

Tampico,  5]  2.'!,  5502. 

Rebel. — One    who    resists    government    or 
other  authority,  often  with  force. 
Rebellion. — Forcible     antagonism     to     the 
organized  government  or  other  authority. — 
in  military  parlance  amounting  to  an  incip- 
ient or  full-fledged  war. 
Rebellion  Records.      (See  War  of  Re- 
bellion, Official  Records  of.) 
Rebellion,  War  of.     (See  Civil  War.) 
Rebellions.    (See  Illegal  Combinations.) 
Reciprocal     Trade    Agreements.      (See 

Foreign  Import  Duties.) 
Reciprocity. — Reciprocity  is  the  granting 
by  one  nation  of  certain  commercial  privi- 
leges to  another,  whereby  the  citizens  of 
both  are  placed  upon  an  equal  basis  in 
certain  branches  of  commerce.  A  reci- 
procity agreement  between  the  United 
States  and  Canada  was  concluded  in  1854 
and  terminated  in  180(5.  A  similar. one  was 
made  with  Hawaii  in  1875.  Other  treaty 
arrangements  of  a  reciprocal  character  were 
made  from  time  to  time.  The  subject  de- 
rived  the  greatest  interest  from  attention 
directed  to  it  in  1888  and  the  final  incor- 
poration of  the  principal  in  the  tariff  of 
1890.  For  many  years  previous  to  this 
time  the  anti-protection  or  tariff-reform 
part-  had  attacked  the  existing  tariff  reg- 
ulations on  the  ground  that  by  levying 
high  duties  on  the  products  of  South 
American  Republics  those  countries  had 
not  only  to  send  their  products  elsewhere 
for  sale,  but  as  a  natural  consequence,  to 
purchase  their  goods  in  other  markets  than 
those  of  the  United  States  ;  in  other  words 
that  a  vast  trade  was  diverted  from  us  to 
Kurope  because  of  the  restrictions  imposed 
upon  commerce  by  our  tariff. 

This  discussion  led  to  the  adoption  of  a 
reciprocity  arrangement  with  Central  and 
South  American,  countries.  The  first  step 
toward  this  end  was  the  calling  of  the  Pan- 
American  Congress  (q.  v.).  Among  the 
numerous  subjects  of  mutual  interest  dis- 
cussed at  this  congress  was  a  recommenda- 
tion for  reciprocity  treaties.  In  June,  1800, 
the  Secretary  of  State,  James  G.  Blaine, 
sent  a  letter  to  the  President  for  transmis- 
sion to  Congress,  calling  attention  to  the 
proposed  scheme.  He  suggested  a  prac- 
tical and  prompt  test  of  the  reciprocity 
principle  by  an  amendment  to  the  McKin- 
ley  tariff  bill,  then  pending  (see  Tariff), 
authorizing  the  President  to  declare  the 
ports  of  the  United  States  free  to  all  the 
products  of  any  nation  of  the  American 


hemisphere'  upon  which  no  export  duties 
are  imposed  whenever  and  so  long  as  such 
nation  shall  admit,  to  its  ports,  fiee  of  all 
national,  provincial,  municipal,  and  other 
taxes,  certain  specified  articles  from  the 
United  States.  M'ho  "reciprocity  section" 
was  incorporated  in  the  tariff  law  approved 
Oct.  1,  18110.  This  clause  was  held  to  be 
constitutional  by  the  Supreme  Court,  and 
the  tirst  treaty  negotiated  under  it  was 
with  Brazil,  Feb.  5,  1801.  Treaties  were 
also  negotiated  with  Spain  (for  Cuba  and 
Puerto  Hico)  ;  with  Fngland  (for  some  of 
her  West  Indian  possessions)  ;  with  Santo 
Domingo,  Guatemala,  Salvador,  Costa  Ivica, 
Honduras,  Nicaragua,  Germany,  Austria- 
Hungary. 

These  treaties  were  abrogated  by  the 
passage  of  the  Wilson  bill  (see  Tariff)  in 
1804.  The  Dingley  law  of  181)7  provided 
for  reciprocity  treaties,  to  be  made  by  the 
President,  with  regard  to  a  limited  number 
of  articles;  and  for  broader  treaties  to 
be  negotiated  by  the  President,  subject  to 
the  ratification  of  the  Senate.  Of  the-  first 
class,  agreements  were  made  with  France, 
Italy  and  Switzerland  ;  of  the  second  class 
treaties  were  negotiated  with  France,  Great 
Britain  (for  Jamaica,  Turks  and  Cal<-os 
islands,  Barbados,  and  British  Guiana), 
Denmark  (for  the  Danish  West  indies  i, 
San  Domingo,  Nicaragua,  Ecuador  and  the 
Argentine  Republic,  but,  none  of  them  se- 
cured the  ratification  of  the  Senate.  A  rec- 
iprocity treatv  with  Cub"  was  ratified  by 
the  Senate  in  March,  1003,  and  the  addi- 
tional legislation  necessary  to  put  it  in  force 
was  passed  in  December  of  the  same  year. 

The  tariff  law  passed  in  1909  contained 
the  maximum  and  minimum  feature,  which 
prescribed  certain  rates  to  be  enforced  for 
one  year,  at  the  end  of  which  time  25  per 
cent  ad  valorem  was  to  be  added  as  the 
maximum  duty.  The  President  is  then  au- 
thorized to  apply  the  minimum  rates  to  the 
imports  from  a  country  which  gives  its 
best  rates  to  the  products  of  the  United 
States,  and  which  accords  to  the  United 
States  treatment  which  he  considers  recip- 
rocal and  equivalent.  (See  Tariff.) 

On  Jan.  26,  1911,  President  Taft  sent 
to  Congress  a  special  message  transmitting 
an  agreement  between  the  Department  of 
State  and  the  Canadian  Government,  obli- 
gating both  parties  to  attempt  to  secure 
legislation  which  will  reciprocally  lower 
tariff  rates  on  about  six  hundred  items. 
(See  p.  7961.)  In  urging  the  passage  of 
the  treaty,  the  President  recalled  Canada's 
neighborliness  and  friendship  as  shown  in 
the  settlement  of  all  disputes  and  in  the 
co-operation  between  the  boards  of  rail- 
way control  on  both  sides  the  border,  dwelt 
upon  the  necessity  of  conserving  our  own 
resources  by  buying  those  of  our  neighbor, 
pointed  out  the  similarity  in  labor  and 
transportation  conditions  here  and  there, 
mentioned  the  harm  to  Americans  which 
will  accrue  if  the  "imperial  preference" 
doctrine  becomes  a  tenet  of  Canadian  po- 
litical faith,  maintained  that  the  accession 
of  a  new  supply  of  raw  materials  would 
inure  to  the  benefit  of  all  sections  and.  in 
prophetic  vein,  characterized  the  agreement 
as  a  step  toward  closer  friendship  between 
peoples  related  by  blood,  common  sympa- 
thies nnd  identical  moral  and  social  ideas. 
Animals,  poultry,  food  stuffs,  products  of 
farm,  garden  and  dairy,  fruits,  fish,  oysters, 
salt,  mineral  waters,  lumber,  machinery, 
minor  metal  manufactures,  coal,  meats, 
flour,  meal,  farming  utensils,  fruit  trees 
nnd  Portland  cement  are  the  articles  on 
which  the  tax  is  to  be  lowered  or  entirely 
removed.  The  effect  of  the  proposed  treaty, 
according  to  1910  figures,  would  lie  to  de- 
crease the  revenue  of  the  United  States 


Reciprocity  Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


by  $4,849,033,  and  that  of  Canada  by  $2,- 
500,579.  (Mi  July  20,  1911.  the  reciprocity 
measure,  having  been  passed  by  both 
Houses,  was  signed  by  the  1'resident  and 
became  law.  Sept.  1,  1911,  the  Canadian 
Parliament  had  not  yet  ratified  the  agree- 
ment. (See  Reciprocity.) 

Reciprocity,  maximum  and  minimum 
feature  of,  expected  to  remove  Eu- 
ropean discriminations,  7668. 

Agreement  with   Germany  discussed, 
7502. 

With  Netherlands,  6961. 

With  Spain,  6966. 

(See  Canada,  Reciprocity  with.) 
Reclamation  Service,  Interior  Depart- 
ment.— The  Reclamation  Service  was  estab- 
lished by  net  approved  June  17,  1909,  in 
order  to  redeem  arid  lands  by  irrigation 
(q.  v.).  The  act  created  a  Reclamation 
Fund  from  the  sale  of  certain  public  lands. 
In  1914.  701.271  acres  were  irrigated,  and 
plans  made  for  the  irrigation  of  500.000 
more  acres.  The  average  crop  value  on  the 
land  thus  newly  redeemed  for  profitable 
cultivation  was  823.50  per  acre.  (See  Inte- 
rior Department.) 
Reclamation  Service,  discussed,  6S01, 

6908.  (See  Irrigation.) 
Reconcentrados.— The  name  given  the 
agricultural  inhabitants  of  Cuba  who  were 
by  the  edict  of  Feb.  1(3,  1890,  of  Captain- 
General  YVeyler  concentrated  within  the 
lines  of  the'  Spanish  armies  and  cities  of 
that  island.  This  resulted  in  great  suffer- 
ing to  the  persons  thus  herded  together, 
many  of  them  dying  of  disease  and  from 
starvation.  The  mortality  was  so  fright- 
ful and  their  suffering  so  intense  that. 
their  condition  excited  universal  pity.  On 
the  suggestion  of  the  President  of  the 
United  States,  Congress  made  an  appro- 
priation for  their  relief. 

Reconcentrados: 

Appropriation       for,      recommended, 
6292. 

Policy  of  Gen.  "Weyler  regarding,  dis- 
cussed,  6256,   6283,  6284,  6308. 
Revoked,  6285. 

Reconstruction. — In  American  politics  a 
term  signifying  the  restoration  of  those 
states  which  had  seceded  of  local  self- 
government  and  normal  relations  with  the 
1'nion.  The  period  of  reconstruction  em- 
braced the  Administrations  of  Johnson  and 
Grant  and  presented  some  perplexing  prob- 
lems to  the  statesmen  of  the  reunited  coun- 
try: Were  the  states  still  in  the  Union, 
with  no  other  disability  than  that  of  having 
no  legal  governments,  or  had  their  act  of 
secession  reduced  them  to  the  condition  of 
territories  subject  to  the  Union?  Did  recon- 
struction mean  their  erection  into  new 
states  or  their  restoration  with  their  old 
names  and  boundaries?  Did  the  power  to 
reconstruct  lie  in  the  states  themselves  or 
in  the  General  Government  ;  and  if  in  the 
General  Government,  did  it  lie  with  Con- 
gress or  with  (lie  Fxerutive?  If  it  lay 
with  the  people  of  the  disorganized  state, 
who  or  what  defined  that  people  ami  de- 
cided who  might  and  might  not  vote  In 
the  reorganization?  If  il  lay  with  Con- 
gress, could  the  Kxccutive.  without  the 
authority  of  Congress,  proceed  to  recon- 
struct, simply  leaving  it  to  Congress  to  ac- 
cept or  reject  the  states  so  reconstructed? 
President  'Lincoln  had  proceeded  upon  the 


theory  that  nothing  more  was  necessary 
than  that  a  sufficient  number  of  loyal  citi- 
zens should  form  a  state  government  of 
which  the  officials  were  loyally  desirous  of 
maintaining  constitutional  relations  with 
the  Union  (342:5).  President  Johnson  pro- 
ceeded upon  nearly  the  same  theory. 

The  view  held  by  the  majority  in  Con- 
gress was  that  the  southern  states  could 
be  readmitted  only  on  such  terms  as  that 
body  should  impose.  The  ground  taken  In 
support  of  this  view  was  that  the  substan- 
tial results  of  the  war  respecting  the  civil 
rights  of  the  negro  could  not  be  "secured  in 
any  other  way.  because  of  the  reluctance  of 
some  legislatures  to  accept  these  results. 
Before  Congress  met  in  December,  1805, 
1'resident  Johnson  had  recognized  provi- 
sional governments  in  all  the  southern 
states  except  one,  on  their  acceptance  of 
the  thirteenth  amendment.  Congress  then 
proposed  the  fourteenth  amendment  and  in- 
sisted upon  its  acceptance  as  a  prerequisite 
to  readmission  to  the  Union.  The  same 
body  on  March  2,  1807,  passed  over  Presi- 
dent Johnson's  veto,  the  military  recon- 
struction bill  introduced  in  the  House  by 
Thaddeus  Stevens.  Under  this  law  the 
south  was  divided  into  tive  military  dis- 
tricts Tinder  the  command  of  the  generals 
of  the  Army,  who  were  to  effect  a  regis- 
tration of  voters,  including  negroes  and 
excluding  those  persons  who  had  been  dis- 
qualified by  the  fourteenth  amendment. 
These  voters  were  to  make  and  ratify  a 
constitution  and  submit  It  to  Congress, 
and  if  it  was  acceptable  the  state  should 
be  reinstated  whenever  its  legislature  had 
ratified  the  fourteenth  amendment.  (See 
illustration  opposite  3754.) 

Tennessee  was  readmitted  to  the  Union 
in  180(5,  Alabama,  Arkansas,  Florida,  Geor- 
gia. Louisiana.  Xortli  Carolina,  and  South 
Carolina  in  1808,  and  -Mississippi.  Texas 
and  Virginia  in  1870.  (Sue  also  Restora- 
tion.) 

Reconstruction  Acts: 

Interpretation    of,   3750. 

Proceedings  of  President  and  Cab- 
inet regard  in  jr.  as  set  forth  in 
"National  Intelligencer,  discussed, 
3725. 

Repeal    of,  recommended,  3760,  3S70. 
Vetoed.       (See   Reconstruction.) 
Reconstruction  of  Southern  States  (see 

also    Restoration): 

Act  providing  for  more  efficient  gov- 
ernment  or  rebel   States   vetoed, 
3696. 
Acts     supplementary     to,     vetoed,  -1 

3729,  3734. 

Assignments     under,      3749.     3750,  . 
3751,  .",755,  3S59,  3860,  3861,  3S62, 
3863,  3864,  3806,  3S69. 
Expenses   of   carrying   net    into    ef- 
fect   discussed,    3719,    3725,    3764. 
Joint    resolution    to    carry    act    into 
effect      approved      and      reasons 
therefor,  3719. 
Joint  resolutions  to  carry  nets  into 

effect   vetoed,  3743. 
Acts  to  admit  certain  Southern  States 

into  Tnion  vetoed.  3S40,  3SJ8. 
Discussed    by  President — • 
Grant.  39('i5.   39^2.  4050. 
Referred    to,    4354. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Redemptioners 


Hayes,   4394,   4410,   4445. 

Johnson.      (See    Restoration.) 
Government  for  Tennessee,  more  effi- 
cient  for,    and    other   rebel   states 

vetoed,  3696. 

Ratification  of  fourteenth  amendment 
proclaimed — 

Alabama,  3857. 

Georgia,  3858 

Louisiana,  3856. 

North  Carolina,  3854. 

South  Carolina,  3855. 

Record,  Congressional.      (See  Congres- 
sional  Record.) 

Eecords  and  Documents   (sec  also  Ex- 
changes for  Official  Documents;  In- 
ternational Bureau  of  Exchanges) : 
Building  for,  4452,  4781,   6456. 
Documents   in    care   of   legations    re- 
ferred  to,  4070. 

Laws  for  punishing  persons  abstract- 
ing or  mutilating,  recommended, 
2683,  2713,  3940. 

Recruit. — One  who  enlists  for  service,  espe- 
cially  in    the  Army   or   Navy.      (See  Army 
and  Navy.) 
Red  Cloud  Agency,  Nebr.,  deficiency  in 

supplies  at,  4312,  4313. 
Red  Cross,  American  National.— The  Red 
Cross  is  "a  confederation  of  .societies  in 
different  countries  for  the  amelioration  of 
the  condition  of  wounded  soldiers  in  the 
armies,  in  campaigns  on  laud  or  sea."  It 
carries  on  its  work  under  the  sign  of  a  red 
cross  on  a  white  ground  used  as  a  flag,  al- 
-  ways  with  the  national  flag,  or  as  an  arm 
badge.  By  Article  7  of  the  Geneva  Conven- 
tion this  sign  protects  its  wearers  as  neu- 
tral. The  society  originated  with  Henri 
Dunant  after  the  battle  of  Solferino  in  185!), 
Gustave  Moynier  of  Geneva,  president  of  the 
"Society  of  Public  Utility  of  Switzerland," 
called  a  meeting  "to  consider  the  formation 
of  permanent  societies  for  the  relief  of 
wounded  soldiers."  This  was  held  Feb.  9, 
1863,  and  resulted  in  an  international  meet- 
ing Oct.  26,  following,  and  a  treaty  between 
twelve  European  governments,  assuring  neu- 
trality and  protection  to  all  working  under 
the  Red  Cross.  This  treaty  was  concluded 
at  Geneva,  Aug.  '22,  1864.  It  was  adopted 
by  Great  Britain,  Feb.  18,  1865;  Prussia, 
June  22,  1865  :  Turkey,  July  5,  1865  ;  and 
Russia,  May  22.  1867.  The  United  States 
Senate  acceded  to  it,  March  16,  1882,  and  it 
was  proclaimed  by  President  Arthur.  July 
26,  1882.  The  treaty  is  now  generally  ob- 
served by  civilized  governments  of  the 
world. 

The  American  National  Association  of  the 
Red  Cross  was  organized  at  Washington, 
D.  C.,  May  21,  1881,  and  was  Incorporated 
for  twenty  years.  July  1,  1881.  Miss  Clara 
Barton  was  elected  first  president.  It  was 
reiucorporated  April  17,  1893,  for  the  re- 
lief of  suffering  by  war,  pestilence,  famine, 
flood,  fires,  and  other  calamities  of  sufficient 
magnitude  to  be  deemed  national  in  extent. 
The  officers  of  the  American  organization 
nre:  Board  of  Consultation — The  President 
of  the  United  States  and  Members  of  the 
Cabinet.  The  association  was  reorganized 
and  incorporated  by  Congress,  1905.  Na- 
tional Headquarters,  Room  341,  War  De- 
partment, Washington,  D.  C.  President — 
Woodrow  Wilson.  Treasurer — Sherman  Al- 

25 


len.  Secretary — Charles  L.  Magee.  Chair- 
man of  Central  Committee— MuJ.-Gen.  Geo. 
W.  Davis.  National  Director— Ernest  P. 
Blcknell.  Executive  Committee — Miss  Mabel 
T.  Boardman,  James  Tanner,  Charles  Nagle, 
Huntlngton  Wilson,  Brig.-Gen.  George  II. 
Torney,  U.  S.  A.  ;  Surg.-Gen.  Chas.  F. 
Stokes,  U.  S.  N.  Associate  societies  in  the 
various  states  have  done  noble  work  in  aid- 
Ing  sufferers  by  calamity  from  forest  fires, 
floods,  fevers,  etc. 

On  May  1U,  1917,  President  Wilson,  Pres- 
ident of  the  Red  Cross,  appointed  a  Red 
Cross  War  Council  of  seven  members  to 
prepare  the  organization  for  the  demands 
to  be  made  upon  it  by  the  European  War, 
including  the  raising  of  funds.  Mr.  II.  P. 
Davison,  a  prominent  New  York  financier, 
accepted  the  chairmanship  of  the  War  Coun- 
cil. 

Red  Cross,  American  National: 

Aid  furnished   Cubans  by,  discussed, 
6284,  6308. 

Work    accomplished    by,    in   Spanish- 
American  War,  discussed,  6320. 
Red    Cross    Association,     international 
conference  of: 

Held  at  Karlsruhe,  Baden,  referred  to, 
5205. 

Report  of,  referred  to,  4856. 
Red  Cross,  International,  proposition  of 

Switzerland    to    extend    compact    of, 

in  Spanish-American  War,  discussed, 

6336. 

Red-Line  Map. — An  early  map  of  part  of 
North  America,  discovered  by  Jared  Sparks 
in  the  archives  of  Paris  and  sent  to  Daniel 
Webster  during  treaty  negotiations  with 
Great  Britain  over  rhe  northeastern  bound- 
ary question.  It  .had  been  executed  in 
1746  by  D'Anville,  and  later  (1782)  sent 
to  the  French  minister,  Vergennes,  by 
Franklin.  A  strong  red  line  drawn  near 
the  ridge  in  which  the  Kennebec  and  Pe- 
nobscot  rivers  rise  more  than  favored  the 
English  claims  respecting  the  northeastern 
boundary  of  the  United  States.  The  map 
was  displayed  in  a  secret  session  of  the 
Senate  and  before  the  Maine  commission- 
ers, and  was,  in  part  at  least,  the  ground 
on  which  the  Wcbstcr-Ashburton  treaty 
was  signed. 

Red  Mud  State. — A     nickname     for    New- 
Jersey    (q.   v.),    (See   also    States)  ;    Domin- 
ion State  was  formerly  used  as  a  nickname 
for  New  Jersey. 
Red  River: 

Exploration  of,  386. 
Unsuccessful,   396. 

Improvement    of,   progress    made    in, 

1442. 

Red,  White  and  Blue  Book:  82S2. 
Redemptioners.— A  name  applied  to  a 
class  of  indentured  servants  who  came  to 
the  American  Colonies  under  bond  for  a 
certain  number  of  years  in  payment  for 
their  passage  hither.  Many  wvre  kid- 
napped and  placed  in  forced  slavery  for  a 
term  of  years.  They  usually  se.rved  from 
four  to  seVen  years.  On  their  release  these 
redemptioners  were  awarded  fifty  acres  of 
land  and  became  free  citizens.  The  system 
was  introduced  into  Virginia  with  the  first 
colony  in  1607,  and  in  Massachusetts  in 
1631.  It  obtained  also  in  Maryland,  New 
York,  Connecticut,  and  Pennsylvania,  but 
was  discontinued  in  1750. 


Referee 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Referee  Board  of  Consulting  Scientific 
Experts,  Agriculture  Department. — This 
is  a  Federal  board  under  the  jurisdiction 
of  tlie  Department  of  Agriculture  which 
makes  researches  on  scientilic  questions  in- 
volved in  the  food  and  drug  inspection. 

Feb.  20.  100.S.  the  Secretary  of  Agricul- 
ture appointed  Dr.  Ira  Remsen.  president  of 
Johns  Hopkins  University:  Dr.  Russell  II. 
Cbittenden.  denn  of  fie  Sheffield  Scientific 
School.  Yale  University  ;  Dr.  John  II.  Long 
of  Northwestern  University:  Dr.  Alonzo 
Taylor,  of  the  University  of  California  ;  and 
Dr'.  Christian  A.  Ilcrter.  of  Columbia  Uni- 
versity, consulting  scientific  experts  of  the 
Department  of  Agriculture,  and  four  days 
later  organized  them  into  what  is  known  as 
tV-  Referee  Board.  This  board  was  appoint- 
ed in  response  to  a  request  made  to  Presi- 
dent Roosevelt  by  a  number  of  manufac- 
turers of  articles  of  food.  These  manufac- 
turers assured  the  President  that  they  would 
discontinue  the  use  of  sulphur  dioxide,  sac- 
c'-arin,  and  benzoate  of  soda  in  food  if 
such  a  board  found  them  harmful. 

It  was  made  the  duty  of  this  board  to 
submit  to  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  opin- 
ions independent  of  those  expressed  by  the 
Hurra u  of  Chemistry  in  cases  where  a  great 
number  of  food  manufacturers  of  the  coun- 
try claim  that  the  opinions  of  the  Bureau 
of  Chemistry  are  at  variance  with  the 
scientific  knowledge  of  the  present  day. 

(Questions  as  to  the  harmfulness  of  the 
use  in  foods  of  the  following  substances 
were  referred  to  the  Referee  Board  :  Ren- 
zoatc  of  soda,  saccharin,  sulphate  of  cop- 
per, sulpuhur  dioxide,  and  alum.  The  report 
of  this  board  led  the  Secretary  of  Agricul- 
ture to  the  decision  that  bonzoatc  of  soda 
may  be  used  in  the  preservation  of  food, 
provided  the  amount  used  is  clearly  stated 
upon  the  package  of  food  containing  it. 

As  to  Micc'>arin,  the  board  reported  that 
the  use  in  small  quantities  (0..'{  gram  per 
day.  or  less)  added  to  food  is  without 
deieterous  or  poisonous  action,  while  taken 
in.  larger  quantities,  especially  exceeding  a 
grain  a  day  is  liable  to  induce  disturbance 
of  digestion.  Its  substitution  for  cane  or 
of'or  sugar,  must  be  regarded  as  substitu- 
tion. 

Conclusions  reached  in  regard  to  copper 
salts  us'd  as  coloring  matter  for  vegetables 
were  that  the  quality  or  strength  of  the 
fo>'d  were  not  injuriously  affected.  A  daily 
P>SP  of  100  grams  of  coppered  peas  or  beans 
would  not  contain  more  than  ]  00  or  l.~>0 
milligrams  of  copper.  Such  a  bulk  of  vege- 
tables is  so  larce,  however,  that  it  would 
rot  likely  lie  maintained  as  a  diet  for  many 
c-nys  in  succession. 

Reform  Schools.      (See   District  of  Co- 
lumbia.) 

Kef ormar.  —A  person  who  endeavors,  either 
ly  speech  or  action,  to  bring  about  in  civili- 
zation certain  reforms  which  seem  to  him  to 

1  e    nepflful. 

Refunding.— -The  process  of  substituting  n 
series  of  low-lnferost-benring  bonds  for 
those  of  a  higher  rale  or  for  a  floating  debt 
not  funded.  Aug.  .".  1 .  isr.r,,  the  debt  of  the 
Unit'-d  States  amounted  to  $2.X4.~>.!>07,f>-.!l>, 
of  which  Bum  only  $1,101), 56<S, 192  wn« 
f nuded.  I'y  December,  1Sr,7,  the  floating 
debt,  compound-Interest  notes,  seven-thir- 
ties, ami  United  states  notes  had  been 
converted  into  a  funded  debt  of  nearly 
$  TIKI.  (MHI.  000.  The  refunding  act  of  INTO 
authorized  the  issue  of  a  certain  amount  of 
Ti,  <U,  and  4  per  cent  bonds  to  take  the 
ph'ce  of  the  existing  bonds,  most  of  which 
were  Iwaring  '»  p"f  cent  interest.  During 
the  next  ten  years  this  substitution  was 


carried  to  an  extent  thr*  decreased  the 
annual  interest  charges  from  ifsij.ooo  ooo 
to  $62,000,000.  In  1881  the  annual  inter- 
est was  decreased  nearly  $20,000,000  more 
by  the  YVindom  refunding  scheiiK,  which 
converted  $400,000,000  5  and  <i  per  cent 
bonds  into  bonds  bearing  3  and  3i  per  cent 
interest. 

Regiment.  (See  Army  and  Navy.) 
Register  of  Debates.—  A  record  of  the 
Congressional  debates  and  proceedings  from 
December,  1824,  to  October,  18J>7.  It  was 
a  continuation  of  the  Annals  of  Congress 
and  contains  many  valuable  state  papers 
as  well  as  the  routine  Congressional  work. 
The  Register  of  Debates  was  succeeded  by 
the  Congressional  (ilobe.  (See  also  Annals 
of  Congress  ;  Congressional  Globe  ;  Con- 
gressional Record.) 

Register  of  the  Treasury,     (Sec  Treas- 

ury Department.) 
Registered  Mails.    (See  Division  of  Reg- 

istered Mails.) 

Registration.—  A  precaution  taken  in  cer- 
tain states  to  prevent  frauds  in  elections. 
It  consists  of  the  preparation  of  lists  of  the 
electors  of  every  precinct,  voters  being  re- 
quired to  present  themselves  before  the 
registrar  on  specified  days  prior  to  election 
to  have  their  names  recorded  and  to  an- 
swer quest  ions  as  to  their  qualifications  as 
electors.  These  lists  are  open  lo  inspection 
and  .scrutiny  by  the  public. 

Registration  Bureau  of  naturalized  citi- 
zens, recommended,  48128,  49121,  5090, 
5.370. 

Registry,  American,  repeal  of  law  de- 
nying, to  ships  built  abroad  nnd 
owned  by  Americans,  recommended, 
5985. 

Regular  U.  S.  Army  and  Navy  Union.— 

A  patriotic,  fraternal,  and  bonoticjal  or- 
ganization, chartered  under  act  of  Con- 
gress, for  soldiers'  and  sailors'  rights  and 
benefits.  Headquarters,  4  Warder  Street, 
N.  W.,  Washington,  D.  C.  Membership  is 
contined  to  regulars  of  the  United  States 
Army,  Navy,  or  Marine  Corps,  whether  dis- 
charged, retired,  or  in  the  service. 
Regulators.—  In  1708  the  people  of  Orange 
County,  N.  C.,  oppressed  by  the  unjust  acts 
of  Kdmund  Fanning,  clerk  of  the  court  of 
Orange,  formed  an  association,  headed  by 
Herman  Husbands  and  William  Hunter, 
for  regulating  public  grievances  and  abuse 
of  power.  They  sent  messengers  to  the 
governor  with  a  statement  of  their  griev- 
ances. The  governor  and  council  decided 
that  the  course  of  the  Regulators  tended 
to  high  treason,  and  on  their  reassembling 
in  July  to  hear  the  report  of  the  messen- 
gers, the  so\ernor,  at  the  head  of  a 
body  of  troops,  compelled  them  to  t.il.e 
the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  Crown 
and  disperse.  Some  of  t  h.e  leaders  of  ihe 
Regulators  were  held  lo  answer  in  llie 
courts  for  their  actions.  The  following 
year  another  pel  it  ion  was  rejected.  'I  he 
Regulators  offered  an  organized  resistance 
to  the  troops,  under  Governor  Tryon,  and 
at  Almance,  on  the  Haw  River,  tl'iey  were 
routed  by  the  governor  and  their  leaders 
arrested.  Some  of  these  leaders  were  exe- 
cuted. Martin,  the  next  governor,  com- 
promised with  the  Regulators. 


Relations,   Foreign. 
powers.) 


(Sec    the    several 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Representatives 


Relief  Party. — A  political  faction  In  Ken- 
tucky politics  between  18L'0  and  18:iG.  The 
party  was  composed  of  debtors  and  Included 
a  majority  of  the  voters.  It  advocated  re- 
lief of  delinquent  debtors  aud  disputed  the 
constitutionality  of  the  replevin  act.  In 
182:5  the  Supreme  Court  decided  the  re- 
plevin act  to  be  unconstitutional  and  in 
18-I4  the  legislature  of  the  state  repealed 
the  court  of  appeals  act  and  organized  a 
new  court.  The  Kelief  party  then  became 
known  as  the  New  Court  party.  The  Anti- 
Helicf  or  Old  Court  party,  securing  a  ma- 
jority In  the  legislature  in  1827,  restored 
l  be  old  court,  and  the  Issue  was  not  re- 
newed. 

Religious  Establishments: 

Baptist  church  iu  Mississippi  Terri- 
tory, act  for  relief  of,  vetoed, 
475. 

Protestant  church  at  American  em- 
bassy at  Rome,  removal  of,  re- 
ferred to,  3662,  3717. 
Protestant  Episcopal  church  in  Alex- 
andria, Va.,  act  incorporating,  ve- 
toed, 474. 

Separation  of  church  and  state,  rec- 
ommendation to  declare,  4310. 
Value   of  church  property,  discussed 
and     taxation     of,     recommended, 
4288,  4310. 

Religious  Freedom. — The  First  Amend- 
ment to  the  Constitution'  of  the  United 
States  (q.  v.)  requires  that  "Congress  shall 
make  no  law  respecting  the  establishment 
of  religion,  or  prohibiting  the  free  exercise 
thereof."  Religious  freedom  doubtless  had 
its  greatest  Inspiration  from  .Tames  Madison 
while  he  was  in  the  Virginia  Legislature. 
An  attempt  was  made  to  levy  a  tax  upon 
the  people  of  that  state  "for  the  support  of 
teachers  of  the  Christian  religion."  Madi- 
son wrote  what  he  called  a  "Memorial  and 
Remonstrance,"  in  which  he  appealed  to  the 
people  against  the  evil  tendency  of  such  a 
precedent,  and  which  convinced  people  that 
Madison  was  right.  A  bill  was  passed 
providing  "that  no  man  shall  be  compelled 
to  frequent  or  support  any  religious  wor- 
ship, place,  or  ministry  whatsoever  *  *  * 
nor  shall  suffer  on  account  of  his  religious 
opinions  or  belief;  but  that  all  men  shall  be 
tree  to  profess,  and.  by  argument,  maintain 
their  opinions  in  matters  of  religion,  and 
that  the  same  shall  in  nowise  diminish, 
'•n large,  or  affect  their  ciyil  capacities." 
The  religious  tests  to  whicli  many  of  the 
states  put  their  office-holders  were  grad- 
ually abandoned,  and  the  final  separation  of 
rVmreh  and  state  in  America  came  in  1833, 
when  Massachusetts  discontinued  the  cus- 
tom of  paying  preachers. 

Religious    Test.      (See    Eeligious    Free- 
dom.) 

Remonetization. — Legally  to  re-establish  as 
legal  tender  anything  of  value  used  as 
money. 

Removals  from  Office.— The  Constitution 
gives  the  President  power  to  niake  appoint- 
ments to  civil  office  by  and  with  the  advice 
and  consent  of  the  Senate,  but  is  silent 
on  the  subject  of  removals.  Debate  on  this 
point  arose  in  Congress  in  1789,  aud  it 
was  concluded  to  allow  the  power  of  re- 
moval to  rest  with  the  President  alone. 
This  continued  to  be  the  policy  of  the  Gov- 
ernment until  1867.  In  this  year  charges 


•were  preferred  in  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives against  President  Johnson,  al- 
leging corrupt  use  of  the  appointing,  pardon- 
ing, and  veto  powers,  corrupt  disposition 
of  public  property,  and  interference  iu 
elections.  The  charges  were  referred  to 
the  Judiciary  Committee  and  a  bill  was 
prepared  and  passed  over  the  President's 
veto  providing  that,  with  certain  excep- 
tions, every  oliicer  appointed  by  the  Presi- 
dent with  the  concurrence  of  the  Senate 
should  retain  his  oflice  until  a  successor 
should  iu  like  manner  be  appointed.  This 
is  known  as  the  Tenure-of-Otlice  Act  (q.  v.). 
Johnson's  suspension  of  Secretary  Stanton 
in  violation  of  this  act  led  to  his  impeach- 
ment in  1808.  The  law  was  repealed  iu 
1887. 

Removals  from  Office  (see  also  Execu- 
tive Nominations): 
Act  regulating  tenure  of  certain  civil 
offices,  vetoed.     (See  Tenure-of-Of- 
fice  Act.) 

Discretionary  authority  of  President 
regarding,  discussed  by  Presi- 
dent— 

Cleveland,  4960. 
Grant,  3992. 
Jackson,  1351. 
Johnson,  3690,  3767,  3820. 
Tyler,  1905,  1941. 
For    partisan    purposes,    discouraged, 

1941. 
Partisan     interference     in     elections 

cause  of  removal,  190;"). 
Referred  to,  1796,  1911,  1912. 
Resolution    of  Senate  regarding,   and 

reply   of  President   Hayes,   44.">.'!. 
Reno,  Jesse  L.,  major-general  in  Army, 
nominations  of,  and  reasons  therefor, 
3362. 

Repatriation. — Again  to  become  a  citizen 
after  expatriation  (q.  v.). 
Repeal. — To  make  null,  by  legislative  ac- 
tion, a  law  previously  enacted. 
Repeater. — In  politics,  a  person  who  casts, 
or  undertakes  to  cast,  more  than  one  vote 
for  a  given  measure,  a  given  candidate',  or  a 
set  of  candidates.  Repeating  is  made  a 
penal  offense  by  state  laws. 
Representatives. — The  constitutional  des- 
ignation of  the  members  of  the  House  of 
Representatives.  They  are  elected  by  di- 
rect vote  of  the  people,  in  representative 
districts  fixed  by  state  law,  according  to 
the  apportionment  made  every  ten  years 
by  Congress  as  to  the  quota  of  each  state. 
Representatives  n.,ist  be  at  least  twenty- 
live  years  of  age,  residents  of  the  state  in 
whicli  chosen,  and  citizens  of  the  United 
Stales  for  seven  years  previous  to  their 
election.  (See  also  Congress;  Apportion- 
ment ;  and  House  of  Representatives.) 

Representatives : 

Appointment  of,  by  President  in 
whose  election  they  have  been  offi- 
ciallv  concerned,  discussed,  1011, 
1120. 

Appointments  office,  relation  to  of  to. 
(See  Executive  Nomination?.) 

Apportionment  of — 

According  to  census  of  ]390  neces- 
sary, 5553. 


Representatives  Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Bill  for— 

Approved   and   reasons   therefor, 

2012. 

Vetoed,  116. 

Delay  in  making,  referred  to,  2681. 
Election  of — 

Federal  supervision  of,  recommend- 
ed, 5490,  5562,  5766. 
Gerrymander,   discussed,   5643. 
Law    appointing    day    for,    recom- 
mended, 3103,  3181. 
List  of,  appointed  to  office,  referred 

to,  591,  911,  1196,  2360. 
Loyal  Senators  and,  denied  admission 
to  seats  in  Congress,  discussed,  3644. 
President  declines  to  give  names  of, 

applying  for  office,  1958. 
Representatives-at-Large.  —  Representa- 
tives in  Congress  elected  on  general  tick- 
ets, as  distinguished  from  those  elected  on 
district  tickets,  in  cases  where  the  state 
has  failed  to  redistrlct  after  it  has  become 
entitled  to  additional  representation  in 
Congress.  (See  Apportionment;  House  of 
Representatives.) 

Representatives,  House  of.     (See  Con- 
gress.) 
Republic,   Grand  Army  of  the.     (See 

Grand  Army  of  the  Eepublic.) 
Republican  Party. — In  the  early  days  of 
the  Republic  Thomas  Jefferson  became  the 
leader  of  a  party  opposed  to  the  monarchical 
ideas  of  the  Federalists.  This  party  was 
first  known  as  the  Democratic-Republican, 
and  the  adherents  were  called  both  Demo- 
crats and  Republicans,  usually  the  latter, 
until  the  Jackson-Adams  contest. 

The  Republican  party  of  later  days  was 
formed  in  1854,  with  opposition  to  slavery 
as  its  chief  tenet.  The  compromise  of  1850 
(q.  v.)  had  disrupted  the  Whig  party. 
The  passage  of  the  Kansas-Nebraska  act 
materially  influenced  the  general  coalition 
that  followed  of  Whigs,  Free-Soilers,  Abo- 
litionists, and  Know-Nothings.  They  as- 
sumed the  name  of  Republicans  and  at 
once  won  a  plurality  in  the  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives. They  held  their  tirst  national 
convention  In  Philadelphia  in  1S5G,  and 
nominated  Fremont  and  Dayton  for  Presi- 
dent and  Vice-President.  At  the  election 
which  followed  they  were  defeated,  but  in 
1S.">9  again  came  into  control  of  the  House. 
In  1800  they  elected  Mr.  Lincoln  to  the 
Presidency.  For  the  next  fourteen  years 
the  party  was  supreme.  It  enlarged  the 
powers  of  Congress  by  a  broad  construc- 
tion of  the  Constitution,  carried  on  the 
Civil  War,  abolished  slavery,  reconstructed 
the  governments  of  the  seceding  states, 
maintained  a  protective  tariff,  and  refunded 
the  national  debt.  The  party  nominees 
during  this  period  were:  1SC.O,  Abraham 
Lincoln,  of  Illinois,  and  Hannibal  Hamlin, 
of  Maine;  1SG4.  Abraham  Lincoln,  of  Illi- 
nois, and  Andrew  Johnson,  of  Tennessee 
(Johnson  becoming  President  on  the  death 
of  Lhicolni;  LSfiS.  Tlysses  S.  Grant,  of 
Illinois,  and  Scliuyler  Colfax,  of  Indiana; 
1X72,  T'iysses  S.  Grant,  of  Illinois,  and 
Henry  Wilson,  of  Massachusetts. 

In  1ST'-'  those  who  opposed  General 
Grant's  administration  left  the  party  and 
formed  the  Liberal  Republican  party  (q. 
v.i.  In  1X74  the  party  lost  control  of  the 
House  of  Representatives  and  did  not  re- 
gain it  until  1HHO.  In  1X70  it  elected  Ruth- 
erford P..  Hayes,  of  Ohio,  and  William  A, 


Wheeler,  of  New  York  (see  Electoral  Com- 
mission). In  1880  James  A.  Garfleld,  of 
Ohio,  and  Chester  A.  Arthur,  of  New  York, 
were  elected  (Arthur  becoming  President 
on  the  death  of  Garfleld),  but  the  party  lost 
control  of  the  House  in  1882. 

In  1884  James  G.  Blaine,  of  Maine,  and 
John  A.  Logan,  of  Illinois,  were  defeated, 
but  the  party  retained  control  of  the  Sen- 
ate. In  1888  Benjamin  Harrison,  of  Indi- 
ana, and  Levi  P.  Morton,  of  New  York, 
were  the  candidates  and  were  successful 
on  a  tariff  issue.  The  party  also  regained 
control  of  the  House  in  that  year.  Dissat- 
isfaction with  the  McKlnley  tariff  law  led 
to  the  loss  of  the  House  by  the  Republicans 
in  1890,  and  in  the  Presidential  campaign 
of  1892  President  Harrison  (Whitelaw 
Reid,  of  New  York,  being  the  Vice-Presi- 
dential candidate)  was  defeated  for  re- 
election, and  the  party  lost  control  of  the 
Senate.  In  1894  the  Republicans  again  re- 
gained control  of  the  House. 

In  1890  the  free  coinage  of  silver  ap- 
peared as  an  issue  and  the  platform  of  the 
Republican  convention  at  St.  Louis  declared 
against  free  coinage  "except  by  Interna- 
tional agreement  with  the  leading  commer- 
cial nations  of  the  world"  and  favored  the 
gold  standard  "until  such  agreement  could 
be  obtained."  As  a  result  of  this  opposi- 
tion to  the  gold  standard  many  western 
Republicans  left  the  party  and  supported 
William  J.  Bryan,  the  Democratic  candi- 
date. The  Republicans  were  successful, 
however,  William  McKlnley,  of  Ohio,  and 
Garret  A.  Hobart,  of  New  Jersey,  being 
elected,  their  popular  vote  being  7,111,607 
and  the  electoral  vote  271. 

In  1900  the  issues  were  "Imperialism" 
(defined  by  the  Democrats  as  the  tendency 
of  the  Republic,  under  Republican  rule,  to 
move  away  from  the  old  democratic  prac- 
tices and  beliefs),  silver,  the  tariff  and 
trusts.  The  Republicans  were  again  suc- 
cessful, William  McKinley.  of  Ohio,  and 
Theodore  Roosevelt,  of  New  York,  being 
elected,  receiving  7,208.244  popular  votes 
and  292  electoral  votes.  President  Mc- 
Kinley was  assassinated  Sept.  G.  1901,  and 
died  on  the  14th  of  that  month.  Theodore 
Roosevelt  then  succeeded  to  the  Presidency. 

During  the  administration  of  McKinley 
and  Roosevelt  the  party  passed  the  Dingley 
tariff  law  on  protective  lines  (see  Tariff); 
the  Spanish  War  was  carried  to  a  success- 
ful conclusion  ;  the  rebellion  in  the  Philip- 
pines extinguished  and  the  islands  given  a 
stable  civil  government  :  Hawaii  was  an- 
nexed :  and  a  currency  bill  establishing  the 
gold  standard  was  passed.  During  this  ad- 
ministration also  our  new  possessions  In 
the  far  East  brought  the  United  States 
into  the  group  of  world  powers. 

In  1904  there  were  no  well  defined  Is- 
sues, the  silver  and  tariff  questions  being 
In  abeyance.  The  Republican  candidates, 
Theodore  Roosevelt,  of  New  York,  and 
Charles  W.  Fairbanks,  of  Indiana,  were 
successful,  the  popular  vote  being  7,Cl!4,- 
982  and  the  electoral  vote  .'',:!<;. 

Besides  the  suppression  of  slavery  the 
Republican  party  has  favored  full  citizen- 
ship to  emancipated  slaves,  prompt  pay- 
ment of  the  national  debt,  tariff  for  protec- 
tion as  well  as  revenue',  free  ballot,  gen- 
erous pension  legislation,  increase  of  the 
Navy  and  the  strengthening  of  the  coast 
defenses,  a  system  of  national  bank  cur- 
rency based  on  I'liilcd  States  bonds  de- 
posited with  the  Secretary  of  the  Treas- 
ury, a  national  circulating  medium  based 
on  a  gold  standard,  a  vigorous  foreign 
policy,  a  liberal  Interpretation  of  the  Mon- 
roe Doctrine,  national  protection  of  timber, 
encouragement  of  irrigation,  and  the  build- 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Resaca 


In*;  of  the  Panama  Canal  by  the  United 
Slates. 

In  1908  the  National  convention  was 
held  at  Chicago,  June  1(5  to  19.  William 
II.  Tuft,  of  Ohio,  was  nominated  for  Presi- 
dent, and  James  S.  Sherman,  of  New  York, 
for  Vice-President.  The  platform  adopted 
declared  In  favor  of  equality  of  opportu- 
nity ;  revision  of  the  tariff  ;  a  more  elastic 
currency  ;  the  establishment  of  postal  sav- 
ings banks ;  an  employers'  liability  law ; 
amending  the  rules  of  procedure  In  Federal 
courts ;  conserving  the  natural  resources 
of  the  country;  the  extension  of  foreign 
commerce,  etc.  Tuft  and  Sherman  received 
a  plurality  of  1,233,494  of  the  popular  vote 
and  a  majority  in  the  electoral  college  of 
269. 

The  national  convention  of  the  party  met 
in  Chicago  in  June,  1912,  and  nominated 
President  Taft  for  President  and  James  S. 
Sherman  for  Vice-Presideut.  The  platform 
adopted  declared  in  favor  of  upholding  the 
courts,  for  sound  banking  laws  and  the 
usual  declaration  in  favor  of  the  tariff.  By 
the  defection  of  ex-President  Roosevelt  and 
his  followers,  who  formed  the  Progressive 
party,  the  Republican  ticket  was  defeated 
in  1912,  and  a  Democratic  President  and 
Congress  were  elected.  The  popular  vote 
for  President  was:  Taft,  3,484,950;  Roose- 
velt, 4,119,507;  Wilson,  Dem.,  6,293,019. 
The  electoral  vote  stood :  Wilson,  435 ; 
Roosevelt.  88 ;  Taft.  8. 

The  1916  convention  met  in  Chicago  in 
June,  and  after  conferences  with  the  Pro- 
gressive party,  which  met  at  the  same  time 
in  the  same  city,  Mr.  Roosevelt's  name  was 
rejected  and  Supreme  Court  Justice  Charles 
K.  Hughes  was  nominated  to  head  the  na- 
tional ticket,  and  Charles  W.  Fairbanks  was 
named  for  vice  president.  The  platform 
advocated  woman  suffrage  as  a  measure  of 
justice  to  one-half  the  adult  people  of  the 
country.  At  the  election  in  the  following 
November,  Mr.  Hughes  was  defeated  by 
President  Wilson  by  a  popular  vote  of  ap- 
proximately 9,1-0,700  to  8,539,000. 

Republican  River,  bridge  over,  recon- 
struction of,  recommended,  4777. 
Republican  Valley  Railroad,  right  of 
way  across  Otoe  and  Missouria  Res- 
ervation, Nebr.,  for,  bill  for,  4681. 
Repudiation. — The  refusal  of  a  state  or 
government  to  pay  or  to  be  bound  by  debts 
contracrted  by  a  previous  administration.  In 
1790  the  debts  of  all  the  states  of  the  Union 
were  assumed  by  the  National  Government, 
partly  on  the  ground  of  justice,  because 
they  had  been  contracted  in  the  prosecu- 
tion of  the  Revolutionary  War,  and  partly 
on  the  ground  of  expediency,  as  this  action 
tende'd  to  strengthen  the  credit  of  the 
states.  For  forty  years  thereafter  the 
states  remained  almost  free  from  debt. 
Ponds  of  the  several  states  were  easily 
disposed  of  abroad,  and  by  1840  an  aggre- 
gate, of  $200,000,000  had  been  sold.  In 
that  year  Indiana  found  it  impossible  to 
pay  the  interest  on  her  outstanding  bonds, 
and  it  was  only  by  strong  efforts  that  Ohio 
managed  to  meet  her  obligations.  In  1842 
the  P.ank  of  Pennsylvania  failed,  and  soon 
afterwards  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  Missis- 
sippi. Michigan,  Louisiana,  Indiana,  and 
Illinois  found  themselves  almost  bankrupt. 
They  all  suspended  payment  of  interest  on 
the.il-  debts,  but  Mississippi,  Michigan, 
Louisiana,  and  North  Carolina  felt  con- 
strained to  repudiate -the  capital  as  well 
as  interest. 

It  was  in  Mississippi  that  the  word  "re- 
pudiation" originated  in  this  connection. 
Governor  McNutt,  in  a  message  to  the  legis- 
lature, suggested  a  plan  for  "repudiating 


the  wale  of  certain  of  the  state  bonds  on 
account  of  fraud  and  Illegality."  The 
bonds  fell  Into  default  and  an  appropria- 
tion for  their  payment  was  overwhelmingly 
defeated  at  the  polls  in  1852.  Michigan 
repudiated  certain  canal  bonds.  The  south- 
ern states  came  out  of  the  Civil  War  with 
heavy  indebtedness  and  diminished  re- 
sources, and  were  In  some  Instances  almost 
bankrupt.  In  the  years  Immediately  fol- 
lowing the  close  of  the  Civil  War  most  ot 
the  southern  states  compromised  or  read- 
justed their  bonded  indebtedness,  and  in 
some  states  the  legislature  declared  cer- 
tain bonds  fraudulent,  illegal,  and  void. 
During  the  depression  following  the  panic 
of  1873  some  cities,  towns,  and  countries 
endeavored  to  repudiate  their  bonds,  but 
the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States 
gave  judgments  against  them. 

The  eleventh  amendment  forbids  suitg 
against  the  states.  In  1903  certain  of  the 
repudiated  bonds  of  North  Carolina  came 
into  the  possession  of  the  State  of  North 
Dakota,  and  North  Carolina  was  sued  in 
the  Supreme  Court  by  the  latter  State  for 
payment.  The  Supreme  Court,  by  a  de- 
cision of  Feb.  1,  1904,  held  that  North 
Carolina  was  liable  for  and  must  pay  both 
principal  and  Interest  on  the  bonds  In 
question.  Some  European  countries  have 
also  at  times  repudiated  their  obligations. 
Requisitions. — Under  the  Articles  of  Con- 
federation the  Continental  Congress  had 
only  one  means  of  raising  money — by  requi- 
sitions upon  the  states.  Between  1782  and 
1786  requisitions  amounting  to  more  than 
$6,000,000  had  been  made.  Only  one-sixth 
of  this  had  been  paid  by  March,  17S7. 
Under  the  Constitution  the  President  may 
make  requisitions  upon  the  state  for  men 
to  assist  the  National  Government  in  time 
of  war,  but  there  is  no  provision  for  requi- 
sitions of  money.  Instead  that  instrument 
provides  for  the  expenditures  of  the  Gov- 
ernment by  duties  on  imports  and  taxes 
collected  from  the  citizens. 
Resaca  (Ga.),  Battle  of.— March  14, 18G4, 
Gen.  Sherman  was  placed  in  command  of 
the  military  Division  of  the  Mississippi, 
which  was  composed  of  the  Army  of  the 
Cumberland,  under  Maj.-Gen.  Thomas ;  the 
Army  of  the  Tennessee,  under  Maj.-Gen.  Mc- 
1'herson,  and  the  Army  of  the  Ohio,  under 
Maj.-Gen.  Schofleld,  and  numbered  a  total 
of  98,797  men  and  254  guns.  The  Confed- 
erate forces  under  Gen  Johnston  were  esti- 
mated at  60,000.  After  the  battle  of  Chat- 
tanooga the  Confederates  had  retreated  to 
Dalton,  Ga.,  thirty-nine  miles  southeast  of 
Chattanooga  and  ninety-nine  miles  north- 
west of  Atlanta.  May  4,  Sherman  made  a 
demonstration  in  front  of  the  Confederate 
position  on  Rocky  Face  Mountain,  northeast 
of  Dalton,  while  Mcl'herson,  with  some  40,- 
000  men,  attempted  to  turn  the  Confederate 
left  and  occupy  Resaca.  Johnston  there- 
upon, on  May  13,  evacuated  Dalton  and  fell 
hack  upon  Resaca.  Polk  was  posted  on 
Johnston's  left,  resting  on  the  Oostanaula 
River,  Hardee  in  the  center,  and  Hood  on 
the  right.  Sherman  laid  a  pontoon  bridge 
across  the  Oostanaula  and  sent  a  division 
across  to  threaten  Johnston's  connections 
with  Rome,  while  the  main  body  of  the 
army  pressed  Resaca  in  front.  May  14  an 
attack  by  a  portion  of  Sherman's  force  was 
repulsed  with  a  loss  of  1.000  men.  Johns- 
ton attempted  to  turn  Sherman's  left  flank, 
which  gave  McPherson  a  good  position,  to 
recover  which  the  Confederates  fought  stub- 
bornly till  10  o'clock  at  night.  Skirmishing 
was  renewed  the  next  morning  and  contin- 
ued all  day.  During  the  night  of  the  15th 
Johnston  again  retreated.  Sherman's  losses 


Resaca 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


during  the  two  days  wore  between  4.000 
and  o.ooo  in  killed  and  wounded  and  miss- 
ing. Johnston's  losses  aggregated  2,500. 

Resaca  de  la  Palma  (Tex.),  Battle  of.— 
On  May  9,  1846,  the  day  following  the  bat- 
tle of  Talo  Alto,  Gen.  Taylor's  army  of 
2.^00  proeeeded  on  the  way  toward  Fort 
Brown.  When  about  three  miles  from  the 
l!io  Grande  River,  Arista's  army  of  5,000, 
which  had  been  slowly  retreating  before  the 
advancing  Americans,  halted  in  the  valley  of 
Resaea  de  la  Palrna  (dry  river  bed  of  the 
palm  I  and  prepared  to  give  battle.  At  3 
o'clock  in  the  afternoon  the  action  began. 
Before  dark  the  Mexicans  were  completely 
routed.  They  fled  in  disorder  across  fhe 
river  to  Matamnras.  Eight  pieces  of  artil- 
lery, large  quantities  of  ammunition,  3 
standards,  and  about  100  prisoners,  includ- 
ing Gen.  La  Vega  and  other  officers,  fell 
inro  the  hands  of  the  Americans.  The  total 
casualties  in  the  Mexican  army  were  755. 
The  American  loss  was  107. 

Resaca  de  la  Palma,  Tex.,  battle  of,  re- 
ferred to,  2205,  2300,  2342. 

Reservations.  (Roe  Indian  Reserva- 
tions; Lands,  Indian;  Military  Reser- 
vations; Reservations.  Public;  Wash- 
ington City.) 

Reservation,  Public: 
Discussed  6346. 
Lands  sot  apart  as,  by  proclamation 

of   President  — 

Cleveland,  58HO,  .'864,  G122,  6205, 
6207,  6200,  6211,  0213,  6215,  6216, 
6218,  6210,  6221,  6222,  6225,  6227. 
Harrison,  Benj.,  5577,  5500,  5505, 
5686,  5605,  5705,  5710,  5722,  57S6, 
5792,  5705,  5707,  5804,  5810,  5811, 
5814,  5815. 

Reserve  Bank.     (See  Currency  Law.) 
Reserve  Banking  System. — The  banking 
and  currency  l;iw,  known  as  Federal  Reserve 
act.    was  passed   I>ec.   '2'.\,    191.'?. 

I'nder  the  system  known  as  the  National 
hanking  system,  which  was  inaugurated  at 
the  latter  end  of  the  civil  war,  the  National 
banknote  currency  was  based  upon  Govern- 
ment bonds  deposited  in  the  Treasury,  and 
the  currency  thus  issued  has  been  classed 
by  economists  as  bond-secured  currency. 
This  plan  was  evolved  not  only  to  national- 
ize ami  unify  tn<>  currency,  which  had 
1  heretofore  consisted  of  notes  issued  by 
State  banks,  but  as  well  to  create  a  mar- 
ket for  1'nlted  Slates  bonds,  and  in  this 
way  to  sustain  their  value.  It  was  entirely 
sueeessful  fur  the  latter  purpose,  but  has 
iiiitworn  its  usefulness  as  a  banking  system 
because  of  its  entire  want  of  elasticity. 

The  Federal  Reserve  net  is  the  result  of 
a  long  discussion  by  statesmen,  financiers, 
economists  and  bankers,  and  is  a  construc- 
tive measure  based  upon  and  growing  out 
of  many  bills  which  have  been  introduced 
within  the  pnst  twenty  years.  Under  it 
twelve  cities  known  as  '  Federal  Reserve 
cities,  are  established,  and  the  (continental) 
Tnlted  Stall's  is  divided  into  twelve:  geo- 
graphical districts,  each  district  containing 
one  of  the  reserve  cities.  The  twelve  dis- 
tricts mid  their  respective:  reserve  cities  are 
us  follows : 

I'tilcrnl  JJrarrrr  nixfrif-ts. — No.  1. — 
Maine.  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  Massa- 
chusetts. Rhode  l-land.  and  Connecticut. 
Federal  Reserve  City,  Boston,  Mass. 


No.  2. — The  State  of  New  York.  Federal 
Reserve  City.  New  York. 

No.  o. — New  Jersey  and  Delaware  ;  all 
that  part  of  Pennsylvania  east  of  the  west- 
ern boundary  of  McKean.  Flk,  Clearlield. 
Cambria,  and  Bedford  Counties.  Federal 
Reserve  City,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

No.  4. — Ohio  :  all  that  part  of  Pennsyl- 
vania west  of  district  No.  3;  Marshall.  Ohio, 
Brooke,  and  Hancock  Counties,  W.  Va.  ;  all 
that  part  of  Kentucky  east  of  the  western 
iHHindary  of  P.oone,  Grant,  Scott.  Woodford, 
Jessamine,  Garrard,  Lincoln,  Pulaski,  and 
McCreary  Counties.  Federal  Reserve  City, 
Cleveland,  Ohio. 

No.  5. — District  of  Columbia.  Maryland, 
Virginia,  North  Carolina,  and  South  Caro- 
lina ;  all  of  West  Virginia  except  Marshall, 
Ohio,  Brooke,  and  Hancock  Counties.  Fed- 
eral Reserve  City,  Richmond,  Va. 

NV>.  6. — Alabama,  Georgia,  and  Florida  ; 
all  that  part  of  Tennessee  east  of  the  west- 
ern boundary  of  Stewart,  Houston,  Wayne, 
Humphreys,  and  Perry  Counties;  all  that 
part  of  Mississippi  south  of  the  northern 
boundary  of  Issaquena,  Sharkey,  Yazoo, 
Kemper.  Madison.  Leake,  and  Neshoba  Coun- 
ties ;  all  of  the  southeastern  part  of  Louis- 
iana east  of  the  western  boundary  of  Pointe 
Coupee,  Iberville,  Assumption,  and  Terre- 
Iwnnc  Parishes.  Federal  Reserve  City,  At- 
lanta. Ga. 

No.  7. — Iowa  :  all  that  part  of  Wisconsin 
south  of  the  northern  boundary  of  Vernon, 
Sank,  Columbia.  Dodge.  Washington,  and 
O/aukee  Counties:  all  of  the  southern  pen- 
insula of  Michigan,  viz.,  that  part  east  of 
Lake  Michigan;  all  that  part  of  Illinois 
north  of  the  southern  boundary  of  Han- 
cock. Schuyler,  Cass,  Rangnmon,  Christian, 
Shelby,  Cumberland,  and  Clark  Counties; 
all  that  part  of  Indiana  north  of  the  south- 
ern boundary  of  Vigo,  Clay.  Owen.  Monroe. 
Brown.  Bartholomew.  Jennings.  Ripley,  and 
Ohio  Counties.  Federal  Reserve  City,  Chi- 
cago, 111. 

No.  X. — Arkansas  :  all  that  part  of  Mis- 
souri east  of  the  western  boundary  of  Har- 
rison, Daviess,  Caldwell,  Ray.  Lafayette, 
Johnson,  Henry.  St.  Clair,  Cedar.  bade, 
Lawrence,  and  Barry  Counties;  all  that  part 
of  Illinois  and  Indiana  not  included  in  dis- 
trict No.  7  ;  all  that  part  of  Kentucky  not 
included  in  district  No.  4  :  all  that  part  of 
Tennessee  and  Mississippi  not  included  in 
district  No.  0.  Federal  Reserve  City,  St. 
Louis,  Mo. 

No.  0.  -Montana,  North  Dakota,  South 
Dakota,  and  Minnesota;  all  that  part  of 
Wisconsin  and  Michigan  not  included  in 
district  No.  7.  Federal  Reserve  City,  Min- 
neapolis. Minn. 

No.  10. — Kansas.  Nebraska.  Colorado,  and 
Wyoming;  all  that  part  of  Missouri  not  in- 
cluded in  district  No.  X;  all  that  part  of 
Oklahoma  north  of  the  southern  boundary 
of  Kills,  Dewey.  P.laine,  Canadian,  Cleve- 
land, Poltawa tomie.  Seminole.  Okfuskee,  Mc- 
Intosh.  Muskogee.  and  Sequoyah  Counties; 
all  that  part  of  New  Mexico  north  of  the 
southern  boundary  of  McKinley.  Sandovnl, 
Santa  Fe.  San  Miguel,  and  Union  Counties. 
Federal  Reserve  City.  Kansas  City,  Mo. 

No.  11. — Texas;  all  that  part  of  New 
Mexico  and  Oklahoma  not  included  in  dis- 
trict No.  10;  all  that  part  of  Louisiana  not 
Included  in  district  No.  G;  and  Pima  Gra- 
ham. Grccnlee,  Cochise,  nnd  Santa  Cruz 
Counties,  Ariz.  Federal  Reserve  Citv,  Dal- 
las, Tex. 

No.  12. — California.  Washington,  Oregon. 
Idaho.  Nevada,  and  Utah  ;  all  that  part  of 
Arizona  not  included  in  district  No.  11. 
Federal  Reserve  City.  San  Francisco.  Cal. 

Kvcry  National  bank  is  required  to  be- 
come a  stockholder  in  the  Federal  Reserve 
bank  of  the  district  in  which  it  is  situated, 
and  any  state  batik  or  trust  company  which 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Revenue- 


eomplies  with  certain  specified  requirements 
is  permitted  to  become  a  member  bank. 
Then-  arc  at  the  present  time  approxi- 
mately 7,500  National  banks  ill  the  United 
States  \vliirli  have  thus  been  required  to 
become  member  banks. 

The  largest  district,  in  respect  to  number 
of  member  banks — the  seventh  or  Chicago 
district — has  l).">ti  member  banks.  The 
smallest  district — the  sixth  or  Atlanta  dis- 
trict— has  .'!7i:  member  banks.  The  num- 
ber of  member  banks  may  largely  increase 
in  tlie  near  future  from  the  addition  of 
State  banks  and  trust  companies  as  mem- 
ber banks. 

Kach  member  bank  is  required  to  sub- 
scribe to  the  stock  of  the  Federal  Reserve 
bank  of  Its  district  in  the  amount  equal  to 
0  per  centum  of  its  paid-up  capital  stock 
and  surplus.  The  Federal  Reserve  bank 
does  not  do  business  with  the  public  in  the 
sense  that  banks  usually  do;  it  may  better 
be  described  as  a  bank  of  banks.  It  is 
made  a  depositary  for  a  certain  proportion 
of  the  reserve  of  all  the  member  banks,  and 
in  addition  may  also  ho  a  depositary  for 
(loverument  funds.  An  important  function 
is  us  a  bank  of  issue  and  redemption  of 
currency,  for  it  may  secure  from  the  Treas- 
ury Government  notes  known  as  Federal 
Reserve  notes,  which  it  is  authorized  to 
issue  against  commercial  paper  with  a  mini- 
mum gold  reserve  of  40  per  centum.  Ke- 
sides  tliis,  Federal  Reserve  banks  are  grant- 
ed certain  powers  in  the  matter  of  oper- 
ations in  the  open  market,  such  as  the 
purchase  of  commercial  paper,  foreign  ex- 
change, etc.,  and  in  a  general  way  are  ex- 
pected to  perform  important  functions  as 
clearing  houses  between  their  member 
banks. 

Each  Federal  Reserve  bank  lias  nine  di- 
rectors, three  of  whom  represent  the  mem- 
ber banks,  three  represent  commercial, 
agricultural  or  other  industrial  pursuit 
(these  six  being  chosen  by  the  member 
banks),  and  finally  three  Government  di- 
rectors choseii  by  the  Federal  Reserve 
Hoard.  These  nine  directors  are  charged 
with  the  duty  of  appointing  all  necessary 
officers,  including  the  active  manager  of 
the  bank,  who  is  designated  as  its  President 
or  Governor. 

Under  the  act  the  whole  system  is  under 
the  supervision  of  a  central  board  in  "Wash- 
ington, known  as  the  Federal  Reserve 
Board,  consisting  of  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  and  the  Comptroller  of  the  Cur- 
rency acting  ex-oflicio,  and  live  members 
named  by  the  President  with  the  approval 
of  the  Senate.  The  live  members  lirst 
selected  (who  took  oath  of  office  August 
10,  1914)  are  as  follows: 

Charles  S.  •Hamliu,  Governor,  term  of 
office,  2  years. 

Frederic  A.  Delano,  Vice-Governor,  term 
of  office,  6  years. 

Paul  M.  Warburg,  term  of  office,  4  years. 

W.  1'.  (•!.  Harding,  term  of  office,  8  years. 

A.   C.   Miller,   term  of  office,    10   years. 

At  the  termination  of  the  term  of  office 
of  these  live  members  all  subsequent  ap- 
pointees will  be  named  for  ten-year  terms, 
except,  of  course,  those  who  may  be  se- 
lected to  till  unexpired  terms. 

The  salary  of  the  members  of  this  board 
is  $111,000  per  annum  each,  which  salaries, 
together  with  all  other  expenses  of  oper- 
ating the  system,  are  assessed  against  the 
Federal  Reserve  banks  in  proportion  to 
their  capital  stock  and  surplus.  Secretary 
to  the-  board,  II.  Parker  Willis;  Assistant 
Secretary,  Sherman  Allen.  Headquarters, 
Washington,  1>.  C. 

When  organized,  the  capital  of  the  Re- 
serve banks  of  the  svstem  was  as  follows  : 


Dlst.  No.  1  (Roston)     ..........  $9,91'4,543 

Dist.  No.  ii  (New    York)    .......  •JojiST.tiot; 

Dist.  No.  15  (Philadelphia)      .....  r_',5O(),7.'W 

Dist.  No.  4  (Cleveland)      .......  ll',10U,;',S4 

Dist.  No.  5  (Richmond)      .......    0,54-',  7  K5 

Dist.  No.  G  (Atlanta;      .........    4,7uli.5."i,S 

Dist.  No.  7  (Chicago)     .........  l'_',  907,701 

Dist.  No.  8  (St.    Louis)     ........    0,.-',07,O()0 

Dist.  No.  9  (Minneapolis)     ......    4,7ou,9i!5 


Dist.  No.  10  (Kansas   City)  ......    5,000,977 

lst.  No.  11   (Dallas)      ..........    5.U5.'{,9^4 


D 


Dist.  No.  li!  (San    Francisco)     ...    8,110,41)4 

Resolute,  The,  restoration  of,  to  British 

Government,  discussed,  21*5;!. 
Restoration  of  Southern  States  (see  also 

Reconstruction)  : 
Acts  regarding,  vetoed.     (See  Recon- 

struction.) 
Discussed      by      President      Johnson, 

3551,   3570,  3593,  3643,   3696,    3729, 

3734,   3756,  3781,   3S46,  3848,   3870. 
Provisional  governor  appointed  for  —  • 

Alabama,  3521. 

Florida,    3527. 

Georgia,  3516. 

Mississippi,  3512. 

North   Carolina,   3510. 

South    Carolina,   3524. 

Texas,  3519. 

Restraint  Of  Trade.—  Conduct  In  the  in- 
dustrial or  commercial  world  which  is  cal- 
culated to  diminish  the  sum-total  of  trade, 
or  to  prevent  freedom  of  trade  by  all  per- 
sons desiring  to  engage  In  it.  The  restraint 
is  effected  by  monopoly  or  by  action  tending 
to  monopoly.  (See  Anti-Trust  Law  and 
Sherman  Act.) 

Resumption.  (See  Specie  Payments.) 
Retroactive.  —  Imposing  a  punishment  for 
an  act  performed  prior  to  the  passage  of  the 
law.  A  retroactive  law,  while  permissible 
as  to  civil  conduct,  is  Inhibited  by  the  Con- 
stitution as  to  criminal  conduct.  (See  Fx 
Post  Facto.) 

Returning  Boards.  —  Boards  established  in 
certain  states  for  the  purpose  of  canvassing 
the  returns  of  an  election.  The  reconstruct- 
ed state  governments  of  South  Carolina, 
Florida,  and  Louisiana,  created  by  statute 
returning  boards  to  canvass  and  certify  to 
the  returns  of  elections  held  iu  those 
states.  In  violation  of  the  generally  ac- 
cepted principle  of  state  government,  these 
returning  boards  were  clothed  with  judi- 
cial as  well  as  ministerial  powers.  This 
subject  is  of  interest  chiefly  in  relation  to 
the  Presidential  election  of  1876,  in  which 
the  result  depended  upon  the  action  of 
these  boards. 

Revenue  Cutter.  —  A  small  armed  vessel 
owned  and  used  by  the  Government  to  en- 
force customs  regulations. 

Revenue-Cutter  Service.—  The  Revenue- 
Cutter  Service  is  a  military  arm  of  the 
Government  attached  to  and  under  the  di- 
rection of  the  Treasury  Department.  The 
Service  was  organized  in  1790  and  con- 
stituted the  original  naval  force  of  the 
country.  There  being  at  that  time  no 
Navy  Department,  the  Service  was  placed 
under  the  Treasury  Department,  where  it 
has  remained  ever  since.  It  is  charged  with 
the  enforcement  of  the  navigation  and  cus- 
toms laws  of  the  United  States,  the  assist- 
ance of  vessels  in  distress,  the  protection 
of  the  sealing  industry  in  Alaska,  the  en- 


Revenue- 


Mcssages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


forcemeiit  of  the  quarantine  laws,  the  de- 
Btrnctlon  of  derelicts  and  other  floating 
dangers  to  navigation,  and  numerous  other 
duties  appropriate  to  its  class  of  vessels. 
Each  winter,  by  direction  of  the  president, 
a  number  of  the  cutters  patrol  the  coast 
for  the  special  purpose  of  assisting  vessels 
in  distress.  The  Service  cooperates  with 
the  Navy  when  directed  by  the  president 
and  has  so  cooperated  in  every  war  in  which 
the  United  States  has  been  engaged. 

The  officers  of  the  Service  are  commis- 
sioned by  the  president  and  hold  rank  by 
law  wirii  officers  of  the  Army  and  Navy  as 
follows :  Captain-Commandant  with  Colo- 
nel in  the  Army  and  Captain  in  the  Navy  ; 
Senior  Captains  and  Kngineer-ln-Chlef  with 
Lieutenant-Colonels  in  the  Army  and  Com- 
manders in  the  Navy  ;  Captains  with  Majors 
in  the  Army  and  Lieutenant-Commanders  in 
the  Navy  ;  First  Lieutenants  with  Captains 
in  the  Army  and  Lieutenants  in  the  Navy  ; 
Second  Lieutenants  with  First  Lieutenants 
in  the  Army  and  Lieutenants  (Junior 
Grade)  in  the  Navy;  Third  Lieutenants 
wifh  Second  Lieutenants  in  the  Army  and 
Ensigns  in  the  Navy. 

There  are  now  in  the  Service  228  com- 
missioned officers  and  cadets  on  the  active 
list,  and  1.000  petty  officers  and  enlisted 
men.  Commissioned  officers  of  the  line 
are  appointed  from  Cadet  graduates  of  the 
School  of  Instruction  at  New  London,  Ct. 
The  Cadet  course  covers  three  years  and 
embraces  profession  and  academic  subjects. 
Cadets  are  appointed  after  competitive  ex- 
aminations, conducted  by  boards  of  com- 
missioned officers  of  the  Revenue-Cutter 
Service. 

Appointments  to  the  Engineer  Corps  are 
made  after  competitive  examination,  and 
successful  candidates  are  appointed  Cadet 
Engineers  for  a  period  of  six  months  prior 
to  being  commissioned  Third  Lieutenants  of 
Engineers  in  the  Service.  Candidates  for  the 
Engineer  Corps  must  be  not  less  than  twenty- 
one  nor  more  than  twenty-six  years  of  age. 

In  January.  1915,  the  Revenue  Cutter 
Service  was  combined  with  the  Life-Saving 
Service  to  form  the  Coast  Guards.  (See 
Coast  Guards.) 

Revenue-Cutter  Service: 

Act  relating  to  revenue   cutters   and 
steamers    vetoed,    2219. 

Land  reserved  for  use  of,  G701. 

Organization    of,   10S8. 

Retirement  of  officers  in,  6708. 

Steam  vessels  in,  employment  of,  rec- 
ommended, 1121. 

(See  also  Treasury  Department  of.) 
Revenue  Flag. — The  last  act  of  the  Fourth 
Congress,  March  2.  1799,  was  to  pass  a  law 
to  regulate  flie  collection  of  duties  and  ton- 
nage and  to  establish  ports  of  entry.  In 
order  that  the  vessels  of  the  collection 
officers  might  be  easily  recognized,  Congress 
ordered  that  vessels  in  the  revenue  service 
carry  a  flag  of  sixteen  perpendicular  stripes, 
alternate  red  and  white',  the  union  of  the 
ensign  bearing  the  arms  of  the  United 
Slates  in  dark  blue  on  a  white  field  beneath 
a  semicircle  of  thirteen  blue  stars. 

Revenue  Inspectors,  salary  of,  127. 
Revenue  Officers,  official  conduct  of,  re- 
ferred to,  912. 

Revenue,  Public. — In  a  political  sense  the 
revenue  of  a  slate  is  the  annual  Income 
di-rived  from  taxation,  customs,  and  other 
sounds,  to  be  appropriated  to  governmental 
expenditures.  The  principal  sources  of 


revenue  of  the  United  States  are  customs, 
internal  revenue,  sale  of  public  lands,  and 
miscellaneous  receipts.  Customs  receipts 
have  always  formed  the  bulk  of  the  revenue. 
In  ITS'J  the  total  revenues  of  the  Govern- 
ment amounted  to  $4,410,000.  This  total 
gradually  swelled  to  $50,000,000  in  1SUO. 
Then  the  increased  duties  of  all  kinds,  im- 
posed as  war  measures,  augmenied  the  rev- 
enues to  hundreds  of  millions,  reaching  the 
maximum  of  $520,000,000  in  18GU.  Then 
it  declined  to  an  average  of  about  $.'!50,- 
000,000  between  1878  and  1898.  In  1H01 
the  revenue,  increased  by  a  Spanish-Ameri- 
can War  tax,  was  $587,085,338. 

The  income  tax  law  of  11)13,  during  the 
first  year  of  its  operation,  yielded  but  $-8.- 
253,000  in  revenue,  a  little  more  than  half 
the  amount  estimated  by  Treasury  officials. 
It  was  disclosed  upon  analysis  that  nearly 
58  per  cent  of  the  total  was  paid  by 
resiclents  of  three  States — New  York,  New 
Jersey  and  Pennsylvania. 

The  corporation  excise  tax  of  1909, 
moditied  in  1913,  produced  for  the  fiscal 
year  1913-14  a  total  of  $43,127,000. 

The  decline  in  customs  duties  consequent 
upon  the  European  war  in  1914  caused 
Congress  to  enact,  upon  the  urgent  recom- 
mendation  of  President  Wilson  (page  79SO), 
a  special  war  revenue  tax,  to  be  iu  effect  for 
one  year. 

ORDINARY  RECEIPTS  BY  FISCAL  YEARS 


Years 

End- 

. 

Miscel- 

Total 

in;; 
June 

Customs 

Internal 
Revenue 

laneous 
Items 

Ordinary 
Receipts 

30 

1002.. 

$254,444,708 

8271,800,122 

$36,153,403 

8562,478,233 

1903.. 

284,479,582 

230,810,124 

45,100,96s 

560,396,674 

1904.. 

201,274,565 

232,604,120 

45,538,229 

539,716,914 

1905.. 

261,798,857 

234,095,741 

48,712,101 

544,  006,759 

1906.. 

300,251,878 

249,150,213 

45,315,851 

594,717,942 

1907.. 

332,233,363 

269,666,773 

61,225,524 

663,125,660 

1908.. 

286,113,130 

251,711,127 

63,236,466 

601,060,723 

1909.. 

300,711,934 

246,212.644 

56,664,912 

603,589,490 

1910.. 

333,683,445 

289,933,519 

51,894,751 

675,511,715 

1911.. 

314,497,071 

322,529,201 

64,346,103 

701,372,375 

1912.. 

311,321,672 

321,612,200 

58,844,593 

691,778,465 

1913.. 

31,\891,396 

344,410,966 

60,802,808 

724,111,2X0 

1914.. 

292,320,015 

380,041,007 

62,312,145 

734,673,107 

1915.. 

209,786,672 

415,069,646 

72,454,509 

697,910,82$ 

Revenue,   Public    (see   also   Tariff;    Fi- 
nances; Import  Duties;  Taxation): 
Act — 

Designating  and  limiting  funds  re- 
ceivable for,  reasons  for  apply- 
ing pocket  veto  to,  1501. 
To  provide  for  collection,  safe- 
keeping, and  distribution  of, 
by  fiscal  corporation  vetoed, 
1921. 

Additional   $100,000,000  to  bo   raised 
through  internal  taxes  urged,  8301. 
By    direct   taxation,    26;",    2G8. 
Collection   and  disbursement  of,   freo 
from    defalcation,    discussed,    5542, 
5746. 

Custody     and     distribution     of,     dis- 
cussed by  President — 
Polk,  2.'552,  2406,   2498. 
Tyler,    1806,    19:57. 
Van  Rurcu,  1541,  1596,  1707,  1757. 
1827. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Revolutionary 


Deposits    of,    in    banks    referred    to, 

1916. 
Derived    from    public    lands.       (See 

Lands,  Public.) 

Diminution  of,  461,  480,  675,  923. 
Disbursements   of,  referred   to,   1810. 
Discussed.    (See  Finances  Discussed.) 
Duties  for  raising.    (See  Import  Du- 
ties.) 
Embezzlement  of,   referred  to,  2212. 

(See  also  Defalcation.) 
Expenses    incurred    in    collection    of, 

referred  to,  2563. 
Frauds  in,  discussed,  989,  4797. 
Insufficient    for    authorized    expendi- 
tures, 7370,  7379. 
Laws  for  raising.     (See  also  Import 

Duties.) 

Abuses  of,  referred  to,  1016. 
Alterations  in,  142,  8111. 
Codification  of,  recommended,  4201. 
Complaints  of  Spain  and  Portugal 

against,  referred  to,  1956. 
Improvement  in,  recommended,  925, 

1016,  8111. 
Judicial  construction  of,  injurious, 

1788. 
Opposition  to,  from — 

Pennsylvania.        (See      Pennsyl- 
vania.) 

South  Carolina.    (See  South  Car- 
olina.) 
Southern     States.         (See     Civil 

War.) 

Revision  of,  recommended,  3773. 

System  of,  satisfactory,  75,  79. 

Measures  to  provide  additional,  urged, 

7980,  8111. 

Only   enough    should  be   collected   to 

meet   wants   of   Government,    1464. 

Per    centum    allowed    public    officers 

for    disbursement    of,    referred   to, 

1727. 

Policy  of  Mexico  in  exempting  from 
duty  imports  into  territory  on  bor- 
ders of  United  States.  (See  Zona 


Referred  to,  3903. 

Suits  growing  out  of,  discussed  and 

recommendations  regarding,  5098. 
Surplus   of — 

Application  of,  to — 

Educational  purposes  and  inter- 
nal improvements  recommend- 
ed, 397,  444. 

Navy  and  national  works  recom- 
mended, 1380. 
Purchase    of    Government    bonds 

recommended,   3985. 
Apportionment    of,    among    States. 

(See  States  of  the  Union.) 
Discussed  by  President — 
Arthur,  4635,  4721. 
Cleveland,  5093,  5165,  5361,  5372. 
Fillmore,  2660,  2714. 


Grant,  3985. 

Harrison,  Bcnj.,  5473,  5549,  5630. 
Jackson,  1014,  1077,  1380,  1458. 
Jefferson,  397,  444. 
Pierce,  2747,  2818. 
Van  Buren,  1707. 

Joint  resolution  directing  payment 
of  Treasury  surplus  on  public 
Debt,  reasons  for  applying  pocket 
veto  to,  5073. 

Proposition    to    deposit    in    banks 
throughout      country      discussed, 
5168. 
System  of — 

Changes    made    in,    productive    of 

good  results,  1247. 
Evil  effects  of,  discussed,   1459. 
Tariff  for  raising.      (See  Import  Du- 
ties.) 
Revere 's  Ride,  Paul.     (See  "Midnight 

Ride  of  Paul  Revere.") 
Revised  Statutes: 

Appointment    of   commission   to   pre- 
pare, recommended,  2671,   2714. 
Preparation  of,  and  recommendations 

regarding,  3250. 
Referred  to,  4687. 

Revolution.— The  overthrow  of  an  estab- 
lished political  system  or  a  radical  change 
of  government  effected  by  extra  legal  means 
is  known  as  a  political  revolution.  Among 
the  most  important  revolutions  of  modern 
history  are  the  English  Revolution  of  1042- 
1649,  which  culminated  in  the  execution  of 
Charles  I  and  the  establishment  of  the 
Protectorate  under  Cromwell  ;  the  second 
English  Revolution,  resulting  from  the 
Stuart  tyranny  after  the  Restoration  known 
as  the  "Glorious  Revolution  of  1688," 
which,  under  William  III,  firmly  estab- 
lished the  principles  of  free  constitutional 
government  in  Great  Britain  :  the  American 
Revolution  which  resulted  in  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Republic  of  the  T'nited  States 
in  1776  ;  the  French  Revolution,  Which 
broke  out  in  Paris  in  1780  and  was  fol- 
lowed by  a  reign  of  blood  and  terror,  ter- 
minating with  the  execution  of  Robespierre 
in  1794 :  the  French  Revolution  of  1830, 
which  exiled  Charles  X  and  elevated  Loula 
Philippe  to  the  throne :  the  uprising  of 
the  French  people  in  1848.  which  deposed 
Louis:  the  Italian  Revolution  of  1859-60. 
wtiereby  the  various  minor  sovereigns  of 
the  peninsula  were  driven  into  exile  and 
the  whole  territory  came  under  the  dominion 
of  King  Victor  Emmanuel  :  the  insurrections 
which  established  the  third  French  Republic 
in  1870  and  the  Republic  of  Brazil  in  1889. 

Revolutionary  Convention.      (See  Con- 
vention, Revolutionary.) 
Revolutionary   Pensions.         (See   Pen- 
sions.) 

Revolutionary  War. — The  war  for  redress 
of  grievances,  and  later  for  independence, 
waged  by  the  thirteen  American  Colonies 
against  the  mother  country,  Great  Britain. 
The  Revolution  had  several  causes.  In- 
crease In  population  in  America  naturally 
caused  a  desire  for  independence,  especially 
after  the  expulsion  of  the  French.  In  1763 
the  Government  of  George  III  resolved  to 
enforce  more  strictly  the  navigation  act  and 
other  laws  restricting  American  trade  in  the 


Revolutionary      Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


interest  of  England,  to  station  garrisons  in 
America,  and  to  pay  a  part  of  the  expense 
by  a  stamp  tax.  The  Stamp  Act  aroused 
violent  opposition,  expressed  through  the 
Stamp  Act  Congress  of  1705.  Taxation 
without  representation  in  Parliament  was 
declared  illegal  and  tyrannous.  The  British 
Government  persisted  in  the  principle,  tax- 
ing various  imports  from  1707  to  1770  and 
tea  thereafter.  The  Boston  Tea  Party  led 
Parliament  to  pass  acts  retaliating  on  that 
city  and  altering  the  charter  of  Massachu- 
setts. The  Colonies  were  by  this  time  united, 
through  their  committees  of  correspondence, 
in  opposition  to  the  Crown.  Sept.  5,  1774. 
the  First  Continental  Congress  was  convened 
in  Philadelphia.  It  published  a  declaration 
of  rights,  protested  to  the  King  and  Parlia- 
ment, and  entered  into  a  non-importation 
agreement.  April  19,  1775,  Gen.  Gage,  the 
British  commander  in  Boston,  met  with  the 
first  armed  resistance  at  Lexington  and  Con- 
cord, and  war  was  begun.  The  Colonists 
were  assisted  by  France.  Spain,  and  in  the 
later  years  of  the  struggle,  by  the  Nether- 
lands. 

Following  are  the  principal  events  of  the 
Revolution  :  Boston  Massacre,  March  5, 
1770;  Boston  Tea  Party,  Dec.  16,  1773; 
First  Continental  Congress,  Sept.  5,  1774  ; 
battles  of  Lexington  and  Concord.  April 
19,  1775:  meeting  of  the  Second  Continen- 
tal Congress  and  capture  of  Ticonderoga, 
May  10;  Mecklenburg  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence, May  20;  battle  of  Bunker  Hill, 
June  1ft  and  17  :  evacuation  of  Boston, 
March  17,  1776  :  British  repulse  off  Charles- 
ton. June  28  :  Declaration  of  Independence, 
July  4;  battle  of  Long  Island.  Aug.  27; 
battle  of  White  Plains.  Oct.  28;  loss  of 
Forts  Washington  and  Lee.  retreat  through 
New  Jersey  and  bottle  of  Trenton,  end  of 
1776:  battle  of  Princeton,  Jan.  3,  1777:  bat- 
tle of  Bennington,  Aug.  16;  battle  of 
Brandywine,  Sept.  11  ;  battle  of  Still- 
water.  Sept.  19  ;  battle  of  Germantown.  Oct. 
4:  battle  of  Saratoga.  Oct.  7:  Burgoyne'a 
surrender.  Oct.  17;  adoption  of  the  Arti- 
cles of  Confederation.  Nov.  15:  treaty  with 
France.  Feb.  6.  1778;  battle  of  Monmouth, 
June  28 ;  storming  of  Stony  Point.  July 
16.  1779:  victory  of  Paul  Jones,  Sept.  2.°,; 
British  capture  Charleston,  May  12,  1780; 
battle  of  Camden.  Aug.  16  :  Arnold's  treach- 
ery exposed,  Sept.  23 :  battle  of  King's 
Mountain,  Oct.  7 :  battle  of  the  Cowpens. 
•Inn.  17,  1781  ;  Articles  of  Confederation 
ratified  by  the  last  of  the  States,  March 
1  :  battle  of  Guilford  Court-House.  March 
15;  battle  of  Kutaw,  Sept.  8;  surrender  of 
Cornwallis  at  Yorktown,  Oct.  19;  peace  of 
Paris,  Sept.  3,  1783;  evacuation  of  New 
York,  Nov.  25,  178.",.  The  United  States 
then  comprised  the  territory  from  Canada 
to  Florida  and  from  the  Atlantic  Ocean  to 
the  Mississippi  Hiver.  The  total  number 
of  enlistmfnts  in  the  American  army  during 
the  war  was  068, 410  ;  the  total  cost  was 
9 135,19:',. 703. 

Revolutionary  War: 

Allowances  to  officers  in,  referred  to, 

906. 

Pensioners  of.     (See  Pensions.) 
deferred   to,  27.'5. 
Soldiers  of,  land  warrants  issued  to, 

889. 

Eevolutions.        (See    Illegal     Combina- 
tions;   the  several  powers.) 
Reward  offered  for  arrest  of — 

Alleged    instigators    of    assassination 

of  President,  Lincoln,  .''.."lOo. 
Distribution  of,  referred  to,  3.177. 


Persons    claiming,    directed    to    file 

claims,  3551. 
Revoked     as     to     certain     persons, 

3551. 

Persons  from  foreign   countries  com- 
mitting    depredations     in     United 
States,  3484. 
Willis  Anderson,  943. 
Rhine,    The,    French    steamer,   referred 

to,  3460. 

Rhode  Island.— One  of  the  thirteen  origi- 
nal states  of  the  Union  and  the  smallest  of 
the  United  States;  nicknamed,  "Little 
Khody ;"  motto,  "Hope."  It  lies  between 
lat.  41°  18'  and  42°  1'  north  (not  includ- 
ing Block  Island)  and  long.  71°  8'  and 
71°  53'  west.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north 
and  east  by  Massachusetts,  on  the  south 
by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  on  the  west  by 
Connecticut,  and  has  an  area  of  1,248 
square  miles.  It  is  an  important  manufac- 
turing state,  being  first  in  proportion  to  its 
population  in  the  manufacture  of  cotton, 
woolen,  worsteds,  etc.,  and  second  only  to 
Massachusetts  in  the  production  of  cotton 
goods. 

Rhode  Island  was  visited  by  Vorrazano 
In  1524  and  probably  by  Norse  navigators  in 
the  twelfth  century.  Roger  Williams  made 
the  first  permanent  settlement  at  Provi- 
dence in  1636.  The  first  charter  was  grant- 
ed in  1643  and  a  more  liberal  one  in  1663. 
lihode  Island  ratified  the  Federal  Constitu- 
tion in  1790.  The  official  name  of  the  state 
is  "The  State  of  Rhode  Island,  and  Provi- 
dence Plantations." 

Statistics  of  agriculture  collected  for  the 
last  Federal  census  place  the  number  of 
farms  in  the  state  at  5.292,  comprising 
443.308  acres,  valued,  with  stock  and  im- 
provements, at  $32,990,739.  The  value  of 
domestic  animals,  poultry,  etc.,  was  $3.- 
276.172.  including  34.148  cattle,  valued  at 
$1.309.088;  9.547  horses.  $1.424,177:  14,- 
038  swine.  $123.647;  6.789"  sheep.  $32,637; 
poultry,  $368,018.  The  yield  and  value 
of  field  crops  in  1911  was:  Corn.  11,000 
acres,  495.000  bushels,  $470.000:  oats,  2,- 
000  acres.  58.000  bus-hols,  $34.000 ;  pota- 
toes, 5.000  acres.  550.000  bushels,  $583.000  ; 
hay.  61.000  acres.  Ol.OuO  tons.  $1.470.000. 
Stone  is  the  principal  mineral  product  of 
the  state.  Manufacturing  made  groat  prog- 
ress during  the  decade  ending  in  1910  when 
the  last  census  was  taken.  At  the  end  of 
this  period  there  were  1.944  establishments. 
with  an  aggregate  capital  of  $289.416.000  ; 
consuming  raw  materials  which  cost  $158.- 
652.000.  paying  wages  totaling  $18.130.000 
to  112,505  employees,  and  selling  the  out- 
put for  $279.438.000.  The  leading  industry 
is  cotton  spinning.  2. 055. 91 2  spindles,  capi- 
talized at  $43.527,584.  producing  an  out- 
put of  $30.028.843.  In  worsted  goods  mnn- 
ufnctiire  $38.789.543  was  invested,  which 
produced  $14.477,596.  Foundries  capital 
Izort  at  $23.728.205  produced  a  finished 
product  valued  at  $13,959.28.",.  The  dyeing 
and  finishing  Industry,  closely  allied  with 
the  textile  manufactories.  Involved  $16.909.- 
936  capital  and  added  $9.981.457  to  the 
value  of  goods.  Jewelry  m;inufacture  is 
capitalized  at  $11,199.233,  and  produces  an 
output  selling  at  $14.431.750.  The  manu- 
facture of  silverware  is  capitalized  at  $8.- 
552, 4S9,  and  produces  $5.323.204.  The 
latest  industry  to  tfike  on  large  proportions 
Is  the  manufacture  of  rubber  goods.  The 
bonded  debt  of  the  state  in  1910  was  $4.- 
800.000.  The  renl  and  personal  property 
was  vnlued  at  $51 1.90O.1 22.  The  receipts 
and  expenditures  of  the  Stale  Treasurer  each 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Right 


vary  between  $2,000,000  and  $2,500.000. 
The  population  according  to  the  Federal 
census  of  1010  was  542,010.  (See  also 
Providence  Plantations.) 

Rhode  Island: 

Accession  of,  to  Union,  67. 
Constitution    in,    attempts   of  people 

to  establish  free.     (See  Dorr 's  Ke- 

bellion.) 
Constitution  of  United  States — 

Convention    for    consideration    of, 
64. 

Evidence  of  ratification  of  amend- 
ments to,  68,  182. 
Dorr's  Rebellion  in — 

Correspondence   regarding,    2139. 

Discussed,   2136. 

Free  constitution  in,  attempts  of  peo- 
ple  to   establish.     (See   Dorr's    Ee- 

bellion.) 
Lands  in,  United   States  empowered 

to  hold,  146. 
Union,   accession  of  and  Providence 

Plantations  to,  67. 

Eicara  Indians.  (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Eice.  (See  Agricultural  Products.) 
Eich  Mountain  (W.  Va.),  Battle  of.— 
Soou  after  the  ordinance  of  secession  had 
been  ratified  by  the  State  of  Virginia,  Maj.- 
Gen.  George  B.  McClellan,  who  'had  been 
assigned  to  the  command  of  the  Federal 
forces  in  the  Department  of  the  Ohio,  is- 
sued an  address  to  the  loyal  citizens  of 
western  Virginia.  Many  enlistments  from 
that  State  followed,  and  he  determined  to 
occupy  at  least  part  of  it  with  Federal 
troops.  Accordingly,  May  23,  1801,  the 
First  Virginia  Regiment.  1,100  strong,  which 
had  been  organized  in  Cincinnati  by  Virgin- 
ians, crossed  the  Ohio  with  the  Fourteenth 
and  Sixteenth  O'hio  regiments  and  took  pos- 
session of  Parkersburg.  The  Confederates, 
commanded  by  Governor  Wise  under  the 
immediate  direction  of  Col.  Porterfleld,  re- 
tired after  several  skirmishes  to  the  base 
of  Rich  Mountain,  near  Beverly,  in  Randolph 
County.  McClellan's  forces  in  the  neighbor- 
hood amounted  to  more  than  30,000  men  on 
July  4.  while  the  Confederates  could  scarce- 
ly muster  10,000.  July  11,  Gen.  Rosecrans 
made  a  detour  of  the  mountain  and  forced 
the  surrender  of  600  men  under  Col.  Pe- 
grarn,  and  Gen.  McClellan  defeated  the  main 
body  of  the  Confederates  under  Gon.  Gar- 
nett.  The  Union  losses  in  the  actions  at 
Rich  Mountain  were  11  killed  and  35  wound- 
ed. The  loss  to  the  Confederates  was  200 
killed  and  1,000  prisoners.  Seven  pieces  of 
artillery  also  fell  into  the  hands  of  the 
Union  forces. 

Eichmond   (Ky.),  Battle  of.— After  the 

Confederates  had  evacuated  Corinth,  Miss., 
in  the  summer  of  1802,  they  began  to  con- 
centrate in  the  vicinity  of  Chattanooga, 
Tenn.  By  the  middle  of  August  they  had 
collected  an  army  estimated  at  from  55,- 
000  to  65.000  under  Gen.  Braxton  Bragg. 
Gen.  E.  Kirby  Smith,  with  about  20.000 
men,  passed  up  the  Cumberland  Mountains 
on  the  east,  and,  going  through  the  gaps, 
invaded  Kentucky.  At  Richmond  he  encoun- 
tered Gen.  Manson  (Aug.  30).  who  was  de- 
fending the  place  with  a  garrison  of  Bu- 
ell's  army.  Mason  was  defeated  and  Smith 
proceeded  to  Frankfort.  Loss  about  5,000 
on  each  side. 


Eichmond,  Va.,  Government  of  Confed- 
erate States  transferred  to,  3225. 
Eiders. — Objectionable  legislative  measures 
likely  to  be  vetoed  If  passed  as  separate 
bills,  but  which  are  made  part  of  Important 
bills,  such  as  appropriations  for  current  ex- 
penses, etc.,  In  order  to  insure  Executive 
sanction.  The  rider  Is  an  encroachment  on 
the  independence  of  the  Executive.  In 
many  of  the  states  a  rider  has  been  madi- 
an  impossibility  by  confining  each  bill  to  a 
single  subject  or  by  permitting  the  veto  of 
single  clauses  of  appropriation  bills.  It 
has  never  been  prohibited  in  Congress. 
Riders  were  numerous  during  the  anti-slav- 
ery contest,  the  Civil  War,  and  the  conflict 
with  President  Johnson.  A  number  of  im- 
portant bills  have  been  passed  as  riders, 
among  them  the  bill  increasing  salaries  in 
1S73.  The  first  use  of  the  rider  of  na- 
tional importance  was  the  joining  in  1820 
of  the  bill  for  the  admission  of  Maine  to 
that  permitting  slavery  in  Missouri,  so  as 
to  compel  the  acceptance  of  both  or  neither. 
These  were  afterwards  separated.  The  Army 
appropriation  bill  of  1850  as  sent  from 
the  House  to  the  Senate  had  a  rider  pro- 
hibiting the  employment  of  Federal  troops 
for  the  enforcement  of  Territorial  law  in 
Kansas.  Riders  were  added  to  all  appro- 
priation bills  by  the  Democratic  majority 
in  the  House  during  the  first  session  of  the 
Forty-seventh  Congress  in  1879  ;  but  all 
these  bills  were  vetoed  by  the  president  and 
were  finally  passed  without  riders.  The 
Platt  Amendment  (see  Cuba)  was  a  rider 
to  the  Army  Appropriation  Bill  of  1901. 
Eifle  Clubs  in  South  Carolina,  procla- 
mation against,  4350.  (See  also  Ku- 
Klux  Klans.) 
Eifle,  Magazine,  for  use  of  infantry 

service,  selected,  5878. 
Eifle  Practice,  commended  to  attention 

of  soldiers  and  civilians,  7070,  7236. 
Eight  of   Asylum,  discussed   by   Presi- 
dent— 

Cleveland,  5961. 
Johnson,   3883. 

Eight  Of  Search.— Great  Britain  hns  al- 
ways claimed  the  right  to  search  vessels 
of  other  powers  upon  the  high  seas  for  de- 
serting English  sailors  and  for  contraband 
goods  in  time  of  war.  This  has  not  been 
exercised  with  regard  to  the  vessels  of  the 
United  States  since  the  War  of  1812, 
though  nothing  was  said  in  the  treaty  of 
Ghent  about  search  and  impressment  of 
sailors.  Before  that  war  this  right  was 
exercised  and  search  was  made  for  Eng- 
lish sailors,  and  many  American  seamen 
were  impressed  as  deserters  from  the  Eng- 
lish navy,  and  search  was  made  for  such 
goods  as  were  declared  subject  to  confisca- 
tion in  accordance  with  the  paper  blockade 
of  the  continent  and  Hie  orders  in  council. 
This  was  one  of  the  grievances  that  brought 
on  the  War  of  1812.  The  right  of  search 
for  the  purpose  of  suppressing  the  slave 
trade  was  carefully  regulated  by  several 
treaties  between  Great  Britain  and  the 
United  States. 

Eight  of  Search: 

Discussed  by  President — 
Buchanan',    3038,    3170. 
Madison,  484,   505. 
Tyler,  1930,  2048,  20S2. 
Proposition     regarding,     mutual,     re- 
ferred to,  26L'6. 


Right 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Questions  regarding,  with — 
Cuba,    3986. 
Great  Britain,  484,  505,  1930,  2048, 

2082. 

Claim    of    Great    Britain    aban- 
doned, 3038,  3171. 
Mutual  right  of  search,  referred 

to,  1943. 

Referred  to,  2286,  2297. 
Right  of  Suffrage.    (See  Elective  Fran- 
chise.) 
Right  of  Way.      (See  Indian  Eeserva- 

tions.) 

Rights.     (See  Bill  of  Rights  and  Nat- 
ural Rights.) 

Rights,  BUI  of.     (See  Bill  of  Rights.) 
Rights   of  Federal   and  State   Govern- 
ments.    (See  Powers  of  Federal  and 
State   Governments.) 

Rights  Of  Man. — A  pampblet  by  Thomas 
Paine,  published  in  England  In  1791.  Its 
radical  appeal  was  so  strong  that  1'aine  was 
outlawed. 

Rio  Grande  River: 

Construction  of  dams  in,  opposite  El 

Paso,  Tex.,  referred  to,  5400. 
Disorders     on,    discussed    by     Presi- 
dent— 

Arthur,  4627,  4716. 

Buchanan,  3113,  3115. 

Fillmore,   2688. 

Grant,  4143,  4161,  4220",  4244,  4295, 
4358. 

Harrison,  Benj.,   5751. 

Hayes,  4407,  4424,  4449,  4521. 

Neutrality  violated  by  army  on,  re- 
ferred to,  3574. 

Report   upon   state  of,   2777. 

Storage  and  use  of  waters  of,  for 

irrigation,  discussed,  5959,  6281. 
Riots  at  Chicago,  proclamation  regard- 
ing, 5931. 

Riparian  Rights.— Rights  to  the  usage  of 
water-front  for  various  purposes. 
River  and  Harbor  Bills.— There  hns  al- 
ways been  some  objection  to  appropriations 
for  the  improvement  of  rivers  and  harbors 
on  the  ground  that  fhe  benefits,  while  most- 
ly local,  arc  paid  for  out  of  the  general 
Treasury.  The  first  bill  for  harbor  improve- 
ments In  the  United  States  was  passed 
March  .'{.  182.'!.  Since  1854.  appropriations 
for  the  Improvement  of  rivers  and  harbors 
were  frequently  inserted  in  the  regular  ap- 
propriation bill.  Separate  bills  for  this 
purpose  were  vetoed  by  Presidents  Tyler 
(218.".),  Polk  (2310).  Tierce  (2789),  and 
(Jrnnt  <4",:W).  In  1870  a  $2,000.000  appro- 
priation was  made.  This  was  the  largest 
up  to  that  time.  After  this  they  gradually 
Increased  until  they  reached  nearly  $19,- 
OOO.OOO  In  1*82-8.'',.  President  Arthur  ve- 
toed the  bill  carrying  this  appropriation 
(•I7<i~  i.  but  it  was  passed  over  his  veto. 
P.ii-nnlnl  appropriations  have  since  been  the 
rule.  The  appropriation  for  1891  was  $25.- 
OOO.OOO.  The  expenditures  of  IS'.HJ.  includ- 
IIIL'  the  direct  appropriations  of  about  $30,- 
oiio.ooo  iind  the  contracts  for  future  ex- 


penditures, amounted  to  a  total  of  about 
$80,000,000.  The  bill  carrying  this  amount 
was  vetoed  by  President  Cleveland  (0109 1, 
but  was  passed  over  his  veto.  River  and 
harbor  bills  have  since  been  passed  in  1899, 
1900,  and  1902,  and  1905. 

River     Crow     Indians.      (See     Indian 

Tribes.) 

Elver  Raisin  (Mich.),  Battle  of.— After 
Col.  Lewis  had  occupied  Frenchtown,  Mich., 
Jan.  18,  1813,  with  050  men,  he  was  re- 
enforced  by  Gen.  Winchester  with  about 
300  from  the  latter's  camp  on  the  Maumee 
Hiver.  These  were  stationed  along  the  river 
outside  the  town.  Before  daylight  on  the 
morning  of  Jan.  22  they  were  attacked  by 
500  British  under  Col.  Proctor,  and  600 
Indians  under  Round  Head  and  Walk-ln-the- 
Water.  Some  200  Americans  were  killed  or 
wounded  in  battle  or  massacred  after  their 
surrender  and  Winchester  and  700  men  were 
made  prisoners.  Only  33  of  Winchester's 
detachment  which  arrived  at  Frencfttowu 
are  known  to  have  escaped.  The  British  lost 
24  killed  and  158  wounded. 

Rivers  and  Harbors  (see  also  Internal 

Improvements) : 
Act  for  improvement  of — 

Reasons   for  applying  pocket   veto 

to,   1201. 

Vetoed  by  President — 
Arthur,   4707. 

Discussed  by,  4724. 
Cleveland,  6109. 
Polk,  2310. 
Tyler,  2183. 
Appropriations  for,  416. 

Bill  making,  approval  and  reasons 

therefor,  4331. 
Discussed,  4362,  4833. 
Expenditures  of,  referred  to,  4371. 
Recommended,     2558,     2666,     2711, 

3993,  5477. 
Should  only  be  made  after  surveys, 

2204. 

Breakwater    near    mouth    of    Missis- 
sippi River,  referred  to,  988. 
Breakwaters  for,  referred  to,  1126. 
Deepening  of  channels  of,  at  Federal 

expense,  recommended,  7489. 
Expenditures   for,   referred   to,   4788. 

Discussed,  4197. 
Foreign    powers,    if    friendly,    should 

be   allowed   use   of,  523. 
Fortifications  for,  recommended,  230, 
297,   318,  442,   447,  455,   477,   2055. 
Fortifications   in,    completed,   461. 
Improvement  of,  referred  to,  1785. 

Recommended,  7690. 
Opened  to  British  vessels,  753. 

Closed,  941. 

Survey  of,   referred   to,   1490. 
Waterway    from    the    Lakes    to    the 

Gulf  recommended,   7690. 
Roads,    Post.       (See    Mail    Routes    and 

Transcontinental    Highways.) 
Roads,  Public.— The  Sixty-second  Congress 
made    an    Initial    appropriation    of   $500.0(10 
to  aid   the   state  in   improving  public   high- 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Rock  Creek 


ways  and  an  additional  sum  of  $25,000  was 
voted  for  a  committee  to  investigate  the 
subject  of  federal  aid  in  state  road-building. 

IIMnru. — The  majority  of  the  main  Roman 
highways  were  built  at  public  expense. 
They  were  maintained  in  part  by  the 
labor  of  soldiers  and  convicts  or  slaves, 
or  by  enforced  service,  which,  In  some  in- 
stances, took  the  form  of  taxation.  But  in 
whatever  form  the  maintenance,  it  was  at 
the  expense  of  the  district  through  which 
the  road  passed.  Tolls  as  a  means  of  re- 
pairing highways  were  unknown  to  the  Ro- 
mans. The  supervision  of  the  roads  was 
Intrusted  to  men  of  the  highest  rank.  Au- 
gustus himself  seems  to  have  made  those 
about  Rome  his  special  care.  Cross  roads 
were  placed  in  charge  of  the  local  magis- 
trates, although  occasionally  a  portion  of  a 
road  was  assigned  to  some  landowner  to 
maintain  at  his  own  cost. 

The  present  road  system  of  France  was 
founded  by  Napoleon.  He  built  many  roads 
through  the  empire,  among  them  the  road 
over  the  Simplon  Pass,  which  was  com- 
menced in  1800  and  required  six  years  for 
completion.  It  was  under  him  that  the 
work  was  systematized  and  placed  in  the 
hands  of  a  permanent  body  of  engineers. 

In  1775  Tresaguet,  a  French  engineer, 
published  a  treatise  on  broken  stone  roads. 
His  work  preceded  that  of  Macadam  and 
Tel  ford  by  about  forty  years. 

The  first  record  of  road  legislation  in  Eng- 
land goes  back  as  far  as  1285,  and  it  pro- 
vides that  the  trees  and  bushes  on  both  sides 
of  all  roads  for  a  distance  of  200  feet  shall 
be  cut  away  to  prevent  robbers  from  lurk- 
ing tucrein  and  rushing  upon  victims  un- 
awares. 

In  1346  Edward  III.  authorized  the  first 
toll  to  be  levied  for  the  repair  of  roads. 
This  commission  was  granted  to  the  master 
of  the  Hospital  of  St.  Giles  and  to  John 
Holborn,  authorizing  them  to  levy  toll  on 
vehicles  passing  on  the  roads  leading  from 
the  hospital  to  the  old  Temple  of  London, 
and  also  on  an  adjoining  road  called  the 
Portal.  In  1523  Parliament  passed  its  first 
act  relative  to  the  repair  of  roads. 

Kttife  Hi'/hicfii/  Construction  and  state  aid 
for  local  highway  improvements  are  being 
carried  on  by  a  number  of  states  on  a  large 
scale.  Massachusetts  and  New  Jersey, 
which  began  state  aid  for  work  in  the  early 
nineties,  continue  to  improve,  while  New 
York,  Pennsylvania,  Maryland  and  Cali- 
fornia are  carrying  on  extensive  operations, 
and  altogether  more  than  half  the  states  of 
the  Union  have  taken  up  highway  improve- 
ment in  some  form.  At  the  beginning  of 
1912  Massachusetts  had  built  more  than 
880  miles  of  road  at  a  cost  of  about  $9,000 
per  mile.  In  Delaware  a  state  highway  has 
hoen  laid  out  from  a  point  on  the  southern 
boundary  to  a  point  near  Wilmington  in  the 
north,  about  a  hundred  miles.  This  road  is 
to  be  built  under  the  direction  and  at  the 
expense  of  General  Coleman  Du  Pont.  New 
York  State  in  1912  voted  an  appropriation 
of  $50,000,000  for  the  purpose  of  road 
building. 

Federal  Aid. — President  Wilson,  July  11, 
1916,  signed  a  bill,  authorizing  an  expendf- 
ture  of  $85.000.000  in  five  years  by  the 
Federal  government  on  condition  that  the 
states  should  expend  amounts  similar  to 
those  apportioned  to  thorn  ;  $75.000.000  was 
for  rural  post  roads,  and  $10.000,000  for 
ronds  and  trails  in  national  forests. 

The  Ofiice  of  Public  Roads  in  the  Depart- 
ment   of    Agriculture    issued    a    bulletin    in 
1909  showing  the  mileage  of  public  roads  in 
the  United  States  as   follows  : 
Total  mileage  of  stone  roads  in  United 

States 59,237 


Total  mileage  of  gravel  roads  in  United 

States 102,870 

Total  mileage  of  sand-clay,  brick,  bitu- 
minous-macadam and  other  improved 
roads  in  U.  S 28,372 

Total   mileage   of  all   public   roads  in 

United  States 2,199,645 

Total  mileage  of  all  improved  roads  in 

United  States 190,476 

Peieentage  of  all  roads  improved 8.66 

The  same  document  gives  the  road  mile- 
age of  the  leading  states  as  follows  : 

Indiana 24,955     Washington....  4,520 

Ohio 24,106      Missouri 4,755 

New  York 12,787      South  Carolina.  3,534 

Wisconsin 10,167      Alabama 3,263 

Kentucky 10,114      Pennsylvania...  3,364 

Illinois 8,9 14      Tennessee 5,353 

California 8,587      New  Jersey 3,377 

Massachusetts. .      8,463     Florida 1,752 

Georgia 5,978      Maryland 2,142 

(See  also  Transcontinental  Highways.) 
Beads,  Public  and  Rural  Engineering, 
Office  of,  Agriculture  Department. — This 
is  a  bureau  of  the  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture devoted  to  the  collection  and  dissem- 
ination of  information  regarding  road  man- 
agement ;  experiments  in  road  making  and 
road  improvement;  and  scientific  tests  of 
road  materials.  The  office  lends  its  aid  to 
local  organizations  having  for  their  object 
the  improvement  of  public  roads  by  supply- 
ing, upon  request,  drafts  of  tentative  consti- 
tutions and  by-laws  and  outlines  of  a  work- 
ing policy.  The  advice  given  depends 
largely  unon  the  objects  for  which  the  as- 
sociation is  formed  and  the  prevailing  local 
conditions.  The  advice  given  through  cor- 
respondence is  supplemented  by  the  distri- 
bution of  various  publications  on  road-mak- 
ing and  maintenance  ;  and  whore  the  move- 
ment is  of  sufficient  magnitude  to  warrant 
it,  representatives  of  tho  Office  of  Public 
Roads  and  Rural  Engineering  are  sent  to 
address  the  local  organizations  and  point 
out  ways  and  means  by  which  they  can 
accomplish  the  best  results. 
Eoanoke  Island  (N.  C.),  Expedition  to. 

• — Butler's  Ilattcras  expedition  of  Aug.  20, 
1801,  had  opened  Pamlico  Sound  and  the 
Confederates  had  retired  to  Roanoke  Island. 
This  island  is  about  ten  miles  long  and  was 
the  koy  to  all  the  rear  defenses  of  Norfolk. 
Four-fifths  of  the  supplies  for  Norfolk  passed 
its  guns.  It  was  defended  by  Ben.  Wise 
with  3.000  mon.  Jan.  7,  1802,  Gen.  Burn- 
side  was  ordered  to  unite  with  Flag  Officer 
Goldsborough,  in  command  of  the  fleet  at 
Fortress  Monroe,  capture  Newbern,  reduce 
Fort  Macon,  and  seize  the  Wilmington  and 
Weldon  railroad.  On  tho  nig-ht  of  Jan.  11 
the  expedition  arrived  off  Ilatteras  and  en- 
countered a  terrific  storm.  Several  trans- 
ports were  lost  and  the  City  of  .Vnc  York, 
with  her  cargo,  worth  a  quarter  of  a  million 
dollars,  wont  to  pieces.  By  Feb.  7  tho  re- 
maindor  of  tho  expedition  had  crossed  the 
bar  and  proceeded  up  Croatan  Channel. 
The  Confederate  fleet  was  driven  up  the 
channel.  Their  flagship — tho  Curlew — was 
sot  on  fire  by  a  shell  and  Burnside  landed 
10.000  mon  on  Roanoko  Island.  Tho  gar- 
rison of  2,675  officers  and  mon  was  cap- 
tured and  the  Confederate  fleet  pursued  to 
Elizabeth  City  and  destroyed.  Burnside  lost 
250  mon. 

Roanoke  Island,  N.  C.,  thanks  of  Presi- 
dent to  forces  capturing,  3305. 
Robert    College,    establishment    of,    at 

Constantinople   referred   to,   3900. 
Rock    Creek,    D.     C.,     construction    of 
bridge  over,  referred  to,  1844. 


Rock 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Bock   Island,   111.,    bridge    over    Missis- 
sippi Eiver  at,  4148. 
Eock  Island  Arsenal,  111.,  appropriation 

for,  recommended,  4680,  4738. 
Eocky  Mount  (S.  C.),  Assault  on. — July 
13,  1780,  Thomas  Sumter,  with  about  75 
men,  made  an  attack  upon  the  British  post 
at  Rocky  Mount,  thirty  miles  northwest  of 
Camden,  under  command  of  Lieut. -Col.  Turn- 
hull.  The  post  consisted  of  two  log  houses 
perforated  for  small  arms.  Three  unsuccess- 
ful assaults  were  made.  The  Americana 
finally  withdrew  after  a  loss  of  13  killed  and 
wounded,  including  Col.  Reed.  The  British 
loss  was  about  the  same. 
Eodgers,  The,  dispatched  for  relief  of 

Jeannette  Polar  Expedition,  4726. 
Eogatory  Letters,  report  regarding  exe- 
cution of,  transmitted,  5570. 
Eogue    Eiver    Indians.      (See    Indian 

Tribes.) 
Eome,  Italy: 

American  college  at,  threatened  con- 
fiscation of,  4801. 
Occupation    of,    by   King    of    Italy, 

4085. 
Protestants   removed   from,    referred 

to,  3662,  3717. 

Sanitary  conference  at,  4018. 
Proclamation  regarding,  4898. 
Eoorback. — A    general    term    for    political 
forgery,   or   a  fictitious   report   for   political 
purposes,    generally    promulgated    before   an 
election.      The  name   comes  from   a   certain 
political    story    circulated    in    1844    as    an 
extract      from      Baron       Roorback's      Tour 
Through  the  Western  and  Southern  States. 

Eoosevelt,  Theodore. — Sept.  14,  1901,  to 
March  4,  1909. 

(FIUST      TEHM,       SEPT.       14,      1901-MARCH      4, 
1905.) 

Twenty-ninth  Administration  (continued) 
Republican. 

Roosevelt  became  President  on  the  death 
of  President  McKinley.  and  took  the  oath  of 
office  Sept.  14,  1901.  McKinley's  appointees 
were  continued  at  the  bead  of  the  executive 
departments  for  a  time,  the  first  change 
being  Che  appointment  of  Leslie  M.  Shaw 
to  succeed  Lyman  J.  Gage  as  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury  and  Henry  ('.  Payne  to  succeed 
Charles  E.  Smith  as  Postmaster-General, 
Jan.  8.  1902. 

Vice-Prffti'lent. — At  the  Republican  Na- 
tional Convention,  at  Philadelphia,  in  1900, 
President  McKinley  received  the  whole  730 
votes  in  nomination  for  President,  and 
Roosevelt  received  729  for  Vice-President 
(he  not  voting).  Roosevelt  was  the  fifth 
Vice-President  to  succeed  to  Hie  Presidency 
by  the  death  of  the  President  in  office, 
and  the  third  to  sm-ceed  by  the  death  of 
the  President  by  assassination. 

Thirtieth  Administration— Republican. 

(SECOND   TEIIM,   MATICTT  4,    1905  -  MAiirn   4, 

1000.) 

Vice-President — Charles    W.    Fairbanks. 
Secretary   of  Ktatr — 

John  Hay   (continued). 
Secretary  of  tlic  Trcaftiirif — 

Leslie    M.    Shaw    (continued). 
Secretary  of  It'ar — 

William    II.   Tnft    (continued). 
Attorney-General  — 

William  II.  Moody   (continued). 


Postmaster-General — • 

Henry  C.   Payne,  from  Jan.  8.  1902. 

Robert  J.  Wynne,  from  Oct.  10,  1904. 

George    B.    Cortelyou,    from    March    6, 
1905. 

Charles    J.     Bonaparte    from    July     1, 

1905. 
Secretary  of  the  Navy — 

William   H.   Moody. 

Paul    Morton    (continued). 
Secretary  of  the,  Interior— 

Ethan  A.   Hitchcock   (continued). 
Secretary  of  Agriculture — 

James  Wilson   (continued). 
Secretary  of  Commerce  and  Labor — 

George  B.  Cortelyou. 

Victor  H.  Metcalf  (continued). 
SECOND  TERM— Nomina  tion.—  The  Re- 
publican party  in  National  Convention  at 
Chicago,  June  22,  1904,  nominated  Presi- 
dent Roosevelt  by  acclamation.  The  plat- 
form of  1904  rehearsed  the  recent  perform- 
ances of  the  Republican  administrations, 
the  gold  standard  established,  the  results  in 
the  Philippines,  the  beginning  of  the  Pan- 
ama Canal,  irrigation  of  arid  lands,  increase 
of  the  navy ;  pledged  the  enforcement  of 
anti-trust  laws;  reaffirmed  protection;  fa- 
vored extension  of  reciprocity  ;  upheld  the 
gold  standard ;  urged  the  increase  of  the 
merchant  marine ;  declared  for  a  larger 
navy ;  endorsed  the  exclusion  of  Chinese 
labor ;  declared  for  civil  service  reform ; 
favored  international  arbitration  ;  urged  in- 
quiry into  the  constitutionality  of  negro 
enfranchisement  ;  advocated  equal  laws  for 
labor  and  capital  ;  paid  a  tribute  to  the 
memory  of  President  McKinley  ;  and  eulo- 
gized President  Roosevelt. 

Opposition. — The  Democratic  National 
Convention  at  St.  Louis.  July  9,  nominated 
Alton  B.  Parker  on  the  first  ballot  over 
William  R.  Hearst.  The  Prohibition  party, 
at  Indianapolis,  June  30,  nominated  Silas 
C.  Swallow  by  acclamation  The  People's 
party,  at  Springfield,  111.,  nominated  Thom- 
as E.  Watson  by  acclamation.  The  Social- 
ist party,  at  Chicago,  May  5,  nominated 
Kugene  Debs  by  acclamation.  The  Social- 
ist Labor  party,  at  New  York,  July  4,  nom- 
inated Charles  II.  Corrigan  by  acclamation. 
The  United  ("hristian  party,  at  St.  Louis, 
May  2  ;  the  Continental  party,  at  Chicago, 
Sept.  1;  and  the  National  Liberty  (Negro) 
party,  at  St.  Louis,  July  7,  placed  candi- 
dates in  the  field. 

Party  Affiliation. — President  Roosevelt 
from  his  earliest  connection  with  polities 
was  attached  to  the  Republican  party.  In 
bis  earliest  days,  as  a  representative  to 
the  State  legislature  of  New  York,  he  main- 
tained a  large  degree  of  independence;  yet 
he  was  chosen  a  delegate  to  the  National 
Republican  Convention  in  1884.  and  was 
chairman  of  the  delegation.  He  was  an 
Independent  Republican  in  188(5,  as  a  can- 
didate for  the  mayoralty  of  fhe  City  of 
New  York.  His  identity  with  the  Republi- 
can party  became  very  close  during  the  Har- 
rison administration  and  as  Assistant  Sec- 
retary of  the  Navy  under  McKinley  in  1897. 
In  18!)8  he  was  the  Republican  Governor 
of  the  State  of  New  York. 

Vote. — The  popular  vote  ran:  Roosevelt, 
7.023,481!  ;  Parker,  5.077,971  :  Debs,  402,- 
283;  Swallow,  2.r.8,53(i  ;  Watson,  117,183; 
and  Corrigan,  31.2)9.  The  electoral  vote 
gave  Roosevelt  330  and  Parker  140. 

Political  Complexion  of  Cont;rrx«.- — In  the 
Fifty-seventh  Congress  (1901-1903)  the  Sen- 
ate, of  91  members,  was  composed  of  20 
Democrats.  511  Republicans.  1  Populist,  1 
Silver  party,  1  Fnsionist,  and  2  vacancies; 
and  the  House,  of  357  members,  was  madn 
up  of  153  Democrats,  198  Republicans.  3 
Populists,  1  Silver  party,  1  Fnsionist.  with 
2  vacancies.  In  the  Fifty-eighth  Congress 


Encyclopedic  Index1 


Roosevelt 


(190.3-1905)  the  Senate,  of  90  members,  wag 
composed  of  32  Democrats  and  58  Republi- 
cans,  and  the  House,  of  382  members,  was 
composed  of  174  Democrats,  200  Republi- 
cans', 2  Union  Labor,  with  2  vacancies.  la 
the  Fifty-ninth  Congress  (1905-1907)  the 
Senate,  of  90  members,  was  composed  of 
32  Democrats  and  58  Republicans  ;  and  the 
House,  of  380  members,  was  made  up  of 
130  Democrats  and  250  Republicans.  In  the 
Sixtieth  Congress  (1907-1909)  the  Senate, 
of  92  members,  was  composed  of  .'il  Demo- 
crats and  01  Republicans  ;  and  the  House, 
of  ,'!8(i  members,  was  made  up  of  164  Dem- 
ocrats and  222  Republicans. 

Tariff.— President  Roosevelt  in  his  First 
Annual  Message  (page  0050)  said:  "There 
is  general  acquiescence  in  our  present  tariff 
system  as  a  national  policy.  The  first  requi- 
site to  our  prosperity  Is  the  continuity  and 

stability  of  this  economic  policy Our 

experience  in  the  past  has  shown  that 
sweeping  revisions  of  the  tariff  are  apt  to 
produce  conditions  closely  approaching 
panic  in  the  business  world.  .  .  .  Reciprocity 
must  be  treated  as  the  hand-maiden  of  pro- 
tection. Our  iirst  duty  is  to  see  that  the 
protection  granted  by  the  tariff  in  every 
case  where  it  is  needed  is  maintained,  and 
that  reciprocity  be  sought  for  so  far  as  it 
can  safely  be  done  without  injury  to  our 
home  industries."  Ill  his  Second  Annual 
Message  (page  6712)  the  President  seeks 
to  refute  the  argument  that  a  reduction  of 
the  tariff  would  curb  trusts.  He  says : 
"Many  of  the  largest  corporations,  many 
of  these  which  should  certainly  be  included 
in  any  proper  scheme  of  regulation,  would 
not  be  affected  in  the  slightest  degree  by 
a  change  in  the  tariff  save  as  such  change 
interfered  with  the  general  prosperity  of  the 
country.  The  only  relation  of  the  tariff 
to  big  corporations  as  a  Whole  is  that  the 
tariff  makes  manufactures  profitable,  and 
the  tariff  remedy  proposed  would  be  in 
effect  simply  to  make  manufactures  unprofit- 
able. To  remove  the  tariff  as  a  punitive 
measure  directed  against  trusts  would  in- 
evitably result  in  ruin  to  the  weaker  com- 
petitors who  are  struggling  against  them." 
As  a  corrective  to  conditions,  the  President 
advises  the  extension  of  reciprocity  treaties. 
"Wherever  the  tariff  conditions,"  he  says, 
"are  such  that  a  needed  change  can  not 
with  advantage  be  made  by  the  application 
of  the  reciprocity  idea,  then  it  can  be  made 
outrig'ht  by  a  lowering  of  the  duties  on  a 
certain  product."  In  his  Special  Session 
Message  of  Nov.  10,  1903,  the  President 
discusses  the  proposed  reciprocity  treaty 
with  Cuba.  In  his  Sixth  Annual  Message 
(page  7050)  the  President  says:  "I  most 
earnestly  hope  that  the  bill  to  provide  a 
lower  tariff  for  or  else  absolute  free  trade 
In  Philippine  products  will  become  a  law. 
No  harm  will  come  to  any  American  indus- 
try ;  and  while  there  will  be  some  small 
but  real  material  benefit  to  the  Philippines, 
the  main  benefit  will  come  by  the  showing 
made  as  to  our  purpose  to  do  all  in  em- 
power for  their  welfare."  In  'his  Seventh 
Annual  Message  (page  7083)  on  tariff  revi- 
sion, the  President  says  :  "This  country  is 
definitely  committed  to  the  protective  sys- 
tem and  any  effort  to  uproot  it  could  not 
but  cause  widespread  industrial  disaster. 
.  .  .  Hut  in  a  country  of  such  phenomenal 
growth  as  ours  it  is  probably  well  that 
every  dozen  years  or  so  the  tariff  laws 
should  be  carefully  scrutinized  so  as  to  see 
that  no  excessive  or  improper  benefits  are 
conferred  thereby,  that  proper  revenue  is 
provided,  and  that  our  foreign  trade  is  en- 
couraged. .  .  .  This  means  that  the  subject 
can  not  with  wisdom  be  dealt  with  in  flie 
year  preceding  a  Presidential  election,  be- 
cause, as  a  matter  of  fact,  experience  has 
conclusively  shown  that  at  such  a  time  it 


is  impossible  to  get  men  to  treat  it  from  the 
standpoint  of  public  good.  In  my  judgment 
the  wise  time  to  deal  with  the  mailer  is 
immediately  after  such  election."  In  the 
same  message  the  President  favored  the  In- 
corporation of  both  income  tax  aud  inher- 
itance tax  as  a  part  of  the  system  of  Fed- 
eral taxation.  On  page  7099,  the  President 
says :  "There  should  be  no  tariff  on  any 
forest  product  grown  in  this  country,  and 
in  especial  there  should  be  no  tariff  oil 
wood  pulp." 

Civil  Hcrricc. — In  his  First  Annual  Mes- 
sage President  Roosevelt  (page  0073)  urged 
appointment  in  all  possible  cases  upon  the 
merit  system,  which  he  maintained  was  the 
only  fair  test  of  fitness;  "all  applicants 
should  have  a  fair  field  and  no  favor,  each 
standing  on  his  merits  as  he  is  able  to 
show  them  by  practical  test.  In  my  judg- 
ment," he  says,  "all  laws  providing  for  fhe 
temporary  employment  of  clerks  should 
hereafter  contain  a  provision  that  they  be 
selected  under  the  Civil  Service  law."  In  his 
Third  Annual  Message  (page  (1803)  the  mer- 
it system  is  reported  as  working  most  satis- 
factorily :  "The  completion  of  the  reform  of 
the  civil  service  is  recognized  by  good  citi- 
zens everywhere  as  a  matter  of  the  highest 
importance,  aud  the  success  of  the  merit 
system  largely  depends  upon  the  effective- 
ness of  the  rules  and  the  machinery  pro- 
vided for  their  enforcement."  In  his  Fifth 
Annual  Message  (page  7U11)  the  President 
says:  "The  question  of  politics  in  the  ap- 
pointment and  retention  of  the  men  engaged 
in  merely  ministerial  work  lias  been  prac- 
tically eliminated  in  almost  the  entire  field 
of  Government  employment  covered  by  the 
civil  service  law."  In  a  veto  message 
of  Feb.  5,  1909  (page  7170),  the  President 
urges  that  the  employees  engaged  in  the 
work  of  taking  the  thirteenth  census  be 
brought  into  the  classified  service  and 
quotes  Hon.  Carroll  D.  Wright,  who  had 
charge  of  the  census  after  1890,  as  esti- 
mating that  more  than  $2.000,000  and  over 
a  year's  time  would  have  been  saved  had  the 
force  been  so  regulated. 

Public  Debt. — The  public  debt  of  the 
United  States  during  the  years  of  President 
Roosevelt's  administration  proper  stood  as 
follows:  July  1.  1905.  $989,866.772.00; 
1900,  $964,435,686.79;  1907,  $858,085,510; 
Nov.  1,  1908,  $897,253,990.00. 

Commerce. — In  his  Gubernatorial  Message 
to  the  legislature  of  New  York,  in  1899, 
Governor  Roosevelt  took  'his  stand  upon  the 
principle  of  taxing  and  regulating  corpora- 
tions and  others  who  enjoyed  franchises.- 
To  properly  adjust  taxation  aud  to  apply 
effective  restriction  were  to  be  attained  by 
investigation  of  conditions.  "The  first  es- 
sential," he  said,  "is  knowledge  of  the  facts 
— publicity."  This  sentiment"  led  to  the  de- 
sire expressed  in  his  First  Annual  Message 
(page  6649)  for  the  appointment  of  a  Sec- 
retary of  Commerce  and  Labor.  "It  should 
be  his  province  to  deal,"  he  said,  "with 
commerce  in  its  broadest  sense  ;  including 
among  many  other  things,  whatever  con- 
cerns labor  and  all  matters  affecting  the 
great  business  corporations  and  our  mer- 
chant marine."  In  'his  Second  Annual  Mes- 
sage (page  6712)  he  said:  "I  believe  that 
monopolies,  unjust  discriminations,  which 
prevent  or  cripple  competition,  fraudulent 
over-capitalization,  and  other  evils  in  trust 
organizations  and  practices  which  injuri- 
ously affect  interstate  trade,  can  be  prevent- 
ed under  the  power  of  Congress  to  'regu- 
late commerce  with  foreign  nations  and 
among  the  several  States'  through  regula- 
tions and  requirements  operating  directly 
upon  such  commerce,  the  instrumentalities 
thereof,  and  those  engaged  therein."  In 
speaking  of  the  working  of  the  Department 


IS 

o  2 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Roosevelt 


of  Commerce  and  Labor,  the  President  said 
in  his  Third  Annual  Message  (page  0780)  : 
"Publicity  in  corporate  ail'airs  will  tend  to 
do  away  with  ignorance  and  will  afford 
facts  upon  which  intelligent  action  may  be 
taken.  Systematic,  Intelligent  investigation 
is  already  developing  facts  the  knowledge 
of  which  is  essential  to  a  right  understand- 
ing of  the  needs  and  duties  of  the  business 
world.  The  Department  of  Commerce  will 
be  not  only  the  clearing  house  for  informa- 
tion regarding  the  business  transactions  of 
the  Nation,  but  the  executive  arm  of  the 
Government  to  aid  in  strengthening  our 
domestic  and  foreign  markets,  in  perfecting 
our  transportation  facilities,  in  building  up 
our  merchant  marine,  in  preventing  the  en- 
trance of  undesirable  immigrants,  In  im- 
proving commercial  and  other  industrial 
conditions  and  in  bringing  together  on  com- 
mon ground  those  necessary  partners  in 
industrial  progress — capital  and  labor."  In 
his  Fourth  Annual  Message  (page  (!'.K)1 )  he 
said :  "Above  all  else  we  must  strive  to 
keep  the  highways  of  commerce  open  to  all 
on  equal  terms  :  and  to  do  this  it  is  neces- 
sary to  put  a  complete  stop  to  all  rebates." 
In  his  Fifth  Annual  Message  (page  6974) 
the  1'resident  said  :  "I  am  in  no  sense  hos- 
tile to  corporations.  This  Is  an  age  of 
combination,  and  any  effort  to  prevent  all 
combination  will  be  not  only  useless,  but 
in  the  end  vicious,  because  of  the  contempt 
for  law  which  the  failure  to  enforce  law 
inevitably  produces.  .  .  .  The  corporation 
has  come  to  stay,  just  as  the  trade  union 
has  come  to  stay.  Each  can  do  and  has 
done  great  good.  Each  should  be  favored 
so  long  as  it  does  good.  But  each  should 
be  sharply  checked  where  it  acts  against 
law  and  justice."  The  President's  Special 
Message  'of  May  4,  1906,  explicitly  sets 
forth  the  conditions  of  the  Standard  Oil 
Company  and  the  railroads  as  they  appear 
to  the  '  Bureau  of  Corporations.  Stock 
Yard  and  Packing  House  abuses  are  dealt 
with  in  his  message  of  June  4,  100(J. 

In  his  Sixth  Annual  Message  (page  7078) 
the  President  said  :  "Among  the  points  to 
be  aimed  at  should  be  the  prohibition  of 
unhealthy  competition,  such  as  by  render- 
ing service  at  an  actual  loss  for  the  pur- 
pose of  crushing  out  competition,  the  pre- 
vention of  inflation  of  capital,  and  the  pro- 
hibition of  a  corporation's  making  exclu- 
sive trade  with  itself  a  condition  of  having 
any  trade  with  itself." 

Oct.  14,  1912,  Mr.  Roosevelt  was  shot  by 
an  assassin  in  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  as  he  was 
leaving  the  Gilpatrick  Hotel  to  make  a  po- 
litical speech.  The  wound  was  supposed  to 
be  trifling,  and  Mr.  Roosevelt  proceeded  to 
the  hall  and  addressed  a  meeting  for  nearly 
an  hour.  The  assassin,  whose  name  was 
Schrank  and  who  had  been  a  saloonkeeper 
in  New  York,  was  seized  immediately  aft<T 
the  shooting  and  might  have  been  lynched 
by  the  crowd  had  riot  Mr.  Roosevelt  pro- 
tested against  violence.  The  wound  proved 
to  be  more  serious  than  was  at  flrst  sup- 
posed, and  Mr.  Roosevelt  was  taken  to  Chi- 
cago during  the  night  and  placed  in  a  hos- 
pital and  after  a  week's  treatment  removed 
to  his  home  at  Oyster  Bay.  Long  Island. 
N.  Y.,  where  ho  recovered  in  time  to  engage 
in  further  activities  in  the  campaign  for 
president. 

Roosevelt,  Theodore: 

Academy,  Naval,  courses  of  study  in, 

7117. 
Accident    compensation    for   workmen 

discussed,  7087. 
Addresses — 

Detroit,   to   Spanish   War   veterans, 
6699. 


White  House,  to  Interparliamentary 

Unioii,  6891. 

Luther  Church  memorial  at  Wash- 
ington, 6972. 

Admission  of  states,  7020. 
Adulterated    foods,   regulation   of   in- 
terstate traffic  in,  7012. 
Agricultural   experiment  stations,   re- 
port on,  6733,  6861. 
Agriculture,  Department  of — 
Activities  of,  6655,  6905. 
Importance  of,  7091. 
Secretary  of,  authority  of,  to  check 

spread     of     contagious     diseases 

among  animals,  6948. 
Urgent    need    for    improvement    in, 

7257. 
Alaska — 

Alexander    Archipelago    Forest    Re- 
serve set  apart  in,  6697. 
Boundary,  commission  to  ascertain, 

6793. 

Boundary  line,  location  of,  6792. 
Boundary     tribunal,     members     of, 
6793. 

Report   of,  6826. 
Delegate  in  Congress,  recommended,. 

6920. 
Development    by    government    aid, 

6920. 

Elective  delegate  for,  asked,  7019. 
Forest  Reserve  established  in,  6697. 
Fur  seal  service,  supervision  of  by 

Bureau  of  Fisheries,  7230. 
Government  railroad  for,  7019. 
Government  roads  and  raihvav  for. 

6920. 
Harbor  Island  (Sitka)  reserved  for 

Revenue    Cutter   Service,   6701. 
Importance  of  settlement,  6793. 
Legislation  needed  for,  6725,  6799, 

6919. 

Local  government  for,  7103. 
Needs  of  the  people  of,  6920,  6941, 

7103. 
Reorganized  government  needed, 

7052. 

Resources  of,  6918. 
Salmon  commission,  report  of,  6S60. 
Wealth     and    needs     of,     discussed, 

6799. 

Alaskan  Indians,  character  of,  7020. 
Alaska-Yukon  Pacific  Exposition,  ob- 
ject of,  7052,  7103. 
Alcohol,     denatured,     freedom     from 

tax,  7224. 

Alexander     Archipelago     Forest     Re- 
serve set  apart  in  Alaska,  6697. 
Algeciras      Convention,      commercial 

rights  under,  7062. 
Aliens,    naturalization    of,    report    on, 

6935. 

Rights   of,   under   treaties,   enforce- 
ment of,  7055. 


Roosevelt 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Alleys  in   District   of  Columbia,  con- 
dition  of,  6650. 
America's  attitude  toward  the  world, 

7059. 

Place  among  great  nations,  6709. 
American  citizens  detained  as  British 

prisoners  of  war,  6681. 
American  Republics — 
Attitude  toward,  6923. 
Bureau  of,  work  of,  7125,  7231. 
Conference  of,  7057. 
International      union    of,     proposed 

building  for,  6824. 
Sanitary   convention   of,   report   of, 

6737/6823. 

Americanism,  definition  of,  6935. 
Not  matter  of  race,  birth  or  creed, 

6915. 
Americans,  honored,  born   in  various 

countries,  6915. 
Amendment   to  Constitution — 

Needed  to  impose  income  tax,  7044. 
Relating  to   marriage   and   divorce, 

suggested,  7048. 
Suggested,   to   authorize   control   of 

corporations,   6049. 
Amnesty      for      insurgent      Filipinos, 

6690.' 
Anarchistic     speeches    and    writings, 

seditious,  6644. 

Anarchists,      exclusion      of,      recom- 
mended, 6014,   6651,  7008. 
Criminal  nature  of,  6643. 
Anarchy,  criminal  folly  of,  6644. 
Animal    Industry    Bureau,    report    of, 

6734,  6857,  6935. 
Animals,   contagious   diseases   among, 

6948. 
Annapolis,    additions    to    classes    at, 

6667. 
Annual  Messages  of — 

First,    6641;    second,    6709;     third, 
6784;    fourth,    6894;    fifth,    6973; 
sixth,       702.''-;        seventh,       7070; 
eighth,  7198. 
Anthracite   coal — 

Investigation     of     industry     urged, 

7288. 

Removal   of  tariff  on,  urged,   6714. 
Strike  commission,  report  of,  6737. 
Anti-trust    and     interstate    commerce 
laws,  attitude  of  trust  heads  toward, 
7126. 
Anti-trust  law — 

Amendments  necessary,  7343. 
Appropriation       for        enforcement 

needed,   6712. 

Enforcement    of,    6790,    6975,    7073. 
l']xemption    of    labor    organizations 

from,   discussed,   7194. 
Modifications  of,   needed,  7078. 
Strengthening    of,    7191. 
Appeal,  government  right  of,  in  crim- 
inal cases,  7023. 


Arbitration,  Hague  Court  of — 

First  case  before,  6718. 

Report  of  case  of  United  States  vs. 
Mexico,  6731. 

Venezuelan     claims    submitted     to, 

6794,  6941. 
Arbitration,  Hague  tribunal  of,  6717 

6731,   6993. 

Arbitration,  interparliamentary  union 
for,  6796. 

National,  recommended,  6923,  6993. 

Points   of,   agreed   upon   at   Hague, 

7118. 

Arid    lands,    importance    of    reclama- 
tion of,  6658. 
Arizona     laud      offices      consolidated, 

6704. 
Arizona  and   New   Mexico,  Statehood 

for,  7020,  7229. 
Arlington,  memorial  amphitheatre  at, 

7048. 
Arms  and   ammunition,  export   of,  to 

Dominican  Republic  forbidden,  6968. 
Art,     national     gallery      of,      recom- 
mended, 6914.  7106.  ' 
Artillery,    increase   in,    recommended, 

7000. 
Army  and  Navy — 

Attitude  of  the  nation  reflected  in, 
6921. 

Improved  personnel  of,  7068. 

Undesirable   officers   and    men,   dis- 
cussed,  6684,   6773,   6774,   6775. 
Army — 

Brownsville,  trouble  with  civilians 
at,   7:529,  7347. 

Care   of,  in   Philippines,  6947. 

Cavalry       regiments       wisely       in- 
creased, 6669. 

Desertion   from    denounced,  6684. 

Discharges    of    troops    of    25th    In- 
fantry,   7329. 

Discipline  of  companies  for  acts  of 
individuals,   7329. 

Dismissal    without    honor    of    three 
companies,  73.'! 7. 

Effect   of  general   staff  in,  6804. 

Effect   of  maneuvers  in,  6805. 

Efficiency  of,  discussed,  6721,  6805, 
6999. 

Expenditures     for      buildings      for, 
6866. 

Expenditures    for,     in     Philippines, 
6740. 

Field  manoeuvres  for,  7113. 

General     staff     needed     for,     6670, 
6721. 

Improvement   in,  noted,  6671,  6805. 

Increase    in    efficiency    rather    than 
sixe,  6669. 

Increased     pay     for,     recommended, 
6671,  7112.  ' 

Manoeuvres  should  be  provided  for, 
6670. 

Means  of  attaining  efficiency,  7069. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Roosevelt 


Needs  of  ordnance  corps  of,  6936, 
7000. 

Needs  of  medical  corps  of,  6935, 
7000. 

Promotion   by  seniority,  7234. 

Qualifications  of  officers,  6671. 

Retirement  for  seniority  discussed, 
6670. 

Short-sighted  policy  relating  to, 
7109. 

Size  and  efficiency  discussed,  6927. 

Thanks  of  President  to,  for  serv- 
ices in  Cuba  and  the  Philippines, 
6693. 

Trained  riflemen  and  riders  needed 

for,  6669. 
Assassins     of    Presidents,    types    of, 

6641. 
Attorney,  United  States,  no  statutes 

for  punishment  of,  7003. 
Average  man,  prosperity  of,  6646. 
Banking  act,   example  of  federal  su- 
pervision, 7080. 

Banking    laws,    defects    in,    pointed 
out,  7080. 

Need   of   Amendment   to   safeguard 

against  panics,  6654. 
Bannock   and   Shoshone  Indian  lands 

in    Fort    Hall     (Idaho)     reservation 

opened  to  settlement,  6687. 
Barry,     John,     monument     suggested 

for,  6946. 
Battleship    cruise    from    Atlantic    to 

Pacific,  7115. 
Battleships,  provision  for  four  urged, 

7147. 
Battleship    fleet,    cruise    around    the 

world,  7237. 
Beef-packing,  government  control  of, 

7038. 
Beef    Packers — 

Miscarriage  of  justice  in  case  of, 
7291. 

Report  on  profits  of,  6949. 

(Statement  of  case  against,  7291. 
Beef  prices,  Commerce  and  Labor  re- 
port on,  6949. 
Beet    Sugar,  progress   of  industry   in 

United  States,  6865,  6947. 
Big  business,  benefits  of  government 

supervision  of,  7079. 
Biographical  sketch  of,   6637. 
Biological   Survey,   services   rendered 

by,  7106. 
Birth     rate,     alarming     decrease     in, 

7048. 
Black  Mesa  Forest  Reserve,  part  of, 

restored  to  public  domain,  6700. 
Bookbinder    (W.   A.   Miller)    restored 

to    service    in    Government    Printing 

Office,  6783. 
Boston     agreement,     combination     of 

corporations  in,  7195. 
Boundary  between  Colorado  and  New 

Mexico   and   Oklahoma,   6937. 


Brazil,  courtesies  extended   by,   7060. 

Bribery,  crime  of,  should  be  made  ex- 
traditable,  6791. 

British     steamship     Kastry,     damages 
for,  6734,  6859,  7365. 

British    steamship    Lindisfarne,   dam- 
ages for,  6934. 

British  schooner  Lillie,  damages  for. 
67:50,  6824. 

Brownsville,     discharge     of     colored 

troops  at,  7329. 
Report  on  disorder  at,  7347. 

Buffalo,       Pan-American       exposition 
creditable  to,   6675. 

Buffalo,   preservation    of   herds,   7013. 

Bureaus,  redistribution  of,  7229. 

Business  prosperity,  effect  of  laws  on, 
6645. 

Cabinet  officer  to  deal  with  commerce 
and  labor,  6649. 

Cabinet,  secretary  of  commerce,  with 
seat  in,  asked,  6716. 

Cables  damaged  during  Spanish  War, 
claims  for,  6824. 

Cable,  need  for,  to  Hawaii  and  Phil- 
ippines, thence  to  Asia,   6663,  6718. 

Cable,  Pacific,  provided  for,  6719. 

Calaveras    big    tree    grove,    preserva- 
tion of,  6859.     , 

Campaign    contributions,    publication 
of,  7105. 

Canal     across    isthmus,    benefits     of, 

6663,  6718. 

Treaty  with  Great  Britain  relating 
to,  6664. 

Canal,     isthmian,     expenditures     for, 

6730. 
Provided  for,  6718. 

Canal  Zone,  report  of  visit  to,  7305. 

Capital  and  Labor  discussed,  6715. 

Capital,  combinations  of,  6790. 

Organized,   problem   of    control   of, 
6395. 

Captains    of    industry,    achievements 
of,  6646. 

Careless    legislation    discussed,    7216. 

Carriages,  horses,  etc.,  maintained  by 
Department  of  State,  GS62. 

Casualties  of  industry  exceed  those  of 
war,   7110. 

Census- 
Act  to  provide  for,  7178. 
Clerks  and  employees,  civil  service 

rules  to  apply  to,  7176,  7228. 
Office  should  be  permanent  bureau, 

6676. 
Thirteenth,  preparation  for,  7104. 

Charleston     Exposition,     commended, 
6675. 

Cheyenne   Indian   lands   disposed    of, 
6873. 

Chicago    customs    service,    examiners 
of  tea  and  tobacco  added  to,  6971. 


Roosevelt  Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Child  Labor  Law — 

Model,    for    District    of    Columbia, 

7036,   7090,   7342. 

Probable   enactment   of,   7189. 
Child  Labor- 
Investigation      of      conditions     of 
urged,   6898,   6983. 

Prohibition    of,    throughout   the   na- 
tion,   7342. 
China — - 

Agent  appointed  to  rearrange  tariff 
duties  with,  6700. 

Agreement   with   the  powers,  6678. 

An  example  of  defenselessness, 
7149. 

Boycott  of  American  goods  in, 
7010. 

Commercial  treaty  with,  6797. 

Evidences  of  friendship  for  United 
States  in,  7124. 

Exclusion  of  laborers  from,  rec- 
ommended, 6650. 

More  adequate  Consular  service 
needed  in,  7009. 

Open   door   in,   advocated,   6679. 

Plans  to  extend  American  trade  in, 
6915. 

Policy  of  America  toward,  6678. 

Safety  of  foreign  residents  in,  6678. 

Tliaddcus    S.    Sharretts    appointed 

special  agent  in,  6700. 
China  and  Korea,  extraterritorial  sys- 
tem in,  6939. 
China  and  Mexico,  fixed  ratio  for  gold 

and    silver    money    for,    6735,    6787, 

6825,    6941. 

Chinese  immigration  discussed,  7009. 
Chinese      indemnity,      remission      of, 

7123. 

Chinese    laborers,    exclusion    of,    rec- 
ommended, 6650. 
Cities,     plan     to     make     Washington. 

model  for,  6902. 

Citizen  Indians  in  United  States,  num- 
ber of,  6674. 

Citizenship,   laws  relating  to,   defec- 
tive, 6917. 
Civil   Service — 

Cause  of  removals  from,  7011. 

Commission  and  heads  of  depart- 
ments to  appoint  unclassified 
laborers,  6707. 

Examinations,  instruction  by  em- 
ployees of  government  forbid- 
den, 6970. 

Extension  of  classified  service  to 
District  of  Columbia,  6673. 

Laws  extended  to  employees — 
In   Executive  Department,  6893. 
In    Philippines.   6892. 
Of     Isthmian     Canal     Commission, 
6893. 

Reform,  extension  of,  6803. 

Merit  system  commended,  6672. 


Rules    governing     removals    from, 

6971. 
Sources   of   examination   questions, 

7010. 

Summary  removal  from,  6970,  6971. 
Claims — 

British  subjects,  list  of,  6858. 
Canadian,  for  reimbursement  of  cus- 
toms duties,   6857. 
Damages  to  cables  during  Spanish 

War,  6824. 

William    Radcliffe,    British    subject, 
for  damages  sustained  at  hands  of 
mob  in  Colorado,  6866. 
Class    consciousness    discussed,    7191, 

7210. 
Class   distinctions  among  Americans, 

6985. 
Cleveland,     ex-President,     death     of, 

6961. 
Coal  lands,  government  ownership  of, 

7038,  7100. 
Coast  defenses — 

Condition  of,  6927,  7284. 

Development  of,  7286. 

Increase    in    artillery    forces    for, 

7000. 

Gun-foundry  board,  7284. 
Endicott  Board,  7284. 
Number  of  men   needed   for,   6927. 
Coeur    d'Alenc,    Idaho,    part    of    Ft. 
Sherman  reservation  granted  to,  for 
cemetery,  6953. 
Coffee     industry,     investigation     of, 

6731. 

Collection  by  foreign  nations,  of  pub- 
lic debts  owed  their  citizens,  7060. 
Colombia — 

Activities   of   Navy  in  waters   of, 

6741. 
Claims  of  citizens  of  United  States 

against,  6681,  6735. 
Claims  against,  6864. 
Isthmian    Canal   treaty  with,   6740. 
Treaty    with,    for    Isthmian    Canal 

route,  6806. 

Colorado,     boundary    between     Okla- 
homa and  New  Mexico,  and,  6937. 
Labor    disturbance    in,    report    on, 

6942. 

Colored  troops,  discharge  of,  for  mis- 
conduct, 7329. 
Combinations,  industrial,  necessity  of, 

7343. 
Combinations   in    restraint    of   trade, 

7078. 
Commerce  and  Labor — 

Cabinet   officer  to   deal   with,  6649. 
Clearing   house   for   business  infor- 
mation, 6785. 
Establishment    of    Department    of, 

6784. 

Report  of  Secretary  of,  6823. 
Report  on  beef  prices,  6949. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Roosevelt 


Commerce,   department  of,  need  for, 

6716. 

International,  promoted  by  corpora- 
tions, 6646. 
Secretary  of,  with  seat  in  Cabinet, 

asked,  6716. 
Commercial      relations      of      United 

States,  report  on,  6734,  6866. 
Common    carriers,    publicity    of    ac- 
counts of,  6978. 
Eeceivers  for,  7342. 
Compensation   for   injuries   sustained 

in  government  employ,  71542. 
Confederate  dead,  care  for  graves  of, 

7006. 

Congress,  power  of,  to  regulate  mo- 
nopolies, unjust  discrimination,  over- 
capitalization, and  evil  practices  of 
trusts,  6712. 

Conservation  Commission — 
Objects  of,  7267. 
Report  of,  7258. 
Conservation    of    natural    resources, 

7094. 

Constitution — 
Amendment  to — 
Necessary  for  income  tax,  7044. 
Authorizing    control    of    corpora- 
tions  suggested,   6649. 
Eclating  to  marriage  and  divorce 

suggested,  7048. 
Consular  and  diplomatic  reports,  6734, 

6866. 

Consular  officers  forbidden  to  act 
without  authority  of  Secretary  of 
State,  6704. 

Consular   regulations   amended,   6704. 
Consular  Service — 

Commercial     agents     recommended 

for,  6939. 
Economy   in,   6797. 
Improvement   of,   suggested,   7022. 
Inadequacy  of  law,  6673. 
In    China,   more    adequate    needed, 

7009. 

Qualifications  for,  6674. 
Consular    system,    improvements    in, 

suggested',   6913. 

Corporation   laws   of  District   of   Co- 
lumbia,  absurdity  of,  6943. 
Corporations  and  trade  unions,  checks 

upon,  6974,  7072. 
Corporations.     (See  also  Trusts.) 

Accountability   of,   to   government, 

6974,  7072. 

Bureau  of,  establishment  of,  6784. 
Bureau  of,  investigations  of,  6901. 
Character  of  legislation  governing, 

6785. 

Combination    of,   in   Boston   agree- 
ment, 7195. 
Created  by  law,  should  be  controlled 

by  law,"  6648. 
Federal  charters  for,  7079. 
Government  control  of,  7193,  7399. 


Group  of  laws  to  control,  7190. 
Honest,  need  not  fear  supervision, 

6785. 
Inadequacy  of  State  regulation  of, 

6975,   7073. 

International   importance   of,   6C4G. 
Interstate,    government    control    of, 

7038. 

Interstate     Commerce,    the    especial 
field  of  general  government,  6898. 
Latent  power  for  evil  in,  7216. 
Not  affected  by  tariff,  G712. 
Official  supervision  of,  6784. 
Overcapitalization      of,     discussed, 
6647,  6712,  6976,  7039,  7077,  7130, 
7132,  7139. 

Political   contributions   from,    7023. 
Power     of     Congress     to    regulate, 

6647,  6712. 

Power  of  State  to  regulate,  address 
of  Governor  Fort,  of  New  Jersey, 
7135. 

Publicity  of  accounts  of,  7199. 
Publicity  of  methods,  6648. 
Regulation  of,  6711. 
Report  of  commissioner,  6935. 
Right    of,    to    hold    stock    in    other 

corporations,  7079. 

Corporate  securities,  protection  for  in- 
vestors in,  7079. 
Corrupt  leaders,  types  of,  7034. 
Cotton — 

Boll    weevil,    attention    called    to, 

6802. 

Report  on,  6949. 
Country  life,  report  of  commission  on, 

72531 
Contagious    diseases   among   animals, 

6948. 
Convict  labor  under  contract,  should 

be  done  away  with,  6650. 
Co-operation  of  federal  and  state  offi- 
cials, benefits  of,  7080. 
Copyright  law — 

Privileges  of,  extended  to — 
Cuba,  6781. 
Norway,  6954. 
Revision-  of,  needed,  7011. 
Creek  Indians,  agreement  with,  6G96. 
Criminal     action     against     evil-doers, 

7024. 
Criminal     laws,    revision     of,    urged, 

6918,  7003. 

Criticism  of  judges,  7028. 
Cuba  and  Philippines,  thanks  of  Presi- 
dent to  Army  for  services  in,  6093. 
Cuba- 
Commercial  reciprocity  treaty  with, 

6740,  6741. 

Copyright  law  extended  to,  6781. 
Duties  on  vessels  and  cargoes  from, 

suspended,  G690. 
Independence  of,  6660. 
Insurrection  in,  7056. 


Roosevelt 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Markets  of,  controlled  by  American 
producers,  6683. 

Our  duty  to,  6682. 

Peace    restored    under    provisional 
government,  7121. 

Prosperity     of,     under     occupation, 
7234. 

Provisional   Government   for,   7056. 

Eeciprocity  Treaty  with,  6660,  6682, 
6717. 

Special    economic    concessions    for, 
6083. 

Statement     of     intentions     toward, 
7057. 

United    States    Naval    Stations    in, 

6742. 

Culebra  Island  placed  under  jurisdic- 
tion of  Navy  Department,  6703. 
Currency — 

Elasticity  in,  urged,  6715,  6914,  6989, 
7080,  7082. 

Emergency,  recommended,  7080. 

Integrity  of,  6787. 

Legislation  needed  to  secure  stabil- 
ity in,  7049. 

Should   be    responsive    to    demands 

of  commerce,  6654. 
Currency  System — 

Betterment  by  agreement,  6914. 

Weakness  of  discussed,  7198. 
Custom  House,  site  at  Ft.  Yuma,  Ariz., 

reserved,  6705. 
Dam    across    James    Eiver,    in    Stoue 

County,  Mo.,  7151. 
Dams  in  navigable  streams,  conditions 

of  grants  for,  7166. 
Davidson,   Francis   S.,  bill   for   relief 

of  returned,  6736,  6773. 
Deaths    due    to    industrial    accidents, 

7110. 
Debts,    public,    compulsory    collection 

of,  by  foreign  nations,  7*060. 
Defenselessness  of  China,  consequence 

of,  7149. 
Delays    in    court    cases,    remedy    for 

urged,  7209. 
Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor — 

Investigation    of    labor    of    women 
by,  69,84. 

Investigation    of    child    labor,    by, 

6983. 
Department     methods,     economy     in, 

7105. 
Dependent    children,     conference     on 

care  of,  7358. 
Description  of  work  on  Panama  Canal, 

7305. 
Disarmament,      result      of,      forecast, 

6922, 6993. 
Disaster  to  enterprise  common  to  all, 

6016. 
Discharge    of    colored     companies    of 

25th  infantry,  7329. 
Dishonest       business       methods       de- 
nounced, 7140. 


District  of  Columbia — 

Absurd  corporation  laws  of,  6943. 

Board  of  Charities  of,  6804. 

Care  of  orphans  in,  7361. 

Child  Labor  Law  for,  urged,  7036. 

Extension   of   classified    service   to, 
6673. 

Employers'      Liability      Law      for, 
urged,  6728,  6896,  6982. 

Factory  Laws  for,  6650. 

Industrial    training    in    schools    of, 
7045. 

Inhabited  alleys  of,  6650. 

Model  Laws  for,  6983. 

Needs  of,  7356. 

Probable  enactment  of  child  labor 
law  for,  7189. 

Should  be  model  of  municipal  gov- 
ernment, 6728. 

Truant  Court  for,  7035. 
Divorce  and  Marriage,  divergent  state 
laws  on,  7048. 

Statistics,  lack  of,  6942. 
Dominican   Republic,   export   of  arms 

and  ammunition  to,  forbidden,  6908. 
Drago  Doctrine,  statement  of,  7001. 
Drago,  Dr.,  speech  on  the  traditional 

policy  of  the  United  States,  7000. 
Duties    and    tonnage    on    vessels    of 

Panama  suspended,  6954. 
Duties    on   vessels   and    cargoes   from 

Cuba  suspended,  6690. 
Duties    with    China,    agent   appointed 

to  rearrange,  6700. 
Eastry,  British  steamship,  damages  to 

owners  of,  6734,  6859,  7365. 
Economic   policy,   prosperity   depend- 
ent upon,  6652. 

Education,   National  Bureau   of    pur- 
pose of,  7227. 
Education     of    negroes,    benefits    of, 

7032. 

Efficiency      of      wageworkers      com- 
mended, 6650. 
Eight-hour  day  in  Government  service, 

7035,  7208. 
Eight-hour    law,    extension    of    to    all 

Government  contracts,  7088. 
Elections — 

Bribery  am?  corruption  in,  6990. 

Federal,    Law    to   punish   fraud    in, 

6917. 
Emergency     currency     recommended, 

7080. 
Employees,  Government — 

Forbidden    to    give    instruction    in 
civil   service   examinations,    0970. 

Highest     quality     of     service     de- 
manded from,  6050. 
Employees     of     Railroads      hours     of 

labo'r  of,  6982. 
Employers'     liability     for     accidents 

discussed,  7087. 
Employers'  Liability  Law — 

Constitutionality  of,  70S7. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Roosevelt 


For  District  of  Columbia,  6982. 

Judges,  opinions  of,  7216. 

New  enart'uent  of,  7189. 

Re-enactment  in  constitutional  form 
urged,  7126. 

Re-enactment  of,  7342. 

Shortcomings  of,  7036. 

Urged,  6728,  6896. 

Where  Government  has  jurisdiction, 

7087. 
Employers'  Liability  Laws  in  general 

discussed,  7206,  7208. 
Empress   Dowager   Frederick   of   Ger- 
many, sorrow  expressed  for  death 

of,  6680. 

Endicott  Board,  Report  of,  7284. 
Engineers  on  plans  of  Panama  Canal, 

Pay  of,  6970.    • 
Enterprise,  disaster  to,  common  to  all, 

6646. 
Executive  Department — 

Civil  Service  Laws  extended  to, 
6893. 

Economy  and  efficiency  in,  urged, 
6990. 

Faulty  conduct  of,  6989. 

Employees  forbidden  to  urge  legis- 
lation for  increase  of  pay,  6703. 
Executive  Oiders — 

Authorizing  the  issue  of  passports 
to  residents  of  insular  posses- 
sions, 6707. 

Consolidating  land  districts  in  Kan- 
sas, 6706. 

Consolidating  land  office  at  Tucson, 
Ariz.,  6704. 

Directing  display  of  flag  in  memory 
of  J.  Sterling  Morton,  6705. 

Directing  display  of  flag  in  memory 
of  Lord  Pauncefote,  6705. 

Enjoining  upon  government  offi- 
cials, neutrality  in  Russo-Japa- 
nese War,  6892.' 

Excusing  Federal  Employees  from 
duty  to  attend  dedication  of 
Spanish  War  Monument,  6706. 

Excusing  Federal  Employees  from 
dutv  to  attend  funeral  of  Maj. 
Gen.  Wr.  S.  Rosecrans,  6706. 

Extending    Civil    Service    Laws    to 

Employees  of — 
Executive  Department,  6893. 
Government  Printing  Office,  6S93. 
Isthmian  Canal  Commission,  6893. 
Philippines,  6892. 

Fixing  rate  of  pay  for  certified 
pxipils  in  navy,  6702. 

Fixing  rates  of  pay  for  good  con- 
duct in  navy,  6702. 

Fixing  rates  of  pay  in  naval  com- 
missary, 6700. 

Fixing  rates  of  pay  for  mess  attend- 
ants in  navy,  6702. 

Fixing  rates  of  pay  for  seaman 
gunners  in  Navy,  6708. 


Forbidding  Consular  Officers  to  act 

without  authority  of  Secretary  of 

State,  6704. 
Forbidding  Executive  Employees  to 

urge    legislation    for    increase    of 

pay,  6703. 
Giving    preference    to    veterans    in 

departmental  service,  6703. 
Granting  retirement  from  Revenue 

Cutter  Service,  6708. 
Naming     committee     to     entertain 

Prince  Henry  of  Prussia,  6703. 
Permitting     physicians     in     Indian 

Service    to   assume   private   prac- 
tice, 6893. 

Placing  Culebra  Island  under  juris- 
diction    of     Navy     Department, 

6703. 

Relating  to  appointment  of  unclassi- 
fied laborers,  6707,  6780. 
Relating  to  discharges  from  Navy, 

6707. 
Reserving   Harbor   Island   in   Sitka 

Harbor,     Alaska,     for     Revenue 

Cutter  Service,  6701. 
Reserving  land  in  Luzon,  P.  I.,  for 

naval  purposes,  6701. 
Reserving     land     for    experimental 

tree  planting,  6709. 
Reserving  land   in   Washington  for 

navy  target  range,  6706. 
Reserving    lighthouse    site    in    San 

Bernardino,  CaL,  6701,  6705. 
Reserving    lighthouse    site    in    St. 

Nicholas  Island,  Cal.,  6702. 
Reserving     quarantine    station     on 

Miraflores     Island,     Porto     Rico, 

6708. 
Reserving  site  for  Custom  House  at 

Ft.  Yuma,  Ariz.,  6705. 
Reserving  site  for  Weather  Bureau 

at  Ft.  Yuma,  Ariz.,  6704. 
Restoring  to  public  domain  part  of 

Black  Mesa  Forest  Reserve,  6700. 
Withdrawing  Navaho  Indian  lands 

from  settlement,  6702. 
Executive    Service,    investigation    of, 

7189. 
Expenditures,  Economy   in,   enjoined, 

6654. 
Experiment    Stations    (Agricultural), 

report  on,  6733,  6861. 
Expositions — 

Alaska-Yukon     Pacific,     object    of, 

7052,  7103. 

Charleston,  commended,  6675. 
Jamestown, — 

Announcement  of,  6913. 

Inauguration  of,  6952. 

Commended,  7006. 
Lewis    and    Clark,    importance    of, 

6798. 
Louisiana  Purchase — 

Opened  at  St.  Louis,  6686. 


Roosevelt 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Significance  of,  6798. 
Support  for,  6675. 

Pan-American,  marred  by  assassina- 
tion of  President  McKiuley, 
6675. 

Factory  Laws  for  District  of  Colum- 
bia, 6650. 
Farmers'   and  labor  organizations   in 

conflict  with  Anti-Trust  Law,  7343. 
Farmers — 

Government  co-operation  with,  7047. 

Scientific  aid  for,  6727. 

Welfare  of,  discussed,  7046. 
Federal  activity,  examples  of,  benefits 

of,  7080. 
Federal     Charters     for     corporations, 

7079. 
Financial — 

Legislation,  need  of,  7189. 

Operations  during  Administration 
of,  7199. 

Standing  of  nation,  7198. 

Statement  for  six  years,  7082. 

Stringency,  relieved  by  issue  of 
Panama  Canal  bonds,  7198. 

System,  legislation  desirable,  6715, 
6787. 

System,  reconstruction   of,   unwise, 

6715. 
Fine    and    conviction    of    New    York 

Central  Eailroad,  7026. 
Fisheries — 

Bureau  of,  should  include  Alaska 
fur  seal  service,  7230. 

International,  7229. 

Interstate,  7230. 

Salmon,  decrease  in,  7230. 
Foreign    mail    service,    unsatisfactory 

condition  of,  7107. 
Foreign  policy  of,  7230. 
Foreign     policy     must     depend     upon 

Army  and  Navy,  6921. 
Forests — 

National  money  value  of,  7303. 

Perpetuation  of,  through  use,  6656. 

Protection  of,  7265. 
Forest  preservation,  necessity  of,  7097, 
7219. 

Public  favor  of,  7005. 
Forest  Reserves — 

As  preserves  for  wild  creatures, 
6656. 

Fire  Protection  needed,  6656. 

For  Appalachian  region,  7190. 

Policy  stated,  6908. 

Protection  of,  6650. 

Value  of,  6656. 

Water  supply  conserved  by,  6657. 
Forest  service,  best  handled  by  Agri- 
cultural Department,  6910. 
Forestry,    Bureau     of,    recommended, 

6656,'  6802. 

Fort,   Governor,   of   New   Jersey,    ad- 
dress on  power  of  State  to  regulate 

corporations,  7135. 


Fort  Hall  (Idaho),  reservation  opened 

to  settlement,  6687. 
Act     relating     to,     returned,     6863, 
6865. 

Fort  Marcy  reservation  ceded  to  City 
of  Santa  Fe,  6872. 

Fort  Sherman,  reservation  of  lands  in. 

6937. 

Part  of,  granted  to  town  of  Coeur 
d'Alene,  Idaho,  for  cemetery, 
6953. 

Fort  Sill  reservation  (Oklahoma)  re- 
stored to  public  domain,  6695. 

Freight  rates  in  connection  with  oil 
industry,  7293. 

French  citizens,  presentation  of  bust 
of  Washington  by,  6858. 

Fur    seals,    killing    of,    regulated    by 

Tribunal  of  Paris,  7063. 
Threatened  extinction  of,  7063. 

Gambling  in  stocks  and  securities, 
7132. 

Gambling  in  territories,  harmful  re- 
sult of,  7020. 

Game  protection,  legislation  for,  6724. 

Game  refuges,  importance  of,  6911. 

General  staff  and  general  board,  com- 
mended, 7069. 

Germany — 

Commercial  agreement  with,  7122. 
Eeciprocal  tariff  duties  with,  7283. 
Tariff  relations  with,  7122. 

Gold  and  silver  money,  fixed  ratio 
for  Mexico  and  China,  6735,  6787, 
6825,  6941. 

Gold  standard,  effect  of,  on  public 
credit,  6654. 

Government  control  of — 
Railway  rates,  7038. 
Beef  packing,  7038. 
Interstate  corporations,   7038. 
Pure  food,  7038. 

Government  employees — 

Compensation  for,  when  injured  in 

service,  7126,  7342. 
Eight-hour  day  for,  7208. 
Forbidden    to    give    instruction     in 
civil   service   examinations,   (5970. 
Half  holidays  for,  7208. 

Government  printing  office,  civil  serv- 
ice laws  extended  to  employees  of, 
6893. 

Government  publications  discussed, 
6728. 

Government  right  of  appeal  in  crim- 
inal cases,  7023. 

Government  service — 
Merit  system  in,  6728. 
Union  labor  in,  6897. 

Government,  revenues  of,  6787. 

Grazing  homesteads,  size  of,  7004. 

Grazing  lands,  extent  of,  7096. 

Grain,  standard  for  grades  of,  sug- 
gested, 7093. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Roosevelt 


Great  fortunes  an  incident  to  general 

prosperity,  6710. 
Great    Britain     and     United     States, 

convention  between,  6736. 
Guatemala,   Salvador   and    Honduras, 

war  between,  7061. 

Guam,    Governor    of,    ordered    to    re- 
lease Mabini,  6735. 
Gun-foundry  board,  purpose  of,  7284. 
llaguo  Peace  Conference — 

Accedes  to  Monroe  Doctrine,  6664. 
First,   questions   left   unsettled   by, 

6991. 
Points  of  arbitration  agreed  upon, 

7118. 

Preliminaries  to  second,  7065. 
Second,    powers    asked    to    attend, 

6923,   6991. 

Second,  called  by,  6991. 
Second  Peace  Conference,  7117. 
Conventions  agreed  upon,  7118. 
Patience  and  wisdom  of,  7120. 
Third,  provided  for,  7120. 
Hague  Permanent   Court  of  Arbitra- 
tion— 
United  States  and  Mexico  first  case 

to  be  considered,  6718. 
Eeport  of  case  of  United  States  vs. 

Mexico,  6731. 
Venezuelan     claims    submitted    to, 

6794. 
Hague  Tribunal  of  Arbitration,  6718, 

6731,  6993. 

Venezuelan  cases  before,  6941. 
Half    holidays    for    government    em- 
ployees,  7208. 
Hawaii — 

Aim  of  legislation  for,  6660. 
Condition  and  aims  of,  7051. 
Development  of,  discussed,  7018, 

7232. 

Fortification  of,  recommended,  7017. 
Leprosy  in,  study  of,  recommended, 

6921. 

Light-house  in,  6799. 
Taken  over,  6867. 
Need  for  cable  to,  6663. 
Needs  of,  6921. 

Steamer  connection  with,  7104. 
Health- 
Bureau  of,  legislation  to  strengthen, 

7104. 

Public,  protection  of,  7228. 
Hepburn    law,    money    needed   to    en- 
force, 7190. 

"Hermitage,"   the   home   of   Andrew 
Jackson,   funds   for   upkeep   recom- 
mended, 7104, 
Homestead  lands,  manner  of  drawing 

for,  described,  6878,  6885. 
Homesteads,  Uintah  Indian  lands  al- 
lotted for,  6956. 

Honduras,    Guatemala    and    Salvador, 
war  between,  7061. 


Honolulu    Harbor,    dredging    needed 

for,  6921. 

Honored    Americans,    natives    of    va- 
rious countries,  6915. 
Horses,  army,  care  of,  6722. 
Hospital      corps,      reorganization     of 

needed,  7000. 

Hours     of     labor     for     railroad     em- 
ployees, 6982,  7035. 
Humphreys,  Judge,  comments  on  de- 
cision of,  in  case   of   beef-packers, 
7291. 
Immigrants — 

Character  of,  desired,  6916. 
Educational  and  physical  tests  for, 

6651. 

Exclusion   of   immoral  and  anarch- 
istic, 6651,  7007. 
Sort  needed  for  American  citizens, 

6651. 

Chinese,  discussed,  7009. 
General  subject  discussed,  7007. 
Immigration      laws,      unsatisfactory, 

6051. 

Need  of  proper,  6715. 
Immigration,  need  of,  discussed,  6788. 
Promoted  by  steamship  companies, 

7006. 

Inaugural  address,  as — 
President,  6930. 
Vice  President,  6638. 
Inauguration,  illustration  of,  opposite 

6932. 

Income    and    inheritance    taxes,    ad- 
vised, 7042. 
Recommended,  7083. 
Income     tax,     constitutional     amend- 
ment necessary  for,  7044. 
Indemnity,     Chinese,     remission     of, 

7123. 
Independent     bureaus,     abolition     of, 

7229. 
Indian      agents,      qualifications      for, 

6802. 

Eeport  of  investigation  of,  6864. 
Indian  education,  need  of,  6802. 
Indian  lands — 

Devil 's     Lake     reservation,     North 
Dakota,     opened     to     settlement, 
6882. 
Fort      Hall      (Idaho)      reservation 

opened  to  settlement,  6687. 
Cheyenne    Eiver    Agency    disposed 

of,  6873. 

Navaho,     withdrawn     from     settle- 
ment, 6702. 
Eosebud  reservation,  South  Dakota, 

opened  to  settlement,  6875. 
Sioux  in  South  Dakota,  opened  to 

settlement,  6875. 
Sioux  in  North   Dakota,  opened  to 

settlement,  6882. 

TTintah,  opened  to  settlement,  6956. 
Indian  service,  physicians  in,  allowed 
private   practice,    6893. 


Roosevelt 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Removal  from  politics,  7225. 
Indian   Territory   and   Oklahoma,   ad- 
mission as  oue  state,  7020. 
Indians — 

Absorption    of,    into    body    politic, 
discussed,  6726. 

Citizen,  needs  of,  7014. 

Citizens  of  United  States,  6674. 

General  welfare  of,  6674. 

Individual      allotment      of      tribal 
funds,  6674. 

Progress  of,  in  civilization,  6911. 

Should    be    preserved    from    liquor 
traffic,  6675. 

Treatment   of,  as  individual  white 

men,  6674. 
Industrial    accidents,    deaths    due    to, 

7110. 
Industrial     and     technical     education 

discussed,  704.1. 

Industrial    disputes,    compulsory   gov- 
ernment investigation  of,  7089. 
Industrialism    the    dominant    note    in 

modern  life,  6895. 

Industry,  captains  of,  personal  equa- 
tion of,  factor  of  success,  6646. 
Inheritance    and    income    taxes,    ad- 
vised, 7042. 

Recommended,  7083. 
Inheritance  tax  discussed,  7084. 

History  of,  7043. 
Injunctions — 

Abuses   of  in   labor  disputes,   6983, 
7027,  7086,  7128,  7213,  7342. 

Invoked  to  protect  the  union  labor, 
7213. 

Resort  to,  discussed,  7190. 
Inland     Waterways    Commission,    ap- 
pointment of,  7095. 
Innocent  stockholders,  used  to  shield 

law-defying  corporation,  7139. 
Inspecting  Panama  Canal,  Photograph 

of,   opposite   7348. 
Inspection  of  meat  products,  7298. 
Instruction   in   civil   service   examina- 
tions by  employees  of  government, 

forbidden,  6970! 
Insular  Possessions — 

Central    Bureau    recommended    for 
all,   7301. 

Growth   of,  0799. 

Industrial  development  of,  7019. 

Single     administrative     head     for, 

7051. 
Insurance  Companies — 

(  apital  accumulated  in,  6710. 

Government   supervision   of,  G986. 
Insurance     regulation,     measure     for, 
7290. 

Regulation    of,    by    bureau    of    cor- 
porations, 6901. 
International  — 

Commerce     promoted     by     corpora- 
tions, 6646. 


Disputes,    peaceful    settlement    of, 

7119. 
Exchange,  report  of  commission  on, 

6941. 

lLaw,  enforcement  of,  6922. 
Prize   court,  established   at  Hague, 

7120. 

Union  of  American  Republics,  pro- 
posed building  for,  6824. 
Interparliamentary  Union,  address  to, 

6891. 
Second  Hague  Conference  initiated 

by,  6923. 
Interstate     Business,     regulation     of, 

6712. 

Interstate  character  of  trusts,  6648. 
Interstate  Commerce  Commission — 
Authority  over  securities  issued  by 

railroads,  7342. 
Control  of  railways,  telephone  and 

telegraph  companies  by,  7200. 
Efficiency   of,   impaired   by    delays, 

6979. 
More     power     for,     recommended, 

7129. 
Regulation    of    railroad    rates,    by, 

6977. 
Interstate  Commerce — 

Control   of,   vested   in   central  gov- 
ernment, 7202. 
Futility   of  State  control  of,  7193, 

7203'. 

Need  for  control  of,  7193. 
Power  of  federal  control  of,  7199. 
Power  to  regulate,  6712. 
The   especial   field   of  general   gov- 
ernment, 6898. 
Interstate  Commerce  Law — 
Amendments  suggested,   7342. 
Effect  of,  on  railroads,  7038. 
Faults  of,  6655. 

Judicial  interpretation  of,  7217. 
Interstate    corporations,    government 

control  of,  7038. 

Inadequacy   of   State  laws   govern- 
ing, 7039. 

Interstate    industry    subject    to    regu- 
lation     bv      general      government, 
6974,  7072. 
Interstate  traffic  in  adulterated  foods, 

regulation  of,  7012. 

Investigation    of   railroad   discrimina- 
tions, and   the  anthracite  coal  and 
oil  industries  urged,  7288. 
Irrigation    (See  also  reclamation). 
Benefits  of,  to  actual  settlers,  7004. 
Extension  of,  recommended,  7095. 
National  aid   for,  6724. 
Policy    of,   outlined,   6G58. 
Projects,  success  of,  7004. 
Work  of  private  enterprise,  6659. 
Works   should    lie    built    by   govern- 
ment, 6658. 
Isle  of  Pines,  political  status  of,  6739. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Roosevelt 


Isthmian  Canal  (See  Panama  Can,Tl). 
Commission,   civil   service  rules  ex- 
tended to  employees  of,  (5893. 
Report  of,  6938.' 
Convention,  text  of,  6816. 
Employees,  salaries  and  classes,  of, 

6894. 

Expenditures  for,  6730. 
Provided  for,  6718,  6816. 
Route   across   Colombia  determined 

upon,  6806. 
Treaty    with    Colombia    for    route, 

H806,   6809. 

Treaty  with  Colombia,  6740. 
Isthmus    of    Panama,    revolution    in, 

6747. 

Italian  subjects  killed  by  mob  in  Mis- 
sissippi, reparation  for,  67.°>l. 
•Jackson,    Andrew,   funds   for    upkeep 

of  home  of,  recommended,  7104. 
James  River,  Mo.,  refusal  of  permis- 
sion to  dam,  7151. 
Jamestown,   celebration   of   tricenten- 

nial  of  settlement,  691?,,  700(5. 
Jamestown    Exposition,    inauguration 

of,  6952. 
Japanese    Exposition,    invitation    to, 

7121. 

Postponement  of,  7234. 
Japanese — 

Fair  treatment  asked  for,  7055. 
Hostility  to,  discreditable,  70,53. 
In  San  Francisco,  trouble  with, 

7364. 
Naturalization    for,    recommended, 

7055. 
Protection    guaranteed    by    treaty, 

7365. 
Raid   on   seals   of  Pribilof  Islands, 

7064. 
Social   and   commercial   growth    of, 

7053. 
War    with    Russia,    neutrality    in, 

6868. 
Jews,    mistreatment     of,    in     Russia, 

6925. 
Jones,    John    Paul,    determination    of 

burial  place  of,  6945. 
Judges,  absurd   decisions  of,  7024. 
Criticism  of,  7028,  7141. 
Increase     in     salary     recommended 

for,  7209. 

Judge  made  laws  discussed,   7213. 
Judgments,  setting  aside  of,  on  tech- 
nicalities, 7025. 
Judicial  decisions,  criticism  of,  7212, 

7214. 
Judicial  district  for  Missouri,  act  for, 

returned,  6733. 
Judicial  opinions  of — 

Employers'  Liability  Law,    7216. 

Interstate  Commerce  Law,  7217. 

Judiciary,    attacks    on    by    organized 

labor,  7209. 
Defense  of,  7211. 


Justice,    miscarriage    of,    in    case    of 
beef-packers,    7291. 

Obstructions  to,  in  case  of  offenders 
against   the    Kepnblii-,  6918,   70'i:{. 
Kansas,     land     districts     in,     consoli- 
dated, 6706. 
Korea      ami     China,     extraterritorial 

system  in,  6939. 
Kosciusko,  statue  of,  to  be  created  in 

Washington      by     Polish     citizens, 

68(50. 
Labor  and  Capital — 

Anthracite  strike  commission,  re- 
port of,  6737. 

Discussed,  6715. 

Exemption  of  labor  organizations 
from  anti-trust  law,  7194. 

Understanding  between,  (5899. 
Labor  and  Commerce,  Cabinet  Officer 

to  deal  with,  (5H1!>. 
Labor  and    Farmers'  organisations  in 

conflict    with    anti-trust    law,    7343. 
Labor — 

Benefits  to,  through  efficient  guid- 
ance, 6973,  7071. 

Bureau,  work  of,  (5898. 

Commissioner  of,  report  of  Colo- 
rado disturbance,  6942. 

Conditions  for,  6(550. 

Contract,  convict,  should  be  done 
away  with,  6650. 

Demands  of,  for  judiciary  legisla- 
tion, 7209. 

Disputes — 

Effect   of   investigation   of,   7036. 
Injunctions  in,  discussed,  6983. 
Successive    steps    for    settlement 
of,  7089. 

Disturbance  in  Colorado,  report  on, 
6942. 

Eight-hour  day  for,  recommended, 
6650. 

Hours  of,  on  railroads,  6982. 

Law,  child,  for  District  of  Colum- 
bia, urged,  7036. 

Of  women  and  children,  investiga- 
tion of,  7035. 

Organized — 

Attacks  on  judges  by,  7209. 
Problem  of  control  of,  6895. 

Organizations,  exemption  of,  from 
anti-trust  law,  discussed,  7194. 

Problems  discussed,  6898. 

Protection  of,  by  tariff,  from  for- 
eign competitors,  6649. 

Unions  and  combinations  of  cap- 
ital, 7090. 

Union,  in  government  service,  6897. 

Welfare  of,  discussed,  7205. 
Laborers,   Chinese,   exclusion   of,  rec- 
ommended, 6650. 

Exclusion  of  foreign  contract,  664-9. 

(Unclassified)  to  be  appointed  by 
heads  of  departments  ami  Civil 
Service  Commission,  6707.  6780. 


Roosevelt 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Labor  law,  child,  for  District  of  Co- 
lumbia, urged,  7036. 
Land  Laws — 

Commission  to  investigate,  6801. 

Keport  of,  6863. 
Changes  in,  needed,  6800,  7004. 
Prevalence  of  fraud  under,  7302. 
Recasting  of,  recommended,  7302. 
Land  Office,  receipts  of,  6800. 
Lands — 

Arid,  irrigation  of,  6658,  6724,  6801. 
Arid,    reclamation    of,    6658,    6801, 

6908,  7004. 

Coal,  oil  and  gas,  leasing  of,  7303. 
Desert,    frauds    committed     under, 

7302. 
Districts    in    Kansas    consolidated, 

6706. 
For  experimental  tree  planting  set 

apart,  6709. 

For  townsites,  reservation  of,  6874. 
Grazing,  illegal  fences  on,  7096. 
Grazing,  control  of,  7304. 
Held     by     executive     departments, 

6739. 
Indian — 

Cheyenne  River  Agency  disposed 

of,  6873. 

Devil 's  Lake   reservation,  North 
Dakota,   opened  to   settlement, 
6882. 
Fort     Hall     (Idaho)     reservation 

opened  to  settlement,  6687. 
Navaho,  withdrawn  from   settle- 
ment, 6702. 

Rosebud    reservation,    South   Da- 
kota,    opened     to     settlement, 
6875. 
Sioux  in  South  Dakota,  opened  to 

settlement,  6875. 
Sioux  in  North  Dakota,  opened  to 

settlement,  6882. 
Uintah,     opened     to     settlement, 

6956. 

Mineral  and  coal  claims,  7302. 
Public,  classification  of,  7266. 
Commission     to     revise,     recom- 
mended, 6725. 
Dishonestly  acquired,  6790. 
Recommendations  of  commission, 

6911. 
Report   of   commission   to   revise, 

6947. 

For  home  builders,  6725,  6800. 
Fraudulent     entrv     of,     exposed, 

7096. 
In     Philippines,     disposition     of, 

6815. 

Railroad  grants,  timber  on,  7303. 
Timber   and   stone   act,   harm   done 

by,  7302. 

Latin    American    Republics,    import- 
ance of,  7231. 

Laws  against  special  privilege,  group 
of,  7126,  7132. 


Laws'  delay,  consequence  of,  7029. 

Law        enforcement,        appropriation 
needed  for,  6790. 

Legislation,     ill-considered     and     vi- 
cious, 7216. 

Leprosy,      study     of,     in      Hawaiian 
Islands,  recommended,  6921. 

Levees,   Mississippi,  government  sup- 
port of,  7005. 

Lewis  and  Clark  Exposition  proposed, 
6798. 

Library  of  Congress,  scope  of  activ- 
ities, 6676. 

Life-saving     efforts,     recognition     of, 
6896. 

Life-Saving     Service,     pensions     for, 
recommended,  7013. 

Light-house  reservation  in — 

San  Bernardino,  Cal.,  6701,  6705. 
St.  Nicholas  Island,  Cal.,  6702. 

Light-houses  in — 
Alaska,  6799. 
Hawaii,  taken  over,  6867. 

Lillie,  British  schooner,  damages  for, 
6730,  6824. 

Lincoln's  Birthday,  centennial  of,  set 
apart  as  legal  holiday,  6960. 

Lindisfarne,  British  steamship,   dam- 
ages for,  6934. 

Liquor  traffic,  Indians  should  be  pre- 
served from,  6675. 

Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition — 
Financial    reports    of,    6681,    6729, 
6732,  6736,  6740,  6771,  6825,  6857, 
6862,  6865,  6866,  6932. 
Opened  at  St.  Louis,  6686. 
Significance  of,  6798. 
Support  for,  6675. 

Low  standard  of  morality  of  business 
concerns,  7197. 

Lynching,  prevalence  of,   7029. 

McKinley,  President — 

Assassination  of,  analyzed,  6642. 
Character  of,  6641. 
Murder   of,   announced,   6639,  6<>41. 
Sympathy  aroused  in  every  quarter 
of    the    civilized    world   over   as- 
sassination of,  6680. 

Mabini  (a  Filipino),  case  of,  6735. 

Machine     gun,     development     recom- 
mended, 7235. 

Malefactors,  wealthy,  methods  of  at- 
tack upon  administration,  7138. 

Manufactures      made     profitable      by 
tariff  671 3. 

Marriage  and  Divorce — 

Amendment  to  Constitution  needed 

to  control,  70IX. 
Divergent  state  laws  on,  7048. 
Statistics,  lack   of,   (i94l>. 

Martinique,  relief  extended  on  account 
of  disaster  to,  6680. 

Meat  inspection  law,  example  of  fed- 
eral supervision,  7080. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Roosevelt 


Medals  of  honor  for  men  of  Army  and 

Navy,  6927. 
Mediation     in     war     among     Central 

American  Republics,  7062. 
Medical  Corps — 

Army,  enlargement  of,  recom- 
mended, 6935,  7000. 

Increase  of  recommended,  7111. 

Navy,  improvement  of,  7117. 
Merchant  Marine — 

Commission,  report  of,  7005. 

Discussed,  G053,  7005. 

Development  of,  6788. 

Disadvantages    of   American,   GG53. 

Encouragement  needed  for,  6914. 

Foreign  markets  dependent  upon, 
6653. 

Ob]ections  to  laws  for  encourage- 
ment of,  7049. 

Political  as  well  as  commercial 
benefits  of,  6653. 

Remedial  action  called  for,  6653. 
Merit    system    for    Porto    Rico    and 
Philippines,  6673. 

In  government  service,  6728. 
Message,  report   on   part   relating  to 

Secret  Service,  7238. 
Mexico — 

Extent  of  trade  with,  7124. 

Fair  and  courteous  treatment  of 
Americans  in,  7125. 

Interests  of  Americans  in,  7124. 

Joint  efforts  with  United  States  to 
restore  peace  in  Central  America, 
7125. 

Money  awarded  by,  through  fraud, 
returned  to,  6679. 

Weil  &  La  Abra  awards  returned, 

6679. 
Mexico  vs.  United   States,  first  case 

before    Hague    Court    of    Arbitra- 
tion, 6718,  6731. 
Mexico  and  China,  fixed  ratio  for  gold 

and   silver   money   for,   6735,   6787, 

6825,  6941. 
Midshipmen    increase  in   number   of, 

7116. 
Midshipman,  title  should  be  restored 

and  naval  cadet  abolished,  6667. 
Miller,  W.  A.   (bookbinder),  restored 

to  service  in  Government  Printing 

Office,  6783. 
Militia  (see  also  National  Guard)  — 

Laws  regarding,  obsolete,  6672. 

Reorganization  of,  needed,  6721. 
Mineral  fuels,  conservation   of,   7100. 
M,ines,  Bureau  of,  recommended,  7104, 

7267. 

Miscarriage  of  justice  in  case  of  beef- 
packers,  7291. 

Mississippi    levees,    government    sup- 
port of,  7005. 

Missouri,  judicial  district  act  for,  re- 
turned, 6733. 


Mob  violence — 

Claims  of  British  subject  for  dam- 
ages sustained  by,  in  Colorado, 
6866. 

Expressions  of  opinion  on,  7030. 

Italian  subjects  killed  by,  repara- 
tion for,  6731. 

Possible  consequences  of,  7055. 
Monetary  system,  elasticity  in,  urged, 
6989,  7080. 

For  Philippines  and  Panama,  6941. 
Monopolies,     power    of     Congress    to 

regulate,  6712. 

Monopoly  of  water  power,  7157. 
Monroe  C)octrine — 

Adherence  to,  a  guarantee  of  peace 
on  this  hemisphere,  6665. 

Aims  of,  explained,  6664. 

An  essential  element  of  peace,  6994. 

Case  of  Santo  Domingo  under,  6997. 

Hague  peace  conference,  accedes  to, 
6664. 

May  force  international  police  duty 
on  United  States,  6923. 

Misunderstood  in  South  America, 
7058. 

Obligations  under,  6996. 

Referred  to  in  general,  6805. 
Morality  in  business,  discussed,  7197. 
Morton,  J.  Sterling,  honors  shown  to 

memory  of,  6705. 

National    government    functions,    en- 
largement of»scope  of,  6894. 
National  Guard  (see  also  Militia) — 

Improvement  of,  7236. 

Recommendations  for,  6672. 
National  perils  in  modern  life,  6931. 
National  welfare  cause  for  congratu- 
lation, 6930. 

Nations,  right  of,  6922,  6994. 
Naturalization — 

Commission,  report  of,  7002. 

Frauds  in,  6789. 

Fraudulent,  increase  of,  6916. 

Of  aliens,  report  on,  6935. 

Of  Japanese,  recommended,  7055. 

Revision  of  laws  needed,  6916. 
Navaho  Indian  lands  withdrawn  from 

settlement,  6702. 

Naval  Academy,  courses  of  study  in, 
7117. 

Suspended  cadets  restored  to,  6937. 
Naval  armaments,  limitation  of,  hope- 
less, 7113. 
Naval    base    needed    in    Philippines, 

6806. 
Naval  cadet,  title  should  be  abolished 

and  midshipman  restored,  6667. 
Naval  Militia,  should  be  encouraged, 

6669. 
Naval    reserve    needed    as    auxiliary, 

6669. 
Naval   Station,   land   in   Luzon,  P.    I., 

reserved  for,  6701. 


Roosevelt 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Naval  squadron  dispatched  to  Turkish 

port,  6796. 

Naval  Stations  in  Cuba,  6742. 
Navy- 
Activities  of,  in  waters  of  Colom- 
bia, 6741. 

Additional  seamen  needed  for,  7002. 

A  strictly  offensive  weapon,  7114. 

Classification  and  pay  for  mess  at- 
tendants in,  6702. 

Composition  of  reserve  force,  6609. 

Credit  for  efficiency  of,  6667. 

Cruise  of  battleship  fleet  around  the 
world,  7237. 

Desertion  from,  denounced,  6684. 

Discharges  from,  6707. 

Efficiency  in  personnel,  7115. 

Efficiency  of,  an  assurance  of  peace, 
6666. 

Efficient,  best  insurance   of   peace, 
7117. 

Extra  pay  for  certified  students  in, 
6702. 

Extra    pay    for    good    conduct    in, 
6702. 

Four  battleships  a  year  needed  for, 
7147,  7236. 

General     staff     recommended     for, 
6806,  7237. 

Grades  of  officers  discussed,  7115. 

Gunnery  practice  iu,  should  be  un- 
ceasing, 6668. 

Historical  efficiency  of,  6666. 

Hospital  .ships  for,  7237. 

Increase   of,   urged   upon    Congress, 
6722,  7148. 

Lessons   for,   taught  by  recent  his- 
tory, 7001. 

Maintenance   of  standard   of,   7000, 
7067. 

Manoeuvres      and      marksmanship, 
6722. 

Necessity    of,   to   maintain   Monroe 
Doctrine,  6666,  6805. 

Needs     for    steady    upbuilding    of, 
6665,  6926. 

Not  for  harbor  defense,  7114. 

Personnel  of,  discussed,  6722. 

Progress  of,  commended,  6806. 

Rntes  of  pay  in  commissary  branch 
of,  6700. 

Requirements    of    in    case    of    war, 
7114. 

Surplus  of  midshipmen,  7116. 

Trained  men  needed  for,  6667. 

Target  range,  land  for,  reserved  in 
Washington,  07uO. 

Worn-out  vessels  of,  7001. 
Navy     Department,     Culebra     Island 

I/laced  under  jurisdiction  of,  6703. 
Ne'rro,  e'ducation  of,  benefit  to  whites, 

7032. 

Netherlands,   reciprocal   tariff  conces- 
sions granted,  69(31. 


Text  of  commercial  agreement  with, 
6962. 

Neutrals,  rights  and  duties  of,  defined 
at  Hague,  7120. 

Neutrality — 

Enjoined  upon  Government  officials 
during  Russo-Japanese  War,  6892. 
Proclaimed  in  Russo-Japanese  War, 
6868. 

Newfoundland,  reciprocity  treaty 
with,  6717. 

New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  statehood 
^  for,  7020,  7229. 

New  Mexico  and  Oklahoma,  bound- 
ary between  Colorado  and,  6937. 

New  York  Central  Railroad,  convic- 
tion and  fine  of,  7026. 

Nicaragua,  Norwegian  steamer,  claims 
of,  6826. 

North  Dakota,  Indian  lands  in, 
opened  to  settlement,  6882. 

Norway,  copyright  privileges  extend- 
ed to,  6954. 

Norwegian  steamer,  Nicaragua,  claims 
of,  6826. 

Ocean  Mail — 

Extension  of  act  for,  recommended, 

7108. 

Lines,  establishment  of,  7231. 
Service,  6788. 

Ocean  trade,  more  ships  for,  7362. 

Offenders  against  government,  diffi- 
culties of  prosecution  of,  6918,  7003. 

Official  secrets,  no  punishment  for 
divulging,  7003. 

Offices,  unnecessary,  abolition  of, 
6988. 

Oil  industry,  freight  rates  in  connec- 
tion with,  7293. 
Investigation  of,  urged,  7288. 

Oklahoma  and  New  Mexico,  boundary 
between  Colorado  and,  6937. 

Oklahoma,  statehood  for,  7103. 

Oklahoma  and  Indian  Territory,  ad- 
mission as  one  state,  7020. 

Oklahoma,  Fort  Sill  reservation  re- 
stored to  public  domain,  6695. 

Old  age  pensions,  suggested,  7206. 

Ordnance  Department,  claim  of  Lieut. 
Col.  Scott  against,  for  use  ot'  his 
sighting  system,  6826. 

Orient,  importance  of,  for  American 
exports,  6914. 

Overcapitalization — 

Evils  of,  discussed,  6647,  6712,  6976, 

7039,  7077,  7130,  7132,  71 39. 
Power     of     Congress     to     regulate, 
60-17,  6712. 

Pacific  trade,  possibilities  of  dis- 
cussed, 7052. 

Panama — - 

Convention  with  for  construct  ion  of 

canal,  6816. 

Duties   and    tonnage   on   vessels   of, 
suspended,  (J954. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Roosevelt 


Independence  of,  guaranteed  by  the 

United  States,  6815. 
List    01!    political    disturbances    in, 

G810. 
Recognition  of  do  facto  government 

in,  6810. 
Republic,  constitution  of,  submitted, 

6862. 
Organization   of   government   of, 

6865. 
Treaty    with,    for    construction    of 

canal,  7020. 

Correspondence  relating  to  revolu- 
tion in,  6747,  6809,  6825. 
Panama     Canal     (see     also     Isthmian 

Canal). 

Acquisition  of  French  title  to,  7348. 
Appropriation  for,  7022. 
Bonds,  issue  of,  to  relieve  monetary 

stringency,  7108. 
Commission,  7020. 
Description  of,  7305. 
History  of  executive  action  leading 
to  acquisition  of  zone  and  right 
to  build,  6827,  6857. 
Plans  of,  pay  of  engineers  on,  6970. 
Progress  of  work  on,  7100,  7231. 
Purchase  of  French  interests,  7020. 
Reorganization  of  commission,  7100. 
Eeport   of   committee   of   engineers 
which   accompanied   Mr.   Tal't   to 
the  Isthmus,  7268. 
Eeport  of  Isthmian  Canal  Commis- 
sion, 7280. 
Route,  history  of  negotiations  for, 

6808. 

Treaty  for  construction  of,  7020. 
Type  of,  7020. 
Zone,  ceded  to  United  States,  6815. 

Saritation  of,  7021. 
Pan-American      Congress,      advantages 

of,  6679. 
Pan-American  Exposition,  marred  by 

assassination  of  President,  6675. 
Pan-American     Railway,     report     on, 

submitted,  6864. 
Panics,  National  Banking  Law  should 

safeguard  against,  6654. 
Parcel    Post,    extension    of    to    rural 

routes,  recommended,  7102,  7227. 
Parks,    National,    additions    to,    sug- 
gested, 6911. 

Control  of,  by  Forest  Service,  7224. 
Discussed,  7013. 
Yosemite,  given  by  California  for, 

7012. 

Passports,  authorizing  issue  of  to  resi- 
dents of  insular  possessions,  6707. 
Patents,  benefits  of,  to  extend  to  for- 
eigners, 6802. 

Paunc^efote,    honors    shown    to    mem- 
ory of,  6705. 

Pav  of  engineers  on.  plans  of  Panama 
Canal,  6970. 


Pay    of    seaman    gunners    increased, 

6708. 

Peace  and  war  discussed,  7065. 
Peace  at  any  price,  folly  of,  6992. 
Peace — 

Attitude  toward,  6991. 

Based  upon  justice1,  desirable,  7066. 

Conference,  at  Hague  accedes  to 
Monroe  Doctrine,  6604. 

Conference,  at  Hague,  second,  71  17. 

Efficient  navy  bent  insurance  of, 
7117. 

Efforts  of  Hague  conference  dis- 
cussed, 6992. 

Hopes  for  permanent,  based  on 
Navy,  7150. 

Not  desired  on  terms  of  ignominy, 
6666. 

On  the  western  hemisphere,  United 
States'  influence  for,  7062. 

Policy,  growth  of,  666  J. 

Should  coincide  with  righteousness, 
7065. 

Strong  desire  of  American  people 
for,  6666. 

The  right  of  the  just  man  armed, 
6666. 

United  States  Navy  guarantor  of, 
7066. 

With  justice,  the  goal  of  the  Na- 
tion, 6921. 
The     aim     of     civilized     nations, 

6993. 
Pelagiac     sealing,     consequences     of, 

7063. 
Pension  Bureau — 

Efficiency  of,  6911. 

Work  of  j  6803,  7006. 
Philippines — 

Ability  for  self  government,  6928. 

Aid  for  soldiers  crippled,  and  fami- 
lies of  decreased,  in,  recommend- 
ed, 6662. 

Business   conditions   in,   6738. 

Care  of  army  in,  6947. 

Civil  Service  Laws  extended  to  em- 
ployees in,  6892. 

Coastwise  laws  governing  trade 
with,  7017. 

Commission,  report  of,  6732,  6861. 

Competition  of  products  of,  with 
those  of  the  United  States,  7017. 

Desertion  of  would  be  crime 
against  humanity,  6661. 

Disposition  of  public  lands  in,  6815. 

Education  in,  7016. 

End  of  insurrection  in,  6690. 

Improvement  in,  7015. 

Industrial  development  of,  6662, 
6800. 

Lower  tariff  or  free-trade,  needed 
for,  7050. 

Luzon,  land  in,  reserved  for  naval 
purposes,  6701. 


Roosevelt 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Misfortunes  in,  7015. 

Naval  base  in,  needed,  6806. 

Need  for  cable  to,  6663. 

Needed  legislation  for,  6663,  6799. 

Our  duty  and  problems  in,  6928. 

Peace  and  amnesty  for.  6720. 

Peaceful  condition  of,  7016. 

Policy  in,  6661,  6720,  6799. 

Progressive     self-government     for, 

6661,  6720. 
Public  servants  of  high  character 

needed  for,  6929. 
Reduction  of  tariff  on  products  of, 

7017. 

Relief  for,  urged,  6732. 
Scientific  survey  of,  6944. 
Self-government  for,  7051,  7232. 
Tariff      advantages      recommended 

for,  6930. 
Urgent  necessity  of  remedial  tariff 

for,  6737. 

Visit  of  Secretary  of  War  to,  7104. 
Welfare  of,  6661,  6720,  6799. 
Works  of  civilization  in,  7051. 
Philippines     and     Cuba,     thanks     of 
President  to  Armv,  for  services  in, 
6693. 
Physicians  in  Indian  Service  allowed 

private  practice,  6893. 
Polish    citizens,   statue    of   Kosciusko 
to   be   erected   by,  in   Washington, 
6860. 

Political  contributions,   evils   of,   dis- 
cussed, 6990. 
From  corporations,  7023. 
Porto  Rico — 

Citizenship    for    people    of,    7051, 

7104,  7233,   7300. 
Civil     government     organized     in, 

6681. 

Forest  reservation  in,  6778. 
Governor's  report,  attention  called 

to,  6921. 
Landing  pier  for  harbor  of  Ponce, 

6733. 
Miraflores    Island   in,   reserved    for 

quarantine,  6708. 
Needs  of  the  Island,  7051. 
Ordinances    for    railway    and    light 

companies,  6932,  6933,  6934. 
Ordinance    for    railroad   for,    6730, 

6825. 

Prosperity  of,  6720. 
Report   on   collector  of  customs  in, 

6860. 
Report   of  Governor  of,   submitted, 

6730,  6771,  6932. 
Report  of  visit  to,  7299. 
Telephone  line  for,  6732. 
Welfare  under  American  law,  6660, 

7018. 
Porto    Rico    and     Philippines,     merit 

system  of  appointments  in,  6673. 
Portrait  of,  6636. 


Postal   Savings   Bank    system   recom- 
mended, 7102,  7226,  7346. 
Postal  Service — 

Abuses  of  second-class  mail  rates, 

6677. 

Remarkable  growth  of,  6677. 
Rural  routes  extended,  6677. 
Postmasters,    fourth-class,    protection 

of,  civil  service  laws  for,  7102. 
Post    Office,    increased    efficiency    in, 

6913. 
Post   Office   Department,   revenue    of, 

6723. 
Preachers       of       discontent,       harm 

wrought  by,  7033. 

Predatory  wealth,  acts  of  representa- 
tives of,  7135. 
Presidents — 

Assailants    of,    should    be    tried    in 

federal  courts,  6641,  6644. 
Murder  of,  cause  for  grave  alarm, 

6641. 
Pribilof  Islands,  destruction  of  seals 

on,  7063. 
Prince   Henry   of   Prussia,   committee 

to  entertain,  6703. 

Printing  by  government,  cost  of,  6728. 
Printing    Office,    supervision    of,    by 

executive  department,  7229. 
Printing,     extravagance     in,    pointed 

out,  6914,  6988. 

Prisoners  of  war,  American  citizens 
detained  by  British  authorities,  as, 
6681. 

Prize     Courts,     International,     estab- 
lished, 7120. 
Private  property  at  sea,  international 

agreement  to  protect,  urged,  679."). 
Prosperity,  dependent  upon  economic 

policy,  6652. 
Evidences  of,  6710. 
Of  average   man,  6646. 
Of  people   due  to  dominant  policy, 

6894. 

Protective  system  discussed,  7083. 
Proclamations — 

Agreement     with     Creek     Indians, 

6696. 

Alexander   Archipelago   Forest   Re- 
serve, 6697. 
Amnesty    for    insurgent    Filipinos, 

6690. 

Announcing  assassination  of  Presi- 
dent McKinley,  6639. 
Announcing    death    of   ex-President 

Cleveland,  6961. 
Calling   Congress   in   extra   session, 

6780. 
Calling    Senate    in     extra    session, 

6779,  6951. 
Calling    special    session    of   Senate, 

6967. 

Ceding    land    to    Woodward,   Okla., 
for  park,  6889. 


Encyclopedic  Index, 


Roosevelt 


Declaring  neutrality  in  Russo-Jap- 
anese War,  6868. 

Disposing  of  Indian  Land  in  Chey- 
enne Kiver  agency,  6873. 

Excusing  Federal  Employees  from 
duty  to  attend  dedication  of 
Spanish  War  Monument,  6706. 

Extending  copyright  privileges  to 
Cuba,  6781. 

Extending  copyright  privileges  to 
Norway,  6954. 

Extending  reciprocal  tariff  rates  to 
Netherlands,  6961. 

Forbidding  export  of  arms  and  am- 
munition to  Dominican  Republic, 
6968. 

Fort  Sill  reservation  restored  to 
public  domain,  6695. 

Giving  Fort  Marcy  reservation  to 
city  of  Santa  Fe,  6872. 

Granting  part  of  Fort  Sherman 
reservation  to  town  of  Coeur 
d'Alene,  Idaho,  for  cemetery, 
6953. 

Inaugurating  Jamestown  Exposi- 
tion, 6952. 

Opening  Indian  lands  in  North  Da- 
kota to  settlement,  6882. 

Opening  Indian  lands  in  South  Da- 
kota to  settlement,  6875. 

Opening  Indian  lands  in  Utah  to 
settlement,  6956. 

Opening  Louisiana  Purchase  Expo- 
sition at  St.  Louis,  6686. 

Opening  to  settlement,  lands  of 
Shoshone  and  Bannock  Indians  at 
Fort  Hall  reservation  in  Idaho, 
6687. 

Reserving  Forest  Lands  in  Porto 
Rico,  6778. 

Reserving  lands  for  townsites,  6874. 

Setting  apart  centennial  anniver- 
sary of  Lincoln's  Birthday  as 
legal  holiday,  6966. 

Suspending  duties  and  tonnage  on 
vessels  of  Republic  of  Panama, 
6954. 

Suspending  duties  on  Cuban  vessels 
and  cargoes,  6690. 

Taking  over  light-houses  in  Hawaii, 
6867. 

Thanksgiving,     6640,     6698,     6782, 

6889,  6964,  6969. 
Publicity  of  methods  of  trusts,  6648. 

No    harm    to    honest    corporations, 

6711. 
Public  Lands  Commission,  report  of, 

7096. 
Pure    food,    government    control    of, 

7038. 
Pure   food  law,   example   of   Federal 

supervision,  7080. 
Pure    food    legislation,    benefits    of, 

7225. 

26 


Quarantine    law,    national,    need    for, 

6914. 
Quarantine,   Miraflorcs    Island,   Porto 

Rico,  reserved  for,  6708. 
Queen   Victoria,  sorrow  expressed  for 

death  of,  6680. 

Race  hatred,  discussed,  7031. 
Railroad  men,  character  of,  discussed, 

6980. 
Railroads — 

Accidents  on,  discussed,  7086. 
Block  signals  for,  urged,  6982. 
Criminal  acts  of,  7025. 
Control  of,  by  Interstate  Commerce 

Commission,  7200. 
Control  of   rates  and  securities  of, 

7200, 
Discriminations    in    coal    and     oil, 

7287. 
Employees,   limited   hours   of   labor 

for,  7035. 
Federal    inspection    of,    suggested, 

7086. 

Government      ownership      of,      dis- 
cussed, 6981. 
Government    supervision    of    rates, 

urged,  6976,  7074. 
Hours    of    labor    of   employees    on, 

6982. 

Lawful  agreements  among,  7130. 
Rates- 
Equality  of,  desirable,  6655. 

Evils  of  rebate  system  of,  6977. 

Government  control  of,  7038. 

Maximum  and  minimum,  6977. 

Regulation  of,  by  Interstate  Com- 
merce Commission,  6977. 

Revision    of   by   Interstate    Com- 
merce Commission,  6902. 

Regulation  by  government,  7079. 
Safety  appliances  for,  urged,  6982. 
Securities,  authority  over,  by  Inter- 
state Commerce  Commission,  7342. 
Shipments,  abuses  in,  6901. 
Supervision  of  accounts  of,  7190. 
Traffic  agreements,  need  of,  7342. 
Travel    on,    increased    safety    for, 

6S97. 
Rebates  of  rates — 

By  New  York  Central ,  7025. 

Evils  of  system  of,  6977. 

Criminal  character  of,  7025. 

Judge  Holt's  opinion  of,  7025. 
Receivers  of  common  carriers,  Attor- 
ney General  to  appoint,  7342. 
Reciprocal  tariff — 

Arrangement    with    Germany,    7283. 
Concessions     granted     Netherlands, 

6961. 

Concessions  granted  Spain,  6966. 
Reciprocity — 

Attention   called   to   treaties,   6653. 
For  Cuba,  urged,  6682. 
Handmaiden  of  protection,  6652. 
Treati"e  advocated,  6714. 


Roosevelt 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Treaty  with  Cuba,  6717,  6740,  6713. 
With  Newfoundland,  6717. 

Reclamation  (See  also  Irrigation  )  — 
Arid  lands,  importance  of,  6658. 
Irrigation   as   means   of,   discussed, 

6608. 

Policy  of,  outlined,  6660. 
Service — 

Organization  of,  6801. 
Purpose  of,  7095. 
Work  of,  6908. 

Red  Cross  Societies  in  foreign  coun- 
tries, report  on,  6863. 

Revenue  Cutter  Service- — 

Island    in    Sitka    Harbor,    Alaska, 

reserved  for,  6701. 
Retirement   from  granted,  6708. 

Revenues  and  expenditures — 
For  six  years,  7082. 
Need  for  readjustment  of,  6988. 
Of  the  government,  6787. 
Should  be  limited  to  actual  needs, 
6654. 

Revolution    in    Isthmus    of    Panama, 

6747. 

Correspondence    relating    to,    6717, 
6771. 

Revolutions  in  Panama,  list  of,  6810. 

Rifle  practice,  National  Board  for 
promotion  of,  7070. 

Rights  of  industrial  combinations  dis- 
cussed, 7345. 

Rio  Grande,  distribution  of  waters  of, 
6737. 

Risk  of  trade,  a  proper  charge  upon 
society,  7036. 

Root,  Secretary,  address  before  third 
conference  of  American  Republics, 
7059. 

Rosecrans,  Major  Gen.  W.  S.,  Federal 
employees  excused  from  duty  to 
attend  funeral  of,  6706. 

Rural  routes,  extension  of  Parcel  Post 
to,  7227. 

Rural  Free  Delivery  discussed,  6724, 
6798. 

Russo-Japanese  War,  enjoining  neu- 
trality in,  upon  government  offi- 
cials,'6892. 

Russo-Japanese  War,  neutrality  in, 
6868. 

Safety  appliances  for  railroads  urged, 
6982. 

Safety  appliance  law,  enforcement  of, 

6897. 
Discussed,  6728,  6803. 

Salary  of  judges,  increase  recom- 
mended, 7209. 

Salvador,  Guatemala  and  Honduras, 
war  between,  7061. 

Sanitary  convention  of  American  Re- 
publics, report  of,  6737,  6823. 

Santa  Fe,  Fort  Marcy  reservation 
ceded  to,  68712. 


Santo  Domingo — 

Benefits  to,  by  American  collection 
of  customs,  6998. 

Creditors  of  to  be  paid  under  direc- 
tion of   United  States,  6950. 

Economic  condition  of,  6997. 

Relation  of  Monroe  Doctrine,  to  case 
of,  6997. 

Treaty  with,  6950. 

Scientific    work    of    government,    co- 
ordination of,  7105. 
Scott,  Lieut. -Col.  L.  K..  claim  of  for 

use  of  his  sighting  system  by  U.  S. 

ordnance  department,  6826. 
Seals,  extermination  of,  by  barbarous 

practices,  7063. 
Seaman  gunners,  increase  of  pay  for, 

6708. 

Seamen,  needed  for  Navy,  7002. 
Secretary   of   Commerce,   creation   of, 

asked, 6716. 
Secretary  of  State,  visit  of,  to  South 

American  Republics,  7058. 
Secret  reduced  lates  given  the  Stand- 
ard Oil  Company,  7293. 
Secret  Service — 

Accomplishments  of,  7225,  7218. 

Amendment   to  act  critici/.cd,  7225. 

Criminals   benefited   by   amendment 
to  act,  7225. 

Resolution  of  House  concerning  part 

of  message  relating  to,  7240. 
Reply  to,  7241. 

Responsible  for  conviction  of  Sena- 
tor and  Congressman,  722(5. 

Special   report   on   part    of   message 

relating  to,  7238. 

Securities,   issue  of,   should   be  super- 
vised by  government,  7194. 
Senate,  extra   session  of,  called.  6951. 

Special  session  of,  called,  (5967. 
Sharretts,      Thnddeus     S.,     appointed 

special  agent  in  China,  6700. 
Shipping,   American.      (See    Merchant 

Marine.) 
Ships    for    trade    with    Soulh    America 

and  the  ( )rient ,  7362. 
Shoshone   and    Bannock    Indian    lands 

in    Fort     Hall     (Idaliui     reservation 

opened  to  settlement,  fills". 
Silver  dollar,   redemption   of.  in    fold, 

6914. 
Slums    and    tenements    of    cities,    evils 

of,  6902. 
Smithsonian  Institution  — 

Natural    custodian    of    art    objects, 
6914. 

Plans  for  improving.  6727. 

Work  of.  commended,  f-'i76. 
Smoke  nuisance  in  Washington,  elimi- 
nation of,  701  2. 

Social    problems,    the    result    of   indus- 
trial  development,  66  15. 

Of  cities  discussed,  6650. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Roosevelt 


Socialist  party  teachings  based  on 
class  hatred,  7210. 

Soldiers'  Home,  supervision  of,  by 
War  Department,  7229. 

South  Dakota,  Indian  lands  in,  opened 
to  settlement,  6875. 

South  American  trade,  ships  for,  7362. 

Spain,  reciprocal  tariff  concessions 
granted,  6966. 

Spanish  War  Monument,  Federal  em- 
ployees excused  from  duty  to  at- 
tend dedication,  6706. 

Spanish  War  veterans,  address  to, 
6699. 

Standard  Oil  Company — 

Competition,   crushed   out  by,   7296. 
Secret    rates    given    by    railroads, 
72915. 

Standard  Oil  Trust,  efforts  of,  to 
shape  public  opinion,  7138. 

State,  Department  of,  growing  im- 
portance of,  7022. 

State  laws  on  marriage  and  divorce, 
variety  of,  7048. 

Statehood  recommended  for  Arizona 
and  New  Mexico,  7020,  7229, 

Statehood  recommended  for  Indian 
Territory  and  Oklahoma,  7020. 

Statistics  of  marriage  and  divorce, 
lack  of,  6942. 

Stock  in  other  corporations,  right  of 
corporations  to  hold,  7079. 

Stock  Yards  at  Chicago,  report  of  con- 
dition of,  7296. 

Steamship  trade,  supervision  of,  by 
Interstate  Commerce  Commission, 
6902. 

Steamships  bringing  immigrants, 
supervision  of,  6652. 

Strikes  and  lockouts,  record  of,  7037. 

Strikes,    compulsory    government    in- 
vestigation of,  7089. 
Recognition  of  legality  of,  7345. 

Subsidized  steamers  between  Europe 
and  South  America,  7362. 

Successful  dishonesty  in  business,  de- 
fenders of,  7071,  7138. 

Sugar  cane  experiments,  report  on, 
69-19. 

Sympathy  expressed  for  death  of — 
'  Queen 'Victoria,  6680. 
Empress  Frederick,  6680. 
President  McKinley,  6680. 

Taft,  Judge,  comment  of,  on  criticism 

of  judges,  7028. 

Cable  dispatch  from,  urging  need  of 
Philippine  tariff,  6737. 

Tariff- 
Concessions,      reciprocal,      granted 

Netherlands,  6961. 
Spain,   6966. 

Conditions,  investigation   of,   7189. 
Effect  of  on  manufactures,  6713. 
For    Philippines,    urgent    necessity 
of,  6737. 


General  acquiescence  in,  6652. 

Laws,  wise  time  for  revision,  7083. 

On   wood   pulp   should   be   removed, 
7099. 

Principal,  acquiescence  of  countrv 
in,  6713. 

Reduction  of  no  avail  to  cure  trust 
evils,  6712. 

Reciprocity  with  Germany,  7283. 

Relations  with  Germany,  7122. 

Removal   of,   from   anthracite   coal, 
urged,  6714. 

Revision,  preparation  for,  7346. 
Taxes,  general  subject  discussed,  7042. 

Income     and    inheritance     advised, 

7042. 
Tea  and  tobacco  examiners  added  to 

Chicago  customs  service,  6971. 
Technical    and    industrial    education 

discussed,  7045. 
Telephone  and  Telegraph   Companies, 

control  of,  by  Interstate  Commerc.- 

Commission,  7200. 

Thanksgiving.      (See   Proclamations.) 
Thanks    of,   to   Army   for   services   in 

Cuba  and  the  Philippines,  6693. 
Timber  on  railroad  land  grants,  7303. 
Tobacco  and  tea  examiners  added  to 

Chicago  customs  service,  6971. 
Townsite  lands,  reservation  of,  6874. 
Townsites,  manner  of  establishing  de- 
scribed, 6880,  6887. 
Trade  agreements,  encouragement  of. 

7345. 
Trade  unions  and  corporations,  checks 

upon, 6974,  7072. 
Trade  unions,  legality  of,  7345. 
Trade  Unionists  in  government  serv- 
ice, 6783. 

Trade  with  the  Orient,  7362. 
Treaties,  reciprocity,  attention  called 
to,  6653. 

Advocated,  6714. 
Treaties,    with    Colombia    and    Cuba, 

6740. 

Treaty,      commercial,      rights      under 
Algeciras  Convention,  7062. 

Reciprocity,  with  Cuba,  6717. 

For  construction  of  Panama  Canal, 

7020. 
Tree-planting,   land  for,   set  apart   in 

Nebraska,  6709. 
Tribunal  of  Paris,  killing  of  fur  seals 

regulated  by,  7063. 
Truant  Court  of  District  of  Columbia, 

7035. 
Trust     companies,    subject    to     same 

supervision  as  banks,  7082. 
Trusts.     (See  also  Corporations.) 

Evils     of,     tariff    reduction     of    no 
avail  to  cure,  6712. 

Ignorant  legislation  against,  helpful 
to.  6647. 

Incorporated    in    one    state    to    do 
business  in  manv,  6648. 


Roosevelt 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Interstate  character  of,  6648. 
Limited  control  of,  favored,  6648. 
Overcapitalization  of,  evil  of,  6647. 
Eegulation  of,  by  States  impossible, 

6648. 

Turkey,  relations  with,  6797. 
Types  of  corrupt  leaders,  7034. 
Uintah  Indian  lands  opened  to  settle- 
ment, 6956. 
Union   label,   injunctions  invoked  to 

protect,  7213. 
Union  labor  in  government   employ, 

6897. 
Unions   of   wageworkers,   rights   and 

duties  of,  6650. 
United  States  influence  for  peace  on 

the  western  hemisphere,  7062. 
Unjust  discrimination,  power  of  Con- 
gress to  regulate,  6712. 
Venezuela — 

Blockade    of    ports    of,    by    Great 

Britain,  Germany  and  Italy,  6794. 

Foreign   claims   against,    submitted 

to   Hague   Court   of   Arbitration, 

6794. 

Venezuelan  cases,  arbitration  of,  be- 
fore Hague  Tribunal,  6941. 
Vessels  and  cargoes  from  Cuba,  duties 

on, suspended,  6690. 
Veterans,  union,  gratitude  of  nation 

to,  6672. 

Vicksburg  National  Park,  naval  mon- 
ument for,  7104. 
Veto  messages  discussing — 

Civil  Service  appointments  in  Cen- 
sus Bureau,  7176. 
Claims  for  damages  done  by  Army, 

6774. 

Desertion   from  Army,  6684. 
Desertion  from  Navy,  6684. 
Duplicate  legislation,   6772. 
Judicial  districts  of  South  Carolina, 

6772. 
Undesirable     army     officers,     6773, 

6774,  6775. 

Water  power  sites,  6777,  7151. 
Volunteer  soldiery,  reliance  upon,  in 

crisis,  6672. 
Waueworkers — 

Efficiency  of,  commended,  6650. 
Rights  of,  discussed,  6896. 
Unions,  rights  and  duties  of,  6650. 
Welfare  of,  discussed,  6649. 
War  among  Central  American  Repub- 
lics, 7061. 
Mediation    of    United    States    and 

Mexico  in,  7062. 
War— 

Between  civilized  powers,  decrease 

in,  6717,  6993. 
Kvil   effects  of,   reduced   by   Hague 

agreement,  7120. 

Justifiable  under  certain  conditions, 
7065. 


Of   1812,  strong  navy  would  have 

prevented,  7067. 
Washington,    bust    of,    presented    by 

French  citizens,  6858. 
Washington  City — 

Civic  conditions  in,  discussed,  6902. 

Elimination  of  smoke  nuisance  in, 
7012. 

Plan  to  make  model  city  of,  6902. 
Washington  State — 

Land  in,  reserved  for  navy  target 

range,  6706. 
Water  Power — 

Monopoly  of,  fast  growing,  7154. 

Privilege    at    Mussel    Shoals,    Ala., 
veto  of,  677.7. 

Rights,    basis    on    which    granted, 
7346. 

Site,  on  James  River,  Mo.,  refusal 

of  privilege  of,  7151. 
Water  Supply — 

Conserved  by  forest  reserves,  6657. 

State  control  of,  6659. 

Storage,  too  vast  for  private  enter- 
prise, 6657. 

Storage  for  irrigation,  6657. 
Waterways — 

Commission,  report  of,  7289. 

Commission,  support  of,  7189. 

Development  of,  7094. 

Improvement  of,  7222,  7264,  7346. 
Wealth,    accumulation     of,    an     inci- 
dental benefit  to  all,  6(546. 
Wealthy    malefactors,    difficulties    of 
conviction  of,  7085,  7091. 

Methods  of  attack  upon  administra- 
tion, 7138. 
Weather  Bureau  site  at  Fort  Yuma, 

Ariz.,  reserved,  6704. 
Weil    and    La    Abra   awards    against 

Mexico  returned,  6679. 
Welfare    of    wageworkers    discussed, 

6649. 
Welfare,  public,  dependent  upon  high 

individual  character,  6973. 
West  Point  and  Annapolis,  graduates 

of,  7068. 

White  House,  restoration  of,  to  orig- 
inal plans,  6729,  6739. 
Wife-beater,  corporal  punishment  for, 

suggested,  C905. 

Women,  labor  of,  investigation  of,  by 
Department  of  Commerce  and 
Labor,  69S-1. 

Employment     of,     in     Washington, 
6!)  S3. 

Employment  of,  discussed,  7090. 
Women  and  children — 

Labor  of,  investigation  of,  7035. 
Woodward,    Okla.,   land    in,   ceded    to, 

for  park,  6889. 
Wood  pulp,  should  be  relieved  of  tariff 

duty,  7099,  7346. 

Workmen's    compensation    laws    dis- 
cussed, 7087. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Rumania 


Wrongs  of  other  nations  and  peoples, 

interest  in,  6925. 
Yosemite  Valley  given  to  government 

for  park,  7012. 

Yuma,  Ariz.,  Custom  House   site  re- 
served at,  6705. 
Weather   Bureau   site   reserved   at, 

6704. 
Roosevelt  Dam.    (See  Illustration  oppft- 

site  page  6660.) 

Booster. — An    emblem    of    the    Democratic 
party,  often  used  at  the  head  of  the  ballot 
to  designate  the  party. 
Eosebud     Indian     Reservation,     South 
Dakota,  opened  for  settlement,  6875. 
Rough  Riders,  referred  to,  6637. 
Round     Island,     assemblage     on,     dis- 
persed, 2585. 
Round  Valley  Reservation,  Cal.: 

Allotments    of    land    to    Indians    on, 

4955. 
Payment    for    improvements,     4692, 

4781. 

Reduction  of,  discussed,  5178,  5494. 
Rouses  Point,  N.  Y.,  mentioned,  2859. 
Rover,  The,  crew  of,  murdered,  3830. 
Ruatan     Island,     convention     between 
Great  Britain  and  Honduras  regard- 
ing, 2955. 

' '  Rules  of  Behavior. ' '  — Rules  set  down 
by  George  Washington  from  time  to  time, 
some  of  them  maxims  copied  from  different 
authors.  It  is  said  that,  for  the  greater 
part,  this  set  of  rules  might  well  be  taken 
for  the  guidance  of  any  youth,  and  that  the 
adoption  of  them  by  George  Washington  ac- 
counted in  no  small  measure  for  his  up- 
rightness of  character  and  his  splendid 
poise.  The  theme  of  these  rules  is  :  "La- 
bor to  keep  alive  in  your  breast  that  little 
spark  of  celestial  fire,  conscience." 
Rum,  Romanism  and  Rebellion.— At  a 
meeting  of  clergymen  of  all  denominations 
held  in  the  Fifth  Avenue  Hotel.  New  York, 
during1  the  Presidential  campaign  of  1884, 
Rev.  Samuel  D.  Burchard,  in  an  address 
favoring  the  election  of  the  Republican 
candidate,  described  the  Democrats  as  the 
party  of  Rum,  Romanism  and  Rebellion. 
The  phrase  was  immediately  taken  up  and 
used  to  alienate  many  persons  otherwise 
friendly  to  the  Republican  party,  and  as 
the  party  in  that  year  suffered  defeat  by 
a  very  small  margin  many  attributed  it  to 
the  utterance  of  this  alliterative  phrase. 

Rumania. — Rumania  is  situated  in  south- 
eastern Europe,  northeast  of  the  Balkan 
Peninsula,  and  consists  of  the  eastern  ter- 
ritory of  Dobrudja,  ou  the  Black  Sea,  the 
northern  territory  of  Moldavia  between  the 
Carpathians  and  the  river  Pruth,  and  the 
southern  territory  of  Walachia,  between  the 
Transylvnninn  Alps  and  the  river  Danube. 
These  territories  lie  between  43°  2.V-48" 
15'  N.  latitude  and  extend  from  22°  25'- 
29°  40'  K.  longitude.  The  political  neigh- 
bors of  Rumania  are  Russia  (Bessarabia) 
ou  the  east,  Hungary  on  the  northwest  and 
north,  Servia  on  the  west,  and  Bulgaria  on 
the  south. 

Physical  Feature?. — The  country  lies  main- 
ly   in   the   basin  of   the    Danube,    the   plain 


consisting  of  rich  pasture  and  agricultural 
land,  tlic  intermediate  region  of  the  vine- 
yard and  fruit  districts  and  the.  higher  slopes 
and  valleys  of  birch,  lurch  and  pint;  forests. 

The  Danube  enters  the  country  at  the 
junction  of  the  Huugarian-Ser\  ian-Ktima- 
niaii  boundary  in  the  extreme  west,  through 
the  Iron  Gates  between  the  Balkans  and 
Carpathians  (Trausylvaniau  Alps),  and 
forms  the  southwestern  boundary  with  Ser- 
via and  the  southern  boundary  with  Bul- 
garia for  nearly  300  miles.  Tbe  "Iron 
Gates,"  so  called  from  the  numerous  rocks 
in  the  waterway,  have  been  rendered  nav- 
igable by  blowing  up  the  principal  ob- 
structions (see  European  Commission  of  the 
Danube  post).  The  Danube  flows  north- 
east and  north,  and  effects  a  confluence  with 
the  Sereth  and  Pruth  before  reaching  the 
Black  Sea  through  the  delta  of  north-east- 
ern Dobrudja.  Many  tributaries  join  the 
Danube  from  the  foothills  of  the  northern 
mountains  across  the  Walachian  Plain. 
The  Danube  is  frozen  over  every  winter,  in 
some  years  for  three  mouths.  The  climate 
of  Rumania  is  extreme,  with  intense  cold 
and  tierce  summer  heat. 

Uifitory. — The  Kingdom  of  Rumania  has 
its  origin  in  the  union  of  the  Daiiubian 
Principalities  of  Walachia  and  Moldavia 
and  the  addition  thereto  of  a  strip  of  south- 
ern Bessarabia,  under  the  Treaty  of  1'aris. 
in  1836.  The  principalities  were  an  integral 
part  of  the  Turkish  Dominions,  but  for 
many  years  a  spirit  of  independence  has 
been  exhibited,  although  tribute  was  paid 
to  the  Sultan.  In  1859  the  Conventions 
of  the  two  principalities  met  at  Bucharest 
and  Jassy  and  elected  Prince  Alexander 
John  Cuza  as  ruler,  under  the  suzerainty  of 
the  Porte.  Prince  Cuza  reigned  from  1859- 
1866,  in  which  year  he  abdicated,  and 
Prince  Charles  Antony  of  Hoheuzollern- 
Sigmaringen  was  elected  in  his  stead.  By 
the  Treaty  of  Berlin,  July  13,  1878,  the 
new  Principality  was  recognized  as  an  in- 
dependent State,  and  the  territory  of  the 
Dobrudja  was  recognized  as  part  of  the 
Principality.  Rumania  was  forced  into  the 
Balkan  war  of  1913,  and  at  its  conclusion 
acquired  further  territory  from  Bulgaria. 
King  Charles  died  in  November,  1914,  and 
was  succeeded  by  his  nephew,  Ferdinand. 

Government.— On  March  14  (27),  1881, 
Rumania  was  raised  to  a  Kingdom,  and 
recognized  as  such  by  all  the  Great  Powers, 
the  Prince  being  crowned  at  Bucharest  on 
May  9  (22),  1881.  The  crown  is  hereditary 
in  the  male  line  of  the  house  of  Hohen- 
zollern-Sigmaringen,  and  by  a  law  of  March 
14  (27),  1889,  Prince  Ferdinand  of  Hohen- 
zollern,  nephew  of  the  King,  was  declared 
heir-presumptive  to  the  throne.  Rumania 
is  not  a  Balkan  State  and  took  no  part 
in  the  war  against  Turkey  in  1912-1913,  but 
secured  a  readjustment  of  her  southeastern 
frontier  while  Bulgaria  was  at  war  with 
Greece  and  Servia  in  1913. 

Under  the  Constitution  there  is  a  parlia- 
ment of  two  houses.  The  Senate  consists 
of  the  Heir-Apparent,  the  two  Archbishops 
and  six  Bishops,  and  the  Rectors  of  the 
Universities  of  Bucharest  and  Jassy,  with 
109  senators,  elected  for  four  years  by  elec- 
toral colleges  in  each  constituency.  The 
Chamber  of  Deputies  consists  of  183  mem- 
bers, elected  by  three  colleges,  the  first  and 
second  composed  of  direct  electors  on  a 
property  and  educational  franchise,  the 
third  being  formed  of  the  remaining  tax- 
payers, of  whom  the  illiterate  vote  indi- 
rectly, the  remainder  being  direct  voters 
with  the  other  colleges. 

The  law  is  based  principally  upon  the 
Code  NapoKkm,  and  the  courts  consist  of 
communal  and  circuit  courts  with  appeals 
to  the  sessional  courts. 


Rumania 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


The  kiugdoin  is  divided  into  thirty- 
three  departments  governed  by  Prefects, 
and  are  .subdivided  into  sub-prefectures  and 
communes. 

Population. — The  population  may  be  esti- 
mated at  7,230,000  in  1913  (including  the 
population  of  the  territory  ceded  by  Bul- 
garia), and  of  this  total  over  6,000,000 
are  Rumanians  (Vlachs),  the  remainder  be- 
ing Jews,  Armenians,  Gipsies,  Greeks.  Ger- 
mans. Turks,  Tartars,  Magyars,  Servians 
and  Bulgarians.  The  Jews  and  Armenians 
increase  more  rapidly  than  the  Vlach  or 
other  racial  elements.  The  Rumanian  lan- 
guage is  of  Latin  origin,  with  many  bor- 
rowed words  from  Magyar  or  Greek  sources. 
For  the  army  see  Armies  of  the  World. 
Xary.— The  Navy  consists  (1913)  of  thirty 
vessels  on  the  Black  Sea  and  the  Danube, 
and  includes  one  cruiser  of  5,000  tons  and 
six  gunboats  ;  four  torpedo-boat  destroyers 
are  heing  built  in  Italy.  The  Navy  is 
manned  by  140  officers  and  2,200  seamen. 
Finnni-c. — The  budget  for  1014-1015  pro- 
vided for  an  expenditure  of  the  equivalent  of 
.S01.N77.0OO.  in  anticipation  of  a  revenue  of 
$!>4.0H2.000.  The  debt  in  1913  was  stated 
at  1, 81 4,991 ,61[>  leu.  the  leu,  the  unit  of 
value,  being  equivalent  to  $0.10.3  United 
States  money. 

Production  and  Industry. — The  soil  of  the 
Walachian  Plain,  and  of  the  lower  districts 
of  Moldavia,  is  among  the  most  fertile  in 
the  world,  and  the  productive  vineyards 
I  176,452  acres)  had  an  output  of  21,855,614 
gallons  of  wine  in  101  1.  There  are  close  on 
t. OOO.OOd  acres  of  meadow  land  for  hay. 
The  I/ive  Stock  includes  cattle  and  buffaloes, 
sheep,  goats,  pigs,  horses,  mules  and  asses. 
Since  1886  State  control  has  prevented 
the  further  depletion  of  the  forest  area, 
which  lies  principally  in  the  mountain  val- 
leys of  northwest  Moldavia.  Petroleum, 
salt,  lignite  and  brown  coal  are  found  and 
largely  worked,  salt,  being  a  Government 
monopoly,  while  iron,  copper,  lead,  mercury, 
cinnabar,  cobalt,  nickel,  sulphur,  arsenic, 
and  china  clay  also  occur.  The  petroleum 
(and  ozokerite)  industry  is  reviving,  and 
now  assumes  first-class  importance.  Stone, 
granite,  and  marble  are  now  largely  worked, 
and  amber  is  found  in  valuable1  quantities. 
There  are  many  mlix  ral  springs,  and  some 
of  the  State-supported  spas  are  much  fre- 
quented, Baltzateshte  in  particular  being  a 
favorite  resort  for  invalids  from  eastern  Eu- 
rope. 

Railways, — In  1010  there  were  3.755  kilo- 
meters of  line  open  for  traffic,  almost  the 
rut  ire  system  being  State  owned.  There 
arc  live  Hues  from  the  northern  to  the 
southern  boundaries  and  there  arc  east-west 
lines  through  the  capital. 

An  International  Commission  was  created 
by  the  Treaty  of  Paris  M850>  with  en- 
larged powers  under  the  Treaty  of  Berlin 
(  1878)  for  the  control  of  the  navigation 
of  the  I)aniibe.  The  Commission  exercises 
sovereign  powers  over  t  he  navigation  of 
the  river,  the  headquarters  being  at  Galatz. 
The  cost  of  administration  is  met  by  dues 
and  amounts  to  about  £60.000  annually.  A 
large  dock  has  been  opened  (1892)  fit 
Braila.  and  the  Iron  Gates  were  rendered 
navigable  in  1800  by  the  destruction  of  the 
dangerous  rocks  in  the  waterway. 

HII  tran<-r  intn  l-'.iirnj>c<ni  \\'nr. — The  ques- 
tion of  Rumania's  entry  into  the  war  was 
settled  Aug.  28.  1010]  when  a  note  de- 
claring that  Rumania  from  0  o'clock  on  the 
evening  of  Aug.  27,  considered  herself  in  a 
state  of  war  with  Austria-Hungary  \vns 
presented  to  the  Austro-I  Itinga  Han  Foreign 
Minister  by  the  Rumanian  Minister  at 
Vienna. 

Aecording  to  the  note  the  persecution  of 
Rumanians  by  Austro-IIungurian  officials 


was  alleged,  and  it  was  charged  that  agree- 
ments which  existed  between  Rumania  and 
the  former  members  of  the  Triple  Alliance 
had  been  broken  in  letter  and  spirit  from 
the  time  Germany  and  Austria  entered  tin- 
war.  Italy,  the  declaration  said,  was  obliged 
to  detach  herself  from  Austria  and  Ger- 
many. 

In  conclusion,  the  communication  set  forth 
as  follows  the  motives  in  compelling  Ru- 
mania to  enter  the  war  : 

First — The  Rumanian  population  in  Aus- 
trian territories  is  exposed  to  the  hazards  of 
war  and  of  invasion. 

Second — Rumania  believes  that  by  inter- 
vening she  can  shorten  the  world  war. 

Third — Rumania  places  herself  on  the  side 
of  those  Powers  which  she  believes  can  as- 
sist her  most  efficaciously  in  realizing  her 
national  ideal. 

An  official  statement  issued  in  Berlin  said  : 
"After  Rumania,  as  already  reported,  dis- 
gracefully broke  treaties  'concluded  with 
Austria-Hungary  and  Germany  she  declared 
war  yesterday  against  our  ally.  The  Im- 
perial German  Minister  to  Rumania  has  re- 
ceived instructions  to  request  his  passports 
and  to  declare  to  the  Rumanian  Government 
that  Germany  now  likewise  considers  herself 
at  war  with  Rumania." 

The  entrance  of  Rumania  into  the  Euro- 
pean War  turned  out  to  be  one  of  the  most 
pathetic  tragedies  of  the  conflict.  Facing 
the  German  charge  of  treachery  but  a  feeble 
resistance  was  made  to  the  advancing  Ten 
ton  armies,  and  within  six  months  the  en- 
tire country  was  in  the  hands  of  the  vic- 
torious Central  powers. 

Trade  trith  the  United  States. — The  value 
of  merchandise  imported  into  Rumania 
from  the  United  States  for  the  year  1013 
was  $2,417.591,  and  goods  to  the  value  of 
?348,481  were  sent  thilher — a  balance  of 
$2,069,110  in  favor  of  the  United  Slates. 
Rumania: 

Consular  convention  with,  4622,  4627. 

Referred  to,  47.17. 

Diplomatic  relations  with,  3089,  r>994. 
Independence  of,  announced,  4/562. 
Persecution     of    Israelites    in,     4017, 

4121,  4122. 

Trade-marks,  treaty  regarding,  4667. 
Treaty  with,  4658." 

Rumania,  Treaties  with.  (For  details 
of  the  consular  convention  of  1881  see 
Consular  Conventions.) 
Rump  Convention.— A  name  designating 
a  meeting  of  the  minority  members  of  a 
party  convention  who  secede  from  the  eon- 
vention.  and  declare  for  a  different  policy  or 
different  candidates.  One  of  tl'e  most  not- 
nble  instances  of  rump  conventions  occurred 
when  Senator  Teller  of  Colorado,  aided  by 
Senator  Cannon  of  Utah,  led  a  party  of  Free 
Silver  advocates  out  of  the  Republican  Con 
ventlon  in  1896.  ;md  virtuallv  delivered 
them  to  the  Hemocralic  partv,  because  the 
Republican  platform  declared'  for  the  Gold 
Standard. 

Rural  Credits.     (See  Farm   Loan    Act.) 
Bill  for  creation  of,  deferred,  SO  IS. 
System   of,   recommended,  700S. 

Rural  Delivery.     (See  Division  of  Rural 
Delivery.) 

Rural  Free  Delivery.      (See   Postoflice.) 

Russia. — The  Russian  Empire,  which  cov- 
ers nearly  cighi  and  a  half  million  square 
miles  of  the  land  surface  of  the  globe,  ex- 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Russia 


tends  from  tho  west  limits  of  Poland,  In 
17°  10.  longitude,  to  Kast  Cape,  the  ex- 
Irt'inlty  of  the  Continent  of  Asia,  in  191° 
10.  (10!)°  \V.)  loiigltude,  and  from  Cape 
Chelyuskin,  in  tin1  Taimyr  1'eninsula  (77J 
40'  N.  latitude),  to  the  frontier  of  Afghanis- 
tan, ;j;V  N.  latitude.  Of  this  vast  area  Rus- 
sia In  Kurope  Is  bounded  on  the  north  by 
the  Barents  Sea;  on  the  west  by  Scandina- 
via, the  Gulf  of  Bothnia  and  the  Baltic 
Sea,  and  by  the  German  and  Austro- 
llungarian  Kmpires  and  Uumania  ;  on  the 
south  by  the  Black  Sea  and  tho  Caucasus; 
and  on  the  east  by  the  Caspian  Sen  and 
the  1'ral  Mountains. 

Kuropean  Russia  has  an  area  exceeding 
2,OUO,OOU  square  miles,  and  is  1,700  miles 
from  north  to  south,  and  1,400  miles  from 
east  to  west.  Asiatic  Itnssia  has  an  area 
of  close  on  0, 500,000  square  miles,  and  is 
4,000  miles  from  east  to  west,  and  2.400 
miles  from  north  to  south  (from  the  Kara 
Sea  to  the  1'ainir  boundary). 

In  tho  Gulf  of  Bothnia  are  the  Karlo, 
Kast  Kvarken  and  Aland  Islands  of  Fin- 
land; Dago  and  Osel  in  the  Baltic;  Novaya 
/emlya,  Koiguyev  and  Vaigach,  in  the 
Barents  Sea  ;  the  New  Siberian  Islands, 
Boar  Islands,  and  Wrangel  Laud,  in  the 
Arctic  Ocean;  the  Commander  Islands  off 
Kamchatka  ;  and  the  Shantar  Islands  and 
the  northern  part  af  Sakhalin,  in  the  Sea 
of  Okhotsk. 

Physical  Features. — European  Russia  con- 
sists of  a  vast  plain,  the  eastern  Low- 
land of  Kurope,  between  the  Ural  Moun- 
tains and  the  Caucasus  of  the  east  and 
south  and  the  Carpathians  of  the  south- 
west. The  Ural  Mountains,  which  divide 
the  Continents  of  Kurope  and  Asia,  and 
extend  from  the  Kara  Sea  to  the  Caspian, 
culminate  in  Toltposs-is  (5. -100  feet),  but 
the  Caucasus,  which  run  from  the  Black 
Sea  to  the  Caspian,  reach  to  18,520  feet  in 
Mount  Klburz  and  16,040  feet  ill  Mount 
Kazbek. 

Asiatic  Russia,  is  enclosed  by  mountain 
ranges  within  which  lie  the  Plains  of  Tur- 
kestan and  Siberia.  The  principal  rivers 
of  Kuropean  Russia  are  the  Volga,  Don, 
Dnieper,  Rug  and  Dniester,  the  Vistula, 
Nil-men  and  Duna,  Hi  >  Neva,  Onega,  Dvina 
and  Me/,en,  and  the  Pechora.  Asiatic  Rus- 
sia contains  the  four  great  rivers,  Ob,  Ye- 
nisei, Lena,  and  Amur.  Finland  and  tho 
Baltic  provinces  contain  Innumerable  lakes, 
Ladoga  being  the  largest  lake  of  Kurope. 

The  climate  of  Kuropean  Russia  is  typi- 
cal of  the  most  extreme  Continental  con- 
ditions, Moscow  having  a  winter  tempera- 
ture of  12°  F.,  while  the  summer  tempera- 
ture of  the  eastern  portion  is  above  08° 
F.  At  Verkhoyansk  the  soil  has  been 
found  to  be  permanently  frozen  to  a  depth 
of  nearly  400  feet,  although  the  summer 
mean  temperature  is  higher  than  that  of 
Paris. 

History. — The  vast  Russian  Empire  is  tho 
outcome  of  the  Tsardom  of  Muscovy,  found- 
ed in  the  latter  part  of  the  fifteenth  century 
by  Ivan  the  Great,  of  the  house  of  Rurik. 
who  reigned  from  1402  to  1505,  and  enlarged 
the  Principality  of  Moscow  into  an  auto- 
cratic kingdom  over  a  wide  territory.  In 
1013  the  throne  passed  to  a  collateral 
branch  of  the  house,  Michael  Romanov 
(1013-1045)  being  elected  Tsar  by  the  Na- 
tional Assembly.  Since  the  accession  of 
the  Romanovs  the  boundaries  of  the  Em- 
pire have  been  constantly  extended.  Little 
Russia,  or  the  Ukraine,  was  annexed  in 
1007,  and  under  Peter  the  Great  (108!)- 
1725)  an  outlet  was  acquired  on  the  Black 
Sea  by  the  capture  of  Azov  from  the  Turks, 
and  t'he  Baltic  Provinces  and  part  of  Fin- 
land were  captured  from  the  Swedes.  The 
capital  was  transferred  from  Moscow  to 


St.  Petersburg  (now  Potrogradj  In  1711, 
and  Peter  the  Great  was  proclaimed  10m- 
pcror  of  All  Russia.  At  the  close  of  tho 
eighteenth  century  the  Kmpire  extended 
from  Coin-land  to  the  Urals,  and  from  the 
Arctic  to  the  Black  Sea.  In  the  nineteenth 
century  Russian  rule  was  extended  over  thu 
basin  of  the  Amur  and  from  the  Caspian  Sea 
to  Chinese  Turkestan,  and  at  the  beginning 
of  the  twentieth  century  the  present  limits 
from  the  Baltic  to  the  Pacitic,  and  from  the 
Arctic  to  the  Asiatic  Plateau,  were  pre- 
vented from  spreading  to  the  Yellow  Sea 
by  the  Russo-Japanese  War  of  11)04-1005. 

(See  also  Kiiroi><>an  War  of  1014,  and  Rus- 
sian Revolution,  below.) 

Qowrnniunt. — From  the  establishment  of 
the  Principality  of  Moscow,  which  became 
the  dominant  force  in  Russian  affairs  at 
the.  downfall  of  the  Tartar  rule  (1238- 
1402),  until  the  beginning  of  the  present 
century  the  government  of  Russia  was  an 
unlimited  autocracy.  Certain  reforms  were 
introduced  from  time  to  time.  Serfdom 
was  abolished  in  ISO],  and  elective  pro- 
vincial and  municipal  assemblies  were  cre- 
ated in  1804-1870,  while  the  legal  system 
was  purged  of  many  of  its  gravest  abuses, 
T'he  unsuccessful  termination  of  the  Russo- 
Japanese  War  of  1 1(04-1  !»05  led  to  the  ex- 
pression of  a  national  feeling  in  favor  of 
representative  institutions,  and  on  Octo- 
ber 17  (30),  1!)05,  the  Tsar  issued  a  mani- 
festo promising  a  constitution.  In  1006 
the  "Imperial  Duma"  was  opened  by  the 
Tsar,  but  its  del  lands  were  regarded  as 
excessive,  and  it  was  dissolved.  The  sec- 
ond Duma  (l'.)07)  met  with  a  similar  fate, 
and  before  the  third  Duma  was  elected  the 
franchise  and  methods  of  representation 
were  modified.  The  thiru  Duma  was  elected 
on  Nov.  1  (14),  1007,  for  live  years,  and 
has  proved  to  be  less  revolutionary  in  char- 
acter th-">  its  predecessors. 

The  crown  is  hereditary  in  the  house  of 
Romanov-lIolslein-Gottorp.  The  Kmperor 
must  belong  to  the  Orthodox  Church,  and 
must  not  wear  a  crown  involving  residence 
outside  the  boundaries  of  the  Kmpire.  But 
the  Imperial  theory  that  limits  set  to  the 
power  of  the  crown  by  imperial  concession 
may  be  revoked  by  imperial  decree  scarcely 
just  i ties  the  term  "Constitutional  Monarchy." 
Many  topics  are  withheld  from  discussion 
by  the  legislature,  so  that  parliamentary 
government  is  far  from  complete,  while 
the  franchise  is  highly  restricted,  elections 
to  the  Duma  are  indirect,  and  ministers  are 
responsible  not  to  the  legislature  but  to  the 
Tsar.  Ruler:  Nicholas  II.  Alexandrovitch, 
Emperor  and  Autocrat  of  ail  the  Russias, 
Tsar  of  Moscow,  Kiev,  Vladimir,  Novgo- 
rod, Kazan,  Astrakhan,  Poland,  Siberia, 
Tauric  Chersonese,  and  of  Georgia,  Lord  of 
Pskov,  Grand  Duke  of  Smolensk,  Lithuania, 
Volhynia,  Podolia  and  Finland,  etc.  ;  born 
at  Petrograd.  May  (i  CIS)).  180S ;  came  to 
the  throne  Oct.  20  i  Nov.  2i.  18i)4. 

By  Imperial  rescript  of  Oct.  17  (30), 
1905,  the  Kmperor  declared  his  intention  of 
sharing  the  legislative  power  with  an  elected 
national  assembly,  or  Imperial  Duma,  and 
by  a  proclamation  of  Feb.  20  (March  5), 
1!)00,  the  Council  of  the  Kmpire  was  asso- 
ciated with  the  Duma,  as  an  Upper  Cham- 
ber. The  Council  of  the  Kmpire  consists 
of  ninety-eight  members  appointed  by  the 
Kmperor,  and  ninety-eight  members  elected 
by  various  bodies  for  nine  years  and  one- 
third  renewable  triennially  (six  are  elected 
by  orthodox  clergy,  forty  by  provincial  as- 
semblies, sixteen  by  landowners,  eighteen 
by  the  nobility,  six  by  the  Academy  of  Sci- 
ences and  the  universities,  and  twelve  by 
commercial  and  industrial  corporations). 
The  judicial  system  consists  of  four  sets  of 
tribunals  and  a  supreme  court.  (For  the 


Russia 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


army  see  Armies  of  the  World  and  for  the 
navy  see  Navies  of  the  World.) 

Ru  HH  inn  Revolution,  1917. — The  entire 
civilized  world  was  thrilled  by  news  from 
Petrograd  (the  name  of  the  Russian  capital 
since  the  outbreak  of  the  Great  European 
War — the  old  name,  St.  Petersburg,  being 
discarded  because  of  its  German  form)  on 
March  16,  11)17,  announcing  the  destruction 
of  the  Russian  autocracy  and  the  establish- 
ment of  a  democratic  form  of  government  in 
Russia.  For  years  and  years,  liberals,  radi- 
cals, and  revolutionists  in  the  Tsar's  empire 
Lad  planned  to  overthrow  the  ruling  dynasty, 
only  to  be  crushed  so  mercilessly  and 
thwarted  so  effectively  that  the  days  of 
democratic  government  in  the  largest  of 
the  countries  of  Europe  bad  seemed  to 
belong  to  the  dim  and  distant  future.  The 
announcement  of  the  complete  overthrow  of 
the  Tsar's  government  was  particularly 
timely  in  that  it  came  but  three  weeks 
before  the  United  States  allied  herself  with 
Russia  as  the  opponent  of  the  Imperial 
German  Government  in  the  European  War. 
Because  of  the  fact  that  the  new  democratic 
form  of  government  in  Russia  took  long 
firmly  to  establish  itself,  and  because  of  the 
difficulty  of  complete  communication  between 
Russia  and  America  during  the  war,  the 
facts  of  the  revolution  are  not  matters  of 
definite  general  knowledge.  The  following 
statements,  however,  seem  to  be  warranted  : 

Despite  the  thoroughness  of  the  revolu- 
tion, it  was  accomplished  quietly,  and  with 
comparatively  little  bloodshed.  Indeed,  only 
the  small  number  of  persons  possessing  inti- 
mate knowledge  of  factors  working  below  the 
surface  in  Russia  were  aware  that  any  com- 
prehensive steps  toward  revolution  were  be- 
ing taken.  In  these  respects,  the  Rusian 
revolution  furnishes  a  great  contrast  to  the 
French  Revolution.  For  the  primary  cause 
of  the  revolution,  one  must  turn  to  the  rise 
of  the  Duma  in  Russia,  (See  Russia — His- 
tory), with  the  constant  attempt  of  the  Tsar 
and  of  the  Russian  oligarchy  to  limit  its 
power.  With  the  beginning  of  the  European 
War,  liberals  and  radicals  in  Russia  tem- 
porarily abandoned  their  efforts  for  the 
democratization  of  the  government,  but  soon 
were  aroused  again  to  active  opposition  to 
the  forces  in  power  because  of  the  lack 
of  vigor  with  which  the  Government  was 
prosecuting  the  war.  Not  only  was  there 
inefficiency,  but  there  was  also  every  indi- 
cation that  the  entire  administration  of  the 
Russian  army  was  overrun  with  graft  and 
lack  of  patriotism,  so  that  the  sacrifices  of 
the  Russian  people  in  )>oth  life  and  money 
were  being  made  in  vain.  The  army,  dis- 
gusted with  oligarchy,  had  become  imbued 
with  an  intense  longing  for  democracy.  The 
strength  of  German  influence  at  court  also 
soon  made  itself  felt.  Two  premiers  ap- 
pointed by  the  Tsar,  who  was  considered  a 
weak  pawn  in  the  hands  of  the  unscrupulous 
nobility  in  power,  were  known  to  be  pro- 
Teuton  in  their  sympathies,  and  fears  were 
freely  expressed  that  a  separate  peace  with 
Germany  would  be  negotiated.  A  coarse 
but  shrewd  Russian  priest,  Gregory  Ras- 
putin, had  achieved  marvelous  power  at 
court,  and  it  was  known  that  his  influence 
was  l>eing  used  for  German  purposes ;  and 
other  ministers  appointed  to  power  were 
reactionaries  whom  the  liberals  had  long 
fought  to  discredit — notably  the  universally- 
hated  Protopopoff. 

Efficient  and  liberal  forces  in  the  Duma 
accordingly  were  moved  to  niritnte  for  re- 
forms, only  to  be  met  with  absolute  denial 
of  their  requests.  By  February,  1H17,  the 
maladministration  and  dishonesty  of  the 
Government  had  served  to  bring  on  a  famine. 
Food  was  almost  unobtainable  and 
the  people  became  desperate.  In  the 


meantime,  the  army  had  seen  itself  ren- 
dered ineffective,  and  lent  itself  readily 
to  the  seeds  of  revolt  sown  quietly  and 
effectively  in  its  ranks — probably  under  the 
direction  particularly  of  the  premier  of  the 
new  government  soon  to  be  established, 
Lvoff.  Rasputin  was  assassinated.  Early 
in  March  strikes  and  protest  meetings  sprang 
out  everywhere  in  Petrograd,  and  the  army 
openly  sympathized  with  them.  The  police 
were  unable  to  subdue  the  rioters,  and  on 
March  4,  the  troops  were  ordered  to  patrol 
the  streets  and  the  city  was  placed  under 
martial  law.  But  the'  troops  soon  sided 
with  the  strikers  against  the  police.  Fin- 
ally, on  March  9,  1917,  the  Duma,  under 
the  leadership  of  its  president,  Rodzianko. 
formally  renounced  allegiance  to  the  Govern- 
ment. 

The  Tsar  replied  by  dissolving  the  Duma, 
but  the  Duma  refused  to  l>e  dissolved,  and 
appealed  to  the  army  and  to  the  people  for 
support.  Hunger  parades  and  democratic 
demonstrations  filled  the  streets  of  Petro- 
grad. The  Tsar  turned  to  his  army  for 
help,  but  the  army  itself  had  become  trans- 
formed by  the  new  spirit,  and  allied  itself 
with  the  Duma.  All  over  Russia,  the  mass 
of  the  peasants  rose  in  support  of  the  revo- 
lution, and  iu  the  Russian  armies  at  the 
front  and  in  the  Russian  navies  on  the  seas 
the  representatives  of  the  old  order  were 
stripped  of  their  authority  practically  over- 
night. Statements  have  been  made  that 
the  revolt  in  the  army  and  navy  was  accom- 
plished quietly,  but  later  reports  seem  to 
indicate  that  the  old  officers  of  the  Tsar 
were  not  displaced  without  bloodshed.  In 
Petrograd  itself,  however,  the  revolution  was 
met  with  only  weak  resistance.  Even  the 
planners  of  the  revolution  seem  to  have  been 
surprised  at  the  strength  it  displayed,  and  at 
the  weakness  of  the  opposition  of  the  autoc- 
racy, formerly  believed  almost  impregnable  in 
its  strength.  The  part  played  by  the  Church 
is  not  clear.  By  March  11.  the  revolution 
was  an  accomplished  fact.  Nicholas  II 
abdicated  the  throne  for  himself  and  for  his 
son,  thus  ending  the  three  hundred  years' 
rule  of  the  Romanov  dynasty.  Other  mem- 
bers of  the  royal  family  were  dispossessed 
and  Imprisoned.  Grand  Duke  Nicholas  was 
removed  as  commander-in-chief  of  the  army, 
to  be  succeeded  by  General  Alexeff.  The  Ted 
flag  of  Socialism  was  adopted  as  the  official 
flag  of  Russia,  although  the  Government  so 
far  established  seems  to  be  along  the  lines 
of  representative  democracy,  with  Socialistic 
proposals  held,  temporarily  at  least,  in  the 
background.  Indeed,  the  moderation  which 
the  new  government  has  shown  has  dis- 
satisfied the  more  extreme  elements  in  Rus- 
sia, and  the  latter  were  responsible  for  an 
unsuccessful  demonstration  against  the 
new  ministry  on  May  3  and  4,  1917,  led  by 
the  Socialistic  Council  of  Workmen's  and 
Soldiers'  Delegates,  representing  more  radi- 
cal forces  in  Russia,  who  desire  peace,  al- 
though not  a  separate  peace,  and  more 
radical  reforms  in  the  new  government. 

The  Premier  of  the  new  cabinet  is  Lvoff. 
who  more  than  any  one  man.  seems  to  have 
been  responsible  for  the  revolution.  The 
controlling  forces  in  the  new  government, 
however,  would  seem  to  be  Professor  Paul 
Milinkoff,  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs,  who 
would  be  called  in  America  a  liberal,  and 
the  more  radical  Socialist,  Kerensky.  Min- 
ister of  Justice.  Soon  after  the  revolution, 
the  throne  of  Russia  was  offered  to  Grand 
Duke  Michael,  but  he  refused  to  accept  the 
offer  unless  the  Russian  people  should  elect 
him  by  universal  suffrage.  On  assuming 
power,  the  new  government  announced  that 
it  would  prosecute  the  war  against  the 
Central  Powers  with  increased  energy.  Com- 
plete amnesty  for  all  political  and  rellgioua 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Russia 


offenses,  universal  manhood  suffrage  (with 
the  status  of  woman  suffrage  in  doubt),  and 
a  constitutional  assembly  similar  to  the 
American  Congress  have  been  proclaimed. 
All  .social  and  religious  restrictions,  espe- 
cially all  restrictions  upon  the  Jews,  have 
been  abolished,  all  political  prisoners  have 
been  released  from  Siberia,  including  many 
whose  earlier  but  unsuccessful  efforts  made 
the  present  revolution  possible,  complete 
liberty  of  speech  and  press  have  been  as- 
sured, and  all  worklngmen  are  to  have  the 
right  to  organize  themselves  into  working- 
men's  associations.  The  police  are  to  be  abol- 
ished, their  places  to  be  filled  by  a  new  mili- 
tia answerable  to  the  Government.  And 
every  effort  is  to  be  made  to  remove  the 
economic  distress  from  which  the  Uussians 
have  so  long  suffered,  and  to  establish  social 
and  legislative  reforms  which  will  parallel 
the  steps  towards  social  justice  being  taken 
by  all  the  other  great  countries  of  Europe 
and  America. 

Early  in  May,  1017,  it  was  announced 
that  commissions  from  Russia  and  the 
United  States  would  exchange  visits,  both 
to  consult  about  the  prosecution  of  the 
European  War,  and  also  to  give  and  re- 
ceive advice  on  the  perpetuation  of  the 
Russian  Revolution.  It  was  announced  that 
the  chairman  of  the  American  commission 
would  be  Elilui  Root,  former  Secretary  of 
State;  the  other  members  to  be:  Charles 
R.  Crane,  of  Chicago,  manufacturer ;  John 
R.  Mott,  of  New  York,  International  Sec- 
retary of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Asso- 
ciation; Cyrus  McCormick,  of  Chicago, 
President  of  the  International  Harvester 
Company  ;  Samuel  R.  Hcrtron,  of  New  York, 
hanker ;  James  Duncan,  vice  president  of 
the  American  Federation  of  Labor:  Charles 
Edward  Russell,  of  New  Y'ork.  writer  and 
Socialist ;  Major-General  Hugh  T>.  Scott, 
chief  of  staff.  United  States  Army ;  Rear- 
Admiral  James  H.  Glennon,  United  States 
Navy. 

In  the  several  months  following  the  revo- 
lution, dissension  broke  out  between  the 
conservative  element  in  control  of  the  new 
ministry,  and  the  radical  and  Socialistic  ele- 
ment represented  by  the  Council  of  Soldiers' 
and  Workmen's  delegates.  The  latter  insist- 
ed that  the  Government  put  into  effect  more 
radical  social  and  economic  reforms  than 
it  had  boen  considering,  and  also  that  an- 
nouncement be  made  that  Russia,  although 
she  would  not  consider  separate  peace  with 
Germany,  was  anxious  for  and  would  work 
towards  a  universal  peace  with  no  annexa- 
tions and  no  indemnities.  Minister  Miliu- 
koff  had  created  much  dissatisfaction  by  his 
earlier  announcement  that  Russia  was  sup- 
porting all  the  aims  of  the  Entente  Allies 
in  the  war,  and  on  May  16.  Miliukoff  re- 
signed, after  Minister  of  War  Guchkoff  bad 
tendered  his  resignation.  The  Ministry 
was  willing  to  abdicate  its  position,  and 
turn  over  the  reins  of  government  to  the 
Council :  but  the  latter  did  not  feel  itself 
prepared  to  accept  them,  although  it  suc- 
ceeded in  having  passed  its  resolution  for 
an  immediate  and  universal  peace  without 
indemnities  and  annexations.  For  a  time, 
it  appeared  as  though  the  effects  of  the 
revolution  would  disappear  in  anarchy,  but 
on  May  17,  it  was  announced  that  the 
Ministry  and  the  Council  had  agreed  upon 
a  coalition  government.  Lvoff  remained  as 
premier,  Tereschenko  succeeded  Miliukoff  as 
foreign  minister,  Kerensky  became  minister 
of  war,  and  new  vacancies  in  the  Cabinet 
were  recruited  largely  from  the  ranks  of 
the  Socialists. 

Kdiicntioit — There  are  universities  at 
Pptroerrad  (with  n.OOO  students)  and  at 
Moscow,  with  the  modern  Sbanlavskl  Uni- 
versity of  Moscow,  and  at  Kasaoi,  Kiev, 


Kharkov,  Odessa,  Saratov,  Tomsk,  Warsaw, 
and  Yuriev,  with  a  total  of  about  41,000 
students. 

AKEA  AND  POPULATION 

Area  in  Population 

Divisions                     English  Jan.   1   (14) 

Sq.  Miles  1912 
European    Russia    (the    50 

Provinces) 1,802,524  122,550,700 

Poland 49,018  12,776,100 

Finland 144,178  3,140,100 

Caucasia 180,703  12,288,100 

Central  Asia 1, 32.3,530  10,727,000 

Siberia 4,78(5,730  9,577,900 

Inland  Seas  and  Lakes.  .  .  .      317,408  


Khiva  (Khiva) 

Bokhara  (Bokhara) 


20,028  800,000 

78,524         1,500,000 


Total 8,770,703     173,359,900 

Production  and  Industry. — The  land  area 
of  the  Russian  Empire  is  estimated  at 
5,300,000,000  Engiisti  statute  acres,  of 
which  about  70  per  cent  is  unfit  for  culti- 
vation, 20  per  cent  is  covered  with  forests, 
and  10  per  cent  is  cultivated  laud.  The 
total  area  under  cereals,  potatoes,  etc.,  in 
1912  was  3(51,045,036  acres.  The  number 
of  live  stock  in  1912  was  :  Cattle,  48,890,- 
000;  sheep  and  lambs,  and  goats,  74,066,- 
000;  pigs,  13,508,000;  horses,  33,109,000. 

The  area  of  woods  and  forests  is  esti- 
mated at  close  on  1,000,000,000  acres.  Of 
the  total  area  about  (50,000,000  acres  are 
under  exploitation,  yielding  a  net  profit  to 
the  State  in  1909  of  46,000,000  roubles. 
The  fisheries  are  an  important  industry,  on 
account  of  the  numerous  fast  days  in  the 
Orthodox  Church  calendar. 

The  Obdorsk  and  Ural  Mountains  con- 
tain great  mineral  riches,  and  are  the  prin- 
cipal seat  of  the  mining  and  metallic  in- 
dustries, producing  gold,  platinum,  copper 
and  iron  of  very  superior  quality.  Silver, 
gold  and  lead  are  also  obtained  in  large 
quantities  from  the  mines  in  the  Altai 
Mountains.  Among  the  non-metallic  min- 
erals are  petroleum,  coal,  rock-salt,  mar- 
ble and  kaolin  or  china  clay.  Russia  is  now 
the  largest  producer  of  petroleum  in  the 
world,  the  output  amounting  to  5:50,000,000 
poods  (of  thirty-six  pounds)  in  1910  and 
to  515,020,000  poods  in  1911.  An  immense 
bed  of  coal,  both  steam  and  anthracite,  and 
apparently  inexhaustible,  has  been  discov- 
ered in  the  basin  of  the  Donetz  (between 
the  rivers  Donetz  and  Dnieper).  The  coal 
output  for  the  whole  of  Russia  in  1911 
was  1,420,160,000  poods  (62  =  1  ton).  Other 
mineral  products  in  1910  were  gold  ore 
(schlich),  producing  8.606  poods  of  pure 
gold,  platinum  335  poods,  pig  Iron  (171,000,- 
000  poods  in  1908),  steel  and  rails  (2.000,- 
000  tons  in  19O6),  copper  (14.401.0OO 
poods  in  1907),  and  quicksilver  (325  tons 
in  1904). 

In  1910  tne  number  of  factories  and 
works  of  all  kinds  open  was  32,503,  em- 
ploying 2.080,896  hands.  The  principal 
manufactures  are  cottons,  flax  and  silk, 
sugar,  distilling  (a  Government  monopoly) 
and  brewing,  tanning,  shoes  and  gloves,  fur- 
niture, paper,  flour,  tobacco  and  hemp. 
Other  carving,  metalwork,  etc.,  and  agri- 
cultural machinery  is  now  manufactured  on 
a  large  scale.  The  imports  consist  prin- 
cipally of  raw  materials  and  machinery; 
the  exports  are  mainly  food  products  and 
minerals.  Home  manufactures  are  protected 
by  prohibitive  duties  on  manufactured  arti- 
cles, but  their  development  awaits  cheaper 
fuel  and  improved  transport  services. 

A  great  deal  of  the  internal  trade  is  car- 
ried on  by  itinerant  vendors,  but  the 
principal  agency  is  the  fair,  over  16,000 
fairs  being  held  annually,  of  which  85 


Russia 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


per  cent  are  In  European  Russia.  The 
largest  and  most  famous  is  that  of  Nijni- 
N'ovgorod,  with  a  turnover  of  some  200,- 
000,000  roubles,  other  large  fairs  being 
held  at  Irbit,  Kharkov,  and  Menzelinsk  in 
European  Russia,  and  at  Omsk  and  Ishim 
in  Siberia. 

Financr. — The  budget  for  1014  called 
for  an  expenditure  of  3,558,261.499  roubles. 
The  national  debt  of  the  empire  was  stated 
on  Jan.  1.  1014,  as  8,81 1, 3*0. 139  roubles. 
The  amount  of  .sold  held  by  the  Bank  of 
Uussia  was  1,673,577,241  roubles.  The  free 
balance  in  the  Treasury  Jan.  1.  1913,  was 
434.000,000  roubles.  The  rouble,  the  unit 
of  value,  consists  of  100  kopecks,  and  is 
equivalent  to  $0.31,5  United  States  money. 

Railirtii/s. — The  total  length  of  lines  open 
for  regular  traffic  on  Jan.  1,  1013.  was  40,- 
830  miles  (Russian  Government  20,31(5 
miles,  private  companies  14.OOO  miles,  Fin- 
land 2,347  miles,  Eastern  China  Railway 
1,070  miles).  Exclusive  of  Finland  (q.  v.) 
there  are  in  European  Russia  about  150,000 
miles  of  navigable  rivers  and  canals  and 
lakes.  In  Asiatic  Russia  there  are  83,000 
miles  of  waterway,  of  which  120,000  miles 
are  navigable.  Some  175,000  persons  are 
engaged  in  the  traffic. 

Shipping. — The  sea-going  Mercantile  Ma- 
rine on  Jan.  1,  1013,  consisted  of  716 
steamers  (700,075  tons)  and  500  sailing 
vessels  (184,105  tons),  the  steam  fleet  be- 
ing valued  at  £15,300.000  and  the  sailing 
fleet  at  £1,700,000.  Steam  fleet  was  manned 
by  17,157  persons,  the  sailing  ships  by  12,- 
333  persons. 

Cities. — Capital,  St.  Petersburg  (name 
ordered  changed  to  Petrograd  during  the 
war  with  Germany  in  10141,  on  the  Neva. 
Estimated  population  ( 1013  ).  2,018, 50(i.  In 
1010  there  were  in  the  Russian  Empire 
25  towns  with  a  population  exceeding  100,- 
OOO  (European  Russia  20,  Asiatic  Russia 
5t.  50  with  a  population  between  50.000  and 
lOO.Oiio  (European  Russia  40.  Asiatic  Rus- 
sia 13),  and  63  with  a  population  between 
30.000  and  50,000. 

Trade  with  the  United  Statrs. — The  value 
of  merchandise  imported  into  Russia  from 
the  United  States  for  the  year  1913  was 
$25.363  705,  and  goods  to  the  value  of  $20.- 
058,000  were  sent  thither — a  balance  of  $1,- 
504.805  in  favor  of  Russia. 

FINLAND.— The  Grand  Duchy  of  Finland, 
on  the  Gulf  of  Finland  and  Bothnia,  was 
conquered  by  Russia  from  Sweden,  and 
finally  annexed  in  1800.  The  country  was 
formerly  governed,  by  the  Imperial  Finnish 
Senate,  of  twenty-two  nn-mbers,  with  a  Diet 
of  four  estates  elected  by  the  people.  This 
form  of  government  gave  way  on  Jan.  1, 
1007,  to  a  new  ('(institution  involving  a  sin- 
gle Chamber  elected  by  universal  suffrage 
of  both  sexes.  Women  are  likewise  eligible 
fur  election  to  the  Chamber.  Finland  is 
thus  the  first  country  to  concede  woman 
suffrage  and  representation,  and  it  is  note- 
worthy that  it  has  been  gained  without  agi- 
tat  ion. 

Education  in  Finland  is  on  a  very  differ- 
ent footing  from  the  remainder  of  the  Rus- 
sian Empire.  Primary  education  is  compul- 
sory and  free  between  the  ages  of  seven  to 
fifteen,  and  the  schools  are  well  attended. 
Special  schools  make  a  feature  of  cattle 
farming,  dairying,  and  agricultural  instruc- 
tion. The  I'niversity  of  llelsingfors  has 
about  3,000  students. 

HOKHAKA  is  a  vassal  state  of  the  Rus- 
sian Empire  in  Central  Asia,  and  lies  be- 
tween 37°-41°  X.  latitude  and  (!2°-720  E. 
longitude.  Rice,  wheat  and  other  cereals, 
and  tobacco,  flax,  fruits  and  hemp  are 
grown,  and  larg"  quantities  of  cotton  are 
produced  111  the  irrigated  western  plain. 
Silk  is  also  u  flourishing  industry,  cottons, 


silks  and  woolens  are  manufactured  in  ad- 
dition to  leather  and  saddlery,  and  salt  is 
produced  in  considerable  quantities.  The 
exports  are  mainly  to  Russia,  and  consist 
of  raw  cotton  and  silk,  skins  and  hides,  and 
carpets;  the  imports  are  principally  manu- 
factured goods  and  sugar  from  Russia,  and 
cotton  goods,  tea,  shawls,  and  indigo  from 
Ilritish  India.  Trade  is  carried  on  mainly 
by  camels  and  pack  animals. 

THE  KHANATE  OF  KHIVA,  a  centra! 
Asian  dependency  of  the  Russian  Empire, 
lies  to  the  south  of  Amir  Darya  between 
Bokhara  and  Russian  Trans-Caspia.  As  in 
Bokhara  the  Mohammedan  I'zbegs  are  the 
dominant  race.  Native  industries  are  leather 
work  and  embroideries  of  cotton  and  silk, 
and  the  manufacture  of  rough  cottons  and 
woolens.  A  considerable  export  trade  is 
carried  on  with  Russia. 

Russia: 

Aid      furnished      Greeks      by.      (See 

Greece.) 

American  insurance  companies,  treat- 
ment  of,   in,   discussed,   5961. 
Bering  Sea   fisheries   discussed.     (See 

Bering  Sea  Fisheries.) 
Cession    of    territory    of,    to    United 

States.      (See  Alaska.) 
Claims  of,  against  United  States,  pay- 
ment of,  recommended,  6336. 
Claims     of    United     States     against, 

3826,  6336. 
Coined  'silver  money  and  products  of, 

referred  to,  5908. 
Colony  from,   to   emigrate  to  United 

States,  discussed,  4207. 
Commercial  relations  with,  820,  106$, 

1113,   1369,  1704. 

Confederate    envoys    sent    to     Great 
Britain    and    France    referred    to. 
(See  Mason  and   Slidell.) 
Conference  with  in  relatioti  to  treaty 

of  1832,  7669. 

Consuls  of,  in  United  States,  authen 
tication      of     passports     to     Jews 
denied  by,  discussed,  6067. 
Consuls  of"  United  States  in,  165. 
Convention  with,  834. 
Czar   of— 

Assassination     of,     resolutions     of 

condolence    on,    '1626. 
Coronation   of,  at  Moscow  discussed, 

4758,    60(57. 

Death  of,   referred  to,   5960. 
Proposition     o.~,    for    reduction     <>f 
military  establishment  discussed, 
and    action    of  United  States   re- 
garding,  6335. 
Emperor   of — 

Accepts    umpiracro    of    first    article 

of  treaty  of  Ghent,  6-15,  672. 
Decision  of,  756. 
Eatification  of,  767. 
Accession  of,  to  throne,  950. 
Assassination     of,     attempted,     re- 
ferred to,  3653.  365*.  3669. 
Death    of,   discussed,  91(5. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Russia 


Intervention  of,  regarding  inde- 
pendence of  South  American 
provinces,  892. 

Meditation   of,  for  peace   between 

United  States  and  Great  Brit- 

-    ain  offered,  511. 

Accepted  by  United  States,  51 L 

Declined  by  Great  Britain,  519, 

532. 

Son  of,  visits  United  States,  4099. 
.  South  American  Independence,  892. 
Famine  in,  recommendations   regard- 
ing  supplies  to   be   sent,  5G48. 
Friendly      disposition       of,      toward 
United    States,   449,   478,   503,   613, 
638,   1068,  1113,  4714. 
Fugitive   criminals,  convention  with, 

for  surrender  of,  5398,  5871. 
Grand  Duke  of,  visits  America,  4099. 
Hemp    from    import    duties    on,    re- 
ferred to,  3990. 
Imprisonment    of    American    citizens 

by,  4162,  4789,  4793. 
Israelites  in — 

Condition  of,  referred  to,  4690,  4714. 
Measures     enforced     against,     and 
subsequent    banishment    of,    dis- 
cussed,  5623. 

Prescriptive  edicts  against,  5518. 
Jeanuette   Polar    Expedition,    surviv- 
ors of,  aided  by  subjects  of.     (See 
Jeannette    Polar    Expedition.) 
Minister  of,  to  United  States — 
Appointed,  950. 
Elevation    of    mission    announced, 

5874. 
Recall   of,  requested   by  President 

Grant,  4099. 
Referred  to,  4110. 
Received,  4718. 
Title      of      ambassador     conferred 

upon,   6335. 
Referred  to,  5874. 
Minister    of    United    States    to,    272, 

456,  557,   1068,  1114,  1592. 
Death  of,  referred  to,  4825. 
Title      of      ambassador      conferred 

upon,   6335. 

Naturalization   questions  with,   5961. 
Neutrality   of  United   States   in  war 

with— 

Germany,  7969. 
Austria-Hungary,  7974. 
Neutrality  preserved   by   the   United 

States  in  war  with,  441 S. 
Neutral   rights,   treaty   with,   regard- 
ing, 2777. 
Referred  to,  2809. 
Pacific    telegraph    referred    to,    3329, 

3382,  3445,  3564. 
Relations   with,    778. 
Trade-marks,  treaty  with,  regarding, 

3887,  4220,  4247.' 

Treaty    with,    transmitted    and    dis- 
cussed by  President — 


Adams,  John,  272. 
Cleveland,  5398,  5871. 
Jackson,  1199,  1241,  1269. 
Johnson,   3719,  3722,  3798. 
Monroe,  820,  849. 
Pierce,  2777. 

Expiration   of,  referred  to  and   re- 
newal  of,  recommended,   1369. 
Renewal    of,    declined    by    liHssia, 

1704. 

Turkey's,  with,  referred  to,  1008. 
Vessels  of,  detained  by  United  States, 
appropriation     for,     recommended, 
6:!  36. 
Vessels    of    United    States    seized    or 

interfered  with  by,  3794,  6336. 
War  with — 

Great  Britain — 

Attempts    of    Great    Britain    to 
draw     recruits      from     United 
States  discussed,  2864. 
Neutrality  maintained  by  United 

States  in,   2SG4. 
Japan,      discussed      by      President 

Roosevelt,  6926,  7001. 
Neutrality  of  United  States  pro- 
claimed, 6868,  6892. 
Turkey- 
Discussed  by  President — 
Adams,   J.   Q.,  973. 
Hayes,  4418. 
Neutrality  preserved   by   United 

States   in,   4-118. 
Threatening  aspect  of,  discussed, 

762. 

Treaty  of  peace  referred  to,  1008. 
Whaling  vessels  of  United  States  in- 
terfered with  by,  3794. 
Russia,  Treaties  with. — Tim  convention 
as  to  the  Pacific  Ocean  and  the  northwest 
coast  of  America  was  concluded  in  1824. 
Free  and  unmolested  fishing  and  trading 
rights  in  those  parts  of  the  Pacific  Ocean 
as  yet  uuocctipied  are  to  be  mutually  en- 
joyed by  both  nations.  Where  stations  are 
located,  citizens  of  the  one  country  may 
not  resort  for  trade  or  fishing  to  the  estab- 
lishments of  the  other  without  express  per- 
mission. Citizens  of  the  United  Stales 
may  not  erect  any  establishment  on  the 
northwest  eoast  of  America  to  the  north 
of,  nor  shall  Russia  to  the  south  of  fifiy- 
four  degrees  and  forty  minutes  of  north 
latitude.  Spirituous  liquors  and  firearms 
and  other  munitions  of  war  arc  declared 
to  be  prohibited  articles  of  sale  to  the  na- 
tives or  to  others  within  the  territory  cov- 
ered by  this  convention.  Punishment  for 
infraction  of  this  article  to  be  at  the  dis- 
cretion of  the  contracting  powers  or  their 
officers. 

The  treaty  of  commerce  and  navigation 
of  1832  conferred  freedom  of  eommeive, 
reciprocal  treatment  of  vessels  without  dis- 
criminating duties  by  reason  of  tli<>  nation- 
ality of  the  carrying  vessel,  freedom  of 
export  and  import  (excepting  the  rn-ist wi<e 
trade),  the  appointment  of  consular  oil':- 
cers  in  terms  of  the  usual  consular  con- 
ventions, with  powers  over  deserters  fi-'.in 
ships  and  in  the  administration  of  affairs 
of  deceased  citizens,  and,  in  trend-!  I.  tie- 
extension  of  large  commercial  privileges 


Russia 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


upon  the  most  favored-nation  terms.  The 
conditions  of  the  treaty  were  applicable 
to  Poland  in  so  far  as  possible. 

As  certain  especial  privileges  had  been 
extended  to  Sweden  and  Norway  in  regard 
to  Poland  and  Finland,  it  is  specified  that 
such  preferential  conditions  shall  not  ex- 
tend to  the  United  States. 

The  treaty  of  1854  established  the  rights 
of  neutrals  at  sea  on  the  principle  that 
free  ships  make  free  goods  and  that  the 
property  of  neutrals  on  board  an  enemy's 
vessel  shall  not  be  subject  to  confiscation. 
The  provisions  of  this  treaty  are  to  be 
extended  to  all  powers  formally  recognizing 
the  principles  and  expressing  a  desire  to 
accede  to  the  treaty. 

Alaska  Cession. — The  treaty  of  1867  ceded 
Alaska  to  the  United  States.  The  details 
of  the  boundaries  contained  in  the  first 
article  gave  rise  to  the  long  disputes  be- 
tween the  United  States  and  Canada  over 
the  location  of  the  boundaries  which  were 
the  subject  of  later  treaties  with  Great 
Britain.  With  the  territory,  Russia  ceded 
all  public  property  in  Alaska  with  the  rec- 
ords and  archives  of  the  government  per- 
taining to  affairs  in  Alaska,  but  reserved 
the  right  to  make  exact  copies  of  them  at 
any  time.  Citizens  of  Alaska  who  de- 
sired to  retain  their  allegiance  to  Russia 
might  return  to  that  country  within  three 
years  from  the  date  of  cession.  The  na- 
tive tribes  were  to  be  subjected  to  such 
laws  as  the  United  States  might  in  their 
Iiterests  and  its  own  discretion  make  for 
their  government.  In  consideration  of  the 
cession  of  territory  and  rights  over  it,  the 
United  States  agreed  to  pay  within  ten 
mouths  after  ratification  the  'sum  of  seven 
million  two  hundred  thousand  dollars  in 
goi<l  to  Russia,  at  Washington.  (For  ex- 
tradition agreements,  see  Extradition  Trea- 
ties.) 

In  1804  a  modus  rivendi  was  arranged  In 
relation  to  the  fur-seal  fisheries  in  Bering 
Sea  and  the  North  Pacific  Ocean,  by  which 
it  was  agreed  that  citizens  of  the  United 
States  might  not  fish  within  a  zone  of  ten 
nautical  miles  from  the  shores  of  Russian 
possessions  in  Bering  Sea  and  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  nor  within  thirty  nautical  miles  of 
the  Commander  Islands  and  Robben  Island. 
Vessels  of  the  United  States  so  infringing 
nre  to  be  seized  by  duly  qualified  Russian 
officers  and  handed  over  as  soon  as  prac- 
ticable to  the  United  States  authorities, 
who  shall  cause  the  cases  to  be  tried  by  the 
ordinary  courts.  The  Russian  government 
ntrroed  to  limit  the  seal  catch  for  the  year 
1804  in  the  vicinity  of  the  islands  named 
to  thirty  thousand  head.  The  provisions  of 
this  treaty  are  in  nowise  retroactive. 

Oct.  22,  1011,  Russia  became  a  party  to 
the  convention  for  the  preservation  of  fur 
seals  by  signing  the  agreement  with  Great 
Britain.  Japan  and  the  United  States. 

In  June,  1004.  it  was  agreed  that  cor- 
porations having  a  legal  existence  in 
either  country  should  lie  recognized  in  the 
other,  and  In  1900  an  agreement  for  the 
protection  of  trade-marks  was  effected. 

Russian   America.      (See    Alaska.) 
Russian   Colony,    desire    of    representa- 
tives of.  to  emigrate  to  United  States 
discussed,   4207. 

Russian  Revolution,  1917.  (See  "Russia.) 
Russo-Japanese  War.— Russia's  occupation 
of  Manchuria  after  the  uprising  of  the  Box- 
ers f(|.  v.»  was  a  matter  of  vital  importance 
to  Japan,  as  it  endangered  t'he  independence 
of  Korea,  and  brought  Russia  into  danger- 
ous proximity  to  Japan  on  the  shores  of  the 
China  and  Japan  seas.  In  April,  1002,  Rus- 


sia "had  promised  to  withdraw  from  Man- 
churia in  eighteen  months,  but  in  Septem- 
ber, 1903,  she  informed  the  Powers  that  it 
would  be  impossible  for  her  to  withdraw 
at  the  time  specified. 

In  June,  1004,  the  Japanese  Government 
opened  negotiations  with  Russia,  looking  to 
the  latter's  withdrawal  from  Manchuria ; 
but,  losing  patience  at  what  she  regarded 
as  the  dilatory  tactics  of  the  Russian  otli- 
cials,  on  Feb.  G,  1904,  Japan  broke  off  dip- 
lomatic relations  with  Russia,  and  four 
days  later  attacked  the  Russian  fleet  at 
Port  Arthur,  damaging  several  ships  and 
driving  the  Russians  into  the  harbor. 

From  that  time  until  the  fall  of  the  port, 
Jan.  2,  1905,  the  Japanese  fleet  under  Ad- 
miral Togo  blockaded  and  bombarded  Port 
Arthur,  losing  two  battleships  and  several 
smaller  vessels,  but  inflicting  still  more  dam- 
age on  the  Russians. 

Japan  formally  declared  war  on  Feb.  11, 
1904,  and  China  and  the  United  States  is- 
sued proclamations  of  neutrality.  Japanese 
troops  at  once  occupied  Korea,  and  on  May 
1  forced  the  passage  of  the  Yalu  River. 
Three  days  later  the  Japanese  began  to  land 
troops  on  the  Liao  Tung  Peninsula,  north 
of  Port  Arthur,  and  moving  down  the  penin- 
sula defeated  the  Russians  at  Nanshan  Hill 
and  Kinchau,  seizing  Dalny  at  the  end  of 
the  month.  A  Russian  .force  from  the  north 
under  Stackelberg,  attempting  a  diversion 
in  favor  of  Port  Arthur,  was  decisively 
defeated  at  Vafangow,  June  15,  and  while 
Generals  Kuroki  and  Oku  followed  up  the 
retreating  Russians.  General  Nogi  after 
driving  General  Stoessel,  the  Russian  com- 
mander, from  his  outlying  positions,  laid 
siege  to  Port  Arthur  at  the  end  of  July. 
On  Aug.  10,  the  Russian  fleet  in  the  harbor 
•f  Port  Arthur,  finding  its  position  desper- 
ate, attempted  to  break  out,  a  part  of  the 
vessels  succeeding  in  reaching  neutral  ports, 
but  the  greater  number  being  driven  back 
into  the  port.  Four  days  later  the  Russian 
squadron  from  Vladivostok,  which  had  been 
•aaking  desultory  raids  on  Japanese  com- 
merce, was  defeated  by  a  Japanese  fleet, 
under  Admiral  Kamimura,  one  Russian  ves- 
sel being  sunk  and  the  rest  badly  damaged. 
On  Aug.  10,  General  Nogi  demanded  the 
•urrender  of  Port  Arthur,  and,  on  General 
Stoessel's  refusal,  began  an  unsuccessful 
general  assault  \yhich  cost  the  Japanese 
14.000  men.  While  Nogi's  forces  pressed 
the  siege  of  the  fortress  the  Japanese  armies 
in  the  north,  under  the  command  of  Marshal 
Oyama,  the  Japanese  eommander-in-chief, 
drove  the  Russians  under  Kuropatkin  from 
Liao- Yang  (Sept.  4>,  and  checked  a  last 
attempt  to  relieve  the  city  by  repulsing  a 
Russian  advance  over  the  Sha  River  (Oct. 
14).  By  assaults  and  siege  operations  the 
Japanese  steadily  advanced  upon  Port  Ar- 
thur, the  capture  of  20.">-meter  Hill  (Nov. 
:50)  enabling  them  to  bombard  the  fleet  in 
the  harbor,  and  on  Dec.  .''.1  they  broke 
through  the  inner  line  of  defenses.  On  Jan. 
2.  19O5,  General  Stoessel  surrendered  the 
city  with  47,000  men.  The  Japanese  loss 
during  the  siege  was  50.000;  the  Russian 
not  less  than  20,000.  The  fall  of  Port  Ar- 
thur left  Nogi's  forces  free  to  join  the  army 
of  the  north  under  Oyama.  After  repulsing 
a  Russian  forward  movement  at  the  Hun 
River  (Jan.  28 1.  t'he  Japanese  assumed  the 
offensive  and  again  defeated  Kuropatkin  in 
a  fifteen  days'  battle  (Feb.  2.'5-March  10) 
near  Mukden,  the  ancient  capital  of  Man- 
churia, and  entered  the  city.  About  750.- 
000  men  were  engaged  in  this  battle,  operat- 
ing on  a  front  eighty  miles  long.  The  Rus- 
sian loss  was  90,000  killed  and  wounded, 
and  40,000  prisoners,  the  Japanese  loss  being 
less  than  half  that  of  the  Russian. 

Meanwhile  the  Russinn  Baltic  fleet,  un- 
der Admiral  Rogestvensky— their  last  naval 


813 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Russo-Japanese 


resource,  for  the  Black  Sea  fleet  was  con- 
fined within  the  Dardanelles  by  treaty 
stipulations,  and  demoralized  by  a  mutiny 
of  its  sailors — had  sailed  from  Libau  (Oc- 
tober, 1!)04),  and  was  making  its  way  to 
the  East  in  several  divisions  by  way  of 
the  Suez  Canal  and  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
An  attack  on  an  English  fishing  fleet  in 
the  North  Sea  (Oct.  '2\  ) — the  Russians  mis- 
taking the  fishing  boats  for  Japanese  tor- 
pedo boats — nearly  involved  Russia  in  war 
with  England,  the  affair  being  finally  set- 
tled by  arbitration;  and  tin;  prolonged  stay 
of  the  Russians  off  Madagascar  and  in 
Kamranh  Hay,  Saigon,  led  to  a  protest 
from  Japan  to  the  French  Government. 

On  May  -7  the  Russian  fleet  encoun- 
tered the  Japanese  under  Admiral  Togo,  at 
the  entrance  to  the  Sea  of  Japan,  and  was 
practically  annihilated,  only  1  cruiser  es- 
caping to  Vladivostok,  and  3  to  Manila, 
where  they  were  interned.  Six  battleships, 
a  coast  defense  battleship,  and  4  cruisers 


were  sunk  ;  U  battleships  and  2  coast  de- 
fense battleships  surrendered  ;  many  tor- 
pedo boats  and  smaller  vessels  were  sunk 
or  captured;  Admirals  Rogesivensky  and 
Nebotutoff  were  taken,  \\iih  :{,ooo  of  their 
men;  and  14,000  Russians  perished.  The 
Japanese  losses  were  inconsiderable.  Short- 
ly after  the  battle  a  Japanese  force  occu- 
pied the  Island  of  Sakhalin. 

On  June  11,  President  Roosevelt,  after 
conference  with  the  Japanese  minister  and 
the  Russian  ambassador,  sent  to  Tokyo  and 
St.  Petersburg  identical  notes,  urging  the 
two  governments  to  open  direct  peace  nego- 
tiations with  each  other.  This  action  re- 
sulted in  the  ending  of  the  war  by  the 
Treaty  of  Portsmouth  (q.  v.).  Dissatisfac- 
tion with  the  result  of  the  negotiations  led 
to  some  rioting  in  Japanese  cities.  (See 
illustrations  opposite  0830,  6880,  G948, 
70->8.) 


Sabina 


]\Ics<sagcs  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Sabina,  The,  American  seamen  rescued 
by,  compensation  for,  requested  by 
owners  of,  2005. 

Sabine  Cross-Roads  (La.),  Battle  of.— 
Gen.  N.  P.  Banks's  army,  which  had  been 
concentrated  at  Alexandria,  La.,  advanced 
up  the  Red  River  March  115,  18G4,  by  way 
of  Xatehitoehes,  Pleasant  Hill,  and  Mans- 
field, toward  Shrevepo/t.  April  8.  arriving 
at  Sabine  Cross-Roads,  on  the  Sabine  River, 
the  Federals  encountered  a  part  of  the  Con- 
federate army  under  Gen.  Kirby  Smith, 
commanded  by  Gen.  Richard  Taylor.  The 
Confederates  attacked  and  Hanks  was  bad- 
ly defeated,  losing  3,000  in  killed,  wounded, 
nnd  missing.  The  Confederates  captured 
19  guns  and  an  immense  amount  of  ammu- 
nition and  stores.  The  Confederate  loss 
'was  reported  by  Gen.  K.  Kirby  Smith  as 
over  2,000  killed  and  wounded. 

Sabotage.     (Roe  Socialism.) 

Sac  and  Fox  Eeservation,  Okla.: 

Cession     of     portion     of,     to     United 
States   proclaimed,   5591. 

Sale  of— 

Bill  providing  for,  4959. 
Referred  to,  4972. 
Sac  Indians  (ssee  Indian  Tribes): 

Treaty  with,  4001. 

War  with.  (See  Indian  Wars.) 
Sacketts  Harbor  (N.  Y.),  Attack  on.— 
May  2',>,  181.°,,  a  British  force  of  1,000 
or  1,200  regulars  and  a  large  body  of  Indi- 
ans was  convoyed  from  Kingston,  Canada, 
to  Sacketts  Harbor,  N.  Y.,  by  a  squadron 
under  Sir  James  Veo,  the  whole  expedition 
being  under  the  command  of  Sir  George 
Provost.  Governor-General  of  Canada.  The 
Americans,  mostly  raw  militia,  were  at  first 
forced  back,  but  Inter  rallied  and  the  Brit- 
ish were  driven  to  their  boats,  leaving  their 
dead  uf)on  the  field. 

Sacketts  Harbor,  N.  Y.: 

Barracks  built  at,  653. 

British  attack  on,  repulsed,  524. 
Sackvllle-West  Affair.—  Lord  Sackvllle, 
the  British  Minister  to  the  United  States 
from  1X81  to  1888,  wrote  a  letter  during 
the  Presidential  campaign  of  1888  in  which 
he  advised  an  alleged  naturalized  citizen, 
of  Kntrlish  birth,  by  the  name  of  West,  to 
vote  the  .Democratic  ticket,  on  the  ground 
that  the  success  of  the  Democratic  party, 
with  its  free  trade  policies,  would  be  bene- 
ficial to  Great  Britain.  President  Cleve- 
land promptly  rebuked  Lord  Sackville  for 
his  conduct,  and  in  December  handed  him 
his  passports.  Sec,  o.'JG."),  .j.'IOG. 

Sacramento  Pass  (N.  Mex.),  Battle  of. 

— When  Gen.  Kearny  had  established  the 
supremacy  of  the  I'nited  States  authority 
at  Santa  Fe  he  dispatched  Col.  Doniprnn 
with  800  men  to  join  Wool  in  an  expedi- 
tion against  Chihuahua.  Dec.  '21.  184G, 
Doniphan  reached  Kl  Paso  del  Norte,  a 
town  of  about  5,000  inhabitants  on  the 
road  to  Chihuahua,  at  one  of  the  principal 
crossings  of  the  Rio  Grande.  Here  he  was 
joined  by  Wight  man's  artillery,  consisting 
of  100  men.  He  then  proceeded  toward 
the  Sacramento  River.  Where  the  road 
to  Chihuahua  crosses  the  river  the  Mexi- 
can General  Heredia  was  posted  with  1.575 
men.  Feb.  '_'8,  1X47,  he  was  attacked  by 
I'lo  Americans  and  driven  from  his  posi- 
tion with  a  loss  of  110  pieces  of  artillery. 
Col.  Doniphan  and  his  little  army  entered 
the  city  of  Chihuahua  March  1  and  2. 


"Safe  and.  Sane  Fourth."     (See  Fourth 

of  July  Accidents.) 
Safety- Appliance  Law: 

Judgment  of  Supreme  Court  on,  6982. 

Discussed,  6803,  6897. 

Government  inspectors  under,  6982. 
Safety  at  Sea: 

Confirmation  of  convention  for,  6982. 
Safety  Fund.— Owing  to  the  unstable  char- 
acter of  the  currency  issued  and  the  inse- 
curity of  deposits  of  State  oanks,  the  New 
York  legislature  in  1829.  upon  the  sugges- 
tion of  Martin  Van  Buren.  passed  a  law 
known  as  the  safety-fund  act.  Under  the 
provisions  of  this  law  banks  chartered  by 
the  state  were  required  to  pay  into  the 
state  treasury  a  certain  percentage  of  their 
capital  stock  to  serve  as  a  fund  out  of 
which  the  liabilities  of  any  of  them  that 
might  fail  should  be  made  good.  This  was 
the  beginning  of  reform  in  the  banking  sys- 
tem. Under  this  law  there  were  ten  bank 
failures,  resulting  in  a  loss  of  all  their  capi- 
tal, amounting  to  $2.500,000.  which  proved 
conclusively  the  inadequacy  •  of  the  safety 
fund.  In  1S38  the  free-banking  system  was 
adopted. 

Sag  Harbor,  N.  Y.,  survey  of,  referred 

to,  1043. 

Saganaw  Indians.  (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Sage-Brush  State. — A  nickname  for  Ne- 
vada (q.  v.).  (See  also  States)  ;  sometimes 
also  nicknamed  the  Battle  State  and  Silver 
State. 

Saginaw,    Mich.,    bill    to    provide    for 
purchase  of  site  and  erection  of  pub- 
lic buildings  at,  returned,  5571. 
Sa-heh-wamish    Indians.       (See    Indian 

Tribes.) 
Sah-ku-mehu     Indians.        (See     Indian 

Tribes.) 

Sailors  Creek  (Va.),  Battle  of.— After 
the  Confederate  defeat  at  Five  Forks  and 
the  retreat  of  Lee's  army  from  Richmond 
and  Petersburg.  Lee  made  his  way  due 
west  and  reached  the  Danville  Railroad  at 
Amelia  Court-House  on  April  4,  18fi.r>.  Sher- 
idan passed  him  and  reached  the  railroad 
at  Jetersville,  7  miles  sout  Invest.  I,ee, 
finding  retreat  cut  off  in  this  direction, 
moved  westward  toward  Farmville.  At 
Sailors  Creek.  April  0.  Custer,  joined  by 
Crook  and  Devin,  succeeded  in  piercing 
the  Confederate  column,  took  1  ft  guns,  400 
wagons,  and  many  prisoners.  F well's  corps 
and  part  of  Pickett's  division  were  thus  cut 
ofT.  The  cavalry  detained  this  force  of 
between  0.000  and  8.000  until,  haying 
been  surrounded  by  Wright  with  the  Sixth 
Corps.  F.well  surrendered.  Five  generals, 
more  than  7.00O  prisoners,  several  hundred 
wagons,  and  many  guns  were  taken. 

St.  Albans,  Vt.,  privileges  of  otber 
ports  granted,  by  proclamation,  2473. 

St.  Augustine,  Fla'.,  harbor  of,  referred 
to,  1040. 

St.  Bartholomews,  unlawful  expedition 
planned  in,  709. 

St.  Clair  Flats,  acts  making  appropri- 
ations for  deepening  channel  over, 
vetoed.  2919,  3130. 

St.  Domingo.     (See  Santo  Domingo.) 

St.  Elizabeth's  Hospital.  (See  Govern- 
ment Hospital  for  Insane.) 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Salaries 


£t.  John  Island,  treaty  concluded  with 

Denmark    for   cession   of,    to    United 

States     transmitted     and     discussed, 

3777,   3779,   3796,  388G. 

St.  John  Eiver,  navigation  of,  referred 

to,  2273,  2675. 

St.  Lawrence  River,  navigation  of: 
Correspondence    with    Great    Britain 

regarding,  960. 
Referred  to,   2675. 

liight   to   exclude    American   citizens 
from,    claim    of,    by    Canada    dis- 
cussed, 4058. 
St.  Louis,  The: 
Mentioned,  6313. 

Refuge  given  Gen.   Miller  and   Vice- 
President  of  Peru  by,  1133. 
St.   Louis   and  San  Francisco  Railway 
Co.,    application    of,    for    right    of 
way  across  Indian  Territory,  4653. 
Bill  granting,  referred  to,  4655. 
St.   Louis  Harbor,   survey  of,  referred 

to,  2135. 

St.    Marys    Falls    Canal,    toll    imposed 
upon    vessels   passing   through,    by 
United  States  as  retaliatory  meas- 
ure, proclaimed,  5725. 
Referred  to,  5749. 
Revoked  by  proclamation,  5812. 
St.  Marys  River: 

Act   making  appropriation   for   deep- 
ening channel  over  flats  of,  in  the 
State  of  Michigan  vetoed,  2920. 
Ft.  Paul,  The,  mentioned,  6391. 
St.  Petersburg,  Russia: 

Fourth  International  Prison  Congress 
at,  discussed  and  recommendations 
regarding,   5117. 
International  Statistical  Congress  in, 

4221. 

St.  Pierre,  destruction  of  city  of,  6680. 
St.  Regis,  Capture  of.— At  the  outbreak 
of  the  War  of  1812  it  was  agreed  be- 
tween the  British  and  Americans  that  the 
village  of  St.  Hegis,  on  the  boundary  line 
between  Canada  and  New  York,  occupied 
by  Christian  Indians,  should  remain  neu- 
tral. In  violation  of  this  agreement  the 
Canadian  commander-in-ehief  ptit  a  garri- 
son in  the  place  and  many  of  the  Indians 
were  induced  to  join  the  British  army.  On 
the  morning  of  Oct.  22.  1812.  Ma.1.  Young, 
with  about  200  men.  surprised  this  garri- 
son and  took  40  prisoners,  some  muskets, 
and  a  quantity  of  blankets,  after  killing  7 
men.  None  of  the  American  force  was  in- 
jured. 

St.  Regis  Indians.   (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
St.    Thomas   Island,    treaty    with    Don- 
mark  for  cession  of,  to  United  States 
transmitted  and  discussed,  3777,  3779, 
3796.  3SS6. 

Salaries,  Congressional.— Under  the  Arti- 
cles of  Confederation  each  state  paid  its 
own  members  of  Congress,  but  the  Con- 
vention of  17S7  made  (lie  members*  inde- 
pendent of  the  states  in  this  respect.  The 
first  clause  of  Article  I.,  section  0.  of  the 
Constitution  provides  that  'The  Senators 


and    Representatives    shall    receive    a    coin 

pelisatiotl  for  their  services,  to  be  ascer- 
tained by  law  and  paid  out  of  the  Tieas 
u ry  of  the  I'nited  Status."  Members  ()f 
the  First  Congress  were  paid  $(>  per  day 
and  $(!  for  each  twenty  miles  of  travel  go- 
ing and  coining.  The.  salaries  have  fre- 
quently been  changed.  From  ITS!)  to  1M.~> 
they  were  $(j  pur  day;  from  1815  to  1817, 
$1,500  per  year;  from  1817  to  18.").").  $S  per 
dav  ;  from  1855  to  18(i5.  $:;.000  per  year: 
from  1805  to  1S71.  $5,OOO  per  year:  from 
1871  to  1874.  $7.500  per  year;  from  187-1 
to  1!>08,  $5,000  per  year.  A  mileage  of 
twenty  cents  is  allowed  both  ways.  Sena 
tors  and  representatives  have  received  the 
same  salaries  except  during  17!)5,  when 
senators  received  §7  per  day  while  members 
received  but  $G.  At  present  members  of 
both  houses  receive  $7.5OM  per  annum.  Tin- 
speaker  of  the  House  receives  $12,000  per 
year. 

Salaries,  Division  of  Postmasters',  in 
Post-Office  Department. — This  division 
falls  under  the  supervision  of  the  First  As- 
sisiant  Postmaster-General  (q.  v. ).  (See 
I'ost-Oflice  Department;  Division  of  City 
Delivery;  Civil  Service;  Division  of  Rural 
Delivery.) 

Salaries,  Executive.— Sept.  24,  1789,  Con 

gross  fixed  the  salary  of  the  President  of 
the  United  States  at  $25.000  per  annum,  at 
which  figure  it  remained  until  187:5,  when 
It  was  increased  to  $50,000.  The  Constitu- 
tion provides  that  the  salary  of  the  Presi- 
dent shall  not  be  diminished  during  his 
term  of  ollice,  and  for  this  reason  that 
part  of  the  •'salary-grab"  act  of  187-"> 
w'liich  increased  his  salary  was  not  repealed 
in  1874  with  the  other  provisions  of  that 
act.  The  salary  of  the  Vice-President. 
placed  at  $5.000  in  1789,  was  raised  to 
$8,000  in  185:;,  to  $10.000  in  1873,  reduced 
to  $8.000  in  1874.  and  in  1908  increased 
to  $12,000.  and  the  President's  salary  was 
fixed  at  $75,000. 

Of  the  Cabinet  officers  the  Secretaries  of 
State  and  the  Treasury  received  in  178',* 
salaries  of  $.'{.500  each,  the  Secretary  of 
War  $3,000,  the  Attorney-General  $1,500. 
and  the  Postmaster-General  $2,000.  In 
1819  the  pay  of  t'he  four  Secretaries  (State. 
Treasury,  War.  and  Xavy>  was  made  $0,- 
000.  that  of  the  Postmaster-General  $4.otn>. 
and  that  of  the  Attorney-General  $".500 
The  Cabinet  officers  and  Vice  President  now 
receive  $12.000  per  year.  Washington  at 
first  declined  to  receive  any  pecuniary  com- 
pensation as  President.  He  asked  that  the 
estimates  for  his  station  be  limited  to  such 
actual  expenditures  as  the  public  good  might 
be  thought  to  require  (page  45). 

Salaries,  Judicial.— In  1789,  when  the 
United  States  courts  were  organized,  the 
Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  was 
paid  $4,000  and  the  associate  justices  $.'{.- 
500  each.  The  district  judges  received 
from  $1,000  to  $1.800.  These  salaries  have 
been  increased  from  time  to  time.  At  the 
present  time  (101-4)  the  Chief  Justice  of 
the  Supreme  Court  receives  $15.OOO,  the 
associate  justices  $14.500.  the  circuit  court 
judges  $7. (tOO.  and  the  district  court  judges 
$('..000.  The  Chief  Justice  of  the  United 
States  Court  of  Claims  receives  $t!.500  and 
the  four  associate  judges  $t;.OUO  each. 
The  Constitution  provides  that  t'he  salaries 
of  Federal  judges  may  not  be  diminished 
during  their  continuance  in  office. 
Salaries  of  Public  Officers  (see  also  the 

several  officers') : 
Commissions  claimed  by,  referred  to, 

1 730. 


Salaries 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Fee  system,  abolition  of,  as  applicable 
to      certain     officials     discussed, 
6161. 
Recommended,  4939,   5879,   5968. 

Fixed  salaries  recommended,  1387, 
4718,  4838,  4922,  4939,  5879,  5968. 

Increase  for  head  of  Secret  Service 
recommended,  7253. 

Increase   in,  recommended,  4107. 

Mode  of  paying,  referred  to,  1954. 

Eecommendations  regarding,  195,  198, 
4107. 

Referred  to,  1807. 

Tariff  of  fees  for  clerks,  marshals, 
etc.,  recommended,  2666,  2714,  4770, 
4836,  4939,  5103. 

Salary  Grab. — A  popular  name  for  the  act 
of  March  3,  1873,  whereby  the  salaries  of 
the  President  and  Vice-President,  members 
of  Congress,  justices  of  the  Supreme  Court 
and  other  Federal  officials  were  materially 
Increased.  The  provisions  for  the  increase 
were  introduced  by  Benjamin  F.  Butler,  of 
Massachusetts,  and  made  a  rider  to  the 
appropriation  bill.  By  this  law  the  Presi- 
dent's salary  was  increased  from  $25,000  to 
$50.000  per  year:  that  of  the  Chief  Justice 
from  $8,500  to  $10.500;  those  of  the  Vice- 
President,  Cabinet  officers,  associate  jus- 
tices, and  Speaker  of  the  House  from  $8,OOO 
to  $10,OOO.  and  of  Senators  and  Representa- 
tives from  $5.000  to  $7.500.  Another  act. 
passed  the  next  day.  made  that  part  of  the 
law  relating  to  salaries  of  members  of  Con- 
gress retroactive,  thus  giving  themselves 
$7:500  instead  of  $5.000  a  year  from  March 
4,  1871,  to  March  4.  1873.  and  following 
years.  This  excited  the  indignation  of  the 
people  to  such  an  extent  that  the  laws  were 
repealed  the  following  year,  except  such 
provisions  as  related  to  the  President  and 
justices  of  the  Supreme  Court. 

Salt,  duties  on,  discussed,  397,  1470. 

Salt  Springs: 

Cession  of,  to  United  States,  342. 

Eeferred   to,    803,    892. 
Salt  Works  in  Kentucky,  act  for  relief 

of  owners  of,  vetoed,  4170. 

Salvador. — Salvador  occupies  part  of  the 
south  coast  of  Central  America,  between 
Guatemala  and  Nicaragua* Gulf  of  Fonseca), 
the  northern  boundary  being  conterminous 
with  the  Republic  of  Honduras,  and  the 
southern  boundary  being  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
It  is  situated  approximately  between  13°-14° 
'20'  X.  latitude  and  87°  45'-90°  W.  longi- 
tude, and  is  about  140  miles  from  east  to 
west,  and  about  CO  miles  from  north  to 


south.  The  area  is  about  7,225  square 
miles. 

I'hi/Kical  Features. — There  are  distinct 
areas  in  the  low  alluvial  plains  of  the  coast 
and  the  interior  plateau,  with  a  mean  ele- 
vation of  about  2,000  feet,  broken  in  many 
places  by  volcanic  cones,  of  which  the  high- 
est are  Santa  Ana  (H.300  feet)  and  San 
Miiniel  (7,120  feel).  The  lowlands  are  gen- 
erally hot  and  unhealthy,  but  the  climate 
of  the  plateau  and  mountain  slopes  is  tem- 
nerate  and  healthy.  There  is  a  wet  season 
from  May  to  October,  and  a  dry  season 
from  November  to  April. 

Hl/drot/riijihii. — The  principal  river  Is  the 
I.ernpa,  which  rises  In  Guatemala  and  flows 
Into  the  Pacific,  being  navigable  for  most 
of  Its  course  by  small  steamers.  In  the 


eastern  districts  the  Rio  San  Miguel  rises 
near  the  Honduras  boundary  and  flows 
into  the  Bay  of  Fonseca,  and  in  the  cen- 
ter of  the  Republic  is  the  large  volcanic 
lake  Ilopango. 

History. — Salvador  was  conquered  in  1526 
by  Pedro  de  Alvarado,  and  formed  part  of 
the  Spanish  viceroyalty  of  Guatemala  until 
1821.  In  1840  the  Republic  broke  away 
from  the  federation  of  Central  American 
States. 

Government. — The  constitution  rests  upon 
the  fundamental  law  of  1804  (revised  in 
1886),  the  President  and  Vice-Presideut  be- 
ing elected  for  four  years  by  direct  vote  of 
the  people,  the  President  being  ineligible 
for  a  successive  term  in  either  office.  Presi- 
dent (Feb.  9,  1913-1915),  Carlos  Melendez, 
born  Feb.  1,  1861. 

The  National  Assembly,  consisting  of  a 
single  chamber  of  forty-two  Deputies  (three 
for  each  Department)  elected  for  one  year 
by  the  direct  vote  of  all  adult  male  Sal- 
vadorians,  meets  annually  from  February 
to  May,  and  elects  a  President  and  Vice- 
President  for  each  session. 

There  are  local  courts  of  first  instance, 
district  courts,  and  a  supreme  court  at  the 
capital.  Each  of  the  fourteen  Departments 
has  a  governor  appointed  by  the  central 
executive,  but  the  municipalities  have  elec- 
tive magistrates  and  officials. 

For  the  army  see  Armies  of  the  World. 

Population. — There  are  fourteen  depart- 
ments with  an  estimated  population  of 
1,200,000.  Of  the  total  population  about 
10  per  cent  are  Creoles  and  foreigners, 
50  per  cent  half-castes,  and  40  per  cent 
Indians,  the  negro  element  being  negli- 
gible. The  language  of  the  country  is 
Spanish. 

Production  and  Industry. — The  principal 
products  are  coffee,  sugar,  indigo,  "Peru- 
vian" balsam  (grown  in  Salvador,  but  for- 
merly shipped  from  Callao  in  Peru),  to- 
bacco, cocoa,  rice,  cereals,  and  fruits.  Cot- 
ton is  being  grown  under  a  Government  sub- 
sidy. 

Gold,  silver,  copper,  mercury,  and  lead 
are  found,  and  there  are  indications  of  coal 
and  iron,  but  only  gold  and  silver  are  sys- 
tematically worked,  mainly  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Morazan. 

Finance. — The  average  annual  expenditure 
for  the  five  years  ending  with  11)13  were 
13,230,002  pesos  and  the  average  revenue 
for  the  same  period  was  13,575,217  pesos. 
The  national  debt  was  stated  on  June  1, 
1913,  as  §0,917.000.  The  peso,  the  unit  of 
value,  is  worth  $0.40  in  United  States 
money. 

The  capital  is  San  Salvador,  with  a 
population  of  GO. 000. 

Trade  with  the  United  States. — The  value 
of  merchandise  imported  into  Salvador  from 
the  United  States  for  the  year  1913  was 
$2.389.971,  and  goods  to  the  value  of  $1,- 
371.5IJ8  were  sent  thither — a  balance  of 
$1,018,403  in  favor  of  the  United  States. 

Salvador: 

Commercial   relations    with,    5663. 

Consular  convention  with,  4070,  4212, 
4880. 

Difficulties  of,  with  Great  Britain, 
2643. 

Fugitive  criminals,  convention  with, 
for  surrender  of,  4033,  4212,  4247. 
Questions  arising  under,  discussed, 
5961. 

Insurrection  in,  and  refuge  on  board 
American  vessels  sought  by  insur- 
gents discussed,  5961. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Samoan 


President   of,   confirmed,  5544. 
Report   of    Thomas    C.   Eeynolds   on, 

transmitted,  5116. 

Tariff  laws  of,  evidence  of  modifica- 
tions of,  proclaimed,  5684,  5800. 
Discussed,  5747. 

Treaty  with,  transmitted  and  dis- 
cussed, 2572,  2694,  3280,  4033,  4070, 
4212,  4247. 

Vessel  condemned  by,  subsequently 
presented  to  United  States,  recom- 
mendations regarding,  4988. 
War  with  Guatemala,  5543. 
Salvador,  Treaties  with. — Our  earliest 
treaty  with  Salvador,  then  known  as  the  Re- 
public of  San  Salvador,  was  a  convention  of 
amity,  navigation  and  commerce,  which  was 
proclaimed  April  18,  18f>:5.  This  was  super- 
seded by  the  treaty  of  Dec.  6,  1870,  which 
provided  for  reciprocal  privileges  in  busi- 
ness, religious  freedom,  protection  of  per- 
sons and  property  in  each  country  by  the 
government  of  the  other,  consular  preroga- 
tives, and  the  usual  restrictions  of  neu- 
trality in  case  of  war.  It  also  contained 
the  most  favored  nation  clause.  On  notice 
given  by  Salvador  this  treaty  was  abro- 
gated May  30.  1893.  Dec.  19,  1901,  a  pro- 
tocol for  the  arbitration  of  certain  claims 
against  Salvador  by  citizens  of  the  United 
States  was  signed.  Naturalization  and  ar- 
bitration conventions  were  concluded  in 
1908.  The  arbitration  convention,  which 
was  for  five  years,  was  extended  in  1914 
for  another  five  years.  Salvador  also  be- 
came a  party  to  the  convention  between  the 
United  States  and  the  several  republics  of 
South  and  Central  America  for  the  arbitra- 
tion of  pecuniary  claims  and  the  protection 
of  inventions,  etc.,  which  was  signed  in 
Buenos  Aires  in  1910  and  proclaimed  in 
Washington,  July  29,  1914.  (See  South  and 
Central  America,  Treaties  with.; 
Salvo. — 1.  The  firing  of  a  number  of  guns 
at  the  same  time.  2.  The  striking,  at  the 
same  time,  of  several  missiles  on  the  enemy's 
'defense.  3.  The  simultaneous  shouting  of 
a  body  of  people. 
Sam-ahmish  Indians.  (See  Indian 

Tribes.) 
Samana  Bay: 

Convention  with  Dominican  Kepublic 

for— 

Lease  of,  3999. 
Transfer  of,  3799. 
Possession   of,    desired   by  European 

powers,  4015. 

Proposition  of  foreign  power  to  pur- 
chase right  to,  referred  to,  4017. 
Samoan  Islands.— A  group  of  fourteen  is- 
lands in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean.  The 
principal  islands  are  Savaii,  Upolu,  and 
Tutuila.  The  United  States  has  a  coaling 
station  in  the  harbor  of  Pago-Pago,  granted 
in  1872.  The  neutrality  of  the  islands  was 
guaranteed  by  the  United  States,  Great 
Britain,  and  Germany  in  1889  by  treaty. 
This  convention  of  treaty  between  the  three 
countries  provided  for  a  foreign  court  of 
justice,  a  municipal  council  for  the  district 
of  Apia,  the  chief  town,  with  a  foreign  presi- 
dent thereof,  authorized  to  advise  the  King  ; 
a  tribunal  for  the  settlement  of  native  and 
foreign  land  titles,  and  a  revenue  system  for 
the  Kingdom. 


In  1899  the  kingship  was  abolished,  and 
by  the  Anglo-German  agreement  of  Nov.  14, 
accepted  Jan.  14,  ]'.)()(),  by  the  United 
States,  Great  Britain  and  Germany  re- 
nounced In  favor  of  the  United  States  all 
rights  in  (he  Island  of  Tutuila  and  others  of 
the  Samoan  group  east  of  171"  east,  the  is- 
lands to  the  west  of  that  meridian  being 
assigned  to  Germany.  (See  also  Tu- 
tuila.) 

Samoan  Islands: 

Affairs     of,     and     policy     of    United 

States  regarding — 
Discussed  by  President — 

Cleveland,  5088,  5389,  5391,  5397, 

58,71,  5963,  6067. 
Harrison,   Benj.,   5469,  5545. 
McKinley,    64l'4. 

Eeports  on,  transmitted,  5197,  5367, 
5385,  5392,  5395,  5397,  5909,  5911, 
6001. 

Application  of  inhabitants  of,  for 
protection  of  United  States,  4116, 
4421,  5089. 

Application  of  Tutuila  Island  for  pro- 
tection of  United  States,  and  offer 
of  naval  station  by,  4122. 
Autonomy      and      independence      of, 

should   be  preserved,  5390. 
Conference  regarding,  at— 

Berlin   discussed,  5391,   5397,   5469, 

5871,  5963. 

Washington   referred  to,   5469. 
Government  of,  discussed,  4563,  6336. 
Insurrection  in,  discussed,  5871,  5963, 

6375,  6428. 

King  of,  death  of,  6336. 
Privileges  ceded  to  United  States  in 

harbor  of   Pago-Pago  by — 
Discussed,   4449,  4522. 
Referred   to,   5367. 
Report  on,  referred,  4217,  4473. 
Settlement    of    questions    regarding, 

referred  to,   5747. 
Special  agent  to,  power   of,  referred 

to,  4315,  5382. 

Treaty  between  United  States,  Great 
Britain,  and  Germany  regarding, 
5469,  5545. 

Discussed,  5871,  5963,  6067. 
Referred  to,  6336. 
Treaty  with,  4433,   4449. 
Vessels  of  United   States — 

Disabled  and  destroyed  at,  5479. 
Sent  to,  5390,  5871. 
Weakness  of,  discussed,  5088. 

Samoan  Islands,  Treaties  with. — in  1899 
a  convention  was  made  between  the  Unit- 
ed States,  Germany,  aud  Great  Britain,  re- 
lating to  settlement  of  claims  of  American 
citizens,  German,  and  British  subjects,  for 
damage  sustained  by  unwarranted  military 
action  in  Samoa.  It  was  agreed  that  the 
King  of  Sweden  and  Norway  should  be  in- 
vited to  act  as  arbitrator  therein,  and 
that  his  decision  in  the  premises  be  final, 
and  that  the  three  governments  be  bound 
to  make  good  the  losses  in  accordance 
therewith.  Oct.  14,  1902,  Oscar  II.,  Kiujj 


Samoan 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


of  Sweden  and  Norway,  as  arbitrator,  ren- 
dered his  decision,  in  which  he  found  the 
action  of  the  United  States  culpable  in 
bringing  back  the  Malietoans  after  deporta- 
tion, and  supplying  them  with  arms  and 
ammunition  without  the  knowledge  of  the 
German  consul.  For  this  and  for  other  rea- 
sons, King  Oscar  held  the  British  and  Unit- 
ed States  responsible  for  damages. 

The  convention  of  1899  contained  the 
renunciation  by  Germany  in  favor  of  the 
United  States  of  all  claims  and  rights  in 
respect  to  the  Island  of  Tutuila  and  all 
other  islands  of  the  Samoan  group  east 
of  longitude  171  degrees  west.  The  United 
States  renounced  all  claims  and  rights  in 
favor  of  Germany  of  the  islands  of  Upolu, 
Savail,  and  all  other  islands  of  the  Samoan 
group  west  of  longitude  171  degress  west. 
The  three  signatory  nations  continue  to  en- 
joy equal  rights  In  respect  of  commerce 
aiid  commercial  vessels  in  the  islands.  (See 
also  Germany.) 

San     Carlos    Reservation,    Ariz.,     coal 

lands  on,  referred  to,  4683. 
San  Domingo.    (See  Santo  Domingo.) 
San    Fernando,    The,    seizure    of,    and 
claims   arising  out    of,   4114,   5198, 
5547,  5673,  5873,  5962. 

Award  in  case  of,  6070. 
San  Francisco,  Cal.: 

Cable  communication  between  Pacific 
coast  and  Hawaiian  Islands  recom- 
mended. (See  Ocean  Cables.) 

Presidio  of,  appropriations  for  build- 
ings at,  recommended,  4161. 
San  Francisco  Bay,  Cal.,  floating  dock 

to  be  constructed  at,  2669. 
San  Gabriel  (Cal.),  Battle  of.— Dec.  29, 
1846,  Gen.  Kearuy  with  500  men  left  San 
Diego  for  Los  Angeles,  145  miles  away. 
Jan.  8,  1847,  Flores,  acting  governor  and 
captain-general,  with  600  men  and  4  pieces 
of  artillery,  was  encountered  on  the  com- 
manding heights  of  San  Gabriel,  prepared 
to  dispute  the  passage  of  the  Ilio  de  los 
Antreles  by  the  Americans.  The  baggage 
train  and  artillery  crossed  under  a  harass- 
ing fire  and  then  the  enomy  was  charged, 
and  in  10  minutes  Kearny  was  master  of 
the  field.  One  seaman,  acting  as  an  artil- 
leryman, was  killed  and  1  volunteer  and 
8  seamen  wounded,  2  mortally., 

San  Jacinto,  The: 

Collision  of,  with  the  Jules  et  Marie, 
appropriation  for  owners  of  latter, 
recommended,  3343. 
Removal  by,  of  Confederate  envoys 
from  British  vessel  Trent.  (See  Ma- 
son and  Slidell.) 

San  Juan  (Cuba),  Battle  of.     (See  San- 
tiago   (Cuba),  Battle   of.) 
San  Juan,  Cuba,  captured  by  American 

troops,  63 17. 

San  Juan  Hill,  Cuba.  (Capture  of,  il- 
lustration opposite  5978.) 
San  Juan  de  Fuca  Explorations.— Cert  a  in 
explorations  on  which  are  based  the  Ameri- 
can claims  to  possession  of  territory  border- 
Ing  on  the  I'arific.  The  portion  of  the 
1'acilic  Coast  between  the  parallels  of  hit. 
40°  and  50°  north  was  visited  on  behalf  of 
Spain  in  l.'Oli  by  a  Greek  pilot  named  I>e 
Fuca,  In  1(140  by  Admiral  Fonte.  and  sub- 


sequently by  other  explorers,  and  maps  of 
the  coast  line  had  been  made.  The  treaty 
of  1790  between  Spain  and  Great  Britain 
only  gave  the  latter  fishing  and  trading 
rights  in  the  vicinity  of  Puget  Sound.  The 
discovery  and  exploration  of  Columbia 
River  by  Capt.  Gray,  an  American  ;  the  pur- 
chase from  France  in  1803  of  the  Louisiana 
territory  ;  the  exploration  of  Columbia  River 
by  Lewis  and  Clark,  by  order  of  the  United 
States,  in  1804-5,  and  the  treaty  of  limits 
concluded  with  Spain  in  1819,  by  which  all 
the  territory  north  of  lat.  42°  norfh  was  ex- 
pressly declared  to  belong  to  the  United 
States,  were  held  to  be  sufficient  proofs  of 
the  latter's  title  to  the  territory.  Great 
Britain  nevertheless  claimed  a  large  por- 
tion of  the  region,  while  the  United  States 
claimed  'the  country  to  lat.  54°  40'  north. 
In  1846  the  boundary  was  settled  at  the 
forty-ninth  parallel  as  far  as  the  channel 
between  Vancouver  Island  and  the  main- 
land, and  from  that  point  on  a  line  through 
the  middle  of  that  channel  and  the  Strait 
of  Juan  de  Fuca  to  the  Pacific.  (See  North- 
western Boundary.)  Navigation  of  the 
channel  was  to  be  free  to  both  countries. 
Under  this  treaty  the  United  States  claimed 
the  Canal  de  Ilaro  as  the  channel  through 
which  the  boundary  was  to  run,  and  Great 
Britain  claimed  Rosario  Straits.  San  Juan 
and  other  islands  were  thus  in  dispute.  To 
avoid  conflict,  the  occupation  by  both  na- 
tions of  the  Island  of  San  Juan  at  op- 
posite ends  was  agreed  upon.  The  Emperor 
of  Germany,  who  was  selected  as  arbitrator 
of  the  dispute,  decided  in  favor  of  the  Unit- 
ed States  in  1872  (4140).  (See  also  "Fifty- 
four  Forty  or  Fight.") 
San  Juan  Hill,  Battle  of,  referred  to, 

6637. 
San  Juan  Island: 

Conflicting  claims  of  Great  Britain 
and  United  States  to,  discussed, 
3092,  3171,  3197. 

Settlement  of,  by  arbitration,  4139. 
Eecommended,  3198,  3213. 

Gen.  Scott  sent  to,  3094. 

Correspondence     of,     referred     to, 
3110. 

Joint  occupancy  of,  3659. 

Military  force  placed  on,  3093. 

Possession  of,  awarded  United  States, 
4140. 

Referred  to,  3110,  3171,  3819. 
San  Juan,  Nicaragua: 

Bombardment  of,  2778. 

Military  expedition  under  authority 
of  Great  Britain  landed  at,  dis- 
cussed, 2903. 

Transactions    between    Capt.    Hollins 

and    authorities    of,    2760. 
San    Juan,     Puerto    Rico,    shelled    by 

American  fleet,  6316. 
San  Juan  Question.     (See  San  Juan  de 

Fuca    Explorations.) 
San  Juan  River: 

Survey  of,   to   be   made,   3444. 

Territorial    controversies    b  e  t  w  e  e  n 

States  bordering  on,   2736. 
San   Nicolas   Island,   referred   to,   6702. 
San   Salvador.     (See   Salvador.) 
Sanders  Creek  (S.  C.),  Battle  of.— Gen- 
erally known  as  the  battle  of  Canulen.      In 
the  summer   of   17NO   Cen.    Gates   had    been 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Santiago 


appointed  to  the  command  of  (he  Southern 
Jinny,  nnd,  recnforced  by  Huron  I  ><•  Kiilli, 
Arniand'a  Legion,  I'ortertleld's  Virginia  reg- 
iment, nnd  Rutherford's  North  Carolina  mi- 
litia, his  force  numbered  over  4,000,  of 
whom  less  than  1,000  were  regulars.  Corn- 
wiillis,  with  about  2,000  British  and  Tories, 
of  whom  1,500  were  regulars,  proposed  to 
surprise  Gates's  army.  Gates  had  deter- 
mined to  surprise  Cornwallis.  Both  ad- 
vancing, the  two  armies  unexpectedly  met 
at  Sanders  Creek,  near  Camden,  S.  C.,  on 
the  night  of  Aug.  10,  1780.  After  some 
skirmishing  hostilities  were  suspended  until 
the  morning,  when,  with  the  first  British 
attaek,  the  Virginia  and  South  Carolina  mi- 
litia fled,  after  a  feeble  resistance,  due  In 
part  to  an  Imprudent  order  by  (Jen.  Gates. 
Karon  I)e  Kail)  bore  the  brunt  of  the  battle 
and  fell,  being  wounded  12  times.  The 
American  defeat  eventually  became  a  rout. 
Their  loss  in  killed,  wounded,  and  prisoners 
was  upward  of  2.000.  The  British  lost 
325  men,  08  of  whom  were  killed.  Previ- 
ous to  tliis  action  Stunt  er,  with  about 
4(10  men,  captured  a  British  convoy  with 
stores  and  200  prisoners,  but  was  himself 
surprised  the  next  day  by  Tarleton,  who 
recaptured  the  stores,  killed  100  men,  and 
took  300  prisoners.  The  British,  in  the 
Camden  battle,  came  into  possession  of  7 
pieces  of  artillery,  2.000  muskets,  the  en- 
tire baggage  train,  and  nearly  1,000  prison- 
ers, including  Generals  Do  Kalb,  Gregory, 
and  Rutherford. 

Sandusky,   Ohio,  British  attack  on,  re- 
pulsed, 524. 

Sandwich  Islands.      (See   Hawaiian  Is- 
lands.) 
Sandy  Bay,  Mass.,  harbor  of,  referred 

to,  1040. 
Sandy  Creek   (N.  Y.),  Battle  of. -May 

l!l.  1814,  while  the  British  squadron  on 
Lake  Ontario  was  blockading  Sacketts  Har- 
bor, where  Commodore  Chauneey  was  fit- 
ting out  a  squadron  for  active  service,  cer- 
tain heavy  guns  and  cables  destined  for 
some  of  the  American  ships  were  yet  at 
Oswego  Falls.  The  blockade  preventing 
their  being  convoyed  by  water  to  the  har- 
bor. Capt.  Woolsey,  commander  of  the 
Oiicida,  volunteered  to  transport  them  by 
way  of  the  Big  Sandy  Creek,  partly  over- 
land, to  their  destination.  Sir  James  Yeo, 
of  the  blockading  squadron,  sent  2  gun- 
boats, 3  cutters,  and  a  gig  to  intercept 
Woolsey.  The  latter  had  detailed  130  rifle- 
men and  the  same  number  of  Oneida  Indi- 
ans to  proceed  along  the  banks  of  the 
creek  to  assist  in  repelling  any  possible 
attack.  May  30  the  British  gunboats 
sighted  Woolsey's  flotilla  and  began  tiring. 
Within  10  minutes  the  British  squadrons, 
with  officers  and  men  to  the  number  of 
170,  were  prisoners  and  prizes.  Not  a  sin- 
gle American  life  was  lost.  The  British 
loss  was  18  killed  and  50  wounded.  The 
cannon  and  cables  were  safely  landed  at 
Sacketts  Harbor. 
"Sane  Fourth."  (See  Fourth  of  July 

Accidents.) 

Sanitary  Bureau,  International,  appro- 
priation to,  6823. 

Sanitary  Conference,  International,  at — 
Rome,  4898,  4918. 
Washington,  4564,  4622,  4631,  6737. 

San  Marino,  the  smallest  republic  in  the 
world,  is  situated  on  the  Adriatic,  14  miles 
southwest  of  Rimini,  in  northern  Italy.  It 
has  an  area  of  2  English  square  miles. 


Population  (1910^,  10,055.  It  is  named 
in  consequence  of  its  traditional  founda- 
tion by  Saint  Marinns,  in  the  reign  of 
the  Kmperor  Diocletian  (281-3O5  A.  I  >.  ) 
and  possesses  a  monastery  founded  in  the 
ninth  century.  The  independence  of  the 
republic  has  survived  all  attempts  at  sup- 
pression and  is  secured  by  a  treaty  with  the 
King  of  Italy.  The  supreme  power  resides 
In  the  Arringo,  or  general  assembly,  which 
meets  twice  a  year  at  the  capital,  I  he 
executive  being  entrusted  to  two  (Japiftini 
Reggcntif  selected  every  six  months  from 
the  sixty  members  of  the  Great  Council, 
who  are  elected  by  universal  suffrage  In 
three  classes  (twenty  from  the  nobility, 
twenty  from  flic  landowners  and  twenty 
from  the  people)  for  nine  years,  and  are 
renewauiC  as  to  one-third  every  three  years. 
There  is  a  defence  force  of  about  1,200 
men,  and  all  citizens  between  the  ages  of 
sixteen  and  sixty  are  liable  for  service. 
The  revenue  in  1009-1010  amounted  to 
308,000  lire.  The  exports  are  wine,  cattle 
and  stone.  The  Capital  (San  Marino,  popu- 
lation 1,500)  stands  on  Mount  Titaiu,  and 
has  an  impregnable  castle. 
Santa  Fe,  N.  Mex.,  rapitol  at,  appro- 
priation for  completion  of,  recom- 
mendation regarding,  5S72. 
Grant  of  land  to,  6872. 
Santa  Fe  Trail. — There  is  said  to  be  in  the 
ancient  palace  at  Santa  Fc  a  Spanish  docu- 
ment proving  the  existence  of  a  trail  in  the, 
last  quarter  of  the  18th  century  from  the 
old  French  settlements  in  what  is  now  Illi- 
nois, to  some  of  the  Spanish  towns  in  New 
Mexico,  and  from  one  of  these  to  California. 
In  1804  a  merchant  of  Kaskaskla.  111.,  dis- 
patched a  courier  with  goods  to  Santa  Fe. 
In  1822  the  Santa  Fe  trail  proper  was 
opened — a  wonderful  road  some  800  miles 
in  length,  rising  so  imperceptibly  for  three- 
quarters  of  its  distance  as  to  seem  perfectly 
level,  and  without  a  bridge  from  end  to  end. 
The  eastern  terminus  was  first  at  Franklin, 
Mo.,  then  at  Independence,  and  later  at 
Westport.  on  the  Missouri  River.  The  early 
traders  carried  their  merchandise  on  pack 
horses  or  mules,  and  in  1824  the  prairie 
schooner  appeared.  Along  this  road  General 
Kearny  and  Colonel  Doniphan  led  the  expe- 
dition which  annexed  the  western  states  to 
the  Union  during  the  Mexican  war.  The 
Santa  Fe  railroad  now  closely  follows  the 
trail,  which  was  the  scene  of  many  stage- 
coach robberies  and  Indian  attacks.  Wagon 
trains  hound  for  the  Pacific,  coast  rendez- 
voused at  Emporia,  Kan.,  whence  they  were 
escorted  by  scouts  or  military  guards. 

Santa  Maria,  The,  presented  to  United 
States  by  Spain  discussed  and  recom- 
mendation regarding,  5872. 

Santa  Rosa  Island  (Fla.),  Battle  of.— 

Oct.  0,  1861,  a  force  of  1,500  or  2.000  Con- 
federates landed  on  Santa  Rosa  Island, 
1'ensacola  Harbor,  Fla.,  and  surprised  the 
camp  of  AYilsou's  Zouaves  about,  a.  mile 
from  the  fort.  Maj.  Vogdes  was  sent  to  the 
relief  of  the  camp  with  two  companies.  He 
was  captured,  but  the  assailants  retired 
to  their  boats  under  the  heavy  lire  of  the 
regulars  after  setting  lire  to  the  camp. 
The  Federal  loss  was  GO  killed  and  wound- 
ed. The  Confederate  loss  was  not  reported. 

Santiago,  Cuba: 

American  army  under   Maj. -Gen.    AY. 

R.  Shafter  lands  near,  6,'!17. 
American    interests    in,    confided    to 

British   consul,    63ol. 


Santiago 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Movement    against    «,nd    subsequent 

capitulation  of,  discussed,  6317. 
Thanks  of  President  tendered  com- 
mander and  men,  6574,  6577. 
Postal  communication  with,  order  re- 
garding, 6577. 

Santiago  (Cuba),  Battle  of.— On  Mon- 
day, June  20,  1898,  the  American  fleet  of 
about  55  ships,  including  the  naval  convoy 
which  had  left  Tampa,  Fla.,  on  June  7, 
came  within  sight  of  the  town  of  Daiquiri, 
about  fifteen  miles  east  of  Santiago,  which 
was  the  point  selected  for  the  landing. 
Upon  landing  at  Daiquiri,  Gen.  Wheeler  s 
command  of  cavalry  was  ordered  to  take 

Position    on    the    road    to    Siboney.      Gen. 
'ouug's  brigade    (about  965    men),    during 
the  night  of  June  23-24,  passed  Gen.  Law- 
tou's  division,  which  was  on  the  road  from 
Siboney  to  Santiago. 

About  three  miles  from  the  former  place, 
near  Las  Guasimas,  June  24,  they  encoun- 
tered the  enemy  posted  in  a  strong  natu- 
ral position.  The  Spanish  forces  occupied 
a  range  of  hills  in  the  form  of  obtuse  an- 
gles, with  the  salient  toward  Siboney.  The 
attack,  says  Gen.  Young,  of  both  wings 
was  simultaneous,  and  the  junction  of  the 
two  lines  occurred  near  the  apex  of  the 
angle,  on  the  ridge,  which  had  been  forti- 
fied with  stone  breastworks  flanked  by 
blockhouses.  The  Spanish  were  driven 
from  their  position  and  fled  precipitately 
toward  Santiago.  The  American  forces 
numbered  about  965,  the  Spanish  2,000  to 
2,500.  American  losses.  1  officer  and  15 
men  killed  ;  6  officers  and  46  men  wounded. 
Forty-two  dead  Spanish  soldiers  were  found 
on  the  field,  while  the  Santiago  (Spanish) 
papers  the  day  after  the  battle  gave  their 
loss  as  77  killed. 

After  this  battle  the  Spaniards  retired 
to  the  outer  defenses  of  Santiago.  These 
were  the  village  of  El  Caney  to  the  north- 
east, and  the  San  Juan  Hill  extending 
south  from  that  village  and  forming  a 
natural  barrier  to  the  eastward  of  the 
city.  July  1  these  defenses  were  attacked 
by  forces  under  Gen.  Lawton,  who  was  ex- 
pected to  take  Kl  Caney  and  then  move 
toward  Santiago  and  support  the  attack  of 
Wheeler's  and  Kent's  divisions  upon  the 
main  Spanish  army.  The  batlle  began  at 
6  A.  M.  and  soon  became  general.  The 
enemy  fought  with  much  obstinacy,  but 
were  slowly  driven  back.  After  Lawton 
had  become  well  engaged,  Grimes's  battery, 
from  the  heights  of  Kl  Poso,  opened  fire 
on  the  San  Juan  blockhouses,  and  Wheel- 
er's and  Kent's  divisions  moved  forward, 
crossed  the  river,  and  formed  for  an  at- 
tack on  San  Juan  Hill.  During  this,  for- 
mation Col.  Wikoff  was  killed.  The  com- 
mand of  the  Second  Brigade  then  devolved 
upon  Lieut. -Col.  Worth,  who  was  soon  se- 
verely wounded,  and  then  upon  Lieut. -Col. 
Liscum.  who  fell  a  few  minutes  later,  and 
Lieut. -Col.  Kwers  took  command.  The 
Spaniards  strongly  intrenched  upon  the 
hills  in  front  of  the  American  forces,  San 
Juan  Hill  and  Fort  San  Juan,  the  latter 
)sition  being  a  few  hundred  yards  nearer 
Santiago. 

The  American  forces  charged  up  San 
Juan  Hill  in  the  face  of  n  heavy  fire,  cap- 
tured this  point,  crossed  the  plain  below, 
and  charged  Fort  San  Juan,  driving  the 
enemy  before  them.  At  midnight  of  July  1 
Gen.  Bates  arrived  with  reenforcements, 
and  at  daylight  on  the  2d  his  brigade  was 
placed  on  the  ridge  to  the  left  of  the  Amer- 
ican lines.  Gen.  Lawton's  forces  were 
placed  on  the  right.  All  day  a  brisk  fire 
was  kept  up  by  the  two  armies,  part  of  the 


i 


time  in  a  drenching  rain.  At  nightfall  the 
firing  ceased,  but  at  9  P.  M.  a  vigorous  as- 
sault was  made  all  along  the  lines,  which 
was  repulsed,  the  Spaniards  retiring  to 
their  trenches.  The  following  morning  fir- 
ing was  resumed  and  continued  until  near 
noon,  when  a  white  flag  was  displayed  by 
the  enemy. 

The  total  losses  of  the  American  forces 
during  the  three  days'  fighting  (July  1,  2, 
and  3)  were:  Officers  killed,  13;  privates, 
87 ;  officers  wounded,  36 ;  privates,  561  ; 
missing,  62.  The  entire  strength  of  the 
command  which  fought  the  battle  of  San 
Juan  was  362  officers  and  7,391  privates. 
The  defenses  of  Santiago  were  constructed 
with  much  engineering  skill,  as  were  also 
the  batteries  in  the  harbor.  The  city  was 
at  once  surrounded  by  the  American  army, 
so  that  the  Spaniards  could  not  escape. 
The  ridge  upon  which  the  Americans  were 
stationed  was  favorably  located  and  over- 
looked the  city.  The  fortifications  and 
barbed  wire  fences  could  easily  be  seen. 
The  Spaniards  seemed  to  realize  that  their 
condition  was  hopeless,  and  on  Sunday 
morning,  July  3,  their  fleet  steamed  out  of 
the  harbor.  The  destruction  of  this  fleet 
was  complete. 

On  the  16th  Gen.  Toral  informed  the 
American  commander  that  the  Spanish 
Government  at  Madrid  had  authorized  the 
surrender,  and  thereupon  final  terms  of  ab- 
solute capitulation  were  duly  signed.  The 
conditions  of  the  surrender  included  all 
forces  and  war  material  in  the  division  of 
Santiago.  The  United  States  agreed  to 
transport,  without  unnecessary  delay,  all 
the  Spanish  troops  in  the  district  to  Spain. 
Officers  were  to  retain  their  side  arms  and 
officers  and  men  their  personal  property. 
The  Spanish  commander  was  authorized  to 
take  the  military  archives  of  the  district. 
The  Spanish  forces  were  to  march  out  of 
Santiago  with  honors  of  war  and  deposit 
their  arms  at  a  point  to  be  mutually  agreed 
upon,  to  await  the  disposition  of  the  United 
States  Government,  etc.  The  troops  sur- 
rendered and  returned  to  Spain  were  about 
24,000. 

Santiago  Harbor,  Cuba: 

Forts  at  mouth  of,  shelled  by  Ameri- 
can squadron,  63]  6. 
Spanish  fleet  in,  6316. 

Attempting  to  escape,  destroyed  by 
American  squadron,  6317.  (See 
also  encyclopedic  article,  San- 
tiago Harbor,  Battle  of.) 
Thanks  of  President  tendered  of- 
ficers and  men  of  American 
squadron,  6573. 

The  Mcrriniac  sank  in,  by  Lieut.  Hob- 
son,   6305,   6316. 

Naval  Cadet  Powell  to  be  made 
ensign  for  attempting  to  rescue 
force  of,  6306. 

Thanks  of  President  to  Lieut.  Hob- 
son  and  promotion  of,  recom- 
mended, 6306. 

Santiago  Harbor  (Cuba),  Battle  of.— 
This  engagement,  which  is  also  known  as 
the  battle  of  July  3,  was  the  decisive  naval 
combat  of  the  Spanish-American  War.  For 
six  weeks  the  Spanish  fleet  under  Uear- 
Admiral  Pnscual  Cervera  had  been  Impris- 
oned in  the  harbor  of  Santiago  by  the 
American  blockading  squadron  in  com- 
mand of  Acting  Rear-Admirnl  Sampson. 
On  the  morning  of  July  3,  1898,  at  about 
9.30  o'clock,  while  the  men  of  the  American 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Santo  Domingo 


vessels  were  at  Sunday  quarters  for  In- 
spection, the  Spanish  fleet,  consisting  of 
the  Infanta  Maria  Teresa,  Vizcuya,  Cristo- 
bal Colon,  Almirante  Oquendo,  I'litton,  and 
Furor,  attempted  to  escape.  The  ships, 
coining  out  of  the  harbor  at  the  rate  of 
eight  or  ten  knots  an  hour,  passed  without 
difliculty  the  collier  Mvrrimac.  which  had 
been  sunk  in  the  channel  by  Lieut.  Hobson. 
Signals  were  at  once  made  from  the  United 
States  vessels,  "Enemy's  ships  escaping," 
and  general  quarters  were  sounded.  Rear- 
Admiral  Sampson  being  about  seven  miles 
from  the  scene  of  battle,  the  command  of 
the  American  vessels  during  the  engage- 
ment devolved  upon  Commodore  Schley. 
Under  his  direction,  the  squadron  closed  in 
on  the  fleeing  vessels,  and  in  about  two 
hours  the  entire  Spanish  fleet  was  de- 
stroyed. The  Spanish  losses  were  COO 
killed  and  about  1,400  prisoners,  including 
the  admiral.  The  loss  on  the  American 
side  was  1  killed  and  1  wounded,  while 
not  a  vessel  was  materially  damaged. 
From  this  crushing  defeat  Spain  was  un- 
able to  recover,  and  her  effort  upon  the 
ocean  ceased.  (See  illustration  opposite 
G058.) 

Santo  Domingo.— The  Republic  occupies 
the  eastern  part  of  the  island  of  Haiti,  cov- 
ering 18,045  square  miles  of  its  total  area 
of  28,000  square  miles,  or  rather  more  than 
two-thirds  of  the  whole  island,  the  remain- 
der forming  the  Republic  of  Haiti  (q.  v.), 
and  lies  between  17°  37'-20°  N.  latitude 
and  72°-G8°  20'  W.  longitude. 

Physical  Features  and  Climate. — Santo  Do- 
mingo is  distinctly  mountainous.  The  high- 
»st  point  in  the  republic  is  Loma  Tina  (10,- 
300  feet),  an  isolated  mountain  in  the 
south  of  the  island.  Between  the  Sierra 
de  Monti  Cristi  in  the  north  and  that  of 
Cibao  in  the  center  is  a  vast  well-watered 
plain,  known  as  the  Vega  Real,  from  Sa- 
mana  Bay  in  the  east  to  Manzanillo  Bay 
lii  the  west,  a  distance  of  close  on  150 
miles.  In  the  southeast  is  another  great 
plain,  stretching  from  Ozanam  River  to  the 
east  coast,  about  100  miles  distant. 

The  principal  rivers  are  the  Yaqui  del 
Norte  and  the  Yaqui  del  Sur,  which  rise 
on  either  side  of  the  central  range  and 
flow  into  the  Bays  of  Manzanillo  (north- 
west) and  Neyba  (south),  and  the  Yuna, 
which  drains  the  Vega  Real  and  Hows  into 
Samana  Bay  ;  the  Ozaina,  upon  which  the 
capital  stands,  is  the  most  important  of 
the  lesser  streams.  The  republic  lies  en- 
tirely with  the  tropics,  but  the  climate  has 
a  wide  range  on  account  of  the  diversity  of 
levels,  and  the  capital,  in  particular,  is 
healthy  and  comparatively  cool.  Rainfall  is 
abundant  and  the  wet  and  dry  seasons  are 
clearly  marked.  The  prevailing  wind  is 
from  the  east,  and  the  island  is  generally 
free  from  hurricanes. 

History. — The  Dominican  Republic  is  the 
Spanish  portion  of  the  island  of  Haiti  (or 
Santo  Domingo),  which  was  discovered  by 
Columbus  in  1492  and  peopled  by  the 
Spaniards  with  imported  African  slaves, 
who  soon  exterminated  the  Indian  tribes. 
In  1821  an  independent  republic  was  pro- 
claimed and  the  Spaniards  abandoned  the 
country,  but  from  1822-1844  the  territory 
was  made  part  of  the  neighboring  republic 
of  Haiti. 

There  are  twelve  provinces  with  a  total 
area  of  18.045  square  miles  and  an  esti- 
mated population  of  700.000. 

Government.— In  1844  the  Dominican  Re- 
public was  founded,  the  present  constitution 
resting  upon  a  fundamental  law  of  Nov.  6, 
1844,  since  modified  in  many  instances. 
The  President  is  elected  for  six  years  by 
Indirect  vote.  Provisional  President  of  the 


Republic,  Jos<§  Bordas  (elected  by  Congress, 
April,  1913).  Up  to  the  close  of  I'.UG  he- 
had  been  succeeded  by  Eliado  Victoria,  Ra- 
mon Huest,  Juan  Isidoro  Jimiuez,  Desiderio 
Arias,  .Jacinto  de  Castro. 

The  revolutionary  movement  under  Gen. 
Desiderio  Arias  caused  the  United  States 
to  intervene  in  the  affairs  of  tin,-  island. 
Marines  were  landed,  and  a  number  of  cities 
and  forts  occupied. 

Congress  consists  of  a  Senate  and  a  Cham- 
ber of  Deputies.  The  Senate  contains  one 
member  from  each  province,  and  the 
Chamber  twice  that  number,  the  houses 
thus  numbering  twelve  and  twenty-four, 
elected  in  each  case  by  indirect  vote,  Sen- 
ators for  six  years,  one-third  renewable 
every  two  years,  Deputies  for  four  years, 
one-half  so  renewable. 

Each  of  the  twelve  Provinces  is  admin- 
istered by  a  Governor  appointed  by  the 
President.  The  governing  classes  are  main- 
ly white. 

There  are  three  main  elements  in  the 
population,  the  most  numerous  being  mu- 
lattoes  of  Spanish-Negro  descent,  with  many 
full-blooded  negro  descendants  of  slaves 
imported  by  Spain  from  the  sixteenth  to 
the  nineteenth  centuries,  and  native-born 
and  settled  whites,  principally  Spanish,  but 
partly  French  and  English,  with  a  few 
Turkish  Christians  from  Turkey.  The  re- 
ligion of  the  country  is  Roman  Catholic,  but 
all  creeds  are  tolerated.  Spanish  is  the  lan- 
guage of  the  Republic,  with  a  sprinkling  of 
French  and  English  in  the  towns. 

Finance. — In  1907  the  Republic  ratified  a 
treaty  with  the  United  States,  under  which 
the  latter  country  collects  the  customs  and 
acts  as  an  intermediary  between  the  Do- 
minican Republic  and  its  foreign  creditors. 
The  Debt  was  stated  on  Jan.  1,  1912,  at 
$20,000,000. 

The  revenue  and  expenditure  for  the 
years  1908-1912  are  stated  as  follows  : 

Year  Revenue  Expenditure 

1908 $3,984,300  83,990,000 

1909 4,520,120  4,530,000 

1910 4,700,000  4,050,000! 

1911 4,860,000  4,800,000  i 

1912 5,809,785  5,845,994  j 

Production  and  Industry. — The  plains  of 
the  Republic  and.  in  particular,  the  Vega 
Real  and  Santiago  valley  in  the  north, 
and  Los  Llanos  or  the  plain  of  Seybo  in 
the  southeast,  are  well  watered  and  ex- 
traordinarily fertile,  and  contain  the  finest 
sugar  lands  in  the  West  India  Islands, 
while  the  mountainous  districts  are  espe- 
cially suited  to  the  culture  of  coffee,  and 
tropical  fruits  may  be  grown  throughout  the 
Republic  with  a  minimum  of  attention.  The 
sugar  industry  is  in  a  flourishing  condition, 
and  the  exports  are  increasing  and  cacao  is 
now  the  second  most  important  industry  ; 
coffee,  cotton,  tobacco,  and  rice  are  grown 
with  variable  success.  The  country  abounds 
in  timber,  including  mahogany  and  other 
cabinet  woods  and  dye-woods,  but  the  in- 
dustry is  undeveloped  and  transport  facili- 
ties are  lacking.  Live  Stock. — The  treeless 
prairies,  or  savannahs,  are  capable  of  sup- 
porting large  herds  of  cattle,  but  they  are 
mainly  in  a  state  of  nature. 

Gold  and  silver  were  formerly  exported 
in  large  quantities,  and  platinum  is  known 
to  exist,  while  iron,  copper,  tin,  antimony, 
and  manganese  are  also  found  ;  but  copper 
is  the  only  metal  now  produced,  and  one 
gold-washing  plant  is  in  course  of  construc- 
tion. Of  the  non-metallic  minerals  the 
principal  production  is  salt,  of  which  srreat 
quantities  exist  iu  the  Neyba  district  of  the 
south. 


Santo  Domingo       Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Exports. — The  principal  exports  in  1912 
were  sugar  $5,841,357,  cacao  $4,248,724, 
and  tobacco  $370,037 ;  the  principal  im- 
ports being  cottons  $1, COS, 465,  breadstuffs, 
rice  and  provisions  $1,710,89-!,  and  iron 
and  steel  manufactures  $1,626,800.  Sixty 
per  cent  of  the  total  trade  is  with  the 
United  States,  the  share  of  Germany  being 
10  per  cent.  While  the  bulk  of  the  sugar 
Is  entered  in  the  Customs  statistics  as 
going  to  the  United  States,  it  is  nearly 
all  reexported,  the  United  Kingdom  re- 
ceiving about  50  per  cent  and  Canada  25 
per  cent. 

Railways.— There  were  (1911)  about  500 
miles  of  railway  open,  of  which  150  miles 
are  government  line,  80  miles  belong  to  an 
English  company  and  the  remainder  are 
private  lines  on  the  various  plantations. 

jS'AippiHj/.— The  mercantile  marine  consists 
of  a  few  small  sailing  vessels  and  two 
small  coasting  steamers.  In  1912,  1,076 
vessels  (783,893  tons)  engaged  in  the  for- 
eign trade  entered  and  cleared  at  the  ports 
of  the  Republic.  There  is  an  excellent  road- 
stead in  Saruanii  Bay  on  the  northeast 
coast. 

The  unit  of  value  is  the  United  States 
gold  dollar. 

Trade  with  the  United  States. — The  value 
of  merchandise  imported  into  Santo  Do- 
mingo from  the  United  States  for  the  year 
1913  was  85.802,767,  and  goods  to  the 
value  of  $3.728.774  were  sent  thither — a 
balance  of  $2,073,993  in  favor  of  the  Unit- 
ed States. 

See  illustration  opposite  6996. 
Santo   Domingo: 

Annexation  of,  to  United  States — 
Discussed   by   President — 

Grant,     4006,     4015,    4053,    4082, 

4176,  4365. 
Johnson,  3886. 
Eoosevelt,  6997. 
Report    of   Secretary   of   State    on, 

transmitted,   4072. 
Treaty  for,  submitted,  4000,  4015. 
Failure    of    ratification    of,    dis- 
cussed, 4053,  4176,  4365. 
President    declines    to    communi- 
cate    privileges     relating     to, 
4012. 

Referred  to,  4006,  4082. 
Views  of  Cabral  on,  communicated 

to  Senate,  4071. 

Application  of,  to  United  States  to 
exercise  protectorate  over,  referred 
to,  4193. 

Claim  of  United  States  against,  6329. 

Claims  of  citizens   of  United   States 

to  guano  on  Alta  Vela  Island,  3827. 

Colony  of  negroes  on  coast  of,  order 

regarding  return  of,  3433. 
Commerce     with     restraints     on,     re- 
moved, 278,   280,   285,  292,   294. 
Complaints  of  France  against,  379. 
Commercial  relations   with,  287,   773, 

5663. 
Condition  and  resources  of,  report  on, 

4009,   4070,  4071. 
Customs    of,    taken    over    by    United 

States,  7377,   7379. 

Diplomatic  intercourse  with,  provi- 
sion for,  recommended,  4083. 


Economic  condition  of,  6997. 
Export  of  coal  aud  arms  to,  forbid- 
den, 6968. 
Fugitive   criminals,  convention  with, 

for  surrender  of,   3669. 
Imprisonment    of    American    citizens 

by  authorities  of,  4004,  4013. 
Incorporation  of,  with  Spanish  Mon- 
archy referred  to,  3233. 
Instructions  to  naval  officers  in  com- 
mand on  coast  of,  referred  to,  4023, 
4075. 

Minister  of   United   States  to,  nomi- 
nated, 2909. 

Payment    of   moneys    claimed    to    be 
due,   from    United   States    referred 
to,  4382. 
Peace  concluded  between  contending 

parties  in,  2658. 

Political  condition  of,  referred  to,  773. 
Proposition  of  foreign  power  to  pur- 
chase, referred  to,  4017. 
Report    of   George    B.   McClellan    on, 

transmitted,  4071. 
Revolution     in,     referred     to,     3826, 

6427. 
Samana  Bay,  convention  for  transfer 

of.     (See  Samana  Bay.) 
Social  condition  of,  discussed,  3885. 
Tariff  laws  of,  evidence  of  modifica- 
tions of  proclaimed,  5587. 
Referred  to,  5615,  5747. 
Treaty    with,    transmitted    and    dis- 
cussed,   3669,    4826,    4842,    4921, 
6950. 

Withdrawn,  4888,  4922. 
Vessel  of  United  States  fired  upon  at 

Azua,  6095. 
War  in,  discussed,  2619,  3445,  6365. 

Peace  concluded,  2658. 
Santo  Domingo,  Treaties  with. — A  con- 
vention of  amity,  commerce  and  naviga- 
tion and  for  the  surrender  of  fugitive 
criminals  was  concluded  with  the  Domini- 
can Republic  in  1867.  This  provided  for 
reciprocal  privileges  of  citizens  and  the 
exchange  of  diplomatic  and  consular  offi- 
cers, and  the  extradition  of  criminals. 
This  convention  terminated  Jan.  13,  1898, 
on  notice  from  the  Dominican  Republic. 

In  1903,  by  an  arbitration  protocol  the 
claim  of  the  San  Domingo  Improvement 
Company  of  New  York  was  submitted  to 
n  board  of  arbitrators  consisting  of  John 
G.  Carlisle,  Manuel  de  J.  Galvan  and  Judge 
George  Gray.  These  rendered  an  award 
July  14,  1904.  providing  for  the  redelivery 
of  the  various  properties  to  the  Domini- 
can Republic  and  the  payment  by  the  re- 
public of  $4,481.250  in'  monthly  instal- 
ments to  the  financial  agent  of  the  United 
States  and  for  the  security  for  such  pay- 
ments the  customs  revenm  ;  and  customs 
houses  of  Puerto  Plata,  Sanchez,  Saman.1 
and  Montecristy,  and  all  other  ports  of 
entry  or  custom  houses  now  existing  or 
as  might  thereafter  be  established  on  the 
coast  or  In  the  Interior  north  of  eighteen 
degrees  and  forty-live  minutes  and  e:ist  of 
the  Haitian  boundary,  were  to  be  assigned 
and  designated,  which  custom  houses  were 
to  be  turned  over  to  a  financial  agent,  to 
be  appointed  by  the  United  States,  who 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Saxony 


\\-iis  tr>  have  entire  charge  of  such  custom 
houses  and  of  the  collection  of  the  reve- 
nues therefrom. 

Kcccircr  of  Customs.— In  1907  a  conven- 
tion was  concluded  providing  for  the  as- 
sistance of  tho  I'nlted  Stales  in  the  col- 
lection ami  application  of  the  customs  reve- 
nues of  the  republic.  In  the  preamble  to 
this  treaty  It  Is  stated  that  owing  to  the 
disturbed  political  conditions  of  the  coun- 
try, debts  and  claims  had  been  created  to 
the  amount  of  more  than  $30,000,000,  and 
that  these  same  conditions  had  prevented 
the  peaceable  and  continuous  collection 
of  revenue,  and  that  the  debts  were  con- 
tinually increasing.  Fiscal  agents  of  the 
republic  effected  a  compromise  whereby 
nil  its  foreign  creditors  agreed  to  accept 
Ml', 407, <MH)  for  debts  and  claims  amount- 
ing to  about  $21,184,000  of  nominal  or 
face  value,  and  the  holders  of  internal 
debts  or  claims  of  about  if 2,028.258  nomi- 
nal or  fa-  value  agreed  to  accent  about 
$<i4."),S17  therefor,  and  the  remaining  hold- 
ers of  internal  debts  or  claims  on  the  same 
basis  as  the  assents  already  given  will  re- 
ceive about  $2,400,000  therefor,  which  snm 
the  Dominican  Government  fixed  upon  as 
the  amount  which  it  will  pay  to  such  re- 
maining internal  debt-holders;  making  the 
total  payments  under  such  adjustment  and 
settlement,  including  interest  as  adjusted 
and  claims  not  yet  liquidated,  amount  to 
not  more  than  about  $17,000,</v)0. 

Tart,  of  the  plan  of  settlement  was  the 
issue  and  sale  of  bonds  of  the  Dominican 
Republic  to  the  amount  of  $20.000.000, 
bearing  five  per  cent  interest  payable  In 
fifty  years  and  redeemable  after  ten  years 
at  102*.  It  was  agreed  that  tne  President 
of  the  "United  States  should  appoint  a  re- 
ceiver to  collect  all  tne  customs  duties 
accruing  in  the  several  custom  houses  of 
I  he  Dominican  Republic  until  the  payment 
and  retirement  of  any  and  all  bonds  thus 
issued.  It  is  also  provided  that  until  the 
whole  of  the  public  debt  is  paid  no  fur- 
ther obligations  shall  be  incurred  and  no 
modification  of  internal  or  customs  duties 
shall  be  made,  except  with  the  consent  of 
the  President  of  the  United  States. 

Santo  Dominigo  also  became  a  party  to 
the  convention  between  the  United  States 
and  the  several  republics  of  South  and  Cen- 
tral America  for  the  arbitration  of  pecun- 
iary claims  and  the  protection  of  inventions, 
etc'.,  which  was  signed  in  Buenos  Aires  in 
1!MO  and  proclaimed  in  Washington  July 
20,  1014.  (See  South  and  Central  Amer- 
ica, Treaties  with.) 

Santo  Domingo  City,  building  of  Ozama 
River  bridge  at,  by  American  citi- 
zens, 5784. 

Saratoga,  Battle.    (See  Bemis  Heights.) 
Sardinia: 

Commercial  relations  with,  820. 
Treaty  with,   1729,  1740,   1916. 
Sassacus,    The,    engagement    with    the 

Albnnarlc  referred  to,  3411. 
Sault  Ste.  Marie  Canal,  passage  of  Eng- 
lish or  Canadian  steamer  through,  re- 
ferred to,  4014.  (See  also  Canals.) 
Savages  Station  (Va.),  Battle  of.— One 
of  the  Seven  Days'  Battles  before  Rich- 
mond. June  29,  1862,  Sumner  and  Heint- 
zelman  retired  from  Fair  Oaks  and  took 
un  a  position  near  Savages  Station,  on  the 
Richmond  and  York  River  Railroad.  After 
destroying  the  supplies  there,  Helntzelman 
moved  south  across  the  swamp.  Magruder, 
in  pursuit,  finding  Fair  Oaks  abandoned, 
advanced  to  Savages  Station  and  made  an 


attack  on  Simmer's  corps  in  the  afternoon. 
The  latter  maintained  liis  ground  till  dark. 
During  the  night,  he  retreated  Into  I  lie 
While  Oak  Swamp,  leaving  2,r.OO  sick  and 
wounded  in  the  hospital  at  the  station. 

Savannah  (Ga.),  British  Occupation  of. 

— Nov.  27,  177S,  Commodore  Hyde  Parker 
convoyed  a  fleet  of  transports  to  Savannah, 
which  carried  about  3,500  British  soldiers. 
The  troops  landed  at  Tybee  Island,  tifleen 
miles  from  Savannah,  and  captured  the  city 
Dec.  29.  The  American  force  under  (Jen. 
Robert  Howe  consisted  of  about  800  Con- 
tinentals and  400  mlliiia.  The  British  loss 
was  officially  reported  as  .'{  killed  and  10 
wounded.  Eighty-three  American  (load  and 
11  wounded  were  found  on  the  field.  SOUK; 
450  were  taken  prisoners,  while  the  others 
retreated  up  the  Savannah  River  and 
reached  South  Carolina.  Forty-eight  can- 
non, 23  mortars.  04  barrels  of  powder,  and 
a  large  quantity  of  provisions  fell  into  the 
hands  of  the  British. 

Savannah    (Ga.),    Fall    of.      (See    Fort 

McAllister,  Ga.) 

Savannah  (Ga.),  Siege  of.— in  1779 
Washington  sent  Gen.  Lincoln  to  take  com- 
mand of  the  army  in  the  South,  and  re- 
quested Count  d'Kstaing,  in  command  of 
the  French  fleet  in  American  waters,  to  co- 
operate In  an  effort  to  retake  Savannah,  <!a., 
Sept.  16,  1779;  the  latter  appeared  off  Sa- 
vannah with  33  vessels  and  6,000  men. 
After  the  capture  of  2  frigates  and  2  store 
ships  a  regular  siege  was  commenced  by 
the  allies.  The  city  was  defended  by  a 
force  of  about  3,000  British  troops  under 
Gen.  Prevost.  On  the  morning  of  Oct.  !). 
1779,  about  3,500  French  and  850  Ameri- 
cans advanced  to  the  attack.  The  lighting 
was  fierce  for  nearly  an  hour,  when  the  as- 
sailants gave  way  after  a  loss  of  nearly 
1,000  men.  Count  Pulaski  was  killed  and 
Count  d'Kstaing  was  wounded.  The  loss 
to  the  garrison  was  only  50  in  killed  and 
wounded.  Next  to  Bunker  Hill  this  fight 
was  the  bloodiest  of  the  war. 
Savannah  River,  survey  of,  referred  to, 

1128. 

Savings  Banks.  (See  Banks,  Savings.) 
Saxony. — A  Kingdom  of  the  German  I'm- 
pire,  bounded  on  the  north  and  east  by 
Prussia,  on  the  south  by  Bohemia,  and  on 
the  west  by  Saxe-Altenburg,  Saxe-Weimar- 
Eisenach,  and  Reuss.  It  is  noted  for  its 
rich  mines  of  coal,  silver,  tin,  load,  iron, 
etc.  For  its  size,  Saxony  is  the  busiest  In- 
dustrial state  in  the  German  Kmpire.  It 
manufactures  extensively  machinery,  tex- 
tiles, tools,  porcelain,  glass,  foundry  prod- 
ucts, beer  and  spirits.  The  government  is 
a  hereditary  constitutional  monarchy,  ad- 
ministered by  a  King,  an  upper  chamber, 
and  a  lower  chamber  of  eighty-two  depu- 
ties. Saxony  sends  four  representatives  to 
the  Bundesrat  and  twenty-three  to  the 
Reichstag.  It  entered  the  North  German 
Confederation  in  1860  and  became  a  state 
of  the  German  Kmpire  in  1871.  Area.  5.787 
square  miles;  population  (1910),  4,508,001. 

Saxony,  convention  with,  2267. 
Saxony,  Treaties  with. — The  convention 
of  1845  abolished  the  droit  d'aulainc  and 
all  other  taxes  on  emigration  ;  provided 
for  a  period  of  two  years  in  which  an  alien 
may  close  up  the  affairs  of  a  legator  from 
whom  by  alienage  he  is  unable  to  inherit 
or  hold  property:  settled  questions  of  the 
disposal  and  holding  of  property  by  aliens. 
and  the  settlement  of  disputes  concerning 
the  same.  (See  German  Empire.) 


Scabbard 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Scabbard. — A  sheath  for  a  sword  or  sim- 
ilar weapon. 

Schedule  K.     (See  Tariff,  Wool.) 
Scheldt  Dues,  discussed  and  treaty  re- 
garding, 3381,  3395,  3459. 
Schleswig-Holstein   War,   neutrality  of 

United  States  in,  discussed,  2548. 
Schools.        (See       Education;       Indian 

Schools.) 

Schuylkill  Arsenal,  at  Philadelphia,  ap- 
propriation for,  recommended,  4785. 
Science  and  Art: 

Promotion  of  advocated,  58,  60,  61, 

194,  878. 

Tariff  discriminations  against  foreign 
works  of  art,  4794,  4824,  4826,  5091, 
6291. 
Sciences,  National  Academy  of.      (See 

National  Academy  of  Sciences.) 
Scotan  Indians.     (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Scout. — A  person  detailed  to  obtain  infor- 
mation  regarding   an   enemy. 
Sea. — A  general  term  referring  to  all  the 
salt  navigable  waters.     (See  Freedom  of  the 
Seas.) 
Sea  Witch,  The,  wreck  of,  near  Cuba, 

2907. 

Seacoast  Defenses.    (See  Defenses,  Pub- 
lic.) 

Seal  Fisheries.  (See  Alaska,  Bering 
Sea  Fisheries,  Great  Britain,  claims 
against,  and  Russia,  claims  against.) 
Seal  of  United  States. — Immediately  after 
the  declaration  of  independence  a  commit- 
tee was  appointed  to  prepare  a  device  for 
the  groat  seal  of  the  United  States.  The 
committee  consisted  of  Benjamin  Franklin, 
John  Adams,  and  Thomas  Jefferson.  They 
reported  various  devices  during  several 
years.  William  Barton,  of  Philadelphia,  was 
appointed  to  submit  designs.  Sir  John 
Prestwich,  an  Knglish  antiquarian,  sug- 
gested a  design  to  John  Adams  in  1779.  It 
was  not  until  June  1^0,  178-!,  however,  that 
a  seal  was  adopted.  This  was  by  the  Con- 
gress of  the  Confederation.  It  was  a  com- 
bination of  the  various  designs  of  Barton 
and  Prestwich,  and  consisted  of:  Arms — 
Pali-ways  of  thirteen  pieces  argent  and 
gules  ;  a  chief  azure  ;  the  escutcheon  on  the 
breast  of  the  American  eagle  displayed 
pniper,  holding  in  his  dexter  talon  an  olive 
branch  and  in  his  sinister  a  bundle  of  thir- 
teen arrows,  and  in  his  beak  a  scroll  with 
the  motto  E  1'lui'ihH*  Unuin  (out  or'  man.?, 
one).  Crest— A  glory  or  (gold)  breaking 
through  a  cloud  proper  and  surrounding 
thirteen  stars,  forming  a  constellation 
arfitnt  (silver)  on  an  a/ure  field.  Reverse 
—A  pyramid  unfinished,  symbolizing  the 
strength  and  growth  of  the  states;  in  the 
zenith  an  eye  in  a  triangle  surrounded 
with  a  glory  proper  ;  over  the  eye,  around 
(he  rim,  the  words  Annuix  cw'ittix  (God  has 
favored  the  undertaking)  :  beneath  the 
pyramid  MIH'CIA'X  VI  and  the  words 
KOVUH  orilo  xtrrlnnnn  (a  new  order  of 
things).  This  seal  has  never  been  changed, 
and  is  in  charge  of  the  Secretary  of  State. 
The  seal  is  stamped  upon  :ill  signatures  of 
the  President,  attested  by  the  Secretary  of 
State. 

Accompanying  the  report  and  adopted  by 
Congress,  were  the  following  remarks  and 
explanation  :  "The  escutcheon  is  composed 


of  the  chief  and  pale,  the  two  most  hon- 
orable ordinaries.  The  pieces  pales  repre- 
sent the  several  states  all  joined  in  one 
solid  compact  entire,  supporting  a  chief 
which  unites  the  whole  and  represents 
Congress.  The  motto  alludes  to  this  union. 
The  pales  in  the  arms  are  kept  closely  unit- 
ed by  the  chief,  and  the  chief  depends  on 
that  union  and  the  strength  resulting  from 
it  for  its  support,  to  denote  the  confederacy 
of  the  United  States  of  America  and  the 
preservation  of  their  union  through  Con- 
gress. The  colors  of  the  pales  are  those 
used  in  the  flag  of  the  United  States  of 
America ;  white  signifies  purity  and  inno- 
cence ;  red.  hardiness  and  valor :  and  blue, 
the  color  of  the  chief,  signifies  vigilant  per- 
severance and  justice.  The  olive  branch 
and  arrows  denote  the  power  of  peace  and 
war,  whk'h  is  exclusively  vested  in  Con- 
gress. The  constellation  denotes  a  new 
state  taking  its  place  and  rank  among  other 
sovereign  powers.  The  escutcheon  is  borne 
on  the  breast  of  an  American  eagle  without 
any  other  supporters,  to  deno.te  that  the 
United  States  of  America  ought  to  rely  on 
their  own  virtue.  The  pyramid  on  the  re- 
verse signifies  strength  and  duration.  The 
eye  over  it  and  the  motto  allude  to  the 
many  signal  interpositions  of  Providence  in 
favor  of  the  American  cause.  The  date 
underneath  is  that  of  the  Declaration  of 
Independence,  and  the  words  under  it 
signify  the  beginning  of  the  new  American 
era  which  commences  from  that  date." 
Seamen's  Act. — The  La  Foiiette  bill  to 
promote  the  welfare  of  American  seamen 
in  the  merchant  marine  of  the  United 
States  was  one  of  the  much  discussed  ad- 
ministration measures  of  the  Sixty-third 
Congress.  It  was  signed  by  President  Wil- 
son. March  4,  1!)15. 

General  provisions  fix  the  percentage  of 
a  crew  that  must  be  able  seamen,  the  per- 
centage of  each  department  that  must  un- 
derstand the  language  of  the  officers,  and 
define  seamen  as  men  over  nineteen  years 
old  having  had  three  years'  experience  of  a 
specified  kind. 

Perhaps  the  most  important  provision  in 
the  act  imposes  upon  foreign  vessels  leaving 
American  ports  the  same  requirements  as  to 
life-saving  appliances  as  are  demanded  of 
American  ships.  All  ships  built  after  July 
1,  1!)1.~>,  must  carry  life-saving  equipment 
for  all  persons  on  board,  of  which  7.~>  per 
cent  must  be  regular  lifeboats  and  not  more 
than  Ii5  per  cent  life  rafts  or  collapsible 
lifeboats.  For  the  lake  and  river  steamers 
a  distinction  is  recognized  between  the  ex- 
cursion season,  from  May  1  .">  to  Sept.  11;, 
when  the  restrictions  are  somewhat  relaxed. 

Another  provision  affecting  foreign  as 
well  as  American  seamen  is  that  providing 
that  seamen  reaching  American  ports  may 
demand  and  receive  half  of  their  pay  already 
earned.  If  this  demand  is  refused  the  sea- 
man is  freed  from  his  contract  and  is  then 
entitled  to  all  he  has  earned  up  to  that 
time. 

Other  provisions  abolish  arrest  find  im- 
prisonment as  a  penalty  for  desertion,  and 
seek  to  abrogate  treaty  provisions  in  rela- 
ti<  n  thereto. 

The  spirited  controversy  over  navigation 
laws  revealed  tin-  fact  that  not  enough 
was  known  of  the  regulations  of  the  prin- 
cipal countries  to  make  an  adequate  com- 
parison. 

For  example,  emphasis  is  frequently  laid 
upon  the  fact  that  our  laws  require  that 
American  ships  he  officered  by  American 
citizens,  and  complaint  is  made  that  this  is 
unjust  and  unusual.  Upon  making  a  com- 
parison of  the  laws  in  the  Bureau's  report, 
it  is  found  that  the  laws  of  Japan  provide 
that  no  foreigner  may  be  employed  as  an 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Secession 


ofTu'or  on  a  vessel  of  a  subsidized  company 
without  Government  approval.  Norway  and 
Germany  do  not  expressly  prohibit  the  em- 
ployment of  foreign  citizens,  but  the  fact 
thai  applicants  for  licenses  as  officers  are 
required  to  pass  examinations  in  Norwegian 
and  German,  respectively,  practically  ex- 
cludes persons  of  other  nationalities. 

All  the  selected  countries  except  Japan 
have  laws  requiring  adequate  quarters  for 
the  crew.  Germany  has  since  1905  required 
12H  cubic  feet  of  air  space  in  the  sleeping 
quarters  for  each  sailor,  and  France  has  re- 
quired the  same  space  since  1908.  Kng- 
land  lixed  its  requirement  at  120  feet  In 
1907,  and  Norway  adopted  this  minimum  in 
1909.  Requirements  for  American  vessels 
were  not  raised  to  120  feet  until  1015. 

The  provision  In  the  Act  of  March  4. 
1015,  for  a  new  class  of  sailors  designated 
as  "certified  lifel>oat  men"  has  been  the  sub- 
ject of  much  discussion.  The  I'ureau's  re- 
port brings  out  the  fact  that  a  Uritish  Com- 
mission  appointed  especially  to  Investigate 
the  subject  of  lifeboat  equipment  recom- 
mended as  far  back  as  1012  that  two  ''efli- 
cient  boathnnds"  should  be  carried  for  each 
lifeboat  and  that  "facilities  should  be  given 
to  enable  all  hands  to  prove  their  com- 
petency as  efficient  boat  hands."  How- 
ever, Parliament  lias  not  yet  adopted  this 
recommendation.  A  German  rule  promul- 
gated in  March,  1808,  requires  that  emi- 
grant ships  shall  carry  at  least  two  adult 
persons  in  the  crew  for  every  collapsible 
boat;  at  least  three  for  every  ordinary  rigid 
boat ;  and  at  least  four  for  every  regulation 
life  boat. 

Seamen,  American: 

Appropriation   for  relief   of,   472. 
Captured   by   Tripolitans,   356, 
Impressment  of,  by — 
Chile,  2772. 

Great  Britain,  383, 430, 495, 934, 2016. 
Account  of  J.  B.  Cutting  for  ex- 
penditures   incurred    in    liber- 
ating,  108. 
Japan,  convention  with  regarding 

shipwrecked   seamen,   4561. 
Tripolitans   captured   by  captain 
and  crew  of  the  frigate  Phila- 
delphia, 356. 

Maltreatment  of,  on  ships  plying  be- 
tween New  York  and  Aspinwall, 
3413. 

Number  of,  on  vessels,  374. 
Outrages  committed  upon,  by  pirates 
in  West  Indies  and  Gulf  of  Mex- 
ico,  765. 

Pirates,   outrages  on,   765. 
Protection    for,    measure    providing, . 

proposed,  6348. 
Belief  of— 

Agent    appointed    for,    192. 
Appropriation  for,  472. 
Convention    with   Japan    regarding 

shipwrecked  seamen,  4561. 
Provision  for,  343. 
Recommended,  6333. 
When   discharged   abroad  recom- 
mended,  331. 

Eights  of,  in  foreign  part',  8091. 
Shipment  and  discharge  of,  4740. 
Welfare  act  suspended,  8101. 


Seamew,  The,  satisfaction  due  for  de- 
tention of,  admitted  by  Great  Britain, 
2111. 
Seaport  Towns,  protection  for.        (See 

Defenses,  Public,  provision  for.) 
Search,     Eight     of.       (See     Right    of 

Search.) 
Seat  of   Government: 

Boundaries  of,  referred  to  and  pro- 
claimed, 86,  192,  194. 
Removal  of,  from  Philadelphia  to 
Washington,  281,  295,  298,  299,  300. 
Sebois  River,  referred  to,  1128. 
Secession.— The  act  of  going  aside  or 
withdrawing,  as  from  a  religious  or  politi- 
cal organization.  The  word  has  received 
world-wide,  notoriety  from  its  use  in  con- 
nection with  the  secession  of  certain  of  tin- 
United  Stales  from  the  Union  in  18UO  and 
1801.  After  the  adoption  of  the  Constitu- 
tion in  1787  t'he  idea  of  the  sovereignty  of 
the  individual  states  remained  familiar  to 
the  minds  of  many  Americans.  The  Fed- 
eralists of  New  England  made  threats  of 
secession  in  1811  and  1814,  and  secession 
was  generally  looked  upon  as  an  available 
remedy  for  Federal  aggression.  This  claim 
has  been  advanced,  directly  or  Indirectly  by 
many  of  the  states  in  turn  and  has  on  such 
occasions  usually  been  condemned  by  the 
others  as  treasonable.  It  was  involved  in 
or  explicitly  put  forward  by  the  Kentucky 
Kesolutions,  the  Hartford  Convention,  and 
the  South  Carolina  Nullification  Ordinance 
(q.  v.).  While  Jefferson  condemned  "scis- 
sion," some  of  his  writings  admitted  it  to 
be  a  remedy  of  the  last  resort.  As  agitation 
against  slavery  became  more  intense  seces- 
sion was  looked  upon  as  the  right  and 
destiny  of  the  southern  states.  South 
Carolina  was  ready  to  secede  in  1850.  The 
Nullification  Ordinance  of  18IJ2  and  other 
measures  passed  by  that  state  were  early 
steps  in  that  direction. 

Gen.  Jackson,  then  President,  felt  that 
such  a  power  lodged  in  a  state  would  be 
fatal  to  the  Union  and  altogether  uncon- 
stitutional. His  emphatic  opposition,  as 
expressed  in  his  military  preparations,  as 
well  as  his  strong  message  and  proclama- 
tion on  nullification,  in  18:>3  (ll(>u',  12015 ), 
checked  this  feeling  for  a  time,  but  the 
postponement  to  a  final  test  was  perhaps 
chiefly  due  to  the  unpopularity  of  the  nulli- 
fication doctrine  among  the  states-rights 
Eeople  themselves.  Another  reason  why  the 
outh  Carolina  nullification  movement  was 
stopped  was  the  adoption  by  Congress  of  the 
Clay-Calhoun  compromise  tariff  bill,  which 
gave  satisfaction  to  the  nullifiers  and  their 
states-rights  friends  in  the  south  who  did 
not  accept  nullification  as  a  rightful  or  ex- 
pedient remedy. 

The  secession  doctrine  was  revived  on  the 
election  of  Lincoln  in  18(50.  Many  of  the 
southern  people  felt  that  the  triumph  of 
the  Republican  party  meant  the  adoption 
of  a  policy  of  such  interference  with  the 
institution  of  slavery  as  to  make  it  Im- 
possible for  the  southern  states  any  longer 
to  secure  and  enjoy  their  constitutional 
rights,  wifhin  the  Union. 

Accordingly,  Dec.  20,  1SGO,  after  the  elec- 
tion of  Lincoln,  South  Carolina,  by  conven- 
tion, passed  an  ordinance  repealing  her 
adoption  of  the  Constitution  in  1788.  and 
reviving  her  independence.  Mississippi 
seceded  Jan.  9,  1801  :  Florida,  Jan.  10  :  Ala- 
bama. Jan.  11:  Georgia,  Jan.  19;  Louisiana, 
Jan.  2(5;  Texas,  Feb.  1:  Virginia,  April  IT: 
Arkansas,  May  6  :  North  Carolina.  May  20  ; 
Tennessee,  June  8,  all  by  conventions.  Op- 


Secession 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


position  to  secession  in  many  states  was 
based  rather  upon  tlie  ground  ot"  Inexpedi- 
ency than  uueoiisiituiionality.  The  Nation- 
al Government  never  recognized  the  validity 
of  the  ordinances  of  secession  adopted  by 
tiie  southern  states.  (See  illustration  op- 
posite 3151  j 
Secession,  right  of  States  regarding, 

discussed   by  President — 
Buchanan,    3159,    31SC. 
Lincoln,  32UG,  3221. 
Second,   Assistant    Postmaster-General. 

(ISee  Assistant  Postmasters-General.) 
Second  Assistant  Secretary,  State  De- 
partment.— The  office  of  second  assistant 
secretary  of  state  was  created  in  18GG. 
This  officer  has  charge  of  certain  diplomatic 
affairs  of  great  importance  to  the  work  of 
the  Department  of  State.  He  is  appointed 
hv  the  1 'resident,  by  and  with  the  consent 
of  the  Senate,  and  his  yearly  salary  is 
.Y4,~>OU.  Under  his  jurisdiction  fall  the  Latin 
American  and  Mexican  Division  (q.  v.),  the 
supervision  of  mail  (q.  v.),  the  Diplomatic 
Bureau  (q.  V.).  and  the  Citizenship  Bu- 
reau (q.  v.).  (See  State  Department.) 
Second  Class  Mail  Matter,  Commission 

on,  report  of,  7733. 
Secret     Lodges,     proclamation     against 

lawless     incursions     of,     on    northern 

frontier,    1925. 

Secret  Service. — -The  Secret  Service  of  the 
United  States  is  under  the  Department  of 
the  Treasury  and  is  directly  under  charge  of 
the  assistant  secretary  of  the  treasury.  The 
first  formal  appropriation  for  this  service 
wns  made  in  18(!5,  to  the  amount  of  $100,- 
ooo  included  in  the  Sundry  Civil  Appropria- 
tion r.ui. 

The  original  purpose  of  the  Secret  Service 
organization  was  that  of  detecting  counter- 
feiting, but  its  functions  have  been  enlarged 
and  widened. 

The  Secret  Service  foree_  hns  been  called 
upon  to  protect  the  Presidents,  especially 
after  the  assassination  of  McKinley ;  to 
gather  evidence  against  violators  of  the 
<'iistoiiis  I,:i\vs  and  the  Excise  Laws:  to 
gather  evidence  against  land  frauds,  result- 
in^  in  many  fUTests  and  convictions,  as 
well  as  in  the  recovery  to  the  United  States 
of  vast  tracts  of  Innd  illegally  acquired  by 
private  individuals  and  public  officials:  and 
to  irat'ier  evidence  against  violators  of  the 
anti-trust  laws  and  generally  against  violat- 
ors of  any  Federal  Statutes. 

An  auxiliary  arm  of  the  Secret  Service 
in  the  Department  of  Justice,  directly  under 
the  administrative  branch,  is  the  I'.urenu 
of  Investigation.  Another  auxiliary  force 
consists  of  the  Post-Office  Inspectors,  work- 
ing under  the  Post-Office  Department.  Kach 
of  t''c  departments  can  avail  itself  of  fhe 
services  of  the  Secret  Service  Department 
for  detecting  criminals. 

During  the  Spanish-American  War  the 
confidential  agents  of  Spain  were  detected 
by  f'e  Secret  Service  and  evidence  pro- 
c'nvd  which  caused  the  expulsion  from 
Canada  of  the  Spanish  Legation,  members 
of  which  were  acting  as  spies. 

The  efficiency  of  the  Secret  Service  De- 
partment as  a  whole  was  well  illustrated 
Imriicili-.tcly  after  f'e  declaration  of  war 
with  Germany  In  1!H7.  when  the  outbreaks 
caused  liv  German  spies  and  plotters  were 
f,-ared  and  cmiiidcnt  !y  expected  by  many 
American  citi/en-;.  The  Secret  Service,  how- 
ever, had  thnroughly  acquainted  itself  with 


all  the  machinations  of  the  German  Spy 
System;  and  the  Department  of  Justice,  by 
the  aid  of  the  Secret  Service,  was  enabled 
promptly  to  make  wholesale  arrests  of  the 
leaders  of  the  German  Spy  System  in  Amer- 
ica, which  had  the  result  of  breaking  down 
the  German  scheme,  and  of  throwing  con- 
sternation into  its  leaders.  It  is  generally 
claimed  that  the  United  States  has  as  effec- 
tive a  Secret  Service  as  any  country  in 
the  world.  (See  Treasury  Department.) 
Secret  Service: 

Amendment  to  law  a  benefit  to  crim- 
inals, 7225. 
Assertion  that  Congress  did  not  wish 

to  be  investigated  by,  722G. 
Complaint    of    amendments    to    law, 

7225. 

Defense    of    use    of    Secret     Service 
men    iu     discovering    land    frauds, 
7245. 
Evidence  of  land  and  timber  frauds 

secured  by,  7225. 

Increase  in  salary  of  chief  of,  recom- 
mended, 7253. 

Land  frauds  investigated  by,  7249. 
Report      of      special      committee      on 
President's     message     relating     to, 
7238. 

Seiiator  and  member  of  Congress  in- 
dicted on  evidence  secured  bv, 
7226. 

Secretaries. — P>y  a  series  of  acts  passed 
in  the  early  part  of  1781  Congress  or- 
ganized the  Government  under  several  De- 
partments, at  the  hea  »  of  which  were  placed 
secretaries  with  duties  similar  to  those  of 
the  secretaries  of  the  British  Government. 
The  Secretary  of  the  Xavy  was  originally 
the  Secretary  of  Marine.  The  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury  was  originally  the  Superin- 
tendent of  Finance.  Now  all  the  heads  of 
Departments,  nine  in  number,  are  denomin- 
ated secretaries,  except  the  Attorney-Gen- 
eral and  the  Postmaster-General.  (See  also 
Cabinet  :  Presidential  Succession,  and  Ad- 
miuisl  ration.) 

Secretary  of  Agriculture.  (See  Agri- 
culture, Department  of.) 
Secretary  of  Commerce. — The  first  Secre- 
tary of  Commerce  of  the  United  States 
was  William  C.  Redfield,  who  was  appointed 
when  the  Department  was  separated  from 
t':n  Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor  on 
March  4,  1!)!.').  lie  is  ninth  in  the  Presi- 
dential succession  (q.  v.),  and  his  yearly 
salary  is  $12.000.  He  is  charged  with  the 
general  development  and  encouragement  of 
American  commerce,  trade,  and  transporta- 
tion, through  the  activities  of  the  Commerce 
Department  (q.  v.). 

Secretary  of  the  Interior. — The  office  of 
Secretary  of  the  Interior  wns  definitely  e---- 
tnblished  by  act  of  Congress  approved 
March  14,  1SG2,  but  the  duties  of  the  office 
have  never  been  carefully  defined.  The 
Secretary  of  the  Interior  lias  assumed  the 
administration  of  various  details  of  Internal 
administration  of  the  government,  such  as 
the  administration  of  Indian  affairs  ;  super- 
vision over  mines,  Irrigation,  pensions  and 
patents;  direction  of  the  educational  work 
of  the  country;  government  of  the  terri- 
tories. Alaska  and  Hawnll;  the  direction  of 
the  Genera!  Land  Ollice  ;  and  the  aiimini-;- 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Seminole 


tratlon  of  the  National  Parks.  In  addition 
to  his  administration  duties,  he  renders 
decisions  on  laws  affecting  public  lands  and 
pensions,  and  formulates  the  policy  of  the 
Department  of  the  Interior  thereon.  (See 
Interior  Department  and  list  of  sub-headings 
at  end  of  article.) 

Secretary  of  the  Navy.    (See  Navy  De- 
partment.) 

Secretary  of  State.     (See  State  Depart- 
ment.) 

Secretary  of  the  Treasury.    (See  Treas- 
ury Department.) 

Secretary  of  War. — The  office  of  Secre- 
tary of  War  was  established  in  1781,  suc- 
ceeding the  Board  of  War  which  had  been 
In  military  charge  of  the  War  of  the  Revo- 
lution. The  Secretary  of  War  is  third  in 
the  line  of  Presidential  succession  (q.  v.), 
and  his  yearly  salary  is  $12,000.  He  pre- 
pares estimates  for  and  directs  the  appro- 
priations and  expenditures  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  War ;  and  accordingly,  although 
the  President  Is  the  commander-in-chief  of 
the  Army,  the  Secretary  of  War  and  the 
War  Department  are  responsible  at  any 
given  time  for  the  efficiency  in  war  of  the 
T'nited  States.  Besides  administration  of 
the  war  forces  of  the  country,  the  Secretary 
of  War  has  supervision  over  the  Military 
Academy  at  West  Point  (q.  v.),  over  the 
Army  War  College  at  Washington,  and  over 
bridges  across  navigable  streams  and  har- 
bors. In  addition,  he  has  charge  of  the 
publication  of  the  Offloinl  Records  of  the,  War 
of  the  Rebellion.  (See  War  Department; 
Army.) 

Sedition  Law. — In  1798,  when  war  be- 
tween the  United  States  and  France  was 
imminent,  there  were  In  the  United  States 
by  estimate  30,000  Frenchmen  organized 
into  clubs,  and  50.000  sympathizers  with 
France,  who  had  been  English  subjects. 
Many  of  the  newspapers  of  the  country  at 
the  time  were  controlled  by  aliens,  mostly 
French,  F.nglish.  Irish,  and  Scotch  refugees. 
Those  alien  residents  who  sympathized  with 
France — the  larger  number — attacked  the 
Government  fiercely  through  the  press  for 
its  attitude  toward  that  country.  In  order 
to  restrain  this  feeling,  which  excited  bitter 
animosity  among  those  Americans  who  re- 
sented the  French  attitude  toward  the 
United  States,  the  Federalists  in  control 
of  Congress  passed  the  famous  alien  and 
sedition  acts.  The  sedition  act  of  July  14. 
170S.  was  modeled  on  two  English  acts  of 
1705.  It  provided  heavy  fines  and  imprison- 
ment for  any  who  should  combine  or  con- 
spire against'  the  operations  of  the  Govern- 
ment, or  should  write,  print,  or  publish 
any  "false,  scandalous,  and  malicious  writ- 
ings" against  it  or  either  House  of  Con- 
gress or  the  President,  with  intent  to  bring 
contempt  upon  them  or  to  stir  up  sedition. 
The  penalties  imposed  were  fines  of  $5,000 
and  five  years'  imprisonment,  and  $2,000 
and  two  years'  imprisonment,  respectively. 
This,  as  well  as  the  alien  act.  was  regarded 
by  the  Republican  party  as  unconstitutional 
and  subversive  of  the  liberty  of  press  and 
snoech.  They  called  forth  the  Virginia  and 
Kentucky  resolutions  (q.  v.).  The  sedition 
act  expired  in  1S01.  (See  also  Alien  and 
Sedition  Laws.) 

Seed  Distribution: 

Act  making  special,  in  draught-strick- 
en counties  in  Texas,  vetoed,  5142. 
Recommendations     regarding,     5888, 
5982,   6171. 


Seigniorage: 

Act  for  coinage  of,  vetoed,  5915. 

Discussed,  5875. 

Seizures.  (See  Vessels,  United  States.) 
Selden,  Withers  &  Co.,  reimbursement 

of  Indians  on  account  of  failure  of, 

recommended,  2836. 

Self-Government. — A  democracy  or  a  re- 
publican form  of  government  as  distin- 
guished from  a  monarchy,  autocracy  or  oli- 
garchy, for  the  reason  that  in  a  democracy 
or  a  republican  form  of  government  the 
people  direct  the  formulation  of  their  own 
laws,  and  therefore  govern  themselves. 

Seminaries  of  Learning   (see  also  Edu- 
cation;   National    University): 

Establishment  of,  discussed  and  rec- 
ommended, 470,  878. 

Power  to  establish  should  be  con- 
ferred upon  Congress,  587. 
Seminole  Indians.  (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Seminole  Wars.— After  the  War  of  1812 
the  combined  British  and  Indian  strong- 
hold known  as  the  Negro  Fort,  on  the  Ap- 
palachicola  liiver,  was  a  constant  menace 
to  the  Georgia  settlers.  During  1817  there 
were  several  massacres  of  whiles.  Gen.  E. 
P.  Gaines  was  intrusted  with  the  task  of 
subjugating  the  Indians.  He  destroyed  an 
Indian  village  on  the  refusal  of  the  inhab- 
itants to  surrender  certain  murderers,  and 
the  Indians  retaliated  by  waylaying  a  boat 
ascending  the  Appalachieola  with  supplies 
for  Fort  Scott  aud  killing  M4  men  and  a 
number  of  women.  (Jen.  Jackson  took  the 
field  against  the  Indians  in  January.  1S18, 
and  in  a  sharp  campaign  of  six  niont  hs  .de- 
feated them  completely,  destroying  their 
villages  and  driving  them  from  every 
stronghold.  Among  the  prisoners  taken 
were  two  English  subjects,  Arbutlmot  and 
Ambrister,  who  were  charged  with  inciting 
the  Indians  to  hostilities.  These  were  tried 
by  court-martial  and  hanged. 

Jackson  pursued  the  Indians  into  Flor- 
ida, which  was  then  Spanish  territory, 
captured  Pensacola  and  St.  Marks,  de- 
posed the  Spanish  government,  and  set 
up  an  American  administration.  This  ter- 
ritory was  later  returned  to  Spain,  but 
the  outgrowth  of  the  incident  was  the 
cession  of  Florida  to  the  United  States 
in  satisfaction  of  the  latter's  claims,  and 
the  pavment  to  Spain  besides  of  $5.000.- 
000  The  second  Seminole  war  was  the 
most  stubborn  and  bloody  In  all  the  In- 
dian wars.  It  originated  in  the  refusal 
of  part  of  the  tribe  to  cede  their  lands  to 
the  whites  and  remove  to  the  Indian  Ter- 
ritory. Osceola,  otie  of  the  chiefs  opposed 
to  immigration,  was  placed  in  irons  by  Gen. 
Thompson,  an  agent  of  the  T'nited  States. 
Osceola  regained  his  liberty,  killed  Thomp- 
son and  others  at  Fort  King,  and  cut  to 
pieces  a  body  of  troops.  Operations 
ngaiu.:;t  Oseeola  and  his  warriors  wer^ 
conducted  with  great  severity,  but  wi!h 
varying  success,  under  Scott,  Call.  .Tesnp. 
Taylor,  and  others.  The  Tndri"*  were 
supposed  to  be  subjugated  in  1837.  but 
Osceola  fled  and  renewed  the  struggle.  He 
was  taken  by  strategy  in  1842  and  the 
war  ended.  (See  illustration  opposite  102!1 
and  description  on  back.) 

Seminole  Wars: 

American  forces  in.  aud  officers  com- 
manding, discussed,  611,  1472,  1S33. 


Seminole 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Appropriation  for  suppression  of, 
recommended,  1473. 

Brevet  nominations  for  army  officers 
participating  in,  2008. 

Discussed,  600,  611,  617,  1447,  1448, 
14.53,  1472,  1508,  1511,  1833,  1933, 
2007,  2051,  2583. 

Massacre  of  Maj.  Dade  's  command, 
1834. 

Origin  of,  referred  to,  1944. 

Spain  furnishes  aid  to  Indians  in, 
611. 

Termination  of,  1417. 

Troops  in,  rations  furnished,  referred 

to,  611. 

Senate. — The  upper  branch  of  the  legisla- 
ture of  the  United  States.  The  Senate  is 
composed  of  two  representatives  from  each 
state,  until  1913  chosen  by  the  state  legis- 
lature for  a  period  of  six  years ;  accord- 
ingly the  membership  has  varied  in  num- 
ber, from  time  to  time,  from  twenty-two 
members  representing  eleven  states  in  the 
First  Congress  to  ninety-six  members  repre- 
senting forty-eight  states  in  the  sixty-third 
C'ongress.  Senators  must  be  thirty  years  of 
age.  residents  of  the  state  they  represent, 
and  must  have  been  citizens  of  the  United 
States  for  at  least  nine  years ;  they  re- 
ceive a  salary  of  $7,500  per  annum  and  a 
small  allowance  for  stationery  and  mileage. 
Should  a  vacancy  occur  in  the  Senate  dur- 
ing a  recess  of  rue  state  legislature,  the 
governor  of  the  state  makes  a  temporary 
appointment  which  is  valid  until  the  next 
meeting  of  the  legislature.  The  Constitu- 
tion provides  that  the  terms  of  Senators 
shall  so  overlap  that  one-third  of  the  mem- 
bers retire  every  two  years.  The  presiding 
officer  of  the  Senate  is  the  Vice-President 
of  the  United  States  who  votes  only  in 
case  of  the  votes  being  equally  divided.  Be- 
sides the  legislative  functions,  the  Senate 
ratifies  or  rejects  all  treaties  negotiated  by 
the  President ;  confirms  or  rejects  all  ap- 
pointments to  the  higher  Federal  offices ; 
exercises  the  functions  of  high-court  of  im- 
peachment ;  and  in  case  the  electors  fall 
to  make  a  choice,  elects  the  Vice-President 
of  the  United  States  from  the  two  candi- 
dates receiving  the  largest  number  of  elec- 
toral votes.  The  exercise  of  these  wide 
powers  given  to  it  by  the  Constitution,  has 
rendered  t'he  Senate  more  powerful  than 
the  House;  the  reverse  being  usually  the 
case  with  upper  houses. 

In  the  Constitution  adopted  by  Virginia 
In  ITTti  the  name  Senate  was  given  to  the 
Virginian  upper  chamber,  but  the  term  was 
not  applied  to  the  upper  house  of  the 
Federal  Congress  until  Aug.  <i.  17X7;  which 
up  to  that  time  had  been  known  as  the 
"second  branch."  Since  the  name  has  been 
adopted  in  the  Congress  of  the  United 
States  it  has  spread  to  all  states  whose 
legislatures  are  divided  into  two  chambers. 

r.The  composition  of  the  Senate  is  due  to 
one  of  the  most  important  proposals  in  the 
constitutional  convention  at  Philadelphia, 
known  as  t'he  "Connecticut;  Compromise" 
which  was  brought  forward  by  Oliver  Klls- 
worth  and  Iloger  Sherman.  This  com- 
promise settled  the  conflicting  claims  of  the 
large  and  small  states  by  providing  for 
equal  representation  of  states  in  the  Senate, 
the  House  being  chosen  on  a  population 
basis.  The  seventeenth  amendment  to  the? 
Constitution,  adopted  May  .'!!,  1913,  pro- 
vides for  the  election  of  senators  by  direct 
vote  of  the  people,  instead  of  by  the  legis- 
latures of  the  states  as  formerly.  Some  of 


the  states  had  already,  before  the  adoption 
of  this  amendment,  provided  for  the  elec- 
tion of  their  senators  by  direct  vote  of 
the  people. 

See  illustration,  frontispiece,  Vol.  XI. 
Senatorial  Courtesy.— in  order  that  tue 
dignity  of  the  body  may  be  preserved,  the 
Senate  gives  considerable  attention  to  the 
personal  wishes  of  its  members.  In  addi- 
tion to  the  observance  of  courteous  address, 
polite  language,  and  the  exercise  of  those 
acts  of  kindness  which  tend  to  lighten 
official  duties  and  render  social  life  a  pleas- 
ure, there  is  a  tacit  understanding  as  to  the 
conventional  privileges  to  be  accorded  to 
each  in  the  official  deliberations.  Should 
the  name  of  any  former  member  of  the 
Senate  be  presented  to  that  body  by  the 
President  for  their  advice  as  to  'his  appoint- 
ment to  a  Federal  ollice,  Senatorial  courtesy 
requires  immediate  confirmation  without 
reference  to  a  committee.  The  privileges 
of  speaking  as  long  as  he  may  choose  on  any 
question  before  the  Senate  is  a  courtesy 
granted  each  Senator,  and  though  it  is 
charged  that  undue  advantage  has  some- 
times been  taken  of  this  privilege  it  was 
not  abridged  until  on  the  closing  session 
of  the  Sixty -fourth  Congress  on  March 
0,  1917,  a  small  group  of  Senators 
was  enabled  by  employing  a  filibuster  (q. 
v.)  to  prevent  action  upon  President  Wil- 
son's request  for  power  to  use  armed  neu- 
trality (q.  v.).  At  the  President's  request, 
the  Senate  continued  its  meetings,  and  on 
March  8,  by  a  vote  of  76  to  3,  adopted  a 
rule  whereby  closure  (q.  v.)  may  be  enforced. 
The  rule  provides  that  two  days  after 
notice  in  writing  from  sixteen  Senators  the 
question  of  closing  debate  on  a  particular 
bill  shall  be  settled  without  debate,  and  if 
settled  in  the  affirmative,  by  two-thirds, 
that  bill  shall  be  held  before  the  Senate  till 
its  final  disposition,  and  each  Senator  shall 
be  limited  to  one  hour's  debate  in  all  on  the 
bill  itself,  amendments  to  it  and  motions 
arising  from  it.  To  prevent  endless  roll 
calls  the  rule  further  provides  that  after 
the  two-thirds  vote  no  amendment  may  be 
offered  without  unanimous  consent. 

Senators  of  United  States: 

Appointments  to  office,  relation  of, 
to.  (See  Executive  Nominations.) 

Constitutional  amendment  regarding 
election  of,  recommended,  3840, 
3SS9. 

Loyal  Representatives  and,  denial  of 
seats  in  Congress  to,  discussed, 
3644. 

Seneca  Indians.  (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Sentinel. — A  soldier  placed  on  watch,  espe- 
cially to  give  quick  warning  of  probable 
attack. 

Separatist. — Sometimes  used  as  a  synonym 
for  secessionist.     (See  Secession.) 
Sequoia  National   Park.       (See   Parks, 

National.) 

Serbia.    (Sec  Scrvia.) 

Servia. —  Servia  is  situated  in  the  north 
of  the  I5alkan  Peninsula  and  is  bounded 
on  the  north  by  Hungary,  on  the  south  ivy 
Greece,  on  the  east  by  Rumania  and  Ktii- 
garia,  and  on  the  west  by  Bosnia,  Monte- 
negro, and  Albania. 

I'hynirnl  Feature*. — The  country  is  gener- 
ally mountainous,  and  consists  of  exten- 
sive forest-clad  slopes,  uncultivated  heaths, 
and  fertile  meadows  and  valleys.  The 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Settlement 


Transylvania  Alps,  the  Balkans  and  the 
Khodope  ranges  extend  from  Rumania  and 
Bulgaria  InLo  eastern  Servia,  while  out- 
liers of  the  Bosnian  and  Albanian  highlands 
cross  the  western  border.  In  the  north 
the  Drimi  and  Save  effect  a  continence  at 
Belgrade  with  the  Danube,  which  forms 
the  remainder  of  the  northern  (and  part 
of  the  northeastern)  frontier,  and  Is  Joined 
In  the  northeast  by  tae  Tltnok,  which  Is 
also  a  frontier  river  for  part  of  Its  course. 
The  chief  inland  river  is  the  Morava,  which 
rises  in  Bulgaria  and  Hows  through  Servia. 
from  south  to  north,  into  the  Danube. 
The  valleys  of  these  rivers  contain  the  most 
fertile  districts  of  the  kingdom.  The  prin- 
cipal river  of  Macedonian  Servia  Is  the 
Vardar,  which  rises  in  the  Shar  Mountains 
on  the  Albanian  frontier  and  flows  south- 
ward to  the  Greek  frontier  and  thence  to 
the  Gulf  of  Salonica.  The  climate  Is  gen- 
erally mild,  but  Is  subject  to  the  continen- 
tal extremes. 

IIMory. — The  earlier  Serb  kingdom  was 
extinguished  by  the  Turks  at  the  battle 
of  Kossovo  In  1389,  and  from  that  date 
until  the  early  years  of  the  nineteenth  cen- 
tury the  country  formed  a  Turkish  pa- 
sha Ilk.  After  heroic  struggles  the  pashalik 
was  recognized  as  an  autonomous  princi- 
pality by  the  Treaty  of  Adrianople  (1829), 
and  by  the  Treaties  of  San  Stefano  and 
Berlin  (1879)  the  complete  independence 
of  the  country  was  recognized,  a  kingdom 
being  •  proclaimed  on  March  6,  1882.  On 
May  29  (June  11),  1903,  the  descendant 
of  the  Obrenovlch  dynasty,  which  had  ruled 
Servia  as  Princes  and  Kings  since  1830, 
was  assassinated,  and  a  grandson  of  Kara- 
george,  a  national  hero  of  the  risings  of 
the  early  nineteenth  century,  was  elected 
King  by  the  Skupshtina  and  Senate,  and 
was  cro'wned  in  September,  1904. 

Oct.  19,  1912,  the  Balkan  League  (Bul- 
garia, Servia,  Montenegro  and  Greece) 
waged  a  successful  war  against  the  Otto- 
man Empire ;  in  1913  Bulgaria  was  en- 
gaged in  a  war  with  the  other  members 
of  the  League  on  a  question  as  to  the 
division  of  the  conquered  territories.  Ser- 
via also  became  involved  in  a  dispute 
about  her  western  (Albanian)  frontier,  but 
withdrew  her  claims  on  the  representations 
of  the  European  powers.  By  the  Treaty  of 
Bucharest  the  Serbo-Bulgarian  boundary 
was  delineated,  and  agreement  was  also 
reached  with  Greece  as  to  the  line  of  the 
Bout hern  boundary. 

July  28,  1914,  following  the  assassina- 
tion of  the  Austrian  Archduke  and  his 
wife  by  a  Bosnian  student,  said  to  have 
been  incited  by  Servian  societies  and  with 
Servian  official  connivance,  Austria  declared 
war  against  Servia.  The  government  evac- 
uated Belgrade,  which  was  soon  occupied 
by  the  Austrinus. 

During  the  progress  of  the  war  the  king- 
dom was  completely  overwhelmed  by  the 
Teutonic  armies.  King  Peter  escaped  to 
France  and  the  shattered  armies  joined  the 
French  at  Salonika. 

Ethnography. — In  1910  the  total  popula- 
tion of  2,911,701  was  composed  of  2,250,- 
000  Servians  (Serbo-Croatian  Slavonians), 
100,000  Rumanians,  47,000  Gypsies,  8,000 
Austro-Hungarians  and  Germans,  and  6,000 
Jews.  The  bulk  of  the  Servians  belong 
to  the  national  (Orthodox  Eastern)  Church, 
there  being  8,500  Roman  Catholics  and  a 
small  number  of  Protestant  Christians.  In 
the  territory  acquired  in  1913  are  large 
numbers  of  Mohammadans. 

The  mineral  wealth  of  Servia  awaits 
development.  Gold,  silver,  antimony,  nickel, 
mercury,  manganese,  graphite,  copper,  iron, 
lead,  and  zinc  are  found,  and  coal,  marble, 


sulphur  and  oil  are  won  In  small  quanti- 
ties. Mineral  springs  abound.  The  indus- 
trial population  is  small,  the  sixty  princi- 
pal establishments  in  1910  employing  5,000 
hands. 


AREA    AND    POPULATION 

Area  in 

Departments  English 

Sq.  Miles 

City  of  Belgrade 5 

Belgrade 782 

Chachak 1,405 

Kragojevatz 887 

Kralna 1,119 

Krutchevatz 1,040 

Morava 1,117 

Nish 988 

Pirot 933 

Podjeruyatz 1,000 

Podrinyi 1,293 

Rudnik 000 

Srnederevo 493 

Timok 1,235 

Toplitza 1,095 

Ujitsi 1,209 

Valievo 947 

Vranya 1 ,075 

Conquered  Territory  (about)    10,000 


Population 
1910 

89,870 
155,815 
138,922 
189,025 
112,142 
107,371 
203,038 
198,708 
1)2,314 
259,900 
238,275 

85,340 
143,210 
149,538 
110,218 
140,703 
157,048 
252,937 


Total 34,561         2,911,701 

Railways,  etc. — About  580  milos  of  rail- 
way were  open  for  traffic  in  1911,  the 
main  lines  crossing  the  Danube  at  Bel- 
grade-Semendrla,  and  uniting  in  a  single 
route  as  far  as  Nish,  whence  they  run 
via  Pirot  to  the  Bulgarian  boundary  and 
Sofia,  and  via  Vranya  across  the  Turkish 
frontier,  both  lines  leading  to  Constanti- 
nople. In  the  territory  acquired  In  1913  a 
line  runs  along  the  Vardar  valley  to  Sa- 
lonica (Greece),  with  eastern  and  western 
branches  to  Bulgaria  and  Albania. 

Servia: 

Consular  convention  with,  4627,  4058. 

Eeferred  to,  4757. 
Diplomatic    relations    with,    referred 

to,  4522,   4718. 
Neutrality  of  United  States  in  war 

with — 

Austria-Hungary,  7969. 
Treaty  with,  4658. 

Servia,  Treaties  with. — The  convention  of 
commerce  and  navigation  of  1SS1  provided 
for  freedom  of  commerce,  navigation,  and 
trade  upon  full,  equitable,  and  reciprocal 
bases ;  established  the  rights  of  real  and 
personal  property  holders  ;  conferred  trade 
privileges  ;  restricted  the  prohibition  of  im- 
ports ;  exempted  citizens  of  the  one  coun- 
try from  enforced  military  service  or  con- 
tributions in  the  country  of  the  other; 
granted  terms  of  the  most  favored  nation 
in  matters  of  import  and  export  duties ; 
exempted  goods  from  any  form  of  transit 
duty  ;  goods  for  the  one  country  to  be  con- 
veyed over  the  railroads  of  the  other  on 
terms  equal  to  those  of  the  citizens  of  the 
country.  (For  terms  of  the  consular  con- 
vention of  1881,  see  Consular  Conventions. 
For  terms  of  the  extradition  treaty  of 
1901,  see  Extradition  Treaties.) 

Servitude. — State  of  being  in  slavery. 
(See  Slavery.) 

Sessions  of  Congress.     (See   Extraordi- 
nary  Sessions   of  Congress.) 
Settlement. — A   community   of   individuals, 
especially  one  newly  located. 

Settlement  Worker.    (See  Social  Settle- 
ments.) 


Settlements 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Settlements.  (See  Social  Settlements.) 
Settler. — One  who  takes  up  his  abode  in  a 
new  country.  By  custom  the  settlers  of 
various  communities  in  the  United  States 
have  been  alluded  to  by  the  second  genera- 
tion as  Old-Settlors,  and  holidays  have  been 
set  apart,  or  special  occasions  designated, 
for  Old-Settlers'  Days  or  Meetings.  (See 
Old-Settlers'  Meeting  and  Pioneers.) 
Seven  Days'  Battles. — A  series  of  battles 
fought  in  the  Peninsular  campaign,  in  the 
vicinity  of  Richmond,  Va.,  between  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac,  under  McClellan, 
and  ihe  Confederate  army  under  Lee.  The 
lirst  conflict  occurred  on  Juue  25,  18G2, 
and  a  battle  was  fought  each  succeeding 
day  but  one  to  July  1.  June  25  McClel- 
lan's  army  before  Richmond,  numbering 
115,10-!,  received  orders  to  advance.  Lee's 
army  on  both  sides  of  the  Chickahominy 
aggregated  80.835.  Hooker  advanced  be- 
yond Fair  Oaks  and  secured  his  ground. 
Meantime  the  Confederates  had  placed 
Richmond  in  a  state  of  security  and  de- 
termined upon  aggressive  movements. 
Lee  had  succeeded  Johnston  in  command, 
and  it  was  determined  to  bring  the  mass 
of  the  army  down  the  Chickahominy  and 
threaten  McClellan's  communications  with 
the  York  River.  Jackson  had  moved  out 
of  the  Shenaudoah  Valley  and  was  at 
Hanover  Court  House,  ready  to  render 
what  assistance  might  be  required.  Some 
Federal  historians  say  that  McClellan  de- 
termined to  change  his  base  of  operations 
to  the  James  River,  seventeen  miles  south 
of  Fair  Oaks.  The  writers  on  the  South- 
ern side  deny  this.  The  retreat  was  ac- 
complished with  a  loss  to  the  Federal 
army  of  15,249  men.  The  operations  of 
the  two  armies  are  described  under  the 
headings?  Meehanicsville.  Gaines  Mill,  Sav- 
ages Station,  Frayser's  Farm,  and  Malvern 
Hill.  A  few  weeks  later  the  Federal  army 
was  withdrawn  from  the  James  and  the 
Peninsular  campaign  was  ended. 

Seven  Nations.  (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Seven  Pines  and  Tair  Oaks  (Va.),  Bat- 
tle of. — From  Williamsburg  to  Richmond, 
Va.,  the  distance  is  about  fifty  miles.  By 
May  30,  1SG2,  Casey's  and  Couch's  divi- 
sions of  Keyes's  corps  of  McClellan's  army 
had  crossed  the  Chickahominy  and  ad- 
vanced respectively  to  Fair  Oaks  and  Seven 
Pines,  six  and  seven  miles,  respectively, 
from  Richmond.  Heintzelman's  corps  had 
also  crossed  and  was  encamped  several 
miles  to  the  rear  of  Couch  on  the  Williams- 
burg  road,  and  Sunnier  was  ready  to  make 
Ihe  passage  of  the  stream  when  a  heavy 
rain,  which  occurred  on  the  night  of  May 
,'iO,  rendered  this  impracticable.  Joseph 
!•:.  Johnston,  who  was  in  command  of  the 
Confederate  forces,  sent  Generals  Long- 
street,  linger,  I).  H.  Hill  and  Gustavus  W. 
Smith  to  atlaek  this  advance  guard  of  the 
invading  army.  The  fighting  hesran  at 
1  I'.  M.,  May '31.  The  Federals  gradually 
fell  back.  At  4  :?,()  the  arrival  of  Sedg- 
wick's  division  of  Simmer's  corns  turned 
the  tide  of  battle.  At  sunset  den.  Johns- 
ton was  severely  woendcd  by  :i  piece  of 
shell,  and  the  command  devolved  upon  Gen. 
Smith.  In  the  morning  the  Confedcral es 
renewed  the  attack.  They  were  finally  re- 
pulsed about  noon.  The  Confederates  lost 
4.233.  The  Federals  lost  r.,T::'.i,  of  whom 
890  were  killed.  den.  Lee  assumed  com- 
niilrid  of  the  Ton  federate  Tinny  the  day 
following  ('•<•  battle.  (See  illustration  op- 
posite 3277.) 

Seven  Sisters. — New  Jersey  had  long  been 
known  a.s   the    "Mother  of  Trusts"   because 


of  the  leniency  of  the  state  laws  regulat- 
ing combinations  of  capital.  During  Wood- 
row  Wilson's  term  as  Governor,  and  when 
supported  by  a  Democratic  Legislature, 
he  stated  in  a  message  :  "The  laws  of  New 
Jersey,  as  they  stand,  so  far  from  check- 
ing monopoly,  actually  encourage  it.  They 
explicitly  permit  every  corporation  formed 
in  New  Jersey  to  purchase,  hold  and 
assign  the  securities  of  any  and  all  other 
corporations  of  this  or  any  other  state, 
and  to  exercise  at  pleasure  the  full  rights 
of  ownership  in  them,  including  the  right 
to  act  as  stockholders.  This  is  the  very 
method  of  forming  vast  combinations  and 
creating  monopoly  against  which  the  whole 
country  has  set  its  face." 

In  accordance  with  the  Governor's 
wishes  seven  bills  were  introduced  into 
the  Senate  Jan.  20,  1913,  and,  under  his 
personal  exhortation,  passed  in  less  than 
a  month,  and  became  Chapters  13  to  19, 
Laws  of  New  Jersey,  1913.  Their  pro- 
visions are  briefly  as  follows : 

First. — A  trust  is  defined  as  a  combina- 
tion or  agreement  between  corporations, 
firms  or  persons  for  the  following  pur- 
poses: (1)  creating  or  carrying  out  re- 
strictions in  trade,  or  acquiring  a  monop- 
oly, either  in  intra-state  or  inter-state 
business  or  commerce;  (2)  limiting  or  re- 
ducing production  and  increasing  prices ; 
(3)  preventing  competition  in  production, 
transportation  or  marketing  of  any  com- 
modity; (4)  fixing  a  standard  price  with 
a  view  to  controlling  the  price  of  any  com- 
modity ;  (5)  making  any  agreement  by 
which,  directly  or  indirectly,  free  and  un- 
restricted competition  among  the  parties  to 
the  agreement  is  precluded;  (G)  making 
any  secret  or  oral  agreement  or  under- 
standing with  the  object  of  accomplishing 
any  of  the  above-mentioned  purposes. 
Violation  of  these  provisions  is  made  a 
misdemeanor  and,  in  case  of  a  corporation, 
the  offence  shall  be  deemed  that  of  the 
individual  directors,  and  the  charter  of 
the  offending  company  may  be  revoked. 

Second. — All  corporations,  firms  or  per- 
sons engaged  in  the  production  or  sale  of 
any  commodity  are  forbidden  to  discrimi- 
nate between  different  persons  or  sections 
or  to  charge  one  a  lower  price  than  an- 
other for  the  same  service. 

Third. — Corporations  may  purchase  real 
and  personal  property  and  the  stock  of  any 
corporation  necessary  for  its  business,  and 
may  issue  stock  in  payment  therefor  in 
bona-flde  transaction,  but  no  fictitious  stock 
can  be  issued  for  profits  anticipated  but  not 
yet  earned. 

Fourth. — Persons  incorporating  with 
fraudulent  or  unlawful  intent  or  for  the 
purpose  of  restraining  trade  or  acquir- 
ing a  monopoly,  shall  be  guilty  of  a  mis- 
demeanor. 

FiftJi. — In  case  two  or  more  corporations 
are  merged  or  consolidated,  the  consoli- 
dated corporation  may  issue  bonds  or  other 
obligations  "to  an  amount  sufficient  with 
Its  capital  stock  to  provide  for  all  the 
payments  it  will  be  required  to  assume  in 
order  to  effect  such  merger  or  consoli- 
dation," provided  that  such  bonds  shall 
not  bear  more;  than  six  (0)  per  cent  In- 
terest. 

Fi.rt1i. — No  corporation  can  "hereafter 
purchase,  hold,  sell,  assign,  transfer,  mort- 
gage, jdedge  or  otherwise  dispose  of  tile 
shares  of  the  capital  stock  or  securities  of 
any  other  corporation  nor,  as  owner  of 
such,  exercise  any  of  the  privileges  of 
ownership  or  the  riirht  to  vote  therein), 
Provision  is  made  that  a  corporation  is  not 
prevented  from  (I  I  acquiring  the  secu- 
rities created  by  a  noti-cumpeting  corpora- 
tion in  payment  of  debt  ;  (2>  purchasing. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Sherman's 


ns  a  temporary  investment,  out  of  Its  sur- 
plus earnings,  the  securities  of  a  non-com- 
peting corporation;  (.'!)  Investing  its  funds 
111  such  securities  when  held  by  It  for  the 
beiietit  of  its  employees  or  any  funds  held 
for  insurance,  rebuilding  or  depreciation 
purposes. 

tfcrcnth. — Mergers  of  corporations  shall 
not  impair  the  rights  of  any  creditor  of 
cither  of  the  merged  corporal  ions.  Approval 
for  a  merger  of  corporations  must  be  ob- 
tained from  (he  State  Board  of  1'ubllc  Util- 
ities Commissioners  and  liled  with  the  Sec- 
retary of  State. 

Se-ward's  Folly. — The  action  of  William 
II.  Reward,  Secretary  of  State,  in  nego- 
tiating the  purchase  of  Alaska  in,  1807, 
was  criticised  severely  by  many  people, 
ii  nd  referred  to  as  Seward's  Folly.  The 
value  of  Alaska  to  the  United  States  has 
long  since,  robbed  the  phrase  of  any  but  his- 
torical value.  (Sec  Alaska.) 
Sewells  Point,  Va.,  evacuation  of  bat- 
teries on,  referred  to,  3313. 
Shadrach  Case.— One  of  many  exciting 
fugitive  slave  cases  of  ante-bellum  days. 
In  May,  1850,  Frederic  Wilkins,  a  Vir- 
ginian slave,  made  his  escape  and  found 
his  way  to  Boston,  where  he  obtained  em- 
ployment under  the  name  of  Shadrach. 
Subsequently  he  was  arrested  and  impris- 
oned in  the  United  States  court-house, 
pending  trial,  lie  was  liberated  by  a  body 
of  colored  people  and  assisted  to  Canada. 
Intense  excitement  prevailed  in  Boston, 
which  spread  over  the  entile  country  when 
Congress  turned  its  attention  to  the  in- 
fringement of  the  law.  Clay  introduced  a 
resolution  requesting  the  President  to  in- 
form Congress  of  the  facts  in  the  case. 
President  Fillmore  issued  a  proclamation 
(L'G4r>)  announcing  the  facts  and  culling 
upon  tho  peop/3  to  prevent  future  disturb- 
ances. 

Sharpsburg  (Md.),  Battle  of.     (See  An- 

tietam  (Md.),  Battle  of.) 
Sharp-Shooter. — Term  applied  especially  to 
a    soldier    who    picks    off    members    of    the 
enemy  forces  by  expert  rifle  shooting.      (See 
Sniper.) 

Shasta  Forest  Reserve,  proclaimed,  7334. 
Shawanese  Indians.  (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Shawnee  Indians.  (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Shays 'S  Rebellion.— An  insurrection  of 
some  people  of  western  Massachusetts 
against  the  state  government  in  1786-87, 
under  the  leadership  of  Daniel  Shays. 
After  the  close  of  the  Revolution  much  dis- 
content and  actual  want  prevailed  through- 
out New  Kngland.  especially  in  Massachu- 
setts. The  annual  state  tax  amounted  to 
$1,000,000.  Riots  and  armed  mobs  were 
frequent.  The  chief  grievances  complained 
of  were  that  the  governor's  salary  was  too 
high  :  that  the  senate  was  aristocratic:  that 
lawyers'  fees  were  extortionate  and  the 
taxes  burdensome.  The  relief  demanded 
was  the  issue  by  the  state  of  paper  money. 
This  was  refused.  Shays,  at  the  head  of 
1.000  armed  men.  took  possession  of 
Worcester,  Dec.  5,  178G,  and  prevented  the 
session  of  the  Supreme  Court.  The  court 
having  adjourned  to  Springfield,  the  same 
men  attempted  to  prevoirt  the  session 
there,  but  were  forestalled  by  the  militia. 
In  January,  1787,  three  bodies  of  insur- 
gents, under  Shays,  Luke  Day,  and  Kli 
Parsons,  marched  upon  Springfield  with 
the  purpose  of  capturing  the  Continental 
arsenal.  Shays's  army,  numbering  about 


1,000,  was  attacked  by  about  4.oou  militia 
under  (Jen.  Benjamin  Lincoln,  and  was  put 
to  flight  with  u  loss  nf  :j  killed  and  1 
wounded.  Shays  and  some  of  his  follow- 
ers joined  Parson's  force,  but  were  dis- 
persed by  the  militia  at  Petersham  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1787.  Shays  escaped,  but  ].">0  others 
were  captured  and  their  leaders  sentenced 
to  death.  All.  however,  were  ultimately 
pardoned  on  laying  down  their  arms. 
Sheep  Husbandry,  report  of  Commis- 
sioner of  Agriculture  on,  4  1(>2. 
Experiment  station  established,  8101. 
Sheepeater  Indians.  (Sec  Indian 

Tribes. 
Shell  Castle  Island,  N.  C.,  beacon  to  lie, 

erected  on,  182. 

Shenandoah,  The.— Notwithstanding  the 
provisions  of  the  British  foreign  enlist- 
ment act  of  1819,  which  forbids  the  equip- 
ment of  any  land  or  naval  1'orces  within 
British  dominions  to  operate  against  any 
friendly  nation,  the  Florida,  Alulximn, 
Georgia,  Shrnandoah,  and  other  Confederate 
vessels  were  allowed  to  escape  in  spite  of 
the  protest  of  the  United  States  minister. 
The  Shrnandoah  sailed  from  London  as  (lie 
Sea  King  Oct.  8,  18(14,  commanded  by  (.'apt. 
James  Iredell  Waddell,  of  the  Confederate 
navy.  Making  for  Madeira  her  name  was 
changed  to  Shenandoah.  From  Madeira  she 
sailed  for  Melbourne,  destroying  a  number 
of  United  States  merchant  ships  on  the 
way.  Thence  she  went  to  Bering  Sea  and 
did  great  damage  to  whaling  vessels.  At 
the  close  of  the  war  the  Shnwndoah  was 
surrendered  to  the  British  Government,  and 
later  turned  over  to  the  United  States.  The 
depredations  of  the  Shrnandoah  were  made 
a  part  of  the  Alabama  claims  against  Great 
Britain.  (Sec  also  Alabama  Claims.) 

Shenandoah,    The     (see    also    Alabama 

Claims) : 

Judgments  rendered  by   claims   com- 
mission on  claims  arising  from  cap- 
tures   by,  referred  to,  4322. 
Reported    surrender    of,   referred    to, 

3575. 

Sherman  Act. — A  compromise  financial 
measure  introduced  into  Congress  by  Sena- 
tor John  S'herman,  of  Ohio,  and  passed 
July  14,  1890.  It  repealed  the  Bland-Alli- 
son Act  of  1878  and  directed  the  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury  to  purchase  silver  bullion 
to  the  amount  of  4,500,000  ounces  per 
month,  at  the  market  rate,  issuing  Treasury 
notes  in  payment  therefor.  These  note's 
were  to  be  redeemed  in  coin  at  the  Treasury 
on  demand.  The  act  also  directed  the  coin- 
age each  month  of  2.000.000  ounces  of  the 
bullion  into  standard  silver  dollar:-.  The 
repeal  of  the  S'herman  Act  was  frequently 
urged.  In  the  summer  of  189;;  the  law 
was  claimed  to  be  a  leading  cause  of  the 
business  depression,  and  President  Cleve- 
land summoned  Congress  to  meet  in  special 
session  Aug.  7.  Congress,  after  a  long  de- 
bate, passed  Nov.  1  the  Voorhees  bill,  re- 
pealing the  silver-purchasing  clause  of  the 
Sherman  Act.  but  affirming  bimetallism  as 
a  national  policy. 
Sherman  Act: 

Discussed,   5548,   5628. 
Repeal  of  purchasing  clause   of,   dis- 
cussed, 5875,  6073,  6074. 
Recommended,  5833. 
Sherman's  March.     (See  illustration  op- 
posite page  3437.) 


Shilling 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Shilling. — The  name  of  a  coin  In  use  In 
several  European  states,  varying  in  Its 
value.  The  English  shilling  is  one-twen- 
tieth of  a  pound  sterling,  the  Danish  copper 
shilling  is  one-ninety-sixth  of  a  rixdaler, 
and  equal  to  one-fourth  of  a  penny  of  Eng- 
lish money.  The  Swedish  shilling  is  twice 
the  value  of  the  Danish.  In  some  parts 
of  Germany  the  shilling  is  used  as  a  frac- 
tional coin  of  the  value  of  one  penny  ster- 
ling. In  America  this  coin  was  first  issued 
from  the  mint  at  Boston.  The  first  struck 
were  known  as  the  New  England  shilling, 
Willow  Tree,  Oak  Tree,  and  Pine  Tree 
coins.  One  of  the  earliest  coins  used  in 
America  was  the  Bermuda  shilling.  Lord 
Baltimore  'had  shillings  coined  in  London 
for  use  in  Maryland.  As  money  of  account 
the  shilling  varied  greatly  in  the  Colonies. 

Shiloh,  or  Pittsburg  Landing  (Tenn.), 
Battle  of. — One  of  the  most  hotly  con- 
tested battles  of  the  Civil  War.  After  the 
first  line  of  Confederate  defenses  in  the 
West  had  been  broken  by  Grant,  Gen.  Beau- 
regard  was  sent  to  establish  another.  He 
selected  the  line  of  the  Memphis  and 
Charleston  Railroad.  The  Confederate 
army  to  the  number  of  45.000  was  concen- 
trated at  Corinth,  Miss.,  under  command  of 
Albert  Sidney  Johnston.  Polk,  Bragg, 
Ilardee,  and  Breckin ridge  were  there  with 
their  corps,  and  Van  Dorn  and  Price  were 
on  the  way  from  Arkansas  with  30,000 
more.  After  taking  Fort  Donelson,  the 
Federal  army  under  Grant  proceeded  up 
the  Tennessee  River  to  Pittsburg  Landing, 
a  point  219  miles  from  its  mouth,  on  the 
west  bank,  near  the  intersection  of  the 
state  lines  of  Alabama,  Mississippi,  and 
Tennessee,  and  about  twenty  miles  from 
the  Confederate  camp  at  Corinth.  Five 
divisions  of  Grant's  army,  under  Generals 
W.  T.  Sherman.  Hurlbnt,  W.  H.  L.  Wal- 
lace. McClernand.  nnd  Prentiss,  were  here 
encamped,  and,  including  Gen.  Lew.  Wal- 
lace's division,  about  seven  miles  down  the 
river,  numbered  40.000  men.  Buell's  army 
of  40,000  was  expected  to  reenforce  them 
here,  and  it  was  the  intention  upon  his 
arrival  to  proceed  against  Johnston  at  Cor- 
inth. The  latter,  however,  without  wait- 
ing for  his  own  reenforcements,  resolved 
to  attack  Grant  before  the  arrival  of 
Buell's  forces.  April  3,  1802,  Johnston 
marched  his  army  from  Corinth  and  on  the 
6th  attacked  the  Federal  army.  After  a 
day's  hard  fighting  Grant's  army  was 
driven  back  from  the  vicinity  of  Shiloh 
Church  nearly  to  the  river,  a  distance  of 
three  miles.  A  part  of  the  expected  re- 
enforcements  arrived  just  in  time  to  help 
to  check  the  last  charge  of  the  victorious 
Confederates.  The  battle  was  reopened 
on  the  morning  of  the  7lh  by  Buell,  who 
had  arrived  during  the  night  with  20.000 
men.  The  second  day's  fighting  was  as 
stubborn  as  the  first  had  been,  but  the  Con- 
federates were  outnumbered.  At  2  P.  M. 
Beauregard  ordered  preparations  made  for 
the  retreat,  which  by  4  o'clock  was  under 
way.  lie  was  not  pursued.  The  casualties 
were:  Confederates — killed,  1,728;  wound- 
ed. S.012;  prisoners.  050;  total,  10.000. 
Federals— killed,  1,735;  wounded,  7.8S2  ; 
prisoners,  3,050;  total,  13,573.  Gen.  Al- 
bert Sidney  Johnston  was  killed  on  the 
first  day  of  the  brittle  and  was  succeeded 
by  Gen.  Beauregard  in  the  command  of  the 
Confederate  army. 

Shimonoseki  Indemnity. — Shimonosoki  Is 
a  senport.  of  Japan  whose  forts  command 
a  strait  of  the  same  name.  In  1804  these 
forts  were  attacked  and  destroyed  by  a 
squadron  of  war  vessels,  representing  the 


United  States,  England,  France  and  Hol- 
land, in  retaliation  for  the  firing  on  mer- 
chant vessels  of  those  nations  by  the  forts. 
The  Japanese  Government  was  compelled  to 
pay  damages  for  the  injuries  inflicted  by  the 
forts,  besides  an  indemnity,  amounting  to- 
gether to  $3.000,000.  Our  share  in  this  sum 
was  $785,000.  Only  a  small  portion  of  it 
was  needed  for  damages  inflicted,  and  tho 
remainder  lay  in  our  public  treasury  for 
some  years.  It  was  not  applied  to  any  pub- 
lic use,  and  finally,  after  repeated  attempts 
to  refund  the  extortionate  excess,  it  was  re- 
paid to  Japan  in  1884. 

Shinplasters. — During  the  war  small 
change  disappeared  from  circulation  and  the 
people  resorted  to  postage  stamps  and  pri- 
vate notes.  The  latter,  representing  ten, 
twenty-five  and  fifty  cents,  issued  by  retail 
dealers  to  facilitate  trade,  were  of  little 
value  beyond  the  particular  locality  whom 
they  were  issued,  except  as  plasters  for 
broken  shins,  and  hence  were  called  "shin- 
plasters."  The  fractional  notes  printed  by 
the  government  under  the  law  of  1803  were 
also  called  "shinplasters,"  but  merely  lie- 
cause  their  forerunners  had  borne  that 
name. 

Ship  Island,  utility  of  forts  on,  for 
protection  of  Mississippi  coast, 
2266,,  2293. 

Shipbuilding. — A  summary  of  the  general 
results  of  the  J914  census  of  manufactures 
for  the  shipbuilding  and  boat-building  indus- 
try, issued  by  the  Bureau  of  the  Census,  De- 
partment of  Commerce,  consists  of  a  detailed 
statement,  relating  to  the  United  States  as  a 
whole  and  showing,  for  the  years  1000  and 
1014.  the  value  of  the  work  done  ou  in>w 
vet-sols,  whether  launched  or  not  during  the 
census  year  ;  the  value  of  repair  work  done  ; 
the  kind,  number,  and  tonnage  of  vessels  of 
5  gross  tons  and  over  which  were  launched 
during  the  year:  and  the  number  of  power 
boats  of  loss  than  5  tons  which  wore  com- 
pleted during  the  same  period.  The  statis- 
tics relate  only  to  work  done  in  private  ship- 
yards and  manufacturing  establishments. 

Reports  were  received  from  1,145  estab- 
lishments, whose  products — that  is,  construc- 
tion and  repair  work  done — during  the  year 
wore  valued  at  $88,682,071. 

The  total  number  of  vossols  of  5  gross 
tons  and  over  launched  during  the  census 
year  decreased  from  1.5S4  in  1000  to  1.1  I.", 
in  1014,  or  by  20.7  per  cent,  and  the  gross 
tonnage  decreased  from  4(17,210  in  1000  to 
•124.0(10  in  1014.  or  by  0.1  per  cent.  Iron  and 
stool  vessels  launched  decreased  from  15S  in 
1000  to  120  in  1014.  or  by  20.3  per  cent,  and 
in  tonnage  from  254, Oso  to  242. 5. >0,  or  by  4.0 
per  cent.  The  number  of  woodon  vossols 
launched  decreased  from  1.420  in  1000  to 
087  iu  1014.  or  by  .'10. S  per  cent,  and  tin; 
tonnage  from  212.233  to  1X2,101,  or  by  11.2 
per  cent. 

Stool  merchant  vossols  building  or  under 
contract  to  bo  built  in  private  American 
shipyards  on  December  I,  101(1.  according  to 
builders'  returns  to  the  Bureau  of  Naviga- 
tion, Department  of  Commerce,  numbered 
400  of  1.42s. 003  gross  tons.  On  December 
1,  1015.  builders'  returns  of  construction  or 
contracts  for  the  construction  of  steel  mer- 
chant vessels  aggregated  20-j  vessels  of  701.- 
511  gross  tons.  The  tonnage  building  or 
ordered  on  December  1.  1010.  however,  is 
less  (17  vossols  of  51,043  gross  tons),  than 
on  November  1,  1010.  During  November 
American  yards  finished  22  vessels  of  OH. 022 
gross  tons,  and  made  new  contracts  for  7 
steel  merchant  vessels  of  18,285  gross  tons. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Shirt 


Shipbuilding: 

Consular  returns  on,  in  foreign  coun- 
tries, referred  to,  2955. 

Decline  in  American,  discussed,  4200. 

Encouragement   to  American,  recom- 
mended, 4060,  4255,  4727,  5984. 
Shipping,    American.       (See    Commerce 

discussed.) 

Ship  Purchase  Law. — The  administration's 
perfected  shipping  bill  was  introduced  in 
the  House,  May  7,  1010,  by  C'liiiinnan  Alex- 
ander of  the  Committee  pu  Merchant  Ma- 
rine and  Fisheries.  It  directed  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  Treasury  to  sell  Panama  Canal 
bonds  to  obtain  the  funds  necessary  to 
carry  out  the  provisions  of  those  sections 
of  the  bill  authorizing  the  construction, 
equipment,  lease  or  purchase  of  vessels,  or 
the  creating  a  $50,000,000  shipping  corpora- 
tion, and  directed  the.  shipping  board  to 
investigate  the  navigation  laws,  with  a  view 
to  their  amendment,  and  the  cost  of  build- 
ing merchant  vessels  in  the  United  States 
and  abroad,  the  encouragement  of  invest- 
ments in  American  shipping  and  other  mari- 
time questions,  and  report  to  Congress. 

Drastic  provisions  are  included  to  prevent 
illegal  combinations  in  the  shipping  trade. 
The  bill  also  gives  the  shipping  board  sweep- 
Ing  powers  over  rates  and  practices  and 
clothes  it  with  authority  to  require  regular 
and  special  reports  from  water  carriers  en- 
gaged in  carrying  the  commerce  of  the 
United  States.  The  board  is  authorized  to 
receive  and  hear  complaints  and  to  enforce 
reparation  to  the  complainant  for  injury 
done.  Records  of  investigations  made  by 
the  board  shall  be  competent  evidence  in  all 
courts  of  the  United  States.  The  board  is 
to  have  authority  to  compel  the  production 
of  papers  and  to  hear  testimony  under  oath. 

The  Attorney-General  is  authorized  to  in- 
tervene on  behalf  of  the  board  whenever 
any  of  Its  orders  shall  have  been  violated 
and  to  apply  to  the  courts  for  the  proper 
process  to  put  such  order  into  effect. 

Democratic  Senators  in  caucus  July  8, 
reached  an  agreement  on  the  bill,  thus  end- 
ing one  of  the  most  serious  party  divisions 
that  occurred  in  the  Wilson  Administration. 

The  principle  for  which  Chairman  Alex- 
ander of  the  House  committee  fought  in 
conference  to  have  the  government-owned 
ships  operated  in  the  coastwise  as  well  as 
in  the  foreign  trade  of  the  United  States 
met  with  approval  at  the  hands  of  the 
Senate  Democrats.  The  other  amendments 
which  the  caucus  agreed  upon  were  as  fol- 
lows : 

The  Government  shall  not  purchase  ships 
from  any  of  the  belligerent  nations,  nor  any 
ship  already  engaged  in  the  American  trade 
unless  it  is  about  to  be  withdrawn  from 
that  trade. 

No  ship  shall  be  acquired  by  the  govern- 
ment which  is  below  75  per  cent  of  its 
original  efficiency. 

The  government  Khali  not  undertake  to 
operate  its  ships  unless  all  efforts  fail  to 
negotiate  satisfactory  leases  or  sales  to 
private;  corporations  for  that  purpose,  the 
government  reserving  the  right,  however,  to 
prescribe  conditions  under  which  ships  shall 
IK>  operated  and  in  what  service  they  shall 
engage. 

I'.y  a  strictly  party  vote  the  Senate  Com- 
merce Committee,  July  18,  directed  Sen- 
ator Simmons  to  report  the  bill  favorably 
to  the  Senate  with  the  following  amend- 
ments : 

The   Shipping  Board   shall  be   limited  in 
27 


jurisdiction  to  vessels  on  tl.o  bigh  seas  and 
on  the  Great  hakes. 

Fiu-rying,  towing,  transfer  and  lightmme 
are  operations  which  are  not  subjected  to 
thivs  regulation. 

The  Secretary  of  Commerce  and  Secre- 
tary of  the  N"avy  are  removed  from  the 
Shipping  Hoard. 

The  government  will  not  purchase  any 
vessel — (a)  engaged  in  American  trade;  (b) 
which  flies  a  belligerent  Hag;  (c)  which  is 
not  adapted  to  the  requirements  outlined 
in  the  bill,  and  (d)  which  is  not  at  least 
75  per  cent  as  ellicient  as  when  new. 

The  vessels  may  engage  in  the  coastwise 
trade.  In  other  words,  the  coastwise  trade. 
is  opened  up  to  foreign  built  vessels  ac- 
quired by  American  citizens  under  this  act. 

No  American  vessel  can  be  sold  to  a  for- 
eigner unless  the  Shipping  Hoard  first  lias 
its  refusal  and  gives  its  permission. 

The  Shipping  Hoard,  though  a  govern- 
ment corporation,  may  not  operate  the  gov- 
ernment vessels  in  foreign  trade  unless  it 
is  impossible  to  lease  such  ships  to  private 
interests. 

When  in  times  of  war  the  government 
commandeers  American  vessels  compensa- 
tion therefor  shall  be  based  upon  normal 
conditions. 

The  bill  passed  the  Senate  Aug.  18,  :;.S 
to  21,  all  in  the  affirmative  being  Democrats 
and  all  in  the  negative  Republicans.  All  of 
the  committee  amendments  were  agreed  to 
without  a  record  vote,  and  other  amend- 
ments were  inserted.  One  amendment,  the 
so-called  anti-blacklist  provision  authorizing 
customs  officials  to  witnold  clearance  to  any 
ship  refusing  American  cargo  except  for  the 
reason  of  being  fully  laden,  subsequently  at- 
tracted the  attention  of  the  Allied  Embassies. 
The  provision  was  inserted  at  the  last  mo- 
ment because  of  penalties  attached  to  ships 
which  carry  blacklisted  cargo.  President 
Wilson  signed  the  bill  Sept.  7,  1910.  The 
following  were  later  nominated  l>v  the  Presi- 
dent to  be  members  of  the  Board  :  William 
Denman,  of  San  Francisco;  Bernard  N. 
Baker,  of  Baltimore;  John  A.  Donald,  of 
New  York  ;  John  Barber  White,  of  Kansas 
City,  Mo.,  and  Theodore  Brent,  of  New  Or- 
leans. 

Ship  Purchase  Bill: 

Compared    to   railroad   subsidy,   8018. 

Urged  by  Wilson,  8018,  8072. 
Ships,    foreign-built,    admission    of,    to 

American  registry,  8006. 
Shire. — A  division  of  the  Kingdom  of  Great 
Britain,  dating  back  to  the  time  of  the 
Saxon  invasion.  It  is  now  taken  to  mean 
almost  the  same  as  county,  as  most  of  the 
English  county  names  terminate  in  the 
word  shire.  The  shire  has  been  extended  to 
Scotland  and  Wales.  In  1G43  the  general 
court  of  Massachusetts  Bay  Colony  ordered 
that  the  whole  Colony,  which  (hen  included 
the  present  State  of  New  Hampshire,  be 
divided  into  four  shires — Essex,  Middlesex, 
Suffolk,  and  Norfolk.  The  name  was  used 
for  county  in  all  the  Colonies. 

Shirt  and  Collar  Industry. — A  study  of 
the  shirt  and  collar  industry  reveals  the 
fact  that  American  manufacturers  have  the 
home  market  pretty  much  to  themselves,  as 
foreign  competition  in  these  lines  is  of 
very  little  importance.  The  largest  import 
of  collars  and  cuffs  for  any  one  year  was 
$70.000  in  1!)13.  while  the  total  production 
of  these  articles  as  far  back  as  100!l  was 
$17.200.000.  The  present  output  is  much 
greater,  but  no  statistics  are  available.  The 
total  value  of  the  shirts  produced  in  this 


Shirt 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


country  in  1909  was  $82,400.000,  compared 
with  which  the  imports  are  insignificant. 

Separate  collars  for  men's  shirts  are  said 
to  have  been  flrst  made  about  182f>  by  the 
wife  of  a  blacksmith  in  Troy,  N.  Y.  This 
woman  did  the  family  washing  and  ironing, 
and  realized  that  shirts  with  separate  col- 
lars would  not  have  to  be  washed  as  often 
as  did  shirts  with  collars  attached.  She 
applied  the  idea  not  only  by  making  sep- 
arate collars  for  her  husband's  shirts,  but 
by  making  them  also  for  sale.  This  innova- 
tion attracted  the  attention  of  the  Rev. 
Kbenezer  Brown,  a  retired  Methodist  min- 
ister, who  kept  a  small  dry-goods  store  in 
Troy.  With  the  aid  of  the  female  mem- 
bers of  his  own  family,  the  Kev.  Brown, 
about  1829,  began  otTering  "string  collars" 
fur  sale  and  soon  developed  a  profitable  new 
branch  of  his  business.  The  demand  for 
"store"  collars  increased  and  during  the 
thirties  and  forties  several  companies  were 
formed  to  carry  on  the  manufacture  of 
separate-  collars,  cuffs,  and  shirt  IKJSOIIIS, 
either  in  connection  with  the  manufacture 
of  shirts  or  as  a  separate  industry.  The 
sewing  machine  was  introduced  into  the 
collar  industry  in  1852,  and  steam  power 
in  1855.  Electric  cutting  machines  were 
introduced  about  1870,  button-holing  ma- 
chines about  1880,  and  button-sewing  ma- 
chines about  ten  years  later.  The  collar 
and  cuff  industry  has  been  centered  in 
Troy  from  the  first.  In  1909,  80.40  per 
cent  of  the  collars  and  cuffs  manufactured 
in  the  whole  country  was  manufactured  in 
that  city. 

The  manufacture  of  shirts  was  founded 
as  a  systematic  industry  in  1832  in  New 
York,  and  in  1909  that  city  manufactured 
27.74  per  cent  of  the  total  output  of  the 
country.  Troy  and  Albany  produced  8.85 
per  cent,  Philadelphia  8.68  per  cent,  Bal- 
timore 8.51:5  per  cent,  and  St.  Louis  4.07 
per  cent.  New  York  State  and  Pennsyl- 
vania produced  more  than  half  the  shirts 
made  in  the  country. 

The  average  percentages  of  manufactur- 
ing profit  and  final  profit  of  all  the  42  es- 
tablishments were  as  follows :  Manufac- 
turing profit  on  capital  employed  in  busi- 
ness. 12.32  per  cent ;  on  net  sales,  6.20  per 
cent :  final  profit  on  capital  employed  in 
business,  11.46  per  cent ;  on  net  sales,  5.85 
per  cent.  Of  the  total  number  of  estab- 
lishments reporting.  2  had  manufacturing 
losses  and  4  had  final  losses;  27  earned  10 
p<T  cent  or  more  of  manufacturing  profit 
and  1:4  earned  10  per  cent  or  more  of  final 
profit  on  capital  employed  in  business.  The 
group  of  establishments  manufacturing 
shirts  in  New  York  City  shows  a  higher 
percentage  of  profit,  both  on  capital  em- 
ployed in  business  and  on  net  sales,  than 
doe's  the  group  located  outside  of  New 
York  City.  The  group  with  net  sales  under 
s.'dn.OOO  shows  a  higher  percentage  of  profit 
than  the  group  with  net  sales  over  !«5(tO.(MiO. 
Salaries  of  active  otlicers  and  the  drawing 
accounts  of  partners  were  included  in  the 
cost  of  production  before  profits  were  fig- 
ured. In  the  case  of  individual  owners  of 
establishments  the  costs  include  the  esti- 
mated amount  an  employee  would  have  re- 
ceived for  services  such  as  the  owner  reu- 
dered. 

Some  establishments  have  such  crude  sys- 
ti-tns  for  cost  finding,  that  they  do  not  know 
exactly  or  even  approximately  their  profit 
or  loss  on  certain  styles  and  may  continue 
for  a  long  time  to  sell  particular  styles  at 
:i  loss  without  knowing  it.  Other  estab- 
lishments, however,  knowing  accurately 
what  a  certain  style  costs,  will  sell  it  on  a 
'••mall  margin  of  profit,  or  even  at  :i  loss, 
for  tin-  purpose  of  attracting  custom  for 
more  profitable  styles.  An  establishment 


may  find  it  necessary  to  carry  a  complete 
line  of  styles  in  order  to  meet  the  demands 
of  its  customers  and  to  hold  its  trade,  and 
may  consider  it  good  policy  to  sell,  at  or 
below  cost,  old  or  standard  styles  to  con- 
sumers who  will  buy  higher-priced  goods  on 
which  a  profit  is  realized. 

The  percentage  of  cost  of  direct  labor  on 
the  low-grade  shirts  is  higher  than  on  the 
high  grades,  the  cost  of  materials  is  high- 
est in  silk  negligee  shirts  and  lowest  in 
laundered  shirts,  and  the  cost  of  labor  is 
relatively  highest  in  the  laundered  shirts 
and  lowest  in  the  silk  shirts.  The  higher 
percentages  of  profit  are  generally  made  on 
the  high-grade  shirts  and  not  on  the  low. 

Of  the  total  sales  of  all  of  the  42  estate 
lishments  reporting,  58.87  per  cent  was 
made  to  retailers,  38.76  per  cent  to  jobbers, 
I). 68  per  cent  by  mail  order,  and  1.6!)  per 
cent  was  exported.  Practically  all  of  tho. 
high-grade  shirts  were  sold  direct  to  re- 
tailers and  that  portion  of  the  product 
which  was  sold  to  jobbers  consisted  of  work 
shirts  and  other  low-priced  lines.  The  total 
expense  of  26  establishments  which  sold  all 
or  the  greater  part  of  their  product  to  re- 
tailers was  8.88  per  cent,  which  is  more 
than  twice  as  large  ns  the  total  selling 
expenses  of  the  12  establishments  selling 
all  or  a  greater  part  of  their  product  to 
jobbers.  However,  the  establishments  which 
sold  all  or  a  greater  part  of  their  product 
to  retailers  had  a  manufacturing  and  final 
profit  somewhat  larger  than  the  profits 
shown  by  the  establishments  which  sold  all 
or  a  greater  part  of  their  product  to 
jobbers. 

No  figures  are  available  showing  the  im- 
ports of  shirts,  except  in  the  imports  of 
cotton  wearing  apparel,  which  do  not  clas- 
sify shirts  separately.  The  American  prod- 
uct so  far  excels  that  of  foreign  manufac- 
ture that  there  is  no  demand  in  this  coun- 
try for  imported  shirts.  Of  the  four  estal>- 
lishments  that  reported  on  collars  and  cuffs, 
two  reported  that  they  did  some  foreign 
business.  One  of  these  establishments  re- 
ported that  it  exported  ]  per  cent  and  the 
other  1l/2  per  cent  of  its  net  sales,  the 
total  export  business  of  the  two  companies 
amounting  to  $198.688.  The  exported  col- 
lars went  to  Great  Britain  and  the  Kng- 
lish-speaking  nations  all  over  the  world,  and 
to  the  West  Indies.  Mexico,  Central  mul 
South  America.  While  the  exports  of  shirts 
from  the  United  States  are  not  very  largo, 
they  are  probably  larger  in  proportion  K> 
the  production  than  in  any  other  branch  of 
the  clothing  business.  Fourteen  of  the  38 
shirt-making  establishments  did  some  for- 
eign business,  the  total  for  these  concerns 
being  $570,222,  or  5.S7  per  cent  of  their 
total  business.  These  shirts  went  to  Can- 
ada  and  our  Latin-American  neighbors. 
Shoe-String  District. — Tho  Sixth  Congres- 
sional District  of  Mississippi,  as  laid  out  in 
1874,  is  so  called  because  it  consists  of  a 
narrow  strip  extending  along  the  Mississlpui 
River  almost  the  entire  length  of  the  state. 
(See  Gerrymander.  > 

S'Homamish     Indians.       (Roe     Indian 

Tribes.) 
Short  Pine  Forest  Reserve,   So.  Dak., 

proclaimed,    7278. 
Shoshone  Indians.  (Roe  Indian  Tribes.) 

Treaty  with,  .-!.'!!>7,   .'JSO.S. 
Shoshone  Reservation,  Wyo.,  aprooim-ut 

for  cession  of  portion   of,  5G49. 
Shoulder  Strap. — A  decorative  strap  worn 
over  the  shoulder  as  nn  Insignia  distinguish- 
ing the  rank  of  an  officer  :  also  distinguish- 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Siam 


ing    ono    military    or    naval    division    from 
another. 

Shrapnel. — A  missile  loaded  with  a  quan- 
tity of  smaller  missiles,  which  scatter  in 
the  enemy's  ranks  by  automatic  explosion, 
at  any  predetermined  range. 
Siam. —  Siam  occupies  the  central  portion 
of  the  Indo-Chinese  Peninsula,  and  lies  be- 
tween 4°  20'-20°  15'  N.  latitude  and  96° 
30'-] 00°  E.  longitude.  The  area  is  stated 
at  195,000  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  north  by  Hritish  India  and  French 
Laos,  east  bv  French  Laos  and  Cambodia, 
south  by  the  Gulf  of  Siam  and  the  British 
Malay  States,  and  west  by  British  India. 
Kast  and  west  are  Spheres  of  Influence,  in 
which  the  French  and  British  governments, 
while  disclaiming  any  intention  of  annex- 
ing territory  (Agreement  of  April,  1904), 
are  entitled  to  obtain  concession  from  Siam. 
Between  these  spheres  is  a  Neutral  Zone, 
which  Is  declared  to  be  inviolable  by 
France  and  Britain. 

Physical  Features. — Northern  Siam,  which 
is  occupied  by  Laps  States  under  the  su- 
zerainty of  the  King  of  Siam,  contains  a 
series  of  parallel  ranges  of  no  great  mean 
elevation,  but  with  precipitous  heights  in 
the  extreme  north.  These  hills  are  cov- 
ered with  forests,  from  which  most  of  the 
teak  is  obtained.  Eastern  Siam,  which  also 
contains  Laos  States,  conquered  by  Siam 
about  a  hundred  years  ago,  consists  of  a 
vast  river  basin  encircled  by  hills,  the  cen- 
tral portions  being  sandy  desert.  Central 
Siam  is  also  a  great  plain  flanked  on  the 
west  by  high  mountains  (Mulai  6,886  feet), 
and  contains  the  richest  and  most  fertile 
tracts  of  the  kingdom.  Southern  Slam  ex- 
tends down  the  Malay  Peninsula,  which 
has  a  broken  range  of  mountains  parallel 
with  the  coasts,  and  consists  principally 
of  dense  and  valuable  forests. 

The  principal  Siamese  river  is  the  Me- 
nam  (Menam  Chao  Phaya),  which  rises  in 
the  northern  hills  and  flows  into  the  Gulf 
of  Siam  at  the  port  of  Bangkok.  For  six 
months  in  every  year  the  river  overflows  its 
banks,  leaving  rich  deposits  of  silt,  which 
provide  the  most  fertile  tracts  of  the  king- 
dom. The  wet  season  lasts  from  May  to 
October,  when  the  heat  is  not  excessive, 
and  in  the  dry  season  the  nights  are  cool. 

IIMory. — The  Kingdom  of  Siam  is  be- 
lieved to  have  been  founded  some  time  in 
the  sixth  century  A.  D.,  by  a  race  that 
had  migrated  many  years  earlier  from  south- 
west China.  The  kingdom  was  extended 
over  the  Malay  Peninsula  toward  the  close 
of  the  twelfth  century.  Intercourse  with 
Europe  was  first  established  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  sixteenth  century  when  the 
Portuguese  conquered  part  of  the  Malay 
Peninsula  and  the  French  and  English  have 
gradually  worked  their  way  to  the  borders 
of  the  kingdom,  relations  With  the  latter 
having  been  always  friendly,  while  the  rival 
claims  of  France  and  Siam  over  the  fron- 
tiers of  Annum  led  to  a  Franco-Siamese  war 
in  1893. 

Ethnology. — The  number  of  inhabitants 
in  1912  was  8. 149.487.  The  majority  of 
the  population  is  Siamese  and  Lao.  There 
is,  however,  a  large  number  of  Chinese 
and,  in  the  south,  Malays.  There  are  no  re- 
liable figures  showing  the  proportion  of  each 
race.  The  foreign  residents  number  about 
2,000,  of  whom  nearly  one-half  are  British, 
with  244  Germans,  218  French,  1(53  Danes, 
135  Americans,  123  Italians.  The  Siamese, 
Laos  and  Cambodians,  are  Buddhisis.  but 
the  Malays  of  the  peninsula  arc  almost  all 
Muhammadans,  The  language  of  the  cen- 
tral districts  is  Siamese:  in  the  eastern  and 
northern  districts  the  Laos  have  their  own 


tongue,  and  the  peninsular  montons  and 
states  are  partly  Malay  speaking. 

Government.— The  kingdom  Is  now  secured 
from  further  aggression  by  the  Anglo- 
French  Convention  of  1896,  under  which 
Central  Siam  is  declared  to  be  inviolable, 
and  each  Power  renounces  the  right  to  an- 
nex territory  adjoining  its  borders,  although 
preserving  the  right  of  commercial  pene- 
tration. The  Government  Is  an  absolute 
monarchy,  and  the  sovereign  appoints  his 
successor  from  among  the  male  members 
of  the  Hoyal  Family.  Kuler  :  Somdeicli  HUM 
Paramendr  Maha  Vajiravudh  Mmigkut 
Klao  (King  of  Northern  and  Southern  Siam 
and  of  all  its  Dependencies,  and  of  the 
Laos,  Malays  and  Karens  t,  born  .I.-'ii.  I, 
1880:  succeeded  his  father  King  Chulalong- 
korn,  Oct.  23,  1910. 

The  Kingdom  is  divided  into  17  Prov- 
inces or  Montons,  each  under  a  High  Com- 
missioner controlled  by  the  Minister  of 
the  Interior.  These  comprise  several  sub- 
provinces,  which  are  subdivided  into  dis- 
tricts. Sub-divisions  of  the  district  are  un- 
der village  headmen.  Bangkok  is  directly 
governed  by  the  Minister  of  Local  Govern- 
ment. 

Recent  reforms,  including  the  final  aboli- 
tion of  slavery  in  1905,  have  brought  into 
existence  an  organized  system  of  local  and 
divisional  courts,  with  magistrates  trained 
at  a  school  of  law  and  assisted  by  European 
advisers. 

Service  in  the  Army  is  universal  and 
compulsory,  and  although  the  law  is  only 
partially  applied  there  is  a  standing  army 
of  about  25,000  men. 

Education. — Education  is  generally  in  the 
hands  of  the  priests  from  the  Buddhist 
monasteries  scattered  all  over  the  country, 
and  scarcely  any  adult  Siamese  are  illiter- 
ate. Government  effort  is  not  only  co- 
ordinate but  is  directed  toward  a  general 
advance  in  the  system  practised  by  the 
monasteries.  An  estimate  of  the  pupils  of 
the  various  schools  states  their  number  at 
close  9n  160,000  throughout  the  Kingdom, 
exclusive  of  the  capital,  while  government 
effort;  has  provided  accommodation  for  some 
15,000  others,  including  secondary,  special 
and  technical  schools.  The  English  lan- 
guage is  very  generally  taught  in  the  capi- 
tal and  there  are  three  English  schools  with 
English  masters,  while  many  Siamese  are 
educated  in  Europe,  particularly  in  Eng- 
land. 

Production  and  Industry. — The  principal 
industry  is  the  cultivation  of  rice,  which  is 
the  national  food  and  principal  commodity 
exported.  Irrigation  is  bringing  large  areas 
of  northern  Siam  into  cultivation,  and  the 
standard  of  cultivation  is  being  systemat- 
ically raised.  Siamese  rice  is  in  great  de- 
mand abroad.  Other  crops  are  tobacco, 
pepper,  coco-nuts,  cotton  and  maize,  while 
fruit  is  abundantly  grown.  The  forests 
are  pr>  d  and  the  teak  industry  is  main- 

taining its  importance. 

Gold,  silver,  rubies  and  sapphires  are 
won  and  exported,  and  tin,  copper,  iron, 
zinc,  coal  and  other  minerals  are  known  to 
exist,  the  tin  exports  exceeding  5.000  tons 
annually,  almost  entirely  from  Mouthon  Pn- 
ket.  In  1911-1912  export  of  tin  —  5,199 
tons. 

Finances. — The  average  annual  revenue 
for  the  five  years  ending  with  1913  was 
61,076.000  ticals.  The  expenditure  for  T.H3 
was  61,581,897  ticals.  The  national  debt 
consists  of  an  Anglo-French  loan  o!'  Cl.uiin.- 
Oiio.  an  Anglo-French-German  !«:!•!  of  !."'..- 
Odd. 000.  and  a  federated  Malav  States  l.-an 
of  £4. (too. 000.  The  tical.  the  unit  of  value, 
is  equivalent  to  $3,708  of  United  States 
money. 


Siam 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Railways. — On  Nov.  1,  1913,  there  were 
721  miles  open  for  traffic,  the  principal  line 
running  from  Bangkok  along  the  Meuam 
to  a  terminus  at  Dem  Chai,  near  the  town 
of  Phr6.  A  network  of  railways  and  ca- 
nals affords  easy  communication  throughout 
Central  Siam,  and  the  traffic  is  enormous. 
Northern  and  eastern  Siam  are  less  favor- 
ably situated,  but  southern  Siam  is  to  have 
a  compensating  system  of  railways. 

Siam : 

American    representative    at    corona- 
tion of  King  of,  7667. 
Claim  of  United  States  against,  6184. 

Adjustment  of,  63,36. 
Diplomatic  relations  with,  6336. 
Appropriation    for,     recommended, 

4799. 
Gifts     received     from,    referred     to, 

3267. 

Legation  of  United   States  in,  prem- 
ises   for,    presented    by    Govern- 
ment  of,  4823,  4825,  4923. 
Appropriation  for  erection  of  build- 
ing on,  recommended,  5494. 
Liquor  traffic  in,  agreement  with,  for 

regulation  of,  4803. 
Minister  of  United  States  to,  mission 

created,    4718,    4761,    4825. 
Treaty  with,   1272,   1457,    1593,   2951, 

3061,    3834. 

Siam,  Treaties  With. — The  convention  of 
amity  and  commerce  of  1833  was  modi- 
fied in  some  directions  by  the  treaty  of 
1S."JG.  Freedom  of  commerce  was  extend- 
ed to  citizens  of  the  United  States  except 
in  importation  of  arms  and  munitions  of 
war,  and  opium,  and  in  the  exportation 
of  rice,  which  is  prohibited.  The  duties 
payable  on  ships,  it  was  agreed,  should 
be  those  paid  by  the  most  favored  nation  ; 
and  should  there  be  in  The  future  any 
diminution  in  the  same  in  favor  of  any  for- 
eign nation,  the  United  States  should  share 
the  favor.  Humane  treatment  of  ship- 
wrecked  mariners  was  provided  for. 

A  subject  of  Siam  in  debt  to  a  citizen 
of  the  United  States  or  a  citizen  of  the 
United  States  in  debt  to  a  subject  of  Siam 
shall  be  obliged  to  bring  all  of  his  goods 
for  sale  and  apply  the  proceeds  to  the  pay- 
ment thereof ;  should  the  proceeds  be  in- 
siitlicient,  the  debtor  shall  not  be  liable  for 
the  balance.  Merchants  from  the  United 
States  may  rent  houses  in  Siam,  but  shall 
rent  the  king's  factories  and  pay  the  usual 
rent  therefor.  Goods  brought  to  Siam  by 
merchants  shall  lie  reported  in  detail  to  the 
king,  but  no  duty  shall  be  charged  there- 
on. Should  any  foreign  country  other  than 
Portugal  be  privileged  to  appoint  consuls 
at  Siam,  that  privilege  shall  also  be  ac- 
corded to  the  United  States. 

The  treaty  of  1850  afforded  full  protec- 
tion to  merchants  of  the  United  States  in 
Siam.  As  Siam  has  no  ships  of  war,  it 
was  agreed  that  the  vessels  of  war  of  the 
United  States  meeting  a  Siamese  vessel 
at  sea  should  render  to  it  all  possible  aid 
not  in  violation  of  the  laws  of  neutrality; 
and  American  consuls  in  foreign  ports  out 
of  Siam  shall  render  aid  to  the  captains 
of  Siamese  vessels  in  such  ports.  Provi- 
sion Is  made  for  the  appointment  of  a  con- 
sul at  Bangkok.  (Set-  Consular  Conven- 
tions.) American  merchants  may  trade 
freely  in  any  port  of  Main,  but  shall  reside 
permanently  at  Bangkok,  where  they  may 
rent  land,  but  may  not  purchase  laud  with- 


in two  hundred  seng  (four  English  miles) 
of  the  city  walls  until  they  have  lived  for 
ten  years  in  Siam  or  have  permission  so  to 
buy.  Apart  from  this,  American  mer- 
chants may  buy  or  rent  houses  anywhere 
within  twenty-four  hours'  journey  from 
Siam,  measured  at  the  rate  of  speed  at 
which  boats  travel.  Freedom  of  conscience 
is  allowed  to  all. 

Vessels  of  war  of  the  United  States  may 
enter  the  river  and  anchor  at  Paknam,  but 
only  with  special  permission  may  proceed 
to  the  docks.  On  articles  of  import  the 
duty  shall  be  three  per  cent,  payable 
either  in  money  or  in  goods.  Unsalable 
and  re-exported  goods  shall  be  entitled  to 
a  drawback.  Opium  may  be  imported  free 
of  duty,  but  may  not  be"  sold  to  the  opium 
farmer  or  his  agents.  It  may  be  re-ex- 
ported without  impost  or  duty  levied  upon 
it.  In  times  of  threatened  scarcity  the 
Siamese  government  may  prohibit  the  ex- 
port of  salt,  rice,  and  fish,  on  thirty  days' 
notice. 

By  an  agreement  of  1884  it  is  permitted 
to  sell  in  Siam  liquors  of  a  strength  al- 
lowed to  be  manufactured  in  Siam.  Beers 
and  wines  may  be  sold  on  an  import  duty 
not  to  exceed  ten  per  cent.  The  strength 
of  liquors  shall  be  tested  by  a  Siamese 
official.  The  Siamese  government  may  at 
any  time  stop  the  importation  of  liquors 
or  spirits  which,  in  their  opinion,  prove 
deleterious  to  the  health  of  the  people. 

Siberia,   survivors  of  Jeannctte  expedi- 
tion aided  by  people  of.     (See  Jean- 
nctte   Polar   Expedition.) 
Sibyl,    The,    English    schooner,    appro- 
priation   for,    recommended,    3890. 
Sicily  (see  also  Italy): 

Claims     of     United    States     against, 

1113. 

Act     to     authorize     Secretary     of 
Treasury   to  compromise,  vetoed, 
1365. 
Commissioner  appointed  to  consider, 

1244. 

Convention  regarding,   1269. 
Payment   of,  1317,   ]36S. 
Fugitive   criminals,    convention    with, 

for  surrender  of,  2870. 
Neutral    rights,    treaty   with,    regard- 
ing,   2836. 
Relations  opened  with  United  States, 

1706. 

Treaty    with,    transmitted     and     dis- 
cussed, 1170,  1196,  1244,  2271.  2479, 
2836,  2870,  2884. 
Sierra  Forest  Reserve,  Cal.,  mentioned, 

7278. 
Signal  Service: 

Building  for,  recommended,   4C>.")7. 
Chief  Signal  Oflicer.     (See  Chief  Sig- 
nal   Officer.) 
Discussed,  4148. 
Establishment    and     organi/.at  ion    of, 

discussed,  4304,  4934. 
Reorganization      of,       recommended, 

54  S  7. 

Separate  organi/at ion  of,  recommend- 
ed, 4637,  49.",  I. 

Services      of,      in      Spanish-American 
War,  discussed,  (i;)J  }. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Silk 


Silk  and  Silk  Goods.— For  many  years 
after  the  Revolution  premiums  und  bounties 
for  planting  mulberry  trees  and  for  produc- 
ing raw  silk  were  authorized  by  a  number 
of  states,  especially  in  New  Jersey,  New 
York,  Pennsylvania  and  the  New  England 
States.  Dr.  Ezra  Stiles,  president  of  Yale 
College,  and  Benjamin  Franklin  were  among 
the  notable  early  promoters  of  the  move- 
ment. The  establishment  of  the  industry 
in  England  and  France  was  due  to  royal 
patronage  and  it  was  considered  not  incon- 
sistent with  public  policy  here  to  extend 
state  encouragement  to  an  industry  which, 
when  established,  would  undoubtedly  prove 
profitable.  In  December,  1825,  the  subject 
was  introduced  into  Congress  by  Mr.  Miner, 
of  Pennsylvania,  and  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  was  Instructed  to  prepare  a  well 
digested  manual  on  the  growth  and  manu- 
facture of  silk.  This  resulted  in  the  pub- 
lication by  Congress  of  the  document  known 
as  the  "Rush  Letter"  of  220  pages,  besides 
illustrations  of  machinery,  and  is  a  care- 
fully executed  work. 

Sericulture  gained  the  public  ear,  and  for 
ten  years  all  went  well.  Silk  conventions 
and  meetings  were  held  in  many  states, 
and  the  agricultural  literature  of  the  coun- 
try became  suffused  with  descriptions  of  the 
Chinese  mulberry  tree  and  the  possible 
profits  in  raising  silk  worms.  Speculation 
began  and  the  price  of  trees  advanced  far 
beyond  the  value  of  all  the  silk  they  could 
ever  raise.  Silk  culture  companies  were  or- 
ganized and  manufacturers  and  farmers 
were  induced  to  invest  in  them.  The  bubble 
burst  in  1S39.  One  speculator  who  had 
put  $80,000  in  trees  and  cuttings  vainly 
offered  them  to  his  neighbors  for  pea  brush 
at  $1  a  hundred.  Notwithstanding  the 
favorable  climatic  conditions  both  in  France 
and  the  United  States  for  the  growth  of 
mulberry  trees  and  the  rearing  of  silk 
worms  and  cocoons  silk  culture  has  dwin- 
dled in  both  countries,  because  more  re- 
munerative occupations  are  afforded  by 
other  lines  of  industry.  In  other  words,  it 
don't  pay.  Although  in  France  the  raisers 
of  cocoons  and  reelers  of  silk  are  protected 
by  a  considerable  bounty,  payable  by  the 
French  government  to  her  citizens  as  against 
the  Italians,  that  country  produces  less  than 
4  per  cent,  of  the  world's  supply  of  raw 
silk.  Her  silk  manufacturers  are  well  con- 
tent to  purchase,  as  America  does,  the  raw 
silk  from  Italy,  Japan  and  China,  in  all 
of  which  countries  the  ruling  rates  of  wages 
are  much  less  than  in  the  United  States. 
Both  France  and  the  United  States  pursue 
the  same  fiscal  policy  of  admitting  raw  silk 
free  of  duty,  and  therefore  both  are  on  a 
par  in  this  respect. 

Meanwhile,  step  by  step,  but  slowly,  im- 
provements have  been  effected  here  in  the 
manufacture  of  silk  goods.  The  making  of 
sewing  silk  became  a  household  industry  in 
New  England,  at  first  by  hand,  and  later 
by  machinery.  The  manufacture  of  silk 
trimmings  of  various  kinds  was  commenced 
in  Philadelphia  in  1815,  and  ribbons  in 
Baltimore  in  1829.  These  goods,  together 
with  fringes,  gimps  and  tassels,  and  silk 
thread,  especially  suited  for  use  on  sewing 
machines,  continued  to  be  the  principal 
products  of  the  silk  industry  in  the  United 
States  until  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  war. 

As  reajsons  for  the  rapid  as  well  as  pow- 
erful development  of  the  United  States  silk 
industry,  notwithstanding  the  competition 
of  well  introduced  imported  goods  and  the 
splendid  organization  of  the  importers,  and 
in  spite  of  the  mistrust  which  was  felt  by 
the  consumers  for  a  long  time  against  the 
domestic  goods,  we  find  : 

1. — The  natural  capability  of  the  Ameri- 


can merchant  and  manufacturer,  his  com- 
mon sense,  enterprise  and  sell"  confidence. 

2. — The  capital  which  is  always  ready  t<> 
support  enterprise  in  this  country,  in  'the 
form  of  extensive  and  liberal  credits. 

.'5. — The  support  which  is  given  all  thesn 
undertakings  by  the  people,  by  the  city  and 
state  governments  in  the  form  of  tax  priv- 
ileges, donations  of  lots,  putting  up  mill 
buildings,  and  renting  same  at  a  low  rate 
of  interest ;  even  In  some  cases  by  subscrib- 
ing part  of  the  working  capital. 

4. — The  intellectuality  of  the  American 
technician,  who,  through  his  inventions  of 
time-saving  machinery,  which  is  simply  con- 
structed and  easy  to  handle,  is,  perhaps, 
unequalled. 

5. — The  easy  intercourse  between  manu- 
facturer and  dealer,  which  enables  the  first 
to  get  fully  and  promptly  acquainted  with 
the  needs  and  wants  of  the  consumer. 

The  American  manufacturer  is  largely 
his  own  merchant  and  distributor.  He  Is 
in  close  touch  with  the  dealers  and  retail- 
ers, knows  what  they  want,  and  manufac- 
tures accordingly. 

In  England  the  silk  industry  has  suffered 
a  great  decline  since  IStJO.  In  recent  years 
leading  manufacturers  there  have  empha- 
sized the  Importance  of  specially  organized 
technical  schools  for  the  education  of  ar- 
tisans and  for  teaching  drawing  and  design- 
ing to  selected  pupils.  In  the  United  States 
every  large  silk  plant  is  a  school  of  design, 
a  teacher  of  scientific  and  technical  educa- 
tion. All  such  plants  have  a  corps  of 
special  designers  and  many  are  in  touch 
with  artists  and  establishments  abroad, 
whence  is  derived  the  latest  information 
concerning  novelties  in  all  lines  of  manu- 
facture. Skillful  chemists  are  likewise  at- 
tached to  these  plants. 

The  production  of  raw  silk  in  China  is 
an  absolutely  unknown  quantity.  When 

C  rices  in  Europe  and  America  are  relatively 
igh  the  supply  increases  surprisingly. 
When  prices  are  normal  or  low  the  supply 
decreases.  It  is  obvious,  however,  that  by 
closer  attention  to  the  United  States 
market  China  could  greatly  extend  its  raw 
silk  trade  with  this  country.  The  vast 
amount  of  capital  invested  and  the  large 
number  of  operatives  employed  in  the  silk 
Industry  throughout  the  world  should  be  a 
commercial  stimulus  to  China,  the  greatest 
producer  of  raw  silk,  to  perfect  its  silk 
reeling  processes  by  the  application  of 
skilled  labor  so  as  to  secure  a  larger  share 
of  the  profits  of  a  business  in  which  the 
country  has  so  many  natural  advantages. 

China  now  contributes  41. S  per  cent,  of 
the  world's  supply  of  raw  silk  :  Japan  and 
Italy  each  20  per  cent.  ;  France,  .">.:>  per 
cent,  and  all  other  countries  14  per  cent. 

The  silk  manufacturing  industry  includes 
two  classes  of  establishments:  (1)  Those 
for  making  finished  silk  products,  such  as 
woven  fabrics,  braids  and  trimmings,  sew- 
ing, embroidery,  and  wash  silks  ;  and  (  2 1 
Those  making  silk  yarn,  known  technically 
as  organzine,  tram,  and  spun  silk.  Organ- 
zine  and  tram  constitute  respectively  the 
warp  and  woof  of  silk  fabrics,  and  are 'made 
from  the  best  grades  of  raw  material  by 
the  process  of  throwing  (doubling,  twisting 
and  winding  the  filaments  into  yarn.)  Spun 
silk  is  produced  by  spinning,  in  much  the 
same  manner  as  wool  fabrics  are  spun,  the 
short  fibered  silk  from  pierced  cocoons  or 
from  waste  silk  of  any  sort  which  cannot 
be  thrown  in  the  usual  manner.  The  con- 
cerns engaged  only  in  the  manufacture  of 
organzine  and  tram  are  known  as  throw- 
sters and  winders.  Few  establishments  in- 
clude the  entire  process  of  silk  making.  In- 
cluding both  branches  of  the  industry  there 
were  852  establishments  In  operation  in. 


Silk 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


1909.  These  were  capitalized  at  $152,158.- 
002,  and  employed  105,238  persons,  to  whom 
$40,097,364  was  paid  in  salaries  and  wages. 
The  total  value  of  the  finished  product  was 
placpd  at  $19H.911.667. 

American  silk  manufacturers,  after  the 
sudden  outbreak  of  the  European  war  in 
1914,  strove  to  provide  against  any  stop- 
page  of  foreign  importations  of  finished 
goods,  raw  material  or  dye  stuffs.  Com- 
rnerce  was  threatened  by  warships  of  the 
hostile  powers  and  insurance  rates  were 
high.  A  record  consumption  at  home  and 
abroad  had  absorbed  reserve  stocks,  and 
there  was  a  scarcity  of  raw  material.  This 
caused  high  premiums  to  be  paid  for  ready 
stocks,  Imt  some  of  the  mills  were  forced  to 
suspend  operations  on  account  of  inability 
tu  get  orders  for  the  spring  trade. 

in  spite  of  depressed  business  conditions 
fifty-one  new  silk  mills  were  built  in  1914. 
Of  these  twelve  were  for  the  manufacture 
of  ribbon,  twenty-live  for  broad  silk,  and 
the  remainder  divided  between  throwing 
and  yarn  mills.  Of  the  new  mills  twenty- 
one  were  built  in  Pennsylvania,  and  19  in 
New  Jersey,  13  of  the  latter  in  Paterson. 

Returns  were  received  from  900  estab- 
lishments  engaged  in  the  industry  in  1914. 
the  products  of  which,  for  that  year,  were 
valued  at  $253,  764,  170.  . 

Silkworms,  memorial  from  Count  de 
Bronno  Bronsld  regarding  introduc- 
tion  or,  into  United  States,  2584. 
Silver.—  One  of  the  precious  metals  and 
the  one  most  in  use  during  historic  times, 
both  in  the  arts  and  as  a  medium  of  ex- 
change.  In  the  earliest  ages,  even  before 
there  was  a  record,  as  in  prehistoric 
Greece  and  Italy,  silver  mines  were  worked, 
and  the  refined  metal  obtained  from  the 
ores  was  employed  in  ornamental  and  use- 
ful  arts.  It  was  not  so  early  used  as  a 
money  metal,  and  when  finally  its  use  as 
such  was  begun  it  was  made  into  bars  or 
rings  and  sold  by  weight.  Shekels,  or 
pieces  of  silver,  are  alluded  to  in  the  book 
of  Genesis.  Abraham,  in  the  land  of  Canaan. 
bought  a  field  for  sepulture  and  paid  for 
it  iu  silver.  But  the  best  authorities  state 
that  the  first  regular  coinage  of  either  gold 
or  silver  was  in  Asia  Minor,  in  Phrygia  or 
Lydia.  The  Egyptians  did  not  have  coins 
in  the  earliest  times,  although  otherwise 
their  civilization  was  advanced.  In  ancient 
times  silver  was  plentiful  in  Spain,  llan- 
nibal,  it  is  stated,  obtained  300  pounds  per 
day  from  the  mines  there  during  the 
Carthaginian  occupation  of  that  country. 
At  a  much  earlier  day  the  Athenians  had 
valuable  silver  mines  at  Laurium,  in  the 
territory  of  Attica.  Silver,  as  well  as  gold. 
was  employed  in  the  erection  of  Solomon's 
Temple  at  '.Jerusalem.  Silver  drinking  cups 
and  silver  ornaments  on  horn  or  ivory  drink- 
ing  cups  were  in  use  among  the  Vikings.  In 
fact,  all  the  civilized  and  semi-civilized  na- 
tions  and  tribes  of  antiquity  made  free  use 
of  this  metal.  It  was;  more  common  even 
then  than  gold,  and  therefore  less  precious: 
At  a  later  period  the  Incas  in  Peru,  the 
Toltecs  and  Aztecs  in  Mexico  and  the 
Mayas  in  Yucatan  employed  it  for  orna- 
mental  purposes  and  -for  objects  of  utility. 
both  in  their  temples  and  palaces.  Among 
modern  civilized  and  enlightened  peoples 

remaTk      S°  C0mm0"  ^  *  "°  ** 

The  metal  itself  is  found  in  almost  every 
part  of  fhe  globe,  usually  in  combination 
with  other  metals.  Take  the  whole  his- 
torlcal  period  and  it  is  found  that  the 
South  American  mines  are  the  richest. 
Mulhall  is  authority  for  the  statement  that 
Mexico  has  produced  more  silver  since  1523 


than  any  other  country  within  the  last  500 
years.  He  values  the  total  output  there 
for  the  period  at  $3,050,000,000.  Mexico 
has  also  the  largest  annual  output,  produe- 
ing  60.808.978  oz.  fine,  valued  at  $35.209.- 
200:  the  United  States  follows  next  with 
57.682,800  oz.  fine,  worth  $33,456.000. 
Large  masses  have  been  found  in  nuggets, 
as  one  of  370  pounds  at  La  Paz,  Bolivia,  in 
1749  ;  another  of  560  pounds  at  Konigs- 
berg,  Norway,  and  still  another  of  800 
pounds  at  lluantaya,  Peru.  Sonora,  Mexico, 
however,  claims  to  have  extracted  a  huge 
lump  of  silver  weighing  2.700  pounds. 

The  subject  has  entered  into  American 
politics,  t'he  Democratic  party  in  1896  hav- 
ing  declared  for  the  free  coinage  of  the 
uictals  at  the  former  ratio  of  16  to  1.  The 
French  ratio  was  at  1~>l&  to  1.  The  re- 
peal in  1873  of  the  law  providing  for  the 
free  and  unlimited  coinage  of  silver  was 
the  beginning  of  an  agitation  for  the  restor- 
ation  of  bimetallism.  (See  also  Bland-Alli- 
sou  Act;  Coinage  Laws;  Sherman  Act.) 

BILVER  PRODUCTION  FROM  MINES  IN  THE   UNITED 
STATICS  :  1792  TO  1915 


(From  Reports  of  the  Director  of  the  Mint, 
Treasury  Department) 


, 
- 

1863  ....................  0,574,200 

1S(i4  ....................  8,507,800 

W"  ....................  8,701,200 

1866  ....................  7,/34,40( 

18(i7  ....................  10,441,400 

1868  ....................  9,281,200 

ISO!)  ....................  9,281,200 

1870  ....................  12,375,000 

1871  ....................  17,789,100 

1872  ....................  22,230,300 

1873...            ..  27,050,400 

1874  i>s  808  'J00 

is7.j"'              '  2l'53!)'300 

1S70  29'996'200 

is77  30  777  SOO 

1s7l/"  " 

^78 

8< 


, 

1883 

1881  ....................  37,743,800 

1885  ....................  39,909,400 

1SSO  ....................  39,094,000 

1887  ....................  41,721,0(10 

isss  ....................  45,792,700 

1S89  .......  .  ............  50,094  ,500 

isoo  ....................  54,  510,300 

1S91  ....................  58,330,000 

i«<J2  ...................  03,500,000 

1893..  ..00,000,000 

]s!)4  49500000 

1895"'                                  ''  .VlWooo 

isoi;  '                                    '  Vs'ssYsoo 

i8Q7  '.'.'..                              '.'.  .^SOOioOO 

1898  ....................  r,M3S.OOO 


°" 

1903 
1904 


-M 

._>.;>,  211,001 

5.,,.>00,000 
54,300,000 
57.0S2,  800 


1905  ....................   50,101,000 


52,000 
52,400 
52,000 
105,101 

9  OB2000 

4fiS4sn 

4,G84,80( 

8,S42,30( 
11,  443,  000 
11,042,200 
10,356,40( 
13,800,200 
12,300,900 
12,297,000 
10,434,000 
23.5SS.300 
29,390,400 
35,881,000 
30917500 
3o'485,'900 
34919',800 
36991  isOO 


14717  nno 

41  /ii-'o 

39,618,400 

41,921,300 
4^,503,500 
39,482,400 
40,887,200 
43,045,100 
4(5,  838,400 
57,242,100 
57,030,000 
55,002,500 
40,800,000 
31  4VMOO 
3fi'-14r>'ol>0 
iw'o-vVooO 
32,316,000 

32.1  18.400 
2i'25?'?RS 
33,128,40 

29,41.),  000 
29,322.000 
33,450.  Ol>4 
34,221,970 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Single  Tax 


States  and  Territories 


1906              56,517,900  .38,250,400 

1907         5»>,514,700  37,299,700 

1908  .  .  52,440,800  28,050,000 
1909. ! .           54,721,500  28,455,200 

1910  ..  57,137,900  30,854.500 

1911            60,399,400  32,615,700 

1912  .  .  63,766,800  39,197,400 

1913  .  ...67,601,111  40,864,871 

1914  ..72,455,100  40,007,700 
1915" 74,961,075  37,397,300 

PRODUCTION     OF     SILVER,     CALEKDAR     TEAR     1915 

Commer- 

Fine  ciai 

Ounces  Value 

Alaska                                               1,054,034  ?     52(1,100 

Arizona 5,605,072  2,820,500 

California 1,080,924  843,100 

Colorado.                    7,100,745  3,501,000 

Georgia 141  100 

Idaho...                                      .     13,042.4<il>  6,500,800 

Illinois 3,802  1,000 

Michigan                                              581,874  200,300 

Missouri 55,534  27,700 

Montana                                     .     11,423,173  7,105,000 

Nevada ...                        14.453,085  7,210,500 

New  Mexico 2,337,0(14  1,105,000 

North  Carolina 1 ,400  700 

Oregon                             125,400  02,000 

Philippine  Islands 15,148  7,000 

South  Carolina 

South  Dakota 107.500  98,000 

Tennessee 00,171  49,500 

Texas...                                               724,580  301,500 

Utah 13,073,471  0,522,200 

Vermont. 150  100 

Washington...                                     213.877  100,700 

Wyoming  .                          ....              2,010  1,400 


Total 74,961,075    $37,307,300 

The  ratio  of  silver  to  gold  has  varied 
groat ly.  1  .(><)<)  P..  C.  it  was  12  to  1,  if 
the  best  figures  obtainable  arc  to  be  relied 
upon.  At  the  Christian  era  it  was  9  to  1. 
500  A.  I).,  just  twenty-four  years  after  the 
downfall  of  the  Western  Empire  of  Rome, 
the  ratio  was  18  to  1,  but  in  1100  A.  D.  it 
had  fallen  to  8  to  1.  At  the  close  of  the 
soventoeth  century  it  was  10  to  1,  and  at 
the  end  of  the  last  century  15  to  1.  In 
1850  the  ratio  was  15.4  to  1:  in  1870. 
18.40  to  1:  in  189:5.  2<>.49  :  1009,  :55.75. 
In  the  coinage  of  the  United  States  mints 
the  ratio  of  15,988  to  1  of  gold  is  main- 
tained. 

Silver.     (See  Gold  and  Silver.) 
Silver  Certificates: 
Discussed,  5474. 

Repeal  of  act  for  issuance  of,  recom- 
mended, 4633,  4720. 
Suspension     of     issuance     of,  recom- 
mended, 4830. 
Silver   Coinage.     (See    Coins   and    Coin- 

age.) 

Sinews  Of  War.— The    term    is    applied    to 
funds  used  for  war  expenses. 
Single     Standard.       (See     Monometal- 
lism.) 

Silver  State. — Alternative  nickname  for 
Nevada.  (See  Sage-Brush  State.) 
Single  Tax. — The  doctrines  of  what  is 
today  called  the  single-tax  seem  to  have 
been,  suggested  first  by  the  group  of  the 
French  economists  known  as  the  Physio- 
crats, around  the  year  1775  :  hut  these 
doctrines  disappeared  n  the  rise  of  mod- 
ern political  economy  with  the  publication 
of  Adam  Smith's  Wealth  of  Nations  in 
177(i.  ITonce  it  was  Henry  George  who 
founded  the  modern  single-tax  philos- 


ophy in  1879,  which  is  the  year  when  his 
J'rui/n-HH  and  J'urcrtif  was  published.  George 
was  born  in  Philadelphia  in  18.'59,  and  spent 
his  early  3- ears  as  a  sailor  and  printer.  As 
a  youth  he  emigrated  to  California,  where 
he  was  engaged  in  newspaper  work  from 
1858  to  1870.  In  ISrtO,  he  was  moved  and 
perplexed  by  the  scones  of  vast  poverty 
opened  before  his  eyes  in  a  trip  to  New 
York,  and  during  the  next  ten  years  he 
thought  unceasingly  of  the  problem  of  pov- 
erty, coming  to  the  conclusion  that  it  was 
due  to  the  system  of  private  ownership  of 
land.  Progress  ami  Porcrt;/  was  published 
in  the  midst  of  extreme  poverty,  and 
achieved  little  notice  for  several  years.  But 
eventually  the,  eloquence  and  the  passionate 
fervor  of  the  writer  would  not  bo  denied, 
and  from  1882  to  1887  the  book  was  the 
most  popular  book  on  economics  ever  writ- 
ten. From  1SSO  to  isoo.  George  was  a 
propagandist,  running  unsuccessfully  for 
mayor  of  New  York  City  in  ]8W.  and  dying 
just  before  the  end  of  his  second  campaign 
for  the  same  office  in  18!>7.  His  son,  Henry 
George,  Jr..  was  elected  to  the  House  of 
Representatives  from  1911  to  1915. 

The  following  statement  of  the  single 
tax  principle  was  written  by  Henry  George, 
Sr.  :  We  are  in  favor  of  raising  all 
public  revenues  for  national,  state,  county, 
and  municipal  purposes  by  a  single 
tax  upon  land  values,  irrespective  of 
improvements,  and  all  the  obligations  of 
all  forms  of  direct  and  indirect  taxation. 
Since  in  all  our  states  \ve  now  levy  some 
tax  on  the  value  of  land,  the  single  tax  can 
be  instituted  by  the  simple  and  easy  way 
of  abolishing,  one  after  another,  all  other 
taxes  now  levied  and  commensurately  in- 
creasing the  tax  on  land  values  until  we 
draw  upon  that  one  source  for  all  expenses 
of  government,  the  revenue  being  divided 
between  local  governments,  state  govern- 
ment, and  the  general  government,  as  the 
revenue  from  direct  tax  is  now  divided  be- 
tween the  local  and  state  governments,  or 
by  a  direct  assessment  being  made  by  th" 
general  government  upon  the  states  and 
paid  by  them  from  revenues  collected  in  this 
manner.  The  single  tax  we  propose  is  not 
a  tax  on  land,  and  therefore  would  not 
fall  on  the  use  of  land  and  become  a  tax  on 
labor.  It  is  a  tax  not  on  land,  but  on  the 
value  of  land.  Then  it  would  not  fall  on 
all  land,  but  only  on  valuable  land,  and  on 
that  not  in  proportion  to  the  use  made  of  it, 
but  in  proportion  to  its  value — the  premium 
which  the  user  of  land  must  pay  to  the 
owner,  either  in  purchase  money  or  rent,  for 
permission  to  use  valuable  land.  It  would 
thus  be  a  tax  not  on  the  use  and  improve- 
ment of  land,  but  on  the  ownership  of  land, 
taking  what  would  otherwise  go  to  the 
owner  as  owner,  and  not  as  user. 

In  assessments  under  the  single  tax  all 
values  created  by  individual  use  or  iinnrove- 
ment  would  be  excluded,  and  the  only  value 
taken  into  consideration  would  be  the  value 
attaching  to  the  bare  land  by  reason  of 
neighborhood,  etc..  to  be  determined  by 
impartial  periodical  assessments.  Thus  the 
farmer  would  have  no  more  taxes  to  pay 
than  the  speculator  who  held  a  similar 
piece  of  land  idle,  and  the  man  who,  on  a 
city  lot.  erected  a  valuable  building,  would 
be  taxed  no  more  than  the  man  who  held  a 
similar  lot  vacant.  The  single  tax.  in 
short,  would  call  upon  men  to  contribute 
to  the  public  revenues  not  in  proportion  to 
w'hat  they  produce  or  accumulate,  but  in 
proportion  to  the  value  of  the  natural  op- 
portunities they  hold.  It  would  compel 
them  to  pay  just  as  much  for  holding  land 
idle  as  for  putting  it  to  its  fullest  use.  The 
single  tax.  therefore,  would  :  First.  Take 
the  weight  of  taxation  off  the  agricultural 


Single  Tax  Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


districts,  where  land  has  little  or  no  value 
irrespective  of  improvements,  and  put  it  on 
towns  and  cities,  where  bare  land  rises  to 
a  value  of  millions  of  dollars  per  acre. 
Second.  Dispense  with  a  multiplicity  of 
taxes  and  a  horde  of  tax-gatherers,  simplify 
government,  and  greatly  reduce  its  cost. 
Third.  Do  away  with  the  fraud,  corrup- 
tion, and  gross  inequality  inseparable  from 
our  present  methods  of  taxation,  which  al- 
low the  rich  to  escape  while  they  grind 
the  poor.  Land  cannot  be  hid  or  carried 
off,  and  its  value  can  be  ascertained  with 
greater  ease  and  certainty  than  any  other. 
Fourth.  Give  us  with  all  the  world  as 
perfect  freedom  of  trade,  as  now  exists  be- 
tween the  states  of  the  Union,  thus  enabling 
our  people  to  s'hare  through  free  exchanges 
in  all  the  advantages  which  nature  has 
given  to  other  countries,  or  which  the  pe- 
culiar skill  of  other  peoples  has  enabled 
them  to  attain.  It  would  destroy  the 
trusts,  monopolies,  and  corruptions  which 
are  the  outgrowths  of  the  tariff.  It  would 
do  away  with  the  fines  and  penalties  now 
levied  on  any  one  who  improves  a  farm, 
erects  a  house,  builds  a  machine,  or  in  any 
way  adds  to  the  general  stock  of  wealth. 
It  would  leave  every  one  free  to  apply  labor 
or  expend  capital  in  production  or  exchange 
without  tine  or  restriction,  and  would  leave 
to  each  the  full  product  of  his  exertion. 
Fifth.  It  would,  on  the  other  hand,  by 
taking  for  public  use  that  value  which  at- 
taches to  land  by  reason  of  the  growth  and 
improvement  of  the  community,  make  the 
holding  of  land  unprofitable  to  the  mere 
owner  and  profitable  only  to  the  user.  It 
would  thus  make  it  impossible  for  specula- 
tors and  monopolists  to  hold  natural  op- 
portunities unused  or  only  half  used,  and 
would  throw  open  to  labor  the  illimitable 
field  of  employment  which  the  earth  offers 
to  man.  It  would  thus  solve  the  labor 
problem,  do  away  with  involuntary  poverty, 
raise  wages  in  all  occupations  to  the  full 
earnings  of  labor,  maie  overproduction  im- 
possible until  all  human  wants  are  satis- 
fied, render  labor-saving  inventions  a  bless- 
ing to  all,  and  cause  such  an  enormous 
production  and  such  an  equitable  distribu- 
tion of  wealth  as  would  give  to  all  com- 
fort, leisure,  and  participation  in  the  ad- 
vantages of  an  advancing  civilization,  in 
securing  to  each  individual  equal  right  to 
the  use  of  the  earth.  It  is  also  a  proper 
function  of  society  to  maintain  and  control 
all  public  ways  for  the  transportation  of 
persons  and  property,  and  the  transmission 
of  intelligence  ;  and  also  to  maintain  and 
control  all  public  ways  in  cities  for  furn- 
ishing water,  gas,  and  all  other  things  that 
necessarily  require  the  use  of  such  common 
ways. 

There  is  no  single-tax  political  party 
organized  in  the  United  States,  but  many 
staunch  advocates  of  the  single-tax  prin- 
ciple have  been  among  our  most  prominent 
administrators  of  public  office,  including 
several  mayors  of  large  cities  and  members 
of  the  Cabinet.  Several  countries,  notably 
New  Zealand,  tax  unimproved  laud  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  single-tax  doctrine,  and 
Germany  also  has  levied  partial,  though 
not  complete  taxes  upon  the  "unearned 
increment"  of  hind  value.  Provision  for 
this  purpose  was  also  made  In  Etagland  in 
the  famous  Lloyd-George  budget  of  100!). 
There  are  few  political  economists  who 
favor  the  single  tax,  but  many  of  its  up- 
holders have  made  notable  contributions  to 
American  political  and  social  science. 
Sinking  Fund. — An  account  or  fund  set 
:-, -ide  for  the  payment  of  a  debt  or  obliga- 
tion, it  is  formed  by  successively  appro- 
priating or  setting  aside  sums  for  the  desig- 
nated purpose.  Alexander  Hamilton  made 


an  unsuccessful  attempt  under  the  Con- 
federation to  establish  a  sinking  fund  for 
the  liquidation  of  the  national  debt.  The 
first  national  sinking  fund  in  this  country 
was  created  by  act  of  Congress  Aug.  2, 
1790.  The  present  sinking  fund  to  retire 
the  national  debt  was  established  by  an  act 
of  Feb.  25,  18C2,  and  amended  by  later  acts. 
It  sets  apart  annually  a  special  fund  for  the 
payment  of  interest  on  and  for  the  purchase 
of  a  given  per  cent  of  the  national  debt. 
Bonds  so  redeemed  are  to  be  canceled  and 
deducted  from  the  outstanding  indebtedness 
of  the  Government.  In  addition  there  is  to 
be  purchased  annually  an  amount  of  Gov- 
ernment bonds  equal  to  the  annual  interest 
on  bonds  previously  bought  for  the  sinking 
fund.  The  sinking  fund  is  thus,  as  far 
as  interest  is  concerned,  in  the  position  of 
any  other  holder  of  the  Government's  ob- 
ligations receiving  interest  on  the  bonds 
that  have  been  purchased  for  its  account, 
except  that  the  bonds  belonging  to  it  have 
been  canceled  and'  the  debt  considered  re- 
duced by  that  amount.  An  act  of  April  17, 
1876,  provides  that  fractional  currency,  re- 
deemed by  the  Treasury,  shall  constitute 
a  part  of  the  sinking  fund. 

Sinking    Fund,    repeal    of    law    recom- 
mended, 5754. 

Sinn  Fein. — The  name  of  an  Irish  society 
for  Irish  independence.  The  name  is  Gaelic, 
and  signifies  "Ourselves  only."  The  Sinn 
Fein  Society  advocates  the  complete  separa- 
tion of  Ireland  from  English  and  all  other 
outside  influences,  not  only  in  governmental 
but  also  in  economic  and  literary  activities. 
It  stands  for  the  official  use  of  Gaelic  in 
all  Irish  intercourse,  and  in  other  ways  de- 
clines to  be  bound  in  any  way  with  the 
English.  Theoretically  the  society  does 
not  stand  for  active  resistance  to  the 
English  authorities,  but  many  of  its  leaders 
were  implicated  in  the  rebellion  breaking  out 
in  Dublin  during  the  European  War.  (See 
Home  Rule  for  Ireland.) 

Sioune  Indians.      (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Sioux  City,  Iowa,  acts  for  erection  of 
public  building  at,  vetoed,  5015,  5301. 
Sioux  Commission: 
Discussed,   5480. 
Eeport   of,  discussed,   5496. 
Sioux  Indians.     (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Sioux  Reservation,  Dakota: 

Division  of  portion  of,  into  separate 

reservations   proclaimed,   552!). 
Compensation    to,    for    losses    sus- 
tained in,  referred  to,  5568. 
Lands  granted  to  Chicago,  Milwaukee 
and  St.  Paul  Railway  Co.,  declared 
forfeited  by  Proclamation,  5fM4. 
Opened    to    settlement,    6875,    6882. 
Purchase  of  portion  of,  recommended, 

4837. 

Kestoration  of  to  public  domain,  or- 
der regarding,  declared  void, 
4890. 

Discussed,  4943. 
Right   of   way   for   railroad   through, 

4775,  4780. 

SlOUX  State. — Alternative       nickname       for 
North  Dakota.      (See  Cyclone  State.) 
Sioux  Wars  discussed,  333.3,  4360,  5636. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Slavery 


Sir  Robert  Pell,  The,  outrages  commit- 
ted on,  1695. 

Sisseton  Indians.     (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Sitka,  Alaska,  port  of  entry,  order  re- 
garding, 3S65. 
Sivewright,  Bacon  &  Co.,  compensation 

to,  6734,  6859. 
Six  Nations   of  Indians.      (See  Indian 

Tribes.) 

Sixteen  to  One.     (See  Silver.) 
Skagit  Indians.    (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Skai-wha-mish    Indians.       (See    Indian 

Tribes.) 

Skipwith,  Fulwar,  consul-general  to 
France,  nomination  of  and  reasons 
therefor,  170. 

Skirmish. — A,  small  tight,  between  military 
enemies,     not    of    sufficient    magnitude     or 
importance  to   be   dignified  by   the  name   of 
battle. 
S'Klallams      Indians.         (See      Indian 

Tribes.) 
Skope-ahmish     Indians.        (See  Indian 

Tribes.) 
Sk-tah-le-jum     Indians.      (See     Indian 

Tribes.) 
Sk-tahl-mish    Indians.         (See    Indian 

Tribes.) 

Slackers. — The  term,  originating  In  Eng- 
land, but  thence  spreading  to  other  coun- 
tries, used  to  describe  those  persons  who 
did  not  volunteer  for  service  in  the  Euro- 
pean War  through  cowardice,  laziness,  or 
selfishness,  but  not  through  conscientious 
scruples.  The  term  is  not  to  be  confused 
with  "conscientious  objectors"  (q.  v. ). 
Slaughterhouse  Cases.— A  series  of  five 
cases  bearing  upon  the  creation  of  monopo- 
lies or  trusts  and  defining  the  scope  of  the 
Fourteenth  Amendment.  The  Crescent 
City  Live  Stock,  Lauding  and  Slaught- 
erhouse Co.  was  incorporated  by  the  Lou- 
isiana legislature  March  8,  1869.  The 
Butchers'  Development  Association  pro- 
tested against  this  act  of  the  legislature 
on  the  ground  that  it  created  a  monopoly. 
Suit  was  brought  against  the  State  by 
Paul  Estebeu  and  others  on  the  ground 
that  their  business  was  injured.  It  was 
claimed  by  the  plaintiffs  that  the  creation 
of  a  monopoly  of  this  sort  by  the  State 
legislature  wa's  in  violation  of  the  Four- 
teenth Amendment  to  the  Constitution 
which  prohibits  State  legislatures  from 
enforcing  laws  "which  shall  abridge  the 
privileges  or  immunities  of  the  citizens  of 
the  United  States."  The  Supreme  Court 
of  Louisiana  decided  that  the  law  did  not 
conflict  with  the  amendment  to  the  Consti- 
tution. The  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States,  April  14,  1873,  and  Jan.  24,  1887, 
affirmed  the  decision.  In  these  celebrated 
cases  the  Supreme  Court  likewise  decided 
that  the  fundamental  character  of  the  Gov- 
ernment had  not  been  changed  in  any  way 
by  the  Civil  War.  The  judgment  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Louisiana  was  not  en- 
tirely affirmed  in  the  last  case  mentioned, 
that  of  the  Crescent  Live  Stock  Co.  vs. 
Butchers'  Union.  That  part  which  consti- 
tuted a  judgment  against  the  Crescent 
City  Live  Stock  Landing  and  Slaughter- 
house Co.  solely,  for  damages  for  the  ma- 
licious prosecution,  was  reversed  and  the 
case  remanded  for  further  proceedings.  In 
that  case  Justice  Matthews  delivered  the 


opinion,  and  there  was  no  dissenting  opin- 
ion. In  the  other  cases  Justic  Miller  ren- 
dered tile  court's  judgment.  Justice  Field, 
for  himself,  and  Justices  Swayne  and  Brad- 
ley, delivered  a  dissenting  opinion. 

Slave  Representation. — One  of  the  most 
difficult  problems  encountered  by  the  fram- 
ers  of  the  Constitution  was  the  representa- 
tion to  be  accorded  in  Congress  to  those 
portions  of  the  country  whose  population 
consisted  partly  of  slaves.  It  was  contend- 
ed, on  the  one  hand,  that,  being  persons, 
they  should  be  represented,  and,  on  the 
other  'hand,  that,  being  property,  they 
should  be  made  the  object  of  taxation.  A 
compromise  was  finally  reached  providing 
that  for  purposes  of  reckoning  a  state's 
proportion  of  representatives,  as  well  as 
Its  direct  taxes,  its  population  should  be 
"determined  by  adding  to  the  whole  num- 
ber of  free  persons,  including  those  bound 
to  service  for  a  term  of  years,  and  exclud- 
ing Indians  not  taxed,  three-fifths  of  all 
other  persons" — i.  e.,  slaves.  This  method 
of  computing  population  was  first  sug- 
gested in  1783  by  the  Continental  Congress 
as  a  basis  for  the  apportionment  of  con- 
tribution from  the  states,  to  be  agreed 
upon  as  an  amendment  to  the  Articles  of 
Confederation.  It  remained  In  force  un- 
til the  abolition  of  slavery. 

Slave    Trade.        (See    African    Slave 

Trade.) 

Slavery. — A  slave  Is  defined  as  a  person 
who  is  the  chattel  or  property  of  another 
and  is  wholly  subject  to  his  will.  Slavery 
probably  originated  at  an  early  period  of 
the  world's  history  in  the  accident  of  cap- 
ture in  war.  It  existed  in  all  the  ancient 
Oriental  nations  of  which  we  have  any 
record.  la  the  Homeric  poems  it  was 
the  ordinary  destiny  of  prisoners  of  war. 
The  prevalence  of  Christianity  tended  to 
ameliorate  the  condition  of  the  slave.  Laws 
respecting  the  sale  of  slaves  in  England 
were 'made  by  Alfred  the  Great.  The  Eng- 
lish peasantry  were  commonly  sold  for 
slaves  iu  Saxon  and  Norman  times ;  chil- 
dren were  sold  in  Bristol  market  like  cattle 
for  exportation,  many  being  sent  to  Ire- 
land and  Scotland.  In  1574  Queen  Eliza- 
beth ordered  her  bondsmen  in  the  western 
countries  made  free  at  easy  rates,  and  in 
1000  serfdom  was  finally  extinguished  in 
England.  By  the  decision  of  Lord  Mans- 
field, of  the  Court  of  King's  bench,  in  the 
Sommersett  case  (q.  v. ),  slavery  was  de- 
clared illegal  in  England.  In  Scotland 
bondage  to  the  soil  was  not  gotten  rid  of 
until  the  close  of  the  last  century. 

Parliament  abolished  trade  in  negro 
slaves  in  1807,  and  in  1833  an  act  was 
passed  abolishing,  slavery  throughout  the 
British  colonies.  In  pursuance  of  this  act 
770.1*80  negroes  became  free  Aug.  1,  1S34. 
About  the  time  of  the  American  Revolution 
societies  of  prominent  meu  were  formed 
for  the  purpose  of  ameliorating  the  condi- 
tion of  the  negro  slaves.  Pennsylvania  was 
the  first  state  to  organize  such  a  society, 
in  1787,  with  Benjamin  Franklin  as  presi- 
dent. New  York  followed  with  a  similar 
society,  John  Jay  as  its  first  president  and 
Alexander  Hamilton  as  its  second.  Im- 
mediately after  came  Rhode  Island,  and 
Maryland  in  1789,  with  such  members  as 
Samuel  Chase  and  Luther  Martin  ;  Dela- 
ware, with  James  A.  Bayard  and  C.  A. 
Rodney:  Connecticut,  in  1790;  Virginia. 
1791,  and  New  Jersey,  in  1792.  The  most 
that  was  accomplished  by  these  societies 
was  the  suppression  of  the  slave  trade  in 
1808.  Pennslyvania  provided  for  the  grad- 
ual emancipation  of  her  slaves  in  1780 ; 


Slavery 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Massachusetts,  by  a  bill  of  rights  prefixed 
to  her  constitution,  the  same  year ;  New 
Hampshire,  by  her  constitution,  and  Con- 
necticut^  and  Rhode  Island  by  enactment, 
in  1784  ;  Vermont,  by  her  constitution,  and 
New  York  and  New  Jersey  by  gradual  aboli- 
tion, the  former  in  1799  and  the  latter 
in  1804.  In  1817  New  York  enacted  further 
legislation,  decreeing  total  abolition  on  July 
4,  1827.  By  this  law  10,000  slaves  were 
freed. 

Following  are  some  of  the  Important 
steps  leading  to  the  Civil  War  in  America, 
by  which  the  institution  of  slavery  was 
finally  abolished :  Passage  of  the  ordi- 
nance for  the  government  of  the  territory 
northwest  of  the  Ohio  containing  the  un- 
alterable article  forbidding  slavery,  1787  ; 
Quakers  present  a  petition  to  Congress 
praying  for  the  abolition  of  slavery,  1794  ; 
important  debate  in  Congress  on  the  aboli- 
tion of  the  slave  trade,  180C  ;  slave  trade 
abolished,  1808  ;  American  Colonization  So- 
ciety organized  at  Washington  to  aid  emi- 
gration to  Africa,  1810 ;  Missouri  Com- 
promise passed  by  Congress,  1820 ;  a_nti- 
slavery  societies  organized  in  New  York 
and  Pennsylvania,  1833 ;  passage  of  fugi- 
tive-slave law  and  compromise  measures, 
1850  ;  negroes  seized  at  Boston  under  fugi- 
tive-slave law,  1801  ;  passage  of  Kansas- 
Nebraska  bill,  1854 ;  repealing  of  the  Mis- 
souri Compromise ;  Kansas  war,  1854 ; 
Dred  Scott  decision,  1857  ;  John  Brown's 
insurrection,  1859  :  election  of  Lincoln  to 
the  Presidency,  I860 :  secession  of  South 
Carolina.  December,  1860,  followed  by  other 
states  in  1801  ;  President  Lincoln  proclaims 
the  abolition  of  slavery  in  all  parts  of  the 
country  in  rebellion.  Jan.  1.  1803  (3358)  ; 
submission  of  the  southern  armies  in  April, 
1805,  and  official  announcement  of  the  final 
abolition  of  slavery  Dec.  18,  1865.  (See 
illustration  opposite  1837.) 

Slavery  (see  also  African  Slave  Trade; 
Compromise  Measures  of  1850; 
Kansas-Nebraska  Act;  Missouri 
Compromise;  Negroes): 
Abolition  of  (see  also  Emancipation 
pust) — 

Compensation  to  States  for,  recom- 
mended, 3255,  3269,  3292,  3334. 
Draft  of  bill  for,  3285,  3337. 
Recommendation     again     to     be 

made,  3297. 

Constitutional  amendment  for,  rec- 
ommended  by  President — 
Buchanan,  3168. 
Johnson,  3556. 

Ratification     of,     referred     to, 

3570,   3644. 
Lincoln,  3453. 

Agitation   in   States   growing  out   of, 
discussed,  2874,  2930,  2962,  2981, 
3028,   3084,   3157,   3186,    3206. 
Meditation   of  Virginia   for   settle- 
ment   of,    discussed,    3192. 
Compensation  to  States  for  the  abo- 
lition of,  recommended,  3255,  3269, 
3292,  3334. 
Discussed  by  President — 

Buchanan,    2962,    2981,    3028,   3084, 

3157,  3186. 

Lincoln,  3206,   3269,   3335. 
Pierce,   2874,   2930. 
Polk,  2456,  2490. 


Emancipation  discussed  and  notice  of, 
given.     (!See   Emancipation;   Eman- 
cipation   Proclamation.) 
Exportation  of  slaves  by  Great  Brit- 
ain  in   contravention   of  treaty  of 
Ghent,  629. 
Fugitive      slaves.        (See      Fugitive 

Slaves.) 
International  congress  at  Brussels  for 

abolition  of,  5471,  5543,  6360. 
In   Brazil,  4100. 

Abolished,  5369. 
China,  4539. 
Cuba  and  Puerto  Rico,  4100,  4143, 

4194,  4196. 

Release   of   persons  held   in,   dis- 
cussed, 4194. 

Portuguese  colonies  abolished, 4289. 
Incendiary    literature    to    slaves    dis- 
cussed, 1394. 

Introduction    of,    into   Territories    of 

United     States     discussed,     2-190, 

2962,  2981,  3002,  3028,  3085,  3160. 

Supreme     Court     decision     settling 

right  of,  2985,  3029,  3085,  3160. 
Laws  to  prevent  ownership  of  slaves 
in    foreign    lands     by    citizens     of 
United  States   recommended,   4100, 
4144. 
Negro    slaves    enslaved.       (See    Civil 

War.) 

On  coast  of  Africa  referred  to,  4160. 
Proposition  to  Great  Britain  to  abol- 
ish  mixed   courts    which    had   been 
created  for  the  suppression  of,  3989. 
Supreme     Court     decision     regarding 
slavery    in     Territories,    discussed, 
•2985,  3029,  3085,  3160. 
Slaves,    Fugitive.    (See    Fugitive    Slaves.) 
Sleswick.  (See  Schleswig-Holstein  War.) 
Smalh-Kamish    Indians.      (See    Indian 

Tribes.) 
Smith    Island    Reservation    for     native 

birds,  established,  7959. 
Smithsonian  Institution. -James  Smith- 
son,  F.  R.  S.,  a  natural  son  of  the  first 
Duke  of  Northumberland.  JUKI  an  eminent 
English  chemist  and  mineralogist,  died  in 
1829.  He  bequeathed  £1'05.000  to  the  Gov- 
ernment of  t'he  T'nited  States  in  trust  to 
"found  at  Washington  an  establishment. 
under  the  name  of  the  Smithsonian  Insti- 
tution, for  the  increase  and  diffusion  of 
knowledge  among  men."  This  lu'(|iie*t  be- 
came operative  in  1835.  In  1N3S  the  Unit- 
ed States  Government  received  from  the 
court  of  chancery  of  Great  Britain  $515.- 
109,  which  was  increased  by  investment  to 
$703,000.  After  the  discussion  of  numer- 
ous plans,  Congress  in  1810  created  the 
present  establishment.  The  Institution  has 
devoted  itself  to  the  two  lines  of  work 
marked  out  in  the  terms  of  the  be<iuest— - 
the  prosecution  of  original  research  and  the 
publication  and  distribution  of  memoirs 
on  subects  relating  to  science.  During  its 
existence  it  has  originated  many  important 
scientific  undertakings,  which  have  later 
been  taken  up  by  the  Government  and 
prosecuted  on  broader  lines  under  the  con- 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Social 


trol  of  special  bureaus,  some  under  the  di- 
rection of  the  Institution,  others  independ- 
ently. Out.  of  Its  meteorological  service 
the  Weather  Bureau  has  grown ;  in  con- 
nection with  its  work  in  ichthyology  the 
Fish  Commission  was  established. 

Under  the  direction  of  the  Institution 
are  the  National  Museum,  which  Is  the  legal 
custodian  of  all  government  collections,  the 
Bureau  of  International  Kxchangps,  the  Bu- 
reau of  American  Ethnology,  the  Astro- 
Physlcal  observatory,  and  the  Zoological 
I'ai-k.  The  Institution  maintains  a  table 
at  the  biological  station  at  Naples.  Italy,  to 
which  it  sends  students  to  conduct  investi- 
gations. From  time  to  time  the  Institu- 
tion sends  scientific  expeditions,  the  most 
recent  being  those  to  Alaska  to  discover 
remains  of  mammoths  and  other  large 
mammals,  and  to  British  Columbia  to  in- 
vestigate and  explore  the  glaciers  there  sit- 
uati'd.  The  Institution  has  a  library  of 
•J50.000  volumes.  The  direction  of  the 
affairs  of  the  Institution  is  vested  in  a 
Board  of  Regents,  consisting  of  the  Chief 
Justice,  the  Vice-President,  three  senators, 
three  representatives,  and  six  other  citi- 
zens, two  of  whom  shall  reside  in  Washing- 
ton. The  President  of  the  United  States 
and  his  Cabinet  are  members  of  the  Insti- 
I u lion.  The  secretary  Is  elected  by  the 
Board  of  Regents.  Joseph  Henry,  the  first 
secretary,  served  from  the  founding  of  the 
Institution  in  1S4G,  till 'his  death  in  1878; 
lie  was  succeeded  by  Spencer  F.  Baird, 
and  upon  the  latter's  death  in  1887,  Sam- 
uel P.  Langley  was  placed  in  charge  of  the 
work.  He  was  succeeded  as  secretary  by 
Charles  D.  Wolcott.  The  Institution  is 
located  in  Washington  City  and  occupies 
an  ornate  building  of  Seneca  brown  stone, 
situated  in  a  prominent  place  in  the  Mall, 
which  extends  from  the  Capitol  to  the 
Washington  Monument.  In  1004,  the  re- 
mains of  James  Smithson,  who  so  far  as  it. 
is  known,  had  never  visited  this  country, 
wore  brought  from  Geneva  to  Washington 
and  placed  in  the  Institution. 

The  entire  consignment  of  pickled  skins 
of  animals  killed  in  Africa  by  former  Presi- 
dent Roosevelt  and  his  son,  Kermit.  was 
received  at  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 
Among  the  animals  represented  in  this  col- 
led ion  were  rhinoceros,  wild  beoste  bush 
husk,  eland,  wart  hog.  water  buck,  Impali 
zebra,  giraffe,  hyena,  lion.  Grant's  gazelle, 
leopard,  cheetah,  reed  buck,  Thompson's 
gazelle,  steinbuck.  dik-ack,  baboon,  klipper 
springer  and  jackal. 

Smithsonian  Institution: 

Bequest   to  United  States   by   James 
•  Smithson  for  founding,  1406. 
Fulfillment  of  objects  of,  suggested, 

1723,  1942,  2124. 
Prosecution    of    claim    to.    referred 

to,  1647,  1723. 

Referred  to,  1490,  6674,  6767,  7044. 
Medium    for    interchange    of    official 

publications,  4718. 

Organization  of,  recommended,   2751. 
Request  of  regents  of,  for  appropria- 
tion    for    National    Museum    com- 
mended, 4431,  4458. 

Smoke  Abatement  Exhibition  at   Lon- 
don referred  to,  4695. 

Smuggling. — In  the  United  States  the  of- 
fense of  smuggling  is  defined  as  "the  act. 
with  the  intent  to  defraud,  of  bringing 
into  the  United  States,  or.  with  like  In- 
tent, attempting  to  bring  into  the  United 


States,  dutiable  articles  without  passing 
the  same,  or  the  package  containing  the 
same,  through  the  custom-house  or  submit- 
ting them  to  the  officers  of  the  revenue 
for  examination."  The  penalties  wfaich  may 
be  enforced  are  a  fine  of  not  less  than  $50 
nor  more  than  $5,000.  or  imprisonment  for 
not  more  than  two  years,  or  both,  seizure 
and  condemnation  of  the  vessel  or  vehicle 
used,  and  various  other  special  penalties. 
The  British  navigation  laws  of  the  latter 
part  of  the  seventeenth  and  first  half  of 
the  eighteenth  centuries  induced  bold  and 
extensive  smuggling  into  the  Colonies. 
Merchants  and  prominent  public  men 
otherwise  respectable  felt  no  hesitation 
about  cheating  the  revenue  by  illicit  trade 
with  pirates  and  West  Indian  merchants. 
New  York  was  the  principal  port  for 
smugglers,  though  Boston,  Philadelphia, 
and  Charleston  were  also  enriched  by 
smuggled  goods.  This  led  the  Britis'h  Gov- 
ernment to  enforce  the  acts  of  trade  which 
did  much  to  precipitate  the  Revolution. 

Smuggling: 

Pernicious  practice  of,  should  be  pre- 
vented,  644. 

Practice  of,  criminal  in  free  govern- 
ments, 480. 

Snake  Indians.    (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Sniper. —One   who  picks   off   enemy   forces, 
one    at    a    time,    by    sharp-shooting.       (See 
Sharp-Shooter.) 

Sno-ho-mish     Indians.        (See     Indian 

Tribes.) 
Snoqualmoo      Indians.        (See     Indian 

Tribes.) 

Soap. — The  manufacture  of  soap  has  grown 
to  be  one  of  the  hundred  million  dollar  In- 
dustries in  the  United  States. 

Reports  were  received  by  the  Department 
of  Commerce  from  513  establishments  that 
manufactured  soap  in  1914,  the  total  prod- 
ucts of  which  for  the  year  were  valued  at 
$135,340,409.  Of  these  51.3  establishments, 
the  principal  business  of  371  was  the  man- 
ufacture of  soap,  and  142  were  engaged  pri- 
marily in  other  industries,  such  as  slaughter- 
ing and  meat  packing  and  the  manufacture 
of  food  products,  cottonseed  products,  and 
patent  medicines  and  compounds,  and  pro- 
duced soap  as  a  subsidiary  product. 
Soc  Indians.  (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Social-Democratic  Party.  (See  Social- 
ist Party.) 

Social  Service. — One  of  the  most  illumin- 
ating evidences  of  the  awakening  of  the 
social  conscience  in  the  last  one  hundred 
years  has  been  the  development  in  recent 
years  of  what  is  called  social  service.  So- 
cial service,  or  social  work,  covers  efforts 
being  made  for  the  improvement  of  the 
conditions  of  life,  especially  among  those 
who  are  in  want,  suffering,  or  need  of 
assistance.  The  term  has  broadened  far 
beyond  the  earlier  attempts  merely  to  rem- 
edy distress  by  the  application  of  charity 
or  of  other  relief,  and  now  covers  for  the 
greater  part  efforts  being  made  all  over 
the  globe  to  prevent  the  existence  of  social 
misery.  Social  service  has  become  a  science, 
if  not  nn  exact  science  ;  and  has  its  rules 
and  theories  applicable  to  social  ameliora- 
tion hardly  loss  definite  than  the  rules 
applicable  in  medicine  to  the  attack  on 
illness.  Any  attempt  to  enumerate  the 
number  of  social  service  organizations  or 
workers  would  bo  fruitless,  as  tliero  is  no 
sharp  line  to  distinguish  social  endeavors 


Social 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


from  other  endeavors  which  are  not  alto- 
pother  devoted  to  the  pursuit  of  private 
profit  in  industry.  For  instance,  social 
service  covers  such  diverse  fields  of  activ- 
ities as  the  prevention  of  prostitution  :  fam- 
ily rehabilitation  :  legislation  for  higher 
wages  and  shorter  hours  :  attempts  to  democ- 
ratize industry,  and  to  improve  the  work- 
ing conditions  in  mines,  factories,  and  on 
means  of  transportation  :  the  acquisition 
of  better  mental  hygiene :  the  attack  on 
drunkenness  :  child  labor  and  minimum  wage 
legislation  ;  the  surveys  of  entire  cities  to 
determine  the  evils  existing  therein ;  the 
advance  of  a  new  science  of  penology  ;  and 
the  general  education  of  the  community  to 
the  ways  in  which  ''the  other  half  lives." 

Social  Settlements.— Neighborhood  centers 
established  by  persons  anxious  to  improve 
conditions  in  neighborhoods  where  the  in- 
habitants, either  through  their  own  faults  or 
through  the  press  of  circumstances,  are  in 
need  of  assistance  in  order  to  attain  the 
socialized  development  possible  to  them. 
Settlements  aim.  not  so  much  to  change  or 
to  revolutionize  the  life  in  the  poorer  urban 
sections  where  they  are  located  as  to  develop 
the  inherent  beneficial  qualities  of  that  life 
to  the  best  advantage.  In  other  words, 
settlement  workers  attempt  not  so  much  to 
help  others,  as  would  the  agents  of  a  char- 
itable institution,  as  to  help  others  to  help 
themselves.  In  pursuit  of  this  ideal,  many 
and  varied  activities  are  developed  in  a 
neighborhood  settlement.  Educational,  lit- 
erary, dramatic,  musical  and  social  clubs 
are  organized  and  directed  :  physical  train- 
ing is  made  available;  friendly  visits  are 
paid  the  families  in  the  neighborhood  :  voca- 
tional guidance  is  provided  for  the  children  ; 
free  medical  and  nursing  advice  is  given  ; 
and  attempts  are  made  to  obtain  new  laws 
and  working  conditions  which  will  accrue 
to  the  happiness  of  the  poor. 

Settlements  seem  to  l>e  developments  pri- 
marily of  the  United  States  and  of  Eng- 
land, where  Arnold  Toynbee  inaugurated 
the  settlement  by  going  down  to  live  in  the 
slums  of  Whltechapel,  in  the  parish  of 
Canon  Samuel  A.  Rarnett,  in  1S7~>.  lie 
fcoon  associated  witli  himself  a  group  of 
other  university  men.  who  had  also  heen 
inspired  by  the  gospel  of  assistance  to  the 
needy  as  preached  by  John  Huskin  :  and 
Toynl>oe  Hall,  the  first  social  settlement, 
was  established  by  Canon  1'nrnett  in  1SS.T. 
Stanfon  Coif  established  in  1SS"  the  Uni- 
versity Settlement  in  the  East  Side  of  New 
York,  and  his  example  was  followed  by  Jane 
Addams.  who  established  in  Chicago  in  isso 
the  most  famous  of  all  settlements.  Hull 
House.  Other  well-known  settlements  in 
the  T'nited  States  are  the  Henry  Street  Set- 
tlement in  New  York,  where  Lillian  Wald 
Inaugurated  visiting  nursing  in  the  homes 
of  the  poor,  and  the  Chicago  Commons, 
where  Graham  Taylor  has  wielded  a  strong 
intellectual  and  political  influence  in  the 
life  of  all  of  Chicago.  Hardly  an  American 
city  of  size  is  now  without  its  settlement  or 
settlements. 

As  originally  established,  settlements 
were  centers  where  altruistic  persons  made 
their  headquarters  for  their  individual 
friendly  work  among  the  poor;  but  they 
soon  passed  from  such  centers  of  private 
influence  into  large  and  complex  institutions. 
The  way  having  thus  been  indicated,  munic- 
In.'illtieH  all  over  the  country  beiran  to  estab- 
lish public  civic  and  neighborhood  centers, 
I'snnlly  in  the  public  schools  ;  and  tho  "ten- 
dency of  (he  sett  lenient  IlioVelllellt  Is  hence 

to  i-esiirii  the  Institutional  work  to  the 
public  authorities,  and  iro  back  to  the  ori'_' 
Innl  conception  of  a  center  of  private  in- 
fluence. 


Social  Work.     (See  Social  Service.) 
Social  Worker. — One     engaged     in     social 
service    (q.  v.  i. 

Socialism. — Few  terms  are  more  difficult  to 
define  than  Socialism.  Not  only  is  the 
exactness  of  the  word  obscured  by  the  fact 
that  Socialism  is  an  international  move- 
ment, and  represents  different  practises  and 
theories  in  different  countries ;  but  also  it 
must  be  recorded  that  the  European  War 
greatly  altered  the  status  of  Socialism  along 
with  that  of  most  other  comprehensive  con- 
ceptions. Starting,  then,  from  the  negative 
point  of  view,  Socialism  must  be  sharply 
differentiated  from  Anarchy,  which  would 
restrict  the  sway  of  government,  whereas 
Socialism  would  extend  it.  Socialism  must 
not  be  confused  again  with  either  vague 
and  unformulated  philosophies  which  are 
covered  by  the  term  Utopianism,  or  with 
even  a  radical  lil>eralism  which  represents  a 
reform  rather  than  a  revolutionary  move- 
ment. Socialism  as  such  must  also'  be  dis- 
tinguished from 

Ktatc  Socialism. — This  term  again  is  hard 
to  define,  but  may  he  considered  as  repre- 
senting a  vast  and  extensive  system  of 
social  reform  in  behalf  of  the  masses,  car- 
ried into  execution  by  a  benevolent  govern- 
ment under  the  present  organization  of 
society.  It  differs  from  Socialism — first,  in 
that  Socialism  holds  that  the  fundamental 
necessity  for  lasting  improvement  in  the 
body  social  is  the  abolition  of  the  present 
capitalistic  organization  of  society :  and 
secondly,  in  that  Socialism  believes  that  the 
vital  reforms  for  the  masses  should  be 
worked  out  not  only  for  the  masses,  but 
also  by  them.  State  Socialism  would  em- 
brace such  reforms  as  old-age  pensions : 
workmen's  compensation  :  state  illness,  death, 
accident,  and  unemployment  insurance; 
limitless  educational  scholarships :  the  as- 
sumption of  governmental  responsibility  for 
all  the  deserving  in  need  of  assistance;  en- 
actments for  minimum  wages  and  minimum 
hours  of  employment;  state  control  ovrr. 
but  not  ownership  of.  large  industry  :  strin- 
jrent  child  labor  regulations  ;  a  system  of 
the  state  as  landlord,  both  of  farms  and  of 
houses:  state  artistic  and  literary  subsidiza- 
tion ;  and  similar  other  measure's  calculated 
to  improve  the  social  conditions  of  the  mass 
of  the  workers  in  a  country.  State  Social- 
ism is  essentially  paternalistic.  Germany 
before  the  war  is  usually  considered  the 
best  example  of  State  Socialism  in  any 
large  modern  country.  Socialism  must  also 
not  be  confused  with 

Kj/ndicalixm. — Syndicalism,  whose  uphold 
ers  are  usually  called  in  the  T'nited  'States 
Industrial  Workers  of  the  World  (I.  W.  W.K 
differs  from  Socialism  in  thnt  it  is  primarily 
an  organization  of  industrial  working-people 
believing  in  ojie  universal  industrial  union. 
in  the  accomplishment  of  which  end  sabot- 
age is  justifiable,  ftnhntarir,  often  called  tl'e 
philosophy  of  direct  action,  is  the  justifi- 
cation and  the  accomplishment  of  the  de- 
struction of  property  belonging  to  the  prop- 
ertied class  against  whose  interests 
syndicalism  is  agitating.  Syndicalism  dif- 
fers from  the  usual  trade  union  philosophy 
as  exemplified  by  the  American  Federation 
of  Labor  (see  Trade  T'nions)  in  that  the 
latter  is  organized  into  a  system  of  indi- 
vidual unions  according  to  craft,  obtaining 
its  ends  by  peaceful  and  legislative  methods, 
whereas  syndicalism  believes  in  only  one 
comprehensive,  li^ht  hit:,  international  <"• 
iranlzatlon.  With  svndicalism's  views  con- 
cerninir  the  Industrial  or^anixal  ion  of  the 
working-class.  Socialism  has  been  iu  accord 
to  a  irrcMt  extent,  but  is  definitely  opposed 
to  sabotage.  Socialism  must  be  differen- 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Socialism 


tiated  also  from  CnHiminiin>n.  which  In  its 
various  phases  would  provide  for  equality 
of  income  or  of  use  of  goods  of  economic 
value. 

Having  thus  defined  wliat  Socialism  is 
not,  we  may  be  in  a  better  position  to 
describe  what  it  is.  First,  however,  it  must 
IK;  pointed  out  that  Socialism  is  not  only  a 
theory,  but  is  a  definitely-organized  political 
movement.  In  this  respect,  it  offers  a  great 
contrast  to  a  philosophy  like  that  of  the 
single-tax  (q.  v.),  which  has  organized  no 
political  movement  to  carry  forth  its  mes- 
sage, and  to  the  prohibition  movement  (q. 
v.),  most  of  whoso  advocates  in  municipal, 
state  and  national  elections  vote  for  candi- 
dates of  one  of  the  two  leading  political 
parties,  and  not  for  the  candidate  of  the 
Prohibition  Party.  And  if  the  political  aims 
of  Socialism  were  to  be  described  in  one 
phrase,  that  phrase  would  be  "the  public- 
ownership  and  control  of  all  factors  of  pro- 
duction of  social  value."  In  other  words. 
Socialism  would  do  away  with  the  present 
competitive  system  of  private  ownership  of 
industry,  and  substitute  a  co-operative  sys- 
tem of  state  production,  in  which  the  state 
would  produce  and  sell  all  socially-necessary 
•utilities  without  profit,  and,  eliminating 
profit  and  returns  on  capital,  pay  all  workers 
salaries  in  proportion  to  services  rendered. 
With  this  economic  program  as  the  keystone 
of  the  arch  of  Socialism,  it  will  be  seen  that 
Socialism  takes  no  stand  upon  questions  like 
divorce,  religion,  and  prohibition,  although 
Socialists  as  individuals  have  usually  well- 
defined  ideas  upon  these  issues.  Indeed, 
there  exists  a  sect  within  the  Christian 
Church  known  as  Christian  Sucialistx,  and 
a  number  of  ministers  of  all  denominations 
are  members  of  the  Socialist  Tarty. 

Among  the  objections  usually  offered  by 
opponents  of  Socialism  are  the  following : 
P.y  destroying  competition.  Socialism  would 
destroy  incentive.  By  extending  state  con- 
trol, individual  freedom  would  be  endan- 
gered. Hy  abolishing  the  law  of  supply  and 
demand,  it  would  be  difficult  to  substitute  a 
workable  basis  upon  which  to  determine  the 
payment  of  salaries  of  those  in  industry. 
Public  administration  is  notoriously  corrupt 
and  inefficient.  Political  economists,  in  addi- 
tion, usually  question  the  correctness  of  the 
assertion  that  of  land,  labor,  and  capital — 
the  three  elements  of  production — labor 
alone  should  receive  reward  in  the  shape 
of  wages.  To  these  objections,  Socialists  in 
the  past  have  usually  replied  by  asserting 
that  the  evils  of  the  present  system  more 
than  counterbalance  the  evils  imputed  to  a 
Socialistic  system  :  and  since  the  outbreak 
of  the  European  War  have  pointed  to  the 
incursion  of  Government  into  practically 
every  field  of  private  endeavor  as  proving 
the  efficiency  and  workable  value  of  the 
Socialist  program. 

Socialism,  moreover,  claims  for  itself  the 
title  of  a  science  ;  and  in  asserting  that  its 
adoption  is  inevitable  in  tbe  progress  of 
civilization,  bases  its  argument  chiefly  upon 
three  creeds:  (1)  The  materialistic  inter- 
pretation of  history,  which  claims  that  the 
course  which  human  development  assumes 
at  any  particular  period  is  the  result  of  the 
system  of  economic  production  prevalent  in 
that  period.  This  creed  is  usually  accepted 
even  by  non-Socialists  as  sound  to  a  great 
extent,  being  supported  by  many  biologists, 
economists,  and  historians,  and  seemingly 
strengthened  by  no  less  an  authority  than 
Herbert  Spencer.  (2)  The  doctrine  of  class 
struggle,  which  claims  that  the  interests  of 
the  workers  and  of  the  employers  in  modern 
society  are  diametrically  opposed,  and  that 
the  numerically-larger  class  of  the  workers 
will  permanently  improve  their  own  condi- 
tions only  by  joining  the  political  party  of 


the  workers  and  thus  becoming  "Class-con- 
scious.'' It  is  usually  claimed  by  opponents 
of  Socialism  that  this  doctrine  has  degen- 
erated into  a  doctrine  of  class-hatred.  Ac- 
cording to  Karl  Marx,  the  class-struggle 
would  eventually  divide  all  people  into  either 
an  upper  or  a  lower  class;  but  the  steady 
growth  of  a  middle  class  in  modern  society, 
although  it  would  seem  to  refute  Marx's 
belief,  nevertheless  has  not  put  a  quietus 
upon  the  growth  of  Socialism.  (,'{)  The 
theory  of  surplus  value,  which  claims  that 
Labor  produces  more  than  it  receives,  and 
that  this  surplus  goes  into  the  pockets  of 
the  owning-class. 

Since  the  Socialist  movement  is  a  move- 
ment against  the  capitalistic  system  which 
prevails  in  all  modern  countries.  Socialism 
is  inevitably  an  International  movement. 
Most  Socialists  accordingly  have  claimed  in 
the  past  that  the  only  war  recognized  by 
them  as  ethical  is  a  struggle  between  the 
capitalist  class  on  the  one  hand,  and  work- 
ers, or  "proletariat,"  on  the  other  hand. 
Nevertheless,  although  from  this  point  of 
view,  all  struggles  between  nations  as  they 
are  constituted  at  present  are  essentially 
civil  warfare,  nevertheless  the  various  So- 
cialist Congresses  in  the  past  have  never 
definitely  refused  to  allow  Socialists  in  a 
given  country  to  support  a  war  waged  by 
that  country  in  case  of  invasion,  and  under 
certain  other  conditions.  In  that  connec- 
tion, the  part  played  by  Socialists  in  the 
European  War  was  and  is  of  especial  inter- 
est (see  below). 

History. — The  rise  of  what  we  call  Social- 
ism dates  from  the  early  years  of  the  nine- 
teenth century,  as  a  result  of  the  social 
misery  prevalent  at  that  time.  The  philos- 
ophy of  Saint  Simon  as  published  in  France 
in  1817  and  the  co-operative  experiments  of 
Robert  Owen  in  England  in  the  same  year 
definitely  began  the  Socialist  propaganda, 
and  were  supported  by  the  Utopian  schemes 
of  Fourier.  The  term'  Socialist  was  first  ap- 
plied in  1835  to  the  endeavors  of  Owen  ; 
but  as  then  used  the  term  was  largely  synon- 
omous  with  the  present-day  term  of  "Utop- 
ian," as  signifying  an  attitude  which  was 
visionary,  and  at  first  the  term  was  indig- 
nantly repudiated  by  the  founders  of  modern 
Socialism.  The  speculations  of  Blanc  in 
1844  in  the  field  of  political  socialism,  and 
the  agitation  of  Lassalle  later  in  Germany 
for  social  reform  strengthened  the  founda- 
tion for  the  later  Socialist  movement,  but 
the  creation  of  a  definite  international  So- 
cialist movement  was  due  to  Karl  Marx, 
assisted  by  Frederick  Engels. 

In  November,  1847,  a  group  of  political 
refugees,  mostly  Germans,  met  in  East  Lon- 
don, and  adopted  the  famous  Communist 
Manifesto,  as  prepared  by  Marx  and  Engels, 
as  the  basis  for  the  Socialist  movement.  For 
some  years,  however,  the  movement  grew 
slowly.  In  1S04,  the  International  Work- 
ingmen's  Association  was  organized,  but 
after  some  years  of  struggle,  it  died  in  1870. 
During  the  later  seventies,  however,  the 
Socialists  began  to  make  themselves  felt  as 
a  political  force  in  Europe.  Scattered 
groups  of  Socialists  became  strongly  organ- 
ized— and  the  doctrine  of  Socialism  began 
to  take  root  even  in  countries  outside  of 
Europe.  On  July  14,  1880.  the  one  hun- 
dredth anniversary  of  the  fall  of  the  Bas- 
tille, the  first  International  Socialist  Con- 
gress was  held  in  Paris,  and  was  attended 
by  many  leaders  who  were  soon  to  impress 
the  force  of  Socialism  upon  the  actions  of 
all  European  governments — Liebknecht,  Be- 
bel.  Keir  ITardie,  .Tobn  Burns,  Victor  Adler. 
Since  that  time,  hardly  a  ministry  in  Europe 
has  been  organized  without  Socialists  in  its 
roster,  including  three  premiers  of  France — 
Viviani,  Millerand,  and  Briand,  and  a  pres- 


Socialism 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


ent  member  of  the  English  War  Council. 
Indeed,  the  governing  party  in  Prance  is 
called  the  Socialistic  Radicals.  The  "Inter- 
national," as  the  International  Socialist  or- 
ganization is  familiarly  called,  was  formed 
in  1864,  one  year  after  the  organization  of 
the  Social  Democratic  Party  in  Germany, 
under  which  name  the  Socialists  are  politi- 
cally organized  in  that  country.  German 
immigrants  to  the  United  States  began  to 
organize  Socialist  groups  in  1864,  and  in 
I860  sections  of  the  International  were 
formed  in  different  parts  of  the  country. 
At  the  present  time  there  would  seem  to  be 
a  large  number  of  Socialists  who  disavow 
the  teachings  of  Karl  Marx  (1818-1883)  as 
the  basis  of  their  Socialism,  but  it  is  ad- 
mitted that  he  was  the  founder,  not  only 
of  the  Socialist  movement,  but  also  of  the 
trend  towards  a  greater  social  emphasis  in 
modern  political  economy.  At  no  time  does 
the  enrolled  membership  of  the  Socialist 
Party  approach  the  Socialist  vote  in  differ- 
ent countries,  but  the  Socialist  organization 
is  on  record  as  asserting  that  its  greatest 
desire  at  the  present  time  is  the  education 
of  the  working-class  to  the  particular  "class- 
conscious"  doctrine  of  Socialism. 

The  voting  strength  of  Socialism  is  as 
follows : 

Percentage 
Members 

Vote  Congress 

1914  1004       1014   1004 

Austria   1.0S1.441       7*0,000   17%      2% 

Belgium    48."., 241       305, ,'{61   22%    18% 

Finland 310,503       100.00045%      1% 

France    1.106.047       860.82713%      8% 

Germany 4. 238.010   3,010.771   28%   20% 

Great  Britain.    520.103       100.000     6%      1% 

Italy    822.280       326,01612%      6% 

Russia 300.000    4%    ..% 

Sweden    172.080         10.00028%      2% 

United  States.    931,381      441,776 

In  German;/. — It  is  in  Germany  that  So- 
cialism has  become  strongest,  in  -spite  of  the 
fact  that  Germany  before  the  European  War 
had  advanced  farther  along  the  lines  of  state 
socialism  than  any  of  its  great  rivals  in  the 
world.  The  Social  Democratic  Party  before 
the  war  was  the  largest  single  political  body 
in  the  Reichstag  ;  and  if  the  Reichstag  were 
elected  by  a  strictly  proportionate,  or  one- 
man-one-vote  method,  there  would  be  138 
Socialist  members,  or  35%,  instead  of  the 
present  number  of  111.  In  1014.  the  en- 
rolled membership  of  the  Party  was  1,080,- 
000,  of  whom  practically  1,000,000  were 
men.  In  Hamburg,  three-quarters  of  the 
voters  are  Socialists ;  in  the  kingdom  of 
Saxony,  a  majority  of  the  voters ;  and  al- 
most one-half  in  Berlin  itself.  Socialism  in 
Germany  both  before  and  during  the  war 
was  one  of  the  strongest  factors  in  the 
political  life  of  the  German  people. 

In  1'nini-f. — In  1014,  in  elections  later 
than  those  given  in  the  preceding  table,  101 
Socialists  were  elected  to  the  Chamber  of 
Deputies,  or  approximately  one-sixth  of  the 
total  membership.  Socialism  has  given  rise 
to  mnny  quasi-Socialist  parties,  such  as  the 
Independent  Socialists  and  the  Socialistic 
Radicals,  the  ruling  political  party.  In 
KiiHxin.  determined  Governmental  opposition 
succeeded  in  stamping  out  Socialism  as  such, 
and  Socialists,  radicals,  liberals,  and  revolu- 
tionists have  worked  together  to  stamp  out 
autocracy.  fit  (lirat  Britain,  Socialism  as  a 
political  unit  Is  very  weak,  but  is  well  ex- 
pressed1 in  the  British  Labor  Party,  a  fed- 
eration of  radical  unionists  with  Socialist 
organizations.  The  total  membership  of  this 
combination  In  1014  was  1.S05.408:  and  in 
it  are  included  men  of  great  influence 
throughout  th"  land,  such  as  John  Burns 
and  Keir  Hardle.  In  the  United  Ktutvx,  the 


Soicalist  Party  as  such  was  not  organized 
until  1000,  and  represented  an  amalgama- 
tion of  the  Social  Democratic  Party  and  the 
greater  part  of  the  Socialist  Labor  Party 
(q.  v.).  The  largest  membership  ever  at- 
tained within  the  Party  itself  was  117,084. 
in  1012.  The  largest  individual  member- 
ship within  the  Socialist  Party,  though  not 
the  largest  vote,  in  that  year  was  in  the 
State  of  Pennsylvania.  The  Presidential 
election  of  that  year  showed  that  the  largest 
proportion  of  Socialist  votes,  in  comparison 
with  the  total  number  of  votes  cast,  occurred 
in  Nevada,  Alaska  and  Washington,  with 
the  smallest  proportion  in  the  Southern 
States.  The  largest  individual  vote  was 
cast  in  the  State  of  Ohio.  For  further  de- 
tails, see  the  article  Socialist  Party. 

United  States  Platform. — The  platform  of 
the  Socialist  1'arty  in  the  United  States  for 
1012  is  more  typical  of  the  Socialist  program 
than  the  platform  of  1016,  which  was  af- 
fected greatly  by  the  war  situation.  The 
1012  platform  reaffirms  allegiance  to  the 
Socialist  principles  explained  alwve,  attacks 
the  capitalist  system,  and  declares  that  the 
benefits  of  prosperity  accrue  to  the  owning 
class,  not  to  the  workers.  Definite  pro- 
posals are  for  the  collective  ownership  and 
democratic  management  of  all  transporta- 
tion, telephone  and  telegraph,  and  express 
lines,  and  also  of  the  banking  system  and  of 
all  large  industry.  The  platform  demands 
the  immediate  acquisition  of  all  municipal 
food-handling  agencies,  and  the  addition  of 
all  mines,  oil-wells  and  forests  to  the  public 
domain.  It  asks  immediate  relief  for  unem- 
ployment by  the  extension  of  public  works, 
the  shortening  of  the  working-day,  the  estal>- 
lishment  of  at  least  1 1/2  days  rest  in  each 
week  for  all  employed  in  industry,  the  pro- 
hibition of  child  labor  under  the  age  of  16, 
the  application  of  the  minimum  wage,  the 
abolition  of  official  charity  for  a  system  of 
old-age  pension  and  state  insurance  against 
illness,  death,  unemployment,  accidents,  and 
industrial  diseases.  It  demands  the  exten- 
sion of  taxes  upon  inheritances,  incomes, 
and  corporations ;  and  asks  for  the  intro- 
duction into  American  national,  state  and 
municipal  political  life  of  the  initiative, 
referendum  and  recall.  It  demands  univer- 
sal equal  suffrage  for  women  ;  the  abolition 
of  the  United  States  Senate,  of  the  veto 
power  of  the  President,  and  of  the  right  of 
the  Supreme  Court  to  pass  upon  the  con- 
stitutionality of  any  act  passed  by  the  rep- 
resentatives of  the  people ;  the  ending  of 
the  indirect  method  of  Presidential  elec- 
tions ;  and  the  changing  of  the  requirement 
for  a  three-fourths  states'  ratification  vote 
to  amendments  to  the  Constitution,  in  favor 
of  a  majority  vote.  It  calls  for  a  constitu- 
tional convention  to  revise  the  Constitution, 
asks  the  curbing  of  the  courts'  power  to 
issue  injunctions,  and  pleads  for  the  free 
administration  of  the  law. 

tSocialixts  and  tlic  War. — The  part  played 
by  Socialism  in  the  Great  European  War 
must  remain  a  matter  of  conjecture  unt il 
the  end  of  the  war  re-establishes  free  and 
unbiased  communication  between  the  coun- 
tries of  the  world.  The  following  descrip- 
tion of  the  situation  is  merely  an  attempt  to 
combine  various  opinions  expressed  by  lead- 
ing Socialists  in  America  : — Because  of  tho 
fact  that  the  Socialist  movement  was  the 
one  great  International  movement  which 
theoretically  would  refuse  to  ally  itself  with 
a  war  program,  the  weakness  of  the  Socialist 
opposition  to  the  war.  especially  in  Ger- 
many, must  be  admitted.  Historically,  bow- 
ever,  no  International  Socialist  Conference 
has  gone  on  record  flatly  against  all  war, 
and  the  anti-war  resolution  passed  at  the 
Stuttgart  Cnnfi-rence  in  1007  took  a  com- 
promise position,  declaring  only  against  irn- 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Socialist 


perialism  (q.  v.)  and  militarism  (q.  v.).  At 
that  conference,  Bcbel,  leader  of  the  German 
Socialists,  refused  to  assert  that  In  the 
event  of  war  between  Germany  and  France, 
the  German  Socialists  would  not  make  war 
against  their  French  comrades.  The  found- 
ers of  Socialism  were  not  pacifists  (q.  v.)  — 
Marx  Justifying  war  under  certain  condi- 
tions, and  Engels  predicting  In  1892  that  a 
great  European  war,  fought  by  the  people, 
would  lead  to  a  general  revolution  in  Eu- 
rope. Socialists  had  long  laid  plans  to  for- 
bid war  by  inaugurating  a  general  strike, 
but  tlie  plans  were  not  carried  out  when 
Germany  began  her  march  through  Belgium 
in  1014.  TJie  Social  Democratic  Party  of 
Germany  had  even  voted  for  the  Govern- 
ment's war  budget  In  1913. 

On  July  29,  3014,  the  International  So- 
cialist Bureau  was  meeting  in  Belgium,  and 
devoted  all  of  its  energies  to  opposing  the 
imminent  struggle.  On  July  30,  there  were 
monster  demonstrations  against  war,  in 
Which  the  German  Socialists  joined,  even 
though  Russia  had  already  begun  to  mob- 
ilize. In  Berlin  itself  on  July  28  and  29, 
there  wore  Socialist  mass-meetings  against 
War,  and  the  executive  committee  of  the 
Social  Democratic  Party  opposed  war  even 
BO  late  as  July  .'50.  On  July  ;$1  and  on 
August  1,  the  latter  date  being  the  one  on 
which  it  Is  generally  agreed  war  formally 
began,  the  Socialist  organ,  the  Voncacrts, 
came  out  against  war.  But  there  the  Social- 
ist opposition  ended  for  some  months.  On 
August  4,  the  111  delegates  of  the  Social 
Democratic  Party  in  the  Reichstag  voted  for 
the  war  loan  of  the  Government,  although 
in  the  party  caucus  held  just  previously  to 
the  vote,  14  of  the  111  opposed  such  action. 
Even  on  the  second  great  war  credit  voted 
on  December  2,  1914,  the  only  Socialist 
registered  in  the  negative,  amid  scenes  of 
uproar  and  even  violence,  was  Karl  Lieb- 
knecht,  who  was  severely  censured  by  his 
own  partv  for  that  independent  action.  But 
on  the  third  war  loan,  passed  March  20, 
1915,  there  were  2  Socialist  votes  recorded 
in  the  negative,  and  30  Socialists  absented 
themselves  from  the  Reichstag  chamber  as  a 
protest  against  the  loan.  In  April,  May  and 
June,  the  Party  definitely  split  on  the  war 
question,  and  no  longer  acted  with  un- 
animity. The  majority  still  supports  the 
Imperial  Chancellor,  hut  the  minority  in 
opposition  to  the  war  is  steadily  growing  in 
numbers.  Liebknecht,  who  was  denied  a 
chance  to  express  himself  in  the  Reichstag 
until  April  8.  1015,  was  finally  expelled  from 
the  Party  for  his  stand  against  the  war,  and 
some  months  later  was  expelled  from  the 
Reichstag  on  the  charge  of  treason,  and  in 
company  with  the  veteran  Socialist  leader, 
Rosa  Luxembourg,  was  imprisoned.  Haase, 
formerly  the  leader  of  the  Party,  was  ex- 
pelled in  the  course  of  the  war,  and  now 
heads  a  party  of  his  own,  the  leadership  of 
the  majority,'  which  still  supports  the  gov- 
ernment, but  with  reservations,  falling  to 
Scheidemann.  The  leader  Ledebour  is  now 
also  definitely  with  the  minority  opposing 
the  government.  It  would  seem  that  the 
minority  is  only  opposing  certain  schedules 
in  the  program  of  the  Government,  and  that 
only  a  minority  of  the  minority  is  with 
Liebknecht  in  opposition  without  comprom- 
ise. The  Socialist  newspaper,  the  Vor- 
wacrta,  is  with  the  majority  supporting  the 
Government,  but  with  reservations,  while 
the  trenchant  opponent  of  the  war.  Maxi- 
milien  Harden,  with  his  paper,  the  Ziikunft, 
can  hardly  be  classed  as  a  Socialist.  On 
the  whole  then,  it  would  seem  that,  although 
the  greater  number  of  the  Socialists  in  Ger- 
many still  are  not  ready  to  go  so  far  as  to 
oppose  the  Government's  prosecution  of  the 
war,  yet  the  sentiment  for  peace  in  the 


Empire  is  definitely  under  the  leadership  of 
those  Socialists  who  have  broken,  lx)th  with 
their  own  party  and  with  the  Government. 

The  Socialist  movement  in  Austria  is  also 
well  organized,  but  very  little  has  escaped 
the  censor  concerning  the  activities  of  the 
Socialists  in  that  country.  The  veteran 
leader,  Victor  Adler,  was  allowed  to  publish 
a  plea  for  peace  as  early  as  February,  1915  ; 
and  It  may  be  surmised  that  the  Austrian 
Solcalists  as  a  body  are  now  united  against 
the  further  participation  of  their  country  in 
the  struggle.  In  France,  the  Socialists  op- 
posed a  declaration  of  war  until  their  coun- 
try was  invaded,  .since  which  time  there 
does  not  seem  to  have  arisen  any  peace 
sentiment  among  them.  In  Great  Britain, 
the  Independent  Labor  Party  defeated  a 
resolution  against  the  further  prosecution 
of  the  war,  as  early  as  April,  1915,  by  a 
vote  of  only  121  to  120.  When  war  was 
announced,  John  Burns  resigned  from  the 
Cabinet,  but  has  never  opposed  the  war; 
and  George  Bernard  Shaw,  a  Fabian  So- 
cialist (q.  v.),  has  created  much  opposition 
by  liis  severe  criticisms  of  England's  posi- 
tion in  the  struggle,  although  he  has  not 
come  out  openly  for  England's  retirement 
from  it. 

In  the  United  States,  the  war  question 
definitely  has  split  the  party  into  two  camps. 
Even  at  the  election  of  1916,  the  great  de- 
crease in  the  Party  vote  was  unquestionably 
due  to  the  military  question,  and  when  war 
was  declared,  many  prominent  Socialists, 
with  a  large  following,  denounced  and 
refused  to  be  guided  by  the  action  of  the 
forces  in  control  of  the  Party,  who  at  a 
convention  in  St.  Louis  declined  to  support 
the  I'nitcd  States  in  its  entrance  into  the 
struggle.  This  resolution,  was  later  sub- 
mitted for  endorsement  to  a  referendum  of 
the  members  of  the  Party,  and  there  were 
many  resignations  from  the  Party  member- 
ship. 

No  account  played  by  the  Socialists  in  the 
European  War  would  be  complete  without 
mention  of  the  Russian  Revolution  of  1917 
(q.  v.).  From  the  little  authentic  news  of 
the  epochal  event  which  can  be  gleaned  dur- 
ing the  war,  the  planners  of  the  revolution 
were  not  prepared  for  anything  more  than  a 
change  from  a  reactionary  to  a  liberal  mon- 
archy, and  the  transformation  of  the  revolu- 
tion into  a  successful  attempt  once  for  all 
time  to  abolish  monarchy,  and  to  establish 
in  Russia  a  representative  democracy  would 
seem  to  have  been  due  to  the  efforts  and 
agitation  of  the  elements  in  Russia  which 
can  be  correctly  described  as  Socialistic. 
(See  European  War;  Socialist  Party;  Ger- 
many; France;  England;  Russia.) 
Socialist  Party. — This  party  was  organized 
as  the  Social  Democracy  in  1897  by  Eugene 
V.  Debs,  at  Chicago.  In  1898  the  party's 
candidate  polled,  chiefly  in  Massachusetts, 
9,545  votes.  In  1900  Eugene  V.  Debs  wag 
the  party's  candidate  for  President  and 
Job  II.  Harrirnan  for  Vice-President.  The 
platform  advocates  state  ownership  of  all 
means  of  production  and  distribution,  with 
the  public  ownership  of  railways,  mines, 
etc.,  also  the  initiative  and  referendum, 
and  public  work  for  unemployed.  In  that 
year  the  party  vote  was  84,003,  many  addi- 
tions to  the  party  being  received  from  the 
Socialist  Labor  party  (q.  v.). 

In  1901  at  the  Indianapolis  convention 
the  party  formally  united  with  the  seceders 
from  the  Socialist  Labor  party,  and  took 
the  name  of  Socialist  party,  except  in  some 
states,  particularly  in  New  York  and  Wis- 
consin, on  account  of  certain  provisions  in 
the  election  laws  of  those  states.  In  1902 
the  party  vote  was  229.762. 

In   1904   Eugene   V.   Debs  and    Benjamin 


Socialist 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Hanford  were  the  Presidential  and  Vice- 
Presidential  candidates,  and  received  402,- 
283  votes.  The  Socialist  party  has  at  times 
elected  local  officers  in  several  states,  and 
at  one  time  had  representatives  in  the 
Massachusetts  legislature.  In  1908  Debs 
polled  420.793  votes  for  President. 

Victor  Herder,  of  Wisconsin,  became  in 
1010  the  first  Socialist  Congressman  to  be 
elected  to  the  United  States  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives, but  was  defeated  for  re-election 
in  1912.  In  1914,  Meyer  M.  London,  Social- 
ist was  elected  to  the  House  from  Mew  York 
City,  and  was  re-elected  in  1916.  In  1912, 
Debs,  candidate  for  President,  received  901,- 
873  votes,  alxuit  0%  of  the  total  vote  cast. 
In  1916,  Allen  Benson,  candidate  for  Presi- 
dent, received  568, 377  votes,  or  slightly 
above  3%  of  the  total  vote  cast.  In  that 
year  Milwaukee  elected  a  Socialist  Mayor 
for  the  second  time  and  Minneapolis  for 
the  first  time.  In  1914,  there  were  31 
Socialist  members  of  the  legislatures  of  13 
states.  (See  Socialism.) 
Socialist  Labor  Party.— This  party  took 

its  name  at  a  convention  held  at  Newark, 
N.  J.,  in  1877.  In  1883  a  congress  of  So- 
cialists met  at  Baltimore,  Md.,  and  formed 
a  national  party,  but  the  growth  of  the 
organization  was  retarded  by  the  anarchis- 
tic outbreak  in  Chicago  in  1886.  The  party 
was  reorganized  in  1889,  formally  assuming 
the  name  Socialist  Labor  party,  and  their 
first  national  convention  was  held  in  New 
York  City  August  28.  1892.  Simon  Wing, 
of  Massachusetts,  was  nominated  for  Presi- 
dent, and  Charles  H.  Matchett.  of  New 
York,  for  Vice-Presideut.  The  platform  ad- 
vocated public  ownership  of  all  railroads, 
telegraphs,  and  other  public  utilities,  the 
initiative  and  referendum,  the  recall  of  rep- 
resentatives, and  the  abolition  of  the  Presi- 
dency, Vice-Presidency  and  Senate.  In  that 
year  the  party  polled  21,532  votes. 

In  1896  Charles  II.  Matchett  was  the 
candidate  for  President  and  Matthew  Ma- 
guire  for  Viee-President.  The  platform 
advocated  state  ownership  of  all  means  of 
production.  The  vote  in  this  year  was  36.- 
274  In  1898  the  party  in  eighteen  states 
east  82.204  votes.  In  1899  the  Socialist 
Labor  party  split,  most  of  its  members 
going  to  the  Social  Democratic  party  or 
Social  Democracy  (now  the  Socialist 
party). 

Society   of   American  Florists,  act   in- 
corporating,   vetoed,    6010. 
Society  of  Army  of  the   Cumberland, 
statue  of  Gen.  Oarfield  to  be  erect- 
ed   in    "Washington    by,    4795. 
Unveiling   ceremonies,    order  regard- 
ing, r,lf>2. 

Society  of  Colonial  Wars.— instituted  in 
1892  to  "perpetuate  the  memory  of  these 
events  and  of  the  men  who,  in  military, 
naval,  and  civil  positions  of  high  trust 
and  responsibility,  by  their  acts  or  counsel 
assisted  in  the  establishment,  defense,  and 
preservation  of  the  American  Colonies,  and 
were  In  truth  the  founders  of  the  Nation. 
With  this  end  in  view  it  seeks  to  collect  and 
preserve  manuscripts,  rolls,  and  records; 
to  provide  suitable  commemorations  or 
memorials  relating  to  the  American  Colo- 
nial period,  and  to  inspire  in  its  members 
the  paternal  and  patriotic  spirit  of  their 
forefathers,  and  in  the  community  respect 
and  reverence  for  those  whose  public  ser- 
vices made  our  freedom  and  unity  possible." 
Uligiblllty  Is  confined  to  an  adult  male 
descendant  of  an  ancestor  who  fought  in 
battle  under  Colonial  authority,  from  the 
settlement  of  Jamestown,  Va.,  in  1007,  to 


the  battle  of  Lexington,  in  1775,  or  w"ho 
served  as  Governor,  Deputy-Governor,  Mem- 
ber of  the  Council,  or  as  a  military,  naval, 
or  marine  officer  in  the  service  of  the  Colon- 
ies, or  under  the  banner  of  Great  Britain, 
or  was  conspicuous  in  military,  official,  or 
legislative  life  during  that  period. 
Society  of  Friends: 

Management  of  Indians  committed  to, 

3992,   4063,  4106,   4154,  4206,  4254, 

4307. 
Paper  to  President,  from,  on  Indian 

affairs,  referred  to,  4075. 

Societies   of   Spanish   War   Veterans.— 

Astor  Battery  Association. — Organized  De- 
cember, 1904.  Composed  of  original  mem- 
bers of  the  Astor  Battery,  which  served  in 
the  Philippines  campaign  of  1898.  Meets 
annually,  Aug.  13.  anniversay  of  the  cap- 
ture of  Manila,  at  Reunion-Army  of  the 
Philippines,  and  at  the  annual  national  en- 
campment of  the  United  Spanish  War  Vet- 
erans. 

Naval  and  Military  Order  of  the  Spanish- 
American  War. — Instituted  Feb.  2.  1899. 
Membership  is  composed  of  persons  who 
served  on  the  active  list  or  performed  ac- 
tive duty  as  commissioned  officers,  regular 
or  volunteer,  during  the  war  with  Spain, 
or  who  participated  in  the  war  as  naval 
or  military  cadets.  Membership  descends  to 
the  eldest  male  descendant  in  the  order  of 
primogeniture. 

Society  of  the  Army  of  the  Philippines. 
— Composed  of  American  soldiers  who 
fought  in  any  of  the  campaigns  in  the  Phil- 
ippine Islands. 

Society  of  the  Army  of  Santiago  de  Cuba. 
—Organized  in  the  Governor's  Palace  at 
Santiago  de  Cuba.  July  31.  1898.  Annual 
dues,  $1  ;  life  membership.  $25.  No  initia- 
tion fee.  There  are  branc'h  societies  in 
Massachusetts.  New  York,  Ohio.  Michigan, 
Illinois,  California,  and  the  District  of 
Columbia, 

United  Spanish  War  Veterans. — National 
Encampment  United  Spanish  War  Vet- 
erans.—Organized  April  18,  1904.  by  the 
consolidation  of  the  National  Army  and 
Navy  Spanish  War  Veterans.  National  As- 
sociation of  Spanish-American  War  Vet- 
erans, and  the  Society  of  the  Service  Men 
of  the  Spanish  War.  Soldiers  and  sailors 
of  the  regular  and  volunteer  array,  navy 
and  marine  corps  who  served  'honorably 
during  the  war  with  Spain  or  in  the  in- 
surrection in  the  Philippines  are  eligible  to 
membership. 

United  Volunteer  Association. — All  white 
soldiers  and  sailors  who  served  honorably 
In  the  military  or  naval  service  of  the  Unit- 
ed States  during  the  war  with  Spain  or  the 
incident  insurrection  in  the  Philippines  are 
eligible  to  membership.  This  society  was 
organized  at  Chattanooga.  Tenn..  Aug.  17. 
1899.  and  has  a  membership  (19n<))  of 
nearly  38.000.  It  is  national  in  scope  and 
character. 

Society  of  the  Army  and  Navy  of  the 

Confederate  States,  in  the  State  of  Mary- 
land.— Organized  in  1871,  "to  collect  and 
preserve  the  material  for  a  truthful  his- 
tory of  the  late  war  between  the  Con- 
federate states  and  the  United  States  of 
America;  to  honor  the  memory  nf  our 
comrades  who  have  fallen  ;  to  cherish  the 
ties  of  friendship  among  those  \vlio  sur- 
vive, and  to  fulfil  the  duties  of  sacred  char- 
ily toward  those  who  may  stand  in  need 
of  them."  Tin-  membership  is  j»2.">. 

Society  of  the   Cincinnati.      (See   Cin- 
cinnati,  Society   of   the.) 


Encyclopedic  Indc.v 


Soldiers' 


Societies  of  the  Union  Army  of  1861- 

65. — Society  of  the  Army  of  the  Tonnes- 
see. — Organized  at  Raleigh,  N.  C.,  April 
14,  1805  ;  the  headquarters  are  at  Cincin- 
nati. Army  of  the  Tennessee  Association  ; 
organized  at.  Washington.  IX  ('.,  August, 
1002  ;  all  who  served  in  that  army  eligible 
to  membership.  Society  of  the  Army  of 
the  Cumberland  :  organized  In  February, 
1S<>8.  and  its  present  membership  is  350. 
Society  of  fhe  Army  of  the  I'otomac  ;  the 
Society  was  organized  in  1808;  the  present 
membership  is  over  2,000.  Association  of 
the  Thirteenth  Army  Corps;  this  Associa- 
tion was  organized  at  Milwaukee,  August, 
1889. 

Societies  of  the  War  of  1812.— The  Vet- 
eran Corps  of  Artillery  of  the  State  of 
New  York,  Const  i  luting  the  Military  So- 
ciety of  the  War  of  1S12.  Instituted  as  a 
military  society  by  the  officers  of  tho  War 
of  1812,  on  Jan.  :i.  182<>.  in  the  City  of 
New  York,  and  incorporated  under  the  laws 
of  fhe  State  of  New  York,  by  the  surviv- 
ing veteran  members,  Jan.  8,"  1802.  Con- 
solidated Jan.  8.  1848,  with  the  Veteran 
Corps  of  Artillery  (instituted  by  officers  of 
the  Revolutionary  War,  Nov.  25,  1790). 
Hiram  Cronk,  last  surviving  Veteran  mem- 
ber War  of  1812,  born  April  29,  1800,  died 
May  !.'{,  1905.  The  original  members  com- 
prise those  who  actually  served  in  the 
military  or  naval  forces  of  the  I'nited 
States 'during  the  War  of  1812.  or  on  ves- 
sels other  than  merchant  ships  which  sailed 
under  commissions  of  letters  of,  marque  and 
reprisals  from  the  United  States  in  that 
war.  Kligibility  to  hereditary  membership 
Is  confined  by  law  to  descendants  of  those 
who  actually  served  in  the  War  of  1812, 
and  to  descendants  of  former  members. 

General  Society  of  Ilic  War  of  1812. — 
Is  composed  of  federated  state  societies, 
in  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  Massachusetts, 
Connecticut,  Ohio,  Illinois,  District  of 
Columbia,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  and 
Delaware,  the  members  of  each  of  which 
state  societies  are  borne  upon  the  member- 
ship roll  of  the  general  society.  Any  male 
person  above  the  age  of  twenty-one  years 
who  participated  in,  or  who  is  a  lineal 
descendant  of  one  who  served  during  the 
War  of  1812-14  in  the  army,  navy,  revenue 
marine,  or  privateer  service  of  the  I'nited 
States,  offering  satisfactory  proof  to  the 
state  society  to  Which  he  makes  applica- 
tion, and  is  of  good  moral  character  and 
reputation,  may  become  a  member.  In 
case  of  failure  of  lineal  descendants  of  an 
actual  participant  in  said  war.  one  collat- 
eral representative  who  is  deemed  worthy 
may  be  admitted  to  membership. 

Sociology. — The  status  of  this  science  is  so 
vaguely  defined  that  any  definition  must  be 
a  purely  individual  venture.  Perhaps  so- 
ciology may  be  described  as  the  science  of 
the  relations  existing  between  individuals 
and  society  in  their  social  contacts,  as 
distinguished  from  their  economic  and  in- 
dividualistic contacts.  It  may  hence  not 
inaccurately  be  described  as  the  socialized 
side  of  economics  (q.  y. ).  One  tendency  of 
sociology  has  been  to  investigate  and  to  de- 
duce laws  concerning  the  origins  of  society 
and  of  modern  social  organization.  Another 
and  later  tendency  has  been  to  make  soci- 
ology the  theory  on  which  social  service  (q. 
v.i  'must  be  based.  Modern  sociology  is 
concerned  with  such  subjects  as  the  origin 
and  basis  of  family  life,  the  strength  of  sex 
appeal,  the  permanence  and  power  of  racial 
characteristics  upon  the  life  of  the  indi- 
vidual, the  reaction  of  human  beings  to  their 
environments,  the  psychological  effect  of 


group-consciousness  in  determining  the  ac- 
tions of  an  individual,  and  the  effects  of 
wages  upon  crime  and  immorality.  From 
this  list,  it  may  be  observed  that,  however 
sociologists  may  differ  in  the  theories  and 
methods  they  pursue,  they  all  attempt  in 
one  way  or  another  to  describe  the  impulses 
which  account  for  the  actions  of  individuals, 
groups,  and  nations. 

Sociology  is  an  offspring  of  the  latter  hnlf 
of  the  nineteenth  century.  It  can  not  be 
altogether  disassociated  from  economics,  but 
its  founders  are  often  declared  to  be  Cointe 
and  Saint-Simon,  while  the  greatest  impetus 
to  sociological  speculations  was  given  by 
Herbert  Spencer. 

Soils,  Bureau  Of. — A  bureau  of  the  De- 
partment of  Agriculture  devoted  to  the 
investigation,  classification,  survey  and  map- 
ping of  soils  ;  studies  in  soil  chemistry  and 
physics ;  soil  fertility ;  explorations  to  dis- 
cover the  sources  of  natural  fertilizers  ; 
studies  in  the  physical  and  chemical  proper- 
ties of  soils  and  materials  and  methods  of 
artificial  fertilization,  with  their  influence  on 
the  original  soils.  One  of  the  special  features 
of  the  bureau  is  the  study  of  tobacco  culture, 
curing,  packing  and  exporting,  as  well  as  the 
introduction  of  new  and  improved  varieties. 
The  soil  survey  is  an  institution  devoted 
to  the  accumulation  of  a  well-defined  group 
of  facts.  These  facts  have  a  scientific  as 
well  as  a  practical  value.  The  practical 
knowledge  can  be  applied  in  many  cases  at 
once,  and  valuable  economic  and  social  re- 
sults arise  from  it.  This  is  the  value  that 
is  usually  emphasized — to  be  able  to  direct 
agricultural  progress  along  proper  lines,  to 
point  out  natural  adaptabilities  of  soil,  aud 
to  suggest  improved  methods  of  cultivati<m 
based  on  a  knowledge  of  the  soil  to  be  culti- 
vated. These  are  some  of  the  possibilities 
and  actualities  of  the  soil  survey. 

Soldier. — Any  member  of  a  military  organ- 
ization. In  the  United  States  soldiers  are 
especially  classified  as  regular  soldiers  at- 
tached to  the  regular  army  and  volunteer 
soldiers  who  proffer  their  services  in  emer- 
gencies. (See  Army  and  Navy,  National 
Guard  and  Militia.) 

Soldiers'  Homes.— ncg\ ilar  Army— The  Na- 
tional Home  for  aged  aud  disabled  soldiers 
of  the  regular  army  of  the  United  States 
is  situated  in  Washington,  I).  C.,  occupy- 
ing a  beautiful  site  outside  t'he  city  limits. 
It  was  established  in  1851  with  money 
raised  by  a  levy  on  the  City  of  Mexico 
during  the  Mexican  War,  and  is  supported 
by  a  regular  tax  on  each  soldier  of  the 
army. 

All  soldiers  who  have  served  twenty 
years  as  enlisted  men  in  the  army  (in- 
cluding volunteer  service,  if  any),  or  who 
have  served  in  any  war,  and  all  soldiers 
of  less  than  twenty  years'  service  who  have 
incurred  such  disability,  by  wounds,  dis- 
ease, or  injuries  in  the  line  of  duty  while 
in  the  regular  army,  as  unfits  them  for 
further  service,  are  entitled  to  the  benefits 
of  the  Home. 

A  pensioner  who  enters  the  Home  may 
assign  his  pension,  or  any  part  of  it.  to 
his  child,  wife,  or  parent,  by  filing  written 
notice  with  the  agent  who  pays  him.  If 
not  so  assigned,  it  is  drawn  by  the  treas- 
urer of  the  Home  and  held  in  trust  for  the 
pensioner,  to  w'hom  it  is  paid  in  such  sums 
as  the  governor  of  the  Home  deems  proper 
while  he  is  an  inmate  of  the  Home,  the  bal- 
ance being  paid  in  full  when  he  takes  his 
discharge  and  leaves  the  Home. 

Inmates  are  subject  to  the  Rules  and 
Articles  of  War,  the  same  as  soldiers  in 


Soldiers' 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


the  army.  They  are  comfortably  lodged, 
fed,  and  clothed  and  receive  medical  at- 
tendance and  medicine,  all  without  cost  to 
them.  There  are  1,379  men  now  receiving 
the  benefits  of  the  Home. 

Applications  for  admission  to  the  Home 
may  be  addressed  to  the  "Board  of  Com- 
missioners, I".  S.  Soldiers'  Home,  War  De- 
partment, Washington.  D.  C.,"  and  must 
give  date  of  enlistment  and  date  of  dis- 
charge, with  letter  of  company  and  number 
of  regiment  for  each  and  every  term  of 
service,  and  rate  of  pension,  if  any.  and 
must  be  accompanied  by  a  medical  certifi- 
cate showing  nature  and  degree  of  disabil- 
ity if  any  exists. 

Volunteers. — There  are  National  Homes  for 
disabled  volunteer  soldiers  at  Dayton,  O.  ; 
Milwaukee.  Wis.  :  Togus,  Me.  ;  Hampton, 
Va.  ;  Leavcnwortb,  Kan.  :  Santa  Monica, 
Cal.  :  Marion,  Ind.  ;  Danville,  111.  ;  Johnson 
City.  Tenn.,  and  Hot  Springs,  S.  Dak.  The 
aggregate  number  of  members  cared  for  is 
about  35,000. 

The  Board  of  Managers  of  the  National 
Home  for  Disabled  Volunteer  Soldiers  in- 
forms the  disabled  soldiers  and  sailors  of 
The  I'nited  States  that  Homes  have  been 
established,  at  the  places  above  named,  for 
all  such  as  are  unable  to  earn  a  living  by 
labor.  All  the  ordinary  comforts  of  a 
home  are  provided — chapels  for  religious 
services  ;  halls  for  concerts,  etc.  ;  hospitals, 
with  experienced  surgeons  and  nurses; 
libraries  and  reading  rooms  ;  amusement 
halls  :  post  aud  telegraph  offices  :  stores, 
etc.  Good  behavior  insures  kind  treatment. 

Soldiers  and  sailors  are  especially  in- 
formed that  the  Home  is  neither  a  hospital 
nor  almshouse,  but  a  home,  Where  subsis- 
tence, quarters,  clothing,  religious  instruc- 
tion, employment  when  possible,  and  amuse- 
ments are  provided  by  the  Government,  of 
the  T'nited  States.  The  provision  is  not  a 
charity,  but  is  a  reward  to  the  brave  and 
deserving,  and  is  their  right,  to  be  for- 
feited only  by  bad  conduct  at  the  Home  or 
conviction  of  heinous  crimes.  A  soldier  or 
sailor  desiring  admission  may  apply  by 
litter  to  either  of  the  managers,  whereupon 
a  blank  application  will  be  sent  to  him, 
and  if  he  be  found  duly  qualified,  trans- 
portation will  be  furnistied,  or  he  can  ap- 
ply personally  or  by  letter  at  the  branch 
nearest  to  his  place  of  residence. 

President  of  the  Board  of  Managers.  Maj. 
James  \V.  Wadsworth,  .'!4f!  Broadway,  New 
York  City,  N.  Y.  :  Secretary,  John  M.  Hol- 
ley.  Esq..  La  Crosse.  Wis. 

The  requirements  for  admission  are:  (1) 
An  honorable  discharge  from  the  T'nited 
States  service  during  a  war  in  which  it  was 
engaged.  ( - 1  Disability  which  prevents 
the  applicant  from  earning  his  living  by 
labor.  i:;i  Applicants  for  admission  will 
be  required  to  stipulate  and  agree  to  abide 
by  all  tin*  rules  and  regulations  made  by 
the  Board  of  Managers,  or  by  its  order:  to 
perform  all  duties  required  of  fhem,  and 
to  obey  all  the  lawful  orders  of  the  officers 
of  the' Home.  (4i  A  soldier  or  sailor  must 
forward  with  his  application  for  admission 
his  Discharge  Paper  and  when  he  is  a 
pensioner,  his  pension  Certificate,  which 
papers  will  be  retained  at  the  branch  to 
which  the  applicant  is  admitted,  to  he 
k"pi  there  for  'him,  and  returned  to  him 
\vhen  he  is  discharged.  This  rule  is  adopt- 
c-d  to  prevent  the  loss  of  such  papers  and 
certificates,  and  to  hinder  fraudulent  prac- 
tices; and  no  application  will  be  considered 
unless  ihfse  papers  are  sent  with  it.  If  the 
original  discharge  does  not  exist,  a  copy 
of  discharge,  certified  by  the  War  or  Navy 
Department,  or  by  the  Adjutant-General  of 
the  stale,  must  accompany  the  application. 


State  Homes  for  disabled  volunteer 
soldiers  are  maintained  at  the  following 
places : 

California— Yountville.          K      T._...  /  Kearny. 
Colorado— Monte  Vista.         ^eT      'rsey  1  Vineland. 
Connecticut— NorotonH'ts.  M      v    ,     /Bath. 
Idaho-Boise.  ^ew  iork    (  Oxford. 

Illinois — Quincy.  North  Dakota — Lisbon. 

Indiana— Lafayette.  n,  •    /  Sandusky. 

Iowa— Marshalltown.  110  \  Madison. 

Kansas — Fort  Dodge.  Oregon — Roseburg. 

Massachusetts — Chelsea.        Pennsylvania — Erie. 
Michigan— Grand  Rapids.      Rhode  Island— Bristol. 
Minnesota — Minnehaha.        South  Dakota — Hot  Springs. 
Missouri — St.  James.  Vermont — Bennington. 

Montana— Columbus  Falls.    vvnoKinr-tnn  /  Orting. 
,,  ,      ,     /  Grand  Island.       "  ashmgton  <  ?ort  Orchard 
Nebraska  ^  Milforci  Wisconsin— Waupaca. 

New  Hampshire — Tilton.       Wyoming— Cheyenne. 

Soldiers'  Homes: 

Erection  of,  recommended,  2559,  2624. 

Recommendations    of   board   of    com- 
missioners   regarding,    4777. 

Should  be  under  jurisdiction  of  War 
Department,  7229. 

Site  for,  selected,  2668. 
Solicitor-General.— The  office  of  solicitor- 
general  was  created  by  the  net  of  June  22, 
1S70,  which  created  the  Department  of 
Justice.  The  solicitor-general  acts  as  attor- 
ney-general whenever  the  latter  is  unable 
to  attend  to  the  duties  of  his  office.  The 
position  of  the  Solicitor-General  is  unique  in 
that  he  is  the  "Court  Lawyer"  for  the 
T'nited  States.  lie  prepares  and  argues 
cases  in  which  the  T'nited  States  Govern- 
ment is  involved,  and  is  assisted  by  various 
assistant  attorneys-general.  He  represents 
the  Government  in  all  cases  in  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States;  he  determines 
whether  pending  cases  shall  he  prosecuted 
or  abandoned,  and.  in  a  word,  has  charge  of 
all  Government  litigation.  He  is  appointed 
by  the  President,  and  his  salary  is  .SI 0.000 
a  year,  (See  Attorney-General,  Justice  De- 
partment.) 

Solicitor  for  the  Department  of  State. 

—This  officer  is  appointed  by  the  President, 
by  and  with  the  consent  of  the  Semite.  II is 
yearly  salary  is  $5,000  and  he  is  assisted  by 
three  assistants  who  are  appointed  by  the 
Secretary  of  State  at  a  yearly  salary  of 
$3.000  each.  The  office  was  created  in  IStHi 
with  the  title  of  ''Examiner  of  Claims."  hut 
in  1801  the  title  became  "Solicitor  for  the 
Department  of  State.1'  The  Solicitor  is  un- 
der the  jurisdiction  of  the  Justice  Depart- 
ment, but  he  also  has  duties  assigned  to  him 
by  the  Secretary  of  State.  He  is  the  law 
officer  of  the  State  Department,  and  renders 
opinions  on  all  matters  referred  to  him.  He 
also  tins  supervision  over  claims,  manages 
extradition  proceedings,  and  is  in  charge  of 
the  legal  aspects  of  Naturalization.  (See 
State  Department:  Justice  Department; 
Court  of  Claims.  Extradition  ;  Naturaliza- 
tion ;  Departmental  Solicitors.) 

Solicitors,  Departmental,  Justice  De- 
partment.— All  departments  of  the  Govern- 
ment have  solicitors  under  the  supervision 
of  the  Attorney-General,  except  the  Depart- 
ments of  War  and  Navy,  whose  legal  affairs 
are  conducted  by  their  .judge  advocates-gen- 
eral (().  v.  t .  The  departmental  solicitors 
have  offices  in  the  buildings  of  the  depart- 
ment to  which  thev  are  assigned.  In  I  he 
Department  of  the  Interior  I'M.  v.',  the 
assistant  attorney-general  handles  appeals 
from  the  decisions  of  the  General  I,and 
Ofl'he.  prepares  opinions,  etc.  The  solicitor 
for  the  Department  of  State  (q.  v.)  advises 


Encyclopedic  Index 


South  America 


the  Secretary  of  State  on  matters  of  law, 
especially  of  International  law;  decides 
claims  of  United  States  citizens  against  for- 
eign governments  find  claims  of  foreigners 
against  the  United  States ;  and  also  Is  in 
charge  of  extradition  proceedings.  The 
solicitor  for  tlie  Treasury  Department  (q.  v. ) 
handles  revenue  prosecutions,  and  other  legal 
matters  for  his  department.  The  solicitor 
in  the  Internal  Revenue  Office  (q.  v.).  the 
solicitor  in  the  Department  of  Commerce  (q. 
v.),  the  solicitor  in  the  Department  of  Labor 
(q.  v.),  all  have  charge  of  the  legal  affairs 
of  their  departments.  The  Post-Office  De- 
partment (q.  v.)  also  has  an  assistant  attor- 
ney-general. Tlie  salaries  of  the  departmen- 
tal solicitors  are  $."..()()()  yearly.  (See  Jus- 
tice Department ;  Solicitor-General.) 

Solicitor  of  the  Treasury,  office  of,  es- 
tablished,   10!>0. 

Operations  of,  referred  to,  2539. 
Sommersett  Case.— A  negro  slave  named 
Sommersett  accompanied  his  master  from 
Boston  to  London  in  October,  1709.  lie 
became  111  and  was  turned  adrift  by  his 
master.  His  condition  aroused  the  com- 
passion of  Granville  Sharp,  who  cared  for 
him  until  he  was  restored  to  health.  He 
was  then  claimed  by  his  master  and  taken 
before  Lord  Mansfield,  of  the  court  of 
King's  bench.  Here  he  was  discharged  on 
the  ground  that  in  England  slavery  could 
exist  only  by  positive  law,  and  in  the  ab- 
sence of  such  a  law  a  person  could  not  be 
deprived  of  liberty  on  the  ground  that  he 
was  a  slave.  This  decision  determined  the 
future  course  of  England  in  the  delivery  of 
fugitives. 

Sons  of  American  Revolution.— A  patri- 
otic society  composed  of  lineal  descendants 
of  soldiers,  sailors,  and  conspicuous  patri- 
ots of  Revolutionary  times.  The  society 
was  organized  in  California  July  4,  1875. 
Another  society  of  the  same  name  was 
organized  in  New  York  in  1889  and  quick- 
ly out  rivalled  the  older  society;  attempts 
to  unite  the  two  were  made  unsuccessfully 
in  1892  and  1897.  The  Eastern  Society 
has  thirty-eight  branches  in  the  states  and 
branches  in  the  District  of  Columbia  and 
Hawaii.  The  total  membership  is  about 
11,000. 

Sons  of  Confederate  Veterans.  (See 
Confederate  Veterans,  United  Sous 
of.) 

Sons  of  Liberty. — A  society  organized  by 
the  younger  and  more  ardent  patriots  of 
Connecticut:  in  1755,  to  advance  colonial 
liberty.  They  advocated  non-importation, 
aided  in  the  hanging  in  effigy  of  the  stamp 
distributor  Oliver  in  17G5.  and  in  177-t 
proposed  the  organization  of  a  continental 
congress.  The  appellation  is  sometimes  ap- 
plied to  the  whole  body  of  American  patri- 
ots. Another  organization  calling  them- 
selves "Sons  of  Liberty"  existed  in  18<!2- 
18(>4  in  Indiana  and  other  states  and  ac- 
tively opposed  the  efforts  of  the  United 
States  Government  in  the  prosecution  of 
the  war  for  the  preservation  of  t'he  Union, 
and  several  leaders  were  tried  and  con- 
demned by  a  military  commission.  (See 
also  Milligan  Case.) 

Sons  of  the  Eevolution.— A  society  of  the 
same  nature  as  the  Sons  of  the  American 
Revolution.  It  was  established  in  New 
York  in  1875.  and  has  now  thirty-one  state 
branches.  The  principal  point  of  difference 
between  the  Sons  of  the  Revolution  and 
the  Sons  of  the  American  Revolution  is 
the  matter  of  eligibility,  which  in  both  is 


dependent  on  hereditary  descent.  In  Che 
latter  society  membership  is  contingent 
upon  lineal  descent  from  patriots  of  the 
Revolution,  while  in  tlie  former  it  is  ex- 
tended to  collaterals. 

Sons  of  Veterans,  U.  S.  A.— Camp  No.  i, 
Sons  of  Veterans,  U.  S.  A.,  was  organized 
in  the  City  of  Philadelphia,  Sept.  29,  1879. 
The  organization  is  composed  of  lineal  de- 
scendants, over  eighteen  years  of  age,  of 
honorably  discharged  soldiers,  or  marines 
who  served  in  the  late  Civil  War.  Then- 
are  now  about  one  thousand  camps,  with  a 
membership  of  fifty  thousand,  distributed 
among  twenty-live  divisions,  corresponding 
to  states,  the  general  society  or  national 
body  constituting  the  Commaudery-in-Chief. 
Each  camp  has  its  own  officers,  the  head 
officer  being  the  commander.  The  princi- 
pal officer  of  the  division  is  the  division 
commander.  The  Sons  of  Veterans  Aux- 
iliary is  an  association  of  women  auxiliary 
to  the  above  organization. 

Sound  Dues.  (See  Baltic  Sea.) 
Sound  Money  Democrats. — A  group  de- 
fecting from  the  Democratic  Party  in  189G. 
In  convention  they  nominated  John  M. 
Palmer  for  President,  and  General  Simon 
1'..  I'.uckner  for  Vice  President:  and  their 
platform  declared  for  the  gold  standard. 
Soup-Houses. — Literally  meaning  houses 
where  free  soup  is  served  to  hungry  and  suf- 
fering people, — distinguished  from  bread- 
lines (q.  v.)  in  that  soup-houses  are  resorted 
to  only  on  occasions  of  temporary  djstiess 
due  to  panic  or  unemployment,  and  are 
utilized  by  self-respecting,  industrious  peo- 
ple who  would  willingly  work,  but  who  can 
find  no  opportunity;  whereas  the  bread-line 
is  ever  present,  and  usually  administers  only 
to  the  habitually-unemployed  element. 
South  America. —  The  area  is  0,750,000 
square  miles,  a  little  more  than  one  and 
three-quarter  times  that  of  Europe.  The 
extreme  longitudes  are  Cape  Branco  35J 
W.  and  1'unta  1'arina  81"  W.,  and  the 
extreme  latitudes,  I'uuta  Gallinas,  li'i" 
N.  and  Cape  Horn  50°  S.  South  America 
is  surrounded  by  the  ocean,  except  where 
it  is  joined  to  Central  America  by  the  nar- 
row isthmus  of  Panama. 

The  independent  republics  of  South  Amer- 
ica are  Argentina,  Bolivia,  Brazil,  Chile, 
Colombia,  Ecuador,  Paraguay,  Pern,  Uru- 
guay and  Venezuela.  Besides  these  are 
British,  French  and  Netherlands'  Guiana. 

Islands  adjacent  to  South  America  are 
the  Falkland  Islands,  Galapagos  Islands, 
Graham  Land,  Sandwich  Group,  South  Geor- 
gia, South  Orkneys  and  South  Shetlands. 

In  the  south  Tierra  del  Fuego  is  sepa- 
rated from  the  mainland  by  the  Straits  of 
Magellan.  The  physical  features  consist  of 
a  Western  Mountain  belt  and  two  Upland 
1'  la  tea  us. 

The  Upper  Plateaus  consist  of  the  high- 
lands of  Brazil  and  Guiana,  between  which 
are  the  lowlands  of  the  Amazon. 

The  extensive  lowlands  of  the  Orinoco, 
Amazon,  and  Parana-Paraguay  system  were 
once  inland  seas,  and  afford  great  areas  of 
level  land.  Ocean  vessels  can  reach  Iqui- 
tos  on  the  Amazon,  which  is  2,300  miles 
from  the  ocean  in  consequence  of  the  small 
fall  of  the  river. 

On  the  West  Coast  the  rivers  are  gener- 
ally too  rapid  to  be  navigable,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  proximity  of  the  mountains  to 
the  sea,  hut  they  are  invaluable  in  the  dry 
regions  for  irrigation. 

The  Amazon  has  numerous  tributaries, 
which  are  themselves  great  rivers,  and  oc- 


South  America    Hfessages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


cupies  with  its  basin  a  large  part  of  South 
America.  Owing  to  tlu>  melting  of  the 
snows  in  February  and  the  raius  which 
mainly  occur  at  this  season  on  the  Andean 
slopes,  it  has  a  marked  flood  season,  reach- 
ing its  maximum  in  June,  when  it  over- 
flows its  banks. 

The  Plate  Estuary  is  formed  by  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Parana  and  Uruguay.  A  larger 
amount  of  water  is  brought  down  than  by 
any  other  river  system  in  the  New  World 
excepting  the  Amazon.  The  Parana  is  nav- 
igable for  some  1,200  miles  by  ocean  ves- 
sels. 

Quito,  in  Ecuador,  at  over  9,000  feet,- 
and  Bogota,  in  the  uplands  of  Colombia,  at 
a  little  below  »,(.>(><)  feet,  have  temperatures 
between  55°  F.  and  58°  F.  in  both  summer 
and  whiter,  while  Para,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Amazon,  and  Iquitos,  on  the  Upper  Ama- 
zon are  between  78°  F.  an  79°  F.  through- 
out the  year.  The  diminution  of  tempera- 
ture with  altitude  is  shown  most  uotice- 
ablv  on  the  high  Andean  plateau,  where 
La'Paz,  at  over  12,000  feet,  has  a  summer 
temperature  of  only  52°  F.,  and  near  the 
margin  of  the  Tropics,  where  Sao  Paulo,  In 
the  coffee-growing  uplands  of  southeast 
Brazil  at  about  2,500  feet,  is  about  9' 
colder  than  Rio  at  sea  level.  The  local  In- 
fluence of  the  cold  current  is  shown  in  the 
difference  of  temperature  between  points  In 
the  same  latitude  on  the  East  and  West 
coasts — Bahia,  in  latitude  12°  S.  is  10 
warmer  than  Callao. 

Outside  the  Tropics  the  eastern  side  of 
South  America  has  a  high  summer  temper- 
ature, above  G8°  F.  to  south  of  40°  S. 
latitude,  as  a  consequence  of  which  wheat 
can  be  grown  successfully  to  the  south  of 
Buenos  Aires. 

South  America  (see  also  South  Ameri- 
can Provinces,  South  American  Ee- 
public;  the  several  States: 

Assertion  of  the  independence  of  the 
Republics  of,  612. 

Commercial  relations  with,  4014,  4826, 
5509. 

Commission  to  Central  America  and, 
for  improving  commercial  relations, 
discussed,  4826,  4863,  4864,  4915, 
4955,  5116. 

Condition  of,  reports  on,  1009. 

International  American  Conference  at 
Washington.  (See  Internatkjnal 
American  Conference.) 

Markets  of,  should  be  supplied  by  the 
['nited  States,  8016. 

Monarchical  government  in,  estab- 
lishment of,  referred  to,  3402. 

Negotiations  for  restoration  of  peace 
in,  referred  to,  4676. 

Policy  of  United  States  toward,  dis- 
cussed, 5750. 

South    American    Provinces     (see    also 

South   American   "Republics'): 
"Independence  and  political  condition 

of,   referred    to,   601. 
Independence   of — 

Achieved   by,  before  recognized  by 

United    States,    829. 
Asserted,   612. 

Kmpcror    of    Eussia    intervenes   for 
recognition    of,    892. 


Not  recognized  until  danger  of  sub- 
jugation   has   passed,    I486. 
Should    be    recognized    by    United 

States,  685. 
To    be    recommended,    by    United 

States,  674. 

Eecognition  of,  referred  to,  706,  761. 
Supplies   sent  to,  811. 
South  American  Republics.      (See  also 
South  American  Provinces;  the  sev- 
eral   Eepublics) : 
Arbitration      of      pecuniary      claims 

against,  7982. 

Collection  by  governments  of  debts 
due  their  citizens,  from  other  coun- 
tries, by  force  of  arms,  referred  to 
The  Hague  Tribunal  by  Conference 
of,  7440. 

Commercial  relations  with — 
Discussed  by  President — 
Hayes,  4460. 
Pierce,  2869. 

Beport  of  Hamilton  Fish  on,  4024. 
Condition  of,  discussed,  1009. 
Congress  of,  referred  to,  910. 
Differences   existing  among,   referred 

to,  2252. 
Friendly  disposition  of  United  States 

toward,  950,  3884. 
Independence  of — 

Achieved  by,  before  recognized  bv 

United  States,  829. 
Asserted,    612. 
Emperor   of   Eussia   intervenes  for 

recognition    of,   892. 
Not  recognized  until  danger  of  sub- 
jugation has  passed,  I486. 
Should    be    recognized    by    United 

States,   685. 
To     be     recommended     by    United 

States,    674. 
Mediation  of  United  States  offered  in 

wars  among,   3776,  388-4. 
Minister  for,  requested,   620. 
Peace  conference  between  Spain  and, 

held  in  Washington,  4052,  4099. 
Pledge   of   United   States    to,   against 
foreign  interference  with,  referred 
to,  907. 

Policy  of  United  States  toward,  dis- 
cussed, 5750. 

Political  condition  of,  discussed.  2904. 
Protection  of  patents,  etc.,  in,  7984. 
Eecognition  of,  referred  to,  706,  761. 
Treaty  of,  with  Spain,  discussed,  1369. 
Treaty  with,  868. 
War  of,  with  Spain — 

Armistice,  referred  to,   4144. 
Good   offices  of  United   States  ten- 
dered,  3776,    3884. 
Accepted,  3987,  4052. 
Vessels  being  built  in  New  York  for 

Spain    forbidden    to   depart,    3987. 
South  American  Eepublics,  Recognition 
Of. — In  1817  Henry  Clay  endeavored   to  se- 


Encyclopedic  Index 


South  Carolina 


cure  an  appropriation  from  Congress  for 
sending  an  accredited  minister  to  Buenos 
Ayri-s,  which  had  become  a  free  and  inde- 
pendent Republic.  Congress,  however,  re- 
fused. March  8,  1822,  1'resident  Monroe  in 
a  special  message  to  Congress  (68Ii)  recom- 
mended the  recognition  of  Buenos  Ayres, 
Chile,  Colombia,  and  other  republics,  and 
the  establishment  of  international  relations 
with  them.  This  Congress  agreed  to.  The 
commercial  relations  between  the  United 
States  and  these  republics  have  steadily 
improved  since  this  action.  A  conference, 
known  as  the  International  American  Con- 
ference (q.  v.),  representing  the  United 
Sates  and  these  republics,  met  In  Washing- 
ton in  188!)  to  encourage  closer  business 
relations.  This  resulted  in  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Bureau  of  American  Republics 
(q.  v.).  The  latest  example  of  the  recog- 
nition of  a  new  republic  by  this  country  oc- 
curred in  the  year  1903,  when  the  Republic 
of  Panama  proclaimed  its  independence  of 
Colombia  on  Nov.  4  and  received  the  recog- 
nition of  the  American  government  two 
days  later. 

South  and  Central  American  Countries, 
Treaties  with. — At  the  Fourth  Internation- 
al American  Conference,  held  in  Buenos 
Aires  in  August,  1910,  representatives  of 
Argentina,  Brazil,  Chile,  Colombia,  Costa 
Rica,  Cuba,  Santo  Domingo,  Ecuador,  Guate- 
mala, Haiti,  Honduras,  Mexico,  Nicaragua, 
Panama,  Paraguay,  Pern,  Salvador,  Uru- 
guay and  Venezuela  agreed  upon  several 
important  points  of  international  comity, 
among  which  was  a  convention  for  the 
submission  of  pecuniary  claims  to  arbitra- 
tion whenever  such  claims  are  of  sufficient 
importance  to  warrant  the  expense  of  arbi- 
tration. They  also  agreed  that  decisions 
of  such  claims  should  be  rendered  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  principles  of  interna- 
tional law,  and  all  controversies  submitted 
to  The  Hague  Court,  of  Arbitration.  This 
treaty  was  signed  at  Buenos  Aires  August 
11,  1910,  ratification  advised  by  the  Sen- 
ate Feb.  1,  1911,  ratified  by  the  President 
of  the  United  States  March  21,  1911,  and 
proclaimed  by  Wilson  July  29,  1914. 

Another  convention  between  the  same  re- 
publics adopted  at  the  same  conference  pro- 
vided for  the  protection  of  inventions,  pat- 
ents, designs  and  industrial  models.  For 
the  text  of  these  treaties  see  President  Wil- 
son's proclamations,  pages  83G2  and  8364. 
South  Carolina.— One  of  the  thirteen  origi- 
nal states ;  nickname.  "The  Palmetto 
State ;"  motto,  "Animis  opibusque  parati" 
( "Prepared  in  mind  and  resources").  It. 
lies  between  lat.  32°  4'  ,30"  and  35°  13'  2" 
north  and  long.  78°  28'  and  83°  18'  west. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  north  and  northeast 
by  North  Carolina,  on  the  southeast  by  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  and  on  the  southwest  and 
west  by  Georgia  (separated  for  most  part 
of  the  distance  by  the  Savannah  River).  It 
has  an  area  of  30,989  square  miles.  The 
surface  is  level  near  the  coast,  undulating 
in  t'he  interior,  and  mountainous  in  the 
northwest.  The  state  produces  gold,  por- 
celain, clay,  phosphates,  and  other  minerals, 
and  is  especially  noted  for  the  production 
of  rice  and  sea-island  cotton. 

South  Carolina  was  partially  explored  by 
the  Spaniards  in  1525,  who  named  it  Chi- 
cora.  An  unsuccessful  attempt  to  colonize 
was  made  by  the  French  under  Ribanlt  in 
15G2.  The  first  permanent  settlement  was 
made  by  the  English  in  107O.  Charleston 
was  founded  in  10SO.  Charles  II.  gave  the 
territory  between  la  I.  2!»°  and  30°  30' 
north,  to  eighl  of  his  favorites  in  1  (!(•>:',, 
and  two  years  later  he  issued  a  charter 
placing  the  control  of  the  colony  in  their 


hands.  They  employed  John  Locke,  the  phi- 
losopher, to  draw  up  a  constitution  which 
should  provide  an  ideal  government.  This 
"grand  model"  proved  to  be  an  attempt 
to  set  up  the  feudal  system  in  America, 
and  was  abandoned  by  the  proprietors  in 
1093.  South  Carolina  became  a  royal  colony 
in  1729. 

The  first  constitution  was  adopted  in 
177(i.  The  Federal  Constitution  was  ratified 
May  2.'',,  1788.  The  state  seceded  on  Dec. 
20,  1800,  and  was  readmitted  by  act  of 
Congress  June  25,  1808. 

Statistics  of  agriculture  collected  for  the 
last  Federal  census,  place  the  number  of 
farms  in  the  state  at  170,434,  comprising 
13,512,028  acres,  valued,  with  stock  and  im- 
provements, at  $392,128, ::14.  The  average 
value  of  land  per  acre  was  .$19.89,  against 
$7.14  in  1900.  The  value  of  domestic  ani- 
mals, poultry,  etc.,  was  $45.131,380,  in- 
cluding 389,882  cattle,  valued  at  $7.888,- 
259;  79,847  horses,  $10,147,178:  155.471 
mules,  $23,830,301;  605,21 1  swine,  $2.552,- 
344;  37.559  sheep,  $81,302,  and  poultry. 
$1,200,015.  The  yield  and  value  of  field 
crops  in  1911  was:  Corn  1.790,000  acres. 
32,578.000  bushels,  $29.040.000  ;  wheat,  83,- 
000  acres.  940,000  bushels,  $1,104,000 ; 
oats.  345,000  acres  7,038,000  bushels,  $5.- 
007.000 ;  rye,  3,000  acres,  30,000  bushels, 
$44,000;  rice,  10.000  acres.  117,000  bush- 
els. $88.000 ;  potatoes,  10,000  acres,  700,- 
000  bushels,  $854.000 :  hay,  04.000  acres. 
09,000  tons.  $1,173.000  ;  tobacco,  13,000 
acres,  11.010.000  pounds.  $1,388,010.  and 
cotton,  1,480,000  bales.  The  report  of  the 
State  Treasurer  for  the  fiscal  year  1911 
showed  a  balance  Dec.  31,  1910.  of  $048.- 
730  :  receipts  for  year.  $3.208,790  ;  expendi- 
tures, $3.132.104  ;  cash  balance  Dec.  31, 
1911,  $725,350  ;  public  debt,  $0,528.485. 

The  number  of  manufacturing  establish- 
ments in  South  Carolina  having  an  annual 
output  valued  at  $500  or  more  at  the  be- 
ginning of  1915  was  1,885.  The  amount  of 
capital  invested  was  $203.211.000,  giving 
employment  to  77.09.'!  persons,  using  mate- 
rial valued  at  $91.009.000,  and  turning  out 
finished  goods  worth  $138,891,000.  Salaries 
and  wages  paid  amounted  to  $2!), 052,000. 

The  turpentine  and  rosin  industries,  for 
which  t'he  state  was  formerly  noted,  are 
dying  out,  because  of  the  exhaustion  of  the 
pine  forests.  The  imports  at  the  harbor  of 
Charleston  for  1907  were  $3.528.553.  and 
the  exports  $1,082.4(50.  The  population, 
according  to  the  census  of  1910,  was  1,- 
515,400. 

South   Carolina    (see    also    Confederate 

States): 
Amendment  to  Federal  Constitution, 

referred  to,  598. 
Census  of — 

Referred  to,  108. 

Return  of,  delay  in,   104. 
Claims  of,  for  advances  made  during 

War  of  1812,   1027. 
Commissioners     from,     to     President 

Buchanan,  3189. 
Correspondence      on,       referred       to, 

3195. 

Constitution  of,  referred  to.  3S30. 
"Delay  in  return  of  census  of,  104. 
Forts  and  fortifications  ceded  to 

United  States  by,  3S4. 
Fourteenth    amendment    to    ('(institu- 
tion, ratified    by,    3837. 

Proclaimed,   3855. 


South  Carolina     Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Imprisonment  of  free  negroes  in  ports 

of.  referred  to,  1954. 
Judicial  districts  of,  6672. 
Ku-Klux-Klans,     etc.,     in,    discussed, 
4104,  4117. 

Proclamations   against,   4086,   4088, 

4089.  4090,  4093,  4350. 
Provisional    governor    for,   appointed 

and  restoration  of,  into  Union,  dis- 
cussed, 3524. 

Railroad  in,  survey  of,  1027. 
Ratification  of  amendment  to  Federal 
Constitution    by,    referred    to,    66, 
249. 
Revenue  laws  for — 

Act  of  Congress  in  regard  to,  de- 
clared void  by,  1173. 
Referred  to,  1195. 

Deliberations  of  convention  in  re- 
gard  to,   made   known   to   Presi- 
dent Jackson,  1174. 
Military  operations  in,  growing  out 

of  opposition  to,  1197,  1203. 
Nullification   message,   1173. 
Nullification  proclamation,   1203. 
Opposition  to,  from  citizens  of,  1174. 
Proclamation    regarding,    1203. 
Rifle   clubs  in,   proclamation  against, 

4350. 
Slaughter    of    American    citizens    in 

Hamburg,   referred  to,  4329. 
Unlawful   combinations  in,   discussed 
and  proclamations  against,   1173, 
1203,     3743,     4086,     4088,     4089, 

4090,  4093,  4104,   4117,  4350. 
Copies  of  proclamations  for  execu- 
tive clerks,  3756. 

Habeas  corpus,  writ   of,  suspended 

in  certain  counties,  4090,  4093. 

Revoked    as    to    Marion    County, 

4092. 

South  Carolina  Inter-State  and  West  In- 
dian Exposition. — An  industrial  and  edu- 
cational fair,  held  at  Charleston.  S.  <"*., 
from  Dec.  1  to  June  2.  1002.  The  site 
covered  an  area  of  250  acres  and  the 
buildings  were  in  the  Spanish  Renaissance 
style  of  architecture,  covered  with  staff, 
tinted  an  ivory  white.  The  United  States 
and  many  of  the  individual  states  made 
exhibits,  as  well  as  Cuba,  Porto  Rico,  and 
fJuatemala.  Notable  original  groups  of  his- 
torical statuary  exhibited  were  "The  Az- 
tec," "The  Negro."  and  "The  Huguenot." 
The  total  attendance  was  674,806.  The 
cost  of  the  exhibition  was  $1,250,000,  and 
the  receipts  $313,000. 

South  Dakota. — One  of  the  western  group 
of  states.  Nickname,  "Coyote  State." 
Motto,  "Under  God  the  people  rule." 
It  lies  a  little  north  of  the  center  of 
the  continent,  between  lat.  4.")°  57'  and 
42°  28'  north  (extreme  southeast  point: 
west  of  the  Missouri  the  southern  boundary 
is  43°  north)  and  long.  '.»6°  26'  and  10-1° 
.'','  west.  It  Is  bounded  on  the  north  by 
North  Dakota,  on  the  east  by  Minnesota 
and  Iowa,  on  the  south  by  Nebraska,  and 
on  the  west  by  Montana  and  Wyoming.  It 
has  an  area  of  77.615  square  miles.  The 
Missouri  Kiver  divides  the  state  into  two 


nearly  equal  portions.  The  eastern  part 
is  generally  smooth  and  rolling.  West  of 
the  river  the  country  rises  more  rapidly 
and  culminates  in  the  Black  Hills,  au  ele- 
vated region  some  60  by  100  miles  in 
extent,  the  central  point  of  which  is  Har- 
ney's  Peak,  9,700  feet  high.  The  Bad 
Lands,  in  the  southeastern  part,  is  an  in- 
teresting geological  formation,  consisting  of 
a  desert  region  abounding  in  canyons,  de- 
pressions, waiis,  and  castles  of  white  earth, 
rich  in  soil-making  chemicals  and  interest- 
ing fossils. 

The  early  history  of  the  State  is  identical 
with  that  of  North  Dakota  (q.  v.),  from 
which  it  was  separated  and  admitted  as  a 
state  in  1889.  The  total  land  area  is  49,- 
184,000  acres,  of  which  12,908.977  acres 
are  reserved  for  the  Indians.  With  the  ex- 
ception of  the  forests  of  the  Black  Hills 
the  State  is  almost  an  arid  plain.  In  1902 
about  12,107,114  acres  were  vacant  land. 
In  1908  there  remained  unreserved  aud 
unappropriated  6,561,295  acres.  About  40.- 
000  acres  are  irrigated  and  the  Federal 
plan  of  irrigation  will  reclaim  100.000  acres 
in  the  Belle  Fourche  Valley.  United  States 
Land  offices  are  located  at  Aberdeen.  Cham- 
berlain, Lemmon,  Mitchell,  Pierre  and  Rapid 
City. 

The  value  of  domestic  animals,  poultry, 
etc.,  in  1910  was  $128.202.000.  including 
612.000  horses,  valued  at  $64.260.000;  10- 
000  mules,  $1,210.000:  656.000  milch  cows, 
.f21.648.000:  1.131.000  other  cattle  $28- 
832,000;  829.000  sheep.  $3.316.000:  805,- 
000  swine,  $8,936,000.  The  yield  and  value 
of  field  crops  in  1911  was  :  Corn,  2.310.000 
acres,  50.820.000  bushels.  $26.935  000  • 
wheat,  3,700,000  accres,  14.800,000  bushels. 
$13,468,000  ;  oats,  l,540,00j  acres,  11  396  - 
000  bushels.  $4,900,000;  rye,  13.000  acres, 
130,000  bushels,  $99.000  ;  "potatoes.  56.000 
acres,  4,032,000  bushels,  $2.822.000  :  hav, 
459,000  acres,  252,000  tons.  $2.142.000 
The  gold  output  in  1911  was  359,444  fine 
ounces,  worth  $7,430,367,  most  of  which 
was  produced  at  the  Homestake  mine,  at 
Lead,  in  the  Black  Hills.  The  silver  pro- 
duced the  same  year  was  206.188  fine 
ounces,  valued  at  $113.403.  Natural  gas. 
lead,  stone  and  clay  products  arc  also  foiuvl. 
The  manufactures  of  the  State  are  confined 
mainly  to  flour,  lumber  and  dairy  products. 
The  report  of  the  State  Treasurer  for  the 
fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1911,  showed 
receipts  for  the  year.  $3.760.213;  expendi- 
tures, $4.001.626:  cash  balance,  $421,150. 
The  population  in  1910  was  583,888. 

South  Dakota: 

Admission  of,  into  Union,  proclaimed, 

5457. 

Discussed,   5485. 
Lands    in — 

Opened  to  settlement  bv  proclama- 
tion, 5707,  6016. 

Set  apart  an  public  reservation   by 
proclamation,  6216. 

South  Mountain,  or  Boonsboro  (Md.), 
Battle  of. — After  driving  the  Union  army 
back  upon  the  fortifications  around  Wash- 
ington, Lee's  army  crossed  the  Potomac 
into  Maryland.  The  Confederate  com- 
mander issued  an  address  to  the  people  of- 
fering them  the  protection  of  his  govern- 
ment and  calling  for  volunteer  soldiers.  He 
sent  the  greater  part  of  his  army,  about 
25,000  men,  under  .Jackson,  to  capture  I  lie 
garrison  at  Harpers  Ferry.  As  soon  as  it 
became  known  at  Washington  that  Lee 
had  crossed  into  Maryland,  McClellan  was 
ordered  to  follow  him  with  all  the  troops 


Encyclopedic  1  ndex 


Southern 


not  needed  to  defend  Washington.  Sept. 
12,  1802,  McClellan  reached  Frederick  with 
a  force  estimated  at  from  80,000  to  1)0,000 
just  after  it  had  been  evacuated  by  Lee's 
army,  which  had  passed  west  over  the 
Catoctin  Mountains  toward  South  Moun- 
tain. The  road  from  Frederick  to  Hagers- 
town,  Md.,  passes  through  Turners  Gap  of 
this  mountain.  Here  on  Sept  14,  1862, 
Gen.  D.  H.  Hill,  with  a  force  of  about  6,000 
men,  successfully  resisted  repeated  assaults 
from  Hooker's  and  Burnside's  corps,  fully 
30,000  strong.  At  3  P.  M.  Hill  was  re- 
enforced  by  1,900  men,  and  later  in  the 
day  by  Longstreet  with  six  brigades,  only 
four  of  which,  numbering  3,0ou  men,  were 
seriously  engaged.  The  gap  was  contested 
from  8  A.  M.  until  after  dark.  During  the 
night  the  Confederates  retired.  Franklin 
took  possession  of  Crampion's  Gap,  six 
miles  below,  held  by  the  Confederates  un- 
der Howell  Cobb.  The  Federal  loss  at 
Turners  Gap,  South  Mountain,  was  3'_'8 
killed  and  1,463  wounded  and  missing,  and 
nt  Crampton's  Gap  115  killed  and  418  miss- 
Ing.  The  Confederate  loss  at  both  aggre- 
gated 1)34. 

South  Polar  Regions.— The  Antarctic 
Ocean  includes  much  more  of  the  circum- 
jkolar  ocean  than  the  part  south  of  the 
Antarctic  Circle  (G0i°  S.),  as  drifting  pack 
ice  is  carried  a  long  way  to  the  north.  Ice- 
bergs are  often  met  with  north  of  45°  S. 
It  is  now  considered  that  the  land  which 
has  been  sighted  at  various  points  forms 
part  of  the  Antarctic  continent,  probably 
lofiior  than  Greenland  and  larger  than  Aus- 
tralia. This  plateau  is  covered  with  a  sheet 
of  nfr6  and  ice  which  seems  to  be  slowly 
creeping  toward  the  sea.  The  icebergs  dif- 
fer completely  from  those  of  the  Arctic, 
forming  large  flat-topped  islands  with  per- 
pendicular sides. 

In  the  interior  the  plateau  rises  to  over 
10,000  feet  and  is  remarkably  level.  On 
this  some  of  the  peaks  exceed  15,000  feet. 
In  Victoria  Laud  there  have  been  great  vol- 
canic eruptions  in  geologically  recent  epochs. 
To  these  are  due  the  conical  peaks  of  Ere- 
bus (12,700  feet),  which  is  still  active. 
Terror,  Melbourne,  and  Discovery,  and 
numerous  isolated  craters. 

There  are  no  land  animals,  but  micro- 
scopic life  has  been  found  in  ponds  which 
can  endure  great  extremes  of  cold  and 
heat. 

Exploration. — A  southern  continent  was 
believed  to  exist  in  the  sixteenth  and  seven- 
teenth centuries,  but  it  was  not  till  1774 
that  Cook  crossed  the  Antarctic  Circle  and 
reached  in  his  voyages  71°  10'  S.-106"  54' 
"XV.  in  1774.  This  was  the  furthest  point 
south  attained  in  the  eighteenth  century. 
Bellingshausen,  in  a  Russian  expedition  sup- 
plementing Cook's  voyages,  reached  69°  25' 
S.  and  1°  11'  W.  in  1819,  and  in  1821 
sighted  the  first  land  ever  seen  within 
the  Antarctic  Circle,  to  which  he  gave  the 
name  of  Peter  I.  Island.  In  1823  James 
Weddell  reached  74°  15'  S.  and  34'  17' W.  In 
1831-1832  Biscoe  discovered  Graham  Land. 
In  1835  an  attempt  was  made  to  reach 
the  Magnetic  Pole  by  a  French  expedition 
that  met  with  no  success,  though  land  was 
sighted  inside  the  Antarctic  Circle. 

In  1839  the  Erebus  and  Terror,  the  for- 
mer commanded  by  Koss,  entered  pack  ice 
in  174°  E.,  and  succeeded  in  getting  through 
the  ice  into  open  sea  to  the  south.  He 
discovered  a  chain  of  mountains  south  of 
Cape  Adaro  in  71°  S.,  and  the  laud  was 
taken  possession  of  as  Victoria  Laud.  The 
names  of  the  two  ships  were  given  to  the 
volcanoes.  In  1842  an  attempt  was  made 
to  pass  the  Great  Ice  Barrier  on  the  east, 
and  the  land  was  discovered  now  known 
as  King  Edward's  Laud. 


There  was  no  more  exploration  till  1874, 
when  the  first  steamer,  the  Challenger, 
reached  00°  40'  S.  and  78"  30'  E.  In 
18!)4  Borchgrevink,  a  sailor  on  board  a 
Norwegian  whaler,  was  one  of  a  party  that 
landed  near  Cape  Adare,  the  first  to  set 
foot  on  the  Antarctic  continent.  In  1895 
Interest  in  Antarctic  exploration  was 
aroused  by  the  efforts  of  Sir  Clement  Mark- 
ham,  President  of  the  Royal  British  Geo- 
grapuical  Society,  and  the  International 
Geographic  Congress,  and  the  modern  era 
of  South  Polar  discovery  was  Inaugurated. 

In  1899  Borchgrevink,  in  the  Hmtthvrn 
Cross,  an  expedition  equipped  by  Sir 
George  Newncs,  took  dogs  and  sledges  to 
attempt  to  reach  the  Magnetic  Pole,  and 
landed  near  ("ape  Adare.  It  was  found  that 
the  ice  barrier  had  receded  about  30  miles 
south  since  it  had  been  mapped  by  Ross  in 
1841. 

In  1901-1904  a  national  Antarctic-expedition 
was  organized  under  Scott.  In  lliOli  Scott, 
Shackleton,  and  Wilson  reached  82°  17'  S. 
with  dog  sledges.  An  elevation  of  9,000 
feet  was  attained  on  the  plateau.  Nor- 
denskjold,  in  the  Antarctic,  and  Bruce,  in 
the  Scotia,  added  to  the  knowledge  of  the 
South  Polar  regions.  In  1904  Charcot,  in 
the  Franqais,  and  in  1909  in  the  Pourquoi 
1'us,  explored  the  Bellingshausen  Sea.  In 
1909  Shackleton,  in  the  Xiinrod,  attempted 
to  land  a  shore  party  to  winter  on  King 
Edward's  Land  but  wintered  near  the  base 
of  Mount  Erebus,  about  20  miles  to  the 
north  of  the  Discovery's  winter  quarters. 
An  ascent  of  Mount  Erebus  was  made 
David  reached  the  South  Magnetic  Pole,  and 
Shackleton  with  his  companions  reached  the 
upper  plateau  at  about  10,000  feet  where 
they  were  obliged  to  return  in  8S°  23'  S 
113  miles  from  the  Pole.  In  1910  Scott  left 
In  the  Terra  Nova  for  an  extended  period 
or  scientific  exploration.  It  was  expected 
that  he  would  be  the  first  to  reach  the 
Pole,  but  Captain  Amundsen  attained  the 
most  southerly  point  on  Dec.  16,  1911,  after 
a  remarkably  rapid  journev.  lie  used  dogs 
and  skis  and  relied  on  depots  of  seal  meat. 
The  mountain  range  of  Victoria  Laud  was 
reached  in  about  85°  S.  and  a  path  to  the 
plateau  found  by  the  Devil's  Glazier  be- 
tween elevations  of  12,000  to  15,000  feet 
The  plateau  was  10,750  feet  at  its  highest 
point,  and  sloped  slightly  downward  to  the 
Pole  at  10,500  feet. 

Captain  Robert  Falcon  Scott,  R.  N.,  was 
born  June  6,  1808,  and  reached  the  South 
Pole  on  Jan.  18,  1912,  witn  four  compan- 
ions. On  the  return  journey  he  perished 
with  his  party  on  (or  about  )  March  29, 
1912,  the  bodies  being  discovered  by  tho 
relief  expedition  on  Jan.  18,  1913. 

South   Sea   Exploring   Expeditions: 
Delay  in  preparation  of,  1646,  1683. 
Expenses  of,  referred  to,  904. 
New     continent    discovered    by,     re- 
ferred   to,    1835. 
Referred  to,   1496,   1719. 
Southern  Claims  Commission   (see  also 

Court   of    Claims) : 
Discussed,    4205. 
Transfer    of   4th   of   July    claims   to, 

recommended,  4361,  4425. 
Southern  Exposition  at  Louisville  dis- 
cussed, 4773. 

Board    on    behalf    of    Executive    De- 
partments  designated,  4S19. 
Instructions    to,    4820. 
Southern  Indians.    (See  Indian  Tribes. i 


Southern 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Southern  States   (s^e  also   Confederate 
States;    Eeeonstruction;   Secession; 
Slavery;   Civil   War): 
Acts— 

For   admission    of   certain,  vetoed, 

3846,  3848, 

To  provide  for  more   efficient  gov- 
ernment of,  vetoed.    (See  Eeeon- 
struction.) 
Blockade    of   ports    of.         (See    Civil 

War.) 
Commercial   intercourse   with.       (See 

Confederate  States.) 
Condition    of,   discussed,   4107. 
Courts  for,  referred   to,  31376. 
Direct   tax  to   be   collected   from,   re- 
ferred to,   3589. 

Elections  in,  complications  growing 
out  of,  and  other  disturbances 
discussed,  4071,  4072,  4104,  4117, 
4161,  4166,  4218,  4219,  4250,  4259, 
4273,  4367,  4372. 
Federal  interference  in,  discussed, 

4259. 

Habeas  corpus,  writ  of,   suspended 

in  certain  sections,  4090,  4093. 

Revoked   as   to    Marion    County, 

S.    C.,    4092. 

Proclamations       regarding,       4086, 
4088,  4089,  4090,  4092,  4093,  4177, 
4226,  4230,  4276,  4350. 
Troops   stationed  at  polling  places 

in,  referred  to,  4367,  4372. 
Governments  to   be  reestablished   in, 
proclamations     regarding,     3414, 
3423. 

Act  to  guarantee  to  certain  States 
republican  form  of  government, 
3424. 

Discussed,  3390. 

Joint    resolution    excluding    electoral 
votes  of  States  lately   in  rebellion 
vetoed,  3S49. 
Kidnapping  of  negroes  in,  for  purpose 

of  selling  as  slaves  in  Cuba,  3578. 
Modification    of    oath    of    office    per- 
taining   to   efficient    administration 
of    revenue     and     postal    laws     in, 
recommended,  3580. 
Eeeonstruction  of.      (See  Eeeonstruc- 
tion.) 

Eeport   on   conditions   in,   by — 
Grant,  Ulysses  S.,  3571. 
Scliur/,   Carl,   3571. 
Sherman,  William  T.,  3570. 
Truman,  Benjamin  C.,  3584. 
Eestoration  of,  into  Union.    (See  Ee3- 

t oral  ion.) 
Eevenue  and  postal  laws  in,  referred 

to.  3580. 

Union  and  Confederate  flags,  return 
of,  to  respective  States  recom- 
mended, 5  HK'. 

Proposition  withdrawn,  5164. 
Unlawful      combinations      in.        (See 
Elections  in,  <int>:) 


Southwest  Territory.— A  region  compris- 
ing portions  of  the  present  States  of  Ten- 
nessee, Kentucky,  and  Mississippi,  together 
with  a  strip  of  land  ceded  to  the  General 
Government  by  South  Carolina.  Though 
never  organized  under  one  territorial  gov- 
ernment, it  was  known  as  the  Southwest 
Territory.  An  unsuccessful  attempt  was 
made  to  organize  a  portion  of  this  territory 
into  a  new  state  to  be  called  Franklin 
(q.  v.).  With  the  admission  of  Tennessee 
and  Kentucky  and  the  organization  of  a 
Territorial  government  in  Mississippi  this 
territory  went  out  of  existence. 

Spain. — The  Kingdom  of  Spain  occupies  the 
greater  portion  of  the  Iberian  Peninsula  of 
southwestern  Europe,  and  consists  of  Con- 
tinental Spain,  occupying  eleven-thir- 
teenths of  the  peninsula  (the  remainder 
being  occupied  by  the  Republic  of  Portu- 
gal and  the  British  rocky  fortress  of  Gi- 
braltar), the  Balearic  Islands,  the  fortified 
station  of  Ceuta,  and  the  Canary  Islands. 
The  Balearic  and  Canary  Islands  and  Ceuta 
form  an  integral  part  of  the  kingdom, 
which  also  possesses  certain  colonies  and 
dependencies.  Continental  Spain  lies  be- 
tween 30° -4.'}°  45'  N.  latitude  aud  4°  ^15'  K.- 
9°  '20'  W.  longitude,  and  has  a  total  area 
of  191,81)3  square  miles.  The  Balearic  Isl- 
ands are  an  archipelago  of  four  large  aud 
eleven  small  islands  in  the  Mediterranean. 
Of  the  four  larger  islands,  Majorca  has 
an  area  of  430  square  miles;  Minorca  ('260 
square  miles)  possesses  the  magnificent  har- 
bor of  Port  Mahon  and  a  former  capital  in 
C'iudadela  ;  Iviza  has  La  Cimlad  as  capital  ; 
and  Formentera  has  an  area  of  37  square 
miles.  The  eleven  small  islands  have  an 
area  of  985  square  miles — a  total  for  the 
Archipelago  of  1,935  square  miles.  Ceuta  is 
a  fortified  post  on  the  Moroccan  coast,  op- 
posite Gibraltar  (the  Straits  of  Gibraltar 
being  14  miles  wide  between  the  two  for- 
tresses), and  consists  of  a  promontory  con- 
nected with  the  mainland  by  a  narrow 
isthmus.  At  the  seaward  end  of  the  pro- 
montory is  the  Monte  del  Ilaeko,  formerly 
called  Abyla,  and  one  of  the  "Pillars  of 
Hercules."  Ceuta  has  an  area  of  5  square 
miles,  with  a  population  of  about  13.000. 
The  Canary  Islands  are  an  Archipelago  in 
the  Atlantic  Ocean,  about  (JO  miles  from  the 
coast  of  West  Africa.  The  total  area  is 
!i,S07  square  miles  and  the  population 
(1910)  419,809.  The  Archipelago  consists 
of  seven  islands  and  six  uninhabited  islets. 
Of  the  seven  inhabited  islands,  Teneriffe 
has  an  area  of  78L!  square  miles  and  a  pop- 
ulation of  close  on  150,000,  its  capital, 
Santa  Cruz,  having  53,403  inhabitants  in 
1910,  and  forming  the  administrative  cen- 
ter of  the  group.  Fuertevent nra.  Grand 
Canary,  I.anzarote,  Palma,  Gomera,  Ilierro 
are  the  others. 

I'Jijtxicnl  Features. — Central  Spain  con- 
sists of  an  extensive  tableland,  between  the 
Cantabriau  Mountains  and  the  Pyrenees  in 
the  north  and  the  Sierra  Nevada  in  the 
south,  with  the  Castilian  Divinding  Hnnge 
running  almost  east  and  west  in  the  middle 
of  the  plateau.  Between  the  plateau  and 
the  Pyrenees  is  the  northeastern  lowland 
of  the  Kbro  Valley,  and  in  the  southwest  is 
the  valley  of  the  Guadalquivir.  The  prin- 
cipal rivers  are  the  Tagus,  Douro,  Kbro, 
Guadiana,  and  Guadalquivir. 

The  early  inhabitants  were  Celts  and 
Iberians,  with  Phoenician  colonists. 

The  climate  of  the  tableland  has  great 
extremes,  lint  that  of  the  eastern  (Mediter- 
ranean) provinces  is  more  equable,  while  the 
southern  provinces  are  sub-tropical,  with 
great  summer  heat  and  mild  winters,  vege- 
tation being  at  its  best  in  midwinter.  The 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Spain 


north  and  northwest  have  a  mild  nnd  equ- 
able climate  with  abundant  rainfall. 

History. — Roman  Spain  was  invaded  In 
the  fifth  century  by  the  Vandals,  Visigoths, 
and  Suebi,  and  early  in  the  eighth  century 
the  country  was  conquered  by  Moslems  from 
northern  Africa,  who  remained  the  domi- 
nant power  for  nearly  700  years,  but  be- 
fore their  expulsion  from  Spain,  at  the  in- 
stigation of  the  Inquisition  in  1502,  they 
had  sunk  from  the  position  of  conquerors 
to  semi-servile  trading  communities.  The 
greatness  of  the  country  began  with  the 
reign  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  (1474- 
1516),  under  whom  the  Kingdom  was  con- 
solidated and  its  dominions  extended  by  ad- 
venturous conquerors,  who  carried  the  re- 
ligion and  flag  01  Spain  over  a  territory 
many  times  greater  than  their  native  land. 
Toward  the  close  of  the  sixteenth  century 
the  Netherlands  passed  to  the  Spanish 
crown  by  inheritance,  and  the  zenith  of 
Spain's  grandeur  may  be  said  to  have  been 
reached.  The  religious  wars  in  the  Low 
Countries  and  in  France  and  a  war  with 
England,  marked  by  the  disastrous  expedi- 
tion of  the  Great  Armada  (1588),  were 
the  beginnings  of  the  decadence  of  Spain, 
which  suffered  from  a  century  of  weak 
kings,  whoso  line  ended  in  1700  at  the 
death  of  Charles  II.  The  succession  led 
to  a  great  European  war,  which  terminated 
in  the  Treaty  of  Utrecht,  signed  by  Eng- 
land and  France  on  April  11  (and  by  Eng- 
land and  Spain  on  July  13),  171S,  by 
which  Gibraltar  was  ceded  to  England.  At 
the  beginning  of  the  nineteenth  century  the 
country  was  an  easy  prey  to  the  armies  of 
Napoleon,  who  placed  his  brother  upon  the 
throne.  Napoleon's  generals  occupied  Spain 
and  1'ortugal  in  1812,  but  within  two  years 
the  invaders  were  driven  out  by  the  genius 
of  Wellington,  and  Ferdinand  VII.  was  re- 
stored in  1814.  The  nineteenth  century 
witnessed  many  upheavals,  including  the 
revolution  of  1820,  the  revolt  of  the  South 
American  Colonies,  1821-1823.  the  Carlist 
Wars  of  1840,  1860,  and  1873-1876  (by 
which  the  adherents  of  Don  Carlos,  brother 
of  Ferdinand  VII.,  endeavored  to  obtain 
the  throne  for  their  leader  and  his  succes- 
sors), a  revolution  of  1868  and  the  insti- 
tution of  a  Republic  1868-1874,  the  Bour- 
bon restoration  of  1874,  the  Cuban  Insur- 
rections of  1869  and  1898,  and  the  Spanish- 
American  War  of  April-December,  1898, 
terminating  in  the  Treaty  of  Paris  (Decem- 
ber 12,  1898),  by  which  Spain  renounced 
the  sovereignty  of  Cuba  and  ceded  Porto 
Rico,  the  Philippine  Islands  and  other  terri- 
tory to  the  United  States. 

Government. — The  government  is  that  of 
a  constitutional  monarchy  ;  hereditary  in 
the  male  (and  eventually  in  the  female)  line 
of  the  house  of  Bourbon- An jou,  the  consti- 
tution resting  on  the  fundamental  law  of 
June  30,  1876.  Ruler:  Alfonso  XIII,  King 
of  Spain,  of  Castile,  Leon.  Aragon,  the  two 
Sicilies.  Jerusalem,  Navarre,  Grenada,  To- 
ledo. Valencia,  Galicia.  Majorca  and  Minor- 
ca, Seville,  Cerdena,  Cordova,  Corcega,  Mur- 
cia.  Jaen,  Algnrva,  Algeciras,  Canary  Isl- 
ands, etc.  :  born  (posthumously)  May  17, 
1880:  assumed  the  government  May  17, 
1902:  married  May  31,  1906. 

The  legislative  body,  or  Cortes,  is  com- 
posed of  the  Senate  and  the  Chamber  of 
Deputies.  The  Senate  contains  360  mem- 
bers, of  whom  one-half  are  hereditary  offi- 
cial or  life  members  and  one-half  elective, 
in  three  classes:  (1)  Grandees  of  Spain, 
with  Incomes  exceeding  60,000  pesetas,  and 
hign  officials  of  the  Church,  Army,  Navy, 
and  judiciary:  (2)  Life  members  nominated 
by  the  Sovereign;  (3)  Members  elected  by 
tlte  49  provinces  (3  each)  and  by  the  acad- 
emies, universities,  dioceses,  and  State  cor- 


porations, and  renewable  as  to  one-half 
every  live  years.  The  Chamber  of  Dep- 
uties consists  of  404  members  (1  for 
every  50,000  of  the  population)  elected  by 
universal  suffrage  of  all  male  Spaniards 
aged  twenty-five. 

The  Kingdom  is  divided  into  495  partition 
judicialcs,  each  containing  a  court  of  first 
instance,  from  which  appeals  are  heard  by 
15  audiencias  tcrritorialrx.  Criminal  causes 
are  determined  by  quarterly  assix.es  in  each 
of  the  49  provinces.  There  is  a  Supreme 
Court  of  Cassation  (with  civil  and  criminal 
departments)  at  the  capital. 

Kducntion. — Primary  Education  is  nom- 
inally compulsory  and  is  mainly  free.  Th<>re 
are  universities  at  Barcelona,  Granada, 
Madrid,  Salamanca,  Santiago.  Saragossa, 
Seville,  Valencia,  and  Valladolid. 

Population. — The  census  of  the  forty-nine 
provinces  taken  in  1910  gave  the  population 
as  19,588.688,  in  an  area  of  194,700  square 
miles.  The  density  of  population  (100.6 
per  square  mile)  bears  no  true  relation  to 
the  resources  of  the  Kingdom  which  could 
easily  support  more  than  live  times  the  pres- 
ent number  of  Inhabitants.  Included  in  the 
generic  term  "Spaniards"  are  about  fioo.ooo 
Basques  in  the  northern  provinces,  Catalans 
in  the  northeast  and  Galicians  in  the  north- 
west. 

Production,  and  Indiifsln/. — The  total  area 
is  estimated  at  124,616,000  English  statute 
acres,  of  which  (in  1906)  53.606,114  acres 
were  cultivated. 

In  1911  there  were  3,245.000  acres  of 
vineyards,  which  produced  3.O19,OOO  tons 
of  grapes,  and  3,5S7,79O  acres  of  olive 
trees,  which  produced  1,729.894  tons  of 
olives.  In  1912  there  were  525,8.13  horses, 
928,920  mules,  829,410  asses,  2.561.S94  cut- 
tle, 15, 82!). 954  sheep,  3,116,226  goats,  and 
2,571,359  pigs.  The  year  1911  was  one  of 
the  worst,  possible  from  the  point  of  view 
of  breeding.  The  coast  fisheries  include 
sardines,  tunny,  anchovies,  salmon  and  cod, 
and  employ  over  70,000  fishermen,  the  value 
of  the  annual  catch  being  about  50  to  60 
million  pesetas  ;the  sardine-curing  establish- 
ments employ  a  further  16,000  persons. 

The  mineral  resources  of  the  country  are 
only  partially  exploited,  and  principally  by 
foreign  capital  under  foreign  direction.'  In 
the  production  of  copper  ore,  lead  ore,  mer- 
cury and  silver,  however,  Spain  is  surpassed 
by  no  other  European  country,  and  its  an- 
nual output  of  salt  is  exceeded  only  by  that 
of  Austria-Hungary.  Conl  is  very  plentiful, 
but  the  production  is  comparatively  small, 
and  among  the  other  minerals  are*  manga- 
nese, antimony,  gold,  cobalt,  sodic  sulphate, 
barytes,  phosphorite,  alum,  sulphur,  china 
clay,  lignite,  asphalt  and  various  building 
stones.  Over  150.000  persons  are  employed 
in  mineral  production,  and  the  annual  out- 
put exceeds  200,000,000  pesetas  in  value-. 

Cotton  and  linen  manufactures  are  the 
most  important  industries,  and  increased 
efforts  are  being  exerted  to  supply  the 
home  demand  since  the  loss  of  the  former 
colonial  outlets,  but  the  imports  are  still 
considerable.  Tobacco  (a  Government  mo- 
nopoly!, leather,  paper,  soap,  chocolate, 
cork,  distilling  and  fruit  preserving  are  also 
considerable  industries. 

Finance. — The  budget  for  1913  provided 
for  an  expenditure  01  1,146,901.171  pesetas 
from  a  revenue  of  1, 107,436. 472  pesetas. 
leaving  a  surplus  of  110,535,300  pesetas. 
The  national  debt  was  stated  Jan.  1.  1913 
as  9,407,141,705  pesetas,  at  4  and  5  pel- 
cent.  The  unit  of  value,  the  pesei.-i.  i* 
equivalent  to  .SO.  19. 3,  United  States  money, 
the  same  as  the  French  frane. 

Raihi:<ii/x. — In  1912  there  wore  9.161  miles 
of  railway  open,  all  lines  being  owned  by 
companies  with  a  State  guarantee. 


Spain 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Cities. — Capital.  Madrid,  on  the  river 
Manzauares.  Population  571,530.  At  the 
census  of  lino  there  were  7  towns  with 
populations  exceeding  100,000,  15  others  ex- 
ceeding 50,000  and  13  more  above  25,000. 

Trade  iritli  tlic  United  States.- — The  value 
of  merchandise  imported  into  Spain  from 
the  United  States  for  the  year  of  1913  was 
$31.471.723,  and  goods  to  the  value  of 
$23,220.012  were  sent  thither — a  balance 
of  $8,1:51,711  in  favor  of  the  United  States. 

KIO  Mt'M  lor  Spanish  Guinea)  is  a 
coastal  settlement  of  West  Africa  between 
German  Cameroon  and  French  Congo,  ex- 
tending about  125  miles  inland.  The  in- 
habitants are  Bantu  tribes.  Cocoa,  coffee, 
and  bananas  are  cultivated,  and  rubber, 
palm-oil,  palm-kernels,  and  other  forest 
produce  are  exported. 

RIO  DI-:  OHO  is  a  possession  on  the  north 
west  coast  of  Africa,  between  Cape  Boga- 
dor  find  Cape  Blanco.  The  territory  is  part 
of  the  waterless  Sahara,  with  a  sparse 
population  of  wandering  Muhammndan 
A ralis.  There  are  valuable  fisheries  off  the 
coast,  and  cattle,  sheep,  and  camels  are 
bred  where  vegetation  permits. 

N/M.V/N//  COLOMKH  (exclusive  of 
Centa  and  the  Canary  Islands,  which  form 
an  integral  part  of  Spain)  consist  of  certain 
settlements  and  islands  of  western  Africa, 
with  a  total  area  of  close  on  82,400  Eng- 
lish square  mil  >s,  and  a  population  exceed- 
ing 275,000. 

FKK.\A\nO  J'O  lies  in  the  Bight  of 
Biafra  in  .",°  12'  X.  latitude  and  8°  48'  E. 
longitude,  about  20  miles  distant  from  the 
west  coast  of  Africa,  and  is  a  mountainous 
island  (1'icc,  <le  Santa  Isabel,  10,800  feet), 
with  forests  of  oil  palm,  ebony,  mahogany, 
and  oak,  and  sugar  cane,  cotton,  and  indigo. 
Cocoa,  coffee,  sugar,  tobacco,  vanilla,  and 
kola  nut  are  cultivated,  and  large  quanti- 
ties of  cneoa  and  other  products  are  ex- 
ported. The  capital  is  Basile,  and  the  larg- 
est town  Port  Clarence  (1,500  inhabitants). 
Dependencies  of  the  island  of  Fernando  Po 
are  :  — 

Annopon  Island,  in  the  Gulf  of  Guinea, 
in  1°  24'  S.  latitude  and  50°  35'  E.  longi- 
tude. Tin1  roadstead  at  the  capital  (San 
Antonio  de  Baia)  is  much  frequented  by 
passing  vessels,  which  also  obtain  water 
and  vegetables  from  the  islanders. 

('fjrim-H  I.tldtifL?,  consisting  of  Corisco, 
Bana,  Klobey  Grande  and  Klobey  Chico, 
lie  in  Corisco  Bay,  and  export  ebony,  log- 
wood, and  other  forest  produce. 

MOROCCO  A\D  TIIK  SAHARA.— Ry  a 
treaty  signed  on  Nov.  27,  1912,  between 
France  and  Spain,  the  latter  acquired  a 
zone  or  sphere  of  influence  in  North  Mo- 
rocco, the  capital  being  Tctuan,  where  the 
Suit;  n's  authority  is  represented  by  a 
Khalifa.  The  limits  of  the  Rio  de 'Oro 
and  Hlo  Muni  were  also  defined  in  the 
treaty  with  France  (see  "Morocco"). 

Milill'i  is  a  town  on  a  rocky  promontory 
of  the  Itlff  coast,  connected  with  the  main- 
land by  a  narrow  isthmus.  The  popula-i 
tlon  is  about  0.000.  and  the  settlement 
(which  was  conquered  from  the  Moors  in 
14!>0)  exports  goatskins,  eggs,  and  bees- 
wax, and  Imports  cotton  goods  and  provi- 
sions. 
Spain  (see  also  Barcelona;  Madrid): 

American   citizens — 

Conspiracies    of,   against,    146,   .'594. 

Proi-lamat  ion   against,  .'592,  546. 
Property  of,  drst  roved  by,  .'572,  .'576, 
082. 

Kcscned    by    vessel    of,    112.'5. 

Rights    of,   violated    by    authorities 
Of,  2770. 


Authority  of,  in  the  Floridas  almost 

extinct,  600,  609. 

Authority  to  grant  or  dispose  of 
lands  of,  in  Louisiana  referred  to, 
651. 

Black  Hawk  seized  by  and  interfered 
with  by  Spain.    (See  Black  Hawk, 
Encyclopedic   Article   on.) 
Blockade — 

Establishment  by,  claims  of  United 

States  growing  out   of,   1112. 
Of  Spanish  Main  referred  to,   776. 
Boundary  line  with,  and  questions  re- 
garding,  186,  192,  236,   245,   263, 
388,  962,   1038. 
Improper  advances  made  by  Spain, 

388. 
Caroline  Islands — 

Dispute    with    Germany   regarding, 

4916. 

Questions  touching  rights  of  Amer- 
ican citizens  in,  5622,  5751, 
5872. 

Civil   war   in,    1592. 

Claims  of,  against  United  States  (see 

also  Amiatad,  The;   P^ast  Florida 

Claims;   Nucstra  tfrnora,   The) — • 

Discussed,    2461,    2688,    2742,   2977, 

3042,  3092. 
Payment    of,    recommended,    2401, 

2688,  2742,  2977,  3042,  3092. 
Claims   of,   to  lands    in  Arizona   and 
New    Mexico    under    grants,    5484, 
5510,   5561. 

Claims  of  United  States  against,  and 
relations     with,     discussed     (see 
also     Black     Warrior,     The;     El 
Dorado,  The;  Virginius,  The) — 
Adjusted  by  arbitration,  4919. 
Apportionment    of   funds    received, 

recommended,  1368. 
Awards   of  commissioners  referred 

to,  4960,   5192. 
Commissioners  appointed  to  settle, 

674. 

Convention     regarding,     339,     354, 
372,    1269,     1271,     1316,     3124, 
3172. 
Interest     due    under,     not    paid, 

1931. 
"Cuban  Claims"    discussed,    3040, 

3091,    3172. 

Discussed  by  President — 
Adams,  John,  242,  264. 
Adams,  .1.  Q.,  990. 
Arthur,  4758. 

Buchanan,  2976,  3040,  3091,  3172. 
Cleveland,  4919,  5871,  5910,  5962, 

5989,  5998,  6069. 
Fillmoro,  2721. 

Grant,  4051,  4099,  4195,  4210. 
Harrison,  Benj.,  5470,  5518,  5677. 
Hayes,  4448. 

Jackson,  1007,  1069,  1109,  1112, 
llf)6,  1241,  1316,  1364,  1368. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Spain 


Jefferson,  339,  354,  372,  376. 
Madison,    560. 

Monroe,   582,  608,  610,  641,   682. 
Pierce,  2767. 
Van    Buren,    1592. 
Joint  commission  referred  to,  4535, 

4626. 
Appropriation     for    umpires    of, 

recommended,  4801. 
Awards  of,  referred  to,  5192. 
Payment  of,  867,  1316,  2869,  4052, 

4290,    4797,   6069. 
In  coin   demanded  by  claimants, 

3777,  4003. 
Referred  to,  329. 
Refused,  372,  376,  582,  2779. 
Resulting     from     Cuban     insurrec- 
tion  discussed,  4051,  4099,  4448, 
5874,  6180. 

Treaty  regarding,  referred  to,  1364. 
Combination   of   sovereigns  to   assist 
in     subjugating     American     prov- 
inces discussed,  790. 
Commercial  relations  of  United  States 
with  Cuba  and  Puerto  Rico.      (See 
Cuba;  Puerto  Rico.) 
Commercial  relations  with,  110,   112, 

113,   139,   161,   5089,   5663. 
Treaty   regarding,   discussed,   4919. 
Commissioner  to,   referred  to,  3890. 
Commissioners     arrange     treaty     of 
peace    with.         (See    Enc.    Art.    on 
Spanish- American    War.) 
Conspiracy     of     citizens     of     United 

States  against,  146,  394. 
Proclamation  against,  392,  546. 
Consul   of,  in  United   States  exequa- 
tur issued,  revoked,  2588. 
Consul  of  United  States  at  Cadiz,  re- 
fusal of  to  certify  invoices  of  wine, 
3667,  4214. 
Conventions  with.   (See  Treaty  with, 

post.) 
Copyright     privilege     extended,     by 

proclamation,  6024. 
Cuban   insurrection,   discussed.      (See 

Cuba.) 
Decree  of,  regarding  introduction  of 

Chinese  laborers  into  Cuba,  4116. 
Delivery  to,  of  person   charged  with 

crime  against,  referred  to,   3412. 
Differences    and    negotiations     with, 
discussed,    89,    139,    141,    143,    144, 
145,  168,  174,  178,  241,  245,  251,  393, 
415,  469,  598,   2811,   2840. 
Expeditions  against  territory  of,  dis- 
cussed,   146,    394,    582,    590,    592, 
601,  609. 

Proclamations  against,   392,   546. 
Florida,  cession  of,  to  United  States 

by.     (See  Florida.) 

Force   ordered  to  protect   citizens   of 

United  States  from  troops  of,  394. 

Fugitive   criminals,   convention  with, 

for  surrender  of,  4376,  4699,  4738. 


Referred  to,  4757. 
Gunboats  constructed  by,  in  and  near 

New  York  to  operate  against  Peru, 

discussed,  3987. 
Hostile  disposition  of,  toward  United 

States,  376,  393,  611. 
Imprisonment    of    American    citizens 
by,   594,    264:',,    4116,    5905.       (See 
also  Cuba.) 

Pardon  of,  discussed,  2689,  2692. 

Released,    6284. 

Indemnity  paid  by,  on  account  of  ex- 
ecution   of   (Jen.    Ryan    and   others, 

referred   to,  440S. 
Indians — 

Aid    furnished    by,    611. 

Relations    with     United    States    re- 
garding,   139. 
Interference   by,   with   the   commerce 

of  the  United  States,  329. 
Internal  contests  in,  1368,  1592,  2112, 
2811. 

Hope  expressed  that  prosperity  will 

return  with  peace,  1749. 
Lands    purchased    from,     by    United 

States,    956,    1029. 
Letters   regarding    treaty    of    United 

States    with,    transmitted,    794. 
Louisiana,     transfer     of,     to     United 

States    disagreeable    to,    376. 
Maj.-Gen.     Jackson's     entrance     into 

Florida  not  an  encroachment  upon 

rights  of,  611. 
Maritime    jurisdiction    of,    in    waters 

surrounding  Cuba,  referred  to,  3380. 
Minister  of,  to   United   States — 

Withdrawal  of,  6296,  6312. 
Minister    of    United    States    to,    107, 
148,  164,  339,  6257,  6284,  62S6. 

Correspondence    with,    referred    to, 
3964. 

New  minister  to  be  sent  to,  2976, 
3040. 

Recall  of,  148. 

Requested,   2976,   3040. 

Referred  to,  2176,  2210. 

Withdrawal    of,    6312. 
Navigation  treaty  with,  106,  110,  104. 
Neutral  vessels   deemed  lawful  pri/e 

by,  432. 
Obstruction   of  commerce   on   Mobile 

River,  by,  372,  376. 
Orders  to  the   forces  to  protect   citi- 
zens   of    the    United    States    from 

troops   of,   394. 

Pacific  policy  of,  toward  former  col- 
onies, 1009. 
Peace      conference     between      South 

American    Republics    and,    held    in 

Washington,    4052,    4099. 
People    of,    efforts   to   improve    condi- 
tion of,   762,  7S6.    ' 
Persons    claiming    American     citizen- 
ship captured  on  the  Cmniictitur  by, 

6180,  6183. 


Spain 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Policy    of    United     States    regarding 

Cuban  insurrection.  (See  Cuba.) 
Prime   minister   of,   assassination   of, 

referred  to,   6284. 

Prohibition  by  authorities  of,  to  land 
American  cargoes  at  New  Orleans, 
334. 
Provinces  of.      (See  South  American 

Provinces.) 

Provisional  government  establishment 
of,  recognized  by  United  States,  3889. 
Reciprocity  with,  G9G6. 
Release  of  citizens,  6284. 
Republican    form   of   government    in, 
efforts   of   people    of,   to    establish, 
discussed,    4194. 

Revenue  laws  of  United  States,  com- 
plaints of,  against,  referred  to, 
1956. 

Revolution   in,   referred   to,   3889. 
Spoliations    committed    on    commerce 
of    United    States   by,    329.       (See 
also  claims  against,  ante.) 
Subjects    of,    assaulted    in    New    Or- 
leans,  2654. 
Claims    arising    out    of,    discussed, 

2688. 
Trade-marks,  treaty  with,  regarding, 

4696. 

Referred  to,  4757. 
Treaty  of,  with— 
France,  185. 

South  American  Republics,  1369. 
Treaty    of    peace    with,    proclaimed. 
(See    Eric.    Art.,    Spanish-American 
War.) 

Treaty  with,  transmitted  and  dis- 
cussed, by  President — 

Adams,"  John,   241,  247,   292. 
Arthur,    4699,    4738,    4842,    4847, 

4848,    4866. 
P>urhaiian,  3124. 
Grant,   4376. 
Jefferson,   336,   372,  376. 
Monroe,   619.   622.   623,    637,   638, 

63!),  64-1,  652,  653,  672. 
Tyler,  20S5. 
Washington,    1S4,   185,    186,    192, 

197. 
Copies     of     protocol      transmitted, 

6101. 
Correspondence     regarding,     trans- 

7iiittcd,   207S. 

Faithfully   observed.  2585. 
Proclaimed.    (See   Enc.  Art.,  Span- 

ish-.A merican  War.) 
Protocol    proclaimed,    6487. 
Ratification  of,  652,  653. 
Postponed,    623,    638. 
Refuse,!,  376.  623,  639,  644. 
Referred    to.   6*2,    2*34,    4800. 
Withdrawn,  4SSS,  4922. 
Vessels    of — 

Commerce    of   United    States   inter- 
fered  with   by,   469. 


Differential  duty  imposed  upon,  re- 
ferred  to,  4407. 

Discriminating  duties  on,  suspended 
by    proclamation,    4128,    4810, 
5075,   5155. 
Discussed,    5089. 
Proclamation   revoking,   5074. 
Recommended,    1242. 
Discriminating     duties     paid     by, 

should  be  returned,  2249. 
Duties  on,  referred  to,  1138,  1156, 

2249. 

Insult  to  American  flag  by,  repara- 
tion  must  be   made   for,  560. 
Interfered   with  by  United  States. 
(See      Atnintud,      The;      Xitt'xti'ii 
ticttont,   The;    1'roridcncia,    The.) 
Minister    of,    displeased    with    de- 
cision   of    United    States    Su- 
preme  Court  regarding,   2085. 
Recommendation  of  President  re- 
garding, 2085. 
Release   of,  demanded  by  minister 

of,  1805. 

Repair  of,  at   American  docks,   re- 
ferred  to,   4005. 
Tonnage   on,  application  made   for 

reduction    in,    1795. 
Vessels  of  United  States — 

Fines  imposed  upon  by,  and  re- 
taliatory measures  discussed, 
4626,  4714,  4763,  4786,  4788, 
5961. 

Abolished,  4810,  5155. 
Must    have    certificate    to    enter 

ports  of,   147. 

Seized  or  interfered  with  by,  dis- 
cussed by  President — 
Adams,  John,  243. 
Arthur,  4626,  4759. 
Buchanan,  2976. 
Cleveland,  4919,  606S. 
Fillmore,  2679,  2721. 
Grant,  3986,  4052,  41 S9,  4195, 

4196,  4210,  4276,  4290. 
Hayes,  4436,  4560. 
Jackson,  1112. 
Pierce,  2761,  2767,  2778.  2869, 

2900. 

(See  also  lihtck  Tlairk,  The;  El  Dor- 
ado, The;  (Icoryian,  The;  Viryiniun, 
The.) 

War  with — 
Franco — 

Declaration    of,  by  Spain,  March 

23,   1793. 

Privateers    not    to    be    commis- 
sioned,   779. 
Referred  to,  821. 
South  American   Republics — 
Armistice  referred  to.  4144. 
Good     offices     of     United     States 

tendered,  3776,   3SS4. 
Accepted,  3987,  4052,  4144. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Spanish 


Vessels  being  built  in  New  York 
for  Spain  forbidden  to  depart, 
3987. 
Spanish    Provinces.       (See     Wars, 

Foreign.) 

United  States,  preparations  for,  re- 
ferred to,  376.  (See  also  Span- 
ish-American War.) 

Spain,  Treaties  with.— Tho  treaties  with 
Spain  prior  to  the  treaty  of  Paris  were 
expressly  annulled  and  abrogated  in  1902, 
except  the  treaty  of  Feb.  17,  1833,  which 
was  continued  In  force.  It  provided  for 
the  payment  of  claims  of  the  United  States 
by  the  issuance  by  Spain  of  a  series  of 
inscriptions.  The  commission  to  determine 
the  claims  (appointed  by  Congress,  June 
7,  1830)  awarded  the  sum  of  :j;ij41»,850.12S 
to  the  claimants.  The  payment  of  the  in- 
terest on  this  sum  is  made  perpetual  by 
the  convention. 

The  treaty  of  peace  of  1898,  known  as 
the  Treaty  of  Paris,  closed  the  Spanish- 
Ameriean  War.  By  it  Spain  relinquished 
nil  authority  and  claim  of  sovereignty  to 
Cuba  and  ceded  Porto  Rico  and  Guam  to 
the  United  States.  In  consideration  of  the 
payment  by  the  United  States,  within 
three  mouths  of  the  ratification  of  the 
treaty,  of  twenty  millions  of  dollars,  Spain 
ceded  to  the  United  States  the  archipelago 
known  as  the  Philippines.  It  was  agreed 
that  the  United  States  should  for  the 
space  of  ten  years  from  the  signing  of  the 
treaty  admit  Spanish  ships  and  merchan- 
dise to  the  Philippines  on  the  same  terms 
as  United  States  ships  and  merchandise. 
Spanish  soldiers  taken  as  prisoners  of  war 
at  Manila  were  to  be  sent  back  to  Spain 
at  the  expense  of  the  United  States,  with 
their  arms  restored  to  them.  Spain  should 
evacuate  the  Philippines  as  speedily  as  pos- 
sible, taking  with  her,  as  her  property,  the 
movable  munitions  of  war  and  arms,  the 
larger  arms  to  be  left  in  position  and  pur- 
chased from  Spain  by  the  United  States 
upon  terms  to  be  agreed  upon.  All  pris- 
oners of  war  to  be  released  by  both  parties. 
No  indemnity  to  be  sought  by  either  gov- 
ernment from  the  other.  The  United 
States  to  settle  all  claims  against,  Spain 
covered  by  the  relinquishmeut  of  this 
treaty. 

Spain  relinquished  to  the  United  States 
all  wharves,  docks,  barracks,  and  similar 
public  property  in  Cuba,  Porto  Rico.  Guam, 
and  in  the  Philippines  without  prejudice 
to  private  interests  therein.  Provision 
was  made  for  establishing  the  political 
status  of  subjects  of  Spain  electing  to  re- 
main within  the  ceded  possessions.  The 
right  of  establishing  a  consular  office  by 
Spain  in  any  of  the  ceded  districts  was 
accorded  by  the  treaty. 

In  1900  an  additional  treaty  was  made 
to  cover  the  cession  of  the  outlying  is- 
lands of  the  Philippines  not  specifically 
included  in  the  treaty  of  1S9S.  These  wore 
particularly  the  islands  of  the  Cagayan 
Sulu  and  Sibltu,  for  which  cession  the 
United  States  agreed  to  pay  the  snm  of 
one  hundred  thousand  dollars  to  Spain. 

In  1902  a  treaty  of  friendship  and  gen- 
eral relations  was  closed  with  Spain  to 
cover  largely  the  points  in  the  treaties 
which  had  been  abrogated  by  war.  This 
treat}'  covered  the  points  usual  in  treaties 
of  commerce  and  navigation,  and  consular 
conventions. 

An  arbitration  convention  on  the  lines 
prescribed  by  The  Hague  Convention  of 
1S99  was  signed  April  30,  1908. 


Spanish- American  Provinces.      (See 

South     American     Provinces;     South 

American  Republics.) 
Spanish-American  War.— In  February, 
1895,  the  natives  of  Cuba,  after  years  of 
oppression  by  their  Spanish  rulers,  which 
was  in  no  wise  lightened  by  various  unsuc- 
cessful revolutions,  determined  to  throw  off 
the  yoke  of  Spain.  They  took  up  arms 
against  the  mother  country,  and  quickly 
the  entire  island  was  in  a  state  of  insurrec- 
tion. This  revolution,  like  previous  out- 
breaks which  had  occurred  in  the  island, 
was  not  at  first  considered  of  sullicient  im- 
portance to  warrant  interference  or  recog- 
nition on  the  part  of  the  United  States,  al- 
though Americans  were  outspoken  in  their 
sympathy  for  Cuba  and  indignant  at  the 
stories  of  mistreatment  of  Cubans  at  the 
hands  of  Spanish  governors. 

A  similar  outbreak  in  the  island  occurred 
in  18G8,  during  the  Administration  of  Presi- 
dent Grant.  In  his  message  to  Congress 
Dec.  (!,  1869,  President  Grant  said:  ••The 
contest  (in  the  island)  has  at  no  time  as- 
sumed the  conditions  which  amount  to  a 
war  in  the  sense  of  international  law,  or 
which  would  show  the  existence  of  a 
dc  facto  political  organization  of  the  insur- 
gents sufficient  to  justify  a  recognition  of 
belligerency"  (page  3985).  In  a  message 
of  June  13,  1870,  describing  the  conditions 
in  the  island,  he  said  :  "The  insurrection 
itself,  although  not  subdued,  exhibits  no 
signs  of  advance,  but  seems  to  be  confined 
to  an  irregular  system  of  hostilities,  car- 
ried on  by  small  and  illy  armed  bands  of 
men,  roaming  without  concentration  tnrough 
the  woods  and  the  sparsely  populated  re- 
gions of  the  island,  attacking  from  ambush 
convoys  and  small  bands  of  troops,  burning 
plantations  and  the  estates  of  those  not 
sympathizing  with  their  cause"  (page 
4018).  Again,  Dec.  7.  1875.  in  a  message 
to  Congress  he  used  the  following  language 
in  respect  to  conditions  in  the  island  :  "Con- 
sidered as  a  question  of  expediency,  I  re- 
gard the  accordance  of  belligerent  rights 
still  to  lie  as  unwise  and  premature  as  I 
regard  it  to  be,  at  present,  indefensible  as 
a  measure  of  right"  (page  4L'D3). 

President  Cleveland  entertained  an  opin- 
ion in  regard  to  the  insurrection  in  Cuba 
arising  in  1895  similar  to  those  expressed 
by  President  Grant  in  regard  to  the  insur- 
rection of  1868,  and  in  his  message  of  Dec. 
2  of  that  year  he  said  :  "Whatever  may  be 
the  traditional  sympathy  of  our  country- 
men as  individuals  with  a  people  who  seem 
to  be  struggling  for  larger  autonomy  and 
greater  freedom,  deepened,  as  such  sympa- 
thy naturally  must  be,  in  behalf  of  our 
neighbors,  yet  the  plain  duty  of  their  gov- 
ernment is  to  observe  in  good  faith  the  rec- 
ognized obligations  of  international  rela- 
tionship" (page  6068).  He  insisted  that 
belligerent  rights  should  not  be  accorded 
to  the  insurgents,  because  of  peril  and  in- 
jury to  our  own  interests.  lie  said  in  his 
'message  of  Dec.  7,  1S96:  "Imperfect  and 
restricted  as  the  Spanish  government  of  the 
island  may  be,  no  other  exists  there,  unless 
the  will  of  the  military  officer  in  temporary 
command  of  a  particular  district  can  be 
dignified  as  a  species  of  government"  (page 
6151). 

The  foregoing  expressions  of  opinion 
prove  unmistakably  that  there  was  no 
reaching  out  on  the  part  of  the  United 
States  to  interfere  with  the  Spanish  rule 
in  Cuba.  When  President  McKinley  was 
inaugurated  the  insurrection  described  by 
his  immediate  predecessor  still  existed,  and 
the  grave  questions  which  had  confronted 
the  latter  were  now  presented  for  his  con- 


Spanish 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


federation.  He  declined  to  interfere  in  the 
troubles  in  the  island  in  any  way  and  ex- 
pressly refused  to  recognize  the  independ- 
ence of  Cuba.  He  declared  Spain  should 
be  given  reasonable  time  in  which  to  apply 
promised  reforms.  In  pursuance  of  Spain's 
promise  autonomous  administrations  were 
established  in  some  of  the  larger  cities, 
hut  subsequent  developments  demonstrated 
the  futility  of  such  action  and  the  failure 
of  the  newly  formed  governments.  The 
revolution  dragged  on,  sapping  the  sub- 
stance of  the  people  as  it  progressed  and 
rendering  destitute  the  poorer  classes. 
Crimes  were  committed  on  every  hand, 
while  desolation  and  disorder  reigned. 

To  add  to  the  horrors  and  atrocities  of 
the  struggle,  the  Captain-General  of  the 
island,  Valeria  no  Weyler,  Feb.  1.6,  1806, 
issued  an  edict  initiating  a  cruel  policy 
which  he  called  "reconcentration."  By 
Weyler's  order  the  agricultural  inhabitants 
were  herded  into  the  cities,  their  lands  laid 
waste,  and  their  homes  destroyed.  Crowd- 
ed within  the  cities  and  lines  of  the  Span- 
ish armies,  the  non-combatant  men.  wom- 
en, and  children  died  from  disease  and 
starvation  in  untold  numbers.  Reports  of 
the  conditions  in  Cuba  were  from  time  to 
time  brought  to  the  United  States,  and 
the  public  mind  throughout  the  country 
was  greatly  stirred.  While  this  state  of 
affairs  existed  the  second-class  battleship 
Moiiir,  which  had  been  dispatched  to  Cuban 
waters  on  a  friendly  mission,  was  on  the 
night  of  Feb.  15.  1808,  blown  up  in  the 
harbor  of  Havana.  In  this  catastrophe 
two  officers  and  258  sailors  and  marines 
perished  (page  6205).  A  thorough  investi- 
gation of  this  disaster  was  immediately  in- 
stituted, and  at  its  close  a  report  was  made 
to  the  effect  that  the  destruction  of  the 
ship  had  been  wrought  by  an  explosion 
from  without,  produced  by  a  submarine 
mine  (page  6281 ). 

The  tension  of  the  public  mind,  already 
great,  was  increased  by  this  report  and  by 
the  suspicion  in  the  minds  of  many  as  to 
the  cause  of  the  disaster.  The  people  could 
not  much  longer  be  held  in  check,  and  to 
those  who  were  even  casually  observant  it 
was  apparent  that  a  crisis  in  our  affairs 
with  Spain  was  imminent.  Congress  was 
in  session  and  unanimously  appropriated 
$50, Odd. OOO  for  the  national  defense.  The 
coasts  of  the  I'nited  Stales  were  poorly  de- 
fended, the  Navy  needed  ammunition  and 
supplies  and  an  increase  in  vessels,  while 
the  Army  required  enlargement  in  men  and 
munitions.  April  0  the  continental  powers, 
through  their  envoys  in  Washington,  gave 
expression  to  the  hope  that  an  amicable 
adjustment  of  the  impending  troubles  might 
he  reached.  The  President  replied  to  their 
representations,  and  with  them  shared  the 
hope  that  peace  might  be  preserved.  The 
President  in  his  message  of  April  11, 
1808.  announced  the  failure  of  diplomacy 
to  bring  about  a  satisfactory  settlement  of 
the  difliculties  and  recommended  to  Con- 
gress forcible  intervention  (page  6281). 

April  10,  after  refusing  to  recognize  the 
government  of  Cuba.  Congress  with  much 
unanimity  declared  the  isl.ind  independent 
of  Spain  and  authorized  forcible  interven- 
tion (page  62071.  The  resolutions  met  with 
the  approval  of  tbe  Kxecutive,  and  lie 
signed  them  I  he  next  day.  Spain  regarded 
this  act  on  the  part  (if'the  I'nii"d  States 
as  '•equivalent  to  an  evident  d-'c!a  ra  t  inn  of 
war."  The  ministers  of  the  two  cmmi  rii-s 
were  recalled  and  diplomatic  relations  ter- 
minate,!. April  22  a  blockade  of  Cjil.ali 
ports  was  proclaimed  ipaue  »',  IVl'i.  and  the 
following  day  a  call  was  made  for  1  LTi.iHH) 
volunteers  (page  filT.'li.  A  formal  declara- 
tion of  war  was  recommended  by  the  Presi- 


dent, and  April  25  Congress  declared  the 
existence  of  war  from  and  including  April 
21.  Due  notification  of  the  existence  of  war 
was  given  to  the  various  governments  April 
25,  nearly  all  of  which  immediately  re- 
sponded with  proclamations  of  neutrality. 

May  25  there  was  a  second  call  for  vol- 
unteers, 75.000  in  number  (page  6477). 
Like  the  initial  call  for  125,000,  this  was 
responded  to  without  delay.  The  regular 
army  was  largely  increased,  as  was  the  en- 
listed force  of  the  Navy.  More  than  100 
vessels  were  added  to  the  Navy  by  pur- 
chase. The  coast  defenses  were  rapidly 
strengthened,  additional  guns  placed  in  po- 
sition, and  an  auxiliary  navy  was  created. 
About  1.500  submarine  mines  were  placed 
at  the  most  exposed  points  on  the  coast. 
Cable,  telegraph,  and  telephone  lines  were 
constructed  in  many  places.  In  addition  to 
the  national  defense  fund  of  $50,000,000, 
which  was  expended  in  large  part  by  the 
Army  and  Navy,  Congress  provided  further 
means  for  prosecuting  hostilities  by  the 
war  revenue  act  of  June  13,  authorizing  a 
3  per  cent  popular  loan  not  to  exceed  $400.- 
000,000  and  levying  additional  imposts  and 
taxes.  Of  the  authorized  loan  $200.000,000 
was  offered  and  promptly  taken,  the  sub- 
scriptions far  exceeding  the  call. 

The  first  encounter  occurred  April  27, 
when  a  detachment  of  the  blockading 
squadron  made  a  reconnaissance  in  force  at 
Matanzas.  Cuba,  shelled  the  harbor  forts 
and  demolished  several  new  works  in  course 
of  construction.  The  next  engagement  oc- 
curred May  1,  at  Manila,  in  the  Philip- 
pine Islands.  The  American  squadron  at 
Hongkong,  under  Commodore  (ieorge 
Dewey,  had  been  instructed  to  proceed  to 
the  Philippine  Islands  and  to  capture  or 
destroy  the  formidable  Spanish  fleet  as- 
sembled at  Manila.  At  daybreak  of  Mav  i 
I>ewey's  fleet,  successfully  passing  over 
the  submarine  mines,  entered  Manila  Bay 
and  after  a  few  hours'  engagement  de- 
stroyed the  entire  fleet  of  ten  warships  and 
one  transport,  captured  the  naval  station 
and  forts  at  Cavite.  and  completely  con- 
trolled the  bay  of  Manila,  with  the  ability 
to  take  the  city  at  will.  On  the  American 
side  not  a  life  was  lost,  the  wounded  num- 
bering only  seven,  and  not  a  vessel  was 
materially  injured.  The  Spanish  loss  in 
killed  and  wounded  exceeded  4OO.  Thus 
the  first  great  battle  of  the  war  was  a 
victory  of  the  I'nited  States,  magnificent 
In  effect  and  extraordinary  in  detail,  stand- 
ing unequalled  in  the  achievements  of  naval 
warfare.  The  effect  of  this  remarkable 
victory  gave  a  prestige  of  invincibility  to 
the  United  States  which,  though  long  de- 
served, had  never  been  appreciated  by  the 
great  naval  powers  of  the  earth.  Reenforce- 
ments.  under  Maj.-clen.  Wesley  Merritt, 
were  hurried  to  the  Philippine  Islands  and 
firmly  established  within  sight  of  Manila, 
which  lay  helpless  before  "the  American 
guns.  The  first  expedition  sailed  from  San 
Francisco  May  25  and  arrived  off  Manila 
June  .'{0.  Other  expeditions  seen  followed, 
until  the  total  force  landed  at  Manila  con- 
sisted of  more  than  15, OOO  officers  and  men. 

In  the  meantime,  large  forces  were  as- 
sembled at  various  points  along  the  coast 
of  the  United  States  to  invade  Cuba  and 
Puerto  Rico.  San  Juan,  Puerto  Rico,  and 
the  forts  at  the  entrance  to  Santiago  Har- 
bor. Cuba,  were  shelled  by  the  American 
squadrons,  but  none  of  the  attacks  had  any 
appreciable  result.  On  the  night  of  June  .1, 
in  an  attempt  to  blockade  the  mouth  of 
Santiago  Harbor.  Assistant  Naval  ('(instruc- 
tor Richmond  P.  Hobson.  accompanied  by 
seven  men  from  the  American  squadron, 
sank  the  collier  Murrlmne  across  the  narrow 
channel.  This  unparalleled  act  of  heroism 


Encyclopedic  hulcx 


Spanish 


thrilled  not  only  the  hearts  of  the  Ameri- 
ca a  people,  but  challenged  the  admiration 
of  the  world.  Under  the  protection  of  a 
purl  inn  of  the  American  fleet,  a  landing  of 
«iOO  marines  was  eft' voted  at  Guantanamo 
Hay  on  .June  10.  This  port  was  taken  and 
held  after  severe  lighting  by  the  marines, 
who  were  the  lirst  organized  forces  of  the 
United  States  to  land  in  Cuba.  By  June  16 
additional  forces  had  been  landed. 

June  20  the  advance  of  the  American 
army  under  Maj.-Gen.  William  H.  Shafter, 
landed  at  Daiquiri,  about  fifteen  miles  east 
of  Santiago,  and  the  next  day  began  the 
movement  against  the  city.  The  lirst  seri- 
ous engagement  in  which  the  American 
troops  lost  heavily  occurred  at  Las  Guasi- 
mas  June  24.  I5y  nightfall  of  that  day 
ground  within  live  miles  of  Santiago  was 
won.  (See  Santiago,  Battle  of).  The  out- 
works of  Santiago  were  taken  July  1  after 
a  severe  battle,  and  on  the  next  day  HI 
Cauey  and  San  Juan  were  captured  after  a 
desperate  struggle.  The  Investment  of  the 
city  was  now  complete.  The  naval  forces 
co-operated,  shelling  the  town  and  the  coast 
forts. 

On  the  following  day,  July  3,  occurred 
the  decisive  naval  combat  of  the  war.  The 
Spanish  fleet  under  Hear- Admiral  Pascual 
Cervera,  which  had  been  confined  in  the 
harbor  of  Santiago  for  six  weeks  by  the 
blockading  squadron  under  acting  Rear-Ad- 
miral William  T.  Sampson,  attempted  to 
escape.  The  Spanish  vessels  were  inter- 
cepted and  utterly  destroyed  by  the  Ameri- 
can fleet  under  the  Immediate  direction  of 
Commodore  Winfleld  S.  Schley.  who  as- 
sumed command  during  the  temporary  ab- 
sence of  Rear-Admiral  Sampson.  The  Span- 
ish loss  was  600  killed  and  about  1,400 
prisoners,  including  the  admiral. 

Spain  was  unable  to  recover  from  the 
catastrophe,  and  her  efforts  upon  the  ocean 
virtually  ceased.  The  capitulation  of  San- 
tiago, which  embraced  the  entire  eastern 
end  of  Cuba,  soon  followed.  July  17  the 
American  army  occupied  the  city.  The 
number  of  Spanish  soldiers  surrendered 
was  22,000.  . 

An  expedition  against  Porto  Rico,  con- 
sisting of  about  3,500  men,  under  command 
of  Maj.-Gen.  Nelson  A.  Miles,  was  immedi- 
ately fitted  out,  and  landed  at  Guanica  July 
25.  Gen.  Miles's  force  was  subsequently 
Increased  to  about  17,000.  With  the  ex- 
ception of  a  few  slight  engagements,  there 
was  no  serious  resistance,  and  the  middle  of 
August  found  much  of  the  Island  in  the 
possession  of  the  American  troops. 

As  early  as  July  26  Spain  made  over- 
tures for  peace  through  M.  Jules  Cambon, 
the  French  ambassador  at  Washington. 
August  12  the  peace  protocol  was  signed, 
by  which  hostilities  were  brought  to  an 
end. 

August  15,  the  news  of  the  signing  of  the 
protocol  not  having  reached  the  Philippines, 
the  battle  of  Manila  was  fought,  and  the 
last  scene  of  the  war  was  enacted  when, 
after  a  brief  assault  by  the  American  land 
and  naval  forces,  the  city  was  compelled  to 
surrender. 

The  number  of  military  forces  engaged 
by  the  United  States  in  the  war,  as  re- 
ported to  the  Commissioner  of  Pensions. 
was :  Regulars,  57.320  ;  militia  and  volun- 
teers. 223.235;  navy,  31,059— total,  312,523. 

The  total  casualties  in  killed  and  wound- 
ed during  the  war  were — Army,  officers 
killed,  23  ;  enlisted  men  killed,  257— total, 
280;  officers  wounded.  113;  enlisted  men 
wounded,  1,464 — total,  1,577.  Navy — 
killed,  17;  wounded.  67;  died  as  result  of 
wounds,  1  ;  invalided  from  service,  6 — to- 
tal, 01.  In  the  entire  campaign  by  land  and 
sea  the  United  States  did  not  lose  a  flag, 


gun,  ship,  or  transport,  and,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  crew  of  the  Mfrrimiir,  not  a 
soldier  or  sailor  was  taken  prisoner. 

August  7  the  American  troops  in  Cuba 
began  to  embark  for  home.  ,-in<!  tin-  nit  Ire 
force  was  returned  to  the  United  Slates  by 
August  24,  after  an  absence  of  only  two 
inonihs.  A  treaty  of  peace  was  signed  at 
Paris  by  the  commissioners  of  the  two 
countries  Dec.  10,  18!>8.  It  was  ratilied  on 
the  part  of  the  United  Slates  Feb.  6,  and 
on  the  part  of  Spain  March  1!i,  18!)!».  P>y  the 
treaty  it  was  provided  that  Spain  relinquish 
all  claim  of  sovereignty  over  and  title  to 
Cuba;  that  Puerto  Uico  and  other  West  In- 
dian Islands  of  Spain,  one  island  In  the 
Ladrones,  and  the  entire  Philippine  group 
be  ceded  to  the  United  St:iles,  and  that 
Spain  be  paid  $20,000,000.  The  ratification 
of  the  two  Governments  were  exchanged  in 
Washington  April  11,  1M>!».  and  on  the  same 
day  President  McKinley  issued  the  follow- 
ing proclamation:  "Whereas  a  treaty  of 
peace  between  the  United  Stales  of  Amer- 
ica and  Her  Majesty  the  Queen  Regent  of 
Spain,  in  the  name  of  her  august  son,  Don 
Alfonso  XIII,  was  concluded  and  signed  by 
their  respective  plenipotentiaries  at  Paris 
on  the  10th  day  of  December,  18!>8,  the 
original  of  which,  being  in  the  English 
and  Spanish  languages,  is  word  for  word 
as  follows:  [Here  the  full  text  of  the 
treaty  is  inserted.]  And  whereas  the  said 
convention  has  been  duly  ratilied  on  both 
parts  and  the  ratifications  of  the  two  Gov- 
ernments were  exchanged  in  the  city  of 
Washington  on  the  llth  day  of  April.  1899  : 
Now.  therefore,  be  it  known  that  I,  William 
McKinley,  President  of  the  United  States  of 
America,  have  caused  the  said  convention 
to  be  made  public,  to  the  end  that  the  same 
and  every  article  and  clause  thereof  may 
be  observed  and  fulfilled  with  good  faith 
by  the  United  States  and  the  citizens 
thereof." 

Spanish-American  War: 

Almodovar,  Duke  of,  communication 
from,  regarding  peace,  6302,  6316. 

Auxiliary  Navy  of  United  States  in, 
referred  to,  6!!  13. 

Bagley,  Worth,  killed  while  attempt- 
ing to  silence  batteries  at  Cardenas, 
6302,  6316. 

Barton,  Clara,  president  Red  Cross, 
work  accomplished  bv,  in,  6284, 
6308,  6320. 

Battle  of  July  3  discussed,  6317. 
(See  also  Enc.  Art.,  Santiago  Har- 
bor, Battle  of.) 

Blockade  of  Cuban  ports  proclaimed, 

6472,  6481. 

Discussed,   6296,   6312. 
Removal    of,   referred   to,   6321. 

Brooke,  John  R. — 

Member  of  military  commission  to 

Puerto  Rieo,   6322. 
Puerto  Rican  expedition  reenforced 
by   corps  of,   6318. 

Butler,  Matthew  C.,  member  of  mili- 
tary commission  to  Cuba,  6322. 

Cambon,  Jules,  French  minister,  rep- 
resentative of  Spain  in  preliminary 
peace  negotiations,  6320. 

Cardenas  Bay,  conflict    in,  discussed, 
6304,  6316. 


Spanish 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


The  Winsltiir  rescued  by  the  JJud- 
KUII  in,  thanks  of  Congress,  etc., 
to  officers  and  men  of  latter  rec- 
ommended, 6304. 

Casualties  on  American  side  in,  6319. 
Causes  leading  up  to,  discussed  and 

reviewed,  6248,  6280,  6307. 
Cavite,    water    batteries   at,   silenced 
by  American  squadron,  6297,  6315. 
Cervera,  Pascual,  Spanish  fleet  under 
command  of,  in  Santiago  Harbor, 
6316. 

Destroyed    by    American    squadron 
while  attempting  to  escape,  6317. 
(See    also     Enc.     Art.,    Santiago 
Harbor,  Battle  of.) 
Corbin,    H.    C.— 

Directs  (fen.  Otis  to  avoid  conflict 

with  Philippine  insurgents,  6584. 

Dispatch    to    Gen.    Otis    regarding 

force,  etc.,  for  Philippine  Islands, 

6579. 

Instructions  to  Gen.  Merritt  regard- 
ing   joint    occupancy    of    Philip- 
pine    Islands     with     insurgents, 
6579. 
Order  of,  to  send  troops  to  Iloilo, 

6583. 

Crowninshield,  A.  S.,  report  of,  on 
number  of  lives  lost  by  sinking  of 
the  Maine,  6296. 

Cuban  insurrection  and  policy  of 
I'M i ted  States  regarding,  discussed, 
6248,  6280,  6307. 

Davis,    Cushman    K.,    peace    commis- 
sioiier    on    part    of   United    States, 
C322. 
Day,   William  R.,  peace  commissioner 

on  part  of  United  States,  6322. 
Dewey,  George — 

Attack    of    American    land    forces 
and  capture  of  Manila  assisted 
by  squadron  under,  6319. 
Thanks    of     President    tendered, 

65  7!  i. 
Member  of  Philippine  Commission, 

6584. 

Spanish    fleet   destroyed    in    Manila 
P.av     bv     American     squadron 
under,  6297,  631:"). 
Appointed     acting     rear-admiral 

6297,    6302. 

Sword  to  be  presented  to,  6302. 
Thanks   of   Congress  to,   6298. 
Recommended,   6297. 
Reply   of,  6302. 
Thanks    of    President    tendered, 

6568. 

Referred    to,    6297. 
Suggestions    from,    regarding  force, 
etc.,    for    Philippine    Islands,    re- 
quested   by    President,    6580. 
Diplomatic.       relations       broken       off, 

6296,   6311. 

Discussed,  6296,  6297,  6298,  6302, 
6305,  6307,  6168. 


Efforts  of  foreign  governments  to 
preserve  peace  discussed,  6309. 

El  Caney  captured  by  American 
troops,  6317. 

Enlisted  force  of  American  Navy  in, 
6313. 

Evacuation  of — 

Cuba,    Puerto    Eico,    and    adjacent 
Islands,  military  commissions  to 
superintend,    6322. 
Havana,  order  regarding,  6583. 

Executive   orders   regarding,    6568. 

Existence  of,  act  declaring,  6348. 
Recommended,  6296. 
Referred   to,  6312. 

Fighting  force  of  American  Navy 
in,  6313. 

Frye,  William  P.,  peace  commission- 
er on  part  of  United  States,  6322. 

Gordon,  William  W.,  member  of 
military  commission  to  Puerto 
Rico,  6322. 

Government  for  newly  acquired  pos- 
sessions of  United  States  referred 
to,  6322.  (See  also  Military  occu- 
pation of,  post.) 

Graves  of  American  soldiers  in  Cuba 
to  be  marked,  order  regarding, 
6578. 

Gray,  George,  peace  commissioner 
on  part  of  United  States,  6322. 

Guantanamo  Bay,  landing  of  Ameri- 
can marines  and  subsequent  fight- 
ing at,  6317. 

Higginson,  Francis  J.,  Puerto  Rican 
expedition  conveyed  by  fleet  un- 
der, 6318. 

Ilobson,     Richmond     P.,     sinking    of 
the   Merrimac,  in   Santiago   Har- 
bor by,  6305,  6316. 
Thanks    of    Congress   to,    and    pro- 
motion of,  recommended,  6306. 

Hodgsdon,  Daniel  B.,  recognition  of 
services  of,  in  battle  of  Manila 
Bay  recommended,  6305. 

Honors  to   the  dead  ordered,   65S7. 

Hostilities    suspended    by    proclama- 
tion,  6487. 
Referred  to,  6321. 

Hiidnon,  thanks  of  Congress  to  of- 
ficers and  men  of  the,  for  rescuing 
the  Window  recommended,  6304. 

Hut/It  McCulloch,  recognition  of  ser- 
vices of  commander  of  the,  in  bat- 
tle of  Manila  Bay  recommended, 
6305. 

Illustrations  of,  5645,  5709,  5775,  5834, 
5866,  5930,  5978,  5994,  6042,  6058, 
6090,  6122,  6186,  6187,  6279,  6295. 

Joint   resolution    of   Congress    declar- 
ing freedom  of  Cuba  and  author- 
izing    intervention     by     United 
States   in    insurrection,    6297. 
Discussed,   6311. 

Regarded  by  Spain  as  "equiv- 
alent to  an  evident  declaration 
of  war,"  6312. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Spanish 


Long,   John    D. — 

Report  of,  on  number  of  lives  lost 

by  sinking  of  the  Maine,  6296. 
Thanks      of      President      tendered 

Commodore   l)ewey  by,   6508. 
Maine,  destruction  of  the,  in  Havana 

harbor,    6277,    6290,    6308. 
Findings   of   court   of  inquiry   dis- 
cussed,  6277,   6290. 
Number  of  lives  lost  in,  report  on, 

6296. 

Proposition    of    Spain    to    investi- 
gate causes  of,  referred  to,  6290. 
Marietta,  voyage  and  arrival  of  the, 

from   San   Francisco,   6316. 
Matan/.as,      harbor      and      forts      at, 
shelled     by     American     squadron, 
6345. 

Mcrrlmac,  sinking  of  the,  in  Santi- 
ago Harbor  by  Lieut.  Hobson, 
6305,  6316. 

Naval  Cadet  Powell  to  be  made 
ensign  for  attempting  to  rescue 
force  of,  6306. 

Thanks  of  Congress  to  and  promo- 
tion of  Lieut.  Hobson  recom- 
mended, 6306. 

Merritt,  Wesley,  expedition  to  Phil- 
ippine Islands  under  command 
of,  6315. 

Attack  upon  and  surrender  of  Ma- 
nila, 6319. 
Thanks    of    President    tendered, 

6579. 

Instructions  of  President  regard- 
ing military  occuptaion  of 
islands,  65(39,  6571,  6572. 
Joint  occupancy  with  insur- 
gents not  to  be  permitted, 
6579. 

Miles,  Nelson  A.,  Puerto  Eican  ex- 
pedition under  command  of,  dis- 
cussed, 6318. 

Military  commissions  to  superin- 
tend evacuation  of  Cuba,  Puerto 
Rico,  etc.,  6322. 

Military       occupation       by       United 
States,  instructions  of  President 
regarding — - 
Cuba,  6575. 
Philippine      Islands,      6569,      6571, 

6572,   6581. 

Joint      occupancy      with      insur- 
gents    not     to    be     permitted, 
6579. 
Minister  of  Spain,  to  United  States, 

withdrawal   of,   6296,   6312. 
Minister  of  United   States  to  Spain, 

mentioned,  6257,  6284,  6286. 
Withdrawal  of,  6312. 
Monument    to    soldiers   killed    in,    at 

Arlington,  6706. 
Neutrality      preserved      by      foreign 

powers  in.  discussed,  6312. 
New-comb,   Frank    II.,   Commander   of 
the  in»*/oir  rescued  by  the  Hudson 
28 


in  command  of,  at  Cardenas,  thanks 
of  Congress  1o,  recommended, 
6304. 

Officers  and  men  compelled  to  re- 
main in  United  States,  tribute  to, 
6320. 

O;VY/OH,    voyage    and    arrival    of   the, 
from      San      Francisco      discussed, 
6316. 
Otis,  Ewell  S.— 

Directed    to    avoid     conflict     with 

Philippine    insurgents,    6584. 
Directed   to   send   troops   to   Iloilo, 

6583. 

Member    of    the    Philippine    Com- 
mission, 6584. 

Suggestions   from,   regarding   force, 
etc.,    for    Philippine    Islands    re- 
quested  by   President,   6579. 
Peace     Commissioners     on     part     of 

United  States,   6322. 
Peace  negotiations   discussed,  6320. 

Protocol    discussed,    6321,    6-187. 
Philippine  Islands — 

Cable   communication  with,   recom- 
mended,  6354. 
Commissioners    to,    and    duties    of, 

set  forth  by  President,   6584. 
Contributions    to    be    levied    upon, 
(See     Military     occupation     of, 
post.) 
Expeditions  to,  under  command   of 

Gen.  Merritt,  6315. 
Force,    etc.,    for,    suggestions    from 
commanders    regarding,    request- 
ed by   President,   6580. 
Cen.    Otis    directed    to    .avoid    con- 
flict with    insurgents,   6584. 
Government     for.       (See     Military 

occupation  of,  past.) 
Grants     of     public      or      corporate 
rights  in,  order  regarding,   (5583. 
Military    ocupation    of,    by    United 
States,     and     government     for, 
orders    regarding,    C569,    6571, 
6572,   6581. 

Joint      occupation      with      insur- 
gents    not     to     be     permitted, 
6581. 
Troops   to  be   sent   to  Iloilo,   order 

regarding,    6583. 

Vessels    of    Spain    from,    discrimi- 
nating   duties    on,    suspended    by 
proclamation,   5155. 
Victory  of — 

American  squadron  over  Spanish 
fleet  in   bay  of  Manila,    dis- 
cussed.  6297,  6315. 
Commander         of         American 

squadron — 

Appointed      acting     rear-ad- 
miral, 6297,  6568. 
Sword    to    be    presented    to. 
and  medals  to  men  under, 
6302. 


Spanish 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Thanks  of  Congress  to,  and 

niea  under,   6298. 
Recommended,    6297. 
Reply  of,  6302. 
Thanks     of     President     ten- 
dered,  6568. 
Referred  to,  6297. 
Commander   of   the   Hugh   Mc- 
CuUoch,    recognition    of   ser- 
vices of,  recommended,  6305. 
American     Squadron     and     land 
forces   at   Manila   discussed, 
6:519. 

Thanks  of  President  tendered, 
commanders   and   men,   6579. 
Popular  loan  for  prosecuting,  author- 
ized by  Congress,  6314. 
Postal     communication     with     Santi- 
ago, order  regarding,   6577. 
Postal  service  in,  discussed,  6344. 
Powell,  Joseph    W.,   to  be   made   en- 
sign for  attempting  to  rescue  force 
of  the  Mcrriinac,  6306. 
Preparations    for,    by    United    States 

discussed,  6309,   6313. 
Privateering    not    to   be   resorted    to 
by  United  States  proclaimed,  6474. 
Proclamations  regarding,  6472,   6473, 

6474,    6477,   6481,    6487,    6491. 
Protection   of   American   interests   in 
Spanish     jurisdiction     confided     to 
British    representatives    discussed, 
6331. 
Puerto     Rican     campaign     discussed, 

6318. 
Red  Cross  work  accomplished  by,  in, 

discussed,  6284,  6308,  6320. 
Red  Cross,  International,  proposition 
of  Switxerland   to   extend  compact 
of,   in,  discussed,  6336. 
Reid,   Whitelaw,  peace   commissioner 

on   part   of  United   States,   6322. 
Return    of    troops    to    United    States 

discussed,    6319. 
Roosevelt,   Theodore,   in,   6637. 
Sampson,  William  T.- — 

Member     of     military     commission 

to  Cuba,  6322. 

Sinking  of  the  Mcrriinac  by  Lieut, 
llobson,  report  of,  on,  discussed, 
6305. 

Spanish  fleet  attempting  to  escape 
from  Santiago  Harbor  de- 
stroyed by  American  squadron 
in  command  of,  6317.  (See 
Enc.,  Art.,  Santiago  Harbor, 
Battle  of.) 
Thanks  of  President  tendered, 

6573. 

San  Juan,  Cuba,  captured  by  Ameri- 
can troops,  6317. 
San    Juan,    Puerto    Rico,    shelled    by 

American   fleet,   6316. 
Santiago — 

American  army  under  Gen.  Shaf- 
ter  lands  near,  6317. 


British     consul     at,     confiding     of 
American  interests  to,  and  death 
of  mentioned,  6331. 
Movement      against,      and      subse- 
quent     capitulation      of,      dis- 
cussed,  6317. 

Thanks    of    President    tendered, 
commander     and     men,     6574, 
6577. 
Postal   communication   with,   order 

regarding,  6577. 
Santiago    Harbor — 

Shelled  by  American  squadron,  6316. 
Spanish    lleet    under   Admiral    Cer- 

vera  in,  6316. 

Attempting   to   escape   destroyed 
bv        American        squadron, 
6317.      (See   Enc.   Art.,   San- 
tiago  Harbor,   Battle  of. ) 
Thanks   of   President  tendered 
officers   and   men   of   Ameri- 
can  squadron,  6573. 
The   Mcrriinac   sunk    in,   by   Lieut. 

llobson,  6305,  6316. 
Naval  Cadet  Powell  to  be  made 
ensign    for  attempting   to    res- 
cue  force   of,   306. 
Thanks    of    Congress    to    Lieut- 
Hobson  and  promotion  of,  rec- 
ommended, 6306. 
Schley,  Wiufield  S.— 

Member  of  military  commission  to 

Puerto  Rico,  6322. 
Santiago  Harbor  shelled  by  Amer- 
ican  squadron   under,  6316. 
Spanish  fleet  attempting  to  escape 
from  Santiago  Harbor  destroyed 
by     American     squadron     und^r 
direction     of.     (See     Enc.     Art., 
Santiago      Harbor,      Battle      of; 
also,   6317.) 

Schwan,  Theodore,   Puerto  Rican    ex- 
pedition reenforced  bv  brigade  of, 
6318. 
Shafter,  William  R.— 

Army  under,  lands,  near  Santiago, 

6317. 

Operations    of,    around    find    sub- 
sequent  capitulation    of   Santi- 
ago, 6317. 
Thanks      of      President      tendered, 

657-1,   6577. 
Signal   Corps,    servic.es   of,   discussed, 

6314. 
Suspension  of  hostilities  proclaimed, 

6487. 
Thanksgiving  and  prayer,  addrrss  of 

President    to  people    for,    657.".. 
Thanksgiving  proclamation  of    Presi- 
dent McKinley,  6  191. 
Treatment    to     be    accorded     foreign 
vessels    by     United     States     pro- 
claimed, 6477. 
Discussed,   6312. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Specie 


Treaty  of  peace  proclaimed  (see 
Kne.  Art.,  Spanish-American  War), 
6356. 

Vessels    of   United    States   in    Great 
Lakes    granted    facilities    by   Can- 
ada  for   returning,   6331. 
Volunteers   called    for    by   proclama- 
tion, 6473,  6177. 
Discussed,  6296,  6312,  6313. 
Mustered   out,  referred  to,  6322. 
To  be  mustered  out,  6342. 
Wade,  James  F.,  member  of  military 

commission,  to  Cuba,  6322. 
War-revenue   act   discussed,   6314. 
Wheeler,   Joseph,   operations   of   cav- 
alry  division  under,  around  Santi- 
ago, discussed,  6317. 
Wilmington,    attempts   of   the,   to   si- 
lence  batteries   at   Cardenas,   6302, 
6316. 

Wilson,  John  M.,  Puerto  Rican  ex- 
pedition reenforced  by  division  of, 
6318. 

Winslow  disabled    in   conflict  in  Car- 
denas Bay,   6304,  6316. 
Eescued  by  the  Hudson,  6304. 

Thanks  of  Congress  to  officers 
and  men  of,  recommended, 
6304. 

Woodford,  Stewart  L.,  minister  to 
Spain,  mentioned,  6257,  6284, 
6286. 

Withdrawal  of,  6312. 
Young,   Samuel  B.   M.,  operations  of 
brigade     under,     around     Santiago 
discussed,  6317. 

Spanish  Main,  blockade  of  ports  of,  re- 
ferred to,  776. 

Spanish  Milled  Dollars  referred  to,  239. 
Spanish  Milled  Doubloons  referred  to, 

304. 

Spanish  West  Indies  referred  to,  4113. 
Speaker. — The  title  of  the  presiding  officer 
of  the  House  of  Representatives.  The  Con- 
stitution provides  that  "the  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives shall  choose  their  Speaker  and 
other  officers."  It  is  doubtful,  however,  if 
the  framers  of  the  Constitution  contem- 
plated vesting  the  Speaker  with  the  power 
he  now  enjoys.  The  system  of  legislation 
by  committees  which  has  gradually  grown 
up.  carrying  with  it  the  prerogative  of  the 
Speaker  to  name  them,  has  greatly  ex- 
tended his  influence.  The  first  Speaker  of 
the  modern  sort — piore  of  a  leader  of  the 
House  than  a  presiding  officer — was  Henry 
Clay.  As  the  representative  of  the  House 
the  Speaker  presides  over  the  deliberations 
of  that  body,  appoints  its  committees,  su- 
pervises its  journal,  certifies  to  the  amount 
of  compensation  due  its  members,  signs  the 
bills,  resolutions,  warrants,  subpoenas,  etc., 
and  has  the  right,  as  a  member  to  partici- 
pate in  debate  after  calling  another  mem- 
ber to  the  chair.  The  Speaker  rarely  avails 
himself  of  this  privilege.  He  is  chosen  by 
the  House  from  among  the  members. 

Following  is  the  list  of  the  Speakers  of 
the  House  :  Frederick  A.  C.  Muhlenberg, 
Pennsylvania  :  Jonathan  Trumbull.  Con- 
necticut :  Jonathan  Dayton,  New  Jersey; 


Theodore  Sedgwick.  Massachusetts :  Na- 
thaniel Macon,  North  Carolina  :  Joseph  15. 
Varnum,  Massachusetts  ;  Henry  Clay,  Ken- 
tucky :  Langdon  Cheves,  South  Carolina; 
John  W.  Taylor,  New  York  :  Philip  I'.  Har- 
bour, Virginia:  Andrew  Stevenson,  Vir- 
ginia ;  John  Bell,  Tennessee  ;  James  K.  Polk, 
Tennessee;  Robert  M.  T.  Hunter,  Virginia; 
John  White,  Kentucky  ;  John  W.  Jones,  Vir- 
ginia ;  John  W.  Davis,  Indiana;  Robert  C. 
Winthrop,  Massachusetts ;  Ilowell  Cobb, 
Georgia;  Linn  P.oyd.  Kentucky  ;  Nathaniel 
P.  Ranks,  Massachusetts  ;  James  L.  Orr, 
South  Carolina:  William  Pennington.  New 
Jersey;  Galusha  A.  Grow.  Pennsylvania: 
Schuyler  Colfax.  Indiana;  James  G.  Klaine, 
Maine;  Michael  C.  Kerr,  Indiana;  Samuel 
.1.  Randall.  Pennsylvania  :  .1.  Warren 
Keifer.  Ohio;  John  (1.  Carlisle.  Ken- 
tucky ;  Thomas  P..  Reed,  Maine :  Chas.  F. 
Crisp,  Georgia:  David  P..  Henderson,  Iowa; 
Joseph  G.  Cannon,  Illinois;  Champ  Clark, 
Missouri. 

Special"  Agents,   Treasury  Department. 

— These  officials  investigate  the  work  of  the 
customs  collectors,  and  make  other  investi- 
gations relative  to  the  customs  service  of  the 
United  States.  (Sec  list  of  references  under 
Customs. ) 

Special-Delivery  Stamps: 

Discussed,  4836,  5881,  5971. 

Special  Session  Messages  of  President — 
Adams,  John,  223. 
Cleveland,  5833. 
Hayes,  4404,  4472. 
Lincoln,   3221. 
McKinley,  6244. 
Madison,  453,  511. 
Pierce,   2927. 
Roosevelt,  6741. 
Taft,  7379. 
Tyler,  1893. 
Vau  Buren,  1451. 
Wilson,  7871. 

Specie  Circular.— An  order  drafted  by  Sen- 
ator Renton.  of  Missouri,  and  issued  by 
the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  July  li, 
1836,  by  order  of  President  Jackson  (032!)). 
It  was  designed  to  check  speculative  pur- 
chases of  public  lands.  In  it  the  officials- 
were  directed  to  receive  nothing  but  gold 
and  silver  in  payment  for  public  lands. 
The  circular  was  issued  in  opposition  to 
the  sentiment  of  Congress,  which  at  the 
next  session  passed  a  bill  to  rescind  the 
order,  but  Jackson  defeated  the  bill  by  a 
pocket  veto.  The  President's  action  aroused 
much  indignation  and,  it  is  claimed, 
hastened  the  panic  of  1S37. 

Specie  Payments.— The  United  States  sus- 
pended specie  payments  Jan.  1,  1862,  and 
Congress  authorized  the  issue  of  large 
quantities  of  United  States  notes  to  be  a 
legal  tender.  In  this  action  the  Govern- 
ment had  been  preceded  by  most  of  the 
banks  of  the  country,  following  the  ex- 
ample of  the  New  York  banks.  Jan.  14. 
1875,  the  act  authorizing  the  resumption 
of  specie  payments  ef  Government  con- 
tracts to  begin  Jan.  1,  1879.  was  approved 
by  President  Grant  in  a  special  message 
(4208).  To  this  end  the  purchase  of  bul- 
lion and  the  manufacture  of  subsidiary 
coin  was  at  once  begun.  The  mints  wt're 
run  overtime  to  supply  the  demand  for 
specie,  and  resumption  became  an  accom- 
plished fact. 


Specie 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Specie  Payments: 

Act  providing  for  resumption  of,  ap- 
proved  and   discussed,  4268. 
Banks    refused    to    pay    Government 

demands  in  specie,  1810. 
Discussed  by  President — 
Cleveland,  6073. 
Grant,  39S3,  4061,  4198,  4239,  4247, 

4268,  4301,  4379. 
Hayes,  4397,  4413,  4510,  4567. 
McKinley,  6253. 
Reports  on,  1726. 
Resumption  of — 

Bv  Chile  discussed,  6059. 
Discussed,    3879,   4379,   4510,   4567. 
Recommended,     3983,     4061,     4102, 

4239,  4247,  4301,  4310,  4413. 
Suspension  of,  by  banks  discussed, 
1541.  1751,  1757,  1777,  1789,  3330. 
Specific  Duty. — A  duty  on  imported  Roods, 
based  on  the  weight  or  quantity  thereof. 
Spies. — In  war-times,  a  spy  is  a  person  who, 
in  disguise  or  not  wearing  distinctive  marks 
of  the  belligerent  with  whom  he  is  con- 
nected, iningh-s  with  the  enemy  within  the 
enemy's  lines  of  fortifications  or  other  terri- 
tory in  order  secretly  to  procure,  information 
for  his  own  country.  Because  of  the  fact 
flint  the  status  of  spies  had  long  been  in- 
delim'to  and  because  of  the  penalty  of  death 
involved,  a  series  of  regulations  drawn  up 
by  The  Hague  tribunal  indicates  precisely 
that  no  person  shall  be  considered  a  spy  who 
is  not  wearing  a  disguise,  who  is  carrying 
messages  openly,  or  who  obtains  informa- 
tion concerning  the  enemy  in  air-craft.  The 
regulations  further  provide  that  to  be  con- 
sidered a  spy  a  person  must  be  traveling, 
(a)  under  false  pretenses,  (b)  within  terri- 
tory occupied  by  the  enemy,  (c)  for  the 
proved  purpose  of  obtaining  information  of 
use  to  his  own  forces.  The  regulations  pro- 
vide further  that  no  person  shall  be  con- 
victed as  a  spy  without  fair  trial  or  after 
he  has  rejoined  the  forces  with  whicli  he  is 
connected.  In  times  of  peace,  a  spy  is  a 
person  who  secretly  endeavors  to  obtain  in- 
formation concerning  the  defences,  resources, 
etc.,  of  a  coiintrv  in  order  to  supply  another 
country  with  such  information.  (See  Es- 
pionage Law.) 

Spitzbergen    Islands,    negotiations    for 

adjusting  clainu  in,  7670. 
Spy  Bill.  (Seo  Espionnge  Law.) 
Spoils  System. — The  policy  of  bestow- 
ing public  offices  upon  members  of  the 
party  in  power  as  rewards  for  political 
services.  These  ollicial  rewards  once  se- 
cured, the  beneficiaries  found  it  incumbent 
upon  them  to  assist  in  keeping  in  power 
the  party  to  whicli  they  owed  their  posi- 
tions not  only  by  a  strict  attention  to  the 
duties  of  their  offices,  but  also  by  making 
friends  and  votes  for  their  superior  officer, 
t'nder  the  spoils  system,  it  is  charged,  offi- 
<  ial  duties  are  often  made  secondary  to 
partisan  obligations.  This  system  is  not 
confined  to  American  politics,  but  is  carried 
on  in  England,  win-re  Parliament  lias  cre- 
ated a  pal  roiiaLre  secretary,  who  fakes 
charge  of  the  apportionment  and  keeps  reg- 
ular accounts  with  I  lie  members  of  Parlia- 
ment c.f  the  pnsiiioiis  whicli  have  been 
tilled  iiii'.n  iht-ir  n  eniiiiiiiMidal  ion  In  the 
1  nltec]  States  the  system  developed  first  In 
New  Y"!-K  .and  Pennsylvania.  Tammany 
Hall  made  effective  use  of  the  system  in 


Its  .fight  against  the  Clintons  in  the  first 
quarter  of  the  present  century.  It  was  ex- 
tended to  state  politics  by  the  "Albany 
Regency,''  established  by  Martin  Van  Bii- 
ren  in  1818.  It  was  not  until  Jackson's 
time,  however,  that  it  became  a  feature  of 
Federal  politics.  The  spoils  system  derived 
the  name  commonly  applied  to  it  from  a 
sentence  used  in  a  speech  made  by  Senator 
William  L.  Marcy,  of  New  York,  while  urg- 
ing the  Senate  to  confirm  the  nomination  of 
Martin  Van  Buren  as  minister  to  England. 
In  defense  of  the  charge  against  Van  Bu- 
ren that  he  had  introduced  the  custom  of 
removal  from  office  for  opinion's  sake,  Mr. 
Marcy,  speaking  for  the  Democrats  of  New 
York,  declared  that  "they  see  nothing 
wrong  in  the  rule  that  to  the  victor  be- 
longs the  spoils  of  the  enemy."  It  has 
since  been  a  regular  feature  of  American 
politics  in  every  Administration,  tempered 
of  late  by  the  provisions  of  the  civil-service 
act  of  1883.  (See  also  Civil  Service.) 

Spoliation    Claims    (see    also    France, 

claims  against  discussed) : 
Act  providing  for — 

Ascertainment  and  satisfaction  of, 
vetoed,  2316. 

Ascertainment  of,  vetoed,  2840. 
Spoliations  (see  also  Alabama  Claims; 

the        several        powers,        claims 

against;     Vessels,     United     States, 

seized) : 
Discussed  by  President — 

Adams,  John,  237. 

Jefferson,  371,  383,  418. 

Monroe,   765. 

Washington,  138. 
Spooner  Act,  mentioned,  7022. 
Spot  Eesolutions. —  When  President  I'olk 
sent  a  message  to  Congress  announcing  that 
American  citizens  had  been  killed  by  Mexi- 
cans on  American  soil,  and  asked  for  a  for- 
mal declaration  of  war.  Abraham  Lincoln,  in 
the  House  of  Representatives,  introduced 
resolutions  requesting  the  President  to  indi- 
cate the  exact  spot  on  American  soil  where 
the  killing  bad  taken  place.  Thus  the  name 
"Spot  Resolutions."  The  results  of  Polk's 
message  were  negative,  for  the  declaration 
of  war  was  not  voted. 

Spottsylvania  Court-House  (Va.),  Bat- 
tle Of. — After  2  days'  fighting  in  the  Wil- 
derness, south  of  the  Rapidan  River,  in 
Virginia,  Grant  attempted  to  tnrn  Lee's 
right  flank  and  advance  toward  Richmond 
by  way  of  Spottsylvania  Court-House. 
This  resulted  In  a  series  of  battles.  Lee 
discovered  the  movement  of  Grant's  army 
and  reached  Spottsylvania  first.  By  May 
9,  3864,  Grant  had  his  army  concentrated 
near  Spottsylvania.  Hancock  commanded 
the  right.  Warren  the  center,  and  Sedg- 
wiek  the  left.  The  latter  was  killed  while 
placing  his  artillery  on  the  Oth,  and  Wright 
succeeded  him  in  command  of  the  Sixth 
Army  Corps.  May  10  and  11  there  was  des- 
ultory lighting,  skirmishing,  and  maneuver- 
ing for  positions.  Grant's  losses  during  the. 
10th  are  supposed  to  have  exceeded  10,000 
men,  and  Lee's  are  also  supposed  to  have 
been  severe.  The  morning  of  May  1- 
opened  with  an  advance'  by  Hancock's  col- 
umn, which  surrounded  and  captured  with 
the  salient  an  entire  division  (On.  Ed 
ward  Johnson's)  of  :!.(IUO  Confederates,  in- 
cluding li  generals  and  between  I'.O  and  in 
guns.  The  fighting  of  this  day  was  as  se- 
vere as  any  during  the  war.  Lee  made  live: 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Stamps 


furious  assaults  In  quick  succession,  with 
(lie  view  of  dislodging  Hancock  and  Wright 
from  the  captured  salient.  From  dawn  till 
dusk  the  battle  raged.  The  Federal  assault 
on  the  Confederate  line  was  checked.  It 
was  renewed  without  success  on  the  18th. 
After  several  days  of  maneuvering  and 
having  received  reenforeements  enough  to 
make  up  for  his  losses,  Grant,  on  the  20th 
and  21st  of  May,  moved  southward  toward 
the  North  Anna"  River.  The  Federal  losses 
in  the  battle  of  Spottsylvania  Court-House, 
including  the  conflicts  at  Todd's  Tavern, 
Corbin's  Bridge,  Alsop's  Farm,  Laurel  Hill, 
Po  Uiver,  Nv  Hiver,  the  angle  of  the  salient, 
1'iney  Brunch  Church,  Harris's  Farm,  and 
<  Sidney's  Station,  between  May  8  and  21, 
]S(i4.  were  officially  reported  as  2,725  killed- 
i:>416  wounded,  and  2,258  missing,  a  total 
of  18. 3D!).  The  Confederate  losses,  only 
partially  reported,  were  (Rwell's,  John- 
son's, and  McGowan's  divisions),  4,OUl 
killed  and  wounded. 

Springfield  (N.  Y.),  Battle  of.— June  6. 
17SO.  Generals  Sterling,  Knyphauaen, 
Mathews,  and  Tryou  left  Staten  Island  with 
5.000  men  to  attack  Washington's  army  at 
Morristown,  N.  J.  Sterling  was  killed  and 
Knyphausen  took  command.  He  advanced 
to  within  half  a  mile  of  Springfield,  har- 
assed all  the  way  by  the  settlers  and  mi- 
litia. Sir  Henry  Clinton  returned  to  New 
York  on  June  17  from  Charleston.  S.  C., 
and  prepared  to  join  Knyphausen.  On  June 
23  the  British  advance  was  made  in  two 
columns.  The  American  outposts  wtere 
forced  back  upon  Springfield,  which  the 
British  burned,  and  then  retreated  to  Staten 
Island.  The  British  loss  amounted  to  about 
150,  the  American  to  83. 

Springfield,  Ohio,  act  to  establish  port, 

of  delivery  at,  vetoed,  5002. 
Squadron : 

African,    instructions    to   officers    of, 
referred  to,  2173,  3071. 

Asiatic.    (See  Manila  Harbor,  Battle 
of.) 

Home,   proposed   extension  of   duties 
of,  referred  to,  2129. 

Mediterranean,     referred     to,     1905, 
1953. 

Pacific.     (See  Manila  Harbor,  Battle 

of.) 

Squatter. — One  who  takes  possession  of  or 
"squats  on"  land,  especially  Government 
land,  without  ownership  or  easement  rights. 
In  the  interest  of  public  policy,  and  to  en- 
courage settlement,  a  squatter  may  acquire 
permanent  ownership  of  such  land  if  unmo- 
lested in  its  cultivation  for  the  period  of 
statutory  limitation.  (See  Squatter  Sov- 
ereignty.) 

Squatter  Sovereignty.— The  rule  allowed 
by   custom,   whereby   squatters   may  acquire 
ownership  to  land.     (See  Squatter.) 
Squawksin      Indians.       (See      Indian 

Tribes.) 
Squi-aitl        Indians.        (See        Indian 

Tribes.) 

Squier,  E.  George,  treaties  with  Nica- 
ragua  and    San    Salvador    concluded 

by.  2572. 
Squin-ah-mish    Indians.       (See    Indian 

Tribes.) 
Staff  of  Army.     (See  Army.) 


Stalwart. — A  term  embraced  by  certain 
members,  or  groups  of  members,  of  the  IJe- 
publican  I'art.v  toward  the  latter  part  of  the 
nineteenth  century  in  tin;  assumption  of 
principles  which  they  believed  to  be  sturdy, 
or  stalwart.  Afterwards,  in  derision,  tin; 
term  was  hurled  back  at  them  by  their  op- 
ponents as  denoting  lack  of  progress.  (See 
Staud-l'atters.) 

"Stalwarts."  — A  term  applied  to  the  par- 
tizans  who  opposed  the  "Half-Breeds"  (q. 
v.).  The  "Stalwarts"  were  opposed  to  tin- 
withdrawal  of  troops  from  the  Southern 
States,  and  favored  the  Spoils  Syst*  m  ( q. 
v.t  as  against  the  Civil  Service.  When  Car- 
field  appointed  a  Collector  of  the  Port  of 
New  York  in  defiance  of  the  traditional 
method  of  lirst;  having  a  recommendation 
from  the  Senior  Senator  of  the  State  of 
New  York,  Conk]  ing,  the  Senior  Senator 
from  that  state,  resigned,  as;  did  also  1'latt, 
the  Junior  Senator.  The  bitterness  engen- 
dered between  the  "Stalwarts"  and  the 
"Half-Breeds"  may  have  been  largely  re- 
sponsible for  the  assassination  of  Garli'cld. 

Stamford  Harbor,  Conn.,  survey  of,  re- 
ferred to,  1043. 

Stamp  Act. — An  act  of  the  British  Parlia- 
ment passed  in  1765  and  put  into  effect  in 
the  American  Colonies  Nov.  1  of  that  year. 
It  levied  on  British  subjects  in  America 
specific  sums  for  each  of  the  common  trans- 
actions of  business.  Deeds,  bonds,  notes 
of  hand,  indentures,  insurance  policies, 
leases,  contracts  of  sale,  etc.,  were  not  to 
be  enforced  by  courts  unless  written  on 
stamped  paper  bought  of  the  officers  of  the 
Crown.  Without  stamped  wills  testamentary 
dispositions  would  be  void  :  without  stamped 
receipts  debts  could  not  tie  acquitted  ;  vessels 
at  sea  without  clearances  written  on 
stamped  paper  were  liable  to  seixnre  and 
confiscation  if  they  fell  in  with  one  of  the 
King's  stiips :  only  stamped  newspapers 
could  be  exposed  for  sale  :  without  stamped 
certificates  marriages  could  not  lawfully  be 
contracted ;  unstamped  writs  and  execu- 
tions had  no  force  or  effect  :  in  short,  the 
American  citizen  must  have  been  daily  pay- 
ing money  into  the  British  treasury  at  its 
stamp  otlice  or  ill  respect  to  much  of  the 
protection  which  society  undertakes  to  af- 
ford he  was  an  outlaw.  Under  this  act 
business  was  suspended.  The  people  ab- 
solutely refused  to  use  the  stamps.  Ben- 
jamin Franklin  presented  a  petition  of  the 
colonists  to  the  House  of  Commons,  and 
on  March  IS.  1706.  the  stamp  act  was  re- 
pealed. The  agitation  resulting  from  the 
act  was  one  of  the  leading  causes  iu  effect- 
ing the  Revolution. 

Stamp-Act  Congress.— A  body  which  mot 
at  Xew  York  Oct.  7,  17G5.  composed  of 
delegates  from  all  the  Colonies  except  Vir- 
ginia, North  Carolina,  New  Hampshire, 
and  Georgia.  There  were  26  members,  in- 
cluding 4  from  New  York,  2  each  from 
Khode  Island  and  Delaware  arid  ."  each 
from  Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  New  Jer- 
sey, Pennsylvania.  Maryland  and  South 
Carolina.  Timothy  Ruggles.  of  Massa- 
chusetts, was  chosen  president.  The  mani- 
festoes issued  by  this  congress  were  "A. 
Declaration  of  the  Rights  and  Grievances 
of  the  Colonists  of  America."  aii  address  to 
the  King,  a  memorial  to  the  House  of 
Lords,  and  a  petition  to  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, all  of  a  loyal  and  respectful  tone. 
The  congress  adjourned  Oct.  25. 

Stamps.     (See  Division  of  Stamps.) 


Stand- 


Messagcs  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Stand-Patters.— A  term  applied  to  members 
of  political  parties  who  can  not  lx>  in- 
duced to  subscribe  to  any  change  of  policy 
or  to  progress.  The  term  became  used 
especially  in  the  administration  of  Taft  to 
describe'  those  Republicans'  who  opposed 
changes  in  the  tariff  and  in  other  methods  of 
government  which  were  demanded  by  the 
more  radical  element  among  the  Republicans. 
Standard  Oil  Case.— Charges  of  dishon- 
esty a::d  unfair  business  methods  have  fre- 
quently been  made  against  the  Standard 
oil  Company.  These  were  discredited  or 
silenced  bv  "technical  denials  until  it  was 
found  that  the  Standard  Oil  Company  was 
trying  to  gain  possession  of  the  new  and 
rich  oil  tields  of  Kastern  Kansas  and 
Northern  Oklahoma,  which  had  been 
opened  during  the  winter  of  1904-ii.  Many 
independent  companies  had  been  formed, 
both  for  producing  oil  and  refining  it,  and 
the  savings  of  thousands  of  people  were 
invested  in  the  business.  It  soon  became 
apparent  however,  that  the  Standard  Oil 
Company  was  endeavoring  to  control  the 
field.  Freight  rates  were  so  advanced  that 
it  was  impossible  to  ship  oil  to  refineries 
at  Kansas  City,  and  the  producers  were 
told  that  if  they  sold  any  oil  to  independ- 
ent refiners,  the  Standard  would  refuse  to 
take  any  surplus  they  might  have.  This 
seemed  to  indicate  that  the  Standard  waa 
determined  to  crush  all  business  rivals,  as 
it  was  charged  with  having  done  in  the 
Kastern  oil  fields.  Congressman  Campbell, 
of  Kansas,  introduced  a  resolution  on  the 
subject  and  in  February.  15)05,  an  investi- 
gation was  ordered  by  the  Hureau  of  Cor- 
porations. Commissioner  Garfield  submit- 
ted a  report  May  17.  1000.  This  showed 
that  the  Standard  Oil  Company  had  an  ad- 
vantage over  ail  independent  companies  in 
the  shipment  of  oil.  The  report  says: 
"The  Standard  Oil  Company  has  habitually 
received  and  is  now  receiving,  secret  rates 
and  other  unjust  and  illegal  discrimina- 
tions. Many  of  these  discriminations  were 
clearly  in  violation  of  the  interstate  com- 
merce laws,  and  others,  whether  technical- 
ly illegal  or  not.  had  the  same  effect  upon 
competitors.  These  discriminations  have 
been  so  long  continued,  so  secret,  so  in- 
geniously applied  to  new  conditions  of 
trade,  and  so  large  in  amount  as  to  make 
it  certain  that  they  were  due  to  concerted 
action  by  the  Standard  Oil  Company  and 
the  railroads." 

A  second  investigation  of  the  Standard 
Oil  Company  was  undertaken  by  the  Inter- 
state Commerce  Commission  at  the  request 
of  Congress,  and  their  report  was  submit- 
ted -Ian.  28.  1H07.  It  stated:  "The  sworn 
testimony  before  us  abundantly  confirms 
the  conclusions  reached  by  the  Commission- 
er of  Corporations.  The  ruin  of  competi- 
tors has  been  a  distinct  part  of  the  policy 
of  the  Standard  oil  Company  in  the  past, 
systematically  and  persistently  pursued.  It 
has  maintained  a  system  of  espionage  over 
the  shipments  of  its  rivals:  it  has  ruined 
competitors  by  means  of  local  competition, 
that  is  by  reducing  prices  in  the  field  of 
operation  of  its  rivals,  while  maintaining 
prices  e'sewhcre  :  it  has  pursued  the  policy 
of  molding  public  opinion  by  purchasing 
space  in  newspapers  and  printing  innocent 
looking  articles  setting  forth  the  benefits 
conferred  by  the  Standard  Oil  Company: 
It  has  induced  the  railroads  to  purchase  all 
their  lubricating  oil  from  it  at  a  double 
price,  thus  securing  a  profit  very  much  like 
ti  rebate;  it  luis  paid  employees  of  its 
rivals  for  information,  and  has  sold  differ- 
ent grades  of  oil  out  of  the  same  barrel." 

Herbert     Knox    Smith,     Commissioner    of 


Corporations,  presented  a  report  May  20, 
1907,  dealing  mainly  with  the  Standard  Oil 
pipe  lines.  It  showed  these  lines  to  consist  of 
40,000  miles  of  trunk  lines  and  feeders : 
and  it  pointed  out  that,  while  the  Standard 
Oil  Company  had  no  monopoly  in  the  pro- 
duction of  oil,  it  transported  through  its 
pipe  lines  90  per  cent  of  the  oil  from  the 
Pennsylvania,  Indiana,  and  Ohio  fields  and 
98  per  cent  of  that  from  the  Kansas-Okla- 
homa fields.  Its  monopoly  was  also  shown 
to  consist  in  the  fact  that  it  refined  about 
80  per  cent  of  all  the  oil  refined  in  the 
United  States.  The  extent  of  these  pipe 
lines  was  believed  to  prevent  the  construc- 
tion of  rival  pipe  lines.  Commissioner  Smith 
estimated  that  a  charge  of  2()  cents  per 
barrel  would  cover  the  cost  of  transporta- 
tion from  Lima,  Ohio,  to  the  seaboard,  and 
yield  10  per  cent  on  the  investment.  The 
actual  charge  was  shown  to  be  ?>'•'%  cents 
per  barrel. 

Early  in  1007  the  Attorney-General  of 
the  United  States  brought  suit  against  the 
Standard  Oil  Company  of  Indiana,  in  the 
District  Court  at  Chicago,  under  the  Kl- 
kins  law  forbidding  discrimination  and  the 
giving  of  rebates  by  common  carriers  en- 
gaged in  interstate  traffic.  The  action  was 
based  on  the  report  of  Commissioner  Gar- 
field,  mentioned  above,  which  related  to  the 
shipments  of  oil  from  the  great  refineries 
of  Whiting,  Indiana,  to  the  southwestern 
market,  by  way  of  East  St.  Louis.  Illinois. 
•where  the  oil  came  into  competition  with  the 
product  of  the  Kansas  and  Oklahoma  fields. 

This  region  was  reached  by  three  com- 
peting railroads,  the  Chicago  and  Eastern 
Illinois,  the  Chicago,  Iturlington  and 
Quincy,  and  the  Chicago  and  Alton.  Each 
road  had  filed  with  the  Interstate  Com- 
merce Commission  and  kept  posted  at  its 
freight  offices  a  class  rate  of  IS  cents  per 
100  pounds,  but  their  books  showed  that 
they  had  given  the  Standard  Oil  Company 
a  commodity  rate  on  oil  of  C  or  0]  cents 
per  hundred.  Each  company  had  its  own 
methods  of  concealing  the  true  charge. 
Commissioner  Garfield  stated  that  the 
"whole  scheme  of  the  C  cent  rate,  includ- 
ing both  the  failure  to  file  tariffs  with  the 
Interstate  Commerce  Commission  and  the 
secret  methods  of  billing,  were  devised  at 
the  suggestion  and  with  the  knowledge  of 
the  Standard  Oil  Company  and  primarily 
for  the  purpose  of  concealing  the  extraor- 
dinarily low  rates  from  its  competitors." 

The  "defense  plead  that  "these  rates  were 
not  solicited  nor  accepted  knowingly  with 
the  intention  of  violating  the  law;  that  the 
law  did  not  forbid  a  shipper  10  take  di- 
rectly from  a  carrier  a  rate  l"ss  than  the 
published  rate,  the  purpose  of  the  law  be- 
ing to  prevent  indirect  methods  and  secret 
devices;  the  company  could  have  secured 
rates  as  low  as  those  accepted  over  the 
Chicago,  Burlington  and  Ouincy  or  over 
the  Chicago  and  Eastern  Illinois,  and  that 
the  Elkins  law.  under  which  the  suit  was 
brought,  was  nullified  by  the  Hepburn  law. 
subsequently  passed."'  The  case  was  based 
specifically  on  the  transit  of  a  car  of  oil 
from  Whiting.  Indiana,  over  the  Chicago 
and  Alton  Railroad,  at  the  six-per-ccnt  rate. 
April  1 .'{.  after  dclihernt  ing  t  \\  o  hours,  the 
jury  returned  a  verdi'-t  <>f  guilty  on  1  -4<',2 
counts.  Hefore  determining  the  amount  of 
the  fine.  Judge  I.smdis  demanded  evidence 
of  the  actual  ownership  of  the  Standard 
Oil  Company  of  Indiana.  This  was  shown 
to  be  the  Standard  oil  Company  of  New 
Jersey.  Judge  Landis  then,  on  August  3, 
imposed  the  maximum  line  of  >"_'(>  unit  ou 
each  count,  an  aggregate  of  S'J'.I.L'  ln.noit. 
The  defendant  company  appca^d  the  case 
to  the  Circuit.  Court  of  Appeals  for  (he 
seventh  circuit,  and  on  July  22,  1008, 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Judge  Peter  L.  Grosscup,  of  Illlnola,  two 
other  judges  concurring,  handed  down  an 
opinion  reversing  the  finding  of  the  District 
Court,  holding  that  the  court  below  erred 
In  its  ruling  that  a  shipper  may  be  con- 
victed of  re-accepting  a  concession  from 
the  lawful  published  rate,  even  though  it 
was  not  shown  that,  the  shipper  knew  what 
the  lawful  published  rate  was  :  its  ruling 
that  the  number  of  offenses  Is  the  number 
of  carloads  of  property  transported,  Irre- 
spective of  the  question  whether  each  car- 
load is  the  whole  or  only  a  part  of  a  single 
transaction  ;  and  its  ruling  that  the  large- 
ness of  the  fine  imposed  was  due  to  the 
effect  to  reach  and  punish  a  party  that 
was  not  before  the  court. 

Judge  Grosseup  declared  the  fine  im- 
posed by  .Judge  I<andis  "an  abuse  of  ju- 
dicial discretion."  The  validity  of  the 
courts'  reasoning  was  universally  dis- 
cussed. President  Roosevelt  pronounced 
the  ruling  of  Judge  Grosscup  "a  gross  mis- 
carriage of  justice."  The  Government  ap- 
plied to  the  Circuit  Court  of  Appeals  for  a 
rehearing,  which  was  denied,  and  on  Nov. 
20,  100S,  Attorney-General  Bonaparte  peti- 
tioned the  United  States  Supreme  Court  for 
a  writ  of  certiorari.  This  petition  was  dis- 
missed Jan.  4.  1900.  leaving  the  case  to 
be  retried  in  the  District  Court. 

Judge   McCall,   in  the   United   States    Cir- 
cuit Court  of  Jackson,  Tenn.,  Nov.  17,  1910, 
instructed  the  jury  to  bring  in  a  verdict  of 
not  guilty. 
Standard   Oil    Corporation,    statements 

made  by,  declared  untruthful,  7133. 
Standard  Time.— According  to  the  stand- 
ard time,  which  was  adopted  by  agreement 
at  12  o'clock  on  November  18,  1883,  by  all 
the  principal  railroads  of  the  United 
States,  the  continent  is  divided  into  five 
longitudinal  belts,  and  a  meridian  of  time 
is  tixed  for  each  belt.  These  meridians  are 
lifteen  degrees  of  longitude,  or  one  hour's 
time  apart.  The  time  divisions  are  called 
intercolonial  time,  eastern  time,  central 
time,  mountain  time,  and  Pacific  time. 
Eastern  Maine,  New  Brunswick  and  Nova 
Scotia  use  the  sixth  meridian  :  the  Canadas. 
New  England,  the  Middle  States,  Virginia 
and  the  Carolinas  use  the  seventy-fifth 
meridian,  which  is  that  of  Philadelphia; 
Alabama,  Georgia,  Florida,  Texas,  Kansas 
and  the  larger  part  of  Nebraska  and  Da- 
kota use  the  nineteenth  meridian,  which  is 
that  of  New  Orleans ;  the  territories  to 
(lie  western  border  of  Arizona  and  Mon- 
tana go  by  the  time  of  the  one  hundred 
and  fifth  meridian,  which  is  that  of  Den- 
ver ;  and  the  Pacific  States  employ  the  one 
hundred  and  twentieth  meridian.  In  pass- 
ing from  one  time-belt  to  another  a  per- 
son's watch  will  be  an  hour  too  fast  or  too 
slow,  according  to  the  direction  in  which 
he  is  traveling.  This  new  system,  which 
has  reduced  the  time  standards  from  fifty- 
three  to  five,  was  suggested  by  Professor 
Abbe,  of  the  Signal  Service  Bureau  at 
Washington,  and  was  elaborated  by  Dr.  A. 
P.  Barnard,  of  Columbia  University,  New 
York. 

Standards,  Bureau;  of.     (See  Bureau  of 

Standards.) 

Star  Chamber. — Used  as  an  adjective  be- 
fore "Proceeding,"  "Conference,"  "Delibera- 
tion," or  the  like,  the  term  means  that  the 
session  is  secret  and,  presumably,  for  some 
selfish  purpose, — not  for  the  interest  of  the 
public. 

Star  Routes. — Star  Routes  are  those  mail 
routes  of  the  United  States  Government 
on  which,  owing  to  lack  of  railroad  or 


steamboat  facilities,  the  mail  is  carried 
on  horseback  or  wagons.  They  are  (•ailed 
star  routes  because  in  the  route  books  of 
the  Post-Office  Department  they  are  marked 
with  three  groups  of  four  stars  each,  the 
groups  being  intended  to  signify  "celerity, 
certainty,  and  security"  in  this  method  of 
carrying  the  mail.  (See  also  Postal  Service.) 
Star  Route  Trials. — Early  in  ISS]  vague 
rumors  were  in  circulation  of  extensive 
fraud  in  this  service.  It  was  said  that 
there  was  a  "ring"  to  defraud  the  gov- 
ernment. Included  in  it  wen-  some  of 
the  large  contractors,  the  Second  Assist- 
ant Postmaster-General,  Thomas  .1.  Brady, 
some  subordinates  in  the  department. 
Senator  Stepuen  \V.  Dorsey,  of  Arkansas, 
and  others.  Brady  resigned  April  20,  1*81. 
Proceedings  in  one  ol  the  principal  cases 
were  begun  against  the  conspirators,  but 
they  were  dismissed  on  account  of  irreg- 
ularity in  the  form  of  the  action.  Early 
in  1882  several  persons  were  arrested  for 
furnishing  fraudulent  bonds  on  the  bids  for 
service,  and  Indictments  were  found  against 
Brady,  Stephen  W.  Dorsey,  John  W.  Dorsey, 
John  M.  Peck  and  John  K.  Miner,  who 
had  made  the  bids;  II.  M.  Vaile,  a  sub- 
contractor; M.  C.  Uerdell,  S.  W.  Dorsey's 
secretary  ;  Turner,  a  clerk  in  Brady's  ollice  ; 
and  against  one  of  the  principal  contractors. 
The  method  by  which,  as  charged,  the  gov- 
ernment was  defrauded  consisted  in  first 
obtaining  the  contracts  for  the  routes,  and 
in  subsequently  having  the  payments  vastly 
increased,  in  compensation  for  additional 
mail  trips  per  week,  and  faster  time  on 
each  trip.  This  latter  was  called  "ex- 
pediting" the  route.  The  Dorsey  combina- 
tion, as  the  conspirators  were  popularly 
called,  controlled  one  hundred  and  thirty- 
four  Star  Routes,  on  which  the  original 
compensation  was  $143,105).  By  increas- 
ing the  number  of  trips  beyond  what  the 
locality  required  and  by  "expediting" 
them,  this  amount  had  been  increased  to 
$622,808.  On  one  route  the  compensation 
had  been  increased  from  $398  to  $6,1  Ho. 50  ; 
the  revenue  derived  therefrom  by  the  gov- 
ernment was  $240. 

The  cases  came  up  for  trial  in  the 
District  of  Columbia,  June  1,  1882.  The 
government  employed  special  counsel  to  aid 
the  district  attorney,  and  the  defendants, 
too,  were  represented  by  eminent  lawyers. 
After  a.  protracted  trial,  the  case  was  sub- 
mitted to  the  jury  on  Sept.  8;  as  they 
were  not  able  to  agree  as  to  all  of  the  de- 
fendants, they  were  kept  out  until  Sept. 
11,  on  which  day  the  presiding  judge, 
AVylie,  deeming  an  agreement  on  all  the  de- 
fendants unlikely,  accepted  the  verdict. 
Peck  and  Turner  were  found  not  guilty  ; 
Miner  and  Kerdell,  guilty  ;  as  to  the  Dor- 
seys,  Vaile  and  Brady  there  was  a  disa- 
greement. Preparations  were  at  once  made 
for  a  new  trial  in  the  cases  in  which  there 
had  been  a  disagreement  and  the  motions 
of  the  counsel  of  Miner  and  Kerdell  for  a 
new  trial  were  granted.  The  second  trial 
began  in  December,  1882.  Kerdell,  on 
this  trial,  pleaded  guilty  and  turned  state's 
evidence.  On  June  12,  1883,  the  case  was 
given  to  the  jury,  and  on  the  14th  a  verdict 
of  not  guilty  was  rendered.  In  April,  1883, 
W.  P.  Kellogg,  ex-Senator  from  Louisiana, 
and  Brady  were  indicted  for  receiving 
money  for  services  in  relation  to  a  Star 
Route  contract.  The  cases  never  resulted 
in  a  conviction. 

At  the  conclusion  of  the  first  of  these 
trials  charges  of  attempted  bribery  of  t  In- 
jury, both  On  behalf  of  the  government 
and  of  the  defense,  were  made.  The  fore- 
man of  the  first  jury,  Dicksou,  and  another 
juror,  claimed  to  have  been  approached  on 


Star 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


behalf  of  the  government,  and  still  au- 
other  juror  on  behalf  of  the  defense.  Re- 
fore  the  first  trial  had  ended  Dickson  had 
made  a  sworn  statement  of  the  facts  in  his 
case,  and  it  was  charged  that  he  had  used 
it  in  the  jury-room  for  the  purpose  of  in- 
fluencing the  verdict.  The  Department  of 
Justice  investigated  the  cases,  and  declared 
its  belief  that  "no  government  officials  were 
involved  :  it  implied  that  all  the  attempts 
had  been  for  the  purposes  of  the  defense. 
Dickson  was  subsequently  indicted  for  at- 
tempting corruptly  to  influence  the  jury. 
Star  Spangled  Banner.— A  patriotic  song 
written  by  Francis  Scott  Key,  of  Baltimore 
MI.  v.)  on  the  night  of  Sept.  13,  1814,  dur- 
ing the  bombardment  of  Fort  Mellenry  by 
the  British.  Key  had  gone  under  a  flag  of 
truce  to  solicit  the  release  of  some  friends 
who  had  been  seized  by  the  Knglish  Ad- 
miral Cochrane  during  'the  attack  on  the 
city  of  Washington.  Upon  Key's  arrival 
the  British  fleet  was  about  to  begin  the 
attack  on  Fort  Mdlenry.  and  though  his 
request  for  the  release  of  his  friends  was 
granted,  Admiral  Cochrane  refused  to  al- 
low him  or  his  friends  to  leave  the  ship 
before  the  battle.  During  the  excitement  of 
the  bombardment  Key  wrote  the  famous 
pong  on  the  buck  of  a  letter.  It  was  pub- 
lished rind  sung  at  the  theatres  to  the  tune 
of  "Anacreou  in  Heaven." 
Stars  and  Bars. — The  flag  of  the  Confed- 
erate States  of  America.  The  first  provi- 
sional Senate  recommended  (hat  "the  flag 
of  the  Confederate  States  shall  consist  of 
a  red  field  with  a  white  space  extending 
horizontally  through  the  center  and  equal 
in  width  to  one-third  the  width  of  the 
flag."  The  Union  was  a  blue  square  ex- 
tending across  the  upper  red  and  the  white 
stripe,  in  the  blue  square  nine  stars  were 
arranged  in  a  circle.  The  bars  were,  by 
their  colors,  red  and  white,  intended  to 
express  the  qualities  of  courage  and  purity. 
The  blue  field  of  the  union  expressed  forti- 
tude, and  the  nine  stars  represented  the  num- 
ber of  States  in  the  Confederacy.  It  was 
first  displayed  March  4,  1861,  simulta- 
neously with  the  inauguration  of  Lincoln, 
being  unfurled  over  the  statehouse  at 
Montgomery,  Ala.  In  1803.  the  Stars  and 
Bars  too  closely  resembling  the  Stars  and 
Stripes,  the  Confederate  Congress  adopted  a 
white  flag  with  one  blue  star  in  the  center. 
Another  variation  commonly  used  was  n 
white  field  with  blue  diagonal  stripes  and 
white  stars,  and  a  piece  of  fringe  at  the 
outer  edge.  Some  of  the  army  corps  adopt- 
ed a  battle  flag  with  a  red  ground,  blue 
diagonal  cross,  and  white  stars. 

Stars  and  Stripes.     (See  Flap;.) 
State  Banks.      (See  Banks,   State.) 
State     Constitutions.      (See     Constitu- 
tions, State.) 

State  Courts.     (Sec  Courts,  State.) 
State  Debts: 

Contracted    abroad,    discussed,    1010. 
Guaranty     of,     by     General     Govern- 
ment discussed,  20fi1. 
Injure  public,  credit,   L'Ofil. 
Referred  to,  1709. 
Repudiation  of  contracts  referred  to, 

1 9Gl>. 
State,  Department  of. — This  Department 

iif  llie  federal  government  had  ils  origin 
in  a  ( 'oiiimil  tee  of  CorreMiondeiice.  which 
was  aniioinled  Nov.  'J'.t.  ITT.'i.  to  invoke  for- 
eign aid  in  behalf  of  the  American  Colonies. 


This  committee  was  succeeded  by  the  Com- 
mittee of  Foreign  Affairs,  which  was  cre- 
ated by  an  act  of  the  Continental  Con- 
gress, April  17,  1777.  "A  plan  for  the  De- 
partment of  Foreign  Affairs"  was  reported 
to  Congress  in  January,  1781,  and  the  De- 
partment was  organized  Aug.  10  of  that 
year  ;  Robert  R.  Livingston  was  made  Sec- 
retary and  he  filled  the  position  until  June 
4,  1788.  On  the  retirement  of  Livingston 
the  Department  of  Foreign  Affairs  prac- 
tically ceased  to  exist  for  about  a  year. 
Congress  managing  the  foreign  relations  of 
the  country  through  committees.  Sept.  21, 
1784,  John  Jay  was  appointed  Secretary 
and  the  functions  of  the  office  were  re- 
vived. 

After  the  acceptance  of  the  Constitution 
Congress  passed  a  law  entitled  "an  act  for 
establishing  an  Executive  Department  to 
be  denominated  the  Department  of  Foreign 
Affairs."  This  became  a  law  on  July  '27, 
178'.t,  and  John  Jay,  being  in  charge  of  the 
old  Department,  was  continued  temporarily 
in  charge  of  the  new  one.  The  existence 
of  this  Department,  however,  was  destined 
to  be  brief,  for  on  Sept.  15  following,  an 
act  of  Congress  was  approved  which  pro- 
vided that  "the  Executive  Department  de- 
nominated the  Department  of  Foreign  Af- 
fairs, shall  hereinafter  be  denominated  the 
Department  of  State,  and  the  principal  oili- 
cer  shall  hereafter  be  called  the  Secretary 
of  State,"  and  on  Sept.  26  Thomas  Jef- 
ferson was  made  Secretary. 

The  ticcrctai'!/  of  Ktntc  is  charged,  under 
the  direction  of  the  President,  with  duties 
appertaining  to  correspondence  with  the 
public  ministers  and  the  consuls  of  the 
United  States,  and  with  the  representa- 
tives of  foreign  powers  accredited  to  the 
United  States:  'and  to  negotiations  of 
whatever  character  relating  to  the  for- 
eign aliairs  of  the  United  States.  He  is 
also  the  medium  of  correspondence  be- 
tween the  President  and  the  chief  execu- 
tives of  the  several  states  of  the  United 
States;  he  has  the  custody  of  the  Great 
Seal  of  the  United  States,  and  counter- 
signs and  affixes  such  seal  to  all  executive 
proclamations,  to  various  commissions,  and 
to  warrants  for  the  extradition  of  fugitives 
from  justice.  He  is  also  the  custodian  of 
the  treaties  made  with  foreign  States,  and 
of  the  laws  of  the  United  States.  He 
grants  and  issues  passport^,  and  exequaturs 
to  foreign  consuls  in  the  United  States  are 
issued  through  his  office.  He  publishes 
the  laws  and  resolutions  of  Congress, 
amendments  to  the  Constitution,  and  proc- 
lamations declaring  the  admission  of  new 
states  into  the  Union. 

The  scope  of  the  department  has  been  so 
enlarged  that  it  is  now  the  most  important 
branch  of  the  government,  though  many  of 
its  original  functions  have  been  transferred 
to  other  departments. 

According  to  the  law  of  April  10.  1700. 
the  Department  was  given  charge  of  the 
patent  business,  which  it  retained  until 
184!).  when  the  work  was  given  over  to 
the  new  Department  of  the  Interior  A 
law  passed  May  :\1,  1700.  made  the  De- 
partment of  State  the  repository  of  maps 
charts,  and  books  for  which'  copyright 
might  be  granted  by  United  Slates  d'istrict 
courts,  but  in  1sr,!>  these  records  were 
turned  over  to  the  Department  of  die  In- 
terior and  later  to  the  Library  of  Con- 
gress, where  the  business  is  'now  eon- 
ducted.  From  17!Ml  until  isr,o  n,,,  ]  >,,. 
part  merit  also  eareil  for  the  enumeration 
of  the  census,  but  in  Hie  latter  vear  tliat 
work  was  given  to  the  Depart  m.'tii  of  I  he 
Interior,  from  which,  in  10<i:!.  it  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  Department  of  Commerce  and 
Labor.  Territorial  affairs  were  also  under 


State 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


the  care  of  the  Department  of  State  until 
the  organization  of  the  Department  of  the 
Interior  in  1849. 

In  1S.~>3  an  Assistant  Secretary  of  State 
was  provided  by  law  with  power  to  act 
as  Secretary  during  the  tatter's  absence  or 
during  an  interregnum.  A  Second  Assist- 
ant Secretary  was  provided  for  in  I860, 
and  in  1875  the  office  of  Third  Assistant 
Secretary  was  created. 

In  1848  the  office  of  Examiner  of  Claims 
was  created,  whose  duties  were  to  examine 
claims  of  our  citizens  against  foreign  gov- 
ernments and  of  foreigners  against  our  Gov- 
ernment, but  when  the  Department  of  Jus- 
tice was  formed,  in  1870,  this  office  passed 
under  its  jurisdiction.  In  1891  the  title 
of  this  office  was  changed  to  Solicitor  for 
the  Department  of  State.  In  185G  the  Sta- 
tistical Office  of  the  Department  of  State 
was  established  ;  in  1874  the  title  was 
changed  to  Bureau  of  Statistics  and  a  year 
later  it  was  again  changed  to  the  Bureau 
of  Foreign  Commerce  and  in  1903  trans- 
ferred to  the  Department  of  Commerce 
and  Labor  and  made  a  part  of  its  Bu- 
reau of  Statistics.  The  Bureau  of  Indexes 
was  established  in  1870,  the  Bureau  of  Ac- 
counts in  1873  ;  and  the  Bureau  of  Rolls 
and  Library  in  1874.  Work  originally 
done  by  the  Home  Bureau  has  since  been 
given  to  the  Passport  Bureau  and  the  Bu- 
reau of  Appointments.  Other  important 
Bureaus  are  the  Diplomatic  Bureau  which 
has  charge  of  all  correspondence  between 
the  Department  and  our  diplomatic  agents 
n broad  and  foreign  diplomatic  agents  in  the 
T'nited  States,  prepares  treaties,  etc.  ;  and 
the  Consular  Bureau.  The  Bureau  of 
Trade  Relations  was  established  in  1903 
to  manage  the  work  of  the  consular  officials 
In  obtaining  reports  for  the  Department 
of  Commerce  and  Labor.  Under  this  de- 
partment are  also  placed  the  United  States 
Representatives  on  International  Tribunals 
of  Egypt,  and  the  Bureau  of  American  Re- 
publics. 

For  more  detailed  information  of  the 
scope  of  the  activities  of  the  State  De- 
partment consult  the  Index  references  to 
the  Presidents'  Messages  and  Encyclopedic 
articles  under  the  following  headings  : 


PRESIDENT 


Admission  of  States. 

Ambassadors. 

Archives. 

Assistant  Secretary 
of  State. 

Citizenship  Bureau. 

claims.  Court  of. 

Commerce   Court. 

Consular  Appoint- 
ments. 

Consular  Bureau. 

Consular         Conven- 
tions. 

Consular  Service. 

Consuls. 

Copyright. 

Counselor,  Stata 
Department. 

Diplomatic  and  Con- 
sular  Service. 

Diplomatic    Appoint- 
ments. 

Diplomatic   Bureau. 

Director  of  Consular 
Service. 

Egypt.  Tribunal*  of. 

Exequaturs. 

Extradition. 

Kx tradition  Treaties. 

,Ear  Eastern  Affairs. 

Foreign   Relations. 

Following  Is  a  list 
State  and  the  Presldi 
nerved. 


Great     Seal    of    the 
United    States. 

In  forma  t  ion  Burea  u . 

Latin   American  and 
Mexican  Divisions. 

Library       of       Con- 
gress. 

Naturalization. 

Near    Eastern    Divi- 
sion. 

Neutral    Rights. 

Passports. 

Patents. 

Presidential     Succes- 
sion. 

Proclamations. 

S  e  c  o  n  d     Assistant 
Secretary  of  State. 

Solicitor     for     t  h  e 
State   Department. 

State      Rights      and 
State   Sovereignty. 

Third  Assistant  Sec- 
retary  of   State. 

Trade  Adviser. 

Trade  Information 
and  Publicity. 

Treaties. 

AVestern        European 
Division. 

of  the  Secretaries   of 
nts  under  whom  they 


Secretary  of  State 


Washington  Thomas  JofTerson,  Virginia 1789 

Edmund  Randolph,  Virginia 1794 

"  Timothy  Pickering,   Mass 1795 

Adams....  "  "  "     1797 

John  Marshall,  Virginia 1800 

Jefferson.. .  James  Madison,  Virginia 1801 

Madison..  .  Robert  Smith,  Maryland 1809 

"        ..  .  James  Monroe,  Virginia 1811 

Monroe.. . .  John  Quincy  Adams,  Mass 1817 

J.Q.Adams  Henry  Clay,  Kentucky 1825 

Jackson....  Martin  Van  Buren,  N*ew  York.  .  .  1829 
"       ....  Edward  Livingston,  Louisiana...  1831 

....  Louis  McLane,  Delaware 1833 

"       —  John  Forsyth,  Georgia 1834 

Van  Buren.  "       1837 

Harrison...  Daniel  Webster,*  Massachusetts.  .  1841 

Tyler* Hugh  S.  Legare.,  South  Carolina. .  .  1843 

"    Abel  P.  Upsliur,  Virginia 1843 

"    John  C.  Calhoun,  S.  Carolina...   1844 

Polk James  Buchanan,  Pennsylvania. .  .   1845 

Taylor John  M.  Clayton,  Delaware 1849 

Fillmore...  Daniel  Webster,  Massachusetts...  1850 
"        ...  Edward  Everett,  Massachusetts..  1852 

Pierce William  L.  Maroy,  New  York 1853 

Buchanan..  Lewis  Cass,  Michigan 1857 

fc  ..  JeremiahS.  Black,  Pennsylvania.  .  1860 
Lincoln..  .  .  William  H.  Seward,  New  York.  .  .  1861 
Johnson.  .  .  •'  "...  1865 

Grant Elihu  B.  Washburn,  Illinois 1869 

"     Hamilton  Fish,  New  York 1869 

Hayes William  M.  Evarts,  New  York.  .  .  1877 

Garfield.  .  .  James  G.  Blaine,  Maine 1881 

Arthur.  .  .  .  F.  T.  Frelinghuysen,  New  Jersey.  .  1881 
Cleveland  .  Thomas  F.  Bayard,  Delaware.  .  .  .  1885 

B.  Harrison  James  G.  Blaine,  Maine 1889 

John  W.  Foster,  Indiana 1892 

Cleveland  .  Walter  Q.  Gresluun,  Illinois 1893 

"  .  Richard  Gluey,  Massachusetts...   1895 

McKinley  .  John  Sherman,  Ohio 1897 

.  William  R.  Day,  Ohio 1897 

.  John  Hay,  Ohio 1898 

Roosevelt..  "  "     1901 

"         ..  Elihu  Root,  New  York 1905 

"          ..  Robert  Bacon,  New  York 1909 

Taft Philander    C.  Knox,  Penn 1909 

Wilson William  J.  Bryan,  Nei.ra.ska 1913 

....  Robert  Lansing,  New  York |1915 


*  Daniel    Webster   also    continued    by    President 
Tyler  in  1841  until  appointment  of  successor. 

State,  Department  of: 

Agents  employed  by,  without  express 
provisions  of  law,  2001,  21:14. 

Amount   charged   to,  for  service   ren- 
dered by  naval  vessels,  .'JGOO. 

Appropriations   and   expenditures   of, 
referred   to,  4381. 

Building  for — - 

Completed     and     possession     taken 

by,  4:501. 
Recommended,  270!,  -lOfiO. 

Change    in    laws    relating   to    manage- 
ment of,  referred   lo,  4~)S7. 

Changes    made    in    force    of,    referred 
lo,  til 78. 

Clerks  in,  referred  to.  ."."S;"),  :',79£>,  -1054. 

Contingent  fund   of  bureaus   in,  esti- 
mates'   for,    referred    to,    5120. 

Historical  archives  in,  (>0(M). 

Historical    manuscripts    in,    plan     for 
publishing,    referred    lo,   ;">1!)8. 

Increase  of  work  of,  7022. 

Legal    services    amount    paid    for,   by, 
referred    to,   :;S28. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


States 


Library   in,  referred   to,  4740. 

Oilicers    commissioned    by,    referred 
to,  4003. 

Officers  in,  referred  to,  4332. 

Public   records  in,  means  for  preser- 
vation   of,    referred   to,   4113. 

Reorganization  of,  7420. 

Salaries  and  expenses  of,  referred  to, 
3892. 

Substitutes    in    employment    of,    re- 
ferred  to,   4975. 

Trade  factor,  7415,  7502,  7599. 

Transfer   of — 

Patent    Office    from,    to    Attorney- 
General,    recommended,    2265. 
Portion     of     business     of,     recom- 
mended, 1024,  2704. 
Territorial  affairs  from,  to  Interior 
Department   recommended,   4060, 
4145. 

State  of  the  Union,  discussed  by  Presi- 
dent— 

Adams,  J.  Q.,  865,  916,  944,  978. 

Arthur,  4822. 

Buchanan,     2967,     3028,     3051,    3083, 
3157,  3191,  3200. 

Cleveland,  4909,  5358,  6146. 

Fillmore,  2613. 

Grant,   3981,   4050,   4107,   4138,  4238, 
4259,  4286  4353. 

Harrison,  Beniamin,  5467,  5542,  5741. 

Hayes,  3656,  3690,  3755,  3799. 

Jackson,  1005,  1063,  1107,  1154,  1366, 
1511. 

Jefferson,  316,  344,  349,  373. 

Johnson,  3551,  3570,  3589,  3593,  3643, 
3756,  3837,  3871. 

Lincoln,  3245,  3255,  3334,  3389,  3452. 

McKinley,  6307. 

Madison,  524,  552,  558. 

Monroe,  623,  642,  667,  776,  791,  817. 

Pierce,  2740,  2806,  2874,  2930. 

Polk.  232-1,  2382,  2479. 

Roosevelt,  6645,  6709,  6710,  6S94, 
6973. 

Taylor,   2547. 

Tyler,  1927,  2047,  2110,  2187. 

Van    Buren,    1590,    1700,    1746,    1819. 

Washington,  95,  175,  205. 
State,  Secretary  of: 

Appointments   by,   referred   to,   1965. 

Letter   to,   regarding  Lousiana  prov- 
ince, 336. 

Report  of,  26,  334,  384,  430,  637,  652, 

1131.  6346. 

State,   War,    and   Navy  Building,   con- 
struction   of,    discussed,    4301,    4524, 

4638. 
Staten  Island,  sale  of  fortifications  on, 

to  United  States  proposed,  934. 
States  of  the  Church.     (See  Italy;  Pa- 
pal States.) 

States  of  the  Union.    (See  also  the  sev- 
eral States) : 

Accounts  of  the  United  States  with, 
133. 


Act- 
Containing        provisions       denying 
certain    right    to    protect    them- 
selves    with     militia,     discussed, 
3670,  3871. 
Granting  lands  to — 

For  benefit  of  insane  persons  ve- 
toed, 2780. 

Reasons  for  applying  pocket  ve- 
to, 1275. 
To   provide    colleges   in,    vetoed, 

3074. 

To  pay  moneys  collected  under  di- 
rect tax  of  1861  to  Territories, 
District  of  Columbia,  and,  ve- 
toed, 5422. 

To  settle  claims  of,  reasons  for  ap- 
plying pocket  veto  to,  1200. 
Admission    of,   see   article    Admission 

of  States. 

Admission    of,    discussed    and    recom- 
mendations   regarding,    3033,    3086. 
Agitation  in,  growing  out  of  slavery 

discussed.     (See  Slavery.) 
Alliances  between,   discouraged,   209. 
Amicable  relations  between,  desired, 

2806. 
Area  of,  and  extent  of  public  domain 

in,  referred  to,  2768. 
Commerce    between,    discussed,    3560. 
Constitutional   rights   of.      (See  pow- 
ers  of  Federal  and   State  Govern- 
ments.) 

Debts    contracted    by,    abroad,    dis- 
cussed,  1940. 

Guaranty    of,   by   General   Govern- 
ment,  discussed,  2064. 
Injure  public  credit,  2061. 
Referred  to,  1769. 
Repudiation    of    contracts    by,    re- 
ferred  to,   1962. 

Disbursements     made    within     Terri- 
tories  and,  1045. 
Education  in.      (See  Education.) 
Federal   Government  in,  uniform  op- 
eration  of,   suggested,   1024. 
Funds  deposited  with — 

May   be   necessary   to   use   portion 

of,  1458. 

Not  intended  as  a  gift,  1458'. 
Referred  to,   1823. 

Governments  to  be  reestablished  in 
Southern  States.  (See  Confederate 
States.) 

Indebtedness  of,  to  United  States  re- 
ferred to,  379. 
Insurrection,  existence  of,  in  certain, 

proclaimed,   3238,   3293,   3366. 
Proclamations    declaring    insurrec- 
tion at  an  end,  3515,  3627,  3632. 
Tax    upon    real    estate   in,    declared 

a  lien   on  same,   3293. 
Lands — 

Granted  to — 

For    educational    purposes,    1029, 
1045,  3587.  4206. 


State 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


In  aid  of  internal  improve- 
ments, etc.,  discussed,  4065, 
4206,  5380. 

Purchased  in,  by  United  States  re- 
ferred to,  892,  893. 
Legislation    to    secure    property    and 
enforce  law  in,  recommended,  4081. 
Measures    and    weights    of,    sets    of, 

made  for,  1477. 

Payment  or  assumption  of  stocks  of, 
bv    General    Government    referred 
to,   1907. 
Powers  of.      (See  Powers  of  Federal 

and  State  Governments.) 
Prisoners    in,    provisions    for.       (See 

Imprisonment.) 

Reconstruction  of  Southern  States. 
(See  Reconstruction;  the  several 
States.) 


Restoration  of  Southern  States. 
(See  Provisional  Governors;  Res- 
toration.) 

Right  of  certain,  to  representation 
in  Congress,  discussed,  3644. 

Secession  discussed.    (See  Secession.) 

Sectional  agitation  in,  mediation  of 
Virginia  for  settlement  of,  dis- 
cussed, 3192. 

Slavery   in.      (See   Slavery.) 

Suability  of,  amendment  of  Consti- 
tution relative  to,  250. 

Surplus    revenue     should    be     appor- 
tioned among,   1014,  1077. 
Constitutional     amendment     neces- 
sary for,  recommended,  1015. 
Derangement    arising    from    distri- 
bution  of,   1707. 


States 

Admitted 
to    the 
Union, 

Area 
Square 

Miles. 

Population 
Jan.    1.     1017 
1  Estimated  > 

Nickname. 

Flower. 

1.   Delaware    .... 

Dec.    7.     17X7 

2.  .".70 

214.270 

Diamond     .  .  . 

Peach   Blossom 

U.   Pennsylvania  . 

Dec.   12.    17X7 

45,120 

8.501.020 

Kevstone    .  .  . 

3.   Now  Jersey.  .  . 

Dec.    IS,   1787 

8.224 

2,081,105 

Red   Mud-   .  .  . 

Empire    State 

4.  Georjria     

Jan.    2,    1788 

59,205 

2.875.053 

of  the  South 

5.   Connecticut    .  . 

Jan.    !»,    17x8 

4.005 

1.254.020 

Nutmeg     .... 

Mountain    Laurel 

0.   Massachusetts 

Feb.     0,     1  78!* 

8  "00 

3  747  504 

Old  I?av  

7.   Maryland    .... 

Apr.  28,  1788 

I2i327 

1.308.240 

Old    Line.... 

Golden  Kod 

8.   South   Carolina 

May  2:;,   1788 

30,080 

1.634,340 

Palmetto    .  .  . 

0.   X  e  w       Hamp- 

shire     

June  21.  1788 

9.341 

443,467 

Granite     .... 

10.   Virginia    

Juno  2.".,  1788 

42.027 

2.202.522 

Old   Dominion 

1  1     NVw    York.  .  .  . 

Tlilv   'Mi     1788 

•JO  ''04 

10.300,778 

Kmpirp    

Rose 

12.   North  Carolina 

Nov.  21.   1780 

52.420 

2.418.550 

Tar    Heel.  .  .  . 

1.'!.   Rhode    Island. 

May  20.   1700 

1,24s 

020.000 

Little    Rhody 

Violet 

Green     Moun- 

1 4.  Vermont   

Mar.    4,    1701 

0.504 

3(54,322 

tain     

Red  Clover 

15     Kentuckv    .... 

lime    1      170'' 

40,50s 

2  3.80.80(5 

Corn    Cracker 

10.   Tennessee     .  .  . 

June    1.    170(1 

42,022 

2.200.310 

Volunteer    .  .  . 

17.  Ohio    

Feb.   10.   1803 

41.040 

5.181.220 

P.uckeye     .... 

Carnation 

IS.   Louisiana    .... 

Apr.  30.   1812 

48.500 

1.843.042 

Pelican    

Magnolia 

10.   Indiana     

Dec.    1  1,   1810 

30,354 

2.820.154 

Iloosier     .... 

Corn 

20.   Mississippi     .  . 

Dec.    10,    1817 

40.805 

1  .064.122 

Bayou   

Mau'nolia 

21.   Illinois    

Dec.    3.    1S18 

50.005 

0.103,020 

Prairie    

Violet 

Land  of  Flow- 

22.  Alabama    

Dec.    14.    1810 

51.008 

2,34S.2';3 

ers     

Golden   Rod 

23.    Maine    

Nov.   IT..   1820 

:!:;.040 

774.?  14 

Pine    Tree.  .  . 

Pine    C  o  n  o 

24.   Missouri      .... 

AUK.   10,   1821 

00.420 

3.420.14.", 

P.tillion    

Golden    Rod 

25.   Arkansas    .... 

June  1."..  18.10 

53  .'!.'!  5 

1  .75.",.  033 

P.ear    

Apple  Blossom 

20.   Mirhiiran    .... 

Jan.  20.   1837 

57,800 

3.074.500 

Wolverine     .  . 

Apple  Blossom 

27.   Florida    

Mar.    ?,,    1845 

58.000 

004  830 

Kverglade     .  . 

Orange     Blossom 

2S.   Texns    

Dec.   20.    1845 

205.800 

4.472.044 

Lone    Star.  .  . 

Blue   Bonnet 

2!).    Iowa    

Dec.   28.    1840 

50,147 

2.224.771 

Ilawkeye     .  .  . 

Wild   Rose 

MO.    Wisconsin     .  .  . 

Mav  20.   1848 

50.000 

2.513.758 

Badirer    

.",  1  .   California     .  .  . 

Sept.    0,    1850 

158.207 

2.08.">.  84  3 

Golden    

California    Poppy 

"2.    Minnesota     .  .  . 

Mav   11.    1S.-8 

84,082 

2  200.0'M 

Gopher    

Moccasin 

'.'>'.',.  Oregon    

Feb.    14,   1850 

00.000 

848,800 

Web-Foot    .  .  . 

Orojron  Grape 

31.    Kansas    

Jan.   20.    1801 

82.158 

1.840.707 

Garden     .... 

Sunflower 

35.   West  Virginia. 

June  10.  ISO.'! 

24.170 

1,300  3->0 

Panhandle    .  . 

Rhododendron 

30.    Nevada      

Oct.  ::i,  1804 

1  10  000 

108,730 

Sajre    Brush  .  . 

37.    Nebraska     .... 

Mar.    1,    1807 

77.520 

1.277.  750 

Black    Water. 

Golden  Rod 

38.  Colorado    .... 

A  u  jr.     1.    1870 

103  048 

075.100 

Centennial 

(  'olumbine 

30.   North    Iiakota. 

Nov.    3,     1  880 

70,837 

75°  "60 

Cyclone     .... 

Wild  Rose 

40.    South    Iiakota. 

Nov.     3.     18S!> 

77.01.1 

707.740 

Coyote     

Anemone    Patens 

41  .   Montana      .... 

Nov.     X.     1  SSfl 

1  10.572 

406.214 

Mountain    .  .  . 

Bitter  Root 

42.   Washington    .  . 

Nov.   1  1.   1XXO 

00.127 

1  505  810 

Chinook     .... 

Rhododendron 

•»:•,.    Idaho     

July   :;.    1800 

84,313 

430.881 

Gem       of      the 

Mountains  . 

Syrin;ca 

44.   Wyoming    .... 

July    10.    1X0(1 

07.014 

182.204 

45.    ("tali 

Ja  ii       1       1  S'H; 

S4  '10(1 

43S  :)74 

Mormon 

S.  •<_'<>  Lily 

40.    Oklahoma    .... 

Vi.V.    10.    1007 

70.057 

2.245'.OOX 

Hoomer     .... 

Mistletoe 

•17.     New       Mexieli.   . 

Ian.     0.     101" 

1  2  2.0.  ".4 

410.0(56 

Adob,.    

4.S.   Arizona     

[•'eh.     14,    10PJ 

1  i:',,050 

250.000 

Encyclopedic  Index 


Statuary 


Funds   deposited   with,   not  intend- 
ed as  a  gift,  808. 

May    be   necessary   to   use   portion 
of  funds  deposited  with,  1458. 

Table  showing  distribution  of,  1479. 
Tide    of   population   flows   into    new, 

2123. 

Union  and  Confederate  flags,  return 
of,  to  respective  States  recom- 
mended, 5163. 

Proposition  withdrawn,  5164. 
Weights  and  measures,  sets  of,  made 

for,  1477. 

State  Rights  and  State  Sovereignty.— 
"State  rights"  Is  the  doctrine  that  every 
state  is  sovereign  within  the  limits  of  its  own 
sphere  of  action,  made  so  by  the  declared 
will  of  the  nation  as  expressed  in  the  Con- 
stitution ;  and  that  the  will  of  the  nation, 
appropriately  manifested,  as  provided  in  the 
Constitution,  may  change  that  sphere. 
"State  sovereignty"  is  the  doctrine  that  the 
states,  at  the  formation  of  the  Union,  dele- 
gated a  portion  of  their  sovereignty  to  the 
National  government,  reserving  the  right  to 
revoke  the  agency  and  to  resume  the  ex- 
ercise of.  all  the  elements  of  sovereignty 
at  any  time  by  seceding. 

In  the  Constitution,  the  rights  of  the  Na- 
tional government  are  distinctly  stated  ;  the 
rights  of  the  state  are  limited  only  by 
the  expressly  declared  national  right.  Pre- 
vious to  the  Civil  War  the  term  "state 
rights"  was  used  to  designate  the  idea  of 
"state  sovereignty,"  and  misuse  has  raised 
a  prejudice  in  many  minds  even  against 
the  legitimate  theory  of  "state  rights" 
brought  forward  since  that  event.  The 
arguments  against  "state  sovereignty"  may 
be  summarized  as  follows  :  The  colonies  did 
not  light  each  for  its  own  independence, 
but  each  for  the  independence  of  all,  as 
is  shown  by  their  joint  action  throughout, 
in  military  as  well  as  civil  matters.  The 
sovereignty  acquired  in  that  struggle  was 
never  individually  exercised,  but  all  re- 
mained under  the  national  sovereignty 
raised  by  the  common  tight  for  liberty. 
All  the  elements  and  insignia  of  sover- 
eignty were  vested  in  the  National  govern- 
ment, as  the  power  to  declare  war  and 
peace  and  to  coin  money,  and  moreover 
ihe  power  to  amend  the  Constitution,  ex- 
cept in  a  very  few  particulars,  was  given 
to  three-fourths  of  the  states,  and  on  the 
theory  of  state  sovereignty  this  would  im- 
ply the  self-contradictory  condition  of  a 
sovereign  state  voluntarily  exposing  itself 
to  changes  in  its  government  without  its 
consent  to  the  change.  It  may  be  main- 
tained that  secession  would  afford  the  need- 
ed relief ;  but  if  this  had  been  the  inten- 
tion, the  consent  of  all  the  states  to  an 
amendment  would  have  been  required,  since 
it  must  be  presumed  that  the  union  was 
intended  to  endure. 

The  doctrine  of  "state  sovereignty"  was 
put  forward  at  various  times.  (See  Hart- 
ford Convention  ;  Nullification.)  Soon  after 
the  nullification  troubles  it  became  the  ally 
of  slavery,  and  the  result  of  the  Civil 
War  put  it  to  rest  forever.  State  sov- 
ereignty and  secession  finally  disposed  of, 
the  theory  of  state  rights  as  above  out- 
lined could  be  developed.  The  danger  of 
extreme  particularism  had  been  avoided ; 
extreme  centralization  during  the  exercise 
of  war  powers  by  the  President  and  Con- 
gress was  inevitable.  The  Supreme  Court 
holds  the  balance,  and  its  adjudication  has, 
since  the  war,  laid  down  the  relations  of 
the  states  and  the  National  government  as 
above. 


State  Socialism.  (Sec  Socialism.) 
States  Relations  Service,  Agriculture 
Department. — Under  a  plan  of  reorganiza- 
tion of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  ap- 
proved by  law  of  May  8,  1914,  the  States 
Itelations  Service  was  created.  It  has  gen- 
eral charge  of  the  department's  business 
with  the  State  Agricultural  Colleges  and 
Kxperiinent  Stations,  and  of  certain  other 
related  functions.  The  act  provides  for  a 
nation-wide  system  of  instruction  for  the 
fanning  population  in  agriculture  and  home 
economics  outside  of  the  .schools  and  colleges. 

The  general  lines  of  the  extension  system 
for  the  whole  country  have  been  well  marked 
out,  and  embrace  (1)  the  county  agricul- 
tural agents,  (2)  the  boys'  and  girls'  clubs, 
(o)  the  movable  schools,  and  (4-)  the  sup- 
porting work  of  the  college  and  department 
specialists. 

The  appropriation  for  this  work  for  the 
first  year  of  its  existence  (1914)  was 
$2.280,000.  This  was  met  by  approximately 
$2,653,000  from  the  states. 

States  Rights.    (See  Powers  of  Federal 
and    State    Governments.) 

Statistical  Congress,   International: 

At  St.  Petersburg,  4142,  4221. 

The  Hague,  4082. 
Invitation    to    hold    next   meeting    in 

United  States   recommended,  4142. 

Statistics,  Bureau  of.— A  Bureau  of  the 
Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor.  It 
was  established  in  1SGG  as  a  Bureau  of 
the  Treasury  Department,  but  on  the  es- 
tablishment of  the  Department  of  Com- 
merce and  Labor,  in  1903,  it  was  trans- 
ferred to  that  Department.  It  collects  and 
publishes  from  time  to  time  statistics  of 
the  commerce  of  the  United  States  wiih 
foreign  countries,  immigration  statist  ies, 
etc.  Its  annual  statistical  Abstract  of  the 
United  States  and  reports  on  commerce 
and  navigation  are  important  documents. 
(See  also  Agriculture.  Department  of,  and 
Crop  Estimates,  Bureau  of.) 

Statistics,  Bureau  of,  act  to  establish, 
referred  to,  4S07. 

Statuary  Hall,  formerly  the  hall  of  the 
House  of  Representatives,  was  established 
as  Statuary  Hall  by  act  of  Congress  of 
July  2,  1804.  By  this  legislation  a  Na- 
tional Hall  of  Statuary  was  created,  and 
the  President  was  authorized  to  invite  each 
state  to  contribute  to  the  collection  to  be 
formed ;  two  statues,  in  either  marble  or 
bronze,  of  deceased  citizens  of  the  state 
whom  "for  historic  renown  or  from  civil 
or  military  services"  the  state  should  con- 
sider as  worthy  of  commemoration  in  this 
National  Hall  of  Statuary. 

The    following    is    a    list    of    statues    pre- 
sented by   the   states  : 
Alabama — J.    L.    M.    Curry. 
Connecticut — Roger   Sherman. 
Connecticut — Jonathan    Trumbull. 
Florida — John    W.    Gorrie. 
Idaho — George    L.    Shoup. 
Illinois — James    Shields. 
Illinois — Frances   E.   Willard. 
Indiana — Oliver  P.  Morton. 
Indiana — Lew  Wallace. 
Iowa — James  Harlan. 
Iowa — Samuel  J.  Kirkwood. 
Kansas — John   J.   Ingalls. 


Statuary 


Messages  aitd  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Kansas — George  W.   Click. 
Maine— Will  in  in  King. 
Maryland — Charles  Carroll. 
Mitryliinil — John  Hanson. 
Massachusetts — Samuel   Adams. 
Massachusetts — John  Winthrop. 
Michigan — Lewis  Cass. 
Michigan — Xachariah   Chandler. 
Missouri — Francis    P.    Klair. 
Missouri — Thomas  II.  Benton. 
New   Hampshire — John  Stark. 
New   Hampshire— l>aniel    Webster. 
New  Jersey — Richard  Stocktoti. 
New   Jersey — 1'liilip   Kearny. 
New   York — Hobert  It.  Livingston. 
New   York — George  Clinton. 
Ohio— James    A.    tiarlield. 
Ohio— William    Allen. 
Pennsylvania — J.    P.  (!.  Muhlenberg. 
Pennsylvania  —  Robert    Fulton. 
Rhode   Isl.'iiul — Naihanael   (Jreene. 
Rhode   Island— Roger   Williams. 
South  Carolina — John  C.   Calhoun. 
Texas — Stephen   K.   Austin. 
Texas — Samuel    Houston. 
Vermont — lOthan  Allen. 
Vermont — Jacob   Collamer. 
Virginia — Washington. 
Virginia— It.  K.  Lee. 
"West  Virginia — John   E.  Konnn. 
West  Virginia — Francis  H.   Pierpont. 
Wisconsin — James   Marquette. 

Works  of  art  in  the  Capitol  Building, 
Washington,  have  been  acquired  by  gift 
from  private  individuals  interested  in  the 
preservation  of  the  historical,  biographical, 
or  pictorial  art  of  the  nation  ;  by  the  gift 
from  states,  as  instanced  by  the  statues  of 
distinguished  citizens  forming  the  collec- 
tion in  Statuary  Hall,  and  by  purchase  by 
the  Government.  A  general  supervision  of 
the  art  works  of  the  Capitol  is  exercised 
by  the  Joint  Committee  on  the  Library. 
This  committee  also  has  charge  of  acces- 
sions to  the  art  works  of  the  Capitol  Build- 
iny,  except  as  otherwise  provided  by  law. 

Statues  and  Monuments: 

Clinton,  George,  statue  of,  presented 
to  Congress  by  New  York,  4214. 

Dinosaur  proclaimed,  8087. 

Garfield,  James  A.,  statue  of,  to  be 

erected  in   Washington,   4795. 
Unveiling     ceremonies,     order     re- 
garding, 51  (>'2. 

Liberty  Enlightening  the  World.  (See 
Liberty  En.lightening  the  World.) 

Rawlins,  John  A.,  statue  of,  recom- 
mendations regarding  erection  of, 
4124. 

Thomas,  George  II.,  statue  of,  to  be 
unveiled,  4fjd<). 

Washington,  George,  statue  of — 
to    be    erected    at    Caracas,    Vene- 
zuela, 4716. 

To  be  placed  in  Capitol,  881,  1170, 
1910. 

Washington  Monument.  (See  Wash- 
ington Monument.) 

Woostx'r,  David,  monument  to  mem- 
ory of,  information  regarding,  801. 

Yorktown,  Va.,  monument  at,  re- 
ferred to,  4850. 

Statute    of  Limitations   should    be    re- 
pealed  in   criminal   cases,   1-11)2. 
Statutes    of    Limitations    and    Interest 

Laws.— The    following  table  gives   the   legal 
and   contract  interest   rates   in    the   several 


States,    and    the    statutes   of   limitations    of 
notes,  judgments  and  accounts: 


STATES  AND 
TERRITORIES. 


Alabama 

Alaska 

Arkansas 

Arizona 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut. .  . 

Delaware 

D.  of  Columbia. 
Florida... 

(Jcoruia 

Hawaii     .... 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts  . 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

N.  Hampshire.. 
New  Jersey. . . . 
New  Mexico. . . 

New  York 

North  Carolina. 
North  Dakota. . 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania.. . 

Porlo  Ri«o 

Rhode  Island  . . 
South  Carolina. 
South  Dakota. . 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington..  . 
West  Virginia. 
Wisconsin.  .  .  . 
Wyoming 


INTEREST  LAWS. 

STATUTES   OF 
LIMITATIONS. 

Legal 

Kate. 

Rate 

Allowed 
by 
Contract. 

Judg- 
ments. 

Notes. 

Ooeu 
Ac- 
counts. 

Per  ct.      Per  et. 

Years 

Years 

Years 

8                8 

20 

G 

3 

8 

12 

10 

G 

1 

ti 

10 

10 

5 

3 

0 

10 

5 

4 

3 

7 

Any  rate. 

5 

4 

4 

8 

Any  rate. 

20 

G 

6 

6 

0 

(o) 

W 

6 

G 

(i 

10 

6  H 

3 

0 

10 

12 

3 

3 

8 

10 

20 

5  l 

o 

7 

8 

7 

6 

4 

8 

12 

20(n) 

6' 

6 

7 

12 

G 

5 

4 

5     • 

7 

20 

10 

5 

0 

8 

20 

10 

6 

6 

8 

20W) 

10 

5 

6 

10 

5 

5 

3 

G 

6 

15 

15 

5(o) 

o 

8 

10 

5 

3 

G 

\nv   rate. 

20 

Gffl 

6§§ 

6 

'  0 

12 

3 

3 

0 

\ny   rate. 

20 

G 

6 

5 

7 

10 

6 

6 

6 

10 

10 

G 

6 

0 

10 

7 

6 

3 

0 

8 

10 

10 

5 

8 

Any   rate. 

10(6) 

8 

5 

7 

10 

Btt 

5 

4 

7 

Vny   rate. 

G 

4 

4 

6 

C 

20 

G 

6 

6 

0 

20 

6 

G 

8 

12 

7 

G 

4 

G 

ett 

20(n) 

G 

6§§ 

0 

G 

10 

3* 

3 

7 

12 

10(m) 

•"•  G 

6§§ 

6 

8 

15(p) 

15 

6 

0 

10 

5(h) 

5 

3 

6 

JO 

10 

G 

G 

G 

G 

5(0 

6] 

6 

(i 

12 

(«) 

<'</) 

(«) 

G§ 

Any  rate. 

20 

G 

6 

7 

"  8 

10 

G 

6 

7 

12 

10(0 

G 

G 

6 

0 

10 

G 

G 

G 

10 

ion 

4 

2 

s 

12 

8 

G 

4 

(j 

ti 

8 

G               (i}§ 

0 

G 

20 

211 

li 

12 

6 

G                3 

u 

6 

10 

10               5 

0 

10 

20(n) 

0               G 

s 

12 

21 

5               S 

*  Under  seal,  !0  years.  §  Unless  a  different  rate  is  ex- 
pressly stipulated.  ||  Under  seal,  20  years.  *;  Store  ac- 
counts; other  accounts  3  years;  accounts  between  merchants 
5  years,  ft  New  York  lias  by  a  recent  law  legalized  any 
rate  of  interest  on  call  loans  of  .?"),()()()  or  upward,  on  col- 
lateral security.  J.+  Becomes  dormant,  but  may  be  revived. 
§§Six  years  from  last  item,  (a)  Accounts  between  mer- 
chants 2  years,  (b)  In  courts  not  of  record  5  years,  (c) 
Witnessed  20  years,  (d)  Twenty  >eara  in  Courts  of  Record; 
in  Justice's  Court  10  years,  (c)  Negotiable  notes  G  years, 
non-negotiable  17  years.  (/)  ('eases  to  be  a  lien  after 
that  period,  unless  revived.  .  (li)  On  foreign  judgments 
1  year.  (I)  Ten  years  foreign,  20  years  domestic,  (m) 
Subject  to  renewal,  (n)  Not  of  record  6  year;;,  (o)  No 
limit,  (p)  Foreign.  Domestic  G  years,  (y)  Varies  from 
3  to  30  years. 

Penalties  far  usury  cliffiT  in  the  various  States.  Cali- 
fornia, Colorado,  Maine,  Massachusetts  (except  on  loans 
of  less  than  $1,000).  Montana  and  Nevada  have  no  pro- 
visions (in  the  subject.  Loss  of  prinrifiiil  and  intrrfft  is 
the  penalty  in  Arkansas  and  New  York.  Loss  of  principal 
in  Delaware  and  Oregon. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Stone 


Statutes  of  United   States.      (See   Re- 
vised Statutes.) 

Statutory. — By  authority  of  the  statute. 
Statutory  law  is  law  passed  by  the  Legisla- 
ture either  of  the  nation  or  state.  It  is 
distinguished  from  common  law  in  that  it 
is  interpreted  by  the  judiciary,  as  nearly 
ns  ascertainahle,  according  to  the  literal 
meaning  intended  by  the  legislators.  (See 
Common  Law.) 
Steam  Boiler  Explosions: 

Commission  to  inquire  into  causes  of, 

4213,  4434. 

Examinations   of   inventions   to   pre- 
vent, referred  to,  1720,  1728,  1732. 
Steam   Engineering,   Bureau   of,   Navy 
Department.     (See  Bureau  of  Steam 
Engineering.) 
Steam  Power: 

Accident  in  navigation  resulting 
from  criminal  negligence  in  use  of, 
discussed,  1253. 

Use  and  development  of,  in  naval 
warfare,  discussed,  1901,  2122, 
2132. 

"Steam  Roller"  Tactics. — The  action  of 
the  Uepublican  leaders  in  the  nominating 
convention  of  1912  was  characterized  by 
their  opponents  throughout  the  campaign 
as  "Steam  Roller''  Tactics,  because  it  was 
alleged  that  the  Committee  on  Credentials 
had  arbitrarily  seated  contesting  delegates 
regardless  of  the  merits  of  the  cases  in- 
volved, and  by  so  maneuvering  had  gained 
a  majority  for  the  platform  and  the  can- 
didates desired  by  the  reactionaries. 

Steamboat  Inspection  Service,  Com- 
merce Department.  — 'This  service  is 
charged  with  the  inspection  of  all  vessels 
flying  the  United  States  flag  which  are  not 
directly  connected  with  the  Navy  Depart- 
ment. In  addition  to  general  inspection  con- 
cerning safety,  the  Service  investigates  the 
serviceability  of  all  vessels  for  the  kind  of 
service  they  are  to  render,  sees  that  the  ac- 
commodations for  both  passengers  and  crew 
are  sufficient,  and  examines  the  safety  of  all 
the  equipment,  with  especial  attention  to 
boilers.  In  IftKi,  the  Service  inspected  and 
certificated  7.M49  vessels,  issued  licenses  to 
18.102  officers  and  24,425  seamen,  tested 
and  examined  20.">.017  life  preservers,  and 
reported  that,  on  the  vessels  which  are  re- 
quired to  report  the  number  of  passengers 
they  carry,  31 7, 060, 553  persons  were  car- 
ried. (See  Commerce  Department.) 
Steamboat  Inspection  Service,  dis- 
cussed, 4931. 
Steamboats,  casualties  in,  discussed, 

1611. 
Steamship  Mail  Service.      (See  Postal 

Service.) 
Steamships: 

Australian  line  referred  to,  4101. 

Claims  of  German  lines  to  interest 
on  dues  illegally  exacted,  5084, 
5367. 

Construction  of,  into  war  vessels 
when  needed,  recommended,  2203. 

Line  of,  between — 

Havre  and  New  York  referred  to, 
2011,   2173. 


San     Francisco     and     Japan     and 

China,  4101. 
Naval      reserve      of,      recommended, 

5492. 

Proposals    for    construction    of    iron 
steamships  for  trans-Atlantic  serv- 
ice referred  to,  4023. 
Rapid    service    of,    recommended    by 
International      American      Confer- 
ence, 5511. 
Recommendations        regarding,        by 

President — 

Harrison,   Benj.,  5491,  5550. 
McKinley,  6340. 
Steel.     (See  Iron  and  Steel.) 
Ste'h-chass      Indians.        (Sen      Indian 

Tribes.) 

Steilacoom  Indians.  (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
St-kah-mish  Indians.  (See  Indian 

Tribes.) 
Stockbridge     Indians.        (See      Indian 

Tribes.) 

Stockholm,  Sweden,  International 
Prison  Congress  to  be  held  in,  dis- 
cussed, 4406. 

Proceedings  of,  referred  to,  4464. 
Stockton  and  Stokes,  claims  of,  1499. 

Payment  of,  referred  to,  1720. 
Stoluck-wha-mish  Indians.   (See  Indian 

Tribes.) 

Stone,  Clay  and  Cement.— Stone  suit- 
able for  building  purposes  is  found  in  near- 
ly all  the  States.  In  value  of  output  for 
general  purposes  Pennsylvania  takes  the 
lead.  In  the  matter  of  stone  for  building 
and  monumental  uses  Vermont  heads  the 
list.  Marketable  grades  of  stone  are  really 
confined  to  a  few  states.  Granite  comes 
largely  from  the  New  England  States,  but 
California  also  ships  considerable  quanti- 
ties. Slate  is  found  mainly  in  Pennsylvania 
and  Vermont.  Marble  is  quarried  in  Ver- 
mont, Tennessee,  Georgia,  New  York  and 
Massachusetts. 

In  1785  a  marble  quarry  was  opened  at 
Dorset,  Vt.  ;  about  1800,  marble  quarrying 
and  saw'ng  was  carried  on  at  Marbledale, 
Conn.,  and  Stockbridge.  Mass.  Sandstone, 
at  present  largely  used  for  flagging,  was 
first  put  on  the  market  in  the  form  of  grind- 
stones by  John  Baldwin  ;  the  first  slate 
quarry  in  Vermont  was  opened  in  1845  by 
Col.  Allen  and  Caleb  Ranney  at  Scotch  Hill, 
Fair  Ilaven.  The  granite  industry  had  its 
beginning  at  Quincy,  Mass.,  about  1820. 

The  value  of  the  production  of  stone  in 
the  United  States  in  1914  reached  the  great 
total  of  $77.412,292. 

Clay  Products. — The  clay  products  indus- 
tries are  divided  into  two  distinct  classes  : 
(1)  Brick  and  tile  making,  including  paving 
brick  and  sewer  pipe:  (2>  pottery,  terra 
cotta,  and  fire-clay  products,  including 
porcelain  ware,  earthen  and  stoneware-, 
china  and  sanitary  ware.  There  were  5.037 
establishments  engaged  in  the  two  branches 
of  the  business  when  reports  were  made  for 
the  census  of  1910.  They  were  capitalized 
at  $.*> Hi, 022. 470,  and  gave  employment  to 
146. 7SG  persons,  paying  in  salaries  and 
wages  $78.144.110.  More  than  four-fifths 
(8.">.7  per  cent.)  of  these  were  engaged  in 
making  brick  and  tile. 

Pottery. — The    art    of    molding    clay    info 
articles  for  domestic  use  is  one  of  the  old 


Stone 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


est  of  handicrafts,  and  doubtless  developed 
shortly  after  or  coincident  with  the  carving 
of  weapons.  Specimens  of  clay  molding 
carry  fragments  of  the  early  history  of  all 
races.  The  Mound  Builders  of  prehistoric 
America  had  distinctive  pottery. 

To  the  Chinese  and  the  Egyptians  we  are 
indebted  for  a  later  development  of  earth- 
enware fabrication.  Josiah  Wedgwood  was 
the  pioneer  master  of  the  ancient  art  in 
England.  In  1744,  Edward  Ileylyn.  of 
the  Parish  of  Bow,  and  Thomas  Frye.  of 
the  I'arish  of  West  Ham,  Essex,  England, 
applied  for  a  patent  for  the  manufacture  of 
chinaware,  in  which  they  specify  that  the 
material  used  is  an  earth  produced  by  the 
Cherokee  Indians  of  America.  As  early  as 
17(53  South  Carolina  had  a  pottery  which 
seriously  threatened  Wedgwood's  American 
trade.  Before  1800  the  pottery  business 
was  fairly  well  established  in  Philadelphia. 
and  vicinity.  The  Jersey  Porcelain  Com- 
pany of  Jersey  City  was  incorporated  in 
1825.  In  1837  the  Indiana  Pottery  Com- 
pany was  started  at  Troy,  Ind.,  on  the  Ohio 
River.  East  Liverpool,  Ohio,  owes  its  pros- 
perity to  the  discovery  of  notter's  clay  in 
the  neighborhood  by  James  Bennett,  an  Eng- 
lish potter,  who  erected  the  first  works 
there  in  1830.  Trenton,  N.  J.,  built  its  first 
pottery  in  1852.  The  earliest  ware  was 
mostly  plain  white  undecorated  or  yellow, 
followed  by  white,  carrying  blue  designs. 

The  census  of  1!)10  reported  822  estab- 
lishments engaged  in  the  manufacture  of 
stoneware,  earthenware,  white  nnd  cream- 
colored  ware,  chinaware,  delft  and  belleek- 
wnre,  porcelain  electrical  supplies,  archi- 
tectural terra  cotfa,  fire  brick,  sewer  pipe, 
etc.  These  turned  out  products  valued  at 
$70,118,801,  and  employed  50,1 08  wage- 
carners,  to  whom  they  paid  $29,753,495 
for  the  year. 

Crmcnt. — Two  classes  of  cement  arc  gen- 
erally recognized  in  this  country — hydraulic, 
or  natural  rock  cement  (made  from  a  lime- 
stone containing  a  relatively  high  propor- 
tion of  clay,  by  burning  at  a  low  heat,  and 
grinding  the  product  to  powder)  ;  and  Port- 
land cement  (made  from  an  artificial  mix- 
ture of  carbonate  of  lime  (either  chalk, 
limestone  or  marl.)  with  a  certain  propor- 
tion of  clay,  burning  at  a  white  heat  and 
grinding  the  clinker  to  powder.) 

Common  natural  rock,  or  hydraulic 
foment,  is  sometimes  called  Rosendale  ce- 
ment, because  it.  is  made  in  large  quanti- 
ties near  Hosendale,  Ulster  County.  N.  Y. 
It  is  also  made  in  Pennsylvania,  Kentucky 
and  Indiana,  at  several  points  in  Illinois, 
and  around  Milwaukee,  Wis.  Recent  an- 
nual outputs  of  these  districts  were:  New 
York,  2.500.000  barrels;  Indiana  and  Ken- 
tucky, 1,500,000:  Pennsylvania,  1,340,000; 
Wisconsin,  330,000  barrels. 

Portland  cement  was  first  made  in  Eng- 
land in  1S24,  and  derives  its  name  from  its 
resemblance  to  the  limestone  of  Portland 
Island,  in  the  English  channel.  The  indus- 
try was  then  taken  up  in  Germany,  where 
the  annual  output  is  something  like  20.00O 
barrels,  whereas  England  makes  9.00O.OOO 
barrels.  Portland  cement,  was  first  made  in 
the  T'nitod  States  at  Copley.  Pa.,  ill  1878, 
nnd  since  then  works  have  been  established 
in  more  than  a  do/en  oilier  states. 

The  growth  of  the  cement  industry  is  one 
of  Hie  marvels  of  American  progress.  In 
1885  we  were  able  t<>  make  about  ir.O.OOO 
barrels.  This  amount  was  doubled  everv  five 
years  till  1000  when  the  demand,  public, 
and  private,  for  concrete  construction 
caused  the  production  to  jump  to  more 
than  11,000.000  barrels;  two  vears  later  il 
exceeded  1  7.OOO.OUO.  Today  the  best,  grades  of 
American  Portland  cement  are  as  good  as 
those  produced  anywhere,  and  in  effective- 


ness of  equipment,  extent  of  output,  and 
cheapness  of  production,  the  leading  Port- 
laud  cement  plants  of  this  country  are 
models  for  the  world.  Not  even  in  the  de- 
velopment of  our  iron  and  steel  industry 
have  American  energy,  resourcefulness,  and 
mechanical  ability  been  more  strikingly  dis- 
played. 

Stone  Kiver,  or  Murfreesboro  (Tenn.), 
Battle  of.— Oct.  30,  1862,  Gen.  Buell  was 
succeeded  in  the  command  of  the  Army  of 
the  Ohio  by  Gen.  William  S.  Rosecrans. 
During  December  the  Federal  army  of  41,- 
421  infantry,  3,260  cavalry,  and  2,223  ar- 
tillery, with  150  guns,  lay  at  Nashville, 
Tenu.  The  recent  invasion  of  Kentucky 
by  the  Confederates  under  Gen.  Bragg 
having  proven  unsatisfactory  to  the  Con- 
federate government,  he  was  again  ordered 
to  the  north  soon  sifter  he  had  reached 
Chattanooga.  By  Christinas  he  was  posted 
near  Murfreesboro,  about  thirty  miles  south- 
east of  Nashville,  with  an  army  of  37,000 
men.  Rosecrans  had  planned  to  assail  the 
Confederate  right  early  on  the  morning  of 
Dec.  31,  in  front  of  Murfreesboro.  Bragg, 
anticipating  his  design,  attacked  McCook 
on  the  Fedora}  right  and  drove  him  from 
his  position  with  considerable  loss,  includ- 
ing 3,ooo  prisoners  and  28  guns.  Some 
Federal  accounts  represent  the  Confederates 
as  repulsed  four  times  after  their  success- 
ful charge.  Both  armies  rested  on  Jan.  1, 
1803.  On  the  2d  Rosecrans  resumed  his 
efforts  to  turn  the  Confederate  right.  Some 
statements  are  to  the  effect  that  Bragg  at- 
tacked unsuccessfully.  The  one  here  fol- 
lowed says  the  Federals  advanced,  were 
forced  back  across  Stone  River,  but  later 
recovered  the  ground  and  threw  up  breast- 
works. Bragg  retired  from  his  position  on 
the  .'id  and  occupied  Murfreesboro,  which 
he  evacuated  on  the  5th.  lie  then  fell  back 
about  twenty-five  miles  to  Duck  River.  The 
Federal  loss  in  the  fighting  about  Mur- 
freesboro was  1,723  killed,  7,245  wounded, 
and  more  than  3,000  prisoners — a  total  of 
about  12,000.  The  loss  of  the  Confederates 
was  about  11,000  men  in  killed,  wounded, 
and  missing.  This  battle  is  called  by  the 
Confederates  the  battle  of  Murfreesboro. 
It  was  one  of  the  bloodiest  of  the  Civil  War. 

Stono  Ferry  (S.  C.),  Battle  of.— in  the 

early  summer  of  1770  the  British  under 
(!en.  Provost  advanced  upon  Charleston  and 
demanded  its  surrender.  They  were  driven 
off  by  the  vigorous  action  of  Pulaski,  Rut- 
ledge,  Moult rie,  Laurens,  and  others.  In 
his  retreat,  toward  Savannah,  (Jen.  Prevost 
left  a  detachment  in  charge  of  Stono  Ferry, 
ten  miles  below  Charleston  on  the  Stono 
River.  June  20  these  were  attacked  hy 
Gen.  Lincoln.  In  the  absence  of  concerted 
aeiion  the  assault  failed  and  the  Ameri- 
cans withdrew  after  losing  146  in  killed 
and  wounded. 

Stony    Creek    (Canada),    Battle    of.— 

When  the  British  we're  driven  from  Fort 
George,  on  the  Niagara  River,  they  fled 
westward  under  command  of  Gen.  Vincent 
as  far  its  Stony  Creek,  six  miles  southeast 
of  the  present  city  of  Hamilton,  and  about 
fifty  miles  from  Niagara  River.  Here 
they  made  a  stand,  having  been  reonforced 
by  troops  from  Kingston.  They  were  closely 
followed  by  1,300  Americans  under  Gener- 
als Chandler  and  Winder.  At  midnight 
.Mine  5,  INK',,  Vincent,  with  about  8UO  men. 
started  for  the  American  camp.  The  at- 
tack was  made  before  daylight,  and  the 
combatants  were  unable  to  distinguish 
friend  from  foe.  Chandler  and  Winder 
were  both  captured  and  Vincent  was  lost 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Submarines 


In  the  woods.  The  British  command  then 
devolved  upon  Col.  Harvey,  who,  despairing 
of  driving  the  Americans  from  their  posi- 
tion, withdrew  from  the  attack  while  it 
was  yet  dark.  The  Americans  fled  to  Forty- 
Mile  Creek,  where  they  were  joined  by  4<»o 
reenforcements.  The  total  casualties  of  the 
battle  were:  Americans,  154;  British,  178. 

Stony  Point    (N.   Y.),   Storming   of.— 

With  a  view  to  regaining  possession  of  the 
Hudson,  Gen.  Clinton  in  June,  1779,  occu- 
pied and  fortified  Verplauck's  Point  and 
Stony  Point,  garrisoning  the  latter  with 
(500  men.  To  circumvent  his  movements 
Washington  sent  for  Anthony  Wayne  and 
asked  him  if  he  could  take  Stony  Point. 
His  reply  is  said  to  have  been  :  "I  will 
storm  hell  if  your  excellency  will  plan  it. 
Accordingly,  Washington  planned  the  as- 
sault, and  on  the  night  of  July  10,  lid), 
Wayne,  with  about  800  men  selected  from 
three  regiments  of  infantry,  a  detachment 
from  West  Point,  and  Col.  Lee's  light-horse, 
made  a  sudden  assault  upon  the  fort.  The 
plans  were  carefully  executed,  the  guns 
were  carried  off,  and  the  works  destroyed. 
The  British  casualties  were  20  killed,  74 
wounded,  58  missing,  and  472  prisoners— a 
total  loss  of  624.  The  total  American  loss 
was  only  15  killed  and  8.'i  wounded.  Among 
the  latter  was  Gen.  Wayne.  This,  the 
boldest  exploit  of  the  Revolution,  was  initi- 
ated by  the  capture  and  gagging  of  a  senti- 
nel, tlie  countersign  having  been  obtained 
bv  a  negro  strawberry  vender  and  by  him 
communicated  to  the  Americans.  While 
the  negro  chatted  with  the  sentry  the  lat- 
ter was  seized  by  the  American  advance 
party. 
Straw  Shoe  Channel,  steamers  sailing 

under  American  flag  prohibited  from 

passing    through,    referred    to,    3896, 

3902. 

Streight's  Raid.-In  the  spring  of  1863, 
about  the  time  Col.  Grierson's  flying  col- 
umn of  cavalry  was  organized  at  Memphis, 
Tenn  Col.  A.  D.  Streight,  of  the  Fifty-first 
Indiana,  was  permitted  by  Gen.  Rosecrans 
to  take  a  body  of  1,800  cavalry  from  Tus- 
cumbia.  Ala.,  to  attempt  the  destruction  of 
railroads  and  other  property  in  northern 
Alabama  and  Georgia.  The  raiders  started 
out  April  12  and  were  captured  May  3, 
1863  near  Rome.  Ga.,  having  accomplished 
nothing.  The  capture  was  made  by  For- 
rest's cavalry. 

Strict  Constructionist.— In  political  par- 
lance, a  political  party  or  individual  insist- 
ing upon  the  precise  application  of  the  word- 
ing of  the  Constitution.  The  Anti-Federal- 
ists and  their  successors,  the  Democratic- 
Republicans,  and.  until  very  recently,  the 
Democratic  party  have  usually  been  regarded 
as  strict  constructionists. 
Strike  Commission: 

Discussed,  5983,  7037. 

Report  of,  transmitted,   59SS. 

(See     also     Arbitration,     Labor     and 

Labor  Question.) 

Strong  Government  Men,— A  party  organ- 
ised in  1783  which  favored  a  strong  central 
government  and  a  loose  construction  of  the 
Constitution. 

Subconstitutional    Centennial    Commis- 
sion, memorial  of,  proposing  to  cele- 
brate     centennial      anniversary      of 
framing  Constitution,  discussed,  5118. 
Subjugation.— The  act  of  bringing  another 
under  control,  usually  by  force  of  arms. 


Submarine  Cables.  (See  Ocean  Cables.) 
Submarine   Telegraph   Company,   claim 

against  United  States,  6824. 
Submarines. — Annalists  trace  the  records 
of  under-sea  operations  back  to  the  days 
of  Alexander  the  Great.  Systematic  study 
•f  attack  below  the  water  line  was  made 
as  early  as  the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth 
centuries,  for  several  English  ships  were 
reported  destroyed  in  1372  by  fire  carried 
under  water.  The  idea  certainly  is  not  a 
novel  one,  for  what  more  natural  sugges- 
tion could  present  itself  than  a  thrust  in 
the  rear  when  a  frontal  attack  fails 
against  a  foe.  Passing  over  the  earlier  ac- 
counts of  submarine,  boats  for  lack  of  con- 
firmation, w«?  find  fairly  reliable  descrip- 
tions of  such  vessels  in  IfiSO,  1C,u."),  16^4. 
1(580,  1747,  mostly  built  and  operated  in 
England. 

The  earliest  attempts  at  submarine  naval 
operations  in  America  were  made  in  177."> 
by  David  Bushnell,  who  built  an  iron  ves- 
sel shaped  like  a  tortoise,  water  tight  and 
with  an  air  capacity  sufficient  for  one  man 
one  hour.  This  was  made,  to  dive  under 
water  and  propelled  forward  at  a  speed 
of  two  or  three  knots  an  hour  by  means 
of  screws  worked  by  the  hands  of  the 
operator.  There  were  automatic  air 
tubes  and  a  depth  gauge,  as  well  as  an 
auger  for  boring  holes  in  the  hulls  of  ves- 
sels attacked  and  attaching  torpedoes. 

In  this  submarine,  called  the  Tin-tic, 
Sergeant  I.ee  was  enabled  to  get  beneath 
the  English  man-of-war  fiiir/lc  in  Now  York 
harbor.  Lee's  attack  failed  because  his 
auger  was  not  sharp  enough  to  penetrate 
the  copper-covered  bottom  of  the  E'rif/lc.  A 
later  attempt  to  torpedo  tiie  British  frig- 
ate Cerberus,  at  anchor  off  New  London. 
was  made  in  1777,  but  the  torpedo  drifted 
astern  and  destroyed  the  schooner  ]{<n»- 
illes  and  killed  several  men  on  board.  This 
was  the  first  vessel  ever  destroyed  in  this 
manner. 

Between  1796  and  1810  Robert  Fulton 
built  submarine  boats  in  America  and 
France.  On  his  Xiniiilns  he  once  remained 
submerged  five  hours.  His  Mute  had  an 
armor  plating  and  was  propelled  by  a 
noiseless  steam  engine.  Fulton's  work  was 
followed  by  more  or  less  successful  efforts 
in  England,  France,  Germany  and  Russia  ; 
but  the  civil  war  in  America  furnished  a 
notable  stimulus  to  submarine  architecture. 
A  partially  submerged  Confederate  vessel 
attacked  the  Federal  Ironsides  in  1803,  and 
the  same  kind  of  a  craft  destroyed  the 
lIwuKitoiiic  in  Charleston  harbor  in  1804. 
These  Confederate  submarines  were  called 
"Davids,"  possibly  in  the  hope  that  they 
would  vanquish  their  giant  foes  of  the 
United  States  Navy.  Between  1878  and 
1888  Garrett  and  Nordenfelt  made  success-' 
ful  experiments  with  submersible  boats, 
and  one  by  Gustave  Z6de  in  1888  was 
looked  upon  ns  a  success  :  it  was  fifty-six 
feet  long,  thirty  tons  displacement,  and  had 
a  speed  of  ten  knots.  George  C.  Baker  made 
many  submarine  trips  in  Lake  Michigan  in 
1802.  Submarines  built  by  Simon  Lake  in 
1804  and  1897  remained  submerged  more 
than  ten  hours,  and  traveled  200  miles 
under  the  waters  of  Lake  Champlain. 
These  vessels  were  designed  more  for  sci- 
entific exploration  and  the  salvage  of 
sunken  cargoes  than  for  offense. 

Congress  appropriated  §200,000  in  1892 
to  enable  the  Navy  Department  to_  build 
and  test  a  suomarine.  The  plans  of  .1.  P. 
Holland  were  accepted,  and  the  tenth  im- 
provement on  Ibis  type  was  ordered  in 
1000.  It  is  fitted  with  three  torpedo 
tubes,  carries  the  largest  Whitehead  tor- 


Submarines         Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


pedoes,  and  makes  eight  to  nine  knots 
speed.  Eight  of  those  boats  were  put  in 
commission  in  1903.  Variations  in  the 
types  are  designated  by  letters  (from  A  to 
M)  and  the  number  of  vessels  authorized 
has  reached  fifty-nine.  (See  Navy,  De< 
partment  of.)  March  25,  1915,  the  F-4 
was  submerged  in  Honolulu  harbor,  Ha- 
waii, and  her  crew  of  twenty-one  men 
perished. 

The  Great  European  War  increased  so 
rapidly  the  power  and  the  scope  of  the 
submarine  that  it  is  impossible  to  forecast 
the  limits  of  its  development.  The  sub- 
marine in  the  war  has  proved  to  be  one 
of  the  determining  factors  in  the  conflict, 
although  it  has  fallen  below  the  expecta- 
tions of  its  most  ardent  panegyrists,  for 
example,  Sir  Percy  Scott,  the  English  naval 
expert,  who  predicted  in  a  letter  to  the 
London  Times  in  1914  that  the  undor-water 
boat  would  drive  the  above-water  boat  out 
of  existence.  Among  the  famovis  exploits 
of  submarines  in  the  war  were  the  sinking 
of  the  English  armored  cruisers  Crcany, 
Hogue,  and  AbouKir,  each  above  12.000  tons, 
by  the  German  U-fl  within  the  space  of  an 
hour  and  a  half  on  September  22.  1014; 
and  the  entrance  of  the  English  B-ll  into 
the  Dardanelles  early  in  1915,  where  she 
sank  n  Turkish  battleship,  passing  under 
five  rows  of  submarine  mines  in  her  dash 
into  and  from  the  harbor.  It  was  the 
actions  of  the  German  submarines  which 
led  to  the  entrance  of  the  United  States 
into  the  war,  Germany  announcing  in  1917 
that  all  ships  of  any  country  entering  the 
war-zone  which  Germany  had  drawn  around 
the  British  Isles  would  be  sunk  on  sight 
after  Feb.  1,  1917.  Previously,  the  British 
liner  Lusitania  (q.  v. )  had  boon  torpedoed 
without  warning  on  May  7.  1915,  with  the 
loss  of  over  1,000  lives,  107  of  them  Ameri- 
cans. After  spirited  negotiations  with  the 
"United  States,  the  Imperial  German  Govern- 
ment had  agreed  to  cease  its  destruction  of 
ships  without  warning,  and  to  safeguard 
lives  on  such  vessels  before  destroying 
them  ;  but  these  assurances,  which  were 
never  given  unqualifiedly,  were  annulled  by 
the  announcement  of  the  campaign  begin- 
ning February  1,  1917. 

The  submarine  is  built  roughly  in  the 
shape  of  a  cigar.  Types  constructed  in 
Germany  in  1917  are  over  300  feet  in  length. 
and  have  accommodations  for  GO  or  more 
men.  Besides  being  equipped  with  tubes 
for  the  discharge  of  torpedoes,  which,  how- 
ever, seem  to  be  limited  by  the  nature  of 
the  submarine's  structure  to  eight  in  num- 
ber, most  of  tin-  larger  submarines  are 
armed  with  a  machine  gun,  of  at  h-nst  3-inch 
caliber ;  carry  a  wireless  apparatus ;  have 
equipment  for  signaling  both  above  and 
below  the  surface;  and  arc  equipped  with 
more  than  one  periscope.  This  latter  is  a 
tubular-shaped  attachment  which  emerges 
from  the  surface  when  the  submarine  is 
submerged,  and  is  fitted  with  lenses  which 
enables  those  inside  the  submarine  to  sight 
objects  on  the  surface.  The  compasses  are 
gyroscope  compasses,  which  enable  the 
boat  to  l>e  steeped  in  any  position.  The 
submarine  is  submerged  cither  by  admitting 
water  into  the  ballast  tanks,  or  by  inclined 
planes,  or  by  both  methods.  The  air  is 
purified  during  submersion  by  oxylithic 
powder,  although  the  method  is  constantly 
subject  to  chamre. 

The  methods  used  in  the  European  War 
to  foil  submarine  attacks  are  still  a  matter 
kept  in  religious  secrecy  bv  the  various 
governments;  hut  there  seems  to  be  little 
doubt  that  a  most  effective  method  has  been 
the  use  of  wire  nettini:.  The  direct  enemy 
most  to  be  feared  by  submarines  would  seem 
to  be  small  and  light,  but  speedy  vessels 


armed  with  a  single  3-inch  gun  or  six- 
pounder.  Because  of  the  extremely  fragile 
nature  of  the  submarine,  it  cannot  with- 
stand attack  on  the  surface  from  even  a 
lightly-armed  vessel ;  and  hence  must  attack 
secretly  all  ships  except  those  carrying  no 
defensive  armament.  The  range  of  the 
submarine  under  the  surface  extends  for 
hundreds  of  miles,  the  German  submarine 
Deutschland  arriving  in  Baltimore  in  July, 
1916,  after  crossing  the  ocean  in  sixteen 
days,  partly  submerged  and  partly  on  the 
surface.  (See  Deutschland.)  A  few  months 
later  an  armed  German  submarine  arrived 
in  New  London,  Connecticut.  According  to 
official  tabulations  of  the  State  Department 
at  Washington,  German  submarines  from 
the  beginning  of  the  war  on  August  1.  1914, 
to  a  point  shortly  after  the  entrance  of 
the  United  States  into  the  conflict  had 
sunk  niore  than  700  vessels  of  neutral 
countries,  of  which  number  nineteen  were 
American  ships  and  more  than  400  were 
Norwegian.  At  that  time  more  than  250 
American  lives  had  been  lost  through  sub- 
marine attacks  upon  both  belligerent  and 
neutral  vessels.  (See  Mines.) 
Subsidies  to  Railroads: 

Discussed,   4064. 

Information    regarding,    transmitted, 

4958. 
Subsidies  to  Steamships: 

Discussed,  4151,  4306,  4938. 

Views  of  Postmaster-General  regard- 
ing,  3561. 

Subsidy. — Derived  from  the  Latin  sub- 
sidium,  originally  the  troops  stationed  in 
reserve  in  the  third  line  of  battle,  from 
subsidcre,  to  sit  down.  In  Europe,  after 
the  period  of  its  first  use,  it  meant  a  sum 
of  money  paid  to  an  ally  to  aid  in  carry- 
ing 011  war.  In  England  it  was  a  special 
tax  levied  upon  persons  and  not  upon  prop- 
erty. It  has  now  come  to  mean  money 
paid  by  a  government  to  Individuals  or 
companies,  such  as  steamship  or  railway 
in  excess  of  the  value  of  services  rendered 
and  in  aid  of  individual  enterprise.  Kail- 
ways  in  the  United  States  have  be»n  as- 
sisted by  state  and  municipal  subscriptions 
to  their  bonds.  National  aid  to  railways, 
with  the  exception  of  the  Union  and  Cen- 
tral Pacific,  has  been  in  the  form  of  laud 
grants.  In  the  case  of  the  Pacific  roads, 
in  addition  to  33.0OO.OOO  acres  of  land,  the 
company  was  granted  a  money  subsidy  of 
more  than  $25,000  a  mile. 

The  first  subsidized  steamships  were 
those  of  the  Cunard  Line,  which  in  1S3S 
were  allowed  an  annual  subsidy  of  £S1.- 
000  by  Great  Britain.  Two  years  later 
agitation  was  begun  in  the  United  States 
to  have  steamship  mail  lines  established  on 
the  subsidy  plan,  and  in  1845  the  Postmas- 
ter-General was  authorized  to  make  con- 
tracts for  carrying  foreign  mail  in  steam- 
ships sailing  under  the  American  flag.  In 
1S47  an  act  was  passed  requiring  the  Sec- 
retary of  the  Navy  to  arrange  for  United 
States  steamships  to  carry  the  mail  from 
New  York  to  Liverpool,  to  the  West  Indies 
and  Gulf  ports,  and  from  Panama  up  the 
Pacific  coast.  By  1S52  the  Government 
was  paying  .f2.0no.000  a  year  for  foreign 
mail  service,  but  Congress  soon  after  put 
an  end  to  all  mail  subsidies.  An  act  of 
March  3,  ISO],  directed  the  Postmaster- 
General  to  pay  I? 4  a  mile  run  for  first-class 
vessels  for  carrying  foreign  mails  and  in 
consideration  of  their  use  as  auxiliary 
naval  vessels. 

In  1S9S  Senator  ITanna  introduced  into 
Ihe  Senate  a  comprehensive  bill  to  provide 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Suffrage 


subsidies  for  all  classes  of  American  ship- 
ping. Tin;  bill  passed  the  Senate  in  March, 
1902.  l)iit  failed  to  pass  the  House,  al- 
though several  small  subsidies  have  been 
granted  both  before  and  since  that  date. 
Subtreasury  System.— The  subtrcasury 
system  of  the  United  States  is  an  out- 
growth of  the  panic  of  1837.  In  his  spe- 
cial session  message  to  Congress  that  year 
1 'resident  Van  Huron  strongly  recommended 
such  a  system  (1541).  Silas  Wright,  of 
New  York,  introduced  a  bill  in  Congress  in 
accordance  with  the  President's  recom- 
mendation. It  prohibited  Government 
agents  from  receiving  anything  but  gold 
and  silver.  In.  1840  the  bill  became  a  law 
and  subtrecsurles  were  established  at  New 
\  ork,  Huston,  Charleston,  and  St.  Louis, 
the  mint  at  Philadelphia  and  the  branch 
mint  at  New  Orleans  having  been  also 
made  places  of  deposit.  The  law  was  re- 
pealed in  1841.  and  reenaoted  In  1840.  The 
subtreasury  at  Charleston  has  been  sus- 
pended, but  subtreasurles  have  been  es- 
tablished at  Haltimore,  Chicago,  Cincin- 
nati, and  San  Francisco. 
Subtreasury  System: 

Condemnation    of,    referred   to,    1898. 

Discussed  by  President — 
Taylor.  2556. 
Tyler,  '1898,   20GO. 
Van  Buren,  15-41,  1596,  1706,  1751, 
1757,  1827. 

Modifications  in,  recommended,  2556. 
Sucker  State. — Alternative  nickname  for 
Illinois.  (See  Prairie  State.) 
Sudan.  The  Sudan  extends  from  the 
southern  boundary  of  Egypt,  22°  N.  lati- 
tude, to  the  northern  shore  of  the  Albert 
Nyanza,  2°  19'  N.  latitude,  and  reaches 
from  the  French  Sahara  about  18°  15'  K. 
(at  22"  N.)  to  the  northwest  boundary  of 
Eritrea  in  38°  30'  10.  (at  18°  N.).  The 
greatest  length  from  north  to  south  is  ap- 
proximately 1,400  miles,  and  from  east  to 
west  1,200  miles.  The  northern  boundary 
is  the  twenty-second  parallel  of  North  lati- 
tude ;  on  the  east  lie  the  Red  Sea,  Eritrea 
and  Abyssinia  ;  on  the  south  lie  the  Brit- 
ish Protectorate  of  I'gauda  and  the  Bel- 
gian Congo,  and  on  the  west  the  French 
Congo. 

I'Jti/tiifal  Features. — -The  greater  portion 
of  the  region  consists  of  the  Nubian  Des- 
ert on  the  east  and  the  Libyan  Desert  on 
the  west,  divided  by  the-  fertile  valley  of 
the  Nile,  whicli  is  nowhere  of  great  width. 

The  Nile  basin  covers  an  area  of  nearly 
1,100,000  square  miles,  and  while  part  of 
the  basin  lies  in  Abyssinia  and  Eritrea,  its 
course  from  the  Central  African  Lakes  to 
the  Mediterranean  is  within  the  British 
Protectorate  of  Uganda  and  Central  Africa, 
and  the  Anglo-Egyptian  and  Egyptian  do- 
minions. 

From  the  Ripon  Falls  (on  the  northern 
shore  of  Victoria  Nyauza)  to  Kosetta  (on 
the  Mediterranean)  the  length  of  the  wa- 
terway is  stated  to  be  3,475  miles.  Be- 
tween Khartoum  and  "Wadi  Haifa  occur 
five  of  the  six  Cataracts,  the  remaining 
(first)  cataract  being  in  Egypt  at  Assuan. 

The  western  banks  of  the  'White  Nile 
and  the  interior  of  Kordofau  Province  afford 
pasturage  to  countless  herds  of  excellent 
cattle,  and  the  gum  forests  of  the  latter 
province  provide  one  of  the  principal  ex- 
ports of  the  Sudan. 

Area  and  Population. — Area  984.520  Eng- 
lish square  miles.  Estimated  population 
3,000,000.  The  inhabitants  of  the  Auglo- 


Egyptlan  Sudan  are  partly  Arabs,  partly 
Negroes,  and  partly  Nubians  of  mixed  Arab- 
Ncgro  blood,  with  a  small  foreign  element, 
including  Europeans. 

U<ircniiitcnt. — The  Anglo-Egyptian  Sudan 
is  administered  by  a  Governor-General, 
aided,  since  1010,  by  a  Council  nominated 
from  among  the  Ollicials  of  the  Govern- 
ment. The  Sudan  does  not  fall  under  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  Mixed  Tribunals  of  Egypt, 
and  has  its  own  Civil  and  Criminal  Codes, 
based  on  those  of  India  and  Egypt. 

Suez  Canal.  The  idea  of  connecting  the 
Red  Sea  with  the  Mediterranean  dates  back 
into  remote  Egyptian  history  more  than 
thirteen  hundred  years  before  the  Christian 
Era.  During  the  reign  of  Sell  I  and 
Rameses  II  a  canal  was  dug  from  the  Nile 
to  Lake  Timseh  and  thence  to  the  Red  Sea. 
This  became  choked  up  with  sand  and  a 
new  canal  was  begun  by  Necho,  a  sou  of 
Psuminetichus  I,  about  000  B.  C.  and  com- 
pleted by  Darius  Ilystaspis  a  hundred  years 
later.  At  the  beginning  of  the  Christian  Era 
the  canal  was  no  longer  navigable,  but  was 
probably  restored  under  Trajan.  After 
again  becoming  impassable  the  canal  was  re- 
stored during  the  seventh  century  by  Amru, 
tho  Mohammedan  conqueror  of  Egypt. 
When  Napoleon  invaded  Egypt  in  1798-99, 
he  ordered  surveys  made  for  a  canal,  but 
was  forced  to  abandon  the  country  before  its 
completion.  An  international  commission 
made  preliminary  surveys  for  a  canal  in 
1840,  but  one  of  the  engineers  recommended 
a  railroad  across  the  isthmus  and  this  was 
built  by  British  capital  in  1858. 

Tinder  the  direction  of  Ferdinand  De 
Lesseps  plans  for  a  canal  were  drawn  in 
1855  and  submitted  to  an  international 
commission.  A  concession  was  obtained 
from  Said  Pasha,  Khedive  of  Egypt,  and  De 
Lesseps  organized  a  stock  company  with 
£8,000,000  capital  to  build  the  canal.  Work 
was  begun  April  25,  1859,  and  the  canal 
was  opened  to  traffic  Nov.  17,  1809,  the  en- 
tire cost  amounting  to  £10,032,953 — about 
$80,000,000.  Under  the  terms  of  the  con- 
cession the  Khedive  received  nearly  one- 
half  of  the  stock  issued.  Becoming 
financially  embarrassed  in  1875,  he  sold  his 
shares  to  the  British  government  for  $20,- 
400,000.  This  interest,  is  now  valued  at 
something  like  $170.000,000,  and  yields  a 
revenue  of  some  $5,000,000. 

The  length  of  the  canal  from  Port  Said 
on  the  Mediterranean  to  Port  Tewtik  on  the 
Gulf  of  Suez  is  eighty-seven  statute  miles — 
sixty-six  actual  canal  and  twenty-one  miles 
of  lakes.  The  original  width  was  150  to 
300  feet  at  the  water  level,  seventy-two  feet 
at  the  bottom,  and  twenty-six  feet  deep. 
Successive  enlargements  have  increased  the 
depth  to  thirty-six  feet  and  the  width  to 
from  213  to  202  feet,  permitting  the  passage 
of  15, 000-ton  vessels.  The  net  tonnage  of 
the  canal  during  the  first  year  of  its  opera- 
tion was  0.570.  When  the  practicability  of 
the  Suez  route  to  India  became  known  the 
tonnage  increased  by  leaps  and  bounds  till 
in  1911  it  reached  18.324.794,  more  than 
11,000,000  of  which  was  British.  The  toll 
rates  are  $1.25  per  ton. 

Suffrage. — The  privilege  of  participating  in 
the  government  of  a  state  or  nation  by 
voting  at  an  election  of  officers  or  on  a 
change  in  the  fundamental  law.  Suffrage 
under  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States 
is  exercised  by  such  electors  in  each  state 
as  have  the  qualifications  necessary  for 
elector  of  the  most  numerous  branch  of  the 
state  legislature  (15).  The  Constitution 
does  not  guarantee  the  suffrage  to  any  citi- 
zen, but  by  the  fourteenth  and  fifteenth 
amendments  the  states  are  forbidden  to 


Suffrage 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


abridge  the  privileges  or  immunities  of 
United  States  citizens  or  to  deny  or 
abridge  the  right  of  suffrage  on  account  of 
race,  color,  or  previous  condition  of  servi- 
tude. The  age  of  twenty-one  is  universally 
fixed  upon  as  that  when  .suffrage  may  be 
exercised. 

In  some  states  ability  to  read  and  write 
Is  required,  in  some  a  small  property  qualifi- 
cation or  tax  is  imposed,  while  in  others 
aliens  who  have  declared  their  intention 
to  become  citizens  are  allowed  to  vote, 
t'ntil  the  present  century  suffrage  was 
greatly  restricted  in  America.  Massachu- 
setts and  New  Haven  Colonies  for  a  long 
time  allowed  none  but  church  members  to 
vote.  There  have  been  periods  in  the  his- 
tory of  nearly  all  the  Colonies  when  only 
freeholders  were  allowed  to  vote.  When 
the  states  in  the  Federal  Union  lirst  framed 
their  constitutions  some  of  them  retained 
the  church-membership  qualification,  while 
others  permitted  suffrage  to  freeholders 
only.  In  1798  Georgia  abolished  the  prop- 
erty qualification,  and  was  followed  by 
Ma'ryland  in  1801,  Massachusetts  and  New 
York  in  1821,  Delaware  in  1831,  New  Jer- 
sey in  1644,  Connecticut  in  1845,  Virginia 
in~1850,  North  Carolina  in  1854,  South  Caro- 
lina in  1865,  and  Rhode  Island,  except  in 
municipal  elections,  in  1888.  The  new 
states  have  mostly  provided  for  manhood 
suffrage  from  the  first.  Several  of  the 
southern  states  have  adopted  methods,  vary- 
ing from  each  other,  but  all  with  the  sin- 
gle expressed  purpose  of  excluding  negroes 
from  the  franchise  and  yet  avoiding  the 
constitutional  consequences  of  discriminat- 
ing "on  account  of  race,  color,  or  previous 
condition  of  servitude." 

In  four  states  women  possess  suffrage 
on  equal  terms  with  men,  namely,  in  Wyo- 
ming, Colorado,  Utah,  and  Idaho.  In  Kan- 
sas women  can  vote  in  school  and  municipal 
elections.  Women  possess  school  suffrage  in 
seventeen  states  ;  namely,  in  Arizona,  Con- 
necticut, Illinois,  Massachusetts,  Michigan, 
Minnesota,  Nebraska,  New  Hampshire,  New 
Jersey,  New  York,  North  Dakota,  Ohio, 
Oregon,  South  Dakota,  Vermont,  Washing- 
ton, and  Wisconsin.  In  addition  to  school 
suffrage  Montana  and  Iowa  permit  women 
to  vote  upon  the  Issuance  of  municipal 
bonds;  while  Louisiana  gives  to  women 
tax-payers  the  right  to  vote  on  all  ques- 
tions concerning  the  expenditure  of  public 
money.  A  mollified  and  restricted  form  of 
suffrage  is  also  granted  in  Kentucky  and 
Texas,  so  that  women  have  either  full  or 
partial  franchise  in  twenty-seven  states  of 
the  Union.  (See  also  Woman  Suffrage.) 

Sulfren,  The,  French  seamen  on,  acci- 
dentally killed  by  salute  from  the 
t'nitfil  Htdti-ft,  1273. 

Sugar.— The  term  sugar,  strictly  applied, 
means  cam-  sugar,  which  is  manufactured 
from  sugar  cane,  sugar  beats,  maple  sap 
and  sorghum.  Up  to  about  1X40  most  of 
the  world's  sugar  was  manufactured  from 
sugar  eane.  This  plant  appears  to  have 
been  a  native  of  India  and  to  have  been 
introduced  to  the  rest  of  the  world  by  way 
of  China.  It  wns  introduced  Into  'Santo 
Domingo  soon  after  the  discovery  of  Amer- 
ica, and  from  there  spread  to  Cuba  and 
was  carried  to  Louisiana  by  the  Jesuits 
In  1751.  Manufacture  In  the  United  States 
began  In  New  Orleans  in  17!)4. 

Cane  sugar  was  discovered  In  the  beet 
root  by  Andreas  Siglsmund.  Marggraf  of 
the  Ui-rlln  Academy  of  Science  in  1747,  and 
Its  extraction  was  developed  by  both 
French  and  Germans.  FxperlmentN  in  the 
culture  and  manufacture  of  beet  sugar 
were  begun  in  1'hiladclphia  in  1  s.",0  but 


failed.  Successive  failures  are  reported  tip 
to  1880,  when  the  industry  seems  to  have 
been  firmly  established. 

The  Census  of  1910  reported  233  estab- 
lishments engaged  in  the  manufacture  of 
sugar,  with  a  capital  of  $15:5,107.000,  em- 
ploying 15,658  persons,  paying  in  wanes 
and  salaries  $9,876, OOO,  converting  $247,- 
58.'?, 000  worth  of  raw  material  into  tin- 
ished  products  valued  at  $279,249,000. 

The  world's  production  of  cane  and 
beet  sugar  from  1900  to  1914  in  English 
tons  was  reported  by  Willett  &  Gray  of 
New  York  as  follows : 

Years               Cane               Beet  Total 

1900 3,056.294  5,590.992  8,047,286 

11)01....  3,646,05!)  6,066,939  l).712,!)'.is 

1902....  4,079,742  6,913,504  10, 993, 3  1C. 

1903 4,163,941  5.756,720  J).!l20.6til 

1904 4,234,203  6,089,468  10.323,631 

1905 4,594,782  4,918,480  9,513,262 

1906....  6,731.165  7,216,060  13.947.225 

1907 7,329.317  7,143,818  14,473,135 

1908....  6,917,663  7,002,474  13,920.137 

1909 7,625,639  6,927,875  14,553,514 

1910 8,327,069  6,597,506  14.914.575 

1911 8,422.447  8,560,346  16,982,793 

1912....  9,066,030  6,820,266  15,880.29(5 

1913 9,215.637  8,965,127  18.18O.704 

1914 9.865,016  8,908,470  18,773,486 

Sugar.     (See  also  Beet  Sugar.) 
Manufacture  of — 

Encouragement    of,    recommended, 

4578. 

From  sorghum  and  sugar  cane,  dis- 
cussed, 5383. 

Manufacture     of    milk,    in    Switzer- 
land, referred  to  4979. 
Placed   on    free    list,   discussed,  5626. 
Probable    retaliatory    action    of    for- 
eign governments  for  proposed  im- 
position of  duty  on,  5910. 
Protest   of   Germany   to   discriminat- 
ing  duty  on,   recommendations   re- 
garding, 5957. 

Supervision    provided    by    tariff    law 
for   domestic   production   of,  trans- 
fer of,  to  Agricultural  Department, 
recommended,  5554. 
Sugar-Beet  Culture,  4534,  5554,  6347. 
Sugar  Bounty: 

Discussed,  5875,  5964. 
Payment    of    appropriation    for,    con- 
tained in  sundry  civil  bill,  referred 
to,  6095. 

Suits  Against  Government,  not  regard- 
ing bringing  of,   vetoed,  5682. 
Sully 's    Hill    Park.      (See    Parks,    Na- 
tional.) 
Sumatra,    attack    on    American    vessels 

by  pirates  on  coast  of,  1114,  1159. 
Instructions    to     commander    of    the 

I'dtoiiHic,   regarding,    1138. 
Sumter,    Fort,    Attack   on.      (See   illus- 
tration opposite  3213.) 
Sumpter,   The,   arrest   of  part  of  crew 

of   at   Morocco,   referred   to,  3315. 
Sunday  Laws.     (See  Blue  Laws.) 
Sunflower  State. — Alternative       nickname 
Tor   Kansas.      (See   Can1-'!    State. t 


•  sr 

,  -  *  *  - 


g.Uj 

1  J  1' 


I       > 

(3  -1 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Susquehanna 


Sunset  State.— Alternative    nickname     for 
Oregon.     (See  Web-Foot  State.) 
Superintendent  of  Finances.     (See  Fi- 
nances, Superintendent  of.) 
Superintendent  of  Immigration,  report 

of,  discussed,  5877. 
Superintendent  of  Life-Saving  Service. 

(See  Life-Saving  Service.) 
Superior,   Lake.     (See   Lake   Superior.) 
Supervising  Architect,  Treasury  Depart- 
ment.— This    officer    plans    and    supervises 
tlii?    construction    of    nil    buildings    of    the 
United    States    Government,   as    well  as   the 
repairs  therein. 
Supervision  of  Mail,  State  Department. 

— The  Division  of  Mail  in  the  Department 
of  State  was  created  in  1873.  It  has  con- 
trol of  a  general  nature  over  the  official 
correspondence  of  the  Department  and  its 
representatives,  and  is  under  the  supervi- 
sion of  the  second  assistant  secretary  of 
state  (q.  v.).  (See  State  Department.) 

Supplies,  Public: 

Distribution  of,  referred  to,   141. 
Officer    should    be    placed    in    charge 

of,   141. 

Supreme  Court.     (See  Court,  Supreme.) 
Supreme  Court  Justices.     (See  also  Ju- 
diciary.) 

Salaries  of,  increase  in,  3996. 
Should  be  exempted  from   other   du- 
ties, 830. 

Supreme  Court  Reports.— The  opinions 
and  decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court  are 
recorded  in  214  volumes,  including  the  cases 
decided  up  to  October,  1008.  They  com- 

?rise  its  work  from  its  first  session  in 
790  to  the  present  time.  They  begin  with 
the  volume  numbered  2  Dallas  and  in- 
clude 3  volumes  by  Dahas,  covering  the 
period  between  1790  and  1800:  1)  volumes 
by  Cranch,  1800  to  1815  ;  "Wheaton,  12 
volumes,  1816  to  1827;  Peters,  10  volumes, 
1828  to  1842;  Howard,  24  volumes,  1843 
to  1860;  Black,  2  volumes,  1861  to  1862; 
Wallace,  23  volumes,  1863  to  1875.  Up 
to  that  date  the  reports  had  reached  89 
volumes  by  the  different  compilers.  Since 
1876  the  reports  have  been  styled  90  U. 
S.,  91  U.  S.,  etc.  ;  90  U.  S.  was  reported 
by  Wallace  ;  91  to  107  V.  S.  was  reported 
by  William  J.  Otto,  from  1875  to  1882; 
108  to  186  U.  S.,  between  1882  and  1902, 
by  J.  C.  Bancroft  Davis,  and  the  remainder 
by  Charles  Henry  Butler.  (See  Dallas,  in 
Biographic  Index.) 
Surgeon  General.  (See  War  Department 

and  Army.) 
Surgeon  General,  Public  Health.     (See 

Health  Service.) 
Surgeon-General  of  Army: 

Building      for      library      of,      recom- 
mended, 4657,  4833. 
Ordered    to    accompany    ex-President 

Jackson  home,  1540. 
Surplus  Revenue,  Distribution  of.— in 
his  annual  message  of  Dec.  1,  1834  (page 
1316),  President  Jackson  announced  the  ex- 
tinguishment of  the  public  debt.  The  com- 
promise tariff  measure  of  1832,  while  it 
inade  some  reduction  in  the  revenue  de- 
rived from  import  duties,  produced  a  sur- 
plus in  the  Treasury.  JacKsou  advocated 
the  distribution  of  this  surplus  among  the 


states  ratner  than  the  appropriation  of  It 
to  other  purposes.  A  1)111  providing  for  such 
disposition  of  the  surplus  was  attached  to 
the  bill  regulating  public  deposits  and 
passed  by  Congress  in  1836.  Under  this 
law  all  the  money  in  excess  of  $5,000,000 
In  the  Treasury,  Jan.  1,  1837,  was  to  be 
deposited  with  the  state  in  proportion  to 
their  representation  in  the  electoral  col- 
lege, and  iu  four  installments.  The  states 
were  required  to  give  certificates  of  depos- 
it payable  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 
on  demand.  None  of  the  banks  selected 
by  the  Government  as  the  custodians  of 
public  funds  was  under  any  kind  of  offi- 
cial supervision  by  the  states  which  char- 
tered them  or  by  the  General  Government. 
The  sum  to  be  divided  was  S37,408.K5<>. 
Three  installments  of  the  money  were  paid 
to  all  the  states  except  the  few  that  had 
refused  to  accept  it  on  the  conditions  im- 
posed. The  return  of  these  loans  of  the 
states  has  never  been  demanded. 

Surplus    Revenue    in    Treasury.      (See 

Treasury.) 

Surtax. — A  tax  over  and  above  a  previous 
tax  already  levied  against  persons  or  articles 
of  the  same  class. 

Surveyors,  Public,  punishment  of  per- 
sons interrupting  in  performance  of 
the  trusts  confided  to  them,  referred 
to  and  recommendation  for  penalty 
for  the  same,  1042. 

Surveys,  control  and  supervision  of 
geographical  and  geological,  dis- 
cussed, 4218.  (See  also  the  several 
surveys.) 

Susan  B.  Anthony  Amendment. — The  pro- 
posed amendment  to  the  Constitution  allow- 
ing women  the  saaie  rights  of  suffrage  as 
men.  It  has  been  introduced  into  all  recent 
Congresses,  but  has  either  failed  to  come 
to  a  vote,  or  else  has  failed  to  receive  the 
two-thirds  vote  of  both  Senate  and  House 
necessary  to  submit  a  proposed  amendment 
to  the  Constitution  for  ratification  by  three- 
fourths  of  the  states.  The  amendment  is 
named  after  the  founder  of  the  woman  suf- 
frage movement  in  the  United  States.  (See 
Woman  Suffrage.) 

Susan  Loud,  The,  seizure  of,  by  Span- 
ish or  Cuban  authorities  referred 
to,  2679. 

Claims    arising    out    of,    referred    to, 

2721,   2900. 
Suspension  Bridge,  N.  Y.,  proclamation 

granting  privileges  of  other  ports  to, 

2859. 
Susquehanna,    The,    repair   of,   referred 

to,  2764. 

Susciuehanna  Company.— An  organization, 
composed  mostly  of  Connecticut  farmers, 
formed  in  1754  for  the  purpose  of  coloniz- 
ing the  Wyoming  country.  This  was  the 
name  given  to  a  strip  of  land  bought  by 
Connecticut  from  the  Plymouth  Company 
in  1031.  Under  the  charter  granted  by 
James  I.  to  the  Plymouth  Company  in 
1620,  their  territory  extended  from  the  At- 
lantic to  the  Pacific  and  from  lat.  40°  to 
46°  north.  The  grant  of  Charles  II.  to 
William  Penu  extended  to  42°  north,  thus 
overlapping  the  Plymouth  grant  to  more 
than  the  extent  of  the  territory  sold  to 
Connecticut,  which  extended  to  41°  south. 
In  1754  the  Susquehanna  Company  made 
a  treaty  with  the  Six  Nations  of  Indians, 


Susquehanna         Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


securing  the  right  to  settlement  upon  their 
purchase.  Charles  II.  confirmed  the  sale  to 
Connecticut,  and  Pennsylvania,  though  dis- 
puting the  sale,  made  no  effort  to  rn-event 
a  settlement.  The  first  settlers  in  the 
disputed  territory  were  driven  off  by  the 
Indians  in  1763.  In  1700  some  forty  more 
settlers  arrived  in  the  Wyoming  region  and 
were  arrested  by  Pennsylvania  officials. 
For  the  next  six  years  a  sort  of  civil  war- 
fare was  kept  up  between  the  settlers  of  the 
disputed  tract,  and  only  suspended  during 
the  Revolution,  after  which  the  dispute  was 
arranged  between  the  states  and  the  titles 
to  the  land  confirmed.  (See  also  Wyoming 
Controversy.) 

Susquehanna,     or    Conestoga    Indians. 

(See  Indian  Tribes.) 

Sutler. — One  who  follows  the  Army  and 
supplies  the  troops  with  necessities  and 
luxuries,  not  as  a  patriotic  service,  nor  in 
an  official  capacity,  but  purely  for  gain. 
(Same  as  Camp-Follower.  Both  terms  are 
generally  used  in  derision.) 

Sutro  Tunnel,  referred  to,  4148. 
Swamp  Lands.      ("See  Lands,   Swamp.) 
Swash-Buckler. — One  who  struts  in  brag- 
gadocio   fashion,    especially   a    soldier    who 
undertakes    to    intimidate    civilians    on    ac- 
count of  assumed  military  authority. 
Swanton,    Vt.,    proclamation    granting 

privileges  of  other  ports  to,  2859. 
Sweden. —  Sweden  occupies  the  eastern 
and  greater  portion  of  the  Scandinavian 
peninsula  of  northern  Europe,  and  lies 
between  69°  3'  21"-55°  20'  IS"  N.  latitude 
and  11°  G'  19"-24°  9'  11"  E.  longitude, 
with  an  extreme  length  of  close  on  1,000 
English  miles  and  a  greatest  breadth  of 
about  250  English  miles.  The  kingdom  is 
bounded  on  the  northeast  by  the  Grand 
Duchy  of  Finland,  on  the  east"  by  the  Gulf 
of  Bothnia  and  the  Baltic  Sea.  on  the  south- 
west by  the  Cattegat  and  Skagerrack,  and 
on  the  west  by  the  Kingdom  (if  Norway. 
The  coast  is  fringed  with  an  island  fence 
(skargardi,  the  largest  islands  of  the  west, 
coast  being  Orust  and  Tiorn,  while  Oland 
(519  square  miles)  and  Gotland  (1,220 
square  miles)  lie  off  the  southeast  coast,  in 
the  Baltic  Sea. 

Phiixicul  '  Frnltifpn. — The  main  Scandi- 
navian range,  known  as  the  Kolen  (keel  I, 
forms  a  natural  boundary  between  Sweden 
and  Norway  from  the  northwestern  bound- 
ary to  the  center  of  tne  kingdom,  the  great- 
est elevations  being  in  tho  extreme  north. 
Central  Sweden  consists  principally  of  fer- 
tile and  wooded  plains,  a  rid  includes  the 
four  great  lakes  of  Hjalmaren.  Miilaren, 
Vanr-ru  and  Viittern.  In  the  extreme  south 
are  the  plains  of  Skane.  consisting  of  rich 
meadow  land  and  occasional  woods  of  beech. 

The  principal  rivers  of  the  north  are  the 
Torne,  Kalix,  Siora  and  Lilla  Lule  (on 
which  is  the  famous  cataract,  the  Har- 
sprangl,  the  I'ite.  Skellefte.  Vine  and  Vin- 
del,  Angennan.  Indal  and  L.jusnan.  In 
the  southern  portion  are  the  Dal  and  Klar, 
while  the  short  Got  a  contains  the  cele- 
brated falls  of  Trollhattan.  The  surface  of 
the  lakes  and  rivers  of  Sweden  occupies 
about  one-twelfth  of  The  total  area  of  the 
Kingdom. 

About  one-seventh  of  the  Kingdom  lies 
within  the  Arctic  I'irde,  hut  I  lie  country 
receives  a  large  measure  of  protection  from 
the  western  mountain  harrier,  and  the  pe- 
ninsula, as  a  whole,  is  warmed  by  the  Atlan- 
tic Drift.  Compensation  for  the  shortness 
of  the  northern  summer  is  afforded  by  at- 
mospheric refraction,  which  increases  the 


time  of  sunshine  and  light,  but  from  Octo- 
ber or  November  to  May  or  June  navigation 
is  impeded,  and  from  December  to  April 
the  coasts  are  ice-bound. 

History. — In  1319  the  Kingdoms  of 
Sweden  and  Norway  were  united  under  one 
sovereign,  but  in  1397  the  League  of  Kulmar 
formed  tripartite  kingdom  under  the  hegem- 
ony of  Denmark.  Sweden  broke  from  the 
League  in  1523,  and  in  1814  the  crown  of 
Norway  was  ceded  by  Denmark  to  Sweden. 
In  1905  the  King  of  Sweden  renounced  the 
crown  of  Norway. 

(jorcrnment. — The  Government  is  that  of 
a  limited  monarchy,  hereditary  in  the  male 
line  (by  primogeniture)  of  the  House  of 
Bernadotte,  Prince  of  Ponte  Corvo,  who 
was  elected  to  the  succession  by  the  Riks- 
dag on  Aug.  21,  1810,  and  ascended  the 
throne  on  Feb.  5,  1818.  The  constitution 
rests  upon  the  fundamental  law  of  June 
6,  1809,  which  declares  the  king  to  be  irre- 
sponsible, invests  in  him  the  executive  au- 
thority, and  confers  initiation  and  veto  of 
legislation.  Ruler :  Gustav  V.,  King  of 
Sweden,  of  the  Goths  and  the  Vandals ; 
born  June  16,  1858 ;  succeeded  December 
8,  1907. 

The  Riksdag  consists  of  two  elective 
Chambers,  of  which  the  First  Chamber  con- 
tains 150  members  elected  by  the  Lands- 
ting,  or  Councils  of  the  Lan  (prefectures), 
on  a  population  basis,  and  witk  eligibility 
confined  to  those  of  Swedish  birth,  aged 
thirty-five  years,  who  possess  real  property 
valued  at  50,000  kroner,  or  annual  taxed  in- 
comes exceeding  3,000  kroner.  The  Second 
Chamber  consists  of  230  members,  and  are 
elected  for  a  maximum  of  three  years  by 
universal  manhood  suffrage. 

The  country  is  divided  into  121  judicial 
districts,  each  with  a  court  of  first  in- 
stance, consisting  of  a  judge  and  twelve 
unpaid  jurymen,  elected  by  the1  inhabitants. 
There  are 'High  Courts  at  Stockholm,  Jon- 
koping  and  Kristianstad,  and  a  Supreme 
Court  at  the  capital. 

For  the  army  and  navy  see  Armies  of 
the  World  a*  Navies  of  the  World. 

Population. — The  country  is  divided  into 
twenty-five  prefectures,  haviug  a  total  area 
of  169,532  square  miles.  The  Swedish  peo- 
ple are  Scandinavians,  but  the  population 
includes,  in  the  north,  about  20.000  Finns 
and  7,000  Lapps.  More  than  99  per  cent 
of  the  people  belong  to  the  Swedish  Luth- 
eran Church. 

Education. — Primary  education  is  com- 
pulsory and  free,  and  is  maintained  by 
local  taxation  with  State  grants.  Illiteracy 
is  very  rare,  and  good  attendances  at  tho 
schools  are  secured.  In  1911  there  were 
15,200  primary  schools,  with  792,000  pupils. 
There  are  Special  schools  for  technical  in- 
struction and  navigation,  and  Universities 
at  Uppsala  (2,300  students)  and  Lund 
1,250  students),  as  well  as  State  and  pri- 
vate faculties  at  Stockholm  and  Goteborg. 
Protfnrtif)n  rind  Industry. — The  common 
cereals  and  potatoes  and  fruits  are  grown 
and  the  live  stock  includes  horses,  cattle, 
sheep,  pigs,  reindeer,  goats  and-  fowls.  The 
forests  cover  more  than  half  the  area  of 
the  kingdom,  and  consist  of  pine,  birch  and 
fir,  producing  timber,  wood  pulp,  pitch,  tar 
and  fuel.  In  1911  nearly  72,000  persons 
were  employed  in  the  various  timber,  wood 
work  and  wood  pulp  industries,  the  com- 
bined output  being  valued  at  close  on  331,- 
000  000  kronor. 

The  kingdom  is  rich  In  minerals,  includ- 
ing iron  of  excellent  quality  (Dannemora 
iron  being  converted  into  the  finest  steel)  : 
irohl  and  silver  in  small  quantities;  copper, 
lead,  nickel,  zinc,  cobalt,  alum,  sulphur, 
porphyry  and  marble. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Swiss 


In  addition  to  the  industries  In  connection 
with  the  production  of  the  forests  and 
mines,  there  are  Hour  and  sugar  mills,  brew- 
eries and  distilleries,  tanneries  and  shoe  fac- 
tories, cotton  and  wool  spinning  and  weav- 
ing establishments.  The  Industrial  output 
Is  considerable,  and  may  be  valued  at  close 
on  220,000,000  kroiior  annually. 

Railways,  Etc.— At  the  end  of  1912  there 
were  14,300  kilometers  of  railway  open,  of 
which  4,700  kilometers  were  the  property 
of  the  State.  There  were  3,837  post- 
offices  In  11)12  and  (5,600  miles  of  telegraph 
line  (exclusive  of  railway  telegraph  lines). 

The  Mercantile  Marine  of  Sweden  In  1911 
consisted  of  909  steam  vessels  of  852,520 
tons,  and  471  sailing  vessels  of  118,138  tons. 

Finances. — The  annual  average  expendi- 
ture for  six  years  ending  1914  was  243,- 
322,600  krouor,  and  the  revenues  for  the 
same  time  averaged  244,489,000  kronor. 
The  national  debt  was  stated  Jan.  1,  1913, 
as  602,000,000  kronor.  Of  this  total  almost 
the  whole  was  raised  for  and  expended  in 
the  construction  of  railways,  which  produced 
a  net  revenue  in  1912  (after  providing  for 
working  expenses,  interest  and  amortiza- 
tion) of  20,295,000  kronor.  The  unit  of 
value,  the  kronn,  is  equivalent  to  $0.26,8  In 
United  States  money. 

Cities. — Capital,  Stockholm  ;  population 
(1912)  350,955.  In  addition  to  the  capital, 
tkere  were  (1912)  twenty-nine  towns  with 
a  population  exceeding  10,000. 

Trade  icitJi  tlie  United  States. — The  value 
of  merchandise  imported  into  Sweden  from 
the  United  States  for  the  year  1913  was 
$12. 104,366.  and  goods  to  the  value  of  $11,- 
174,419  were  sent  thither — a  balance  of 
$929,947  in  favor  of  the  United  States. 

Sweden    and    Norway    (see    also    Ber- 
gen): 

Claims  of,  against  United  States,  re- 
ferred to,  1172. 

Claims  of  United  States  against,  807, 

1109. 
Payment  of,  867,   1112. 

Commercial  relations  with,  820. 

Consul    of,    to    United    States,    exe- 
quatur to,  revoked,  3626. 
Revocation    annulled,    3630. 

Ericsson,  John,  restoration  of  remains 
of,  to  Sweden  discussed,  5547. 

Famine   in,   referred  to,   3799. 

Fugitive  criminals,  convention  with, 
for  surrender  of,  3114,  5871. 

Gothenburg  system  of  regulating 
liquor  traffic  in,  report  on,  trans- 
mitted, 5785. 

Interference  with  the  vessels  of  the 
United  States.  (See  Admiral  P. 
TordeiiskioM,  The.) 

Minister  of  United  States  to — 
Nomination    of,   318. 
Transfer    of,    to    Bogota,    referred 
to,  3665. 

Missionaries  of  Sweden,  murder  of, 
in  China  discussed,  5868. 

Naturalization  treaty  with,  4033, 
4142. 

Postal   convention  with,  4203. 

Treaty  with,  transmitted  and  dis- 
cussed, 566,  919,  959,  962,  3114, 
5871. 


Commissioner    to    negotiate,    nom- 
inated,  254. 
Vessels  of,   claims   of,   for   reduction 

in  tonnage  dues,  5494,  5621. 
Vessels  of  Norway — 

Discriminating   duties   on   suspend- 
ed by  proclamation,   665. 
Interfered  with   by  United  States. 
(See    Admiral    P.    Tordcnskiold, 
The.) 
Reciprocal    rights    for,    requested, 

671,  707. 

Vessels    of    United    States    seized    or 
interfered   with   by.      (See    Claims 
against.) 
Vice-Consul     of,    to    United     States, 

exequatur  of,  revoked,  3627. 
Revocation  annulled,  3630. 

Sweden  and  Norway,  Treaties  with. — 

The  treaty  of  amity  and  commerce  of  1783 
expired  in  1796  by  its  own  limitations. 
Some  of  its  sections  were  revived  by  the 
treaty  of  1816,  which,  in  turn,  expired  by 
its  own  limitations  in  1826,  and  was  re- 
placed by  the  treaty  of  commerce  and  navi- 
gation of  1827.  By  it  freedom  of  com- 
merce and  trade  was  accorded  to  both 
nations,  and  for  the  ships  of  the  island 
of  St.  Bartholomew,  which  was  Included. 
Equable  imposition  of  charges,  tolls,  dues, 
and  imposts  was  secured  for  the  vessels 
of  both  nations  ;  imports  were  to  be  taxed 
without  regard  to  the  nationality  of  the 
carrying  vessel ;  and  the  coastwise  trade 
was  excluded  from  the  terms  of  the  treaty. 
The  consular  office  was  created  and  pro- 
vided for  as  in  consular  conventions.  Hu- 
mane provisions  were  made  for  the_  relief 
of  tho  shipwrecked  and  for  ships  in  dis- 
tress. A  naturalization  convention  was 
concluded  in  1869.  Upon  the  dissolution 
of  the  union  of  Norway  and  Sweden,  the 
Swedish  government  agreed  to  continue  in 
force  and  abide  by  all  treaties  with  the 
United  States.  (For  the  extradition  terms 
of  the  treaty  of  1893,  see  Extradition 
Treaties.) 

Swift    &    Co.,    vessels    purchased    for 
Peru   by,    from   United   States   de- 
tained, '3831. 
Swln-a-mish      Indians.       (See      Indian 

Tribes.) 

Swine    Products.      (See    Animals    and 
Animal  Products.) 

Swiss     Confederation.     (See     Switzer- 
land.) 
Swiss  System  of  Military  Training. — 

During  the  agitation,  in  the  United  States 
for  universal  military  training,  arising  as  a 
result  of  the  European  War,  much  interest 
was  manifested  in  the  system  of  military 
training  as  practised  in  Switzerland.  Switz- 
erland has  no  standing  army,  but  military 
training  is  compulsory  upon  every  citizen. 
(Switzerland,  having  no  seacoast,  lias 
naturally  no  navy.)  Switzerland,  of  about 
the  same  size  and  population  as  the  State 
of  Massachusetts,  by  virtue  of  its  present 
system,  completed  in  the  year  1907,  can 
muster  almost  immediately  upon  call  a  half 
million  trained  soldiers,  with  a  larger  num- 
ber in  reserve. 

The  Swiss  boy  begins  his  training  for 
future  service  at  the  age  of  8,  when  he 
begins  a  carefully-planned  system  of  gym- 


Swiss 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


nasties.  At  the  age  of  11.  he  joins  a  cadet 
corps,  in  which  membership  is  voluntary, 
but  well-nigh  universal.  In  the  cadet  corps, 
he  receives  his  tirst  practice  in  the  "setting- 
up"  exercises,  and  is  put  through  simple 
drills.  Each  corps  has  a  uniform  of  its 
own  design,  although  the  design  is  usually 
the  same  in  each  particular  locality ;  and 
the  state  furnishes  assistance  only  in  the 
shape  of  the  rifle  and  the  ammunition  used 
by  the  corps.  From  the  age  of  10-20,  the 
Swiss  youth  Is  a  member  of  a  voluntary 
preparatory  military  organization,  like  the 
cadet  corps,  except  for  the  fact  that  the 
rifle  used  is  the  standard  army  musket 
and  the  marksmanship  practice  becomes 
serious. 

Jt  is  at  the  age  of  20  that  the  Swiss  youth 
enters  upon  compulsory  military  service. 
First,  he  must  pass  a  physical  and  literary 
examination,  and  if  he  is  rejected  as  unlit 
for  service,  he  becomes  liable  to  a  rather 
severe  special  military  tax.  lie  receives 
his  instruction  at  a  field  camp  something 
like  our  own  Plattsburg  (q.  v.),  where  the 
recruits  are  Subdivided  into  the  various 
branches  of  the  service  for  which  they  are 
best  qualified.  This  preliminary  training 
lasts  for  a  period  of  between  CO  and  75 
days,  according  to  the  branch  of  service,  and 
during  that  time  the  recruit  receives  all  his 
expenses  and  a  pay  of  ten  cents  a  day. 
Until  the  age  of  32,  these  men  are  called 
together  for  sixteen  days'  additional  train- 
ing every  year  or  two  years,  according  to 
the  branch  of  the  service  for  which  they 
have  been  trained.  Between  the  ages  of 
32  and  40,  the  Swiss  is  a  member  of  the 
Landwehr,  or  First  p*>perve,  and  fcx'ter  that 
of  the  Landsturm,  p»  iftst  reserve.  Appoint- 
ment as  officers  is  open  to  men  in  the 
ranks.  (See  Compulsory  Military  Service; 
Australian  System  of  'Military  Training; 
Preparedness.) 

Switzerland.— The  Federated  Cantons  of 
Switzerland  lie  in  Central  Europe  between 
45°  49'  2"-47°  48'  32"  X.  latitude  and  5° 
57'  2G"-10°  29'  40"  E,  longitude,  and  are 
bounded  on  the  north  by  the  German  Em- 
pire, on  the  east  by  the  Austrian  Empire 
and  the  Principality  of  Liechtenstein,  on 
the  south  by  the  Kingdom  of  Italy,  and  on 
the  west  by  the  French  Republic.  The  area 
Is  given  as  15,950  square  miles. 

1'ltyxical  Features. — Switzerland  is  the 
most  mountainous  country  in  Europe,  hav- 
ing the  Alps,  covered  with  perennial  snow 
and  glaciers,  and  rising  from  5.000  to  15.- 
217  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  along 
the  soul  hem  and  eastern  frontiers,  and 
throughout  the  chief  part  of  the  interior, 
and  the  Jura  Mountains  in  the  northwest. 
The  main  chain  of  the  Alps  occupies  the 
whole  of  southern  Switzerland,  the  highest 
peaks  being  the  Dufourspit/.e  of  Monte  Uosa 
(15.217  feet),  the  Dun  of  the  Mischabel 
range  (14,942  feeti.  and  the  Finsteraar- 
horri  of  Hernrse  Oberland  (14,020  feet). 
The  highest  Rtimmit  of  Europe  (Mont 
Blanc,  15,782  feci  i  is  in  the  Pennine  Alps, 
across  the  French  frontier.  The  Jura 
Mountains  rise  between  the  valleys  of  the 
Hhiue  and  Rhone  and  form  a  natural  bar- 
rier between  France  and  Switzerland,  the 
highest  peaks  being  Mont  Tendre  (5,512 
feet)  and  the  Dole  (5,5(1.".  feet)  ;  while  the 
highest  peak  of  the  range-,  ('ret  de  la 
Nelge  (5,05:5  feet),  like  that  of  the  Alps, 
IH  In  French  territory. 

Three  great  rivers  rise  hi  the  mountains 
of  Switzerland,  the  Rhone,  Rhine,  and  Aar, 
while  the  Thur  Is  a  Swiss  tributary  of  the 
Rhine.  The  Lakes  of  Switzerland  include 
Geneva  (225  square  miles  i  jn  the  south- 
west, and  Constance  (LIDS  square  miles  I 
In  the  northeast,  neither  of  which  is  wholly 


Swiss ;  while  Neuchatel  (93  square  miles) 
is  entirely  within  Swiss  territory  ;  Mag- 
giore  is  partly  Italian  ;  Lucerne  and  Zurich 
are  entirely  Swiss  ;  Lugano  is  mainly  Swiss  ; 
Thun  and  Bienne  lie  wholly  within  the 
Canton  of  Berne ;  Ztig  lies  in  three  of  the 
northern  cantons  ;  Brienz,  in  the  Canton  of 
Berne  ;  Morat  lies  in  the  Cantons  of  Fri- 
bourg  and  Vaud  ;  Wallensee  is  in  St.  Gall 
and  Glarus  •  anu  Sempach  in  the  Canton  of 
Lucerne. 

History. — The  Swiss  Confederation  Is  a 
collection  of  free  States  drawn  together  for 
mutual  protection  and  for  the  preservation 
of  their  independence.  The  States  so  com- 
bined were  at  one  time  part  of  Germany, 
Italy  or  Burgundy,  and  have  been  in  alli- 
ance since  the  thirteenth  century  ;  and  to 
that  alliance  other  States  have  been  at- 
tracted. In  1291  the  league  consisted  of 
the  present  Cantons  of  Schwyz,  TJri  and 
Uuterwalden,  to  which  live  others  were 
joined  between  1332  and  1353.  To  these 
eight  Cantons  live  more  were  added  from 
1481-1513,  six  in  1803,  and  three  in  1815, 
in  which  year  the  perpetual  neutrality  and 
inviolability  of  Switzerland  were  guaran- 
teed by  Austria-Hungary,  the  United  King- 
dom, Portugal,  Prussia  and  Russia,  and  a 
Federal  Pact  was  drawn  up  at  Zurich  and 
confirmed  by  the  Congress  of  Vienna.  This 
Pact  formed  the  basis  of  the  Federal  Con- 
stitution until  1848,  when  a  new  constitu- 
tion was  adopted  by  a  majority  of  the  Swiss 
people,  and  of  the  Cantons  and  demi-Can- 
tons,  and  in  the  same  manner,  on  May  29, 
A874,  the  present  constitution  was  ratified, 
Jnce  which  date  there  have  been  fifteen 
partial  revisions  of  the  constitution,  simi- 
larly ratified. 

EUuwgrapliy. — The  people  of  Switzerland, 
numbering  3.753,283,  comprise  four  nation- 
alities, distinguished  by  their  language  into 
German,  71  per  cent ;  French,  21  per  cent  ; 
Italian,  G  per  cent  ;  and  Roumashe  (In 
the  Grisons),  2  per  cent. 

Government. — Under  the  Constitution  the 
Federal  Government  is  supreme  in  exter- 
nal affairs,  and  regulates  the  army,  postal 
and  telegraph  systems,  the  mint  and  paper 
currency  and  the  systems  of  weights  and 
measures,  while  it  provides  for  a  national 
revenue,  regulates  the  tariff,  and  has  power 
to  legislate  in  matters  of  sanitation,  citi- 
zenship, civil  and  penal  law.  copyright. 
bankruptcy,  patents,  universities  and  cer- 
tain public  works,  such  as  the  forest  serv- 
ice, waterways  and  railways.  The  legis- 
lative authority  is  entrusted  to  a  Federal 
Assembly  of  two  chambers  which  elects  a 
Federal  Council  as  an  executive  authority. 
The  Federal  Assembly  also  elects  for  one 
year  a  President  of  the  Swiss  Confederation 
and  a  Vice-President  of  the  Federal  Coun- 
cil. The  election  takes  place  annually  in 
December  and  the  President  and  Vice- 
President  take  office  on  January  1st.  The 
Vice- President  is  eligible  for  the  office  of 
President  and  is  generally  elected  in  suc- 
cession. President  (Jan.  1-Uec.  31,  1914): 
M.  Motta. 

The  Biihdesversammlung,  or  Assemblee 
federale,  consists  of  two  houses,  the  Stiin- 
derat  or  Conseil  des  6tats  and  the  \alio- 
nalrat  or  Conseil  National.  The  Stiinderat 
consists  of  forty-four  representatives,  two 
from  each  Canton,  chosen  by  the  peo- 
ple in  the  majority  (but  by  the  Cantonal 
legislature  In  six)  of  t'he  'Cantons.  The 
Xatlonalrat  contains  189  members  elected 
by  the  people  of  each  Canton  for  three 
years,  on  a  population  basis  of  one  for 
each  20.OOO  inhabitants.  Electors  are  all 
adult  male  citizens,  and  all  electors  (except 
the  clergy)  are  eligible.  Parliament  meets 
three  or  four  times  annually  at  the  capital, 
and  legislation  may  proceed  in  either  house, 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Switzerland 


While  a  referendum  to  tho  electors  may  be 
secured  by  the  petition  of  30,000  electors 
or  upon  the  request  of  eight  Cantons. 

The  Bundesversammlung  In  common  ses- 
sion of  the  two  houses  elects  the  Federal 
Executive  (the  Bundesrat,  or  Consell  f6- 
de'ral),  consisting  of  seven  members  elected 
for  three  years.  The  President  of  the  Con- 
fc'doratlon  (Bundespriisident)  Is  chosen  an- 
nually from  amongst  the  seven  members  of 
the  Federal  Council  and  always  holds  the 
portfolio  of  Foreign  Affairs,  tho  remaining 
portfolios  being  redistributed  annually 
amongst  tho  remaining  members  of  the 
Council. 

The  Federal  Supreme  Court  (Bundesge- 
rlcht,  or  Tribunal  federal)  consists  of 
twenty-four  full  members  (and  nine  substi- 
tutes) elected  for  six  years  by  the  two 
houses  of  the  Federal  Parliament,  which 
also  elects  the  President  and  Vice-President 
of  the  Tribunal  for  terms  of  two  years. 

Each  of  the  twenty-two  Cantons  (Un- 
terwalden,  Appenzell  and  Bale  being  sub- 
divided into  sub-Cantons,  making  25  Can- 
ons and  sub-Cantons)  Is  divided  into  admin- 
istrative districts  under  prefects  appointed 
by  the  Cantonal  authorities,  or  by  the  peo- 
ple of  the  districts,  and  each  canton  has  a 
legislature,  executive  and  judiciary.  The 
cantons  are  sovereign  states  (within  the 
restrictions  of  the  Federal  Constitution), 
and  federal  citizenship  can  only  be  obtained 
by  an  alien  by  means  of  admission  to  one 
of  the  political  communes  and  by  the  con- 
firmation of  such  naturalization  by  the  Can- 
tonal authorities  and  the  previous  consent 
of  the  Federal  Council.  (For  the  army,  see 
Armies  of  the  World.) 

Education. — Education  is  controlled  by  ttir> 
Cantonal  and  Communal  authorities,  and 
there  is  no  Federal  organization.  Primary 
education  is  free  and  compulsory,  and  il- 
literacy is  rare,  especially  in  the  Protestant 
Cantons.  The  school  age  varies,  but  is  gen- 
erally from  six  to  fifteen  years.  Special 
schools  :  There  is  a  Federal  technical  high 
school  at  Zurich  of  architecture,  civil,  me- 
chanical and  agricultural  engineering,  chem- 
istry, forestry,  mathematics,  physics  and 
science,  with  1,333  students  (466  foreign- 
ers) in  1911  :  and  at  Lausanne  there  is 
a  Cantonal  school  of  engineering.  There 
are  Universities  at  BAle  (founded  in  1460), 
Zurich,  Berne,  Geneva,  Fribourg  (Catholic), 
Lausanne,  and  Neuehatel,  some  of  these 
having  earlier  foundations  as  academies. 
There  is  also  a  law  school  at  Sion.  The 
matriculated  students  in  1911  numbered 
6,000,  of  whom  2,000  were  women. 

Finance. — The  average  annual  expendi- 
ture for  the  five  years  ending  with  1912 
was  134,056.373  francs,  and  the  revenues 
for  the  same  years  averaged  134,063,804 
francs. 

Production  and  Industry. — The  total  area 
of  the  Confederation  is  estimated  at  9,900,- 
000  English  statute  acres,  of  which  5,682,- 
214  acres  were  cultivated  (Census  of  1912) 
and  2,232,359  acres  were  woods  and  for- 
ests. All  the  common  cereals  are  produced 
and  the  vineyards  yielded  16,499,174  gal- 
lons of  wine  in  1911.  Horses,  cattle,  sheep, 
goats  and  pigs  are  raised. 

The  area  of  the  forests  exceeds  2,100,000 
acres  (more  than  one-fifth  of  the  area  of 
the  country),  of  which  two-thirds  are  com- 
munal and  cantonal  property  and  one-third 
in  private  ownership.  In  1910  nearly  2,000.- 
000  cubic  meters  of  timber  were  cut.  and 
the  industry  employed  nearly  20,000  per- 
sons. 

<!old,  silver,  lead,  iron,  copper  and  coal 
are  found,  but  the  only  important  indus- 
tries are  asphalt  in  the  Val  de  Travers  of 
Neuchatel,  and  the  saline  works  on  the 


Rhine.  There  are  numerous  mineral 
springs.  Mining  and  quarrying  employed 
13,000  persons  In  1910.  Textiles,  watch- 
making, embroidery,  machinery,  chocolate, 
shoemuklng,  straw-plaiting,  wood-carving, 
and  various  agricultural  factories  for  con- 
densed milk,  cheese  and  soups  and  pre- 
served meats,  in  addition  to  breweries,  and 
distilleries  and  printing  establishments,  em- 
ployed over  250,000  persons  in  1910. 

Railicai/s. — In  1911  there  were  3,154  miles 
of  railway  open  and  working,  carrying  17.- 
500,000  tons  of  goods,  and  98,500,000  pas- 
sengers, the  gross  receipts  being  202,615.- 
000  francs  (1910)  and  the  working  expenses 
136,332,000  francs. 

Cities. — Capital  of  the  Swiss  Confedera- 
tion, Berne.  Population  (1910)  85,650. 
In  1910  there  were  twenty-four  communes 
with  populations  exceeding  10,000. 

Trade  irith  the  United  Ktalrs. — The  value 
of  merchandise  imported  from  the  United 
States  into  Switzerland  for  the  year  1913 
was  $826.549.  and  goods  to  the  value  of 
$23,260,180  were  sent  thither — a  balance  of 
$22,433,631  in  favor  of  Switzerland. 

Switzerland   (see  also  Berne) : 

American  citizens  of  Hebrew  per- 
suasion in,  discriminated  against 
3123. 

Claims  of,  against  United  States, 
5199. 

Consul  of  United  States  in,  charges 
against  character  of,  refuted,  3718. 

Consuls  of  United  States  requested 
by,  to  protect  citizens  of,  in  coun- 
tries where  it  is  not  represented, 
4627. 

Convention    with,    1406,    2356,    2414, 

2634,  2723. 
Discussed,  2634,  2723. 

Copyright      privilege      extended      by 

proclamation,   5582. 
Eeferred  to,  5625. 

Floods  in,  referred  to,  3885. 

Fruits,  American,  restrictions  upon 
importation  of,  into,  discussed, 
6331. 

Fugitive  criminals,  convention  with, 
for  surrender  of,  2356. 

Immigration  questions  with,  4520, 
4627,  4715. 

Milk  sugar  manufactured  in,  re- 
ferred to,  4979. 

Minister  of,  to  United  States,  ele- 
vated to  plenipotentiary  mission, 
4718. 

Naturalization  question  with,  4715, 
6337. 

Postal  convention  with,  3775,  3883, 
4250. 

President  of,  member  of  claims  com- 
mission between  United  States 
and  Chile,  5867. 

Proposition  of,  to  extend  Ued  Cross 
compact  in  Spanish- American  War 
discussed,  633(5. 

Treaty   with—- 
To be  negotiated,   4759. 
Transmitted,   2356. 


Switzerland 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Switzerland,  Treaties  with. — The  con- 
vention of  friendship,  commerce,  and  ex- 
tradition of  1850  run  until  181)9,  when  no- 
tice was  given  of  intention  to  terminate 
some  of  its  provisions.  Others  were  ter- 
minated by  the  treaty  of  1900.  Those 
which  persist  provide  for  personal  and 
property  privileges  of  the  citizens  of  the 
one  country  residing  and  trading  in  the 
country  of  the  other,  with  all  of  the  rights, 
privileges,  and  immunities  of  the  citizens 
of  the  country.  Freedom  of  conscience  is 
granted  to  all  ;  the  right  to  hold,  possess, 
acquire,  and  to  alienate  property,  immu- 
nity from  military  service,  and  enforced 
military  contributions,  and  free  and  open 
access  to  courts  of  justice  are  secured. 

The  taxes  upon  citizens  shall  be  equita- 
ble. Passports  shall  be  supplied  in  order 
to  establish  the  character  and  the  citizen- 
ship of  persons  traveling  between  the  two 


republics.  The  disposal,  acquisition,  and 
inheritance  of  property  shall  be  free,  easy, 
and  unhindered.  When  an  heir  to  prop- 
erty is  disqualified  from  holding  it  by  rea- 
son of  his  alienage,  the  heir  or  other  suc- 
cessor shall  be  granted  the  time  permitted 
by  the  canton  in  which  the  property  is  sit- 
uated to  dispose  of  the  same.  Consuls 
shall  be  appointed  under  conditions  com- 
mon to  consular  conventions.  (For  terms 
of  the  extradition  treaty  of  ]900,  see  Ex- 
tradition Treaties.) 

Arbitration  of  international  differences 
on  the  lines  laid  down  by  The  Hague  Con- 
vention of  ]899  was  agreed  to  by  treaty 
signed  at  Washington,  Feb.  29,  1908. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales,  interna- 
tional exhibition  in,  discussed,  4519, 
4559,  4625. 

Syndicalism.     (See   Socialism.) 


Encyclopedic  Index1 


Taft 


Tacoma,  Wash.,  act  granting  use  of 
lands  to,  for  purpose  of  public  park, 
vetoed,  5282. 

Tactics.  — In  military  parlance,  the  plan- 
ning of  military  and  naval  action,  especially 
that  preparatory  for  battle  ;  the  object  being 
to  out-general  and  out-maneuver  the  enemy, 
rather  than  rely  wholly  upon  superior 
strength  and  equipment.  (See  Maneuver- 
ing.) 

Tacubaya,    American    ministers   assem- 
ble   in,    935.      (See    also    Panama, 

Isthmus  of.) 

Congress  indefinitely  postponed,  951. 
Instructions  to,  referred  to,  997. 
Taft,  William  H.— 1909-1913. 
Thirty-tirst   Administration— Republican, 

Vice-Prealdent — Junies  S.  Sherman. 
Secretary  uf  State — 

Philander  C.  Knox. 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury — 

Franklin  MacVeagh. 
Secretary  of  War — 

Henry  L.  Stimson. 
Attorney-General — • 

George   W.   Wlckersham 
Postmaster-General — 

Frank  II.   Hitchcock. 
Secretary  of  the  Nary — 

George  von  Lengerke  Meyer. 
Secretary  of  the  Interior — 

Walter  L.   Fisher. 
Secretary  of  Agriculture — 

James    Wilson. 
Secretary  of  Commerce  and  Labor — 

Charles   Nagel. 

Platform. — The  platform  of  the  Republi- 
can party  in  the  Presidential  campaign  of 
11)08  on 'which  Judge  Taft  based  his  can- 
didacy declared  for  a  downward  revision  of 
the  Uingley  Tariff  Law  ;  for  statutory 
form  in  injunction  procedure  so  as  to  pro- 
vide notice  before  the  issuance  of  the  writ  ; 
for  Federal  incorporation  of  interstate  com- 
merce corporations :  for  postal  sayings 
banks;  for  the  settling  of  constitutional 
questions  regarding  the  income  tax:  for  the 
encouragement  by  mail  subsidies  of  Pacific 
and  South  American  lines  :  for  the  regula- 
tion of  railroad  stock  and  bond  issues  by 
the  Interstate  Commerce  Commission,  and 
the  incidental  physical  valuation  of  rail- 
roads ;  for  the  legalizing  of  rate  agreements 
when  sanctioned  by  the  Commission;  for  the 
reorganization  of  certain  Bureaus  so  as  to 
facilitate  the  execution  of  the  Interstate 
Commerce  and  Anti-trust  Laws  :  and  for  the 
continuance  of  the  Roosevelt  policies  regard- 
ing the  conservation  of  our  natural  re- 
sources. Summarizing  his  purposes.  Judge 
Taft  said:  "The  practical,  constructive  and 
dillieult  work,  therefore,  of  those  who  fol- 
low Mr.  Roosevelt  is  to  devise  the  ways 
and  means  by  which  the  high  level  of  busi- 
ness integrity  and  obedience  to  law  which 
he  has  established  may  be  maintained  and 
departures  from  it  restrained  without  un- 
due interferences  with  legitimate  business." 

Tariff  Kerision. — The  first  work  to  which 
the  new  administration  addressed  itself  was 
tariff  revision.  Until  Aug.  5,  1909,  Con- 
gress in  special  session  wrestled  with  its 
intricacies.  The  Payne-Aldridi  Bill,  passed 
on  that  date,  was  a  downward  revision, 
though  in  the  President's  estimation  not 
sufficiently  downward,  and  by  its  creation 
of  a  Court  of  Customs  appeals  and  a  Tariff 
Board  was  a  distinctively  progressive  meas- 
ure. The  provision  for  an  income  tax  on 
corporations  with  its  incidental  assurance 
of  control  and  surveillance  was  the  answer 
to  the  President's  message  of  June  16. 
1009  (page  7380).  The  attacks  on  the 


measure  drew  from  the  President  his  speech 
at  Winona,  Minn,  (page  73!i:',).  the  most 
careful  mid  thorough  discussion  of  the  sub- 
ject which  has  appeared.  (See  Tariff;  In- 
come Tax.) 

Postal  tiarinyij  Hank. — The  Postal  Sav- 
ings Banks  were  established,  one  in  each 
of  the  forty-eight  States,  on  Jan.  1,  1911, 
under  the  law  passed  June  Ii5,  1910.  The. 
success  of  the  plan  has  led  the  Postrnaster- 
(Icneral  to  recommend  extending  the  system 
to  five  hundred  localities.  (See  Postal  Sav- 
ings Banks.) 

Itcfurni,  in  Injunction  Procedure. — The 
President  urged  upon  Congress  in  his  In- 
augural Address  and  in  his  First,  and  Si-c- 
ond  Annual  Messages  the  passage  of  a  law 
which  would  forbid  the  issuing  of  an  in- 
junction by  any  Federal  Court  without  pre- 
vious notice  and  hearing  of  the  parlies  to 
be  enjoined,  unless  in  the  Court's  discretion 
the  requisite  delay  would  result  in  irrep- 
arable injury  to  the  complainant  (pp.  7.'!7S, 
7431,  7524).  (See  Injunctions;  Boycott.) 

Federal  Incorporation. — In  his  Message  on 
the  anti-trust  law  (page  744'J).  the  J 'resi- 
dent discussed  the  causes  of  the  tendency 
of  modern  business  to  amass  in  ever-grow- 
ing units,  analyzed  the  beneficial  and  bane- 
ful effects  of  such  amalgamation,  defined  di- 
rect and  indirect  restraint  of  trade,  outlined 
the  true  intent  and  scope  of  the  .Sherman 
law  as  affecting  monopolistic  combinations, 
but  not  those  actuated  merely  by  desire 
to  reduce  production  cost,  condemned  the 
Knight  Sugar  Trust  decision,  argued  against 
amending  the  law,  mentioned  the  inquiry 
into  companies  suspected  of  violations  of 
the  law  which  was  contemplated  by  the 
Department  of  Justice  if  funds  became 
available,  and  recommended  the  enactment 
of  a  law  which  would  provide  Federal  char- 
ters for  interstate  commerce  corporations 
and  assure  governmental  supervision  and 
control.  (See  Interstate  Commerce.) 

The  Income  Tax. — On  the  question  of  the 
income  tax  the  President  in  his  Message  of 
June  1(5.  1900  (page  7380).  recommended 
that,  though  he  was  convinced  of  the  con- 
stitutionality of  such  a  tax,  it  would  be 
wiser  not  to  contradict  tin;  Supreme  Court 
by  reenacting  a  law  which  in  the  Pollock 
case  it  had  declared  unconstitutional,  but 
by  a  two-thirds  vote  to  submit  to  the  States 
an  amendment  to  the  organic  law  express- 
ly conferring  the  requisite  power.  (See 
Amendments  ^ Income  Tax  and  Income  Tax 
Cases.) 

Interstate  Commerce,  Law. — To  make  the 
Interstate  Commerce  Law  a  "complete  and 
effective  measure  for  securing  reasonable- 
ness 'of  rates  and  fairness  of  practices  in 
the  operation  of  interstate  railroads,  with- 
out undue  preference  to  any  individual  or 
class  over  any  others,''  adequate  to  "pre- 
vent the  recurrence  of  many  of  the  prac- 
tices which  have  given  rise  in  the  past  to 
so  much  public  inconvenience  and  loss."  the 
President  on  Jan.  7,  1010  (page  7441).  sent 
to  Congress  a  special  message  in  which  he 
recommended  the  creation  of  a  new  Court. 
to  be  called  the  United  States  Court  of 
Commerce  and  to  have  jurisdiction  over 
proceedings  brought  by  carriers  to  nullify 
orders  of  the  Interstate  Commerce  Commis- 
sion. The  President  pointed  out  that  car- 
riers by  injunctions  could  and  did  suspend 
the  commission's  orders  for  months  and 
even  years,  and  that  few  orders  of  any  con- 
sequence escaped  such  tactics.  By  means 
of  the  new  Court  such  proceedings  could 
be  promptly  and  consistently  disposed  of 
by  Judges  deeply  versed  in  the  intricacies 
of  the  subject.  Its  decisions  were  to  be 
final  excepting  review  by  the  Supreme 
Court,  and  even  if  it  appealed  from  the 
order  could  not  be  stayed  except  t,y  the 
Supreme  Court.  The  President  recommend- 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Taft 


ed  that  the  Commission  ho  empowered  to 
commence  proceedings  oil  its  own  Initiative  ; 
that  the  law  be  amended  so  as  to  permit 
the  changing  of  rates  only  after  submis- 
sion of  the  schedule  to  the  Commission, 
in  order  that,  If  unsatisfactory,  the  pro- 
posed change  might  be  stayed  pending  In- 
vestigation ;  that  its  duties  be  confined  to 
quasi-judicial  functions,  utilizing  the  De- 
partment of  Justice  to  prosecute  and  defend 
suits  under  the  law.  By  an  act  passed 
June  18,  1910,  Congress  put  on  the  statute 
books  the  recommendations  above  sum- 
marized, but  rejected  two  other  suggestions 
oC  the  President,  first,  that  the  issue  of 
mil  road  securities  be  made  subject  to  the 
Commission,  and  second,  that  rate  agree- 
ments under  certain  circumstances  be  per- 
mitted. (See  Interstate  Commerce;  Com- 
mon Carriers.) 

Conservation. — In  the  President's  speech 
at  St.  Paul,  Minn,  (page  7935),  he  took  the 
high  ground  that,  as  the  successor  to  Theo- 
dore Roosevelt,  he  could  not  be  other  than 
11  n  earnest  advocate  of  every  measure  cal- 
culated "to  prevent  the  continuance  of  the 
waste  which  has  characterized  our  phenom- 
enal growth  in  the  past."  But  "conserva- 
tion is  national.  It  affects  every  man  of 
us,  every  woman,  every  child.  What  I  can 
do  in  the  cause  I  shall  do,  not  as  President 
of  a  party,  but  as  President  of  the  whole 
people.  Conservation  is  not  a  question  of 
politics,  or  of  factions,  or  of  persons.  It 
is  a  question  that  affects  the  vital  welfare 
of  all  of  us,  of  our  children  and  our  chil- 
dren's c'hildren."  The  President's  conserva- 
tion address,  like  his  tariff  speech,  is  re- 
plete with  definite  and  detailed  recommenda- 
tions showing  a  minute  study  of  the  sub- 
ject. The  agricultural  and  mineral  land 
laws  should  be  left  unchanged  ;  the  funds 
available  for  reclamation  should  be  concen- 
trated on  selected  projects,  $20.000,000  in 
bonds  having  been  authorized  for  engineer- 
ing purposes  ;  the  states  severally  must  con- 
trol the  handling  of  the  seventy-five  per  cent 
of  existing  forests  which  is  privately 
owned  :  withdrawals  had  been  legalized  by  a 
definite  statute:  oil,  gas  and  p'hosphate 
lands,  and  the  coal  fields  of  Alaska  should 
be  conserved  by  a  leasing  system  :  and  wa- 
ter-power sites  should  be  conserved  by 
lensing  the  Federal  Government's  riparian 
rights  to  users  or  transferring  such  rights 
to  the  states  so  as  to  complete  t'heir  title  to 
and  control  of  both  stream  and  site.  (See 
Lands,  Public;  Conservation  Commission.) 

,^!iil>  tf-ultsifJff. — In  President  Taft's  Inau- 
gural and  two  Annual  Messages  he  dis- 
cussed the  question  of  subsidizing  steamship 
lines  to  South  America  under  conditions  as- 
suring publicity  by  giving  to  them  the  profit 
on  mail  carried  by  them,  urging  that  if 
action  were  not  immediately  taken  we  would 
be  the  only  nation  unable  to  avail  ourselves 
of  the  Panama  Canal  when  completed  and 
that  should  war  come  we  would  find  our- 
selves destitute  of  sailors  and  shipping, 
without  which  the  navy  is  like  arms  with- 
out a  body.  The  question  of  the  subsidy 
was  vigorously  discussed  in  the  last  session 
of  the  Sixty-first  Congress,  but  no  action 
was  taken.  (See  pp.  T.'!T4.  7435,  750:;.) 
(See  Subsidy:  Merchant  Marine.) 

Xavy  Personnel  IniproreiJ. — In  order  to 
match  the  superb  vessels  of  the  navy  with 
efficiency  in  the  personnel,  Congress  passed 
measures  submitted  and  urged  by  President 
Taft  in  his  Message  of  Feb.  25,  1910,  which 
will  reduce  the  ages  at  which  line  officers 
become  captains  and  rear-admirals.  (See 
page  7470.)  (See  Navy:  Navy,  Dept.  of.) 

Canuilinn  Reciprocity. — <)n  Jan.  20,  1911, 
the  President  sent  to  Congress  a  special 
message  transmitting  an  agreement  between 
the  Department  of  State  and  the  Canadian 
Government  obligating  both  parties  to  at- 


tempt to  secure  legislation  which  will  re- 
ciprocally lower  tariff  rates  on  about  six 
hundred  items.  (See  page  7581. >  In  urging 
the  passage  of  the  treaty  (which,  as  affect- 
ing tariff  legislation,  will  have  to  pass  both 
Houses)  the  President  recalled  Canada's 
neighborliness  and  friendship  as  shown  in 
the  settlement  of  all  disputes  and  in  the 
cooperation  between  the  boards  of  railway 
control  on  both  sides  the  border,  dwelt  upon 
the  necessity  of  conserving  our  own  re- 
sources by  buying  those  of  our  neighbor, 
pointed  out  the  similarity  in  labor  and 
transportation  conditions  here  and  there, 
mentioned  the  harm  to  Americans  which 
will  accrue  if  the  "imperial  p  re  fere  nee"  doc- 
trine becomes  a  tenet  of  Canadian  political 
faith,  maintained  that  the  accession  of  a 
new  supply  of  raw  materials  would  inure 
to  the  benefit  of  all  sections  and,  in  pro- 
phetic vein,  characterized  the  agreement  as 
a  step  toward  closer  friendship  between 
peoples  related  by  blood,  common  sympa- 
thies and  identical  moral  and  social  ideas. 
Animals,  poultry,  food  stuffs,  products  of 
farm,  garden  and  dairy,  fruits,  fish,  oysters, 
salt,  mineral  waters,  lumber,  machinery, 
minor  metal  manufactures,  coal,  meats, 
flour,  meal,  farming  utensils,  fruit  trees  and 
Portland  cement  are  the  articles  on  which 
the  tax  is  to  be  lowered  or  entirely  removed. 
The  effect  of  the  proposed  treaty,  according 
to  1910  figures,  would  be  to  decrease  the 
revenue  of  the  United  States  by  §4.849,933, 
and  that  of  Canada  by  $2,560,579.  (See 
Reciprocity.) 

Turning  to  matters  of  administration, 
Taft  took  judicial  appointments  out  of  pol- 
itics ;  made  the  taking  of  the  thirteenth 
census  non-political  (page  7539);  recom- 
mended and  by  executive  order  effected  the 
extension  of  the  civil  service  (pp.  7424, 
7.149)  ;  instituted  a  vigorous  inquiry  into 
the  government  service  in  the  interest  of 
economy  and  efficiency,  which  resulted  in 
a  $52,000,000  saving  in  the  1911  estimates 
(pp.  7424.  7550)  ;  advocated  as  an  improve- 
ment of  efficiency  the  giving  of  pensions  to 
superannuated  clerks  (pp.  7425.  7551)  ;  and, 
in  his  message  regarding  the  rivers  and  har- 
bors bill  of  1910,  declared  his  intention  of 
vetoing  any  future  bill  which  does  not  con- 
centrate the  moneys  thereby  provided  on  a 
certain  few  projects  which  may  then  be 
carried  to  completion  instead  of  diffusing 
at  great  cost  temporary  and  futile  activity 
over  a  multitude  of  projects  (page  7489 i. 
President  Taft  was  renominated  by  'his 
party,  but  Mr.  Roosevelt's  candidacy  split  the 
party  and  resulted  in  the  election  of  Wilson. 

Taft,  William  H.: 

Agriculture,  Department  of — 

Influence  on  foreign  tra<le,  7374. 

Operations   of,   in    1910,   7536. 

Referred  to,  7437. 
Agriculture,      diversification     of,     in 

South,   discussed,   7537. 
Alaska — 

Appointment  of  Governor  and  Coun- 
cil for,  recommended,  7436,  7535. 

Coal  lands  in,  acreage,  tonnage, 
value  and  conservation  of,  dis- 
cussed, 7564,  7720. 

Commission  government  suggested 
for,  7722. 

Federal  assistance  to  railway  proj- 
ects in,  discussed,  7535. 

Government  rnilrond  suggested  for, 
7721. 

Public  domain  in,  referred  to,  7720. 


Taft 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Aliens,  federal  government  should  have 

sole  jurisdiction  over,  7373,  7504. 
American  branch  banks,  establishment 

of,  abroad,  recommended,  7503. 
American      Republics,      International 

Bureau  of,  referred  to,  7418,  7499. 
American    Sugar    Refining   Co.,   bene- 
ficiary of  customs  frauds,  7426. 
Annual    Messages,    7409,    7492,    7644, 

7766. 
Anti-trust  Law — 

Common  stock  ownership,  7650. 

Confiscation  not  the  purpose  of  the 
statute,  7649. 

Economies  incident  to  great  capital 
obtainable  without  violation  of, 
7450. 

Effectiveness  of  the  decree,  7649. 

Federal  corporation  commission  pro- 
posed. 7654. 

Federal  incorporation  recommended, 
7652. 

Force  and  effectiveness  of  statute 
a  matter  of  growth,  7646. 

Government  administrative  experts 
needed  to  aid  courts  in  trust  dis- 
solutions, 7654. 

Importance  of  act,  7655. 

Incorporation,  voluntary,  7655. 

Judicial  interpretations  touch  every 
phase  of,  7452. 

Lack  of  definiteness  in,  7651. 

Movement  for  repeal  of,  7650. 

New  remedies  suggested,  7651. 

No  change  in  rule  of  decision, 
merely  in  its  form  of  expression, 
7645. 

Object,  nature,  and  history  of,  dis- 
cussed, 7449. 

Reasonable  trade  restraints  under, 
discussed,  7452. 

Recommendations  regarding,  post- 
poned, 7368,  74.'52. 

Remedy  in  equitv  by  dissolution, 
7647.' 

Situation  after  readjustment,  7647. 

Size  of  new  companies,  7648. 

Supplemental  legislation  needed, 
not  repeal  or  amendment,  7652. 

Supreme  Court  decisions,  7644. 

Tampering  with,  by  amendments  to, 
deprecated,  7453. 

Voluntary  reorganizations  of  other 

trusts  at  hand,  7650. 
Anti-trust  Message,  7644. 
Appropriation  bills  containing  sub- 

stnntive      legislation      disapproved, 

7752. 
Appropriations,    systematic    and    pco- 

nomi^al    methods    of    making,    dis- 

ciust.'d,  7  !!•<>. 
A  rl  lit  rat  id  n,    internal  ional — 

Discussed,   7656. 

Kmbod'u'd  in  treaties  with  Oreat 
Britain  and  France,  7617,  765(5. 


Archives,    public,    building    for,    rec- 
ommended, 7728. 
Argentina — 

Agricultural   exhibition   in,   7415. 
Assistance     given    American    ship- 
builders, 7599. 
Battleships     for,     constructed     by 

Americans,  7501. 

Cordiality  of  relations  with,  7498. 
Arizona,  admission   of,  as  State,  rec- 
ommended, 7435. 

Act  for  admission  of,  vetoed,  7636. 
Armament,    limitation    of,    discussed, 

7494. 
Army — 

Commission  to  define  and  maintain 
permanent  policy,  regarding,  rec- 
ommended, 7515. 

Condition  and  numbers  of,  dis- 
cussed, 7513. 

Increase  in  number  of  engineer  and 
other    officers    of,    recommended, 
7515. 
Merit,  not   seniority,   recommended 

as  basis  of  promotion  in,  7428. 
Provision    for   retirement   of   retro- 
gressive officers  of,  recommended, 
7428. 

Revision  of  laws  governing,  recom- 
mended, 7428. 
Referred  to,  7371. 

Skeleton  in  peace  for  immediate  ex- 
pansion  in   war,  ideal   theory  of, 
7514. 
Auditing  system,  federal,  reforms  in, 

discussed,  7506. 
Bank,     central,     proposed     in     South 

America,  7416. 

Banking,    amendments    to    laws    gov- 
erning,  discussed,   7403. 
Banks,    establishment    of    foreign 

branches  recommended,  7503. 
Biography,  7367. 

Bolivian-Peru    boundary    dispute,    ar- 
bitration   of,    discussed,    7414. 
Boundary,    Canadian-American,    arbi- 
tration   of    dispute   over,    discussed, 
7409. 

Boycott,    secondary,   illegal    and    tyr- 
annous,  7378. 

Budget    of    1911-1912,    economies    ef- 
fected by,  7505. 

Saving  of  $52,000,000  in,  7506. 
Buildings,   public,    reforms    and    econ- 
omies in   construction  and   adminis- 
tration of,   7510. 

Bureau    of    Engraving    and    Printing, 
saving   of   .$440,000    by   reforms   in, 
7509. 
Business  conditions  in  December,  1910 

7440. 
Canada,  effect  of  1!H)9  tariff  on  trade 

with,  7501'. 

Reciprocal  tariff  agreement  with 
758  7. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Taft 


Speech  delivered   in   New  York  on 

reciprocal  tariff,  7588. 
Canal  Zone — 

Extent  and  population  of,  7687. 
Government  for,  discussed,  7687. 
Military  government  suggested  for, 

7687. 
Cancer    in    fishes,    appropriation    for 

study    of,    recommended,    7481. 
Capital,    American,    foreign    employ- 
ment of,   discussed,   7415. 
Census    of    1910,    accuracy    of,    and 

frauds  in,  7539. 
Chesapeake     Bay,     fortifications     for, 

recommended,  7428. 
Chilil  Labor  Law,  referred  to,  7378. 
Chile,  arbitration  of  American  claims 

against,  by  Edward  VII,  7417. 
Cordiality  of  relations  with,  7498. 
China — 

Abolition  of  likin  in,  7418. 
Application   of  open-door   principle 

to  railroad  loan  in,  7419,  7496. 
Currency  reform  in,  7418,  7497. 
Effect  of  Eusso-Japanese  alliance 

on,  7498. 
Employment  of  American  to  effect 

currency  reform  in,  7497. 
Establishment      of      representative 

government  in,  7497. 
Granting  to  Japan  of  mining  monop- 
oly by,  denied,  7420. 
Internationalization       of      railroad 

loans  in,  7496. 

Loan  by  Americans  to  reform  cur- 
rency of,  7497. 

Remitted    indemnity    used   to    send 
students  to  United  States,   7419. 
Suppression  of  opium  evil  in,  7419. 
Chugach     Forest     Reserve     (Alaska), 
elimination    of    12,800    acres    from, 
explained,   7599. 
Civil  pensions  approved,  7754. 
Civil     retirement     and     contributory 

pension  system,  7697. 
Civil  Service — 
Defense  of,  7753. 
Economy  and  efficiency  in,  7698. 
Limitation  of  term  of  employment 

in,  opposed,  7753. 
Pensions    for    age    and    disability, 

7425,  7551,  7697,  7751,  7754. 
Salaries  in,  7755. 
Tenure  of  office  in,  7755. 
Civil  Service  Commission — 

Act   bestowing    oath    administering 

powers  upon,  recommended,  7475. 

Better   quarters   for,   recommended, 

7439. 
Operation    of,    in    1910,    discussed, 

7549. 
Civil   Service  Law — 

Extension  of,  to  Washington  offices 
of  five  departments,  recom- 
mended, 7549. 


Reclassification  of  employees  under, 

recommended,  7424. 
Claims,  Pan-American  agreements  for 
arbitration     of     pecuniary,     dis- 
cussed, 7499. 

Payment  of,  immediately  upon  de- 
cision by  Court  of  Claims,  recom- 
mended, 7522. 

Coal,  acreage  of,  on  public  and  pri- 
vate lands  in  United  States,  esti- 
mated, 7562. 

Supply     of,     for     Pacific     slope,     in 

Alaska,  7564. 
Colorado  River — 

Improvements  of,  7722. 

Parking  of  Grand  Canyon  recom- 
mended, 75:5(5. 

Works     to     prevent     overflow     of, 

recommended,  7544. 
Combinations,    monopolistic,    failures 

outweigh    successes    in    at  tempts    to 

make,  7451. 
Commerce  and  Labor,  Department  of — 

As  factor  in  foreign  trade,  7374. 

Consolidation   of   bureaus   of,   7437. 

Extended  application  of  merit  sys- 
tem in,  commended,  7538. 

Operation  of,  in  1910,  discussed, 
7538. 

Reorganization     of,     recommended, 

7368. 
Commerce  Court — 

Decisions  sustained  by  Supremo 
Court,  7757. 

Defended,  7755. 

Formation  of,  to  handle  certain 
interstate  commerce  cases,  rec- 
ommended, 7442. 

Jurisdiction  and  procedure  of,  out- 
lined, 7443,  7757. 

Prompt  decision  of  cases  in,  7756. 

Reasons  for  establishment,  7750. 

Record  of,  7756. 
Companies,    industrial,    investigation 

by  Department  of  Justice  into  his- 
tory,    organization,     purposes     and 

practices  of,   recommended,    7-153. 
Congo,    prospect    of    reform    in,    dis- 
cussed, 7412. 

Report   on   conditions  in,   transmit- 
ted,  7393. 
Congressmen,      publicity      regarding 

campaign    funds    of,    recommended, 

7439. 
Conservation — 

Address  on,  appended  to  Stvond 
Annual  Message,  75.15. 

Administration  advocate  of,  by  in- 
heritance and  conviction,  7556. 

Conduct  of  administration  regard- 
ing reviewed  and  discussed,  7459. 

Growth  of  public  sentiment  regard- 
ing, analyzed,  7555. 

Irrigation  and  reclamation  as  fac- 
tors in,  discussed,  7462. 


Taft 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Legitimate  and  proper  expenditures 
for,  to  be  continued,  7370. 

Newness  of  idea  of,  to  Americans, 
causes  errors,  7556. 

Object  of,  should  be  thrifty  use,  not 
locking  up,  of  resources,  7573. 

Recommendations  regarding,  post- 
poned, 7436. 

Roosevelt  policies  regarding,  dis- 
cussed, 7459. 

Roosevelt's  education  of  public  on, 
praised,  7456. 

Sane  principles  of,  as  conceived  by 
administration,  7459. 

Special  message  on,  7458. 

Specific  plans  for,  not  rhapsodies, 
required  by  public  from  advo- 
cates of,  7573. 

Withdrawals     temporary     step     to- 
ward  pending   formation   of  pol- 
icy regarding,  7573. 
Consular  Service — 

Extension  of  merit  system  in,  rec- 
ommended, 7504. 

Legislation  regarding,  recommend- 
ed, 7421,  7504. 

Convention,   Anglo-American,   provid- 
ing commission  to  settle  differences, 

referred  to,  7410. 
Copyrights,    conventions    with    South 

American    republics   for    protection 

of,  7499. 

Cost  of  living,  international  commis- 
sion on,  7724. 

Council    of    national    defense    recom- 
mended, 7697. 

Courts,   English,   procedure   of,   supe- 
rior to  American,  7431. 

Federal,  appointment  of  commission 
to  examine  procedure  in,  recom- 
mended, 7431. 

Reforms  in  procedure  of,  discussed 

and  recommended,  7430,  7522. 
Crop    of    1910,    value    and    effect    of, 

upon  business  conditions,  discussed, 

7536. 

Cuba,  progress  of  sanitary  and  other 
improvements   in,   7416. 

Termination  of  provisional  govern- 
ment in,  7388. 

Currency,  comptroller  of,  reforms  in 
office  of,  7509. 

Reform  of,  discussed,  7373,  7513. 
Customs — 

American  Sugar  Refining  (Jo.,  bene- 
ficiary of  frauds  in,  7-126. 

Discussed,  7425,  7483,  7508. 

Frauds  in  collection  of,  congres- 
sional actio.i  on,  deprecated, 
7483. 

Progress  of  prosecution  of,  7485. 

Reforms  and  economies  in  methods 

of  collecting,  discussed,  7508. 
Deficit,  estimated,  for  1910,  and  rem- 
edy, 7422. 


Democratic    party,    inconsistency    of, 

on  tariff  question,  7404. 
Department  of  Justice — 

French    spoliation    awards,    7691. 
Removal  of  clerks  of  federal  courts, 

7691. 

Departments,     executive,     appropria- 
tion for  inquiry  into,  as  to   effi- 
ciency and  economy,  asked,  7550. 
Investigation  into,   proposed,   7424. 
Diaz,   President    of    Mexico,    meeting 

with,  referred  to,  7416. 
Diplomacy,   ineffective   without   mili- 
tary power,  7372. 
Diplomatic  Service — 

Extension   of  merit  system  in,  rec- 
ommended, 7504. 
Importance    of,    to    commerce,    and 

reforms  in,  discussed,  7421. 
Purchase   of  embassy  and  legation 

sites  for,  recommended,  7505. 
District   of  Columbia — 

Centralization,  of  control  in  parks 

in,  recommended,   7545. 
Creation  of  public  utilities  commis- 
sion  in,   recommended,   7547. 
Efficiency  of  government  of,   7544. 
Eradication    of    vice    and    disease 

centers  in,  7548. 

Extension  of,  by  acquisition  of  Vir- 
ginia land,  7546. 
Extravagance    and    inefficiency    of 

school  system  of,  7547. 
Financial  condition  and  payment  of 

debt  of,  7548. 
Police  force  of,  7544. 
Reforms  in  jail  of,  demanded,  7433. 
Dominican    Republic,   customs    receiv- 
ership in,  commended,  7416. 
Economy  and  efficiency  in  the  govern- 
ment service,  7736. 
Economy,  as  tenet  of  administration's 

creed,  7370,  7423,  7505. 
Ecuador,    arbitration    of    dispute    of, 

with  Peru,  7499. 

Elimination   of  local  offices  from  pol- 
itics, 7698. 

Employers'   liability   and    -workmen's 
compensation    commission,    7692. 
Report  transmitted,  7729. 
Employers'     Liability      Law,     enact- 
ments making  service  on  station 
agents    sufficient    in    suits    under, 
recommended,   7449. 
Referred  to,  7377. 

Erie,    Lake,    report    on    depth    regula- 
tion of,  transmitted,  7477. 
Exchange,    Letters    of,    intfrna1ion.il 

conference  on,   mentioned,   7411. 
Expenses,     governmental,     expansion 

of,  discussed,   7425. 

Exposition,   Brussels,    1910,   participa- 
tion in,  recommended,  7411. 
Farmers,  prosperity  of,  as  class,  7537. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Taft 


Financial — 

Condition  of  country,  7681. 

Credit  of  the  United  States,  7682. 

Efficiency  and  economy  in  the 
Treasury  Department,  7683. 

Monetary  reforms,  7683. 
Finished    articles   should   not   be   put 

on  free  list  when  raw  materials  are 

dutiable,  7751. 

Fisheries,   Anglo-American   joint   reg- 
ulations for  preservation  of,  7495. 

Hague    award    in    Anglo-American 

dispute  over,  7409,  7492. 
Fishes,    food,    Anglo-American    rules 

for  preservation   of,   7410. 
Foreign   relations — 

American  representative  at  coro- 
nation of  King  of  Slam,  7667. 

Arbitration — 

Between  Panama  and  Costa  Rica, 

Colombia  and  Haiti,  7657. 
Treaties    negotiated    with    Great 
Britain  and  France,  7617,  7656. 

Based    on    good    will    and   friendly 
intercourse,  7656. 

Buenos  Ayres  conventions  ratified, 
7672. 

Central  America — Honduras  and 
Nicaragua  treaties  proposed, 
7663. 

Chambers  of  foreign  commerce  sug- 
gested, 7674. 

Chamizal  boundary  question  not 
satisfactory,  7658. 

Chinese  loans,  7664. 

Claim  of  Alsop  &  Co.,  settled,  7657. 

Commerce  with  the  Near  East,  7667. 

Coronation  of  King  George  V.,  7668. 

Discussed,   7409. 

Europe  and  the  Near  East,  7667. 

Extension  of  American  banking  to 
foreign  countries  recommended, 
7674. 

Foreign  service,  improvement  in, 
noted,  7675. 

Fur  seal  treaty  (North  Pacific) 
concluded  with  Great  Britain, 
Japan  and  Russia,  7670. 

International  opium  commission, 
7671. 

International  prize  court,  7670. 

Latin  America — Venezuela,  100th 
anniversary  of  independence  cele- 
brated, 7658. 

Liberia,  loan  to  ameliorate  condi- 
tions in,  7669. 

Mexico,  U.S.  land  and  naval  forces 
mobilized  on  borders  of,  to  pro- 
tect American  interests,  7658. 

Need  of  American  Merchant  Ma- 
rine, 7674. 

Neutral  adviser  proposed  for  China 
in  matter  of  foreign  loans,  7666. 

Panama,  7664. 


Portuguese  republic,  recognition  of, 
7669. 

Presentation  to  Germany  of  replica 
of  Von  Steuben,  7069. 

Protection  of  Industrial  Property 
Union,  7671. 

Russia,  concerning  treaty  of  1832, 
7669. 

Settlement  of  long-standing  differ- 
ences with  Great  Britain,  7668. 

Spitsbergen   Island,   7670. 

The  Pan-American  Union,  7664. 

Trade  with   other   countries,   7672. 

Treaty  of  commerce  and  navigation 
with  Japan,  7666. 

United  States  Army  and  Navy 
forces  mobilized  on  borders  of 
Mexico  to  protect  American  in- 
terests, 7658. 

Forests,  destruction  of,  under  private 
control,  and  required  State  laws 
regarding,  7464,  7560. 

Destruction    of    $25,000,000    worth 

of,  by  fire,  7537. 

Forest  reserves,  extent  and  mainte- 
nance of,  7465. 

Removal   of   restrictions   on   power 

of   creating,   recommended,   7533. 

Forest  Service,  reforms  in,  to  prevent 

and  lessen  fire  loss,  7538. 
Fortifications,  prompt   completion  of, 
in   Hawaii   and   Philippines,   rec- 
ommended,  7516. 

Weaknesses  of,  7371. 
France,  arbitration  treaty  with,  7017. 
Franking  privilege,  abuse  and  reform 

of,  7527. 

Freedman  's  Savings  &  Trust  Co.,  pay- 
ment   of    claims    of    depositors    of, 

recommended,  7439,  7549. 
Government  service — 

Abolition  of  local  offices,  7703. 

Accounting  and  reporting,  7711. 

Auditing  offices,  consolidation  of, 
recommended,  7741. 

Budget  (The)  as  an  annual  pro- 
gramme, 7714. 

Business  methods  in,  7706. 

Character  of  accounts  required, 
7712. 

Citizen  interest  in  expenditures, 
7715. 

Classification  of  local  officers,  7704. 

Constructive  results  obtained  by  in- 
vestigation, 7713. 

Correspondence,  handling  and  filing 
of,  7743. 

District  'ind  offices  should  be  in- 
cluded in  classified  service,  7738. 

Documents,  distribution  of,  7744. 

Economy  and  efficiency  in,  7698, 
7736. 

Efficiency  of  personnel,  7706. 

Excessive  cost  of  travel,  7710. 

First  complete  investigation,  7700. 


Taft 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


General   technical   services,  7703. 

Lack  of  specifications,  7709. 

Lighthouse  and  life-saving  services, 
consolidation  of,  recommended, 
7739. 

Local  post-offices  should  be  in- 
cluded in  classified  service,  7739. 

Magnitude  of  inquiry,  7699. 

Merit  system,  legislation  needed  to 
establish,  7739. 

Methods  of  purchasing,  7711. 

Modifications   recommended,   7713. 

Need  for  labor-saving  devices,  7708. 

Outlines  of  organization,  7701. 

Pensions,  for  age  and  disability  in, 
7425,  7551,  7697,  7751. 

Pension  agencies  should  be  included 
in  classified  service,  7738. 

Plan  for  inquiry,  7702. 

Plan  of   i   vestiga'-ion   of,   7700. 

Prosecution  of  inquiry  into,  7717. 

Public   welfare   question,   7715. 

Reason  for  inquiry  into,  7699. 

Reports  on  particular  services,  7702. 

Reports  required  by  Congress,  7713. 

Returns  ofce,  abolition  recom- 
mended, 7742. 

Revenue  Cutter  Service,  abolition  of 
organization  recommended,  7740. 

Subsistence,  storage,  communica- 
tion expenses,  etc.,  7711. 

Superannuation,   7706. 

Travel  expenses  for  government 
employees,  7742. 

Uniformity  in  classification  and 
methods,  7712. 

Unnecessary  cost  of — 
Copy  work,  7708. 
Handling   and   filing   correspond- 
ence,  7707. 
Insurance,    7709. 

Wasteful  use  of  properties  and 
equipment,  7709. 

Waste  in  the  distribution  of  public 

documents,  7708. 
(treat  Britain — - 

Arbitration   treaty  with,  7617. 

Canadian-American  boundary  dis- 
putes settled  with,  7495. 

Treaty  for  the  arbitration  of  pecun- 
iary claims,  discussed,  7495. 
(Jrcat    Lakes,    State    reasons    for    not 

constructing     gunboat,     on,     trans- 
mitted, 7481. 
Ouantananio,    construction     of    naval 

b:ise    at,    recommended,    7531. 
Hague,    arbitration    of    fisheries    and 
Venezuelan   questions  at,  discussed, 

7492. 

Health,  P>urenu   of,   formation   of,  rec- 
ommended, 74 .''.8,  754.''. 

Conflict   of   rival   schools  regarding, 

deprecated,  7543. 
Honduras,     American     bankers     fund 


debt    of,    and    finance   railwavs    in, 
7500. 

Immigration — 
Asiatic — 

Rigorous  enforcement  of  prohibi- 
tion against,  recommended, 
7372. 

Diversion  of,  from  New  York  to 
South  and  West,  recommended, 
7543. 

Severe      restrictions       on,      recom- 
mended, 7543. 
Inaugural  Address,  7308. 
1  incorporation,  Federal  — 

Arguments  against,  anticipated  and 

rebutted,  7456. 
Constitutionality        of,       discussed, 

7457. 
Discussed   and   recommended,   7453, 


Measures  compelling  trusts  to  ac- 
cept, outlined,  7458. 

Powers  of  Federal  government  not 
exceeded  by,  7457. 

Requirements  of  charters  under, 
proposed  and  discussed,  7455. 

Supervisory    powers    conferred    by, 

discussed,  7455. 
Industrial    relations,    commission    on, 

7725. 

Injunction,  court's  power  to  issue  es- 
sential to  property  protection, 
7378. 

Provision  for  notice  and  hearing 
before  issuance  of,  recommended, 
7431,  7524. 

Statute  governing  entire  procedure 

of,  recommended,  7378,  7524. 
Interior,  Department  of — 

Business  of,  nearer  up  to  date  than 
ever  before,  7533. 

Provision  for  review  by  court,  of 
land  decisions  of,  recommended, 
7489,  7531. 

Recommendations  of  (1910),  to 
Congress,  partly  approved.  74<>4. 

Secretary    of,    legislation    empower- 
ing,    to     withdraw     lands     from 
entry,   recommended,    7464. 
Interstate  Commerce  Commission — 

Amendment  making  rate  increases 
ineffective  till  sanctioned  by,  rec- 
ommended, 7415,  7487. 

Amendment  permitting,  to  initiate 
suits  on  own  motion,  recom- 
mended, 7445. 

Necessity  of  speed  and  uniformity 
of  court  decisions  on  appeals  from 
orders  of,  7442. 

'   Orders    of,    constitutionally    subject 
to  court  review.  7442. 

Orders  of,  vitiated  bv  injunctions, 
7441. 

Reorganization   of,   discussed,    736,8. 

Restriction  of  power  of,  to  judicial 
functions,  and  employment  of  De- 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Taft 


partment  of  Justice  in  suits,  rec- 
ommended, 7443. 

Stock   and   bond  issues   by   railroad 
companies    properly    controllable 
by,  7447,  7552. 
Interstate  Commerce  Law — 
Amendments  suggested — 

Allowing     rate     agreements     be- 
tween   carriers    after    approval 
by  commission,  7444. 
Empowering  commission,  to — 
Compel   adoption  of  safety   de- 
vices by  carriers,  7448. 
Establish  joint  routes  when  one 

already  exists,  7446. 
Postpone  rate  changes  by  car- 
riers   pending     investigation 
and  approval,  7445. 
Forcing    carriers    to    quote    rates 

to  intending  shippers,  7444. 
Prohibiting     inter-ownership     of 
stock   between   competing   rail- 
roads, 7447. 

Defects  in  1910  amendment  to,  dis- 
cussed,  7488,  7552. 
Ineffectually   of,   under    injunction 
and  dilatory  court  practice,  7441. 
Law  supplementary  to,  making  rail- 
road stock  and  bond  issues  subject, 
to  commission,  recommended,  7447. 
Message  on,  7  14  1. 
Referred  to  generally,  7368,  7432. 
Italy,    participation    in    semi-centen- 
nial   expositions    of,    recommended, 
7446. 

.Japan,  relations  and  treaty  with,  dis- 
cussed, 7420. 

Jones,    John    Paul,    inhuming    of    re- 
mains   of,    in    crypt    at    Annapolis, 
recommended,  7531. 
Justice,  Department  of,  operations  of, 

in  1910,  discussed,  7522. 
Reorganization  of,  7308. 
Knight  Sugar  Trust  decision,  effect  of, 

discussed,  7451. 

Korea,  annexation  of,  by  Japan,  7498. 
Labor,   Bureau   of.    conciliatory    work 

of,  commended,  7540. 
Laborers,    act    specifying    eight -hour 
day   for,  on    work    for   government, 
recommended,  7540. 
Lading,   bills    of,   enactment   prevent- 
ing    issue     of     fraudulent,     recom- 
mended, 7553. 
Lands,  Public — 

Agricultural,    laws    governing    dis- 
position   of,    discussed    and    com- 
mended, 7532,  7557. 
Classification  of,  by  Geological  Sur- 
vey, urged,  7460. 

Coal  fields,  acreage,  classification, 
valuation,  and  disposition  of, 
discussed,  7502. 

Cunningham      claims      for      5.280 
acres  of,  7565. 


Governmental  control  of  industry 
made  possible  by  leasing  of, 
7564,  7566. 

Laws  affecting,  summarized,  dis- 
cussed and  proven  defective, 
7565. 

Leasing  of,  by  British  Colonies, 
discussed,  7563. 

Leasing  of,  by  government,  no  en- 
croachment on  private  enter- 
prise, 7563. 

Leasing  of,  discussed  and  recom- 
mended, 7533,  7562. 

Legality  of  claims  for,  discussed, 
7566. 

Operation  of  mines  in  Alaska  for 
relief  of  Pacilic  slope,  recom- 
mended, 7566. 

Prevention  of  monopoly  in,  by 
method  of  leasing,  discussed, 
7564,  7566. 

Withdrawal   of,  from   entry,   dis- 
cussed, 7535. 
Defects  in  laws  governing,  discussed, 

7460. 
Forest,   acreage,  utility,  and  value 

of,  discussed,  7560. 
Gas    deposits,     leasing    of,    recom- 
mended, 7534. 

Licensing  of  prospectors  for, 
recommended,  7534,  7568. 

Withdrawal  of,  from  entry,  dis- 
cussed, 7535. 

History  of  administration  of,  7458. 
Mineral    deposits,    continuance     of 
laws   governing,    recommended, 
7559. 

Separation  of  farming  from  min- 
ing rights  to,  recommended, 
7460,  7562. 

Oil  deposits,  leasing  system  for 
disposal  of,  discussed  and  com- 
mended, 7534,  7567. 

Licensing  of  prospectors  for, 
recommended,  7534,  756S. 

Stolen  from  public  lands  by  drain- 
ing of  nearby  private  wells, 
7568. 

Withdrawal  of,   from   entry,   dis- 
cussed, 7535,  7567. 
Original    and    present    acreage    of, 

7557. 

Withdrawals  of,  from  entry.  Presi- 
dent's power  to  make,  discussed, 

7561. 

Phosphate  deposits,  acreage,  utility, 
value,  and  conservation  of, 
7568. 

System  of  disposal  of,  7461,  7533. 

Withdrawal  of,  from  entry,  7535. 
Stone    and    timber,    repeal    of    lav/ 
governing  treatment  of,  recom- 
mended, 7558. 

Sale  of  timber  unsuitable  for  res- 
ervation, recommended.  7464. 
Water     power     sites,     conflict      of 


Taft 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


State's    right    to    stream    with 
government's  right  to  site,  7571. 
Laws  governing,  discussed,   7570. 
Kental  and  monopolization  of,  dis- 
cussed, 7462,  7534. 
Temporary  leasing  of,  by  Forest 

Service,  7570. 
Tendency    toward    monopoly    in, 

discussed,   7570. 
Transfer  of  federal  rights  in,  to 

States,  discussed,  7572. 
Withdrawal  of,  from  entry,  7570. 
Law,   maritime,   codification   of,  7411. 

International  conference  on,  7411. 
Legislation — 

Affecting  millions  of  workingmen 
and  hundreds  of  millions  of  dol- 
lars in  goods  disapproved  of, 
7751. 

Cessation    of,    on    business    abuses, 
and   enforcement   of   existing 
statutes,  recommended,  7555. 
Liberia — 

Expedition    to    and    conditions    in, 

discussed,   7412. 
Measures  to  improve  conditions  in, 

discussed,  7495. 

"Report  of  expedition   to,  7479. 
Suppression     of     disorders     in,     by 

American  naval  officers,  7495. 
Light    House    Board,    effect    of    reor- 
ganization of,  7437,  7539. 
Lumber    business,    symptoms    of    mo- 
nopolization of,  7539. 
Machine   tools  should  be   denned   be- 
fore being  put  on  free  list,  7751. 
Mngoon,    Charles    E.,    government    of 

Cuba  by,  praised,   7389. 
Maine,    battleship,    appropriation    for 
removal    of    wreck,    recommended, 
7630. 

Manchuria,  internationalization  and 
neutralization  of  railroads  in, 
7497. 

Kusso-Japanese  agreement  regard- 
ing, 7498. 

Marine,    merchant,    aid    to,   by   subsi- 
dies, urged,  7503. 
Matches,      phosphorous,      confiscatory 

taxation  on,  recommended,  7540. 
Measures    to    prevent    delay   and    un- 
necessary cost  of  litigation   recom- 
mended,'7692. 
Memorandum    to    accompany   Panama 

Canal  Act,  7758. 
Memorial   amphitheatre   at   Arlington 

recommended,   7686. 
Mexico — 

Arbitration     of     boundary     dispute 

with,   7199. 

Cordial   relations  with,  7498. 
Land  and  naval   forces  of  U.  S.  mo- 
bilized  on   borders   of,   to   protect 
American   interests,  7658. 


President  Diaz'  meeting  with  Pres- 
ident Taft,  referred  to,  7416. 
Militia,  passage  of  new  volunteer  act 

regarding,  7514. 

Misbrandiug  imported  goods,   7728. 
Mississippi     Eiver,     canalization     of, 

from  St.  Paul  to  St.  Louis,  7465. 
Missouri  Kiver,  canalization  of,  from 

Cairo  to   Kansas  City,   7465. 
Monetary  commission,  report  of,  7683. 
Monetary  reform,  7683. 
Monroe   Doctrine,   need    for   assertion 

of,  vanishing,  7415. 
Montenegro,    establishment    of    king- 
dom of,  7496. 

National  Parks,  establishment  of,  bu- 
reau of,  recommended,  7724. 
Naturalization     of     Filipinos     recom- 
mended, 7689. 

Naval     Observatory,     separation     of, 
from     Navy     Department,     recom- 
mended, 7430. 
Navy- 
Age  of  senior  officers  of,  a  menace 

to,  7471,  7529. 
Ages  of  officers  of,  compared  witli 

foreign  conditions,  7471. 
Change   in   laws    governing   person- 
nel of,  recommended,  7470,  7529. 
Construction  of  station  for,  at  Guan- 

tanamo,  recommended,  7531. 

Creation  of  grades  of  admiral  ami 

vice-admiral,  recommended,   7-172. 

Cruise  of  fleet  around  world,  7429. 

Dismantling    of    superfluous    yards 

for,  recommended,  7530. 
Legislation   changing  mode  of  pro- 
motion in,  recommended,  7470. 
Personnel     and     officers     of,     corn 

mended,   7429. 

Eeorganization    of    officers    of,    dis- 
cussed, 7429. 
Eeorganization    of    yards    of,    coin 

mended,  7430,  7529. 
Eoosevelt 's     policy     regarding,     re- 
iterated,  7371. 
Supply  fund   of,   administration   of, 

discussed,  7530. 

Amalgamation    of   staff    corps,    rec- 
ommended,  7696. 
Condition  and  equipment  at  end  of 

1911,    7695. 
Navy    Department,    estimates    of,    for 

1911-12,  discussed,  7530. 
Navy  Yards  (small),  abolition  of,  rec- 
ommended, 7696. 
Negro — 

Centennial    celebration    of   freedom 

of,    7439. 

Patriotism    of,    recalled    and    com- 
mended, 7377. 
Progress  of,  requisite!  to  progress  of 

South,   7377. 

State  laws  enfranchising  only  tho«c 
mentally  qualified,  commended, 
7376. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Taft 


Status  of,  in  South,  discussed,  7375. 
New  Mexico — 

Admission  of,  aa  State,  recom- 
mended, 7435. 

Annulment  of  clause  of  constitution 
of,  regarding  Texas  boundary, 
recommended,  7574. 

Boundary  of,  fronting  Texas,  re- 
marking of  recommended,  7576. 

Admission  to  union,  act  for,  vetoed, 
7636. 

Approval  of  constitution  of,  recom- 
mended, 7598. 

Nicaragua,   crimes   and   overthrow  of 
Zelaya  government  in,  7418. 

Outcome  of  civil  war  in,  7500. 

Settlement  of  claim  against,  7417. 
Ohio  River,  canalization  of,  discussed 

and  recommended,  7465. 
Oklahoma,  report  on  extent  and  value 

of  coal  lands  in,  7475. 
Opium — 

International  commission,  transmis- 
mission  of  report  of,  7469. 

Taxes  and  laws  regulatory  of,  rec- 
ommended, 7470. 

Traffic,    suppression    of,    in    United 
States,  recommended,  7419,  7596. 
Panama  Canal — 

American  control  of,  will  encourage 
coastwise  trade,  7761. 

Appropriation  for  fortification  of, 
recommended,  7483,  7519. 

As  trade  factor,  7:574,  7520. 

Bill,  memorandum  accompanying 
signature,  7758. 

British  protest  against  remission  of 
tolls,  7758. 

British  protest  discussed,  7760. 

British  protest  reads  into  treaty 
surrender  of  United  States  to 
regulate  its  own  commerce,  7760. 

Constructed  and  owned  by  United 
States,  7759. 

Control  of — 

Bill  for,  amply  provides  for  main- 
tenance and  operation,  7758. 
Compared  with  Sue/,  (/anal,  7759. 
Discriminates    only    in    favor    of 

coastwise  trade,  7761. 
Forbids   use    of   ships   owned   by 

railroads,  7762. 
Protest   by   British   Government, 

7758. 

Said    to    violate    Hay-Pauncefote 
treaty,  7758. 

Dock  facilities,  supplies  and  repairs 
furnished  through  government, 
7688. 

Exemption  from  tolls  amounts  to 
subsidy,  7761. 

Exemption  of  coastwise  shipping  or 
refund  of  tolls,  7758. 

Form  of  government  for  zone,  rec- 
ommended, 7687. 


Hay-Pauncefote  treaty  cannot  pre- 
vent extension  of  favors,  77(i(). 
Legislation  recommended  for  main- 
tenance and  control,  7687. 
Maintenance     of,     when     complete, 

discussed,  7520. 
Neutralization  of,  7759. 
Payment     for,     by     bonds,     recom- 
mended, 7370.  7423. 
Progress   of   construction    of,    737 1, 

7518. 

Progress  of  work  on  and  early  com- 
pletion promised,  7(iS(>. 
Prohibition    against    railroad-owned 
vessels     plying     through,     recom- 
mended,   7521. 

Question    of    control    could    be    de- 
cided by  Supreme  Cwurt,  77<>;!. 
Railroad     companies     forbidden     to 
own    and    operate    vessels    using, 
7762. 

Sale  by  government   of  naval  sup- 
plies at  termini  of,  recommended, 
7520. 
Tolls- 
Remission   of,  to  American  ship- 
ping, 7688. 
Should    be    fixed    by    President, 

7688. 

To  be  imposed,  discussed,  7519. 
Use  of — 

Denied  to  owners  of  vessels  vio- 
lating anti-trust  law,  7703. 
To  be  in  interest  of  public,  7762. 
Panama,  indemnification  of  American 

sailors   outraged  in,   7417. 
Police   reform    in,    under   American 

guidance,  7416. 
Pan-American    Conference     (Fourth), 

7414. 

Parcels  Post,  establishment  of,  recom- 
mended, 7528,   7694,  77:52. 
Parties,    political,    essential    to   popu- 
lar government,  7405. 
Patent  laws,  (lerman,  nonworking  pro- 
visions   of,    made    inapplicable    to 
Americans,   7412. 

Patents,  conventions  with  South 
American  republics  for  protection 
of,  7499. 

Peace,    international,    plans    for    pro- 
motion of,  discussed,  7372,  7494. 
Pearl  Harbor,  Hawaii,   establishmeiit 
of    naval    base    at,    recommended, 
7429. 

Peary,   Robert   E.,   congressional    rec- 
ognition   of    achievement    of,    rec- 
ommended, 7531. 
Pensions,  policy  to  govern  voting  of, 

defined,  7536. 

System  of,  for  civil  servants,  dis- 
cussed and  recommended,  7425, 
7551,  7697,  7754. 

Persia,  progress  of  constitutional 
government  in,  7414. 


Taft 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Peru,  arbitration  of  dispute  of,  with 

Ecuador,  7499. 
Philippine  Islands — 

Completion  of  fortifications  of, 
recommended,  7429,  7516. 

Effect  of  free  trade  with,  forecasted, 
7374. 

Exports  and  imports  of,  1908-1910, 
tabulated,  7516. 

Extension  of  debt  limit,  recom- 
mended, 7689. 

Friars'  lands,  disposition  of,  7689. 

Naturalization  of  natives,  recom- 
mended, 7689. 

Revised  tariff  law  for,  submitted 
and  discussed.  7380,  7406,  7516. 

Survey  of  coast  of,  7540. 

Unsatisfactory    business    conditions 

in,  and  remedies  for,  7375. 
Porto  Rico — 

Act  allowing  qualified  citizens  of, 
to  become  United  States  citizens, 
recommended,  7467. 

Act  limiting  suffrage  in,  after  cer- 
tain time,  to  United  States  citi- 
zens, recommended,  7467. 

Amendment  to  organic  law  of,  rec- 
ommended, 7383,  7467,  7517. 

Autonomy  in,  to  be  cautiously  and 
gradually  established,  7386. 

Economic  and  commercial  prosper- 
ity of,  7375. 

Governmental  deadlock  in,  dis- 
cussed, 7381. 

Political    and    commercial    progress 
of,     under    American     rule,     dis- 
cussed, 7384. 
Portrait,  precedes  7366. 
Portugal,   overthrow  of  king  and   es- 
tablishment  of  republic  in,  7495. 
Postal   Savings  Banks — 

Discussed.  7373. 

Opening  of,  Jan.  1,  1911,  7525. 

Passage  of  bill  creating,  urged, 
7373. 

Prompt     establishment     of,    recom- 
mended, 7434. 
Postal   savings   system — 

Three  months 'of  experiment,  7693. 
Postmasters,     inclusion     i"     classified 

service,    recommended,    7732. 
Post -Office- 
Deficit    turned    to    surplus    in    two 
years,  7693. 

Second-class  mail  matter,  report  of 

commission   on,  7733. 
Post-office  Department — 

Continuity  of  service  for  efficient 
appointees,  recommended,  7526. 

Embarrassment  caused  to,  by  frank- 
ing system,  discussed,  7527. 

Extension  of  civil  service  system  in, 
recommended,  7526. 

Operation  of,  in  1910,  discussed, 
7525. 

Reduction  of  deficit  of,  by  increased 


second-class  rates,  (for  news- 
papers, periodicals,  etc.),  recom- 
mended, 7433,  7528. 

Reforms  and  economies  effected  in, 

7526. 

Prize  Court,  International,  constitu- 
tionality of  appeals  to,  from 
United  States  courts,  discussed, 
7493. 

Establishment    and    rules    of,    dis- 
cussed, 7410,  7493. 
Proclamation    announcing    death     of 

Vice-President  She-mum,  7764. 
Public   archives,  building   for   recom- 
mended,  7728. 

Public  domain,  classification  of,  sug- 
gested, 7719. 

Mineral  lauds,  leasing  of,  suggested, 

7720. 
Race    antipathies    to    be    suppressed, 

7373. 
Railroads — 

Legalization  of  rate  agreements  be- 
tween, when  approved  by  Inter- 
state Commerce  Commission,  rec- 
ommended, 7444,  7552. 

Prohibition  of  Intel-ownership  be- 
tween competing,  7447,  7552. 

Rates,  freight,  amendment  to  law 
to  permit  certain  agreements  on, 
recommended,  7444,  7552. 

Regulation  of  stock  and  bond 
issues  of,  discussed,  7368,  7553. 

Stock  and  Bond   Commission,  7552. 

Valuation  of,  by  Interstate  Com- 
merce Commission,  appropriation 
for,  recommended,  7553. 

Withdrawal   of   attempted   rate   in- 
creases by,  under  injunction,  dis- 
cussed,  7487. 
Reclamation — 

Amendments  to  act  suggested,  7719. 

Distress  occasioned  settlers  bv  non- 
completion  of  projects  of,  7559. 

Extent,  financing  and  utility  of 
projects  for,  7558. 

Projects  for,  financing  of,  7532. 

Issue  of  $30,000,0(10  in  bonds  to  com- 
plete, projects  for,  recommended, 
7463. 

Message    making    recommendations 
as    to    application    of    #45,000,000 
available   for,   7576. 
Reforestation,    on    navigable    streams 

and  government  land,  recommended, 

7465,    7538. 

Republican   party,    solidarity   of,   req- 
uisite to   continuance   of  Roosevelt 

policies,  7405. 

Reviewing    inaugural    parade,    photo- 
graph of,  opposite  7394. 
Rivers  and   Harbors — 

Improvements  recommended  in, 
7690. 

Waterway  from  the  lakes  to  the 
gulf,  recommended,  7690. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Taft 


Rivers    and     Harbors    Bill     of     1910, 
critici/ed,    and     reforms     proposed, 
7489,  7517. 
Roosevelt    policies,    to    be    furthered 

and  maintained,  7368. 
Root,  Elihu   (Senator),  argument  by, 
at  Hague  in  Fisheries  Case,  praised, 
7493. 
Safety     Appliance     Law,     discussed, 

7378,  7449,  7553. 
Salaries,  judicial,  increase  of,  recom-  •' 

men<le:l,  7525. 

Seals,  fur,  benefits  derived  from  gov- 
ernment utilization   of,  7540. 
Government    ownership    of    killing 
rights    recommended    for    preser- 
vation of,  7477. 
Preservation     of,     discussed,     7410, 

7540. 
Sherman,    Vice-President,    death    of, 

announced,  7764. 

Shippers,  right  to  choose  transfer 
routes  for  goods  should  be  vested 
in,  7446. 

Siam,  treaty  with,  to  be  revised,  7420. 
Soil,    importance  -of    conserving   fer- 
tility of,  7462. 
South    America,    necessity    of    direct 

steamship  lines  to,  7374. 
South,  formation  of  opposition  party 

in,  desirable,  7375. 
Spanish  battleships,  salvage  in  Cuban 

waters,  7629. 
Spanish    Treaty    Claims    Commission, 

report  of,  transmitted,  7486. 
Spitsbergen      Islands,      international 

conference  on,  7413. 
State,  Department   of,   as   trade   fac- 
tor, 7415,  7502. 
Reorganization  of,  7420. 
Subsidy,  mail,  urged  for  assisting  di- 
rect  ship   lines   to   South    America, 
7374,  7435,   7503. 

Supreme    Court,    restriction    of    juris- 
diction of,  7431,  7523. 
Right  of  appeal  to,  discussed,  7523. 
Tariff- 
Act  placing  articles  on  free  list,  ve- 
toed, 7625. 

Differential  principle  to  govern  re- 
vision of,   7369,   7511. 
Difficulty  of  ascertaining  facts  for 

revision  of,  7395. 
Dingley,    need    for    revising,    7369, 

7379^  7393. 
Monopolies    created    by    excessive 

duties  under,  7394. 
Must  produce  revenue  and  wipe  out 

deficit,    7370. 
Not   cause   of  high   cost   of   living, 

7403. 

Permanent   board   appointed,    7677. 
Postponement  of  revision  of  Payne 

act,  recommended,   7408. 
Promises     of     platform     regarding, 
discussed,  7394,  7399. 


Reduction  of  duties  of,  vetoed, 
7631. 

Revision  of,  schedule  by  schedule, 
recommended,  7512. 

Wool  (Schedule  K),  7677. 

Wool,  reduction  of  duty  on,  recom- 
mended, 7677. 
Tariff  Board- 
Appropriation     for,     recommended, 
7480. 

Operation  of,  discussed,  7422,  7427, 
7511. 

Appointed,  7676. 

Report  of,  submitted  in  justifica- 
tion of  veto  of  wool  tariff  bill, 
7646. 

Work  of,  commended,  7646. 
Tariff  of  1909— 

Address  in    defense  of,   7393. 

Best  tariff  law  Republican  party 
ever  passed,  7403. 

Coal    schedule    of,    discussed,    7401. 

Compared   with   Dingley   act,.  7395. 

Cotton  schedule  of,  discussed,  7399. 

Crockery  schedule  of,  discussed, 
7400. 

Diplomatic  negotiations  under  max- 
imum and  minimum  clause  of, 
7488,  7501. 

Effects  of  rate  changes  made  by, 
calculated  in  consumption  values, 
7397. 

Iron  and  steel  manufactures 
(Schedule  C)  vetoed,  7749. 

Iron    schedule    of,    discussed,    7403. 

Leather  schedule  of,  discussed, 
7401. 

Lumber  schedule  of,  discussed,  7401. 

Maximum  and  minimum  provision 
of,  discussed,  7406,  7422,  7426, 
7479,  7488,  7501. 

Newspaper  misrepresentation  of, 
7395,  7396,  7511. 

Philippine  free  trade,  provided  by, 
7407. 

Print  paper  schedule  of,  discussed, 
7401. 

Reasons  for  not  vetoing,  7405. 

Republican  critics  of,  considered, 
7404,  7408. 

Substantial  downward  revision  ef- 
fected by,  7399. 

Tariff  board  provided  for  by,  7407. 

Wool  schedule  of,  condemned,  7402, 

7618. 
Tariff  Rates— 

On  engines  and  machine  tools,  re- 
duction of  rates  on,  vetoed,  7751. 

On  manufactures  of  iron  and  steel 

compared,  7750. 
Tariff   reduction    should    be   based    on 

non-partisan  study  of  facts,  7751. 
Tax,  excise,  of  two  per  cent  of  earn- 
ings    of     corporations     and     power 


Taft 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


of    supervision    by    government, 
recommended,  7391. 
Provided  for,  by  1910  tariff,  7406, 

7510. 

Tax,  income,  constitutional,  but 
amendment,  sanctioning,  recom- 
mended, 7390. 

Passage  of  bill  levying,  not  desir- 
able, 7390. 
Tax,  inheritance,  recommended,  7370, 

7390. 
Telegraph  lines,  inclusion  of,  in  postal 

system,  opposed,  7732. 
Thanksgiving     Proclamations,      7392, 

7491,  7764. 

Trade,  foreign,  importance  of  foster- 
ing, urged,  7374. 

Eestraint  of,  legal  or  illegal  accord- 
ing to  extent  of  monopoly  and 
methods,  7450. 

Trade  marks,  conventions  with  South 
American    republics    for   protection 
of,  7499. 
Treasury  Department — 

Amendment  to  laws  governing,  rec- 
ommended, 7469. 
Efficiency  and  economy  in,  7683. 
Eeforms  and  economies  effected  in, 

7506. 
Treaties — 

Arbitration — 

France  and  Great  Britain,  7617. 
Trusts,  causes  of  formation  of,  7449. 
Impossibility       of       distinguishing 

"good"  from  "bad,"  7454. 
Not  distinguishable  by  magnitude, 

but  by  intent  and  deed,  7450. 
Prosecution    of,    to    continue    una- 
bated, 7456. 

Turkey,  accession  of  Mehmed  V.,  Sul- 
tan of,  7414. 

Economic  progress  in,  7414. 
Special  embassy  to  Sultan  of,  7496. 
Venezuela,  decision  at  Hague  on  Ori- 
noco  Co.'s   claims   against,   7493. 
Settlement    of    all    disputes    with, 

7416. 
Submission    of    claims    against,    to 

Hague  Tribunal,  7380. 
Veto  message,  774*5,  7749,  7752. 
Wages,   German,   transmission   of   re- 
port on,  7387,  7388. 
War  Department — 

Army  service  corps,  recommended, 

7685. 
Consolidation    of    departments    in, 

7685. 

Functions   of,   7511. 
Water   power   sites,   control   of,   7723. 
Waterways — 

Commission,     international,     appro- 
priation   for,  recommended,   7487. 
Inland,    changes    in    administration 
of      improvements      of,      recom- 
mended, 7491. 


Payment  by  bonds  for  projects  for 

improving,  recommended,  7371. 
Projects   for   improving,    discussed, 

7465. 
White-slave     trade,     suppression     of, 

7438. 

Wool  bill,  veto  of,  7745. 
Wool,  reduction  of  tariff  duty  on,  rec- 
ommended, 7677. 
Wool  tariff — 

Amount  of  capital  and  number  of 
persons  directly  dependent  upon, 
7624. 

Board    appointed    to   prepare   infor- 
mation on,  7619. 
Duties    on    manufactured    goods    in 

some  cases  prohibitory,  7679. 
Duty  on  raw  wool  operates  against 
importation  of  useful  grades,  7678. 
Effect  of  Wilson  act  of  1894,  7623. 
Minimum    ad    valorem   rate    should 

be  35  per  cent,  7747. 
Must    offset    difference    in    cost    of 
production   at   home  and   abroad, 
7746. 
Proposed  reduction  of,  would  work 

injury  to  wool  trade,  7746. 
Eates  proposed  in  excess  of  needed 

protection,  7622. 

Eeduction    in    accordance   with    re- 
port  of  Tariff  Board  would   give 
sufficient   protection    to   industry, 
7748. 
Bevision   of   Schedule   K    (wool)    of 

tariff  law  recommended,  7677. 
Special  message  discussing,  7676. 
Tops     and     yarn,     low     tariff     on, 

would  disrupt  industry,  7747. 
Unanimous   report    of    Tariff   Board 

advises  revision  of,  7677. 
Veto     of    bills     readjusting    duties, 

7618,  7745. 
Wilson  law  forced  shutting  down  of 

mills,  7623. 
Woolen    goods,   low   tariff    on,    would 

destroy  fine  goods  industry,  7747. 
Workmen's   Compensation,  appropria- 
tion for  organization  of,  conference 
on,  asked,  7542. 
Zelaya,  misrule  of  Nicaragua  by,  and 

overthrow  of,  7500. 

Tahoe  Forest  Reserve,  proclaimed.  7307. 
Talladega  (Ala.),  Battle  of.— After  tho 
destruction  of  Tallasahatcheo.  Jackson  was 
informed  that  Ifif)  friendly  Creek  warriors, 
with  their  families,  were  hemmed  in  at 
TalladeKa,  in  Lashley's  fort,  by  l.OOO  hos- 
tile Indians.  Nov.  S.  1S1.«!,  Jackson  set  out 
with  l.L'OO  Infantry  and  800  cavalry  lo 
raise  the  slc^e-.  By  4  o'clock  the  'next 
morning  they  had  surrounded  the  enemy, 
wlio,  1.081)  stromr.  were  eoneealed  in  the 
thickets.  At  daylight  the  battle  bc-an.  It 
resulted  In  the  <  omplctc  rout  of  the  sav 
nyes.  As  many  as  L'ltO  dead  warriors  were 
found  anil  many  others  doubtless  perished 
in  the  woods  of  thf>  surroundiiifr  mountains. 
The  number  of  the  wounded  could  not  be 
ascertained,  but  was  large.  The  loss  to  the 
whites  was  15  killed  and  85  wounded. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Tariff 


Tallasahatchee    (Ala.),    Battle   of.— The 

massacre  at  Fort  Minis  spread  consterna- 
tion throughout  the  region  inhabited  by 
the  Creeks,  and  hardy  volunteers  came  for- 
ward thirsting  for  vengeance.  Gen.  Jack- 
son led  the  Tennessee  militia  across  the 
line  into  Alabama.  Upon  his  arrival  at  the 
Coosa  he  was  informed  that  the  Creeks 
vvere  assembled  at  Tallasahatchee,  a  town 
in  an  open  woodland,  not  far  from  the 
present  village  of  Jacksonville,  the  county 
seat  of  Benton  County,  Ala.,  on  the  south- 
east side  of  the  Tallasahatchee  Creek. 
Jackson  sent  Gen.  Coffee  with  1,000  horse- 
men to  destroy  the  town.  Nov.  3,  1813, 
Coffee's  men  surrounded  the  place  and  the 
Indians  came  out  to  meet  them.  The  bat- 
tle was  short,  sharp,  and  desperate.  The 
victory  for  the  whites  was  complete.  Every 
warrior  was  killed.  None  asked  for  quar- 
ter, and  each  fought  to  the  death.  At  the 
close  of  the  battle  180  bodies  were  counted 
on  the  plain.  It  is  believed  that  200  were 
killed.  Kighty-four  women  and  children 
were  made  prisoners.  The  loss  to  the 
whites  was  5  men  killed  and  41  wounded. 
Tammany.— In  178!>  the  Columbian  Order 
was  organized  in  New  York  City  by  Wil- 
liam Mooney,  as  a  counter  move  against 
the  foundation  of  the  so-called  Aristocratic 
Society  of  the  Cincinnati.  In  1805  it 
was  incorporated  under  the  name  of  Tam- 
many Society.  This  was  in  memory  of  Tam- 
many, an  aged,  wise  and  friendly  chief 
of  the  Delaware  Indians.  At  this  time 
charitable  societies  were  also  organized  in 
Philadelphia  and  other  cities  and  named 
in  his  honor.  The  only  one  of  the  number 
that  survives  is  that  in  New  York.  William 
Mooney  was  the  first  grand  sachem  of 
Tammany,  and  was  assisted  by  thirteen 
sachems,  representing  the  governors  of  the 
thirteen  states.  The  members  wore  Indian 
insignia.  In  1811  the  society  built  the 
original  Tammany  Hall,  fronting  on  City 
Hall  Park.  Since  then  a  local  political 
party,  favored  by  a  majority  of  the  mem- 
bers" of  the  Tammany  Society,  has  always 
had  its  headquarters  in  the  house  of  the 
society,  and  has  been  popularly  known  as 
"Tammany  Hall."  In  theory  the  Tammany 
Hall  general  committee  has  no  relation  to 
the  Tammany  Society  save  as  tenant  of 
the  latter's  edifice,  yet  in  practice  they 
are  coordinate  branches  of  one  political  sys- 
tem, the  society  being  in  effect  the  citadel 
of  the  controlling  spirits  of  the  Tammany 
Hall  party.  Tammany  Hall  claims  to  be 
the  regular  Democratic  organization  of  the 
city  and  county  of  New  York,  though  that 
claim  has  often  been  contested.  By  means 
of  a  thoroughly  organized  system  of  Tam- 
many clubs  and  assembly  district  associa- 
tions it  has  usually  held  a  paramount  place 
in  city  politics. 

Taos  (N.  Mex.).  Battle  of.— Feb.  3,  1847, 
Col.  Price,  with  about  400  Americans,  ar- 
rived at  the  town  of  Don  Fernando  de  Taos, 
on  the  top  of  the  Taos  Mountain,  which 
had  been  the  scene  of  the  murder  of  Gov- 
ernor Bent  and  his  party.  The  Mexicans, 
numbering  600,  had  taken  refuge  in  a  stone 
church  and  two  other  large  buildings. 
They  resisted  the  American  assaults  dur- 
ing Feb.  4  and  on  the  morning  of  the  5th 
surrendered.  The  American  loss  was  54 
killed  and  wounded  ;  that  of  the  Mexicans 
152  killed  and  many  wounded. 
Tar  Heel  State. — A  nickname  for  North 
Carolina  (q.  v.>.  (See  also  States)  ;  some- 
times also  nicknamed  Old  North  State. 
Target  Practice.  (See  Navy.) 
Tariff. — The  word  "tariff"  is  generally  ap- 
plied to  the  customs  duties  levied  by  Con- 


gress on  merchandise  Imported.  Tradition 
identities  the  word  with  the  town  of  Tarlfa, 
Spain.  Here,  during  the  Moorish  occu- 
pancy of  the  country  about  Gibraltar,  all 
vessels  passing  through  the  strait  were 
compelled  to  put  in  and  pay  such  duties  as 
were  demanded  by  the  chiefs  in  possession. 
Among  the  Greeks  and  Romans  a  duty 
similar  to  the  tariff  of  the  present  day 
was  known,  and  in  England,  as  early  as 
980,  during  the  reign  of  Ethelred,  duties 
on  ships  and  goods  were  levied,  to  be  paid 
at  Billingsgate.  Charles  II.  established  a 
regular  schedule  of  rates  in  1003.  After 
1840  England  gradually  abolished  her  tar- 
iff duties,  beginning  with  the  repeal  of 
the  corn  laws  and  continuing  until  1891- 
1892,  when  revenue  duties  alone  were  col- 
lected, and  those  upon  less  than  twenty 
articles. 

In  the  United  States  the  First  Congress 
passed  a  tariff  law  levying  on  an  average 
less  than  8  per  cent  ad  valorem  on  im- 
ports. This  was  approved  by  Washing- 
ton July  4,  17X9.  Madison  opened  the 
discussion  of  this  measure  in  Congress. 
South  Carolina  and  Georgia  favored  a  rate 
of  5  per  cent,  Pennsylvania  one  of  12  or 
more,  while  New  England  and  Virginia  suc- 
ceeded in  getting  the  rate  raised  a  little 
above  what  the  far  south  asked  for,  but 
placed  it  lower  than  the  chief  manufactur- 
ing states  desired.  The  tariff  of  181 G  im- 
posed duties  of  about  25  per  cent  on  cer- 
tain leading  manufactures,  under  protest 
from  the  leading  agricultural  states  of  the 
south.  In  1824  a  ncsv  tariff  act  was  passed, 
increasing  among  the  changes  made,  duties 
on  metals  ^.m!  agricultural  products.  Jan. 
31,  1828,  the  "tariff  of  abominations."  as 
it  was  named  by  its  enemies,  was  intro- 
duced in  the  House.  It  embodied  in  part 
the  recommendations  of  a  national  conven- 
tion of  manufacturers  held  at  Harrisburg, 
Pa.,  but  satisfied  neither  the  friends  nor 
the  opponents  of  protection.  This  bill  pro- 
posed a  41  per  cent  rate  and  was  favored 
by  Daniel  Webster,  who  reversed  his  posi- 
tion of  1824.  South  Carolina  protested 
against  the  proposed  measure  as  unconsti- 
tutional and  unjust  and  oppressive.  North 
Carolina  also  protested,  and  Alabama  and 
Georgia  denied  the  power  of  Congress  to 
lay  duties  for  protection.  July  14,  1832, 
President  Jackson  approved  a  bill  reducing 
the  tax  on  iron,  increasing  that  on  woolens, 
making  some  raw  wools  free,  and  leaving 
cotton  unchanged.  This  bill  retained  the 
protective  feature  of  the  law  of  1828,  but 
reduced  the  taxes  somewhat.  South  Caro- 
lina passed  an  ordinance  nullifying  this  act 
(see  Nullification),  but  her  ordinance  was 
rescinded  after  the  approval  of  the  com- 
promise tariff  of  1833.  This  measure,  In- 
troduced by  Clay  and  supported  by  Cal- 
houn,  provided  for  a  gradual  reduction  of 
duties  to  a  uniform  rate,  to  be  reached  in 
1842.  It  secured  a  revenue  tariff  by  suc- 
cessive reductions.  In  1842,  the  Whigs 
being  in  a  majority.  Congress  enacted  a 
protective  tariff,  which  President  Tyler 
vetoed  (2033). 

July  30,  lS4fi,  a  tariff  law  was  enacted 
which  subordinated  the  principle  of  protec- 
tion to  that  of  revenue.  It  passed  the 
House  by  a  vote  of  114  to  95  and  the  Sen- 
ate by  the  casting  vote  of  Vice-President 
Dallas.  The  average  rate  of  duty  was 
fixed  at  about  25  per  cent.  This  was  low- 
ered to  about  20  per  cent  by  an  act  of 
1857.  In  18(il  the  principle  of  protection 
was  reasserted  in  the  Mori-ill  Act,  which  in- 
creased the  rates  of  1857  about  one-third. 
During  the  Civil  War  the  tariff  rates  were 
repeatedly  raised  to  meet  the  expenses  of 
Government  and  stimulate  m  arm  fact  lire. 
These  rates  were  continued  long  after  the 


Tariff 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


cessation  of  hostilities.  In  1882  a  tariff 
commission  was  appointed  to  visit  different 
sections  of  the  country  in  the  interest  of 
tariff  revision.  The  commission  recommend- 
ed a  reduction  of  20  per  cent  in  rates. 

President  Cleveland,  in  his  message  of 
Dec.  8,  1885  (page  4926),  recommended  a 
reduction  of  the  tariff,  and  his  message  of 
Dec.  6,  1887  (page  5165),  was  devoted  ex- 
clusively to  this  topic.  From  this  time  on. 
party  lines  began  to  be  drawn  on  the  tariff 
question,  most  of  the  Republicans  favoring 
protection  and  the  majority  of  advocates  ad- 
vocating a  revision  in  the  direction  of  low- 
er duties.  The  Mills  bill,  framed  largely  in 
accordance  with  President  Cleveland's 
views,  passed  the  House,  but  failed  in  the 
Senate,  where  a  bill  embodying  the  ideas 
of  the  protectionists  on  tariff  revision  was 
substituted  for  it  by  the  Republican  ma- 
jority. In  the  Fifty-first  Congress,  the 
Republicans  being  in  control,  passed  the  Mc- 
Kinley  tariff  act  of  1890  raising  the  duties 
to  an  average  of  48  per  cent.  By  the 
elections  of  1890  and  1892  the  Democrats 
came  into  power,  and  in  the  Fifty-third 
Congress  the  House  passed  the  \\  ilson  bill 
providing  for  substantial  reductions,  espe- 
cially on  raw  materials.  Amendments  were 
added  in  the  Senate  which  essentially 
changed  its  character  and  the  bill  became 
law  in  1894  without  the  President's  signa- 
ture. It  provided  for  an  income  tax 
which  was,  however,  declared  unconstitu- 
tional by  the  Supreme  Court. 

The  elections  of  1894  and  1896  returned 
the  Republicans  to  power,  and  in  1897  the 
Dingley  law  was  passed,  which  imposed  the 
highest  rates  of  duty  ever  known  in  our 
history.  It  has  been  revised  so  far  as  con- 
cerned the  Philippines  in  1905.  when  a 
lower  tariff  came  into  force,  and  again  in 
1906.  when  the  islands  were  given  prac- 
tically free  trade  with  this  country  :  of  the 
few  articles  excepted,  the  most  important 
were  sugar,  coffee,  and  tobacco. 

The  revision  of  the  Dingley  Tariff  in 
1909  is  discussed  by  President  Taft  in  his 
address  at  Winoua  (page  7393)  which  was 
evoked  by  the  furious  storm  of  criticism  to 
which  the  tariff  and  its  sponsors  were  sub- 
jected. This  discontent  produced  a  rup- 
ture in  the  Republican  ranks,  "insurgent" 
Congressmen  lining  up  against  "standpat- 
ters." The  Federal  patronage  .was  em- 
ployed to  awaken  insurgents  to  a  sense  of 
dut'y  to  the  party,  but  without  avail.  Pub- 
lic sentiment  on  the  question  was  ex- 
pressed in  the  Democratic  victory  of  1910, 
the  Insurgent  Republicans  being  mostly  re- 
elected. 

In  the  1910  tariff,  provision  was  made 
for  the  application  of  a  maximum  or  mini- 
mum schedule  of  rates  to  the  Imports  of  a 
foreign  country  in  accordance  as  it  dis- 
criminates against  or  in  favor  of  American 
goods  ;  for  corporation  tax  of  one  per 
cent  of  net  earnings ;  for  a  revised  tariff 
establishing  free  trade  with  the  Philip- 
pines ;  for  a  Customs  Court  of  Appeals  con- 
sisting of  five  judges  and  six  attorneys  to 
prosecute  customs  cases  before  the  Court ; 
and  for  a  tariff  board. 

The  tariff  board  was  conceded  to  be  an 
advance,  but  its  best  friends  were  the  fore- 
most in  terming  it  ineffectual.  The  kind 
of  tariff  board  desired  by  President  Taft  is 
outlined  in  a  bill  introduced,  Jan.  5,  1911, 
bv  Representative  Longworth  of  Ohio, 
which  provides  for  a  permanent  commis- 
sion of  live  members  to  be  appointed  by 
the  President  and  confirmed  by  the  Senate, 
who,  by  the  use  of  $2r>0.00()  shall,  in 
sittings  here  or  abroad,  investigate  the 
cost  of  production  of  tariff-taxed  goods, 
particularly  as  regards  labor,  for  which 


purpose  they  are  to  be  vested  with  the 
power  of  Issuing  subpo?nas,  administering 
oaths,  and  taking  testimony  (Congress  to 
act  on  cases  01  non-compliance  with  sub- 
poenas), and,  on  demand  expressed  in  a 
joint  resolution,  they  shall  report  to  Con- 
gress, or,  on  his  demand,  shall  report  to 
the  President.  (Page  7619.)  (See  also 
Foreign  Import  Duties ;  Import  Duties, 
Tariff  of  1913.) 

With  the  election  of  President  Wilson 
and  a  Democratic  Congress  in  1913  a 
downward  revision  of  the  tariff  was  as- 
sured, fpr  Congress  had  already  partially 
framed  the  Underwood  bill,  and  President 
Wilson  called  an  extra  session  April  8, 
1913,  and  in  his  address  called  attention  to 
the  duty  of  the  parly  in  power,  and  urged 
Immediate  passage  of  the  Underwood  bill. 
Oct.  3,  1913,  the  President  signed  the  bill. 
The  main  feature  of  the  hiw  was  the  in- 
come tax  provision,  and  the  next  importance 
was  the  removal  of  all  protection  from 
agricultural  products  and  meats.  Duties 
on  the  manufacture  of  cotton  and  woolen 
goods  were  cut  10  to  50  per  cent.  Raw 
wool  was  admitted  free,  and  sugar  became 
free  after  three  years.  In  the  article  Tar- 
iff of  1913  following  the  rates  of  the  Wil- 
son tariff  are  compared  with  those  of  the 
Payne-Aldrich  act  of  1909. 

Tariff: 

Bill  to  reduce  duty  on  wool,  vetoed 
by  Taft,  7745. 

Board  of  three  members  appointed 
to  investigate  maximum  and  mini- 
mum clauses,  7676. 

Discussed  by  President  Wilson,  7871. 

Engines  and  machine  tools,  reduction 
of  rates  on,  vetoed,  7749. 

Finished  articles  should  not  be  put 
on  free  list  when  raw  materials  are 
dutiable,  7751. 

Iron  and  steel,  manufactures  of,  rates 
compared,  7750. 

Iron  and  steel,  manufactures  of 
(Schedule  C),  vetoed,  7749. 

Low  rate  on  woolen  goods  would  de- 
stroy tine  goods  industry,  7747. 

Low  rate  on  tops  and  yarn  would 
disrupt  industry,  7747. 

Machine  tools  should  be  defined  be- 
fore being  put  on  free  list,  7751. 

Minimum  ad  valorem  rate  should  be 
.'{5  per  cent,  7747. 

Permanent  board  appointed,  7G77. 

Proposed  reduction  on  wool  would 
injure  trade,  7748. 

Protest  of  Germany  against  discrim- 
inating duty  on  sugar,  recommen- 
dations regarding,  5957. 

Rate  on  wool  must  offset  difference 
in  cost  of  production  here  and 
abroad,  7746. 

Reduction  of  on  wool  in  accordance 
with  report  of  Tariff  Board  would 
give  sufficient  protection  to  indus- 
try, 7748. 

Reduction  of,  should  be  based  on  non- 
partisan  study  of  facts,  7751. 

Schedule  K   (wool),  7(177. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Tariff 


Wool,   reduction   of   duty   on,  recom- 
mended, 7677. 

Wool  (Schedule  K),  7677. 
Tariff  Board.— Section  2  of  the  Tariff  act 
of  1900  provides  that  "from  and  after 
March  31,  1010,  except  as  otherwise  spe- 
cially provided  for  in  this  section,  there 
shall  he  levied,  collected  and  paid  on  all 
articles  when  imported  from  any  foreign 
country  into  the  United  States  or  into  any 
of  its  possessions  (except  the  Philippine 
Islands.  Guam  and  Tutuila)  the  rates  of 
duty  prescribed  i>y  the  schedules  and 
paragraphs  of  the  dutiable  list  of  Section 
1  of  this  act.  and  in  addition  thereto  25 
per  centum  ad  valorem,  which  rates  shall 
constitute  the  maximum  tariff  of  the  United 
States.  *  *  *  To  secure  information  to  as- 
sist the  President  in  the  discharge  of  the 
duties  Imposed  upon  him  by  this  section, 
and  the  otlicers  of  the  Government  in  the 
administration  of  the  customs  laws,  the 
President  is  hereby  authorized  to  employ 
such  persons  as  may  be  required." 

Under  this  authorization  President  Taft 
on  Sept.  15,  1  !)()9,  appointed  a  non-partisan 
Tariff  Board  of  three  Republicans  and  two 
Democrats  to  perform  the  duties  required  by 
the  act :  Before  the  work  of  the  board  be- 
came available  to  Congress  the  Democratic 
party  came  into  control  and  the  Underwood 
tariff  law  was  passed.  (See  Tariff  of  1913.) 

Wilson  Tariff  Board.— President  Wilson 
expressed  himself  in  favor  of  an  out-and-out 
independent  Tariff  Board.  Jan.  25,  to  Repre- 
sentative Claude  Kitchin.  chairman  of  the 
Committee  on  Ways  and  Means  and  chosen 
floor  leader  of  the  House  Democrats. 

As  proposed  by  the  President,  such  a  com- 
mission would  have  specific  powers  to  : 

Investigate  the  administrative  and  fiscal 
effects  of  customs  la\ys  now  in  force  or 
which  may  be  passed  in  the  future: 

Determine  the  relations  between  rates  of 
duties  on  raw  materials  and  those  on  fin- 
ished or  partly  finished  products  ; 

Investigate  the  effects  of  ad  valorem  and 
specific  duties  and  of  those  which  are  a 
compound  of  advalorem  and  specific  ; 

Examine  the  arrangement  of  schedules  of 
duties  and  the  classification  of  the  articles 
on  the  several  schedules ; 

Investigate  the  provisions  of  law  relat- 
ing to  the  tariff,  the  regulations  of  the 
Treasury  Department  applying  to  invoices 
and  other  questions  with  application  to  the 
collection  of  customs  duties  ; 

Determine  generally  the  working  of  the 
customs  and  tariff  laws  in  their  economic 
effects  and  administrative  methods. 

Foreign  Trade  Under  Hie  New  Tariff. — 
Secretary  Redfield  transmitted  to  the  Sen- 
ate a  detailed  statement  of  the  results  of  the 
Underwood-Simmons  tariff  act  as  reflected  in 
the  foreign  trade  of  the  country  up  to  the 
time  the  war  started  in  Europe.  The  state- 
ment was  prepared  in  the  Bureau  of  Foreign 
and  Domestic  Commerce  in  response  to  a 
Senate  Resolution  of  Jan.  17.  1010.  calling 
upon  the  Secretary  of  Commerce  for  infor- 
mation in  regard  to  trade  under  the  pres- 
ent tariff. 

The  report  calls  particular  attention  to 
the  import  trade  for  the  fiscal  year  1914, 
as  that  year  covers  12  of  the  13  months  im- 
mediately preceding  the  outbreak  of  hos- 
tilities in  Europe  and  is  the  period  held  to 
indicate  most  accurately  the  effect  the  new 
tariff  lias  had  upon  American  imports.  Ac- 
cording to  statistics  given  in  the  report  the 
increase  in  imports  for  1014  amounted  to 
SSI. OdO.OOO.  or  4.5  per  cent,  as  compared 
with  191."..  This  increase,  the  report  states, 
is  only  .$20,000.000  in  excess  of  the  average 


annual  Increase  in  imports  for  the  17  years 
from  1809  to  1915,  and  is  less  than  the 
average  increase  during  the.  last  few  years 
of  that  17-year  period.  There  was  an  in- 
crease In  12  of  the  17  years,  varying  from 
$245,000,000  in  1010  to  $80,000,000  in  1002. 

Free  goods,  not  dutiable  goods,  are  re- 
sponsible for  the  increased  imports  for  the 
fiscal  year  1014,  the  report  states.  Articles 
subject  to  duty,  if  considered  as  a  single 
class,  decreased  perceptibly.  Imports  free  of 
duty  increased  from  $088,000,000  to  $1,128,- 
000,000,  whle  the  imports  of  dutiable  goods 
fell  off  from  $825,000.000  to  $766,000,000. 
The  increase  in  the  total  free  imports  was 
due  largely  to  the  transfer  of  many  impor- 
tant articles  from  the  dutiable  list  to  the 
free  list  by  the  tariff  act  of  1913.  Among 
the  articles  so  transferred  are  iron  ore,  pig 
Iron,  Bessemer  ingots,  steel  rails,  baling 
and  fencing  wire,  cotton  ties,  wool,  flax, 
hemp,  burlap,  cotton  bagging,  lumber,  chem- 
icals, wood  pull),  leather,  boots  and  shoes, 
agricultural  implements,  food  animals,  corn, 
meat,  milk,  cream,  and,  when  imported  from 
countries  that  admit  free  of  duty  similar 
products  from  the  United  States,  wheat, 
wheat  flour,  and  potatoes. 

The  close  correspondence  between  the  es- 
timated customs  receipts  and  the  actual  re- 
ceipts under  the  Underwood-Simmons  tariff 
is  remarkable,  the  report  shows.  It  is  esti- 
mated that  the  bill  as  it  passed  the  House 
of  Representatives  would  produce  during 
its  first  full  year  of  operation  $258. 000.000  ; 
as  it  passed  the  Senate.  $248.000.000:  and  as 
finally  enacted.  $249.000.000.  or  $20.750,000 
a  month.  Since  the  new  rates  on  sugar  and 
molasses  became  effective  March  1,  1914, 
the  law  was  in  full  operation  only  five 
months  before  the  outbreak  of  the  war. 
During  the  quarter  from  April  1  to  June 
30  the  duties  amounted  to  $0:5.600,000,  or 
$21.200.000  a  month.  The  receipts,  there- 
fore, exceeded  the  expected  returns  by  $450,- 
000  a  month,  or  at  the  rate  of  $5.000.000  a 
year. 

In  comparing  the  import  and  export  trade 
of  the  country,  the  report  says  : 

"We  import  more  than  we  export  of  crude 
foodstuffs  and  meat  animals  and  of  mis- 
cellaneous articles,  while  we  export  more 
than  we  import  of  the  remaining  groups — 
crude  materials  for  use  in  manufacturing, 
foodstuffs  partly  or  wholly  manufactured, 
manufactures  for  further  use  in  manufac- 
turing, and  manufactures  ready  for  consump- 
tion. It  is  of  interest  to  note  the  chief  ar- 
ticle of  import  and  of  export  falling  within 
each  of  these  groups.  Of  crude  materials 
for  use  in  manufacturing,  hides  are  most 
largely  imported  and  cotton  most  largely  ex- 
ported. Of  foodstuffs  in  crude  condition, 
including  food  animals,  coffee  represents  the 
largest  'import  and  wheat  the  largest  ex- 
port. Of  partly  or  wholly  manufactured 
foodstuffs,  sugar  leads  in  the  importation 
and  wheat  flour  in  the  exportation.  Wood 
pulp  stands  first  among  the  imports  and 
copper  in  pigs  and  bars  first  among  the 
exports  of  manufactures  for  further  use  in 
manufacturing.  Of  manufactures  ready  for 
consumption,  manufactures  of  vegetable 
fibres  other  than  cotton  stand  first  among 
the  imports  and  machinery  first  among  the 
exports.  In  the  miscellaneous  group,  clover 
seed  is  the  chief  import  and  horses  the  chief 
export.  This  comparison  is  based  on  the 
fiscal  year  1914.  The  obvious  lesson  to  be 
drawn' from  this  comparison  is  the  diversity 
of  our  import  and  export  trade.  Our  im- 
ports consist  largely  of  articles  which  for 
natural  reasons  can  not  be  produced  here 
or  for  economic  or  geographic1  reasons  can 
be  produced  more  cheaply  abroad.  The  ex- 
ports from  this  country  represent  the  ar- 
ticles which,  by  reason  of  our  agricultural  or 


Tariff 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


mineral  wealth,  or  by  reason  of  our  indus- 
trial organization,  we  can  produce  better  or 
more  cheaply  than  the  producer  in  other 
countries." 

The  effect  of  the  tariff  on  wages  is  one 
of  the  much-debated  points  on  which  the 
report  touches.  It  is  shown  that  there  is  a 
large  number  of  industries  in  which,  under 
the  present  tariff,  the  average  duty  col- 
lected on  imports  is  greater  than  the  aver- 
age expenditure  for  wages  by  domestic  man- 
ufacturers. This  group  includes  such  di- 
verse lines  as  flour,  sugar,  butter,  and  con- 
densed milk,  soap,  candles,  and  glue,  hosiery, 
corsets,  and  buttons.  Kven  in  the  case  of 
pottery,  where  wages  constitute  nearly  40 
per  cent  of  the  entire  value  of  the  output, 
the  average  ad  valorem  duty  on  competing 
products  is  still  higher. 

Another  group  consists  of  industries  in 
which  the  payment  for  wages  constitute  a 
larger  share  of  the  product  than  does  the 
import  duty  in  the  case  of  imported  goods. 
This  group  covers  some  of  our  most  suc- 
cessful industries.  Rubber  goods,  steel 
works  and  rolling  mills,  carriage  factories, 
bicycles,  motor  cycles,  locomotives,  clocks 
and  watches  and  firearms  and  ammunition 
are  among  the  industries  in  which  the  do- 
mestic producer  has  to  pay  proportionately 
more  for  wages  than  his  foreign  competitor 
pays  in  the  shape  of  import  duties. 


Tariff  Board: 

Eeport  of,  submitted   in  justification 
of  veto  of  wool  bill,  7746. 

Work  of,  commended  by  Taft,  7746. 
Tariff  Commission.— The  plea  long  coming 
from  all  classes  and  parts  of  the  country 
to  "take  the  tariff  out  of  politics"  was 
finally  met  in  the  Tariff  Rill  passed  by  Con- 
gress on  September  8.  1016.  That  bill  pro- 
vided for  a  Tariff  Commission  of  6  mem- 
bers, not  more  than  3  of  whom  are  to  belong 
to  the  same  political  party.  The  members 
are  appointed  by  the  1'resident.  by  and 
with  the  consent  of  the  Senate,  for  a  'period 
of  12  years'  service,  and  command  a  yearly 
salary  of  $7,500.  Provision  is  made  for 
power  to  subpoena  witnesses,  conduct  inves- 
tigations, etc.,  in  order  to  make  the  work 
of  the  Commission  effective.  The  duties  of 
the  Commission  are  to  investigate  and  to 
report  annually  on  the  effect  of  the  tariff 
rates  to  Congress,  and  at  any  other  time 
when  requested  to  the  President  or  to  the 
Tariff  Committees  of  the  House  and  the 
Senate.  The  members  of  the  first  commis- 
sion appointed  under  the  act  of  101B  were  : 
Prof.  F.  W.  Taussig.  of  Harvard  University, 
Chairman:  ex-Congressman  David  J.  Lewis, 
of  Maryland  ;  Edward  P.  Costigan,  of  Colo- 
rado ;  ex-Congressman  William  Kent,  of 


TABLE  OP  LEADING  ARTICLES  IMPORTED  INTO  THE  UNITED  STATES  OR  ANY  OF  ITS  POSSESSIONS  (EXCEPT 
PHILIPPINE  ISLANDS,  GUAM  AND  TUTUILA),  GIVING  RATES  AT  ENTRY  BY  THE  TARIFF  ACT  OF  1913  COMPARED 
WITH  THE  TARIFF  ACT  OF  1909. 

(The  following  table  covers  only  the  articles  of  principal  importance  imported.)       (ad  val. — ad  val- 
orem; n.s.p.f. — not  specially  provided  for.) 


ARTICLES 

RATES  OF  DUTY  UNDER 

Law  of  190!) 

Xew  Law  of  1913 

Srhedule  A  —  Chemicals,  Oils  and  Paints: 

10c  lb  and  20  p  c 

Alkalies,  alkaloids,  and  all  chemical  and  medicinal  compounds, 
preparations,  mixtures  and  salts,  and  combinations  thereof.  .  .  . 

ad.  val. 

25  p.p.  ad  val. 
Uac.  lb. 
1  '4'  p.    lb.    and 
lOp.c.  ad  val. 
2^c.  lb. 

ad.  val.   to  40c. 
lb.   and   20  p.c. 
ad.  val. 

15  p.c.  ad  val. 
-%c.  lb. 
10  p.c.  ad  val. 

IP.  lb. 
12c.  gal. 
30c.  gal. 
5c.  gal. 

$3.00  lb. 
40c.  lb.  and  60  p.c. 
ad  val. 
60  p.c.  ad  val. 
10  p.c.  ad  val. 
30  p.c.  ad  val. 
Me.  lb. 
10  p.c.  ad  val. 

10  p.n.  ad  val. 
40  p.c.  ad  val. 

Oil,  olive  in  bottles,  etc.,  gals  

50e.  gal. 
8c.  gal. 

$1.50  lb. 
OOc.  lb.  and  50  p.c. 
ad  val. 
60  p.c.  ad  val. 
I'.l'c.  lb. 
50  p.c.  ad  val. 
5-8c.  lb. 
20  p.c.  ad  val. 

Sc.  100  Ibs 

Opium,  crude  and  not  adulterated,  containing  9  per  cent,  and  over 

Perfumery,  cosmetics,  containing  alcohol  

Soda,  bi-carbonatc  of                  .    .             

Krhtdulc  B  —  Earths,  Earthenware  and  Glassware: 
Cement  .  .        

00  p.c.  ad  val. 

Glassware,  plain  and  cut  
Marble,  manufactures  of,  except  for  jewelry  
Spectacles,   eyeglasses,   opera   and    field   glasses,   and   frames   for 

00  p.c.  ad  val. 
50  p.c.  ad  val. 

4.1  p.c.  ad  val. 
45  p.c.  ad  val. 

Srhedule  C  —  Mvluils  and  Manufactures  of: 
Iron,  bar.      .... 

(i-IOc.  lb. 
Gradualed  rale 

5  p.c.  ad  val. 
12  p.c.  ad  val. 

MO  n  c     nil   v.nl 

Kt'-el,  n  s  p.f.  in  sec.  I  \'2  of  act 

Automobile  chassis  and  finished  parts  of  automobiles  not  includ- 

Conner  plates.  .  . 

2Vac.  lb.                   1     5  n.c.  ad  val. 

Encyclopedic  Index 


Tariff  of  1913 


TABLE    OP    LEADING    ARTICLES    IMPORTED    INTO    THE    UNITED    8TATEH — Continued 


ARTICLES 

HATES  OF  DUTY  UNDER 

Law  of  1909 

New  Law  of  1913 

Pens,  metallic,  except  gold  pens  

12e.  gross 
40  P.O.  ad  val. 
12-10c.  Ib. 

8c.  gross 
25  p.c.  ad  val. 
15  p.c.  ad  val. 

•)()    jj   (.      a()    y.jl 

Table  and  kitchen  utensils,  metal  

Tin  plates  

Iron  beams,  girders,  joists  

Graduated  rate 
8-10c  Ib. 

7c.  Ib. 
Graduated  rate 

15  p.c.  ad  val. 
10  p.c.  ad  val. 

35  p.c.  ad  val. 

Above  75  degrees 
polariscope    95- 
100  of  Ic.  perlb. 
and  for  each  ad- 
ditional    degree 
35-1000    of    Ic. 
per  Ib. 

65c.  Ib. 
20  p.c.  ad  val. 
20  p  c.  ad  val 

10  p.c.  ad  val. 
10  p.c.  ad  val. 

2,-.  Ib. 
30  p.c.  ad  val. 

10  p.c.  ad  val. 
10  p.c.  ad  val. 

15  p.c.  ad  val. 

Xot  above  75  de- 
grees        polari- 
scope 71-100  of 
Ic.   per   Ib.;   for 
every   addition- 
al    degree     20- 
1000  of   Ic.  per 
Ib. 
65c.  Ib. 
15  p.c.  ad  val. 
15  p.c.  ad  val. 
3c.  Ib. 
1'sc.  Ib. 
25  p.c.  ad  val. 

S1.S5  Ib.  to  $2.50 
Ib. 
55c.  Ib. 
$4.50   Ib.    and    25 
p.c.  ad  val. 

10  p.c.  ad  val. 
15c.  bushel 
25c.  bushel          t:J 
30c.  100  Ibs. 
Gc.  bushel 
Ic.  Ib. 
Ic.  Ib. 
2'ic.  Ib. 
20c.  p.c.  ad  val. 
S2  ton 
lOe.  gal. 
IGc.  Ib. 
20c.  bushel 
loc.  bushel 
25  p.c.  ad  val. 
IOc.  bushel 
Ic.  Ib. 
lie.  Ib. 
$5  per  1,000 
Ic.  Ib. 
Ic.  Ib. 

8  p.c.  ad  val. 
2c.  Ib. 

S2.60  gal. 
S9.GO  per  doz. 
45c.  to  GOc.  gal. 
SI.  85  per  doz. 
45c.  gal. 
20c.  doz. 

5  to  25  p.c.  ad  val. 
7}.>  to27>i  p.c.  ad 
val. 

Cast  iron  andirons,  plates,  stove  plates,  hollow  ware  
Aluminum,  and  alloys  of  any  kind  in  which  it  is  the  chief  coin- 

Watch  movements  not  jewelled,  watch  cases  

Schedule  D  —  Wood  and  Manufactures  of: 
Briar  wood  and  similar  wood  unmanufaetcred  

Paving  posts,  railroad  tires,  telephone,  trolley  and  telegraph  polos 
House  or  cabinet  furniture,  and  manufactures  of  wood  or  bark, 
n.s.p.f  

Schedule  E  —  Sugar,  Molasses  and  Manufactures  of: 
Sugars  and  syrups  of  cane  juice  

Sugar  cane  in  its  natural  state,  or  unmanufactured  

Molasses,  not  above  40  degrees  

4c.  Ib. 
l.^c.  Ib. 
50  p.c.  ad  val. 

$1.85  Ib.  to  82.50 
Ib. 
55c.  Ib. 
$4.50   Ib.    and    25 
p.c.  ad  val. 

Glucose  or  grape  sugar  

Sugar  candy,  valued  more  than  loc  per  pound,  and  chewing  gum. 
Schedule  F  —  Tobacco  and  Manufactures  of: 
Tobacco,  wrapper,  filler,  leaf       ...                                        

Snuff 

Schedule  G  —  Agricultural  Products  and  Provisions: 

.'iOc.  bushel 
45c.  bushel 
Ic.  Ib. 
lac.  bushel 
2c.  Ib. 
l^c.  Ib. 
Gc.  Ib. 
Oc.  Ib. 
$4  ton 
20c.  gal. 
IGe.  Ib. 
25e.  bushel 
25c.  bushel 
lo.  Ib. 
25c.  bushel 
2c.  Ib. 
Ic.  Ib. 
SS  per  1,000 
Ic.  Ib. 
Free  list 

Graduated  rate 
Graduated  rate 

$2.60  gal. 
S9.60  per  doz. 
45c.  gal. 
$1.85  per  doz. 
45c.  gal. 
30c.  doz. 

2J^c.  Ib.  to28c.  Ib. 
Gc.lb.  to  67c.  Ib. 

Barley  malt,  (bushel  of  34  pounds 

Oatmeal  and  rolled  oats  

Oats,  bushel  

Rice,  cleaned  

Butter  and  substitutes  

Hay  .                           

Honey  

Hops  .                               

Seeds,  flax  seed,  linseed  and  other  oil  seeds,  n.s.p.f   

Seeds,  castor  

Fish,  except  shell  fish,  packed  in  oil  or  in  oil  and  other  substances  . 
Fruits,  apples,  peaches,  quinces,  cherries,  plums  and  pears  

Nuts  of  all  kinds,  shelled  or  unshelled,  n.s.p.f  

Chocolate  and  cocoa  unsweetened,   prepared  or  manufactured, 
n.s.p.f  

Chocolate  and  cocoa,  sweetened,  prepared  or  manufactured,  val- 
ued at  20c.  per  pound  or  less  

Schedule  H  —  Spirits,  Wines  and  Other  Beverages: 
Brandy  and  other  spirits  manufactured  or  distilled  from  grain  or 
other  materials,  n.s  p.f  

Wines,  still,  in  casks,  vermuth  and  similar  beverages  

Schedule  I  —  Cotton  Manufactures: 
Cotton  thread,  uncolored,  according  to  numbers  

Tariff  of  1913       Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 

TABLE  OP    LEADING   ARTICLES    IMPORTED   INTO   THE    UNITED   STATES — Continued 


RATES  OF  ] 

DUTY  UNDER 

ARTICLES 

Law  of  1909 

New  Law  of  1913 

Cotton  cloth   uncolored,  according  to  numbers  

Ic.  sq.  yard  to  8c. 

7^2  to  27^  p  c  ad 

sq.  yard 
Graduated  rate 

val. 
10   to  30  p  c    ad 

Cotton  handkerchiefs  or  mufflers,  hemmed  or  hemstitched,  n.s.p.f. 
Cotton  clothing,  ready  made  

4J^c.  sq.  yard  and 
10  p.c.  ad  val. 
50  p.c.  ad  val. 
70c.  doz.  to  $2  doz. 

val. 
30  p.c.  ad  val. 

30  p.c.  ad  val 
$1.20    doz.     paira 

Cotton  shirts,  drawers,  and  all  underwear,  n.s.p.f  

and    15   p.c.   ad 
val. 
60c.    doz    and    15 

arid  30  to  50  p.c. 
ad  val. 
30  p.c.  ad  val. 

p.e.   ad   val.   to 
$2.25    doz.    and 
35  p.c.  ad  val. 
9c.  sq.  yard  and  25 

40  p.c.  ad  val 

p.c.   ad   val.   to 
12c.     sq.     yard 
and   25  p.c.   ad 
val. 
CO  p.c.  ad  val. 

35  to  45  p.c.  ad  val. 

Schedule  J  —  Flax,  Hemp  and  Jute  and  Manufactures  of: 
Flax  hamp  or  ramie  single  yarns,  finer  than  80  lea  or  number  

35  p.c.  ad  val. 

10  p.c.  ad  val. 

Schedule  K  —  Wool  and  Manufactures  of: 

Cloths,  knit  fabrics,  felts  not  woven  and  all  manufactures  of  every 

Blankets,  n.s.p.f.,  arid  flannels  

Graduated  rate 

25  to  30  p.c.  ad  val. 

Clothing,  ready  made  and  wearing  apparel  of  every  description, 

44c  lb  and  GO  p  c 

ad  val. 

Plushes,  velvets  and  all  other  pile  fabrics,  cut  or  uncut  

40  p.c.  ad  val. 

45      c  a    val 

Schedule  L  —  Silk  and  Silk  Goods: 

20c    lb    to  35  p  c 

Silk,  wearing  apparel  
Silk,  yarns,  threads    

60  p.c.  ad  val. 
45c   lb    to  60c   lb 

ad  val. 
50  p.c.  ad  val. 

Silk   all  manufactures  of,  n.s.p.f  

val. 

Schedule  M  —  Papers  and  Books: 
Printing  paper,  other  than  paper  commercially  known  as  hand- 
made or  machine  hand-made,  valued  above  2^c.  per  lb.,  n.s.p.f. 

Books,  of  all  kinds,  bound  or  unbound  pamphlets,  engravings, 

3-10c.  lb.  to8-10c. 
lb. 

12  p.c.  ad  val. 

Paper,  manufactures  of,  n.s.p.f  

lOc    pack  and  20 

60  p  c   ad  vil 

Schedule.  .V  —  Sundries: 
Beads  
Brushes  

p.c.  ad  val. 
35  p.c.  ad  val. 

35  p.c.  ad  val. 

7}^c  lb 

7c   lb 

Feathers  

20   to   00   p  c.    ad 

20   to   GO   p  c     ad 

Furs,  dressed  .           ...         .... 

val. 

val. 

Furs,  wearing  apparel  

Gloves  

$1.25  doz.  to  $5.80 

doz. 

Hair,  human  

20  p.c.  ad  val. 

Musical  instruments  

45  p.c.  ad  val. 

Paintings  and  stat  imry  

15  p.c.  ad  val. 

Toys 

Umbrellas.  .  . 

50  D.C.  ad  val. 

35  n.r.  ;ul  v:il. 

Encyclopedic  Index 


Tariff  of  1913 


THE  FREE  LIST  (Subject  to  change  by  conference 

Hemp,  n.s.p.f.                      Nux  vomica. 

..,     > 

Herbs,     used    as    drugs,  Oakum. 

m        ; 

m.s.p.f.                                Oil  cake. 

Acids   (not  provided   for  Copper,   in   plates,   bars, 
in     above     list    under       ingots  or  pigs,  n.s.p.f. 

Hides.                                     Oils  not  provided  for  in 
Hones  and  whetstones.           list  under  Schedule  A. 

Schedule  A).                        and  ore. 

Hoop  iron  or  steel,  coated  Orange    juice,    peel,    not 

Aconite.                                Copperas. 

or     not     coated     with       preserved,    candied    or 

Agates,  unmanufactured.  Cork,   unmanufactured. 

paint.                                      dried. 

Agricultural  implements.  Corn. 
Albumen,  n.s.p.f.                  Corn-meal. 

Hoops,  iron  or  steel,  cut  Ore,  cobalt,  copper,  em- 
to  lengths.                              ery,    gold,    iron,    man- 

Alcohol.                                  Cotton  and  cotton  bag- 

Horns  and  parts  of.                  ganese,   manganiferous 

Ammonia,     nitrate     and       ging. 
sulphate  of.                        Cotton  gins. 

Horseshoe  nails.                        tungsten-bearing. 

Animals  brought  into  U.  Cotton  waste. 
S.    temporarily    or   for  Cottonseed  oil. 

Horseshoes.                            Paper,    printing,    n.s.p.f. 
Household  effects.                    stock,  crude. 

breeding  purposes.           Cream. 
Animals,  wild.                       Croton  oil. 

Ice.                                          Paraffin  and  paraffin  oil. 
India  rubber,  crude.            Parchment. 

Anthracite  coal.                    Curry. 

Indigo.                                      Paris  green. 

Antixins.                                 Cyanide     of     potassium 

Ingots.                                    Pearl,     mother    of,     and 

Aromatic     (not    garden)       and  soda, 
seeds.                                 Darning  needles. 
Arrowroot,  not  manufac-  Drawings, 
tured.                                  Drugs,  not  advanced. 
Arsenic.                                   Dyeing  and  tanning  ma- 
Art,  works  of.                              terials. 

Insects'  eggs.                               pearl  shells. 
Instruments,   philosophi-  Peebles,  Brazilian, 
cal  and  scientifical.         Periodicals     and     news- 
Inventions,  models  of.           papers  issued  within  0 
Iodine,     crude     and     re-       months     of      time     of 
sublimed.                               entry. 

Articles     returned     after  Dyewoods,  n.s.p.f. 
having  been  exported. 

Ipecac.                                    Personal  effects. 
Iron  Ore.                                Petroleum. 

Asbestos,         unmanufac-  Engravings,  n.s.p.f. 

Iron  or  steel  bands,  cut  Phosphates,  crude. 

fur(lfl                                   Etchings,  n.s.p.f. 

to  lengths  and  manu-  Phosphorus. 

Asphaltum.       '                     Evergreen  seedings. 

factures  of.                        Photographic,  and  mov- 

Explosive  substances. 

Iron  or  steel  billets.                 ing    picture    films    not 

Bacon.                                     Extracts,  n.s.p.f. 
Bagging  for  Cotton,  etc.  Fans,  common  palm  leaf. 
Baroed  fence  wire.              Fats. 

Iron  or  steel    nails,  rails       exposed  or  developed, 
and  scrap.                          Pigs,  copper,  iron. 
Junk,  old.                               Pipe,  cast-iron. 

Barks,  n.s.p.f.                        Fencing,  barbed  and  gal- 

Jute.                                        Plants,     fruits,     tropical 

Beans,  n.s.p.f.                            vanized  wire. 

Kerosene.                                   and   semi-tropical,    for 

Beef,  fresh.                            Ferro  Manganese. 

Kindling  wood.                         propagation  or  cultiva- 

Beeswax.                                 Fibres  and  grasses. 

Lamb.                                       tion. 

Belting  leather.                     Films,  moving  picture. 

Lambskin.                              Rapeseed. 

Benzine.                                  Firewood. 

Land  fowls.                            Rattan. 

Berries,  n.s.p.f.                      Flat  rails,  iron  or  steel. 

Lard.                                       Reapers. 

Bibles.                                     Flax. 

Laths.                                     Reeds,    unmanufactured. 

Flint,     flints     and     flint 

Leather,  boots  and  shoes,  Regalia  and  gens,  statu- 

Bismuth.                                     stones  unground. 
Bituminous  coal.                  Flocks. 

harness,     rough,     sad-       ary  and  casts  of  sculp- 
dles,  and  saddlery,  shoe       ture. 

Boneblaek.                             Flower   and  grass  seeds, 
Books  for  the  blind  and       n  s  p  f 
for      religious,      philo-  Foreign  stamps, 
sophical    scientific    or   Fossils. 

laces,      sole,      uppers,  Roots,  n.s.p.f. 
vamps.                                Rye  and  rye  flour. 
Leaves    used    as     drugs  Saddlery, 
n.s.p.f.                                 Safety  lamps. 

literary  purposes,  per-  Fowls 

Leeches.                                  Sago. 

sons   or   families   from  Fruit  plants,  for  purpose 

Lemon  and  lime  juice.       Salt. 

foreign  countries,  pro-       of  propagation  or  cul- 

Lemon     peel,     not     pre-  Saltpetre,  crude. 

fessional.                                 tivation. 

served.                                Scientific  apparatus. 

Boots.                                      Fruits  or  berries,  n.s.p.f. 

Libraries.                                Seeds,     all     flower     and 

Borax,  crude.                        Fulminates. 

Lifeboats  and  life-saving       grass,  n.s.p.f. 

Brass.                                      Furniture   of  persons   or 
Brimstone.                                 families    from    foreign 

apparatus.                         Sewing  machines. 
Linotype  machines.             Sheep. 

Briquets.                                     countries. 

Lithographic   stones    not  Shellfish  and  shells. 

Broom  corn.                          Furs,  undressed. 

engraved.                           Shingles. 

Buckwheat                             Galvanized  wire. 

Loadstones.                           Shoddy. 

Bullion,  gold  or  silver.       Gasoline. 

Logs.                                       Shoes,  leather. 

Burlaps.                                  Glass,  plates  or  disks. 

Loops,  iron.                           Silk,  raw. 

Cabinet    woods,  tinman-  Glaziers'  diamonds. 

Lubricating  oils,  n.s.p.f.      Silver,      bullion,      coins. 

ufactured.                        Gloves,  leather,  n.s.p.f. 

Lumber,    planed    or    fin-       medals,  ore,  sweepings. 

Calcium,  n.s.p.f.                   Glue,  stock. 

ished,  n.s.p.f.                     Sisal  grass. 

Camel's  hair.                         Gold,  bullion,  metals,  ore 

Machines,   for  spreading  Skins,  undressed. 

Carbolic  acid.                            and  sweepings. 

tar    and    oil    and    for  Soda,  arseniate,  ash,  cy- 

Cash  registers.                      Gold,    silver,    copper    or 

sugar     making,      lino-       anide,   nitrite,   silicate, 

Cast-iron  pipe.                          other  metal  coins. 

type,    sewing,    thrash-       sulphate. 

Cattle.                                     Grains. 

ing,  typesetting.               Sole  leather. 

Cement.                                  Granite,  n.s.p.f. 

Magnesite,  crude  or  cal-  Specimens,    botany    and 

Chalk,  crude.                        Grass  seed  and  sisal. 

cined.                                      mineralogy   and   natu- 

Charts,  n.s.p.f.                      Grasses  and  fibers. 

Maize.                                         ral  history  not  for  sale. 

Citizens  of  U.  S.  dying  in  Guano,   manures  and  all 

Manganese,     oxide     and  Spermaceti  oil. 

foreign  countries,  per-       substances    used    only 

ore  of.                                 Spikes. 

sonal  effects  of.                     in  manure. 

Manila.                                   Spirits,  turpentine. 

Clapboards.                           Gunny     bags,     old     and 

Manures.                                Sprigs,  cut. 

Coal.                                            cloth. 

Manuscripts.                         Stamps,  foreign. 

Cobalt.                                    Gunpowder. 

Maps,  n.s.p.f.                        Statuary. 

Cocoa,  n.s.p.f.                       Gutta-percha,  crude. 

Marroons.                              Thrashing  machines. 

Cocoanuts  in  the  shell.       Hair,  n.s.p.f. 

Marrow.                                 Timber. 

Cocoons,  silk.                        Hams. 

Marshallow.                          Tin,  except  plates. 

Cod  liver  oil.                         Handle  bolts. 

Meal,  corn.                            Tobacco  stems. 

Coffee.                                     Hand  sewing  needles. 

Meats.                                     Trophies. 

Coins,    gold,    silver    and  Harness,  saddles  and  sad- 

Medals  of  gold,  silver  or  Turpentine. 

copper,                                    dlery,  or  parts  thereof. 

copper.                                Twine. 

Composition      metal,  Harvesters. 

Metalcomposition,  n.s.p.f.  Type,  old. 

n.s.p.f  .                                Hemlock  bark,  extract  of. 

Nut  oil.                                   Typesetting  machines. 

Tariff  of  1913       Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


THE  FKEE  LIST— Continued 

Typewriters.  Whale  oil,  n.s.p.f. 

Vaccine  virus.  Wheat,  n.s.p.f. 

Veal.  Whetstones. 

Vegetable  substances.         Wild  animals. 
Vellum.  Wire,   barbed  fence,  gal- 

Verdigris,  vanized,  nails,  staples. 

Vitrol,  blue.  Wood,  n.s.p.f. 

Wagons  and  carts.  Wood  alcohol. 

Waste.  Wood  pulp. 

Waterfowls.  Wool,  n.s.p.f. 

Wax,  n.s.p.f.  Works  of  art. 

Wearing     apparel.     (See  Wrought  and  cast  iron. 

below.)  Wrought    iron    or    steel 

Weeds  and  wood  used  as       nails,  n.s.p.f. 

drugs,  n.s.p.f.  Yarn,  Angora  goat  hair, 

Whalebone,    unmanufac-       alpaca  hair,  etc.,  waste. 

tured. 

California  ;  W.  S.  Ctilbortson,  of  Kansas ; 
and  Daniel  C.  Kopcr,  of  South  Carolina. 
(See  Tariff.) 

Tariff  Commission,  4636,  4722,  4831. 
Tariff  of— 

1816  referred  to,  760. 

1842  discussed   and  referred  to,  2254 
2301,  2349,  2402,  2497. 

1846  discussed  and  referred  to,  2402, 
2497,  3051. 

1890,  discussed,  5556,  5626. 

1894,   discussed,  5984,   5998. 

1909,  discussed,  7618,  7625,  7631. 
Tariff  of  1913. — Shortly  after  his  inaugura- 
tion in  1013,  President  Wilson  called  Con- 
gress together  in  extra  session,  and  in  his 
opening  address  (page  7S71 )  pointed  out 
the  duty  laid  upon  the  party  by  the  recent 
elections,  which  had  given  the  Democrats 
control  of  both  branches  of  Congress  and 
the  Executive.  The  preceding  tariff  law 
was  accordingly  passed. 

Tarrateen  Indians.  (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Tawakaro  Indians.  (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Tax,  Income.     (See  Income  Tax.) 
Tax,    Inheritance.        (See    Inheritance 

Tax.) 

Tax,  Poll.  (See  Poll  Tax.) 
Taxation. — The  exaction  of  money  from 
the  individual  for  the  use  of  the  state  is 
a  function  of  all  forms  of  government.  The 
generally  accepted  theory  of  taxation  in 
America  is  that  money  to  be  used  In  the 
service  of  all  the  citizens  of  the  state  is 
iustly  raised  by  taxation;  that  a  tax  which 
does  not  bear  equally  upon  all  or  which, 
bearing  equally  upon  all,  is  used  only  for 
the  benefit  of  a  few  is  unjust.  The  direc- 
tion taken  by  all  efforts  at  tax  reform  is 
toward  self-annexation — i.  p.,  the  commu- 
nity as  a  whole  to  decide  what  is  required 
of  "each  individual  for  the  public  expense. 
Out  of  this  principle  grew  the  doctrine  that 
no  tax  can  be  levied  save  by  the  repre- 
sentatives of  the  people  who  must  pay  it. 
It  was  in  defense  of  this  principle  that  the 
American  colonists  objected  to  the  stamp  tax 
imposed  by  Parliament  and  raised  the  claim 
that  "taxation  without  representation"  is 
tyranny.  The  tax  levied  by  a  conquering 
nation  upon  a  vanquished  foe  is  tribute. 
Direct  taxation  is  authorized  by  the  Con- 
stitution in  proportion  to  the  population. 

The  first  direct  tax  was  for  $2,000,000, 
and  was  levied  pro  ruta  upon  the  sixteen 
states  existing  in  1798.  Others  have  since 
been  levied,  notably  that  of  1801,  when 
$20.000.000  was  levied  in  this  manner  for 
prosecuting  the  war.  Three-fourths  of  this 


amount  was  by  act  of  March  2,  1891,  re- 
funded to  the  states.  C  ngress  is  forbid- 
den by  the  Constitution  to  lay  any  tax 
or  duty  on  exports  (page  20).  States  are 
forbidden  to  lay  duties  on  either  exports 
or  imports,  but  may  resort  to  direct  taxa- 
tion. Until  the  Civil  War  the  federal  gov- 
ernment relied  chiefly  upon  duties  upon 
imports  for  its  revenue,  but  since  that  time 
an  internal-revenue  tax  has  been  collected. 
Income  taxes  have  become  established  and 
inheritance  taxes  have  been  recommended. 
State  taxation  is  direct  and  is  assessed 
upon  real  and  personal  property,  upon  privi- 
leges, and  upon  individuals  or  polls.  Be- 
fore 1800  most  of  the  states  passed  laws 
to  regulate  taxation.  All  except  Delaware 
levied  a  tax  on  land,  and  nine  of  the  origi- 
nal thirteen  states  collected  a  poll  tax. 
The  systems  of  county,  state,  and  munici- 
pal taxation  are  numerous  and  constantly 
changing.  According  to  the  contention  of 
those  who  favor  the  single-tax  theory, 
taxation  should  be  solely  upon  land  values, 
exclusive  of  improvements.  (See  Ineome 
Tax;  Inheritance  Tax;  Internal  Revenue; 
Single  Tax;  Tariff.) 

Taxation  (see  also  Import  Duties) : 
Balance  due  from  collectors,  620. 
By    States    upon    the    franchises    of 
street  railway  and  similar  corpora- 
tions, 7422. 

Consular  reports  on,  5201. 
Direct,  discussed,  265,  268. 
Forms  of,  discussed,  7422. 
Income    and    inheritance    tax    recom- 
mended, 7423,   7463. 
Increase  in,  5549. 

Recommended,  134,  4247. 
Internal-revenue  stamps,  referred  to, 

3903. 

Joint  resolution  to  correct  clerical  er- 
rors in  internal-revenue  act,  vetoed, 
3471. 

On  capital  and  deposits  of  banks,  re- 
peal of,  recommended,  4636. 
Reduction  in,  4765. 

Recommended.     4102,     4422,     4636, 

4721,  4831,  5474. 

Repeal  of  laws  regarding,  recom- 
mended, 316,  589. 

Well-digested  system  of,  recom- 
mended, 514. 

Taxes,  Direct.— Section  8  of  Article  T  of 
the  Constitution  authorizes  Congress  to  lay 
and  collect  taxes.  During  the  history  of 
the  Government  it  has  not  been  deemed 
necessary  to  lay  direct  taxes  but  five  times 
—in  1798,  1813,  1815,  1810,  and  1802. 
The  last  time  was  during  the  Civil  Wnr, 
when  a  direct  tax  of  $20,000,000  was  lev- 
ied, to  be  proportionately  assessed  against 
all  lots  of  ground  with  their  improvements 
and  dwelling  houses.  The  operation  of  the 
act  was  suspended  July  1,  1872,  and  by 
an  act  of  March  2.  1891.  $ir>,ooo,0()0  of 
tills  amount  was  refunded  to  the  states 
The  earlier  direct  taxes  were  levied  on 
houses,  lands,  and  slaves.  (See  also  In- 
come Tax;  Inheritance  Tax.) 

Taylor,   Zachary. — March    5,    1849-July 
9,  1850. 

Sixteenth  Administration— Whig. 
Vicc-Pratident — Millard  Fill  more. 
Kccrrtari/   of  Xtatr — 
John    M.   Clayton. 


Taylor 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Secretary  of  the  Treasury — 

William  M.   Meredith. 
Secretary  of  War — 

George  W.  Crawford. 
Secretary  of  the  Sa\-y — 

William  B.  Preston. 
Secretary  of  the  Interior — 

Thomas    Kwlng. 
Postmaster-General — 

Jacob   Collamer. 
Attorney -General — 

Revcrdy    Johnson. 

Taylor  was  elected  by  the  Whig  party, 
Nov.  7,  1S48.  He  was  nominated  at  the 
Whig  National  Convention  at  Philadelphia, 
June  7  and  8,  1848.  Clay  was  the  next 
most  popular  candidate  for  nomination. 

flat  fur  m. — The  platform  endorsed  Gen- 
eral Taylor's  candidacy,  proclaimed  Wash- 
ington's administration  as  the  model,  sup- 
ported the  Mexican  War,  and  solicited  the 
support  of  the  Whig  party. 

Opposition.— Tbc  Free-Soil  Convention,  or 
Barnburners,  and  the  Abolitionists  support- 
ed Van  Huron.  At  the  Free-Soil  Convention 
at  Buffalo,  Aug.  9  and  10,  Van  Buren  was 
formally  nominated  on  a  platform  main- 
taining the  rights  of  free  labor  against  the 
slave  power  and  the  securing  of  a  free  soil 
for  a  free  people,  proposing  no  Federal  in- 
terference with  slavery,  citing  the  Jefferson 
proviso  of  1800  against  the  extension  of 
slavery,  advocating  t'he  prohibition  of  slav- 
ery in  all  new  territory,  demanding  freedom 
in  Oregon,  cheap  postage,  and  government 
retrenchment,  supporting  internal  improve- 
ments, recommending  free  grants  of  land 
to  settlers,  and  advising  rapid  payment  of 
the  public  debt.  The  Democratic  National 
Convention  at  Baltimore,  May  22-20,  1848, 
nominated  Lewis  Cass  on  a  platform  which 
included  the  platforms  of  1840  and  3844, 
endorsed  and  justified  the  Mexican  War.  ex- 
pressed sympathy  with  the  republicans  of 
France,  denounced  monopolies  and  exclusive 
legislation,  and  heartily  endorsed  the  pol- 
icies of  Polk. 

Vote. — -The  popular  vote  cast  by  thirty 
States  gave  Taylor,  1.360,601  :  Cass.  1,220,- 
544 ;  and  Van  Buren,  291,263.  The  elec- 
toral vote,  counted  on  Feb.  14,  1849,  gave 
Taylor  163  and  Cass  127. 

Party  Affiliation. — Taylor's  continuous 
service  in  the  army  of  the  United  States 
left  him  entirely  free  from  party  or  sec- 
tional attachments.  When  his  name  was 
brought  forward  for  nomination  at  the 
Whig  convention,  several  resolutions  were 
offered  seeking  to  bind  Taylor  to  the  sup- 
port of  such  Whig  policies  as  the  non-ex- 
tension of  slave  territory,  no  more  foreign 
acquisition  by  conquest,  the  protection  of 
American  industries,  and  opposition  to  the 
usurpation  of  authority  by  the  Executive. 
But  these  resolutions  were  ruled  out  of  or- 
der. Tpon  all  of  these  questions,  and  upon 
Whig  policies  generally,  Taylor  had  never 
distinctly  declared  himself.  lie  was  the 
only  man  available  who  could  heal  the 
breach  in  the  party  and  unite  all  the  dis- 
cordant elements  with  possible  hope  of  suc- 
cess. Although  the  Whigs  had  opposed  the 
Mexican  War  with  vehemence,  they  never- 
theless chose  as  their  candidate  a  man  who 
had  played  the  most  Important  part  In  the 
prosecution  of  the  war. 

1'nlitiriil  Complexion  of  ConrjrexH. — Tn  the 
Thirty  first  Congress  (1819-1851),  the  Sen- 
ate, of  62  members.  \v;is  composed  of  35 
1  lemur-rats,  25  Whigs,  rind  2  Free-Soil:  and 
Hit1  House,  of  227  members,  was  made  up 
of  116  Democrats  anil  111  Whigs.  In  the 
Thirty-second  Congress  (1851-1X53).  Ihe 
Sena 1 1'.  of  62  members,  was  composed  of 
36  Democrats,  i>3  Whigs,  and  3  Free-Soil; 
and  the  House,  of  233  members,  was  marie 
up  of  140  Democrats,  88  Whigs,  and  5 
Free-Soil. 


Foreign  Policy.— The  ratification  of  the 
Clayton-Bulwer  Treaty  (see  Great  Britain, 
Treaties  with)  took  place  during  the  admin- 
istration of  President  Taylor.  The  question 
of  the  Panama  railway,  upon  which  it  bore, 
was  referred  to  in  President  Taylor's  First 
Annual  Message  (page  2555)  and  again  in 
the  massage  (page  2580)  presenting  the 
Clayton-Bulwer  Treaty  to  the  Senate  for 
ratification.  In  expressing  his  reasons  for 
the  conclusion  of  this  treaty,  he  says : 
"At  the  time  negotiations  were  opened  with 
Nicaragua  for  the  construction  of  a  canal 
through  'her  territory  I  found  Great  Britain 
in  possession  of  nearly  half  of  Central 
America,  as  the  ally  and  protector  of  the 
Mosquito  king." 

Finances. — The  public  debt  on  July  1, 
1849,  amounted  to  $63,061.858.69.  In 
speaking  of  the  increase,  President  Taylor 
said  (page  2555)  :  "The  extraordinary  eis- 
penses  of  the  Mexican  \\-.\r  and  the'  pur- 
chase of  California  and  New  Mexico  exceed 
in  amount  this  deficit,  together  with  the 
loans  heretofore  made  for  these  objects.  I 
therefore  recommend  that  authority  be 
given  to  borrow  whatever  sum  may  be  nec- 
essary to  cover  that  deficit.  I  recommend 
the  observance  of  strict  economy  in  the 
appropriation  and  expenditure  of  public- 
money."  He  leaves  the  matter  of  the  sub- 
treasury  system  to  the  wisdom  of  Congress, 
and  adds  :  "If  continued,  important  modifi- 
cations of  it  appear  to  be  indispensable." 

Tariff. — In  his  First  Annual  Message 
(page  °i56)  President  Taylor  advocated  a 
revision  of  the  tariff  so  as  to  increase  the 
revenue.  He  said  :  "I  do  not  doubt  the 
right  or  duty  of  Congress  to  encourage  home 
industry,  whic'h  is  the  great  source  of  na- 
tional as  well  as  individual  wealth  and 
prosperity.  I  look  to  the  wisdom  and  pa- 
triotism of  Congress  for  the  adoption  of  a 
system  which  may  place  home  labor  at  last 
on  a  sure  and  permanent  footing  and  by 
due  encouragement  of  manufactures  give  a 
new  and  increased  stimulus  to  agriculture 
and  promote  the  development  of  our  vast 
resources  and  the  extension  of  our  com- 
merce." He  strongly  recommends  the  plac- 
ing of  specific  duties  instead  of  ad  rnlore.w, 
and  suggested  the  fixing  of  duties  high 
enough  "to  afford  substantial  and  sufficient 
encouragement  to  our  own  industry  and  at 
the  same  time  so  adjusted  as  to  insure  sta- 
bility." 
Taylor,  Zachary: 

Admission  of  California  and  New 
Mexico  into  Union,  discussed  bv, 
2557,  2564. 

Annual  message  Of,  2547. 
Biographical  sketch  of,  2541. 
Commander    of    American    forces    in 

war  with  Mexico,  2291. 
Assignment     of    command     to,     re- 
ferred   to,    2299. 

Brevet  rank  of  major-general   con- 
ferred upon,  referred  to,  2299. 
Correspondence    with,    referred    to, 

2369,   2415,   241,8. 

Dispatches  from,  regarding  battles 
of    Palo    Alto   ami    Kesaca   de    la 
Palma,  2295,  2.'5()(). 
Compensation     paid     to.    by    Covern- 

ment,  referred  to,  2456. 
Death  of— 

Announcement    of,     to     Vice-Presi- 
dent and  reply,  25S9. 
Announcements   of,    nml    honors    to 
be  paid  memory   of,  25S9. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Tennessee 


Communication     to     Senate     from 

Vice-President,  2500. 
Funeral  arrangements,  2594. 
Referred  to,  2613. 
Remains  of,  removal  of,  referred  to, 

2611. 
Resolutions  of — 

Congress  on,  to  be  transmitted  to 

Taylor,  2598. 

House  and  Senate  on,  2593. 
Special  message  regarding,  2600. 
Exequatur  issued  consul  of  Spain  re- 
voked by,  2588. 
Finances  discussed  by,  2555. 
Foreign    polify    discussed    by,    2548, 

2555. 

Inaugural  address  of,  2542. 
Mentioned,  681,  2174. 
Neutrality  laws  observed  by,  2548. 
Portrait  of,  2540. 
Proclamations  of — 

Exequatur  issued  consul  of  Spain, 

revoked,   2588. 

Military    expedition    against    prov- 
inces of  Mexico,  2545. 
Ports  of  delivery  constituted,  2588. 
Remains  of,  removal  of,  referred  to, 

2611. 

Signature  of,  2566. 
State    of    the    Union,    discussed    by, 

2547. 
Subtreasury     system,     discussed     by, 

2556. 

Tariff  discussed  by,  2556. 
Veto    power   of   President,    discussed 

by,   2561. 
Tea: 

Duties   on — 

Recommended  by  President — 
Grant,  4303. 
Hayes,  4422,  4511. 
Polk,   3047,  3086. 
Repeal  of,  recommended,  4061. 
Growth  and  culture  of,  recommended, 

4578. 
Tehuantepec,   Isthmus  of,    transit   way 

across: 

Discussed  by  President — 
P>uchanan,  3117. 
Cleveland,  4912,  4956. 
Fillmore.  2617,  2656,  2702. 
Pierce,  2766,  2901. 
Polk,  2388. 
Taylor,  2554,  2580. 

Measures  for  protection  of  American 
citizens    and    property    in.    recom- 
mended,  3048,  3069,   3100.' 
Referred  to,   2693,   3018. 
Treaty  regarding,  with — 

Great    Britain,    25SO,    2617,     2903, 

2943,  3117. 
Mexico,  2642,  2656. 

Ratification  of,  opposed  by  Pres- 
ident Pierce,  2766. 
Rejection     of,     by    Mexico,     dis- 
cussed, 2702. 


Telegraph: 

Illustration  of  first,  2929. 

Outrages  committed  on,  J695. 
Telegraph  Lines  (see  also  Atlantic  Tel- 
egraph;   International    Ocean    Tel- 
egraph) : 

Contract  for  use  of,  by  Post-Office  De- 
partment recommended,  5562,  5634. 

Government   control   of,  discussed  by 

President — 
Arthur,    4728,    4769. 
Grant,  4104,   4152,   4204. 
Harrison,  iVnj.,  5562,  5634. 

Inclusion  in  postal  system  opposed, 
8]  12. 

Military  possession  of,  taken  by 
United  States,  3309. 

Operation  of,  discussed,  4297. 

Pacific  telegraph,  referred  to,  3329, 
3382,  3445. 

Proposed  overland,  between  America 
and  Europe,  discussed,  3445. 

Union  of  Postal  system  and,  dis- 
cussed. (See  Government  Control 
of,  ante.) 

(See    illustration    opposite 


(See  Hours  of  La- 


Telephone. 

4422. 
Ten-Hour  System. 

bor.) 

Tender. — The  offer  to  a  creditor  of  any 
kind  of  money  which  the  law  defines  as 
legal.  (See  Legal  Tender  Cases.) 
Tennessee. — One  of  the  southern  group  of 
states.  Nicknames  :  "The  Volunteer  State"  ; 
"The  Big  Bear  State"  :  motto :  "Agricul- 
ture ;  Commerce."  It  lies  between  lat.  35° 
and  3G°  35'  north  and  long.  81°  .37'  and 
90°  15'  west.  Tennessee  is  bounded  on 
the  north  by  Kentucky  and  Virginia,  on 
the  east  and  southeast  by  North  Carolina 
(separated  by  the  Groat  Smoky  and  Bald 
ranges  of  the  Alleghanies ) .  on  the  south 
by  Georgia,  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  and 
on  the  west  by  Arkansas  and  Missouri  (sep- 
arated by  the  Mississippi  River  i.  The  aVea 
is  42. (122  square  miles.  The  eastern  portion 
of  the  state  is  mountainous,  while  the 
extreme  western  part,  bordering  on  The 
Mississippi  River,  consists  of  a  tint  alluvial 
plain,  where  vegetation  grows  with  almost 
tropical  luxuriance.  Between  these  two  ex- 
tremes are  the  valley  of  the  Tennessee  in 
its  southern  course,  an  important  agricul- 
tural region,  and  the  Cumberland  Plateau, 
a  table-land  with  an  elevation  of  2.000 
foot.  Extending  from  this  plateau  to  the 
Tennessee  River  in  its  northern  course 
through  the  state  lies  the  great  central 
basin,  sometimes  called  the  Garden  of  the 
State.  West  of  the  Tennessee  Valley  rises 
another  fertile  plateau  before  the  descent 
to  the  lowlands  of  the  Mississippi.  The 
leading  productions  are  corn,  wheat,  cotton, 
and  live  stock.  Tennessee  produces  some 
of  the  finest  tobacco  grown  in  the  United 
States.  Manufactures  of  cotton  goods  and 
iron  have  grown  up  since  the  Civil  War. 
The  capital,  Nashville,  is  one  of  the  great- 
est educational  centers  in  the  South. 

The  first  permanent  settlement  was  made 
in  1769  at  Wautauga  by  immigrants  from 
North  Carolina.  When  North  Carolina  pro- 
posed to  cede  this  territory  to  the  G"iicral 
Government  these  settlers  objected  and  or- 
ganized a  state  under  the  name  of  Fraukliu 


Tennessee 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


(q.  v.).  This  government  was  overthrown 
and  a  Territory  was  organized  in  1790. 
The  state  was  admitted  to  the  Union  June 
1,  1796.  In  January,  1861,  a  proposal  to 
secede  from  the  Union  was  defeated  by  pop- 
ular vote,  but  carried  in  the  election  of 
June  8  of  the  same  year.  The  state  was 
the  scene  of  some  of  the  fiercest  battles 
of  the  Civil  War,  including  those  of  Island 
No.  10,  Nashville,  Lookout  Mountain,  Mur- 
freesboro.  Fort  Donelson.  Shiloh,  Mission- 
ary Ridge,  etc.  It  was  readmitted  into  the 
Union  in  186C. 

Statistics  of  agriculture  collected  for  the 
last  Federal  census  place  the  number  of 
farms  in  the  State  at  246,012,  comprising 
20,041,657  acres,  valued,  with  stock  and 
improvements,  at  $612,520,836.  The  aver- 
age value  of  land  per  acre  was  $18.53 
against  $9.93  in  1900.  The  value  of  domes- 
tic animals,  poultry,  etc.,  was  $110.706.078, 
including  996,529  cattle,  valued  at  $20,- 
690,718  :  349,709  horses,  $39.320.044  ;  275,- 
855  mules,  $35,100.810:  1.387.938  swine, 
$7.329.622 :  795.033  sheep.  $3,009.196 ; 
poultry,  $3.757,337.  The  yield  and  value 
of  field  crops  in  1911  was :  corn,  3,400,- 
000  acres,  91.120,000  bushels,  $55,583,- 
000;  wheat,  720,000  acres,  8,280,000  bush- 
els. $7,949,000 :  oats.  315,000  acres.  6,142,- 
000  bushels,  $3,071,000  ;  rye,  19,000  acres. 
226,000  busheis,  $224,000;  potatoes,  38,- 
000  acres,  1,558,000  bushels,  $1,683,000 ; 
hay,  400,000  acres.  400,000  tons.  $6.680.- 
000  ;  tobacco,  77,000  acres,  62.370,000 
pounds,  $5,301,450,  and  cotton,  420,000 
bales.  The  State  is  a  large  producer  of 
copper,  the  output  of  1910  being  16.691.777 
pounds.  The  coal  output  was  7,121,380 
short  tons. 

The  coal  fields  of  the  State  have  an 
extent  of  4.400  square  miles. 

The  number  of  manufacturing  establish- 
ments in  Tennessee  having  an  annual  out- 
put valued  at  more  than  $."00  at  the  begin- 
ning of  1915  was  4.775.  The  amount  of  cap- 
ital invested  was  $211.423.000,  giving  em- 
ployment to  88.514  persons,  using  material 
valued  at  $123.430,000,  and  turning  out  fin- 
ished goods  worth  $212.071,000.  Salaries 
and  wages  paid  amounted  to  $44,910,000. 

Tennessee  (see  also  Confederate  States; 
Memphis) : 

Amendment  to  Federal  Convention, 
ratification  of,  referred  to,  249. 

Commanding  officers  in,  instructions 
to,  as  to  conduct  of  war,  3476. 

East  Tennessee  Relief  Association. 
Address  regarding  relief  for  people 
in  eastern  section  of,  3405. 

Home  of  Andrew  Jackson  tendered 
Government  by,  2654. 

Insurrection  in,  declared  suppressed 
by  proclamation,  3515. 

Joint  resolutio7i  restoring,  to  Union, 
approved  and  discussed,  3593. 

Major-General  Jackson  conducts  oper- 
ations against  Indian  allies  of 
Great  Britain,  533. 

Murders  committed  by  Indians  in, 
62G9. 

Ratification  of  amendment  to  Federal 
Constitution  by,  referred  to,  2-10. 

Relief  for  people  in  eastern  section 
of,  and  address  of  East  Tennessee 
Relief  Association  regarding,  dis- 
cussed, 3405. 


Volunteers  of — 

Expenses  incurred  by,  recommenda- 
tion that  Government  pay  the, 
1454,  1474. 

Number  of,  in  Indian  wars,  greater 
than  her  proportion  in  general 
apportionment,  1453. 
Operation  of,  under  Maj.-Gen.  Jack- 
son against  Indian  allies  of  Great 
Britain,  533. 

Recommendation  that  Government 
pay  expenses  incurred  by,  1454, 
1474. 

Tennesse  Bond  Cases.— A  series  of  seven- 
teen cases  decided  by  the  United  States 
Supreme  Court  in  1885.  In  1852  the  Ten- 
nessee legislature  passed  an  act  making  cer- 
tain railroad  bonds  a  statutory  lien  upon 
the  property  on  which  they  were  issued. 
Holders  of  state  bonds  afterwards  brought 
suit  to  establish  their  lien  upon  the  prop- 
erty in  question.  The  Supreme  Court  held 
that  the  lien  was  created  for  the  benefit 
of  the  state  and  not  of  the  holders  of  state 
bonds  issued  under  that  act. 
Tennessee  Centennial.— An  exposition  held 
in  Nashville,  Tenu.,  from  May  1  to  Oct. 
30,  1897,  to  celebrate  the  one  hundredth 
anniversary  of  the  admission  of  the  state 
into  the  Union.  The  site  covered  about  200 
acres  and  a  notable  feature  was  a  lawn 
of  bluegrass,  a  characteristic  of  the  region. 
There  were  more  than  one  hundred  build- 
ings, containing  exhibits  of  art,  education, 
and  progress  in  the  various  industries,  as 
well  as  forms  of  amusement.  The  total 
attendance  was  1,786,714.  The  total  re- 
ceipts were  $1.101,285,  and  the  disburse- 
ments $1,101,246. 

Tennessee  River: 

Canal  from  the  Altamaha  to,  referred 
to,   1027. 

Survey  of,  referred  to,  1128. 
Tenure-of-Office  Act.— Under  the  terms  of 
the  Constitution  the  power  of  making  ap- 
pointments is  vested  in  the  President,  to 
be  exercised  with  the  advice  and  consent 
of  the  Senate.  In  the  course  of  his  dis- 
putes with  Congress,  President  .Johnson  was 
charged  with  a  corrupt  use  of  the  power 
of  appointment  and  removal,  and  on  the 
tirst  day  of  the  second  session  of  the  Thir- 
ty-ninth Congress  a  bill  was  introduced  "to 
regulate  the  tenure  of  certain  civil  ollices." 
It  was  passed  over  the  President's  veto 
March  2,  1867,  and  was  repealed  in  1887. 
This  act  provided  that,  with  cert :i in  ex- 
ceptions, every  ollicer  appointed  with  the 
concurrence  of  the  Senate  should  ret.-iin  his 
office  until  a  successor  should  be  in  like 
manner  appointed.  Johnson  was  impeached 
for  violating  the  act  in  1X68  with  regard 
to  Secretary-of-War  Stantou. 
Tenure-of-Office  Act: 

Discussed    by    President — 
Cleveland,  4965. 
Johnson,  3767. 

Interpretation  of,  referred  to,  ,">721. 

Repeal   of,   recommended,  3871,   3992, 
4557. 

Vetoed,  3690. 

Tenure  of  Office  in  Civil  Service,  8135. 
Terceira,      claims      of      United      States 

against      Portugal      arising      out      of 

blockade   of,   109S,   111;!,    ]LM3. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Texas 


Territorial  Expansion: 

Annexation   discussed.     (Sec   Alaska; 
California;  Cuba;  Florida;  Gadsden 
Purchase;  Hawaiian  Islands;  Loui- 
siana Purchase;  New  Mexico;  Phil- 
ippine    Islands;     Porto     Rico;     St. 
John    Island;    St.    Thomas    Island; 
Santo  Domingo;  Texas;  Yucatan.) 
Foreign    policy    discussed    by    Presi- 
dent— 

Adams,  John,  228. 
Adams,  J.  Q.,  862,  868,  884,  895,  903, 

922,  950. 
Buchanan,  2966,  2998,  3037,  3041, 

3066,  3089,  3092,  3173,  3177. 
Cleveland,  4912,  5867,  5871,  5873, 
5892,  5955,  5963,  6064,  6068,  6087, 
6148. 

Fillmore,  2614,  2656,  2701,  2715. 
Grant,  3985,  4006,  4015,  4018,  4050, 
4053,  4082,  4101,  4143,  4176,  4192, 
4245,  4290,  4365. 
Harrison,  Benj.,  5445,  5618,  5750, 

5783. 

Harrison,  W.  H.,  1873. 
Hayes,  4418,  4420. 
Jackson,  1159,  1222,  1324,  1370, 

1378,  1456,  1484,  1500. 
Jefferson,  311,  346,  349. 
Johnson,  3564,  3581,  3777,  3886, 

3888. 

Lincoln,  3248,  3255,  3327,  3444. 
McKinley,  6248,  6280,  6295,  6307. 
Madison,  452,  473. 
Monroe,  573,  582,  624,  627,  639,  672, 

685,  762,  787,  791,  817,  829. 
Pierce,  2731,  27-15.  2807.  2864,  2904. 
Polk,  2229,  2236,   2248,   2276,  2322, 
2337,  2361,  2386,  2431,  2437,  2444, 
2480. 

Taylor,  2548,  2555. 
Tyler,  1890,  2049,  2064,  2160,  2169, 

"2m,    2176,    2190,    2193,    2206. 
Van  Buren,  1590,  1702,  1748,  1819. 
Washington,  120,  213. 

Territories. — At  thp  close  of  the  Revolu- 
tionary War  several  of  the  states  had  claims 
to  extensive  tracts  of  land  beyond  their 
western  borders.  Tho  claim  was  set  up 
that  these  territories  belonged  to  the  United 
States,  as  having  been  won  by  all  in  com- 
mon. Between  1781  and  1S02  all  these 
outlying  tracts  passed  by  acts  of  cession 
under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  United  States. 
Subsequent  additions  have  been  made  by 
purchase  or  treaty.  (See  Alaska.  Califor- 
nia, Florida,  Gadsden  Purchase,  Louisiana 
Purchase,  Oregon,  Texas,  etc.)  The  Con- 
tinental Congress  resolved  that  the  western 
territory  to  be  ceded  to  the  United  States 
"shall  be  settled  and  formed  into  distinct 
republican  states,  which  shall  become  mem- 
bers of  the  Federal  Union  and  have  the 
same  rights  of  sovereignty,  freedom,  and 
independence  as  .the  other  states."  The 
Northwest  Territory  was  organized  in  1-787, 
the  Southwest  in  1700.  The  Federal  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia  is  governed  directly  by 
Congress,  throuuh  a  commission.  An  or- 
ganized territory  has  a  governor,  appointed 
by  the  President,  by  and  with  the  advice 
and  consent  of  the  Senate,  for  four  years, 


and  a  legislature  composed  of  a  council 
and  a  house  of  representatives  chosen  every 
two  years  by  the  people.  A  delegate  to 
Congress,  who  may  speak  but  not  vote,  Is 
elected  by  the  people  for  two  years.  Ter- 
ritorial legislation  is  subject  to  Congres- 
sional control.  Territorial  courts  are  pro- 
vided for,  tl'.'>  judges  of  which  are  appoint- 
ed by  the  President  for  four  years,  and 
confirmed  by  the  Senate,  and  over  which 
the  United  States  Supreme  Court  has  ap- 
pellate jurisdiction.  Alaska  has  a  form  of 
government  similar  to  that  originally  pro- 
vided for  organized  territories,  but  has  no 
legislature.  The  only  remaining  territories 
are  Alaska,  District  of  Columbia  and  Ha- 
waii, of  which  Alaska  and  Hawaii  are  ad- 
ministered by  the  Interior  Department.  In 
Alaska,  the  Government  is  planning  exten- 
sive railroad  construction  under  its  own 
management.  The  Interior  Department  reg- 
ulates and  patrols  the  fisheries  (including 
the  seal  hatcheries)  of  Alaska,  conducts  two 
salmon  hatcheries,  supervises  the  reindeer 
industry,  and  conducts  Government  agricul- 
tural and  mine  experimental  stations.  (See 
Hawaii,  Alaska,  District  of  Columbia,  Inte- 
rior Department.) 

Territories  (see  also  the  several  Terri- 
tories) : 

Act  to  pay  moneys  collected  under 
direct  tax  of  1861  to  States,  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia,  and,  vetoed,  5422. 
Admission  of,  into  Union,  discussed 
and  recommendations  regarding, 
3033,  3086. 

Affairs  in,   discussed   by   President — 
Grant,  4157. 
Harrison,  Benj.,  5640. 
Courts  of,  appeals  from,  to  Supreme 
Court,  recommendations  regarding, 
4939. 

Distribution  of  arms,  ordnance,  stores, 
etc.,  to   District  of   Columbia   and, 
regulations  regarding,  5159,  5462. 
Judges   in,   authority   of,   as   Federal 

Judges  referred  to,  2268. 
Mineral  resources  of,  discussed,  3330. 
Miners  in,  act  for  protection  of,  dis- 
cussed,   and    recommendations    re- 
garding, 5563. 

Northwest  of  Ohio  referred  to,  142,183. 
Officers  in,  absence  of,  referred  to  and 

orders  regarding,  3720,  4095. 
Power  of  legislatures  of,  to  authorize 
corporations  to  issue  bonds  referred 
to,  1757. 

Roads  within,  power  to  construct,  dis- 
cussed, 2749. 

Slavery  in,  discussed.    (See  Slavery.) 
South  of  Ohio- 
Admission  to  Union  sought  by,  1S9. 
Referred  to,    183. 
Supreme     Court     decision     regarding 

slavery  in.     (See  Slavery.) 
Transfer    of    affairs    of,    from    State 
Department  to  Interior  Department 
recommended,  4060,  4145. 
Teton  Indians.     (See  Indian  TriV.es.) 
Texan  War.     (See  Wars,  Foreign.) 
Texas. — The   largest    of   the   United    States; 
nickname.   "The   Lone    Star   State."      It   lies 
between    lat.    25°    51'    and    30°    30'    north 


Texas 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


and  long.  93°  27'  and  106°  40'  west.  It 
is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Oklahoma,  on 
the  northeast  by  Arkansas,  on  the  east  by 
Arkansas  and  Louisiana,  on  the  south  aud 
southeast  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  on  the 
south  and  southwest  by  Mexico,  and  on  the 
west  by  New  Mexico.  It  has  an  area  of 
265.800  square  miles.  It  consists  of  a  low 
coast  region  in  the  southeast,  west  of  this 
a  prairie  country,  a  hilly  region,  elevated 
plains  to  the  north  and  west,  and  a  moun- 
tainous country  west  of  the  1'ecos  River. 
It  is  an  important  agricultural  state,  the 
lending  products  being  cotton,  corn,  live 
stock,  sugar  and  rice.  The  manufacture  of 
lumber  and  timber  products,  cotton  seed 
oil  and  grist  and  flour  mill  products  are 
the  chief  industries.  The  discovery  aud 
development  of  the  oil  fields  has  added  to 
the  wealth  and  population  of  the  State. 

La  Salle  made  a  landing  at  Matagorda 
Bay  and  built  a  fort  in  1685.  By  the 
treaty  of  1819-1821  with  Spain  the  United 
States  surrendered  her  claim  that  Texas 
was  included  in  the  Louisiana  Purchase. 
Meanwhile  Mexico  had  declared  her  inde- 
pendence of  Spain,  and  Texas  with  Coa- 
huila  formed  a  state  of  the  Mexican  Re- 
public. Texas  seceded  from  Mexico, 
proclaiming  her  independence  March  2, 
1836.  After  the  defeat  of  the  Mexican 
forces  under  Santa  Anna,  by  General  Hous- 
ton in  the  battle  of  San  Jacinto,  April  21, 
1830,  the  Republic  of  Texas  was  recognized 
by  England,  France,  Belgium  and  the  United 
States.  Annexation  was  accomplished  by  a 
joint  resolution  of  Congress  Dec.  29,  1845. 

The  dispute  over  the  Western  boundary 
led  to  the  Mexican  War.  On  March  25. 
1850.  Texas  ceded  to  the  United  States  all 
claims  to  territory  outside  her  present  lim- 
its, receiving  therefor  §10,000,000.  An  or- 
dinance of  secession  was  passed  Feb.  1, 
1861.  The  State  was  readmitted  to  the 
Union  March  30,  1870. 

In  the  eastern  part  of  the  state  are 
valuable  yellow-pine  forests,  and  there  are 
oyster  and  other  fisheries  on  the  coast. 

Statistics  of  agriculture  collected  for  the 
last  Federal  census,  place  the  number  of 
farms  in  the  state  at  417,770,  comprising 
II 2. 43"), 067  acres,  valued,  with  stock  and 
improvements,  at  $2. 21  7,645,164.  The  aver- 
age value  of  farm  land  was  $14.53  per  acre 
against  $4.70  in  1900.  The  value  of  do- 
mestic animals,  poultry,  etc.,  was  $318,646,- 
509.  including  6.934.586  cattle,  valued  at 
$182,985.879;  1.170,068  horses,  $84,024,- 
635  ;  675.558  mules,  S73.979.145  :  2.336.363 
swine.  $11.639,366:  1.808.709  sheep,  $6,301.- 
364  ;  poultry,  $4,806,642.  The  yield  and 
value  of  field  crops  for  1911  was:  Corn, 
7.300.000  acres,  69.350.000  bushels.  $55.- 
4XO.OOO  :  wheat.  700,000  acres,  6,580,000 
bushels.  .S6.580.000  ;  oats.  737,000  acres. 
18.499.000  bushels,  $9,989.000;  rye.  2,000 
acres.  2O.OOO  bushels,  $21,000:  rice.  238.300 
acres,  X.  174. 000  bushels.  $6.539.000:  pota- 
toes. 50.0(i(i  acres.  2.850.000  bushels,  $3,- 
591.000;  hay.  606,000  acres,  606,000  tons. 
$7.211.000:  tobacco,  300  acres,  195.000 
pounds.  $39.000,  and  cotton.  4,280.000  bales. 
Texas  ranks  first  among  the  states  in  the 
production  of  cotton.  Petroleum  to  the 
extent  of  about  9.000.000  barrels  was  pro- 
duced in  1911,  showing  a  gradual  decrease 
In  the  last  few  years.  The  coal  mined  was 
1.M92.176  short  Ions,  valued  ;it  $3.160.965. 
The  number  of  manufacturing  establish- 
ments in  Texas  having  an  annual  output 
valued  at  $500  or  more  at  the  beginning  of 
I!M5  \v;is  ."i.OSl.  The  amount  of  capital 
invested  was  *'_'X3.5  I  4.000,  giving  employ- 
ment to  Mj.lll  persons,  using  material 
valued  nt  $25.".,O90,OOi»  ami  turning  out  fin- 
ished goods  worth  $361  .L!79,OOO.  Salaries 
and  wages  paid  amounted  to  $59,179,000. 


Texas  (see  also  Confederate  States): 
Acquisition  of,  iiot  attempted  by  con- 
quest, 2337. 
Act — 

Authorizing  special  seed  distribu- 
tion in  drought-stricken  counties 
in,  vetoed,  5142. 

To  constitute  new  division  of  judi- 
cial district  of,  etc.,  vetoed,  (US.!. 
Admission  of,  into  Union — 

Constitution  adoption  by.  2236 
2266. 

Discussed.  (See  Annexation  of, 
post.} 

Foreign  interference  discussed. 
2237. 

Withdrawal  of  application  for,  re- 
ferred to,  1705. 
Annexation  of,  to  United  States — 

Correspondence  regarding,  referred 
to,  2167,  2168. 

Desired  by,  1456,  1487. 

Discussed  by  President — 
Polk,  2229,  2236,  2320,  2337. 
Tyler,     2160,     2169,    2171,     2176, 
2193,  2206. 

Information  regarding,  desired  by 
Senate,  refused,  2232. 

Not  an  offense  to  Mexico,  2329. 

Protest  of  Mexico  against,  referred 
to,  2238. 

Question  of,  presented  to  people  of, 

2196,  2337. 

Immediate    annexation    favored, 

2197,  2337. 

Eef  erred  to,   1587,  169:;,   2210, 

2483. 

Terms  of,  accepted   by.  2236,  2337. 
Annexation      treaty       with      United 

States— 
•  Consent  of  Mexico  to,  not  required, 

2171,  2177,  2195. 
Debts  of,  to  be  assumed  by  General 

Government,  2197. 
Discussed    and    referred    to,    2160, 

2169,   2171,    2176,    2193,   2206. 
Opposition      to,      discussed,      2171, 

2176. 

Ratification  of,  regarded  by  Mexico 
as  a  declaration  of  war  by  United 
States,  2170. 
Referred  to,  2175,  2194. 
Rejection  of,  by  Senate,  discussed, 

2176. 

Transmitted,   2160. 

Armistice    between    Mexico    and,    re- 
ferred to,  2172. 

Army  of   United    States   sent   to  pro- 
tect,   territory    of,     from     invasion, 
2238,  2261. 
P.oumlary     dispute     regarding     Green 

County.     (Sec   Greer   Coinily.) 
Boundary    line   of,   2166. 
Boundary     line     of,     with     Louisiana, 
960. 


Encyclopedic  Indc.v 


Texas 


Boundary  line  of,  with  New  Mexico, 
2566,  2568,  2586,  2587,  260],  2609, 
2628. 

Proposition  of  United  States  re- 
garding establishment  of,  ac- 
cepted, 2630. 

Proclamation  regarding,  2643. 
Views    of    President    Fillmore    on 

settlement  of,  2603,  2630. 
Boundary     line     of     United     States 

with — 
Appropriation      for      expenses      of 

marking,  recommended,  2839. 
Convention    regarding,    1684,    1705, 

1706,  1750,   1822. 
Commissioners    appointed    under, 

1750,  1822,  1932. 
Final  decision  of,  1944. 
Demarcation  of,  referred  to,   1957, 

2003. 
Proposition    for    establishment    of, 

accepted  by,  2630. 
Proclamation  regarding,  2643. 
Referred  to,  4790. 

Brazos    Santiago,    commerce    of,    re- 
ferred to,  2610. 

Civil  and  political  condition  of,  dis- 
cussed, 1484. 

Referred  to,  1449/1457,  1496. 
Civil  authority  of  Mexico  in,  expelled, 

1487. 
Claims    of,     against    United     States, 

2198,  2251. 
Payment    of,    in    stock,    discussed, 

2661. 

Claims  of,  to  portion  of  New  Mexico, 
discussed.     (See  Boundary  line   of, 
with  New  Mexico,  ante.) 
Claims  of  United  States  against,  con- 
vention for  adjustment  of,  1686. 
Commercial  relations  with,  1964. 

Treaty  regarding,  2030. 
Constitution    of,    ratification    of,    re- 
ferred to,  2236. 

Letter  regarding,  referred  to,  2266. 
Correspondence — 

Regarding  title  to,   2173. 
With  Mexico,  regarding,  2014. 
Debts  of— 

Referred  to,  2210. 

To   be   assumed   by   United   States, 

2197. 
Defense  and  improvement  of  coast  of, 

referred  to,  2304. 
Diplomatic    agents   of,  uecredited    to 

United  States,  2175. 
Disorders   on   frontier    of.     (See   Rio 

Grande  River.) 
Frontiers  of,  increase  of  cavalry  force 

on,  referred  to,  4372. 
Government  established  in,  1487. 
Governor  of,  letter  of,  regarding  ex- 
tension of  civil  jurisdiction,  dis- 
cussed, 2603. 
Referred  to,  2609. 


Independence  of — 

Acknowledgment      of,      by      Santa 

Anna,  referred  to,  2330. 
Conditional    agreement    of    Mexico 
to   acknowledge,  discussed,  2239. 
Discussed  by  President — 
Jackson,  1484. 

Referred  to   by  President  Mc- 

Kinley,  6287. 
Polk,  2330. 
Tyler,  2]] 3. 

Recognized  by  United  States,  1500. 
Indians  in — 

Assignment  of  lands  to,  recommend- 
ed, 2710. 

Colonization  of,  referred  to,  2833. 
Insurrection    in,   termination  of,   pro- 
claimed, 3632. 

Correction  of  date  in,  by  proclama- 
tion, 3747. 
Invasion    of    United    States    frontier 

by  armed  force   from,    1726. 
Judicial  authority  of,  interference  of 
military    forces   with,    referred    to, 
2568,  2585. 
Mexico  threatens  to  renew  war  with, 

discussed,   2194,   2206. 
Military  aid  to  be   furnished   to,   by 

United  States,  referred  to,  2174. 
Military  force  on  frontier  of,  referred 

to,  2173,  4424. 

Minister  of  United  States  to — 
Nomination  of,  1501. 
Referred  to,  2175. 
Principles  of  civil  liberty  destined  to 

flourish  in,  3280. 

Prisoners  rescued  from  jail  in  Starr 
County  by  Mexicans,  referred  to, 
4408. 

Provisional    governor   for,    appointed 
and    restoration    of,    into    Union, 
discussed,   3519. 
Referred  to,  4000. 
Reconstruction  of — 
Referred  to,  4000. 
Time    for    submitting    constitution 

to  voters,  proclaimed,  3971. 
Referred  to,  3983. 
Relations  with,  1943,  2014,  21 G3. 
Treaties  of,   with   France   and   Great 
Britain,    referred     to,     2210,    2212, 
2297. 

Treaty  with,  2030,  21GO,  2168. 
War  with  Mexico.      (See  Wars,  For- 
eign.) 

Texas,  Department  of,  neutrality  laws 
of  United  States  and  Mexico  violated 
in,  and  action  of  United  States,  dis- 
cussed, 5877. 
Texas    Fever   among    cattle,    discussed, 

5887,  5957. 
Texas  vs.  White  et  al.— A  case  before  the 

Supremo  Court  of  the  United  States  in 
which  the  acts  of  secession  of  the  Southern 
States  were  declared  void  and  the  rights 


Texas 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


of  ti  State  of  the  Union  hold  to  be  unim- 
paired by  the  acts  of  a  revolutionary  gov- 
ernment within  the  State. 

In  1851  the  United  States  issued  to  the 
State  of  Texas  5,000  coupon  bonds  for 
$1,000  each,  payable  to  the  State  of  Texas 
or  bearer,  with  interest  at  5  per  cent 
semi-annually,  in  settlement  of  certain 
boundary  claims.  Some  of  these  bonds 
were  seized  by  the  officers  of  the  State  gov- 
ernment during  the  Civil  War  aiid  sold  to 
White  &  Chiles  and  others  of  New  York. 
The  bonds  were  payable  only  when  in- 
dorsed by  the  governor.  The  State  con- 
vi'iiiion  in  1806  passed  an  ordinance  look- 
ing to  the  recovery  of  these  bonds.  An 
act  passed  iu  October  of  that  year  author- 
ized the  governor  to  proceed  in  his  discre- 
tion to  carry  out  this  intention.  The  agent 
appointed  by  the  executive  procured  the 
filing  of  a  bill  the  same  year  asking  for  an 
injunction  and  the  recovery  of  the  bonds 
in  question.  The  case  came  before  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  at 
the  December  term,  18G8,  on  the  original 
bill.  The  injunction  was  granted  on  the 
general  ground  that  the  action  of  a  revo- 
lutionary State  government  did  not  affect 
the  right  of  Texas  as  a  State  of  the  Union 
having  a  government  acknowledging  her 
obligations  to  the  Federal  Constitution. 
The  court  pronounced  the  act  of  secession 
void.  Chief  Justice  Chase  rendering  the 
opinion.  Justice  Grier  dissented  on  all 
the  points  raised  and  decided.  Justices 
Swayue  and  Miller  concurred  in  dissent- 
ing on  the  capacity  of  The  State  of  Texas, 
"in  her  present  condition,"  to  waive  on 
an  original  suit.  On  the  merits  of  the 
case  they  united  with  the  majority. 

Further  hearing  was  accorded  to  certain 
parties,  and  both  complainant  and  de- 
fendants were  granted  liberty  in  the  de- 
cree to  apply  for  further  directions  in  its 
execution.  In  one  place  in  the  court's  opin- 
ion the  Chief  Justice  said  it  was  a  his- 
torical fact  that  in  18<!2  the  government 
of  Texas  in  control  was  its  only  actual 
government,  its  acts  in  almost  all  respects 
valid,  though  unlawful  and  revolutionary 
as  to  the  United  States.  December,  18(>!», 
the  additional  part  of  this  celebrated  case, 
known  in  the  reports  as  Texas  vn.  Harden- 
berg,  arose,  the  Chief  Justice  deciding  for 
the  court  that  upon  the  whole  case  the  de- 
cree must  be  for  the  complainant  as  to  the 
bonds  claimed  by  Hnrdcuberg. 

Further  decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court 
on  additional  portions  of  the  o-ase  are  as 
follows,  briefly  :  December,  1870.  /«  re 
Paschal,  Justice  Bradley  delivering  the 
court's  judgment,  it  was'  ordered  that  the 
motion  to  compel  George  W.  Paschal  to 
pay  to  the  clerk  of  (he  court  the  money 
received  by  him  be  denied.  An  order  was 
granted  to  discharge  him  as  solicitor  and 
counsel  for  the  complainant  in  the  second 
case.  October,  1874,  In  re  Chiles,  Justice 
Miller  rendering  the  court's  opinion,  Jus- 
tices Field  and  Hunt  dissenting,  it  was 
ordered  (hat  Chiles  pay  a  line  of  $250 
and  the  costs  of  the  proceeding  and  stand 
committed  to  the  marshal's  custody  until 
the  same  be  paid.  This  was  for  contempt 
in  disobeying  the  court's  decree. 

Textiles  and  Glass,  report  on  cost  of 
producing  in  United  States  and  Eu- 
rope transmitted,  5674. 
Thames  (Canada),  Battle  of.— After  Per- 
ry's victory  over  the  British  fleet  on  Lake 
Krie,  Gen.  Harrison  completed  his  prepara- 
tions for  the  invasion  <>(  Canada.  Sept.  21, 
18K5.  the  embarkation  of  the  army  on 
Perry's  transports  began.  On  the  after- 
noon of  the  27th  the  Army  of  the  North- 


west, consisting  of  5,000  men.  under  the 
immediate  command  of  Gen.  Harrison  and 
Gen.  Shelby,  governor  of  Kentucky,  landed 
at  Amherstburg  (Maiden),  but  found  that 
Proctor's  army,  about  800  regulars  and 
1,200  Indians,  had  fled  inland.  Harrison 
started  in  hot  pursuit.  In  response  to  the 
repeated  demands  of  Tecumseh  the  British 
made  a  stand  about  eight  miles  north  of 
the  river  Thames.  Here  they  were  at- 
tacked on  Oct.  5  by  about  3,000  Americans. 
A  short  but  decisive  battle  took  place,  in 
which  the  British  and  Indians  were  com- 
pletely routed  and  Chief  Tecumseh  was 
killed.  The  precise  number  of  casualties 
in  this  battle  is  not  known.  The  Ameri- 
can loss  was  probably  about  15  killed  and 
twice  that  number  wounded.  The  Britisl 
lost  about  18  killed,  26  wounded,  and  6(M 
taken  prisoners,  of  whom  25  were  officers 
Proctor  made  his  escape.  Thirty-thret 
dead  Indians  were  found  upon  the  tield 
after  the  battle.  (See  the  illustration  op- 
posite 569.) 

Thanks  of  Congress: 

Tender  of,  recommended  to — 
Alden,  James,  3277. 
Bailey,  Theodorus,  3277. 
Baldwin,  Charles  H.,  3277. 
Bell,  Henry  H.,  3277. 
Boggs,  Charles  S.,  3277. 
Breese,   K.   Eandolph,   3277. 
Caldwell,  Charles  H.  B.,  3277. 
Craven,  Thomas  T.,  3277. 
Crosby,  Pierce,  3277. 
Cushing,  William  B.,  3457. 
Dahlgren,  John  A.,  3284. 
Davis,  Charles  H.,  3284. 
De  Camp,  John,  3277. 
Dewey,  George,  etc.,  6207. 
Donaldson,  Edward,  3277. 
Du  Pont,  Samuel  F.,  3265,  3271. 
Farragut,  David  G.,  3276. 
,       Foote,  Andrew  H.,  3283. 

Goldsborough,  Louis  M.,  3266. 
Guest,  John,  3277. 
Harrell,  Abram,  3277. 
Harrison,   Napoleon,   3277. 
Hobson,  Eichmond  P.,  6306. 
Lardner,   James  L.,  3284. 
Lee,  Samuel  P.,  3277. 
Morris,  George  U.,  3345. 
Morris,  Henry,  3277. 
Newcomb,  Frank  H.,  etc.,  6302. 
Nichols,  Edward  F.,  3277. 
Porter,  David  D.,  3277,  3284,  3352. 
Proble,  George  H.,  3277. 
Queen,  Walter  W.,  3277. 
Kansom,   George   M.,  3277. 
"Renshaw,  William  B.,  3277. 
Kodgers,  John,  3392. 
Eowan,  Stephen  C.,  32S4. 
Eussell,  John  II.,  3277. 
Smith,  Albert  N.,  3277. 
Smith,   Melancton,   3277. 
Smith,    Watson,    3277. 
Stringham,  Silas  IT.,  3284. 
Swartwout,  Samuel,  3277. 
Wainwriglit,   Jonathan   M.,   3277. 
Wainwriplit,  Kichanl,  3277. 
Winslow,  John  A.,  3457. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Tippecanoe 


Woodworth,  Selim  E.,  3277. 
Worden,  John  L.,  3344. 
Tendered  to — 

Uewey,  George,  etc.,  6298. 

Reply    of,    6302. 
Grant,   Ulysses  S.,  3432. 
Lyon,  Nathaniel,  etc.,  3300. 
Thanks  of  President: 
Tendered  to — 

Burnside,  Ambrose  E.,  3305. 
Canby,   Edward  K.   S.,  3440. 
Dewey,  George,  etc.,  6568,  6579. 

Referred   to,   6297. 
Farragut,  David   G.,  3440. 
Foote,  Andrew  II.,  3305. 
Goldsborough,  Louis   M.,  3305. 
Granger,    Gordon,   3440. 
Grant,  Ulysses  S.,  3305. 
Merritt,  Wesley,  etc.,  6579. 
Militia   of — 
Illinois,   3442. 
Indiana,  3442. 
Iowa,  3442. 
Ohio,  3440. 
Wisconsin,   3442. 
Sampson,  William  T.,  etc.,  6573. 
Shafter,  William  K.,etc.,  6574,  6577. 
Sherman,  William  T.,  3439. 
Wool,   John    E.,    3313. 
Worden,  John  L.,  3313. 
Thanksgiving   Proclamations   of   Presi- 
dent— 

Adams,  John,  258,  274. 
Arthur,  4623,  4710,  4746,  4812. 
Cleveland,    4895,     5076,    5156,     5328,. 

5865,  5943,  6025,  6127. 
Grant,   3972,   4046,   4092,   4132,    4182, 

4231,  4279,  4346,  4351. 
Harrison,  Benj.,  5454,  5536,  5597,  5736. 
Hayes,  4409,  4442,  4500,  4551. 
Johnson,   3530,   3636,   3748,  3858. 
Lincoln,  3290,  3371,  3373,  3429. 
McKinley,   6470,  6491,  6518,  6544. 
Madison,  498,  517,  543,  545. 
Roosevelt,     6640,     6698,     6782,     6889, 

6964,  6969. 

Taft,  7392,  7491,  7764. 
Washington,  56,  171. 
Wilson,  7902,  8012,  8088. 
Thetis,  The.  (See  Schley,  Winfield  S.) 
Third  Assistant  Postmaster-General. 
(See  Assistant  Postmasters-General.) 
Third  Assistant  Secretary  of  State, 
State  Department. — This  office  was  cre- 
ated in  1875,  and  at  the  present  time  car- 
ries with  it  an  annual  salary  of  $4,500. 
The  third  assistant  secretary  of  state  is 
appointed  by  the  President,  by  and  with 
the  consent  of  the  Senate.  Together  with 
the  assistant  secretary  of  state,  lie  is  in 
charge  of  the  diplomatic  appointments  ;  and 
in  addition  has  charge  of  the  Western  Euro- 
pean Division  (q.  v.)  and  the  Near  Eastern 
Division  (q.  v.)  of  the  Department.  lie 
attends  also  to  the  Departments'  represen- 
tation in  International  Conferences  and  to 
the  ceremonial  part  of  the  diplomatic  serv- 
ice. He  is  also  in  charge  of  the  Bureau 


of  Rolls  and  of  tlie  Library  of  the  Depart- 
ment. (See  State  Department.) 
Three-Cent  Piece. — A  small  silver  coin  au- 
thorized by  Congress  in  1851.  It  was  coined 
from  1831  to  1873,  inclusive,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  year  1857.  Its  weight  was 
originally  12,375  grains,  but  in  185:5  this 
was  reduced  to  11.52  grains.  The  three-cent 
coin  was  legal  tender  to  the  amount  of 
thirty  cents.  March  .'5,  1865,  Congress  au- 
thorized another  three-cent  piece,  to  be 
made  of  nn  alloy  of  copper  and  nickel 
'With  the  exception  of  the  year  1877,  this 
piece  was  coined  continuously  till  18'JO.  Its 
weight  was  thirty  grains. 
Three-Dollar  Piece.— A  gold  coin  of  the 
United  States,  authorized  In  1853.  Its  coin- 
age was  begun  the  next  year  and  continued 
till  1KOO.  The  weight  of  the  coin  was  77.4 
grains,  and  it  was  legal  tender  to  an  un- 
limited amount. 

Ticonderoga    (N.   Y.),   Capture   of.— AI 

soon  as  the  events  of  Lexington  and  Con- 
cord became  known  it  was  decided  by  tho 
Americans  to  seize  the  British  fort  a" 
Ticonderoga,  at  the  junction  of  Lakes 
George  and  Champlain.  The  place  was 
garrisoned  by  44  men  under  ('apt.  Dela- 
place.  On  the  night  of  May  10,  1775. 
Col.  Ethan  Allen,  with  other  officers  and 
~70  Green  Mountain  boys,  gained  an  en- 
trance to  the  fort  and  Allen  demanded  its 
surrender,  as  traditionally  reported,  "in  the 
name  of  the  Great  Jehovah  and  the  Con- 
tinental Congress."  Finding  resistance 
useless,  Delaplace  surrendered  the  garri- 
son and  1120  cannon,  with  muskets,  ball, 
and  powder.  The  surprise  was  so  com- 
plete that  not  a  man  was  lost. 

Ticonderoga,  The,  cruise  of,  4693. 
Tigre,    Island    of    seizure    and    occupa- 
tion   of,    bv    Great    Britain    referred 
to,  2570,  2601. 

Timber-Culture  Act.— An  net  passed  by 
Congress  March  3,  1873,  for  the  promo- 
tion of  forestry.  It  granted  to  settlers 
160  acres  of  treeless  land  on  condition  that 
they  plant  and  cultivate  a  certain  number 
of  forest  trees. 

Timber-Culture  Act: 

Act    respecting    repeal    of,    returned, 

6182. 
Repeal  of,  recommended,  4770,  4837, 

5107. 

Timber  Lands.     (See  Lands,  Public.) 
Time,    Regulation    of.      (See    Interna- 
tional Meridian  Conference.) 
TippSCanoe. — A    nick-name    given    to    Wil- 
liam   Henry    Harrison    on    account    of    his. 
victory  at  the  Battle  of  Tippecanoe.      (See 
Tippecanoe,   Battle  of.) 

Tippecanoe  and  Tyler  too.  —  The  cam- 
paign cry  used  prior  to  the  election  of  Har- 
rison and  Tyler  in  1840.  arising  from  Har- 
rison's success  at  the  Rattle  of  Tippecanoe. 
(See  Tippecanoe,  Battle  of.) 
Tippecanoe,  Battle  of  (Nov.  7,  ism.— 
In  1806,  Tecumseh,  chief  of  the  Shawnee 
Indians,  and  his  brother  Klkswataua, 
called  the  Prophet,  formed  a  plan  for  a 
great  confederacy  of  all  the  western  and 
southern  Indians  against  the  whites.  Their 
doctrine  was  opposed  to  tribal  rights,  and 
they  claimed  that  no  part  of  the  territory 
could  be  sold  by  any  tribe  to  the  whites 
without  the  consent  of  all  the  Indians. 


Tippecanoe 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


William  Henry  Harrison,  who  had  been 
on  the  staff  of  General  Anthony  Wayne 
at  the  battle  of  Muumec  Rapids,  and  Sec- 
retary to  General  Arthur  St.  Clair,  Gov- 
ernor of  the  Northwest  Territory,  was  ap- 
pointed in  1801,  Governor  of  the  Indiana 
Territory,  from  which  was  later  formed  the 
States  of  Indiana,  Illinois,  Michigan  and 
Wisconsin.  By  the  close  of  1805  Harrison 
had  extinguished  Indian  titles  to  46,000 
acres  of  land  in  the  territory.  Sept.  30, 
1800,  he  concluded  a  treaty  by  which,  for 
$10.550,  he  secured  nearly  3,000,000  acres 
along  the  Wabash  and  White  Rivers.  Te- 
cmnseh  and  the  Prophet  told  the  Indians 
they  were  cheated  by  the  treaties,  and 
appealed  to  their  savage  nature  to  turn 
Kgainst  the  whites.  About  1808  Teeum- 
seh  established  his  council  fire  on  the  banks 
of  the  Tippecanoe  River  in  Tippecanoe  Coun- 
ty. Indiana,  near  the  site  of  the  present 
village  of  Rattle  Ground.  Harrison  was 
aware  of  the  hostile  feeling  among  the 
Indians  over  the  treaties  of  Vincennes 
and  Fort  Wayne,  which  he  had  negotiated, 
and  began  preparations  for  defense.  While 
building  a  stockade  on  the  site  of  the 
present  city  of  Terre  Haute,  Oct.  11,  1811, 
one  of  the  white  sentinels  was  killed  by 
an  Indian  in  ambush.  This  determined 
Harrison  to  march  against  the  camp  at 
Tippecanoe.  On  the  night  of  Nov.  0,  1811, 
he  encamped  within  a  mile  of  the  Indian 
village,  and  the  Prophet  had  agreed  to  a 
conference  on  the  following  day.  Harri- 
son's party  consisted  of  about  800,  in- 
cluding 500  Indians  and  Kentucky  militia- 
men. The  hostile  Indians  were  estimated 
by  Harrison  at  700.  They  were  under 
the  command  of  White  Loon,  Stone  Eater, 
and  Winnemac,  Tecumseh  being  then  on  a 
mission  to  the  Creeks  and  Cherokees  to 
induce  them  to  join  his  confederacy.  With- 
out waiting  for  the  promised  conference 
or  even  the  dawn  of  day,  the  savages  made 
a  furious  assault  on  Harrison's  camp, 
which  they  maintained  with  ferocious  brav- 
ery for  two  hours.  It  was  after  daylight 
when  the  last  of  the  Indians  were  driven 
from  the  field,  leaving  forty  of  their  num- 
ber dead  on  the  battleground.  The  loss  to 
the  whites  was  37  killed  and  151  wounded. 
The  entire  loss  of  the  Indians  was  never 
ascertained.  Next  day  Harrison  advanced 
to  the  town,  found  it  deserted,  destroyed 
it  and  returned  to  Vincennes.  This  disas- 
ter broke  the  power  of  Tecumseh.  (See 
illustration  opposite  457.) 

Titles.  (See  Lands,  Public.) 
Tobacco. — A  native  American  plant  of  the 
Nightshade  family  (\icotiana  tabarum),  the 
leaves  of  which  have  strong  narcotic  ef- 
fects. It  was  named  from  the  Indian 
labaco  or  pipe  in  which  the  aborigines 
smoked  the  leaves.  The  word  was  applied 
by  the  Spaniards  to  the  herb  itself.  Its 
use  was  observed  in  Santo  Domingo  in 
I4!f_'.  It  was  introduced  into  European 
countries  by  the  early  voyagers,  and  the 
Virginia  settlers  made  it  their  chief  agri- 
cultural product,  and  even  used  it  as  the 
standard  of  value.  Tobacco  was  unknown 
to  tin'  civilized  world  prior  to  the  discov- 
ery of  America.  It  is  a  sedative  and  nar- 
cn'tic.  and  Is  used  by  more  people  and 
among  mom  nations  than  uiiy  similar  suh- 
sinnee,  with  perhaps  Hie  exception  of  tea. 
After  its  introduction  Into  Krigland  in  1585, 
jiv  h;;biiii.il  use  soon  spread  over  Conti- 
iii-ntal  Knvope  and  into  Asia,  not  withstand- 
in"  the  determined  efforts  of  ecclesiastic 
ami  eivil  authorities  to  prohibit  it.  When 
tin-  period  of  persecution  had  run  its 


course,  it  was  looked  upon  as  a  medicine 
and  was  prescribed  for  all  sorts  of  human 
ailments.  Its  habitual  use  was  looked 
upon  as  a  luxury  to  be  enjoyed  only  by 
the  well-to-do.  From  1019  to  1641  prices 
in  London  ranged  from  three  pence  to  three 
shillings  per  pound.  During  the  civil  war 
in  the  United  States,  the  price  ranged  from 
twelve  cents  to  forty-five  cents  per  pound. 
Tobacco  as  a  Revenue  Producer. — Owing 
perhaps  to  its  universal  use  and  its  general 
regard  as  a  luxury,  tobacco  is  the  most 
heavilv  taxed  article  in  the  world.  In  this 
country  the  internal  revenue  tax  is  six 
cents  per  pound  for  the  manufactured  prod- 
uct. Cigars,  large,  are  taxed  $:i  per  1,000  ; 
small,  and  cigarettes,  54  cents  per  1,000. 
The  United  Kingdom  levies  a  tax  of  from 
77  cents  to  85  cents  per  pound  ;  cigars, 
$1.21  per  pound.  Norway  taxes  manufac- 
tured tobacco  22  cents  per  pound  ;  Sweden, 
12  cents  ;  Switzerland,  22  cents  ;  Germany, 
9  cents;  Holland,  14  cents;  Russia,  :'.S 
cents.  In  France,  Spain,  Italy,  Portugal, 
Austria,  Turkey,  Rumania  the  government 
monopolizes  the  trade  in  tobacco.  It  is  also 
made  the  object  of  special  excise  taxes 
from  time  to  time. 

The  production  of  tobacco  in  the  United 
States  as  reported  to  the  Department  of 
Agriculture  in  the  year  191H  was  as  fol- 
lows : 


States 

Acres 

Pounds 

Farm  Value 
Dec.  1 

New  Hampshire  .  . 
Vermont  
Massachusetts  .  .  . 
Connecticut  
New  York  
Pennsylvania  .... 
Maryland  
Virginia  
West  Virginia  .... 
North  Carolina..  . 
South  Carolina  .  .  . 

100 
100 
6,600 
20,200 
4,600 
33,100 
22,000 
175,000 
10,800 
265,000 
50,000 
1  900 

177,000 
170,000 
11,550,000 
35,754,000 
5,980,000 
47,995,000 
17,600,000 
113,750,000 
8,856,000 
172,250,000 
36,500,000 
1  900  000 

$32.(XX) 
31.000 
2,044.000 
6,614.000 
718,000 
4,080,000 
1,408,000 
10.23S.OOO 
974,000 
19,809.000 
3,540.000 
475  000 

Florida  .  .  . 

4300 

4  300000 

1  290  (XX) 

Ohio  

86,800 

78,120,000 

6  875  000 

Indiana  

13,500 

12,150.000 

1  094  (XX) 

600 

468000 

56  000 

Wisconsin  
Missouri  

45,600 
4,100 

53,808,000 
4,920,000 

5,919.000 
640  000 

Kentucky  
Tennessee  
Alabama  

400.000 
77,400 
200 

364,000,000 

63,468,000 
140,000 

30,576.000 
4,760,(XX) 
39  000 

Louisiana  
Texas  

700 
200 
700 

280,000 
116,000 
427  000 

98,000 
24.000 
77  000 

United  States.  . 

1,223,500 

1,034,679,000 

$101,411.000 

The  following  table  shows  the  produc- 
tion, consumption  and  revenue  derived  from 
other  countries  for  the  year  191,'J,  as  com- 
pared with  the  United  States: 


COUNTRIES 

Production 

Total 
Consumption 

Total 
Revenue 
(Customs  and 

Kxrisc) 

United  States 
Germany  
Russia  
France  
United  Kingdom 
Austria-Hungary 

Pounds 
95:5,734,000 
56,952.951 
233,45  1.159 
35,780,(i5H 

M59,087,904 

Prni  nds 
a.r).liO,429,(H'Kl 
271,20'i,,S!W 
202,50:f.4L'l 
11  6,364  .079 
95.9SH.52.5 
15(1.191.240 

Dollars 
Km,x79,000 
45,(l72,12.'l 
41,140.511 
104.S40.422 
86,804  340 
63,663.744 

Encyclopedic 


Topographical 


The  revenue  receipts  from  tobacco  In  the 
I 'lilted  States  in  recent  years  have  been  us 
follows  : 


FISCAL  REVENUE 

YEAK  HECKII-TH 

19015 $-18,422,997 

1907 .r>l, 81 1,070 

190S 49,802,754 

1909 51,887,178 

1910 58,118,457 


FISCAL  REVENUE 

YEAH  RECEIPTS 

1911 $67,005,951 

1912 70,590,150 

1913 70,769,42* 

1914 79,986,639 

1915 77,470,757 


The  detailed  statement,  of  manufactured 
tobacco  withdrawn  for  consumption  in 
1!)  14  follows: 

Number 
Cigars,    weighing   more   than 

:'.  Ibs.  per  thousand  ....  7,070,832.230 
Cigars,  weighing  llot  more 

than  3  Ibs.  per  thousand  1,030,793,000 
Cigarettes,  weighing  more 

than  3  Ibs.  per  thousand..  17,418,880 

Cigarettes,       weighing       not 

more  than  3  Ibs.  per  thou- 
sand         10,409,007,136 

Pounds 

Snuff    32,700,741 

Tobacco,    chewing   and    smok-     . 

ing    . 412,505,213 

Statistics  of  the  last  census  show  there 
were  in  1009,  15,822  manufacturing  es- 
tablishments engaged  in  the  tobacco  in- 
dustry. These  were  owned  and  operated 
by  17,034  proprietors  or  firm'  members, 
and  employed  197,037  salaried  employ- 
ees and  wage-earners,  and  used  a  total 
capital  of  $245,660,000.  These  estab- 
lishments converted  $177,180,000  worth  of 
raw  material  into  finished  product  valued 
at  $410,095,000.  They  paid  in  salaries  and 
wages  $80,114,000. 

Tobago,    Island    of,    duties    on    vessels 
from,     suspended     by     proclamation, 
5598,  6502. 
Toledo,     Ohio,     proclamation    granting 

privileges  of  other  ports  to,  2859. 
Toledo  War.— A  bloodless  dispute  between 
Ohio  and  Michigan  in  1835  over  the  terri- 
tory which  contained  the  city  of  Toledo. 
Just  previous  to  Michigan's  making  appli- 
cation for  admission  to  the  Union,  Ohio 
proposed  to  assume  control  of  the  disputed 
tract.  Michigan  passed  an  ordinance  mak- 
ing the  occupation  of  Toledo  by  Ohio  au- 
thorities a  penal  offense  and  appealed  to 
the  Federal  Government  to  sustain  the  ac- 
tion. The  militia  were  called  out  on  both 
sides.  When  armed  hostilities  became  im- 
minent. Michigan  was  admitted  as  a  State 
and  awarded  the  Upper  Peninsula  in  ex- 
change for  the  Toledo  tract  in  dispute. 
Toledo  War,  controversy  regarding 
boundary  between  Ohio  and  Michi- 
gan known  as,  637,  1173,  1404,  1407. 
Toll.— A  fee  collected  for  a  privilege.  This 
form  of  collecting  has  been  employed  as  a 
means  for  paying  the  cost  of  building  roads 
and  bridges,  usually  when  a  county  or  other 
corporate  body  borrows  the  money  oil  bonds 
to  pay  for  the  work  involved,  and  then 
sets  up  toll  gates,  where,  through  a  series 
of  years,  money  is  collected  from  travelers 
on  'the  road  for  the  redemption  of  the 
bonds.  Sometimes,  however,  the  build- 
ing is  done  by  private  enterprise  and  paid 
for  thereafter' with  tolls  collected,  both  for 
re-imbursement  and  for  profit.  Toll-bridges 
and  toll-roads  are  now  almost  extinct,  the 
preferred  method  being  that  of  taxation. 


Tonawanda      Indians.       (See       1 

Tribes.) 
Tonga  Islands: 

Treaty   between   Germany  and  Great 
Britain   and,  referred  to,  5121. 

Treaty  with,  5121. 

Tonga,  Treaties  with. — The  treaty  of 
amity,  commerce,  and  navigation  of  1S8<> 
provides  privileges  to  the  citizens  of  1  he 
one  country  in  that  of  the  other  equal  10 
those  of  the  most  favored  nation.  Trade 
privileges,  except  in  ihe  case  of  laborers, 
shall  in  no  case  In-  more  rest  rid  he  than 
those  granted  to  others.  Shipping  c!iargi-s 
shall  be  no  higher  than  those  paid  by  I  lie 
national  ships  in  home  ports. 

Ships-of-war  of  cither  power  shall  have 
free  access  to  any  of  tin-  ports;  and  to 
facilitate  repairs  the  trovenniient  of  Tonga 
agrees  to  sell  to  the  United  States  land  on 
the  islands  to  provide  a  coaling  or  other 
station.  Mail  steamers  from  the  United 
States  crossing  the  1'acitic  Ocean  shall  have 
full  harbor  privileges  on  payment  of  one- 
third  the  customary  shipping  charges,  so 
long  as  the  vessels  so  partaking  of  this 
privilege  shall  carrv  the  Tonga  mails  free 
of  charge.  Whaling  and  lishlng  vessels 
are  granted  large  privileges  in  (be  islands 
free  of  harbor  charges  so  long  as  they  do 
not  trade  or  barter  spirituous  liquors, 
arms,  or  ammunition  to  the  Tongas. 

No  United  States  citizen  residing  in 
Tonga  shall  be  compelled  to  do  military 
service,  or  to  pay  higher  or  other  license 
fees  than  do  the  subjects  of  Tonga.  De- 
serters are  to  be  apprehended  by  the  local 
authorities  upon  application  from  the  con- 
sul or,  when  such  is  deficient,  from  the 
master  of  the  vessel.  Consular  officers 
may  be  appointed  in  terms  customary  in 
consular  conventions.  Freedom  of  con- 
science is  extended  to  all  citizens  of  the 
United  States  in  Tonga. 

Tonkawa  Indians.  (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Tonnage  Duties.  (See  Vessels,  Foreign.) 
Topeka  Constitution. — The  enactment  of 
the  Kansas-Nebraska  bill,  which,  it:  lifts 
been  claimed,  in  effect  repealed  the  Mis- 
souri Compromise  forbidding  slavery  north 
of  30°  30',  left  the  question  of  slavery 
to  be  decided  by  the  people  of  the  terri- 
tories before  admission.  The  proslavery 
and  antislavery  advocates  at  once  beiran  a. 
struggle  for  supremacy.  Oct.  23,  lS5f>.  a 
constitutional  convention  representing  the 
anti-slavery  population  of  Kansas  met  at 
Topeka.  This  convention  adopted  the 
boundaries  set  by  the  Kansas-Nebraska 
bill,  prohibited  slavery  after  July.  15S."7, 
and  conferred  the  right  of  suffrage  on 
"white  male  citizens"  and  on  "every  civ- 
ilized male  Indian  who  has  adopted  the 
habits  of  the  white  man."  This  convention 
was  dispersed  by  Federal  troops.  The  bill 
to  admit  Kansas  into  the  Union  under 
the  provisions  of  the  Topeka  constitution 
was  introduced  in  the  House  of  Itepresen- 
tatives  by  Daniel  Mace,  of  Indiana,  April 
7,  1S56,  and  in  the  Senate  by  Lewis  Cuss. 
of  Michigan,  March  24.  The  bill  passed  the 
House,  but  failed  in  the  Senate.  *  i  See  also 
Lecoinpton  Constitution;  "\Vyaudoite  Con- 
stitution.) 

Topeka     Constitution.       (See     Kansas, 

Government  of.) 
Topographical  Corps: 

Increase  in,  873,  1474,  1607. 


Topographical      Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Internal  improvements,  operations  of, 
intrusted   to,   1776. 

Reorganization       of,      recommended, 

1388. 

Tornado,  The.    (See  Virginias,  The.) 
Torpedo  Boats.       (See  Vessels,   United 

States.) 
Torpedoes: 

Adoption    and    construction    of,    dis- 
cussed, 5759. 

Appropriation  for  trial  with,   recom- 
mended, 4304. 

Tortugas.  (See  Dry  Tortugas.) 
Tory. — The  terms  "Whig"  and  "Tory"  had 
been  In  use  in  English  politics  for  a  great 
many  years  anterior  to  the  American  Revo- 
lution. The  term  "Whig"  designated  the 
party  opposing  the  royal  prerogative  and 
who  were  generally  in  favor  of  roforins ; 
the  term  "Tory,"  the  party 'upholding  the 

Prerogative  and  adhering  to  old  institutions, 
n  our  colonial  days  the  term  "Tory"  was 
applied  to  those  who  were  adherents  of 
the  Crown,  and  the  term  "Whig"  to  the 
opponents  thereof,  and  so  the  American 
sympathizers  were  known  as  Whigs,  the 
supporters  of  England  as  Tories. 
Town. — A  word  derived  from  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  word  "tun,"  meaning  "a  place  in- 
closed." The  suffix  still  clings  to  the  names 
of  many  English  towns.  In  the  United 
States  the  word  has  a  varying  signification. 
In  Pennsylvania  it  is  applied  to  any  mu- 
nicipal government.  In  New  York,  Wiscon- 
sin, and  most  of  the  western  states  a  town 
is  a  subdivision  of  a  county,  and  is  often 
called  a  township  (q.  v.),  but  the  town  is 
not  necessarily  always  coextensive  with 
the  latter.  In  New  England  the  town  is 
the  unit  of  civil  organization,  a  county  be- 
ing simply  an  aggregation  of  towns. 

Town  Meeting. — A  peculiarly  democratic 
institution  of  New  England  and  some  of 
the  newly  formed  western  states.  It  is  a 
mooting  of  the  citizens  to  legislate  for  the 
town,  levy  taxes,  elect  the  officers,  usually 
a  town  clerk,  selectmen,  a  treasurer,  asses- 
sors, constables,  overseers  of  the  poor,  and 
school  commissioners.  In  some  of  the  states 
the  cities,  by  their  aldermen,  are  authorized 
to  transact  the  business  formerly  attended 
to  by  the  town  meeting.  That  it  still  has 
a  legal  existence  was  demonstrated  as  re- 
cently as  1881,  when  the  Labor  Reform 
Society  of  Boston  secured  a  writ  of  man- 
damus to  compel  the  city  authorities  to  call 
a  town  meeting  on  petition,  as  required  by 
Its  charter. 

Towns,   Seaport,  protection  for.      (See 

Defenses,  Public,  provision  for.) 
Townshend  Acts. — At  the  instance  of 
Charles  Townshend,  chaueollor  of  the  ex- 
chequer, two  acts  were  passed  by  the  Brit- 
ish Parliament  providing  for  the  appoint- 
ment of  commissioners  to  enforce  more 
effectually  the  laws  relating  to  taxes  in 
the  Colonies.  They  authorized  writs  of 
assistance  and  increased  the  duties  on  many 
articles  already  taxed,  besides  imposing 
others  on  glass,  paper,  colors,  and  tea.  The 
object  of  these  taxes  was  to  support  the 
civil  government  in  the  territories. 
Township. — In  the  older  T'nitod  States 
counties  are  divided,  without  reference  to 
their  inhabitants,  into  townships  varying 
in  size  from  live  to  ten  miles  square. 
When  in  180^  Col.  Mansfield  surveyed  the 


Northwest  Territory  he  divided  the  entire 
public  domaiu  into  land  districts,  made  up 
of  a  varying  number  of  tracts  each  six  miles 
square.  'Ihese  were  called  townships. 
These  townships  were  again  divided  into 
thirty-six  equal  squares,  called  sections,  of 
one  square  mile  each  and  containing  C40 
acres.  A  civil  township  may  include  more 
or  less  than  one  township  in  area. 

Toynbee     Hall.     (See      Social     Settle- 
ments.) 
Trade,  with  countries  bordering  on  the 

Pacific  discussed,  7052,  7108. 
Trade  Adviser.— The  office  of  trade  advis- 
er was  established  by  the  State  Department 
several  months  after  the  outbreak  of  the 
Great  European  War,  in  order  to  assist 
American  merchants  who  were  experiencing 
difficulties  with  shipments  of  goods  consignee! 
to  or  from  them,  because  of  embargo  and 
other  war  regulations  promulgated  by  for- 
eign governments.  The  office,  which  is 
under  the  supervision  of  the  assistant  sec- 
rotary  of  state  (q.  v.*,  later  broadened  out 
into  a  bureau  of  general  information  and 
assistance  to  American  shippers  upon  trade 
regulations  and  requirements  of  foreign  gov- 
ernments. (See  State  Department.) 
Trade  Commission.— Under  the  law  intro- 
duced by  Mr.  Covington  of  Maryland  and 
approved  Sept.  20,  1914,  the  President  is 
authorized  to  appoint  a  commission  of  five 
members,  not  more  than  throe  of  whom 
shall  be  members  of  the  same  political 
party,  to  take  the  place  of  the  Bureau  of 
Corporations  and  the  Commissioners  of 
Corporations.  Property,  records  and  em- 
ployees of  the  bureau  are  transferred  to 
the  new  Commission,  whose  duty  it  is  to 
regulate  commerce  by  preventing  persons, 
partnerships  or  corporations  (except  banks 
and  common  carriers,  regulated  by  ot hoi- 
laws),  from  using  unfair  methods  of  com- 
petition. 

Commerce  is  defined  in  the  act  as  com- 
merce in  any  territory  of  the  United  Stales 
or  in  the  District  of  Columbia  or  between 
the  States  or  Territories,  or  with  a  foreign 
nation.  A  corporation  is  defined  as  an  or- 
ganization, incorporated  or  not,  having  a 
capital  stock,  divided  into  shares  or  not, 
formed  to  carry  on  business  for  profit. 

Whenever  the  Commission  shall  have 
reason  to  believe  that  any  person,  part- 
nership or  corporation  has  been  using  un- 
fair methods  of  competition,  and  that  a 
proceeding  would  be  to  the  interest  of  the 
public,  it  shall  issue  a  complaint  and  set  a 
day  for  a  hearing.  If  found  guilty,  orders 
to  desist  from  the  specified  violation  of  the 
law  are  issued.  In  case  of  failure  of  the 
guilty  party  to  comply  with  the  law  as 
pointed  out  by  the  Commission,  the  latter 
shall  apply  to  the  Circuit  Court  of  Ap- 
peals where  the  corporation  resides  or 
where  the  competition  complained  of  takes 
place.  The  findings  of  the  Commission  as 
to  the  facts  shall  be  conclusive  and  the 
decree  of  the  court  final,  except  for  review 
by  the  Supreme  Court  upon  wertiorari.  The 
jurisdiction  of  the  Circuit  Court  of  Ap- 
peals in  regard  to  orders  of  the  Commission 
shall  be  exclusive,  and  orders  shall  be  ex- 
pedited and  given  precedence.  Processes 
of  the  Commission  may  be  served  by  per- 
sonal delivery,  registered  mail  or  left  at 
principal  place  of  business. 

The  powers  of  the  Commission  are  to  (a) 
investigate  and  gather  information  con- 
corning  business,  and  practices  of  corpora- 
tions, etc.;  (b)  require  certified  reports 
at  any  time;  (c)  report  to  the  Attorney 
General  final  decrees  entered  against  do- 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Trade-Marks 


fondant  corporations;  (<1)  Investigate  upon 
direction  of  the  President  or  either  house; 
(e)  make  recommendations  (upon  appli- 
cation of  the  Attorney  General),  for  the 
readjustment  of  the  business  of  any  cor- 
poration guilty  of  violation  of  the  anti- 
trust laws,  in  order  that  the  corporation 
may  thereafter  maintain  its  organization, 
management  and  conduct  of  business  in 
accordance  with  law;  (ft  make  public  such 
information  obtained  by  it,  except  trade 
secrets  and  names  of  customers,  as  it  shall 
deem  expedient  to  the  public  interest, 
make  reports  to  Congress  and  recommend 
additional  legislation;  (g)  classify  cor- 
porations and  make  rules  for  carrying  out 
the  provisions  of  the  law;  (h)  investigate 
trade  conditions  in  and  with  foreign  coun- 
tries where  such  may  affect  the  foreign 
trade  of  the  United  States. 

Suits  in  equity  before  the  Attorney  Gen- 
eral under  the  anti-trust  acts  may  be  re- 
ferred to  the  Commission  as  a  master  in 
chancery  to  report  an  appropriate  form 
of  decree,  and  accepted  at  the  option  of  the 
court.  All  departments  of  the  government 
are  required  to  furnish  information  relat- 
ing to  corporations.  Agents  and  mem- 
bers of  the  Commission  shall  have  access 
to  evidence,  are  empowered  to  require  at- 
tendance, administer  oaths  and  take  tes- 
timony at  any  plnce  in  the  United  States, 
with  'the  aid  and  authority,  when  neces- 
sary of  the  Federal  Courts.  No  person 
shall  be  excused  from  testifying  before 
the  Commission  on  the  ground  that  his  evi- 
dence might  tend  to  degrade  or  criminate 
him,  but  no  natural  person  shal  be  prose- 
i^ited  on  account  of  anything  to  which  hn 
may  testify,  and  no  natural  person  shall 
be  exempt  from  punishment  for  perjury  be- 
fore the  Commission.  Refusal  to  testify 
is  punishable  by  a  tine  of  from  $1,000  to 
.$.">, i  >oo.  Failure  to  file  reports  when  or- 
dered subiects  a  corporation  to  a  fine  of 
$100  for  each  day  of  neglect.  A  member 
or  employee  of  the  Commission  who  reveals 
information  imparted  officially  is  subject  to 
a  tine  of  $5.000  or  one  year  In  prison. 

The  terms  of  the  first  Commissioners  are 
to  be  three,  four,  five,  six,  and  seven 
years,  respectively,  as  designated  by  the 
President,  and  tlieir  successors  are  to  be 
appointed  for  terms  of  seven  years.  The 
salary  of  the  Commissioners  is  fixed  at 
$10.000,  and  a  Secretary  is  provided  for 
,'>t  $5.000  per  year. 

Trade  Dollar. — A  silver  coin  issued  by  the 
United  States  from  1874  to  1878.  It  was 
coined  for  use  in  trade  with  China  in  com- 
petition with  the  Spanish  and  Mexican  dol- 
lars. It  was  not  intended  for  general  cir- 
culation in  the  United  States,  though  it 
was  made  a  legal  tender  to  the  amount  of 
$5  at  the  time  of  issue.  The  legal-tender 
provision  was  repealed  in  187G.  The  weight 
of  the  trade  dollar  was  420  grains,  while 
the  standard  American  silver  dollar  weighed 
411'*  grains.  An  act  of  March  1,  1887,  au- 
thorized the  Treasurer  to  redeem  in  stand- 
ard silver  dollars  all  trade  dollars  pre- 
sented during  the  following  six  months. 
Trade  Dollars  discussed,  1399,  1463. 
Trade  of  Foreign  Powers.  (See  Com- 
merce of  Foreign  Powers.) 
Trade  Information  and  Publicity,  State 
Department. — In  1842.  Daniel  Webster, 
Secretary  of  State,  assigned  a  clerk  to  the 
task  of  arranging  and  keeping  up-to-date  all 
commercial  information  from  abroad  which 
might  be  of  service  to  the  United  States. 
In  1854.  this  work  was  organized  as  the 
Statistical  Office  of  the  Department  of 
State,  and  in  1897  the  name  was  changed 


to  the  Bureau  of  Foreign  Commerce.  When 
the  Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor  was 
organized  in  1003,  the  Bureau  of  Foreign 
Commerce  was  transferred  to  the  new  de- 
partment, and  Secretary  of  State  .John  Hay 
organized  the  Bureau  of  Trade  Information 
and  Publicity,  to  cover  activities  which 
the  Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor 
could  not  advantageously  prosecute.  The 
duties  of  the  new  bureau  were  the  super- 
vision of  trade  reports  and  correspondence 
from  American  consuls  and  diplomatic  offi- 
cers, and  also  the  publication  of  commercial 
information  of  interest.  (See  State  Depart- 
ment ;  Consuls;  Consular  Service.) 

Trade-Marks. — The  ancient  custom  among 
merchants  and  manufacturers  of  using  a 
special  device  for  marking  their  goods  or  th<: 
packages  containing  them  has  long  been 
recognized  by  the  common  law  ;  and  the 
right  to  exclusive  use  thereof  has  been 
sustained.  The  first  statute  providing  for 
the  protection  of  trade-marks  in  the 
United  States  by  registration  was  the  law 
of  1870.  As  this  law  was  not  restricted  in 
its  operation  to  trade  between  the  states 
or  with  foreign  nations,  it  was  later  held 
by  the  Supreme  Court  to  be  unconstitu- 
tional. Another  general  law  was  passed 
in  1905,  based  upon  the  commerce  clause 
of  the  Constitution  and  amended  in  19O9. 
This  law  recognizes  the  right  of  a  trader 
to  stamp  with  his  particular  mark  goods 
manufactured  by  him  or  selected  or 
packed  or  in  any  way  passing  through  his 
hands.  The  trade-mark  then  becomes  part 
of  the  good  will  of  a  trader's  business  and 
he  is  protected  against  any  use  or  in- 
fringement thereof  by  another  the  same 
as  in  any  other  property  right. 

The  existing  act  provides  that  no  trade- 
mark will  be  registered  which  consists  of 
or  comprises  immoral  or  scandalous  mat- 
ter, or  which  consists  of  or  comprises  the 
flag  or  coat  of  arms  or  other  insignia,  of 
the  United  States,  or  any  simulation  there- 
of, or  of  any  state  or  municipality,  or  of 
any  foreign  nation  or  which  consists  of  or 
comprises  any  design  or  picture  that  has 
been  adopted  by  any  fraternal  society  as 
its  emblem,  or  of  any  name,  distinguishing 
mark,  character,  emblem,  colors,  flag,  or 
banner  adopted  by  any  institution,  organ- 
ization, club,  or  society  which  was  in- 
corporated in  any  State  in  the  United 
States  prior  to  the  date  of  the  adoption 
and  use  by  the  applicant ;  Provided,  That 
said  name,  distinguishing  mark,  character, 
emblem,  colors,  flag,  or  banner  was  adopt- 
ed and  publicly  used  by  said  institution, 
organization,  club,  or  society  prior  to  the 
date  of  adoption  and  use  by  the  applicant  ; 
unless  it  shall  be  shown  to  the  satisfaction 
of  the  Commissioner  of  Patents  that  the 
mark  was  adopted  and  used  as  a  trad"- 
niark  by  the  applicant  or  applicant's  pred- 
ecessors, from  whom  title  is  derived,  at 
a  date  prior  to  the  date  of  its  adoption 
by  such  fraternal  society  as  its  emblem, 
or  which  trade-mark  is  identical  with  a 
registered  or  known  trade-mark  owned  and 
in  use  by  another,  and  appropriated  to 
merchandise  of  the  same  descriptive  prop- 
erties, or  which  so  nearly  resembles  a 
registered  or  known  trade-mark  owned  and 
in  use  by  another,  and  appropriated  to 
merchandise  of  the  same  descriptive  prop- 
erties as  to  lie  likely  to  cause  confusion 
or  mistake  in  the  minds  of  the  public,  or  to 
deceive  purchasers ;  or  which  consists 
merely  in  the  name  of  an  individual,  tirm, 
corporation,  or  association,  not  wrirteii. 
printed,  impressed,  or  woven  in  some  par- 
ticular or  distinctive -manner  or  in  asso- 
ciation with  a  portrait  of  the  individual, 
or  merely  in  words  or  devices  which  are 


Trade-Marks      Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


descriptive  of  the  goods  with  which  they 
are  used,  or  of  the  character  or  quality 
of  such  goods,  or  merely  a  geographical 
name  or  term  ;  no  portrait  of  a  living  in- 
dividual will  be  registered  as  a  trade- 
mark, except  by  the  consent  of  such  in- 
dividual evidenced  by  an  instrument  in 
writing;  and  no  trade-mark  will  be  regis- 
tered which  is  used  in  unlawful  business, 
or  upon  any  article  injurious  in  itself,  or 
which  has  been  used  with  the  design  of 
deceiving  the  public  in  the  purchase  of 
merchandise,  or  which  has  been  abandoned. 

Any  mark,  used  in  commerce  with 
foreign  nations  or  among  the  several 
states  or  with  Indian  tribes,  may  be  regis- 
tered if  it  has  been  in  actual  and  ex- 
clusive use  as  a  trade-mark  of  the  appli- 
cant, or  his  predecessors  from  whom  he 
derived  title,  for  ten  years  next  preceding 
the  passage  of  the  act  of  February  '20, 
11)05. 

The  fee  for  registration  is  $10 ;  this 
gives  exclusive  right  to  the  trade-mark  for 
twenty  years,  and  it  may  be  renewed  for 
a  like  period. 

Aliens  may  register  trade-marks  previ- 
ously registered  in  their  own  country. 

Application  for  a  trade-mark  must  be 
made  to  the  Commissioner  of  Patents,  set- 
ting forth  a  description  of  the  trade-mark 
and  a  drawing  thereof,  accompanied  by  an 
affidavit  to  the  effect  that  the  applicant 
does  not  know  of  any  other  person  who 
has  the  right  to  use  it. 

Trade-mark  Treaties  Kith  Foreign  Nations. 
— The  following  is  a  list  of  the  Govern- 
ments with  which  conventions  for  the  re- 
ciprocal registration  and  protection  of 
trade-marks  have  been  entered  into  by  the 
T'nited  States — Austria-Hungary,  Belgium, 
Denmark,  France,  Germany,  Great  Britain 
(including  colonies),  Italy,  Japan  (includ- 
ing China  and  Korea),  Luxemburg,  Mexico, 
Rumania,  Servia,  Spain.  The  laws  of 
Switzerland  and  the  Netherlands  being  so 
framed  as  to  afford  reciprocal  privileges  to 
the  citizens  or  subjects  of  any  Govern- 
ment which  affords  similar  privileges  to' 
the  people  (if  those  countries,  the  mere  ex- 
change of  diplomatic  notes,  giving  notice 
of  the  fact,  accomplishes  all  the  purposes 
of  a  formal  convention. 

Trade-Marks : 

International  convention  at  Paris  on 

subject  of,  4714. 
Treaty  regarding,  with — 
Austria-Hungary,  4114. 
Belgium,  4799,  4822. 
Brazil,  4460. 
France,  3067. 
Germany,  4114,  4142. 
Great  Britain,  4408,  4419. 
Italy,  4789. 
Iioumania,  4676. 
Russia,  3S87,  4220,  42-17. 
Spain,   4(196. 

Referred  to,  4757. 

Trade  Relations  with  Foreign  Countries, 
7672. 

Trade  Unions. — Combinations  of  world  ng 
men  to  enable  each  member  to  secure  the 
condition*  most,  favi.rable  to  labor.  The 
nccumulatloiiH  of  I  he  capitalist.  It  is 
claimed,  afford  him  an  advantage  which 

t'f     laborer     \\ithout.     a .-   ocia  t  Inn     d A     lint 

possess. 

The  history  of  trades  unionism  in  Amer- 
ica bc'ran  wlih  the  formation  of  (lie  Inter- 
national Typographical  I'nion  in  1X.VJ,  fnl- 


lowed  in  1859  by  the  Machinists'  and 
Blacksmiths'  International  Union  and  the 
Iron  Moulders'  Union  of  North  America, 
and  later  by  various  other  unions  and  or- 
ganizations. The  Knights  of  Labor,  a  se- 
cret order,  was  formed  in  1809  in  Philadel- 
phia. It  is  in  the  nature  of  a  trades  union 
and  includes  all  branches  of  labor. 

The  American  Federation  of  Labor, 
formed  at  Columbus,  Ohio,  in  1886,  is  one 
of  the  largest  labor  organizations  in  the 
world,  uniting  the  trades  and  occupations 
in  the  United  States.  To  it  are  affiliated 
113  national  and  international  unions  repre- 
senting approximately  27,000  local  unions, 
with  an  approximate  paid-up  membership 
of  2,000,000.  There  are  also  thirteen  largo 
national  unions  not  affiliated  to  the  Amer- 
ican Federation. 

Trading  Establishments  among  Indians, 
766,  767,  849. 

Recommended,  340,  342,  347,  436. 
Traitor. — One  who  commits  treason.     (See 
Treason.) 

Transcontinental  Highways.— in  the  days 
of  the  oxteam  and  prairie  schooner,  the 
plains  and  mountains  were  crossed  by  trails, 
usually  along  the  lines  of  least  resistance, 
keeping  as  close  as  possible  to  bases  of 
supplies  and  water.  The  pioneers  over  what 
became  known  later  as  the  "Santa  Fc 
Trail"  and  the  "Oregon  Trail"  were  the 
first  to  leave  permanent  marks  on  routes 
now  rapidly  becoming  highways  between  the 
Central-Western  and  the  far-Western 
Stales. 

With  the  increasing  popularity  of  automo- 
bile touring  and  the  consequent  demand  for 
good  roads  came  tne  organization  of  nu- 
merous highway  associations  advocating  the 
construction  of  public  roadways.  Many 
states  responded  to  the  demands  and  by 
connecting  the  roads  of  one  state  with  those 
of  its  neighbors'  transcontinental  highways 
became  established  institutions. 

Lincoln  Jfifiliirrii/. — Perhaps  the  most 
pretentious  effort  in  this  direction  is  that 
of  the  Lincoln  Highway  Association.  This 
was  formed  by  automobile  interests  of  De- 
troit, Mich.,  under  the  leadership  of  Henry 
B.  Joy  to  procure  immediately  the  establish- 
ment of  a  continuous  improved  highway 
from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  open  to 
lawful  traffic  of  all  descriptions  without  toll 
charges,  to  be  known  as  the  Lincoln  High- 
way, in  memory  of  President  Lincoln.  The 
proposed  route  is  from  New  York  to  Phila- 
delphia and  Pittsburg,  across  Northern 
Ohio,  Indiana  and  Illinois,  over  the  estab- 
lished roads  of  those  states,  through  Iowa 
to  Omaha,  Neb.,  and  following  the  course 
of  the  Platte  River,  it  enters  Wyoming, 
passes  through  Salt  Lake.  Utah,  and  by  a 
route  not  yet  determined,  crosses  the  Rocky 
Mountains  and  ends  at  San  Francisco,  where 
connection  may  be  made  with  the  Pacific 
Highway.  West  of  Chicago  95  per  cent  of 
the  rouie  of  the  Lincoln  Highway  is  the 
Overland  Trail.  A  large  part  of  the  route 
Is  designated  by  markers  of  red.  white  and 
blue,  and  it  is  the  intention  of  the  associa- 
tion to  have  it  so  marked  throughout  its 
entire  course.  The  marker  is  used  on 
eight  telegraph  poles  to  the  mile.  Memorial 
arches  and  large  signs  have  been  erected  at 
the  entrances  of  the  Lincoln  Highway  into 
many  cities  along  the  route. 

Automobile  nonh-N. — Five  distinct  find 
predominant  routes  are  being  dev,  lop.'d 
across  the  Continent;  gradually  each  will 
become  standard,  anil  have  Its' special  ad- 
vantages, depending  principally  on  the  P-I- 
ture  of  the  country,  and  the  time  of  the 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Treasury 


year.  These  five  routes  may  he  summarized 
briefly  as  follows: 

1.  The  "Overland  Trail"  crosses  Illinois. 
Iowa,    Nebraska,    Wyoming.    Utah   and    Ne- 
vada,   following    considerable    portions    of 
the  old  Oregon  Trail ;  while  there  are  some 
stretches  of  rough  going  in  Wyoming,  Utah 
aiid  Nevada,  as  a   whole  It  offers  an  aver- 
age of  fair-to-good  traveling,  and  has  hotel 
accommodations  throughout.     This  Is  a  mid- 
eimmier    route,    analyzed    In    greater    detail 
under  a  separate  head,  farther  along. 

2.  The  "Trail  to  Sunset"  starts  at  Chi- 
cago   and    runs    to    Los   Angeles,    along   the 
Santa  Fe  Trail  and  across  New  Mexico  and 
Arizona  to  .Southern  California,  thence  north 
to  Sau  Francisco.     This  route  offers  inaguiii- 
ornt  mountain  scenery,   Indian  pueblos  and 
reservations,      prehistoric     ruins,      Mexican 
habitations,  giant  desert  cactus  and  tropical 
vegetation   in    the    irrigated   regions.      It   is 
-i  fall  and  early  winter  route,  and  is  being 
rapidly  improved,  though  there  are  yet  sev- 
eral   rough    stretches    and    a    lack    of    hotel 
accommodations     in    some    parts    of    New 
Mexico    and    Arizona,    necessitating   two   or 
three  nights  camping  out. 

3.  The  "Midland  Trail"  crosses  Pennsyl- 
vania,    Ohio,     Indiana,     Illinois,     Missouri, 
Kansas,  Colorado,  Utah  and  Nevada.     It  is 
i    most    interesting    route    historically    and 
t-rosses  the  Rocky  Mountains  amid  the  most 
magnificent   scenery.      It  is  a   spring,   suiu- 
iier  and  fall  route,  not  yet  fully  developed 
Jn  Colorado  and  Utah. 

4.  The  "Northwest  Trail,"  through  Wis- 
consin, Minnesota,  North  Dakota,  Montana, 
Idaho  and  Washington,  should  eventually  be 
a   popular  midsummer  route  and  open  up  a 
fine  territory  to  through  automobile  travel. 
There  is  an  abundance  of  fine  scenery,  and 
the    progressive   inhabitants  of  the   several 
states   traversed   heartily   co-operate   In  the 
road  improvements  necessary  to  the  perma- 
nence   and    popularity   of    this   transcontin- 
ental trunk   line. 

5.  The    "All-Southern    Route,"    through 
Virginia.  North  Carolina,  Tennessee,  Arkan- 
sas, Texas,  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  though 
as   yet.    only   partially   developed,    will    ulti- 
mately be  a  popular  fall  and  winter  route, 
offering  many  scenic  attractions  and  climatic 
advantages.     It  was  surveyed  in  the  fall  of 
liil.'i,  but  its  publication  has  been  held  bade 
by  present  and  prospective  developments  in 
the  territory  through  which  it  passes. 

Pacific  JJifjJiu-ay. — An  interstate  and  In- 
ternational automobile  route  extending  from 
San  Diego,  Cal.,  northward  along  the  Pacific 
Coast  through  Los  Angeles  and  Sau  Fran- 
cisco, by  way  of  Portland,  Ore.,  to  Van- 
couver, B.  C.,  whence  it  is  intended  to  run 
through  British  territory  into  Alaska.  The 
road  is  being  constructed  and  maintained  by 
co-operation  of  private  and  state  enterprise. 

Transcontinental,  Memphis,  El  Paso  and 
Pacific    Railroad    Co.,    referred     to, 

4006. 

Trans-Mississippi  Exposition.  —  Prom 
June  1  to  Oct.  31,  1898,  an  exhibition  of 
the  resources  of  the  middle  west  was  held 
at  Omaha,  Neb.  The  site  covered  about 
200  acres  and  the  buildings  were  grouped 
around  a  court  which  extended  through 
the  middle  of  the  grounds  and  surrounded 
a  lagoon  or  canal  which  terminated  111  a 
lake,  adorned  by  an  electric  fountain.  The 
grounds  were  ornamented  with  trees, 
shrubs  and  flowers,  and  the  buildings  were 
covered  with  white  staff.  A  special  fea- 
ture of  ethnologic  interest  was  the  gather- 
ing of  500  Indians,  representative  of  twen- 
tv-five  tribes.  The  total  attendance  was 
2',615,508,  and  the  receipts  $1,9:M,0.7. 


Transportation,  Miscellaneous.  (See 
Division  of  Miscellaneous  Transpor- 
tation.) 

Treason. — The  Conslltutlon  of  the  United 
States  declares  that  "treason  against  the 
United  States  shall  consist  only  in  levying 
war  against  them,  or  in  adhering  to  their 
enemies,  giving  them  aid  and  comfort.  No 
person  shall  be  convicted  of  treason  unless 
on  the  testimony  of  two  witnesses  to  the 
same  overt  act  or  on  confession  in  open 
court"  (114).  The  penalty  is  death.  Con- 
spiracy alone  does  not  constitute  treason. 
A  motion  to  give  Congress  the  sole  power 
of  defining  the  crimes  of  treason  failed  in 
the  Convention  of  1787.  An  act  of  Con- 
gress of  July  17,  1862,  provided  for  the  lih- 
••ration  of  the  slaves  of  a  person  convicted 
of  treason.  At  the  close  of  the  Civil  \S'ar 
there  were  no  prosecutions  for  treason. 
Most  of  the  state  constitutions  contain 
provisions  similar  to  that  of  the  National 
Constitution.  A  notable  instance  of  trea- 
son against  a  state  was  Dorr's  Rebellion 
dl.  v.)  in  Rhode  Island  in  1X40-1812. 
Dorr  was  convicted,  but  was  pardoned  in 
1852.  A  celebrated  case  of  trial  for  trea- 
son is  that  of  Aaron  Burr,  in  1807.  whieh 
occurred  at  Richmond,  Va.,  and  resulted  in 
the  acquittal  of  Burr. 

Article  II,  sec.  4  provides  that  any  official 
of  the  Government  convicted  of  treason  shall 
be  removed  from  oflice.  (L'.'l  I  A  Civil  "\Yai- 
act.  dated  July  17,  1802,  makes  the  punish- 
ment, at  the  discretion  of  the  court,  either 
death  or  imprisonment  at  hard  labor  for 
not  less  than  live  years,  along  with  a  fine 
of  not  less  than  .$10.000,  and  disability  to 
hold  office.  No  person  is  indictable  for 
treason  three  years  after  the  alleged  act  of 
treason  was  committed ;  nor,  by  constitu- 
tional interpretation,  shall  any  one  be  open 
to  the  charge  of  treason  unless  he  has  vol- 
untarily given  actual  assistance  to  those 
countries  which  are  declared  to  be  at  war 
with  the  United  States.  (See  Misprision 
of  Treason.) 

Treason: 

Act  to  punish,  etc.,  3286,  3294. 

Discussed  by  President  Johnson,  3."7. 
Treasurer  of  the  United  States.  (Soe 

Treasury  Department.) 
Treasury: 

Balance  deposited  in  national  banks, 
7980. 

Balances   against  collecting   and    dis- 
bursing agents  referred  to,   1730. 

Condition    of,    discussed.         (See    Fi- 
nances discussed.) 

Deficit  in,  discussed,  19.r,5,  1959,  2079. 

Experts  appointed  in  for  war  risk  in- 
surance, 7979. 

Fraud  practiced  on,  1017. 

Outstanding  arrears  due  Government 
discussed,   1016,   2747. 

Prize  money  in,   2570. 

Eeceipts  in,  fluctuations  in,  «hou1d  bo 
prevented,  1789. 

Statement    of.       (See    Finances    dis- 
cussed.) 

Surplus  in — 

Application  of,  to — 

Educational  purposes  and  inter- 
nal improvements  recommend- 
ed, 397,  444. 


Treasury 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Navy  and  national  works  recom- 
mended,  1380,  4766. 

Purchase  of  bonds  recommended, 

3985. 
Apportionment    of,    among    States. 

(See  States  of  the  Union.) 
Discussed  by  President — 

Arthur,  4635,  4721. 

Cleveland,  5093,  5165,  5361,  5372. 

Fillmore,  2660,  2714. 

Grant,  3985. 

Harrison,  Benj.,  5473,  5549,  5630. 

Jackson,  1014,  1077,  1380,  1458. 

Jefferson,   397,  444. 

Pierce,  2747,  2818. 

Van  Buren,   1707. 
Joint  resolution  directing  payment 

of,  on  public  debt,  reasons  for  ap- 
plying pocket  veto  to,  5073. 
Proposition    to    deposit,    in    banks 

throughout      country      discussed, 

5168. 

Treasury  Board.— Fob.  17,  1776,  the  Con- 
tinental Congress  appointed  a  standing  com- 
mittee of  five  members  011  ways  and  means. 
They  were  given  power  over  the  Treasury 
office  of  accounts,  the  committee  of  claims, 
and  some  minor  bureau  and  officials.  This 
committee  was  known  as  the  Treasury 
Board.  Two  years  later  provision  was 
made  for  a  building  in  which  to  transact 
the  business  of  the  board,  and  the  Treas- 
ury office  of  accounts  was  superseded  by  a 
Comptroller,  an  Auditor,  and  a  Treasurer, 
thus  forming  the  germ  of  the  present 
Treasury  Department.  The  office  of  Super- 
intendent of  Finance  (q.  v.)  was  created 
to  take  the  place  of  this  board  in  1781. 
After  a  trial  of  three  years  this  office 
was  abolished  and  the  board  reestablished 
and  continued  until  1789,  when  it  was 
succeeded  by  the  present  Department. 

Treasury  Building: 

Construction  of,  discussed,  1613,  1696. 

Destruction    of,    by    fire,    1248,    1336, 

1344. 
Papers  lost  in,  1248. 

Erection  of  new,  recommended,  1248, 
1336. 

Incendiaries  of,  difficulties  attending 
conviction  of,  should  be  removed, 
1492. 

Plan  of,  discussed,  1515. 
Treasury,  Constitutional.  (See  Consti- 
tutional Treasury  System.) 
Treasury  Department. — After  the  Depart- 
ment of  Slate  the  most  important  execu- 
tive branch  of  the  National  Government. 
It  is  more  complex  and  extensive  than  any 
olhcr  Department,  and  its  head  officer, 
though  ranking  second  to  the  Secretary  of 
State,  is  not  inferior  in  influence  and  re- 
sponsibility to  that  Secretary. 

The  Treasury  Department  was  virtually 
created  Feb.  17,  177<J,  when  the  Continen- 
tal Congress  resolved:  "That  a  standing 
committee  of  five  be  appointed  for  superin- 
tending the  Treasury."  April  1  of  that 
year  a  Treasury  Office  of  Accounts  was  es- 
tablished, to  be  carried  on  under  the  direc- 
tion of  the  standing  committee.  Sept.  2(5, 
177.S,  the  Continental  Congress  established 
the  offices  of  Comptroller,  Auditor,  Treas- 


urer, and  two  Chambers  of  Accounts,  to 
consist  of  three  commissioners  each,  all  of 
whom  were  to  be  appointed  annually  by 
Congress.  Feb.  11,  17  <9,  the  office  of  Sec- 
retary of  the  Treasury  was  established  (the 
holder  to  receive  a  salary  of  $2,000  annual- 
ly), but  on  July  30,  following,  this  office 
was  succeeded  by  a  Board  of  Treasury  con- 
sisting of  five  commissioners  and  an  Audi- 
tor-General assisted  by  six  Auditors.  Again, 
Feb.  7,  1781,  it  was  resolved  by  Congress 
that  the  finances  of  the  Confederation 
should  be  under  a  Superintendent  of  Fi- 
nance (see  Finances,  Superintendent  of», 
who  was  later  assisted  by  a  Comptroller,  a 
Treasurer,  a  Register  of  Auditors  ;  and,  May 
24,  1784,  the  Superintendent  of  Finances 
was  superseded  by  the  Board  of  Treasury, 
consisting  of  three  commissioners.  This 
ended  the  effort  to  organize  the  Treasury 
Department  under  the  Confederation. 

The  present  Treasury  Department  was 
established  Sept.  2,  17<S9,  during  the  first 
session  of  the  First  Congress  under  the 
Constitution  ;  and  the  act,  drawn  by  Alex- 
ander Hamilton,  was  constructed  with 
such  precision  and  comprehensiveness  that 
few  radical  changes  have  since  been  found 
necessary.  The  act  provided  that :  "There 
shall  be  a  Department  of  the  Treasury,  in 
which  shall  be  the  following  officers,  name- 
ly :  a  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  to  be 
deemed  the  head  of  the  Department  ;  a 
Comptroller :  an  Auditor ;  a  Treasurer ;  a 
Register  :  and  an  Assistant  to  the  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury." 

On  May  8,  1792,  the  office  of  Assistant 
to  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  was  super- 
seded by  the  office  of  Commissioner  of 
Revenue,  whose  duties  were  to  collect  In- 
ternal revenue  and  direct  taxes.  This 
office  was  abolished  by  an  act  of  Con- 
gress April  6,  1802,  reestablished  July  24, 
1813,  and  again  abolished  Dec.  23,  1817. 

The  General  Land  Office,  whose  head  was 
a  Commissioner,  was  created  in  the  De- 
partment of  the  Treasury  April  25,  1812. 
and  was  transferred  to  the  Department  of 
the  Interior  in  1849.  As  at  present  organ- 
ized, the  work  of  the  Department  is~  di- 
vided among  nineteen  principal  offices,  bu- 
reaus and  divisions. 

As  head  of  the  Department  the  Secretary 
is  charged  by  law  with  maintaining  the 
revenue  for  the  support  of  the  public  credit  ; 
superintending  the  collecting  of  the  revenue 
and  directing  the  forms  of  keeping  and  ren- 
dering public  accounts;  granting  of  war- 
rants for  all  moneys  drawn  from  the  Treas- 
ury in  pursuance  of  appropriations  made 
by  law,  and  for  the  payment  of  moneys 
into  the  Treasury;  and  annually  submitting 
to  Congress  estimates  of  the  probable  reve- 
nues and  disbursements  of  the  Government. 
He  also  controls  the  construction  of  public 
buildings  and  the  coinage  and  printing  of 
money.  There  are  three  Assistant  Secre- 
taries. Up  to  1817  the  Comptroller  of  the 
Treasury  revised  the  report  of  the  Account- 
ants of  the  other  departments,  but  an  act 
passed  March  3,  of  that  year,  created  the 
offices  of  Second,  Third,  Fourth,  and  Fifth 
Auditors,  whose  duty  it  was  to  perform  this 
work.  A  Sixth  Auditor  was  added  in  \H\W. 
In  1894  the  designations  and  duties  of  the 
auditors  were  changed  and  definitely  estab- 
lished as  follows:  That  of  the  First  Au- 
ditor, to  Auditor  for  the  Treasury  Depart- 
ment ;  Second  Auditor,  to  Auditor  for  the 
War  Department  :  Third  Auditor,  to  Auditor 
for  the  Interior  Department  ;  Fourth  Au- 
ditor, to  Auditor  for  the  Navy  Department  ; 
Fifth  Auditor,  to  Auditor  for  the  State  and 
other  Departments:  Sixth  Auditor,  to  Au- 
ditor for  the  Post-Office  Department.  Ac- 
cording to  the  act  of  1894  the  offices  of 
First  and  Second  Comptroller  were  succeed- 


Treasury 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


ed  by  the  office  of  Comptroller  of  the  Treas- 
ury, whose  principal  duties  are  the  render- 
ing of  decisions  in  cases  of  appeals  from 
Auditors,  heads  of  Departments  or  other  of- 
ficials, and  the  prescribing  of  forms  for  the 
keeping  of  public  accounts. 

Treasurer  of  the  United  States.— Thf> 
Treasurer  of  the  United  States,  whose  office 
is  a  part  of  the  Treasury  Department,  re- 
ceives and  disburses  all  public  moneys  de- 
posited in  the  Treasury,  sub-treasuries  (q. 
v.)  and  in  national  banks  that  are  United 
States  depositories ;  is  trustee  for  bonds 
that  secure  the  national  bank  circulation 
and  public  deposits ;  has  the  custody  of 
the  Indian  trust-fund  bonds,  and  other  pub- 
lic trusts ;  is  fiscal  agent  for  paying  the 
interest  on  the  public  debt ;  and  is  ex- 
otiicio  commissioner  of  the  sinking  fund 
of  the  District  of  Columbia.  The  duties 
of  the  Treasurer's  oftice  are  distributed 
among  eleven  divisions. 

Until  1894  the  chief  duty  of  the  Regis- 
ter of  the  Treasury  was  the  recording  of 
the  receipts  and  expenditures  of  the  Gov- 
ernment and  the  office  was  organized  in 
several  divisions,  but  in  that  year  the 
number  of  divisions  was  reduced  to  two, 
viz.,  the  Division  of  Loans  and  the  Divi- 
sion of  Notes,  Coupons  and  Currency,  the 
books  relating  to  the  recording  of  the  re- 
ceipts and  expenditures  of  the  Government 
being  transferred  to  the  Division  of  Book- 
keeping and  Warrants,  of  the  Secretary's 
office.  At  present  the  office  of  the  Treas- 
urer is  charged  with  the  issue,  exchange, 
transfer,  and  redemption  of  bonds  and  the 
receiving  and  registering  of  redeemed  notes, 
certificates,  coupons,  etc. 

Comptroller  of  the  Currency. — The  office 
of  Comptroller  of  the  Currency  was  es- 
tablished in  1863,  its  chief  function  being 
supervision  of  the  national  banks,  their 
organization,  and  the  issue  and  redemption 
of  their  notes. 

Revenue-Cutter  Kerrice. — The  Revenue- 
Cutter  Service  is  a  military  arm  of  the 
Government  attached  to  and  under  the 
direction  of  the  Treasury  Department.  (See 
Hevenue-Cutter  Service.) 

Secret  Kerrlce. — The  Secret  Service  Divi- 
sion of  the  Treasury  Department  was  cre- 
ated in  1861,  but  from  1802  until  1SG5  it 
was  under  the  State  Department.  In  the 
latter  year  it  was  permanently  organized  as 
a  division  of  the  Treasury  Department.  It 
is  chiefly  concerned  with  the  detection  of 
counterfeiting  and  of  other  frauds  and 
crimes  against  the  Government,  but  in  time 
of  war  the  scope  of  its  duties  is  somewhat 
enlarged.  Details  are  also  furnished  for 
the  protection  of  the  President  of  the  Unit- 
ed States,  and  in  the  frequent  journeyings 
of  the  present  President  he  is  always  accom- 
panied by  one  or  more  secret-service  men. 

The  arrest  of  counterfeiters  number 
about  400  annually;  other  arrests  are  for 
bribery,  Impersonating  United  States  Gov- 
ernment officers,  perjury,  etc. 

Puperrixinri  Architect. — The  office  of  Su- 
pervising Architect,  charged  chiefly  with 
I  lie  erection  and  maintenance  of  Govern- 
ment buildings,  was  created  in  1X04.  Since 
ISn.'J  tills  work  has  been  done  by  a  Divi- 
sion of  Construction  with  an  officer  of 
the  Engineer  Corps  of  the  army  at  Its 
head. 

Health  Jlurcnu. — The  work  of  the  Bureau 
of  Public  Health  and  Marine-Hospital  Serv- 
ice was  established  in  17!»H  but  was  reor- 
ganized and  the  office  of  Surgeon-General 
created  in  187'J.  This  official  has  super- 
vision of  the  health  of  seamen,  the  quaran- 
tine service,  and  the  weekly  publication  of 
"Public  Health  Reports  of  the  United 
States." 


Following  is  a  list  of  the  Secretaries  of 
the  Treasury  with  the  Presidents  under 
whom  they  served  : 


PRESIDENT 

Secretary  of  the  Treasury 

•a 
i.3 

<T.3 
o 
a. 

Washington 
Adams.  .  .  . 

Alexander  Hamilton,  New  York..  . 
Oliver  Wolcott,  Connecticut  

1789 
1795 
1797 

Jefferson..  . 
Madison  .  . 

Monroe..  .  . 
J.Q.Adams] 

Samuel  Dexter,  Massachusetts...  . 
Albert  Gallatin,  Pennsylvania..  .  . 

George  W.  Campbell,  Tennessee.  .  . 
Alexander  J.  Dallas,  Pennsylvania 
William  II.  Crawford,  Georgia...  . 

Richard  Rush,  Pennsylvania. 

1801 
ISOI 
1801 
1809 
1814 
1814 
1810 
1817 
1825 

Jackson  

Van  Buren. 
Harrison..  . 

Samuel  D.  Ingham,  Penn  
Louis  McLane,  Delaware  
William  J.  Duane,  Pennsylvania.  . 
Roger  B.  Taney,  Maryland  
Levi  Woodbury,  New  Hampshire. 

Thomas  Ewing,  Ohio  

1829 
1831 
1833 
1833 
1834 
1837 
1841 

Tyler  

1841 

Walter  Forward,  Pennsylvania.  .  . 
John  C.  Spencer,  New  York  
George  M.  Bibb,  Kentucky 

1841 

1843 
1844 

Polk.., 
Taylor  
Fillmore.  .  . 

Robert  J.  Walker,  Mississippi.  .  .  . 
W.  M.  Meredith,  Pennsylvania.  .  . 
Thomas  Corwin,  Ohio.  .  . 

1845 
1849 
1850 

Pierce  
Buchanan.. 

James  Guthrie,  Kentucky  
Howell  Cobb,  Georgia. 

1S53 
1857 

Philip  F.  Thomas,  Marvlaud 

1860 

« 

John  A.  Dix,  New  York. 

1861 

Lincoln..  .  . 

Salmon  P.  Chase,  Ohio.  . 

1801 

Johnson.  .  . 

William  P.  Fessenden,  Maine.  .  .  . 
Hugh  McCulloch,  Indiana  

1864 
1805 
1805 

Grant  

Hayes  
Garfield.  .  . 
Arthur.  .  .  . 

Cleveland.  . 
B.  Harrison 

jeorge  S.  Boutwell,  Mass  
kVm.  A.  Richardson,  Mass  
Benjamin  H.  Bristow,  Kentucky.  . 
Lot  M.  Morrill,  Maine  
John  Sherman,  Ohio  
William  Windom,  Minnesota  
Charles  J.  Folger,  New  York  
Walter  Q.  Gresham,  Indiana  
Hugh  McCulloch,  Indiana  
Daniel  Manning,  New  York  
Charles  S.  Fairchikl,  New  York.  .  . 
kVillinm  Windom,  Minnesota  
Charles  Foster,  Ohio  

1809 
1S73 

1874 
187(3 
1877 
1881 
18.81 
1884 
1884 
1885 
1887 
1889 
1891 

Cleveland.  . 
McKinley.. 
Roosevelt.. 

Taft  '! 
Wilson  

John  G.  Carlisle,  Kentucky  
'^yman  J.  Gage,  Illinois  

Leslie  M.  Shaw,  Iowa  ; 
jeorge  B.  Cortelyou,  New  York.  . 
•'ranklin  MacVeagh,  Illinois  
William  G.  McAdoo,  New  York.  .  . 

893 
1897 
1901 
901 
1907 
909 
'J13 

For  more  detailed  information  of  the 
scope  of  the  activities  of  the.  Treasury  De- 
partment consult  the  index  references  to 
the  Presidents'  Messages  and  Liicyclopedic 
articles  under  the  following  headings  : 


Appropriations. 
Assistant  Secretaries 

of  the  Treasury. 
Auditors.       Treasury 

Department. 
Banks. 

Banks,    National. 
Bank    Notes. 
Banks,  Pet. 
Banks,   Savings. 
Banks,    State. 
Bonds. 

Buildings,  Public. 
Bureau     of     Kngrav- 

ing    and    Printing. 
Bureau  of  War  Risk 

Insurance. 
Coinage    Laws. 


Comptroller     of     the 

Treasury. 
Currency    Law. 
Customs. 
Debt.   Public. 
Duties. 
Knirraving    and 

Printing. 
Kxcise   La\v^. 
Federal     Reserve 

Board. 
Finances. 
Health    Service. 
Import    Dutic--. 
Life-Saving     Service. 
Mints. 
Money. 
National  Banks. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Treaties 


Special  Agents. 
Treasury  Depart- 
ment. 

Sub-Treasury. 

Supervising  Archi- 
tect. 

Tariff. 

Taxation. 


Public  Deposits. 
Public   Monies. 
Reserve  Hanks. 
Revenue-Cutter 

Service. 
Revenue  Flap. 
Revenue.    Internal. 
Revenue.    Public. 
Secret  Service. 

Treasury  Department: 

Appropriations  for,  transferred,  1254, 

1404,    1612,    1772,    1!)U4,   1943,   2125. 

Building,     picture     of,     frontispiece, 

Vol.   111. 

Efficiency  and  economy  in,  7683. 
Vacancy  by  death  of  head  of,  5568. 
Treasury  Notes. — To  meet  the  expenses  of 
the  War  of  1812,  $36,000,000  In  Treasury 
notes  bearing  5£  per  cent  Interest  were 
Issued.  They  were  receivable  for  all  du- 
ties to  the  Government,  but  were  not  legal 
tender.  Beginning  with  the  panic  of  1837 
nud  extending  through  the  Mexican  War, 
$73.000,000  were  issued,  and  following  the 
panic  of  1857  there  was  an  issue  of  $53,- 
000.000.  The  exigencies  of  the  Civil  War 
required  the  issue  of  Treasury  notes  in 
largo  amounts.  An  act  of  Feb.  25,  1862, 
authorized  the  issue  of  $150,000,000  of 
such  notes  with  a  legal-tender  character 
and  not  bearing  interest.  These  were 
called  greenbacks  (q.  v.).  The  United 
States  seven-thirties,  of  which  $830,000,- 
000  were  issued,  were  a  variety  of  Treas- 
ury note.  Treasury  notes  were  issued  to 
pay  for  the  monthly  purchase  of  bullion 
authorized  by  the  Sherman  Act  of  1890. 
Treasury  Notes.  (See  also  Currency.) 
Appropriation  to  meet  outstanding, 

recommended,  3073. 
Issuance    of,   549,    2110. 
Additional,  discussed,  3350. 
Eecommended,  2989. 
ra.yment  of  silver,  6078,  6176. 
Redemption   of,  referred   to,  1751. 
Eeissuance  of,  prohibition  on,  should 

be  removed,  1686. 

Eetirement  of.  issued  in  payment  of 
silver  purchased  under  act  of  1890, 
recommended,  6078,  6176. 
Treasury  Office   of  Accounts. — An   im- 
portant  bureau    under    the   Treasury- 
Board   as   established   by   the   Conti- 
nental   Congress.      It    was    presided 
over  by  an  auditor-general. 
Treasury,  Secretary  of: 

Death    of,   vacancy    caused   by,    how 

filled,   5568. 
Power   of,  over  deposits   unqualified, 

1227. 
Report  of,  335,  464,  638,  652,  772,  800, 

907.  909,  912,  1098. 
Vacancy  occasioned  by  death  of,  rec- 
ommendations regarding  filling  of, 
55(18. 

Treasury,  Solicitor  of,  office  of,  estab- 
lished, 1090. 

Operations  of.  referred  to,  2539. 
Treaties. — The     modern     definition     of     a 
treaty    is    an    agreement    or    covenant    be- 
tween   two    or    more    nations    or   sovereign- 
ties   formally    signed    by    duly    authorized 


commissioners  and  solemnly  ratified  by 
each.  lu  ancient  times  terms  of  treaties 
were  dictated  rather  than  contracted.  A 
conqueror  with  un  army  at  the  gates  of 
a  capital  stated  his  terms  and  declared 
his  intention  of  remaining  aud  inllicting 
such  punishment  as  he  saw  tit  until  In- 
received  satisfactory  assurances  that  his 
wishes  would  be  carried  out. 

In  the  fifteenth  century  a  jurisprudence 
of  political  treaties  began  to  grow  and 
was  closely  connected  with  the  develop- 
ment of  European  statecraft.  The  treaty 
of  Westphalia,  which  ended  tin-  Thirty 
Years'  War,  marked  the  turning  point  be- 
tween ancient  and  modern  diplomacy.  Up 
to  this  time  treaty  negotiations  had  been 
based  upon  rights  which  had  once  ex- 
isted and  were  recognized  before  rupture. 
After  the  treaties  of  Minister  and  Osna- 
briick,  the  object  of  diplomacy  was  to 
establish  a  political  equilibrium  at  the  ex- 
pense of  preexistent  rights  and  to  main- 
tain the  fttatUN  quo.  The  efforts  of  Kuro- 
pean  diplomats  during  the  early  part  of 
the  nineteenth  century  were  directed  to- 
ward the  suppression  of  the  revolutionary 
spirit  and  the  curbing  of  monarchical 
ambitions.  Later  the  maritime  rights  of 
neutrals,  suppression  of  slave  trade,  and  tlie 
international  emancipation  of  trade,  navi- 
gation, arts,  and  labor  became  leading  sub- 
jects for  diplomatic  consideration. 

The  popularity  of  the  principle  of  arbi- 
tration marks  the  latest  step  in  diplomatic 
progress.  The  proposition  made  by  the 
.  Czar  of  Russia  in  1S!»8  for  the  general  dis- 
armament of  the  world  and  the  settlement 
of  international  disputes  by  a  court  of 
arbitration  points  to  .a  culmination  of  the 
science  of  diplomacy.  In  this  connection 
may  also  be  noted  Secretary  Bryan's  peace 
treaties. 

The  first  treaties  of  the  United  Slates 
were  conceived  before  the  Declaration  of 
Indpendence  was  signed.  Nov.  2!>.  177.~>, 
the  Continental  Congress  appointed  a  com- 
mittee on  secret  correspondence.  chnrg_ed 
with  ascertaining  whether,  if  the  Colonies 
should  be  forced  to  form  themselves  into 
an  independent  State.  France  would  en- 
ter into  any  treaty  or  alliance  with  them. 
On  Feb.  6.  1778.  two  treaties  were  con- 
cluded in  Paris  with  France — a  treaty  of 
alliance  and  a  treaty  of  amity  and  com- 
merce. On  Oct.  8.  lt82,  a  treaty  of  amity 
and  commerce  was  concluded  with  (he 
Netherlands,  and  April  3,  1783,  a  similar 
treaty  with  Sweden. 

Jan.  20,  1783.  an  armistice  with  Gront 
Britain  was  arranged  at  Versailles,  fol- 
lowed Sept.  3  by  a  definitive  treaty  of 
peace,  later  concluded  in  London,  recogniz- 
ing the  independence  of  the  United  States. 
This  was  signed  by  David  Hartley  on  the 
part  of  Great  Britain  and  by  Benjamin 
Franklin,  John  Adams  and  John  Jar  on 
the  part  of  the  United  States.  Other 
treaties  concluded  before  the  adoption  of 
the  Constitution  were  a  treaty  of  amity 
and  commerce  with  Prussia.  Dec.  1O.  1"S.~: 
a  treaty  of  peace  and  friendship  with  Mo- 
rocco in  January.  1787,  and  a  consular 
convention  with  France,  Nov.  14.  1788. 

In  the  United  States  the  right  of  mak- 
ing and  of  ratifying  treaties  is.  by  Article 
II.,  Section  2.  of  the  Constitution,  vested 
in  the  President  under  the  advice  and 
with  the  concurrence  of  two-thirds  of  the 
Senate.  The  right  of  changing  the  terms 
and  conditions  of  a  treaty  before  ratiii- 
cation  is  claimed  by  the  Senate. 

International  law  or  the  law  of  nation* 
is  very  clear  upon  the  question  of  ("'-alies 
and  of  all  the  interpretations  of  iis  condi- 
tions. No  treaty  may  lie  made  which  will 
in  any  way  or  in  the  slightest  degree  over- 
ride the  Constitution,  or  which  will  bind 


Treaties 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


cither  nation  to  any  terms  or  conditions 
that  flagrantly  sacrifice  the  Interests  of 
either,  or  cause  the  nation  to  do  anything 
morally  wrong  in  the  fulfillment.  A  treaty 
becomes  binding  at  the  time  of  signature 
by  duly  authorized  commissioners,  and  if 
the  ratification  is  delayed,  such  ratifica- 
tion becomes  retroactive;  though  it  may 
be  specified  in  the  treaty  that  its  terms 
become  operative  only  upon  ratification. 
Where  an  ambiguity  of  expression  or  pos- 
sibility of  other  construction  of  the  terms 
of  a  treaty  exists,  no  strained  interpre- 
tation is  permitted  and  the  common  use 
of  the  words  is  followed  unless  this  leads 
to  au  absurdity.  Where  two  meanings 
are  possible,  that  one  is  chosen  which  con- 
fers the  least  benefit  upon  the  party  who 
sought  or  demanded  the  insertion  of  the 
doubtful  clause.  When  clauses  impose 
hard  conditions  upon  either  party  these 
are  to  be  interpreted  strictly  so  as  to  mini- 
mize the  hard  conditions  ;  and  where  jus- 
tice, equity,  and  humanity  are  favored  by 
the  doubtful  clauses  they  are  interpreted 
with  broad  construction,  so  as  to  confer 
the  fullest  benefits. 

Th'e  term  "convention"  is  limited  to 
agreements  which  deal  with  subordinate 
questions.  Treaties  are  classified  as 
treaties  of  peace,  alliance,  truces,  com- 
mercial treaties,  extradition  treaties,  con- 
ventions and  protocols — a  name  given  to 
less  formal  agreements  between  nations. 
Defensive  treaties  are  designed  to  defend 
the  parties  mutually  against  the  encroach- 
ments of  others.  Offensive  and  defensive 
treaties  or  alliances  obligate  tLe  parties  to 
aid  one  another  at  all  times  during  confli"t 
of  either  of  the  parties  against  the  encroach- 
ments of  other  nations.  Treaties  of  neutral- 
ity obligate  the  contracting  parties  to  take 
no  part  in  conflicts  between  other  nations. 

Extradition  treaties,  which  provide  for 
the  return  of  accused  criminals,  are  de- 
scribed below  : 

When  Washington  was  called  to  the 
Presidency  he  found  the  northern  frontier 
of  the  United  States  occupied  by  British 
military  posts  and  Spain  making  encroach- 
ments 'on  thp  south.  \Vith  the  outbreak 
of  the  French  Revolution,  Spain  joined 
F.nglanrt,  and  French  sympathizers  in 
America  were  attempting  to  fit  out  priva- 
teers to  prey  upon  Spanish  and  English 
commerce.  Washington  was  urged  to  cast 
the  fortunes  of  the  United  States  into  one 
side  of  the  struggle.  To  avoid  any  cn- 
tangling  alliances  be  sent  John  Jay,  Chief 
Justice  of  the  United  States,  as  a  special 
envoy  to  London  (page  146).  Nov.  19, 
1704.  Jay  concluded  the  treaty  which  has 
since  borne  his  nam».  In  consequence 
of  the  irritating  conduct  of  M.  Genet,  the 
French  minister  at  Washington.  Congress 
in  17!»8  abrogated  the  treaties  and  consu- 
l.'ir  conventions  with  France.  Another 
treaty  was  marie  in  1800,  and  in  1803 
tliree  conventions  were  signed,  including 
the  ono  coding  Louisiana.  One  of  the 
most  mduring  treaties  made  by  the  United 
States  wns  that  of  Oct.  27,  1795,  with 
Spain,  which  stood  for  more  thnn  100 
yonrs.  This  was  the  only  treaty  not  swept 
away  by  the  Napoleonic  wars. 

The  treaty  of  Ghent,  signed  in  1S14,  was 
Important  as  settling  some  disputed  bound- 
ary questions,  ns  well  MS  concluding  peace 
between  the  United  States  and  England. 
No  mention  was  made  of  the  right  of 
search  and  the  impressment  of  American 
seameu.  though  these  were  the  especial 
caii-e::  nf  the  wnr.  Other  notable  treaties 
m:i.le  bv  the  United  Slates  were  th«-  Web- 
ster-A-ihbnrtiin  treaty,  signed  at  Washing- 
ton in  1811.'.  defining  the  northeastern 
boundary  between  Canada  and  the  United 


States,  and  the  treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hi- 
dalgo, in  1848,  concluding  the  Mexican 
War,  by  which  Mexico  ceded  territory  now 
comprising  Nevada,  Utah,  most  of  Ari- 
zona, a  large  part  of  New  Mexico,  parts 
of  Colorado  and  Wyoming,  and  all  of  Cali- 
fornia. The  treaty  with  Japan  in  1854 
secured  humane  treatment  for  American 
sailors  shipwrecked  on  the  coast  of  Japan 
and  the  right  to  appoint  a  consular  agent  ; 
it  also  led  to  the  establishment  of  im- 
portant trading  privileges  with  the  United 
States  and  Great  Britain  in  1858. 

The  treaties  of  Tientsin,  concluded  in 
1858,  and  the  Burliugame  treaty  of  1868 
opened  China  to  foreign  travel  and  gave 
protection  to  Christians  within  her  bor- 
ders. The  treaty  of  Washington  was 
signed  in  1871,  and  settled  questions  pend- 
ing between  the  United  States  and  Great 
Britain.  It  submitted  the  Alabama  claims 
to  a  commission  of  arbitration  and  ad- 
justed the  fisheries  question  on  a  reciprocity 
basis.  There  was  also  a  concession  of  im- 
portant privileges  by  each  of  subjects  of 
the  other  in  America,  and  the  question  of 
the  northwestern  boundary  of  the  United 
States  was  submitted  to  the  arbitration  of 
the  German  Emperor. 

At  the  close  of  the  Spanish-American 
War,  In  1898,  Spain  was  forced  to  relin- 
quish Cuba  and  cede  to  the  United  States 
the  island  of  Porto  Rico,  together  '  with 
the  Philippine  Islands  and  Guam.  Under 
the  Constitution  treaties  are  made  a  part 
of  the  supreme  law  of  the  land  and  they 
have  a  legal  status  similar  to  that  of 
contracts.  Numerous  treaties  have  been 
made  with  the  Indians  and  with  various 
countries  on  the  subject  of  extradition. 
(See  Foreign  Relations  and  Treaties  with 
the  various  nations  following  descriptions 
of  the  countries.) 

Treaties  (see  Indians)  ;  for  treaties  with 
foreign  nations,  see  the  respective 
countries,  using  list  "Nations." 
Alleged    violation    of,    memorial    re- 

garding, referred  to,  2003. 
Assent  of  House  to,  not  required,  188. 
Boundary  survey  made  under  treaty 

of  Washington,  3588. 
Contract  for  proposed  edition  of,  re- 

ferred to,  227.3. 
Power  to  make,  vested  in   President 

with  consent  of  Senate,  187. 
Priority  of  one  over  another,  law  in 

regard  to,  302. 

Referred   to,   2538,  2540,  4851. 
Eequest  of  House  for  correspondence 

regarding,  declined,  186. 
Return  of,  requested,  4888. 
Withdrawn,  1888,  4922. 
Trent  Affair.  —  In  the  autumn  of  18R1  the 
government  of  the  Confederate  States  pent 
J.    M.    Mason   and    John    Slidel    as   commis- 
sioners   to    Great    Britain    and    France,    re- 
spectively.      They    went    first    to    Havana, 
where    they    took    passage    on    the    British 
merchant    ship    Trent    for    St.    Thomas,    on 
their   way  to   England.      Nov.    8   the   vessel 
was    stopped    in    the    old    Bahama    Channel 
by  the  IT.   S.   S.    San  Jacinto,   ('apt.    Wilkes. 
e  Confederate  commissioners  were  seized 


1  taken  to  Boston  as  pris 


Wilk 


was  in   violation   of   the   rights  of   neu- 
1    nations,    for    which    (lie    United    Slates 
1    always    contended.       The    British    Oov- 
ment     promptly    instructed    its    minister 
at  Washington  to  withdraw  from  the  United 


Encyclopedic  Indwc 


Tripoli 


States  unless  the  prisoners  wore  sot  nt 
liberty  and  an  apology  tendered  within 
seven  days.  The  [lulled  States  disavowed 
the  act  of  Capt.  Wllkes  and  set  the  pris- 
oners free. 

Trent,  The,  removal  of  Con  federate  en- 
voys from.     (See  Mason  and  Slidell.) 
Trenton,   The,   loss   of,   at  Samoan   Is- 
lands, 5479. 

Trenton  (N.  J.),  Battle  of.— Wnshing- 
tou's  retreat  through  Ne\v  Jersey  left  him 
with  scarcely  .'5,000  men  on  the  west  bank 
of  the  Delaware  Kiver  on  Deo.  8,  1770. 
On  the  night  of  Dec.  l.'i,  Dr.  Charles  Lee 
was  taken  prisoner  at  Basklngridge  by 
the  British,  and  his  army  added  to  that 
of  Washington  gave  tlie  latter  some  6,000 
able-bodied  soldiers.  On  the  night  of  Dec. 
IT.,  1770,  Washington,  with  about  2,500 
men,  crossed  the  Delaware  River  and  on 
the  morning  of  the  IMith  attacked  an  out- 
post of  1,500  Hessians  at  Trenton  under 
Col.  Haul  and  captured  about  1,000  of 
them  and  killed  40.  The  American  casual- 
ties were  li  killed,  2  frozen  to  death,  and 
3  wounded.  The  effect  of  this  victory 
and  that  of  Princeton  following  it  was 
electrical.  The  Americans  were  uplifted 
nud  the  British  discouraged. 
Trianon  Decree. — A  secret  edict  issued  by 
Napoleon  at  the  Grand  Trianon  ralace,  at 
Versailles,  Aug.  5,  1810.  It  placed  a  duty 
of  50  per  cent  on  colonial  products  and 
ordered  the  immediate  confiscation  of  all 
American  vessels  ana  merchandise  brought 
into  French  ports  prior  to  May  1,  1810,  the 
date  of  the  approval  of  the  act  exclud- 
ing French  vessels  from  American  waters. 
It  also  ordered  that  until  Nov.  1  American 
vessels  were  to  be  allowed  to  enter  French 
ports,  but  not  to  unload  without  his  per- 
mission, offering  at  the  same  time  to  revoke 
the  Milan  and  Berlin  decrees  Nov.  1.  The 
revocation  was  not  carried  into  effect,  and 
American  ships  and  cargoes  availing  them- 
selves of  the  promised  protection  were  con- 
fiscated. (See  also  Berlin  Decrees;  Em- 
bargo; Milan  Decree;  Orders  in  Council.) 

Tribunal  of  Arbitration  at  Paris: 
Acts  to  give  effect  to  award  of,  pro- 
claimed, 5926,  6123. 
Award  of,  discussed  and  recommenda- 
tions regarding,  5958,  6062. 
Case  of  United  States  at,  prepared  by 

John  \V.  Foster,  5748. 
Convention   for  settlement  of  claims 

under,  6097. 
Discussed,  5869. 

Enforcement    of    regulations    in    ac- 
cordance with  decision  of,  referred 
to,  6000. 
Failure  of  negotiations  of,  to  protect 

fur  seals  of  Alaska,  6182. 
Reports  of  agent  of  United  States  to, 

transmitted,  5909. 
Tribute  paid  Algeria  by  United  States 

referred  to,  115,  174,  325. 
Trinidad,  vessels  from  ports  of,  duties 
on,  suspended  bv  proclamation,  4889, 
6503. 

Triple  Alliance. — The  popular  name  of 
three  different  political  combinations  of 
European  powers  :  First — An  alliance  con- 
cluded at  The  Hague  in  1668  between  Eng- 
land, Holland  and  Sweden,  having  for  its 


object  the  checking  of  tho  conquests  of 
Louis  XIV.  Second —An  alliance  concluded 
In  1717  between  England,  France  and  Hol- 
land against  Spain.  With  tin-  addition  of 
Austria  in  17IS  it  became  known  as  the 
Quadruple  Alliance.  Third  —The  Drcibiind, 
originally  formed  October  7,  1S71),  as  a  dual 
alliance  between  Germany  and  Austria- 
Hungary,  on  the  basis  of  mutual  assistance 
in  case  of  an  attack  by  Russia  on  either 
party,  and  friendly  neutrality  in  case  of  an 
attack  by  any  other  power.  Italy  joined 
this  alliance  and  with  the  beginning  of 
1«S.">,  it  has  been  known  as  the  Triple  Al- 
liance. The  treaty  between  Italy  and  <Jer- 
inany  provided  for  common  act  fun  in  case 
of  French  encroachments  on  cither  power, 
and  that  between  Italy  and  Austria  Hun- 
gary for  the  maintenance  of  a  friendly  neu- 
trality in  case  of  hostilities  between  France 
and  Italy  or  between  Russia  and  Austria- 
Hungary.  (See  Central  Powers  and  Euro- 
pean War.) 

Triple  Entente.— One  of  tho  political  nin- 
aiices  or  understandings  between  the  Euro- 
pean nations.  Although  published  treaties 
bound  the  powers  to  no  political  or  mili- 
tary alliance,  it  was  generally  conceded 
that  Russia  had  an  understanding  with 
France  that  in  the  event  of  hostilities  the 
two  nations  would  unite  against  Germany. 
Great  Britain  also  became  a  secret  ally  of 
France  in  her  diplomatic  and  commercial 
rivalry  with  (Jermany.  At  the  outbreak  of 
the  European  War  of  1914,  (Jermany  came 
to  the  assistance  of  Austria-Hungary  when 
the  latter  was  menaced  by  Russia,  agree- 
ably to  the  terms  of  the  Triple  Alliance,  and 
France  made  ready  to  attack  (iermany  on 
behalf  of  Russia  in  accordance  with  the 
Triple  Entente.  Italy  maintained  neutrality 
when  the  other  members  of  the  Alliance  be- 
came involved,  and  Great  Britain  joined 
France  and  Russia  in  their  operations 
against  Germany  on  the  ground  of  the  vio- 
lation of  the  neutrality  of  Belgium.  (See 
Entente  Allies  and  European  War.) 
Tripoli. — An  Italian  province  in  northern 
Africa,  wrested  from  Turkey  by  the  war 
of  1908  and  confirmed  by  the 'Treaty  of 
Ouchy.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by 
the  Mediterranean  Sea,  on  the  east  by 
Egypt,  on  the  west  by  Tunis  and  on  the 
south  by  the  Desert  of  Sahara.  Its  exports 
consist  mainly  of  products  of  the  Sudan 
brought  across  the  Sahara  by  caravan.  The 
OUKJS  of  Fezzan  and  some  smaller  oases  are 
within  its  borders.  It  anciently  belonged 
to  Carthage  and  at  a  later  date  to  Rome. 
It  was  overrun  and  conquered  by  the  Arabs 
in  the  seventh  century  and  by  the  Turks 
in  the  sixteenth  century.  It  became  an  in- 
dependent state  in  1713,  but  was  recon- 
quered by  the  Turks  about  IS.0,.").  A  war 
occurred  between  Tripoli  and  tho  I'nitod 
States,  1801-1805  (q.  v.).  Area,  noS.itno 
square  miles,  the  population  is  estimated  at 
1,000,000. 
Tripoli: 

Blockade  of,  by  United  States  squad- 
ron referred  to,  388,  389. 
Citizens  of  United  States  imprisoned 

in,  liberated,  373. 

Claims  of  United  States  against,  1025. 
Corvette    on    coast   of,   destroyed   by 

United    States   vessels,    3a3. 
Ex-Bashaw    of,    treaty    with    United 
States  relative  to  restoring  family 
of,  to,  418. 


Tripoli 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Hamet  Caramilli,  appeals  of,  to 
United  States  to  place  ou  throne 
of,  in  place  of  his  younger  brother, 
380. 

Philadelphia,  wreck  of  the,  on  coast 

of,  356,  362. 

Oflieers     and     crew    of,     fall    into 
hands  of  citizens  of,  356. 

Treaty  with,  235,  378. 

War  with.  (See  Tripolitan  war.) 
Tripoli,  Treaty  with. — The  treaty  of 
peace  and  amity  of  1805  closed  the  Tri- 
politan  War.  By  its  terms  freedom  of 
commerce  was  granted  to  citizens  of  the 
rniicd  Stntc-s  upon  conditions  of  the  most 
favored  nation.  The  Bashaw  of  Tripoli 
agreed  to  deliver  to  the  commander  of 
tin-  American  squadron  all  Americans  in 
his  hands  in  return  lor  all  of  his  subjects 
in  the  hands  of  the  Americans.  As  the 
Americans  to  be  released  numbered  about 
throe  hundred,  and  the  Tripolitans  in  the 
hands  of  the  Americans  only  one  hundred, 
the  United  States  agreed  to  pay  the  Ba- 
shaw of  Tripoli  the  sum  of  sixty  thousand 
dollars  in  compensation  for  the  difference. 
The  United  States  land  forces  should  be 
immediately  withdrawn  without  supplies ; 
and  the  United  States  agreed  to  use  her 
best  offices  to  induce  the  brother  of  the  Ba- 
shaw, her  ally,  to  withdraw  also.  But  the 
United  States  agreed  not  to  use  force  to 
tiring  this  about.  Should  the  brother  ac- 
qniesce,  the  Bashaw  agreed  to  return  his 
wife  and  child,  held  as  hostages. 

Passports  should  be  granted  to  vessels 
of  both  nationalities,  and  provisions  were 
made  to  render  examination  of  passports 
and  other  papers  as  easy  as  possible.  Hu- 
mane provisions  were  made  for  a  supply  of 
food,  repairs,  and  relief  to  distressed  or 
shipwrecked  sailors  or  vessels.  The  com- 
merce, protection  of  merchants,  and  ap- 
pointment of  consuls  in  Tripoli  were  pro- 
vided for  on  terms  of  the  most  favored 
nation.  Freedom  of  conscience  was  guar- 
anteed to  all  citizens  of  the  United  States. 
Tripolitan  War. — A  war  between  the 
United  States  and  Tripoli.  1801-1805.  Dur- 
ing the  latter  part  of  the  eighteenth  century 
the  United  States,  following  the  custom  of 
tlie  leading  European  nations,  paid  an  an- 
nual tribute  to  the  rulers  of  the  various 
Barbary  States  as  the  price  of  immunity 
from  their  piratical  depredations.  In  con- 
soiineiico  of  a  refusal  on  the  part  of  the 
United  States  to  increase  the  tribute  the 
Bashaw  of  Tripoli,  June  10,  1S01.  declared 
war  (.''.14 1.  In  anticipation  of  this  event 
the  United  States  had  already  sent  a 
squadron  to  the  Mediterranean.  In  October, 
ISO.'!,  the  frigate  Philadelphia,  ('apt.  Bain- 
bridge,  while  chasing  a  corsair  into  the 
harbor  of  Tripoli,  struck  a  sunken  rock  and 
was  captured  with  all  on  hoard.  Commo- 
dore I)ecaiur.  of  the  Intrrint],  ran  his  vessel 
into  the  harbor  of  Tripoli  on  the  night  of 
Feb.  It;,  1x04.  and  under  the  fire  of  the 
s'hore  batteries  burned  the  PliiJdtlrJpJiia. 
Between  July  and  September,  1804,  Commo- 
dore F.dward  I'reble  made  a  series  of  attacks 
on  the  fortifications  of  Tripoli.  Meantime 
Gen.  William  Katon,  T'nlted  States  consul 
tit  Tunis,  joined  Hamet,  the  rightful  Bashaw 
of  Tripoli,  in  an  expedition  against  hia 
usurping  brother.  Marching  from  Kgypt 
across  the  desert,  they  took  Porno  April  27, 
1  SO5.  The  success  of  this  expedition  made 
it  possible  to  extort  a  highly  favorable 
t'reaty  from  the  Bashaw  June  4.  1S05.  the 
United  Slates  agreeing  to  pay  $t>0,000 
ransom  for  the  officers  and  ciew  of  the 


Philadelphia   and    Hamet    being   induced    to 
retire. 

Tripolitan  War: 

Blockade      established      bv      United 
States  referred  to,  388,  "389. 

Discussed,  314,  331,  358,  379,  380. 

Establishing  blockade,  388,  389. 

Letter  of  American  consul  regarding, 
transmitted,  363. 

Treaty  of  peace  transmitted,  378. 
Troops.  (See  Army;  Militia.) 
Trust. — In  modern  commercial  usage  an  or- 
ganization for  the  control  of  several  cor- 
porations or  establishments  under  one  di- 
rection or  in  one  combination,  the  object 
being  to  enable  the  trustees  or  managers 
to  direct  and  govern  all  the  corporations  or 
establishments,  so  as  to  control  and  sus- 
pend at  pleasure  the  work  of  any,  and 
tints-  to  reduce?  expenses,  regulate  produc- 
tion, and  defeat  competition.  In  later  years 
these  combinations  or  trusts  have  greatly 
multiplied  and  increased,  both  in  number 
and  capital  involved.  The  first  anti-trust 
enactment  was  a  provision  in  the  constitu- 
tion of  Georgia,  passed  in  1877  and  directed 
against  the  formation  of  pools  among  rail- 
roads. The  Interstate  Commerce  (q.  v. ) 
law  passed  by  Congress  in  1887  also  pro- 
hibited the  formation  of  railroad  pools.  In 
1S89  several  states  passed  anti-trust  laws, 
and  in  IS'.iO  Congress  passed  what  is  known 
as  the  Sherman  Anti-trust  law.  This  de- 
clared combinations  in  restraint  of  trade 
among  the  several  states  or  with  foreign 
powers  illegal  and  fixed  a  penalty  of  .$5.000 
or  one  year's  imprisonment.  The  operation 
of  the  Sherman  law  was  not  entirely  sat- 
isfactory, and  in  1903,  on  Attorney-General 
Knox's  recommendation.  Congress  passed 
laws  for  expediting  cases  instituted  under 
the  Sherman  Act,  made  the  Interstate  Com- 
merce (q.  v.)  Act  more  effective  and  cre- 
ated the  Bureau  of  Corporations  in  the 
new  Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor 
(q.  v.)  to  investigate  corporations  other  than 
railroads  engaged  in  interstate  or  foreign 
commerce.  The  latest  enactment  of  Con- 
gress on  the  subject  of  trusts  is  the  Clay- 
ton law  passed  in  1914. 

The  decisions  of  the  United  States  Su- 
preme Court,  March  14,  1904,  in  the  North- 
ern Securities  case  prevented  the  combina- 
tion of  the  Great  Northern  and  Northern 
Pacific  Railroads,  declaring  that  a  corpora- 
tion organized  to  vote  the  majority  of  the 
stocks  of  the  two  railroads  was  not  a  mere 
holding  company  but  a  combination  in  re- 
straint of  trade,  and  ordered  it  dissolved. 
On  July  1,  1!M)5,  five  corporations  and  sev- 
enteen individuals  engaged  in  the  moat- 
packing  industry  were  indicted  at  Chicago 
by  the  Federal  Grand  Jury  for  violation  of 
the  Sherman  anti-trust  law,  and  later 
pleaded  guilty  and  were  fined.  The  largest 
trust  is  the  United  States  Steel  Corpora- 
tion, organized  in  1901,  which  in  190,8  hail 
securities  outstanding  to  the  amount  of 
SI  ,4.'!2, 597,87.'!.. '{1,  and  assets  aggregating 
$1,703,1(58.118.40.  Moody's  '.'Manual  of 
Corporations"  mentions  some  1.5OO  trusts, 
and  statas  that  440  large  industrial  and 
transportation  trusts  are  active,  and  have 
a  floating  capital  of  $20,379,162,511. 
Trust  Funds: 

Discussed,   4920. 

Referred  to,  499p. 

Trusts,    evils    of    monopolies    and,    dis- 
cussed  and   recommendations   regard- 
ing,   535S,    5478,    617(i,    filMO,    (i:;60. 
(See  also  Anti-Trust  Law.) 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Turkey 


Tunis. — A  French  protectorate  In  northern 
Africa.  It  is  one  of  the  Barbary  States. 
Tunis  Is  bounded  on  the  north  and  north- 
east by  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  on  the 
southeast  by  Tripoli,  on  the  south  and 
southwest  by  the  Desert  of  Sahara,  and  on 
the  west  by  Algeria.  It  produces  grain 
and  fruits  (principally  dates  and  olives), 
and  has  important  fishing  Interests.  It  is 
peopled  by  Arabs,  Berbers,  and  Jews.  Tunis 
formed  a  part  of  anc'ient  Carthage,  and 
later,  as  Roman  Africa,  it  became  the  lead- 
Ing  seat  of  Latin  Christianity.  It  passed 
successively  under  the  dominion  of  the 
Vandals,  Greeks  and  Arabs.  It  was  made 
a  Turkish  province  in  1575.  For  n  long 
time  it  was  noted  as  a  piratical  state.  It 
became  a  French  protectorate  in  1881. 
Area,  45,770  square  miles;  estimated  popu- 
lation, 1,500,000. 

Tunis: 

Blockade  of  Tripoli,  388,  389. 

Claims  of,  against  United  States,  388, 
389. 

Condolence   of   Bey   of,   on   death   of 
President  Lincoln,  3565. 

Consul  of  United  States  in,  169,  379, 
833,  2611. 

Convention  with,  833. 

Differences  with,  unsettled,  374. 

Gratuity     promised     to,    by     United 
States  partially   delivered,  325. 

Peace  negotiations  with,  389. 

Questions  with,  regarding  blockade  of 
Tripoli,  388,  389. 

Relations  with,  uncertain,  395. 

Treaty  with,  192,  253,  359,  821,  833, 
852. 

War  with,  threatened,  388. 
Tunis,  Treaties  with. — The  treaty  of 
amity,  commerce,  and  navigation  of  1797 
was  in  some  respects  modified  by  the  latter 
treaty  of  1824.  Both,  in  turn,  were  super- 
seded by  the  treaty  with  France  regard- 
ing Tunis  of  May  9,  1094.  By  this  latter 
the  consuls  of  the  United  States  residing 
in  Tunis  are  no  longer  governed  by  the 
conditions  of  the  former  treaties,  but  are 
to  be  regulated  in  all  cases  by  international 
law.  The  government  of  France  agrees  by 
this  treaty  to  accord  to  the  said  consuls  all 
of  the  rights,  privileges,  and  immunities  so 
provided.  (See  France,  Treaties  with.) 

Turin,    Italy,    Hygienic     Congress    at, 

4626. 

Turkey. —  The  Turkish  or  Ottoman  Em- 
pire, in  southeastern  Europe  and  in  Asia 
and  Africa,  embraces  a  total  area  of  1,058,- 
041  English  square  miles,  with  an  esti- 
mated population  of  31,580,000.  Of  this 
total,  about  700,000  square  miles,  with 
a  population  exceeding  21,000,000,  are  di- 
rectly under  Turkish  government. 

TURKEY  IN  EUROPE.— Turkey  in 
Europe  occupies  the  eastern  portion  of  the 
Balkan  Peninsula  and  lies  approximately 
between  40°-42°  50'  N.  latitude  and  2<?°-29° 
10'  E.  longitude.  The  only  political  neigh- 
bor in  Europe  is  Bulgaria  on  the  north 
and  west.  The  southern  coast  is  washed 
by  the  ^Egean  and  the  Sea  of  Marmora,  and 
the  northeast  coast  by  the  Black  Sea.  The 
principal  towns  are  Constantinople,  the 
capital  of  the  Empire,  with  a  population  es- 
timated at  1,100,000,  Adrianople  (120.000), 
Rodosto  (35,000),  Gallipoli  (25,000),  Kirk- 
Kilisseh,  C'horlu,  and  Enos. 


TL'KKKY  IN  ASIA.— Anatolia  is  prac- 
tically coincident  with  Asia  Minor,  a  penin- 
sula  of  western  Asia,  bounded  on  the  north 
by  the  Black  Sea,  on  the  west  by  the 
,/Egean,  and  on  the  south  by  the  Mediter- 
ranean ;  and  separated  from  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope at  the  northwestern  extremity  by  nar- 
row straits  known  as  the  Dardanelles, 
which  mark  the  entrance  to  the  Sea  of 
Marmora,  and  the  Bosphorus,  which  forms  a 
gateway  to  the  Black  Sea. 

Physical  Features. — In  the  western 
vilayets  are  the  Granicus  and  Seamauder, 
which  rise  in  Mount  Ida,  5,750  feet,  the 
latter  (lowing  through  the  plains  of  Troy; 
and  the  Meander,  whose  winding  course  to 
the  Gulf  of  Miletus,  on  the  vEgean  coasi, 
is  the  classical' symbol  of  purposeless  wan- 
dering. 

Production  and  Induxtnj. — The  country  is 
rich  in  minerals,  including  gold,  silver, 
nickel,  mercury,  copper,  iron,  lead  and  coal, 
but  its  resources  are  almost  entirely  unde- 
veloped ;  the  forests  of  the  northern  moun- 
tains contain  pine,  fir,  cedar,  oak  and  beech, 
and  the  lower  slopes  and  plains  of  the  west 
produce  figs,  olives  and  grapes  in  abun- 
dance, while  fruit  trees  flourish  in  the 
north.  Cereals,  cotton,  rice  and  tobacco 
are  cultivated,  and  buffaloes,  camels,  horses, 
sheep  and  goats  form  the  principal  wealth 
of  the  inhabitants.  Carpets,  rugs  and  cot- 
tons and  mohair  and  silk  stuffs  are  manu- 
factured. Coffee,  textiles  and  other  manu- 
factures, petroleum  and  salt  are  the  prin- 
cipal imports.  The  Anatolian  Railways, 
built  by  German  enterprise,  run  from  the 
coast  to  Angora,  to  Brusa,  and  to  Konia, 
whence  an  extension  is  being  built  as  a  sec- 
tion of  the  Bagdad  line  (see  Mesopotamia). 
There  are  also  English  and  French  lines  in 
the  west :  these  railways  have  given  a  great 
impetus  to  the  trade  of  Anatolia. 

Islands. — Almost  all  the  Turkish  islands 
have  been  occupied  by  Greece  and  Italy. 
Samothrace,  Lemuos,  Mitylene,  Chios,  Psa- 
ra,  Samos,  Nikaria  and  smaller  islands 
were  seized  by  Greece  during  the  Balkan 
War  of  1912-1913 ;  while  Rhodes,  Carpa- 
thos,  Cos  and  other  islands  were  occu- 
pied by  Italy  in  1912.  Under  the  treaty  of 
Ouchy  (1912)  Italy  has  undertaken  to  re- 
store the  occupied  islands  when  all  Otto- 
man troops  have  left  Tripoli  and  Benghazi. 
Lemnos,  Imbros,  and  Samothrace  lie  close 
to  European  Turkey,  in  the  yEgean  Sea, 
while  Thasos,  which  lies  near  the  coast 
of  Salonica,  is  the  personal  property  of 
the  Khedive  of  Egypt,  and  is  excluded 
from  the  Archipelago  administration. 
Rhodes  contains  the  old  headquarters  of 
the  Archipelago  vilayet;  the  island  is  par- 
ticularly fertile,  and  the  climate  delightful, 
the  land  producing  a  profusion  of  fruits, 
grapes,  and  grain,  and  providing  rich  pas- 
tures. Mitylene,  or  Lesbos,  north  of  the 
Gulf  of  Smyrna,  has  an  area  of  about  6SO 
square  miles  and  a  population  estimated 
at  130,000,  of  whom  all  but  10,000  are 
Greek  Christians ;  its  products  are  olives, 
mules  and  cattle.  Chios  is  about  250 
square  miles  in  extent  and  has  a  popula- 
tion about  70.000  :  its  products  are  figs  and 
wine.  Crete,  or  Candia,  claimed  to  be 
part  of  the  Hellenic  Kingdom  at  the  out- 
break of  the  war  of  1912-1913.  has 
since  been  incorporated  by  Greece.  Samos. 
which  was  semi-independent,  now  forms 
part  of  the  Hellenic  Kingdom.  Cyprus  has 
been  administered  by  Great  Britain  since 
1878. 

Turkish  Armenia  and  Kurdistan  lie  be- 
tween Anatolia  on  the  north  and  west  and 
Asiatic  Russia  and  Persia  on  the  east.  Ar- 
menia occupies  the  northwestern  corner  of 
the  Iranian  Plateau,  with  a  mountain  range 


Turkey 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


running  diagonally  from  southwest  to  north- 
east and  culminating  in  Mount  Ararat  (16,- 
920  feet),  which  is  the  meeting-point  of 
the  Armenian,  Russian  and  Persian  bound- 
aries. Kurdistan  lies  between  Armenia  and 
Mesopotamia.  In  the  Armenian  plateau 
several  rivers  have  their  source.  The  Eu- 
phrates (which  has  a  length  of  1,800 
miles  from  its  source  to  its  outflow  in  the 
Persian  Gulf).  The  Tigris  has  a  total 
length  of  1,150  miles  from  its  source  to  its 
junction  with  the  Euphrates,  70  miles  from 
the  Persian  Gulf.  Other  rivers  are  the 
Aras  and  the  Churuk  Su.  The  great  lake 
of  Van  (about  2,000  square  miles  in  area) 
occupies  the  central  portion  of  the  vilayet 
of  that  name,  in  Kurdistan. 

Mesopotamia,  or  the  land  of  the  Tigris 
and  the  Euphrates,  which  includes  the  vila- 
yets of  Mosul,  Bagdad,  Basra,  and  part  of 
the  vilayet  of  Zor,  consists  of  broad,  undu- 
lating plains,  in  which  wheat  and  barley 
are  abundantly  grown.  It  extends  south- 
west to  the  deserts  of  Arabia,  and  south- 
east to  the  mouth  of  the  Euphrates. 

This  vast  district  is  the  subject  of  two 
important  schemes,  both  or  either  of  which 
would  tend  to  agricultural  development  and 
security.  One  proposal  is  the  Bagdad  (or 
Euphrates  Valley)  Railway  for  Which  a 
concession  has  been  granted  to  a  German 
syndicate  to  extend  the  Anatolian  line  from 
Konia,  via  Mosul  and  Bagdad,  to  the  Per- 
sian Gulf,  but  there  are  international  dif- 
ficulties in  the  way  of  the  completion  of 
the  line,  which  has  not  yet  entered  the 
Euphrates  valley.  The  Mesopotamia  Irri- 
gation scheme  of  Sir  William  Willcocks 
will  bring  a  vast  area  once  more  into  culti- 
vation thus  reviving  the  prosperity  of  a 
district  containing  traces  of  close  settle- 
ment in  bygone  days  ;  part  of  the  scheme 
is  already  completed,  and  some  300.000 
acres  have  been  made  available  for  tillage. 
South  of  the  city  of  Bagdad  is  Kerbela, 
the  most  sacred  center  of  pilgrimage  for 
the  Shia  (Persian)  Muhammadans. 

Syria  includes  several  vilayets  with  the 
mutessarifllks  of  Jerusalem  and  Lebanon, 
extending  eastward  to  the  deserts  of  Arabia, 
and  south  to  the  Sinai  Peninsula.  A  Fran- 
co-Turkish agreement  was  signed  in  Septem- 
ber, 1913,  under  which  railway  and  other 
concessions  in  Syria  are  granted  to  France 
in  return  for  facilities  for  raising  loans  in 
Europe.  Wheat,  tobacco,  fruit,  and  wine 
are  produced,  but,  except  in  the  Palestine 
littoral,  there  is  little  cultivation  without 
irrigation. 

Palestine. — Of  special  interest  to  Chris- 
tians is  the  district  known  as  Palestine,  a 
strip  of  land  along  the  Mediterranean  shore, 
and  lying  approximately  between  31°  28'- 
33°  20'  N.  latitude.  Palestine  is  divided 
Into  the  maritime  plain  and  mountainous 
region  of  the  west,  and  the  almost  unex- 
plored region  of  eastern  Palestine.  West- 
ern Palestine  contains  the  rivers  Orontea 
and  Jordan,  of  which  the  Orontes  (170 
miles)  rises  in  the  north  and  flows  west- 
ward to  the  coast  ;  while  the  Jordan  flows 
almost  due  north  and  south  (generally  be- 
low the  level  of  the  sea)  from  its  source, 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Mount  Hermon,  to 
its  mouth  in  the  Dead  Sea,  in  a  winding 
course  of  close  on  200  miles,  during  which 
It  flows  through  the  Sea  of  Galileo.  The 
Jordan  Irrigates  large  tracts  of  country  dur- 
ing the  rainy  season,  when  It  overflows  its 
banks.  Palestine  now  forms  the  mntessari- 
flik  of  Jerusalem  and  part  of  the  vilayet  of 
P.eyrout.  The  Church  of  the  Holy  Seplll- 

clire  at  Jerusalem  is  visited  :mmially  l>v 
larsrc  bands  of  Christian  pilgrims,  princi- 
pally of  the  Orthodox  and  Coptic  churches, 
and' the  site  of  Solomon's  Temple  is  occu- 
pied by  the  Mosque  of  Omar,  which  con- 


tains a  relic  of  the  Prophet  and  the  sacri- 
ficial stone  of  Abraham.  Recent  excava- 
tions on  the  site  of  the  city  of  Jericho  have 
proved  that  the  walls  are  still  standing  for 
the  greater  part  of  the  perimeter.  Damas- 
cus in  Syria  contains  the  Mosque  of  the 
Ommayedes,  where  is  the  tomb  of  Saladin. 

The  principal  towns  of  Asiatic  Turkey 
are  Smyrna  (260,000),  Bagdad  (150,000), 
Damascus  (150,000),  Aleppo  (125,000), 
Beyrout  (120,000),  Scutari  in  Anatolia  (80,- 
000,  and  Broussa  (80,000). 

History. — The  Ottoman  Turks  are  de- 
scended from  Asiatic  tribes,  who  migrated 
westward  under  the  pressure  of  the  Mongol 
invasion,  and  spread  from  Asia  Minor  into 
southeast  Europe  at  the  beginning  of  the 
fourteenth  century.  The  Turks  captured 
Constantinople  in  1453,  and  spread  over 
the  whole  of  the  Balkan  Peninsula,  their 
name  of  Osmanli,  or  Ottoman  Turks,  being 
derived  from  Othman,  or  Osman,  a  notable 
Turkish  leader  in  the  thirteenth  century. 
Early  in  the  sixteenth  century  the  Otto- 
man Empire  was  spread  over  Egypt  and 
northern  Africa,  and  penetrated  northward 
into  Hungary,  a  great  part  of  which  was 
incorporated  with  the  Turkish  dominions 
until  1699,  when  the  Peace  of  Carlowltz 
freed  the  country  from  Turkish  rule.  In 
the  nineteenth  century  the  outlying  Afri- 
can dominions,  with  the  exception  of  Tri- 
poli, broke  away  from  their  suzerain,  or 
were  occupied  by  other  Powers,  and  in  the 
latter  part  of  the  century  the  northern 
states  of  the  Balkan  Peninsula  asserted 
their  independence,  under  guarantees  of  the 
Christian  Powers. 

The  revolution  of  1908-1909  aimed  at  the 
restoration  of  the  constitution  granted  in 
1876,  but  withdrawn  by  the  Sultan  in  1877, 
from  which  date  the  rule  of  the  Sultan  was 
a  despotism,  tempered  only  by  religious  ob- 
servances and  the  fear  of  a  popular  rising 
or  of  intervention  by  other  Powers.  The 
1876  constitution,  restored  on  July  23,  1908, 
consists  of  a  monarchy  and  of  an  Assem- 
bly of  two  houses.  During  the  process  of 
constitutional  reforms,  which  drove  the  Sul- 
tan Abdul  Hamid  (1876-1908)  from  the 
throne,  war  broke  out  between  Italy  and 
Turkey,  and  Tripoli  and  Benghazi  were 
ceded  to  Italy  under  the  Treaty  of  Ourhy. 
These  events  were  followed  in  the  autumn 
of  1912  and  early  months  of  191."  by  a  dis- 
astrous war  with  the  States  of  the  Balkan 
League  (Bulgaria,  Montenegro,  Servia,  and 
Greece).  At  the  outbreak  of  hostilities  the 
European  dominions  of  Turkey  extended 
westward  to  the  Adriatic  and  northward  to 
Bosnia-Herzegovina,  thus  including  the  dis- 
tricts known  as  Macedonia,  Thrace,  and 
Albania.  By  the  Treaty  of  London  (lf»13i. 
the  northwestern  boundary  of  European 
Turkey  was  a  line  drawn  from  Enos,  on 
the  Adriatic  coast,  to  Midia  on  the  Black 
Sea,  thus  excluding  Adrianople,  which  had 
capitulated  (after  a  long  siege)  to  the  Bul- 
garian forces.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  sec- 
ond Balkan  war  (in  which  Servia  and 
Greece  were  aided  against  Bulgaria  by  Ru- 
mania), Turkey  took  advantage  of  the  mili- 
tary difficulties  of  Bulgaria  and  reoccupied 
Adrianople,  thus  recovering  a  part  of  the 
lost  dominions.  Ruler  (Sultan),  Mehmed 
V..  born  Nov.  3,  1844,  proclaimed  April  L'7. 
1909,  in  succession  to  Abdul  Hamid  II. 
(acceded  1876,  deposed  100KI.  The  pres 
ent  Sultan  is  the  thirty-fifth  in  descent 
from  Othman,  the  founder  of  the  Empire, 
In  whose  line  the  succession  Is  vested.  Dnr 
Ing  the  European  war  of  1914,  Turkey  was 
Induced  to  assume  the  offensive  against 
Russia,  and  on  Nov.  1,  bombarded  Odessa 
and  began  hostile  operations  in  the  Black 
Sea.  In  consequence  the  allied  powers  of 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Turkey 


Russia,  France  and  Britain  dismissed  the 
Turkish  ambassadors.  (Sec  European  War.) 

Government. — The  Turkish  Parliament 
consists  of  two  houses.  The  Senate  con- 
sists of  members  appointed  by  the  Sultan. 
The  Chamber  of  Deputies  contains  280  mem- 
bers, elected  by  delegates  (chosen  for  the 
purpose  by  the  registered  voters)  fora,  maxi- 
mum of  four  years. 

At  the  capital  (Constantinople)  there  Is 
a  Court  of  Cassation,  with  a  section  de  re- 
quftes,  and  civil  and  criminal  sections ;  a 
court  of  civil  and  criminal  appeal ;  and  a 
tribunal  of  first  instance. 


AUEA    AND    POPULATION 

Area  in 
Continental  Divisions         Eniglisi 


Estimated 


Sq.  Miles     Population 
Turkey  in  Europe 12,000         2,755,000 

Turkey  in  Asia — 
A  natolia — 

Adaua  (Adana) 1 5,500  425,000 

Angora  (Angora) 27,350  950,000 

Archipelago  (Rhodes) 2,750  320,000 

Bigha  (Dardanelles) 2,000  130,000 

Broussa  (Broussa) 25,000  1,500,000 

Castamuni  (Castamuni). .  .  20,000  1,000,000 

Ismid  (Ismid) 3,100  250,000 

Konia  (Konia) 40,000  1,000,000 

Sivas  (Sivas) 24,000  1,100,000 

Smyrna  (Smyrna) 21,000  1,500,000 

Trebizond  (Trebizond) 12,500  1,000,000 

193,800  9,175,000 

Armenia  and' Kurdistan —  

Ritlis  (Bitlis) . .' 10,500  400,000 

Diarbekir  (Diarbekir) 15,300  500,000 

Erzeroum  (Erzeroum) 19,300  650,000 

Mamuret  el  Aziz  (Kharput)        12,500  600,000 

Van  (Van) 15,000  350,000 

72,600  2,500,000 

Mesopotamia  and  Syria 

Aleppo  (Aleppo) 31,200  1,000,000 

Bagdad  (Bagdad) 42,500  600,000 

Basra  (Basra) 54,000  450,000 

Beyrout  (Beyrout) 6,200  600,000 

Jerusalem  (Jerusalem) 6,500  400,000 

Lebanon  (Tripoli) 1,160  200,000 

Mosul  (Mosul1* 35,000  400,000 

Syria  (Damascus) 37,000  800,000 

Zor  (El  Deir) 31,000  100,000 

244,460         4,650,000 

Hejaz  (Mecca)...  97,000  300,000 

Yemen  (Sana) 75,000  800,000 

172,000         1,100,000 

Total 682,960       17,425,000 

Turkey  in  Africa— Egypt .      363,181       11,400,000 

Grand  Total 1,058,041       31,580.000 

Some  twenty  or  more  races  are  represent- 
ed in  the  Turkish  Empire,  the  Osmanlis  or 
Turks  being  the  most  numerous.  Other 
races  are  Bulgarians,  Vlachs,  Kurds,  Cir- 
cassians, Armenians,  Arabs,  Jews,  and 
Gipsies.  Of  the  total  population  more  than 
half  are  Muhammadans  and  about  36  per 
cent  Christians,  while  300,000  are  Jews, 
300,000  Druses,  and  200,000  Gipsies  (about 
equally  divided  between  the  Moslem  and 
Christian  faiths.) 

Production  and  Industry. — Wheat  Is 
largely  grown  in  European  Turkey,  In 
South  Eastern  Anatolia  and  in  the  vilayets 
of  Basra  and  Syria  ;  maize,  millet  and 
sesame  are  largely  grown  in  Anatolia.  The 
vine  is  very  generally  cultivated,  and  dates, 
figs,  oljves,  oranges'  and  fruit  of  almost 
every  kind  are  grown,  particularly  in  north- 
ern Anatolia.  Basra  is  the  principal  cen- 
ter of  the  date  industry,  and  Adriauople  of 


the  wine  trade.  Uoses  are  very  largely 
grown  in  Adriunople  for  the  production  of 
perfume.  Cotton  is  now  largely  grown, 
and  tobacco  is  almost  universal,  the  trade 
being  centered  at  Smyrna.  The  silk-worm 
Industry  is  encouraged,  and  large  quantities 
of  silk  are  produced  in  Adriauople  and  in 
northwestern  Anatolia. 

The  mineral  wealth  of  Turkey  is  believed 
to  be  Immense  In  both  sections  of  the  em- 
pire ;  gold,  silver,  lead,  copper,  iron,  mer- 
cury, corundum  and  zinc,  and  coal,  salt  and 
borax  are  known  to  exist  ;  and  salt,  silver, 
lead  and  copper  mines  are  successfully  ex- 
ploited. Petroleum  is  obtained  in  the  Adri- 
anople  coast  district  of  the  Sea  of  Mar- 
mora. 

The  principal  industries  are  tanning  and 
the  manufacture  of  muslin,  velvet,  silks  and 
carpets,  attar  of  roses,  and  ornamental  met- 
al-work. 

For  the  army  and  navy  see  Armies  of  the 
World  and  Navies  of  the  World. 

Cities. — Capital  Constantinople.  Popula- 
tion, 1,200,000.  There  are  forty  towns  in 
the  Ottoman  Empire  with  a  population  ex- 
ceeding 25,000. 

Trade  with  the  United  States. — The  value 
of  merchandise  imported  into  Turkey  In 
Europe  from  the  United  States  for  the  year 
1913  was  $2, 217,073,  and  goods  to  the 
value  of  $9,917,890  were  sent  thither — a 
balance  of  $7,700,817  in  favor  of  Turkey. 

Turkey  (see  also  Ottoman  Empire): 
American  citizens — 

Agreement  respecting  rights  of,  in, 

proclaimed,  4231,  4344. 
Discussed,  4244,  4405. 
Emigration   of,   to,   for   purpose  of 
acquiring  lands  referred  to,  3661. 
Injuries  inflicted  upon  in,  referred 

to,  6090,  6147. 

Privileges  accorded,  in,  4920. 
Steps  taken   for  protection   of,  in, 

referred  to,  4321,  4627. 
Treatment  of  religious  and   educa- 
tional establishments  of,  in,  dis- 
cussed, 5752,  6070,  6147. 
American  college  at  Scutari  exempted 

from  taxation,  6070. 
American  missionaries  in,  protection 
for    and    treatment    of,    discussed, 
4627,   5090,  5872,  5962,   6069,   6147. 
Anatolia  College   partially   destroyed 
by  mobs  in,  and  indemnity  paid  for 
discussed,  5872. 
Arabian    horses    brought   by    Charles 

Rhind  from,  referred  to,  1099. 
Armenian  subjects  of — 

Cruelties  and  atrocities  committed 

upon,  by,  5989,  6069,  6147. 
Investigation    of,    by    American 

consul  discussed,  5989,  6069. 
Eeferred  to,  6090. 
Obtaining     citizenship     in     United 
States  and  returning  to,  expelled, 
discussed,   5872,   5962. 
Treatment  by,   of  naturalized  citi- 
zens   of    United    States    of    Ar- 
menian origin,  6095. 
Capitulations  of,  4602,  4664. 
Claims  of  United  States  against,  dis- 
cussed, 6148,  6337. 


Turkey 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Commercial     relations      with,      1732. 

(See   also  Black   Sea.) 
Consular  courts  of  the  United  States 

in,  discussed,  3352. 
Consuls  of  United  States  in,  exequa- 
tur to,  refused,  6070,  6092,  6148. 
Investigation     of     atrocities     com- 
mitted   on    Armenians    by,    dis- 
cussed, 5989,  6069. 
Eeferred  to,  6090. 
Believed    of    judicial    powers,    dis- 
cussed,  4192. 

Expulsion  of  Greeks  from  Constanti- 
nople, referred   to,  2774. 
Fugitive   criminals,  convention   with, 

for  surrender  of,  4258,  4296. 
Immigration    of    citizens    of    United 

States  into.     (See  Immigration.) 
Invasion  of,  by  Russia.     (  See  Wars, 

Foreign.) 
Jurisdictional  rights  of  United  States 

in,  discussed,  4715,  5472,  6337. 
Massacre   by   Turks  in  Bulgaria,   re- 
ferred to,  4376. 
Naturalization   treaty  with,   referred 

to,  4258,  5398. 

Questions      regarding,       discussed, 
4920,  5089,  5872,  5962,  6337,  6379. 
Treatment   by,   of   naturalized    cit- 
izens   of    United    States    of    Ar- 
menian origin,  referred  to,  6095. 
Relations  with,  4826,  6379. 
Sultan  of — 

Death  of,  referred  to,  1750. 

Visit  of  Agent  of,  to  United  States, 

referred  to,  2655. 
Tariffs  of, revision  of,  participated  in, 

by  United  States,  4759. 
Treaty    with,    transmitted    and    dis- 
cussed by  President — 
Grant,  4258,  4296. 
Jackson,   1067,    1093,   1114,   1127, 

H.T7,   1138,   1157. 
Lincoln,   3272,  3329. 
Construction  of,  referred  to,  3997. 
Referred  to,  1093. 
Termination  of,  4357. 

Sought  by,  4920. 
War  with — 

Germany,  neutrality  in,  8394. 
Greece,  hope  for  the   independence 
of   latter   entertained   by  United 
States,  702,  786,  828,  875,  950. 
Italy,  S445. 

Russia,  discussed  by  President — 
Adams,  J.  Q.,  973. 
Hayes,  4418. 
Neutrality  preserved  by  United 

States  in,  4418. 
Threatening  aspect  of,   762. 
Treaty  of  peace, referred  to,  1008. 

Turtle  Mountain  Indians.     (See  Indian 
Tribes.) 


Tuscaloosa,  Ala.,  bill  to  provide  for  pur- 
chase of  site  and  erection  of  public 
building  at,  vetoed,  5521. 
Tuscany. — A  compartlmcnto  of  the  King- 
dom of  Italy.  Tuscany  corresponds  nearly 
to  the  ancient  Etruria.  It  was  ruled  by 
the  Romans,  Goths,  Byzantine  Greeks,  Lom- 
bards, and  Franks.  It  became  completely 
disintegrated  about  the  eleventh  century, 
but  was  afterwards  erected  into  the  Grand 
Duchy  of  Tuscany.  After  several  changes 
in  its  government  it  was  taken  by  France 
and  became  a  part  of  that  country  about 
1808,  and  was  restored  to  the  Hapsburg- 
Lorraine  line  in  1814.  Tuscany  was  an- 
nexed by  Italy  in  1860.  Area,  9,304  square 
miles;  population  (1901),  2,548,154;  esti- 
mate for  1909,  2,675,500. 

Tuscany: 

Treaty  with  France,  185. 
%  Vessels  of,   discriminating  duties  on, 

suspended  by  proclamation,  1452. 
Tuscarora  Indians.  (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Tutuila  (American  Samoa) . — T  u  t  u  i  l  a, 
the  Samoan  island  wliich  with  its  attend- 
and  islets  of  Manilla,  Olosega,  Ofu,  Aunuu 
and  liose,  became  a  possession  of  the  Unit- 
ed States  by  virtue  of  the  tripartite  treaty 
with  Great  Britain  aud  Germany  in  1899, 
covers,  according  to  the  Bureau  of  Stalls- 
ties  of  the  Departmeut  of  Commerce  and 
Labor,  lifty-live  square  miles,  ami  has  (by 
census  of  Feb.  1,  1911.')  7,251  inhabitants. 
It  possesses  the  most  valuable  island  har- 
bor, Pago-Pago,  in  the  South  Pacific,  and 
perhaps  in  the  entire  Pacific  Ocean.  Com- 
mercially the  island  is  unimportant  at  pres- 
ent, but  is  extremely  valuable  in  its  rela- 
tions to  the  commerce  of  any  nation  desir- 
ing to  cultivate  trans-Pacific  commerce. 

The  Samoan  Islands,  iii  the  South  Pacific, 
are  fourteen  in  number,  and  lie  in  a  direct 
Hue  drawn  from  San  Francisco  to  Auck- 
land, New  Zealand.  Tutuila  is  4,100  miles 
from  San  Francisco,  2,1203  miles  from  Ha- 
waii, 1,080  miles  from  Auckland.  2,.'!54  miles 
from  Sydney,  and  4,200  miles  from  Manila. 
Germany  governs  all  the  group  except  the 
part  owned  by  the  United  States.  The  iu- 
habitants  are  native  Polynesians  and  Chris- 
tians of  different  denominations. 

Ex-Chief  Justice  Chambers,  of  Samoa, 
says  of  Pago-Pago  that  "the  harbor  could 
hold  the  entire  naval  force  of  the  United 
States,  aud  is  so  perfectly  arranged  that 
only  two  vessels  can  enter  at  the  same  time. 
The  coaling  station,  being  surrounded  by 
high  bluffs,  cannot  be  reached  by  shells 
from  outside."  Capacity  of  coaling  sta- 
tion, 4,200  tons. 

The  civil  government  is  administered  by 
a  Governor,  a  naval  officer  nominated  by 
the  Navy  Department  and  appointed  by  the 
President.  All  civil  affairs  arc  under  the 
Jurisdiction  of  the  Navy  Department.  (See 
also  Samoan  Islands.) 

Tutuila  Island,  agreement  regarding  es- 
tablishment of  naval  station  in, 
4122.  (See  also  Samoan  Islands.) 
Twenty-Cent  Piece.- -A  silver  coin  of 
United  States  of  the  weight  of  77.16  grains. 
It  was  authorized  in  1875  and  dusigucd 
principally  for  use  in  flic  Pacific  states.  It 
was  a  legal  tender  to  the  amount  of  $5. 
Coinage  of  it  was  discontinued  in  1878. 
Two-Cent  Piece. —  A  bronze  coin  of  the 
United  States  of  the  weight  of  90  grains. 
It  was  first  issued  in  1804,  and  was  the 
first  coin  to  bear  the  motto  "In  God  we 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Tyler 


trust."  It  was  legal  tender  to  the  amount 
of  25  cents.  Coinage  of  the  2-cent  piece 
was  discontinued  in  1872. 
Two-Penny  Act. — A  law  passed  In  1755 
by  the  Virginia  assembly.  The  principal 
medium  of  exchange  had  up  to  this  time 
been  tobacco,  it  being  considered  more 
substantial  than  (lie  paper  money  of  the 
Colony.  Under  the  provisions  of  the  two- 
penny" act,  or  option  law,  all  debts  pay- 
able, in  tobacco  were  made  payable, 
at  the  debtor's  option,  in  money  of  the  Col- 
ony at  the  rate  of  10s.  sd.  per  hundred- 
weight of  tobacco.  This  was  equivalent  to 
2d.  a  pound.  On  appeal  to  the  Crown  the 
law  was  vetoed. 
Tygris,  The,  detention  of,  admitted  by 

Great  Britain,  2111. 
Tyler  and  Luckett  (assignees),  act  for 

relief   of,    vetoed,   4334. 
Tyler,    John.— April   6,    1841-March   3, 

1835. 
Fourteenth    Administration — continued — 

Whig. 

Harrison    died    April    4,    1841  ;    Vice-Presi- 
dent Tyler  took  oath  of  office  April  6. 
Secretary   uf  State — 

Daniel  Webster   (continued). 

Hugh    S.    Legare. 

Abel    1'.    Upshur. 

.John  Nelson    (acting). 

John   C.   Calhouu. 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury — 

Thomas   Kwing   (continued). 

Walter   Forward. 

Caleb  dishing. 

John    C.    Spencer. 

George  M.    Ribb. 
Secretary  of   War — 

John  Hell   (continued). 

John   McLean    (declined  appointment). 

James  M.   1'orter   (rejected  by  Senate). 

John    C.   Spencer. 

William   Williams. 
Sfcrrtnrn  of  1ltc  Xury — 

George    K.    Badger    (continued). 

Abel    1'.    rpshur. 

David  Hcnshaw   (rejected  by  Senate). 

Thomas  W.  Gilmer. 

John   Y.   Mason. 
Postmaster-General — 

Francis  Granger   (continued). 

Charles  A.  Wiokliffe. 
Attorne.y-Oeneral — 

John    J.    Crittenden    (continued). 

Hugh  S.  Legare. 

John  Nelson. 

John  Tyler  was  elected  Vice-President 
by  an  electoral  vote  of  234 — equal  to  that 
received  by  President  Harrison.  He  suc- 
ceeded to  the  position  of  President  on  the 
death  of  President  Harrison,  which  oc- 
curred in  a  little  more  than  one  month  after 
his  inauguration.  As  this  was  the  first 
break  in  the  Presidential  office  since  the 
organization  of  the  Government,  some  dis- 
pute arose  as  to  Tyler's  title.  Leading 
statesmen  of  both  parties  were  actively  dis- 
cussing whether  he  was  President  or  only 
Acting  President.  But  Tyler  settled  the 
question  for  all  time  by  signing  his  first 
message,  "John  Tyler,  President." 

Party  AfliJinlion. — In  the  early  part  of 
his  political  career,  Tyler  was 'a  strong 
supporter  of  President  Madison's  policies. 
In  1811  he  opposed  in  the  Virginia  Assem- 
bly the  reeharter  of  the  first  Rank  of  the 
Vniled  States.  As  a  member  of  Congress 
lie  was  a  strict  construetionist  :  voted 
against  Calhoun's  internal  improvement 
bill,  the  Missouri  compromise,  and  protec- 
tive tariff.  Tn  the  Senate  he  opposed  the 
"tariff  of  abominations"  (1828).  In  1832 
lie  supported  Jackson  as  the  least  objec- 


tionable candidate,  but  this  support  was 
ouly  temporary.  His  nomination  to  the 
Vice-Presidency  with  Harrison  was  an  ef- 
fort to  secure  for  the  ticket  the  assistance 
of  the  dissatisfied  Democrats. 

Finance. — The  great  financial  event  of 
President  Tyler's  administration  was  his  fa- 
mous struggle  with  the  Whig  majorities  in 
Congress  over  the  Fiscal  Hank  and  Fiscal 
Corporation,  both  of  which  measures  h"  %••• 
toed.  In  'ills  opening  message  (page  ISitiit 
he  recounted  the  history  of  the  r-iit.-d 
States  Rank,  the  sub-treasury  system  of 
President  Van  Ruren,  and  other  lin.-iiicial 
aspects.  He  uttered  a  note  of  warning  lo 
Congress  which  passed  unheeded.  He  said  : 
"I  shall  be  ready  to  concur  with  you  in 
the  adoption  of  such  system  as  you  may 
propose,  reserving  to  myself  the  ultimate 
power  of  rejecting  any  measure  whi'-h 
may,  in  my  view  of  it,  conflict  with  the 
Constitution  or  otherwise  jeopard  the  pros- 
perity of  the  country,  a  power  whi'-h  I 
could  not  part  with,  even  if  I  would,  but. 
which  I  will  not  believe  any  act  of  yours 
will  call  into  requisition."  Roth  houses 
passed,  and  the  President  signed,  a  bill  to 
abolish  Van  Buren's  sub-treasury  plan. 
The  fight  for  the  national  bank  then  came 
on.  President  Tyler  had  always  main- 
tained that  the  Federal  Government  had 
no  Constitutional  right  to  establish  a  na- 
tional bank  within  a  state  without  first 
having  obtained  the  consent  of  that  state. 
Both  houses  passed  an  act  incorporating  a 
bank  of  the  L'nited  States  without  provid- 
ing for  the  consent  of  the  states,  and  the 
President  vetoed  it.  It  failed  to  secure  the 
necessary  two-thirds  vote  and  died.  The 
"fiscal  corporation"  bill  was  then  brought 
forward  incorporating  such  a  bank  in  the 
District  of  Columbia,  with  power  to  estab- 
lish branches  in  other  states.  Pressure  of 
all  kinds  was  brought  to  bear  upon  the 
President  to  compel  him  to  either  sign  ibis 
bill  or  to  resign.  But  lie  was  neither  lo  be 
hoodwinked  nor  bullied.  The  bill  passi  d 
both  houses  in  September.  1841  ;  but  tin- 
President  promptly  vetoed  it.  Whereupon 
the  majority  of  hi's  Cabinet  resigned,  Web- 
ster alone  remaining.  No  hoped-for  em- 
barrassment, followed,  for  the  President 
promptly  filled  the  vacancies,  and  his  noini 
nations  w^-re  at  once  confirmed.  The  grent 
effect  of  the  undoubted  victory  which  Tyler 
won  was  the  death-blow  to  paternal  gov- 
ernment. 

Public  Drbt.—Tlw  public  debt  of  the 
United  States  during  the  Tyler  adminis- 
tration stood  as  follows:  Jan.  1.  1842.  S'-'O.. 
601,226.28:  1843.  $32.742.922.00:  18-14. 
$23.461.632.50:  1845.  $15,025,303.01. 

Tariff. — In  the  second  year  of  Tyler's 
administration  The  strife  between  Congress 
and  the  President  was  renewed.  Instead 
of  the  bank  question,  the  tariff  formed  the 
matter  of  dispute.  The  importations  were 
insufficient  to  supply  the  Government  with 
means,  and  the  reduction  of  duties  by  the 
compromise  tariff  had  been  so  great  that 
there  was  not  money  enough  to  meet  the 
expenses.  A  bill  was  passed  restoring  the 
high  protective  tariff  of  1S33  and  provid- 
ing that  the  surplus  revenues  that  were 
sure  to  accrue  therefrom  should  be  divided 
among  the  states.  The  President  vetoed 
this  bill  on  the  ground  That  The  compromise 
tariff  provided  that  the  protective  tariff 
should  come  to  an  end  in  1842.  and  lie- 
cause  of  the  provision  for  distributing  the 
surplus.  Congress  then  framed  another 
bill  based  on  a  tariff  for  revenue  pl->n, 
with  an  incidental  provision  for  protection 
and  distribution.  The  President  gave  -jr-'ii 
offence  to  Contrives  by  veioiim-  this  Kill 
also.  There  were  threats  of  impeaehment 
for  unwarrantable  assumption  of  author- 
ity; but  the  Whigs  were  afraid  to  go 


z  «, 

i  •" 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Tyranny 


before  the  people  for  election  In  the  au- 
tumn without  settling  the  tnriff,  and  they 
were  obliged  to  pa*  a  1)111  without  the 
distributing  clause.  This  the  President 
promptly  signed.  Later,  an  attempt  was 
made  to  pass  the  distributing  clause  In  a 
separate  bill,  but  the  President  vetoed 
that.  In  the  next  Congress,  the  Whig 
majority  of  25  was  replaced  by  a  Demo- 
cratic majority  of  01. 

Internal  Improvement*. — Congress  passed 
two  bills  for  river  and  harbor  improve- 
ments, one  for  the  eastern  part  of  the  coun- 
try, and  the  other  for  the  Mississippi  sec- 
tion. The  eastern  bill  President  Tyler  ve- 


toed   (page   2183) 
signed.       The    dis< 
ground    that    the 
national  highway, 


the    Mississippi    bill    he 
was    on    the 
Mississippi    was    a    great 


ind  therein  differed  from 
all  other  rfvers,  and  was  on  that  account 
a  feature  for  the  consideration  of  the  Fed- 
eral Government.  An  attempt  to  override 
the  President's  veto  in  this  matter  was 
not  successful. 

Tyler,  John: 

Annexation  of  Texas,  discussed  by. 
(See  Texas.) 

Annual  messages  of,  1927,  2047,  2110, 
2187. 

Appointing  power  of  President,  dis- 
cussed by,  1903,  1958. 

Biographical   sketch  of,   1888. 

Commissioner  from  Virginia  to  confer 
with  President  in  effort  to  prevent 
war,  3193. 

Day  of  fasting  and  prayer  recom- 
mended by,  in  consequence  of  death 
of  President  William  Henry  Harri- 
son, 1887. 

Death  of  President  William  Henry 
Harrison  announced  to,  1877. 

Discretionary  power  of  President  over 
nominations,  removals,  and  other 
acts,  discussed  by,  1903,  1941,  1958, 
2073,  2080. 

Dorr's  Rebellion,  discussed  by,  and 
correspondence  regarding,  2136, 
2139,  2160. 

Exchequer  plan  of,  recommended  by, 
2057,  2119. 

Finances    discussed    by,    1895,    1916, 

1934,  1955,   1959,   2052,  2057,  2079, 
2117,  2119,  2199. 

Foreign  policy,  discussed  by,  1890, 
2049,  2064,  2160,  2169,  2171,  2176, 
2190,  2193,  2206. 

Hawaiian  Islands,  independence  of, 
desired  by  United  States,  and  con- 
trol over,  must  not  pass  to  foreign 
power,  2064. 

Inaugural  address  of,  1889. 

Internal  improvements  discussed  by, 
2183. 

Large  standing  army  unnecessary  in 
time  of  peace,  1901. 

Medium  of  exchange  discussed,  1897, 

1935,  2119. 

Monroe  Doctrine  reasserted  by,  2065. 
Oath  of  office  administered  to,   1886. 


Peace    with    all    the    world    the    true 

foundation  of  our  policy,   2050. 
Pocket  vetoes  of,  2108,  2182. 
Portrait  of,  1887. 

Powers  of  Federal  and  State  Govern- 
ments,   discussed    by,    1916,    1921, 
1941,  2036,  2043,  2183. 
Proclamations  of — 

Extraordinary    session     of    Senate, 

2220. 

Military    expedition    against    Can- 
ada, 1925. 
Prostration    in   business,    referred    to 

by,  2057. 

Protest  of,  to  action  of  House  in 
adopting  report  assailing  oilicial 
conduct  of,  204.'!. 

Request  of  House  for  information   in 
possession   of,   refused,   1958,   2073, 
2080. 
Signature   of,    to   Webster-Ashburton 

Treaty,  2026. 

Special  session  message  of,  1893. 
State     banks,     measures     should     be 
adopted     respecting     creation     of, 
1899. 
State  of  the  Union,  discussed  bv,  1927, 

2047,  2110,  2187. 
Subtreasury     system,     discussed     by, 

1898,  2060. 
System  of  government,  discussed  bv, 

2188. 
Tariff  discussed  by,  1944,  1961,  2033, 

2036,  2053,   2119. 
Texas,    relations   with,   discussed    by, 

(See  Texas.) 
Veto  messages  of — 

Appropriating  proceeds  of  sales  of 
public  lands,  reasons  for  applying 
pocket  veto,  2078. 
Improvement  of  rivers  and  harbors, 

2183. 

Incorporating  Fiscal  Bank,  1916. 
Incorporating    Fiscal    Corporation, 

1921. 

Payment  of  Cherokee  certificates, 
reasons  for  applyiiig  pocket  veto, 
2182. 

Revenue  cutters  and  steamers,  2219. 
Tariff  bills,  2033,  2036. 

Protest  of  President  against  ac- 
tion of  House  in  adopting  re- 
port assailing  his  conduct  re- 
specting, 2043. 

Testimony  in  contested  -  election 
cases,  reasons  for  applying  pocket 
veto,  2108. 

War  between  Texas  and  Mexico,  dis- 
cussed by.    (See  Wars,  Foreign.) 
Warehousing  system  recommended  by, 

2053,  2119.  " 

Tyranny. — The  act  of  one  ruling  in  a  wil- 
ful manner  by  reason  of  authority,  standing 
ready  to  use  force  or  cruelty  as  the  only 
sanction. 


U-Boat 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


U-Boat. — A  submarine  ;  so-called  from  the 
German  practice  of  designating  their  sub- 
marines by  number*  attached  to  the  letter 
I",  the  lirst  letter  of  the  German  word, 
"Untersee,"  "uuder-ocean  ;"  viz.:  U-5,  U-59, 
etc.  (See  Submarine.) 

Umatilla,  The,  rewards  to  Osette  In- 
dians for  rescuing,  recommended, 
4803. 

Umatilla  Indians.  (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Umpqua  Indians.  (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Un-American. — Action  which  is  unlike 
that  characteristic  of  America. 
Uncle  Sam. — A  personification  of  the  Unit- 
ed States  Government.  Several  explanations 
have  been  given  as  to  the  origin  of  this  ex- 
pression, but  the  most  plausible  is  the  fol- 
lowing :  During  the  War  of  1812  Elbert 
Anderson,  an  army  contractor,  bought  large 
quantities  of  provisions  for  the  Army  and 
had  them  shipped  to  himself  at  Troy,  N. 
Y.  The  shipping  mark  was  "E.  A."  above 
and  "U.  S."  beljw.  One  of  the  inspectors 
at  Troy  was  Samuel  Wilson,  popularly 
known  as  •'Uncle  Sain"  Wilson.  A  work- 
man was  asked  the  meaning  of  the  in- 
itials "U.  S.,,  which  at  that  time  were 
rarely  used  as  an  abbreviation  for  the  Unit- 
ed States.  The  prompt  reply  was  "Elbert 
Anderson  and  Uncle  Sam,"  referring  to 
Sam  Wilson.  This  interpretation  became 
current  among  the  workmen,  many  of  whom 
afterwards  enlisted  and  communicated  the 
explanation  to  their  comrades  from  all  parts 
of  the  country  as  the  mystic  cipher  elic- 
ited inquiry.  The  story  went  the  rounds 
of  the  press  and  "Uncle  Sam"  became  the 
popular  appellation  of  the  Government. 
Uncle  Tom's  Cabin.— A  novel  written  in 
1.s~>l  by  Harriet  Beecher  Stowe.  Its  suc- 
cessful purpose  was  to  show  the  evils  of 
slavery,  and  its  wide  popularity  contributed 
M'catly  to  the  abolition  sentiment. 
"Uncle  Woodrow."  — A  sympathetic  nick- 
name given  to  President  Wilson. 
Uncompaligre  Forest  Reserve,  Col.,  pro- 
claimed, 71246. 

Uncompahgre      Reservation,      hill      to 

change  boundaries  of,  vetoed,  5522. 
Unconstitutional.— Contrary  to  the  funda- 
mental jaw  laid  down  in  the  Constitution. 
Underground  Railroad.— A  name  common- 
ly applied  before  the  C.'ivil  War  to  an  ar- 
rangement whereby  fugitive  slaves  were 
assisted  to  escape  to  Canada-.  The  Idea 
origin;;  led  in  some  one  of  the  northern 
states,  and  the  plan  consisted  in  harboring 
fugitives  during  the  day  and  at  night  con- 
ducting them  to  the  next  "station"  till 
they  finally  reached  the  border  line.  This 
"railroad"  had  many  branches  and  the 
stations  were  a  night's  .•journey  apart.  The 
principal  routes  were,  from  Ke'  ky,  across 
Virginia  and  Ohio,  and  from  Maryland 
through  Pennsylvania  and  New  York.  This 
system  of  aiiling  escaping  slaves  was  par- 
tially organized  in  1838,  but  did  not  attain 
its  highest  activity  until  the  passage  of  the 
fugitive-slave  law,  about  1850.  A  Quaker, 
Lev!  Coffin,  the  reputed  president  of  the 
organization.  Is  snid  to  have  aided  in  the 
escape  of  a  large  number  of  slaves  annually 
for  many  years.  A  colored  woman  named 
Harriet  Tnhmnn  is  said  to  have  made  many 
journeys  north,  conducting  bands  of  fugi- 
tives. 


Underwood  Tariff  Act. — The    Tariff    Act 
passed  in  1013.     (See  Tariff.) 
Union  Flags,  return  of  Confederate  and 
to  respective  States,  recommended, 
5163. 

Proposition  withdrawn,  5164. 
Union  Labor. — Labor,     that    is.     laboring 
people,    who    are   members   of  trade  unions 
(q.   v.). 
Union  Labor  Party. — A  successor  of  the 

Greenback  party.  It  was  organized  at 
Cincinnati  Feb.  23,  18S7,  and  promulgated 
a  platform  embodying  the  principles  of 
the  Knights  of  Labor.  In  3891  it  united 
with  the  Farmers'  Alliance  and  other  ele- 
ments to  form  the  Populist  party. 

Union  of  South  Africa.— The  provinces  of 
the  Union  extend  from  the  southernmost 
point  of  the  African  Continent  to  the  wa- 
tershed of  the  Limpopo  River,  i.  e.,  from 
34°  50'-22°  S.  latitude,  and  include  all  the 
British  territory  within  those  limits,  with 
the  exception  of  Basutoland  and  the  Swazi- 
land and  Bechuanaland  Protectorates, 
while  provision  is  made  for  the  future  in- 
clusion within  the  Union  of  those  territories 
and  of  the  territories  of  the  British  South 
Africa  Company. 

Physical  Features.  —  The  southernmost 
province  contains  many  parallel  ranges, 
which  rise  in  steps  toward  the  interior. 
The  southwestern  peninsula  contains  the 
famous  Table  Mountain  (3,582  feet), 
while  the  Great  Zwarte  Bergen  and  Laiige 
Bergen  run  in  parallel  lines  from  west  to 
east  of  the  southern  province.  Between 
these  two  ranges  and  the  Roggeveld  and 
Nieuweveld  to  the  north  is  the  Great  Karoo 
Plateau,  which  is  bounded  on  the  east  by 
the  Sneeuwbergen,  containing  the  highest 
summit  in  the  province  (Compassberg, 
7,, SOU  feet).  In  the  east  are  ranges  which 
join  the  Drakensbergen  (11.000  feel),  be- 
tween Natal  and  the  Orange  Free  Si  ate. 

The  Orange  Free  States  presents  a  suc- 
cession of  undulating  grassy  plains  with 
good  pasture-laud.  Transvaal  is  also  main- 
ly an  elevated  plateau.  The  eastern  prov- 
ince of  Natal  has  pastoral  lowlands  and 
rich  agricultural  laud  and  the  interior  ris- 
ing in  terraces  as  in  the  southern  prov- 
inces. 

The  Orange,  with  its  tributary  the  Vaal. 
is  the  principal  river  of  the  south,  rising 
in  the  Drakensbergen  and  flowing  into  the 
Atlantic  hot  ween  German  Southwest  Afri- 
ca and  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Tin-  Lim- 
popo, or  Crocodile  Itiver,  in  the  north, 
rises  in  the  Transvaal  and  ilows  inio  the 
Indian  Ocean  through  Portuguese  East 
Africa.  Most  of  the  remaining  rivers  are 
furious  torrents  after  rain,  with  partially 
dry  beds  at  other  seasons. 

History. — The  Cape  of  Good  Hone  was 
discovered  in  1480  by  Bartholomew  Diaz, 
the  commander  of  one  of  the  many  expedi- 
tions sent  out  by  successive  Kings  of 
Portugal  to  discover  an  ocean  route  to 
India.  Diaz  merely  doubled  the  Cnpe  nnd 
returned  home.  Eleven  years  later.  In 
1407,  Vasco  da  Gama  not  only  doubled 
the  Cape  and  landed  in  what  is  now 
Natal,  but  successfully  accomplished  the 
voyage  to  Indin.  In  1052  the  Netherlands 
East  India  Company  took  possession  of 
the  shores  of  Table  Bay.  establi-hed  a 
fort,  and  occupied  the  adjacent  lands.  In 
order  to  be  always  ready  with  supplies 
for  their  passing  ships.  Tn  1S14  the  Cape 
was  formally  ceded  to  the  British  Crown. 

\atal  derives  its  name  from  tlv  fact 
of  Its  discovery  on  Christmas  Day,  1497, 


Encyclopedic  Index 


United 


by  the  celebrated  Portuguese  navigator, 
Vasco  da  Gama.  The  first  European  set- 
tlement was  formed  (1824)  by  a  party 
of  Englishmen,  who  established  themselves 
on  the  coast  where  Durban  now  stands. 
Natal  was  then  a  part  of  the  great  Zulu 
kingdom.  Between  1835  and  1837  another 
settlement  was  formed  by  a  body  of  Dutch 
Boers,  who  came  with  their  wagons  over- 
land from  the  Cape  Colony  and  settled  in 
the  northern  districts,  where  to  this  day 
the  Boers  preponderate.  In  the  year  1843 
Nat*!  was  proclaimed  British  and  annexed 
to  the  Cape  Colony.  In  1850  it  was 
erected  into  a  separate  colony,  with  repre- 
sentative institutions,  and  in  1898  acquired 
responsible  government. 

The  Transvaal  was  formed  as  the  South 
African  Republic  by  parties  of  Dutch  Boers 
frbm  the  English  colonies  who  "trekked" 
into  the  interior  of  the  continent  and 
wrested  the  land  across  the  Vaal  River 
from  the  native  chiefs.  The  discovery  of 
the  gold  fields  within  its  borders  led  to 
the  settlement  of  large  numbers  of  for- 
eigners, and  eventually  to  hostilities  with 
the  British  Government.  A  war  of  nearly 
three  years'  duration  was  fought  with  great 
tenacity,  and  its  close  was  marked  by  the 
inclusion  of  the  South  African  Republic 
within  the  British  Empire,  "responsible 
government"  being  granted  almost  imme- 
diately. 

The  Orange  Free  State  was  founded,  In 
much  the  same  way  as  the  Transvaal,  by 
Boer  emigrants  from  Cape  Colony,  and  its 
independence  was  granted  in  1854. 

Government. — The  Union  of  South  Africa 
Is  constituted  under  the-  South  African  Act, 
passed  by  the  Parliament  of  the  United 
kingdom' on  Sept.  20,  1909.  In  terms  of 
that  Act  the  self-governing  Colonies 
of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Natal,  the 
Transvaal,  and  the  Orange  River  Colony 
became  united  on  May  31,  1910,  in  a 
legislative  Union  under  one  Government 
under  the  name  of  the  Union  of  South 
Africa,  those  Colonies  becoming  original 
Provinces  of  the  Union  under  the  names 
of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Natal,  the 
Transvaal,  and  the  Orange  Free  State  re- 
spectively. 

The  Union  Government  is  seized  of  all 
State  property,  and  the  Railways,  Ports, 
Harbors,  and  Customs  are  administered  by 
Union  Commissioners  for  the  benefit  of  a 
Consolidated  Revenue  Fund.  The  former 
debts  of  the  Provinces  are  administered 
by  and  form  a  first  charge  upon  the  funds 
of  the  Union.  Provision  is  made  in  the 
Act  for  the  admission  to  the  Union  of 
Rhodesia,  and  for  the  transfer  to  the 
Union  Government  of  the  administration 
of  protected  and  other  native  territories. 
The  Union  was  inaugurated  by  His  Royal 
Highness,  the  Duke  of  Couuaught,  in  1910. 
The  seat  of  the  Government  is  Pretoria ; 
the  capital  is  Cape  Town.  The  Executive 
is  vested  in  a  Governor-General  appointed 
by  the  Sovereign,  and  aided  by  an  Execu- 
tive Council,  with  a  Legislature  of  two 
Houses.  Governor-General  (Pretoria),  His 
Excellency  the  Rt.  Hon.  Viscount  Glad- 
stone. 

The  Senate  consists  of  forty  members. 
For  ten  years  after  the  establishment  of 
Union  eight  are  nominated  by  the  Govern- 
or-General in  Council  and  thirty-two  are 
elected,  eight  for  each  Province. 

The  House  of  Assembly  consists  of  121 
elected  members,  fifty-one  of  whom  repre- 
sent the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  seventeen 
Natal,  thirty-six  Transvaal,  and  seventeen 
the  Orange  Free  State.  Members  of  both 
Houses  must  be  British  subjects  of  Euro- 
pean descent. 


AUKA    AND    POPULATION 


Provinces 


Area  in  Population 

English  Con.sus 

Sq.  Miles  of   1911 

Cape  of  Good  Hope 270,995  2,5r,4,9<i5 

Natal .'15,290  1,1<I4,043 

Transvaal 110,4211  l,(iSli,212 

Orange  Free  State SO.iLS'J  52>S,174 


Total 473,100       5.073,:W4 

Ethnography. — Of  the  total  5,07:;, .".04  per- 
sons (1911).  3,0(59,31)2  wen-  males,  and 
2,904,002  females.  The  Increase  for  the 
Union  (1904-1911)  was  15.41  per  cent. 
For  the  Provinces  it  was  as  follows  :  Cape, 
6.44  per  cent;  Natal,  7.09  per  cent;  Trans- 
vaal. 32,78  per  cent  ;  Orange  Free  Slat", 
36.37  per  cent.  The  population  comprised 
(1911)  1,27(5.242  Europeans  or  whiles 
(591,078  females),  4.010,006  natives  (1.990.- 
057  females)  and  078,146  oilier  colored 
races  (310,807  females).  In  1904  the  fig- 
ures were:  Europeans,  1,116,800  (increase, 
1904-1911,  of  14.28  per  cent;  natives. 
3,491,056  (increase,  1904-1911,  of  15.12  per 
cent)  ;  and  other  colored  races  507.902  (in- 
crease, 1904-1911,  of  19.40  per  reiiM.  The 
total  non-European  increase  (1904-1911) 
was  15.72  per  cent.  The  proportion  of 
Europeans  in  the  total  population  in  1904 
was  21.58  per  cent;  in  1911,  21.37  per 
cent. 
Union  Station,  Washington,  D.  C.  (Sec 

illustration  opposite  6980.) 
Union  Veteran  Legion.— Organized  at 
Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  March  1884,  and  the  Na- 
tional Organization  was  perfected  Nov.  17, 
1886.  Encampments  are  now  organized  in 
twenty-one  states  and  the  District  of  Co- 
lumbia, numbering  152  encampments.  The 
membership  is  over  20,000.  To  become  a 
member,  the  applicant  must  have  been  an 
officer,  soldier,  sailor  or  marine  of  the 
Union  army,  navy,  or  marine  corps,  during 
the  late  Civil  War,  who  volunteered  prior 
to  July  1,  1863,  for  a  term  of  three  years, 
and  was  honorably  discharged  for  any 
cause,  after  a  service  of  at  least  two  con- 
tinuous years ;  or  was,  at  any  time  dis- 
charged by  reason  of  wounds  received  in 
the  line  of  duty  ;  also  those  who  volunteered 
for  a  term  of  two  years  prior  to  July  i_'2, 
1861,  and  served  their  full  term  of  enlist- 
ment, unless  discharged  for  wounds  re- 
ceived in  the  line  of  duty;  but  no  drafted 
person,  nor  substitute,  nor  any  one  who 
has  at  any  time  borne  arms  against  the 
United  States,  is  eligible.  A  statement  by 
the  Adjutant-General  of  the  Legion  says: 
"It  is  believed  that  those  who  entered  the 
service  prior  to  July,  1803,  had  but  one 
object  in  view,  and  that  was  the  preserva- 
tion of  the  Union.  There  were  no  boun- 
ties prior  to  that  date,  nor  were  there 
any  fears  of  a  draft ;  consequently,  those 
who  shouldered  a  musket  or  wielded  a 
sabre  felt  that  it  was  a  sacred  duty  to 
offer  their  lives  in  defence  of  their  coun- 
try's honor." 

United  Confederate  Veterans.— An  asso- 
ciation the  objects  and  purposes  of  which 
are  set  forth  in  the  constitution  as  finally 
adopted  at  the  Houston  reunion.  May  23. 
1895.  It  is  a  federation  of  all  associa- 
tions of  Confederate  veterans,  soldiers  and 
sailors.  The  purposes  are  the  cultivation 
of  ties  of  friendship  between  those  who 
have  shared  common  dangers,  sufferings, 
and  privations:  the  encouragement  of  ihe 
writing,  by  the  participants  therein,  of 
narratives,  episodes,  occurrences,  etc.,  of 
the  Civil  War:  the  collection  of  authentic 
data  for  an  impartial  history,  and  the  pres- 


United 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


ervation  of  war  relics  and  mementoes,  and 
the  record,  as  far  as  possible,  of  every 
Confederate  soldier  who  is  dead ;  caring 
for  the  needy  survivors  and  assisting  and 
protecting  Confederate  widows  and  or- 
phans ;  the  erection  of  enduring  monuments 
and  marking  with  headstones  the  graves 
of  Confederate  dead,  aud  instilling  into  de- 
scendants proper  veneration  for  their  fa- 
thers. Membership  is  by  camps,  and  the 
latter  are  organized  into  departments,  di- 
visions, and  brigades.  There  are  three 
departments— Army  of  Northern  Virginia, 
Army  of  the  Tennessee,  and  Army  of  the 
Trans-Mississippi.  The  number  of  members 
is  about  55,000. 

United  Daughters  of  the  Confederacy. 
— The  United  Daughters  of  the  Confeder- 
acy was  organized  at  Nashville,  Tenn.,  Sept. 
10,  1894.  It  is  composed  of  the  widows, 
wives,  mothers,  sisters,  and  lineal  female 
descendants  of  men  who  served  honorably 
In  the  army  and  navy  of  the  Confederate 
States,  or  who  served  in  the  civil  service 
of  the  Confederate  States  or  one  of  the 
southern  states,  or  who  gave  personal  serv- 
ices to  the  Confederate  cause.  There  are 
local  federations,  governed  by  state  divi- 
sions, which  in  turn  are  subordinate  to 
the  general  organization.  The  objects  of 
the  United  Daughters  of  the  Confederacy, 
as  stated  in  the  constitution  of  the  soci- 
ety, are  "social,  literary,  historical,  monu- 
mental, benevolent,  and  honorable  in  every 
degree,  without  any  political  signitication 
whatever."  It  will  endeavor:  (1)  To  unite 
in  the  federation  all  bodies  of  southern 
women  now  organized  or  that  may  here- 
after be  formed.  (-)  To  cultivate  ties  of 
friendship  among  our  women  whose  fa- 
thers, brothers,  sons,  and,  in  numberless 
cases,  mothers,  shared  common  dangers,  suf- 
ferings, and  privations  ;  and  to  perpetuate 
honor,  integrity,  valor,  aud  other  noble 
attributes  of  true  southern  character.  (3) 
To  instruct  and  instill  into  the  descendants 
of  the  people  of  the  south  a  proper  respect 
for  the  pride  in  the  glorious  war  history, 
with  a  veneration  and  love  for  the  deeds  of 
their  forefathers  which  have  created  such 
a  monument  of  military  renown,  and  to 
perpetuate  a  truthful  record  of  the  noble 
and  chivalric  achievements  of  their  ances- 
tors. All  with  the  view  of  furnishing  au- 
thentic information  from  which  a  conscien- 
tious historiaii  will  be  enabled  to  write  a 
correct  and  impartial  history  of  the  Con- 
federate side  during  the  struggle  for  south- 
ern independence.  The  organization  now 
has  1,380  chapters  in  the  United  States, 
north  and  south,  with  80,000  members. 

United  Hatters.     (See  Loewe  vs.  Law- 

lor,  et  al.) 

United  Labor  Party.— A  local  political 
party  organized  in  New  York  City  in  1886. 
It  nominated  Henry  George  for  mayor  on 
a  platform  based  upon  his  theory  that 
values  arising  from  the  growth  of  society 
belong  to  the  community  as  a  whole,  and 
that  therefore  land  values  should  bear  the 
burden  of  taxation  (see  Single  Tax). 

United  Sons  of  Confederate  Veterans. 

(See  Confederate    Veterans,    United 

Sons  of.) 

United  States.— The   united    States    is   a 

federal  republic  consisting  of  forty-eight 
states  and  one  federal  district,  besides  UK- 
outlying  territories  of  Alaska.  Hawaii,  the 
Philippine  Islands.  Porio  Uico.  Guam, 
Tutuila  (Iroui)  (Samoai.  Wake  and  other 
islands  and  the  Panama  Canal  Zone.  Con- 
tinental United  Stales  occupies  the  south- 


ern portion  of  the  North  American  Con- 
tinent, between  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific 
Oceans,  in  latitude  25°-49°  North  and 
longitude  67° -124°  30'  West,  its  northern 
boundary  being  Canada  and  the  southern 
boundary  Mexico. 

Physical  Features. — The  coast-line  on 
both  oceans  has  an  estimated  length  of 
about  15,610  miles,  besides  3,620  miles 
on  the  great  lakes  and  5,744  on  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico.  The  principal  river  is  the  Missis- 
sippi-Missouri, traversing  the  whole  coun- 
try from  north  to  south,  and  having  a 
course  of  4,500  miles  to  its  mouth  in  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  with  many  large  affluents, 
the  chief  of  which  are  the  Yellowstone, 
Nebraska,  Arkansas,  Ohio,  and  Red  Rivers. 
The  rivers  flowing  into  the  Atlantic  and 
Pacific  Oceans  are  comparatively  small  ; 
among  the  former  may  be  noticed  the 
Hudson,  Delaware,  Susquehanna,  Potomac, 
and  Savannah ;  of  the  latter,  the  Colum- 
bia, Sacramento,  and  Colorado.  The  Mo- 
bile and  Colorado  of  Texas  fall  into  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  also  the  Rio  Grande,  which 
partly  forms  the  boundary  with  Mexico. 
The  chain  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  sepa- 
rates the  western  portion  of  the  territory 
from  the  remainder,  all  communication  be- 
ing carried  on  over  certain  elevated  passes, 
several  of  which  are  now  traversed  by  rail- 
roads ;  west  of  these,  bordering  the  Pacific 
coast,  the  Cascade  Mountains  and  Sierra 
Nevada  form  the  outer  edge  of  a  high  ta- 
ble-land, consisting  in  great  part  of  stony 
and  sandy  desert,  and  in  which  occurs  the 
Great  Salt  Lake,  extending  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains.  Kastward  the  country  is  a 
vast,  gently  undulating  plain,  with  a  gen- 
eral slope  southward  towards  the  marshy 
flats  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  extending  to 
the  Atlantic,  interrupted  only  by  the  Alle- 
ghany  Mountains,  in  the  eastern  states. 
Nearly  the  whole  of  this  plain,  from  the 
Rocky  Mountains  to  some  distance  beyond 
the  Mississippi,  consists  of  immense  tree- 
less prairies.  In  the  eastern  states  large 
forests  of  valuable  timber,  as  beech,  birch, 
maple,  oak,  pine,  spruce,  elm,  ash,  walnut  ; 
and  in  the  south,  live-oak,  water-oak,  mag- 
nolia, palmetto,  tulip-tree,  cypress,  etc., 
still  exist,  the  remnants  of  the  wooded 
region  which  formerly  extended  over  all 
the  Atlantic  slope,  but  into  which  great 
inroads  have  been  made  by  the  advance  of 
civilization.  The  Mississippi  valley  is 
eminently  fertile.  The  mineral  kingdom 
produces  in  great  abundance  iron,  copper, 
lead,  zinc,  and  aluminum  ;  the  non-metallic 
minerals  including  immense  quantities  of 
coal,  anthracite,  petroleum,  stone,  cement, 
phosphite  rock,  and  salt.  Precious  metals 
include  gold  and  silver,  raised  mainly  In 
Colorado,  California,  and  Alaska  (gold),  and 
Colorado,  Montana,  Utah  and  Idaho  (sil- 
ver) ;  while  precious  stones  are  worked  in 
great  variety,  including  the  turquoise,  sap- 
phire, tourmaline,  aud  garnet. 

TTisforj/. — United  States  history  may  be 
said  to  commence  with  the  colonizing  ex- 
peditions from  Kurope  in  the  sixteenth  and 
seventeenth  cenniries  ;  for,  although  Co- 
lumbus discovered  America  in  the  fifteenth 
century  (Oct.  12,  1 402 1 .  no  definite  Euro- 
pean settlement  was  attempted  until  the 
last  quarter  of  the  sixteeut'h  contury.  when 
Kngland.  Holland.  Sweden,  France,  and 
Spain  made  determined  efforts  to  bring  In- 
to account  the  potential  wealth  of  the  new- 
ly discovered  continent.  Of  these  nationali- 
ties the  English  secured  a  paramount  in- 
fluence amongst  the  nations  of  Euroiie.  Tu 
the  seventeenth  century  a  chartered  com 
pany  founded  Jamestown  (1(>07).  and 
many  Royalist  settlements  were  established 
in  the  district  which  had  been  named  Vir- 
ginia, after  Queen  Elizabeth,  in  the  prevl- 


Encyclopedic  Index 


United  States 


ous  century.  Hut.  step  by  step  wifh  the 
Church  and  Royalist  foundations  in  the 
south  a  similar  series  of  Puritan  and  Sepa- 
ratist centres  was  established  in  the  north. 
The  small  band  of  "Pilgrim  Fathers"  in 
their  180-ton  Mayflower,  from  Southamp- 
ton, England,  to  Plymouth,  Massachusetts 
(lt>20),  was  soon  followed  by  a  stream  of 
well-to-do  merchants  from  Boston,  Lincoln- 
shire, and  other  east  coast  English  towns, 
and  New  England  became  rapidly  prosper- 
ous. Between  these  two  settlements  the 
Dutch  had  established  themselves  in  New 
Netherlands  (1(521),  and  the  Swedes  in  New 
Sweden  (1638).  Other  English  foundations 
won;  Maryland  (KJ.TJ),  Carolina  (1(503). 
New  York  (1004),  New  Jersey  (1(505).  and 
Pennsylvania  (1681).  Georgia  (1732)  was 
the  last  of  the  English  settlements. 

The  Spaniards  began  colonizing  with  the 
second  voyage  of  Columbus,  but  their  settle- 
ments were  mostly  in  Cuba,  Haiti,  Mexico 
and  the  islands  of  the  Caribbean  Sea  and 
in  South  America.  The  few  colonies  planted 
on  the  main  land  were  never  of  hardy 
growth.  The  discoveries  of  Cabot  and  Car- 
tier  opened  the  month  of  the  St.  Lawrence 
to  French  enterprise,  and  Champlain  found- 
ed Quebec  in  1008.  Traversing  the  Great 
Lakes  Jesuit  missionaries  and  explorers  de- 
scended the  Mississippi  River  and  estab- 
lished posts  at  St.  Paul,  Dubuque,  Kaskas- 
kla,  and  St.  Louis,  finally  reaching  New 
Orleans,  thereby  confirming  the  claim  of 
France  to  th«  whole  interior  of  the  country. 

A  continuous  struggle  was  waged  between 
the  English  and  French  settlements  in 
America,  but  until  the  War  of  1754-1763 
little  part  was  taken  by  Great  Britain  in 
the  actual  campaigns.  The  issue  of  this 
war  decided  the  fate  of  America.  The 
British  Government  levied  an  excise  tax 
on  many  articles  in  everyday  use  in  the 
colonies.  The  colonists  resisted  in  arms, 
and  bloodshed  ensued  at  the  lirst  engage- 
ment at  Lexington.  April  19,  1775.  and 
continued  until  the  Capitulation  of  York- 
town,  Oct.  19,  1781,  when  Lord  Corn- 
wallis  surrendered  with  the  whole  of  his 
forces  to  General  Washington.  When  peace 
was  concluded.  Sept.  3,  1783,  between 
America  and  Great  Britain,  no  vestige  of 
territory  over  which  the  dispute  had  raged 
remained  under  British  rule.  On  July  _4, 
1770,  the  delegates  of  the  various  American 
colonies  adopted  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence. (See  Revolutionary  War  and 
the  various  battles.) 

The  Declaration  of  Independence  (q.  v.) 
was  followed  by  the  framing  of  a  Constitu- 
tion, which  was  ratified  in  1787  to  1790 
by  the  thirteen  Original  States  (Delaware, 
Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  Georgia,  Con- 
necticut, Massachusetts,  Maryland,  South 
Carolina,  New  Hampshire,  Virginia,  New 
York,  North  Carolina,  and  Rhode  Island). 
(See  Admission  of  States.)  This  Constitu- 
tion established  a  legislature  of  two  houses, 
and  vested  the  executive  power  in  an  elec- 
tive President  ;  and  on  April  30,  1789, 
George  Washington  entered  office  as  the 
first  of  a  line  of  Presidents  of  the  United 
States  of  America. 

The  maritime  war  of  Britain  and  France 
led  to  the  outbreak  of  hostilities  between 
the  former  and  the  United  States,  owing 
mainly  to  the  rival  interpretation  of  the 
law  of  allegiance  in  connection  with  im- 
pressment of  British  subjects  from  Ameri- 
can ships  to  serve  in  the  British  Navy. 
On  June  18.  1812,  the  United  States  de- 
clared war  against  Britain,  in  which  the 
latter  was  generally  successful  on  land  and 
the  United  States  almost  inevitably  vic- 
torious on  the  sea.  Peace  was  concluded 
by  the  Treaty  of  Ghent,  on  December  24, 
1814,  after  a  purposeless  war. 


The  war  with  Mexico  and  the  civil  war 
between  the  states  are  described  under 
separate  headings. 

Govr.rnmrnt.— I  .  the  Constitution  (q.  v) 
of  Sept.  17,  1787  (to  which  seventeen 
amendments  (See  Amendments)  have  been 
added),  the  government  of  the  United 
States  is  entrusted  to  three  separate  au- 
thorities— the  Executive,  the  Legislative 
and  the  Judicial. 

The  Executive  power  is  vested  in  the 
President,  advised  and  assisted  bv  the  heads 
of  ten  executive  departments.  The  descrip- 
tion and  history  of  these  departments  will 
be  found  under  the  headings,  Stale.  Treas- 
ury, War,  Attorney  General.  Postmaster- 
General,  Navy,  Interior.  Agriculture.  Com- 
merce, and  Labor.  (See  also  President.) 

The  Legislative  power  is  vested  in  two 
Houses,  the  Senate  and  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives, the  President  having  a  veto 
power,  which  may  be  overcome  by  a  two- 
thirds  vote  of  each  House.  Two  Senators 
from  each  state  are  elected  by  the  people 
thereof  for  the  term  of  six  years ;  and 
Representatives  are  chosen  in  each  state, 
by  popular  vote  for  two  years.  The  num- 
ber of  Representatives  for  each  state  is 
allotted  in  proportion  to  its  population— at 
present  one  for  212.407.  (See  articles  on 
Apportionment,  Congress,  Senate  and 
House.) 

The  Judiciary  consists  of  three  sets  of 
federal  courts:  (1)  The  Supreme  Court 
at.  Washington,  D.  C.,  consisting  of  a  Chief 
Justice  and  eight  puisne  judges,  with  orig- 
inal jurisdiction  in  cases  affecting  ambassa- 
dors, etc.,  or  where  a  state  is  a  party  to 
the  suit,  and  with  appellate  jurisdiction 
from  inferior  federal  courts.  (2)  The 
Circuit  Court  of  Appeals,  dealing  with  ap- 
peals from  district  courts,  and  consisting 
of  the  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  for  the 
circuit  and  all  the  Circuit  and  District 
Judges  within  the  circuit.  (3)  The  District 
Courts,  eighty-five  in  number,  served  by  a 
District  Court  Judge.  Besides  these,  the 
Court  of  Customs  Appeals  (q.  v.  t  was 
created  in  1909.  (See  Judiciary  Courts,  and 
Supreme  Court.) 

Education. — The  system  of  public  in- 
struction extends  from  the  kindergarten 
to  the  university.  Control  is  vested  in  t'he 
state  and  local  authorities,  the  only  cen- 
tral organization  being  the  Bureau  of  Edu- 
cation charged  with  statistical  and  ad 
visory  functions  only.  The  number  of  il- 
literates Is  swollen  by  immigrants,  and  by 
the  fact  that  some  44  per  cent  of  the  col- 
ored population  receive  no  instruction.  It 
is  said  that  no  home  is  beyond  reach  of  a 
school,  whilst  in  some  cases  pupils  are  con- 
veyed to  and  fro  at  public  expense.  A 
salient  feature  of  the  American  system 
is  co-education  of  the  sexes  throughout. 
there  being  comparatively  few  institutions 
where  the  tuition  is  not  dual.  Powerful 
aid  is  afforded  by  private  and  philanthropic 
initiative.  Special  Schools  and  Profession- 
al Establishments  are  numerous.  Leading 
Universities  are  California,  the  Catholic 
University  of  America.  Chicago,  Clark,  Co- 
lumbia, Cornell,  Harvard,  the  Johns  Hop- 
kins, Michigan,  Pennsylvania,  Princeton, 
Stanford.  Virginia,  Wisconsin,  and  Yale. 
(See  Universities.) 

Articles  on  the  co-ordinate  branches  of  the 
United  States  government  will  be  found  al- 
phabetically arranged  in  the  Encyclopedic 
Index  under  the  following  headings  : 


Executive — 
Executive 
Executive    Depts. 
Executive    Man- 
sion 


President 

Vice-President 

Capitol 

Cabinet 

State,     Dept.    of 


Encyclopedic  Index 


United  States 


THE  1'UOOUESS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  IN  AREA,  I-opri.ATION  AND  MATERIAL  INDUSTRIES 
KROM  1800  TO  l'J13  IS  SHOWN  IN  THIS  TABLE  WHICH  IS  COMPILED  FROM  A  STATE- 
MENT PRKI'AKED  BY  TUB  BUREAU  OK  FOREIGN  ANL>  DOMESTIC  COMMERCE,  DEl'AET- 
MKNT  OK  CO.MMKItCIO. 


1800 

1850 

1880 

1900 

1915a 

Area  b                 .    .      square  miles 

892,135 

2,997,119 

3  OL'O  789 

3  020  7H9 

3  026  789 

5,308,483 

23,191,870 

60  155  783 

75  994  575 

100  264  485 

Population  per  square  mile  c  ...   no. 
\\  ealth  d  e  dols. 

6.47 

7.88 
7,135,780,000 

10.86 
42,042,000,000 

25.55 
88517306775 

33.71 

/187  739071  090 

307.69 

85020 

1  164  79 

/I  96500 

Public  debt,  less  cash  in  Trcua- 

82,970.294 

63,452,774 

1,919,320,748 

1  107711  258 

1  089  848  006 

Public  debt,  per  capita  ilols. 
Interest  bearing  debt  A  dols. 

15.63 
82,970,25)4 
3,402,(i01 

2.74 
63,452,774 
3,782,393 

38.27 
1,723,993,100 
79  633  9sl 

14.52 
1,023,478,800 
33  545  130 

10.82 
969,759,090 
22  936  642 

Interest,  per  capita  dols. 
(iold  coined  dols. 
Silver  coined  dols. 
(Iiildin  circulation  j  dols. 

O.M 

317,7(10 
224  2110 
10,000,000 

0.10 

31,981,7:59 
1,800,100 
147,395,450 

1.59 
62,30X,i>79 
27,411,694 
225,095,779 

0.44 

99,272,943 
30,345,321 
610  KOO  472 

0.23 
t53.457.817 
{6,083,823 
*600  777  874 

Silver  in  circulation  j  dols. 
Gold  certificates  in  circulation.,  dols. 

68,022,345 
7,963,900 
5,789,569 

142,050,334 
200,733,019 
408  405  574 

Jt223,583,944 
1,076,637,759 
482  713  988 

I)  .  S.  notes     .  .         dols. 

327,895,457 

313,971  545 

332  035  994 

National  bank  notes  in  circula- 

337,415,178 

300  115  112 

786  643  647 

Fedi  ral  Reserve  notes  dols. 

80,501,710 

Miscellaneous  currency  in  circu- 

10,500,000 

131,360,520 

79  008  942 

2  245  710 

Total  circulation  of  money  dols. 
Per  capita  dols. 

20,500,000 
5.00 

278,701,982 
12.02 

973,382,228 
19.41 
2,070 

2,055,150,998 
26.93 
3  732 

3,585,140,626 
35.59 

7604 

455,909,505 

621  536461 

1  065  891  978 

37,182,128,621 

51  964  588  564 

»89'760'344  971 

Total  United  States               dols 

84  582  450  081 

{163  975  683  000 

833,701,034 

2  458  092  758 

m6  661  581  354 

43,431,130 

819,106,973 

2389,719954 

i4  93  6  591  849 

251,354 

2  335  582 

6  107  083 

ill  109  499 

3,907,343,580 

12,180,501,538 

n20439901  164 

o40  991  449  090 

2  212  450  927 

4417  069973 

p8  498  311  413 

Manufacturing  establishments  d  .  no. 

123,025 
1,019,100,010 

253,852 
5,369,579,191 

0207,514 

all,406,926,701 

0268,491 
020  672  051  870 

United  States  Government  re- 
ceipts —  net  ordinary  r  dols. 

10,848,749 

43,592,889 

333,526,501 

507,240,852 

695,663,190 

9,080,933 

39,008,680 

186,522,065 

233,104,871 

209,268,107 

809,397 

124,009,374 

295  327  927 

«415  657  052 

United  States  Government,  dis- 
bursements, net  ordinary  *.  .  .dols. 
War  dols. 
Navy                            .    .  dols. 

•10,813,971 
2,500,879 
3,448,716 

40,948,383 
9,087,025 
7,904,725 

264,847,637 
38,116,910 
13,530,985 

487,713,792 
134,774,708 
55,953,078 

731,527,572 
173,982,038 
141,959,853 

Pensions  dols. 
Interest  on  public  debt.  .  .  .dols. 
Imports  of  merchandise  dols. 

04,131 
3,402,601 
91,252,768 
17.19 

1,800,886 
3,782,393 
173,509,521 
7.48 

56,777,174 
95,757,575 
667,954,74( 
u!2.51 

140,877,316 
40,100,333 
849,941,184 
10.93 

164,388,959 
22,918,427 
1,674,169,740 

rl6.46 

Exports  of  merchandise  dols. 
Per  capita  dols. 

70,971,780 
13.37 

144,375,  72( 
0.23 

835,638,658 
1*16.43 
2,502,231 

1,394,483,082 
17.76 
11,259,310 

2,768,589,340 
26.70 
26,030,925 

Rubber,  crude    Ibs. 

10,826,09! 

49,377,138 

172,068,428 

Tin  plates                                 Ibs. 

379,902,880 

147,903,804 

10,642,237 

Iron  and  steel,  manufactures 
of                                        dols. 

20,145,007 

71,266,699 

20,478,728 

22,712,660 

Domestic  exports,  iron  and  steel 
manufactures  dols. 
Domestic   exports,    all    manu- 

52,144 

1,953,702 
23,223,  lOf 

14,716,524 

121,818,298 

121,913,548 

484,846,235 

225,888,358 
1,166,093,728 

544,180,510 

1,576,917,55( 

2,228,123,134 

5  969,253,000 

Cattle                                        no. 

17,778,907 

33,258,000 

43,902,414 

58,329,000 

4,330.719 

11,201,801 

13,537,524 

21,195,000 

21,773,220 

40,7('i5,90( 

41,883,065 

49,956,000 

559,331 

1,729,500 

2,080,027 

4,479,000 

30,354,213 

34,034,101 

37,079,356 

64,618,000 

60,000,00( 

30,000,000 

79,171,000 

i88,884,400 

Silver,  commercial  value  dols. 
Coal  long  tons 

50,90( 

6,260,233 

34,717,000 
03,822,830 
1,104,017,166 

35,741,100 
240,789,310 
2,672,062,218 

{40,348,100 
{458,504,890 
{12,193,126,470 

Pig  iron  tons 
Steel                                        tons 

503,755 

3,835,191 
1,247,335 

13,789,242 
10,188,321 

.23,332,244 
r23,513,030 

Tin  plates                                 Ibs 

849  004  022 

21,845,130000 

Copper                            long  tons 

650 

27,000 

270,588 

i504,01S 

Wool                                         Ibs. 

52,516.959 

232,500,000 

288,636,621 

{290,192,000 

Wheat  bush. 
Corn                                      bush. 

100,4S5,94- 
592,071,104 

498,549,808 
1,717,434,543 

522,229.505 
2,105,102,516 

{878,680,000 
.1,702,599,000 

Cotton                         bales 

153.50S 

2,454.44 

0.005.750 

10,245.602 

{15.905.S40 

247,577,000 

178,872,001 

322.549.01 

493,239.040 

1,979,221,478 

4  477  175  230 

»8,793,794  928 

United  States       Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


THE    PROGRESS    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES    IN    AREA,    POPULATION    AND    MATERIAL    INDUSTRIES 

FROM  1800  TO  1913 — Continued. 


1800 

1850 

1880 

1900 

1915a 

Cotton  consumed  500-lb.  bales 

18,829 

422,626 
638  381  604 

1,865,922 
1  822061  114 

3,603,516 
3  100  583  188 

io,702,639 
4  403  578  499 

9021 

93267 

194  262 

r''51  984 

Passengers  carried   no. 

576  831  L'51 

rl  033  i;79  680 

141  596551  161 

i301  398  75''  10H 

Revenue  ton  per  mile         .  cents 

0729 

M  729 

34  713 

i51  700 

1  416  r'5 

x2  393  S(  M) 

106,261 

279,255 

157,409 

393  790 

i316  250 

Trading  domestic,  etc  tons 

301,919 

1,949,743 

2,715,224 

4,338,145 

ifl  S4f>,0t>3 

669  921 

1  585711 

1  352  810 

826  694 

il  076  1-W 

On  Great  Lakes      .                 tons 

198  266 

605  102 

1  565  58" 

t'2  S82  922 

Vessels   passing    through   Sault 

1  734,890 

22  315  834 

i41  9S6339 

4,735 

10,774 

zlO,719 

65,752  OCX) 

138  495  (173 

zlT!  106  140 

903 

18,417 

42,989 

76  688 

56,380 

Receipts  of  P.-O.  Department,  .dols. 

280,804 

5,499,985 

33,315,479 
29,215,509 

102,354,57!) 
63,167  783 

i2S7,934,566 
(2)yo  uoo  ooo 

2,526 

9,723 

20,806 

23,167 

Public  schools,  salaries               dols. 

55,942,972 

137,687,74li 

(4)303,537,849 

993 

13,947 

26  499 

»41  850 

369,980 

457,257 

448  572 

326  700 

a  Figures  of  1915  are  somewhat  preliminary  and  subject  to  revision,  b  Exclusive  of  Alaska  and  islands  belonging  to 
the  United  States,  c  Census  figures,  relating  to  Continental  United  States;  the  figures  for  1915  represent  an  estimate. 
d  Census  figures,  e  True  valuation  of  real  and  personal  property.  /  1912.  o  1800  to  1850,  outstanding  principal  of  the  pub- 
lic debt,  January  1.  A  Figures  for  the  years  1800  to  1850  include  the  total  public  debt,  i  1914.  j  Gold  and  silver  cannot 
be  stated  separately  prior  to  1876.  From  1862  to  1875,  inclusive,  gold  and  silver  were  not  in  circulation,  except  on  the 
Pacific  Coast,  where  it  is  estimated  that  the  average  specie  circulation  was  about  $25,000,000,  and  this  estimate  is  continued 
for  the  three  following  years  under  the  head  of  gold.  After  that  period  gold  was  available  for  circulation,  k  As  the  result 
of  a  special  investigation  by  the  Director  of  the  Mint,  a  reduction  of  $135,000,000  was  made  in  the  estimate  of  gold  coin 
in  circulation  on  July  1,  1907,  as  compared  with  the  basis  of  previous  years,  and  on  September  1,  1910,  a  reduction  of 
$9,700,000  was  made  in  the  estimate  of  silver  coin.  I  Includes  notes  of  Bank  of  United  States;  State  bank  notes;  demand 
notes  of  1862  and  1863;  fractional  currency,  1870;  Treasury  notes  of  1890-1891  to  date,  and  currency  certificates,  act  of 
June  8,  1892-1900.  m  Includes  all  deposits,  demand  and  time,  n  Includes  value  of  buildings,  §3,556,639,496.  The  Twelfth 
Census  was  the  first  to  collect  statistics  of  buildings  on  farms,  o  Includes  value  of  buildings,  $6,325, 451,528.  v  Gross  value 
of  all  farm  products.  The  figures  of  the  various  censuses  are  not  comparable,  reason  for  which  will  be  found  in  census  reports. 
Q  Exclusive  of  neighborhood  industries  and  hand  trades,  included  in  years  previous  to  1905.  r  "Ordinary  receipts"  include 
receipts  from  customs,  internal  revenue,  direct  tax,  public  lands,  and  "miscellaneous,"  but  dp  not  include  receipts  from 
loans,  premiums,  Treasury  notes,  or  revenues  of  Post-Office  Department,  s  Includes  corporation  and  income  taxes,  $79,- 
828,675  in  1915.  t  "  Ordinary  disbursements  "  include  disbursements  for  war,  navy,  Indians,  pensions,  payments  for  interest, 
and  "miscellaneous,"  but  do  not  include  payments  for  premiums,  principal  of  public  debt,  or  disbursements  for  postal 
service  paid  from  revenue  thereof. '  u  Imports  for  consumption  after  1850.  u  Based  on  general  imports,  w  Domestic  exports 
only  after  1860.  x  1913.  y  Includes  canal  boats  and  barges  prior  to  1880.  z  First  six  months.  (1)  Figures  relate  to  the 
Western  Union  only  and  after  1900  do  not  include  messages  sent  over  leased  wires  or  under  railroad  contracts.  (2)  Estimated 
1912.  (3)  1800  to  1850,  inclusive,  from  census  of  1880;  from  1880  to  1900,  inclusive,  from  Rowell's  Newspaper  Directory; 
after  1900  from  Ayer's  American  Newspaper  Annual.  Figures  for  1914  include  outlying  possessions.  (4)  Includes  salaries 
for  teachers  only.  Figures  are  for  1912.  (5)  1850,  total  alien  passengers  arrived;  1850,  15  months  ending  December  31; 
after  1850,  fiscal  years  ending  June  30. 


Treasury    Dept. 

War   Dept. 

Justice-  Dept. 

Post-Office     L*pt. 

Navy    Dept. 

Interior    Dept. 

Agriculture    Dept. 

Commerce    Dept. 

Labor   Dept. 

Dist.   of  Columbia 

Federal 

Confederate 
Legislative — 

Senate 

Senator 

Vice-President 

House 

Representatives 

Apportionment 

Speaker    of    th'e 
House 

Veto 

Impeachment 
Judicial- 
Judiciary 

Courts 

Supreme  Court 

Justices 

Attorney     General 

Court    of    Claims 


Smithsonian   In- 
Miscellaneous — 
stitution 

Pan    American 
Union 

Government  Ptg. 
Office 

Botanic  Garden 

Soldiers'    Home 
( Keg. ) 

Soldiers'    Home 
(Vol.) 

Geographic  Board 

General    Supply 

Committee 
Commissions — - 

Interstate    Com- 
merce 

International  Wa- 
terways 

Civil    Service 

Fine    Arts 

Am.  National  Red 
Cross 

Indians 

Industrial  Rela- 
tions 

Board  of  Media- 
tion and  Arbi- 
tration 


United  States   (see  also  States  of  the 

Union) : 
Accounts  of,  with  States.    (See  States 

of   the    Union.) 
Act     regarding     bringing     of      suits 

against,  vetoed,  5682. 
Admission  of  States  discussed.     (See 

Admission  of  States.) 
Aliens  in.      (See  Aliens.) 
American  system  discussed,  2504. 
Army  of.      (See  Army;  Militia.) 
Attempts  made  by  Great  Britain  and 

France  to  draw,  into  their  contests, 

487. 

Attorney-General  of.     (See  Attorney- 
General.) 
Attorneys,   district.     (See    Attorneys, 

District.) 

Boundaries  of,  and  disputes  regard- 
ing (see  also  Indians;  Mexico; 
Northeastern  Boundary;  North- 


Encyclopedic  Index 


United  States 


western    Boundary;     Spain;    the 
several  States) — 

Northeastern  Boundary  referred  to. 
(See   Northeastern   Boundary.) 

Canada,  relations  with.  (See  Can- 
ada, Dominion  of.) 

Capital  of.  (See  District  of  Colum- 
bia; Washington  City.) 

Capitol  of.     (See  Capitol.) 

Census  of.     (See  Census.) 

Cessions  of  territory  to.  (See  An- 
nexation.) 

Citizens  of.  (See  Citi/ens  of  United 
States.) 

Civil  War  in.     (Sec  Civil  War.) 

Claims  of,  against  foreign  powers. 
(See  the  several  powers.) 

Claims  of — 

Citizens      against.      (See      Private 

Claims    against    United    States.) 

Foreign  powers  against.      (See  the 

several  powers.) 

States  against.     (See  States  of  the 
Union.) 

Coast  survey  of.  (See  Coast  Sur- 
vey.) 

Colonial  trade  with  Great  Britain. 
(See  Great  Britain.) 

Colors  of  France  presented  to, 
through  French  minister,  accom- 
panied by  an  address  from  the 
committee  of  public  Safety,  181. 

Combinations  against.  (See  Illegal 
Combinations.) 

Commerce  of.     (See  Commerce.) 

Compulsory  payment  of  claims 
against,  by  judiciary  process,  dis- 
cussed, 1720. 

Conspiracies  against.  (See  Illegal 
Combinations.) 

Constitution  of.      (See  Constitution.) 

Consuls  of.  (See  Consuls  of  United 
States.) 

Consuls  to.  (See  Consul  to  United 
States.) 

Conventions   of.      (See   Treaties.) 

Courtesies  extended  to  foreign  na- 
tions, 410,  523,  822. 

Courts  of.      (See   Courts.) 

Credit  of.     (Sec  Credit,  Public.) 

Creditors  of.  (See  Creditors,  Govern- 
ment.) 

Debt  of.      (See  Debt.  Public.) 

Differences  with  foreign  powers. 
(See  the  several  powers.) 

Disbursements  of,  for  intercourse 
with  Barbary  Powers,  464. 

Dismemberment  of,  combinations  for, 
discussed,  424,  427. 

Divisions  between  people  and,  dis- 
couraged, 229. 

Drafts  of.   (See  Government  Drafts.) 

Emigrants  to.     (See  Immigration.) 

European  War,  activities  of,  concern- 
ing, see  European  War. 


Expeditions  in,  against  foreign  pow- 
ers. (See  Expeditions  Against 
Foreign  Powers.) 

Expenditures  of.  (See  Expenditures, 
Public.) 

Finances  of.      (See  Finances.) 

First   treaty   of  commerce  of,   820. 

Fiscal  operations  of,  should  be  sep- 
arated from  those  of  individuals, 
1545,  1598. 

Foreign  intercourse  of.  (See  For- 
eign Intercourse.) 

Foreign  paupers  introduced  into. 
(See  Paupers.) 

Foreign  policy  of.  (See  Foreign 
Policy.) 

Foreign  relations.  (See  the  several 
powers.) 

Foreigners  in.  (See  Aliens;  Natu- 
ralized Citizens.) 

Geographical  distinctions  in,  dis- 
couraged, 208,  2413. 

Health  Department,  261. 

Illegal  combinations  in.  (See  Illegal 
Combinations.) 

Immigration  discussed.  (See  Immi- 
gration.) 

Imprisonment  of — 

Citizens   of.      (See   Imprisonment.) 
Foreigners   by.      (See    the    several 
powers.) 

Indemnity  received  by,  from  other 
powers.  (See  Claims.) 

Indians,  relations  with.  (See  In- 
dians.) 

Inhabitants  of.      (See   Census.) 

Insolvent  debtors  of.  (See  Bank- 
ruptcy; Debtors,  Insolvent.) 

Insurrections  in.  (See  Illegal  Com- 
binations.) 

Interference  of  foreign  powers  in 
affairs  of.  (See  Foreign  Policy.) 

Internal  improvements  in.  (See  In- 
ternal Improvements.) 

International  obligations  of.  (See 
International  Obligations  of  United 
States.) 

Invasion  of  northern  frontier  of,  by 
troops  of  Great  Britain,  1618, 
1676,  1695,  1840,  1929. 

Invasion  of  southwestern  frontier  of, 
from  Texas  referred  to,  1726. 

Invasion  against,  for  arrest  of  cit- 
izens of,  by  foreign  government 
shall  not  be  permitted,  1929. 

Judges  in.    (Sec  the  several  judges.) 

Judiciary  system  of.  (See  Judiciary 
System.) 

Lands — 

Ceded  to,  by  Indians.     (See  Lands, 

Public;  Indian.) 
Purchased     by     (see     also     Lands, 

Indian;  Lands,  Public). 
From  France,  956. 
Spain,  956,  1029. 

Loans  of.     (See  Loans.) 


United  States      Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Losses  sustaind  by.      (See  Claims.) 

Maritime  rights  of.  (See  Maritime 
Eights.) 

Merchandise  transported  from  one 
port  to  another  in,  over  Canadian 
territory,  discussed,  5770. 

Military  expeditions  against.  (See 
Illegal  Combinations.) 

Militia  of.     (See  Army;  Militia.) 

Ministers  of.  (See  Ministers  of 
United  States.) 

Ministers  to.  (See  the  several  pow- 
ers.) 

Mints  of.     (See  Mint.) 

Naval  force  on  the  Lakes.  (See 
Great  Lakes.) 

Navigation  questions.  (See  Naviga- 
tion.) 

Neutral  rights  of.  (See  Neutral 
Eights.) 

Neutrality  of.     (See  Neutrality.) 

Northeastern  boundary  discussed. 
(See  Northeastern  Boundary.) 

Northwestern  boundary  discussed. 
(See  Northwestern  Boundary.) 

Outrages  committed  on  citizens  of. 
(See  Citizens  of  United  States.) 

Panics  in.     (See  Panics.) 

Pardons  granted  citizens  of.  (See 
Pardons.) 

Parties  in,  people  warned  against 
baneful  effects  of,  210. 

Peace  with  other  nations,  hope  ex- 
pressed that  it  may  be  preserved, 
229,  230. 

Persons  from  foreign  countries  cross- 
ing borders  of,  and  committing 
depredations,  order  regarding,  3484. 

Pledge  of,  to  Mexico.    (See  Mexico.) 

Policy  of,  toward  foreign  powers. 
(See  Foreign  Policy.) 

Political  affairs  of  Europe  not  inter- 
fered with  by,  2050,  2248,  2715, 
4050. 

Population  of.     (See  Census.) 

Powers,  foreign,  relations  with.  (See 
Powers,  Foreign.) 

Powers  of.  (See  Powers  of  Federal 
and  State  Governments.) 

Prefers  war  to  tribute,  560. 

Preparation  for  war  recommended. 
(See  War.) 

Presents  offered  to,  by — 
Emperor  of  Morocco,  1256. 
Imaum     of     Muscat,     recommenda- 
tions regarding,  1809,  2169. 

Private  armed  vessels  of,  instructed 
to  furnish  aid  to  neutral  vessels. 
(See  Vessels, 'United  States.) 

Private  claims  against.  (See  Private 
Claims  against  United  States.) 

Public  statutes  of.  (See  Revised 
Statutes.) 

Rebellions  in.  (See  Illegal  Combi- 
nations.) 


Eeception  of  letter  of  thanks  from 
Greece,  950. 

Recommending  active  and  hasty 
preparation  for  war.  (See  War.') 

Relations  with  foreign  powers.  (See 
Powers,  Foreign.) 

Relations  with  Texas.     (See  Texas.) 

Resolutions  of — 

Pennsylvania  legislature — 

Pledging  support  to,  446,  482. 

Revenue  of.     (See  Revenue,  Public.) 

Revised  Statutes  of.  (See  Revised 
Statutes.) 

Rights  of,  on  ocean  must  be  respect- 
ed, 384. 

Seat  of  Government  of.  (See  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia;  Seat  of  Govern- 
ment; Washington  City.) 

Secret  agent  employed  by  Great 
Britain  to  foment  disaffection  in, 
referred  to,  483,  488. 

Should  not  consume  what  it  is  ex- 
pected to  guard,  317. 

Stock  held  by,  in  corporations  should 
be  sold.  1162. 

Subscribes  for  shares  in  canal  com- 
pany. (See  Chesapeake  and  Dela- 
ware Canal  Co.) 

Supported  by  ballot  box,  not  musket, 
1390. 

Supreme  Court  of.  (See  Court,  Su- 
preme.) 

System  of  government  of  discussed, 
2188,  2614,  2715,  2745,  2825,  2874, 
3566,  5358. 

Texan  forces  invade  territory  of,  1726. 

Texas,  relations  with.      (See   Texas.) 

Thanks,  letter  of,  received  from 
Greece,  950. 

Trade  with  foreign  powers.  (See 
Commerce.) 

Transfer  of  Louisiana  to,  disagree- 
able to  Spain,  376. 

Treason,  citizens  punished  for.  (See 
Treason.) 

Treaties   of.      (See    Treaties.) 

Troops    of.      (See  Army;    Militia.) 

Unity  of — 

Best    preserved    by    local    self-gov- 

ment,    208. 
Essential  to  liberty,  207. 

Wars  of.  (See  Algerine  War;  Indian 
Wars;  Mexican  War;  Revolution- 
ary War;  Spanish-American  War; 
Tripolitan  War;  Civil  War;  War 
of  1812.) 
United  States,  Federal  Government  of. 

(See  articles  under.) 
United    States,    The.— A    famous    frigate 


of  the  Wn 
Philadelphia  i 
Kims.  Oct.  I 
Madeira,  ,sh< 


Of  the  :'>00  m 


f    1K12.       She    was    built    .it 
17!)7  and  carried  forty-four 
1812.    near    the    island    of 
et   and  captured   the   British 
in,    also    of    forty-four    guns, 
n  on    the  Macedonian,  thirty- 


six    were    killed    and    sixty-eight    wounded. 


Encyclopedic  hide 


Uruguay 


The    loss    on    the    United    States    was    flve 
killed  and   six  wounded. 

United  States,  The: 

Combat  with  and  capture  of  British 

frigate  Macedonian,  506. 
French     seamen     injured     by,    while 

firing  salute,  1273. 
Provision  should  bo  made  for  fam- 
ilies of,  1273. 

United  States  Bank  of  Pennsylvania: 
Payment  of  bonds  of,  held  by  United 

States,  referred  to,  1726. 
Suspension  of,  referred  to,  1708. 
United  States  Daughters  of  1812.— 
Membership  Qualifications — Any  woman 
over  eighteen  years  of  age  of  good  charac- 
ter and  a  lineal  descendant  of  an  ancestor 
who  rendered  civil,  military,  or  naval  ser- 
vice during  the  War  of  1812,  or  the  period 
of  the  causes  which  led  to  that  war  (sub- 
sequent to  the  War  of  the  Revolution), 
may  be  eligible  to  membership,  provided  the 
applicant  be  acceptable  to  the  Society.  In 
all  the  states  the  initiation  fee  is  $1. 

United  States,  European  and  West  Vir- 
ginia Land  Co.,   agreements   entered 
into  with  agents  of  Mexico,  referred 
to,  3723. 
United  States  Geographic  Board.     (See 

Geographic  Board.) 
United  States  Library.     (See  Library 

of  Congress.) 

United   States  Notes:    (See   also    Cur- 
rency.) 
Act  to  fix  amount  of,  and  circulation 

of  national  banks  vetoed,  4222. 
Discussed  and  recommendations  re- 
garding, 6073,  6078,  6175. 
United  States  Shipping  Board.— This 
board  was  created  by  act  of  Congress  ap- 
proved September  7.  1910,  which  provides 
for  a  Shipping  Board  of  five  commissioners, 
to  he  appointed  hy  the  President,  by  and 
with  the  consent  of  the  Senate,  with  a 
yearly  salary  of  $7.f>00  each.  The  commis- 
sioners are'  appointed  for  terms  of  six 
years,  and  not  more  than  three  shall  he 
of  the  snme  political  party ;  and  none  of 
them  shall  have  any  relations  with  or  hold 
stocks  or  bonds  in  any  common  carrier,  nor 
engage  in  any  other  business.  The  Hoard 
was  organized  to  construct  merchant  vessels 
suitable  for  auxiliary  use  in  any  way  for 
naval  or  military  purposes,  but  in  times  of 
peace  to  be  operated  as  American  merchant 
vessels.  The  Board  is  authorized,  if  it 
sees  fit,  to  form  a  corporation  or  corpora- 
tions better  to  carry  out  the  purposes  of 
the  act,  but  in  such  corporations  the  Board 
is  always  to  remain  the  majority  stock- 
holder. '  The  Board  is  also  to  investigate 
the  condition  of  the  American  merchant 
marine,  and  to  report  to  Congress  and  to 
the  President  methods  for  its  improvement. 
One  of  the  moves  made  by  the  Board  after 
the  declaration  of  a  state  of  war  with 
Germany  was  to  make  plans  for  the  con- 
struction of  a  thousand  wooden  ships,  under 
the  direction  of  General  George  W.  Goethals, 
the  builder  of  the  Panama  Canal. 
United  States  vs.  Peters. — A  case  of 
mandamus  decided  in  February,  1809,  by 
the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States, 
the  execution  of  which  was  opposed  by 


the  State  authorities  of  Pennsylvania, 
bucked  by  the  militia.  In  the  case  of  Olm- 
stead  ct  <il.  vs.  Rlttenhouse'a  Executrixes 
(q.  v.)  Judge  1'eters,  of  tbe  United  .States 
district  court  of  Pennsylvania,  decided  in 
favor  of  tbe  plaintiffs,  but  refrained,  he 
stated,  for  prudential  reasons,  from  carry- 
Ing  his  judgment  Into  execution.  April  2, 
1803,  a  Pennsylvania  statute  was  enacted 
forbidding  tbe  execution  of  the  decree  of 
the  Federal  court.  A  mandamus  was  then 
asked  for  against  Peters.  The  Supreme 
Court  granted  it,  Chief  Justice  Marshall 
declaring  that  the  legislature  of  a  State 
can  not  annul  the  judgment  or  determine 
the  .-jurisdiction  of  a  United  States  court. 
The  execution  of  the  original  judgment  re- 
quired the  payment  of  £11,496  '.Is.  9d., 
Pennsylvania  currency,  which  had  been 
placed  in  the  custody  of  tbe  State  court. 
The  Pennsylvania  officials,  with  the  militia, 
resisted  payment  for  twenty-six  days,  wnen 
the  marshal  assembled  a  posse  comitatua  of 
2.000  men,  and  the  money  was  paid  over 
without  actual  collision. 
United  States  vs.  Todd.— A  case  not 
printed,  there  having  been  no  reporter  at 
the  time.  It  was  possibly  the  first  case  In 
which  the  United  States  Supreme  Court 
declared  a  Federal  statute  unconstitutional. 
Under  an  act  of  Congress  passed  in  1792 
the  name  of  Yale  Todd  was  by  the  circuit 
court  of  Connecticut  ordered  to  be  placed 
upon  the  pension  list.  It  was  afterwards 
(Feb.  17,  1794)  decided  by  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States  that  the  circuit 
court  could  not  constitutionally  make  such 
a  decree,  nor  could  It  act  in  the  capacity 
of  a  commission  not  of  judicial  function. 
Universal  Expositions.  (See  Exhibi- 
tions.) 
Universal  Postal  Union  discussed,  4574, 

4640,  5971,  6164. 

Universal  Military  Training.    (See  Com- 
pulsory Military  Service.) 
Universal    Military    Training    League. 

(See  Preparedness  Societies.) 
Universities.     (See     National     Univer- 
sity; Seminaries  of  Learning.) 
University      Settlement.     (See      Social 

Settlements.) 
Unlawful     Expeditions.     (See     Illegal 

Combinations.) 
Upper   Pend    d'Oreille    Indians.      (See 

Indian  Tribes.) 
Treaty  with,  2913. 

Uruguay. — Uruguay  is  the  smallest  of  the 
South  American  Republics  and  lies  between 
30°-35°  S.  latitude  and  53°  2o'57°  42'  W. 
longitude,  with  an  eastern  (Atlantic)  sea- 
board of  120  miles,  a  southern  shore  line 
of  235  miles  on  the  estuary  of  Rio  de  la 
Plata,  and  270  miles  of  the  Uruguay  River 
on  the  west.  In  the  north  the  territory  is 
conterminous  with  Brazil  for  450  miles. 

Physical  Features. — The  country  consists 
mainly  (and  particularly  in  the  south  and 
west)  of  undulating  grassy  plains.  In  no 
case  do  the  peaks  exceed  2.000  feet. 

The  principal  river  of  Uruguay  is  the 
Rio  Negro,  flowing  from  northeast  to  south- 
west into  the  Rio  de  la  Plata.  The  bound- 
ary river  Uruguay  is  navigable  from  its 
estuary  to  Salto,  about  200  miles  north,  and 
the  Negro  is  also  navigable  for  a  consider- 
able distance.  On  the  southeast  coast  are 
several  lagoons,  and  the  northeast  boundary 
crosses  Lake  Mirim. 

The    climate    is    extraordinarily    healthy, 


Uruguay 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


with  great  uniformity  of  temperature,  the 
summer  heat  being  tempered  by  the  breezes 
of  the  Atlantic  and  the  geographical  posi- 
tion causing  a  high  thermometer  in  winter. 

History. — Uruguay  resisted  all  attempted 
invasions  of  the  I'ortuguese  and  Spaniards 
until  the  beginning  of  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury, and  100  years  later  the  Portuguese 
settlements  were  captured  by  the  Span- 
iards. From  1726-1814  the  country  formed 
part  of  the  Spanish  South  America  and  un- 
derwent many  vicissitudes  during  the  Wars 
of  Independence.  In  1814  the  armies  of  the 
Argentine  Confederation  captured  the  capi- 
tal and  annexed  the  province,  and  it  was 
afterward  annexed  by  Portugal  and  became 
a  province  of  Brazil.  Aug.  25,  1825, 
through  the  heroism  of  the  thirty-three  lib- 
erators (whose  memory  is  perpetuated  in 
the  name  of  one  of  the  provinces),  the 
country  threw  off  the  Brazilian  yoke.  This 
action  led  to  war  between  Argentina  and 
Brazil,  which  was  settled  by  the  media- 
tion of  the  United  Kingdom,  Uruguay  be- 
ing declared  an  independent  state  in  1828. 

Government. — In  1830  a  Republic  was  in- 
augurated, with  a  Constitution  of  Sept.  10, 
1829.  The  President  is  elected  by  the  legis- 
lature for  a  term  of  four  years  and  is  in- 
eligible for  a  consecutive  period  of  office. 
President  (March  1,  1915-1919),  Dr.  Fe- 
liciano  Viera. 

There  is  a  Congress  of  two  houses.  The 
Senate  consists  of  nineteen  members  (one 
for  each  department),  elected  by  indirect 
vote  for  six  years  and  renewable  as  to 
one-third  every  two  years.  The  Chamber 
of  Deputies  contains  seventy-five  members, 
elected  for  three  years  by  direct  vote.  Con- 
gress meets  in  annual  session  from  Febru- 
ary to  June. 

Kach  of  the  nineteen  Departments  has  a 
Prefect  appointed  by  the  President,  and 
an  elective  municipal  council.  Justice  is 
administered  in  subdistrict  and  district 
courts,  and  in  departmental  courts  at  each 
provincial  capital.  There  is  a  'high  court  at 
Montevideo  composed  of  three  judges  elected 
by  Congress. 

Kiliicutiou. — Primary  education  Is  free 
and  nominally  compulsory,  and  is,  perhaps, 
better  extended  than  in  any  other  South 
American  Republic,  and  there  is  a  Univer- 
sity at  the  capital. 

Production  anil  Industry. — The  total  area 
Is  estimated  at  40.178.000  Knglish  statute 
acres,  of  which  nearly  .'58.000.000  acres  are 
pasture  land,  while  1,211. .''.70  acres  are 
under  corn  crops  (wheat  083.604.  maize 
505.072).  In  1908-1909  there  were  also 
4.1.. '502  acres  under  flax  producing  200.934 
tons,  but  the  flax  area  is  diminishing.  The 
vineyards  (11,000  acres)  produced  close  on 
L'.ooo.ooo  gallons  of  wine  in  19()ti.  Olives 
and  tobacco  are  also  cultivated. 

The  Live  Stock  (the  rearing  of  which 
Is  by  far  the  most  Important  industry)  In- 
cluded (litOS)  X. 192. 002  cnttle.  26.2S0.200 
sheep,  19,951  goats,  180.990  pigs,  556,307 
horses,  and  17.071  mules.  The  extensive 
pasture  lands  are  particularly  suitable  for 
cattle  breeding  and  sheep  farming,  and 
there  are  many  establishments  for  the 
preparation  of  jerked  beef  (tasajo)  for 
Itni/.il  and  Cubn.  and  of  meat  extract  for 
Europe,  while  tho  department  of  Pay- 
sandu  sends  a  .special  brand  of  ox-tongues 
all  over  tlie  world.  The  fro/en  meat  in- 
dustry is  now  developing  rapidly. 

The  mining  imlustrv  is  in  its  infancy 
and  awaits  capital.  Gold  and  silver,  lead, 
copper,  magnesium  and  lignite  are  indicated, 
and  gold  is  produced  in  SHIM  11  quantities. 

Manufactures. — The  industries  connected 
with  the  live  stock  raising  constitute  the 
chief  manufactures,  with  the  exception  of 
flour  from  Lome-grown  grain.  Outside  these, 


Uruguay  still  depends  very  largely  on  Im- 
ported  goods. 

Finance. — The  national  debt  was  stated 
at  133,295,145  pesos  on  Jan.  1,  1913.  The 
revenue  for  the  preceding  year  was  17,211,- 
850  pesos.  The  peso,  the  unit  of  value,  is 
equivalent  to  $1.03,  United  States  money. 

AREA    AND    POPULATION 

Area  hi 

Departments               English  Population 

Sq.  Miles  1909 

Artigas 4,392  28,866 

Canelones 1,833  91,703 

Cerro  Largo 5,753  46,549 

Colonia 5,525  44,413 

Duraino 1,744  17,379 

Flores 4,763  47,699 

Florida 2,192  58,243 

Maldonado 1,584  30,735 

Minas 4,844  53,545 

Montevideo 256  317,87\) 

Paysandu 5,115  42,256 

Rio  Negro 3,269  23,421 

Rivera 3,700  37,292 

Rocha 4,280  36,165 

Salto 4,863  46,801 

San  Jose 2,687  48,546 

Soriano 3,560  41,763 

Tacuarembo 8,074  48,933 

Treinta  y  Tres 3,686  30,465 

Total 72,210  1,094,088" 

Ettinoyrapht/.—ln  1908  there  were  890,- 
000  Uruguayans  and  200,000  foreigners 
(Italian  75,000,  Spanish  60,000,  Brazilian 
30,000,  Argentine  15,000,  French  13,000 
British  2,000,  Swiss  2,000,  German  1,500, 
others  5,000).  About  4  per  cent  of  the 
population  is  colored  (negro  or  Indian),  10 
to  12  per  cent  of  mixed  blood,  and  the  rest 
white  or  European  (mainly  Italian  or  Span- 
ish) descent. 

Railu-ai/s. — In  1911  there  were  1,570 
miles  of  railway  Open  for  traffic,  all  being 
in  British  hands.  Three  lines  radiate  from 
Montevideo,  the  eastern  line  running  to 
Aitigas,  the  central  line  to  Rivera  (on  the 
Brazilian  frontier),  and  the  western  line  to 
Mercedes,  a  river  port  on  the  Rio  Negro. 
The  central  line  also  runs  westward  to 
Paysandu,  and  thence  via  Salto  to  the 
Brazilian  and  Argentine  frontiers.  A  south- 
ern line  runs  from  the  capital  to  Minus  and 
Maldonado.  The  capital  has  electric  trams. 

In  1910  there  were  1,018  post-offices 
and  319  telegraph  offices  (and  two  wireless 
stations),  with  6,059  miles  of  line,  there 
were  also  4,803  telephone  stations,  with 
19,039  miles  of  lines. 

Cities. — Capital  Montevideo,  on  the 
northern  shore  of  the  Rio  de  la  Plata  es- 
tuary. Population  (1912),  325,000.  Other 
towns  are  Paysandu,  Salto,  Mercedes,  Flor- 
ida and  San  Jose". 

Trade  iritli  the  United  State*.— The  value 
of  merchandise  imported  into  Uruguay  from 
the  United  States  for  the  year  1913  was 
$7,522,145,  and  goods  to  the  value  of  $2,- 
450,097  were  sent  thither — a  balance  of 
$5.071,448  in  favor  of  the  United  States. 

Uruguay: 

American  citizens  aggrieved  by  acts 

of,  referred  to,  2014. 
Treaty  with,  2703,   2718,   2813,   4072 
Delay  in  exchange  of  ratifications 

of,  referred  to,  2915. 
Uruguay,  Treaties  with.— An  extradition 
treaty  was  concluded  with  Uruguay  March 
11,  1905,  and  a  naturalization  convention 
was  signed  at:  Montevideo  August  10,  1908. 
Uruguay  also  became  a  party  to  the  con- 
vention between  the  United  States  find  tli< 
several  republics  oi  South  au-A  Central 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Utah 


America  for  the  arbitration  of  pecuniary 
claims  and  the  protection  of  Invention!), 
etc.,  which  was  signed  In  Buenos  Aires  In 
1910  and  proclaimed  In  Washington,  July 
29,  1914.  (See  South  and  Central  Amer- 
ica, Treaties  with,) 

Usury. — A  charge  for  the  use  of  money  in 
excess  of  the  legal  rate  of  Interest.  Usury 
is  universally  discredited  and  in  many  states 
it  is  a  penal  offense.  (See  Statutes  of  Lim- 
itations and  Interest  Laws.) 

Utah. — One  of  the  western  group  of  states 
sometimes  referred  to  as  "Deseret,"  a  word 
taken  from  the  Hook  of  Mormon  and  sig- 
nifying "Honey  Bee."  Nickname,  "Mor- 
mon State."  The  State  extends  from 
hit.  31°  to  42°  north,  and  from  long. 
109°  to  114°  west.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
north  by  Idaho  and  Wyoming,  on  the  east 
by  Colorado  and  Wyoming,  on  the  south  by 
Arizona,  and  on  the  west  by  Nevada.  The 
area  is  84,990  square  miles.  The  surface 
is  largely  mountainous  and  Includes  part 
of  the  Great  Basin  and  all  of  the  Great 
Salt  Lake.  The  region  formed  a  part  of  the 
territory  ceded  by  Mexico  in  1848.  Agri- 
culture, mining  and  manufacture,  are  the 
leading  industries.  Probably  no  other  state 
In  the  Union  has  such  a  variety  of  re- 
sources. Irrigation  has  been  practiced  from 
the  beginning  and  was  once  thought  abso- 
lutely necessary,  but  in  later  years  arid 
farming  has  achieved  wonderful  success. 
The  main  products  of  the  soil  are  wheat, 
oats,  barley,  potatoes,  sugar  beets,  corn, 
alfalfa  and  timothy.  The  yearly  wool  clip 
amounts  to  many  millions  of  pounds  and 
is  continually  increasing.  Utah  fruits  are 
superior  in,  sweetness,  firmness,  beauty  and 
fine  flavor.  The  most  successful  manufac- 
turing industry,  aside  from  the  smelting, 
milling  and  refining  of  ores,  is  the  making 
of  beet  sugar.  Salt  production  is  also  ex- 
tensive, as  is  fruit  and  vegetable  canning. 
The  mountains  of  Utah  contain  inexhaust- 
ible deposits  of  minerals  of  great  variety  ; 
some  of  them  unique  and  peculiar  to  the 
region.  Silver,  lead,  coal  and  iron  have 
been  mined  for  many  years,  and  gold  has 
also  been  found ;  but  copper  is  the  great 
mining  staple  in  Utah  at  the  present  time. 

The  first  white  settlements  were  made 
by  the  Mormons  in  1847-1848.  The  Terri- 
tory of  Utah  was  organized  in  1850.  Pre- 
judice against  these  people  and  the  polyg-  . 
amous  practices  of  some  of  them,  kept 
Utah  out  of  the  Union  for  many  years, 
though  she  possessed  every  qualification  for 
statehood  and  made  repeated  efforts  to  se- 
cure it.  After  the  issuance  by  the  Mormon 
Church  of  its  manifesto  discontinuing  the 
practice  of  polygamy  a  State  Constitution 
was  framed  prohibiting  plural  marriages, 
and  this  instrument  being  approved  at 
Washington,  the  State  was  admitted  Jan. 
4.  1896.  The  Mormons  still  have  a  major- 
ity in  Utah,  though  in  the  leading  cities 
the  Gentile  or  non-Mormon  element  pre- 
dominates. 

With  the  help  of  Irrigation,  agriculture 
is  the  chief  occupation  of  the  people  of 
Utah.  In  1906  there  were  300  incorpo- 
rated irrigation  companies  in  the  state. 
The  Federal  Government  project  of  Irri- 
gation includes  about  80,000  acres  of  Utah 
lands.  Land  offices  are  located  at  Salt 
Lake  City  and  Vernal.  Statistics  of  agri- 
culture reported  to  the  federal  census 
Bureau  under  date  of  April  15,  1910,  placed 
the  number  of  farms  in  the  State  at  20,676, 
comprising  3.897,699  acres,  valued,  with 
stock  and  improvements,  *t  $150,795,201. 
The  average  value  of  land  per  acre  was 
$29. 2S  against  $9.75  in  1900.  The  value 
of  domestic  animals,  poultry,  etc.,  was  $28,- 


781,691,  Including  412,334  cattle,  valued 
at  $8,948,702;  115,676  horses,  $9,999835- 
2,277  mules,  $157,497  ;  64,286  swjne,  $445.- 
853  ;  1,827,180  sheep,  $8,634,735  ;  poultry, 
$327,908.  The  yield  and  value  of  field 
crops  was:  Corn,  8,000  acres,  280,000 
bushels,  $227,000;  wheat,  225,000  acres, 
5,025,000  bushels,  $3,518,000;  oats,  87,000 
acres,  3,889,000  bushels,  $1,828,000;  rye, 
5,000  acres,  78,000  bushels,  $55,000  :  pota- 
toes, 15,000  acres,  2.100,000  bushels,  $1,- 
785,000 ;  hay.  380,000  acres,  950.000  tons. 
$8,550,000.  The  State  Is  one  of  the  largest 
producers  of  copper.  The  coal  production 
was  2,517,809  short  tons.  The  gold  mined 
In  1911  was  227,834  fine  ounces,  worth  $4  - 
709,747,  and  silver,  12,679,633  fine  ounces, 
$6,973,798.  This  places  Utah  first  among 
the  states  in  the  production  of  silver.  The 
report  of  the  State  treasurer  for  the  bien- 
nial period  1908-10  shows  receipts  of  $6  - 
157,126;  expenditures,  $5,153,220;  balance 
Nov.  30,  1910,  $902,739. 

The  number  of  manufacturing  establish- 
ments in  Utah  having  an  annual  output 
valued  at  .$500  or  more  at  the  beginning  of 
1915  was  1,110.  The  amount  of  capital 
Invested  was  $71,658,000,  giving  employ- 
ment to  17.129  persons,  using  material 
valued  at  $62.234,000.  and  turning  out  fin- 
ished goods  worth  $87,114.000.  Salaries 
and  wages  paid  amounted  to  $13,696,000. 

Utah: 

Admission  of.  into  Union  proclaimed, 

6120. 
Affairs  in,  correspondence  regarding, 

referred  to,  3115,  3123. 
Alleged  rebellion  in,  under  leadership 
of     Brigham     Young,     discussed, 
2986,   3034. 

Appropriation  bill  passed  by  legisla- 
ture of,  and  vetoed,  discussed  and 
recommendations    regarding,    4984. 
Brigham    Young,    first    governor    of, 

2985. 

Alleged  rebellion  under  leadership 
of.  (See  Alleged  Kebellion  in, 
ante,} 

Removal     of,     and     successor     ap- 
pointed, 2986,  3034. 
Difficulties    with,    terminated,    3018, 

3034,  3179. 

Extraordinary  session  of  legislature  of. 
act  authorizing,  recommended,  4984. 
Gilsonite  or  asphaltum  in,  disposition 
of  lands  containing,  discussed,  6168. 
Government   of,    discussed   by   Presi- 
dent— 

Arthur,  4837. 

Buchanan,   2985,   3014,   3024,    3031. 
Fillmore,  2663. 
Hayes,  4558. 

Increase    in    numbers    and    influence 
of  non-Mormon  population  in,   dis- 
cussed, 5553. 
Industrial   home  in,  report   of  board 

on,  referred  to,  5186. 
Information    regarding,    transmitted, 

2678. 

Judiciary   of,   and    administration   of 
laws  in,  discussed,  4162,  4204. 


Utah 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Land   laws,    extension   of,   over,  rec- 
ommended, 2623,  3037. 
Land  office  in,  recommended,  3037. 
Lands  in,   set  apart  as  public  reser- 
vation  by  proclamation,   6205. 
Legal   proceedings   and   condition   of 

affairs  in,  referred  to,  3115. 
Mormon  Church  in — 

Commissioners      appointed      under 
' '  act  in   reference   to   bigamy, ' ' 
etc.,     referred     to,     4678,     4731, 
4771,  4801,  4837,  4946. 
Letter    of    president    of,    advising 
Mormons    to    refrain    from    con- 
tracting marriages  forbidden  by 
law,  referred  to,  5553,  5803,  5942. 
Mountain    Meadow    massacre   in,    re- 
ferred to,  3123. 
Peace  restored  in,  3179. 
Polygamy     in,     discussed     by    Presi- 
dent— 

Arthur,  4644,  4731,  4771,  4837. 
Buchanan,  2985. 
Cleveland,  4946,  5379. 
Garfield,  4601. 

Grant,  4105,  4157,  4309,  4310. 
Harrison,  Benj.,   5553,  5641. 
Hayes,  4511,  4557. 
Pardons  granted  persons  guilty  of 
unlawful    cohabitation   in    polyg- 
amous marriage,  5803,  5942. 
Proclamation   regarding,   3024. 


Eecommendations     regarding     sup- 
pression of,  2987. 
Eeferred  to,  3013. 
Termination  of  difficulties  in,  3018, 

3034,  3179. 

Troops  sent  to  suppress,  2986,  3035. 
Threatened  conflict  between  Federal 
and  Territorial  authorities  in,  dis- 
cussed, 4162. 

Unlawful  combinations  in,  proclama- 
tion against,  5932. 

Utah  and  Northern  Railway,  agreement 
with    Shoshone    and    Bannock    In- 
dians for  disposal  of  lands  for  use 
of,  4655,  5187. 
Failure    of    railroad    to    compensate 

Indians,  1953. 
Utah    Commission,    referred    to,    4678, 

4731,  4771,  4801,  4837,  4946. 
Utah  Indians.     (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Ute     Commission,     appropriation     for, 

recommended,  4672. 
Ute  Indians.  (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Utrecht,  Peace  Of. — A  series  of  nine 
treaties,  concluded  in  1713-14  between 
the  States  that  had  taken  part  in  the  War 
of  the  Spanish  Succession.  The  treaties 
were  siprned  at.  Utrecht,  Rastatt,  and 
Marten,  and  provided  for  a  general  rear- 
rangement of  domain.  Much  of  the  terri- 
tory parceled  out  and  confirmed  liy  these 
treaties  has  been  retained  by  the  respee, 
tive  States  to  the  present  day. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Van  Buren 


Vacancies  in  Public  Offices,  power  of 
President  to  make  provisional  ap- 
pointments to  fill,  discussed,  15190. 
Vallandigham  Case.— May  5,  1803,  Clem- 
ent L.  Vallaudigham,  a  lawyer  and  poli- 
tician of  Ohio,  was  arrested  in  accordance 
with  orders  Issued  by  Gen.  Burnside,  of 
the  United  States  Army,  commanding  the 
Department  of  Ohio.  Ou  the  day  following 
he  was  taken  before  a  military  commis- 
sion, and  subsequently  tried,  convicted  and 
imprisoned  for  uttering  opinions  disloyal  to 
tin-  Union.  May  IS)  the  President  com- 
muted this  sentence  to  banishment.  Val- 
landigham applied  to  the  Supreme  Court 
for  a  writ  of  eertlorarl  to  review  the  pro- 
ceedings of  the  commission,  by  which  he 
claimed  to  have  been  unlawfully  convicted. 
The  Supreme  Court,  Justice  Wayne  deliv- 
ering the  opinion,  decided  that  it  had  no 
power  to  review  proceedings  ordered  by  a 
general  oflicer  of  the  United  States  Army. 
Justices  Nelson,  (irier  and  Field  concurred  : 
Chief  Justice  Tauey  and  Justice  Miller  were 
not  present. 

Valparaiso,  Chile;  population  (1895) 
220,756;  sailors  of  the  Baltimore,  as- 
saulted at.  (See  Baltimore,  The.) 

Van  Buren,  Martin. — 1837-1841. 

Thirteenth    Administration — Democratic. 

Vice-President — II.  M.  Johnson. 
Secretary  of  Siatc — 

John  Forsyth   (continued). 
Secretary  of  the.  Treasury — • 

Levl   Woodbury    (continued). 
Secretary  of  War — 

Joel    It.    1'oinsett. 
Secretary  of  the  Sary — 

Mahlou  Dickerson  (continued). 

James  K.   Pauldiug. 
Postmaster-General — 

Amos   Kendall    (continued). 

John    M.    Niles. 
Attorney-General — 

Benjamin    F.    Butler    (continued). 

Felix    Grundy. 

Henry  D.  Gilpiu. 

Martin  Van  Buren  was  elected  by  the 
Democratic  party  in  1836.  At  the  Demo- 
cratic National  Convention,  held  at  Balti- 
more, May  '20,  be  was  nominated  on  the 
first  ballot. 

(>l>l>onition. — A  rival  faction  of  the  party 
nominated  Hugh  L.  White,  of  Tennessee. 
Several  rival  candidates  were  named  by 
Slates  as  National  Republican  or  Whig  can- 
didates. Among  these  were  William  Hen- 
ry Harrison,  Daniel  Webster  and  Willie 
1'.  Mnugum.  Twenty-six  states  partici- 
pated in  the  election,  Arkansas  and  Michi- 
gan having  been  recently  admitted. 

Vote. — At  the  election  'held  Nov.  8,  the 
popular  vote  was  Van  Buren,  762,678;  Har- 
rison, 548.007;  White,  345.396;  and  Web- 
ster, 42.247.  The  electoral  vote,  counted 
Feb.  8.  1837.  gave  Van  Buren.  170;  Har- 
rison. 73;  White.  20;  Webster,  14;  and 
Mangum,  11 — all  of  South  Carolina. 

Part;/  Affiliation. — In  his  youth,  Van 
Buren  was  a  zealous  adherent  of  Jeffer- 
son :  he  was  elected  to  the  State  senate 
of  New  York  as  a  Clinton  Republican  ;  but 
in  1813  resumed  friendly  connections  with 
Madison's  administration.  He  disentangled 
the  political  complications  that  prevailed 
during  the  "era  of  good  feeling"  (1819- 
1821')  in  New  York  and  brought  about  the 
election  to  the  Senate  of  Itufns  King,  an 
old-school  Federalist.  Later,  he  became  a 
generous  supporter  of  Jackson,  but  in  all 
of  his  political  affiliations  his  conduct  was 
marked  by  conservatism  and  moderation. 


Political  Complexion  of  Cultures*. — In  the 
Twenty-fifth  Congress  ( 1.S37  IK::'.»)  the 
Senate,  of  52  members,  was  made  up  <if 
31  Democrats,  18  Whigs,  and  3  Independ- 
ents; and  the  House,  or  242  members,  was 
made  up  of  117  Democrats.  115  Whiu's,  and 
10  Independents.  In  the  Twenty-sixth  Con- 
gress (1839-1841)  the  Senate,  of  52  mem- 
bers, was  composed  of  22  Democrats,  1:8 
Whigs,  and  2  Independents;  and  the  lions-, 
of  242  members,  was  made  up  of  IU3 
Democrats,  132  Whigs,  G  Independents,  and 
1  vacancy. 

Finance. — A  commercial  panic  began  in 
March,  1837,  by  the  failure  of  Briggs  & 
Co.,  of  New  Orleans.  The  panic  reached 
its  height  in  May,  when  all  the  banks  in 
New  York,  Boston,  Philadelphia  and  Balti- 
more suspended  specie  payments.  Tills  so 
much  embarrassed  the  Government  that 
President  Van  Buren  enlivened  Congress  in 
special  session  in  September,  is:;7.  n,  con- 
sider the  situation.  In  his  Special  Message 
(page  1541)  he  analyzes  in  detail  the  finan- 
cial crisis  and  the  causes  which  led  to  it. 
He  then  unfolds  his  plan  for  the  institu- 
tion of  an  independent  treasury  for  the 
keeping  and  disbursing  of  Government 
funds.  It  was  the  return  to  the  svstem 
in  use  in  Washington's  time  and  was  de- 
parted from,  despite  the  earnest  warnings 
of  Jefferson,  when  the  United  States  Bank 
was  chartered  for  the  deposit  of  Govern- 
ment money.  Congress  was  unwilling  to 
sanction  the  plan,  but  the  President,  with 
unusual  insistence,  succeeded,  near  the 
close  of  his  term  of  office,  in  securing  ihe 
assent  and  cooperation  to  his  sub-treasury 
plan.  The  Whig  Congress  of  1842  repealed 
the  measure  and  deposited  the  funds  in 
selected  private  banks  until  1846,  when 
the  sub-treasury  system  was  again  adopt- 
ed and  has  persisted  to  the  present  day. 
In  his  Fourth  Annual  Message  (page  1827) 
the  President  gives  a  survey  of  the  fiscal 
affairs  of  the  country  and  says  that  "It 
will  serve  to  illustrate  more  fully  the  prin- 
ciples by  which  1  have  been  guided  in  ref- 
erence to  two  contested  points  in  our  public 
policy  which  were  earnest  in  their  develop- 
ment and  have  been  more  important  in 
their  consequences  than  any  that  have 
arisen  under  our  complicated  and  difficult. 
yet  admirable,  system  of  government.  I 
allude  to  a  national  debt  and  a  national 
bank.  .  .  .  Coming  into  office  a  declared 
enemy  of  both,  1  have  earnestly  endeav- 
ored to  prevent  a  resort  to  either." 

Public-  Debt.— The  public  debt  of  the 
United  States  during  the  administration  of 
President  Van  Buren  stood  as  follows: 
Jan.  1,  1838,  $10,434.221.14;  1839.  $3.573,- 
343.42  ;  1840.  $5.250,875.54  ;  1841,  $13.594,- 
480.75. 

Commerce. — The  commercial  status  of 
the  United  States  in  the  year  1840  is 
shown  by  the  following  statistical  sum- 
mary :  Area,  2.059,043  square  miles  ;  popu- 
lation, 17,069.453;  population  per  square 
mile,  8.29;  wealth.  S7.135.7,sO.OOO  :  money 
in  circulation,  $186.305.488;  imports,  §98.- 
258.706  ;  exports.  $123,608,932;  miles  of 
railway,  2,818;  vessels  built,  121.203  tons; 
vessels  in  deep-sea  trade,  899.7(55  ton-;  ; 
vessels  In  coastwise  trade,  1,280.999  tons; 
vessels  on  the  Great  Lakes,  54,199  tons; 
post-offices,  13,468 ;  immigrants  arrived, 
84.066. 

Foreign  Policy. — It  is  regarded  as  one  of 
the  most  creditable  features  of  the  Van 
Buren  administration  that  it  was  able,  do- 
spite  the  popular  wish  in  some  quarters, 
to  remain  neutral  during  the  rebellion  in 
Canada.  The  burning  of  the  Cnrnln'r  in 
this  connection  caused  the  President  to  is- 
sue his  proclamations  of  neutrality  (pages 
1698,  1699).  In  this  case,  as  in  all  others, 


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Encyclopedic  Index 


Venezuela 


tho  President  consistently  followed  the 
course  laid  down  in  his  Inaugural  Address 
(page  1537)  where  he  said  :  "We  have  no 
disposition,  and  we  disclaim  all  right,  to 
meddle  in  disputes,  whether  Internal  or 
foreign,  that  may  molest  other  countries, 
regarding  them  in  their  actual  state  as  so- 
cial communities,  and  preserving  a  strict 
neutrality  in  all  their  controversies." 

The    Democrats   reuominnted    Van    Burcn 
but  he  was  defeated  by   Win.   H.  Harrison. 

Van  Buren,  Martin: 

Annual  messages  of,  1590,  1700, 
1746,  1819. 

Banking  system  discussed  bv,  1541, 
1597,  1707. 

Biographical  sketch   of,  1528. 

Credit  system,  discussed  by,  1541. 

Death  of,  announced  and  honors  to 
be  paid  memory  of,  3:519,  3320. 

Executive  authority  of,  over  public 
moneys,  discussed  by,  1541. 

Expenses  of  Government,  discussed 
by,  1541,  1752,  1824. 

Finances  discussed  by,  1541,  1596, 
1686,  1706,  1751,  1757,  1789,  1822. 

Fiscal  operations  of  Government 
should  be  separated  from  those  of 
individuals.  (See  Subtreasury  Sys- 
tem, post.) 

Foreign  policy,  discussed  by.  1590, 
1702,  1747,  1820. 

Inaugural  address  of,  1530. 

Large  standing  army  unnecessary  in 
time  of  peace,  1607. 

National  and  State  banks  discussed 
by,  1541,  1707,  1757,  1828. 

Northeastern  boundary,  correspond- 
ence regarding.  (See  Northeastern 
Boundary.) 

Portrait  of,  1527. 

Presents  offered,  by  Imaum  of  Mus- 
cat, declined,  1809. 

Proclamations  of — 

Discriminating  duties  on  vessels  of 

Greece  suspended,  1539. 
Extinguishment    of    Indian    titles, 

1538. 

Extraordinary  session  of — 
Congress,   1538. 
Senate,  1857. 
Facsimile  of,  1549. 
Levying  duties   on  vessels  of  Por- 
tugal, 1589. 

Neutrality  in  war  in  Canada,  1698, 
1699. 

Public  money,  views  of,  on  custody 
and  distribution  of,  1541. 

Secretary  of  State,  1003. 

Special  session  message  of,   1541. 

State  of  the  Union,  discussed  by, 
1590,  1700,  1746,  1819. 

Subtreasury  system  discussed  by, 
1541,  1596,  1706,  1751,  1763,  1827. 

Tariff   discussed,   1752. 

Veto  message  of,  act  regarding  distri- 
bution of  Madison  papers,  reasons 
for  applying  pocket  veto  to,  1745. 


Vancouver    Island:    population    (1901) 
26,133. 

Agent  sent  to,  referred  to,  3068,  3072. 

Boundary   question    regarding.      (See 

Northwestern  Boundary.) 
Vandalia,   The,  loss  of,  At  Samoan  Is- 
lands, 5479. 

Vanderbilt,  The,  presented  to  United 
States  by  Cornelius  Vanderbilt, 
recommendations  regarding,  3288. 

Referred  to,  3585. 
Vatican,   Peace    note    of   Germany    to, 

8188. 

Venezuela. — Venezuela  lies  on  the  north 
of  the  South  American  continent  and  is 
bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Caribbean  Sea, 
west  by  the  Republic  of  Colombia,  east  by 
British  Guiana,  and  south  by  Brazil.  The 
western  boundary  is  in  dispute,  the  area 
estimated  by  Venezuelan  geographers  (599,- 
538  square  miles)  lying  between  1°  4(1'  S.- 
12°  26'  N.  latitude  and  59°  40'-73°  31'  W. 
longitude.  Included  in  this  area  are  over 
seventy  islands  off  the  coast,  with  a  total 
area  of  about  14,6ifO  square  miles,  the 
largest  being  Margarita,  which  is  politically 
associated  with  Tortuga,  Cubagua  and 
Coche  to  form  the  newly  constituted  State 
of  Nueva  Esparta.  Margarita  has  an  area 
of  about  400  square  miles. 

Physical  Features. — The  Eastern  Andes 
from  the  southwest  cross  the  border  and 
reach  to  the  Caribbean  Coast,  where  they 
are  prolonged  by  the  Maritime  Andes  of 
Venezuela  to  the  Gulf  of  Paria  on  the 
northeast.  The  main  range  is  known  as 
the  Sierra  Nevada  de  Merida,  and  con- 
tains the  highest  peaks  in  the  country  in 
Picacho  de  la  Sierra  (15,420  feet)  and 
Salado  (13,878  feet),  the  maritime  ranges 
containing  the  Silla  de  Caracas  (8,531  feet). 
Near  the  Brazilian  border  the  Sierras  Pa- 
riui.i  and  Pacaraima  and  on  the  eastern 
border  the  Sierras  de  Rincote  and  de  Usu- 
pamo  enclose  the  republic  with  parallel 
northward  spurs,  between  which  are  val- 
leys of  the  Orinoco  tributaries.  The 
slopes  of  the  mountains  and  foothills  are 
covered  with  dense  forests,  but  the  basin 
of  the  Orinoco  is  mainly  llanos,  or  level 
stretches  of  open  prairie,  with  occasional 
woods. 

The  principal  river  of  Venezuela  is  the 
Orinoco,  exceeding  1,500  miles  in  length. 
The  Orinoco  is  navigable  for  large  steam- 
ers for  some  700  miles,  and  by  smaller  ves- 
sels as  far  as  the  Maipures  Cataract,  some 
200  miles  further  up  stream.  The  coastal 
regions  of  Venezuela  are  much  indented  and 
contain  many  lagoons  and  lakes,  of  which 
Maracaibo,  with  an  area  exceeding  7,000 
square  miles,  Is  the  largest  lake  in  South 
America. 

The  climate  is  tropical  and  except  where 
modified  by  altitude  or  tempered  by  sea 
breezes  is  unhealthy.  Yellow  fever  is  en- 
demic at  Caracas,  and  plague  cases  have 
occurred  there  since  1908. 

History. — Venezuela  was  visited  by  Co- 
lumbus in  1498,  and  in  1499  by  Alonzo  de 
Ojeda  and  Amerigo  Vespucci,  the  former 
naming  the  Gulf  of  Maracaibo  Venezuela, 
or  "Little  Venice"  (on  account  of  the  Indi- 
an pile-built  settlements  on  the  coast  and 
shores  of  the  lake),  and  the  name  was 
afterwards  extended  to  the  whole  of  the 
Orinoco  basin.  In  1550  the  territory  was 
formed  into  the  captaincy-general  of  Ca- 
rficas,  and  the  country  remainder  under 
Spanish  rule  until  the  revolt  under  Simon 
Bolivar,  a  native  of  Caracas,  who  defeated 
the  Spanish  forces  in  the  battles  of  Lae- 


Venezuela 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


toguanes  (1813)  and  Carabobo  (1821),  and 
thus  secured  the  independence  of  the  coun- 
try. Bolivar  was  an  untiring  hero  in.  the 
cause  of  independence,  and  through  his  ef- 
forts (and  those  o'f  his  adjutant  Sucre) 
Venezuela,  Ecuador  and  Colombia  (Upper 
Peru)  achieved  their  freedom  from  Spain, 
while  Peru  was  enabled  to  establish  its  in- 
dependence in  consequence  of  his  victories. 
He  died  in  1830,  at  the  age  of  forty-seven, 
and  his  remains  were  re-interred  at  Cara- 
cas in  1842.  Venezuela  formed  part  of  tbo 
Federal  Republic  at  Colombia  from  1822- 
1830.  since  which  time  it  has  been  inde- 
pendent. There  have  been  many  revolutions 
since  1846.  particularly  in  1840,  1868,  1889, 
1801.  1900,  and  1908.  In  1854  President 
Monagas  liberated  the  African  slaves,  and 
in  1864  President  Falc6n  divided  the  coun- 
try into  States  and  formed  them  into  a 
Federal  Republic. 

Venezuelan  Question. — Protection  of  the 
sovereignty  of  Venezuela  by  the  United 
States  through  the  application  of  the  Mon- 
roe Doctrine  has.  on  two  notable  occasions, 
called  for  prompt  and  determined  action 
by  our  Presidents— Cleveland  in  1895.  and 
Roosevelt  in  1902.  (See  Monroe  Doctrine.) 

The  contention  in  1895  was  with  Great 
Britain  over  the  boundary  between  Vene- 
zuela and  British  Guiana.  In  July  1888. 
President  Cleveland  laid  a  statement  of 
the  dispute  before  the  Senate  (Page  5204). 
President  Harrison,  in  his  first  annual 
message,  expressed  the  hope  that  the  ques- 
tion ruiarbt  be  amicably  adjusted  in  accord- 
ance with  the  historic  titles  of  the  two 
parties  (Page  5471).  but  regretfully  an- 
nounced in  his  third  annual  message  (Page 
5<'.16>.  that  the  friendly  efforts  of  the 
United  States  in  that  direction  had  proved 
unavailing. 

Upon  his  return  to  the  Presidency,  Cleve- 
land was  again  confronted  by  the  question, 
and  in  his  first  message  announced  that  the 
controversy  was  still  pending.  (Page  5873.) 
In  the  second  inessage  during  his  second 
term  he  declared  his  determination  to  bring 
about  arbitration — "a  resort  to  which  Great 
Britain  so  conspicuously  favors  in  prin- 
ciple and  respects  in  practice,  and  which  is 
earnestly  sought  by  her  weaker  adversary." 
(Page  5958.) 

In  July,  1895.  the  American  Ambassador 
at  London  was  instructed  to  communicate  to 
the  British  Government  the  position  of  the) 
United  States  on  the  question.  This  took 
the  form  of  a  protest  against  the  enlarge- 
ment of  the  area  of  the  British  possessions 
on  the  American  continent,  especially  at  the 
expense  of  Venezuela  without  the  hitter's 
consent,  referring  to  the  traditional  and 
established  policy  of  this  Government  (Page 
fiOG4).  and  denying  the  right  of  Great 
Britain  to  establish  an  arbitrary  line 
through  the  territory  in  debate  and  submit 
to  arbitration  only  the  portion  lying  on  one 
hide  of  it. 

Great  Britain's  reply  called  forth  a  spe- 
cial message  from  Cleveland  December  17, 
1895  (Page  GOS'i.  in  which  he  laid  the 
British  reply  before  the  Senate.  The  reply 
declared  the  Monroe  Doctrine  "inapplicable 
to  the  state  of  things  in  which  we  live  at  the 
present  day."  (  Page  Gu88. )  Cleveland  firmly 
upheld  the'  Monroe  Doctrine,  and  proposed  a 
commission  of  his  own  to  determine  the 
boundarv  line,  and  asked  Congress  to  appro- 
priate- money  to  carry  out.  the  terms,  what- 
ever the  consequences,  which  he  intimated 
might  he  forcilili'  maintenance  of  his  con- 
tention, under  the  Monroe  Doctrine.  (Page 

(JM'.III.  ) 

Mr.  Cleveland's  attitude  caused  much  ex- 
cited comment  throughout  the  country,  but 
his  position  was  stoutly  backed  by  the  peo- 


ple and  newspapers  of  all  political  parties. 
Diplomatically,  the  matter  was  skillfully 
handled,  and  finally  referred  to  arbitration, 
and  it  was  announced  to  the  next  Congress 
that  a  general  arbitration  treaty  with  Great 
Britain  was  under  way.  (See  page  6154.) 
The  arbitral  tribunal  was  appointed  under 
the  treaty  of  February  2,  1897,  and  the 
award  was  made  October  3,  1899.  The  terms 
of  award  were  announced  by  President  Mc- 
Kinley  in  his  third  annual  message.  Decem- 
ber 5.  (See  page  6380.) 

(See  also  illustration  opposite  page 
5485.) 

The  next  invocation  of  the  traditional 
doctrine  by  the  United  States  in  behalf  of 
Venezuela  was  during  Roosevelt's  Adminis- 
tration. Debts  due  by  the  South  American 
Republic  to  citizens  of  England,  France, 
Germany,  Italy,  and  other  foreign  countries, 
were  long  over-due,  and  payment  seemed  re- 
mote, if  not  hopeless.  The  creditors  ap- 
pealed to  their  respective  governments  for 
redress.  England.  Germany  and  Italy 
agreed  upon  what  they  termed  a  pacific 
blockade  for  the  forcible  collection  of  the 
claims.  Operations  Ix-gan  December  3,  1902, 
and  on  the  9th  four  Venezuelan  vessels  were 
seized  and  an  ultimatum  was  sent  to  Presi- 
dent Castro.  Upon  its  rejection,  two  forts 
at  Puerto  Cal>ello  and  San  Carlos  were  bom- 
barded by  the  allies. 

In  his  first  message  to  Congress,  Decem- 
ber 3.  1901,  President  Roosevelt  said  of  the 
Monroe  Doctrine  (page  6064)  that  there 
must  be  "no  territorial  aggrandizement  by 
any  non-American  power  at  the  expense  of 
any  American  power  on  American  soil. 
*  *  *  \Vc  do  not  guarantee  any  state 
against  punishment  if  it  misconducts  itself, 
provided  that  punishment  does  not  take  the 
form  of  the  acquisition  of  territory  by  any 
non-American  power." 

By  diplomatic  interviews,  all  the  Powers 
concerned,  except  Germany,  were  brought  to 
a  state  of  willingness  to  arbitrate.  In  the 
case  of  Germany,  President  Roosevelt  found 
it  necessary  to  intimate  that  Admiral  Dewey. 
in  command  of  the  fleet,  would  prevent 
forcible  occupation  of  the  Venezuelan  ports. 
At  the  same  time  the  President  informed  tlv- 
German  Ambassador  that  in  event  the  Em- 
peror should  consent  to  arbitration  the 
credit  for  such  advanced  ground  in  inter- 
national disputes  would  be  accorded  to  the 
Emperor. 

The  German  Ambassador  conveyed  person- 
ally to  the  President  the  i  ssura'nce  of  the 
German  Emperor  that  his  Majesty's  govern- 
ment would  consent  to  arbitration  and  that 
it  had  no  purpose  or  intention  to  make  even 
the  smallest  acquisition  of  territory  on  the 
South  American  Continent  or  the  Islands 
adjacent.  This  voluntary  and  friendly 
declaration  was  afterwards  repeated  to  the 
Secretary  of  State. 

Through  the  offices  of  the  diplomatic  rep- 
resentatives of  the  United  States  at  Caracas 
and  the  Government  at  Washington,  proto- 
cols were  signed  whereby  Venezuela  agreed 
(see  page  6794)  to  set  apart  a  certain  per- 
centage of  the  customs  receipts  of  two  of 
her  ports  to  be  applied  to  the'  payment  of 
whatever  obligations  might  be  ascertained 
by  mixed  commissions  appointed  for  that 
purpose  to  l>e  due  from  her.  not  only  to  the 
three  powers  a/ready  mentioned,  whose  pro- 
ceedings against  her  had  resulted  in  a  state 
of  war,  but  also  to  the  United  States.  France, 
Spain,  Belinum,  the  Netherlands,  Norway. 
Sweden  and  Mexico,  who  had  not  employee] 
force. 

The  blockading  powers,  however,  de- 
manded that  the  sums  ascertained  to  be  due 
their  citizens  by  such  mixed  commissions 
should  be  accorded  payment  in  full  before 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Venezuela 


anything  was  paid  upon  the  claims  of  any 
of  the  so-called  peace  powers.  The  powers 
;it  this  juncture  asked  that  the  question  be 
referred' to  President  Koosevelt  for  decision, 
but  he  declined,  and  suggested  that  the  whole 
matter  be  submitted  to  the  Hague  Tribunal 
1'or  adjudication.  This  was  finally  agreed 
to,  and  amicable  settlement  was  reported  in 
a  special  message  by  Koosevelt,  January  23, 
1005.  (See  page  6941.)  The  Hague  Tri- 
bunal pronounced  in  favor  of  the  allied 
powers. 

This  later  incident  found  echo  in  the 
Third  International  Conference  of  South 
American  Republics  at  Hio  Janeiro  in  July 
and  August,  1900,  when  Dr.  Drago,  former 
Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs  of  Argentina, 
announced  the  adherence  of  South  American 
Republics  to  the  Monroe  Doctrine,  and  the 
conference,  after  discussion,  recommended 
that  their  delegates  to  the  Second  Peace  Con- 
tVrence  at  the  Hague  oppose  the  compulsory 
collection  by  armed  forces  of  debts  due  its 
citi/.eus  by  any  other  government.  This  lie- 
came  known  as  the  Drago  Doctrine.  (See 
Drago  Doctrine.)  Mr.  Koosevelt  stated  the 
policy  of  the  United  States  on  tills  question 
in  his  sixtli  annual  message.  (Page  TOGO.) 

Government. — The  present  constitution 
rests  upon  the  fundamental  law  of  August 
5,  1909,  under  which  the  government  is 
that  of  a  Federal  Republic  of  twenty  au- 
tonomous States,  a  Federal  District,  and 
two  Territories,  with  a  President  elected 
by  the  Federal  Congress  for  four  years 
aiid,  ineligible  for  a  consecutive  term  of 
otiice,  and  a  "Council  of  Government"  of 
ten  members  (one  for  each  two  States), 
chosen  by  Congress  for  seven  years,  its 
members  (by  seniority)  supplying  at  need 
a  successor  to  the  President.  President 
(April  19.  1915-1922),  General  Juan  Vin- 
cente  Gomez,  born  July  24,  1859. 

The  Federal  Congress  consists  of  two 
Chambers.  The  Senate  consists  of  forty 
members  (two  from  each  State),  native 
born  Venezuelans  above  thirty  years  of  age, 
elected  for  four  years.  The  Chamber  of 
Deputies  consists  of  117  members  elected 
for  four  years  by  direct  vote  in  each  State, 
in  the  proportion  of  one  per  35,000  inhab- 
itants (each  State  having  at  least  one  rep- 
resentative, irrespective  of  population)  with 
other  representatives  for  every  15,000  in 
excess  of  that  number. 

Each  of  the  States  has  an  elective  Presi- 
dent and  Legislative  Assembly. 

Kducation. — Primary  education  is  free 
and  nominally  compulsory,  but  little  effort 
is  made  to  instruct  the  Indians,  and  schools 
are  confined  to  urban  areas,  where  they 
were  attended  in  1908  by  35,777  pupils. 
Universities  at  Caracas  and  Me'rida.  About 
<!()  per  cent  of  the  total  population  are  abso- 
lutely illiterate. 

Finance. — The  revenue  is  derived  from 
customs  and  customs  surtax  of  30  per  cent, 
and  excise.  Salt  and  matches  are  State 
monopolies  and  are  farmed  out,  the  latter 
to  an  English  company;  Cigarette  paper  is 
also  a  farmed  monopoly,  and  with  the  ex- 
cise on  cigarettes  produces  0,000,000  boli- 
vares.  The  expenditure  includes  2.600,000 
bolivares  for  amortization  and  service  of 
tbe  debt,  in  addition  to  the  final  payment 
of  7,808,000  bolivares  due  to  certain  for- 
eign countries  under  tbe  Protocol  of  Wash- 
ington ;  and  9,500,000  bolivares  war  and 
marine. 

The  national  debt  was  stated  on  June  30. 
1011  to  be  192,164,539  bolivares  (about 
?3fi,000,000  United  States  money. 

Production  and  Indus-try. — Agriculture 
rind  stock  raising  are  the  principal  indus- 
tries of  the  roiintry,  and  most  of  the  land 
is  suited  for  these  purposes.  The  chief 
agricultural  products  are  coffee,  cacao, 


sugar,  maize,  beans,  wheat,  rice,  potatoes, 
vegetables  and  fruit  of  various  kinds.  <'ot- 
ton  is  now  being  grown  successfully  for 
three  native  cotton  mills.  The  I. he  Stock 
is  stated  to  Include  about  ^,1100,000  cattle 
1,750,000  pigs,  1,500,000  goals,  and  20O,- 
000  sheep.  The  llanos,  or  grassy  plains, 
could  support  many  times  the  preseul  esti- 
mated number  with  organization  and  de- 
velopment of  the  industry,  much  of  the 
pastoral  area  having  been  abandoned  since 
the  War  of  Independence. 

The  fisheries  round  the  coast  and  of  the 
lakes  are  of  mucb  importance  for  the  food 
of  the  people.  Hound  the  northern  islands 
are  important  pearl  fisheries,  but  they  are 
only  carried  on  in  a  primitive  way  by  na- 
tive fishers. 

Gold,  silver,  copper,  Iron,  tin,  lead,  mer- 
cury, sulphur,  coal,  asphalt  and  petroleum 
are  known  to  exist. 

Citiex. — Capital.  Caracas.  Estimated  pop- 
ulation, 75,000.  Other  towns  are  Maracaibo 
(35,0001,  Valencia,  Puerto  CabHIo  and  La 
Guaira,  and  Cludad  Holivar. 

Trade  iritli  the  United  ,S7u/e.s. — The  value 
of  merchandise  imported  into  Venezuela 
from  the  United  States  for  the  year  1!M3 
was  $5,737,118.  and  goods  to  the  value  of 
$10, 851.', 331  were  sent  thither — a  balance  of 
$5,115, m3  in  favor  of  the  United  States. 

Venezuela  (see  also  Caracas) : 

American  citizens  expelled  from,  2952. 
Boundary  dispute  with  Great  Britain 
regarding   British    Guiana,   5204, 
5471,     5616,     5873,     5958,     60(54, 
6087,  6154. 
Arbitration  of — 

Discussed,  6337,  6380. 
Becommended,  6064. 
Treaty  for,  6154. 

Monroe  doctrine  reasserted  and  at- 
titude of  United  States  respect- 
ing, 6064,  6087. 

Civil   war   in,  terminated,  2552. 
Claims  of  France  against,  4761. 
Claims  of  United  States  against   (see 
also   Aves  Island;    Caracas   Com- 
mission; Venezuela  Steam  Trans- 
portation Co.) — 
Acknowledged,  2702. 
Adjustment  of,  6338. 
Awards  of  commission,  referred  to, 

4321,  4539,  4693,  4716,  4853. 
Distribution  of,  4421,  4620,  4^07. 
Convention      for      adjustment      of, 
3111,    3587,    3721,    3885,    3S91, 
4055,    4100,    4371,    4951,    5195, 
5198,  5220,  5369,  5391,  5962. 
Course    pursued    to    enforce    pro- 
visions of.  4320. 
Discussed  by  President — • 
Arthur,  4761,  4807. 
Cleveland,  5090,  5369. 
Fillmore,   2702. 
Grant,    3964,    4005,    4012.    4014, 

4144,  4192,  4245,  4295,  4320. 
Harrison,  Benj.,  5673. 
Jackson,  1319^ 
Johnson,   3587. 
Pierce,  2952. 
Taylor,  2552. 
Tyler,   2193. 


Venezuela 


.}fessages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Indemnity  to  be  paid  satisfactorily 

arranged,  2206. 

Mixed      claims      commission      dis- 
cussed, 4432,  4761,  4920,  5471. 
Termination  of,  5547. 
Payment  of,  3444,  4295,  4320,  4321, 

4359,  4629,  5873. 
Objection  to,  4144,  4192,  4245. 

Abandoned,  4295. 
Correspondence      with,      transmitted 

5907. 

Differences  of,  with  France  and  Bel- 
gium, discussed,  6070. 
Diplomatic   relations  with,  4562. 
Fugitive  criminals,  convention   with, 

for  surrender  of,  2917,  3185. 
Discussed,  5962. 

Import   duties   imposed  upon    Ameri- 
can products  by,  5672. 
Eetaliatory     measures    proclaimed, 

5703. 
Imprisonment    of   American    citizens 

in,  4789,  4803,  5198. 
Independence  of,  asserted,   613. 
Minister  of,  to  United  States,  grade 

of  raised,  4718. 

One  hundredth   anniversary  of  inde- 
pendence celebrated,  7658. 
Relations  of,  with  France,  discussed, 

4629. 
Revolution  in,  followed  by  prorision- 

al  government,  referred  to,  4522. 
Treaty    with,    transmitted    and    dis- 
cussed by  President — 
Buchanan,  3111,  3185. 
Cleveland,  5196. 
Jackson,   1444,   1450. 
Johnson,  3587. 
Pierce,   2917. 
Van  Buren,  1751. 
Vessels  of  United  States — 

Seized  or  interfered  with  by, 
4114,  4371,  5198,  5547,  5673, 
5873,  5962,  6070. 

To  transport  remains  of  Gen.  Paez 
to,  recommended,  5193. 

Venezuela,  Treaty  with. — Apart  from 
certain  claims  conventions,  the  only  diplo- 
matic relation  between  the  United  States 
and  Venezuela  which  survives  Is  the  pro- 
tocol of  1903,  by  which  United  States 
claims  against  Venezuela  were  submitted 
to  arbitration.  The  comr-  sion,  consist- 
Ing  of  two  members  (one  chosen  by  the 
President  of  the  United  States,  the  other 
by  the  President  of  Venezuela)  must  sit  at 
Caracas.  An  umpire  must  be  appointed 
to  preside  over  the  deliberations,  and  It 
was  agreed  that  the  umpire  should  be 
chosen  by  the  queen  of  the  Netherlands. 
The  commissioners,  acting  under  onth, 
fihould  determine  after  due  Investigation, 
the  justice  of  the  claims.  Should  the  two 
commissioners  be  unnble  to  reach  a  deci- 
sion, the  vote  of  the  umpire  should  decide 
the  questions.  Venezuela  also  became  a 
party  to  the  convention  between  the  United 
States  and  the  several  leading  repub- 
lics of  South  and  Central  America  for  the 
nrbltratlon  of  pecuniary  claims  and  the  pro- 
tection of  Inventions,  etc.,  which  was  signed 


In  Buenos  Aires  In  1910.  (See  South 
and  Central  America,  Treaties  with.) 

Venezuela    Steam    Transportation    Co., 

seizure  and   detention   of  steamers 

of,  and  claims  arising  out  of,  4114, 

4371,  5198,  5547,  5673,  5873,  5962. 

Award  in  favor  of,  6070. 

Venice,    Italy,    Geographical    Congress 

at,  4626. 

Venus,  Transit  of.    (See  Naval  Obser- 
vatory.) 
Vera  Cruz  (Mexico),  Siege  and  Capture 

Of.— March  9,  1847,  Gen.  Scott,  who  had 
been  ordered  to  Mexico  to  conduct  an  ex- 
pedition against  Its  capital  city  by  way  of 
Vera  Cruz,  landed  a  force  of  12,000  men  on 
the  beach  in  the  vicinity  of  that  port.  By 
March  22  the  attacking  forces  were  In  posi- 
tion and  the  siege  guns  mounted.  Gen. 
Scott  summoned  the  governor  of  Vera  Cruz 
to  surrender.  Upon  his  refusal  a  bombard- 
ment was  begun  and  kept  up  until  the  morn- 
Ing  of  the  2Gth,  when  overtures  for  sur- 
render were  made  by  Gen.  Landero.  Arti- 
cles of  capitulation  were  signed  March  27. 
The  Mexicans  lost  nearly  500  pieces  of 
artillery,  besides  other  arms  and  much 
ammunition.  Five  thousand  prisoners  were 
taken  and  paroled,  and  the  best  port  of 
Mexico,  with  its  famous-  and  almost  Im- 
pregnable fortress  of  San  Juan  de  Ulloa, 
was  captured.  The  American  loss  was  In- 
significant. 

Vera  Cruz,   Occupation  of.— During  the 

Mexican  revolution  of  1913,  Americans  and 
other  foretgners  in  Mexico  were  subjected  to 
gross  hardship  and  abuse.  Property  wag 
seized  and  the  owners  were  Insulted,  threat- 
ened, Imprisoned,  and  in  several  instances 
actually  met  death  at  the  hands  of  one  or 
the  other  of  the  warring  factions.  Presi- 
dent Wilson  Increased  the  regular  troops  at 
the  border  posts  and  sent  naval  vessels  to 
the  Mexican  seaports  to  protect  the  lives 
and  property  of  Americans  and  citizens  of 
foreign  countries. 

On  the  9th  of  April,  1914,  a  paymaster  of 
the  U.  S.  S.  Dolphin  landed  at  Iturbide 
bridge,  Tamplco  ,  with  a  whaleboat  and 
boat's  crew  to  take  off  supplies.  The  mei1 
were  unarmed  and  the  boat  carried,  both  at 
her  bow  and  at  her  stern,  the  flag  of  the 
United  States.  The  men  were  arrested,  but 
later  released,  and  an  apology  was  m;id>', 
but  Admiral  Mayo  demanded  that  the  flag 
of  the  United  States  be  saluted  with  special 
ceremony.  This  was  refused  by  President 
Huerta  of  Mexico.  Citing  this  and  a  num- 
ber of  similar  Insults  preceding  it,  Presi- 
dent Wilson,  April  20,  1914,  asked  Con- 
gress to  approve  the  use  of  the  land  and 
naval  forces  of  the  country  to  enforce  the 
fullest  recognition  of  the  rights  and  dignity 
of  the  United  States.  This  was  granted  and 
Vera  Cruz  was  occupied  by  the  American 
forces.  In  the  three  days  of  fighting  seven- 
teen sailors  and  marines  were  killed  and 
fifty  wounded.  The  naval  occupation  was 
followed  by  a  brigade  of  the  regular  army 
under  Gen.  Funstou.  Before  attempting  an 
advance  into  the  interior,  operations  were 
halted  by  an  offer  of  mediation  between 
the  United  States  and  Mexico  made  by  the 
diplomatic  representatives  of  Argentina, 
Brazil  and  Chile.  These  met  in  Niagara 
Falls,  Canada,  In  May.  An  attempt  was 
made  to  adjust  the  differences  between  the 
two  countries,  but  the  demand  for  a  salute 
to  the  American  flag  was  not  complied  with 
and  the  American  forces  were  withdrawn 
from  Vera  Cruz  No.  •_•:?.  1014.  (See  illus- 
trations opposite  79:i(>,  79,r>2.) 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Vessels 


Vera  Cruz,  Mexico;  population   (1900) 

900,570;  battle  of,  referred  to,  2:585. 
Vermont.  -One  of  the  New  Knuliuul 
States ;  nickname,  "The  Green  Mountain 
State";  motto.  "Freedom  and  Unity."  It 
extends  from  lat.  42°  44'  to  45°  1'  north 
and  from  long.  71°  118'  to  73°  25'  west. 
It  is  bounded  on  (lie  north  hy  Quebec  (Can- 
ada), on  the  east  by  New  Hampshire  (sep- 
arated by  the  Connecticut  Hiver),  on  the 
south  by  Massachusetts,  and  on  the  west 
hy  New  York  (separated  in  part  by  Lake 
Champlaln).  It  has  an  area  of  0,504  square 
miles.  Vermont  is  traversed  from  north 
to  south  by  the  (Jreen  Mountains.  It  is  an 
agricultural  state  and  has  extensive  quarries 
of  marble  and  granite.  The  manufacture 
of  wood-pulp  is  an  important  industry.  It 
was  explored  by  Champlain  in  1  <!()!».  The 
lirst  settlement  was  at  Hrattleboro  in  1724. 
Vermont  was  early  claimed  by  both  New 
Hampshire  and  New  York.  It  was  admitted 
to  the  Union  in  1701. 

Statistics  of  agriculture  collected  for  the 
last  Federal  census,  place  the  number  of 
farms  in  the  State  at  .'52, 700,  comprising 
4.003,577  acres,  valued,  with  stock  and 
improvements,  at  $145,300,728.  The  aver- 
age value  of  land  per  acre  was  $12.52.  The 
value  of  domestic  animals,  poultry,  etc., 
was  $22.642,080,  including  430,314  cattle, 
valued  at  $11.828,802;  80.781  horses.  $8,- 
,r.01.:557:  04.821  swine,  .$074,770:  118,551 
sheep,  $538.001  ;  poultry.  $007.787.  The 
yield  and  value  of  the  field  crops  for  1011 
was:  Corn,  40.000  acres.  1.880.000  bushels, 
$1.500.000:  wheat,  1.000  acres,  28.000 
bushels  $28,000;  oats,  76,000  acres;  2,000,- 
000  bushels,  $1,509.000 ;  potatoes,  20,000 
acres.  2,730.000  bushels,  $2,157.000  :  hay, 
030. 000  acres,  1.200.000  tons,  $10,020.000; 
tobacco,  100  acres.  170.000  pounds,  $27,200. 
The  leading  mineral  product  of  the  State  is 
marble,  of  which  Vermont  produces  half  of 
the  country's  output.  The  value  for  the 
last  twelve  months  reported  for  the  census 
of  1010  was  $4.070,000,  while  the  granite 
output  was  valued  at  $2.451,533.  Slate, 
lime,  clay,  metallic  paint,  soapstone,  sand 
and  gravel  are  also  marketed.  The  stone 
production  exceeds  that  of  Pennsylvania. 
The  manufactures  include  hosiery  and 
woolen  goods,  wood  pulp,  lumber  and  ma- 
chinery, and  employ  capital  to  the  extent 
of  $02.058.741.  The  output  was  valued  at 
$03.083.611.  The  employees  numbered  33,- 
100,  and  the  wages  paid  totalled  $15,221.- 
050.  The  bonded  debt  of  the  State  is 
$135.000,  and  the  tax  rate  $3.50  per  $1,000. 
The  annual  receipts  of  the  State  Treasurer 
at  last  report  were  $1,823,300 ;  expendi- 
tures, $1.871.100. 

There  are  forty-seven  national  banks 
holding  $7,544,304  to  the  credit  of  21,830 
depositors  :  and  twenty-three  loan  and  trust 
companies,  holding  $18,878,520  to  the 
credit  of  52.135  depositors.  The  savings 
hanks  hold  $43.132,208  to  the  credit  of 
108.208  depositors. 

The  number  of  manufacturing  establish- 
ments in  Vermont  having  an  annual  output 
valued  at  more  than  $500  at  the  beginning 
of  1015  was  1,772.  The  amount  of  capital 
invested  w:is  $70.811.000,  giving  employ- 
ment to  37.217  persons,  using  material 
valued  at  $42,555.000.  and  turning  out  fin- 
ished goods  worth  $70.811.000.  Salaries 
a'ffd  wages  paid  amounted  to  $22,002.000. 

Tn  1000  there  were  1,073  miles  of  steam 
railways  and  122  miles  of  electric  lines. 
The  population  in  1010  was  355,050. 

Vermont: 

Admission  of,  into  Union,  90. 
Application  made  for,  87. 
31 


Constitution  of  United  States,  evi- 
dence of  ratification  of  amendment 
to,  107,  16(5. 

Officers  appointed  for,  91. 
Vessels    (see    also    Steamboats;    Steam- 
ships;    Vessels,    Foreign;     Vessels; 
United  States): 

American  registry  for  American 
owned,  5985. 

Canadian,  permitted  to  aid  disabled 
vessels  in  waters  of  United  States, 
proclaimed,  5828. 

Vessels,    Foreign    (see    also    under    the 

several    powers): 

Appropriation  for  vessels  detained   by 
United   States   recommended,   6336. 
Bond  required  of,  115. 
Committing    open    hostility,   right    to 

detain  for  inquiry,  353. 
Consular  jurisdiction    over   crews   of, 

in  United  States,  4038,  4129. 
Correspondence   regarding,    81. 
Detained    by    United    States,    appro- 
priation for,  recommended,  G33G. 
Discriminating  duties  on — 
Discussed,  5089. 
Recommended,  81,  1242. 
Referred    to,    G67,    707,    755,    8GG, 

917,  918,  969. 
Should  be  refunded,  1172. 
Suspended  by  proclamation — 
Austria,  1003,  1004. 
Brazil,  2372. 
Bremen,   GOG. 
Chile,   2G12. 
China,  4552. 

Cuba.      (See   Spain,   post.) 
France,     752,     2371,    3711,     39G9, 

3973,   4182. 
Revoked,   4132. 
Greece,    1539. 
Hamburg,  607. 
Hanover,  970. 
Hawaiian  Islands,  3713. 
Italy,  912,  3021. 
Japan,  4131. 
Liibeck,    642. 

Mecklenburg-Schwerin,    13G5. 
Nicaragua,  3416. 
Norway,   665. 
Oldenburg,  666,  1059. 
Portugal,  4080. 
Spain,   4128,   4810,   5075,    5155. 

Revoked,  5074. 
Tuscany,  1452. 
Suspension  terminated,  4132. 
Duties   on.      (See   Tonnage  on,   ;>".s>/.) 
Embargo  on — 

For  GO   days  recommended,  48  t. 
Governor    requested    to    call    forth 
militia    if    necessary    to    enforce, 
144. 

Imposed,  458. 
Removed,  457,  466. 


Vessels 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Equipped    with    warlike    force    must 
give    securities    against    abuse    of 
armaments,  567. 
Forfeitures  of,  501. 
Guilty    of    committing    depredations 
shall  not  reenter  waters  of  United 
States,  391. 
Number    of,    departing   from    United 

States   with   permission,   446. 
Eeduction    on    duties,    of    claims    of 
governments    to,     81,    4974,     5494, 
5621. 
Sailing   under   United   States    colors, 

243. 
Tonnage  on — 

Claims  of  German   steamship  lines 
to  interest  on  duties,  illegally  ex- 
acted, 5084,  5367. 
Claims    of    governments    to    reduc- 
tions on  duties  of,  81,  4974,  5494, 
5621. 
Duties  on — 

Discussed,  4922,  5370,  5388. 
Suspended        bv        proclamation, 
4871,  4872,  4889,  4895,  5154, 
5326,  5327,  5598,  5930. 
Proclamation     revoking,     6129. 
When   armed   shall   not  enter  waters 

of  United  States,  463. 
When     within     territory     of    United 
States  must  be  protected,  252,  264. 
Vessels,  Neutral,  declared  lawful  prize 

by- 
France,  253,  432. 
Spain,   432. 

Vessels,  United  States  (see  also  Mer- 
chant Vessels;  Steamboats;  Steam- 
ships; War  Steamers;  Navy,  De- 
partment of) : 

Act   to   abolish    certain    fees    for   of- 
licial     services     to,     approved     and 
reasons   therefor,  4987. 
Appropriations   for,   unexpended,  348, 

504. 

Armed,    when    they    shall    not    enter 

the    waters  of  United  States,    463. 

Wlicn      within      the     territory     of 

United  States  must  be  protected, 

252,  264. 

Armor   for.      (See  Armor  and  Armor 

Plate.) 
^uilt  for  Japan,  3354. 

Order       regarding      clearance      of, 

3443,  3444. 

'Prohibition     of    departure    of,    re- 
moved, 3539. 

Cruial,   Kiel,   at   opening  of,   6062. 
Canal,        Welland,         discriminations 
against,   in.      (See  Welland  Canal.) 
Certificate     to     cuter     Spanish     ports 

required,   147. 

Construction  of  naval,  discussed  and 
recommendations    regarding,     by 
President — 
Adams,  John,  26,   263. 


Adams,  J.  Q.,  876,  927,  955. 

Arthur,  4638,  4727,  4768,  4796. 
4834. 

Buchanan,  2990,  3055. 

Cleveland,  4935,  5100,  5376,  5882, 
5972,  6164. 

Grant,  4150,  4202,  4249,  4304, 
4362. 

Harrison,  Benj.,  5479,  5551,  5635, 
5758. 

Hayes,  4565. 

Jackson,  1022,  1392,  1411,  1476. 

Jefferson,  317,  333,  360,  407,  442. 

Lincoln,  3385,  3450. 

McKinley,   6344. 

Madison,    455,    461,   471,   504,   513, 
538,  551. 

Monroe,    594,    615,    618,    631,    649, 
677,  765. 

Pierce,  2748,   2821,  2872,  2942. 

Polk,  2262,  2276,  2355,  2411. 

Tyler,  1941,  2122,  2130,  2131. 

Van  Buren,  1609,  1719. 

Washington,  185,  193. 
Destroyed    by    Rebel    vessels    during 

war,  3964. 

Discriminating  duties  and  fines  on, 
in  Cuba,  1242,  4626,  4714,  4763, 
4786,  4788,  5961,  6069. 

Abolished,  4810,  5155. 
Discriminating    duties    on,    abolished 

by  Prussia,  969. 
Discriminations    against,    in   Welland 

Canal.      (See   Welland   Canal.) 
Dry     docks     constructed     for.-    (See, 

Docks.) 
Duties   levied    on,   by   Great    Britain 

returned,  596. 
Effect    of,   in    protection    of  harbors, 

407. 
Embargo    imposed    on,    referred     to, 

427. 
Employed      in     coast     survey.      (See 

('oast  Survey.) 

Encomiums   bestowed    upon,  at  open- 
ing of  Kiel  (.'anal,  6062. 
Fees    collected     from,     by     American 

consuls,  4607. 

Fines  imposed  upon,  bv  Spain  dis- 
cussed, 4626,  4714,'  4763,  47S6, 
4788,  5961. 

Abolished,   4810. 
Fired  upon   by  Honduras   authorities 

and     disavowal     of    act     discussed, 

5869. 

Forfeitures  referred   to,  504. 
Fresh-water    basin    for,    site    for,    re- 
ferred to,  3591. 
In  Great  Lakes  granted  facilities  by 

Canada    for    returning,   6331. 
Injunction      restraining,      from      sail- 
ing   in    armed    condition     removed, 

255. 
Instructed   to   furnish   aid  to  neutral 

vessels,  529. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Veto 


Interference  with  and  the  seizure  of, 
by    foreign   powers,   138,   184,   242, 
374,   477,  560,  3017. 
Ironclad,   referred   to,  4009. 
Marino    railway    for    repair    of,    re- 
ferred to,  1043. 

Must  not  depart  from  ports  of  Unit- 
ed   States  while  dangers  are  threat- 
ened from  belligerent  nations,  421. 
Northern    and    Northwestern     lakes, 
passage     of     gunboats     from     tide 
water  to,  referred  to,  3402. 
Number   of,   necessary   for   principal 

seaports,  407,  455,  504. 
Papers  for  protection  of,  engaged  in 

whale  fisheries,  1774. 
Privileges    at    foreign    ports    denied, 

proclamation    regarding,    3482. 
Proposed  distribution  of,  408,  416. 
Prussian  abolition  of  duties  on,  969. 
Purchased    for    Peru,    detention    of, 

3831,  3835. 
Restrictions     on,     in     Bosporus     and 

Dardanelles,  4078. 
Eight     of     search.      (See     Right     of 

Search.) 
Sale   and   transfer  of,   while   abroad, 

laws   regarding,   defective,   1755. 
Sale  of,  referred  to,  3830. 
Saved  from  shipwreck  by  Neapolitan 

navy,  2899. 

Seamen    on.       (See    Seamen,    Ameri- 
can.) 

Seized  or  interfered  with  by  foreign 
powers,  138,  184,  242,  374,  477, 
560,  3017. 

Brazil,  962,  2779.     (See  also  Caro- 
line,  The.) 
Chile.  1822,  2051,  2116,  2193,  3145, 

4289. 

Colombia,  4289,  4358. 
Denied  privileges  at  foreign  ports, 

proclamation  regarding,  3482. 
Denmark,  5388,  6249. 
France,    13S,    243,    252,    387,    490, 
(See  also  France,  claims  against.) 
Great     Britain     discussed     or     re- 
ferred to  by  President — 
Adams,  John/ 242,  264,  271. 
Buchanan,  3062. 
Cleveland,  4990,  5198. 
Fillmore,   2603,   2675,   2680. 
Grant,  4068,  4070,  4114. 
Jefferson,     410,     414,     420,     433, 

441. 

Madison,  454,  477,  481. 
Polk,  2286,  2297. 
Tyler,     1909,    1920,    1929,    2016, 

'2076,  2111,  2215,  2219. 
Van     Buren,     167(5,     1693,     1695, 
1732,    1784,    1806,    1839,    1840, 
1857. 
Washington,       118.       (See       also 

War  of  1812  discussed.) 
Haiti,   2680,  5368,   5390. 
Honduras  insurgents,   5S69. 


Mexico,  1684,  1685,  5123,  5502. 
Morocco,   352,   353. 
Paraguay,    2980,   3046,   3091,   3195. 
Portugal,  1070,  1098,  1113,  1243. 
Russia,  3794,  6336. 
Spain  discussed  by  President- 
Adams,  John,  243. 
Arthur,  4626,  4759. 
Buchanan,  2976. 
Cleveland,  4919,  6068. 
Fillmore,  2679,   2721. 
Grant,    3986,    4052,    4189,     4195, 

4196,  4210,  4276,  4290. 
Hayes,  4436,  45GO. 
Jackson,  1112. 

Pierce,    2761,    2767,    2778,    2869, 

2900.  (See  also  Black  Warrior, 

The;   El  Dorado,  The;    Viryin- 

ius,  The.) 

Venezuela,   4114,   4371,  5198,   5547, 

5673,  5873,  5962. 
Should   be   navigated   exclusively   by 

American   seamen,  540. 
Slaves  transported  by.     (See  African 

Slave  Trade.) 
Sold  to  Algiers,  237. 
Steam   engines  for,   improvement  in, 

2122,    2262. 
Tonnage    duties    illegally    levied    on, 

2948,  3049. 

Tonnage  duties  on,  referred  to,  1123. 
Transfer  of  property  in,  while  abroad, 
laws  regulating,  referred  to,   1791. 
Visited  by  British  officers,  3062. 
Whaling  interfered  with  by  Russian 
vessels,  3794. 

Veterans  of  Indian  Wars  of  the  United 

States. — Instituted  by  officers  of  flic  Unit- 
ed Slates  Army  at  Philadelphia,  April  '_!.'>, 
1896.  The  obccts  arc  "to  perpetuate  the 
faithful  services,  heroism,  and  privations 
of  the  officers  and  soldiers  of  the  Army  of 
the  United  States  of  America,  ns  well  as 
of  the  auxiliary  forces  of  the  several  states 
of  Hie  Union,  in  their  successive  campaigns 
conducted  against  a  savage  foe  on  our 
frontiers,  in  the  interests  of  civilization. 
and  for  the  settlement  and  defense  of  our 
Territories  at  different  periods  in  (be  his- 
tory of  our  common  country  since  the  close 
of  the  War  of  the  Revolution  :  and  also  to 
collect  and  preserve  for  publication  a 
record  of  these  services  and  other  histori- 
cal data  relating  thereto,  as  well  as  to 
unite  in  a  fraternal  <  md  of  union  a!) 
those  who  are  entitled  to  membership 
therein." 

Veto. — The  net  by  which  the  executive  r1 
fuses  his  approval  of  a  measure  of  the 
legislative  body  with  which  he  is  associat- 
ed". The  Constitution  gives  the  President 
of  the  United  States  power  to  veto  any  act 
of  Congress  by  refusing  to  sign  the  bill 
after  its  passage.  In  the  Colonies  (except 
Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut)  the  guvern- 
ors  had  power  to  veto  act*  of  (be  colonial 
legislatures.  Massachusetts  \va-'  the  lir-U' 
of  the  original  states  to  gnmr  the  ve'o 
power  to  its  governor.  This  was  in  17x0. 
In  the  Convention  of  17S7  several  veto 
plans  were  discussed,  one  of  which  pro- 
posed to  associate  the  Supreme  Court  with 


Veto 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


the  President  In  the  exercise  of  the  power. 
The  plan  finally  adopted  resembled  that  in 
use  in  Massachusetts.  If  the  President  re- 
fuses to  sign  an  act,  It  is  returned  to  the 
House  in  which  it  originated  with  his  rea- 
sons for  refusing  his  signature.  That 
House  may  then  proceed  to  reconsider  the 
act,  and  if  it  again  passes  both  Houses 
with  a  majority  of  two-thirds  it  becomes  a 
law.  The  Constitution  also  provides  that 
"if  any  bill  shall  not  be  returned  by  the 
President  within  ten  days  (Sundays  except- 
ed)  after  it  shall  'have  been  presented  to 
him,  the  same  shajl  be  a  law  in  like  man- 
ner as  if  he  had  signed  it,  unless  the  Con- 
gress by  their  adjournment  prevent  its  re- 
turn, in  which  case  it  shall  not  be  a  law" 
(18).  The  veto  power  was  used  quite  spar- 
ingly by  the  early  Presidents. 

Following  is  the  number  of  veto  messages 
sont  to  Congress  by  the  several  Presidents. 
Those  whose  names  are  not  mentioned  sent 
no  veto :  Washington.  2 :  Madison.  6 ; 
Monroe.  1  ;  Jackson.  9  :  Tyler.  8  :  Polk,  3  ; 
Pierce.  9  ;  Buchanan,  7  :  Lincoln,  3  :  John- 
son, 22  :  Grant,  40  ;  Hayes,  8  :  Arthur,  4  ; 
Cleveland,  first  term.  301  ;  Harrison,  Benj., 
19  ;  Cleveland,  second  term,  42  ;  McKinley, 
G,  and  Roosevelt,  15. 

Veto  Messages.  (See  the  several  Presi- 
dents; the  several  subjects.) 
Veto,  Pocket. — The  power  of  the  Presi- 
dent to  prevent  the  enactment  into  law  of 
a  bill  presented  to  him  within  ten  days  be- 
fore the  adjournment  of  Congress,  without 
sending  in  a  refusal  to  sign  or  his  objec- 
tions in  writing,  is  known  as  a  pocket  veto. 

Veto   Power   discussed  by   President — 
Polk,  2512. 
Taylor,  2561. 
Vetoes,  Pension.     (See  Cleveland,  Gro- 

ver;  Grant,  Ulysses  S.) 
Vetoes,  Pocket.  (See  the  several  Presi- 
dents; the  several  subjects.) 
Vice-Admiral. — An  honorary  rank  In  the 
United  Stales  Navy  created  by  Congress 
Dec.  21,  18(5-1,  and  conferred  upon  David 
G.  Farragut.  At  the  time  of  its  creation 
it  was  the  highest  grade  in  the  Navy.  Two 
years  Inter  (July  25,  1800)  Congress  creat- 
ed the  rank  of  admiral  and  bestowed  it  upon 
Farragut,  making  David  G.  Porter  vice-ad- 
miral. Oct.  17,  1870,  after  the  death  of 
Admiral  Farragut,  Porter  was  promoted  to 
the  vacancy  and  Rear-Admiral  Stephen  C. 
Rowan  was  made  vice-admiral.  On  his 
death  in  1800  the  grade  became  extinct 
During  the  colonial  period  it  was  custom- 
ary for  the  royal  governor  to  be  appointed 
vice-admiral,  which  made  him  head  of  the 
colonial  admiralty  courts.  (See  also  Ad- 
miral.) 

Vice-Admiral,     creation    of    grade    of, 

recommended,   3-150,  6423. 
Vice  Consul. — Assistant  to  the  Consul ;  or 
an  ofh'e"i-  appointed  to  perform  certain  spe- 
cial  duties   in   the   territory   where  there   is 
a  consul. 
Vice-President    of   United   States.— The 

Constitution  provides  for  the  office  of  Vice- 
President.  His  duly  is  to  preside  over  the 
Senate,  and  in  case  of  the  removal,  death, 
resignation,  or  disability  of  the  President 
succeed  Iiim.  His  salary  is  $12,000  per 
annum.  I'ntil  the  adoption  of  the  twelfth 
amendment,  in  1804.  the  candidate  for 
President,  receiving  next  to  the  highest 
number  of  voles  was  declared  Vice-Presi.- 
dcnt.  Five  Vlcc-Prcsldents  have  succeeded 


to  the  Presidency,  by  reason  of  the  death 
of  the  President,  viz.  :  John  Tyler,  who  suc- 
ceeded William  Henry  Harrison  in  1841  ; 
Mi  Hard  Fillmore,  who  succeeded  Zachary 
Taylor  in  1850  ;  Andrew  Johnson,  who  suc- 
ceeded Abraham  Lincoln  in  1805  ;  Chester  A. 
Arthur,  who  succeeded  James  A.  Garlield  in 
1881  ;  and  Theodore  Roosevelt  who  suc- 
ceeded William  McKinley  in  1901.  The  at- 
tempt was  made  in  1841  to  give  Tyler  only 
the  title  and  rights  of  "Acting  President," 
but  he  claimed  the  full  om'ce  of  President. 
Six  Vice-Presldeiita  have  died  in  office, 
namely,  George  Clinton,  Elliridge  Gerry, 
William  R.  King,  Henry  Wilson,  Thomas  A. 
Hendricks  and  James  S.  Sherman.  Only 
one  resigned,  John  C.  Calhoun. 
A  list  of  Vice-Presidents  follows : 

Name   and   Birthplace  Inaugurated 

John  Adams.  Quincy,  Mass 1789 

Thomas    Jefferson,    Shadwell,    Va....    1797 

Aaron   Burr,    Newark,   N.  J 1801 

George  Clinton,  Ulster  Co..  N.  Y....  1805 
KIbridge  Gerry,  Marblehead.  Mass...  1813 
Daniel  D.  Tompkins,  Scarsdale,  N.  Y.  1817 

John  C.  Calhoun,   Abbeville,   S.   C 1825 

Martin  Van  Buren.  Kinderhook,  N.  Y.  1833 
Richard  M.  Jo'hnson,  Louisville,  Ky.  .  1S37 

John    Tyler,    Green  way.    Va 1841 

George  M.  Dallas,  Philadelphia,  Pa..  1845 
Millard  Fillmore,  Summerhill,  N.  Y. .  1849 
William  R.  King,  Sampson  Co.,  N.  C.  1853 
John  C1.  Breckinridge.  Lexington,  Ky.  1857 

Hannibal    Hamlin,    Paris.    Me 1801 

Andrew  Johnson,  Raleigh.  N.  C....  1805 
Schuyler  Colfaz,  N.  Y.  City.  N.  Y..  1809 
Henry  Wilson.  Farmington,  N.  II...  1873 
William  A.  Wheeler,  Malone,  N.  Y...  1877 
Chester  A.  Arthur,  Fail-field.  Vt....  1881 
Thos.  A.  Hendricks.  Muskingum  Co.,  O.  18SO 

Levi   P.   Morton.    Shoreham.    Vt 1889 

Adlai  E.  Stevenson.  Christian  Co..  Ky.  1893 
Garret  A.  Hobart.  Long  Branch,  N.  J.  1897 
Theodore  Roosevelt,  N.  Y.  City,  N.  Y.  1901 
Charles  W.  Fairbanks. 

Unionvillo  Center,  O...  19O5 
James  S.  Sherman.  Utica,  N.  Y....  1909 
Thomas  R.  Marshall. 

No.    Manchester,    Ind...    1913 

Vicksburg   (Miss.),   Siege  and  Capture 

Of.— The  night  after  the  battle  of  the  Big 
Black,  May  17.  1803,  MePherson's  and  Mc- 
Clernand's  corps  crossed  the  river  on  float- 
ing bridges  made  of  bales  of  cotton  covered 
with  plank.  Sherman,  who  carried  the  only 
pontoon  train  in  the  army,  passed  over  at 
Bridgeport,  a  few  miles  above.  The  whole 
army  then  moved  upon  Vicksburg.  Sher- 
man', still  holding  the  right,  inarched  toward 
the  Ya/.oo  River,  and  on  the  19rh  rested 
his  right  on  the  Mississippi,  within  plain 
view  of  Porter's  gunboats.  Mel'herson  fol- 
lowed Sherman  with  the  Seventeenth  Army 
Corps,  halting  where  the  latter  had  turned 
off.  McClernand  came  up  by  the  Jackson 
road  and  deployed  to  the  left.  The  invest- 
ment of  Vicksburg  was  thus  complete  by 
May  19,  1803.  At  t'his  time  Grant's  army 
was  over  30.000  strong.  The  Federal  force 
was  increased  to  nearly  70.000  during  the 
siege.  The  Confederate  garrison,  command- 
ed by  Gen.  Pcmberton.  consisted  of  about 
25,000  or  30.000  men  and  102  guns.  Vicks- 
burg's  fortifications  were  bastloned  earth- 
works. The  place  was  provisioned  for  about 
two  months. 

On  the  afternoon  of  the  19lh  Grant  or- 
dered a  general  assault,  which  was  repulsed 
with  a  loss  to  the  Federals  of  9)2.  Three 
days  later  he  made  another  at  tuck,  but  the 
assailants  succeeded  merely  In  planting  their 
tlags  on  the  outer  slopes  of  flie  bastions. 
The  city  was  found  to  be  too  strong  lo  In- 
taken  by  assault.  The  Federal  loss  on  the 
22d  was  3,199.  During  the  skirmishing  on 


Encyclopedic  Index. 


Virginia 


tho  18th,  20th,  and  21st  of  May  tho  Union 
anny  lost  -41  men.  Porter  assisted  ma- 
terially in  these  attacks  by  a  constant  flr»> 
from  iiis  gunboats  and  mortar  boats.  I'em- 
bertiiu  soon  began  to  feel  the  effects  of  the 
siege.  By  the  end  of  May  his  meat  rations 
were  reduced  one-half,  and  not  long  there- 
after the  bacon  supply  was  entirely  ex- 
hausted. There  were  no  signs  of  the  arrival 
of  reenforcements  and  (1,000  men  lay  sick 
and  wounded  in  the  hospitals  and  private 
houses.  Some  of  his  men  had  been  in  the 
trenches  forty-seven  days  and  nights.  Be- 
sides, they  were  now  constantly  exposed  to 
bursting  shell  and  the  fire  of  sharpshooters. 
Thus  despairing  of  aid,  his  resources 
about  exhausted,  the  Confederate  com- 
mander resolved  to  capitulate.  July  3,  1863, 
Vicksburg  was  surrendered  to  Grant.  Gen. 
Grant  accorded  magnanimous  terms.  The 
entire  garrison  was  paroled  and  was  allowed 
to  depart  with  rations  to  last  t'hem  beyond 
the  I'nion  lines.  The  results  of  the  cam- 
paign were  the  defeat  of  the  Confederates  in 
several  engagements,  the  occupation  of  the 
capital  of  Mississippi,  and  the  capture  of 
the  Important  post  of  Vicksburg  with  its 
garrison  and  munitions  of  war,  a  loss  to  the 
Confederates  of  over  .'50,000  prisoners  and 
several  thousand  killed  and  wounded. 
Among  the  dead  were  Generals  Tracy,  Tilgh- 
man,  and  Green.  Grant's  losses  in  the  cam- 
paign, from  the  first  skirmish  at  Port  Gib- 
son, May  1,  to  the  surrender  of  Vicksburg, 
were  1,511  killed,  7,890  wounded,  and  453 
missing — a  total  of  9,300. 

Vienna,  Austria: 

International      Exposition      in,      dis- 
cussed, 4142,  4190. 

International     Patent     Congress     in, 

4215. 

Villere's  Plantation  (La.),  Battle  of.— 
After  the  battle  of  Lake  Borgne,  La.  (q.  v.), 
the  British  expedition  pushed  on  toward 
New  Orleans  by  way  of  the  Bayon  Bien- 
vemie  and  Villere's  Canal.  Dec.  23,  1814, 
within  an  hour  after  hearing  that  the  Brit- 
ish were  approaching,  Jackson  had  1,800  of 
his  troops  on  the  march  to  meet  them.  Half 
of  the  invading  army,  some  2,500  men,  had 
approached  to  wirhin  nine  miles  of  New 
Orleans  without  serious  check.  The  schoon- 
er Carolina  dropped  down  the  river  to  a 
point  opposite  Villere's  and  opened  a  ter- 
rible fire  upon  the  invading  army,  killing 
or  maiming  100  men  in  10  minutes.  The 
general  engagement  lasted  about  two  hours. 
Both  combatants  retired  from  the  field  in 
the  darkness.  The  loss  of  the  Americans 
was  213.  while  that  of  the  British  was 
about  400  men. 

Virgin  Islands. — Formerly  the  Danish 
West  Indies.  They  comprise  the  Islands  of 
St.  Thomas,  St.  Croix  and  St.  John,  which 
lie  in  the  Caribbean  Sea  almost  due  east 
of  Porto  Rico  on  an  important  trade  route 
to  the  Panama  Canal,  and  are  the  northern- 
most and  westernmost  of  the  Lesser  Antil- 
las.  Their  principal  product  is  sugar  cane, 
although  molasses,  cotton  and  live  stock  are 
also  produced.  St.  Thomas  is  an  Important 
coaling  and  cable  station.  In  1008-9,  the 
imports  were  $1,560,099.  Their  total  area 
is  138  square  miles  and  their  population 
about  25.000. 

Unsuccessful  attempts  had  been  made  by 
the  United  States  in  1867  and  in  1902  to 
acquire  the  islands.  On  July  25,  1910.  the 
Government  announced  officially  that  nego- 
tiations for  their  purchase  had  heen  com- 
pleted, and  on  January  IS,  1917.  ownership 
formally  passed  to  the  United  States.  The 
price  paid  was  $25,000,000  and  abandon- 


ment of  any  United  States  claims  in  Green- 
lit nd  arising  from  American  explorations  in 
that  country.  The  islands  are  of  especial 
value  to  this  country  because,  when  forti- 
fied, they  will  be  of  great  service  iu  pro- 
tecting the  Panama  Canal. 

Virginia. — One  of  the  thirteen  original 
states ;  nicknames,  "Old  Dominion," 
"Mother  of  Statei,"  "Mother  of  Presidents"  ; 
motto,  "Sic  semper  tyrannis"  ("Be  it  ever 
thus  to  tyrants").  Virginia  Is  bounded  on 
the  northwest  and  north  by  West  Virginia 
(separated  by  the  Alleghany  Mountains), 
on  the  nortli  and  northeast  by  Maryland 
and  the  District  of  Columbia  (separated  by 
the  Potomac  River),  on  the  east  by  the 
Chesapeake  Bay  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
on  the  south  by  North  Carolina  and  Ten- 
nessee and  on  the  southwest  by  Kentucky. 
The  county  of  Accoinac  lies  oast  of  the 
Chesapeake.  The  area  of  the  state  is  42.- 
627  square  miles.  Virginia  is  traversed 
by  the  Blue  Ridge  Mountains  from  north- 
east to  southwest.  It  is  level  toward  the 
southeast.  It  is  one  of  the  foremost  States 
In  the  Union  in  the  production  of  tobacco. 
The  State  also  produces  largely  wheat,  corn, 
vegetables,  fruit,  timber,  coal,  iron,  salt 
and  building  stone,  and  manufactures  flour, 
leather,  Iron  and  tobacco. 

Virginia  was  the  first  settled  of  the  Brit- 
ish American  Colonies,  the  settlement  hav- 
ing been  made  by  the  English  at  James- 
town in  1607.  Virginia  became  a  royal 
colony  in  1024.  It  was  the  largest  and 
most  influential  of  the  colonies.  It  took  a 
conspicuous  part  in  the  events  leading  up 
to  the  Revolution.  Virginia  ceded  to  the 
United  States  all  its  territory  beyond  the 
Ohio  River  in  1784.  It  ratified  the  ('(in- 
stitution in  1788.  This  great  state  fur- 
nished four  of  the  first  five  Presidents,  and 
altogether  five  of  the  Presidents  of  the 
United  States.  It  seceded  from  the  Union 
April  17,  1801,  and  became  one  of  the 
principal  battle  grounds  of  the  Civil  War. 
The  state  was  readmitted  to  the  Union  in 
1870. 

Statistics  of  agriculture  collected  for  the 
last  Federal  census,  place  the  number  of 
farms  in  the  State  at  184,018,  comprising 
19,495,030  acres,  valued,  with  stock  and 
improvements,  at  $635.005.383.  The  aver- 
age value  of  land  was  $20.24.  against  $10. OS 
in  1908.  The  value  of  domestic  animals, 
poultry,  etc..  was  $74,891.538.  including 
859,007  cattle,  valued  at  $21,124.071  ;  330,- 
424  horses,  $34.857,610:  00,022  mules. 
$7.595.510:  707.635  swine.  $4.165.040; 
804,873  sheep,  $3.300.020  :  poultry.  S3. 395,- 
902.  The  yield  and  value  of  the  field  crops 
for  1911  was:  Corn,  1.980.000  acres,  47.- 
520,000  bushels.  $34.690.000  :  wheat.  750.- 
000  acres  9,000.000  bushels.  $8.640.000  : 
oats.  194.000  acres.  3.880.000  bushels.  $2.- 
095.000:  rye,  48.000  acres.  552.000  bushels. 
$491.000;  potatoes.  95.000  acres.  4.275.000 
bushels.  $4.104.000  :  hay,  437.000  acres. 
280.000  tons.  $5.740,000:  tobacco.  IfiO.O(K) 
acres.  128.000,000  pounds,  $12.288.000. 
Virginia  now  ranks  next  to  Kentucky 
(which  is  firstt  as  a  tobacco-growing  state. 
There  are  946  vessels  engaged  in  fishing. 
employing  20.066  people.  The  value  of 
the  products,  largely  oysters,  is  $4.715.744. 
The  leading  minerals  are  coal  and  iron. 

The  number  of  manufacturing  establish- 
ments in  Virginia  having  an  annual  output 
valued  at  $500  or  more  at  the  beginning  of 
1915  was  5.508.  The  amount  of  capital  in- 
vested was  $261.501.000,  giving  employ- 
ment to  118.100  persons,  using  material 
valued  at  $155.320.000.  and  turning  <>ut  fin- 
ished goods  worth  $264.039.000.  Salaries 
and  wages  paid  amounted  to  $.jfl.lis.(i(i0. 


Virginia 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


In  1906  there  were  4,087  miles  of  steam 
railway  and  497  miles  of  electric  line.  The 
population  in  1010  was  2,061,612. 

Virginia  (see  also  Confederate  States; 

Richmond) : 
Alexandria  County  retroceded  to,  by 

proclamation,   2320. 
Application    of   loyal   persons   in,    to 
remove    within   Union    lines,    3360. 
Authority   of  United  States   reestab- 
lished in,  3535. 
Boundary    line   of,   referred   to,    125, 

142. 

Bounty  lands  of,  referred  to,  80. 
Census  of,  incomplete,  654. 
Claims    of,    for    militia    services    in 

War  of  1812,  806. 

Elections  in,  troops  stationed  at  poll- 
ing places,  referred  to,  4367,  4372. 
Lands  ceded  to  Indians  by,  108. 
Loyal  persons   in,   application   of,   to 

remove  within  Union  lines,  3360. 
Mediation  of,  for  settlement  of  ques- 
tions threatening  Union,  discussed, 
3192. 
Militia    services    in     War    of    1812, 

claims  of,  for,  806. 
Persons    in,    attempting    to    exercise 
official  powers  of   civil  nature,  or- 
der regarding,  3245. 
Ratification    of    amendment    to    Fed- 
eral   Constitution   by,   referred   to, 
105,  106,  249. 
Reconstruction    of,    recommendations 

regarding,  3965. 
Referred  to,  4000. 
Time  for  submitting  constitution 

to  voters,  proclaimed,  3967. 
•   Referred  to,  3983. 
War   between   the   States,   course  re- 
garding, pursued  by,  3224. 
Withdrawal     of,     from     Union,     dis- 
cussed, 3224. 

Virginia  Coupon  Cases.— A  series  of  eight 
cases  in  which  the  United  States  Supreme 
Court  in  18S4  denied  the  right  of  a  state 
to  pass  laws  impairing  the  obligation  of 
contracts.  An  act  of  the  Virginia  legisla- 
ture in  1871  authorized  the  receipt  of  cou- 
pons of  the  state's  funded  debt  in  payment 
of  taxes  and  debts  due  the  state.  An  act 
of  18S2  required  payment  of  tax  dues  in 
"gold,  silver,  I'nited  States  Treasury  notes, 
national-bank  currency,  and  nothing  else." 
The  tax  collectors  thereupon  refused  to  ac- 
cept file  coupons  in  payment,  of  taxes,  as 
authorized  by  the  law  of  1871.  The  court 
decided  the  law  of  1882  void,  and  judg- 
ment was  found  for  the  plaintiff  taxpayers. 
Virginia  Plan. — At  the  opening  of  the 
Convention  of  1787  to  amend  the  Articles 
of  Confederation.  Kdmund  Randolph,  of 
Virginia,  on  behalf  of  his  delegation,  set 
forth  the  defects  in  the  old  articles  and  sub- 
mitted a  series  of  fifteen  resolutions  drawn 
up  by  Madison.  This  was  the  first  plan  of 
revision  presented  to  the  convention  and 
is  sometimes  called  (he  "Randolph  Plan" 
or  the  "National  Plan."  It  provided  for 
representation  according  to  population  in 
two  branches  of  Congress — the  first  chosen 


by  the  people,  the  second  by  the  state  legis- 
latures ;  Congressional  control  of  taxation 
and  commerce;  Congressional  veto  of  state 
enactments ;  an  Executive  chosen  by  Con- 
gress;  a  limited  veto  by  the  Executive  and 
part  of  the  judiciary  upon  acts  of  Congress. 
There  were  other  and  less  important  pro- 
visions. The  Constitution  as  framed  and 
ratified  was  based  on  the  yirginia  plan,  but 
quite  a  number  of  its  leading  features  were 
either  rejected  altogether  or  greatly  modi- 
fied. 

Virginia  Resolutions.— A  set  of  nine  reso- 
lutions drawn  tip  by  James  Madison,  then 
a  member  of  the  Virginia  legislature,  passed 
by  that  body,  and  signed  by  the  governor 
Dec.  24,  1798.  The  reason  for  the  passage 
of  these  resolutions  and  similar  ones  by 
Kentucky  about  the  same  time  was  to  give 
expression  to  the  feeling  that  had  been 
growing  since  1791  that  the  Federal  party 
was  endeavoring  to  obtain  greater  powe'r 
than  that  conferred  upon  the  Government 
by  the  Constitution.  The  direct  cause  of 
their  adoption  was  the  passage  of  the  alien 
and  sedition  laws  (q.  v.)  by  Congress.  The 
resolutions  deplored  the  broad  construction 
given  to  the  Constitution,  as  tending  to- 
ward monarchical  government.  They  de- 
clared the  Union  to  be  a  compact  between 
the  states  composing  it.  and  that  when  this 
compact  was  infringed,  each  state  might 
interpose  to  protect  itself.  The  alien  and 
sedition  laws  were  denounced  as  "palpable 
and  alarming  infractions  of  the  Constitu- 
tion." (See  also  Alien  and  Sedition  Laws; 
Kentucky  Resolutions.) 

Virginius,  The.— Oct.  31,  1873,  the  Fir- 
ffinius,  an  American  schooner  suspected  of 
carrying  men  and  arms  from  New  York  to 
the  Cuban  insurgents,  was  captured  by  the 
Spanish  gunboat  Tornado  on  the  high  seas 
near  Jamaica.  Capt.  Fry  and  thirty-five 
of  the  crew  and  four  Cuban  passengers 
were  executed.  The  affair  created  much  ill 
feeling  between  the  United  States  and  Spain. 
The  latter  country  made  such  reparation 
as  lay  within  her  power  by  disclaiming  any 
intention  to  insult  the  United  States,  by 
paying  an  indemnity,  and  by  surrendering 
102  remaining  prisoners.  It  was  proved 
that  the  Viryinius  was  not  entitled  to  sail 
under  our  flag.  She  foundered  at  sea  off 
Cape  Fear  Dec.  19,  187.S.  while  on  her  way 
to  New  York.  (See  illustration  opposite 
4249.) 

Virginius,  The,  seized  by  Spanish  ves- 
sel and  citizens  of  United  States 
on,  put  to  death,  discussed,  41S9, 
4195,  4210. 

Claims  regarding,  settled,  4276. 
Condition     of     indemnity     fund,     re- 
ferred to,   5187,   5908. 
Correspondence    regarding,    transmit- 
ted, 4436. 

Distribution    of   indemnity   to    claim- 
ants,  discussed,   4290,   5122. 
Orders  regarding,   5077,   (i3,'!9. 
Visits     of     Foreign     Commissions. — On 

April  20,  1!)17,  a  commission  to  the  United 
States  from  England  arrived  at  an  American 
port  to  consult  and  to  be  consulted  concern- 
ing the  part  to  lie  played  by  the  United 
States  in  the  struggle  airainst  Germany.  It 
was  followed  by  the  arrival,  on  April  2-1.  of 
a  similar  commission  from  France;  and  on 
May  !>,  by  the  advance-guard  of  a  similar 
commission  from  Italy.  The  leading  figure 
in  the  English  Commission  was  Minister 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Vote 


Halfour,  and  the  leading  figures  In  the 
French  Commission,  ex-Premier  Viviiml  and 
Marshal  .loffre.  (For  the  careers  of  these 
men,  look  under  their  names  in  the  Bio- 
graphical Index,  i  The  advance-guard  of  the 
ItiiMan  C'ommlssion  was  headed  by  Knrlco 
Arlotta,  Minister  of  Maritime  and  Hallway 
Transportation.  After  consulting  In  Wash- 
ington with  tlie  President.  Hie  Cabinet,  and 
high  ofllelals  of  tlie  United  States  Army  and 
Navy,  the  French  and  Eiitrlish  commissions 
paid  visits  to  different  cities  of  tlie  East 
a iid  Middle  West,  being  received  everywhere 
with  acclamation.  Tlie  remainder  of  the 
Italian  Commission  arrived  in  Washington 
on  May  :.'.'!,  10]  7.  It  was  headed  by  tlie 
Prince  of  Udine,  tlie  eldest  son  of  the 
IJi'gcnt  of  Italy;  and  included  In  its  per- 
sonnel (iugliclrao  Marconi,  the  inventor  of 
the  wireless  telegraph.  In  .Mine,  a  Belgian 
commission  arrived  hr  the  United  States. 
It  was  headed  by  P.aron  Moncbeur.  formerly 
Belgian  minister  to  the  United  States, 
Mexico,  and  Turkey,  and  later  chief  of  the 
political  bureau  of  the  Belgian  Foreign. 
Office.  The  counsel  of  the  commission  was 
M.  earlier,  a  prominent  Belgian  banker; 
and  other  members  were  Oeneral  Lecler<|, 
Major  Osterrieth.  and  Count  d'Ursel.  In 
the  same  month,  a  similar  commission  from 
Kussia  was  received  in  the  United  States. 
It  was  headed  bv  Special  Ambassador  Boris 
A.  Itakhmetieff. 

Viva    Voce. — Vote    by    voice,    that    is,    by 
ayes  and  nays.     (See  Acclamation.) 
Volley. — The  discharge  from   a  number  of 
guns   tired  simultaneously. 

Volunteer  Naval  Reserve.     (See  Naval 

Reserve.) 

Volunteer  State.  —A  nickname  for  Ten- 
nessee (q.  y.).  (See  also  States)  ;  some- 
times also  nicknamed  Big  Bear  State. 


Vizcaya,  The,   mentioned,  6:517. 

Volunteers. — Persons  who  cuter  tlie  mili- 
tary service  of  their  own  free  will  for 
temporary  duty,  as  distinguished  from  reg- 
ulars of  a  permanent  military  establishment. 
By  an  act  passed  in  17!>l>  the  American  Con- 
grcss  recognized  the  existence  in  a  number 
of  states  of  volunteer  organizations  not  in- 
cluded in  the  militia  of  those  states.  The 
Government  has  since  from  lime  to  time 
raised  volunteers  for  temporary  purposes. 
Such  troops  are  United  Stales  rather  than 
state  forces,  and  their  officers  are  to  be  ap- 
pointed by  the  President.  A  provisional 
force  of  125.000  volunteers  was  authorized 
by  Congress  for  the  war  with  Kngbmd  in 
3812.  During  Hie  Mexican  War  7:5.500 
volunteers  were  enlisted.  I  luring  the  Civil 
War  a  number  of  calls  were  made  for  vol- 
unteers, aggregating  nearly  U.soo.ono  en- 
listments. In  the  war  with  Spain  over 
200.000  volunteers  were  enlisted.  (See- 
also  Militia  ;  Army.) 

Votes  for  President,  Count  of.— Tlu: 
electoral  votes  of  the  states  are  received 
by  the  President  of  the  Senate.  The  two 
Houses  meet  in  joint  session  on  a  day  fixed 
by  law.  and  the  President  of  fhe  Senate 
opens  the  returns  and  hands  them  to  tellers, 
who  count  the  votes  and  announce  ilie  re- 
sult. In  1S7(i  two  sets  of  returns  were 
received  from  certain  states.  A  special  elec- 
toral commission  was  appointed  by  Congress 
to  decide  which  were  (he  regular  returns. 
In  1887  Congress  passed  a  law  providing 
that  contests  over  electors  should  be  finally 
decided  under  state  laws  as  far  as  possible. 

Vote  of  Thanks.    (See  Thanks  of  Con- 
gress.) 


Wabash 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Wabash  and  Erie  Canal,  grant  of  land 

in  aid  of,  to  Indiana,  1725. 
Wabash  Indians.    (See  Indian  Tribes.) 

Instructions      to      commissioners      in 
making  treaty  with,  6271. 

Troops   must   be   called  for,   to  sup- 
press, 53,  74. 

Treaty  with,  127. 
Wabash    River,    act    for    improvement 

of  navigation  on,  reasons  for  apply- 
ing pocket  veto  to,   1337. 
Wageworkers   (see  also  Labor) : 

Condition     of,    discussed    by    Presi- 
dent— 
Roosevelt,  6903. 

Compensation  for  when  killed  or  in- 
jured in  discharge  of  duty,  recom- 
mended, 7206,  7213. 
Wahpeton      Indians.        (See       Indian 

Tribes.) 

Wake  and  Other  Islands.— The  United 
States  flag  was  hoisted  over  Wake  Isl- 
and in  January,  1899,  by  Commander  Tatis- 
sig,  of  the  Bcnnington,  while  proceeding  to 
Guam.  It  is  a  small  island  in  the  direct 
route  from  Hawaii  to  Hongkong,  about 
1>,000  miles  from  the  first  and  3,000  miles 
from  the  second. 

The  United  States  possesses  a  number 
of  scattered  small  islands  In  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  some  hardly  more  than  rocks  or 
coral  reefs,  over  which  the  Hag  has  been 
hoisted  from  time  to  time.  They  are  of 
little  present  value  and  mostly  uninhab- 
ited. The  largest  are  Christmas,  Gallego. 
Stnrbuck,  Penrhyn,  Phoenix,  Palmyra,  How- 
land,  Baker.  Johnston,  Gardner,  Midway, 
Morell,  find  Marcus  islands.  The  Midway 
Islands  are  occupied  by  a  colony  of  teleg- 
raphers in  charge  of  the  relay  In  the  cable 
line  connecting  the  Philippines  with  the 
United  States,  in  all  about  forty  persons. 

The  Santa  Barbara  group  is  a  part  of 
California  and  the  Aleutian  chain,  extend- 
ing from  the  peninsular  of  Kamchatka  in 
Asiatic  Russia  to  the  promontory  in  North 
America  which  separates  Bering  Sea  from 
the  North  Pacific,  a  part  of  Alaska. 

Wakefield,  Va.,  appropriation  for  ap- 
proaches to  monument  at,  to  mark 
birthplace  of  Washington,  recom- 
mended, 4803. 

Walker  vs.  Jennison.— A  slave  case  de- 
cided by  the  Massachusetts  Supreme  Court 
in  1783.  It  placed  a  construction  upon  the 
State  constitution  whith  soon  afterwards 
put  an  end  to  slavery  in  the  State.  A 
negro  servant  had  been  whipped  and  im- 
prisoned by  his  master,  and  public  indig- 
nation was  aroused  by  the  offense.  The 
owner  of  the  slave  was  prosecuted.  The 
Supreme  Court,  sitting  in  Worcester,  found 
the  defendant  guilty  of  assault  and  Imposed 
a  fine  upon  him.  The  holding  of  the  court 
was  that  the  State  constitution  of  1870, 
in  declaring  all  men  free  and  equal,  had 
abolished  slavery  in  Massachusetts.  An  a 
matter  of  strict  fact,  runaway  slaves  wen; 
advertised  for  in  the  Boston  newspapers 
after  the  decision  had  been  promulgated. 
Nevertheless,  the  institution  of  slavery  very 
soon  after  17S.'!  came  to  an  end  In  Massu- 
chuset  Is. 

Walker  River  Reservation,  Nev.,  right 
of  \v;iv  for  railroad  through,  4736, 
4776,  4953,  5178. 


Walla     Walla     Indians.     (See     Indian 

Tribes.) 

Wampum.  —  An  Indian  word  meaning 
"white"  and  referring  to  strings  of  white 
beads  worn  for  ornament  and  used  as  a 
medium  of  exchange.  The  beads  were 
made  of  clam  s'hells,  through  which  holes 
had  been  drilled,  and  were  strung  upon  a 
thread.  Tradition  says  the  Narraganscts 
were  the  first  Indians  to  use  wampum. 
This  is  perhaps  true  as  regards  the  beads 
made  of  the  quahog  or  clam  shell  of  the 
coasts  of  Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut, 
though  periwinkle  shells  were  also  used. 
Its  use  as  money  spread  from  the  coast 
Indians  inland.  It  was  also  used  by  the 
colonists  of  New  England  and  the  Middle 
States,  'having  been  deemed  legal  tender 
from  161i7  to  1661.  Beads  of  black  or  dark 
purple  were  rated  at  double  the  white 
wampum.  Wampum  was  known  to  the 
Dutch  settlers  under  the  name  of  "sewon" 
or  "zeewand."  Payments  were  made  by 
cutting  off  the  desired  number  of  beads. 
They  were  also  used  in  the  simple  arithmet- 
ical calculations  of  the  Indians. 
Wanderer,  The,  landing  of,  with  cargo 

of   slaves,   3065,   3086. 
War    (see    also    Algerine   War;    Indian 
Wars;    Mexican   War;    Revolution; 
Revolutionary    War;     Spanish-Am- 
erican War;  Tripolitan  War;   Civil 
War;  War  of  1812;  Wars,  Foreign)  : 
Instant  redress,  conferring  of  author- 
ity upon  President  to  demand,  rec- 
ommended,  3100. 

International    agreement    to     regard 

private  property  at  sea  as  exempt 

from   capture   by  belligerents,   rec- 

ommended, 6338. 

One-half  of  every  century  consumed 

in,  791. 
Possibility    of,    with    Great    Britain, 

referred  to,  2277. 

Power  to   declare,  discussed,  3100. 
Preparation    for,    by    Great    Britain, 

2277. 

Preparation  for,  with  — 
France,     recommended,     262,     268. 

270,  1411. 

Spain,    referred   to,   376. 
Threatened  by  Tunis,  388. 
War  Between  the  States.      (See  Civil 

War.) 

War  Claims  (see  also  Fourth  of  July 
Claims;  Southern  Claims  Commis- 
sions) : 

Discussed,  4205,  4303,  5755. 
Payment  of,  referred  to,  4118. 

War  College.  (See  War,  Department 
of  and  illustration,  frontispiece,  Vol. 
IX.) 

War  Department.  —  An  Executive  Depart- 
ment of  the  federal  government    established 


act     of     I  lie 
stitnlion,    on 
n    taken    up 


First 
Aug. 
by    the 


gin  by  the  Continental  <'<nigivss,  that    body 
June    15,     1775,     having    elected     George 
Washington     "to     command     all     the     conli- 
ktutal  forces  raised  or  to  be  raised  for  the 


Encyclopedic  Index 


War  Department 


defense  of  American  liberty."  An  Adjutant- 
General,  Quartermaster-General,  ami  Com- 
inissary-General  were  also  appointed,  and 
on  Deo.  20  of  the  following  year  Congress 
gave  (Jeneral  Washington  power  to  appoint 
all  officers  below  the  grade  of  Brigadier- 
General  and  to  till  vacancies  In  all  depart- 
ments of  the  American  Army. 

In  response  to  the  recommendation  of 
Washington,  Congress,  on  June  13,  1770, 
created  the  Hoard  of  War,  which  was  the 
germ  of  the  modern  War  Department.  The 
oltlce  of  Secretary  of  War  was  created  in 
1781  and  was  tilled  by  Henry  Knox  from 
1784.  When  the  War  Department  was  for- 
mally established  in  17.S9  he  was  made  the 
lirst  Secretary  under  the  Constitution. 

Adjutant-General. — The  oQice  of  Adju- 
tant-General was  formally  created  by  an  act 
of  Congress  of  March  3,  1813,  there  having 
been  no  regular  Adjutant-General  from  the 
disbanding  of  the  Army  in  1783  up  to  that 
time.  An  act  of  March  5,  1792,  created  the 
dual  office  of  Adjutant  and  Inspector-Gen- 
eral, but  on  the  reorganization  of  the  De- 
partment this  office  was  changed  to  that  of 
Adjutant-General.  By  an  act  of  Congress 
approved  April  23,  1904,  this  office  was 
united  with  the  Record  and  Pension  Office 
to  form  the  office  of  the  Military  Secre- 
tary. This  is  the  Department  of  records, 
orders  and  correspondence  of  the  army  and 
militia,  the  Military  Secretary  being  charged 
with  transmitting  all  orders  of  the  Secre- 
tary of  War,  conducting  the  recruiting 
service,  etc. 

Inspector-General. — The  Inspector-Gener- 
al's office  was  established  under  the  Con- 
stitution by  an  act  of  March  3,  1813,  al- 
though in  1777  an  Inspector-General  of 
Cavalry,  and  of  Ordnance  and  Military 
Manufactures,  had  been  appointed.  It  is 
the  duty  of  the  Inspector-General  to  Inspect 
nil  military  commands,  stations,  schools, 
armories,  arsenals,  fortifications  and  public 
works  carried  on  by  the  War  Department. 

Judge-Advocate  General. — The  office  of 
Judge-Advocate  General  of  the  Army  was 
created  in  1775,  was  discontinued  in  1802, 
and  existed  again  from  1812  to  1821.  An 
act  of  March  2,  1849,  authorized  the  Presi- 
dent to  appoint  a  Judge-Advocate  of  the 
Army,  but  in  1802  the  tiile  was  changed 
to  that  of  Judge-Advocate  General.  This 
office  was  made  head  of  the  Bureau  of 
Military  Justice,  created  June  20,  18(54,  but 
by  the'  act  of  July  5,  1884,  the  office  of 
Judge  Advocate-General  and  the  Bureau 
of  Military  Justice  were  united  under  the 
designation  of  Judge-Advocate  General's  De- 
partment, of  the  War  Department.  It  is 
the  duty  of  the  Judge- Advocate  General  to 
review  the  proceedings  of  all  courts-mar- 
tial, courts  of  inquiry  and  military  com- 
missions, and  give  opinions  on  legal  ques- 
tions arising  under  laws  and  regulations 
pertaining  to  the  War  Department. 

Quartermaster. — The  Quartermaster's  of- 
fice was  formally  organized  in  the  War 
Department  by  an  act  of  Congress  of  March 
28,  1812.  although  provision  had  been  made 
for  a  Quartermaster-General  by  the  Con- 
tinental Congress  as  early  as  June  16.  1775. 
Various  enactments  were  also  made  con- 
cerning the  office  up  to  1785,  when  it 
ceased  to  exist  until,  as  stated,  it  was 
finally  organized  in  1812.  It  is  the  duty 
of  the  Quartermaster's  Department  to  fur- 
nish the  army  with  military  supplies  :  pro- 
vide transportation  for  troops :  construct 
military  roads  and  bridges :  maintain  na- 
tional cemeteries  ;  and  provide  supplies  for 
the  militia  of  the  various  states. 

Commissary-General. — The  earliest  legisla- 
tion concerning  the  subsistence  of  the  army 
was  the  resolution  of  the  Continental  Con- 
gress of  June  16,  1775,  creating  the  office 


of  Commissary-General  of  Stores  and  Pro- 
visions. This  ollicc  was  succeeded  on  June 
1O,  1777,  by  two  offices,  the  Commissury- 
Generul  of  Purchases  and  the  Commissary- 
General  of  Issues,  which  acted  under  the 
direction  of  a  commlitee  of  Congress  un- 
til Nov.  25,  1779,  when  they  were  placed 
under  the  supervision  of  the  War  Board. 
The  clothing  of  the  troops  was  provided 
for  by  the  ordinance  of  June  17.  1777, 
which  created  the  office  of  Clothier-Gen- 
eral, this  office  being  placed  under  the  di- 
rection of  the  War  Board  on  April  ID,  17S2, 
An  act  of  the  Continental  Congress  of  July 
10,  1781,  directed  the  Superintendent  of 
Finance  to  procure,  all  supplies  by  con- 
tract ;  and  again  on  March  N,  1792,  the 
Congress  under  the  Constitution  placed  a 
similar  duty  upon  the  Treasury  Depart- 
ment, which  had  succeeded  the  Superin- 
tendent of  Finance.  The  latter  act  was  re- 
pealed on  July  1(5,  1798,  and  ihe  Secre- 
tary of  War  was  required  to  provide  sub- 
sistence for  the  army.  An  act  of  March 
10,  1HO2,  provided  for  three  military  agents 
to  do  this  work,  but  this  system  was 
abolished  by  an  act  of  March  2S,  1812. 
which  created  the  office  of  Commissary- 
General  of  Purchases.  This  in  turn  was 
abolished  by  an  act  of  March  28,  LSI  2, 
its  duties  transferred  to  the  Quartermas- 
ter's Department. 

The  office  of  Commissary-General  as  It 
exists  to-day  was  first  established  by  an 
act  of  April  14,  1818,  the  head  of  "this 
office  being  later  referred  to  as  Commis- 
sary-General of  Subsistence.  He  provides 
and  issues  rations,  and  distributes  articles 
authorized  to  be  kept  for  sale  to  the  offi- 
cers and  men  of  the  army. 

Surgeon-General. — A  hospital  department 
for  the  army  was  created  by  Congress 
on  July  27,  1775,  its  head  being  called 
Director-General  and  Chief  Physician.  By 
an  act  of  March  3,  1813,  the  office  of 
Physician  and  Surgeon-General  was  cre- 
ated and  on  April  14,  1S18,  the  medical 
branch  of  the  War  Department  was  given 
a  permanent  head  with  the  title  of  "Sur- 
geon-General. 

Paymaster-General. — The  office  of  Pay- 
master-General was  provided  by  the  reso- 
lution of  Congress  of  June  !(!,  1775,  but  on 
March  23,  1787,  it  was  merged  with  that  of 
Commissioner  of  Army  Accounts.  A  Pay- 
master of  the  Army  was  appointed  by  an  act 
of  May  8.  1792,  and  the  Pay  Department 
was  definitely  organized  in  the  War  De- 
partment under  an  act  of  April  24,  181(5. 

Engineer  Corps. — The  Corps  of  Engineers 
was  created  on  March  11,  1779,  disbanded 
in  November.  1783.  but  restored  by  the 
acts  of  May  9,  1794,  and  March  16,  1802. 
As  early  as  July  25.  1777,  however,  there 
had  been  a  "geographer  and  surveyor  of 
roads"  appointed.  By  an  act  of  March  3, 
1818,  the  appointment  of  topographical  en- 
gineers was  authorized,  and  in  August. 
1818,  a  Topographical  Bureau  was  estab- 
lished in  the  War  Department  under  the 
direction  of  the  Secretary  of  War  and  the 
Chief  Engineer.  On  July  5.  183S.  an  in- 
dependent corps  of  topographical  engi- 
neers was  created,  but  by  the  act  of  March 
3.  1863,  it  was  merged  "with  the  Corps  of 
Engineers.  Besides  those  duties  germane 
to  its  military  nature,  the  Corps  of  Engi- 
neers conducts  the  river  and  harbor  im- 
provements. 

Ordnance  Department. — To  consider  ways 
and  means  of  supplying  the  continental 
troops  with  arms  and  ammunition,  a  com- 
mittee was  appointed  by  the  Continental 
Congress  on  May  27.  1775;  and  although 
a  Commissioner  of  Artillery  Stores  (later 
called  Commissioner-General  of  Artillery 
Stores)  was  appointed,  the  business  of  uro- 


Encyclopedic  Index 


War  Department 


vicling  arms  aud  ammunition  was  conducted 
by  a  secret  committee  of  the  Continental 
Congress  and  the  Board  of  War.  An  act, 
of  April  '2,,  17SI4.  authorized  the  President 
to  appoint  an  officer  who.  under  the  War 
Department,  should  perform  ordnance  duty, 
and  on  May  14,  1N1L',  the  Ordnance  De- 
partment was  formally  established  in  the 
War  Department.  By  an  act  of  March  'J.. 
ISl'O,  it  was  merged  with  the  artillery  hut 
was  reorganized  as  an  independent  bu- 
reau by  an  act  of  April  r>,  IXUJ. 

ftifinal  Coritn. — The  Signal  Corps  was 
practically  created  June  1M,  18(10,  when 
Congress  authorized  the  addition  of  a  sig- 
nal officer  to  the  staff  of  the  army.  The 
Signal  Corps,  by  that  name,  was  organized 
by  an  act  of  March  .'{.  ISIi.T.  The  duties 
now  performed  by  the  Weather  Bureau 
were  added  to  those  of  the  Signal  Corps 
in  1S70,  but  in  18!>0  that  work  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  Department  of  Agriculture. 
The  Chief  Signal  Officer  has  charge  of  all 
means  of  military  communication. 

Customs  and  Insular  Affairs. — A  Divi- 
sion of  Customs  and  Insular  Affairs  was 
established  in  the  \Var  Department  in  De- 
cember. 18i)S,  for  coj'dncting  the  business 
relating  to  the  civil  government  of  Cuba, 
Puerto  Rico,  and  the  Philippine  Islands. 
In  1!K)0  the  designation  of  this  division 
was  changed  by  Department  orders  to  that 
of  Division  of  Insular  Affairs,  and  by  an 
act  of  July  1,  100.1',  it  was  definitely  estab- 
lished by  law  as  a  bureau  of  the  War  De- 
partment. 

General  Staff.- — To  better  coordinate  the 
various  offices  of  the  Department,  the  Gen- 
eral Staff  Corps  was  established  by  nn 
net  of  Congress  approved  Feb.  14,  100;{. 
11  consists  of  a  Chief  of  Staff,  who  took 
the  place  of  the  Commanding  General  of 
the  Army:  two  general  officers  djtailed  by 
the  President  from  the  regular  army  not 
below  the  grade  of  brigadier-general,  and 
forty-two  officers  of  minor  grade  similarly 
detailed  by  the  President.  It  is  the  duty 
of  the  General  Staff  Corps  to  prepare  plans 
for  the  national  defense,  and  for  the  mo- 
bilization of  the  military  forces  in  time  of 
war  :  to  assist  the  Secretary  of  \Var  in  in- 
creasing the  efficiency  of  the  military  es- 
tablishment :  and  in  case  of  war  to  act  as 
a  board  of  strategy.  The  Chief  of  Staff. 
under  the  direction  of  the  President,  or  the 
Secretary  of  War  under  the  direction  of 
the  President,  has  supervision  of  all  troops 
of  the  line,  the  Adjutant-General's,  Inspec- 
tor-General's. Judge-Advocate  General's, 
Quartermaster's.  Subsistence,  Medical.  Pay. 
and  Ordnance  Departments,  the  Corps  of 
Engineers,  and  Signal  Corps. 

In  administering  the  affairs  of  the  De- 
partment, the  Secretary  is  aided  by  an  As- 
sistant Secretary,  as  well  as  by  the  chiefs 
of  the  various  offices,  bureaus,  divisions 
and  corps  named  above,  who  are  officers  of 
the  regular  army  of  the  United  States. 
Two  bureaus  of  the  Department  not  now 
in  existence  are  :  Thi»  Bureau  of  Refugees, 
Freedmen  and  Abandoned  Lands  (1865- 
l$7o").  which  aided  in  the  work  of  recon- 
struction, after  the  Civil  War :  and  the 
Bureau  of  the  Provost-Marshal  General 
nS(i:-!-lS(JG).  which  had  to  do  with  the 
enrolling  and  calling  out  of  the  national 
forces  and  the  arrest  of  deserters  and  spies. 
(See  Army.) 

War  Cnllrqr. — To  coordinate  and  direct 
the  instruction  in  the  various  service  schools 
and  to  extend  the  opportunities  for  investi- 
gation and  study  in  the  army  and  militia 
Conirvess  established  the  War  College  at 
Washington,  and  placed  it  under  the  im- 
mediate direction  of  the  Secretary  of  War. 

Following  is  a  list  of  the  Secretaries  of 
War  and  the  Presidents  tinder  whom  they 
served  : 


PRESIDENT 

Secretary  of  War 

<i 

Washington 

Henry  Knox,  Massachusetts  

1789 

Timothy   Pickering,    Mass 

1795 

Adams.  .  .  . 

James  McHenry,  Mary-land  

1795 
1797 

Jefferson.  .  . 
Madison..  . 

Monroe  
J.Q.Adams 

John  Marshall,  Virginia  
Samuel  Dexter,  Massachusetts.  .  . 
Roger  Griswold,  Connecticut  
Henry  Dearborn,  Massachusetts.  . 
William  Kustis,  Massachusetts.  .  . 
John  Armstrong,  New  York  
James  Monroe,  Virginia  
William  II.  Crawford,  Georgia.  .  . 
Isaac  Shelby,  Kentucky  
Geo.  Graham  (ad.  in.),  Virginia.  .  . 
John  C.  Calhoun,  S.  Carolina.  .  . 
James  Barbour,  Virginia  
Peter  B.  Porter,  New  York  

18OO 
1800 
1801 
1801 
1809 
1813 
1814 
1815 
1817 
1817 
1817 

1828 

Jackson  — 

John  II  .  Eaton,  Tennessee  
Lewis  Cass,  Michigan 

Van  Buren. 
Harrison..  . 

Benjamin  F.  Butler,  New  York..  . 
Joel  R.  Poinsett,  South  Carolina.  . 
John  Bell,*  Tennessee  

1837 
1837 
;841 

Tyler*  
Polk 

John  Mcl^can,  Ohio  
John  C.  Spencer,  New  York  
James  M.  Porter,  Pennsylvania..  . 
William  Wilkins,  Pennsylvania.  .  . 

1841 

1841 
1843 
1844 
1845 

Taylor  

Fillmorc.  .  . 
Picrco  
Buchanan.. 

George  W.  Crawford,  Georgia.  .  .  . 
Edward  Bates,  Missouri  
Charles  M.  Conrad,  Louisiana.  .  .  . 
Jefferson  Davis,  Mississippi  
John  B.  Floyd,  Virginia  
Joseph  Holt,  Kentucky  

1843 
1850 
185u 
1S£3 
1857 
1861 

Lincoln..  .  . 

Simon  Cameron,  Pennsylvania.  .  . 
Edwin  M.  Stanton,  Ohio  

1861 
1862 

Johnson.  .  . 

1865 

U.  S.  Grant  (ad.  in.),  Illinois  

1867 

Grant  

Lor.  Thomas  (ad.  in.),  Illinois.  .  .  . 
John  M.  Schofield,  New  York.  .  .  . 
John  A.  Rawlins,  Illinois  
William  T.  Sherman,  Ohio  

1868 
1868 

1869 

Hayes  

Garfield.  .  . 
Arthur  .  .  . 

William  W.  Belknap,  Iowa.  ...... 
Alphonso  Taft,  Ohio  
James  Don.  Cameron,  Penn  
George  W.  McCrary,  Iowa  
Alexander  Ramsey,  Minnesota.  . 
Robert  T.  Lincoln,  Illinois  

1869 
1876 
1876 
1877 
1879 
1881 
1881 

Cleveland.. 
B.Harrison 

Cleveland.  . 
McKinley.. 

William    C.    Endicott,    Mass.  .  .  . 
Redfield  Proctor,  Vermont  
Stephen  B  .lElkins,  West.Virginia  .  . 
Daniel  S.  Lament,  New  York.  .  .  . 
Russell  A.  Alger,  Michigan...  . 

1885 
1889 
1891 

189V 

Roosevelt.. 

Elihu  Root,  New  York  

1899 
1901 

William  H.  Taft,  Ohio  

190* 

Taft  ". 

Wilson!  '.  '.  '. 

Luke  E.  Wright,  Tennessee  
Jacob  M.  Dickinson,  Tennessee.  . 
Henry  L.  Stimson,  New  York  
Lindley  M.  Garrison,  N.  Jersey.  . 
Newton  D.  Baker,  Ohio  

1908 
1909 
1911 
1913 
1916 

*  John  Bell  also  continued  by  President  Tyler  m 
1841  until  appointment  of  successor. 

The  expenditures  for  the  fiscal  year  1915, 
the  estimates  and  appropriations  for  1016, 
aud  the  estimates  for  1917  are  shown  in 
the  table  on  the  following  page  : 

For  more  detailed  information  of  the 
s^opc  and  activities  of  the  War  Depart- 
ment consult  the  index  references  to  the 
Presidents'  Messages  and  Encyclopedic  ar- 
ticles under  the  following  headings: 

Arms    and    Ammuni-       Civil  War. 

tion.  Coast    Artillery. 

Army.  Fortifications. 

Arsenals.  Indian  Wars. 

Artillery.  Military  Acndemy. 

Board  of  Ordnance  Military  Department. 
Military  Education. 
Militia  Bureau. 


and    Fortification. 
Bureau     oi     Insular 
Affairs. 


Wars,   Foreign. 


War  Dep't 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


EXPENDITURES    OF    THE    WAR    DEPARTMENT. 


General  Object 

Expenditures 
for  the  fiscal 
year  ended 
June  30,  1915 

Estimates 
for  the  fiscal 
year  ending 
June  30,  1916 

Appropriations 
for  the  fiscal 
vear  ending 
June  30,  1916 

Estimates 
for  the  fiscal 
vear  ending 
June  30,  1917 

Civil  establishment  (War  Department  proper): 
Salaries,  contingent  expenses,  etc.  (including  Office 

1,897,151.91 

1  930  688  00 

1  925  598  00 

1,939,505.00 

Civil  public  works  and  miscellaneous  (exclusive  of  rivers 
and  harbors): 

587,560.14 

51386000 

407  060.00 

565,149.00 

Buildings  and  grounds  in  and  around  Washington  .  . 

373,950.81 
328,912.21 

436,490.00 
312  07000 

314,490.00 
31207000 

541,490.00 
314,049.60 

955,170.07 

557  260  00 

379  760.00 

453,260.00 

National  Home  for  Disabled  Volunteer  Soldiers  .... 
Miscellaneous  relief  acts,  etc  

4,193,665.65 
1,181,816.23 

5,022,829.00 

4,931,009.50 
1,973,471.20 

5,026,900.00 

9,518  227  02 

8  773  197  00 

10  243  458  70 

8,840,353.60 

Military  Establishment: 
Support  of  the  Army  

98,076,645.78 
996,035.84 

98,829,511.99 
1  742  337  87 

96,519,195.87 
1,069,813.37 

144,931,483.47 
1,422,775.77 

Militia            .                             

5,007,814.98 

5,440,000  00 

5,440,000.00 

6,000,000.00 

6,300  355  59 

6  193  641  32 

6  060  216  90 

23,305,123.80 

481,096.19 

965  600  00 

653,600.00 

1,842,350.00 

Military  posts  and  miscellaneous  

882,237.57 

1,106,2(V2.43 

570,924.99 

644,498.40 

111  744  18595 

114  277  353  61 

110313  751  13 

178,146,231.44 

Rivers  and  harbors       

45,092,760.02 

53,387,223.20 

33,989,811.64 

45,844,458.47 

Grand  total                                      

166,355,172.99 

176,437  773 

154,547,021.47 

232,831,043.51 

Military  Policy  of  America. — 'Secretary 
of  War  Garrison  stated  the  policy  of  the 
Wilson  administration  on  the  subject  of  pre- 
paredness for  defence  in  the  following  lan- 
guage in  his  report  to  the  President  in  1913  : 

"It  is  a  matter  of  great  gratification  to 
observe  that  there  is  a  realizing  sense  of  the 
necessity  of  the  adoption  of  a  wise  and  sen- 
sible policy.  It  was  inevitable  that  this 
should  be>the  result  of  the  consideration  of 
this  subject.  In  a  self-governing  nation  the 
prime  necessity  for  proper  action  is  to  secure 
the  concentrated  attention  of  the  people; 
when  they  are  all  thinking  about  the  same 
thing  at  the  same  time,  they  reach  a  sound 
and  satisfactory  conclusion.  This  subject  is 
now  receiving  such  concentrated  attention, 
and  a  wise  result  will  l>e  reached  when  facts 
are  realized  and  reason  is  applied.  The  only 
firm  foundation  is  one  which  rests  upon  fact, 
and  the  only  wise  guide  to  conduct  is  one 
which  proceeds  from  reason. 

"The  necessity  of  a  nation  having  force 
commensurate  with  its  responsibility  is 
demonstrated  by  every  correct  process  of 
reasoning  founded  upon  fact.  This  is  so 
whether  the  subject  Is  considered  in  the 
light  of  the  philosophy  of  government  or  of 
history.  The  use  of  force  is  the  inherent 
essence  of  government.  The  very  term  it- 
self is  explicit — government — the  right  or 
power  to  compel  obedience  to  law.  Where 
there  Is  no  force  to  compel  such  obedience— 
that  is,  to  govern — then1,  is  anarchy.  In- 
dividuals give  up  the  right  of  unregulated 
action  when  they  form  themselves  into  or 
become  subject  to  a  government.  The  prog- 
ress and  advancement  of  that  which  is 
summed  up  in  the  wrd  "civilization"  have 
been  made  possible  sojely  because  of  govern- 
ment. Unless  the  individual  is  secure  in  his 
person  and  his  property,  lie  has  neither  time 
nor  inclination  to  devote  himself  to  the  culti- 
vation of  the  mental,  moral  or  spiritual 
side  of  his  nature.  That  security  is  assured 
to  him  by  government,  and  government  can 
only  meet  its  responsibility  of  assurance  by 
the  possession  of  sufficient:  force  to  secure 
and  preserve  it.  In  our  own  earlier  days 
the  continued  progress  of  the  arts  of  peace 


was  constantly  Interrupted  'by  the  necessity 
of  banding  together  to  prevent  destruction 
by  aggression  from  without.  Later,  and 
even  after  many  of  our  largest  civil  com- 
munities were  established,  the  individual 
citizen  had  to  be  prepared  to  protect  him- 
self, his  family  and  his  property,  against 
the  depredations  of  criminals,  until  the  com- 
munity organized  and  prepared  a  police  force 
sufficient  to  assure  the  citizen  of  protection. 

"The  identical  necessity  exists  as  to  the 
nation.  Unless  the  citizens  thereof  are  as- 
sured that  they  can  tultivate  the  arts  of 
peace  behind  a  barrier  of  force  which  will 
protect  them  from  aggression  and  secure 
them  in  their  rights,  they  are  not  free  to 
cultivate  such  arts.  Alike  in  the  case  of 
the  individual,  the  internal  municipality  and 
the  nation,  there  must  be  a  realization  of 
the  responsibility  and  a  willingness  and 
preparation  to  measure  up  to  and  meet  it. 
This  is  equally  true  in  respect  to  the  throe- 
fold  aspects  of  men  and  nations — physical, 
mental  and  spiritual.  Strength  of  mind,  of 
body  and  of  spirit,  are  prerequisites  'for  prog- 
ress along  right  lines.  The  essential  basis 
of  civilization  is  maintained  by  the  triumph 
of  what  is  right  over  what  is  wrong,  and  its 
progress  can  only  be  continued  and  assured 
so  long  as  those  who  sustain  the  right  are 
stronger  than  those  who  assert  the  wrong. 
Weakness  inevitably  results  in  overthrow,  as 
the  abundant  instances  of  history  demon- 
strate, both  with  respect  to  individuals, 
cities  and  nations.  The  eye  that  is  not 
diverted  will  see  tiiis.  and  the  mind  that  is 
free  from  prejudice  will  grasp  and  realize  it. 
It  is  necessary,  therefore,  to  remove  ob- 
structions to  clear  vision  and  prejudice  to 
clear  thinking. 

"There  are  some  who  do  not  feel  frep  to 
base  their  conduct  upon  a  consideration  of 
facts  or  conclusions  of  reason,  because  of 
their  Interpretation  of  Divine  injunction. 
They  do  not  believe  in  resistance  to  physical 
force:  and  those  whose  consciences  are  so 
convinced  surrender  life  and  all  that  thev 
cherish  and  love  at  the  behest  of  the 
aggressor.  'rtiis  attitude  concerns  the  in- 
dividual, and  him  alone.  Since  it  does  not 


Encyclopedic  Index 


War  of  1812 


assume?  to  lie  based  upon  fact  or  reason.  It 
cannot  bo  dealt  with  on  that  basis.  It  can- 
not be  made  the  general  rule  of  conduct 
under  our  form  of  government  without  de- 
parting from  the  basis  upon  which  our  gov- 
ernment is  founded.  Our  government  is 
enjoined  by  the  law  of  its  being  to  use  what- 
ever force  is  necessary  to  protect  the  rights 
of  the  citizen.  Before  leaving  this,  one  is 
impelled  to  query  upon  what  proper  con- 
sideration there  is  based  any  distinction  be- 
tween the  right  or  necessity  or  desirability 
of  using  mental  force  to  repel  error,  moral 
force  to  repel  evil,  and  physical  force  to 
repel  wrong.  It  would  seem,  if  reason  were 
applied,  that  in  each  instance  the  situation 
is  identical;  and  that  if  we  should  properly 
prepare  our  minds  to  be  strong  so  that  wo 
can  reject  error,  and  our  moral  characters 
to  be  strong  so  that  we  can  reject  evil,  we 
should  likewise  make  our  physical  force 
strong  in  order  that  we  may  maintain  the 
right  as  against  those  who  would  physically 
impose  the  wrong  upon  us. 

"There  are  others  among  us  who  are  too 
intelligent  and  clear-sighted  not  to  see  the 
facts  and  to  realize  their  significance,  but 
who  counsel  inaction  because  they  mistrust 
themselves  and  the  nation.  Those  to  whom 
1  now  refer  do  not  believe  in  the  doctrine  of 
non-resistance ;  they  do  not  rest  upon  the 
prediction  that  an  evil  which  lias  existed 
since  the  world  began  has  ceased  to  exist 
and  been  abolished  and  should  not  there- 
fore be  considered  as  one  to  be  prepared 
against;  they  even  point  out  our  poten- 
tiality of  force,  but  they  counsel  against 
any  preparation  thereof." 

War  Department: 

Act   making   appropriations   for   sup- 
port of  Army,  etc.,  vetoed,  4475. 
Appointments    and    removals    in,    re- 
ferred to,  1965,  2004. 
Appropriations  for,  927,  1334. 

Recommended,  1444,  4680,  4681. 

Special  session  messages  regarding 
failure  to  make,  2927,  4404,  4472. 

Transfer  of  balances  of,  2929. 

Transfer    of,    to    Medical    Depart- 
ment, 1254,  1773. 
Army     service     corps     recommended, 

8065. 

Augmentation  of  business  in,  484. 
Building     for,     recommended,     2281, 

2704,  4062.     (See  also  State,  War, 

and  Navy  Building.) 
Clerks  in,  increase  in  number  of,  re- 
quested, 250. 

Consolidation  of  department  in,  8065. 
Expenditures    and    estimates   of,    dis- 

'   cussed   by  President — 

Arthur,  4638,  4832. 

Buchanan,  3106. 

Cleveland,   4933,   5099,    5373,   5877, 
5967. 

Fillmore,   2668. 

Grant,  3993,  4147. 

Hayes,  4397,  4523,  4569. 

Jefferson,  327,  335. 

Johnson,  3773,  3882. 

Monroe,  602. 

Tyler,  2054,  2121. 
Freedmen's    Bureau    transferred    to, 

4147. 


Increase  in  clerical  force  in  offices 
of  Adjutant-General  and  Hurgeon- 
General,  recommended,  4675. 
Officers  in,  employment  of,  \vitliout 
express  provision  of  law,  2004, 
2168. 

Record  and  Pension   Division   of — 
Bill  to  establish,  vetoed,   1991. 
Discussed,   5(i.'!l. 

Records    of    association    founded    for 
purpose  of  aiding  soldiers  of  Civil 
War  offered,  and  recommendations 
regarding,    4798. 
Referred   to,  766,  S08,  926. 
Subordinate  appointments  in,   recom- 
mended, 484. 

Transfer  of  Pension  Bureau  to,  from 
Interior  Department,  recommend- 
ed, 4060. 

Transfer  of  Weather  Bureau  from, 
to  Agricultural  Department,  rec- 
ommended, 5486. 

War-Horse. — From  the  literal  meaning,  a 
horse  used  in  war,  the  term  has  come  to 
be  applied  to  a  brave  soldier,  or  to  a  valiant 
person  in  any  walk  of  life,  especially  to 
a  long-favored  public  servant. 
War  Of  1812.— Tills  war  grew  out  of  the 
British  orders  in  council  made  to  destroy 
the  commerce  of  France  and  of  nations  trail- 
ing with  France,  the  arbitrary  impressment 
of  American  seamen,  and  the  exercise  of  the 
right  of  search.  These  orders  in  council 
and  the  Berlin  and  Milan  decrees  of  Na- 
poleon subjected  to  capture  vessels  trading 
with  England  and  France. 

In  the  early  part  of  this  century  European 
nations  did  not  admit  the  right  of  expatria- 
tion. Great  Britain  held  that,  "once  an  Fng- 
lishman  always  an  Englishman,"  and  main- 
tained the  rights  of  search  and  impressment. 
Many  of  our  vessels  were  stopped  on  the 
high  seas  and  searched  ;  seamen  claimed  to 
be  British  subjects  were  taken  from  them 
and  forced  to  serve  in  the  British  navy  or 
imprisoned  for  refusing  to  serve.  Several 
of  our  men-of-war  were  Ihvd  upon  and  com- 
pelled to  give  up  seamen  in  their  crews. 
The  arrogance  of  Great  Britain  was  further 
shown  by  her  interference  with  our  com- 
merce under  her  paper  blockades.  She  in- 
terfered with  rights  which  our  government 
claimed  for  our  vessels  as  neutral  ships. 
(See  Embargo  Act.)  The  Henry  affair  (see 
Henry  Documents)  also  increased  the  bitter 
feeling  of  our  people.  For  several  years 
previous  to  the  war,  England's  action  had 
been  intolerable. 

Congress  passed  acts  known  as  the  Em- 
bargo Act,  the  Xonintereourse  Act,  and 
the  Nonimportation  Act  in  an  effort  to  check 
British  aggressions  on  the  commerce  of  the 
United  States.  The  Federalists  were  op- 
posed to  war  ;  the  Republicans  favored  it. 
Madison,  the  Republican  President,  was  per- 
sonally not  disposed  to  warlike  measures, 
and  it  was  asserted  that  lie  "could  not  be 
kicked  into  a  war."  Finally,  however,  the 
pressure  from  public  and  party  became  too 
strong  for  him.  The  Congress  which  as- 
sembled in  December,  1811,  was  heartily 
disposed  to  resort  to  arms.  It  passed  acts 
to  increase  the  army,  and  appropriated 
large  sums  for  the  army  and  navy.  Finally. 
on  June  18,  181 L',  the  President  declared 
war  against  Great  Britain.  The  war  at 
first  was  waged  along  the  Canadian  frontier. 
The  Americans  suffered  some  serious  re- 


War  of  1812      Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


verses  the  first  year  in  the  Northwest.  De- 
troit was  surrendered  by  Hull,  and  Fort 
Dearborn,  on  Lake  Michigan,  the  present 
site  of  the  City  of  Chicago,  was  captured  by 
the  British.  Detroit  was  recovered  by 
Perry's  splendid  victory  on  Lake  Erie  in 
1813.  The  military  and  naval  forces  of 
Great  Britain  were  greatly  superior  to  those 
of  the  United  States.  Nevertheless  some 
notable  victories  were  won  by  the  Americans 
as  the  war  progressed. 

The  Navy  especially  distinguished  itself 
in  a  remarkable  series  of  engagements  with 
the  enemy's  ships.  In  1814  the  British  at- 
tacked and  captured  Washington  City  and 
burned  the  public  buildings.  The  most 
famous  victory  won  by  the  Americans  in 
the  war  was  that  of  Gen.  Jackson  over  the 
British  commanded  by  Sir  Edward  M. 
1'akcnham,  Jan.  8,  1815,  at  New  Orleans. 
This  battle  was  fought  fifteen  days  after 
peace  had  been  declared,  but  before  the  news 
had  reached  New  Orleans.  Dec.  24,  1814. 
by  the  treaty  of  Ghent  (q.  v.),  peace  was 
restored.  By  this  treaty  several  questions 
pending  between  the  two  countries  were  set- 
tled, but  the  three  principal  ones,  out  of 
which  the  war  grew,  were  not  mentioned. 
The  total  number  of  enlistments  in  the 
regular  service  was  38,187.  and  in  the 
militia  471,000.  The  total  cost  of  the  War 
of  1812  was  $107.159,00:5.  The  cost  of  the 
Revolutionary  War  was  $135,193,703;  of 
the  Mexican  War,  $00,000,000. 

War  of  1812: 

Alexandria,    Va.,    retreat    of    British 

from,  532. 
American  blood  wantonly  spilled  by 

Great  Britain,  485. 
Armistice  proposed  by  Great  Britain, 

dec-lined,   502. 
Bainbridge.    William,    commander   of 

the  Constitution,  507. 
Baltimore  retreat  of  British  from,  533. 
Blakely   Johnston,   British    ship   cap- 
tured   by    vessel   in    command    of, 

534. 
British    attacks    on    Craney    Island, 

Fort  Meigs,   Sacketts  Harbor,  and 

Sandusky,  repulsed,  524. 
British   Government  in  state  of  war, 

while    United    States    remains    in 

state  of  peace,  489. 
Brown,     Jacob,     victories     of,     over 

British   forces,  533. 
Canada,  York,  reduced  by  American 

forces,  referred  to,  524. 
Capitol   destroyed  by  British   forces, 

531. 
Capture  of  British  ship  by  vessel  in 

command     of    Lewis     Warrington, 

534. 
Chauncey,    Isaac,    naval    talents    of, 

commented  on,  520. 
Cochrane,   Alex,  order  of,  to  destroy 

American     coast     towns     and    dis- 
tricts, referred  to,  530,  536. 
Coffee,    John,    Indians    defeated    by 

Tennessee   militia  under   command 

of,  521. 

Conduct     of    Great    Britain     toward 
United    States,   discussed,   484. 

British    cruiser    violates    American 
flag,   485. 


Pretended  blockades  without  pres- 
ence of  adequate  force,  dis- 
cussed, 486. 

Connecticut,  refusal  of  governor  of, 
to  furnish  militia,  discussed,  501, 
6268. 

Constitution-Guerrlere  naval  engage- 
ment, discussed,  502. 

Constitution-Jura  naval  engagement, 
discussed,  507. 

Decatur,  Stephen,  commander  of  the 
United  States,  506. 

Deserters,  pardon  granted.  (See  Par- 
dons.) 

Destruction  of  American  coast  towns 
by  order  of  Admiral  Cochrane,  536. 

Detroit,  Mich.,  surrender  of,  to  Brit- 
ish, 499. 
Recovery  of,  referred  to,  524. 

Discussed,  484,  499,  505,  506,  507, 
509,  511,  519,  525,  526,  527,  528, 
530,  532,  537. 

Effort  of  the  United  States  to  obtain 
command  of  the  Lakes,  discussed, 
501. 

Engagement  of  the  United  States 
with  the  Macedonian  and  capture 
of  the  latter  by  Captain  Decatur, 
506. 

Existence  of,  proclaimed,  497. 

Forts  Erie,  George,  and  Maiden,  re- 
duction of,  by  American  forces,  re- 
ferred to,  524. 

Frolic-Wasp  naval  engagement,  dis- 
cussed, 506. 

Gaines,  Edmund  P.,  victories  of, 
over  British  forces,  533. 

Chierridre-Constitntion  naval  engage- 
ment, discussed,  502. 

Harrison,  William  Henry,  military 
talents  of,  commented  on,  520. 

E or net,  British  ship  destroyed  by 
the,  513. 

Hull,  Isaac,  commander  of  the  Con- 
stitution, 502. 

Hull,  William,  surrenders  town  and 
fort  of  Detroit,  Mich.,  499. 

Increase  in  army  and  militia,  recom- 
mended bv  President  Madison, 
534,  538. 

Indians  employed  by  Great  Britain 
in,  500,  520.' 

Instructions  to  American  vessels  not 
to  interfere  with  neutral  vessels, 
529. 

Intention  of  British  commander  to 
lay  waste  American  towns,  proc- 
lamations regarding,  520. 

Invasion  of  capital  by  British,  re- 
ferred to  in  proclamation.  530. 

Jackson,  Andrew,  victory  of  volun- 
teers under,  over  Indians,  521,533. 

Java-Constitution  naval  engagement, 
discussed,  507. 

Johnson.  Richard  M..  military  tal- 
ents of,  commented  on,  520. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


War,  Secretary  of 


Jones,     Jacob,     commander     of     the 

Wasp,  506. 
Lawrence,  James,  commander  of  the 

Hornet,  513. 

Macdonough,    Thomas,    British    ships 
captured    on    Lake    Champlain    by 
American  squadron  under,  534. 
Mackinaw,    Mich.,    attempted    reduc- 
tion  of,   by   American   forces,   dis- 
cussed, 534. 
Massachusetts,  refusal  of  governor  of, 

to  furnish  militia,  discussed,  501. 
Mediation  of  Russia  in,  511. 

Accepted  by  United  States,  511. 
Declined  by  Great  Britain,  519,  532. 
Michigan      Territory,      recovery      of, 
from  British,  referred  to,  and  rec- 
ommendation   of  assistance  to   the 
destitute,  5:20,  527. 
Niagara  Falls — 

American    attack    near,   unsuccess- 
ful, r>oi. 
American      victory      on      Canadian 

side  of,  533. 

Order  of  Admiral  Cochranc  to  de- 
stroy American  coast  towns,  530, 
536.' 

Pacific  advances  made  to  Great  Brit- 
ain, discussed,  502,  506. 
Pardons  granted  deserters.    (See  Par- 
dons.) 
Peace   (see  also  Mediation): 

Mediation    of    Russia    accepted   by 
the   United   States,   but   declined 
by  Great  Britain.  511.  519. 
Negotiations      for,      proposed      by 
Great    Britain    should    not    stay 
preparations  for  war,  526. 
Referred  to,  536. 
Terms    of.   proposed    by    President 

Madison   declined,  502. 
Treaty    of.    transmitted    and    dis- 
cussed. 536,  537. 

Proclamation   of  President  Mad- 
ison  regarding,  545. 
Pensioners    of.       (Sec    Pensions,    dis- 
cussed.) 
Perry.    Oliver    IT.,    victory    of    naval 

forces  under,  on  Lake  Erie,  519. 
Plattsburg,  N.   Y.,   defeat  of  British 

at,  533.' 
Preparation    for,    recommended,    479, 

483. 

Pretended     blockade     without     ade- 
quate force,  referred  to,  486. 
Proclaimed    by    President    Madison, 

497. 

Proclamations     of     President     Madi- 
son   regarding,    457,   465,    476,    497, 
517,  528,  543,  557,  571. 
Public  buildings  destroyed  by  British 

forces,  530,  531. 

Reduction  attempted  at  Mackinaw, 
Mich.,  by  American  forces,  dis- 
cussed, 534. 


Resolutions  of — 

Pennsylvania  legislature — 

Pledging  support  to  Government. 
(See  Pennsylvania.) 

Retreat  of  British  from  Baltimore, 
533. 

Rodgers,  John,  frigates  under  com- 
mand of,  referred  to,  502. 

Scott,  Winfield,  victories  of,  over 
British  forces,  533. 

Threatened  bv  Great  Britain,  re- 
ferred to,  479,  489. 

Threatening  aspect  of — 

Congress   convened  on   account  of, 

412. 

Discussed    by    President    Madison, 
484. 

Treaty  of  peace  transmitted  and  dis- 
cussed, 537. 

Proclamation  of  President  Madison 
regarding,  545. 

Troops  in,  number  and  kind  of,  re- 
ferred to,  3013. 

Unfriendly  policy  of  Great  Britain, 
discussed,  460. 

United  fttates,  engagement  of  the, 
with  the  Macedonian,  506. 

Van  Rensselaer,  Stephen,  attack  of 
forces  under,  near  Niagara,  dis- 
cussed, 501. 

Vessels,  American,  instructed  not  to 
interfere  with  neutral  vessels,  529. 

Victories  of  American  arms.  (See 
Discussed,  ante.) 

Waged  by  Great  Britain  on  account 
of  extravagant  views,  532. 

Warrington,  Lewis,  British  ship  cap- 
tured by  vessel  in  command  of, 
534. 

Wasp-Frolic  naval  engagement,  dis- 
cussed, 506. 

York,  Canada,  reduction  of,  by  Amer- 
ican forces,  referred  to,  524. 

War  Of  1917. — The  title  used  by  the  Pen- 
sion Bureau  on  May  20,  1917,  to  describe 
the  conflict  of  the  United  States  with  Ger- 
many, as  a  part  of  the  conflict  which  is 
usually  described  as  the  European  War,  or 
the  Great  European  War. 

War  of  Rebellion.     (See  Civil  War.) 

War  of  Rebellion,  Official  Records  of: 
Compilation     of,     appropriation     for, 

recommended,   4304. 
Publication  of,  plan  for,  recommend- 
ed, 4451. 

War  Risk  Insurance.     (See  Bureau  of 
War  Risk  Insurance.) 

War,  Secretary  of. — An  net  of  the  Con- 
tinental Congress  of  Feb.  7.  1781,  created 
the  office  of  Secretary  of  War  to  take  the 
place  of  the  Board  of  War.  Benjamin  Lin- 
coln was  the  first  secretary,  serving-  from 
1781  to  1785.  when  he  was  succeeded  by 
Henry  Knox.  Under  Knox  the  present  War 
Department  was  established.  (See  also 
War.  Department  of.) 


War,  Sec'y  of    Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


War,  Secretary  of: 

Adjutant-General  of  Army  designat- 
ed to  act  as,  interim,  3819,  3861. 

Clerks  of,  taking  advantage  of  in- 
solvent-debtors act,  dismissed,  107. 

Correspondence  of,  referred  to,  2427. 

Report  of,  transmitted  and  referred 
to,  291,  333,  335,  455,  622,  909,  954, 
981,  995,  1018,  1036,  1089,  1097, 
1128,  1113,  1444,  2055,  6345.  (See 
also  War  Department.) 

Suspension  and  removal  of  Secretary 
Stanton.    (See  Stanton,  Edwin  M.) 
War  Steamers: 

Construction  of,  recommended,  2990, 
3055. 

Introduction      of,     into      navies      of 

world,  referred  to,  2262. 
Ward    Claim,    referred    to,    4436,    4801. 

Ware  VS.  Hylton. — A  Supreme  Court  case 
denying  the  right  of  any  State  or  citizen 
to  repudiate  debts  contracted  with  British 
subjects  before  the  Revolutionary  War.  In 
17!)G  Ware,  a  citizen  of  Great  Hritain,  ad- 
ministrator of  William  Jones,  surviving 
partner  of  Farrell  &  Jones,  brought  suit 
against  Hylton,  of  Virginia,  for  the  recov- 
ery of  a  debt.  Hylton  refused  payment  on 
the  ground  that  the  Virginia  legislature  of 
1777  had  passed  an  act  to  sequester  British 
property  and  enable  debtors  of  British  sub- 
jects to  pay  such  debts  to  the  State  loan 
office.  The  art  was  signed  by  Governor 
Jefferson.  Hylton  claimed  to  have  com- 
plied with  this  statute.  The  United  States 
circuit  court  for  Virginia  rendered  a  de- 
cree in  favor  of  the  defendant.  The  United 
States  Supreme  Court,  however,  reversed 
this  decision  on  the  ground  that  the  legis- 
lature had  not  the  power  to  extinguish 
the  debt,  when  payment  of  such  debts  had 
been  stipulated  in  the  treaty  of  17S3. 
The  justices  rendered  separate  opinions  to 
this  effect.  At  the  close  of  the  Revolution 
and  for  a  number  of  years  afterwards  there 
was  a  great  deal  of  feeling  aroused  in  Vir- 
ginia and  other  States  over  efforts  to  collect 
British  debts  contracted  in  colonial  times. 
Warehouse  Act. — The  central  purpose  of 
the  United  States  Warehouse  Act,  which  be- 
came a  law  August  11.  is  to  establish  a  form 
of  warehouse  receipt  for  cotton,  grain,  wool, 
tobacco  and  flaxseed,  which  will  make  these 
receipts  easily  and  widely  negotiable  as  de- 
livery orders*  or  as  collateral  for  loans  and 
therefore  of  definite  assistance  in  financing 
crops.  This  purpose  the  act  aims  to  attain 
by  licensing  and  bonding  warehouses  under 
conditions  which  will  insure  the  integrity 
of  their  receipts  and  make  these  receipts 
reliable  evidence  of  the  condition,  quality, 
quantity  and  ownership  of  the  products 
named  which  may  be  stored  with  them. 

The  Secretary  of  Agriculture  is  given 
general  authority  to  investigate  the  storage, 
warehousing,  classification,  weighing  and 
certifying  of  cotton,  wool,  grains,  tobacco 
and  flaxseed.  and  to  classify  warehouses  for 
which  licenses  are  applied  for  or  issued. 

He  may  issue  to  warehousemen  licenses 
for  the  conduct  of  warehouses  in  which  such 
products  may  be  stored  for  interstate  or  for- 
eign commerce,  and  ;ilso  of  warehouses  lo- 
cated in  places  under  the  exclusive  jurisdic- 
tion of  the  United  States  in  which  such 
products  may  be  stored.  Persons  who  are 
not  warehousemen  may  also  be  licensed, 
subject  to  the  same  requirements  as  licensed 
warehousemen,  to  accept  such  products  for 


storage  In  warehouses  owned,  operated  or 
leased  by  any  State.  Licenses  may  be 
Issued  for  periods  not  exceeding  one  year 
and  are  renewable  upon  a  showing  satisfac- 
tory to  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture.  A  fee 
not  exceeding  $2  may  be  charged  for  each 
license  or  renewal,  and.  in  addition,  a  rea- 
sonable fee  for  each  examination  or  inspec- 
tion of  a  warehouse  made  upon  application 
of  the  warehouseman.  It  is  not,  however, 
compulsory  that  any  warehouseman  be 
licensed  by  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture. 
Every  applicant  for  a  license  as  a  ware- 
houseman must  agree  to  comply  with  the 
act  and  the  rules  and  regulations  prescribed 
under  it.  lie  must  give  a  bond,  with  other 
than  personal  surety,  to  secure  the  perform- 
ance of  his  obligations  as  a  warehouseman 
under  the  laws  of  the  place  in  which  the 
warehouse  is  conducted,  under  his  contracts 
with  his  depositors  and  under  the  United 
States  Warehouse  Act.  The  right  is  given 
to  any  person  injured  through  its  breach  to 
sue  in  his  own  name  on  the  Ixind  for  anv 
damages  sustained  by  him.  When  such  bond 
has  been  given  the  warehouse  may  be  desig- 
nated as  bonded  under  the  United  States 
Warehouse  Act. 

The  Secretary  of  Agriculture  Is  author- 
ized to  inspect  warehouses  licensed,  or  for 
which  licenses  are  applied ;  to  determine 
whether  they  are  suitable  for  the  proper 
storage  of  agricultural  products ;  to  pre- 
scribe the  duties  of  licensed  warehousemen 
with  respect  to  their  care  of.  and  responsi- 
bility for,  agricultural  products;  and  to 
examine  agricultural  products  stared  in 
licensed  warehouses.  Deposits  of  agricul- 
tural products  in  such  warehouses  are  made 
subject  to  the  act  and  the  rules  and  regula- 
tions under  it. 

Licensed  warehousemen  are  not  permitted 
to  discriminate  between  persons  desiring  to 
store  agricultural  products  in  their  ware- 
houses. All  agricultural  products,  except 
fungible  products  (such  as  grain  and  the 
like),  of  the  same  kind  and  grade,  for  which 
separate  receipts  are  issued,  must  be  kept 
that  they  may  he  separately  identified  and 
redelivered  to  the  depositor.  Warehousemen 
may  mix  grain  and  other  fungible  products, 
ordinarily  mixed  in  storage,  when  they  are 
of  the  same  kind  and  grade  and  are  de- 
livered from  the  same  mass,  but  mav  not 
mix  such  products  when  they  are  of  different 
grades. 

Original  receipts  must  be  issued  for  all 
agricultural  products  stored  in  licensed 
warehouses,  but  only  when  such  products 
are  actually  stored  at  the  time  of  the  issu- 
ance of  the  receipts.  Additional  or  further 
receipts  for  the  same  products  may  only  be 
issued  in  place  of  lost  or  destroyed'  receipts, 
and  then  only  under  specified  conditions. 

The  act  enumerates  certain  facts  which 
must  be  stated  in  all  receipts  issued  by 
licensed  warehousemen.  They  must  show- 
la  I  the  location  of  the  warehouse,  <  1»  the 
date  of  issuance,  (c)  the  consecutive  num- 
ber, (d)  whether  the  products  will  he  de- 
livered to  the  bearer,  to  a  specified  person, 
or  to  .a  specified  person  or  his  order,  le)  the 
rate  of  storage  charges,  (fi  a  description  of 
the  product  stored,  including  the  quantity 
or  weight,  (g)  the  grade  or  other  class, 
according  to  the  official  standards  of  the 
United  States  for  such  products,  unless  there 
be  no  such  standard,  in  which  event  it  must 
l>e  stated  according  to  some  recognized 
standard  or  according  to  rules  and  regula- 
tions prescribed  by  the  Secretary  of  Agri- 
culture, (hi  that  they  are  issued' subject  to 
the  United  States  Warehouse  Act  and  the 
rules  and  regulations  under  it,  (i)  owner- 
ship, if  any.  of  the  products  by  the  ware- 
houseman, (j)  any  lien  claimed  by  the  ware- 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Wars,  Foreign 


houseman  for  advance  made  or  liabilities 
incurred,  (k)  any  other  fact  required  l>y 
the  Secretary  of  Agriculture,  (1)  the  wigna- 
tnre  of  tlie  warehouseman,  which  may  be 
made  bv  his  authorized  agent.  Unless  other- 
wise required  by  the  law  of  the  State  in 
which  the  warehouse  is  located,  the  grade 
may  l>e  omitted  at  the  request  of  depositors, 
except  in  case  of  fungible  agricultural  prod- 
ucts, if  the  receipts  clearly  show  that  they 
are  not  negotiable. 

Warehousing     System      discussed     by 

President — 
Jackson,  1015. 
Polk,  2405. 
Tyler,  2053,  2119. 

Warrior,  The,  illegal  detention  of,  2051. 
Wars,  Foreign: 

Acheen  with  Netherlands,  neutrality 
preserved  by  United  States  in, 
4192. 

Austria  with  Hungary,  sympathy  of 
American  Government  with  latter, 
2550,  2579. 

Brazil  with  Buenos  Ayres — 
Peace  concluded,  977. 
Questions    between    United    States 
and  Brazil  growing  out  of,  929, 
951. 
Brazil  with  Paraguay — 

Good  offices  of  United  States  ten- 
dered, 3776,  3883. 
Referred  to,  4078. 
Canada,   civil   war   in,    neutrality   of 

United  States  in,  1702,  17-18. 
Proclaimed,  1698,  1699. 
Central  America,  republics  in,  at  war 

with   each   other,   977. 
Chile    with    Peru    and   Bolivia,    4522, 

4563,  4628,  4717. 
Claims  of  United  States   arising  out 

of,  4913,  5083,  5369,  5544, 
Conditions   of   peace   presented  by 
Chile,  discussed,  4662,  4717,  4760. 
Efforts   of   United   States  to   bring 
about     peace,     discussed,     4522, 
4563,  4582,  4662,  4717. 
Negotiations     for     restoration     of 

peace,  referred  to,  4676. 
Terminated,  4822. 
Treaty  of  peace  discussed,  4760. 
China  with  Japan — 

Action  taken  by  United  States  re- 
garding, 5957,'  6059. 
Agents  of  United  States  requested 
to    protect    subjects    of    contest- 
ants, 5957,  6059. 
Discussed  by  President — 
Adams,  John,  238. 
Jefferson,  314,  349,  357. 
France  with  China,  4823. 
France  with  Germany — 

Correspondence  regarding,  referred 

to,  4008,  4434. 

Diplomatic  relations  resumed,  4098. 
Neutrality     of    United     States   in, 
4050. 


Proclaimed,  4040,  4043,  4015. 

Suspension     of     hostilities     recom- 
mended     by      President      Grant, 
4055. 
France  with  Spain — 

Attempted  recruiting,  2864. 

Privateers,  commissions  not  grant- 
ed to,  779. 

Referred  to,  821. 
Great  Britain  and  France  with  China, 

neutrality     preserved     bv     United 

States  in,  3037,  3089,  3174. 
Great  Britain  with  France,  neutrality 

of  United  States  proclaimed,  148. 
Great  Britain  with'  Russia — 

Attempts  of  Great  Britain  to  draw 
recruits  from  United  States,  dis- 
cussed, 2864. 

Neutrality  maintained  by  United 
States  during,  2804. 

Japan,  civil  war  in,  neutrality  of 
United  States  in,  3888. 

Proclaimed,   3712. 
Mexico,  civil  war  in — • 

Arrest  of  officer  and  men  of  United 
States  Navy  in,  during,  8311. 

Congress  asked  to  permit  land  and 
naval  forces  to  enter,  during,  to 
maintain  dignity  of  United 
States,  8316. 

Citizens  of  United  States  insulted 
in,  during,  8315. 

Neutrality  preserved  by  United 
States  in,  3444,  3581. 

Proclamation    revoking    order    for- 
bidding export  of  arms  to,  8309. 
Mexico  with  Texas — 

Armistice  referred  to,  2172. 

Battle  of  San  Jaciuto,  referred  to, 
2330. 

Correspondence  between  President 
Jackson  and  Santa  Anna  regard- 
ing, 1493. 

Defeat  of  Mexican  arms,  1487. 

Desire  of  Texas  to  become  part  of 
United  States,  1456,  1487. 

Discussed  by  President  Tyler,  2113, 
2164,  2193. 

Hostilities  should  cease,  2113,  2161, 
2194. 

Independence  of  Texas — 

Acknowledgment    of,    by    Santa 

Anna   referred  to,   2330. 
Recognition  of,  by  United  States 
discussed,  1484J  1500,  2113. 

Interference  of  citizens  of  United 
States  in,  complained  of  by  Mex 
ico,  2050. 

Neutrality  of  United  States  in, 
1370. 

Physical  force,  disparity  of,  on  side 
of  Mexico,  1487. 

Referred  to,  2329. 

Result  of,  of  importance  to  United 
States,  1456,  1487,  2113. 


Wars,  Foreign      Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Strong  prepossession  felt  by  United 
States  for  Texas,  1456,  1487, 
2113. 

Threats  of  Mexico  to  renew  hostil- 
ities, discussed,  2193,  2206. 
Neutrality  preserved  by  the  United 
States  during  war  of  Great  Britain 
with  Russia,  2864. 
Kussia  with  Turkej" — 

Discussed  by  President — 
Adams,  J.'  Q.,  973. 
Hayes,  4418. 
Neutrality    preserved    by    United 

States  in,  4418. 
Threatening    aspect    of,    discussed, 

762. 

Treaty  of  peace,  referred  to,  1008. 
Salvador  with  Guatemala,  5543. 
Schleswig-Holstein,       neutrality       of 
United  States  in,    discussed,   2548. 
Spain  with   Cuba    (see  also   Spanish- 
American  War)  — 
Armistice      proposed      by      United 

States,  discussed,  6285. 
Autonomous    government    promised 
by   Spain,  discussed,   6152,   6261, 
6284,  6308. 
Captain-General  Blanco  directed  to 

suspend   hostilities,   6292. 
Claims    of    United    States    against 
Spain  resulting  from,  4051,  4099, 
4448,  5871,  6180. 

Concentration    policy    of    Captain- 
General       Weyler,       discussed, 
6256,  6283,  6284,  6308. 
Revoked,  6285. 
Forcible  intervention  in,  by  United 

States,  discussed,  6261. 
Recommended,  6289. 
Friendly   offices   of   United   States, 
tender   of,    refused,    referred    to, 
6255,  6282. 

Joint  resolution  of  Congress  de- 
claring freedom  of  Cuba,  au- 
thorizing intervention,  etc., 
6297. 

Discussed,  6311. 

Regarded  by  Spain  as  "equiva- 
lent to  an  evident  declaration 
of  war,"  6312. 

Neutrality  proclamations  of  Presi- 
dent Cleveland,  6023,  6126. 
Policy  of  United  States  regarding, 

discussed  by  President — 
Cleveland,  6068,  6148. 

Referred  to  by  President  Mc- 

Kinley,  6291. 
Grant,    .",985,    4018.    4051,    4101, 

4143,   4245,    1290. 
Referred    to    by    President,   Mc- 

Kinley,  6259,  62S6,  0291. 
Hayes,  4438,  4148. 
McKinley,   6218,   6281,   6307. 
Questions  with   Spain,  growing  out 
of,  4115,  4195,   4196,  4245,  4520. 


Recognition      of     belligerency      of 
Cuba  by  United  States  deemed 
unwise  by  President — 
Cleveland,  '6068,  6151. 
Grant,  3985,  4018,  4292. 
McKinley,  6258. 

Recognition     of     independence     of 
Cuba  by   United   States  opposed 
and    precedents    cited    by    Presi- 
dent McKinley,  6286. 
Referred  to,  4004,  4024. 
Surrender    of    insurgents,    referred 

to,  4437. 

Termination  of,  announced,  4448. 
Spain    with    South    American    prov- 
inces— 

Discussed  by  President — 
Adams,  J.  Q.,  922,  950. 
Jackson,  1318,  1369,  1486. 
Monroe,   582,   612,   627,  639,   646, 

657,  674,  685,  762,  828,  829. 
Independence    of    South    American 

provinces — 
Achieved    before    recognized    by 

United  States,  829. 
Asserted,  612. 
Emperor  of  Russia  intervenes  for 

recognition  of,  892. 
Not    recognized    until    danger    of 
subjugation    had   passed,   1486. 
Referred  to,  706,  761. 
Should  be  recognized  by  United 

States,  685. 

Negotiations  opened   for  establish- 
ment of  peace,  1369. 
Neutrality     preserved     by     United 
States  in,  582,  627,  639',  685,  762. 
Referred  to,  892,  969. 
Successful  management  of  war  by 
South    American   provinces,    646, 
674. 

Spain   with    South   American   Repub- 
lics— 

Armistice   referred   to,  4144. 
Good  offices  of  Trnited  States  ten- 
dered, 3776,  3884. 
Accepted,  39S7,  4052. 
Vessels  being   built   in   New   York 
for    Spain    forbidden    to    depart, 
3987. 

Turkey  with  Greece;  hope  for  success 
of  Greece  manifested  by  United 
States,  762,  786,  828,  875,'  950. 

Wars  of  the  United  States.— The  princi- 
pal wars  in  which  the  Tinted  States  hns 
boon  eiitfap'd  are  the  Revolutionary  war, 
tho  war  with  France,  war  with  the  I'.arbary 
States  (Algeria,  Tunis  and  Tripoli),  the 
War  of  1812,  the  Mexican  war.  the  Civil 
War,  the  Rpnnisli-Amorlcnn  war,  the  Indian 
wars,  and  the  war  with  derma  ny.  The 
most  important  conflicts  with  Indian  tribes 
are  described  under  Indian  Wars.  The 
rienr  approach  to  war  with  France  ;it 
the  close  of  the  Fitrhteenth  f'onltiry  is 
chronicled  in  the  article  entitled  X.  V.  7, 
Mission,  and  some  of  Hie  minor  domestic 
insurrections  are  treated  under  (lie  head- 


Encyclopedic  Index        Wars  of  United  States 


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Mcssages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


ings :  Aroostook  War,  Bear  Flag  War, 
Whisky  Insurrection,  Buckshot  War,  etc. 
The  duration  of  the  several  wars  and  the 
troops  engaged  are  shown  in  the  table  on 
the  preceding  page. 

Wars  of  United  States.     (See  Algerine 
War;    Indian    Wars;    Mexican    War; 
Eevolutionary    War;    Spanish-Ameri- 
can    War;     Tripolitan     War;      Civil 
War;  War  of  1812;  European  War.) 
Wasco  Indians.      (See   Indian   Tribes.) 
Washington,  George. — 1789-1797. 

(FIRST    TEKM,     1789-1793). 

First    Administration — Federal. 

Vice-President — John  Adams. 
Secretary  of  State — 

Thomas    Jefferson,     from    March    21, 

1790. 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury — 

Alexander    Hamilton,    from    Sept.    11, 
1789. 

Secretary  of  War — 

Henry   Knox,   from   Sept.    12,    1789. 
Attorney-General — 

Edmund     Randolph,     from     Sept.     26, 

1789. 
Postmaster-General — • 

Samuel   Osgood,    from    Sept.    26,    1789. 
Timothy     Pickering,     from     Aug.     11', 
1791. 

The  first  session  of  the  First  Congress 
under  the  Constitution  met  in  New  York, 
April  6,  1789.  Speaker  of  the  House,  F. 
A.  Muhlenberg,  of  Pennsylvania. 

The  electoral  vote  was  immediately 
counted  and  George  Washington  was  found 
to  be  the  unanimous  choice  for  President. 
He  took  the  oath  of  office  April  30,  and 
the  organization  of  the  United  States  gov- 
ernment  under  the  Constitution  was  begun. 
The  first  tariff  bill  was  passed  July  4. 
By  the  end  of  September  the  departments 
of  State,  War  and  Navy,  Treasury,  Post- 
Office  and  Attorney-General  had  been  or- 
ganized and  the  Supreme  Court  estab- 
lished. 

After  submitting  twelve  constitutional 
amendments  to  the  states  (ten  of  which 
were  ratified,  taking  effect  Dec.  15,  1791), 
Congress  adjourned,  and  President  Wash- 
ington pairl  a  visit  to  the  northern  and 
eastern  states. 

The  second  session  of  the  First  Congress 
met  in  New  York,  Jan.  4,  1790,  and  Wash- 
ington delivered  his  First  Annual  Address 
(p:ige  57).  At  this  session  Secretary  Ham- 
ilton's scheme  for  funding  the  National 
Debt  was  adopted,  providing  (1)  fund  and 
pay  the  foreign  debt  of  the  Confedera- 
tion ($12.000,000):  (2)  fund  and  pay  the 
domestic  debt  ($40,000,000)  ;  (3)  assume 
and  pay  the  unpaid  war  debt  ($21.500.000) 
of  the  states.  This  session  also  passed 
acts  authorizing  the  census,  the  patent  of- 
fice and  the  acquisition  of  the  District  of 
Columbia  as  a  permanent  seat  of  govern- 
ment. Meanwhile  the  last  of  the  thirteen 
original  states  had  ratified  the  Constitu- 
tion, and  after  amending  the  tariff  law  by 
increasing  duties,  the  second  session  ad- 
journed Aug.  12,  1790. 

The  third  session  of  the  First  Congress, 
which  met  in  Philadelphia,  Dec.  6,  1790, 
passed  the  act  Incorporating  the  Hank  of 
the  T'nitcd  States,  and  adjourned  March 
3.  1791.  This  Congress  in  two  years  estab- 
lished the  government  on  a  permanent  basis 
and  provided  the  means  to  maintain  it. 

Kngland  further  recognized  the  young 
republic  by  sending  a  minister  to  the 
capital. 


The  Second  Congress  opened  at  Phila- 
delphia Oct.  24.  1791,  with  Jonathan  Trum- 
bull,  of  Connecticut,  Speaker  of  the  House. 
The  Mint  was  established  and  an  appor- 
tionment act  was  passed.  (See  Appor- 
tionment.) At  the  second  session  the  Pres- 
ident's salary  was  fixed  at  $25,000,  and 
the  electoral  vote  was  counted,  showing 
Washington  to  have  received  132  (all)  and 
John  Adams  77  and  George  Clinton  50  as 
second  choice. 

(SECOND  TERM,  1793-1797). 
Second   Administration — Federal. 

Vii't'-Pn'tfident — John   Adams. 
Secretary  of  Xtate — 

Thomas  Jefferson   (continued). 

Edmund   Randolph,   from   Jan.  2,  1794. 

Timothy  Pickering,  from  Dec.  10,  1795. 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury — 

Alexander   Hamilton    (continued). 

Oliver   Wolcott,  from   Feb.  2,   1795. 
Secretary  of  War — 

Henry  Knox  (continued). 

Timothy   Pickering,  from  Jan.   2,   1795. 

James   McHenry,  "from   Jan.   27,    1796. 
Attorney-General — 

Edmund   Randolph    (continued). 

William   Bradford,    from   Jan.    8,    1794. 

Charles  Lee,   from  Dec.  10,  1795. 
Postmaster-General — 

Timothy   Pickering    (continued). 

Joseph  HabcFsham,  from  Feb.  25,  1795. 
It  was  by  perfectly  natural  and  logical 
steps  that  Washington  passed  from  the 
military  leadership  of  the  people  in  their 
struggle  for  independence,  through  the 
Presidency  of  the  National  Convention  at 
Philadelphia,  where  months  of  the  year 
1787  were  spent  in  framing  a  Constitution, 
to  the  position  of  first  President  of  the 
United  States.  Speaking  of  Washington's 
eminent  fitness  for  the  office,  Bancroft,  in 
his  "History  of  the  Constitution,"  says: 
"But  for  him  the  country  could  not  have 
achieved  its  independence ;  but  for  him  it 
could  not  have  formed  its  Union  :  and  now 
buttfor  him  it  could  not  set  the  Govern- 
ment in  successful  motion."  The  election 
should  have  been  held  in  November,  17S8; 
but  it  did  not  take  place  until  the  first 
Wednesday  in  January,  1789.  The  Consti- 
tution required  that  to  become  operative  it 
should  be  ratified  by  nine  of  the  thirteen 
states.  It  was  not  until  June  21.  178S, 
that  New  Hampshire,  the  requisite  ninth 
state,  gave  its  approval;  Vermont  followed 
on  the  2Gth  of  June,  and  New  York  on 
July  26.  It  was  Sept.  13.  1788.  before 
Congress  passed  the  resolution  declaring 
the  Constitution  ratified,  and  ordered  the 
appointment  of  the  electors.  The  interval 
between  this  date  and  that  set  for  the 
cleet  ion  allowed  no  time  for  the  participa- 
tion of  the  people  in  the  election.  The 
electors  were  appointed  by  the  legislatures 
of  all  states  except  that  of  New  York, 
where  a  hitter  struggle  over  the  Constitu- 
tion between  the  House  and  the  Senate 
prevented  the  necessary  compliance  with 
the  order,  and  those  of  North  Carolina 
and  Rhode  Island,  whose  legislatures  had 
not  yet  ratified  the  Constitution.  There  was 
no  nomination  or  preparation  of  platform, 
yet  when  on  April  (!.  ITS'.),  the  votes  of 
the  electors  were  counted  in  the  presence 
of  the  two  houses,  it  was  found  that  Wash- 
ington had  received  every  vote  of  the  ten 
states  that  had  participated  in  the  election, 
and  that  John  Adams  had  received  34.  The 
third  highest  vote  was  that  of  John  Jay, 
who  received  nine. 

forty  AflHiatinn. — At  no  time  did  Wash- 
ington make  an  avowal  of  parly.  Fie  en- 
tered upon  the  duties  of  oHice  with  a  pro- 
found veneration  for  the  Constitution,  a 
determination  to  adhere  lo  its  every  pro- 


Washington         Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


vision,  and  with  a  fixed  purpose  of  pro- 
moting the  unity  of  the  nation.  Before 
his  election  he  said  in  a  letter:  "I  have 
ever  been  a  friend  to  adequate  powers  in 
Congress,  without  which  we  shall  never 
establish  a  national  character.  .  .  .  We  are 
either  a  united  people  under  one  head  and 
for  federal  purposes,  or  we  are  thirteen 
independent  sovereignties,  eternally  coun- 
teracting each  other."  When  he  was  con- 
sulted about  the  choice  of  a  Vice-President, 
be  expressed  no  preference  save  that  he 
hoped  it  would  be  "a  true  Federalist." 
Even  at  the  end  of  his  eight  years  as 
President,  after  the  installation  of  the  ma- 
chinery of  the  Government,  the  formulation 
of  the  policies  of  the  country,  and  the 
application  of  the  provisions  of  the  Con- 
stitution to  the  practical  duties  of  the 
administration  had  erected  the  party  of 
which  he  was  the  head,  hereafter  to  be 
known  as  Federalists,  and  that  of  his  op- 
ponents, known  for  a  time  as  Anti-Federal- 
ists— even  then  in  his  memorable  Farewell 
Address  (see  page  205)  he  denounced  party 
affiliation  and  cautioned  his  countrymen 
against  its,  to  him,  baneful  effects.  While 
he,  therefore,  must  be  regarded  as  the 
founder  of  a  party,  he,  nevertheless,  says: 
"The  alternate  domination  of  one  faction 
over  another,  sharpened  by  the  spirit  of  re- 
venge natural  to  party  dissension,  which  in 
different  ages  and  countries  has  perpe- 
trated the  most  horrid  enormities,  is  it- 
self a  frightful  despotism."  .  .  .  "It  opens 
the  door  to  foreign  influence  and  corrup- 
tion, which  find  a  facilitated  access  to  the 
Government  itself  through  the  channels  of 
party  passion." 

The  war  between  England  and  France 
had  made  itself  felt  in  America  through 
vexatious  interference  by  both  belligerents 
with  the  commerce  of  the  United  States. 
The  French  Government  directed  the  seiz- 
ure of  all  vessels  carrying  supplies  to  an 
enemy's  port  and  Great  Britain  ordered 
her  war  ships  to  stop  all  vessels  laden 
with  French  supplies  and  to  turn  them  into 
British  ports.  War  sentiment  ran  high 
in  America  and  Washington  was  severely 
criticised  for  his  proclamation  of  neutral- 
ity. These  aggressions  on  the  seas  \yere 
the  beginnings  of  a  series  of  provocations 
which  finally  led  to  the  second  war  with 
Great  Britain  in  1812.  During  the  summer 
of  1703  the  cornerstone  of  the  Capitol 
was  laid.  Hamilton  was  the  recognized 
leader  of  the  Federalist  party,  and  the  fol- 
lowers of  Jefferson  began  to  assume  the 
name  of  Republicans  in  opposition. 

The  Third  Congress  opened  in  Philadel- 
phia Dec.  2,  1703,  with  F.  A.  Muhlenberg 
as  Speaker  of  the  House.  Thomas  Jeffer- 
eon  resigned  from  the  State  Department  ow- 
ing tn  his  opposition  to  the  administra- 
tion, and  dissensions  among  the  Federalists 
themselves  resulted  in  that  party's  over- 
throw. The  Kleventh  Amendment  to  the 
Constitution,  securing  states  against  suits 
in  tho  United  States  Courts,  was  declared 
in  force  .Ian.  8,  1708.  Six  ships  of  war 
were  authorized — three  of  44  guns  and 
three  of  38  guns.  Of  these  the  Constitu- 
tion (44  guns),  United  Ktntrs  (44  guns), 
and  the  CdiixtrHntinn  (38  guns)  were  com- 
pleted. In  retaliation  for  the  English  navi- 
gation acts  an  embargo  was  laid  on  all 
shipping  for  sixty  days,  and  an  act  was 
passed  forbidding  any  American  vessel  to 
supply  slaves  to  any  other  nation.  t»n 
account  of  I  he  popular  sympathy  with 
France  in  her  war  with  England  It  was 
deemed  necessary  to  pass  a  neiil  ralil  y  law 
In  order  to  avoid  war  witli  England,  and 
John  .lav  \v;is  sent  as  envoy  with  a  treaty. 
Indian-:  in  I  he  Ohio  territory,  which  had 
been  giving  considerable  trouble,  were  de- 


feated by  Gen.  Anthony  Wayne.  Stringent 
naturalization  laws  were  passed  at  this 
time.  Hamilton  resigned  his  portfolio  as 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  in  Januarv.  1795. 
The  Third  Congress  adjourned  March  3, 
and  the  following  summer  Washington 
called  the  Senate  in  extra  session  and  the 
Jay  Treaty  with  England  was  ratified  in 
spite  of  popular  remonstrances  against  it. 
Treaties  were  also  signed  with  the  Ohio 
Indians,  with  Spain  and  Algiers. 

The  Fourth  Congress  met  in  Philadelphia. 
Dec.  7,  1705,  with  Jonathan  Dayton  as 
Speaker  of  the  House.  The  Jay  Treaty 
was  proclaimed  March  1,  170(i,  and  the 
House  demanded  the  papers  in  relation 
thereto,  and  Washington  refused.  About 
this  time  Jefferson  wrote  the  famous  Maz- 
zei  letter  (q.  v. ),  which  later  severed  the 
friendly  letter  between  himself  and  Wash- 
ington. The  closing  days  of  this  session 
were  enlivened  by  Fisher  Ames'  speech 
in  the  House  on  the  Jay  Treaty. 

Political  Complexion  of  Congress. — In  the 
First  Congress,  the  Senate  was  composed 
of  twenty-six  members,  all  of  whom  were 
Federalists  :  the  House,  of  sixty-five  mem- 
bers, was  composed  of  fifty-three  Federal- 
ists and  twelve  Democrats.  In  the  Sec- 
ond Congress,  the  Senate  was  composed 
of  seventeen  Federalists  and  thirteen 
Democrats:  and  the  House,  of  sixty-nine 
members,  was  made  up  of  fifty-five  Feder- 
alists and  fourteen  Democrats.  In  the 
second  term  of  Washington's  administra- 
tion, the  Third  Congress  was  composed  of 
a  Senate  of  thirty-one  members,  of  whom 
eighteen  were  Federalists  and  thirteen 
Democrats:  the  House,  of  105  members,  was 
made  up  of  fifty-one  Federalists  and  fifty- 
four  Democrats.  The  Fourth  Congress 
consisted  of  a  Senate  of  thirty-two  mem- 
bers, of  whom  nineteen  were  Federalists 
and  thirteen  Democrats;  and  a  House  of 
105  members,  composed  of  forty-six  Fed- 
eralists and  fifty-nine  Democrats. 

At  the  third  presidential  election  the 
Federals  voted  for  John  Adams  and  Thom- 
as Pinckney  for  President  and  Vice-Presi- 
dent, respectively,  while  the  Republicans 
voted  for  Thomas  Jefferson  nnd  Aaron 
Burr.  When  the  votes  were  counted  one 
of  the  great  faults  in  the  method  of 
electing  the  President  and  Vice- President 
became  apparent.  Of  the  138  votes  cast 
for  President,  Adams  received  71.  and  Jef- 
ferson, 68,  and,  under  the  Constitution, 
Jefferson,  though  a  candidate  for  President 
on  the  opposition  ticket  became  Vice-Pres- 
ident. This  resulted  in  the  Twelfth 
Amendment  to  the  Constitution. 

Constitution. — The  failure  of  the  confed- 
eration to  secure  for  his  country  that 
unity  of  government  which  he  most  de- 
sired, caused  Washington  great  anxiety  : 
and  Shays's  rebellion  added  greatly  to  bis 
disquiet.  He  said  in  a  letter  to  Madison, 
in  November,  1786:  "It  was  but  the  other 
day  tuat  we  were  shedding  our  blood  to 
obtain  the  constitutions  under  which  we 
now  live — constitutions  of  our  own  choice 
and  making — and  now  we  are  unsheathing 
the  sword  to  overturn  them."  He  was 
persuaded  by  his  friends  to  head  the  dele- 
gation from  Virginia  to  the  convention  at 
Philadelphia  in  May,  1787. 'and  there  was 
unanimously  elected  president  of  the  con 
vention  that  passed  the  Constitution,  on 
Sept.  17,  17s7.  He  immediately  an- 
nounced the  fact  to  Congress  by  letter. 
In  which  he  said:  "In  all  our  deliberations 
on  this  subject  we  kepi  steadily  hi  our 
view  that  which  appears  to  us  I  ne  greatest 
interest  of  every  I  rue  American  --the  eon 
solidation  of  our  I'liion  -in  which  is  in 
volved  our  prosperity,  (elicit  v.  safety,  nnd, 
perhaps,  our  national  existence."  His  firm 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Washington 


adherence  to  the  Constitution  si  ml  Ills  influ- 
ence In  Interpreting  it  were  remarked  by 
his  contemporaries.  In  his  appointments 
lo  Iho  several  otlices  he  acted  as  lie  him- 
self said:  "With  the  best  intentions  and 
fullest  determination  to  nominate  to  oflice 
those  persons  only  who,  upon  every  consid- 
eration, were  the  most  deserving,  and  who 
would  probably  execute  their  several  func- 
tions to  the  interest  aud  credit  of  the 
American  Union,  if  such  characters  could 
be  found  by  my  exploring  every  avenue 
of  Information  respecting  their  merit  and 
pretensions  that  It  was  in  my  power  to 
,)Dtnin."  His  regard  for  the  Constitution 
seems  to  be  epitomized  in  his  statement  in 
his  Farewell  Address  (page  209)  :  "The 
basis  of  our  political  system  is  the  rignt 
of  the  people  to  make  and  to  alter  their 
constitutions  of  government.  Hut  the  Con- 
stitution which  at  any  time  exists  till 
(•hanged  by  an  explicit  find  authentic  act 
of  the  whole  people  is  sacredly  obligatory 
on  all." 

Finances. — When  Washington  took  oflice 
the  finances  of  the  country  were  in  a  de- 
plorable state.  He  appointed  Alexander 
Hamilton,  of  Now  York,  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury.  A  loan  of  3.000.00O  florins 
(about  $1,200.000)  was  negotiated  from 
Holland  in  1790  (see  page  73),  after  which 
eame  Hamilton's  plan  I  or  providing  reve- 
nues. The  lirst  step  toward  the  revenue 
was  taken  in  the  tariff  bill  of  July  4,  1789, 
the  preamble  of  which  reads  :  "Whereas,  it 
is  necessary  for  the  support  of  government, 
for  the  discharge  of  the  debts  of  the  United 
States,  and  the  encouragement  and  pro- 
tection of  manufacturers,  that  duties  be 
laid  on  goods,  wares,  and  merchandise  Im- 
ported. Be  it  enacted,"  etc.  Hamilton's 
plans  for  financing  the  nation  and  of  re- 
storing public  credit  involved  the  funding 
system,  of  which  Hamilton  was  the  origi- 
nator in  America,  and  the  establishment  of 
the  Hank  of  tlie  United  States,  the  subscrip- 
tions of  which  were  made  in  a  single  day 
(see  uage  90).  Three  other  loans  from 
Holland  were  made  and  are  referred  to  by 
Washington  with  much  satisfaction  in  his 
Fourth  Annual  Address  (see  page  120). 
The  establishment  of  public  credit  was 
very  dear  to  Washington.  In  his  Second 
Annual  Address  (page  75)  he  expresses  sat- 
isfaction at  (he  sufficiency  of  the  revenue 
provisions  and  adds  the  hope  "that  it  will 
be  the  favorite  policy  with  you,  not  merely 
to  secure  a  payment  of  the  interest  of  the 
dfbt  funded,  but  as  far  and  as  fast  as 
the  growing  resources  of  the  country  will 
permit  to  exonerate  it  of  the  principal  it- 
self." In  liis  Fifth  Annual  Address  (page 
134)  he  says:  "No  pecuniary  consideration 
is  more  urgent  than  the  regular  redemption 
and  discharge  of  the  public  debt.  On  none 
can  delay  be  more  injurious  or  an  economy 
of  lime  'more  valuable."  In  his  Sixth  An- 
nual Address  (page  159)  he  again  refers 
to  this  subject  :  "Indeed,  whatsoever  is  1111- 
linished  in  our  system  of  public  credit  can- 
not be  benetited  by  procrastination:  and 
as  far  as  may  be  practicable  we  ought  to 
place  that  credit  on  grounds  whica  cannot 
be  disturbed,  and  to  prevent  that  pro- 
gressive accumulation  of  debt  which  must 
•ultimately  endanger  all  governments."  His 
last  official  word  on  this  subject  is  given 
in  his  Seventh  Annual  Address  (page  177)  : 
"Congress  have  demonstrated  their  sense  to 
be,  and  it,  were  superfluous  to  repeat  mine, 
that  whatsoever  will  tend  to  accelerate  the 
honorable  extinction  of  our  public  debt 
accords  as  much  with  the  true  interest  of 
our  country  as  with  the  general  sense  of 
our  constituents." 

The  attention  of  Congress  was  repeatedly 
called  to  the  necessity  of  producing  uni- 
formity in  the  coins,  weights,  and  measures 


of  the  country,  to  overcome  tht  confusion 
resulting  from  the  several  standards  in  use. 
My  the  power  vested  in  him,  Washington 
reduced  the  weight  of  the  copper  cent  to 
one  pennyweight  and  sixteen  grains,  and 
that  of  the  half-cent  proportionately. 

Public  Debt.— The  public  debt  of  the 
United  States  during  the  years  of  Wash- 
ington's administration  stood  as  follows : 
Jan.  1,  1791,  $75,403,470.52;  1792,  $77.- 
227, 924. GO  ;  1793,  $80,352,034.04  ;  1794, 
$78,427,404.77;  1795,  $80,747,587.39;  1790, 
$83,702,172.07;  1797,  $82,004,479.33. 

Tariff.— The  tariff  act  of  July  4,  1789, 
Imposed  duties  varying  from  live  per  cent, 
to  ten  per  cent,  upon  Iron,  steel,  wool, 
carpels,  and  glass;  and  duties  of  from 
live  to  twenty  cents  per  gallon  on  certain 
liquors.  An  act,  passed  on  Aug.  ]0,  1790, 
"making  further  provision  for  the  payment 
of  the  debts  of  the  United  States,"  in- 
creased the  duties  upon  some  of  the  duti- 
able imports  ;  and  both  increased  and  added 
to  the  duties  imposed  on  liquors.  The 
lirst  case  of  indirect  taxation  in  the  coun- 
try, other  than  duties  on  imports,  was  the 
act  of  March  3,  1791,  "repealing  after  the 
last  day  of  June  next  the  duties  heretofore 
laid  upon  distilled  spirits  imported  from 
abroad,  and  laying  others  in  their  stead  ; 
and  also  upon  spirits  distilled  within  the 
United  States,  and  for  appropriating  the 
same."  The  duty  varied  from  nine  to 
twenty-five  cents  a  gallon  according  to 
strength  ;  with  a  yearly  duty  of  sixty 
cents  per  gallon  of  capacity  on  all  stills 
employed.  Duties  on  nearly  all  duti- 
able goods  were  slightly  increased  by 
the  act  of  May  2,  1792,  "for  raising  a  fur- 
ther sum  of  money  for  the  protection  of  the 
frontier,  and  for  other  purposes  therein 
mentioned."  The  act  of  June  5,  1794, 
"laying  certain  duties  upon  snuff  and  re- 
lined  sugar ;  also  upon  carriages ;  and  re- 
tail dealers  of  wines,  etc.,  were  required  to 
pay  five  dollars  a  year  for  license."  The 
duty  on  snuff  made  in  the  country  was  laid 
at  eight  cents  a  pound  ;  and  refined  sugar, 
two  cents  a  pound.  The  act  of  June  7, 
1794,  laid  additional  duties  on  goods  im- 
ported and  imposed  a  duty  upon  auction 
sales.  On  March  3,  1797,  an  act  was 
signed  imposing  stamp  duties  on  some 
kinds  of  certificates,  bills  of  exchange,  let- 
ters patent,  insurance  policies,  promissory 
notes,  etc. 

Opposition  to  the  payment  of  excise 
taxes  by  certain  distillers  of  western  Penn- 
sylvania necessitated  sending  troops  to  the 
scene  of  disorder,  aud  was  made  the  sub- 
ject of  three  proclamations  by  Washington. 
(See  Whisky  Insurrection,  and  proclama- 
tions, pp.  116,  150  and  153.) 

Commerce. — The  regulation  of  commerce 
In  the  young  republic  was  a  task  of  ex- 
treme difficulty,  but  Washington  addressed 
himself  to  the  development  of  trade  and 
industry  with  such  ardor  that  in  his  Sev- 
enth Annual  Add.v.ss  (page  170)  he  was 
able  to  say:  "Every  part  of  the  Union  dis- 
plays indications  of  rapid  and  various  im- 
provement ;  and  with  burdens  so  light  as 
to  be  scarcely  perceived,  with  resources 
fully  adequate  to  our  present  exigencies, 
with  governments  founded  upon  the  gen- 
eral principles  of  rational  liberty,  and  with 
mild  and  wholesome  laws,  is  it  too  much  to 
say  that,  our  country  exhibits  a  spectacle 
of  national  happiness  never  surpassed,  if 
ever  equalled?"  In  Hamilton's  plan  for 
raising  revenue  there  was  included  a  tax 
on  spirits.  This  was  opposed  as  being  a 
tax  on  a  necessity,  but  especially  because 
suits  arising  out  of  its  imposition  were 
triable  only  in  Pennsylvania,  thus  involv- 
ing great  trouble  and  expense.  The  pro- 
test against  the  tax  is  known  as  the 


Washington         Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Whisky  Rebellion.  Washington  bore  the 
detiauce  against  that  law  with  admirable 
patience  and  issued  no  fewer  than  three 
placating  proclamations  on  the  subject 
before  resorting  to  force.  An  army  of  15,- 
000  men  was  called  out,  but  order  was  re- 
stored without  their  aid. 

In  the  Second  Annual  Message  (pag« 
75)  a  warning  is  sounded  for  the  need  of 
better  protection  of  American  commerce  by 
building  a  merchant  marine,  that  the  coun- 
try be  not  dependent  upon  foreign  bot- 
toms for  carrying  its  produce  to  other 
countries.  Especial  attention  is  called  to 
the  Mediterranean  trade  which  was  then 
interfered  with  by  African  pirates. 

Slavery. — Washington  in'herited  a  great 
many  slaves,  and  used  them  in  his  success- 
ful operations  as  a  planter.  He  was, 
while  President,  the  richest  man  in  the 
United  States.  The  slavery  question  as- 
sumed no  political  status  in  his  time  ;  but 
in  1786,  In  a  letter  to  Mr.  Morris,  he 
said  :  "There  is  no  man  living  who  wishes 
more  sincerely  than  I  do  to  see  a  plan 
adopted  for  the  abolition  of  slavery."  In 
proof  of  the  sincerity  of  this  statement, 
all  of  his  slaves  were  emancipated  by  his 
will. 

Foreign  Policy. — In  his  First  Annual  Mes- 
sage Washington  (page  64)  asked  for  pro- 
vision to  be  made  by  Congress  to  enable 
him  to  conduct  intercourse  with  foreign 
nations  in  a  manner  most  conducive  to 
public  good.  He  adopted  a  firm  policy  of 
neutrality,  and  greatly  embittered  the 
Anti-Federalists  by  his  refusal  to  aid  the 
French  revolutionists  in  their  war  against 
Great  Britain  ;  but  consummated  with  the 
latter  country  the  famous  Jay  Treaty. 
This  spirit  he  embodied  in  his  counsels 
that  "nothing  is  more  essential  than  that 
permanent,  inveterate  antipathies  should 
be  excluded  and  that  in  place  of  them  Just 
and  amicable  feelings  toward  all  should  be 
cultivated."  His  everv  act  was  regulated 
by  the  principle  "that  the  great  rule  of 
conduct  for  us  in  regard  to  foreign  na- 
tions is,  to  have  in  extending  our  commer- 
cial relations  with  them  as  little  political 
connection  as  possible.  Why  by  inter- 
weaving our  destiny  with  that  pf  any  part 
of  Europe  entangle  our  peace  and  prosper- 
ity in  the  toils  of  European  ambition,  ri- 
valship,  interest,  humor,  or  caprice'.'"  So 
determined  was  the  opposition  against  this 
policy  that  his  famous  proclamation  of 
neutrality  of  April,  1793  (page  149),  was 
denounced  as  "a  royal  edict  and  a  daring 
assumption  of  power."  Still  Washington 
maintained  this  attitude  even  to  the  length 
of  insisting  upon  the  recall  of  M.  Genet 
from  America  while  using  this  country  as 
a  base  and  a  means  of  making  war  upon 
Great  Britain  in  that  year.  The  seizure  of 
American  vessels  by  British  cruisers  fo- 
mented this  opposition  and  Washington's 
act  in  closing  the  Jay  Treaty  exposed  him 
to  the  severest  censure. 

Army. — Washington  in  his  First  Annual 
Address  (page  57)  urged  attention  to  Army 
organization  with  the  statement:  "To  be 
prepared  for  war  is  one  of  the  most  effec- 
tual means  of  preserving  peace."  He  ad- 
vocated the  arming  anil  disciplining  of  the 
people,  the  manufacture  of  military  sup- 
plies, and  the  establishment  of  troops.  In 
a  special  message  (page  52)  he  had  al- 
ready advised  that  the  experience  and 
training  of  the  "well-instructed  officers 
and  soldiers  of  the  late  Army  be  util- 
ized in  the  development  of  an  efficient  mi- 
litia." This  experience  he  speaks  of  as  a 
"resource  which  is  daily  diminishing  by 
death  and  other  causes.  To  suffer  this 
peculiar  advantage  to  pass  away  unim- 
proved would  be  to  neglect  an  opportunity 


which  will  never  again  occur,  unless,  un- 
fortunately, we  should  again  be  involved 
in  a  long  and  arduous  war."  In  his  Eighth 
Annual  Address  (page  194)  he  urges  the 
institution  of  a  military  academy,  and 
adds  :  "However  pacific  the  general  policy 
of  a  nation  may  be,  it  ought  never  to  be 
without  an  adequate  stock  of  military 
knowledge  for  emergencies.  The  art  of  war 
is  at  once  comprehensive  and  complicateu, 
it  demands  much  previous  study,  and  the 
possession  of  it  in  its  most  improved  and 
perfect  state  is  always  of  great  moment  to 
the  security  of  a  nation." 

Education. — In  his  First  Annual  Address 
(page  58)  Washington  urges  upon  Congress 
the  necessity  of  making  provision  for  the 
promotion  of  science  and  literature. 
"Knowledge,"  he  says,  "is  in  every  coun- 
try the  surest  basis  of  public  happiness." 
He  suggests  efficient  patronage  either  by 
aiding  seminaries  already  established  or  by 
the  institution  of  a  national  university. 
In  his  Eighth  Annual  Address  (page  194) 
he  says  :  "True  it  is  that  our  country,  much 
to  its  honor,  contains  rnanv  seminaries  of 
learning  highly  respectable  and  useful ;  but 
the  funds  upon  which  they  rest  are  too 
narrow  to  command  the  ablest  professors 
in  the  different  departments  of  liberal 
knowledge  for  the  institution  contemplated, 
though  they  would  be  excellent  auxiliaries." 
He  lays  particular  stress  upon  the  "educa- 
tion of  youth  in  the  science  of  govern- 
ment." 

Veto  Messages. — In  the  eight  years  of  his 
administration  Washington  issued  only  two 
veto  messages.  The  first  on  April  5,  1792 
(page  116),  refused  sanction  to  an  act  regu- 
lating the  apportionment  of  Representa- 
tives in  the  several  states  because  it  was 
contrary  to  the  provisions  of  the  Constitu- 
tion. The  second  veto  messa"e  was  the  last 
message  sent  by  Washington  to  Congress. 
It  refuged  sanction  to  an  act  amending  the 
military  establishment  because  of  its  un- 
fairness and  Injustice  to  the  bodies  of 
troops  which  it  might  affect  (page  203). 

Indian  Affairs. — Washington's  remarkable 
patience  and  good  judgment  were  fully  dis- 
played in  his  treatment  of  the  Indians  in 
the  uprisings  that  occurred  among  the 
Creeks,  Wabash,  Five  Nations,  Senecas, 
and  Six  Nations.  In  a  special  message  up- 
on treaties  with  the  Indians  (page  59) 
he  maintains  that  a  "due  regard  should  be 
extended  to  these  Indians  whose  happiness 
in  the  course  of  events  so  materially  de- 
pends upon  the  national  justice  and  hu- 
manity of  the  United  States."  Again 
(page  61),  he  declares  that  it  is  "impor- 
tant that  all  treaties  and  compacts  formed 
by  the  United  States  with  other  nations, 
whether  civilized  or  not,  should  be  made 
with  caution  and  executed  with  fidelity." 

Washington,  George: 

Anniversary    of   birth    of,   proclama- 
tion     regarding      celebration      of, 
3289. 
Annual  addresses  of,  57,  73,  95,  117, 

130,  154,  174,  191. 
Addresses   of  Senate   in   reply,   59, 

76,  100,  122,  134,  160,  178,  196. 
Replies  of  President,  60,  77,  101, 

123,  135  161,  179,  199. 
Addresses  of   House   in   reply,    61, 

77,  101,  123,  136,  362,  179,  199. 
Replies  of  President,  62,  79,  102, 

124,  137,  163,  180,  201. 
Biographical  sketch  of,  33. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Washington 


Birthplace  of,  appropriation  for  ap- 
proaches to  monument  to  mark, 
recommended,  4803. 

Centennial    celebration   of   inaugura- 
tion of,  5371. 
Proclamation  regarding,  5453. 

Colors  of  France  presented  to  United 
States  on  the  occasion  of  the  pres- 
entation of  an  address  to  the 
United  States  by  the  Committee  of 
Public  Safety  in  France  expressive 
of  good-will  and  amity  towards 
them,  181. 

Commander-in-Chief  of  Armies,  proc- 
lamation recommending  commem- 
oration of  anniversary  of  surrender 
of  commission,  4810. 

Committee  appointed  by  House  to 
meet,  37. 

Constitution,  right  to  make  and  alter, 
basis  of  our  political  system,  209. 

Death  of — 

Addresses  on,  287,  288,  289,  290. 
Resolutions  of  Congress  on,  trans- 
mitted to  widow  of,  290. 
Reply  of,  291. 

Departments  of  Government  to  be 
preserved  in  constitutional  spheres, 
211. 

Discretionary  power  of  President 
over  nominations,  removals,  dis- 
cussed by,  186. 

Discussion  of  the  state  of  the  Union 
by,  95,  175,  205. 

Disregard  of  Indian  treaty  by,  and 
transactions  discussed  and  recom- 
mendations made,  103. 

District  of  Columbia,  boundaries  of, 
discussed  and  referred  to,  92,  94. 

Election — 

For  third  term  declined  by,  205. 
Official   information  of,  35. 

Farewell  address  of,  205. 
To  be  read  to  Army,  3306. 
Ordered  read  at  birthday  celebra- 
tion, 3290. 

Finances  discussed  by,  75,  98,  121, 
133,  159,  177. 

Foreign  policy  discussed  by,  120,  213. 

Geographical  distinctions  in  country 
discouraged  by,  208. 

Good  faith  and  justice  toward  all  na- 
tions enjoined  by,  213. 

Illustration  of,  resigning  commission, 
14. 

Inaugural  address  of — 
First,  43. 

Address  of  Senate  in  reply,  46. 

Reply  of  President,  47. 
Address  of  House  in  reply,  48. 

Reply  of  President,  49. 
Second,  130. 

Inauguration    as   President,  proceed- 
ings initiatory  to,  34, 


Centennial  anniversary  of,  celebra- 
tion of,  5371. 
Order  of  conducting,  41. 
Picture  of,  50. 
Resolutions  of  House  on  report  of 

committee,  42. 

Indian  affairs,  notifies  Senate  that  he 
will  meet  and  advise  with,  regard- 
ing, 53. 

Indian     treaty,     disregards     transac- 
tions regarding,  103. 
Knowledge  the  surest  basis  of  public- 
happiness,  58. 

Letter    of,    to    Charles    Thomson    ac- 
cepting Presidency,  34. 
Lieutenant-General   and   Commander- 
in-Chief  of  Army,  nomination  of, 
257. 

Letter  of  acceptance,  257. 
Military  Academy,  establishment  of, 

recommended   by,  194. 
Referred  to,  878. 
National     university,     establishment 

of,  recommended  by,  58,  194. 
Referred   to,  878. 
Notifies  committee  that  he  will  meet 

it  at  Elizabethtown,  38. 
Oath  of  office,  report  of  committee  as 

to  time  and  place  of  taking,  40. 
Pardon  granted   insurgents   in  Penn- 
sylvania by,  173. 
Referred  to,  176. 
Parties,    people    warned    by,    against 

baneful  effects  of,  210. 
Passionate  attachments  to   other  na- 
tions should  be  excluded,  213. 
Peace  and  harmony  enjoined  by,  213. 
Pecuniary  compensation  as  President 

refused  by,  45. 
Portrait  of,  32. 

Powers  of  Federal  and  State  Govern- 
ments discussed  by,  186. 
Proclamations  of — 

Boundaries  of  District  of  Columbia, 

92,  94. 
Extraordinary    session    of    Senate, 

130,  204,  572. 
Indian  treaties,  72. 
Insurrection  in   Pennsvlvania,  150, 

153. 
Military  expedition  against  foreign 

power,  149. 
Neutrality  in   war   between  allied 

forces  and  France,  148. 
Opposition    to    revenue   laws,    116, 

150,  153. 

Pardons  to  insurgents  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, 173. 
Regarding  armed  force  under  James 

O 'Fallen,   83. 
Revenue    laws,   opposition    to,    136, 

150,  153. 

Reward  for  persons  destroying  In- 
dian town,  129. 
Thanksgiving,  56,  171. 
Treaty  with  Creeks,  72. 


Washington         Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Public  credit,  strength  and  security 
of  Government  rest  upon,  212. 

Eeception  of,  to  be  held  in  house  of 
Samuel  Osgood,  35,  36. 

Religion  and  morality  indispensable 
supports  to  prosperity,  212. 

Reports  of  committee  respecting  in- 
auguration of,  39,  40. 

Request  of  House  for  correspondence 
regarding  foreign  negotiations  re- 
fused by,  186. 

Retirement  from  office  announced  by, 
and  replies  of  Congress,  196,  198, 
199,  200. 

Salary  as  President,  refused  by,  45. 

Seminaries  of  learning,  establishment 
of,  recommended  by,  58. 

State  of  the  Union  discussed  by,  95, 
175,  205. 

States  of  the  Union,  alliances  be- 
tween, discouraged  by,  209. 

Statue  of,  to  be — 

Erected     at     Caracas,     Venezuela, 

4716,  4760. 
Placed  in  Capitol,  881,   1170,   1910. 

Thanksgiving    proclamations    of,    56, 
171. 
Facsimile,  6fi. 

Unity  of   Government — 

Best  preserved  by  local  self-govern- 

.ment,  208. 
Essential   to  our  liberty,  207. 

Veto  messages  of — 

Apportionment  of  Representatives, 

116. 
Military  establishment,  203. 

Washington.— Ono  of  the  Pacific  coast 
states — nickname.  "Chinook  State."  It 
extends  from  hit.  45°  40'  to  49° 
north,  and  from  Ions.  117°  to  124°  44' 
west.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  hy  the 
Strait  of  San  Juan  de  Fuca  and  British 
Columbia,  on  the  east  by  Idaho,  on  the 
south  by  Oregon  (partly  separated  by  the 
Columbia  River),  and  on  the  west  by  the 
Pacific  Ocean.  Area,  09,127  square  miles. 
The  Cascade  Range  traverses  the  State 
from  north  to  south,  west  of  the  center. 
There  are  extensive  forests,  particularly  in 
the  western  part,  and  the  eastern  portion 
produces  large  quantities  of  wheat.  Gold 
and  silver  are  also  found  in  paying  quan- 
tities. Salmon  fishing  and  shipbuilding  are 
important  industries. 

The  country  was  visited  as  early  as  1502. 
The  month  of  the  Columbia  River  was  ex- 
plored in  1702  by  Captain  Cray,  and  fur- 
ther explorations  were  conducted  by  Lewis 
and  Clark  in  1805.  John  Jacob  Astor 
founded  a  trading  post  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Columbia  River  in  1811.  The  State  was 
formed  from  part  of  the  Oregon  region, 
which  was  claimed  by  both  Fngland  and 
America  for  many  years.  It  was  organized 
as  a  Territory  by  an  act  of  Congress  passed 
March  2.  1803,  and  admitted  to  the  Union 
Nov.  11,  1880  (5460). 

The  arid  region  east  of  Hie  Cascade 
Mountains  requires  irrigation  for  the  pro- 
duction of  full  crops.  During  1004,  178, OOO 
were  included  in  irrigation  systems,  and 
the  Federal  reclamation  act  (q.  v.  t  provides 
for  further  irrigation  as  the  lands  are  sold. 


The  Mount  Rainiet,  Olympic,  Washing- 
ton, Weuaha,  and  Priest  Forest  Reserves 
have  a  combined  area  of  12,162  square 
miles.  The  total  timber  area  is  put  at 
34,000  square  miles.  The  cut  of  the  Wash- 
ington lumber  mills  in  one  year  was  more 
than  four  billion  feet,  and  the  shipments 
by  sea  more  than  a  billion  feet.  The  trees 
are  mostly  fir,  cedar  and  spruce. 

Statistics  of  agriculture  collected  for  the 
last  Federal  census,  place  the  number  of 
farms  in  the  State  at  56.102,  comprising 
11,712,235  acres,  valued,  with  stock  and 
improvements,  at  $637.543.411.  The  aver- 
age value  of  land  per  acre  was  if 44. 13, 
against  $11.68  in  1000.  The  value  of  do- 
mestic animals,  poultry,  etc..  was  $48.865.- 
110,  including  402.120  cattle,  valued  at 
$12.103,465;  280.572  horses.  $29.680,841); 
12.185  mules.  $1.770.207:  266.135  swine, 
$1.674,027:  475,555  sheep.  $1,031,170:  poul- 
try, $1,367,440.  The  yield  and  value  of 
the  field  crops  for  1011  was:  Corn,  30,00(1 
acres,  855,000  bushels,  $675,000  :  wheat, 
2.230.000  acres,  50.601.000  bushels.  $35.- 
060.000;  oats,  281,000  acres,  14.528.000 
bushels,  $6,538,000;  rye,  8.000  acres.  176.- 
000  bushels.  $141,000;  potatoes,  50.000 
acres,  9,440,000  busuels.  $6,419,000;  hay, 
400,000  acres,  060.000  tons,  $11,520.000. 

The  principal  industry  of  the  State  is 
lumber  and  timber,  with  a  capital  of  $40.- 
053.816,  employing  28.023  wage-earners, 
and  turning  out  $40,572,512  worth  of  fin- 
ished product  from  $16.325,504  raw  ma- 
terial. The  flour  and  feed  industry  is  next 
in  importance,  with  a  capital  of  $6.400,402. 
using  $12.771.300  worth  of  raw  material, 
which  613  wage-earners  convert  into  fin- 
ished product  valued  at  $14.663.612.  The 
fisheries  of  the  State  employ  nearly  3.0OO 
boats  and  4,054  persons.  The  value  of  the 
annual  catch  Is  $1,161.660.  The  State 
revenues  for  the  biennial  period  ending  Sept. 
30.  1010,  were  $13.381.687:  expenditures, 
$12.944.263.  The  bonded  debt  is  $1.006.- 
024.  The  tax  rate  is  $31  per  $1,000.  and 
the  assessed  valuation  is  $789,912,070. 

The  State  oyster  bed  reserves  cover  13.- 
683,000  acres,  and  salmon  and  many  other 
fish  are  abundant. 

Coal  worth  $7,679,801  was  mined  in  1907. 
of  gold  12,680  fine  ounces,  silver  84,000 
fine  ounces,  and  122.263  pounds  of  copper. 

The  industrial  census  of  1905  returned 
2,751  manufacturing  establishments,  with  a 
capital  of  $06,052,621,  employing  48,858 
persons  in  converting  $69,166,165  worth  of 
raw  material  into  finished  goods  to  the 
value  of  $128,821,667,  consisting  of  lumber, 
flour,  meats,  fish,  machinery  and  dairy 
products.  There  were  in  1007  2.050  mile's 
of  steam  railway  and  330  miles  of  electric 
line.  The  population  in  1010  was  1,141,000. 

The  number  of  manufacturing  establish- 
ments in  Washington  having  an  annual  out- 
put valued  at  $5OO  or  more  at  the  beginning 
of  1015  was  3.830.  The  amount  of  capital 
invested  was  $'_*77.717.000,  giving  occupation 
to  78,387  persons,  using  material  valued  at 
$136,609.000,  and  turning  out  finished  goods 
worth  $245.327,000.  Salaries  and  wages 
paid  amounted  to  $63. 207.000. 
(See  also  "Fifty-four  Forty  or  Fight"; 
Northwestern  Boundary;  Oregon.) 

Washington: 

Admission  of,  into  Union  proclaimed, 

5460. 

Discussed,  5485. 
Boundary  line  with  British  provinces. 

(See   Northwestern   Boundary.) 
Chinamen  injured  by  lawless  men  in, 
4914,  4968,  5083. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Washington 


Indemnity  to,   recommended,  5219. 

Appropriation  for,  5367. 
Troops  sent  to  protect,  4933. 

Geological  survey  of,  referred  to, 
3016. 

Indians  in — 

Agreement  with,  for  relinquishment 

of  lands,  4781. 

Depredations  of,  referred  to,  2873, 
2894,     2896,     2900,     2911,     2916, 
2941. 
Referred  to,  3015,  3016. 

Lands  in,  set  apart  as  public  reserva- 
tion by  proclamation,  5810,  6209, 
6215,  6*218,  6219. 

Light-house  on  coast  of,  point  to  be 
selected  for,  3902. 

Martial  law  in,  proclamation  of  gov- 
ernor referred  to,  2776. 

Possessory  claims  in,  convention  with 
Great  Britain  regarding,  3380. 

Unlawful  combinations  in,  proclama- 
tions against,  4896,  5073,  5932. 
Washington,  The,  seizure  of,  by  British 

authorities,  referred   to,   4114. 

Washington  City. — The  capital  of  the 
United  States.  It  is  situated  in  the  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia,  on  the  Potomac  River, 
at  the  head  of  navigation,  in  latitude  38° 
53'  N.  and  longitude  77°  1'  W.  The  site 
for  the  capital  was  chosen  in  1790  and 
the  seat  of  government  was  established  at 
Washington  in  1800.  Washington  is  one  of 
the  best  planned  cities  in  the  world;  in 
addition  to  the  usual  rectangular  arrange- 
ments of  streets  it  has  a  number  of  line 
wide  avenues  radiating  in  all  directions 
from  both  the  Capitol  and  the  White  House. 
At  their  intersections  are  circles  laid  out  as 
small  parks  and  most  are  lined  with  pleas- 
ant shade  trees.  It  contains  the  principal 
public  buildings  in  which  the  business  of 
the  Government  is  transacted. 

Besides  the  Capitol  ((i.  v.)  the  city  con- 
tains the  ollicial  residence  of  the  President, 
buildings  devoted  to  the  various  Depart- 
ments of  Government,  the  Congressional  Li- 
brary, the  Smithsonian  Institution,  Na- 
tional Museum,  Naval  Observatory,  Cor- 
coran Art  Gallery,  National  Soldiers'  Home, 
Washington  Monument,  and  many  other  ob- 
jects of  national  interest.  The  White 
House,  or  Presidential  residence,  was  lirst 
occupied  by  John  Adams  in  1800.  The  pub- 
lic buildings  were  burned  by  the  British  in 
1814,  and  more  imposing  ones  erected  sub- 
sequently. (See  also  District  of  Columbia 
and  Capital  of  United  States.)  Population 
(1010),  278, 71S,  of  which  191,532  were 
white  and  the  residue  colored  people. 

Washington  City   (see  also  District  of 

Columbia) : 

Act  transferring  duties  of  trustees  of 
colored  schools  in  Georgetown  and, 
vetoed,  3903. 
Bridge  across  Potomac  River  at.    (See 

District  of  Columbia.) 
Buildings  in — 

Commission  of  inquiry  relative  to, 

referred  to,  2012. 

Erection    of,    proclamation   regard- 
ing, 312. 


On  three  sides  of  Lafayette  Square, 

recommended,  4578. 
Referred    to,   356,   .1911,  1957. 
British     invasion    of,    referred    to    in 

proclamation,  530. 

Centennial  anniversary  of  founding 
of,  for  capital  to  be  held  in  1900 
6347,  6404,  6456. 

Conference  in,  of  representatives  of 
Canada  and  United  States  regard- 
ing commercial  exchanges,  5675, 
5678,  5748. 

Conspiracy  to  prevent  inauguration 
of  President-elect  in,  referred  to, 
3200. 

Defense  of,  clerks  in  Departments  in, 
to  be  organ  i/ed  into  companies  for, 
3323,  3642. 

Erection    of    buildings    in,    proclama- 
tion concerning,  312. 
Grand   Army   of   Republic — 

Appropriation  for  reception  and 
entertainment  of,  in,  recommend- 
ed, 5672. 

Order  permitting  members  of,  em- 
ployed in  public  service  to  par- 
ticipate in  parade  of,  5740. 
Parade  of,  discussed,  5763. 
Improvement    of    Potomac    flats    and 
river     front     of,      recommended, 
4458,  4532,  4579,  4651. 
Bill  for,  submitted,  4533. 
Improvements  in,  recommended,  831, 

909,  2710,  2837. 
Insane  asylum  in.     (See  Government 

Hospital  for  Insane.) 
International    American     Conference 

at,  5369,  5467. 

Centennial  celebration  of  discovery 
of  America,  resolution  regarding, 
5512. 

Discussed,  5542. 
Extradition,  reports  on  subject  of, 

adopted  by,  5514. 

Importations  and  exportation?:,  rec- 
ommendations of,  regarding 
5506. 

Intercontinental  railroad,  survey 
of  route  for,  recommended  bv 
5504. 

International    American    ban!:,    es- 
tablishment   of,     recommended 
by,  5505. 
Discussed,  5560. 

International    American    monetary 
union,    establishment    of,    recom- 
mended by,  5513. 
International    arbitration,     reports 

on,  adopted  by,  5518. 
Referred  to,  5623,  5874. 
International    bureau    of    informa- 
tion,   establishment    of,    at,    rec- 
ommended bv.  5506. 


Washington          Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


International  law,  adoption  of  uni- 
form code  of,  recommended  by, 
5513. 

Latin-American  library,  establish- 
ment of,  recommended  by,  5506. 

Memorial  tablet  in  State  Depart- 
ment to  commemorate  meeting 
of,  recommended  by,  5514. 

Patents,  trade-marks,  and  copy- 
rights, report  of,  concerning  pro- 
tection of,  5512. 

Port  dues  and  consular  fees,  recom- 
mendations of,  regarding  uni- 
form system  of,  5514. 

Postal  and  cable  communication, 
establishment  of  improved  facili- 
ties for,  recommended  by,  5511. 

Public  health,  recommendations  of, 
for  protection  of,  5513. 

Reciprocal  commercial  treaties  rec- 
ommended by,  5509. 

Steamship  service,  establishment  of 
rapid,  recommended  by,  5491, 
5511. 

Weights   and  measures,  report  of, 

on,  5513. 
International  Marine  Conference   at, 

discussed,    5180,    5370,    5468,    5493, 

5498,  5543. 

International  Peace  Congress  at,  dis- 
cussed, 4684,  4717. 

Invitation  to  countries  of  North 
and  South  America  to  attend, 
4685. 

Postponement  of,  referred  to,  4717. 
International  Sanitary  Conference  at, 

discussed,  4564,  4622,  4631. 
Jail  erected  in,  343. 

Necessity  for  new  one,  1621. 
Justices  of  the  peace  in,  referred  to, 

3800. 

Loan  from  Maryland,  payment  of, 
guaranteed  by  United  States, 
321. 

Lots  in,  chargeable  with,  321. 
Referred  to,  833. 

Resales    of   lots   for   deficiency   in, 

343. 
Lots    in,    sale    of,    referred    to,    833, 

1838. 

Monetary  union  International  Ameri- 
can establishment  of,  recommende'l 

by,  and  discussed,  5513. 
Officers  of,  salary  of,  343. 
Pennsylvania  Avenue  in — 

Bill  for  paving,  vetoed,  4341. 

Improvement  of,  referred  to,  1844. 

Macadamizing  of,  referred  to,  2015. 

Repavement   of,   referred   to,  4368, 

4432,  4587. 
Police      system      for,     recommended. 

(See   District  of   Columbia.) 
Post-office    building    in,    erection    of, 

recommended,  5363. 


Postal   Congress   to   be   held   in,    dis- 
cussed, recommendation  regarding, 
'    6164. 

Protection   for,   recommendations   re- 
garding, 3323,  3642. 
Public  schools  in.      (See  District  of 

Columbia.) 

Public  works  in,  appointment  of  com- 
missioners to  investigate,  referred 
to,  1904. 

Recommendation  for  the  erection  of 
buildings   on   three  sides   of   Lafa- 
yette Square,  4578. 
Referred  to,  253,  285,  295,  298. 
Reservations     in,     appropriation     for 
removing  snow   and  ice  from,  rec- 
ommended, 4739. 
Seat  of  Government — 

Boundaries  of,  referred  to  and  pro- 
claimed, 86,  192,  194. 
Removed     from     Philadelphia     to, 

281,   295,   298,  299,   300. 
Steam  railway  lines — 

Construction   of   certain,   urged   by 

authorities  of,  3351. 
Controversies  regarding  occupation 
of   streets   by,  discussed   and  re- 
ferred to,  4950,  5114,  5385. 
Recommendations    regarding    loca- 
tion  of  depots  and  tracks,  4459, 
4579,  4651. 

Street   railroad   companies   in,   report 
of  board  on  amount  chargeable  to, 
referred   to,   4273. 
Streets  in — 

Bill  for  paving,  vetoed,  4341. 
Improvement  of,  referred  to,  2015. 
Macadamizing  of,  2015. 
Superintendent     of,    salary     of,    dis- 
cussed,  343. 
Surveyor  of — 

Report  of,  referred  to,  356. 
Salary   of,   discussed,   343. 
Troops    assembled     in,    by    order    of 
President  Buchanan, discussed,  3200. 
Water    supply    for,    discussed,    2028, 
2698,  2710,  2725,  2750,  4579,  4651, 
4773. 

Opinion  of  Judge  Brewer  in  Croat 

Falls  land  case,  referred  to.  3072. 

Plan  to  take,  from  Great,  Falls  of 

Potomac,  approved,  2750. 
Washington    City    Canal,    improvement 

of,  referred  to,  3579. 
Washington  City  (D.  C.),  Capture  of.— 


VT  OfBUAUg  bVU     WAliJT       \J~f'     V*/J      VO/^JUUAO     \J±* 

After  the-  flight  of  the  Americans  from  the 
field  of  liladensbnrg  Aug.  24.  1814,  the 
British  army  advanced  to  the  plain  between 


building,  the  arsenal,  and  barracks  for  .'{.OOO 
men  wore  next  burned.  In  a  few  hours 
nothing  but  the  blackened  walls  remained 
of  the  public  buildings,  th<>  I'alent  Oilice 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Watch-Dog 


alone  having  boon  spa  rod.  Only  such  pri- 
vate property  as  was  owned  or  occupied  by 
persons  offensive  to  the  British  was  de- 
stroyed. The  President  and  his  chief  ad- 
visers fled  to  different  points  in  Virginia  and 
Maryland. 

Mrs.  Madison,  the  wife  of  the  President, 
when  advised  of  the  defeat  at  Bladensburg, 
sent  away  the  silver  plate  and  oilier  valua- 
bles from  the  Presidential  mansion  and  at 
groat  personal  risk  saved  from  destruction 
the  full-length  portrait  of  (ion.  Washington 
by  Gilbert  Stuart,  which  now  adorns  the 
Blue  Koom  of  the  White  House.  With  her 
sister  and  brother-in-law  she  was  then  con- 
veyed to  a  place  of  safety  beyond  the  Poto- 
mac. Commodore  Tingoy.  in  command  of 
the  navy-yard,  burned  the  property  under 
his  control  to  prevent  its  falling  into  the 
hands  of  the  British.  The  bridge  over  the 
Potomac  was  also  destroyed.  The  total 
value  of  property  destroyed  by  British  and 
Americans  in  Washington  was  estimated  at 
$2,000.000.  On  the  night  of  the  25th  ROBS 
and  Cockburn  withdrew  from  Washington. 

Washington  Headquarters  Association. 
— The  purpose  of  this  Association  is  to 
preserve  the  old  mansion  on  IGOth  Street, 
near  Amsterdam  Avenue,  New  York  C'ity, 
whtch  was  at  one  time,  in  the  War  of  the 
Revolution,  the  headquarters  of  Washing- 
ton. The  property  is  owned  by  the  city 
and  is  under  the  care  and  direction  of  the 
Knickerbocker,  Mary  Washington,  Colonial 
and  Manhattan  Chapters  of  the  Daughters 
of  the  American  Revolution.  It  is  open 
daily  to  the  public. 

Washington  Monument.  —  An  obelisk- 
shaped  tower  of  white  marble  erected  at 
Washington,  D.  C.,  in  honor  of  George 
Washington.  The  cornerstone  was  laid  July 
4,  1848,  but  soon  the  work  languished  and 
then  stopped  entirely.  Work  was  resumed 
in  1876,  and  the  monument  was  finally 
completed  Dec.  0,  1884.  It  is  f>55  feet 
high  and  fifty-five  feet  square  at  its  base. 
The  interior  walls  are  built  of  granite  and 
contain  many  memorial  stones  from  foreign 
nations.  The  entire  cost  of  the  monument 
was  $1,187.710. 

See  photograph  of.  and  appreciation, 
frontispiece,  Vol.  XVIII. 

Washington  Monument: 

Construction  of,  discussed  and  rec- 
ommendations regarding,  4430, 
4532,  4579. 

Dedication  of,  Government  employ- 
ees to  participate  in,  4879. 
Washington,  Treaty  of.— Many  treaties 
have  been  negotiated  at  Washington,  but 
the  one  usually  referred  to  as  the  treaty 
of  Washington  was  negotiated  between  the 
United  States  and  Great  Britain  at  that 
city  in  1871.  After  thirty-four  meetings 
commissioners  of  the  United  States  and 
Kngland  concluded  a  treaty  between  the 
two  countries  to  settle  pending  questions. 
It  was  ratified  June  17,  1871,  and  pro- 
claimed to  be  in  force  July  4. 

To  adiuat  the  Alabama  claims  it  was 
agreed  t'o  submit  thorn  to  a  tribunal  of 
arbitration,  to  meet  at,  Geneva,  Switzer- 
land, and  to  consist  of  members  appointed 
by  each  of  the  parties  and  by  three  neu- 
tral natious.  Concerning  the  difficulties  with 
regard  to  the  fishing  privileges  of  the 
United  Slates  vessels  on  the  coast  of  Brit- 
ish America,  the  treaty  adjusted  the  differ- 
ences on  the  basis  of  the  reciprocity 
treaty  of  18.">4,  giving  to  persons  of  each 
nation  the  right  of  fishing  on  the  coasts 
of  the  other.  There  was  a  mutual  conces- 


sion of  privileges,  such  as  that  of  trans- 
portation from  one  place  to  another  in  one 
country  across  the  territory  of  the  other 
without  the  payment  of  duties.  Luke 
Michigan,  the  lower  course  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence, and  certain  rivers  in  Alaska  were 
opened  to  the  people  of  both  nations.  It 
was  also  agreed  to  submit  the  disputed 
boundary  line  between  the  British  posses- 
sions and  the  State  of  Washington  to  tho 
arbitration  of  the  Gorman  emperor,  who, 
on  Oct.  til,  1872,  rendered  a  decision 
awarding  the  island  of  San  Juan  and  the 
group  of  which  it  forms  a  part  to  the 
United  States.  (See  also  Alabama  Claims; 
Geneva  Tribunal.) 

Washington,  Treaties  of.  (See  also  Ala- 
bama Claims;    Ashburton   Treaty): 
Of  July  4,   1850,  referred  to,  2760. 
Of  May  8,  1871— 

Powers  to  be  invited  to  accede  to 

rules  of   neutrality  in,   4462. 
Proclamations       regarding,       4179, 

4227. 

Eeport  regarding,  4086. 
Referred  to,  3588. 

Washington  Turnpike  Road  Co.,  act  au- 
thorizing subscription  of  stock  in,  ve- 
toed, 1056. 

Washington's  Farewell  Address  to  be 
read  to  Army,  orders  regarding,  3306. 
Washita  River,  exploration  of,  387. 
Wasp,  The.—  An  American  warship  of  eight- 
een guns,  built  at  Washington  in  1806. 
Oct.  13,  1812,  the  Wasp  left  the  Delaware 
for  the  West  Indies,  under  ('apt.  Jacob 
Jones,  with  137  men.  Five  days  later  she 
fell  in  with  six  merchantmen  under  convoy 
of  the  British  brig  Frolic,  eighteen  guns 
and  110  men.  The  Wasp  attacked,  and  in 
less  than  an  hour  the  Frolic  struck  her 
colors  after  a  loss  of  90  men.  The  fight 
was  in  a  heavy  sea.  Within  two  hours  the 
WHN/)  and  its  prize  were  captured  by  the 
British  frigate  PoicPirrs,  seventy-four  guns, 
and  the  Americans  were  sent  to  Bermuda 
as  prisoners.  In  1814  the  United  States 
built  a  naval  vessel  at  Newburyport  and 
christened  it  the  irnsp.  It.  was  a  ship- 
rigged  sloop  of  war  and  carried  twenty-two 
guns  and  100  men.  Leaving  Portsmouth 
May  1,  1814,  under  Capt.  Johnson  Blakely, 
she  ran  into  the  English  Channel  to  look 
for  British  merchantmen.  June  28  she  en- 
countered the  British  sloop  Reindeer,  eight- 
eon  guns  and  118  men.  In  less  than  half 
an  hour  of  fierce  fighting  the  Reindeer 
struck  her  colors,  having  sustained  a  loss  of 
25  killed  and  42  wounded.  The  American 
loss  was  27  in  all.  Sept.  1.  after  a  fight 
of  about  two  hours,  the  Wasp  captured  the 
British  brig  Arnn,  eighteen  guns  Oct.  9.  in 
lat.  18°  3D'  north,  long.  30°  10'  west,  she 
spoke  and  boarded  the  Swedish  brig  Adams 
and  took  off  Lieut.  McKnight  and  a  master's 
mate  of  the  United  States  ship  Essex,  on 
their  way  from  Brazil  to  Kngland.  The 
ll'a.sp  was  never  heard  from  again. 

Wasp,  The: 

Engagement  of,  with  the  Frolic,  506. 

Mentioned,  6318. 

Refused  permission  to  enter  ports  of 
Paraguay  by  Brazilian  blockade 
commander,  3883. 

Watch-Dog. — A  term  of  praise  ,-ii'pH.^l  to 
a  legislator  who  onposes  extravagant  ap- 
propriations.— usually  termed  "  YV;itcli-I->og 
of  the  Treasury." 


Watchful 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


"Watchful  Waiting."— A  term  used  by 
President  Wilson  with  reference  to  our  at- 
titude  in  the  Mexican  question  in  his  ad- 
ministration, 7008. 

Water-Dog. — A   pet  name,   or  term  of  en- 
dearment,  applied  to  sailors  and  other  per- 
sons long  experienced  in  life  on  the  water. 
Water    Rights,    policy    of    the   Federal 

Government    in    imposing    conditions 

in  granting,  7723. 
Water  Supply.     (See  Irrigation.) 
Water  Witch,  The,  fired  upon  by  Para- 
guayan  fort,   2980. 

Commissioner    sent   to    demand    com- 
pensation, 3050. 
Demands  of,  acceded  to,  3091. 

Discussed,   3195. 

Naval  force  sent  to  Paraguay,  3050. 
Watervliet  Arsenal,  N.  Y.,  gun  factory 

to  be  established  at,  5374. 
Wautauga  Association.— June  2,  1769,  a 
company  of  North  Carolina  hunters  formed 
an  organization  to  settle  the  territory  to 
the  west  of  the  Cumberland  Mountains, 
which  had  been  opened  by  the  treaty  of 
Fort  Stanwix  in  the  previous  year.  Their 
settlements  were  on  the  Wautauga.  one  of 
the  tributaries  of  the  Tennessee  Itiver, 
within  the  limits  of  what  is  now  the  State 
of  Tennessee.  The  settlers  framed  a  code 
of  laws,  which  was  signed  by  each  of  them, 
and  the  body  politic  thus  formed  was 
called  the  Wautauga  Association.  The 
tyranny  of  Governor  Tryon,  of  North  Caro- 
lina, caused  many  of  the  independent- 
spirited  settlers  of  that  Colony  to  cast  their 
lot  with  the  Wautauga  Association.  In 
1784.  at  a  convention  held  in  Jonesboro,  a 
separate  state  government  was  organized 
under  the  name,  of  Franklin.  (See  also 
Franklin.  I 

Waxhaw  (S.  C.)  Massacre.— After  the 
capture  of  riuirlesiown.  Sir  Henry  Clinton 
sent  a  detachment  of  :!00  men  under  Col. 
Tarleton  to  disperse  Col.  I'.nford's  command 
of  .S80  men.  who.  hearing  of  fhe  fall  of 
Charleston,  had  retired  to  a  point  near  the 
North  Carolina  line.  May  120.  1780.  Tarle- 
ton. having  o\ei  taken  Dtit'ord  at  the  Wax- 
haw  River,  made  ;i  furious  charge,  while  the 
Americans  were  awaiting  flags  of  confer- 
ence, believing  hostilities  suspended.  Many 
of  the  Americans  threw  down  their  arms 
and  begged  for  quarter:  11.'!  were  killed  on 
the  spoi.  150  so  badly  wounded  that  it  was 
Impossible  to  move  them,  and  only  .">:;  were 
taken  prisoners.  <'oi.  p>uford  and  about  100 
infantry  and  a  few  horses  escaped.  The 
British  lost  but  ~>  killed  and  !.">  wounded. 

Wea  Indians.  (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Weather  Bureau. — Since  1S70  the  Feder- 
al Government  has  maintained  a  service  hav- 
ing for  its  object  the  forecasting  of  weather 
conditions  throughout  tlie  United  States. 
Although  originally  designed  for  the  benefit 
of  navigation  alone,  nn  ever-broadening 
recognition  of  the  practical  utility  of  such 
a  service  has  necessitated  its  continued  ex- 
tension in  the  inter..;)  «f  both  agriculture 
and  commerce.  linriii'_r  the  lirst  twenty 
years  of  its  development  (j)(1  Work  was  con 
ducted  by  the  Signal  <'ocps  .,!'  the  Army, 
under  the  direction  ;m<l  cuiitrol  of  the  War 
Department,  but  tin-  demand  for  a  stri'-tly 
scientific  bureau,  unhampered  by  regulations 
of  n  military  character,  resulted  in  a  re- 
organization of  the  service  in  1801,  and  the 


establishment  of  the  present  Weather  Bu- 
reau as  a  branch  of  the  Department  of 
Agriculture. 

In  the  act  providing  for  this  re-organiza- 
tion, approved  Oct.  1.  1800,  the  functions 
of  the  Bureau  are  thus  summarized  :  "The 
Chief  of  the  Weather  Bureau,  under  the 
direction  of  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture, 
shall  have  charge  of  forecasting  the 
weather;  the  issue  of  storm  warnings;  the 
display  of  weather  and  flood  signals  for 
the  benefit  of  agriculture,  commerce,  and 
navigation  ;  the  gaging  and  reporting  of 
rivers;  the  maintenance  and  operation  of 
seacoast  telegraph  lines,  and  the  collec- 
tion and  transmission  of  marine  intelligence 
for  the  benefit  of  commerce  and  navigation  ; 
the  reporting  of  temperature  and  rainfall 
conditions  for  the  cotton  interests  ;  the  dis- 
play of  frost,  cold-wave,  and  other  signals: 
the  distribution  of  meteorological  informa- 
tion in  the  interest  of  agriculture  and  com- 
merce, and  the  taking  of  such  meteorolog- 
ical observations  as  may  be  necessary  to 
establish  and  record  the  climatic  conditions; 
of  the  United  States,  or  are  essential  for 
the  proper  execution  of  the  foregoing 
duties." 

Observations  and  Forcraxts. — To  the  gen- 
eral public  the  Weather  Bureau  is  probably 
best  known  through  the  medium  of  its 
daily  forecasts  and  weather  maps.  These 
forecasts  are  based  upon  simultaneous  ob- 
servations of  local  weather  conditions  taken 
daily  at  8  a.  m.  and  8  p.  m.  seventy-fifth 
meridian  time,  at  about  l!00  regular  observ- 
ing stations  scattered  throughout  the  United 
States  and  the  West  Indies,  and  upon  sim- 
ilar reports  received  daily  from  various 
points  in  other  parts  of  the  Northern  Hem- 
isphere. Each  of  the  Weather  Bureau  sta- 
tions is  operated  by  one  or  more  trained 
observers,  and  is  equipped  with  mercurial 
barometers,  thermometers,  wind  vanes,  rain 
and  snow  gauges,  and  anemometers,  and 
many  of  them  with  sunshine  recorders, 
barographs,  thermographs,  and  other  devices 
which  make  a  continuous  automatic  record 
of  the  local  weather  conditions  and 
changes.  The  results  of  the  twice-daily 
observations  are  immediately  telegraphed 
to  the  central  office  at  Washington.  I).  C.. 
where  they  are  charted  for  study  and  inter- 
pretation by  experts  trained  to  forecast 
the  weather  conditions  that  may  be  ex- 
pected to  prevail  during  the  following 
thirty-six  to  forty-eight  hours. 

A  complete  telegraphic  report  includes 
the  following  data  :  Temperature,  pres- 
sure (reduced  to  sea  level),  precipitation, 
direction  of  wind,  state  of  weather,  cur- 
rent wind  velocity,  maximum  or  minimum 
temperature  since  last  observation,  and 
kind  and  amount  of  clouds,  with  the  direc- 
tion of  their  movement.  From  these  data 
the  forecaster,  by  comparison  with  pre- 
ceding reports,  is  able  to  trace  the  paths 
of  storm  areas  from  the  time  of  their 
appearance  to  the  moment  of  observation, 
nnd  approximately  determine  and  forecast 
their  subsequent  courses  and  the  occur- 
rence of  other  weather  conditions. 

\Yeather  services  similar  to  that  of  the 
United  States  are  maintained  by  the  Cana- 
dian and  Mexican  governments,  and.  by  a 
system  of  interchange,  daily  reports  are 
received  from  a  number  of  stations  in  those 
countries.  Daily  observations  are  also  re- 
ceived from  the  A/ores,  Iceland,  the  Fa- 
roe Islands.  Great  Britain.  Germany.  France, 
Portugal.  Kiiropean  and  Asiatic  Russia,  the 
Philippines,  Hawaii,  and  Alaska,  so  that 
the  Held  represented  bv  the  daily  reports 
extends  over  practically  the  entire  North- 
ern Hemisphere. 

The  system  for  the  collection  and  distri- 
bution of  telegraphic  reports  of  observa- 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Weather 


tions  Is  so  arranged  that  all  of  the  prin- 
cipal stations  in  the  United  States  receive 
>S  a.  in.  reports  from  a  sufficient  number 
of  other  stations  to  represent  the  general 
weather  conditions  over  a  considerable  por- 
tion of  the  country. 

Forecast  centers  arc  also  established  at 
Chicago,  111. ;  Now  Orleans,  La.  ;  Denver, 
Colo.  ;  San  Francisco,  Calif.,  and  Portland, 
Ore.  At  the  tirst  three,  morning  forecasts 
only  are  prepared  and  distributed;  at  the 
last  two  both  morning  and  evening  fore- 
casts. The  Chicago  district  comprises  the 
upper  Mississippi  Valley  and  the  Northwest; 
tlie  New  Orleans  district,  Louisiana,  Texas, 
Arkansas,  and  Oklahoma;  the  Denver  dis- 
trict. Utah,  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and  Ari- 
zona :  the  San  Francisco  district.  California 
and  Nevada  ;  and  the  1'ortlaud  district, 
Washington,  Oregon  and  Idaho.  Forecasts 
arc  issued  at  Washington,  I).  C.,  for  all  por- 
tions of  the  United  States  not  included  in 
the  aforementioned  districts. 

Dixtribution  of  h'urccantit. — Within  two 
hours  after  the  morning  observations  have 
been  taken  the  forecasts  are  telegraphed 
from  the  forecast  centers  to  more  than 
2,.">0u  principal  distributing  points,  whence 
they  are  further  disseminated  by  telegraph, 
telephone  and  mail.  The  forecasts  reach 
nearly  l.'Ki.OOO  addresses  daily  by  mail,  the 
greater  part  being  delivered  early  in  the 
day,  and  none  later,  as  a  rule,  than  (5 
o'clock  p.  in.  of  the  day  of  issue,  and 
more  than  8,500,000  telephone  subscribers, 
mainly  in  the  rural  districts,  receive  the 
forecasts  by  telephone  within  an  hour  of 
the  time  the  prediction  is  made.  This  sys- 
tem of  forecast  distribution  is  wholly  under 
the  supervision  and  at  the  expense  of  the 
Government,  and  is  in  addition  to  and  dis- 
tinct from  tlie  distribution  effected  through 
the  press  associations  and  tlie  daily  news- 
papers. Tlie  rural  free  mail  delivery  sys- 
tem and  rural  telephone  lines  afford  means 
of  bringing  within  the  benefits  of  this  sys- 
tem a  large  number  of  farming  communi- 
ties which  before  it  was  impracticable  to 
reach  with  the  daily  forecasts.  The  inde- 
pendent rural  telephone  lines  are  being 
utilized  to  their  fullest  extent  and  this  plan 
of  distribution  has  been  enlarged  to  cover 
tlie  entire  telephone  service  of  many  states. 

The  Weather  Map. — The  weather  map  is 
mailed  immediately  after  the  morning  fore- 
cast is  telegraphed.  On  this  map  the  salient 
features  of  current  weather  conditions 
throughout  the  country  are  graphically  rep- 
resented, accompanied  by  a  synopsis  of  these 
conditions,  in  addition  to  which  complete 
reports  from  all  the  observing  stations  are 
presented  in  tabulated  form.  In  order  that 
all  sections  of  the  country  may  receive 
weather  data,  maps  or  bulletins  containing 
the  data  in  tabulated  form  are  issued  from 
about  one  hundred  of  the  larger  stations. 
The  maps  issued  at  Washington  and  other 
forecast  centers  contain  detailed  forecasts 
for  the  respective  forecast  districts,  while 
other  station  maps  and  bulletins  contain 
forecasts  only  for  tlie  localities  in  which 
they  are  distributed. 

CUmtitolonical  Service. — Although  the  200 
regular  observing  stations,  each  representing 
about  21.000  square  miles  of  territory,  fur- 
nish sufficient  data  upon  which  to  base  the 
various  forecasts,  observations  at  many 
intermediate  points  are  necessary  before  the 
climatology  of  the  United  States  can  be 
properly  studied.  This  need  has  given  rise 
to  the  establishment  of  an  important  and 
interesting  feature  of  the  Weather  Bureau 
in  its  Climatological  Service,  which  is  di- 
vided into  forty-four  local  sections,  each 
section,  as  a  rule,  covering  a  single  state, 
aud  having  for  its  center  a  regular  observ- 


ing station.  These  centers  collect  tempera- 
ture and  rainfaJl  observations  from  more 
than  :{,(iOO  co-operative  stations.  During 
the  Prop-growing  season  (from  April  to 
September,  inclusive)  each  section  also  re- 
ceives weekly  mail  reports  of  weather  condi- 
tions from  numerous  correspondents.  Dur- 
ing tlie  same  season  the  Central  Otlice  at 
Washington  issues  weekly  a  National 
Weather  Bulletin,  containing  a  series  of 
charts  graphically  illustrating  current  and 
normal  conditions  of  temperature  and  rain- 
fall for  the  entire  country,  and  a  general 
summary  of  the  weather  for  each  state. 
There  is  issued  at  the  Central  Office  every 
Tuesday  during  the  winter  u  publication 
entitled  Know  and  Ice  Unll/'/in,  which  shows 
the  area  covered  by  .snow,  the  depth  of 
snow  and  the  thickness  of  ice  in  rivers,  etc., 
as  indicated  by  a  large  number  of  reports 
of  observations  made  011  the  afternoon  of 
the  day  preceding  the  issue  of  the  Bulletin. 
This  publication  is  of  especial  value  to 
those  interested  in  the  winter  wheat  crop, 
to  ice  dealers,  and  to  tlie  manufacturers 
of  rubber  goods  and  all  other  articles  the 
sale  of  which  is  largely  affected  by  the 
presence  or  absence  of  snow  and  ice.  Dur- 
ing the  growing  season  in  the  cotton,  corn, 
wheat,  sugar  and  rice-producing  sections, 
designated  centers  receive  telegraphic  re- 
ports of  rainfall  and  daily  extremes  of 
temperature  for  publication  in  bulletin  form, 
each  local  center  receiving  the  reports  from 
all  others. 

Special  Publications. — By  the  assistance 
of  several  thousand  co-operative  observers, 
many  of  whom  have  maintained  local  rec- 
ords for  long  periods,  the  Weather  Bureau 
endeavors  to  collect  special  local  data  and 
thus  perfect  the  records  that  are  needed  for 
the  study  of  the  relations  "between  climate 
and  agriculture,  forestry,  water  resources, 
and  other  kindred  subjects. 

In  the  utilization  of  these  meteorological 
data  the  Weather  Bureau  employs  a  stuff  of 
officials  of  high  scientific  ability  who  are 
not  only  engaged  in  the  practical  work 
already  mentioned,  but  are  also  occupied 
in  the  elaboration  of  those  fundamental 
principles  which  must  necessarily  play  an 
important  part  in  the  development  of  mete- 
orology and  its  kindred  sciences.  The  re- 
sults of  these  investigations  are  presented 
to  the  public  through  regular  and  special 
reports. 

Among  the  publications  of  the  Weather 
Bureau  the  following  are  worthy  of  special 
notice  : 

(a)  The  Monthly  Weather  Tierleir,  which 
has  been  published  regularly  since  January. 
1873.      It  contains   elaborate   meteorological 
tables  and  charts  showing  the  weather  con- 
ditions for  the  month  over  the  United  States 
and  neighboring  countries.     The  tables  con- 
tain the  details  of  observations  made  at  the 
regular    and    co-operative     stations    of    the 
Weather   Bureau.     The  arrangement  of   the 
material,  however,  as  well  as  the  discussion 
of   the   meteorological    data    is   according    to 
tlie  natural   drainage  areas  of  tlie  country, 
instead  of  by  states. 

(b)  The  'Bulletin,  of  the  Mount  Wenlhrr 
Research  Observatory,  a  publication  devoted 
to    the    discussion    of   the    scientific    investi- 
gations    of    atmospheric    phenomena,     espe- 
cially to  those  that  are  being  carried  on  at 
the     research     station     located     at     Mount 
Weather. 

(c)  A    vast     amount    of     climatologlcal 
data  is  being  prepared  in  a  series  of  sepa- 
rates, each  treating  of  the  principal  climatic 
features    of    a    limited    area,     the    complete1 
set — 106  in  all — to  cover  the  entire   United 
States.     Besides  the  general  discussion  and 
cliniatological  tables,  these  reports  will  con- 


Weather 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


tain  valuable  notes  fumlshel  by  the  Geo- 
logical Survey  concerning  tlie  water  power 
of  the  districts  under  consideration. 

(d)  The  bulletins,  published  occasionally 
and  now  numbering  about  sixty,  that  con- 
tain the  larger  reports  made  by  the  experts 
of  the  service. 

The  Library  of  the  Weather  Bureau  con- 
tains about  '28.000  l>ooks  and  pamphlets, 
consisting  principally  of  technical  books 
on  meteorology  and  allied  sciences  and  of 
published  climatological  data  from  all  parts 
of  the  world.  It  is  available  to  all  Weather 
Bureau  officials  and  to  students  of  meteor- 
ology generally,  who  either  consult  it  per- 
sonally or  through  correspondence.  In  ad- 
dition'to  its  general  card  catalogue  it  keeps 
up  to  date  a  catalogue  of  the  meteorological 
contents  of  the  principal  scientific  serials 
of  the  world. 

The  annual  report  of  the  Chief  of  the 
Bureau  presents  a  full  summary  of  climatic 
data  for  the  United  States. 

Instruments  and  Apparatus. — The  appa- 
ratus used  at  Weather  Bureau  stations  for 
recording  weather  conditions  is  largely  the 
result  of  Improvements  devised  by  the 
Instrument  Division,  to  which  is  intrusted 
the  care  of  all  standards.  The  kites,  mete- 
orographs, self-registering  instruments,  and 
other  forms  of  apparatus  devised  by  the 
Weather  Bureau  are  favorably  known 
throughout  the  world. 

The  United  States  Government  does  not 
manufacture  the  instruments  and  apparatus 
employed  in  its  meteorological  work.  These, 
in  general,  are  purchased  under  formal  an- 
nual contracts  with  responsible  manufac- 
turers, from  whom  instruments  and  appara- 
tus of  the  standard  Weather  Bureau  patterns 
may  be  procured  by  private  parties. 

Forecasts  anil  Warninya. — The  extent  to 
which  the  work  of  the  Weather  Bureau 
affects  the  daily  life  of  the  people  and 
becomes  a  factor  in  their  vocations  and 
business  enterprises,  already  very  great,  is 
increasing  yearly.  Of  the'  warnings  men- 
tinned  those  of  storms  and  hurricanes,  issued 
for  the  benefit  of  marine  interests,  are  the 
most  valuable. 

Storm  warnings  are  displayed  at  nearly 
300  points  along  the  Atlantic,  Pacific,  and 
Gulf  coasts  and  the  shores  of  the  Great 
Lakes,  including  every  port  and  harbor  of 
any  considerable  importance,  and  so  nearly 
perfect  has  this  service  become  that  scarcely 
a  storm  of  marked  danger  to  maritime  in- 
terests has  occurred  for  years  for  which 
ample  warnings  have  not  been  issued  from 
twelve  to  twenty-four  hours  in  advance. 
The  reports  from  the  West  Indies  are  es- 
pecially valuable  in  this  connection,  as 
they  enable  the  Bureau  to  forecast  with 
great  accuracy  the  approach  of  those  de- 
structive hurricanes  which,  during  the  period 
from  July  to  October,  are  liable  1o  sweep  the 
Gulf  and  Atlantic  coasts.  The  sailings 
of  the  immense  number  of  vessels  engaged 
in  our  ocean  and  lake  traffic  are  largely 
determined  by  these  warnings,  and  those 
displayed  for  a  single  hurricane  are  known 
to  have  detained  in  port  on  our  Atlantic 
coast  vessels  valued  with  their  cargoes  at 
more  than  $:!0,OOO.OOO. 

The  warnings  of  those  sudden  find  destruc- 
tive temperature  changes  known  as  cold 
waves  are  probably  next  in  importance. 
These  warnings,  which  are  Issued  from 
twenty-four  to  thirty-six  hours  in  advance, 
are  disseminated  throughout  the  threatened 
regions  by  moans  of  Hags  displayed  at  reg- 
ular Weather  Bureau  and  sub-display  sta- 
tions, by  telegraph,  telephone  and  mall 
service  to  nil  places  receiving  the  daily  fore- 
casts and  to  a  large  number  of  special 
addresses  in  addition.  The  warnings  issued 
for  a  single  cold  wave.-  of  exceptional  severity 


and  extent  resulted  in  saving  more  than 
$3.500,000  through  the  protection  of  prop- 
erty from  injury  or  destruction. 

The  warnings  of  frosts  and  free/ing 
weather  are  also  of  immense  value,  particu- 
larly to  the  fruit,  sugar,  tobacco,  cranberry, 
and  market  gardening  interests.  The  early 
truck-raising  industry,  so  extensively  carried 
on  in  the  regions  bordering  on  the  Gulf  and 
South  Atlantic  coasts  and  in  Florida,  and 
which  has  increased  so  greatly  in  the  last 
few  years  is  largely  dependent  for  its  suc- 
cess on  tlte  co-operation  of  the  Weather  Bu- 
reau in  this  particular,  and  the  growers  of 
oranges  and  other  fruits  in  Florida  and  Cal- 
ifornia have  also  received  great  benefit 
therefrom.  The  value  of  the  orange  bloom, 
vegetables  and  strawberries  protected  and 
saved  on  a  single  liight  in  a  limited  district 
in  Florida  through  the  instrumentality  of 
warnings  of  freezing  weather  sent  out  by 
the  Bureau  was  reported  at  over  $100.000. 

The  commerce  of  our  rivers  is  greatly 
aided,  and  lives  and  property  in  regions 
subject  to  overflow  are  protected,  by  the 
publication  of  the  river  stages  and  the 
issue  of  river  and  flood  forecasts  based  on 
reports  received  from  about  500  special 
river  and  rainfall  stations.  On  one  occa- 
sion live  stock  and  other  movable  property 
to  the  estimated  value  of  about  $15,000,000 
were  removed  from  regions  in  the  lower 
Mississippi  Valley  that  were  afterward  in- 
undated, as  a  result  of  warnings  issued 
by  the  Bureau  a  week  in  advance  of  the 
flood. 

The  value  of  the  service  was  even  more 
strongly  emphasized  during  another  great 
flood  from  March  to  June  in  the  Mississippi 
watershed.  The  flood  in  the  upper  Missis- 
sippi watershed  was  one  of  the  greatest  in 
its  history,  while  in  many  portions  of  the 
lower  watershed  the  stages  were  the  high- 
est ever  known.  Yet,  notwithstanding  the 
enormous  volumes  of  water  the  forecasts 
and  warnings  were  accurately  verified,  both 
as  to  location,  stage  and  date.  Warnings 
were  issued  from  four  days  to  three  "weeks 
in  advance  and  in  no  single  instance  did  the 
stage  that  was  forecast  differ  from  that  ac- 
tually recorded  by  more  than  four-tenths  of 
a  foot.  The  average  difference  was  about 
two-tenths  of  a  foot.  The  value  of  prop- 
erty saved  by  the  Weather  Bureau  warn- 
ings could  not  be  accurately  computed,  but 
probably  exceeded  that  mentioned  in  the 
preceding  paragraph. 

Special  Benefits  Derirefl  from  Reports  and 
Warnings. — While  the  value  of  the  Bureau's 
reports  and  warnings  to  many  interests  is 
so  obvious  as  scarcely  to  need  more  than 
the  brief  mention  already  given,  there  are 
numerous  special  applications  of  the  infor- 
mation to  individual  pursuits  and  industries 
that  might  not  be  suspected.  An  account 
of  some  of  these  might  lead  to  an  in- 
creased use  of  the  data  in  quarters  where 
the  possibility  of  their  application  has  not 
yet  been  recognized,  and  additional  detail 
of  the  manner  in  which  the  information  Is 
utilized  in  a  number  of  enterprises  will 
doubtless  be  found  of  interest. 

The  railway  and  transportation  compa- 
nies make  continued  use  of  the  forecasts 
in  all  of  their  shipments.  Perishable  prod- 
ucts are  protected  against  temperature  ex- 
tremes by  icing  or  heating,  as  conditions 
may  require. 

The  uses  made  of  temperature  forecasts 
In  the  cities  are  more  varied  than  is  gener- 
ally supposed.  With  notice  of  an  appro.-ich- 
intr  cold  wave  greenhouses  are  closed  and 
boilers  fired.  Fire  pluirs,  exposed  water 
mains,  and  general  plumbing  nre  protects!  : 
large  stock  yards  drain  their  main*:  i'.-is-o- 
llne  engines  are  drained:  work  in  concrete 
is  stopped;  merchants  curtail  advertisements 


Encyclopedic  Index 


West  Indies 


or  direct  attention  largely  to  cold  weather 
articles;  coal  dealers  supply  partial  orders 
to  all  customers  Instead  of  full  orders  to 
a  few. 

In  the  agricultural  districts  the  frost  and 
cold  wave  warnings  are  invaluable  to  the 
trucker  and  fruit  grower,  especially  In  the 
spring,  when  tender  vegetables  are  pro- 
tected by  coverings  of  paper,  cloth  or  soil. 

Marine  Serricc. — Meteorological  Informa- 
tion pertaining  to  the  oceans  Is  collected 
from  about  2,000  co-operative  observers  on 
vessels  of  war  and  commerce  and  other  sail- 
ing craft.  Many  vessels  equipped  with 
wireless  telegraph  send  messages  twice  daily 
to  the  stations  at  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  and 
Portland,  Ore.,  for  use  In  the  forecast  work 
at  those  points.  The  data  thus  obtained 
are  platted  on  daily  synoptic  charts  for  the 
use  of  the  Hydrographic  Office,  of  the  Navy. 
Fight  stations  are  maintained  on  the  ocean 
coasts  for  vessel  reporting  and  the  announce- 
ment of  wrecks,  marine  disasters  and  other 
casualties.  In  one  year  these  stations  re- 
ported the  passing  of  more  than  30,000 
vessels. 

Kmployees. — The  conduct  of  the  regular 
observation  stations  outside  of  Washington 
requires  the  constant  services  of  about  530, 
and  the  business  of  the  central  office  in 
Washington  of  about  185  employees.  The 
annual  disbursements  of  the  Bureau  amount 
to  about  $1.000.000.  Original  appointments 
are  to  the  lowest  grades,  and  upon  certifi- 
cation by  the  Federal  Civil  Service  Com- 
mission :  promotion  depends  upon  ability. 
Applicants  for  positions  should  communicate 
with  the  Civil  Service  Commission  at  Wash- 
ington. 

Weather  Bureau: 

Discussed,  5979,  6171,  6347. 

Establishment   of,  in   Department   of 

Agriculture,  recommended,  5487. 
Weather-Map.  — A  map  issued  by  the 
Weather  Bureau  forecasting  weather  condi- 
tions by  such  indications  as  wind,  temper- 
ature and  other  elemental  phenomena.  (See 
Weather  Bureau.) 

Web-Foot  Country. — A  nickname  for  Ore- 
gon (<|.  v.).  (See  also  States)  ;  sometimes 
also  nicknamed  Beaver  State  and  Sunset 
State. 

Webster-Hayne  Debate. — A  debate  in  the 

Senate  in  1S.".0  between  Daniel  Webster  and 
Robert  V.  lla.vue  on  Constitutional  inter- 
pretation. 

Weehawken,  The,  engagement  of,  with 

the   Fiinjal,  referred  to,  3:592. 
Weeks  Law.    (See  Forest  Eeservatious.) 
Weighers  and  Gangers,  compensation  of, 

referred  to,  2723. 
Weights  and  Measures: 

International    bureau    of,    establish- 
ment of,  referred  to,  4437. 
International     commission    upon,    at 

Paris,  4560. 
International    movement    for    reform 

of  system  of,  referred  to,  3592. 
Obligatory  use  of  metric  system  of, 

referred  to,   4408. 
Referred  to,  166. 
Report     of     International     American 

Conference  on,  referred  to,  5513. 
Ret  of,  for  each  State,  1477. 
Uniformity  of,  necessity  for,  58,  60, 
75,  100,  561,  879. 
32 


Weldon  Railroad  (Va.),  Seizure  and  De- 
struction of.— June  21,  1  SGI,  during  Grant's 
operations  against  Petersburg  and  Rich- 
mond, an  attempt  was  made  to  capture  tho 
Petersburg  and  Weldon  Railroad,  an  im- 
portant supply  line  for  the  Confederate 
army.  The  Second  and  Sixth  Corps,  under 
Generals  Birney  and  Wright,  cut  the  tele- 
graph wires  three  miles  south  of  Petersburg, 
but  were  repulsed  with  a  loss  of  seven  guns 
and  many  prisoners.  Another  and  success- 
ful effort  was  made  on  Aug.  18,  1S(>4. 
Lee  had  drawn  heavily  from  his  forces  in 
Petersburg  to  resist  a  threatened  attack  on 
the  north  side  of  Richmond.  The.  Fifth 
Army  Corps,  under  (Jen.  Warren,  moved 
from  its  position  at  the  extreme  left  of 
Grant's  army  and  struck  the  railroad  four 
miles  below  Petersburg.  Mahone's  division 
of  Lee's  army  tried  to  force  Warren  back, 
but  he  held  his  position,  with  a  loss,  after 
three  days'  fighting,  of  4,54:5  men.  By  tho 
24th  seven  miles  of  railroad  were  destroyed. 
Aug.  25  the  Second  Army  Corps  and  Gregg's 
cavalry,  while  at  Reams  Station  dest roving 
the  railroad,  were  assailed.  The  lighting 
was  desperate  and  a  part  of  the  Union  line 
gave  way  after  losing  5  guns  and  2,400 
men,  three-fourths  of  whom  were  missing. 
Welland  Canal,  controversy  with  Can- 
ada respecting  tolls  upon,  discussed, 
5211,  5213,  5675,  5678,  5749. 

Eetaliatory   measures    proclaimed   by 

President  Benj.  Harrison,   5725. 
Referred  to,  5749. 

Revoked   by  proclamation,   5812. 

Settlement  of,  referred  to,  5869. 
West  India  Company.— In  1621  the 
States-General  of  the  United  Netherlands 
chartered  the  Dutch  West  India  Company. 
Among  other  important  grants  it  received 
from  the  Government  the  exclusive  right  of 
trading  with  a  large  part  of  the  coasts  of 
America  and  Africa,  planting  colonies 
building  forts,  employing  soldiers  and 
fleets,  u-aking  treaties,  and  attacking  the 
colonies  and  commerce  of  Spain  and  Portu- 
gal. This  company  planted  the  colony  of 
New  Netherlands  in  the  United  States,  as 
well  as  the  Dutch  settlements  in  Brazil. 
Guiana,  the  West  Indies,  and  on  t'he  Gold 
Coast  of  Africa,  in  1<>74  the  company  re- 
linquished New  Netherlands  to  the  Knglish. 
Its  powerful  fleets  took  many  rich  prizes 
on  the  coasts  of  Spanish  and  Portuguese 
America.  In  1024  the  projector  of  the 
Dutch  West  India  Company  obtained  a 
charter  from  Gustavus  Adolphus,  of  Swe- 
den, granting  special  trading  privileges  in 
America.  Under  its  auspices  settlements 
were  made  along  the  Delaware  Kiver. 
West  Indies. —  The  area  of  the  West  In- 
dies is  about  65,000  square  miles,  a  liltle 
more  than  half  that  of  tbe  United  King- 
dom. They  extend  from  about  27°  N. 
latitude  to  10°  N.  latitude.  There  are  three 
independent  republics — Cuba,  Haiti  and 
Santo  Domingo,  with  an  area  of  72.2OO 
square  miles  and  a  population  of  3,200,000. 
Islands  under  foreign  rule  are:  United 
States,  3,750  square  miles;  British,  2,3(K) 
square  miles  ;  Danish,  140  square  miles  ; 
French,  1,350  square  miles;  Netherlands, 
430  square  miles;  Venezuelan,  1)0  square, 
miles. 

The  Bahamas  consist  of  about  3,000  isl- 
ands and  reefs,  of  which  twenty  are  in- 
habited. There  is  practically  no  running 
water,  though  there  are  ample  underground 
supplies. 

South  of  Puerto  Rico  the  islands  form  a 
deeply  submerged  mountain  ridge  aepurat- 


West  indies         Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


ing  the  Caribbean  Sea  from  the  Atlantic 
Ocean.  Mont  PeleV  in  Martinique,  and 
the  Souffridre,  in  St.  Vincent,  have  been  the 
scene  of  disastrous  eruptions. 

West  Indies.      (See  also  Cuba;  Puerto 
Kico;    Denmark;    Danish   West   In- 
dies) : 

Cession  of  islands  in,  to  United 
States,  treaty  regarding,  3778, 
3779. 

Discussed,  3796,   3886. 
Commerce  of  United  States,  destruc- 
tion   of,   by    pirates    in,    discussed, 
765. 

Commercial  relations  with,  818. 
Armed  vessels  stationed  for  protec- 
tion of,  by,  1476. 
Naval  force  of  United  States  in,  6.10, 

875,  2677. 

Piracy  in,  758,  765,  984,  3777. 
Value  of,  as  7iaval  outposts,  discussed, 
3777.      (See  also  St.   John   Island; 
St.  Thomas  Island.) 
Vessels   from  Montserrat  Island,   du- 
ties on,  suspended  by  proclamation, 
4871. 
West  Point,  N.  Y.: 

Military  Acadamy  at.     (See  Military 

Academy.) 
Military  Department  of,  discontinued, 

4713. 

West  Virginia. — One  of  the  central  group 
of  states.  Nickname.  "The  Pan  Handle 
State"  ;  motto,  "Montani  semper  liberi" 
("Mountaineers  are  always  freemen").  It 
extends  from  lat.  37°  12'  to  40°  38'  north, 
and  from  long.  77°  40'  to  82°  35'  west,  an 
area  of  24.170  square  miles.  West  Virginia 
is  bounded  on  the  northwest  by  Ohio  (sep- 
arated by  the  Ohio  Hiver),  on  the  north 
by  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania  (separated 
from  the  former  by  the  Potomac),  on  the 
east  and  south  by  Virginia,  and  on  the  west 
by  Kentucky  (separated  by  the  P.ig  Sandy 
Kiver).  The  state  is  hilly  or  mountainous 
and  contains  abundance  of  timber  and  'coal, 
being,  in  fact,  one  of  the  leading  states  in 
the  production  of  the  latter.  Of  the  manu- 
facturing interests  the  iron  and  steel  in- 
dustry, confined  almost  entirely  to  Wheel- 
ing, is  the  most  important. 

West  Virginia  was  originally  a  part  ol 
Virginia.  When  that  state  adopted  the 
ordinance  of  secession,  April  17,  1801. 
many  of  the  people  of  the  western  and 
northwestern  parts  of  the  state  claimed 
that  they  were  not  to  be  bound  by  that 
action.  A  convention  was  called  in  1801, 
which  resolved  not  to  recognize  the  State 
officers  who  were  in  opposition  to  the 
National  Government.  This  convention 
elected  Francis  II.  Pierpoint  governor  of 
Virginia  and  called  a  legislature  to  meet  at 
Wheeling.  It  also  voted  to  erect  a  new 
state,  called  Knnawha,  and  the  legislature 
which  was  called  by  the  convention  voted 
to  recognize  the  new  state.  It  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  Union  as  the  State  of  West 
Virginia  June  1!),  1803  (page  3308). 

The  forest  area  of  West  Virginia,  esti- 
mated at  18,400  square  miles,  covers  73 
per  (rent,  of  its  surface. 

Statistics  of  agriculture  collected  for  the 
last  Federal  census,  place  the  number  of 
farms  in  the  State  at  90,085,  comprising 
10,020,442  acres,  valued  with  stock  and 


improvements,  at  $314,738.540.  The  aver- 
age value  of  land  per  acre  was  $20.05, 
against  $12.00  in  1900.  The  value  of  do- 
mestic animals,  poultry,  etc.,  was  $43.330.- 
073,  including  020.288  cattle,  valued  at 
$15.800.704  :  179,991  horses,  $18.583,381  ; 
11.717  mules,  $1.339,760;  328.188  swine. 
$2,087,392;  910,300  sheep,  $3,400,901,  and 
poultry.  $1,028.700.  The  yield  and  value 
of  the  field  crops  of  1911  was:  Corn.  707,- 
000  acres.  18.170.000  bushels.  $13.991,000; 
wheat.  238,000  acres,  2.737.000  bushels.  $2.- 
792,000;  oats.  110,000  acres,  2.420.000 
bushels,  $1.355.000;  rye,  17.000  acres.  187.- 
000  bushels,  $108.000;  potatoes.  44.0OO 
acres.  1,980,000  bushels,  $2.059.000;  hay, 
048.000  acres.  428.000  tons.  $8,560,000; 
tobacco,  15.000  acres.  11.250.00O  pounds, 
$900.000.  In  1910  the  State  ranked  second 
in  the  amount  of  coal  produced,  taking 
this  position  away  from  Illinois  on  account 
of  the  strike  among  the  mine-workers  in  the 
latter  state.  'Pennsylvania  is  the  only 
state  producing  more  coal  than  West  Vir- 
ginia. The  output  of  1910  was  Gl.071.uoo 
short  tons,  valued  at  $50.005.001.  The  out- 
put of  1911  fell  back  to  00,500,000  short 
tons.  The  state  revenues  for  the  fiscal 
year  1910-1911  were  $5,379.099;  expendi- 
tures, $5,183.410:  balance  on  hand  Sept. 
30,  1911,  $1.011.020.  The  property  valua- 
tion was  $1.119.828.173.  and  the  tax  rate 
84  cents  per  $100.  The  State  has  no 
bonded  debt. 

The  number  of  manufacturing  establish- 
ments in  West  Virginia  having  an  annual 
output  valued  at  $500  or  more  at  the  be- 
ginning of  1915  was  I'. 749.  The  amount  of 
capital  invested  was  $175.727,000,  giving 
employment  to  79.278  persons,  using  ma- 
terial valued  at  $110.033.000.  and  turning 
out  finished  goods  worth  $193.511'. OOO.  Sal- 
aries and  wages  paid  aggregated  $51.378.000. 

The  business  interests  of  the  state  suf- 
fered serious  losses  by  an  extensive  coal 
miners'  strike  in  1914,  and  state-wide  pro- 
hibition decreased  the  public  revenue  bv 
$1,125,000. 

West  Virginia  (see  also  Clarksburg) : 
Admission  of,  into  Union,  proclaimed, 

3368. 
Unlawful    combinations    in,   discussed 

and   proclamation   regarding,   4309, 

4424. 

Westcott,  Hampton,  lieutenant  in  Navy, 
nomination  of,  and  reasons  therefor, 
1126. 

Western  European  Division,  State  De- 
partment.—This  division  was  organl/ed  in 
1909  by  Secretary  of  State  Knox.  It  has 
charge  of  other  than  administrative  matters 
in  Great  Britain  and  Colonies,  France,  Hel- 
glum,  Spain.  Portugal,  Switzerland.  Norway, 
Sweden,  Morocco,  the  Congo,  the  Nether- 
lands, Luxemburg.  Denmark  and  Liberia. 
This  division  of  the  work  of  the  State  De- 
partment (q.  V. t  is  under  the  supervision 
of  the  third  assistant  secretary  of  state 
(q.  v.i. 

Western  Reserve. — The  charters  of  must 
of  the  original  Colonies  granted  territory 
extending  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific 
Ocean.  After  t'he  Revolution  the  unset  i  led 
western  portions  were  ceded  to  the  General 
Government.  When  Conned  lent  made  her 
cession  the  state  reserved  a  tract  of  land 
between  the  forty-first  parallel  of  latitude 
and  Lake  Krie  as  a  foundation  for  her 
school  fund.  It  extended  120  miles  west- 
ward from  the  Pennsylvania  boundary  line, 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Whisky 


and  contained  o, (566,291  acres,  afterwards 
included  in  Ohio.  An  act  of  Congress  in 
18OO  authorized  the  President  to  deed  to 
Connecticut  the  title  to  this  Western  Re- 
serve, to  quiet  titles  of  settlers,  on  condi- 
tion that  the  state  surrender  all  claims  to 
its  jurisdiction.  On  the  admission  of  Ohio 
as  a  state,  Connecticut  lost  all  interest  in 
the  territory.  The  tract  was  settled  largely 
by  Connecticut  people. 

Western  Territory,  instructions  to  gov- 
ernor of,  regarding  employment  of 
militia  against  Indians,  6306. 
Whale  Fisheries,  papers  for  vessels  en- 
gaged in,  referred  to,  1774. 
Whig.— A  name  taken  by  the  political  party 
in  the  American  Colonies  which  favored  the 
Revolution,  as  opposed  to  the  Tories,  who 
advocated  adherence  to  the  mother  country. 
The  name  was  lirst  used  in  Great  Britain 
to  designate  those  Scotch  Covenanters 
whose  rebellion  in  1099  led  to  the  fixlng^the 
name  upon  any  opponents  of  the  court.  The 
term  as  generally  used  in  America,  how- 
ever, refers  to  the  political  party  in  the 
I'nited  States  which  began  to  develop  to- 
ward the  end  of  John  Quincy  Adams's  ad- 
ministration, favoring  a  national  hank,  a 
protective  tariff,  a  system  of  internal  im- 
provements, and  in  general  holding  to  a 
latitudinarlan  construction  of  the  Consti- 
tution. They  were  at  first,  called  National 
Republicans,  and  those  who  opposed  them 
were  known  as  Democratic  Republicans. 
After  the  defeat  of  Adams,  in  1828,  Henry 
Clay  became  the  leader  of  the  National 
Republicans. 

The  party  took  the  name  of  Whig  in 
18:54,  and  in  18,'U!,  failing  to  unite  on  any 
candidate  of  their  own  for  the  Presidency, 
Martin  Van  Huron  was  elected  by  the  op- 
position. In  1840  the  Whigs  elected  Wil- 
liam Henry  Harrison.  After  the  death  of 
Harrison  they  quarreled  with  Vice-Presi- 
dent Tyler,  who  had  succeeded  Harrison 
as  President  and  had  vetoed  the  fiscal 
measures  passed  by  the  Wrhig  Congress. 
In  1844  they  nominated  Henry  Clay  for 
the  Presidency,  but  he  was  defeated  by 
.lames  K.  Polk.  The  annexation  of  Texas, 
the  Mexican  War,  the  Wilmot  Proviso,  and 
other  phases  of  the  slavery  question  caused 
serious  dissensions  in  the  Whig  party,  but 
they  preserved  their  power  for  another 
term  by  nominating  a  military  candidate 
in  the  person  of  Zachary  Taylor.  He  was 
elected,  but  the  disintegration  of  the  Whig 
party  had  begun. 

Many  of  the  northern  Whigs  became 
Free  Soilers,  and  by  1856  Republicans, 
while  many  temporarily  joined  the  Ameri- 
can or  Know-Nothing  party.  Large  num- 
bers of  the  southern  "Whigs  became  Demo- 
crats. The  factions  of  the  old  party  united 
and  nominated  AVinfield  Scott  for  Presi- 
dent in  1852,  but  he  was  defeated  by 
Franklin  Pierce.  A  small  number  of  Whigs 
formed  the  Constitutional  Union  party  and 
nominated  Bell  and  Everett  in  1860.  Be- 
sides those  already  mentioned,  the  chief 
leaders  of  the  party  in  the  north  were  wen 
Webster.  W7inthrop,  Choate.  Seward.  Gree- 
ley,  and  Weed ;  in  the  south,  Mangum, 
Badger,  Bell,  Berrien,  Forsyth,  Stephens, 
Toombs.  Prentiss,  and  Crittenden,  and  In 
the  west,  Giddings,  Ewing  and  Corwin. 

Whisky.     (See  Liquors — Malt,  etc.) 
Whisky  Insurrection. — A   revolt  against 

the  enforcement  of  a  Federal  excise  law  by 
the  people  of  four  counties  of  western 
Pennsylvania. 

The  first  bill  for  an  excise  law  was  beaten 
in  Congress  June  21,  1790.  The  project 


was  revived  the  following  year,  and  the  first 
excise  law  was  passed  March  .'5,  1791.  The 
Senators  from  Pennsylvania  were  instructed 
by  their  legislature  to  oppose  the  law,  "es- 
tablished on  principles  subversive  of  peace, 
liberty,  and  the  rights  of  citizens.  In 
Pennsylvania  the  law  was  violently  opposed 
by  one  Bradford  and  his  followers  and  con- 
demned by  more  peaceable  and  reflecting 
citizens,  following  the  lead  of  Albert  Galla- 
tin,  afterwards  Secretary  of  the  Treasury, 
minister  to  France,  envoy  extraordinary  to 
Kngland,  etc.,  and  William  Findley  and 
John  Smiley,  members  of  Congress.  Numer- 
ous meetings  were  held  to  protest  against 
this  law,  which  bore  with  particular  force 
upon  the  settlers  of  western  Pennsylvania 
because  of  their  isolated  position,  distance, 
from  the  seaboard,  and  the  scarcity  of 
money  in  that  region.  In  response  to 
repeated  protests  Congress  on  May  8,  1792, 
passed  an  act  reducing  the  duties  on  whisky, 
but,  on  account  of  the  threatening  attitude 
of  some  of  the  settlers,  empowering  the 
President  to  use  militia  in  suppressing  dis- 
turbances within  a  state,  the  agents  of 
the  Government  sent  to  collect,  the  excise 
having  been  maltreated  and  driven  from 
the  country  and  the  marshals  refused  office 
room  and  assistance  in  serving  writs,  Presi- 
dent Washington,  by  a  proclamation  of 
Sept.  15.  1792  (1lf>i.  called  upon  the  citi- 
zens to  abandon  their  unlawful  proceedings. 
Instead  of  complying,  resistance  to  the. 
service  of  writs  continued  and  the  officers 
were  tarred  and  feathered.  Aug.  1.  1794, 
a  mass  meeting  of  7.000  armed  insurgents 
was  held  on  Braddock's  Field,  a  county 
judge  presiding,  with  Albert  Gallatin  as 
secretary  and  Bradford  as  the  leading 
spirit.  An  emergency  had  now  arisen. 
Governor  Mifflin.  of  Pennsylvania,  having 
declined  to  take  the  initiative,  a  certificate 
of  the  existence  of  an  insurrection  was  ob- 
tained from  a  Federal  judge,  and  on  Aug.  7. 
1794,  President  Washington  again  called 
upon  the  insurgents  to  disperse  and  retire 
peaceably  to  their  homes  on  or  before  Sept. 
1.  1794  (150).  This  warning  was  unheeded 
and  was  followed  by  a  third  proclamation 
on  Sept.  25.  1794  (15.">).  A  requisition  for 
15.000  militia  was  issued  to  the  governor.! 
of  Pennsylvania.  Virginia.  Mary-land,  and 
New  Jersey.  A  Federal  commission  of  three 
and  a  State  commission  c\f  two  preceded  the 
troops  with  offers  of  amnesty  on  full  sub- 
mission. Bradford  urged  armed  resistance. 
Gallatin  counseled  submission.  Washington 
accompanied  the  troops,  which  were  in  com- 
mand of  Governor  Lee,  of  Virginia,  as  far 
as  Carlisle.  Alexander  Hamilton,  then  Sec- 
retary of  the  Treasury,  accompanied  the 
expedition  to  the  scene  of  disorder.  The 
troops  arrived  in  the  rebellious  district  early 
in  November.  After  giving  the  people  time 
to  obey  the  President's  proclamation.  Lee's 
force  arrested  many  of  those  who  failed  to 
accept  the  proffered  amnesty.  Bradford  and 
the  more  violent  leaders  escaped.  Those 
captured  were  tried,  convicted,  and  later 
pardoned  by  the  President.  The  first  show 
of  Federal  force  had  suppressed  the  insur- 
rection. (See  illustration  opposite  162.) 

Whisky    Insurrection    (see    also   Penn- 
sylvania, insurrections  in): 

Discussed,  154,  160,  162. 

Pardon  granted  insurgents,  173. 
Referred;  to,  176. 

Proclamations  against,  116,  150,  153. 
Whisky  Ring.— A  conspiracy  of  distillers 
and  United  States  officials  formed  in  St. 
Louis,  Mo.,  in  1872  to  defraud  the  Govern- 
ment of  internal-revenue  taxes.  By  1874 
the  ring  had  attained  national  proportions, 


Whisky 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


with  branches  in  Milwaukee,  Chicago,  Pe. 
oria,  St.  Louis,  Cincinnati,  New  Orleans, 
San  Francisco,  and  Washington.  Distillers 
who  refused  to  enter  the  combination  were 
trapped  into  technical  violations  of  the 
revenue  laws,  and  when  made  liable  to 
seizure  they  were  given  their  choice  be- 
tween ruin  and  surrender  to  the  ring.  The 
combination  became  so  powerful  that  When 
Secretary  Bristow  ordered  a  transfer  of 
supervisors,  which  would  have  thrown  the 
ring  into  confusion,  their  agents  at  Wash- 
ington procured  a  countermand  of  the  order 
from  President  Grant.  After  diligent  effort 
evidence  was  obtained  against  the  distillers 
and  revenue  agents.  Upon  this  evidence 
the  Government  seized  $:{. 500.000  worth  of 
property  and  procured  indictments  against 
2.38  persons.  It  was  shown  that  the 
Treasury  had  been  defrauded  of  $1,650,- 
000  between  July  1,  1874,  and  May  1,  1875. 
When  the  papers  were  laid  before  President 
Grant  he  indorsed  them  with  orders  to  "let 
no  guilty  man  escape."  The  most  im- 
portant convictions  were  those  of  John  A. 
Joyce,  special  revenue  agent  ;  John  Mc- 
Donald, supervisor,  and  William  O.  Avery, 
chief  clerk  in  the  Treasury  Department. 

White  House,  The. — The  site  for  the  erec- 
tion of  the  White  House,  or  the  "President's 
Palace,"  as  it  was  termed  on  some  of  the 
earlier  maps,  was  selected  by  President 
Washington  and  General  L'Enfant  when 
they  laid  out  the  city  of  Washington  in 
1702.  The  corner  stone  wag  placed  in  that 
year. 

The  plans  were  procured  by  competition, 
which  gave  the  award  to  James  lloban.  a 
distinguished  young  architect  from  Dublin, 
afterward  identified  for  many  years  with 
the  architectural  work  of  the  capital  city. 
P>y  the  architects  of  today  his  design  is  con- 
sidered to  surpass  anything  of  a  similar 
style  since  constructed  'in  this  country.  The 
White  House  was  so  called  after  the  home 
of  Martha  Washington  in  Virginia,  the  name 
being  particularly  appropriate,  because  of 
the  fact  that  the  free-stone  of  the  edifice  la 
painted  white. 

According  to  the  original  plan,  the  build- 
ing was  1(30  foet  long.  It  is  built  in  the 
Knglish  Renaissance  style.  The  North  and 
South  porches,  constructed  from  designs 
made  by  Latrobe  in  1803,  were  added  twenty- 
live  years  after  the  first  occupancy  of  the 
house  :  and  in  Jefferson's  time  and  under  his 
direction,  terraces  were  built  extending  150 
feet  east  and  west  of  the  mansion.  The 
West  Terrace,  enclosed  in  glass  and  other- 
wise disguised,  became  in  time  the  Conserva- 
tory so  dear  to  the  heart  of  the  Washington 
siL'ht-seer.  The  East  Terrace  was  removed 
about  the  time  of  the  Civil  War,  but,  hap- 
pily, both  of  these  were  restored  and  beau- 
tiii'ed  during  the  general  reconstruction  of 
the  house  in  1902. 

The  White  House,  when  President  Adams 
r-ame  to  take  possession  of  it  in  1800,  was 
neither  finished  nor  furnished,  and  its  sur- 
roundings were  rough  and  unattractive,  lit- 
tle or  no  effort  having  been  made  to  reclaim 
the  adjacent  country  from  muddy  and 
nigged  woodbind.  From  time  to  time  Con- 
gress made  small  appropriations  for  the 
adornment  of  the  Executive  Mansion,  and 
this  money  was  spent  more  or  less  wisely  by 
the  several  administrations  in  their  efforts 
to  make  the  official  residence  comfortable. 
ATI  appropriation  of  fifty  thousand  dollars 
was  made  to  President  Madison  after  the 
fir-  of  1*14,  during  the  occupation  of  Wash- 
ington by  the  British,  for  the  purpose  of  re- 
furnishing: but  despite  the  expenditure  of 
rnose  than  two  million  dollars  upon  the  fur- 
nishing and  decorating  of  the  building  dur- 


ing the  first  three-quarters  of  a  century  of 
its  existence,  it  contained  but  few  articles 
of  value  at  the  time  of  the  remodelling  un- 
der President  Roosevelt.  President  Roose- 
velt also  restored  the  official  title  "White 
House"  to  the  edifice,  which  had  been  called 
for  several  previous  administrations  merely 
the  "Executive  Mansion." 

It  was  originally  intended  that  the  public 
offices  should  be  separate  from  the  Presi- 
dent's home;  and  previously  to  1814,  the 
Executive  Departments  occupied  small  de 
tached  buildings  in  the  White  House 
grounds.  But  of  necessity  the  President's 
privacy  was  invaded  by  the  business  of  his 
office,  until  finally,  during  the  Civil  War, 
1'resident  Lincoln  set  aside  the  second  story 
of  the  East  Wing  for  official  business  pur- 
poses. This  invasion  limited  the  accommoda- 
tions for  comfortable  living  and  introduced 
a  degree  of  publicity  into  the  family  life  of 
the  Chief  Executive  which  was  far  from 
agreeable.  But  these  and  many  other  dis- 
comforts were  at  last  removed  i'n  190i'-3  by 
the  construction  of  the  new  office  building 
and  by  the  remodelling  of  the  entire  old 
building.  There  is  now  little  business  of  an 
official  nature  conducted  in  the  house  proper, 
and  the  East  Wing  has  been  reclaimed  for 
domestic  purposes.  With  the  exception  of 
the  outside  walls,  scarcely  any  part  of  the 
building  has  been  left  unchanged.  The  old 
flooring,  long  in  a  dangerous  condition,  has 
been  replaced  by  new.  supported  upon  steel 
beams.  The  latest  improvements  in  heating, 
lighting,  and  plumbing  have  supplanted  the 
old-fashioned  arrangements  tolerated  by 
many  administrations.  In  this  process,  it 
is  to  be  regretted  that  many  nooks  and 
crannies  of  historic  interest  have  been  ob- 
literated, but  it  is  comforting  to  know  that 
the  alterations  will  preserve  in  good  condi- 
tion and  for  a  much  longer  period  the  main 
structure  and  the  chief  beauties  of  the  old 
house. 

The  East  Room. — In  viewing  this  magnifi- 
cent apartment  it  is  difficult  to  realize  that 
it  was  at  one  time  used  by  Mrs.  John 
Adams  as  a  drying-room  for  the  family  linen. 
The  East  Room  was  not  finished  cintil  18o(i, 
and  a  bare,  bleak  place  it  must  have  been  in 
those  early  days!  In  former  times  state 
banquets  were  held  there,  hut  in  more  recent 
years  it  has  been  used  chiefly  for  public  re- 
ceptions. During  the  administration  of 
1'resident  Arthur  this  room  was  redecorated 
and  refurnished,  and  afterward  no  changes 
of  importance  were  made  until  1902.  when, 
with  the  rest  of  the  building,  it  underwent 
almost  complete  transformation.  Before  this 
period  the  walls  were  hung  with  historical 
portraits,  among  them  the  Gilbert  Stuart 
portrait  of  Washington,  saved  from  the  fire 
of  1814  by  Mrs.  Madison  ;  but  these  were 
removed,  as  were  also  the  pillars  and  beams 
of  the  old  room,  to  give  place  to  the  present 
beautiful  scheme  of  decoration.  The  walls 
and  ceilings  are  now  of  white  ;  the  spaces 
over  the  doors  and  windows  contain  low- 
relief  panels,  each  illustrating  one  of  the 
fables  of  JOsop.  The  ceiling  is  most  elabo- 
rate, but  of  delicate  design  ;  from  each  of 
its  three  panels  hang  the  splendid  cut-glass 
chandeliers,  which  have  taken  the  place  of 
the  former  larger,  but  less  artistic  ones. 
Four  beautiful  mantels  of  colored  marbles 
are  features  of  the  recent  remodelling.  The 
draperies  are  of  rich  yellow  silk. 

Tfic  mitp  Tfnnm. — Tt  Is  in  this  famous 
npartment  that  the  President  receives  his 
guests  upon  state  occasions.  The  room  is 
considered  the  handsomest  in  the  hou^e  in 
point  of  decoration,  and  also  in  its  beautiful 
proportions.  The  floor  is  n  fine,  highly  pol- 
ished parquetry,  and  the  walls  are  covered 
with  a  heavy  steel-blue  silk,  with  yellow  cm- 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Wichita 


broideries  at  the  celling  and  wainscot.  In 
the  pattern  of  tills  embroidery  and  in  the 

decoration  of  the  ceiling  and  «>f  the  window 
hangings,  tlie  star  is  used  with  graceful 
effect.  Each  of  the  three  windows  is  sur- 
mounted by  a  golden  eagle.  A  feature  of 
the  room  is  the  fine  marble  mantel  with  its 
supports  representing  sheaves  of  arrows 
tipped  with  gold  bronze.  When  receiving  in 
the  Blue  Room,  the  presidential  party  stands 
in  front  of  the  windows,  but  formerly  it 
occupied  the  north  end  of  the  room.  A 
heavy  rope  of  silk  encloses  a  passageway  for 
(lie  procession  of  guests,  who  must  pass  from 
the  Red  Koom  into  the  presence  of  the  host, 
and  thence  into  the  Green  Hoom.  This 
change  is  one  of  the  many  that  were  brought 
about  by  the  re-arrangement  of  the  entire 
premises.  During  the  administration  of 
John  Adams,  the  Blue  Koom  was  used  as  a 
sort  of  vestibule,  its  convenient  locution 
making  it  available  for  this  purpose. 

The  Red  Room. — In  oarly  times  this  was 
the  anteroom  to  the  Library  and  the  Cab- 
inet Koom.  It  adjoins  the  State  Dining 
Koom.  and  by  recent  changes  has  been 
turned  into  a  smoking  room,  except  when  it 
Is  required  for  service  on  receiving  days.  It 
is  then  used  as  formerly,  in  conjunction 
with  tlie  series  of  state  parlors.  Its  walls 
are  covered  with  dark  red  velvet  and  are 
hung  with  historical  portraits.  Its  marble 
mantel  is  one  of  those  which  formerly 
adorned  the  State  Dining  Koom, — the  other 
being  placed  in  the  Green  Koom. 

The  Green  Room. — In  previous  days  the 
Green  Koom  was  the  family  dining-room. 
The  present  Private  Dining  Koom  was  then, 
used  for  state  dinners.  As  in  the  Blue 
Koom,  the  walls  of  tlie  Green  Koom  are  hung 
with  velvet ;  here,  however,  the  color  is  an 
exquisite  silvery  green.  Some  of  the  orig- 
inal paintings  which  are  reproduced  in  the 
White  House  Gallery  of  Portraits  of  the 
Presidents  also  adorn  the  walls  of  this  room. 

fttate  and  Private  Dinlny  Rooms. — The 
State  Dining  Koom  was  enlarged  in  1002  by 
the  addition  of  a  corridor  from  which  the 
private  stairway  led.  This  necessitated  the 
removal  of  that  portion  of  the  stairs.  The 
room  now  measures  forty  by  fifty  fe.et  and 
will  accommodate  as  many  as  one  hundred 
guests  at  table.  The  walls  are  of  panelled 
oak,  and  the  window  draperies  of  heavy 
green  velvet.  Flemish  tapestries  of  the  six- 
teenth century  are  a  feature  of  the  room, 
which  is  further  decorated  by  trophies  of 
the  chase  in  American  hunting-grounds  ar- 
ranged around  the  beautifully  carved  cor- 
nice. The  furniture  is  of  red  mahogany ; 
it  includes  two  tables. — the  larger  crescent 
in  shape,  and  the  smaller  a  rounded  oblong. 

An  interesting  feature  of  the  furnishings 
of  the  State  Dining  Koom  is  the  complete 
service  of  china  and  cut  glass,  manufactured 
from  special  designs  made  exclusively  for  the 
White  House  and  selected  by  Mrs.  Roosevelt 
from  a  number  submitted  to  her  for  ap- 
proval. The  design  is  simple  but  rich  in 
effect,  and  the  china  is  of  the  purest  texture, 
the  whole  having  been  very  costly.  The 
glass,  which  includes  many  pieces,  is  of  the 
best  American  cut. 

The  Private  Dining  Room  has  been  re- 
modelled in  a  style  essentially  colonial,  with 
an  attractive  color  scheme  of  ivory  white 
and  red.  The  ceiling  is  domed  and  the  win- 
dow hangings  are  of  red  velvet.  The  fur- 
niture in  this  apartment  harmonizes  with 
the  general  plan  of  decoration,  it  also  being 
distinctly  colonial  in  design. 

T7ie  Library. — The  room,  which  is  oval  In 
shape,  is  situated  on  the  second  story  of  the 
Executive  Mansion  and  was  once  used  as  the 
President's  office,  but  is  now  converted  into 
a  private  sitting  room.  It  was  during  Presi- 


dent Flllmore's  administration  that  t'ie 
Library  was  first  planned,  an  appropriation 
being  made  for  that  purpose.  The  low  book- 
cases lining  (ln>  walls  contain  over  seven 
thousand  volumes,  principally  literature  of 
a  historical  and  classical  character,  and 
chiefly  of  Mrs.  Flllmore's  own  selection. 
She  greatly  deplored  the  lack  of  books  in 
the  White  House  and  urged  the  need  of  a 
more  extensive  Library.  However,  it  did 
not  progress  as  it  should  have  done,  and  is 
not  catalogued. 

The  Executive  Office. — From  the  time  of 
President  Lincoln's  administration,  the  busi- 
ness of  the  White  House  began  to  encroach 
seriously  upon  the  living  quarters.  Tlie  dis- 
comfort and  inconvenience  resulting  from 
this  combination  of  public  and  private  life 
under  one  roof — -and  that  a  roof  of  very 
limited  dimensions — had  long  been  realized. 
Plans  to  relieve  the  situation  were  occa- 
sionally brought  forward,  but  nothing  was 
accomplished  until  1002,  when  the  recon- 
struction of  the  entire  establishment  took 
place.  It  was  then  that  the  one-storle'd  and 
basement  building  was  erected  at  the  end  of 
the  West  Terrace  for  the  accommodation  of 
the  Executive  Offices.  The  architects  have 
placed  the  structure  most  effectively  in  its 
relation  to  its  surroundings.  It  contains  a 
Reception  Room,  the  President's  suite  of 
rooms,  tlie  offices  of  the  President's  Secre- 
tary and  Assistant  Secretary,  telegraph  and 
telephone  rooms  and  several  other  offices. 
The  building  is  comparatively  small  and  will 
probably  give  place  to  a  larger  one  in  the 
course  of  time.  (See  illustrations,  130, 
240,  288,  711,  823,  12:51,  1013,  0788.) 

White  Leagues  referred  to,  4251.     (See 

also  Klu-Klux-Klan.) 
White  Plains  (N.  Y.),  Battle  of.— After 

the  battle  of  Harlem  Heights,  in  which 
Washington  was  enabled  to  maintain  his 
ground  in  the  face  of  the  British  attack, 
Gen.  Howe's  war  ships  advanced  up  the 
Fast  River  and  landed  troops  at  Frogs  Point 
(now  Throggs  Neck).  His  purpose  was  to 
gain  a  position  in  Washington's  rear  and 
thus  cut  him  off  from  communication  with 
his  army  outside  of  New  York.  About  4. ()()() 
British  were  sent  to  dislodge  some  1.400 
Americans  who  were  intrenched  on  Chat- 
terton  Hill.  After  a  short  and  sharp 
skirmish  the  Americans  fell  back  in  good 
order  to  the  main  body  of  the  army,  having 
lost  but  little  more  than  half  as  many  as 
their  opponents.  The  American  loss  is  vari- 
ously stated  at  from  125  to  200.  while  the 
lowest  official  estimate  of  the  British  loss 
places  it  at  231.  The  following  night  Wash- 
ington retired  to  a  much  stronger  position 
about  five  miles  north  and  Howe  withdrew 
to  Dobbs  Ferry. 

White  Slavery.— A  term  applied  to  the  en- 
ticing and  incarceration  of  girls  for  immoral 
purposes.  Exposures  in  Great  Britain, 
France  and  the  United  States  led  to  an  in- 
ternational conference  in  Paris  in  1002, 
which  resulted  in  a  treaty,  afterwards  rati- 
fied by  nearly  all  the  civilized  governments. 
In  March,  1010.  Congress  adopted  what  was 
known  as  the  Bennett  Law,  making  the  im- 
portation of  women  for  immoral  purposes  a 
penal  offense,  and.  in  .Tune,  1910.  Congress 
adopted  what  was  known  as  the  Mann  Law, 
making  interstate  transportation  of  women 
for  immoral  purposes  a  penal  offense.  The 
constitutionality  of  the  Maun  Law  was  vig- 
orously attacked,  but  was  sustained  by  the 
Court. 
Whitehall,  N.  Y.,  proclamation  granting 

privileges  of  other  ports  to,  2540. 
Wichita  Indians.     (See  Indian  Tribes.) 


Wilderness          Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Wilderness  (Va.),  Battle  of.— The  rank 
of  lieutenant-general  was  revived  on  March 
2,  1804.  and  on  the  J>th  of  that  month  it 
was  conferred  upon  Gen.  Grant,  who  was 
given  the  command,  under  the  President, 
of  all  the  armies  of  the  United  States.  The 
plan  of  campaign  agreed  upon  between 
Grant  and  Sherman  was  to  make  a  simul- 
taneous advance  against  Lee's  army  in  Vir- 
ginia aud  that  of  Johnston  in  Georgia. 
Meade  was  left  in  control  of  the  army  of  the 
I'otoinac  and  Sheridan  placed  in  command 
of  the  cavalry  in  Virginia.  Gen.  B.  F.  But- 
ler was  made  commander  of  the  Army  of 
the  James,  consisting  of  38.C48  men  and 
'.to  guns.  May  4.  1X04,  Grant  crossed  the 
Kapidan  with  the  Army  of  the  Potomac, 
aggregating  on  May  1,  according  to  the 
report  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  120,380  in 
men  and  310  guns.  The  Ninth  Corps,  20,780 
in  nuinhor,  was  subsequently  added.  Lee 
lay  on  the  south  bank  of  the  Rapidan  with 
o:;.!)S4  men.  The  Confederate  position  was 
in  the  midst  of  a  wilderness  of  scraggy  oak, 
sassafras,  hazel,  and  pine.  It  is  a  region 
of  worn-out  tobacco  fields,  and  lies  directly 
west  of  t'he  battlefield  of  Chancellorsville. 
It  was  not  Grant's  intention  to  fight  Lee 
there,  but  the  Confederate  attack  early  on 
the  5th  compelled  it.  Lee  gained  ground 
in  the  two  days'  fighting.  The  battle  was 
a  bloody  bush  fight.  More  than  200.000 
men  fought  in  a  vast  jungle.  Grant's  loss 
amounted  to  over  20,000,  of  whom  5.000 
were  made  prisoners.  The  Confederate  loss 
was  about  10,000.  Grant  now  resolved  to 
turn  Lee's  left  flank  and  put  his  army  be- 
tween the  latter  and  Richmond.  On  the 
night  of  the  7fh  the  Federal  army  took  up 
the  march  toward  Spottsylvania  Court- 
I louse.  On  the  morning  of  the  8th  of  May 
the  men  of  the  opposing  forces  arrived 
almost  at  the  same  moment  at  the  Court- 
House.  Then  occurred  the  great  battle  of 
Rpottsylvania  (q.  v.).  (See  illustration 
opposite  3421.) 

"Wild  Cat." — The  currency  issued  by  a 
"Wild  Cat  Rank."  (See  "Wild  Cat  Bank- 
ing.") During  Jackson's  administration 
find  the  period  following,  up  to  the  insti- 
tution of  the  National  Bank  System  by 
Congress,  state  banks  and  private  banks 
issued  paper  money  with  but  little  security 
back  of  them — practically  mere  promises  to 
pay.  This  lack  of  soundness  and  stability 
in  the  banking  methods  of  the  time  worked 
great  injury  to  the  commercial  interests 
in  the  United  States,  and  greatly  retarded 
progress.  The  approbrious  name  "Wild  Cat 
Ranking"  w;is  applied  by  those  seeking  to 
ivform  the  banking  method. 

Wildfire,  The,  capture  of,  by  the  Mo- 
It  fiir]:,  3124. 

Wilkes's  Exploring  Expedition,  expen- 
ditures of  publication  of,  referred  to, 
3068. 

Willamette  Valley,  etc.,  Wagon  Koad 
Co.,  lauds  "ranted  to  Oregon  for,  re- 
ferred to,  46G5. 

William  I.,  Emperor  of  Germany,  death 
of,  referred  to,  5367. 

William,  The,  captured  with  African 
Tiefjroes  on  board,  3126. 

William  and  Francis,  The,  satisfaction 
to  be  allowed  by  Great  Britain  for 
detention  of,  2111. 

Williamsburg  (Va.),  Battle  of.— As  soon 

as  li    was  discovered  that   the  Confederates 

had    withdrawn    from    Yorktown     (May    5, 

1802,1,   a   column    was   sent   in   pursuit.      It 


came  up  with  the  retreating  rear  guard  at 
Williamsburg.  The  Confederates  'had  been 
reenforced  from  Johnston's  army  at  Rich- 
mond. Longstreet's  division,  having  passed 
beyond  the  town,  retraced  its  steps  to  resist 
the  attack.  Hooker,  of  Heintzelmau's  divi- 
sion, and  Smith,  of  Keyes's,  bore  the  brunt 
of  the  assault,  fighting  from  morning  till 
late  in  the  afternoon,  vainly  calling  for  re- 
enforcements.  The  arrival  of  Kearny's 
division  about  4  P.  M.  caused  the  Confed- 
erates to  retire  toward  Richmond.  The 
Federal  loss  was  2.228  men,  of  whom  4,~>0 
were  killed.  The  Confederate  loss  was  1,500, 
of  whom  288  were  killed. 

Williamson's  Parm  (S.  C.),  Battle  of.— 
One  of  the  minor  skirmishes  of  the  Revolu- 
tionary War  In  the  South  and  the  first  dis- 
aster  to  the  British  arms  after  the  capture 
of  Charleston,  July  12,  1780.  Capt  llouk. 
with  115  British  aud  Tories,  was  sent  from 
t'he  garrison  at  Rocky  Mount  to  collect 
militia  and  drive  back  the  Americans. 
Thomas  Sumter,  with  75  men,  surprised  and 
captured  them.  Capt.  llouk  was  killed  in 
the  fight. 

Wilmington,  The,  attempts  of,  to  si- 
lence batteries  at  Cardenas,  Cuba, 
6302,  6316. 

Wilmot  Proviso. — President  Polk,  in  a 
special  message  Aug.  8,  1846  (2309),  made 
a  request  of  Congress  for  money  to  adjust 
the  boundary  between  Mexico  aud  tlie  Unit- 
ed States  by  the  purchase  of  certain  Mexi- 
can territory  outside  of  Texas.  In  ac- 
cordance with  this  request  a  bill  was  in- 
troduced into  the  House  appropriating  i?2.- 
000,000  for  the  purpose.  David  Wilmot,  a 
Democrat  from  Pennsylvania,  offered  an 
amendment  w'hich  provided  "that  neither 
slavery  nor  involuntary  servitude  shall 
ever  exist  in  any  part  of  said  territory, 
except  for  crime,  whereof  the  party  shall 
first  be  duly  convicted."  This  was  the  Wil- 
mot Proviso.  The  bill  as  amended  passed 
the  House,  but  failed  in  the  Senate.  Karly 
the  next  year  another  bill  passed  the  House, 
appropriating  $3,000,000  for  the  same  pur- 
pose, with  the  Wilmot  proviso,  but  the 
amendment  was  omitted  in  the  Senate. 

Wilson,  Woodrow.— 1913-1917. 

Thirty-second    Administration — Democratic. 

Vice-President — Thomas   It.    Marshall. 
Secretary  of  State — 

William    Jennings    Bryan. 

Robert  Lansing. 
Secretary  of   the   Treasury — 

William   Gibbs   McAdoo. 
Secretary  of  War — 

Liudley  M.   Garrison. 

Newton  D.  Baker. 
Attorney-General — 

James  Clark  Mclteynolds. 

T.  W.  Gregory. 
Postmaster-General — 

Albert    Sidney    Burleson. 
Secretary  of  the  Xavy — 

Josephus    Daniels. 
Secretary    of    Interior — 

Franklin    Knight    Lane. 
Secretary   of  Af/ricultiire — - 

David    Franklin    Houston. 
Secretary   of   Commerce— 

William  C.   Redtield. 
Secretary   of  Labor — 

William  Bnuchop  Wilson. 
The  Democrat  ie  National  Convention  met 
In  Baltimore,  Mil.,  June  25,  lit!  2.  and  on 
July  G,  on  the  forty-sixth  ballol,  chose 
Woodrow  Wilson,  Governor  of  New  Jer- 
sey, as  the  nominee  of  the  party.  Other 
prominent  candidates  before  the  conven- 
tion were  Champ  Clark,  of  Missouri  ;  Jud- 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Wilson 


son  Harmon,  of  Ohio,  and  Oscar  W.  Un- 
derwood, of  Alabama. 

I'lutform.  —  The  convention  reaffirmed 
their  devotion  to  the  principles  of  Demo- 
cratic government  formulated  l>y  Thomas 
Jefferson  ;  declared  that  the  high  Repub- 
lican tariff  was  the  principal  cause  of  the 
unequal  distribution  of  wealth,  and  fa- 
vored immediate  downward  revision  of  the 
rates.  President  Taft  was  denounced  for 
his  veto  of  the  Farmers'  Free  List  bill, 
and  the  Hepublican  party  was  charged 
with  having  been  faithless  to  its  pledges 
of  1008.  The  people  were  appealed  to  for 
support  in  a  demand  for  a  tariff  for  reve- 
nue only.  Other  planks  declared  a  private 
monopoly  indefensible  and  intolerable ;  fa- 
vored enforcement  of  the  criminal  as  well 
as  civil  law  against  trusts  and  their  ofii- 
cials ;  prevention  of  holding  companies, 
of  interlocking  directors,  stock  watering, 
and  discrimination  in  prices:  legislation  to 
restore  to  the  Sherman  Antitrust  law  the 
strength  of  which  it  was  deprived  by  in- 
terpretation; the  unhampered  exercise  by 
the  slates  of  their  reserved  rights  ;  favored 
an  income  tax  and  the  popular  election 
of  Senators  ;  publicity  of  campaign  contri- 
butions; presidential' primaries  and  a  sin- 
gle term  for  the  President  ;  supervision  of 
railroad,  express,  telegraph  and  telephone 
companies;  opposed  the  establishment  of 
a  central  bank,  and  favored  t'he  revision 
of  the  banking  laws;  favored  rural  cred- 
its, and  national  aid  to  state  and  local 
roads  ;  equal  justice  to  capital  and  labor ; 
conservation  of  national  resources;  ex- 
empt ion  from  tolls  of  American  ships  on 
the  Panama  Canal  ;  fostering  the  growth  of 
our  merchant  marine  ;  independence  for  the 
Philippines;  establishment  of  a  parcel  post 
and  extension  of  rural  free  delivery. 

Opposition. — The  Republican  party  nom- 
inated President  Taft  for  a  second  term, 
and  Ex-President  Roosevelt  withdrew  from 
the  convention  and  became  the  nominee  of 
the  Progressive  Republicans.  The  Social- 
ists nominated  Eugene  V.  Debs,  the  So- 
cialist Labor  Arthur  E.  Reimer  and  the 
Prohibitionists  Eugene  W.  Chafln  for 
President.  A  notable  feature  of  the  cam- 
paign was  the  split  in  the  Republican 
party  caused  by  the  candidacy  of  Ex- 
President  Roosevelt,  who  was  extremely 
popular  with  the  people,  but  opposed  by  the 
politicians  and  some  leading  newspapers. 

Vote. — The  popular  vote  showed  Wilson 
6,293,019;  Roosevelt,  4,119,507;  Taft, 
,">.484,956  ;  Debs.  901,873,  and  Chafln,  207,- 
!>l!8.  The  combined  Republican  vote  of 
Roosevelt  and  Taft  (7,604,463)  being 
1. .".11. 444  more  than  the  vote  for  Wilson, 
thereby  showed  Wilson's  success  to  have 
been  due  to  the  split  in  the  Republican 
party.  The  popular  vote  of  Wilson  over 
Roosevelt,  however,  was  2,173.512.  When 
the  electoral  vote  was  counted  it  showed 
Wilson,  435  ;  Taft,  8,  and  Roosevelt,  88. 

Tariff. — April  8,  1913,  Wilson  convened 
Congress  in  extra  session  for  the  purpose 
of  revising  the  tariff  law  in  accordance  with 
the  "duty  laid  upon  the  party  at  the  recent 
elections''  (page  7871).  The  Sixty-third 
Congress  consisted  of  96  Senators,  of  whom 
f>2  were  Democrats ;  and  435  Representa- 
tives, of  whom  290  were  Democrats.  The 
tariff  bill  introduced  by  Mr.  Underwood,  of 
Alabama,  embodied  the  "essential  ideas  of  the 
Democratic  platform — that  duties  should  be 
imposed  primarily  to  produce  revenue  for 
the  government  without  thought  of  pro- 
tection, and  that  such  duties  should  be  es- 
tablished by  legislation  that  would  not  in- 
jure or  destroy  legitimate  industry.  One 
hundred  items  were  added  to  the  free  list, 
including  acids,  salt,  bread,  meat,  flour 
and  meal,  potatoes,  paper,  manufactures 


of  leather,  lumber  and  iron  and  certain 
machinery.  Duties  were  Imposed  on  sev- 
enty articles  previously  free. 

The  customs  receipts  for  1!»12  were 
$304,597.035,  which  was  an  average  of 
more  than  40  per  cent,  of  the  value  of  the 
imports.  The  estimated  receipts  under 
the  new  act  for  the  fiscal  year  were  $_:t;r,,- 
701,000,  an  average  of  less  than  30  per 
cent,  of  the  estimated  value  of  the  im- 
ports. It  was  predicted  that  the  deficit 
under  the  Underwood  tariff  would  reach 
nearly  $70,000.000.  (See  Import.  Duties.) 
To  make  up  the  deficiency  an  income  tax 
on  individuals  and  corporations  was  added 
to  the  law  by  authority  of  the  Sixteenth 
Amendment.  (See  Income  Tax.) 

Bills  were  passed  limiting  securities  is- 
sues, creating  a  trade  commission  and  ex- 
empting farmers'  and  laborers'  unions  un- 
der t'he  Sherman  law. 

Banking  Law. — The  National  Monetary 
Commission  in  1912  recommended  t'he  es- 
tablishment, under  federal  charter,  of  a 
central  reserve  bank  with  branches  in  fif- 
teen districts.  The  Democratic  ('(ingress 
rejected  the  principle  of  a  central  bank  and 
embodied  the  opposite  idea  of  decentraliza- 
tion in  the  Owen-dlass  Federal  Reserve 
Currency  law.  This  divides  the  country 
into  twelve  districts,  with  a  federal  reserve 
national  bank  in  each,  to  which  all  national 
banks  are  required  to  subscribe.  These  dis- 
trict banks  were  placed  under  the  supervi- 
sion of  a  Federal  Reserve  Board.  Besides 
a  general  banking  business,  authority  to 
Issue  currency,  make  loans  on  farming 
lands  and  an  elaborate  system  of  discount- 
ing were  notable  features  of  the  law.  (See 
Currency  Law.) 

Mexican  Revolution. — The  revolution  ex- 
isting in  Mexico  at  the  time  of  his  election 
attracted  the  early  attention  of  President 
Wilson,  and  In  a  special  message  of  Aug. 
27,  1913,  he  issued  a  warning  and  reassur- 
ance of  friendship.  He  refused  to  recognize 
Huerta  as  president  of  the  Republic  and 
sent  as  special  agent  John  Lind,  formerly 
Governor  of  Minnesota,  to  demand  imme- 
diate cessation  of  fighting  and  a  free  election 
with  Huerta  eliminated.  (Page  7885.) 

The  rebellion  in  that  country  continued 
and  led  to  abuse  of  Americans  and  other 
foreigners  and  the  destruction  of  their 
property  in  Mexico.  Finally,  in  April, 
1914,  following  a  series  of  flagrant  insults 
to  the  dignity  of  the  United  States  (page 
7934),  Wilson  ordered  the  occupation  of 
Vera  Cruz  by  United  States  forces.  (See 
also  Mexico.) 

The  early  months  of  his  administration 
were  marked  by  threatened  complications 
with  Japan  on  account  of  an  alien  land 
law  passed  by  the  State  of  California, 
which  Japan  claimed  was  in  violation  of  her 
treaty  with  the  United  States  (page  7875). 

Panama  Canal. — When  the  Panama  Canal 
was  nearing  completion  the  question  of  ex- 
empting American  shipping  from  tolls  be- 
came a  matter  of  wide  public  discussion. 
Great  Britain  held  that  such  exemption 
was  a  violation  of  treaty.  Mr.  Wilson 
asked  Congress  (page  7933)  to  repeal  the. 
exemption  clause. 

European  War  Situation. — The  first  duty 
of  the  President  upon  the  breaking  out  of 
hostilities  between  nations  friendly  to  our 
government  is  to  declare  American  neutral- 
itv.  This  duty  devolved  upon  Wilson  in 
1914,  and  was  promptly  performed.  The 
first  European  war  declaration  was  dated 
July  28,  1914,  and  on  August  4,  Wilson  is- 
sued a  proclamation  of  neutrality,  naming 
five  powers  (page  7969),  which  was  re- 
peated as  other  countries  became  involved. 
This  was  followed  on  August  18th,  by  an 


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Encyclopedic  Index 


Wilson 


appeal  to  the  people  at  large  (pane  7078), 
in  which  he  said  :  "It  will  be  easy  to  cx- 
cite  passion  and  difficult  to  allay  it.  Those 
responsible  for  exciting  it  will  assume  a 
heavy  responsibility ;  responsibility  for  no 
less  a  tiling  than  that  the  people  of  the 
United  States,  whose  love  of  their  country 
and  whose  loyalty  to  its  government  should 
unite  them  as  Americans  all,  hound  in 
honor  and  affection  to  think  first  of  her  and 
her  interests,  may  be  divided  in  camps  of 
hostile  opinions,  hot  against  each  other,  in- 
volved in  the  war  itself  in  impulse  and 
opinion,  if  not  in  action." 

In  September  the  German  Emperor  sent  a 
letter  to  President  Wilson  protesting  against 
the  use  of  dumdum  bullets  by  French  and 
English  troops.  The  French  President  de- 
nied I  lie  German  charge,  and  protested 
against  Germany's  offenses  against  the  laws 
of  nations.  A  commission  of  Belgians  sub- 
milted  charges  of  brutalities  against  the 
Germans.  These  efforts  on  the  part  of  the 
belligerents  evoked  only  assurances  of 
friendly  neutrality.  A  formal  offer  of  media- 
tion was  made  by  Wilson  and  formally 
acknowledged  by  the  warring  powers. 

In  his  message  to  the  Sixty-third  Con- 
gress at  its  second  session  Wilson  said 
(page  8015)  :  ''There  is  reason  to  fear  that 
the  time  is  near,  if  it  be  not  already  at 
hand,  when  several  of  the  countries  of 
Kurope' will  find  it  dillicult  to  do  for  their 
people  what  they  have  hitherto  been  always 
easily  able  to  do — many  essential  and  fun- 
damental things.  At  any  rate,  they  will 
need  our  help  and  our  manifold  services  as 
they  have  never  needed  them  before;  and 
we  shall  be  tit  and  ready,  more  fit  and 
ready  than  we  have  even  been.  .  .  .  Here 
are  the  markets  which  we  must  supply,  and 
we  must  liiid  the  means  of  action.  .  .  . 
We  have  the  resources,  but  are  we  fully 
ready  to  use  them?  And  if  we  can  make 
ready  what  we  have,  have  we  the  means 
at  hand  to  distribute  it?  We  are  not  fully 
ready,  neither  have  we  the  means  of  dis- 
tribution. .  .  .  To  speak  plainly,  we  have 
grossly  erred  in  the  way  in  which  we  have 
stunted  and  hindered  the  development  of 
our  merchant  marine.  And  now  we  need 
ships,  we  have  not  got  them."  This  was  in 
advocacy  of  t  lie  administration  measure  for 
a  government  owned  steamship  line,  but  the 
measure  failed  of  passage. 

Early  in  1915  a  British  Order  in  Council 
forbade  the  shipment  of  foodstuffs  to  Ger- 
many and  this  was  followed  by  Germany's 
declaration  of  a  war  zone  about  the  British 
Isles.  February  kith,  Wilson  sent  protests 
to  France.  Germany  and  Great  Britain 
against  the  interruption  of  neutral  maritime 
commerce  (pages  8055,  805!)).  Germany  re- 
plied with  an  offer  to  modify  her  orders 
providing  foodstuffs  in  neutral  vessels  des- 
tined for  the  civilian  population  of  Ger- 
many were  allowed  unmolested  passage  into 
German  ports  (page  8057).  The  allied  na- 
tions refused  to  accede  to  this.  The  inter- 
ference with  American  trade  by  the  Anglo- 
French  allies  and  the  menace  of  the  German 
war  zone  caused  much  uneasiness  in  the 
United  States,  and  Wilson's  diplomacy  was 
lint  to  a  severe  test.  (See  his  correspon- 
dence with  the  European  powers,  pages 
8435  and  following. 

One  of  the  first  effects  of  the  European 
war  was  the  collapse  of  the  financial  mar- 
kets. The  stock  exchanges  were  flooded 
with  securities.  The  Paris  Bourse  closed 
July  28.  followed  by  London  and  Xew  York 
on  the  31  st.  The  disorganization  of  foreign 
trade  caused  a  marked  decline  in  customs 
revenue,  the  deficit  in  August  amounting 
to  $10,(j29.538,  as  compared  with  August, 
1913.  Wilson  addressed  a  special  message 
to  Congress  recommending  a  war  revenue 


tax  (page  7980),  urging  immediate  pro- 
vision lor  raising  $100,000,000  additional 
revenue  through  internal  taxes.  "New 
revenue  musl  be  found,"  he  said  (page; 
7!)80),  "to  avoid  the  withdrawal  of  the  Treas- 
ury balance;  on  deposit  in  national  banks." 

The  tragic  sinking  of  the  British  steam- 
ship l.uxltitnia  in  the  war  zone  off  the  coast 
of  Ireland  in  May,  1915,  called  forth  an- 
other emphatic  protest  to  Germany  against 
the  submarine  operations  against  merchant 
vessels.  (Page  8002.) 

During  the  controversy  with  Germany 
over  the  safety  of  neutral  ships  on  the  high 
seas,  Secretary  of  State  Brvan  resigned 
from  the  Cabinet.  Kobert  Lansing,  of  New 
York,  the  ranking  ollicial  of  the  department, 
was  appointed  to  the  position.  The  Aus- 
trian Ambassador,  Duinha,  and  two  attaches 
of  the  (Jerman  legation  were  recalled  at  the 
request  of  the  Department  of  State,  and 
protests  were  repeatedly  made  to  the  bel- 
ligerent powers  against  interference  with 
American  shipping  and  attacks  upon  mer- 
chant vessels.  Germany  and  Austria  both 
agreed  to  respect  neutral  vessels  and  non- 
combatant  lives  so  far  as  possible.  Great 
Britain  continued  to  intercept  and  seize  all 
merchandise  which  might  be  useful  to  Ger- 
many, though  such  goods  were  consigned 
to  neutral  countries.  Mails  between  the 
United  States  and  European  countries  were 
also  held  up  and  examined. 

Unofficial  Advisors. — President  Wilson  ap- 
pointed, April  '2,  1915,  the  twelve  members 
of  the  Advisory  Committee  ou  Aeronautics 
authorized  by  the  naval  appropriation  act. 
The  appointees  are  to  serve  without  pay. 

Secretary  Daniels  June  4,  1915,  abolished 
the  system  of  Naval  Aids  created  by  a  Re- 
publican predecessor  in  office  and  substi- 
tuted a  council  to  be  known  as  the  Secre- 
tary's Advisory  Council,  to  be  composed  of 
the  Assistant  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  the 
Chief  of  Naval  Operations,  the  chiefs  of 
the  various  bureaus,  and  the  Commandant 
of  the  Marine  Corps.  The  new  Naval  Cabi- 
net will  meet  every  Thursday. 

An  Advisory  Board  of  sixteen  civilian 
American  inventors  with  Thomas  Edison  as 
chairman  was  announced  Sept.  12.  The 
board  was  made  up  chiefly  of  members  of 
scientific  societies  whose  members  deal  with 
those  branches  of  science  on  which  the  navy 
is  thought  to  depend  for  inventions. 

Treasury  Statement. — The  fiscal  year 
closed  June  30,  1915,  with  an  excess  of 
ordinary  disbursements  over  receipts  of 
$.'{5,81)4, 381,  and  an  excess  of  all  disburse- 
ments over  all  receipts  of  $04,165,410  in 
the  United  States  Treasury  (including 
Panama  Canal  expenditures).  Tlfe  total 
amount  from  income  tax  collected  during 
the  year  was  $79,828.0,75,  of  which  $30,- 
303,525  was  collected  on  the  last  day  of 
the  fiscal  year.  The  total  treasury  receipts 
for  the  year  amounted  to  $090,598,730.  as 
compared  with  $737,402.040  in  1914.  The 
total  disbursements  were  $700,702,147.  Thi> 
net  balance  in  the  general  fund  at  the  close 
of  the  fiscal  year  was  $82. 025. 71 0.  The  re- 
turns for  the  last  day  of  the  fiscal  year 
greatly  changed  the  financial  condition. 
The  receipts  for  June  30  were  $44,715.151, 
of  which  $800,230  was  from  customs,  $7,- 
409,581  was  from  ordinary  internal  reve- 
nue ;  $30.303.525  was  from  income  tax, 
and  881,809  was  from  miscellaneous  sources. 
The  reduction  in  the  deficit  was  caused  by 
the  large  collection  of  income  tax  during 
the  year.  This  satisfactory  condition,  it 
was  said,  was  largely  due  to  the  fact  that 
the  income  tax  came  up  to  the  estimate  ot 
$80,000.000  made  by  the  Commissioner  of 
Internal  Revenue.  This  sum  was  sufficient 
to  cover  the  large  falling  off  in  the  cus- 


Wilson 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


toms  revenues  due  to  the  cutting  off  of 
imports  because  of  the  European  war.  In- 
ternal revenue  for  the  year,  including  the 
special  war  tax,  amounted  to  ?;>.'55.82S,o77, 
as  against  an  estimate  of  $359,000,000  and 
receipts  a  year  ago  of  !?380.013.000.  Cus- 
toms for  the  year  totaled  $209,208,107,  as 
against  an  estimate  of  $220.000,000  and  re- 
ceipts a  year  ago  of  $292,128.527. 

Foreign  delations. — During  the  years 
1915  and  1910  President  Wilson  was  kept 
busy  with  diplomatic  correspondence  relating 
to  the  protection  of  American  persons  and 
property  at  sea  from  attacks  by  Gorman 
l'-lH>ats*  and  the  interference  with  United 
States  mails  by  British  cruisers,  and  the 
blacklisting  of  American  merchants.  His 
principal  notes  and  correspondence  ou  these 
questions  are  to  be  found  between  pages 
8055  and  8081. 

The  vexatious  condition  of  affairs  in  Mex- 
ico caused  Wilson  to  revoke  the  order  of 
1'resideut  Taft  forbidding  the  exportation 
of  arms  and  munitions  to  that  country. 
(Page  7929.)  It  was  thought  that  by  en- 
couraging the  Carranza  faction,  which 
seemed  to  be  predominant,  that  peace  and 
order  might  sooner  be  restored.  Carranza 
proved  unable  to  pacify  the  turbulent  rebels, 
and  after  an  incursion  by  Villa  bandits  into 
>Xew  Mexico  and  a  fatal  raid  on  Columbus, 
V>'ilson.  by  agreement  with  Carranza.  dis- 
patched a  punitive  expedition  into  Mexico 
to  capture  Villa.  (See  Mexico.)  This 
proved  futile,  and  additional  recruits  fail- 
ing to  respond  to  the  authorized  increase  in 
the  army  (page  81  •"•(>.).  President  Wilson. 
June  18^  1910,  called  out  the  militia  of 
forty-four  states  to  protect  the  border  line 
between  the  two  republics.  This  was  fol- 
lowed during  August  by  the  appointment  of 
a  joint  commission  of  Mexicans  and  Ameri- 
cans to  settle  the  differences  between  the 
two  countries. 

Wilson's  protests  against  attacks  by  Ger- 
man U-boats  upon  unarmed  merchantmen 
without  warning  and  without  providing  for 
the  safety  of  passengers,  drew  from  Ger- 
many a  pledge  to  modify  her  ruthless  war- 
fare on  the  high  seas.  (Page  8127.)  His 
protests  to  Great  Britain  against  the  seizure 
of  American  mails  and  the  blacklisting  of 
American  merchants  elicited  a  document 
justifying  Britain's  course.  (Page  8105.) 

J'rciinrcdni'KK. — President  Wilson's  speeches 
on  preparedness  were  the  most  widely  dis- 
cussed of  any  of  his  utterances  with  the  pos- 
sible exception  of  his  notes  to  Germany.  In 
his  tour  of  the  middle  west,  ending  February 
4,  191(5,  he  frequently  spoke  of  the  possibility 
of  this  country's  being  drawn  into  the  world 
war.  At  Pittsburgh  he  announced  that  "new 
circumstances  have  arisen  which  make  it 
necessary  for  America  to  defend  itself." 
At  Cleveland  he  uttered  this  ominous  note, 
of  warning:  "We  Uave  interests  that  are 
being  slowly  drawn  into  the  maelstrom  of 
this  tremendous  upheaval."  In  Milwaukee 
lie  declared  that  "there  may,  at  any  mo- 
ment, come  a  time  when  1  cannot  preserve 
both  the  honor  and  the  peace  of  the  United 
States."  lie  told  his  Chicago  hearers  that 
"no  man  can  competently  say  whether  the 
United  States  will  be  drawn  into  the  struggle 
or  not."  The  people  of  Topeka.  Kansas, 
heard  him  say  that  America  "is  not  going  to 
abide  the  habitual  and  continued  neglect  of 
the  rights  of  her  citizens,  even  though  it 
might  be  necessary  to  use  force  to  vindicate 
them."  And  in  Kansas  City  he  said  that  for 
the  first  time  in  the  history  of  the  nation  the 
railroads  were  being  called  In  council  to 
make  effective  for  military  purposes  the 
arteries  of  the  country,  arid  business  men 
were  l*'ing  consulted  upon  the  use  to  IK> 
made  in  the  event  of  war  of  the  nation's 
resources.  In  Des  Moines  he  took  issue  both. 


with  the  men  who  are  "preaching  war"  and 
with  the  extreme  pacifists.  The  pacifists, 
he  said,  were  making  a  fundamental  mis- 
take, "not  about  the  sentiment  of  America, 
but  about  the  circumstances  of  the  world." 
All  of  America's  dangers  "come  from  the 
contacts  with  the  rest  of  the  world :  and 
those  contacts  are  going  to  be  largely  deter- 
mined by  other  nations  and  "not  by  our- 
selves." His  St.  Louis  audience  was  told 
that  this  country  should  have  the  greatest 
navy  in  the  world. 

Great  crowds  greeted  the  President  every- 
where, and  press  reports  agreed  that  there 
was  much  enthusiasm,  even  in  St.  Louis  and 
Milwaukee,  where  the  large  pro-German  ele- 
ments were  believed  to  be  strongly  against 
increased  military  preparations.  Iij  Topeka 
the  enthusiasm  "was  less  than  elsewhere, 
although  the  crowds  were  large.  One  result 
of  the  tour  was  to  stir  up  political  interest, 
despite  the  fact  that  politics  was  not  men- 
tioned. A  few  days  after  the  tour  ended  the 
President  gave  formal  permission  for  the 
use  of  his  name  on  the  Ohio  ballot,  which 
was  tantamount  to  a  declaration  that  he 
was  in  the  race  for  re-election. 

Peace  Proposals. — President  Wilson  in  a 
speech.  May  27,  1910,  before  the  League  to 
Enforce  Peace,  held  in  Washington,  outlined 
in  general  terms  the  basis  on  which  the 
United  States  would  undertake  to  suggest 
or  initiate  a  movement  for  peace  in  Europe 
as  follows  :  First,  such  a  settlement  with 
regard  to  their  own  immediate  interests  as 
the  belligerents  may  agree  upon.  We  have 
nothing  material  of  any  kind  to  ask  for  our- 
selves and  are  quite  aware  that  we  are  in 
no  sense  or  degree  parties  to  the  present 
quarrel.  Our  interest  is  only  in  peace  and 
its  future  guarantees.  Second,  a  universal 
association  of  the  nations  to  maintain  the 
inviolate  security  of  the  highway  of  the  seas 
for  the  common  and  unhindered  use  of  all 
the  nations  of  the  world  and  to  prevent  any 
war  begun  either  contrary  to  treaty  coven- 
ants or  without  warning  and  full  submission 
of  the  causes  to  the  opinion  of  the  world — 
a  virtual  guarantee  of  territorial  integrity 
and  political  independence. 

Finally,  in  December,  11)10.  President  Wil- 
son sent  a  formal  note  to  each  of  the  Euro- 
pean belligerents  suggesting  that  tentative 
peace  terms  be  submitted  by  each,  to  the 
end  that  an  agreement  might  be  reached. 
This  note  will  be  found  in  substance  in  the 
article  European  War,  in  the  Encyclopedic 
Index. 

Rf-clrction. — President  Wilson  was  form- 
ally notified  of  his  renomination  for  tins 
Presidency  before  a  throng  of  fifteen  thou- 
sand at  Shadow  Lawn,  Long  Branch.  N.  .1.. 
September  2,  1910,  and  in  his  acceptance 
said  the  Democrats  would  stand  ou  their 
record  of  progressive  achievements. 

In  the  lirst  speech  of  bis  campaign  for 
re-election.  President  Wilson,  September  23, 
declared  that  the  interests  of  the  public 
justified  the  enactment  of  the  Adamson 
eight-hour  law  to  avert  the  railroad  strike. 
(See  Railroads.)  In  the  course  of  bis  ad- 
dress. September  .'!().  at  Shadow  Lawn,  Pres- 
ident Wilson  charged  : 

That  Republican  victory  meant  embroil- 
ing the  nation  in  the  European  war:  That 
the  Republicans  represent  the  vested  inter- 
ests in  .Mexico;  That  the  political  use  mado 
of  foreign  affairs  is  hampering  negotiations 
with  other  nations  of  great  moment,  includ- 
ing those  with  Mexico;  That  "those  who 
want  to  inject  into  our  politics  the  politics 
of  Europe"  are  behind  the  Republican  party  ; 
That  Mark  Manila's  lieutenants  are  back  in 
power  in  the  G.  <  t.  p.  He  made  a  strong 
bid  for  the  Progressive  vote. 

The   result   of    the    1910   election    showed 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Wilson 


the  Prrsldent  a  popular  choice  by  a  small 
plurality.  (See  Presidential  Elections.) 

Mexican  Policy. — In  Mexico  Wilson  has 
been  actuated  by  a  keen  feeling  for  the  rights 
of  man.  lie  has  conceded  to  the  Mexican 
people  every  opportunity  consistent  with 
due  respect  for  the  rights  of  the  rest  of 
the  world  to  work  out  their  own  problems 
in  their  own  way.  In  translating  his  con- 
victions into  action,  however,  he  has  fallen 
into  serious  inconsistencies.  lie  has  wav- 
ered between  impulsive  action  and  passive 
drifting.  He  brought  the  United  State  to 
the  verge  of  war  through  a  demand  for 
reparation  which,  after  all,  was  never 
granted.  lie  seized  the  custom  house  and 
city  of  Vera  Cruz  at.  a  cost  of  seventeen 
American  dead  in  order  to  prevent  the  land- 
ing of  arms  which,  a  few  days  later,  were 
quietly  disembarked  at  another  port  with- 
out a  shadow  of  protest.  The  exhaustion 
of  one  faction  and  the  encouragement  of 
the  other  by  open  show  of  sympathy  on  the 
part  of  the  United  States  (see  page  8090) 
linally  led  to  the  recognition  of  Carranza 
as  provisional  President  of  Mexico. 

The  recognition  of  Carranza,  after  two 
years  of  inaction,  defended  by  Mr.  Wilson 
as  "watchful  waiting,"  led  to  the  belief 
that  at  last  the  right  man  had  been  found 
to  head  an  effective  government.  The  man 
the  administration  had  been  watching  and 
the  time  it  awaited  had  arrived.  No  fur- 
ther proof  of  Carranza's  ability  to  pacify 
the  rebellious  tribesmen  was  given  than  the 
determination  of  the  United  States  to  con- 
sider him  responsible  for  the  preservation 
of  order.  This  was  not  even  strong  enough 
to  induce  the  administration  to  rescind  the 
warning  it  had  issued  to  all  Americans  to 
keep  out  of  Mexico,  or  enter  at  their  peril. 

January  11,  191(>,  a  party  of  American 
and  Knglish  mining  engineers  and  workmen 
left  Chihuahua  for  Ciisihuiriachi  to  resume 
operations  on  the  Kansas  City  Smelting 
and  Mining  Company's  mines,  owned  by 
American  capitalists.  When  about  fifty 
miles  west  of  Chihuahua  the  train  was 
waylaid  by  bandits  and  robbed,  and  nine- 
teen Americans  were  taken  off  and  mur- 
dered. The  administration  immediately 
demanded  of  Carranza  the  apprehension  and 
punishment  of  the  outlaws,  and  members  of 
Congress  demanded  intervention  in  Mexico 
to  protect  Americans  and  other  foreigners. 

The  interval  between  the  last  session  of 
the  Sixty-third  and  the  opening  of  the 
Sixty-fourth  Congress  was  one  of  much 
anxiety  to  the  country.  The  revolution  in 
Mexico  dwindled  into  insignificance  in  com- 
parison with  the  war  in  Kurope.  Efforts 
were  made  at  home  and  abroad  to  involve 
the  United  States  in  the  almost  universal 
conflict.  Calm  restraint  of  the  clamorous 
.lingoes,  who  demanded  action  by  the  United 
States  over  every  incident  of  the  war  that 
they  could  magnify  into  national  insult  or 
injury,  coupled  with  the  magnanimous  spirit 
of  conciliation  shown  by  certain  of  the 
belligerents,  kept  the  country  neutral,  at 
least  officially.  The  manufacture  of  arms 
and  ammunition  and  the  shipment  of  war 
supplies  to  the  Anglo-French  allies  had 
grown  to  such  proportions  as  to  call  forth 
a  protest  from  the  Austrian  Government. 
Large  fortunes  were  being  made  in  war  sup- 
plies and  by  trading  in  the  stocks  of  the 
companies  manufacturing  them.  Partisans 
of  the  Teutonic  powers  demanded  an  em- 
bargo on  war  material,  and  when  the  Sixty- 
fourth  Congress  convened  bills  for  this  pur- 
pose were  introduced. 

Rational  Defense.- — In  an  address  wel- 
coming the  Naval  Advisory  Board  to  the 
White  House.  Oct.  7,  1915,  Mr.  Wilson 
committed  himself  more  definitely  to  a 


strong  national  defense  policy  than  at  any 
time  previously.  "The  country  has  aban- 
doned nothing  of  its  ideals  of  peace,"  said 
he,  "lnit  it  is  well  aware  that  it  must  com- 
mand the  respect  of  the  world.  In  formu- 
lating a  national  defense  programme  the 
Government  is  working  not  to  change  any- 
thing in  America  but'  to  safeguard  every- 
thing in  America."  (Page  SOT",  i  In  Us 
speech  at  the  I'iltmorc  ilotel,  in  New  York. 
Nov.  5th,  lie  declared  solemnly  that  tne 
United  States  had  no  aggressive  purposes, 
but  must  be  prepared  ID  defend  itself  and 
retain  "full  liberty  and  self-development."' 
(See  page  SON:!.) 

President  Wilson  was  married  in  Wash- 
ington Dec.  IS.  lii]r>,  to  Mrs.  Norman  Gait, 
widow  of  a  business  man  of  that  city  who 
had  died  eight  years  before, 

Wilson,  Woodrow: 
Addresses — 

Annual     to     Congress,     7906,     8015, 

8102,  8183. 

To  his  fellow-countrymen,  8242. 
To    meeting    of    Committee    on    L;i- 
bor  of  the  Advisory  Commission 
of   the   Council   of    National    De- 
fense,  8248. 

To   States'   Defense   Council,   8247. 
Aeroplane,    American    vessel    Cushiiiy 

attacked  by,  8062. 

Aggressive  Christianity  discussed,  7995. 
Agriculture — 

Allowed    to    languish    for    lack    of 

credit,  7908. 

Cause  of  inefficiency  in,  7870. 
Commission  to  study  credits  abroad, 

7909. 

Credit  facilities  not  afforded,   7870. 
Credit      on      substantial      resources 

needed,  7908. 

Agriculture,  Department  of — 
Activities  of,  7909. 
Importance  of,  to  whole  world,  8037. 
Agriculture,  Secretary  of — 

Sheep  experiment  station  established 

by,  8101. 
Alaska — 

Coast  line  charts  urged  for,  8019. 

Development   of,   7912. 

Lands  in,  set  aside  for  naval  radio 

stations,  8215. 
Kegulations    for    sale    of    lands    in, 

8171. 

Eesources  of,  opened  up,  8152. 
Territorial   government   for,   7911. 
Withdrawal  of  towusite,  8005. 
Alien  enemies,   regulations  for,   8236. 
Alien  land  law,  California  's,  7873. 
Changes  in  wording  to  avoid  offense, 

7876. 

Protest  against,  7875. 
Alien  land  laws,  federal  and  state,  dis- 
cussed by  Gov.  Johnson,  7874. 
Aliens — 

Appointment  of,  to  Civil  Service 
when  no  citizens  are  available, 
7959. 

Discussed,  8086. 
Intrigues  of,  denounced,  8154. 


Wilson 


Messages  and  Papers  of  tlie  Presidents 


Allegiance    to    America,     meaning    of, 

8066,  8087. 
America     the     servant      of      mankind, 

8034. 
American  allegiance,  meaning  of,  8066, 

8087. 
Citizens  in  Europe,  relief  for,  7961, 

7962. 

Registration  of,  8177. 
Patriotism,  principles  of,  7952. 
American   Republics — 
Attitude  toward,  8103. 
Cooperation     for    national     defense, 

8104. 

Mutual  understanding  among,  8071. 
Anconn,  protest  to  Austria  on  sinking 

of,  8117,  8120. 
Reply  to,  8118. 
Anti-Trust  Law — 

Clarified  by  definition,  8151. 
Individual  suits  against  trusts  based 
on    findings    in   government   cases, 
7918. 

Legislation  needed  to  clarify,  7910. 
Uncertainty    of,    hampers    business, 
7916. 

Appointment  of  aliens  to  federal  post, 
8175. 

Arbitration  of  pecuniary  claims,  con- 
vention with  South  and  Central 
American  Republics  for,  7982. 

Arbitration,  failure  of  in  railroad  dis- 
pute, 8145,  8184. 

Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  combining 
national  forests  in,  7987. 

Arkansas,  unlawful  assemblages  in,  or- 
dered to  disperse,  801.3. 

Arlington  Cemetery,  unveiling  of  Con- 
federate statue  in,  7948. 

Arms    and    munitions,    export    of,    to 

Mexico — 
For    fie    facto    government    allowed, 

8091. 

Forbidden,  7888,  8089. 
Permitted   by   proclamation,   7929. 

Arms,  carrying  of,  in  Canal  Zone,  7903. 

Army — 

Aero  squadron  for,  8106. 
Division   sent   abroad,  8253. 
Increase  in  strength  of — 
Ordered,  8172. 
Recommended,  8105. 

Army  and  Navy,  asking  authority  to 
use  in  Mexico,  7934 

Assemblages,  unlawful,  in  Arkansas, 
ordered  to  disperse,  8013. 

Associated  Press,  serious  responsibility 
of,  8051. 

Associations,  inspection  of  returns  of, 
7900. 

Austria — 

Peace  overtures  from,  8189. 
Protest    to,    on    sinking    of    Ancona, 
8117,   8120. 


Reply  of,  to  note  on  sinking  of  An- 

cona,  8118. 

Bandits,  pursuit  of,  into  Mexico,  8155. 
Banking  and  currency — 
Antiquated  system  of,  7869. 
Elasticity  in,  secured,  8151. 
Federal  Reserve  Act,  effect  of,  8026. 
Legislation  recommended,  7879. 
Reform  of,  urged,  7908. 
Bar  Association  address,  7991. 
Barry,  Commodore,  unveiling  of  statue 

of,  7942. 

Battleships,    programme    of    construc- 
tion of,  8107. 

Bennet  resolution,  reply  to,  8120. 
Biography  of,  7867. 
Birds,  migratory,  regulations  for  pro- 
tection of,  7895,  7986. 
Native,   reservation    for,   established 

on  Smith  Island,  7959. 
Black-listing    of    American    firms    by 
Great     Britain,     protest     against, 
8143. 

British  reply  to,  8178. 
Bonds,    Panama    Canal,    available    for 

other  purposes,  8112. 
Business — 

Advantages    of    Chambers    of    Com- 
merce, 8036. 

Conditions    of,   should    be   best   pos- 
sible, 8036. 

Co-operative   effort    necessary,    8036. 
Government's    assistance    to,     8037, 

8151. 
Interests,  not  to  be  kept  in  suspense, 

7871. 

Interference  with,  discussed,  8038. 
Regulation      programme      complete, 

8015. 

Safe  maxim  for,  8033. 
Cabinet   of,  see  illustration   opposite, 

78S8. 

Cabrillo  national  monument,  7901. 
California — 

Alien  land  law  of,  7873. 
Prptest  against,  7875. 
Canal  Zone — 

Appointment    and    compensation     of 

employees  in,  7924. 
Carrying  of  arms  in,  7903. 
Chinese  excluded  from,  8213. 
Costs  in  civil  cases  in,  security  for, 

7964. 

Corrupt  influencing  of  agents  or  em- 
ployees in,  forbidden,  7918. 
Employment  conditions  in,  7923. 
Fines  for  dishonest  service  in,  7963. 
Fire-hunting  at  night  in,  forbidden, 

7919. 

Gambling  law  in,  amended,  7988. 
Government  and  sanitation  of,  7920. 
Health  department  of,  7921. 
Money   orders   in,    interest   on,   8140. 
Neutrality  of,  proclaimed,  8008. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Wilson 


Postal    crimes    in,    punishment    for, 

7964. 

Quarantine  regulations  for,  7966. 
Kate  of  interest  on  money  in,  7905. 
Vessels  using,  to  be  fitted  with  wire- 
less telegraph,  7958. 
Wireless  telegraph  station  in,  7960. 
Censorship  over  cable,  telegraph  and 

telephone  lines  ordered,  81247. 
Chambers  of  Commerce,  advantages  of, 

8036. 
Chinese,  exclusion  of,  from  Canal  Zone, 

8213. 
Christian     character,     formation     of, 

7994. 
Christianity,       aggressive,       discussed, 

7995. 
Citizens — 

American,  disloyal,  denounced,  8154. 
American,     in     Europe,     relief     for, 

7961,  7962. 
Naturalized,     disloyalty     of,     8114, 

8120. 
Kegister  of  those  abroad  to  be  kept 

by  American  Consuls,  8177. 
Training  of,  in  use  of  arms,  8022. 
Citizenship    in    America,    meaning    of, 

8066,  8333. 

Citizenship,  requirement  of  Civil  Serv- 
ice waived  in  special  case,  8175. 
Civil  Service — 

Aliens,    appointment     of,     when    no 

citizens  are  available,  7959. 
Amendment  providing    for    appoint- 
ment of  aliens,  7959. 
Citizenship,   requirement   of,   waived 

in  specified  case,  8175. 
Established    in    first,    second,    and 
third  classes  of  post-offices,  8225. 
Examinations     refused     to     recent 
Government      employees      under 
certain  conditions,  8225. 
Waived     in     appointment     of     em- 
ployees to  military  organizations 
sent  to   Europe,  8255. 
Claims,     pecuniary,     convention     with 
South  and  Central  American  repub- 
lics for  arbitraton  of,  7982. 
Club  life,  influence  of,  8081. 
Coast  line,  necessity  for  charting,  8019. 
Coastwise   trade,   repeal   of   exemption 
from  tolls  on  Panama  Canal  for  ves- 
sels in,  asked,  7933. 
Coconino    national    forest,    ranger  sta- 
tion for,  7990. 

Colorado,  domestic  violence  in,  procla- 
mation against,  7937. 
Commerce — 

Foreign   and   domestic,   uses   of  Bu- 
reau of,  8037. 

Lack  of  ships  hampers,  8072,   8109. 
Opportunity  for  American,  8016. 
Service     of     Democratic     party     to, 
8028,  8151. 


Committee     on     Public     Information 

Created,  8240. 

Confederate  soldiers,  tribute  to,   7948. 
Congress,  63d — 

Legislation  of,  8045. 

Notable  record  of,  8015. 

Work  of,  commended,  8000. 
Consular  Service — 

American   citizens   to   be   registered 
by,  8177. 

Currency  certificates  to  be  attached 
to  invoices,  8176. 

Regulations  amended,  8176. 

Sailors,  rights  and  duties  of,  in  for- 
eign ports,  8091. 

Salaries  in,  regulation  of,  7938. 
Conventions,  national,  composition  and 

work  of  suggested,  7910. 
Convention     with     republics    of    South 

and  Central  America  for  arbitration 

of  pecuniary  claims,  7982. 
Corporations,    inspection    and    returns 

of,  7960. 
Cost  and  economy  not  properly  studied, 

7870. 
Council    of    National    Defense,    civil 

service    obligations   removed    from, 

8246. 

Credit,     agricultural    (See    also    Farm 
Loan  Act)  — 

Benefits  to,  of  currency  bill,  7908. 

Commission  to   study   system   of,   in 
Europe,  7909. 

Necessity  for,  8018. 

Not  afforded  by  existing  laws,  7870. 

Recommended,  8116. 
Credits  in  foreign  markets,  8040. 
Crops,   money   to   move,    deposited    by 

Treasury  Department,  7909. 
Culebra  Cut,  name  changed  to  Gaillard 

Cut,  8050. 
Currency — 

Antiquated  system  of,  7869. 

Elasticity  secured  in,  8151. 

Legislation   recommended,  7879. 

Reform  of,  urged,  7908. 
Currency  law,   special   address,  urging 

enactment  of,  7879. 
Gushing,    attacked     by     German    aero- 
plane, 8062. 
Customs  Service — 

Collection  districts  designated,  7889. 

Dishonest  manifests  in  Canal  Zone, 
fines  for,  7963. 

Fines  for  dishonest  service  in  Canal 

Zone,  7963. 

D.  A.  E.,  Address  before,  8077. 
Danish    West    Indies,    payment    for, 

8224. 

Day  of  prayer  proclaimed,  8007. 
Deadman's      Island      transferred      to 

Health  Service,  7979. 
Dedication  of,  to  forces  of  humanity, 

7871. 


Wilson 


Messages  CNid  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Defense,  National — 

Aero    squadron   recommended,    8106. 
America  not  to  be  turned  into  mili- 
tary camp,  8021. 
Arms  for  merchant  ships  asked  for, 

8209. 
Army — 

Increase  in: 
Ordered,  8172. 
Recommended,  8106. 
Citizen  army  outlined,  8084. 
Citizen  army  sufficient  for,  8105. 
Citizen   soldiers,  number  and  equip- 
ment of,  8106. 
Citizenry   trained   to   arms,   reliance 

upon,   8022. 

Increased  army  needed  for,  8106. 
Navy  the  proper  and  natural  means 

of,  8022. 

Needed  only  in  war  time,  8105. 
Negligence  of,  denied,  8023. 
Policy    with    regard   to   military   es- 
tablishments, 8021. 
Defensive  sea   areas  established  and 

regulated,  8226,  8229,  8233. 
Democratic     nomination      for     second 
term  as  President,  address  accepting, 
ing,  8149. 
Democratic  Party — 

Acceptance  of  nomination  by,  8149. 
Allegiance  to,  declared,  8031. 
Federal  Reserve  Act  passed  by,  8151. 
Hope  of  the  independent  voter,  8026, 

8031. 

Merchant  Marine,  recreated  by,  8151. 
Not  a  minority  party,  8031. 
Progressive  spirit  of,  8026. 
.Record  of,  8151. 
Servant    to    the    business     interests. 

8028. 

Success,   meaning   of,    of,   7868. 
Tariff'  Board  created  by,  8151. 
Tariff  revised  by,  8151. 
Trade  commission  created  by,  8151. 
Trust  laws  clarified  by,  8151. 
Dinosaur  national  monument,  8087. 
Diplomatic  Note,  from  (See  also  Euro- 
pean War)  — 
Austria: 

Discussing  demands  on  sinking  of 

Ancona,  8118. 

Suggesting  mediation,   8189. 
Belgium,  replying  to  Wilson 's  peace 

proposals,   8196. 

Entente   Allies,    in    reply   to   protest 
against   interference    with    mails. 
8165. 
Germany-. 

Announcing  resumption  of  subma- 
rine warfare,  8204. 
Proposing     peace     conference    of 

belligerents,  81 93. 
Stating  grounds   upon   which   sub- 
marine   warfare    would    be    re- 
stricted, 8057. 


Replying    to    note    on    sinking    of 

Sussex,  8127. 

Replying    to    refusal    of    Entente 
Allies    to    consider   peace    over- 
tures, 8197. 
Great  Britain — 

Replying  to  German  peace  pro- 
posals, 8193. 

Replying  to  Wilson  peace  pro- 
posals, 8195. 

Diplomatic   Note,  to    (See  also  Euro- 
pean War)  — 
Austria — 

Demanding  indemnity  for  sinking 

of  Ancona,  8117,  8120. 
Austria's  reply  to,  8118. 
Entente  Allies.    (See  Great  Britain.) 
France,  protesting  against  blockade 

of  European  waters,  8059. 
Germany — 

Announcing  protest  against  use  of 
American  flag  to  protect  British 
ships,  8056. 

Asking  reparation  for  loss  of 
American  life  in  sinking  of 
Lusitania,  8062. 

Placing  responsibility  upon,  for 
untoward  effects  on  American 
shipping,  8055. 

Pointing   out   dangers  to   neutrals 

in  war  zone  proclaimed  by,  8055. 

Protesting  against  sinking  of  the 

Sussex,   8125. 
Reply  to,  8127. 

Suggesting  views  as  to  terms  upon 
which  war  might  be  ended,  8190. 
Germany  and  Great  Britain — 
Suggesting   immunity    of    neutral 
foodstuffs     from     attack     by 
either  belligerent,  8057. 
Germany's  reply  to,  8057. 
Great  Britain — 

Protesting  against  use  of   Ameri- 
can flag  to  protect  British  ves- 
sels, 8057. 
Protesting  against  blacklisting  of 

American  firms,  8143. 
Protesting     against     blockade     of 

of  European  waters,  8059. 
British  reply  to,  8178. 
Protesting      against      interference 

with  American  mails,  81  (>;">. 
Suggesting  views  as  to  tonns  upon 
which  war  might  be  ended,  8190. 
Diplomatic  relations  with  Germany  sev- 
ered, 8206. 
Directorates,  interlocking,  question  of, 

7917. 

Disloyal  Americans  denounced,  8154. 
Disloyal     naturalized     citizens,     8120, 

8144. 

Domestic  violence  in   Colorado,  procla- 
mation against,  79.'!7. 
Draft,     registration     for,     announced 
and   explained,   82-19. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Wilson 


Du-tics   of   the   United   States   in    the 

European   War,  8242. 
Economy  and  cost  not  properly  stud- 
ied, 7870. 

Economy     of     governmental     expendi- 
tures, 8019. 

Editors,  opinions  of,  8033. 
Eight-hour  Day — 

For  railway  employees,  8144,  8183. 
Temporarily   suspended — 

In    Department    of    Agriculture, 

8226. 

In  War  Department,  S246. 
Election     laws,      amendments     urged, 

8186. 

Elk  refuge,  land  set  aside  for,  7988. 
Employees    of    Panama    Kailroad    and 
Canal,  compensation  to  be  paid  rela- 
tives of  deceased,  7990. 
Employers '   liability     act     needed    for 

railways,  7912. 
European    War    (See   also   Diplomatic 

Notes)— 
Ancona,  protest  to  Austria  on  sink- 

of,  8117,  8120. 
Austria: 

Note  to  neutrals,  suggesting  medi- 
ation, 8189. 
Protest  to,  on  sinking  of  Ancona, 

8117,  8120. 
Reply   of,   to   note   on   sinking  of 

Ancona,  8118. 

Belgium,   reply    of,    to   Wilson    pro- 
posal for  peace  conference,   8196. 
Blockade   of   European   waters,  pro- 
test to  British  and  French  govern- 
ments against,  8059. 
Contraband,    food-stuffs    should    not 

*be  classed  as,  8057. 
Correspondence  growing  out  of,  8055. 
(See    also    Diplomatic     Notes     to 
and    from    the     several    belliger- 
ents. ) 

Drifting  mines  and  submarines,  sug- 
gested agreement  on  use  of, 
8057. 

Germany 's  defense  of  use  of,  8058. 
Effect  of,  upon  American  trade,  8015. 
Entente  Allies  (See  also  Great 

Britain)  — 

Reply  of,  to  American  protest 
against  interference  with  mails, 
8165. 

Eeply  of,  to  Central  Powers'  offer 

to  open  peace  negotiations,  8193. 

Reply  of,  to  Wilson  proposal  for 

peace  confidence,  8195. 
Flags,   neutral,   protest   against   use 

of  by  belligerents,   8056. 
Foodstuffs — 

Germany 's   position    on    importa- 

tation  of,  8058. 

Interference  with  shipments  of, 
8057. 


Should  not  be  classified  as  contra- 
band, 8057. 
German   Government — 

Autocratic,  character  of,  8263. 

Distinction  between,  and  German 
people,  8263. 

Menaces  democracy  and  peace  of 

the  world,  8260. 
Germany — 

Announcing  resumption  of  unre- 
stricted submarine  warfare, 
8204. 

Conditions  upon  which  submarine 
warfare  would  bo  restricted, 
8057. 

Diplomatic  relations  with,  severed, 
8206. 

Note  to,  discussing  dangers  of  war 

zone,  8055. 
Reply  to,  8057. 

Note  to  Mexico  from,  8216. 

Note  to  neutrals,  suggesting  medi- 
ation, 8187. 

Note  to,  on.  sinking  of  Sussex, 
8125. 

Note  to  President  Wilson  propos- 
ing peace  conference  of  bellig- 
erents, 8193. 

Note  to  Vatican  suggesting  medi- 
ation, 8188. 

Reply  of,  to  charges  made  by  En- 
tente Allies,  8197. 

Reply  of,  to  note  on  sinking  of 
Sussex,  8127. 

Strict  accountability  of,  for  de- 
struction of  American  ships, 
8056. 

Sussex,  protest  to  Germany  on 
sinking  of,  8127. 

War    with,    officially    announced, 

8235. 
Great  Britain — 

Protest  to,  against  black-listing 
of  American  firms,  8143. 

Protest  to,  against  use  of  neutral 
flags,  8056. 

Reply  of,  to  American  protest 
against  black-list,  8178. 

Reply  of,  to  Central  Powers '  offer 
to  OTtcn  peace  negotiations, 
8193. 

Identic  notes  of  protest  sent  to  Brit- 
ish and  French  governments,  8059. 
International  law,  no  right  conceded 

any  government  to  violate,  8057. 
Lusitania,     destruction     of,     protest 

against,  8062. 
Mails,  interference  with  by  Entente 

Allies,  8165. 
Mediation  suggested  to  belligerents, 

8190. 
Neutral  flags — 

Protest  against  use  of  by  belliger- 
ents, 8056. 

Use  of,  mentioned,  8055. 


Wilson 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Neutral  Eights — 

Violation  of,  by  French  and  Brit- 
ish, 8059,  8063. 
Neutral  Vessels — 

Manner  of  dealing  with  by  bellig- 
erents, 8055. 
Eights  of,  upheld,  8055. 
Neutrality  (See  Proclamations,  Neu- 
trality)— 

Appeal  to  citizens  to  observe,  7978. 
Note  to  belligerents  suggesting  me- 
diation, 8190. 
Order    in    Council,    protest    against 

carrying  out  of,   8059. 
Peace  Overtures  from — 
Austria,  8189. 
Germany,  8187. 
United  States,  8190. 
Reply  of  Entente  Allies  to  American 
protest    against   interference    with 
mails,  8165. 
Submarines — 

Danger  to  neutral  commerce  in  use 

of,  8057,  8063. 
Falaba,     loss     of     American     life 

through  sinking  of,  8062. 
Lusitania,    loss    of   American    life 

through  sinking  of,  8062. 
Sussex,     loss     of     American     life 

through  sinking  of,  8125. 
Unrestricted  use   of  by   Germany, 

8204. 

Vessels  sunk  by,  8062,  8210. 
Submarines  and  drifting  mines,  sug- 
gested   agreement    on    use    of, 
8057. 

Germany's  defense  of  use  of,  8058. 
Submarine  warfare — 
Protest  against,  8121. 
Resumption  of,  8204. 
United  States  enters.  8235,  8243. 
War  Zone,  note  to  Germany  discuss- 
ing dangers  of,  8055. 
Evidence  secured  by  government  avail- 
able in  private  suits,  7918. 
Executive  Orders — 

Abolishing  fees  for  passports,  7968. 
Admitting     foreign     built     ships    to 

American  registry,  8006. 
Allowing  Treasury  Department  em- 
ployees   to    be    appointed    on    de- 
fense organizations,  8240. 
Amending     Canal     Zone     gambling 

law,  7988. 

Amending  Civil   Service  Rules — 
To    provide    for    appointment    of 

aliens,    7959. 

To  refuse  examinations  to  recent 
Government     employees     under 
certain   conditions,  S225. 
Amending        consular        regulations, 

K176. 

Amending  rules   governing   granting 
of  passports,  7966. 


Appointing  Committee  to  formally 
and  officially  open  Panama  Canal. 
7944. 

Authorizing  Civil  Service  Commis- 
sion to  appoint  employees  to  mil- 
itary organizations  sent  to 
Europe  regardless  of  civil  service 
regulations,  8255. 

Authorizing  co-operation  among 
Civil  Service  Commissions,  8246. 

Authorizing  Secretary  of  State  to 
issue  passports  to  Americans 
abroad,  7966. 

Changing  name  of  Culebra  Cut  to 
Gaillard  Cut,  8050. 

Compensating  injured  employees  on 
Panama  Canal  and  Railroad,  7990. 

Creating  Board  to  locate  nitrate 
plants,  8218. 

Creating  Committee  on  Public  In- 
formation, 8240. 

Declaring  emergency  in  water  trans- 
portation, 8220. 

Designating  customs  collection  dis- 
tricts, 7989. 

Designating  site  for  lookout  station 
for  Colorado  national  forest,  7966. 

Directing  cancellation  and  reissue  of 
passports,  8170. 

Directing  relief  protection  and 
transportation  home  of  Americans 
in  Europe  at  outbreak  of  Euro- 
pean War  of  1914,  7961. 

Dividing  Oregon  national  forest  site, 
7989. 

Enforcing  neutrality  of  wireless 
"  stations,  7962. 

Establishing  and  regulating  defen- 
sive sea  areas,  8226,  8229,  8233. 

Establishing  Board  of  Relief  for 
Americans  stranded  abroad  dur- 
ing European  War  of  1914,  7962. 

Establishing  Civil  Service  in  first, 
second  and  third  classes  of  post- 
offices,  8225. 

Establishing  dimensions  of  American 
Hag,  8172. 

Establishing  permanent  organiza- 
tion for  operation  and  govern- 
7nent  of  Panama  Canal,  7920. 

Establishing  quarantine  regulations 
on  Canal  Zone,  7966. 

Establishing  sheep  experiment  sta- 
tion, 8101. 

Establishing  Smith  Island  bird  res- 
ervation, 7959. 

Establishing  W^diington  office  for 
Panama  Cana*79.'i(). 

Establishing  wireless  telegraph  sta- 
tion in  Canal  Zone,  7960. 

Excluding  Chinese  from  Canal  Zone, 
8213. 

Extending  postal  service  penalties  to 
Canal  Zone,  7964. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Wilson 


fixing  interest  rates  on  postal  de- 
posits in  Canal  Zone,  8140. 

Fixing  rate  of  interest  on  money  in 
Canal  Zone,  7905. 

Forbidding  corrupt  influencing  of 
agents  and  employees  in  Canal 
Zone,  7918. 

Forbidding  fire-hunting  at  night  in 
Canal  Zone,  7919. 

Income  tax  returns,  inspection  of, 
permitted,  7960. 

Increasing  strength  of  regular  army, 
8172. 

Ordering  censorship  of  cable,  tele- 
graph and  telephone  lines,  8247. 

Ordering  Governor-General  of  Phil- 
ippines to  report  to  Secretary  of 
War,  8170. 

Penalizing  masters  of  vessels  mak- 
ing false  manifests  in  Canal  Zone, 
7963. 

Permitting  shipment  of  arms  to 
Mexico,  8090. 

Regulating  carrying  of  arms  in 
Canal  Zone,  7903. 

Kegulating  rights  and  duties  of 
American  sailors  in  foreign  ports, 
8091. 

Eegulating  salaries  of  consular  offi- 
cers, 7938. 

Kegulating  sale  of  townsite  addi- 
tions in  Alaska,  8171. 

Removing  civil  service  obligations 
from  Council  of  National  De- 
fense, 8246. 

Eequiring  citizens  traveling  abroad 
to  procure  passports,  8169. 

Requiring  ocean  vessels  to  be  fitted 
•with  wireless,  7958. 

Requiring  security  for  costs  in  civil 
cases  in  Canal  Zone,  7964. 

Reserving  lands  for  naval  wireless 
stations  in  Alaska,  8215. 

Reserving  ranger  station,  Arizona 
national  forest,  7990. 

Reserving  ranger  station  for  na- 
tional forest  in  Idaho,  8005. 

Suspending    Eight-hour   Law   Tem- 
porarily— 
In    Department    of    Agriculture, 

8226. 
In   War   Department,   8246. 

Suspending  Seamen 's  welfare  act, 
8101. 

Taking  over  wireless  stations  for 
use  of  government,  8006,  8234. 

Vesting  Treasury  Department  with 
authority  for  enforcement  of  neu- 
trality laws,  7964. 

Waiving  citizenship  for  federal  ap- 
pointees, 8175. 

Withdrawing  Alaska  townsite,  8005. 
Export  of  arms  and  munitions  to  Mex- 
ico, 8089. 


Exporters,    co-operation    among,    8158, 

8185. 

Falaba,  loss  of  American  life  by  sink- 
ing of,  8062. 
Farm    Loan    Act.      (See    Encyclopedic 

article  Farm  Loan  Act.) 
Farmers,  duties  of,  in   Kuropean  War, 

8244. 
Federal  Reserve  Act — 

Effect  of,  8026. 

Elasticity    of    currency    secured    by, 

8151. 
Financial    Conference,    Pan-American, 

address  to,  8071. 
Flag— 

American,  use  of,  to  protect  British 
ships,  8056. 

Day,  8173. 

President's  plans  for,  8173. 

Sizes  and  proportions  of,  fixed,  8172. 
Food    control,    statement    concerning, 

8255. 
Foreign  Affairs — 

Policy  followed  in,  8154. 
Foreign  and  Domestic  Commerce,  uses 

of  Bureau  of,  8037. 
Foreign  Markets — 

Combinations  in,  8040. 

Competition  in,  8039. 

Long  credits  in,  8040. 
Forests.     (See  National  Forests.) 
Fourth  of  July  Address  at — 

Gettysburg, '7881. 

Philadelphia,  7952. 
Funeral  address,  7939. 
Fur  seals  and  seat  otter,  protection  of, 

in  north  Pacific,  7877. 
G.  A.  R  — 

Address  to,  8073,  8075. 

Annual  encampment  of,  8073. 

Celebration  by,  of  semi-centennial  of 

return  troops  in  1865,  8073. 
Gaillard   Cut,   new  name   for   Culebra 

Cut,  8050. 

Gambling  in  Canal  Zone,  7988. 
Gardens,  value  of,  in  prosecuting  war, 

8245. 

German    insurance    companies'    agen- 
cies in  the  United  States,  8239. 
Germany — 

Citizens  of,  in  United  States,  reg- 
ulations for,   8236. 

Diplomatic  relations  with: 
Severed,  8206. 
Threat  to  sever,   8124. 

Note    to,    proposing    peace     confer- 
ence, 8193. 

Peace  overtures  from,  8187. 

Protest    to,    on    sinking    of    Sussex, 
8127. 

Reply    of,    to    note    on    sinking    of 

Sussex,  8127. 
Gettysburg,    Fourth    of    July    Address 

at,  7881. 


Wilson 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Government — 

Expenditures,  economy  of,  8019. 
Trained  men  in  service  of,  8037. 

Great  Britain,  Japan  and  Eussia,  con- 
vention -with,  for  protection  of  fur 
seals  and  seat  otter,  7877. 

Great  Britain,  protest  to,  against 
black-listing  of  American  firms, 
8143. 

Gulflight,  loss  of  American  life  by 
sinking  of,  8062. 

Hawaii,  our  obligations  to,  7911. 

Health  of  the  nation  not  properly 
studied,  7870. 

Health  Service,  Deadman  's  Island 
transferred  to,  7979. 

Historians,  opinion  of,  7997. 

Holding  companies,  should  be  prohib- 
ited, 7917. 

Hoover,  Herbert,  qualifications  of, 
for  food  administrator.  8l!n6. 

Humanity,  dedication  to  the  forces  of, 
7871. 

Idaho — 

National  forest  in,  8005. 
Sheep  experiment  station  established 
in,  8101. 

Immigration  bill,  veto  of,  8043. 

Inaugural  Address,  7868. 

Inauguration  of,  sec  illustration  op- 
posite, 7872. 

Income  tax,  increase  in,  suggested, 
8113. 

Independent  voter,  power  of,  8031. 

Indian  lands  opened  to  settlement, 
8047. 

Indiana,  tribute  of  respect  to  Senators 
from,  8027. 

Industrial  and  vocational  education, 
promotion  of,  8187. 

Industrial  duties  iu  the  European 
War,  8243. 

Industrial  system,  limitations  of,  7869. 

Insurance  companies,  inspection  of  re- 
turns of,  7960. 

Insurance,  war  risks,  experts  appointed 
for,  7979. 

Interlocking  directorates,  question  of, 
7917. 

International  law  diseusssed,  7991. 

Interstate  Commerce  Commission,  en- 
larged powers  for,  8147,  8183. 

Isthmian  Canal  Commission  records  to 
be  kept  in  Washington  office  of 
Panama  Canal,  7930. 

Jackson,  Andrew,  tribute  to  character 
of,  8025. 

Jackson  Day  address,  8024. 

Jackson  Day,  spirit  of,  8025. 

Japan,  Great  Britain  and  Russia,  con- 
vention with  for  protection  of  fur 
seals  and  sea  otter,  7877. 

Japanese,  protest  against  passage  of 
law  discriminating  against,  7875. 


Jewish   people,   day   of   aid    for   those 

stricken,  8174. 

Johnson,  Governor,  of  California,  alien 
land  laws  discussed  by,  7874. 

Letter  to,  protesting  against  passage 
of  law  discriminating  against 
Japanese,  7875. 

Eeply  of,  to  letter  of  protest,  7876. 
Labor   Committee   of   Advisory   Com- 
mission of  Council  of  National  De- 
fense, address  to,   8248. 
Labor  Legislation — 

Eight-hour  day  urged  for  railway 
employees  to  avert  strike,  8144, 
8183. 

Federal  employment  bureau  sug- 
gested, 8029. 

General  policy  of,  8159. 

Man  and  job  brought  together,  8030. 
Lands,   Indian,   opened  to   settlement, 

8047. 

Law,  international,  discussed,  7991. 
Law,  statute,  and  precedent,  discussed, 

7992. 
Letters    patent,    Germany,    provision 

for  payment  of  fees,  on,  8269. 
Letters  to: 

Johnson,  Governor  of  California, 
7875. 

McReynolds,  Attorney  General,  8023. 

Underwood,     O.     W.,     Congressman, 

8000. 

Liberty,  Americans  trustees  of,  8054. 
Liberty  for  people  of  Mexico,  8032. 
Lind,  John,  sent  to  Mexico  as  personal 

representative  of,  7885. 
Literacy    test    for    immigrants,    objec- 
tions to,  8043. 
Lusitania,  loss   of   American    life    by 

sinking  of,  8062. 
Mails,  Entente  reply  to  protest  against 

interference  with,  8165. 
Manzano    and    Zuni   national     forests, 

combining,  7987. 
Marines — 

Apology  by  Mexicans  for  arrest  of, 
7934. 

Funeral  of,  at  Brooklyn  Navy  Yard, 

7939. 
Markets   of   the   world   for   America 's 

goods,  8321. 
Mediation  suggested  to  belligerents  in 

European  War,  8190. 
Mediation  the  dut/  of  America,  8052. 
Memorial  Day  address,   794C,   825S. 
Merchant  Marine — 

American  ships  needed  for,  8016, 
8072,  8108. 

Defensive  arms  asked  fir  ships,  8209 

Purchase  of  ships  recommended, 
80 IS,  8028,  8110. 

Recreation  of,  begun,  8151. 
Merchant  Ships — 

Defensive  arms  for,  8209. 

Right  of,  to  arm  for  defense,  8122. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Wilson 


Messages,  Special  to  Senate — 

Asserting     authenticity      of     corre- 
spondence   between   Germany   and 
Mexico,  8216. 
Messages,  Veto — 

Immigration  bill,  8043. 
Mexico — 

Advice  as  to  settlement  of  affairs  in, 
7886. 

Agreement  with,  for  pursuit  of  ban- 
dits, 8131. 

American  forces  in,  reason  for,  81154. 

Americans  in — 

Asked  to  leave,  7887. 

Killed  by  Villa  bandits,  8133. 

Apologies  from  commander  of  troops 
of,  for  arrest  of  U.  S.  Marines, 
79.34. 

Armed  forces  of  United  States,  use 
of,  asked  to  enforce  recognition  of 
rights  and  dignity  of  United 
States,  7936. 

Arms  and  munitions,  exportation  to, 
8089,  8091. 

Arms  and  munitions,  exportation  to, 
forbidden,  7888. 

Arms  and  munitions,  exportation  to, 
permitted  by  proclamation,  1929. 

Attacks  on  Americans  in,  8132. 

Authorities  in,  to  be  held  responsi- 
ble for  American  sufferings  in, 


Authority  and  extent  of  Huerta  gov- 
ernment in,  7890. 
Border  raids  and  outrages,  summary 

of,  8132. 

Carrizal,  encounter  at,  8140. 
Columbus,  N.   M.,  attacked  by  ban- 
dits from,  8133. 
Constitutionalists,       character        of, 

7892. 
De  facto  government  of — 

Inefficiency  of,  8138. 

Recognized,  8090. 
Dolphin,  paymaster  and  boat 's  crew 

of,  arrested  at  Tampico,  7935. 
Election  in,  advised,  7886. 
Embargo    against    ports     of,     8091, 

8136. 
Export   of   arms   and   munitions   to, 

7888,  7929,  8089,  8091. 
Friendly  counsel  rejected  by,  7887. 
Friendly  interest  in,  7884/8103. 
Gamboa,   reply   of,   to   proposals   of 

American  government,  7889. 
German  note  to,  confirmed,  8216. 
Grievances     against,     summary     of, 

8132. 
Huerta — 

Authority  in,  usurped  by,  7907. 

Claims  of,  to  Presidency  of,  7893. 

Expression  of  regret  from,  at  ar- 
rest of  U.  S.  marines,  7934. 

Not  to  be  candidate  for  President 
in,  7886. 


Reason  for  not  recognizing,  8156. 
Refusal     of,     to     salute     Hag     of 

United  States,  7936. 
Soldiers  of,  arrest  paymaster  and 
boat's  crew  of  U.  S.  S.  Dolphin 
at  Tampico,  7934. 

Liberty  for  j   ople  of,  desired,  8032. 
Lind,  John — 

Proposals  submitted  by,  7886. 
Reply  of  Senor  Gamboa  to,  7889. 
Sent    to,   as   personal    representa- 
tive, 7885. 

Mayo,    Admiral,     demand     of,     that 

United  States  Hag  be  saluted  with 

special  ceremony  by  Huerta  troops, 

7935. 

Minnesota,  orderly  from,  arrested  at 

Vcra  Cruz,  7935. 
National    Guard   ordered   to    border 

of,  8130. 
Neutrality     in,     determined      upon, 

7888. 

Orderly  from  U.  S.  S.  Minnesota  ar- 
rested at  Vera  Cruz,  7935. 
Paymaster  and  boat's  crew  of  U.  S. 

S.  Dolphin,  arrested  in,  7934. 
Personal   representative,   John  Lind, 

sent  to,  7885. 

Policy  in,  outlined,  7884,  8103. 
Attitude  of  other  powers  toward, 

7888. 
Pursuit   of  bandits  in,   no  violation 

of  principle,  8155. 
Release   of  prisoners  by,   demanded, 

.8140. 

Reply  to  Carranza  's  message  de- 
manding withdrawal  of  troops, 
8132. 

Revolutionary  aims  in,   8155. 
Statement     of    non-intervention     in, 

8131. 

Ultimatum  to,  8140. 
Villa,   operations   of,   8133. 
Watchful  waiting  in,  8032. 
Middleman,  conduct   of,  in   European 

War,  8244. 
Mines,      Bureau    of,     equipment     and 

power  needed  for,  7912. 
Misprision   of   Treason,   Treason   and, 

8240. 

Mobilization  of  economic  forces,  8115. 
Money  orders,  interest  or  deposits  of, 

in  Canal  Zone,  8140. 
Money    to    move    crops    deposited    by 

Treasury  Department,   7909. 
Monroe  Doctrine,  adherence  to,  8103. 
Mothers '  Day,  Hags  to  be  displayed  on, 

7941. 
National  conventions,  composition  and 

work  of,  suggested,  7910. 
National  Defense.      (See  Defense,  Na- 
tional.) 
National  Forests — 

Administrative  site  in  Oregon  di- 
vided, 7989. 


Wilson 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Arizona  and  New   Mexico,   combin- 
ing, 7987. 

Caribou,    Idaho,   administrative    site 
for,  8005. 

Coconino,   ranger   station   for,   7990. 

Oregon,  divided,  7989. 
National  Guard,  ordered  to  border  of 

Mexico,  8130. 

National    Monuments,    Dinosaur,    pro- 
claimed in  Utah,  8087. 
National    Policy,    changes    needed    in, 

7869. 

Natural  resources,  conservative   devel- 
opment of,  8159. 
Naturalized     citizens,     disloyalty     of, 

8114,  8120. 
Naval  Academy — 

Address  to  graduating  class  of,  7949. 

Increased  number  of  officers  and  men 

needed,  8108. 

Naval  service,  dignity  of,  7949. 
Navy — 

Aviation  corps,  civilians  for,  8108. 

Character    and    power    of    America, 
expressed  in,  8069. 

Civilian  advisory  board  of,  8076. 

Efficiency  of,  discussed,   8069,  8085. 

First  line  of  defense,  8085. 

Land  in  Alaska  set  aside  for  radio 
stations  for,  8215. 

Midshipmen,      increased      number 
needed,  8108. 

Programme  of  construction,  8107. 

Sailors  and  marines  for,  8108. 

Ships  for,  8107. 

Wireless  station  for  use  of,  in  Canal 

'/.one,  7960. 
Negro  Exposition — 

Appropriation  for,  8064. 

Proclamation  of,  8064. 
Neutrality   (See  Proclamations)  — 

American,  appeal  for,  during  Euro- 
pean  War,  7978. 

Appeal  to  citizens  to  observe,  7978. 

Canal  Zone,  proclamation  of,  8008. 

Discussed,  8052. 

Expressions   of,    7978.     8053,     8079, 
8102. 

Mexican,  determined  upon,  7888. 

Panama,  protocol  with,   relating  to, 
8011. 

Traditional  policy  of  United  States, 
8154. 

Treasury   Department  authorized  to 
enforce,  7964. 

Wireless  stations  ordered  to  observe, 

7962. 
New   Mexico   and   Arizona,   combining 

national  forests  in,  7987. 
News  reports  discussed,  8053. 
Newspaper  editors,  opinion  of,  8033. 
Nitrate  plants,  board  appointed  to  lo- 
cate, 8218. 
Nominating  conventions,   abolition   of, 

7910. 


Nomination  for  second  term,  accepted 

by,  8149. 

Ocean  freight  rates,  comment  on,  8028. 
Ocean-going  vessels   to   be   fitted   with 

wireless  telegraph,  7958. 
Opinion  the  raw  material  of  the  press, 

8051. 

Oregon  national  forest  divided,   7989. 
Panama — 

Quarantine  regulations   for   harbors 

of,  7966. 
Panama  Canal — 

Army   officers   detailed   to    duty    on, 

7923. 

Bonds  for,  available  for  other  pur- 
poses, 8112. 

Coastwise  trade,  repeal  of  exemption 
from   tolls   for   vessels   in,   recom- 
mended, 7933. 
Committee    for    formal    and    official 

opening  of,  7944. 
Compensation   to    be    paid    relatives 

of  deceased  employees  of,  7990. 
Employees — 

Annual  and  cumulative  leave,  7927. 
Appointments    and     compensation 

of,  7924. 
Quarters,  medical  care  and  leave 

regulations,  7926. 
Relatives  of  deceased,  to  be  com- 
pensated, 7990. 
Transportation  of,  7925. 
Travel  leave,  7928. 
Employment  conditions  on,  7923. 
Exemption  from  tolls  for  vessels  in 
coastwise  trade,  repeal  of,   asked, 
7933. 
Opening  of,  Committee  to  supervise, 

7944. 
Operation    of,    under    direction     of 

War  Department,   7923. 
Permanent    organization    for    opera- 
tion and  government  of,  7920. 
Regulations  for,   during   war,   si'Mi. 
Relatives   of   deceased   employees   1o 

be  compensated,   7990. 
Repeal  of  act  exempting  from   tolls 
vessels  in  coastwise  trade,  recom- 
mended, 7933. 

Tolls  exemption  for  vessels  in  const- 
wise  trade,  repeal  of,  asked,  7933. 
Washington    office    established    for, 

7930. 

Panama  Railroad,  compensation  to  be 
paid  relatives  of  deceased  employees 
of,  7990. 
Panama,    Republic    of,    protocol    with, 

relating  to  neutrality,  8011. 
Pan-American    Financial     Conference, 

address  to,  8071. 

Pan-Americanism,  spirit  of,  8104. 
Party   in    power,    duty    of,    to    people, 

7871. 
Passports — 

Amendment  of  rules  governing,  7966 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Wilson 


Americana  traveling  abroad  required 
to  procure,  8169. 

Cancellation  and  re-issue  of,  8170. 

Granted  upon  application  of  rela- 
tives or  legal  representatives, 
7966. 

Patents,   designs  and  models,   conven- 
tion   with   American   republics   for, 

7984. 
Peace — 

Aim  of  American  people,  8105. 

America's  mission  the  preservation 
of,  8033. 

Note  to  belligerent  nations,  8190. 

Of  the  world,  America's  interest  in, 
8157,  8191,  8199. 

Overtures  from — 
Austria,  8189. 
Germany,  8187. 

Proposal  to  European  belligerents, 
8190. 

Treaties,  ratification  of,  asked,  7907. 

Without  victory,  proposing,  8199. 
Philippines — 

Congress  of  natives  assembled  in, 
8169. 

Duties  toward,   8110. 

Governor-General  of,  report  to  Sec- 
retary of  War,  8170. 

Greetings  sent  to,  8169. 

Ultimate  independence  for,  7911. 
Picture  of,  addressing  Congress,  7904. 

and  description  on  back. 
Policy  as  to — 

Finances,  8112. 

Foreign  affairs,  8154. 

Mexico,  7884. 

Military   establishments,   8021. 

Peace,  8105. 

Philippines,  7910,  8110. 

Porto  Eico,  7910,  8110. 
Porto  Rico — 

Our  obligations  to,  7911. 

Political  justice  to,  8110,  8186. 
Portrait  of,  7866. 
Post-Offices,  civil  service  established 

in   first,   second,   and   third   classes 

of,  8225. 

Prayer,  day  of,  proclaimed,  8007. 
Preparation  for  peace  and  war,  8302. 
Preparedness.        (See     Defense,     Na- 
tional.) 
President,  nomination  of  candidate  by 

direct  primary,   7910. 
President's    flag,    plan    submitted    for 

proportions  of,  8173. 
Press,    opinion   the    raw    material    of, 

8051. 
Primary    elections  for  nomination    of 

President,  7910. 
Privileges    under   tariff,    abolition    of, 

7872. 
Proclamations — 

Admonishing  against  insurrection  in 
Colorado,  7937. 


Allowing  United  States  owners  of 
German  letters  patent  to  pas- 
taxes  upon  them,  8269. 

Amending  consular  regulations,  8176 
8177. 

Amending  salaries  of  consular  offi- 
cers, 7938. 

Announcing  exposition  to  commemo- 
rate half  century  of  achievements 
by  nepro  race,  8064. 

Announcing  registration  for  draft, 
8249. 

Announcing  rules  for  government 
of  Panama  Canal  during  the  war. 
8266. 

Announcing  state  of  war  with  Ger- 
man Empire,  8235. 

Appointing  day  for  contributions  in 
aid  of  stricken  Jewish  people, 
8174. 

Cabrillo  national  monument,  7901. 

Calling  special  session  of  Senate, 
8216. 

Combining  national  forests  in  Ari- 
zona and  New  Mexico,  7987. 

Convention  with  American  Repub- 
lics for  arbitration  of  pecuniary 
claims,  7982. 

Convention  with  American  Repub- 
lics for  protection  of  patents,  etc., 
7984. 

Danish  West  Indies,  announcing 
payment  for,  8224. 

Declaring  an  emergency  in  water 
transportation,  8220. 

Directing  flags  to  be  displayed  on 
Mothers'  Day,  7941. 

Enlarging  Whitman  national  forest. 
8219. 

German  insurance  companies'  agen- 
cies in  the  United  States  to  be 
protected,  8239. 

Neutrality  of  United  States  in  war 

between — 
Austria-Hungary     and     Belgium, 

7977. 
Austria-Hungary      and       France, 

7975. 

Austria-Hungary   and   Great   Bri- 
tain, 7975. 

Austria-Hungary  and  Italy,  8065. 
Austria- Hungary  and  Japan,  7977. 
Austria-Hungary  and  Russia,  7974. 
Austria-Hungary  and  Servia,  Ger- 
many and  Russia,  and  Germany 
and  France,  7969. 
Austria-Hungary,    Bulgaria,    Ger- 
many,    Turkey     and     Rumania, 
8142. 

Bulgaria  and  France,  Great  Brit- 
ain, Italy  and  Servia,  8141. 
Germany  and  Belgium,  7976. 
Germany  and  Great  Britain,  7974. 
Germany  and  Italy,  8142. 
Germany  and  Japan,  7976. 


Wilson 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Germany  and  Portugal,  8141. 

Turkey   and   Great   Britain,   8014. 

Turkey  and  Italy,  8065. 
Proclaiming  Eed  Cross  Week,  8257. 
Protecting  fur  seals  and  sea  otter, 

7877. 

Protecting  migratory  birds,  7895. 
Public  Information  Committee  Cre- 
ated, 8240. 
Regulating  protection   of  migratory 

birds,  7986. 
Eevoking    order    against    exporting 

arms   and   munitions    to     Mexico, 

7929. 

Special  session  of  Senate,  8216. 
Thanksgiving,     1913,     7902;      1914, 

8012;   1915,  8088;   1916,  8182. 
Treason  and  Misprision  of  Treason 

explained,   8240. 
Warning     against     evading     draft, 

8269. 

Protection  of  migratory  birds,  7986. 
Protection     of     patents,     designs    and 
models,   convention    with    American 
Republics  for,  7984. 
Protocol  with  Panama  relating  to  neu- 
trality,  8011. 
Quarantine   for  harbors    of    Panama, 

7966. 
Kailroads — 

Development   of,    for   national   use, 

8159. 
Eight-hour  day  for  employees  urged, 

to  avert  a  strike,  8144,"  8183. 
Employers'  liability  act  needed  .tor, 

7912. 
Freight  rates,  increase  in,  suggested, 

8148. 

Military  control  suggested  for,  8184. 
N.  \.,  N.  II.  &  IT.,  criminal  proceed- 
ings directed  against,  8023. 
Regulation  of,  discussed,  8117. 
Red   Cross  Week   proclaimed,  82.37. 
Registration  for  draft — 

Announced  and  explained,  8219. 
Warning  against    evasion    of,   S2(iO. 
Relief    and    transportation    home     for 
American  citizens   in   Europe,   7961, 
7962. 
Republican  Party — 

Banking   and  currency  laws  fought 

by,  8153. 
Discussed,  8025. 
Failure,    practical    and    moral,     of, 

charged,  8150. 

Farmers  without  credit,  under,  8150. 
Financial  crisis  under,  8150. 
Guided  by  grandfathers,  8025. 
Illusions  of,  8150. 
Labor    denied    federal     aid     under, 

8151. 
Not  a  new  idea  in  thirty  Years,  8025, 

8029. 
Old    lenders    and    old    conditions    in, 

8153. 


Out    of    harmony    with    the    people, 
8151. 

Respect  for  past  record  of,  8025. 
Reservation    for    native     birds     estab- 
lished on  Smith  Island,  7959. 
Revenues — 

Additional       $100,000,000       needed, 
7981. 

Decrease  in,   announced,   7980. 

Sources  of,  discussed,  8112. 
Right  more  precious  than  peace,  826(i. 
Roosevelt,    Colonel,   inadvisability   of 

sending   abroad    in    charge   of    vol- 
unteer regiment,  8253. 
Rural   credit's.      (See   Credit,    Agricul- 
tural, also  Farm  Loan  Act.) 
Russia,  Great  Britain  and  Japan,  con- 
vention with,   for  protection  of  fur 

seals  and  sea  otter,  7877. 
Safety  at  Sea — 

Convention  for,  8019. 

International  discussion  of,  7912. 
St.  Louis  Coliseum  address,  8296. 
St.  Louis  address  at  Jefferson  Hotel, 

8302. 
Salaries  of  consular  officers,  regulation 

of,  7938. 
Sea  Areas,  Defensive — 

Established,  8226,  8233. 

Regulations  concerning,  8229,  8233. 
Sea  otter  and  fur  seals,  protection  of, 

in  north  Pacific,  7877. 
Seamen,  in  foreign  ports — 

Bond  for  return  of,  8091. 

Desertion    cases,     8091,    8092,    8098, 
8099. 

Discharge  of,  8092,  8093,  8096,  8097. 

Loss  or  sale  of  vessel,  8094,  8097. 

Rights  and  duties  of,  8091. 

Wages,  8093,  8094,  8095. 
Seamen's  law,  operation  of  suspended, 

8101. 
Senate — 

Minority  control  of,  8028,  8217. 

Rules  of,  criticised,  8028,  8217. 
Severance  of  diplomatic  relations  with 

Germany,  8206. 
Sheep    experiment    station    established, 

8101. 
Ship  purchase  law  recommended,  8028, 

8110. 
Shipping  bill — 

Passage  of  urged,  8018. 

Threat  against,  by  Senators,  8028. 
Ships,      foreign      built,      admitted      to 

American  registry,  8006. 
Ships,   lack   of,   deplored,    8016,    8072, 

8109. 
Smith    Island,    reservation    for    native 

birds  established  on,  7959. 
Society,    its    duty    to    its    constituent 

parts,  7870. 
Soldiers  of  the   Civil   War,  eulogy  of, 

7946. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Wilson 


South    and    Central    American    Repub- 
lics, convention  with,  for — 

Arbitration     of     pecuniary     claims, 
7982. 

Protection   of   patents,   designs   and 

models,  7984. 

Standards  of  labor  and  of  life,  neces- 
sity for  safe-guarding,  during  war, 

8248. 
States'  Defense  Council,  address  to, 

8247. 
Standing    Rock    Reservation,    opening 

of,  8047. 
Statue  of  Commodore  Barry,  unveiling 

of,  7942. 
Stoc-k  companies,  inspection  of  returns 

of,  7960. 
Submarines — 

Ancona,  sunk  by,  8117. 

Danger  to  neutrals  in  use  of,  8062. 

Falala,  sunk  by,  8062. 

Fry,  sunk  by,  8210. 

Gulflight,  sunk  by,  8062. 

Housatonic,  sunk  by,  8210. 

Law,  Lyman  M.,  sunk  by,  8210. 

Litsitania,  sunk  by,  8062. 

Protest  against  use  of,  8121. 

Resumption   of   unrestricted   use   of, 
8204. 

Sussex,    loss    of    American    life    by 

sinking  of,  8125. 
Sussex,  protest  to  Germany  on  sinking 

of,  8127. 
Tariff— 

Abolition  of  privileges  under,  7872. 

.Board,    creation    of,    and    functions, 
8151,  8158. 

Duties,    reasons    for    alteration     of, 
7871. 

Law,  special  session  address,  urging 
enactment  of,  7871. 

Legislation  discussed,  8030. 

Revised  upon  Democratic  principles, 
8151. 

System,  chief  faults  in,  7869. 
Taxes,  increase  of,  urged,  7981. 
Thanksgiving      Proclamation.          (See 

Proclamations.) 
Tolls    on     Panama    Canal,     exemption 

from,  for  vessels  in  coastwise  trade, 

repeal  of,  asked,  7933. 
Trade,   American,   effect   of   European 

War  upon,  8016. 
Trade  Commission — 

Interstate — 

Business  justice  could  be  guided 

by,  7916. 

Created,  8151,  8158. 
Purpose  of,  8030. 

Trade,  foreign,  necessity  for  upbuild- 
ing, 7873. 

Transportation    problem,     serious     as- 
pect of,  8116. 
Treason    and    Misprision    of    Treason 

explained,  8240. 


Treasury — 

Balances  in  bank,  7980. 
Condition  of,   8111. 
Deficit    in,    8112. 

Treasury   Department — 

Authorized     to     enforce     neutrality 

laws,  6964. 
War  risk  insurance,  experts  in,  7979. 

Trusts  and  monopolies — 

Amendment  of  anti-trust  law  would 

control,  7916. 
Interlocking  directorates,  prohibition 

of,  7915. 

Regulation  of,  not  to  hamper  busi- 
ness, 7914. 

Twin  Sisters  administrative  site,  look- 
out station  at,  7966. 

Unlawful  assemblages  in  Arkansas  or- 
dered to  disperse,  8013. 

Utah,  national  monument  in,  8087. 

Vatican,  note  to,  from  belligerent  na- 
tions, 8188. 

Vera  Cruz,  funeral  of  sailors  and  ma- 
rines killed  at  occupation  of,  7939. 

Vessels,  ocean-going,  to  be  fitted  with 
wireless  telegraph,   7958. 

Veto  of  immigration  bill,  8043. 

Violence     in     Colorado,     proclamation 
against,  7937. 

Virginia     bill     of     rights     mentioned, 
8103. 

Vocational    and    industrial    education, 
promotion  of,  8187. 

War  Department — 

Lincoln's    birthplace    presented    to, 
8160. 

War  Message,  8259. 

War  risk  insurance,  experts  appointed 
for,   7979. 

War,  Secretary  of — 

Governor-General   of   Philippines   to 
report  to,  8170. 

War  with  German  Empire,  announced, 
8235. 

War  Zone    (See  Diplomatic  Notes  to 

and  fom  Belligerent  Nations)  — 
Use  of  American  flag  in,  to  protect 
British  vessels,  8056. 

Water  power,   public   development   of, 
8017,  8029. 

Wireless  telegraph — 

Lands  in  Alaska  set  aside  for  naval 

radio  stations,  8215. 
Neutrality  of,  to  be  enforced,  7962. 
Ocean-going    vessels    ordered    to    be 

fitted  with,  7958. 
Station   established    in    Canal   Zone, 

7960. 

Stations   taken   for   use   of    govern- 
ment, 8006,  8234. 

Woman  Suffrage,  growth  of  the  move- 
ment, 8163. 

World,   the,   must   be   made   safe   for 
democracy,   8264. 

Y.  M.  C.  A.  Address,  7993. 


Wilson 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Young  men  in  universities,  7993. 

Zuni    and    Manzano    national    forests, 

combining,  7987. 

Wilson's  Creek  (Mo.),  Battle  of.— Dur- 
ing the  summer  of  1861  Confederate  troops 
in  large  numbers  were  sent  into  Missouri 
from  Arkansas,  Louisiana,  and  Texas.  Gen. 
Lyon  was  stationed  at  Springfield  with  5,500 
Federal  troops.  The  Confederates,  20,000 
strong,  advanced  in  two  columns  under  Me- 
Culloch  and  Price.  During  the  night  of 
Aug.  9,  1801,  Sigel  was  sent  with  1,500  men 
to  attack  the  Confederate  rear,  nine  miles 
distant,  at  Wilson's  Creek,  while  Lyon  at- 
tacked the  front.  Both  attacks  were  re- 
pulsed Sigel  lost  5  of  his  6  guns  and  more 
than  half  of  'his  men.  Lyon  was  killed 
while  leading  a  charge.  The  Federal  loss 
was  1,240  in  killed,  wounded,  and  missing. 
The  Confederate  loss  was  about  the  same. 

Winchester  (Va.), Battle  at.— Winchester 
and  its  vicinity  was  the  scene  of  several 
engagements  during  the  War  between  the 
States.  It  is  located  in  the  Shendandoah 
Valley,  and  was  on  the  line  of  the  two 
armies  as  they  marched  and  countermarched 
through  the  valley.  An  engagement  occurred 
at  Kernstown,  near  Winchester,  March  2(>, 
1802.  the  Federals  under  the  command  of 
Shields  and  Kimball,  and  the  Confederates 
under  Jackson.  In  killed,  wounded,  and 
missing  the  Federals  lost  590  and  the  Con- 
federates 718.  Jackson  retreated  to  his 
main  force. 

In  May,  1802,  the  Federals  under  Banks 
were  posted  at  Ilarrisonburg,  in  the  valley. 
Hanks  was  about  to  be  attacked  by  the 
Confederates  under  Jackson,  when  he  re- 
tired down  the  valley  to  the  heights  of  Win- 
chester, where  on  May  24  he  gave  battle. 
Being  assailed  on  both  flanks,  he  retreated 
rapidly  on  the  251 h  to  the  north  bank  of 
the  Potomac,  making  the  distance,  about  50 
miles,  in  forty-eight  hours.  He  was  pursued 
by  Jackson  to  near  Harper's  Ferry.  Again, 
June  15,  1803,  the  Federals  under  Milroy 
were  encamped  near  Winchester,  numbering 
about  7.000.  which  force  was  deemed  suf- 
licient  to  hold  the  place  against  all  the  Con- 
federates known  to  be  in  the  valley.  On 
that  day  Milroy  found  himself  almost  sur- 
rounded' by  fhe  combined  corps  of  Long- 
street  and'  Ewell.  An  artillery  fight  was 
maintained  all  day  and  at  night  the  divided 
and  scattered  troops  of  Milroy  retreated  to 
the  Potomac  Hiver,  having  lost  4.000  men, 
28  guns,  about  ;{00  horses,  and  a  large  num- 
ber of  wagons.  The  Confederate  loss  was 
Insignificant. 

A  small  force  of  Federals  under  Averell 
was  attacked  by  the  Confederates  under 
Early  near  Winchester  July  12,  1804.  The 
Confederates  defeated  the  Federals,  who  lost 
:;  guns  and  about  400  men.  Early  then 
marched  on  Chambersburg,  Pa. 

In  August.  1804,  Sheridan  took  command 
of  the  Federal  army  in  the  valley,  known 
ns  the  Army  of  the  Shenandoah.  The  Con- 
federates under  F.arly  were  encamped  on  the 
west  bank  of  Opequan  Creek,  covering  Win- 
chester. They  were  attacked  on  Sept.  19 
by  Sheridfin.  The  battle  began  about  10 
A.  M.,  and  was  maintained  till  nearly  .'? 
!•  M  ,  when  the  Confederates  retreated  to 
and  beyond  Winchester.  Sheridan  took  2.500 
prisoners  and  found  2,000  wounded  In  the 
hospitals  at  Winchester.  The  Confederate 
loss  was  (•>','.',  killed,  :',,719  wounded,  and  018 
missing  a  total  of  4,990.  This  Is  also 
called  the  battle  of  Ope(|iian. 

Wind  Cave,  National  Park.    (See  Parks, 
National.) 


Wind    River    Reservation.      (See    Sho- 
shone  Eeservation.) 

Wines,  duty  on,  discussed,   1131,  1321, 
2127,  2250. 

Winnebago  Indians.  (See  Indian  Tribes.) 

Winslow,   The,    disabled   in   conflict   in 

Cardenas  Bay,  Cuba,  6302,  6316. 
Eescued  by  the  Hudson,  6302. 

Thanks  of  Congress  to  officers  and 
men  of,  recommended,  6302. 

Wireless  Telegraph.— Heinrich  Hertz,  of 
Karlsruhe,  Germany,  in  1888  demonstrated 
the  existence  of  electric  waves  and  devised 
means  for  producing  and  receiving  them. 
Kdouard  Branly,  of  Paris,  France,  in  1900 
brought  out  a  sensitive  detector  for  mani- 
festing the  presence  of  electric  waves,  to 
which  he  gave  the  name  radio-conductor. 
This  was  improved  and  called  a  coherer  by 
Oliver  Lodge  of  Birmingham,  England,  and 
later  perfected  and  used  as  a  wireless  tele- 
graph receptor  by  William  Marconi,  of  Eng- 
land, who  patented  it.  The  first  receptor 
for  receiving  and  indicating  electric  waves 
was  designed  by  Alexander  I'opoIT,  of  St. 
Petersburg,  Russia,  in  1895.  Lodge  later 
designed  a  syntonio  system  for  sending  and 
receiving,  which  could  be  tuned  to  the  same 
period  of  oscillation  by  means  of  inductive 
coils  and  condensers.  The  principal  sys- 
tems in  practical  use  are  the  Marconi,  the 
Lodge-Muirhead.  the  Fessenden.  the  De 
Forest,  t'he  Telefunken,  the  Popp-Branly 
and  the  Paulson. 

The  government  station  at  Arlington,  Va., 
has  developed  a  high  power  transmission 
range  of  3,500  miles,  conducting  experiments 
in  conjunction  with  the  F.iftel  Tower  in 
Paris.  Other  high  power  stations  are  at 
Belmar,  N.  J.,  owned  by  the  Marconi  Com- 
pany, and  at  Sayville,  L.  I.,  owned  by  the 
Telefunken  Company,  operating  direct  witb 
Nnuen,  Germany. 

Wireless  Telegraph: 

Ocean  (Joiny  vessels  ordered  to  be  fit- 
ted with,  7958. 

Order    establishing    station    in    Canal 
Zone  for  use  of  Navy,  7960. 

Neutrality    of    stations    ordered     en- 
forced,'7962. 

Wisconsin. — One  of  the  weslcrn  group  of 
stales;  nickname,  "The  Badger  State"; 
motto,  "Furward."  It  lies  in  the  norihern 
part  of  Ihe  country,  between  lat.  42°  27' 
and  47°  north  and  long.  SO0  ."">;!'  and  !r_>0 
54'  west,  not  including  islands  in  Lake 
Superior  and  Michigan.  It  is  hounded  on 
the  north  by  Lake  Superior  and  the  upper 
peninsula  of  Michigan,  on  the  northeast  and 
east  by  the  upper  peninsula  of  Michigan 
and  Lake  Michigan,  on  the  south  by  Illi- 
nois, and  on  the  west  by  Iowa  and  Minne- 
sota (separated  mostly  by  I  lie  Mississippi 
and  St.  Croix  Kiversi.  The  area  is  5i;.<i)><; 
si|iiare  miles.  Wisconsin  is  hilly  in  the 
north  and  southwest,  but  elsewhere  is  gen- 
erally level.  It  has  important  agricultural, 
mining,  and  lumbering  interests  ;iud  exten- 
sive manufactures  of  Hour,  machinery,  and 

beer. 

Wisconsin  was  visited  as  early  as  10.'54 
by  Xicoll.-t.  La  Salle,  and  French  fur  tra- 
ders, who  established  a  sell  lenient  at  Green 
P,ay  in  IC.,'59.  It  was  included  in  the  North- 
west Territory  till  1SOO,  when  it  became 
a  part  of  the  Indian  Territory.  In  1S09  it 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Woman 


was  Included  in  Illinois  Territory,  nnd  In 
1818  In  Michigan  Territory,  and  in 
1830  it  was  organized  as  Wisconsin  Terri- 
tory, and  Included,  besides  its  present  area, 
the  territory  now  embraced  In  the  states 
of  Iowa  and  Minnesota  and  part  of  the 
Dakotas.  It  was  admitted  to  the  Union 
May  20,  1848. 

Statistics  of  agriculture  collected  for  the 
Inst  Federal  census  place  the  number  of 
farms  in  the  state  at  177,127,  comprising 
21,060,46(5  acres,  valued,  with  stock  and 
Improvements,  at  $1,413,043,000.  The  aver- 
age value  of  land  per  acre  was  $43.30. 
The  domestic  animals,  poultry,  etc.,  were 
valued  at  $158,454,043,  including  2,678,000 
cattle,  valued  at  $67.399.858:  614.654 
horses.  $68,585,573;  2,872  mules,  $316.066; 
I  809,331  swine,  $13,620,741  ;  029,783 
sheep,  $3,600,572,  and  poultry,  $4,468,703. 
The  yield  and  value  of  the  field  crops  for 
1911 'was:  corn  1,600,000  acres,  58,080,000 
bushels,  $34,848,000:  wheat,  105,000  acres, 
3,007,000  bushels,  $2,788,000;  oats,  2,250,- 
000  acres.  (57,050.000  bushels.  $30.172,000  ; 
rye  355,000  acres,  6,035,000  bushels,  $5,- 
000,000 ;  potatoes,  280,000  acres,  32,480,- 
000  bushels,  $20,138,000;  hay,  2,070,000 
acres,  2,405,000  tons,  $38,022,000  ;  tobacco, 
41,000  acres,  51,250,000  pounds,  $5,125,000. 

The  state  ranks  fifth  In  the  production 
of  iron  ore.  The  output  in  1910  was  1,149,- 
551  long  tons,  valued  at  $2,727.406.  The 
amount  of  capital  Invested  in  manufacture 
is  $412.647,051,  and  $71,471,805  is  paid 
annually  to  151,391  wage-earners.  Lumber 
is  the  'leading  industry,  with  725  estab- 
lishments, capitalized  at  $46,543,787. 

The  number  of  manufacturing  establish- 
ments in  Wisconsin  having  an  annual  output 
valued  at  $500  or  more  at  the  beginning  of 
1015  was  0.104.  The  amount  of  capital  in- 
vested was  $754.287,000.  giving  employment 
to  230  273  persons,  using  material  valued 
at  $417.415,000.  and  turning  out  finished 
goods  worth  $605.172.000.  Salaries  and 
wages  paid  amounted  to  $149.762,000. 

There  were  In  1907,  7,292  miles  of  steam 
railway,  and  776  miles  of  electric  lines. 
The  population  in  1910  was  2,343,860. 

Wisconsin: 

Act  for  continuing  certain  works  in, 
reasons  for  applying  pocket  veto 
to,  2460. 

Boundary    line    with    Michigan,    re- 
ferred to,  .1846. 
Constitution  adopted  by,  transmitted, 

2359,  2427. 
Volunteers  from,  thanks  of  President 

tendered,  3442. 

Wisconsin  Eiver,  act  regarding  improve- 
ment of,  vetoed,  4236. 


Fees  of,  referred  to,  4730,  4770,  4836. 

Protection    of,    from    injury,    recom- 
mended, 5477. 

Wolverine  State. — A  nickname  for  Michi- 
gan (q.  v.t.  (See  also  States);  sometimes 
also  nicknamed  the  Lake  State. 
Woman  Suffrage.— The  first  American 
woman  to  demand  the  ballot  so  far  as 
known,  was  Mistress  Margaret  Brent,  of 
Maryland,  in  1647.  She  was  heir  of  Lord 
Calv'ert,  the  brother  of  Lord  Baltimore,  and 
executor  of  the  estates  of  both  in  the 
colony,  and.  as  representation  in  the  Legis- 
lature was  based  on  property,  she  demanded 
"place  and  voyce" — two  votes — in  that 
body.  Her  petition  was  hotly  debated  for 
several  hours  and  finally  denied. 


The  colonial  records  of  Massachusetts 
show  that  women  voted  under  the  Old 
Province  Charter  from  1691  to  178O  for  all 
elective  officers.  When  a  constitution  was 
adopted  they  were  excluded  from  a  vote  for 
Governor  and  Legislature  but  retained  It  for 
other  officials.  In  March,  1776,  Mrs.  Abigail 
Adams  wrote  to  her  husband,  John  Adams, 
In  the  Continental  Congress  asking  him  to 
remember  the  ladies  in  the  new  code  of 
laws,  and  in  1778,  Mrs.  (,'orbin,  sister  of 
Richard  Henry  Lee,  of  Virginia,  presented 
her  own  petition  for  the  right  to  vote.  The 
Continental  Congress  left  the  suffrage  to  In- 
dealt  with  by  the  states  in  their  constitu- 
tions nnd  New  Jersey  was  the  only  one 
which  conferred  It  on  women,  its  constitu- 
tion giving  (lie  franchise  to  "all  inhabitants 
worth  $250,  etc."  In  1700  a  revision  of 
the  election  law  used  the  words  "ho  or  she," 
thus  emphasizing  the  inclusion  of  women  in 
the  electorate,  but  In  1807  the  Legislature 
passed  an  arbitrary  act:  limiting  the  suf- 
frage to  "white  male  citizens."  This  was 
declared  to  be  a  usurpation  of  authority,  on 
the  ground  that  the  constitution  could  be 
changed  only  by  action  of  the  voters. 

In  1826  Frances  Wright,  a  young  Scotch 
woman  of  beauty,  education  and  wealth, 
came  to  the  United  States  and  in  a  series  of 
lectures  was  the  first  to  bring  the  question 
of  woman  suffrage  thus  before  the  public, 
where  it  met  with  almost  universal  derision. 
In  183(5  Ernestine  L.  Hose,  daughter  of  a 
Rabbi  in  Poland,  made  a  lecture  tour  of 
America  advocating  the  full  enfranchise- 
ment of  women  and  wns  the  first  to  urge 
them  to  secure  the  repeal  of  laws  which 
affected  their  interests.  In  the  winter  of 
1836-7  she  circulated  a  petition  in  Albany, 
N.  Y.,  for  a  law  that  would  enable  a  married 
woman  to  hold  property  and  could  get  only 
five  signatures,  including  men  and  womeii, 
but  she  carried  these  to  the  Legislature  and 
addressed  that  body  in  behalf  of  such  a 
law.  She  kept  up  this  work  steadily  and 
by  1840  she  had  associated  with  her  Eliza- 
beth  Cady  Stnnton,  Paulina  Wright  Davis 
and  Lucretia  Mott.  They  continued  their 
petitions  and  addresses  to  the  Legislature 
until  1848,  when  the  law  extended  prop- 
erty rights  to  married  women,  and  there- 
after they  devoted  themselves  to  working 
for  the  suffrage. 

Margaret  Fuller,  one  of  a  coterie  of  think- 
ers in  Boston,  in  her  writings  and  semi- 
public  addresses  in  1840  demanded  political 
rights  for  women.  In  1847  Lucy  Stone,  just 
graduated  from  Oberlin  College,  began 
speaking  on  woman's  rights.  Soon  after- 
wards Lucretia  Mott  published  a  "Discourse 
on  Woman,"  in  answer  to  a  lecture  which 
Richard  H.  Dana  was  giving  in  many  cities 
ridiculing  the  idea  of  political  equality  for 
women. 

The  first  woman  suffrage  convention  in 
the  United  States  was  held  in  the  Wesleyan 
Chapel,  at  Seneca  Falls,  N.  Y.,  on  the  10th 
and  20th  of  July,  1848.  It  demanded  for 
women  equal  rights  with  men.  James  Mott 
presided  and  addresses  were  made  by  Lu- 
cretia Mott  and  her  sister,  Martha  C. 
Wright,  Elizabeth  Cady  Stanton,  Mary  Ann 
McClintock,  Frederick  Douglass  and  several 
men  prominent  in  the  locality.  A  declara- 
tion and  resolutions  were  discussed,  the 
latter  adopted  and  the  former  signed  by  one 
hundred  men  and  women,  some  of  whom 
withdrew  their  names  when  "the  storm  of 
ridicule  began  to  break."  This  declaration 
stated  the  whole  case  for  woman  as  compre- 
hensively as  it  ever  has  been  staled  since; 
the  resolutions  comprised  practically  every 
demand  that  ever  afterward  was  made  for 
women,  and,  taken  together,  they  formed  a 
remarkable  document. 

In  1852  a  bona  fide  woman's  rights  con- 


Woman 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


vention,  with  delegates  present  from  eight 
states  and  Canada,  was  held  in  Syracuse.  It 
brought  to  the  front  the  wonderful  galaxy 
of  women  whose  names  were  henceforth 
connected  with  this  movement,  and  here 
began  its  fifty-four  years'  leadership  by 
Miss  Anthony. 

April  19  and  20,  1850,  a  woman's  rights 
convention  was  held  in  the  Second  Baptist 
Church  of  Salem,  Ohio.  Emily  Robinson, 
J.  Elizabeth  Jones  and  Josephine  S.  Grifling 
were  three  of  the  leading  spirits.  The 
"Memorial  to  rhe  Constitutional  Convention" 
and  the  "Address  to  the  Women  of  Ohio" 
have  not  been  surpassed  in  eloquence  and 
force  in  the  years  that  have  since  elapsed. 
It  is  said  that  nearly  8,000  signatures  to 
the  memorial  were  secured.  In  1852  the 
first  State  Suffrage  Association  was  formed. 
Woman's  rights  conventions  were  held  an- 
nually in  Ohio  thereafter  until  the  approach 
of  the  civil  war. 

In  May,  1850,  a  few  women  decided  to 
call  a  convention  to  discuss  exclusively  the 
rights  of  women,  and  the  time  and  place 
were  fixed  for  Oct.  23  and  24  in  Worcester, 
Mass.,  and  from  the  holding  of  this  con- 
vention the  woman's  rights  movement  may 
be  said  to  have  assumed  a  national  aspect. 
Nine  states  were  represented  by  speakers 
and  among  these  were  Garrison,  Phillips, 
Plllshury,  Foster,  Burleigh,  Douglass,  Chan- 
ning,  Mrs.  Mott,  Mrs.  Rose,  Abby  Kelly, 
Lucy  Stone,  Antoinette  Brown  and  Dr.  liar- 
riot  K.  Hunt,  and  letters  were  read  from 
Emerson,  Aleott,  Whittier,  Gerrit  Smith, 
Joshua  R.  Giddings,  Mrs.  Swisshelm,  E'izur 
Wright,  Mrs.  Stanton  and  others.  Mrs. 
Davis  presided.  A  national  committee  was 
formed,  under  whose  management  conven- 
tions were  held  annually  in  various  cities, 
while  the  question  was  always  thereafter  a 
loading  one  in  Massachusetts.  An  account 
of  this  Massachusetts  convention  in  the 
Westminster  Review,  London,  by  Mrs.  John 
Stuart  Mill,  marked  the  beginning  of  the 
movement  for  woman  suffrage  in  Great 
Britain. 

In  1850  the  constitution  of  Indiana  was 
revised  and  the  laws  for  women  were  liber- 
alized beyond  any  then  existing.  A 
woman's .  rights  convention  took  place  in 
Dublin,  Ind.,  in  October,  1851.  Therefore 
these  meetings  became  annual. 

In  June,  1852,  the  first  woman's  rights 
convention  of  Pennsylvania  was  held  in 
West  Chester,  and  was  largely  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Friends,  or  Quakers,  among 
them  James  and  Lucretia  Mott. 

From  1852  woman's  rights  conventions 
were  held  in  many  parts  of  the  country. 
Woman  suffrage  was  slowly  gaining  ground, 
when  the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  war 
banished  all  oilier  questions  from  the  public 
thought.  >Vben  the  war  was  ended  and  the 
women  again  took  up  their  cause  they  met 
the  vast  complication  of  the  rights  of  the 
emancipated  negroes,  and  were  compelled 
even  by  those  who  had  been  their  strongest 
supporters  to  yield  their  claims  to  those  of 
negro  men. 

The  civil,  legal  and  political  results  of  the 
fourteenth  ami  fifteenth  amendments  to  UK; 
national  constitution  tended  still  further  to 
obscure  and  hinder  the  efforts  to  obtain  the 
franchise  for  women.  An  Equal  Rights  As- 
sociation had  been  formed  to  promote  the 
interests  of  both  negroes  and  white  women, 
but  In  IStl'.t  the  latter  were  forced  to  recog- 
nize the  necessity  for  a  separate  organiza- 
tion and  a  National  Woman  Suffrage  Asso- 
ciation was  fornieil  whose  wolc  object  was  to 
secure  an  amendment  to  the  national  con- 
stitution which  should  enfranchise  women. 
Mrs.  Stanton  was  made  president.  As  there 
was  some  division  of  .sentiment  at  this 


time,  a  call  was  issued  by  Lucy  Stone, 
Julia  Ward  Howe  and  others  for  a  con- 
vention to  meet  in  Cleveland,  Ohio,  the  fol- 
lowing November,  and  here  the  American 
Woman  Suffrage  Association  was  formed, 
with  Henry  Ward  Beecher,  president.  It 
worked  principally  to  obtain  the  suffrage 
through  amendments  to  state  constitutions. 
Both  societies  held  national  conventions 
every  year  thereafter.  In  1890  the  two  bod- 
ies united  under  the  name  National  Ameri- 
can Woman  Suffrage  Association,  and  since 
then  both  methods  of  work  have  been  fol- 
lowed. Mrs.  Stanton  was  elected  president 
of  the  new  organization  ;  Miss  Anthony, 
vice-president-at-large ;  Lucy  Stone,  chair- 
man Executive  Committee.  In  1892  Mrs. 
Stanton  resigned  her  office  because  of  ad- 
vancing age ;  Miss  Anthony  was  elected 
president  and  the  Rev.  Anna  Howard  Shaw, 
vice-president.  Miss  Anthony  resigned  the 
presidency  in  1900  and  Mrs.  Carrie  Chap- 
man Catt  was  elected  to  it.  In  ]904  she 
was  succeeded  by  Miss  Shaw.  National 
headquarters  were  opened  in  1895.  The 
National  Association  is  a  federation  of  State 
Suffrage  Associations;  the  latter  are  com- 
posed of  County  Societies  made  up  of  Local 
Suffrage  Clubs.  School  suffrage  prevails  in 
twenty-six  states  and-  tax-payers'  suffrage 
in  four  states. 

In  New  Zealand,  Australia  and  Finland  all 
women  vote  on  exactly  the  same  terms  as 
all  men,  and  in  the  last  two  countries  may 
sit  in  the  Parliament.  In  Norway  women 
have  the  complete  suffrage  with  a  very  slight 
property  qualification.  In  Great  Britain, 
Sweden  and  Iceland  they  vote  for  all  officials 
except  members  of  Parliament.  In  Canada 
they  have  the  school  and  municipal  suffrage. 

Women  have  municipal  suffrage  in  On- 
tario, Nova  Scotia.  Manitoba,  Quebec,  Brit- 
ish Columbia,  and  the  Northwest  Territory, 
in  Iceland,  Denmark,  and  Sweden.  In 
France  women  engaged  in  commerce  liave 
the  right  to  vote  for  Judges  of  the  Tri- 
bunal of  Commerce.  Women  have  some  vot- 
ing privileges  in  Cape  Colony. 

The  International  Woman  Suffrage  Alli- 
ance is  composed  of  National  Woman  Suf- 
frage Associations  composed  of  twenty-two 
nations.  Its  officers  are  :  President,  Carrie 
Chapman  Catt,  New  York  :  vice-president. 
Millicent  Garrett  Fawcett,  London  :  second 
vice-president.  Annie  Furuhjelm,  Finland  : 
treasurer,  Mrs.  Stanton  Colt,  London  ; 
secretaries — First,  Miss  Martina  Kramers. 
Holland:  Mrs.  Anna  Lindemann,  Germany; 
Miss  Singe  Bergman,  Sweden. 

Woman  suffrage  was  granted  in  Wyoming 
in  1809;  Colorado,  189:!;  T'tah  and  Idaho, 
1890;  Washington,  1910;  California,  1911; 
Kansas,  Arizona  and  Oregon.  191:::  Nevada 
and  Montana  in  1914.  Five  other  states 
rejected  the  proposition  in  1914. 

Arkansas  has  granted  the  right  of  women 
to  vote  in  primary  elections,  which  in  this 
Southern  State  is  tantamount  to  full  suf- 
frage. In  191.'!,  Illinois  granted  the  right 
of  women  to  vote  for  all  offices  not  expressly 
mentioned  in  the  Constitution  of  the  State; 
and  as  national  and  municipal  elections  are 
not  mentioned  in  state  constitutions,  this 
form  of  suffrage  is  usually  known  as  Presi- 
dential and  Municipal  Suffrage.  Both  the 
Democratic  and  Republican  parties  carried 
planks  in  their  platforms  in  the  Presiden- 
tial compaign  of  191C,  which  favored  the 
granting  of  the  franchise  to  women— the 
Democrats  favoring  slate  action,  and  the 
Uepubllcans  favoring  Federal  action.  p.y 
May  1,  1917,  the  following  states  had  also 
granted  Presidential  and  Municipal  Suffrage 
--North  Dakota.  Michigan,  and  Nebraska; 
and  the  following  states  had  granted  to 
women  the  right  to  vote  in  Presidential  elec- 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Wool 


tions  only — Oliio,  Indiana,  and  Rhode  Is- 
land. The  Territory  of  Alaska  has  complete 
e<|iial  suffrage.  These  additions  to  the 
ranks  of  the  equal  suffrage  states  liy  May 
\,  1017,  gave  9,000,000  women  the  right  to 
vote  in  Presidential  elections.  In  Novem- 
ber, lf>l(>,  Jeanette  Hankin,  Kepuhlican,  was 
elected  to  the  House  of  Representatives 
from  Montana,  thus  becoming  the  first  Con- 
gresswoinan. 

An  overwhelming  majority  of  the  advo- 
cates of  woman  suffrage  "re  affiliated  with 
the  American  Woman  Suffrage  Association, 
which  must  IM-  distinguished  from  the 
Women's  Political  Union,  which  has  changed 
its  title  to  the  Woman's  Party.  This  latter 
organization,  which  believes  in  the  political 
organi/.ation  of  women  voters  with  only 
equal  suffrage  in  view,  inaugurated  on  March 
r>,  1017,  a  "peaceful  picketing"  of  the  White 
House,  in  their  de*ire  to  persuade  President 
Wilson  to  insist  that  Congress  pass  the 
Federal  woman  suffrage  amendment. 

For  an  early  cartoon  of  woman  suffrage, 
see  illustration  opposite  page  1581. 

The  New  York  Stale  Association  Opposed 
to  Woman  Suffrage  has  its  central  office 
in  New  York  City.  Us  officers  are  as  fol- 
lows: Mrs.  Arthur  U.  Dodge,  president; 
Mrs.  Fritz  Achelis,  first  vice-president; 
Mrs.  Klihu  Root,  Mrs.  Richard  Watson 
Gilder,  Mrs.  William  A.  Putnam,  Mrs. 
Robert  McVickar,  Mrs.  George  D.  Miller, 
and  Mrs.  William  P.  Northrup,  vice-presi- 
dents :  Mrs.  Francis  S.  Bangs,  treasurer ; 
Mrs.  George  Phillips,  secretary  ;  Room  819, 
Engineering  Societies  Building,  29  West 
39th  St.,  New  Y'ork  City.  There  are  also 
organizations  in  Massachusetts,  Illinois, 
Oregon,  Iowa,  Washington,  California, 
Pennsylvania  and  Maryland.  These  are 
founded  with  tlie  object  of  testifying  to 


legislative  committees  and  through  the 
medium  of  ill.-  public  press  that  the  op- 
position to  woman  suffrage  is  based  upon 
what  is  claimed  to  be  "the  intelligent  con- 
viction of  the  majority  of  representative 
women  in  all  lines  of  social,  industrial,  anil 
domestic  progress." 

Women's    Peace    Party.       (See    Pcaco 
Societies.) 

Wool. — The  production  and  consumption  of 
wool  in  the  United  States  from  184 O  to  !'.»  1  5 
is  set  forth  in  the  annexed  table,  together  with 
the  amount  produced  in  each  state  in  the  latter 
year. 

Wool: 

Cost  of  manufacturing  yarn  and  fab- 
rics greater  in  United  Slates  than 
in  competing  countries,  7(580. 

Cost  of  production  in  America  greater 
than  that  of  nearest  competitor. 
7680. 

Proposed  reduction  of  tariff  by  House 
would  work  injury  to  trade,  7748. 

Reduction  of  tariff  on,  in  accordance 
with  report  of  Tariff  Board  would 
give  sufficient  protection  to  indus- 
try, 7748. 

Reduction  of  tariff  on,  recommended, 
7677. 

Tariff,  minimum  ad  valorem  rate 
should  be  35  per  cent,  7747. 

Tariff  must  offset  difference  in  cost  of 
production  here  and  abroad,  774G. 


PRODUCTION,   CONSUMPTION  AND  EXPORTATION  OF  WOOL. 

[Sources:    Production,   1896-1913,  reports  of  the  National  Association  of  Wool  Manufac- 
turers, Boston;  other  years,  reports  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture.] 


Period 

Produc- 
tion 

Exports 

of 
domestic 

Domestic 
retained  for 
consump- 
tion 

Imports 

Exports 
of 
foreign 

Foreign 
retained  for 
consump- 
tion 

Tolul  con- 
sumption, 
domestic 
and 
foreign 

1840  
J  Sat)                 

35,802,1*14 

52,510,959 

Pountla 

35,898 

Pounds 

35,802,114 
52,481,001 

Pounds 
9,898,740 
18,695,294 

Pounds 

85,528 

Pounds 

9,813,212 
18,695,294 

Pounds 

45,615,326 
71  176  355 

1860  
1*02-70  
1871-80 

6(),204,9i:i 

142,888,889 
18(1,275,000 

1,055,928 
507,442 
152,303 

59,208,985 
142,381,447 
186,122,697 

26,282,955 
53,138,126 
68,030,280 

157,064 
918,949 
3,938,616 

26,125,891 
52,219,177 
04,091  664 

85,334,870 
194,000,6.'4 
250  214  3til 

1881-90               .  .    . 

2SO,700.(X)0 

115,025 

280,584,975 

93,194,903 

4,294.346 

88,900,557 

309  485  532 

1801 

LN5  000,1100 

291,922 

284,708,078 

129,303,648 

2,638,123 

126  665  525 

411  373  003 

1S92 

294,000,000 

202,456 

293,797,544 

148,670,652 

3,007,563 

145,063,089 

439  400  033 

1893       

303,153,000 

91,858 

303,061,142 

172,433,838 

4,218,637 

168,215,201 

471,276,343 

1894  
1895        

298,057,384 
309.748,000 

520,247 
4,279,109 

297,537,137 
305,468,891 

55,152,585 
206,033,906 

5,977,407 
2,343.081 

49,175,178 
203,690,825 

346,712,315 
509,159  710 

1890 

272  474,708 

6,945,981 

205,528,727 

230,911,473 

0,020,230 

224,885,237 

490  413  904 

1897 

259  153  251 

5,271  535 

253  881  716 

350,852  026 

3,427,834 

347424  192 

001  305  90S 

1898  
1899            

266,  720,684 
272,191,330 

121,139 
1,683,419 

266,599,545 
270,507,911 

132,795,202 
76,736,209 

2,504,832 
12,412,910 

130,290,370 
64,323,293 

396.S89,915 
334  831  204 

1900 

°88  636  621 

2  200  309 

280  436  312 

155  928  455 

5  702  ''51 

150  220  °04 

436  66'*  510 

J901         

302,502.328 

199,565 

302,302,763 

103,583,505 

3,590,502 

99,993.003 

402  295  7(i(i 

1902  

316,341,032 

123,278 

316,217,754 

106,576,966 

3,104,663 

103,472,303 

479,690,057 

1903 

287.450,000 

518,919 

280,931,081 

177,137,796 

2,992,995 

174.144,801 

461  075  8S2 

1904 

291  783032 

319,750 

291,403,282 

173,742,834 

2,863  053 

170  879  781 

462  343  063 

1905                .    .    . 

295,488,438 

123,951 

295,304,487 

249,135,746 

2,437,697 

240,698  049 

542  00°  530 

1906 

298  9'  5  130 

192481 

298  722  049 

201.68S  668 

5.450  378 

196  238  290 

494  900  939 

1907                   .    .  . 

298,294,750 

214,840 

298,079,910 

203.847,545 

3,231,908 

200.615  637 

498  095  547 

1908 

311  138  321 

182  458 

310955  863 

125.980  524 

5,684  357 

120  296  167 

431  °5°  030 

1909 

328  110,749 

28,376 

328,082,373 

266,409,304 

3,495,599 

262,913  705 

590  996  07S 

1910     

321,362,750 

47,520 

321,315,230 

263,928,232 

4,007,953 

259,920,279 

581,235,509 

1911 

318  547.900 

318,547,900 

137,647,641 

8,205,699 

129  441  942 

447  9S9  842 

1912  
1913 

304,043.400 
296  175300 

"770471 

304,043,400 
295,404,829 

193,400,713 
195,293,255 

1,719,870 
4,432  404 

191,080,843 
190  800  851 

495.724.243 
486  r>65  680 

1914  

290,192,000 

335,348 

289,856,652 

247,648,869 

1,204,835 

240.444,034 

536.300  i>S6 

191.5  

288,777,000 

8,158,300 

280,018,700 

308.0S3.429 

7,259,934 

300.823.495 

581,442.195 

Wool 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Production  Calendar  Year  1915,  with 

Kumber  of  Fleeces  and  Weight 

per  Fleece,  by  States. 


1915 

State 

Number  of 
fleeces 

Weight 
of  fleece 

Production 

106,000 

Pounds 
3  8 

Pounds 
403,000 

Arizona  

950,000 
90,000 

6.3 
4  5 

5,985,000 
406,000 

1,900.000 

6.1 

11,590,000 

1,250,000 

6.0 

7,500,000 

15,000 

5  5 

82,000 

5,000 

5.7 

28,000 

Florida 

107,000 

3  1 

332,000 

200,000 

2  6 

520,000 

Idaho             

1,935,000 

7.9 

15,286,000 

530,000 

7  5 

3,975,000 

725,000 

6.8 

4,920,000 

Iowa    

720,000 

7.5 

5,400,000 

205,000 

7.1 

1,456,000 

725,000 

4.9 

3,552,000 

145,000 

3  7 

536,000 

148,000 

6.3 

932,000 

127,000 

5.9 

749,000 

Massachusetts  

20,000 
1,170,000 

6.4 
6  9 

128,000 
8,073,000 

420,000 

7.0 

2,940,000 

155,000 

3  4 

527,000 

1,050,000 

6.7 

7,035,000 

3,725,000 

7.7 

28,682,000 

240,000 

7.4 

1,776,000 

765,000 

7.7 

5,890,000 

New  Hampshire.  ..  . 

31,000 
17,000 

6.3 
5.6 

195,000 
95,000 

3,325,000 

56 

18,620,000 

535,000 

6  5 

3,478,000 

North  Carolina  
North  Dakota  
Ohio     

145,000 
225,000 
2,110,000 

3.9 

7.2 
6.8 

566,000 
1,620,000 
14,350,000 

70,000 

7.0 

490,000 

1,950,000 

8.0 

15,600,000 

Pennsylvania  
Rhode  Island 

650,000 
5,000 

6.2 
5.0 

4,030,000 
25,000 

South  Carolina  

29,000 
500,000 

4.0 
7.0 

116,000 
3,500,000 

435,000 

4.4 

1,914,000 

Texas              .... 

1,600,000 

5.8 

9,280,000 

Utah 

1,800,000 

7.4 

13,320,000 

Vermont  
Virginia  
Washington  

83,000 
439,000 
460,000 

7.1 

4.7 
8.3 

589,000 
2,063,000 
3,818,000 

West  Virginia  
Wisconsin     

681,000 
550,000 

50 

7.2 

3,405,000 
3,960,000 

3,630,000 

8.0 

29,040,000 

Total  
Pulled  wool 

36,598,000 

6.80 

248,777,000 
40,000,000 

Total  product 

288,777,000 

The  following  table  exhibits  in  a  concise 
form  the  prices  of  the  three  grades  of  a  stand- 
ard domestic  fleece  wool  In  the  seaboard  mar- 
kets at  the  beginning  of  each  year  from  1900 
to  1915.  In  its  present  shape  it  is  deemed  in- 
telligible to  all  interested  in  wool.  In  the  spe- 
cial features  of  character  and  condition,  "washed 


Year 

Fine 

Med- 
ium 

Coarse 

Year 

Fine 

Med- 
ium 

Coarse 

Cents 

Cents 

Cents 

CVn/» 

Cent* 

Cents 

1900... 

35 

36} 

31i 

1908  .  .  . 

34 

38 

35 

1901  .  .  . 

27 

29 

26 

1909  .  .  . 

34 

38 

35 

1902.  .  . 

25j 

26J 

24 

1910... 

30 

40 

30 

1903  .  .  . 

30 

31 

27 

1911.  .  . 

30 

34 

32 

1904.  .  . 

33  J 

32} 

29J 

1912.  .  . 

30 

32 

31 

1905.  .  . 

34 

35 

30 

1913.  .  . 

30 

30 

34 

1900.  .  . 

34 

38 

36 

1914.  .  . 

25 

30 

27 

11)07    . 

34 

39 

30 

1915... 

29 

36 

34 

Ohio  fleece  wool"  is  less  subject  to  variation 
than  any  other  description,  and  therefore  is 
used  as  the  basis  of  value  in  this  table.  Wool, 
owing  to  its  wide  variety,  difference  in  character 
and  condition,  and  liability  to  shrink  in  clean- 
ing, is  precluded  from  speculative  operations 
which  apply  to  products  which  may  be  dealt  in 
as  futures. 

The  business  of  manufacturing  woolen  and 
worsted  goods  in  the  United  States  in  1914 
is  summed  up  in  the  following  table : 


Woolen 
goods 

Worsted 
goods 

Total 

Number  of  es- 
tablishments . 
Persons  engaged 
in     manufac- 
tures ...   . 

501 
51  631 

298 
113  059 

799 
164  690 

Proprietors 
and      firm 
members.  . 
Salaried    em- 
ployees — 
Wage  earners 
Primary  horse- 
power   

316 

2,150 
49,165 

134  597 

141 

3,391 

109,527 

246  623 

457 

5,541 

158,692 

381  290 

Capital  

$107,871,742 

$281,780  83C 

S389  65°  f>7S 

Services  
Salaries  
Wages  
Materials  
Value  of  prod- 
ucts 

27,726,892 
3,522,413 
24,204,479 
63,696,042 

103  815  905 

58,772,968 
7,024,003 
51,748,965 
182,800,624 

275  668  474 

86,499,860 
10,546,416 
75,953,444 
246,496,666 

379  484  379 

Value  added  by 
manufacture 

40,119,863 

92,867,850 

132,987,713 

The  quantities  and  values  of" fBe  different 
products  manufactured  in  1909  are  as  fol- 
lows : 


ALL  WOOL  WOVEN  Square 

GOODS  Yards 

Wool   cloths,   doeskins, 

cassimeres,    cheviots, 

etc 40,843,979 

Worsted  coatings,  serges 

and  suitings 119,655.009 

Woollen     overcoatings, 

cloakings, kerseys, etc.     14,097,770 
Worsted      overcoatings 

and  cloakings 054,404 

Wool  dress  goods,  sack- 
ings, tricots,  etc.,  and 

opera     and     similar 

flannels 

Worsted    dress    goods, 

cashmeres,      serges, 

bunting,  etc 

Carriage  cloths 

Flannels  for  underwear. 

Blankets 

Horse  blankets. 

Woven  shawls 

All  other 

Totals 322,944,305 

UNION,  OR  COTTON 
MIXED  WOVEN 

GOODS 
Unions,  tweeds, cheviots, 

cassimeres,  etc 18,917,478 

Overcoatings  and  cloak- 
ings         4,281,739 

Sackings,  tricots,  dress 
goods  and  opera  and 

similar  flannels 4,319,539 

Flannels  for  underwear.        7,0(53,572 

Blankets 1,717,758 

All  other 1,153,2(55 


Value 

$29,291,059 

101,903,153 

11,230,850 

821,088 


29,099,950         10,385,498 


7,780,854 
2,303,381 


1,77(5,721 

1,308,309 

050,711 

447,934 


Totals 37,453,351       814,327,973 


Encyclopedic  Index 


World's 


COTTON  "iARN  WOVEN  Square  v»li,«  being  repugnant  to  the  Constitution,  to  the 

OOODS  Yards  treaties  made  by  the  United  States  with 

Wool  fillings,  rassi-  the  Cliprokees,  and  to  the  lawn  of  Con- 

mcres.doeskins,  jeans,  grens  ill  execution  thereof,  was  nneonstitu- 

tweeds,  coatings,  etc.  -15,244,866  12,107,320  tional  and  void.  It  was  held  that  tho 

Worsted  fillings,  cassi-  treaties  and  laws  of  the  I'nitei!  States  con- 

meres,  doeskins,  jeans,  template  the  Indian  territory  as  completely' 

tweeds,  coatings,  etc.  20,220,2.52  15,000,081  separated  from  that  of  the  States,  awl 

Wool  fillings,  overcoats  provide  that  all  intercourse  with  the  ln- 

and  cloakings  .......  2,075,502  771,870  dians  shall  be  carried  on  by  the  Government 

Satinets  and  linseys  ____       5,102,400              912,182  of    ""'    Union. 

Wgood8%fiasterosdand  W°rld's  Columbian  Commission: 

serges,  mohairs,  etc.  05,112,081  14,708,965  JKeportS  or,  deposited  ill  State  De- 

Wool  fillings,  dress  partition  t,  61  S]. 

goods  and  repellants.  12,010,000  2,741,816  "Rpnorrs  nf  trnnuinltfn.l  ^T7  ~<vo 

Domett  flannels  and  Itojiorts  or,  transmitted,  .J.)()7,  .>Wj<), 

shirtings  ............        4,571,705              911,967  5/69. 

Linings,  Italian  cloths  World's      Columbian     Exposition.—  Tho 

Blinked       .......     ^r'il?          ?>'?Ko  i<Ioa    of    «>l""-'a'ing    l,y    an    exposition    the 

HSblankeis.::                 SSloSffl          JgeJS  f'""'lt"  ^^enary  of  the  discovery  of  Amor- 

Carriage  robes..    .                2,880444            1,396595  1('a    )y    (  olllml)lls    was  conceived    during    tho 

All  other  .............             327,004              245'389  progress    of    the    Centennial     Exposition    at, 

Upholstering  goods  and  Philadelphia     in     187»i.       The    project     was 

sundries  ......................            1,986,330  widely     discussed     and     met     with     general 

Woollen  and  worsted...       1,176,542           1,528.648  favor,    New    York,     Washington^    St.    J.ouis, 

All  other  .......................              457,082  an<^    Chicago    competing    for    flic    site.       lii 

Partially  manufactured  February,     1890,     Congress    auiliori/.ed     the 

products  for  sale  ..............        115,032,485  holding    of    the    exposition    and    designated 

Chicago  as   (lie  place.     A   company   had  al- 

Totals...                 ..  211,522,623    $181261999  ready  been  organized,  with  a  capital  of  *5,- 

000,000,  for  holding  the  fair. 

YARNS                Pounds               Value  President   Cleveland  appointed  an  official 

Woollen  ..............     28,520,493         $7505412  board  of  managers,  and  at  the  close  of  tho 

Worsted  ..............     88,323,953         80,395513  fnir  a  f»U  report  was  tiled  in  the  State  De- 

Woollen,       union       or  partment. 

merino  .............      10,249,625           2,143,416  Tno    buildings    were    dedicated    Oct.     21. 

Worsted,      union      or  1892,    just   400   years   after    the    landing   of 

merino  ............       3,701,737           3,522,812  Columbus.      Owing  to  the  magnitude  of  the 

All  other  .............       3,195,553              974,570  enterprise    the   exposition   did   not   open,   un- 

Worsted  tops  and  slub-  til    -May    1    following,    remaining    open    till 

bing  ...............      11,321,279           8,027,231  the  oOth  of  fhe  following  October.      It  stir- 

Noils  ................     27,479,293           8,938,580  passed    all    previous    world's    fairs    in    every 

Waste  ................     24,057,580           3,524,912  respect    except    in    point    of    attendance,    in 

All  other  products  ..............           3,250,857  which   it   fell    below    that   of   the    Paris    Kx- 

Work  on  materials  for  position    of   1889    only.      Jackson    Park   and 

others  ........................           3,026,255  the    Midway    Plaisance,    the    site   of   the   ex- 

-  position,   covered   (?.'!3   acres   of   land   on   the; 

Totals  .............     196,909,513  *$121,309,597  shore  of  Lake   Michigan,  and  of  this  about 

*  In  addition,  woollen  and  worsted  goods,  to  the  190    acres    were    under    roof.      The    twenty- 

value  of  §1,281.202,  were  made  by  establishments  eight     main     exposition     buildings     occupied 

engaged  primarily  in  the  manufacture  of  products  142'/2  acres,  the   remainder  being  covered  by 

oilier  than  those  covered  by  the  industry  designation.  state  and  foreign   buildings  and  concessions. 

__r                                                                     -  The    building   devoted    to    the    exhibition    of 

Wool  ana  Woolens,  import  fluty  on,  dis-  manufactures  and    liberal  arts    was  the  lar- 

cussed,  1247    4247.  gost   in   the  v»«nd.      It   measured   1,<>87    by 

Wr>«i  "Dili    ,            i  -u      rr   f±    '--A-  787  foot  and   covered   .SOVi;  acres.     The   ceii- 

Wool  Bill,  vetoed  by  Taft,  7745.  tral  nalli  1-2so  by  aso  feet,  was  open  to 

Wool    Taps    and    Yarn,    low    tariff    on,  the  roof,   a  distance  of  2M7.0  feet,   without 

would  disrupt  industry,  7747.  a    supporting   column.      There   were   eleven 

,        ,        _       ,  acres    of    skylight    and    forty    car-loads    of 

Woolen  Goods,  low  tariff  on,  would  de-  glass  in  the  'roof,  and  it  required  7.000.000 

stroy  fine  goods  industry,  7747.  foot  of   lumber   and    five   car-loads   of   nails 

Worcester  VS.  Georgia.—  An  important  Su-  ^  j^y   spraying'  machines1  an^covoredPwltli 

preme    Court    case    involving    the    right    of  a     composition     resembling    marble,     which 

individual  States  to  make  laws  at  variance  gave  the  fair  the  name  of  the  "White  City." 

with   treaties   made  bv   the  Government  of  Fifty-two  foreign  countries  officially  par- 

the    United    States.      Samuel    A.    Worcester  ticipated     m     the     exposition     in     response 

was  a  missionary  among  the  Cherokees.     In  |?     *  ^'^Qn    VA'iVin0"  -nn  Th^rion*   of 

1831    he    was    arrested    bv    officers    of    the  Dec>   24'    1S90<   inviting     all   the  nations   ot 

State  of  Georgia    tried    and   sentenced   to  tho  oarth   to   takc  pai'r.  in  the  comniomora- 

ears'  TmlHsonmfnt  "or  iiVing"  anlong  ««n  of  an  event  that  1S  preemmen  t  in  h,. 


tutionality  of  the  act  itself.  I5V  a  writ  of 
error  the  ease  was  brought  'before  the 
Tnited  States  Supreme  Con'rt.  Thai  tribii- 
nal  reversed  the  decision  of  the  State  court 
and  rendered  judgment  in  favor  of  Worces- 
ter on  the  ground  that  the  Georgia  act. 


• 

See  illustration  opposite  .,!.,,. 
World  S    Columbian  Exposition    at   Clll- 

cag'O: 
•RATT-.I   r,f  moTidfTommit  r.f  r.-,vnrimi..n1- 

exhibit  designated,  5833. 


World's 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Chinese  artisans,  admission  of,  to, 
temporarily,  recommended,  5622. 

Military  encampment  to  be  held  dur- 
ing, discussed,  5669. 

Proclamation  respecting  opening  of, 
5575. 

Proposition  to  observe  four  hun- 
dredth anniversary  of  discovery  of 
America  by  opening  of,  discussed, 

J?487- 

Deferred  to,  5622. 
"Reports  of — 

Deposited     in     State     Department, 

6181. 

Discussed  and  recommendations  re- 
garding,   5567,   5669,   5765,   5769, 
6184. 
Eesolution  of  International  American 

Conference  regarding,  5512. 
World  Court  League.     (See  Peace  So- 
cieties.) 
World's  Fair.    (See  World's  Columbian 

Exposition.) 

World's  Industrial  and  Cotton  Centen- 
nial  Exposition    at    New    Orleans, 
477M.   4S02,  4804,  4863,  4923. 
Board  on  behalf  of  Executive  Depart- 
ments designated,  4815,  4817. 
Also  placed  in  charge  of  Cincinnati 
and  Louisville  expositions,  4819. 
Instructions  to,  4819,  4820. 
Proclamation  regarding,  4746. 
Eeport  of  board  of  managers  of,  re- 
ferred to,  4953. 

Workmens    Compensation.       (See    Em- 
ployers' Liability.) 

Wiirttemberg.— A  Kingdom  of  the  German 
Km  pi  re.  lying  between  Bavaria  on  the  east 
and  Baden  on  the  west,  while  to  the  south 
reaches  Lake  Constance  and  the  borders 
of  the  Tyrol.  Though  primarily  an  agricul- 
tural state,  yielding  considerable  quantities 
of  grain,  beets,  hops,  flax  and  hemp,  Wiirt- 
temberg has  numerous  flourishing  industries. 
Stuttgart  is  the  center  of  the  publishing 
trade  of  southern  Germany,  and  gold  and 
silverware,  clocks,  pianos,  surgical  iustru- 
ments,  paper,  beer  and  sparkling  wine  are 
largely  produced  Loth  in  the  capital  and 
other  cities  of  the  Kingdom,  'j  lie  govern- 
ment is  a  limited  monarchy  administered 
by  the  King  and  two  legislative  chambers. 
Wiirttemberg  scuds  four  representatives  to 
the  Bundesrat  and  seventeen  to  the  Reich- 
stag. Education  is  compulsory,  the  stand- 
ard of  illiteracy  is  very  low  and  there  is 
an  excellent  university  at  Tubingen,  found- 
ed iu  1477.  The  King  is  the  head  of  the 
Evangelical  Church,  lo  which  60  per  cent  of 
his  subjects  belong;  Catholics  and  Jews 
form  the  rest  of  the  population.  The 
former  Duchy  and  Klectorate  of  Wiirttem- 
berg became'  n  Kingdom  by  the  peace  of 
Pressburg  in  1805  and  became  a  state  in 
the  German  Empire  in  1871.  Area,  7,5154 
square  miles;  population  (1000),  2,169,480. 

Wiirttemberg: 

("on ven  1i< i n    with,  2109. 

"Naturalization  treaty  with,  15997. 
CVyandotte   Constitution.  —The  final   con- 
stitution  of   the    State   of  Kansas,   adopted 


Oct.  4,  1859.  It  was  ratified  by  a  vote  of 
10.421  to  5.530.  It  'prohibited  slavery. 
The  governor  was  to  be  elected  for  two 
years,  and  Topeka  was  made  the  capital. 
This  constitution  was  adopted  at  Wyan- 
dotte,  now  a  part  of  Kansas  City,  Kans. 
(See  also  Lecompton  Constitution;  Topeka 
Constitution.) 

Wyandotte,  The,  capture  of  the  William 

by,  3126. 
Wyandotte      Indians.        (See      Indian 

Tribes.) 

Wyoming. — One  of  the  western  group  of 
states ;  motto,  "Equal  rights."  It  lies  be- 
tween lat.  41°  and  45°  north  and  long. 
104°  and  111°  west.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
north  by  Montana,  on  the  east  by  South 
Dakota  and  Nebraska,  on  the  south  by  Colo- 
rado and  Utah,  and  on  the  west  by  Utah 
and  Idaho.  Area,  97,914  square  miles. 
The  surface  being  mountainous,  the  leading 
industries  are  stock  raising  and  mining. 
Gold,  coal,  iron,  and  petroleum  are  the 
chief  minerals. 

Most  of  the  present  state  was  included 
in  the  Louisiana  Purchase.  It  was  organ- 
ized as  a  Territory  in  1868  from  areas  pre- 
viously in  Dakota,  Idaho,  and  Utah,  but 
derived  more  remotely  from  the  original 
Territories  of  Nebraska,  Utah,  and  Oregon, 
a  portion  having  at  one  time  also  belonged 
to  Washington.  Wyoming  was  admitted  to 
the  Union  in  1890. 

About  10,000,000  acres  of  Wyoming  are 
covered  with  forests,  and  the  prosperity  of 
the  state  depends  largely  on  its  mineral  re- 
sources and  grazing  lauds.  About  3,300 
square  miles  are  inclosed  in  the  Yellow- 
stone National  Park  (q.  v.),  and  2,742  re- 
served for  the  use  of  Indians.  Most  of  the 
land  is  arid  and  unsuited  to  agriculture 
without  the  aid  of  irrigation.  Under  (he 
Federal  reclamation  act  $8,250,000  will  be 
expended  in  irrigation  in  the  valleys  of  the 
Shoshone  and  North  Platte  Rivers.  Many 
private  companies  are  also  at  work.  About 
half  the  state  is  well  tilted  for  cattle  and 
sheep  grazing.  In  July.  1911,  there  were 
33, 029, (505  acres  of  public  laud  unreserved 
and  unappropriated.  United  States  land 
offices  are  located  at  Buffalo,  Cheyenne, 
Douglas,  Evanston,  Lander,  and  Sundance. 
(See  Lands,  Public.) 

Statistics  of  agriculture  collected  for  the 
last  Federal  census  place  the  number  of 
farms  in  the  state  at  10.9X7,  comprising 
X,543,010  acres,  valued,  with  stock  and 
improvements,  at  $167,189,081.  The  value 
of  domestic  animals,  poultry,  etc.,  was  $65,- 
605, 510.  including  767,427  'cattle,  valuer!  at 
$22,697,387;  156,062  horses.  $12,426.838; 
2.045  mules.  $::-t,s.572  :  33,947  swine.  $301.- 
716;  5.397.161  sheep,  $29,666.228.  and 
poultry,  .$194,078.  The  yield  and  value  .if 
field  crops  for  1911  was:  corn,  13.00O  acres, 
195.000  bushels.  $148.000;  wheat.  69. (too 
acres.  1,794,000  bushels.  $1,687.000:  oats, 
190.000  acres,  6.555.0OO  bushels.  $3.278.- 
000;  rye,  2,000  acres,  40.0(10  bushels.  $36.- 
000:  potatoes,  10.000  acres.  420,0(10  bush- 
els, $588,000;  hay,  330, OOO  acres,  693. OOO 
tons,  $7,138,000.  The  coal  production  in 
1910  exceeded  all  past  records.  The  out- 
put was  7,533.088  short  tons,  valued  at 
$11,706,187.  During  1!H(>  and  1911  there 
has  been  great  development  of  the  oil  in- 
dustry. Many  new  fields  are  being  opened, 
The  total  mineral  output  for  I'.HO  was  $12.- 
110,286. 

Tin-  report  of  the  Slate  Treasurer  for 
the  fiscal  year  1911  shows  total  receipts  of 
$1,069,970;  total  expenditures,  $!>67.568. 
The  bonded  debt  is  $120,000.  The  suf- 
frage extends  to  all  citi/ens,  male  and  fe- 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Wyoming 


male,  who  can  read,  and  who  arc  registered 
as  voters  and  have  resided  In  the  state  one 
year  and  In  the  county  sixty  days  next  pre- 
ceding the  election. 

About  half  the  state  Is  adapted  for 
sheep-raising.  The  wool  clip  for  15)10  was 
;{<;. O.'iT, 500  pounds,  valued  at  $0,342,000,  a 
record  exceeded  only  by  Montana.  The 
population  iu  1911  was  145,965. 
Wyoming: 

Admission   of,  into  Union,  discussed, 

.155:5. 
Chinamen  injured  by  lawless  men  in, 

451 14,   4968,  508;5. 
Indemnity  to,  recommended,  5219. 

Appropriation  for,  5.'i(57. 
Troops  sent   to    protect,  49.13. 
Lands  in,  set  apart  for  public  reser- 
vation by  proclamation,  5577,  5590, 
6221,  6225. 

Organized    band    of    persons    in,    re- 
ferred to,  4014. 

Unlawful  combinations  in,  proclama- 
tions against,  5725,  5932. 
Wyoming  Controversy.— in  the  original 
charter  granted  by  Charles  I.  to  William 
Penn  the  northern  boundary  of  Pennsyl- 
vania was  fixed  at  lat.  43°  north.  How- 
ever, the  proprietors  of  the  colony  accepted 
4-°  as  the  northern  boundary  and  extended 
the  southern  boundary  to  include  the  Chesa- 
peake and  Delaware  bays.  Connecticut 
claimed  all  the  territory  north  of  41°  in 
Pennsylvania,  and  asserted  her  rights  by 
chartering  the  Susquebanna  Company,  or- 
ganised in  1753,  to  form  settlements  in 
the  disputed  territory.  In  1702  the  com- 
pany sent  its  first  party  of  settlers.  200 
in  number,  into  the  region,  but  they  were 


driven  out  by  the  Indians,  who  repudiated 
a  previous  sale  of  their  rights  to  <  'i.miecti- 
cut  and  made  a  sale  to  Pennsylvania.  In 
170!)  the  Susquehanna  Company  sent  more 
colonists  Into  the  disputed  i-ountr.v.  and  a 
desultory  warfare  began  between  them  and 
the  Pennsylvania  settlers,  to  whom  the  ter- 
ritory had  been  leased.  The  former  were 
several  times  driven  out  of  file  disputed 
district  by  the  Pennsylvania*,  but  they 
finally  obtained  a  permanent  lodgment,  as 
the  Pennsylvania  contestants  were  only 
lessees,  while  their  opponents  fought  for 
their  property  rights.  Hostilities  with  the 
mother  country  caused  a  suspension  of  civil 
strife  for  a  time. 

In  1779  nn  act  of  the  Pennsylvania  legis- 
lature transferred  all  the  proprietary  lands 
to  the  state.  Pennsylvania  brought  suit 
against  Connecticut  to  decide  the  jurisdic 
lion  over  Wyoming.  The  case  was  heard 
by  five  judges  at  Trenton.  hi  November. 
1782,  their  unanimous  decision,  afterwards 
confirmed  by  Congress,  was  in  favor  of 
Pennsylvania. 

Wyoming  Massacre.— July  ;i,  1778,   Col. 

/ebulon  Butler,  of  the  Continental  army, 
with  a  force  of  about  300  militiamen,  mostly 
old  men  and  boys,  marched  out  of  Forty 
Fort,  in  the  Wyoming  Valley,  about  three 
miles  above  Wilkesbarre,  Pa.,  to  drive  off  an 
invading  party  of  some  SOO  Indians  and 
Tories  under  Chief  Joseph  Brant  and  the 
British  Colonel  Walter  Butler.  The  Indians 
burne_d  the  forts  in  the  upper  part  of  the 
valley  and  forced  the  American  militiamen 
to  retreat  in  disorder.  Of  the  .'!00  who  left 
the  fort  in  the  morning  the  names  of  102 
officers  and  men  are  recorded  as  killed  in 
action  and  the  massacre  which  followed. 
Butler,  the  British  ollicer  in  command,  re- 
ported the  taking  of  227  scalps  and  only  5 
prisoners.  Col.  Xebulon  Butler  with  14  men 
escaped  from  the  valley. 


X.  Y. Z. Mission   Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


X.  Y.  Z.  Mission. — During  the  Revolution 
the  United  States  secured  the  valuable  aid 
of  France  by  treaties  in  1778.  In  1789 
monarchy  was  overthrown  in  France,  and 
that  nation  soon  found  herself  at  war  with 
England  and  other  European  nations.  She 
desired  the  United  States  as  an  ally,  and 
Genet  (nee  Genet,  Citizen)  was  sent  to  ac- 
complish her  purpose.  His  mission  failed, 
Washington  persisted  firmly  in  preserving 
our  neutrality,  and  Jay's  Treaty  (which 
see)  was  concluded  with  England.  The 
course  of  our  government  angered  France. 
In  1797  the  directory,  Which  then  gov- 
erned that  country,  gave  permission  to  the 
French  navy  to  assail  our  vessels.  Follow- 
ing a  policy  of  conciliation,  in  spite  of 
I'rench  insults  to  our  minister  and  the 
threat  to  our  commerce,  President  Adams 
called  a  special  session  of  Congress  in  May, 
1797,  and  Charles  Cotesworth  Pinckney, 
John  Marshall  and  Elbridge  Gerry  were 
sent  to  France  to  arrange  matters.  In  the 
spring  of  the  next  year  the  President  sub- 
mitted to  Congress  dispatches  that  had  been 
received  from  these  commissioners.  They 
had  been  kept  waiting  by  Talleyrand,  the 
minister  of  foreign  affairs,  and  had  been 
approached  by  three  unofficial  persons  with 
what  was  in  effect  a  demand  for  a  bribe 
and  a  loan  to  the  directory  before  any  ar- 
rangement could  be  concluded  with  the 
United  States.  In  dispatches  the  names  of 
these  three  persons  were  indicated  merely 
by  the  letters  X.,  Y.  and  7.,  and  hence  the 
whole  all'air  came  to  be  termed  the  X.  Y. 
Z.  Mission.  To  these  demands  our  repre- 
sentatives returned  a  decided  refusal.  It 
is  said  that  Pinckney  made  use  of  the 
phrase,  "Millions  for  defense,  but  not  one 
cent  for  tribute."  The  answer  as  recorded, 
however,  was,  "No,  no,  no  ;  not  a  sixpence." 
About  the  time  when  these  dispatches  wer/> 
submitted  to  Congress,  Pinckney  and  Mar- 
shall were  ordered  to  leave  France,  and 
Gerry  was  afterward  recalled  by  our  gov- 
ernment.  A  warlike  feeling  instant  l.r 
sprang  up  in  the  United  States.  The  Fed- 
eralists, with  Adams  as  leader,  desired  to 


defend  by  force,  if  necessary,  their  policy 
of  keeping  this  country  from  entangling 
foreign  alliances,  and  desired  to  resent 
Freuch  insults.  The  Democrats  (then  call- 
ed Republicans)  had  always  favored  an 
alliance  with  France  and  had  opposed  the 
creation  of  a  navy  for  the  United  States. 
Now,  however,  the  popular  pressure  could 
not  be  withstood.  Bills  were  passed  for  in- 
creasing the  navy  and  separating  it  from 
the  War  Department  (April  oO.  1798  t. 
Provision  was  made  for  a  national  loan 
and  the  imposition  of  a  direct  tax.  The 
President  was  authorized  to  increase  the 
army  in  case  of  a  foreign  war  within  three 
years,  and  soon  Washington  was  called  to 
be  commander-in-chief  of  the  army  and 
Alexander  Hamilton  was  selected  as  the  ac- 
tive commander.  On  July  9,  179S,  Con- 
gress declared  the  treaties  with  France  no 
longer  binding,  and  authorized  our  war 
vessels  and  privateers  to  capture  armed 
French  vessels.  A  few  naval  engagments 
occurred,  but  no  event  of  great  importance. 
The  effect  of  our  warlike  feeling  and  prepa- 
rations on  France  was  excellent.  Ameri- 
can prisoners  were  released  and  the  em- 
bargo which  had  been  declared  was 
raised  on  American  ships.  Talleyrand  now 
hinted  to  our  Minister  to  Holland,  William 
Vans  Murray,  that  he  was  willing  to  re- 
ceive another  American  Minister.  Adams 
accordingly  appointed  Murray,  in  February, 
1799,  and  soon  joined  with  him  Oliver  Ells- 
worth and  William  R.  Davis.  The  Presi- 
dent's action  created  much  stir,  politically, 
as  he  was  considered  to  have  become  sub- 
servient to  France  and  to  have  changed  the 
former  attitude  of  himself  and  the  Fed- 
eral party.  It  was  some  months  after  their 
appointment  that  our  envoys  arrived  in 
Paris.  Napoleon  was  then  at  the  head  of 
the  government  as  first  consul  and  was  fa- 
vorably inclined  toward  the  United  States. 
French  commissioners  were  appointed,  and, 
on  Sept.  .'iO,  1800,  a  friendly  convention 
was  signed.  Hoth  countries  ratified  it, 
and  it  was  declared  in  force  Dec.  Ul,  1801, 
and  for  a  while  the  safety  of  our  commerce 
was  secured. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Yorktown 


Yakama  Indians.    (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Yakima  Reservation,  Wash.,   lands  on, 
lo  b(!  used  by  .Northern  Pacific  Kail- 
way,  4864,  4954,  5178. 
Yale,  The,  mentioned,  5318. 
Yancton  Indians.    (.See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Yanctoni  Indians.    (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Yangtse  River,  steamers   sailing  under 
American  flag  prohibited  from  pass- 
ing through  Straw  Shoe  Channel  on, 
3896,  3902. 

Yankee  Doodle.— A  popular  national  air  of 
the  United  States.  The  words  are  said  to 
have  been  written  In  derision  of  the  ill  as- 
sorted Continental  troops,  about  1755,  by 
Dr.  Schuckburgh,  a  surgeon  under  Gen.  Ain- 
herst  in  the  French  and  Indian  War.  The 
original  title,  was  "The  Yankee's  Return 
from  Camp,"  and  there  are  several  ver- 
sions. The  tune  has  undergone  various 
changes. 

Yankee,  The,  mentioned,  6317. 
Yankees. — A  word  of  uncertain  origin,  first 
applied  to  t'he  early  English  colonists,  later 
by  the  English  to  Americans  generally,  and 
still  later  to  Northerners  by  people  of  the 
South.  According  to  common  legend, 
Yankees  Is  a  corruption  gf  Yengees,  Yauug- 
liees,  or  Yanghies,  a  name  said  to  have 
been  given  by  the  Massachuset  Indians  to 
the  English  colours  in  their  efforts  to 
pronounce  the  word  "English"  or  the 
French  word  "Anglais."  It  was  first  ap- 
plied to  the  New  Englanders  as  a  term  of 
reproach  by  British  soldiers. 

Yards  and  Docks,  Bureau  of,  Navy  De- 
partment. (See  Bureau  of  Yards  and 
Docks,  Navy  Department.) 
Yazoo  Frauds. — A  term  applied  to  the  sale 
by  the  State  of  Georgia  in  1795  of  her 
western  territory,  now  included  in  Alabama 
and  Mississipni,  to  four  land  companies, 
known  generally  as  the  Yazoo  companies, 
I'roin  the  dislrict  in  which  they  operated. 
The  land  extended  from  the  Alabama  and 
Coosa  rivers  to  the  Mississippi,  and  from 
i he  thiriy-iirst.  to  the  thirty-fifth  parallel, 
and  the  price  paid  to  the  state  was  $500.- 
noo,  or  about  one  and  two-thirds  cents  per 
acre.  It  was  charged  that  many  members 
of  the  legislature  who  voted  for  the  sale 
iiad  been  bribed.  President  Washington 
made  the  alleged  frauds  the  subject  of  a 
special  message  (page  107).  The  people  of 
i  he  slate  were  indignant  aud  a  party  was 
formed  to  repeal  the  sale.  In  1790  the 
records  of  the  transaction  were  burned 
in  I  he  presence  of  the  governor  and  legis- 
lature in  accordance  with  what  was  known 
as  the  Rescinding  act.  Immediately  numer- 
ous claims  sprang  up,  which  had  to  be  de- 
cided by  Congress. 

The  territory  was  ceded  to  t'he  United 
Stales  in  1S02.  The  next  year  President 
.Jefferson  appointed  a  commission  to  In- 
vestigate the  claims,  and  James  Madison, 
chairman  of  the  commission,  recommended 
a  compromise,  but  Georgia  refused  to  com- 
pensate the  claimants.  Their  claim  was 
sustained  by  the  Supreme  Court,  however, 
Chief  Justice  Marshall  holding  that  allega- 
tions of  bribery  of  the  legislature  could 
not  be  entertained,  and  that  purchasers 
from  the  land  companies  were  innocent 
holders  ;  that  the  act  of  the  Georgia  legis- 
lature in  1  7!)0  repealing  the  sale  of  1705 
was  an  abrogation  of  contract,  and  there- 
fore void.  Finally  an  act  was  passed  In 
1814  appropriating  $8.000,000  payable  out 

33 


of  the  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  Mississippi 
lands  to  satisfy  the  Ya/.oo  claimant. 

Yellow  Fever  (see  also  Contagious  Dis- 
eases; International  Sanitary  Con- 
ference; (Quarantine   Regulations): 
Commission  to  investigate  causes,  etc., 

of,    recommended,    (t'.'i-i  1. 
In  Southern  States,  discussed,  4444. 
Act    legalizing    issue    of   provisions 

to  suft'erers,  recommended,  44.12. 
Yellowstone  National  Park.  (See  Parks, 

National.) 

Yellowstone  National  Park,  compensa- 
tion to  superintendent  of,  referred  to, 
4036. 
York  (Canada),  Capture  of.— The  plans 

for  the  prosecution  of  the  war  with  Great 
Britain  in  1813  contemplated  an  invasion 
of  Canada  from  both  the  east  and  the  west. 
Gen.  Harrison  successfully  carried  out  the 
programme  in  the  west,  routed  Proctor's 
army,  and  was  in  possession  of  the  terri- 
tory. April  27,  (Jen.  Dearborn,  with  about 
1,700  men  under  the  immediate  command  of 
Gen.  Xebnlou  Pike,  crossed  Lake  Ontario  on 
Commodore  Channcey's  transports  and 
marched  upon  the  British  garrison  at  York 
(now  Toronto),  where  Ma.i.-Gen.  ShealTe 
was  in  command  of  800  regulars  and  a  body 
of  Indians.  A  sharp  conflict  ensued.  The 
British  and  Indians  were  routed.  By  the 
explosion  of  a  magazine  Gen.  Pike  was 
killed,  together  with  51  other  Americans 
and  40  British  :  180  Americans  were  wound- 
ed by  the  explosion.  The  American  loss  in 
the  battle  was  209  on  land  and  17  on  water. 
The  British  lost,  besides  the  prisoners,  00 
killed  and  89  wounded. 

York,  Canada,  reduction  of,  by  Amer- 
ican forces,  524. 

Yorktown,  The.     (See  Baltimore,  The.) 
Yorktown,  Va.,  monument  at,  completed 
and  recommendations  regarding,  4800. 
Yorktown  Centennial  Celebration: 
British  flag  to  be  saluted  by  Ameri- 
can army  and  navy  forces  at,  4624. 
Referred  to,  4625. 
Descendants    of   Baron    von    Steuben 

present  at,  4626. 

Representatives    of   French    Republic 
and  descendants  of  Lal'avette  pres- 
ent at,  4625. 
Yorktown    (Va.),   Siege  of,   in   1781.— 

After  the  battle  of  Green  Springs,  or  James- 
town, Lafayette  withdrew  the  American 
army  to  Malvern  Hill.  Cormvallis  hurried 
on  toward  Yorktown,  w'hich  place  Sir  Henry 
Clinton  designed  to  be  held  as  a  British  post 
in  the  absence  of  sufficient  force  to  hold  the 
entire  State  of  Virginia.  By  Aug.  '21,  1781, 
the  British  army  in  Virginia,  consisting  of 
9,483  men,  was  concentrated  at  Yorktown 
and  Gloucester  Point,  just  across  the  York 
River.  Aug.  30  Count  De  Grasse  arrived 
in  Chesapeake  Bay  with  twenty-six  French 
ships  of  the  line  besides  frigates  and  trans- 
ports. Sept.  3  Count  l)e  St.  Simon  landed 
at  Jamestown  with  3,200  French  troops, 
and  the  allied  armies,  numbering  12.000 
regular  troops  and  4,000  militia,  under 
Washington  and  Lafayette,  occupied  Will- 
iamsburg.  about  fifteen  miles  from  York- 
town.  Washington  had  eluded  Clinton  by 
a  feint.  Sept.  28  t'he  army  advanced  and 
took  a  position  about  two  miles  from  the 
British  works,  and  on  the  29th  a  general 


Yorktown 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


movement  was  begun  to  encircle  the  town 
and  close  in  upon  its  defenders 

On  the  Gloucester  side  the  siege  was 
maintained  by  the  Duke  de  Lauzun  with  his 
legion  of  French  cavalry  and  800  marines 
from  De  Grasse's  squadron,  besides  a  body 
of  Virginia  militia  under  Gen.  Weedon.  Oct. 
C  the  first  parallel  was  opened  under  Gon. 
Lincoln  within  600  yards  of  the  enemy,  and 
heavy  guns  were  placed  in  position,  with 
the  loss  of  1  French  officer  and  1C  privates. 
On  the  llfh  a  second  parallel  was  estab- 
lished with  slight  loss.  On  the  14th  the 
two  advanced  redoubts  of  the  British  were 
taken  by  storm  by  the  American  light  in- 
fantry under  direction  of  Lafayette,  and  the 
French,  under  Baron  Viomenil.  The  Ameri- 
can loss  was  9  killed  and  32  wounded. 
Three  French  officers  wen*  wounded.  The 
British  lost  8  killed  and  17  prisoners.  On 
the  morning  of  The  IGth  an  unsuccessful 
sortie  was  made  on  the  advanced  American 
redoubts,  by  about  350  British  under  Lieut. - 
Col.  Abercrombie,  100  French  troops  being 
killed  or  wounded,  with  little  loss  and  no 
advantage  to  the  British. 

An  attempt  made  by  Cornwallis's  army 
to  escape  in  boats  that  night  was  frustrated 
by  a  storm,  and  on  the  morning  of  Oct.  17, 
1781.  a  flag  of  truce  was  sent  to  Washing- 
ton, making  overtures  for  surrender.  On 
the  18th  articles  of  capitulation  were  signed 
by  Washington  and  Cornwallis.  The  land 
forces  became  prisoners  to  the  Americans 
and  the  marine  force  to  the  French.  The 
total  number  of  British  officers  and  men  sur- 
rendered was  7,073  from  the  army  and  900 
from  the  navy,  besides  144  guns  and  6 
British  and  18  regimental  standards.  The 
military  chest  contained  £2,113.  The  Ouad- 
dloiiiie,  Foicei/,  Benetta.  and  Vulcan,  to- 
gether with  30  transports.  15  galleys,  and 
many  smaller  vessels,  fell  into  the  hands  of 
the  French.  The  total  casualties  of  the 
siege  were  :  British,  150  killed.  326  wound- 
ed, and  70  missing :  American.  23  killed, 
05  wounded  ;  French,  52  killed,  134  wounded. 

Yorktown  (Va.),  Siege  of,  in  1862.— 
Nov.  1.  1801,  McClellan  was  appointed  to 
the  chief  command  of  the  armies  of  the 
I'nited  States.  He  set  about  improving  the 
organization  and  efficiency  of  the  men  and 
by  March  1,  1802,  the  forces  about  Wash- 
ington numbered  221,987.  The  country  was 
growing  impatient  at  the  inactivity  of  the 
Army,  and  the  cry  "On  to  Richmond"  was 
almost  universal  In  the  North.  The  Presi- 
dent directed  that  a  move  of  some  kind  be 
made.  The  knowledge  that  McClellan  con- 
templated a  forward  movement  caused  the 
Confederates  to  evacuate  Manassas,  John- 
ston withdrawing  his  forces  to  the  defense 
of  Richmond  March  »,  1862.  March  11  the 


President  relieved  McClellan  of  the  com- 
mand of  all  military  departments  except 
that  of  the  Potomac,  which  had  been  divided 
into  five  corps,  under  command  of  Generals 
McDowell.  Sunnier,  Heintzelmau,  Keyes,  and 
Banks.  It  was  decided  that  this  army,  ex- 
cept so  much  as  was  necessary  for  the  pro- 
tection of  Washington,  should  move  upon 
Richmond  by  way  of  the  Virginia  peninsula, 
lying  between  the  James  and  York  rivers. 
Fort  Monroe  occupies  the  extremity  of  the 
peninsula.  Heintzelman's  corps  embarked 
March  17,  and  April  1  the  headquarters  of 
the  Army  of  the  Potomac  was  transferred  to 
the  vicinity  of  Fort  Monroe.  Yorktown  was 
defended  by  (Jen.  Magrmler  with  less  than 
8,000  Confederates.  April  4  occurred  the 
principal  skirmish  of  flic  siege,  in  which  35 
men  were  killed  and  120  wounded  on  the 
t'niou  side,  while  the  Confederates  lost  more 
than  100  killed.  The  next  month  was  con- 
sumed by  McClellan  in  building  forlilica- 
tions  and  roads  to  take  Magruder's  army. 
May  5  the  last  of  the  Confederates  retired 
up  the  peninsula. 

Yosemite  National  Park.     (See  Parks, 

National.) 
Youngstown,  Ohio,  act  for  erection  of 

public  building  at,  vetoed,  5254. 
Yucatan. — A  peninsula  of  Mexico.  It  com- 
prises the  States  of  Yucatan  and  Campeche 
and  the  territory  of  Quintann.  It  is  bound- 
ed on  the  north  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  on 
the  east  by  the  Channel  of  Yucatan  (which 
separates  it  from  Cuba)  and  the  Caribbean 
Sea,  on  the  south  by  British  Honduras  and 
Guatemala,  and  on  the  west  by  the  Gulf 
of  Campeche.  The  surface  is  low.  Its  chief 
product  is  sisal  hemp.  Yucatan  was  dis- 
covered in  1517  :  was  conquered  by  Spain, 
1527-1547;  became  independent  IS'Ji  :  was 
annexed  to  Mexico  1822.  In  April.  1X48, 
President  Polk  reiterated  the  "Monroe  doc- 
trine" while  discussing  the  relations  of  the 
L'nited  States  and  Yucatan  (2431). 

Yucatan: 

Acquisition  of,  by  United  States,  dis- 
cussed, 24)51. 

Aid  of  United  States  asked   for,  by, 
to  suppress  Indian  hostilities,  21.".  1. 

Foreign  powers  must  not  take  posses- 
sion of,  2431. 
Monroe  doctrine  reasserted,  24.°.2. 

Referred  to,  2433,  21. '14,  2! :',(!. 
Yukon,  The,  mineral  wealth  in,  value  of, 

6063. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Zona 


Zanesville,  Ohio,  act  for  erection  of  pub- 
lic building  at,  vetoed,  5016. 
Zanzibar,  treaty  with,  5195. 
Zenger's  Case. — One  of  the  most  impor- 
tant struggles  for  the  freedom  of  the  press 
In  America.  John  Peter  Zenger  was  editor 
and  publisher  of  the  New  York  Weekly 
Journal,  which  was  founded  by  him  in 
1720.  His  newspaper  openly  denounced  the 
administration  of  the  colonial  government. 
For  this  he  was  brought  to  trial  in  17:55, 
charged  with  the  publication  of  "false, 
scandalous,  seditious  libels"  against  the 
royal  government  of  the  Colony  of  New 
York.  Strenuous  efforts  were  made  to  se- 
cure Zenger's  conviction,  but  no  jury  could 
l)e  found  to  convict  him. 
Zeppelins.  (Sec  aeronautics  and  Euro- 
pean war,  Aerial  Warfare.) 
For  a  picture  of  the  effects  of  a  Zeppelin 
raid,  see  illustration  opposite  8032,  and 
description  on  back. 

Zinc. — For  many  years  the  value  of  the 
copper  mined  in  the  Central  States  has  ex- 
ceeded that  of  zinc,  frequently  by  millions  of 
dollars,  owing  entirely  to  the  greater  value 
of  the  copper,  for  the  quantity  of  zinc  pro- 
duced has  been  larger.  Under  the  stimulus 
of  extraordinary  prices  for  both  copper  and 
zinc  in  1015  the  mine  output  of  copper  in 
the  Central  States  increased  50,050  tons  and 
that  of  zinc  47.857  tons.  The  value  of  the 
copper  produced  increased  from  $21,865,043 
to  $40.404.000,  an  unusual  increase,  but  not 
sufficient  to  retain  its  preeminence,  for  the 
value  of  the  recoverable  zinc  jumped  from 
$17. 13!), 204  in  1014.  to  .$5:5.540.472  in  1015, 
"jack"  thus  running  $7.000,000  ahead  of 
copper.  Under  ordinary  conditions  the  pro- 
duction of  222.548  tons  of  lead,  valued  at 
$20.010.512.  an  increase  of  18.703  tons  in 
quantity  and  of  $5,000.000  in  value,  would 
have  attracted  considerable  attention.  An 
increase  in  value  of  one-third  is  unusual, 
but  it  appears  small  compared  with  that  of 
either  zinc  or  copper. 

The  production  of  silver  in  the  Central 
States  is  always  relatively  unimportant. 
The  output  in  1015  amounted  to  047. 553 
ounces,  valued  at  $328.:!00,  of  which  585,933 
ounces  was  derived  from  copper  mines  in 
Michigan. 

The  total  value  of  the  silver,  copper,  lead, 
and  zinc  mined  in  the  Central  States  in- 
creased from  $55,171.306  in  1014.  to  $121,- 
283. 202  in  1015.  or  about  120  per  cent. 

The  high  price  of  copper  in  1015  benefited 
few  companies  or  individuals  except  those 
interested  in  the  comparatively  small  num- 
ber of  mines  in  the  Lake  Superior  district  in 
Michigan,  for  that  State  produced  nearly  all 
the  copper  credited  to  the  Central  States. 
Missouri  reported  402,160  pounds  of  copper, 
which  was  derived  mainly  from  the  dressing 
of  lead  concentrates. 

The  average  selling  price  of  lead  was  less 
than  a  cent  a  pound  more  in  1015  than  it 
was  in  1014.  so  that  lettd  mining  was  more 
profitable  chiefly  for  the  five  or  six  large 
companies  having  mines  in  the  disseminated 
lead  region  in  southeastern  Missouri,  which 
produced  83  per  cent  of  the  output  of  the 
Central  States.  The  increase  in  average 
price  did  not  stimulate  lead  mining  in  other 
regions,  as  the  only  other  notably  increased 


output  was  due  to  more  exteruMve  mining  of 
the  "sheet  ground"  in  the  Jqplin  region, 
which  carries  considerable  lead.  In  1015, 
however,  the  smelters  desired  high-grade 
zinc  concentrates  free  or  nearly  free  from 
lead.  Such  concentrates  were  purchased  at 
a  base  price  much  higher  than  that  paid  for 
concentrates  containing  over  1  per  cent  of 
lead.  Moreover,  high-grade  zinc  concen- 
trates frequently  sold  for  more  than  double 
the  price  paid  for  galena  concentrates,  so 
that  owners  of  "sheet  ground"  and  "soft 
ground"  had  no  reason  to  rejoice  over  the 
lead  content  of  their  ore. 

The  largely  increased  and  high  price  of 
zinc  concentrates  created  a  healthy  boom  in 
nearly  all  districts.  The  profits  of  the  big 
operators  were  abnormal,  but  hundreds  of 
mines  worked  by  small  companies  or  individ- 
uals shared  in  the  general  prosperity. 
Miners'  wages  were  raised  and  mining  ma- 
chinery and  supplies  were  liberally  pur- 
chased  at  advanced  prices.  With  zinc  con- 
centrates doubled  and  more  than  doubled  in 
value  any  mine  that  would  not  yield  a  profit 
was  indeed  worthless.  Producing  properties 
or  old  mines  with  shafts  and  drifts  that 
could  be  unwatered,  where  old  concentrating 
plants  could  be  repaired  or  new  ones  quickly 
built,  were  eagerly  sought.  Old  dumps  at 
abandoned  mines  attracted  men  and  boys 
who  made  good  wages  by  culling  the  waste 
rock.  Tailing  mills  were  run  profitably  on 
material  that  would  not  yield  any  profit 
when  zinc  concentrates  sold  for  less  than 
$50  a  ton. 

The  salient  facts  relating  to  zinc  and  lead 
mining  in  the  Central  States  in  1015  were 
the  building  of  new  mills  and  roasting  and 
separating  plants  in  the  Wisconsin-Illinois 
region  ;  the  increased  output  and  the  better 
recovery  made  by  "flotation"  in  the  dis- 
seminated lead  district  in  Missouri  :  the 
more  general  use  of  thickeners,  classifiers, 
and  tables  and  the  vastly  larger  yield  from 
the  "sheet  ground''  in  southwestern  Mis- 
souri ;  the  development  of  the  new  mining 
territory  near  Picher  and  Cardin,  in  the 
north  Miami  field  in  Oklahoma  :  and  the 
active  prospecting  and  mill  building  and  the 
large  increase  in  shipments  of  zinc  car- 
bonate in  Arkansas. 

Zollverein. — A  union  of  German  states  for 
the  maintenance  of  uniform  rate  of  duty 
on  imports  from  other  countres  and  of  free 
trade  among  themselves.  It  began  in  1828 
in  an  agreement  between  Prussia  and  the 
Grand  Duchy  of  Hesse,  and  gradually  de- 
veloped until  now  it  is  coextensive  with  the 
German  Empire,  and  also  includes  the 
Grand  Duchy  of  Luxemburg. 

Zollverein,  The.  (See  Germany.) 
Zona  Libre. — A  narrow  strip  of  territory 
along  the  northern  border  of  Mexico,  so 
called  because  certain  articles  imported  for 
consumption  in  it  were  formerly  exempted 
from  customs  duties.  It  was  first  estab- 
lished in  1S58.  Imports  into  the  zone  lat- 
terly paid  10  per  cent  of  the  ordinary 
duties,  except  cattle,  which  paid  full  duty. 
The  zone  was  suppressed  July  1,  1905. 

Zona  Libre: 

Discussed,  4055,  4100,  4295,  4806,  6234. 
Referred  to,  5195. 


BIOGRAPHIC  INDEX 

to  the 
Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Abbot,  Henry  Larcom;  soldier,  civil  en- 
gineer, author ;  b.  Aug.  13,  1831,  in  Bev- 
erly, Mass.  ;  General  in  United  States 
Army,  and  prominent  as  an  engineer ; 
author  of  lectures  and  papers  on  the  De- 
fence of  the  Sea  Coast  of  the  United 
States,  and  1'hysics  and  Hydraulics  of  the 
Mississippi  River. 

Abert,  James  William;  Major  of  Engi- 
neers, United  States  Army  ;  b.  Nov.  18, 
1820,  in  Mount  Roily,  N.  J.  ;  served  in 
Civil  War,  and  attained  rank  of  major ; 
resigned  in  18G4  ;  was  Examiner  of  Patents 
in  Washington,  and  later  professor  of 
mathematics  and  drawing  in  University  of 
Missouri  at  Uolla. 

Abert,  John  James;  soldier,  engineer;  b. 
Sept.  17,  1788,  in  Shepherdton,  Va.  ;  in 
1829  took  charge  of  topographical  bureau 
at  Washington,  and  in  1838  became  Colonel 
of  Engineers  ;  retired  in  1801,  after  long 
and  faithful  service  ;  was  engaged  in  many 
of  the  earlier  works  of  national  engineer- 
ing, and  his  reports  prepared  for  the  Gov- 
ernment are  standards  of  authority ;  was 
member  of  several  scientific  societies  and 
one  of  t'he  organizers  of  the  National  Insti- 
tute of  Science,  which  later  was  merged 
into  Smithsonian  Institution  ;  died  Sept. 
27,  ISG.'i,  in  Washington. 

Adair,  John  A.  M.;  b.  Jay  Co.,  Ind.,  Dec. 
22,  1SC.3:  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1895; 
elected  to  the  general  assembly  of  Indiana 
in  1902,  and  to  the  00th,  Gist,  62d,  63d 
and  G4th  Congresses  from  Indiana. 
Adams,  Charles  Francis;  lawyer,  author, 
member  State  legislature  and  Congress  ;  b. 
Aug.  18,  1807,  in  Boston.  Mass.  :  son  of 
John  Quincy  Adams,  sixth  President  of  the 
I'nited  States,  and  grandson  of  John 
Adams,  second  President  of  United  States  ; 
served  five  years  in  Massachusetts  legisja- 
ture  :  nominated  for  Vice-President  on 
ticket  with  Martin  Van  Buren  ;  was  twice 
elected  to  Congress  from  Massachusetts  : 
served  as  minister  to  England  during  Civil 
War  in  America ;  died  Nov.  21,  I860,  in 
Boston,  Mass. 

Adams,  C.  F.: 

Arbitrator  named  by  United  States 
for  Geneva  Tribunal,  4139. 

Correspondence  regarding  publica- 
tions for  Library  of  Congress  trans- 
mitted, 3347. 


Adams,  Charles  Francis,  Jr.,  son  of 
above ;  soldier,  author,  railroad  president ; 
b.  May  27,  1835,  in  Boston,  Mass.  ;  ollicer 
in  Union  Army  during  Civil  War  ;  president 
of  Union  Pacific  Railway  ;  wrote  works  on 
railroads  and  history  ;  bitter  opponent  of 
tariff  system  ;  died  Washington,  D  C., 
March  20,  1915. 

Adams,  John,  biography  of,  217. 
Adams,  John  Quincy,  biography  of,  857. 
Adams,  Samuel  (1722-1803);  statesman; 
b.  Boston,  Mass.  ;  as  a  Revolutionary  leader 
his  work  was  most  important  in  the  first 
and  second  Continental  Congresses  ;  was  a 
signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence, 
and  a  member  of  the  ratifying  Congress  in 
Massachusetts,  1788:  was  lieutenant-gover- 
nor of  Massachusetts,  1789-94,  and  gover- 
nor, 1794-97. 

Adamson,  William  Charles;  b.  Bowdon, 
Ga.,  Aug.  13.  1854  :  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  Oct.,  187G ;  elected  to  the  55th,  5Gth, 
57th,  58th,  59th,  GOth,  Gist.  G2d,  G3d  and 
64th  Congresses  from  Georgia. 

Adee,  Alvey  A.;  engineer,  diplomat:  1). 
Nov.  27,  1842,  in  Astoria,  L.  I.,  N.  Y.  ; 
learned  civil  engineering ;  secretary  to 
American  legation  in  Spain,  1870  to  1877  : 
transferred  to  State  Department,  and  in 
1878  became  chief  of  diplomatic  division, 
and  in  1882  was  appointed  third  assistant 
Secretary  of  State. 

Adee,  Alvey  A.: 

Acting  Secretary  of  State,  5536,  6475. 

Second  Assistant  Secretary  of  State, 
Canadian  canal  tolls  referred  to, 
5678.  (See  also  5675.) 
Adet,  Pierce  AugUSte;  French  artillerist, 
chemist,  and  diplomat  (1703-1832)  ;  became 
minister  to  United  States  in  1795  ;  in  1707 
he  severed  diplomatic  relations  between 
France  and  America  with  a  note  from  the 
Directory  stating  that  France  would  treat 
neutrals  as  they  allowed  themselves  to  be 
treated  by  English  ;  issued  inflammatory 
address  to  American  people. 

Adet,  P.  A.,  colors  of  France  presented 
to  United  States  by,  on  the  occasion 
of  the  presentation  of  an  address, 
dated  October  21,  1794,  by  the  com- 
mittee of  public  safety,  181. 


Agassiz 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Agassiz,  Jean  Louis  Rodolphe;  author, 
educator,  naturalist  ;  b.  May  28,  1807,  in 
Switzerland ;  came  to  United  States  in 
1840 :  in  coast  survey  steamer  Bibb,  made 
a  scientific  cruise  of  Atlantic  coast  from 
Massachusetts  to  Florida ;  in  1848  made 
professor  of  zoology  in  Lawrence  Scientific 
School.  Cambridge,  and  founded  Museum 
of  Natural  History  at  Cambridge:  in  1871 
given  charge  of  scientific  expedition  on  war 
vessel  Handler,  which  made  trip  around 
Cape  Horn  to  San  Francisco  ;  died  at  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  Dec.  14,  1873. 

Agassiz,  J.  L.  R.,  visit  of,  to  Brazil,  re- 
ferred to,  3604. 

Aguinaldo,  Erailio;  Filipino  leader;  of 
Chinese  and  Tagalog  parents ;  b.  in  1870, 
in  Cavit^,  Luzon ;  educated  at  College  of 
St.  Jean  Lateran  and  University  of  St. 
Thomas,  iu  Manila,  and  as  protege  of 
Jesuit  priests,  studied  English.  French  and 
Chinese  languages  at  Hong  Kong,  and  be- 
came interested  in  military  affairs  ;  as  head 
of  diplomatic  commission  to  treat  with 
Spain  in  1890.  he  sold  out  the  Filipino  in- 
surgents, and  after  a  quarrel  with  his  com- 
rades over  division  of  Spanish  money,  set 
up  the  Filipino  republic.  June  12.  1898, 
with  himself  as  president  :  protested  against 
American  possession  of  Philippine  Islands 
and  planned  to  massacre  Americans  jn 
Manila,  hut  failed  :  attacked  Americans  in 
Manila.  Feb.  4,  1X99.  and  was  defeated  and 
driven  to  the  mountains,  whore  be  was  cap- 
tured by  Gen.  Fmiston  March  23,  1901. 

Aguinaldo,  referred  to,  6408,  6414. 
Aiken,  Wyatt;  b.  Dec.  14,  1863,  Abbeville 
Co..  S.  C.  ;  was  an  official  court  stenog- 
rapher in  South  Carolina  for  nineteen 
years  :  farmer  all  his  life  ;  during  the  war 
with  Spain  was  a  soldier :  elected  to  the 
r>8th,  59th,  COth,  Olst,  G2d,  63d  and  G4th 
Congresses  from  South  Carolina. 

Ainsworth,  F.  C.,  work  of,  in  "Record 
and  Pension  Division  of  War  Depart- 
ment discussed,  5631. 
Akerman,  Amos  T.;  lawyer;  Attorney 
General  under  President  Grant ;  b.  in  New 
Hampshire  in  1823;  educated  in  the  pub- 
lic schools  of  his  native  State  and  at 
Dartmouth  College;  studied  law  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1844:  removed  in 
1850  to  Flberou,  Ga.,  where  he  continued 
the  practice  of  his  profession  :  Identified 
himself  with  the  conservative  political  party 
of  Stephens.  Warner,  Johnson  and  Hill  in 
opposition  to  secession,  but,  like  many  other 
southern  conservatives,  went  with  the  ma- 
jority when  secession  was  decided  upon  ;  he 
was  employed  in  the  quartermaster's  de- 
partment of  the  Confederate  Government  ; 
after  the  war  joined  the  Republican  party, 
supported  the  reconstruction,  policy  of  the 
government,  and,  in  1800,  was  appointed 
United  States  attorney  for  the  district  of 
Georgia  and  served  in  that  capacity  till 
1870,  when  Grant  appointed  him  Attorney 
General  to  succeed  Kbenezer  K.  Hoar ;  re- 
signed in  1872  and  returned  to  Georgia  and 
became  the  unsuccessful  Republican  candi- 
date for  United  States  Senator;  died  Dec. 
21,  1880,  in  Cartersville,  Ga. 

Alden,  James;  naval  officer;  b.  March  31, 
1810,  in  Portland,  Me.;  as  midshipman  he 
accompanied  Wilkes'  exploring  expedition 
around  the  world,  1838-42  ;  commissioned 
commodore  in  1800.  and  in  1808  placed  in 
charge  of  Mare  Island  Navy  Yard,  San 
Francisco  ;  died  Feb.  C,  1877. 


Aldrich,  Nelson  Wilmarth;  b.  Foster, 
R.  I.,  Nov.  6,  1841  ;  received  an  academic 
education  ;  member  of  the  Rhode  Island 
general  assembly  in  1875-70.  serving  the 
latter  year  as  speaker;  elected  to  the  40i.li 
Congress  and  re-elected  to  the  47th  ;  elected 
Oct.  5,  1881,  to  the  United  States  Senate 
from  Rhode  Island,  and  re-elected  18SO 
1892,  1898.  and  1905.  In  1908  appointed 
chairman  of  a  national  monetary  commis- 
sion to  inquire  into  and  report  what 
changes  are  desirable  in  the  laws  relating 
to  banking  and  currency.  Upon  the  report 
of  this  commission  was  based  the  Aldrieh- 
Vreeland  Currency  Law.  Died  in  N.  u 
York,  April  10,  1915. 

Alexander,  Edward  Porter;  soldier,  au- 
thor, engineer  ;  b.  May  20,  1835.  in  Wash- 
ington, Ga.  ;  graduated  at  West  Point  in 
1857  ;  served  as  engineer  officer  in  Utah  ex- 
pedition, 1858;  professor  of  mathematics 
and  engineering  in  West  Point,  1859-00  ; 
served  in  Confederate  Army  and  later  as 
instructor  in  South  Carolina  University  ; 
became  a  railroad  official,  and  wrote  works 
on  railroading. 

Alexander,  General  E.  P.,  settlement  of 
question     between     Costa     Eica    and 
Nicaragua  by,  6427. 
Alexander,      James,      crimes      charged 

against,  405. 

Alexander,  Joshua  W.;  b.  in  Cincinnati, 
Ohio,  Jan.  22,  1852  ;  moved  to  Canton. 
Lewis  Co.,  Mo.,  and  entered  Christian  Uni- 
versity at  Canton,  Mo.  ;  studied  law  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1875  at  Gal- 
latin,  Mo.  :  iu  1882  was  elected  representa- 
tive to  the  general  assembly  of  Missouri 
from  Daviess  County,  and  re-elected  in 
1884  arid  1880  :  served  two  terms  as  mayor 
of  Gallatiu  ;  elected  to  the  00th,  Olst,  62d, 
03d  and  04th  Congresses  from  Missouri. 

Alger,  Russell  A.;  soldier,  lawyer,  lum- 
berman; b.  Feb.  27,  1S3G,  Lafayette,  Ohio; 
studied  law,  and  enlisted  in  Civil  War  as 
private,  and  in  1805  was  brevctted  briga- 
dier-general and  major-general  for  gallant 
conduct  :  elected  governor  of  Michigan  in 
1884  :  candidate  for  Republican  nomination 
for  President  in  18SS  :  commander  of  Grand 
Army  of  Republic,  1889:  appointed  Secre- 
tary of  War  by  President  McKinley  in 
1897  :  one  of  the  wealthiest  men  in  Michi- 
gan, where  he  owns  large  lumber  interests. 
Senator  from  Michigan,  1902-07  ;  died,  1907. 

Algefc,  R.  A.,  thanks  of  President  ten- 
dered Gen.  Shafter  through,  6574. 
Allen,  Alfred  G.;  b.  near  Wilmington. 
Ohio,  July  23,  1807;  attended  the  public 
schools  of  Wilmington,  and  afterward  en- 
tered the  law  school  of  the  Cincinnati  Col- 
lege, from  which  he  was  graduated  in  1S90; 
since  that  time  he  has  been  in  active  prac- 
tice of  the  law  in  Cincinnati:  served  two 
years  as  councilman  at  large  and  two  years 
as  a  member  of  the  board  Of  sinking-fund 
trustees  of  Cincinnati:  Dec.  10,  1901,  mar- 
ried Miss  Clara  15.  Forbes,  of  St.  Louis. 
Mo.  and  has  two  children  ;  elected  to  the 
62d,'  63d  and  64th  Congresses  from  Ohio. 

Allen,  Ira;  soldier,  author:  b.  April  21, 
1751,  in  Cornwall,  Conn.  :  was  an  officer  in 
the  American  Army  during  Revolution,  and 
was  afterward  instrumental  in  settling  the 
boundary  disputes  between  Vermont  find 
neighboring  states;  author  of  "Natural  and 
Political  History  of  Vermont";  died  Jan. 
7,  1814,  in  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


Biographic   Index 


Armstrong 


Allen,   Ira,   claims   of   heir  of,   against 

Great  Britain,  1268. 
Allen,  Walter,  member  of  Ponca  Indian 

Commission,  4582. 
Almodovar,    Duke    of,    communication 

from,     regarding      Spanish- American 

peace  negotiations,   6320. 
Alvarez,    Manuel,    acting    governor    of 

New  Mexico,  2611. 

Alvord,  H.  J.,  treaty  with  Indians  con- 
cluded by,  3460. 
Ambristie   [Ambrister")  and  Arbuthnot, 

courts-martial  of,  referred  to,  612. 
Ames,  Butler;  '>.  Lowell,  1871;  graduated 
from  the  United  States  Military  Academy 
at  West  Point  in  1894;  at  outbreak  of 
Spanish  war  was  made  nontenant  and  ad- 
jutant of  Volunteers  ;  at  Camp  Alger,  near 
Washington,  appointed  acting  engineer  of 
the  Second  Army  Corps,  under  General  Gra- 
ham, in  addition  to  his  duties  as  adjutant; 
went  to  Cuba  and  Porto  Kieo  under  Gen- 
eral Miles  ;  was  civil  administrator  of 
Arecibo  district  of  Porto  Rico  till  November, 
180S  :  served  as  member  of  the  Massachu- 
setts Slate  legislature  for  three  years,  1807. 
1808,  1800:  elected  to  the  58th,  50th,  00th, 
61st  and  62d  Congresses  from  Massachu- 
setts. 

Ames,  Fisher;  author,  publicist,  orator, 
statesman;  b.  April  9,  1758,  in  Dedham, 
Mass.  ;  graduated  from  Harvard ;  studied 
law  and  was  a  distinguished  member  of 
Massachusetts  Convention  for  ratifying  the 
Constitution  in  178S;  member  of  State  legis- 
lature ;  in  Congress  from  1780  to  1797  ; 
was  conspicuous  for  his  eloquence  and 
patriotism;  devoutly  attached  to  George 
Washington,  and  wrote  the  address  to  the 
House  of  Representatives  to  the  President 
on  his  retirement  from  office*:  wrote  many 
articles  on  public  affairs  of  America,  Eng- 
land and  France  ;  died  July  4,  1808. 

Ames,  Fisher:    ' 

Commissioner  to  treat  with  Indians, 

nomination  of,  250. 
On   committee   to    conduct    inaugural 
ceremony  of  President  Washington, 
39. 

Amin  Bey,  visit  of,  to  United  States  re- 
ferred to,  2655. 

Anderson,     Edward    C.,    lieutenant     in 
Navy,    resignation     of,     referred    to, 
26] 0,   2612. 
Anderson,  John  H.,  appointed  to  Civil 

Service,  6855. 

Anderson,  Eichard  Clough,  Jr.;  lawyer, 
Congressman,  diplomat  ;  b.  Aug.  14,  1788, 
in  Louisville,  Ky.  ;  practised  law  in  Ken- 
tucky ;  served  three  terms  in  state  assem- 
bly, of  which  he  was  chosen  speaker  in 
1822  ;  appointed  minister  to  Colombia  in 
1823.  and  in  1826  :  When  on  his  way  to 
attend  Congress  of  American  Nations  as  en- 
voy extraordinary,  he  died  in  Panama,  July 
24^  1820. 

Anderson,  Eichard  C.,  minister  to  Pan- 
ama, nomination  of,  88ti. 

Anderson,  Eobert;  soldier;  b.  June  14, 
1805,  in  Louisville,  Ky. ;  graduated  from 
West  Point  in  1825;  colonel  of  Illinois 


Volunteers  In  P.Iack  Hawk  War,  in  1832. 
and  took  purl  in  Serninolo  and  Mexican 
wars:  major  of  First  Artillery,  and  in  com- 
mand of  Fort  Sura  tor,  S.  C..  in  1861,  when 
forced  to  surrender  to  Confederate  troops, 
attained  rank  of  brigadier-general,  and  was 
brevetted  major-general  ;  one  of  the  found- 
ers of  National  Soldiers'  Homo,  in  Washing- 
ton ;  died  Oct.  27,  1871,  in  Nice,  France. 

Anderson,   Eobert: 

Commander    of    forts    in    Charleston 

Harbor,    3189. 

Dispatches  of,  while   in   command   of 

Fort  Sumter  referred  to,  3213,  3222. 

Empowered      to      receive      volunteer 

troops,  3219. 

Flag  over  Fort  Sumter  at  evacuation 
of,  to  be  raised  on  ruins  of,  bv, 
3484. 

Anderson,  Sydney;  b.  Gooiihuo  County, 
Minn.,  Sept.  17,  1880;  educated  in  the  com- 
mon schools  of  Xumbrota,  Minn.,  and  the 
University  of  Minnesota ;  lawyer ;  served 
as  a  private  in  Company  D,  Fourteenth 
Regiment  Minnesota  Volunteer  Infantry, 
during  the  Spanish-American  War  ;  married 
and  has  two  children  :  elected  to  the  find, 
63d  aud  64th  Congresses  from  Minnesota. 

Andrews,    T.    P.,    treaty    with    Indians 

concluded  by,  2304. 

Ansberry,  Timothy  T.;  lawyer:  b.  Dec.  2f, 
1871,  Defiance,  Ohio:  elected  to  the  6Oth, 
61st,  62d,  63d  and  G4th  Congresses  from 
Ohio. 

Anthony,  Daniel  Eead,  Jr.;  b.  Aug.  22, 
1870,  at  Leavenworth,  Kans.  ;  admitted  fo 
the  bar.  but  engaged  in  newspaper  work  ; 
was  mayor  of  Leavenworth  in  1003-1005; 
elected  to  the  60th  Congress  to  fill  a  va- 
cancy caused  by  the  election  of  Hon. 
C'harles  Curtis  to  the  United  States  Senate; 
and  re-elected  to  the  61st,  62d,  63d  and  64th 
Congresses  from  Kansas. 

Arbuthnot  and  Ambristie  f Ambrister], 

courts-martial  of,  referred  to,  612. 
Armistead,  George;  soldier;  b.  April  10, 
1780,  in  Newmarket,  Va.  ;  one  of  five 
brothers,  all  of  whom  took  part  in  the  War 
of  1812  ;  rose  successively  to  major  of  artil- 
lery by  1813:  distinguished  at  capture  of 
Fort  George,  near  mouth  of  Niagara  River, 
from  British  in  1813  ;  brovetted  lieutenant- 
colonel  for  successful  defence  of  Fort  Mc- 
ITenry,  near  Baltimore,  against  attack  of 
British  fleet  under  Admiral  Cochrane.  Sept. 
14.  1814  :  presented  with  silver  service  by 
citizens  of  Baltimore  ;  died  April  25,  1818, 
in  Baltimore,  Md. 

Armistead,  George,  mentioned,  701. 
Armstrong,  John;  general,  author,  Con- 
gressman, Senator,  diplomat ;  b.  Nov.  25, 
1758.  in  Carlisle,  Pa.  ;  officer  in  Revolution- 
ary War  ;  author  of  Newburgh  Letters  ;  del- 
egate to  Continental  Congress  in  177S  and 
1787  from  Pennsylvania ;  Secretary  of 
State  and  adjutant-general  ;  directed  last 
Pennsylvania  war  against  Connecticut  set- 
tlers of  Wyoming:  United  States  senator 
from  New  York.  1800  to  1804:  minister  to 
France.  1804.  and  later  to  Spain  :  briga- 
dier-general in  1812.  and  Secretary  of  War 
in  1813  ;  died  April  1,  1843,  in  Red  Hook, 
N.  Y. 


Armstrong 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Armstrong,  John: 

Communicating  letter  from  the 
French  minister  of  foreign  rela- 
tions showing  disposition  of  the 
French  people  toward  the  people 
of  the  United  States,  434,  437. 
Arnold,  Gerrard,  reward  offered  for 

murderer  of,  943. 

Arnold,  Samuel,  implicated  in  murder 
of  President  Lincoln,  proceedings  of 
trial  and  verdict  of  military  commis- 
sion, 3532,  3533,  3534,  3540,  3545, 
3546. 

Arthur,  Chester  A.,  biography  of,  4618. 
Ashbrook,  William  A.;  b.  Johnstown, 
Licking  Co.,  Ohio,  July  1,  1807;  1900,  was 
elected  to  the  State  legislature ;  elected  to 
the  GOth,  61st,  62d,  G3d  and  64th  Congresses 
from  Ohio. 

Ashley,  Gen.,  attacked  by  Indians,  781. 

Ashton,    J.    Hubley;    lawyer:    appointed 

Assistant     United     States    Attorney-general 

in    1864    from    Pennsylvania,    serving    three 

years,  and  reappointed  in  1S08,  serving  one 

yoar :    later    connected    with    the    court    for 

settlement  of  Alabama  Claims. 

Ashton,    J.    Hubley,    agent    of    United 

States    before    Mexican    and    United 

States  Claims  Commission,  report  of, 

transmitted,    4379. 

Atchison.  David  R.J  statesman;  h.  Frog- 
town,  Fayette  County,  Ky.,  Aug.  11,  1807; 
son  of  a  Presbyterian  minister;  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1830,  and  began  practice  of  law 
iu  Missouri ;  member  of  State  Legislature 
In  IS.'U  and  1838  ;  judge  of  the  Platt  County 
Circuit  Court  in  1841  ;  elected  United  States 
Senator  in  1843  and  reelected  in  1849  ;  while 
senator  he  frequently  served  as  president 
•pro  tan  of  the  Senate  ;  on  the  death  of  Vice- 
President  William  II.  King  in  1853,  he  be- 
came Vice-President.  President  Polk's  term 
expired  at  noon,  Sunday,  March  4,  1849,  and 
his  successor,  General  Taylor,  was  not  in- 
augurated until  Monday,  March  5;  Senator 
Atchison  therefore  became  President  of  the 
United  States  for  one  day,  the  law  of  presi- 
dential succession  to  members  of  the  cabi- 
net not  yet  having  been  enacted.  Mr.  Atchi- 
son died  iu  Clinton  County,  Mo.,  Jan.  20, 
1S86,  just  one  week  after  the  approval  of 
the  essential  features  of  the  present  presi- 
dential succession  law.  (See  Presidential 
Succession.  Also  Ferry,  Thomas  W.) 

Atkinson,  Edward;  author,  reformer;  ac- 
tive in  matters  of  diet  and  political  econ- 
omy: b.  P.rookline.  Mass.,  Feb.  10,  1S27; 
author  of  "Industrial  Progress  and  the 
Nation,"  "Science  of  Nutrition,"  etc. 

Atkinson,     Edward,     international     ar- 
rangement fixing  rates  between  gold 
and  silver  coinage,  report  of,  on,  5177. 
Atkinson,   Henry;    soldier;    b.   in    South 
Carolina,    and    became    captain    in    army    in 


1808  ;  made  adjutant-general  after  War  of 
1812,  and  later  appointed  to  command  of 
Western  army  ;  died  in  June.  1842,  at  Jef- 
ferson Barracks,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Atkinson,  Henry: 

Mentioned,   701. 

Treaty    with    Indians    concluded    by, 
887. 

Troops  sent  to  suppress  Indians,  com- 
manded by,  953,  1166. 
Atwater,  Caleb;  author,  lawyer,  legis- 
lator ;  b.  Dec.  25,  1778,  in  North  Adams, 
Mass. ;  grad.  from  'Williams  College  in  1804  ; 
built  up  law  practice,  and  moved  to  Ohio 
in  1811  ;  member  of  State  legislature,  and 
postmaster  at  Circlevillc :  Indian  commis- 
sioner under  President  Jackson  ;  wrote  a 
history  of  Ohio ;  died  March  13,  18ti7,  in 
Circleville,  Ohio. 

Atwater,    Caleb,    treaty    with    Indians 

concluded    by,    1029. 
Atzerodt,  George  A.: 

Implicated    in    murder    of    President 
Lincoln,    proceedings    of    trial    and 
verdict     of     military     commission, 
3532,  3533,  3534,  3540,  3545,   3546. 
Persons   claiming   reward   for   appre- 
hension of,  directed  to  file   claims, 
3551. 
Augur,  Christopher  Colon;  soldier:  b.  in 

New  York  in  1821  ;  graduated  from  West 
Point  in  1843  ;  took  part  in  Mexican  War  ; 
promoted  to  captain  iu  1852.  and  served  in 
Indian  outbreaks  in  Oregon.  1855  50  ;  served 
with  distinction  during  Civil  War,  and  in 
1805  was  brcvetted  brigadier-general  and 
major-general  :  had  command  in  Washing- 
ton, 1803-00:  made  brigadier-general 
United  States  Army  in  1S09,  and  retired  in 
1885. 

Augur,   Christopher  C.,   directed   to   as- 
sume    command    of    Department    of 
Missouri,    4754. 
Auldjo,   Thomas,    vice-consul   to   Poole, 

England,  nomination  of,  90. 
Aury,  Louis  De;  lieutenant  in  New 
Grenada  navy  :  h.  about  1780  :  in  command 
at  siege  of  Cartagena;  went  to  Texas  with 
Ilerrero  in  1810,  as  commander  of  the 
united  fleets,  and  was  appointed  governor 
of  Texas  and  Galvoston  Island:  July.  1817, 
he  took  part  in  McGregor's  expedition  to 
Florida,  and  various  South  American  re- 
volts; resided  in  New  Orleans  and  Havana. 

Aury,  Louis  De,  mentioned,  601. 
Austin,  Richard  Wilson;  i>.   at   Decatur, 

Ala..  Aug.  20.  1857:  educated  University  of 
Tennessee  ;  member  of  the  bar  :  was  assist- 
ant doorkeeper  of  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives in  fhe  47th  Congress:  t'nited  States 
marshal  for  the  eastern  district  of  Ten- 
nessee from  1897  to  1900;  served  as  Ameri- 
can consul  at  Glasgow,  Scotland,  from 
July,  1900.  to  November.  19O7:  elected  to 
the  61st,  02d,  03d  and  G4th  Congresses  from 
Tennessee. 


Biographic   Index 


Balfour 


Bacon,  Augustus  Octavius;  1>.  Bryan  Co., 
Ga.,  Oct.  20,  18:59;  received  a  high-school 
education  in  Liberty  and  Troup  counties ; 
graduated  at  the  University  of  Georgia  ;  en- 
tered the  Confederate  army  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  war  and  served  till  its  close ; 
began  the  practice  of  law  in  1800  at  Macon, 
from  which  date  until  his  election  to  the 
Senate  he  actively  continued  both  in  tho 
State  and  Federal  courts :  in  1871  elected 
to  the  Georgia  house  of  representatives, 
which  body  he  served  for  fourteen  years  ; 
during  eight  years  lie  was  speaker  ;  a  re- 
gent of  the  Smithsonian  Institution:  elected 
to  the  United  States  Senate  from  Georgia, 
in  November,  1K!>4.  190O  and  1007,  having 
been,  by  a  general  slate  primary,  unani- 
mously renomlnated.  Died  in  1913. 

Badger,  George  Edmund,  statesman  and 
Secretary  of  the  Navy  under  President  Wil- 
liam 11.  Harrison  ;  b.  Newbern,  N.  C.,  April 
17,  1795.  His  father  was  a  native  of  Con- 
necticut, but  removed  in  early  manhood  to 
the  South,  where  he  became  a  lawyer  of 
distinction.  The  sou  was  prepared  for  col- 
lege in  the  schools  at  Newbern,  and  at  the 
age  of  lift  eon  entered  Yale.  With  his  other 
studies  he  took  tip  law,  and  progressed  so 
rapidly  that  at  the  age  of  twenty  he  was 
admitted  to  t'he  bar.  The  War  of  1812  was 
at  the  time  disturbing  the  country,  and 
Gov.  Hawkins  called  out  the  militia. 
Badger  took  the  field,  and  served  as  aide- 
de-camp  to  Gen.  Calvin  Jones,  with  the 
rank  of  major.  He  was  elected  to  the  leg- 
islature in  1810,  the  year  of  his  majority, 
and  devoted  the  next  four  years  of  his 
life  to  law  and  legislation.  In  1820  he 
was  appointed  judge  of  the  superior  court, 
and  tilled  the  judicial  bench  until  1825, 
when  he  resigned  and  removed  to  Raleigh, 
where  he  continued  to  reside  until  the  end 
of  his  life.  In  1840  he  took  an  active  part 
in  the  Harrison  presidential  campaign,  and 
soon  after  Mr.  Harrison's  inauguration  was 
appointed  Secretary  of  the  Navy.  After 
the  death  of  President  Harrison,  and  the 
separation  of  Mr.  Tyler  from  the  Whig 
party,  Mr.  Badger  resigned,  giving  as  a 
reason  his  non-agreement  with  the  policy 
of  Mr.  Tyler.  In  1840  lie  was  elected  to 
the  United  States  Senate  to  till  an  unex- 
pired  term  of  two  years,  and  in  1848  re- 
elected  for  a  full  term.  In  18.r>3  President 
Fillmore  nominated  him  as  a  judge  of  the 
United  States  Supreme  Court,  but  the 
nomination  was  not  confirmed  by  the  Sen- 
ate. He  wras  a  vigorous  speaker,  but  rare- 
ly wrote  anything.  Pie  excelled  in  debate, 
and  in  the  subjects  he  studied  made  pro- 
found research.  Mr.  Badger  married  three 
times,  in  each  case  forming  an  alliance  with 
a  distinguished  family.  He  was  prostrated 
by  a  stroke  of  paralysis  Jan.  5,  186:5,  and, 
after  a  lingering  illness,  died  May  11,  1800, 
at  Raleigh,  N.  C. 

Bagley,  Worth,  ensign  in  Navy,  killed 
while  attempting  to  silence  batteries 
at  Cardenas,  Cuba,  6302,  6316. 

Bailey,    Edward    L.,    reinstatement    in 

service  vetoed,  6775. 
Bailey,  Joseph  Weldon;  b.  Copiah  Co., 
Miss.,  Oct.  0.  ISO.*?;  admitted  to  the  bar  In 
1883  ;  removed  to  Texas  in  1885  and  located 
at  his  present  home ;  elected  to  the  52d, 
53d,  54th,  55fh,  and  50th  Congressesj 
chosen  United  States  Senator  from  Texas, 
Jan.  23,  1901  ;  reelected  in  1907. 

Bailey,  Theodorus,  thanks  of  Congress 
to,  recommended,  3277. 


Bainbridge,  William,  naval  officer ;  b.  May 
7,  1774,  at  Print-clou,  N.  J.  ;  served  an  lieu- 
tenant-commander in  the  war  with  France 
in  1798,  and  was  captured  bv  tke  French  ; 
commanded  the  Philadelphia  In  the  Tripoli, 
tan  war  and  surrendered  Nov.  1,  180.'i.  after 
his  vessel  had  become  fast  on  a  rock  In  a 
position  where  her  guns  could  not  be  used  ; 
appointed  commodore  In  1812  and  made 
commander  of  a  squadron  ;  in  command  of 
VuiiKlitiititin  captured  the  British  frigate 
Java,  Dec.  29.  1812;  in  1815  and  1819  com- 
manded squadrons  in  the  Mediterranean,  re- 
turning in  18LM  ;  In  command  at  various* 
times  of  the  navy  yards  at  Charlesiown, 
Boston,  and  Philadelphia;  died  at  Philadel- 
phia July  28,  1833. 

Bainbridge,  William: 
Commander  of  the— 
tion,  507. 

na,  352,  35G. 
Letter  of,  regarding — 

Hostile    act   of    vessel   of   Morocco 

transmitted,   352. 

Wreck    of    tho   Philadelphia    trans- 
mitted, 356. 

Baker,    Eugene    M.,    engagement,    with 

Piegan  Indians  referred  to,  4004. 
Baker,  John,  imprisonment  of,  in  New 

Brunswick,  963,  969,  990. 
Claims  arising  out  of,  1687. 
Baker,  Marcus;  geographer,  mathema- 
tician, and  explorer ;  b.  Sept.  23,  1849,  in 
Ostemo,  Mich.  ;  graduated  from  University 
of  Michigan  in  1870.  and  became  professor 
of  mathematics  in  Albion  College,  and  tutor 
in  University  of  Michigan  ;  appointed  to 
Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  in  187.'',.  and  as 
assistant  geographer,  explored  Pacific  coast 
from  Southern  California  to  Alaska  and 
Arctic  Ocean  :  placed  in  charge  of  magnetic 
observatory.  United  States  Signal  Service, 
at:  Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  1882  ;  member  of 
Board  of  Geographic  Names,  5047. 

Baldwin,  Charles  H.;  naval  officer;  b. 
Sept.  3,  1822.  in  New  York  City;  entered 
navy  in  1839.  and  served  on  frigate 
Conyreitif  in  Mexican  War:  in  1801  com- 
manded steamer  Clifton:  raised  to  rank  of 
rear-admiral,  January,  1883,  and  assigned 
to  command  of  Mediterranean  squadron  ;  re- 
tired in  1884  ;  died  Nov.  17,  1888.  in  New 
York  City. 

Baldwin,  Charles  H.,  thanks  of  Congress 

to,   recommended,   3277. 
Baldwin,  Leon,  indemnity  paid  by  Mex- 
ico for  murder  of,  in  Durango,  5959. 
Balestier,  Joseph: 
Mentioned,   2688. 
Mission  of,  to  eastern  Asia  referred 

to,  2681. 

Balfour,  Arthur  James;  l>.  July  25,  1848. 
Educated  at  Eton  and  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge.  lie  was  elected  to  Parliament 
in  1874,  and  in  1878  became  private  secre- 
tary to  his  uncle,  Lord  Salisbury,  the  For- 
eign Minister.  His  duties  in  this  capacity 
laid  the  foundation  for  his  comprehensive 
knowledge  of  international  affairs,  but  he 
did  not  relinquish  his  keen  interest  in  the 
study  of  philosophy,  as  was  shown  in  1879 
by  the  publication  of  his  well-known  "De- 
fence of  Philosophic  Doubt."  From  1880 
to  1880.  he  was  a  member  of  the  House  of 
Commons,  but  took  no  prominent  part  in  the 


Bailout 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


discussions,  and  much  surprise  was  caused 
by  his  appointment  in  1880  as  Secretary  for 
Scotland,  with  a  seat  in  the  Cabinet.  Soon 
afterwards  he  was  appointed  Chief  Secre- 
tary for  Ireland,  and  created  a  reputation 
for  unusual  sagacity  and  administrative 
ability  in  that  office.  He  also  developed  his 
ability  as  an  orator  during  this  period  to 
such  an  extent  that  he  became  celebrated  as 
one  of  the  most  effective  speakers  in  Par- 
liament. In  1891,  he  was  made  First  Lord 
of  the  Treasury,  and  until  1895  was  the 
leader  of  his  Party.  In  1898,  he  was  given 
charge  of  the  Foreign  Office,  and  on  the 
resignation  of  Lord  Salisbury  in  1902,  his 
nephew  became  Prime  Minister.  For  three 
and  a  half  years  the  government  of  England 
during  a  critical  period  of  her  history  lay 
;in  his  hands,  until  his  resignation  on  Decem- 
jber  4,  1905,  when  he  was  succeeded  by 
'Cainpbell-Bannerman.  He  remained  the 
leader  of  the  Unionists,  however,  and  re- 
ceived in  addition  many  distinguished 
academic  honors,  including  the  Chancellor- 
Iship  of  Edinburgh  University.  When  the 
coalition  Cabinet  under  Asquith  was  formed 
in  1915,  he  was  made  First  Lord  of  the 
Admiralty,  and  when  Lloyd-George  succeeded 
to  the  Premiei"9*ip  in  December,  1916,  he 
was  made  Secretary  of  State  for  Foreign 
Affairs.  He  was  the  head  of  the  English 
Commission  which  visited  the  United  States 
in  April,  1917,  and  was  received  with  the 
marked  honor  to  which  his  valuable  services 
to  his  country  so  well  entitled  him. 
Ballard,  David  W.,  governor  of  Idaho 

Territory,    removal    of,    referred    to, 

3794. 

Ballard,  Henry  E.;  naval  officer;  b.  in 
1785,  in  Maryland  ;  lieutenant  in  command 
of  United  States  frigate  Constitution  in 
famous  action  with  British  cruisers  Cyane 
and  Iterant,  in  Bay  of  Biscay,  in  1815;  died 
May  23,  1855,  in  Annapolis,  Md. 

Ballard,   Henry  E.,   commander   of  the 

United  States,  1273. 

Ballinger,  Richard  Achilles,  of  Seattle, 
Wash.,  Secretary  of  the  Interior  in  Presi- 
dent Taf  t's  Cabinet ;  b.  Boonesboro,  Iowa, 
July  9,  1858  ;  graduated  from  Williams  Col- 
lege, Mass.,  1884  ;  Sept.  1,  1897,  moved  to 
Seattle.  Wash.  :  engaged  in  active  practice 
until  1904,  when  he  was  elected  mayor  of 
Seattle;  1907,  Commissioner  of  the  General 
Land  Office ;  chairman  of  the  Washington 
State  delegation  to  the  national  con- 
vention which  nominated  Hon.  Wm.  II.  Taft 
for  the  Presidency. 

Balmaceda,  Jose  M.,  President  of  Chile, 

mentioned,  5618. 
Bancroft,   George;    historian;   b.    Oct.    3, 

1800,  in  Worcester,  Mass.;  educated  at  Exe- 
ter Academy  and  Cambridge  Uniwrslty  ;  vis- 
ited Europe  in  1818,  and  studied  in  Goet- 
tingen  and  Berlin  ;  spent  some  ten  years  as 
teacher  and  writer ;  appointed  collector  of 
the  Port  of  Boston  in  18:58  ;  Secretary  9f 
the  Navy  in  1845;  minister  to  Great  Britain 
in  1840':  in  1844  published  first  volume  of 
"History  of  the  United  States."  which  later 
grew  to  twelve  volumes  ;  in  1805,  by  invita- 
tion of  Congress,  he  delivered  in  the  Cap- 
itol an  oration  on  thi>  death  of  Abraham 
Lincoln  :  appointed  minister  to  Prussia  in 
1807  ;  died  in  1891. 

Bancroft,  George: 

Death  of,  announced  and  honors  to  be 
paid  memory  of,  5599. 


Minister  to  Germany,  communication 
from,  regarding  political  ques- 
tions in  Germany,  transmitted, 
4017. 

Referred  to,  4114,  4140. 
Bankhead,  Charles: 

Correspondence  regarding  northeast- 
ern boundary.  (See  Northeastern 
Boundary.) 

Correspondence  relative  to  mediation 
offered  by  Great  Britain  in  con- 
troversy between  United  States 
and  France,  1436. 

Bankhead,  James,  correspondence  re- 
garding Dorr's  Rebellion,  2152,  2155, 
2157,  2158. 

Bankhead,  John  Hollis;  b.  Moscow, 
Marion  (now  Lamar)  Co.,  Ala.,  Sept.  115, 
1842  ;  self-educated  farmer ;  served  four 
years  in  Confederate  army  ;  served  in  gen- 
eral assembly,  1805.  1800  and  18(57  :  warden 
of  the  Alabama  penitentiary.  1881-85:  elect- 
ed to  50th,  51st,  52d,  53d, '54th,  55th,  56th, 
57th,  58th  and  59th  Congresses ;  member 
of  the  Inland  Waterways  Commission,  1907  : 
appointed  United  States  Senator  to  fill  the 
vacancy  caused  by  the  death  of  Hon.  John 
T.  Morgan,  and  in  July,  1907.  was  elected 
by  the  legislature  to  that  position  and  re- 
elected  in  January,  1911,  for  the  term  1913- 
1919. 

Banks,  Nathaniel  P.;  soldier,  legislator, 
governor ;  b.  in  1816  in  Walfham,  Mass.  ; 
successively  worked  In  cotton  factory,  lec- 
tured in  public,  edited  country  newspaper, 
held  custom  house  position,  practised  law  ; 
member  State  legislature.  1*49  and  1S51  : 
member  of  Congress  in  1852,  1854.  and 
1856  ;  was  chosen  Speaker  of  the  House  in 
February,  1850,  after  a  contest  of  two 
months,  on  the  1,33d  ballot  :  elected  gover- 
nor of  Massachusetts,  1857,  1858.  1859  :  ap- 
pointed Major-general  of  volunteers  in 
1861,  and  later  to  command  of  the  Army 
of  the  Potomac:  elected  t<>  Congress  in 
1864,  1800.  1808.  1870.  1874,  187(5  and 
1888;  United  States  Marshal  at  Boston, 
1879-1888;  died  in  Waltham,  Mass.,  Sept. 
1,  1894. 

Banks,  N.  P.,  orders  issued  by,  at  New 

Orleans  transmitted,  3470. 
Barbour,  James,  Secretary  of  W:ir  under 
President  John  Quiney  Adams ;  b.  June 
10,  1775,  in  Orange  Co.,  Vn.  :  received  a 
common  school  education  ;  while  serving  as 
deputy  sheriff  <if  Orange  County  studied 
law,  and  in  1794  admitted  to  the  bar; 
member  of  the  Virginia  house  of  delegates, 
and  its  speaker:  United  States.  Senator  from 
Virginia,  Anti-Democrat  and  State  Rights, 
from  Jan.  11  1815,  to  March  27,  1825, 
when  he  resigned  to  become  Secretary  of 
War;  minister  to  England  from  May  23, 
1828,  to  Sept.  23,  1829;  died-  June  8,  1842, 
near  Gordonsville,  Va. 

Barchfeld,  Dr.  Andrew  Jackson;  i>.  Pitts- 
burg,  Pa.,  May  18,  18*;.'!;  graduated  Jeffer- 
son Medical  College,  Philadelphia,  18S4  ; 
member  of  the  Pittsburg  South  Side  Medical 
Society.  Allegheny  County  Medical  Society. 
Pennsylvania  State  Medical  Society,  and 
National  Medical  Association:  is  president 
of  the  Board  of  Directors.  South  Side  Hos- 
pital, Pittsburg.  and  a  member  of  the  staff: 
elected  to  the  59th,  00th.  01st,  02(1,  03d 
and  04th  Congresses  from  Pennsylvania. 


Biographic   Index 


Bates 


Barnhart,  Henry  A.;  b.  no;ir  Twelve  Mlio. 
a  village  In  Cass  Co.,  Ind.  ;  purchased  the 
Rochester  Sentinel  and  became  its  publisher 
and  editor :  president  and  manager  of  the 
Rochester  Telephone  Company  ;  president  of 
the  National  Telephone  Association  ;  director 
of  fhe  Northern  Prison  at  Michigan  City 
for  three  years;  elected  to  fill  a  vacancy 
in  the  00th  Congress,  and  to  the  filst,  G2d, 
63d  and  64th  Congresses  from  Indiana. 

Barnwell,  Robert  Woodward;  Congress- 
man, college  president  ;  b.  Aug.  10,  1801,  in 
Beaufort,  8.  C. ;  graduated  from  Harvard 
in  1821  :  studied  law,  and  served  in  Con- 
gress. 1829-1833;  president  South  Carolina 
College,  1835-184:'.:  appointed  United 
States  Senator  In  1850,  to  fill  vacancy; 
after  the  war  he  was  again  president  of 
South  Carolina  College;  died  Nov.  25,  1882, 
in  Columbia,  S.  C. 

Barnwell,    E.    W.,    commissioner    from 

South  Carolina,  mentioned,  3189. 
Barren,  Samuel;  nnval  officer;  b.  Sept.  25. 
1705,  In  Hampton.  Va.  ;  distinguished  for 
gallantry  in  the  Revolutionary  navy  from 
Virginia,  in  which  his  father,  his  uncle  and 
his  brother  also  participated  ;  died  Oct.  28, 
1810,  in  Hampton,  Va. 

Barron,  Samuel,  correspondence  regard- 
ing war  with  Tripoli  transmitted,  379. 
Barrundia,  J.  Martine,  seizure  and  kill- 
ing of,  on  the  Acaptilco  and  action 
of     American     minister    discussed, 
5544. 

Conduct  of  Commander  Eeiter  re- 
garding, referred  to,  5569. 
Papers  regarding,  transmitted,  5565. 
Barry,  John;  naval  officer;  b.  in  1754  in 
Ireland  ;  served  through  the  Revolutionary 
War  as  a.  naval  officer,  and  at  the  close  of 
that  war  the  United  States  began  to  build 
a  new  navy,  and  John  Barry  was  made 
senior  officer ;  in  1770  he  commanded  the 
brig  Lc-ritititon,  the  first  continental  vessel 
to  sail  from  the  port  of  Philadelphia,  and 
with  which  he  made  the  first  capture  of  a 
Uritish  war  vessel  accomplished  by  an 
American  cruiser;  later  commanded  the 
Iftilriftli,  Eiiiiirilinni,  Alliance,  and  others; 
died  Sept.  30.  '1S03.  in  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Barry,  John: 

Monument  to,  proposed,  6946. 

Wilson  speech  at  unveiling  of,  7942. 
Barry,  William  Taylor,  Postmaster-Gen- 
eral under  President  Jackson ;  b.  Feb.  5, 
1784;  graduated  from  William  and  Mary 
College  in  1803  ;  studied  law  and  began  the 
practice  of  his  profession  at  Lexington, 
Ky.  :  eLcted  a  Representative  to  the  llth 
Congress  as  a  Democrat  do  fill  a  vacancy 
caused  by  the  resignation  of  George  M. 
Bibb  i,  and  served  from  Feb.  2,  1815,  until 
he  resigned  in  1816  ;  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  Kentucky  ;  elected  lieutenant-gov- 
ernor;  appointed  professor  of  law  and  poli- 
tics in  Transylvania  I  niversity.  at  Lexing- 
ton, in  1821;  secretary  of  state:  chief 
justice  of  the  snpreni"  court  of  Kentucky; 
appointed  Postmaster-General  March  9, 
1829.  the  first  Postmaster-General  invited 
to  sit  in  the  Cabinet;  resigned  April  10, 
1.S35,  when  he  became  minister  to  Spain  ; 
died  at  Liverpool.  England,  Aug.  30,  1835. 
on  his  way  to  his  post  ;  his  remains  were 
brought  home  and  reint erred  in  Frankfort 
Cemetery  with  Masonic  honors,  Nov.  8, 
1854. 


Bartholdt,  Richard;  b.  In  Germany,  Nov. 
2,  1855:  came  to  this  country  when  a  boy; 
received  a  classical  education  ;  learned  the 
printing  trade  and  became  a  newspaper 
man  ;  was  connected  with  several  eastern 
papers  as  reporter,  legislative  correspondent 
and  editor,  and  was  at  the  time  of  his 
election  to  Congress  editor  in  chief  of  the 
Nt.  Louis  Triliinir  ;  was  elected  president  of 
the  Interparliamentary  Union  for  Arbitra- 
tion and  Peace,  and  organized  a  group  of 
that  union  in  Congress;  elected  to  the  53d, 
54th,  55th,  50th,  57th,  58th.  59th.  OOlh, 
61st,  02d  and  63d  Congresses  from  Missouri. 

Bartlett,  Charles  Lafayette;  b.  Monti- 
cello,  Jasper  Co.,  Ga.,  Jan.  31,  1853  ;  grad- 
uated at  the  University  of  Georgia,  1870; 
studied  law  at  the  University  of  Virginia, 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  1872;  elected 
to  the  house  of  representatives  of  Georgia 
in  1882  and  188:!.  and  again  in  18S4  and 
1885.  and  to  the  state  senate  in  1888  and 
18S9;  elected  to  the  54th.  55th.  50th.  57th, 
58th,  59th,  00th,  Olst,  62d  and  63d  Con- 
gresses from  Georgia. 

Barton,  Clara;  army  hospital  and  field 
nurse  ;  b.  In  1830  in  North  Oxford,  Mass.  ; 
educated  at  Clinton,  X.  Y.,  and  founded  a 
free  school  at  Bordentown.  X.  .7.  ;  clerk  in 
United  States  Patent  Office.  1854-1801;  de- 
voted herself  to  the  care  of  the  sick  and 
wounded  during  the  Civil  War;  did  hospital 
work  in  the  Franco-German  War  :  aided  the 
Red  Cross  movement  ;  assisted  the  poor  at 
Paris  and  Strasburg  ;  became  'head  of  Red 
Cross  Society  in  America  :  in  1S90  she  went 
to  Turkey  to  aid  the  persecuted  Armenians  ; 
during  Spanish-American  War  she  went  to 
Cuba  and  had  charge  of  distributing  sup- 
plies furnished  by  United  States  Govern- 
ment. 

Barton,  Clara,  president  American  Na- 
tional Red  Cross,  work  accomplished 
by,    in    Spanish-American    War    dis- 
cussed, 6284,  6308,  6320. 
Barton,  Thomas  P.,  charge"  d'affaires  to 

France: 

Correspondence       regarding       claims 
against      France.       (See      France, 
claims    against.) 
Eequest    of,    for    passports    complied 

with,   1416. 

Bashaw,  Hamet,  correspondence  relat- 
ing to  Hamet  Caramalli  transmitted, 
380. 

Batchelder,  J.  M.,  mentioned  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  commission  for  the  revi- 
sion of  the  Judicial  Code  of  the  re- 
form tribunal  of  Egypt,  4564. 
Bates,  Edward,  Attorney-General  under 
President  Lincoln  ;  b.  Sept.  4,  1793.  at  Bel- 
mont,  Goochland  Co.,  Va. ;  educated  at 
Charlotte  Hall  Academy.  Maryland,  and  in 
1812  obtained  a  midshipman's  warrant  but 
was  prevented  from  going  to  sea  by  his 
mother;  served  as  sergeant  in  the  winter 
of  1812  and  1813  in  a  volunteer  brigade; 
in  1814  moved  to  St.  Louis  ;  studied  law 
and  in  1817  admitted  to  the  bar;  circuit 
prosecuting  attorney  in  1818  ;  member  of 
the  convention  which  formed  the  State  con- 
stitution in  1820  :  State's  attorney  in  1820  : 
member  of  the  State  house  of  representa- 
tives in  1822;  United  States  district  attor- 
ney, 1821-1820:  elected  a  Representative 
from  Missouri  to  the  20th  Congress  as  an 


Bates 


Messages  a,id  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Adams  anti-Democrat ;  defeated  for  re- 
election to  the  21st  Congress ;  member  of 
the  State  senate  in  1830,  and  of  the  State 
house  of  representatives  in  1834  ;  declined 
a  Cabinet  seat  tendered  him  by  President 
Fillmore  ;  in  1850  presided  at  the  national 
Whig  convention  at  Baltimore ;  appointed 
Attorney-General  by  President  Lincoln  and 
served  from  March,  1801,  to  September, 
1804  ;  died  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  March  25, 
18G9. 

Bates,  Brig.-Gen.  John  C.,  transmitting 
his  report  in  connection  with  the 
treaty  effected  by  him  with  the  Sul- 
tan of  Sulu,  6407. 

Baumer,  Julius,  expulsion  of,  from  Ger- 
man Empire  referred  to,  4460. 
Bayard,  James  Asheton,  Jr.;  lawyer, 
member  of  Congress  and  United  States 
Senator;  b.  Nov.  15,  1799,  in  Wilmington, 
Del. ;  his  father  was  a  member  of  Congress, 
and  later  Senator :  his  brother.  Richard 
H..  was  also  a  Senator :  he  and  his  son. 
Thomas  Francis,  were  elected  to  the  United 
States  Senate  at  the  same  time — 1809  :  was 
a  delegate  to  the  New  York  convention  of 
1808  ;  died  June  13,  1880,  in  Wilmington, 
Del. 

Bayard,  James  A.,  Jr.,  nomination  of, 
as  director  of  Bank  of  United  States 
declined,  1267. 

Bayard,  Thomas  Francis;  lawyer,  states- 
man ;  b.  Oct.  29,  1828,  in  'Wilmington,  Del. ; 
son  of  James  A.,  Jr.  :  trained  for  mercan- 
tile life,  but  later  adopted  profession  of 
law,  which  he  practised  in  his  native  city  ; 
appointed  United  States  District  Attorney 
for  Delaware  in  185:;.  and  resigned  in 
1854;  elected  to  T'nited  States  Senate  In 
1809,  on  snme  day  his  father  was  re-elected 
to  same  body  :  was  twice  re-elected  :  ap- 
pointed Secretary  of  State  by  President 
Cleveland  in  1885;  died  Sept.  28,  1898,  in 
Dedham,  Mass. 

Bayard,  Thomas  F.: 

Ambassador  to  (Jreat  Britain,  report 
relating  to  speeches  of,  transmitted, 
6035. 

Secretary  of  State,  4889. 
Treaty  with  Great  Britain  on  subject 

of  fisheries  concluded  by,  5189. 
Baylor,    Thomas    G.,    member    of    Gun 

Foundry   Board.   4748. 
Beach,    Lansing    H.,    commissioner    in 
marking     boundary     between     Texas 
and    Mexico,    4902'. 

Beale,  Edward  F.;  soldier,  diplomat :  b. 
Feb.  4,  1822,  in  Washington.  D.  C.  ;  ap- 
pointed minister  to  Austria  in  1875. 

Beale,  Edward  F.,  superintendent  of  In- 
dian affairs  in  California,  accounts 
of,  referred  to,  2958,  .''.016. 

Beaumarchais,  Caron  de;  French  wit 
and  dramatist,  lawyer,  financier  and  author; 
b.  in  Paris  In  17.''.-!:  son  of  a  watchmaker 
and  for  a  time  pursued  his  father's  voca- 
tion; his  skill  in  music  procured  his  intro- 
duction to  court:  mndi'  a  fortune  in  finan- 
cial transactions  with  Duvcrny:  at  the  out- 
break of  the  American  Revolution  he  con- 
tracted to  supply  the  colonists  with  arms 


and  ammunition  :  in  this  affair  he  acted  as 
secret  agent  of  the  French  government ; 
wrote  "The  Barber  of  Seville  and  "The 
Marriage  of  Figaro."  successful  operas  ;  fa- 
vored the  popular  cause  in  French  Revolu- 
tion ;  died  in  1799. 

Beaumarchais,  Caron  de,  claims  of, 
against  United  States,  406,  568,  591, 
696. 

BeauprS,  Arthur  M.,  correspondence  of, 

on  Panama,  6758-6761. 
Bedini,  Gaetano;  Italian  cardinal:  b.  at 
Sinigaglia.  May  15.  1800  ;  went  to  Bologna 
as  prolcgate  in  1849,  and  in  1853  was  sent 
as  nuncio  to  Brazil,  with  orders  to  visit  the 
United  States  on  the  way  and  convey  a 
friendly  mission  to  the  Government  ;  was 
charged  with  tyrannous  severity  in  his  ad- 
ministration at  Bologna,  and  his  life 
threatened  by  Italian  and  German  exiles  in 
the  United  States:  returned  to  Italy  in 
1854  :  died  at  Viterbo,  Sept.  0,  1804.  " 

Bedini,  Gaetano,  complimentary  mis- 
sion of,  to  United  States,  referred  to, 
2761.  ' 

Beecher,  Henry  Ward;  clergyman,  au- 
thor; b.  June  24.  1813.  in  Litchfield,  Conn.; 
forty  years  pastor  of  Plymouth  Church. 
Brooklyn.  X.  Y.  :  noted  as  eloquent  pulpit 
orator;  died  March  8,  1887. 

Beecher,  Henry  Ward,  public  address  to 
be  delivered  by,  at  Fort  Sumter, 
4237. 

Belknap,  William  Worth;  soldier;  Secre- 
tary of  War  under  President  Grant;  b. 
Xewburgh,  X.  Y.,  Sept.  22.  1829 ;  son  of 
William  Goldsmith  Belknap.  who  was  prom- 
inent in  the  Mexican  war;  William  W.  was 
graduated  at  Princeton  in  1848  :  studied 
law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1851  ; 
opened  an  office  in  Keokuk,  Iowa,  where  he 
became  prominent  in  Democratic  politics 
and  was  elected  to  the  state  legislature  ;  at 
the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he  was  com- 
missioned major  of  the  Fifteenth  Iowa  Vol- 
unteers; served  with  distinction  throughout 
the  war  under  Grant,  Sherman,  McPherson, 
and  others;  mustered  out  as  commander  of 
the  fourth  division  of  the  Seventeenth  Army 
Corps:  collector  of  internal  revenue  for 
Iowa  until  1800.  when  Grant  appointed  him 
Secretary  of  War:  March  7,  1870,  he  was 
charged  with  official  corruption  and  im- 
peached :  charges  were  quashed  in  the  Sen- 
ate for  lack  of  jurisdiction  :  among  those 
best  informed  Belknap  was  believed  to  have 
been  the  victim  of  others;  he  was  found 
dead  In  his  bed  in  \Yas'hingtou,  Oct.  13, 
1890. 

Bell,  Henry  Haywood;  navnl  officer ;  b. 
about  1808,  in  Xorth  Carolina;  early  In 
Civil  War  appointed  fleet  captain  of  West- 
ern Gulf  squadron  ;  promoted  to  rear-ad- 
miral. July,  18(50:  retired  1S07  ;  died  Jan. 
11.  18(58.  in  Japan. 

Bell,  Henry  H.,  thanks  of  Congress  to, 
recommended,  3277. 

Bell,  John  (1797-1809)  ;  politician;  b.  near 
Xashville,  Tenn.  ;  member  of  Congress  from 
Tennessee,  1827-41:  speaker,  1S34-35:  Sec- 
retary of  War  under  Tyler,  1841  :  United 
States  Senator.  1847-59  ;  nominated  by  the 
Constitutional  Union  party  as  candidate  for 
the  Presidency  against  Lincoln  In  1800. 


Biographic   Index 


Bibb 


Bell,  Peter  Hansboro;  lawyer,  governor, 
member  of  Congress;  b.  May  18,  1812,  In 
Culpeper,  Va.  ;  educated  In  Virginia  and  mi- 
grated to  Texas  in  183G ;  enlisted  under 
General  Houston  and  became  inspector-gen- 
eral of  Army  of  Texas  ;  served  in  Mexican 
War  as  Colonel  of  Volunteers  under  General 
Taylor ;  inaugurated  governor  of  Texas, 
Jan.  1,  1850;  reelected  in  1851,  and  re- 
signed to  enter  Congress,  where  he  served 
two  terms;  migrated  to  North  Carolina  and 
served  in  Confederate  Army  as  Colonel  of 
Volunteers  during  Civil  \Var  ;  died  April  20. 
1898,  at  Littleton,  Halifax  Co.,  N.  C. 

Bell,  Thomas  Montgomery;  i>.  Nachooehee 
Valley,  White  Co.,  C,a.,  March  17,  1801  : 
elected  to  the  50th,  GOth,  Gist,  62d,  C3d  and 
64th  Congresses  from  Georgia. 

Benge,  L.  H.,  treaty  with  Indians  ne- 
gotiated by,  3592. 

Benham,  Alexander  E.  K.;  naval  officer; 
b.  1832,  In  New  York  ;  entered  navy  during 
Civil  War ;  raised  to  rank  of  commander 
in  1867,  captain  in  1878.  commodore  in 
18S9.  and  acting  rear-admiral  in  1800;  com- 
mander of  East  Indian  squadron  in  1891  ; 
retired  In  1894. 

Benham,  A.  E.  K.,  action  of,  in  protect- 
ing American  interests  during  Bra- 
zilian insurrection,  5973. 
Benner,  Henry  H.,  pension  to  widow  of, 
recommended  by  Secretary  of  War, 
4451. 

Benson,  Egbert;  lawyer,  author,  jurist, 
Congressman ;  b.  June  31,  1746,  in  New 
York  City ;  attorney-general  of  New  York, 
1780-1789;  delegate  to  Continental  Con- 
gress, 1784-1788  ;  member  of  Congress  from 
New  York,  1789-1793  ;  judge  state  supreme 
court.  1794-1801  :  again  elected  to  Congress 
in  1813 ;  died  Aug.  24,  1833,  in  Jamaica, 
N.  Y. 
Benson,  Egbert: 

Appointed  on  committee — 

To  conduct  ceremonies  of  adminis- 
tration of  oath  to  President 
Washington,  39. 

To  meet  President  Washington,  37. 
Commissioner  of  United  States  to  de- 
termine     northeastern      boundary, 
191. 

Benton,  Thomas  Hart  (1782-1858)  :  sol- 
dier and  statesman;  b.  near  ITillsboro.  N. 
C.  ;  removed  to  Tennessee  :  studied  law.  and 
entered  the  legislature  :  raised  a  volunteer 
company  for  the  War  of  1812  :  and  served 
on  General  Jackson's  staff :  United  States 
Senator  from  Missouri,  1821-51  :  Congress- 
man, 1853-55. 

Berard,  Mary,  deputy  postmaster, 
nomination  of,  and  reasons  therefor, 
2737. 

Bernstein,  Bernhard,  claim  of,  against 
Russia,  for  illegal  arrest  and  impris- 
onment, 4162. 

Berrien,  John  Macpherson,  Attorney-Gen- 
eral under  President  Jackson  ;  I).  New 
Jersey,  Aug.  23,  1781  ;  in  1796  graduated 
from  Princeton  College  ;  studied  law  at  Sa- 


vannah under  lion.  Joseph  Clay ;  began 
the  practice  of  law  in  1799  at  Louisville, 
then  the  capital  of  Georgia  ;  moved  to  Sa- 
vannah ;  elected  solicitor  of  the  eastern 
judicial  circuit  of  Georgia  in  1809  ;  judge 
of  the  same  circuit,  1810-1821  ;  captain  of 
the  Georgia  Hussars,  a  Savannah  volunteer 
company,  in  the  war  of  1812-1815;  State 
senator,  1822-1823;  elected  a  United  States 
Senator  from  Georgia  as  a  Democrat  in 
1825  and  served  until  March  9,  181!9,  when 
he  resigned  to  accept  the  position  of  At- 
torney-General, Dec.  27,  1831  ;  again  elected 
to  the  United  States  Senate  as  a  Whig; 
took  his  seat  May  31,  1811  ;  reeled ed  in 
1847  and  resigned  May  28,  1852;  died  at 
Savannah,  Ga.,  Jan.  1,  1850. 

Berry,  Robert  M.,  relief  expedition  un- 
der command  of,  -4726. 
Bertholf,  Ellsworth  P.,  thanks  of  Con- 
gress to,  recommended,  6352. 
Betancourt,   G-aspar  A.,  arrest  and  de- 
tention of,  by  Spanish  authorities  in 
Cuba,  6182. 

Betts,  Samuel  Rossiter;  lawyer,  jurist, 
member  of  Congress;  b.  June  8,  1787.  in 
Richmond,  Mass.  ;  took  part  in  War  of  1812. 
and  was  appointed  judge-advocate;  repre- 
sented Now  York  in  Congress.  1815-1817  ; 
appointed  circuit  judge  for  the  state  in 
1823  ;  judge  United  States  district  court, 
1820-1807  ;  author  of  "Admiralty  Prac- 
tice" ;  died  Oct.  3,  1808,  in  New  Haven, 
Conn. 

Betts,  Samuel  R.,  decree  of,  regarding 

Spanish  vessels  referred  to,  3795. 
Beveridge,  Albert  J. ;  b.  Highland  Co.v 
Ohio,  Oct.  0,  1802;  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1SSO ;  elected  to  fhe  United  States 
Senate  in  1899.  when  he  ceased  practice; 
re-elected  in  1905  by  the  unanimous  choice 
of  his  party  to  represent  Indiana  in  the 
Senate. 

Beziers,  Capt.,  remuneration  for  saving 

American  vessel  requested  by,  1647. 
Bibb,  George  M.,  Secretary  of  the  Treas- 
ury under  President  Tyler ;  b.  Virginia  in 
1772  ;  graduated  from  Princeton  College 
in  1792;  .studied  law,  admitted  to  the  bar, 
and  commenced  to  practice  in  Kentucky  ; 
member  of  the  state  house  of  representa- 
tives and  senate  ;  three  times  elected  chief 
justice  of  Kentucky  ;  chancellor  of  the 
Louisville  court  of  chancery;  elected  a 
United  States  Senator  from  Kentucky,  serv- 
ing from  1811  to  1814,  when  he  resigned; 
again  elected  United  States  Senator,  serv- 
ing from  Dec.  7,  1829,  to  March  3,  1835  ; 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  for  one  year ; 
resumed' the  practice  of  law  at  Washington, 
and  was  a  clerk  iu  the  office  of  the  Attor- 
ney-General ;  died  at  Georgetown,  D.  C., 
April  14,  1859. 

Bibb,  William  Wyatt;  governor,  Con- 
gressman, Senator  ;  b.  Oct.  1.  1780,  in  Vir- 
ginia ;  member  of  Congress  from  Georgia, 
1800-1814;  Senator.  1813-1S10  :  appointed 
governor  of  Territory  of  Alabama  in  1817, 
and  elected  first  governor  under  the  con- 
stitution of  that  state  in  1819;  died  July  9, 
1820,  at  Fort  Jackson,  Ala. 

Bibb,  William  W.,  letter  to  Gen.  Jack- 
son transmitted,  621. 


Biddle 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Biddle,  Charles  John;  soldier,  author, 
journalist,  member  of  Congress ;  son  of 
Nicholas  Biddle;  b.  1819  in  Philadelphia, 
Pa.  ;  brevetted  major  for  gallant  and  meri- 
torious service  in  Mexican  War ;  Colonel  of 
Pennsylvania  Reserve  Volunteers  in  18G1, 
and  while  in  the  field  In  Virginia  was  elect- 
ed to  Congress ;  author  of  "The  Case  of 
Major  Andre"  ;  died  Sept.  28,  1873,  in  Phil- 
adelphia, Pa. 

Biddle,  Charles,  mentioned,  2578. 
Biddle,  James;  naval  officer,  soldier,  diplo- 
mat ;  b.  Feb.  28,  1783,  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.  ; 
United  States  Commissioner  to  ratify  treaty 
with  China  in  1845  ;  visited  Japan  aboard 
United  States  ship  Columbus;  commanded 
squadron  on  west  coast  of  Mexico  during 
war  with  that  country  :  had  charge  of  naval 
asylum  on  the  Schuylklll,  1838-1842;  died 
Oct.  1,  1848,  in  Philadelphia. 

Biddle,  James,  treaty  with  Turkey  con- 
cluded by,  1093. 

Bingham,  Henry  Harrison;  b.  Philadel- 
phia, Pa.,  Dec.  4,  1841  ;  was  graduated  at 
Jefferson  College,  18G2,  A.  B.  and  A.  M., 
also  LL.  D.  from  Washington  and  Jeffer- 
son College  ;  studied  law  ;  entered  the  TInion 
Army  as  lieutenant  and  was  mustered  out 
July.  1806,  having  been  brevetted  for  dis- 
tinguished gallantry  :  received  the  medal  of 
honor  for  special  gallantry  on  the  field  of 
battle;  postmaster  of  Philadelphia.  March, 
1807;  elected  to  the  40th.  47th.  48th,  49th, 
50th,  51st.  52d.  53d.  54th.  55th.  56th.  57th, 
58th.  59th,  00th.  Olst  and  G2d  Congresses 
from  Pennsylvania. 

Bingham,  John  A.;  lawyer,  member  of 
Congress;  b.  in  1815,  in  Pennsylvania; 
elected  to  34th  Congress  from  Ohio  in  1854  ; 
reelected  to  the  35th,  36th,  39th,  40th,  41st 
and  42d  Congresses. 

Bingham,  John  A.,  special  judge  advo- 
cate in  trial  of  persons  implicated  in 
assassination  of  President  Lincoln, 
3534. 

Bishop,  Nathan,  member  of  Indian  com- 
mission, 3977. 

Bismarck,  Prince  von,  instructions  of, 
to  German  minister  respecting  Samoa 
transmitted,  5391. 

Bissell,  Daniel,  colonel  in  Army,  nomi- 
nation of,  discussed,  910. 
Bissell,  Wilson  Shannon;  lawyer;  Post- 
master General  during  President  Cleveland's 
second  term  ;  b.  London,  Oneida  Co.,  N.  Y., 
Dec.  31,  1847  ;  removed  to  Buffalo,  where  he 
attended  public  schools  until  1803;  sent  to 
Hopkins  grammar  school  at  New  Haven, 
nnd  graduated  Yale  College  1800;  returned 
to  Buffalo  and  began  study  of  law  in  office 
of  Laning.  Cleveland  &  Folsom  ;  admitted 
to  bar  in  1871  ;  took  an  active  part  in  for- 
warding drover  Cleveland  for  Mayor  of 
Buffalo,  Governor  of  New  York,  and  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States;  appointed  Post- 
master General  March  0,  1893  ;  shortened 
the  time  of  carrying  the  malls  across  the 
continent  by  fourteen  hours ;  eliminated 
$10,000,000  subsidies  from  slow  steamships, 
and  transferred  the  contract  for  printing 
postage  stamps  from  private  parties  to 
the  Bureau  of  Engraving  and  Printing  at 
Washington;  resigned  April  4,  1895,  and 
resumed  practice  of  law  in  Buffalo,  where 
he  died  Oct.  6,  1903. 


Black,  Frank  S.J  lawyer,  governor,  news- 
paper man,  member  of  Congress  ;  b.  March 
8,  1853,  in  Livingston.  Me.  ;  graduated  from 
Dartmouth  College,  and  became  editor  of 
the  Johnstown  Journal;  removed  to  Troy, 
N.  Y.,  where  he  did  newspaper  work  and 
studied  law ;  served  the  State  as  governor 
and  as  member  of  Congress. 

Black,  Jeremiah  S.;  jurist;  b.  Jan.  10, 
1810,  in  Glades,  Pa.  ;  appointed  presiding 
judge  of  the  district  in  which  he  lived  in 
1842  ;  elected  to  the  bench  of  the  state 
supreme  court  in  1851.  and  made  chief  jus- 
tice ;  reelected  in  1854 ;  appointed  Attor- 
ney-General of  United  States  in  1857:  was 
Secretary  of  State  in  1800-1801.  when  he 
resumed  the  practice  of  law  ;  died  Aug.  9, 
1883,  in  York,  Pa. 

Black,  Jeremiah  S.: 

Counsel  for  President  Johnson  in  im- 
peachment proceedings,  3924. 

Secretary  of  State,  3203. 
Blackford,   William,    treaty   with   New 

Granada  concluded  by,  2168. 

Blackmon,  Frederick  Leonard;  b.  Lime 
Branch,  Polk  County,  Ga.,  Sept.  15.  1873  ; 
attended  the  public  schools  at  Dearmanville 
and  Choccolocco  ;  also  State  Normal  College 
at  Jacksonville,  Ala.,  and  the  college  at 
Douglasville,  Ga.  ;  read  law  under  Prof.  Joe 
Camp,  who  was  a  lawyer  and  also  a  profes- 
sor in  the  Douglasville  College  lie  took  a 
course  in  the  business  college  at  Chatta- 
nooga, Tenn.,  and  read  law  under  James  II. 
McLane,  and  was  graduated  from  the  uni- 
versity law  department ;  admitted  to  the 
bar  at  Anniston,  Ala.,  was  associated  with 
the  firm  of  Knox,  Acker,  Dixon  &  Black- 
mon until  elected  to  Congress  ;  city  attor- 
ney for  Anniston  four  years,  and  served  in 
the  Alabama  State  Senate  from  1900  until 
elected  to  Congress  in  1910 ;  chairman  of 
the  congressional  committee  for  the  fourth 
Alabama  congressional  district ;  married 
Dec.  31,  1908,  has  one  child  :  nominated  by 
the  Democratic  Party  without  opposition, 
and  elected  to  the  62d,  63d  and  64th  Con- 
gresses from  Alabama. 

Blaine,  James  Gillespie;  statesman,  or- 
ator, editor  ;  b.  Jan.  31,  1S30,  In  Washing- 
ton Co.,  Pa.  ;  graduated  from  Washington 
College  and  removed  to  Maine,  where  he 
edited  the  Kcnnebcc  Journal  and  Portland 
Advertiser;  served  four  years  in  Maine  leg- 
islature, two  years  as  Speaker  of  the  House  : 
elected  to  the  38th  Congress  from  Maine  in 
1862  ;  and  reelected  for  six  succeeding 
terms  ;  chosen  as  Speaker  three  terms  ;  in 
1870  he  was  elected  United  States  Senator: 
resigned  in  1881  to  accept  Secretary  of 
State  in  President  Garfield's  Cabinet,  serv- 
ing.from  March  till  December:  he  was  an 
unsuccessful  candidate  for  President  In 
1884  :  author  of  "Twenty  Years  In  Con- 
gress" ;  died  Jan.  27,  1893,  in  Washington, 
D.  C. 

Elaine,  James  G.: 

Death  of,  announced  and  honors  to  be 

paid  memory  of,  5820. 
Secretary  of  State,  4(503.  •54 HO. 

Correspondence  regarding  the  Bal- 
timore affair.  (See  Baltimore, 
The.) 

Member  of  conference  to  discuss 
commercial  relations  with  Canada, 
r>(>7~),  5678,  5748. 


Biographic   Index 


Blount 


Blailie,  Walker  G. ;  diplomat;  son  of 
James  G.  ;  b.  in  Maine,  received  college  edu- 
cation, and  in  1881  was  appointed  Third 
Assistant  Secretary  of  State,  and  sent  with 
W.  II.  Trlscott  as  a  special  envoy  to  Peru 
and  Chile. 

Elaine,  Walker,  Third  Assistant  Secre- 
tary of  State,  mentioned,  4694. 
Blair,  Francis  Preston,  Jr.;  soldier,  law- 
yer, author,  member  of  Congress ;  b.  Feb. 
19,  1821,  In  Lexington,  Ky.  ;  migrated  to 
Missouri  and  became  member  of  State  legis- 
lature, 1852-1854;  elected  to  35th,  37th, 
and  .'{8th  Congresses  ;  Colonel  of  Volunteers 
in  18G1  :  appointed  major-general  in  18(12; 
nominated  for  Vlce-1'resident  on  Democratic 
ticket  in  18(58  with  Horntio  Seymour  for 
President:  appointed  United  States  Sen- 
ator to  fill  a  vacancy  in  1871-1$":;  :  wrote 
"Life  and  Public  Services  of  General  Wil- 
liam A.  Butler"  ;  died  July  8,  1S75,  in  St. 
Louis,  Mo. 

Blair,  Frank  P.,  Jr.: 

Commission  of,  as  major-general  dis- 
cussed, 3404. 
Correspondence  regarding  assignment 

of  command  to,  3407. 
Letter  and  advice  of  President  Lin- 
coln  as   to  accepting   scat   in    Con- 
gress   or    remaining    in    command, 
3406. 

Resignation  of,  as  major-general  ac- 
cepted, 3407. 
Withdrawal  of,  3409. 
Blair,    Francis   Preston,    Sr.;    journalist 
and   politician ;  b.    Abington,    Va..    in   1791  ; 
editor   Congressional   Globe,   in   Washington. 
1S30-1S45;   intimate  friend  and  confidential 
adviser    of    President    Jackson  ;     supported 
Van    Rurcn   for   the    Presidency    in    1848.    in 
opposition   to  the  regular  Democratic  party 
nominee;  assisted  at  organization  of  Repub- 
lican party  in  1855;  died  Oct.  38,  187G. 
Blair,   Frank   P.,   Sr.,   negotiations   for 
and   correspondence   regarding   resto- 
ration of  peace,  3461. 
Blair,  Henry  W.,  refusal  of  China  to  re- 
ceive, as  minister,  5621,  5673,  5679. 
Blair,    Montgomery;    lawyer,    judge;    b. 
In   Kentucky  about   1813  :   brother  to  Fran- 
cis Preston,  Jr.  ;  practised  law  in  St.  Louis, 
and  became  judge  of  court  of  common  pleas  : 
moved   to   Maryland  about  1852  ;   appointed 
Postmaster-General    in    March.     1801.    and 
was   removed  near  end   of   1SG4  ;   died  July 
27,  1883. 

Blair,  Montgomery,  correspondence  re- 
garding resignation  of  Frank  P. 
Blair,  Jr.,  as  major-general,  3407. 
Blakeley,  Johnston;  naval  officer;  b.  in 
October,  1781,  in  Ireland  ;  joined  the  navy 
in  1800  and  was  made  lieutenant  in  1807, 
and  in  181.'?  was  appointed  master  com- 
mandant of  the  Wasp:  June.  1S14.  captured 
British  sloop,  Reindeer,  and  in  September 
the  Aron;  for  these  services  he  was  pro- 
moted to  captain,  but  the  Wasp  never  re- 
turned to  port  and  was  not  heard  of  after 
Oct.  0.  1814. 

Blakeley,    Johnston.    British    ship    cap- 
tured by  vessel  in  command  of,  534. 


Blanco,  Ramon,  Captain-General  of 
Cuba,  directed  by  Spain  to  suspend 
hostilities,  referred  to,  G29L'. 
Bland,  Richard  Parks  (1835-1899;  ;  legis- 
lator ;  b.  near  Hartford,  Ky.  ;  studied  law 
and  practised  in  Missouri  California,  and 
Utah,  subsequently  devoting  much  atten- 
tion to  mining;  represented  Missouri  In  the 
House  from  1873  until  1895.  and  then  from 
1897  until  his  death;  noted  as  the  author 
of  the  Bland  Silver  Bill,  and  led  fix-  free 
silver  movement  in  ('lie  House;  prominent 
candidate  for  the  nomination  for  President 
at  the  Democratic  National  Convention  of 
189G. 

Bland,  Theodoric;  soldier,  member  of  Con- 
gress ;  b.  in  1742,  in  Prince  George  Co., 
Va.  ;  enlisted  in  army  and  became  colonel 
of  regiment  of  dragoons  ;  in  177!)  had  com- 
mand of  troops  at  Albemarle  Barracks, 
whence  he  was  elect ed  to  Congress  in  1780. 
representing  Virginia  in  that  body  for  three 
years,  and  Was  then  chosen  a  member  of 
Virginia  legislature;  member  of  first  Con- 
gress under  the  constitution,  having  voted 
for  its  adoption  ;  died  June  1.  1790,  in  New 
York. 
Bland,  Theodoric: 

Appointed     on     committee     to     meet 

Washington     on     his     embarkation 

from  New  Jersey  upon  the  occasion 

of  his  first  inauguration,  37. 

Blatchford,   Richard   Milford;    financier, 

legislator,  public  official  ;  b.  April  23,  1798, 

in   Stratford.   Conn.  ;   financial   agent  of  the 

Bank  of   England  in  182(1  ;  appointed  to  same 

position  for  Bank  of  United  States  in  18.SC>. 

and  assisted  in  winding  up  its  affairs  ;  mi'in- 

ber   of    New    York    legislature   in    1855,    and 

in    1850    park    commissioner    of    New    York 

City  ;  fiscal  agent   for  recruiting  service  at 

outbreak    of    Civil    War:    minister    to    Italy 

in  18G2  ;  died  Sept.  3,   1875,  in  Newport. 

Blatchford,     Richard     M.,     mentioned, 

3279. 

Bliss,  Cornelius  N. ;  Secretary  of  the  In- 
terior under  President  McKinley ;  b.  Fall 
River.  Mass.,  Jan.  26,  1833 ;  finished  hia 
education  in  New  Orleans,  and  in  1848  en- 
tered a  dry  goods  importing  and  jobbing 
house  in  Boston;  in  18G7  organized  the 
firm  of  Wright,  Bliss  &  Fabyau  to  repre- 
s  nt  New  England  manufacturers  ;  became 
director  of  Fourth  National  Bank,  Central 
Trust  Co.,  American  Security  Co.,  Equitable 
Life  Insurance  Co.,  Home  Insurance  Co.. 
member  of  Union  League  Club  ;  treasurer 
New  York  Hospital  ;  declined  a  cabinet 
position  under  President  Arthur;  chairman 
New  York  State  Republican  Committee, 
1887  and  1888;  treasurer  National  Repub 
licau  Committee  in  1892;  appointed  Secre- 
tary of  the  Interior  March  4,  1897,  and  re- 
signed Feb.  20.  1899  ;  long  time  President 
of  the  American  Protective  Tariff  League 
organized  to  combat  the  influence  of  the 
Cobden  Club  in  England  and  the  American 
Tariff  Reform  Club  in  this  country;  died 
Oct.  9,  1911,  in  New  York. 

Blount,  James  H. ;  lawyer,  member  of 
Congress  ;  b.  Sept.  12,  1837,  In  Clinton,  Ga.  ; 
graduated  from  LTniversity  of  Georgia  with 
classical  education  in  1857  :  began  practice 
of  law  in  Macon,  Ga.  ;  represented  Georgia 
in  Congress  from  1873  to  189.°,  ;  last  public 
service  was  as  commissioner  paramount  to 
the  Hawaiian  Islands  for  President  Cleve- 
land :  on  his  report  Cleveland  reversed  the 
policy  of  Harrison  toward  Hawaii  ;  died  at 
Macon.  Ga.,  March  8,  1903. 


Blount 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Blount,  James  H.,  special  commissioner 
to  Hawaiian  Islands,  report  of,  dis- 
cussed, 5873,  5892. 

Blow,  Henry  T.,  dispatch  from,  relative 
to  commercial  interests  with  South 
America,  transmitted,  4014. 
Boggs,  Charles  Stuart;  naval  officer;  b. 
Jan.  28,  1811,  in  New  Brunswick,  N.  J. ;  pro- 
moted to  captain,  July  16,  18C2,  and  com- 
modore July  25,  1SGO  ;  commanded  steamer 
De  Soto,  of  North  Atlantic  squadron,  1807- 
18(58 ;  assigned  to  European  fleet  in  1809, 
and  prepared  a  report  on  steam  engines 
afloat ;  promoted  to  rear- admiral  and  ap- 
pointed inspector  of  third  lighthouse  dis- 
trict, July  1,  1870  :  retired  187:5 ;  died  April 
22,  1888,  in  New  Brunswick,  N.  J. 

Boggs,  Charles  S.,  thanks  of  Congress 

to,  recommended,  3277. 
Bogy,  Lewis  V. ;  lawyer,  legislator,  rail- 
road president ;  b.  April  9,  1813,  in  St. 
Genevieve,  Mo. ;  member  of  State  legisla- 
ture for  several  terms  :  Commissioner  of  In- 
dian Affairs,  1807-1808 ;  one  of  the  pro- 
jectors of  the  St.  Louis  and  Iron  Mountain 
Railroad,  of  which  ho  was  for  two  years 
president ;  elected  to  United  States  Senate 
in  1873,  and  died  in  St.  Louis  Sept.  20, 
1877. 

Bogy,  Lewis  V.,  mentioned,  3719. 
Bolivar,  Simon;  South  American  patriot 
and  liberator ;  b.  at  Caracas,  Venezuela,  in 
July,  1783,  and  inherited  a  large  estate 
from  his  father  ;  liberally  educated  in  Mad- 
rid, and  returned  to  his  native  land  in  1809  ; 
joined  the  insurgents  in  1811,  and  became 
a  colonel  under  Miranda  ;  obtained  full  com- 
mand of  t'he  army  in  1813,  defeated  the 
Spanish  royalists  and  declared  himself  dic- 
tator ;  driven  out  of  Venezuela  in  1814  and 
fled  to  Jamaica :  returned  iu  1810.  raised 
another  army  and  defeated  Spaniards  under 
Morillo  in  February,  1817  ;  in  1819  took 
title  of  president,  liberated  New  Granada, 
which  uniting  with  Venezuela,  formed  the 
new  republic  of  Colombia,  of  which  Bolivar 
became  first  president;  in  1S21  and  1S22 
marched  with  his  army  to  Peru,  which,  with 
his  assistance,  was  soon  liberated  from  the 
Spaniards;  the  independence  of  t'he  South 
American  republics  was  recognized  by  Eng- 
land  and  the  United  States:  early  in  1825 
resigned  dictatorship  of  Peru  and  went  to 
Upper  Peru,  which  was  formed  into  a  sep- 
arate state  and  called  Bolivia,  of  which  he 
was  declared  perpetual  dictator;  also  de- 
clared president  of  Peru  for  life,  and  again 
made  president  of  Colombia  :  resigned  in 
February.  1827.  but  the  congress  refused  to 
accept  his  resignation  :  the  result  of  his 
military  services  was  the  independence  of 
three  South  American  countries  ;  died  De- 
cember, 1830,  at  San  Pedro. 
Bolivar,  Simon: 

Centennial  celebration  of  liirth  of,  at 
Caracas,  referred  to,  47] 6,  47(50. 

Delivered   from    assassins,   medal   of- 
fered   President    Jackson    in    com- 
memoration of,  declined,  1029. 
Bollman,    Eric;    German    physician;    b.    in 
Hanover,    about    1770;    made    an    unsuccess- 
ful  effort  to   release    Lafayette   from   prison 
at   Olmutz,   and    passed   some   years   in   exile 
In   T'nited   States;   died   in   1821. 
Bollman,  Eric,  crimes  charged  against, 

405. 


Bonaparte,  Charles  Joseph;  lawyer;  b. 
June. 9,  1851,  in  Baltimore,  Md.  ;  grandson 
of  Jerome  Bonaparte,  brother  of  Napoleon 
I.  ;  graduated  from  Harvard  in  1871 ;  prac- 
tised law  in  his  native  city  ;  appointed  Sec- 
retary of  the  Navy,  July,  1905  ;  and  later 
Attorney-General  ;  active  in  many  societies 
for  the  suppression  of  vice  and  maintenance 
of  law  and  order. 

Bonaparte,  Charles  J.,  mentioned,  6863. 
Booher,  Charles  F.;  b.  East  Groveland, 
Livingston  Co.,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  31,  1848  ;  studied 
law,  and  went  to  Savannah,  Mo.,  in  1870  ; 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1S71;  mayor  of 
Savannah  six  years ;  elected  to  the  60th, 
61st,  62d,  63d  and  64th  Congresses  from 
Missouri. 

Booth,  John  Wilkes;  actor ;  assassin  of 
President  Lincoln  ;  b.  1838  in  Bel  Air,  Md.  ; 
after  shooting  the  President  from  the  stage 
of  Ford's  theatre  in  Washington,  he  fled  : 
was  pursued  and  shot  to  death  in  a  barn 
near  Bowling  Green,  Va.,  April  26,  1865. 

Booth,  John  Wilkes,  persons  claiming 
reward  for  apprehension  of,  directed 
to  file  claims,  3551. 

Borah,  William  Edgar;  b.  June  29,  1865, 
In  Wayne  Co.,  111.  ;  was  educated  at  the 
Kansas  State  University,  Lawrence ;  ad- 
mitted to  practice  law  September,  1890.  at 
Lyons,  Kans.  ;  elected  to  the  United  States 
Senate  from  Idaho,  Jan.  15,  1907,  re-elected 
1913,  for  term  ending  in  1919. 

Borie,  Aclolph  E.;  Secretary  of  the  Navy 
under  President  Grant  for  a  few  months: 
b.  Philadelphia,  Nov.  25,  1809;  educated 
in  public  schools  of  his  native  town  and  at 
tho  University  of  Pennsylvania  ;  studied 
in  Paris  two  years,  and  upon  his  return 
home  entered  his  father's  business  firm  of 
McKean,  Borie  &  Co.,  engaged  in  trade 
with  China  and  Mexico ;  acquired  a  for- 
tune and  was  president  of  the  Bank 
of  Commerce  of  Philadelphia  from  1848  to 
1800  ;  on  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he 
gave  much  time  and  money  to  the  enlist- 
ment and  care  of  volunteer  soldiers;  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  Union  League  Club  of 
Philadelphia,  the  lirst  of  these  institutions 
to  be  founded  in  the  country;  accepted  the 
position  of  Secretary  of  the  Navy  March 
5.  1809,  but  found  that  his  private  affairs 
needed  his  attention  and  resigned  June  25 
of  the  same  year  and  was  succeeded  by 
George  M.  Robeson ;  accompanied  G*en. 
Grant  in  his  tour  of  the  world,  which  be- 
gan in  Philadelphia  in  1877;  died  Feb.  5, 
1880,  in  Philadelphia. 

Borland,  William  Patterson;  b.  Leaven- 
wortli,  Kans.,  Oct.  14,  1807;  entered  the 
law  department  of  the  University  of  Michi- 
gan at  Ann  Arbor,  and  was  graduated  in 
1S92;  entered  upon  the  praeticp  of  law  at 
Kansas  <'ily;  published  in  1!»07  a  text-book 
on  the  Law  of  Wills  and  Administrations; 
drafted  several  laws  relating  to  city  govern- 
ment, including  the  act  empowering  cities 
to  regulate  charges  of  public  service  cor- 
porations ;  was  nominated  Aug.  4,  1908.  at 
a  direct  primary,  and  elected  to  the  61st, 
62d,  O.'id  and  04th  Congresses  from  Missouri. 

Botldinot,  Elias;  author,  philanthropist; 
b.  May  2,  1740,  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.  ;  made 
bis  'home  ill  Burlington.  N.  J.  ;  first  president 
of  the  American  Bilile  Society  ;  director  of 
the  Mint  at  Philadelphia.  1790-1805;  author 
of  "Second  Advent  of  the  Messiah,"  "The 


Biographic   Index 


Branch 


Star  In  tho  West,"  an  attempt  to  Identify 
the  American  Indians  with  the  ton  lost 
tribes  of  Israel;  died  Oct.  24.  1821,  In  Bur- 
lington, N.  J. 

Boudinot,  Elias: 

Appointed     on     committee     to     meet 

President  Washington,  37. 
Invites    President    Washington    to 
meet  committee  at  his  home,  38. 
Director  of  Mint,  report  of,  trans- 
mitted, 303,  305. 

Bourne,  Jonathan,  Jr.;  b.  New  Bedford, 
Mass.,  Feb.  23,  1S55  ;  settled  in  Portland, 
Ore.,  May  16,  1878,  where  he  was  admitted 
to  the  Oregon  bar  in  1881  ;  practiced  law 
for  only  about  a  year,  thereafter  devoting 
his  attention  to  mining;  president  of  a  num- 
ber of  Oregon  corporations  and  of  the 
Bourne  Cotton  Mills  at  Kail  Hiver,  Mass.  ; 
member  of  State  legislature  during  the  ses- 
sTons  of  18S.r>.  1SS<>,  and  1807:  elected  to 
the  United  States  Senate  from  Oregon,  for 
the  term  beginning  March  4,  1907. 

Boutwell,  E.  B.,  report  on  operations  of 
the  Jolm  Adams,  under  command  of, 
.transmitted,  2909. 

Boutwell,  George  Sewall  (1818-1905)  ; 
politician  and  Cabinet  officer;  b.  at  Brook- 
line,  Mass.  ;  for  some  years  he  was  Demo- 
eratic  leader  in  his  state  ;  governor,  1852- 
53  ;  left  the  party  w'hen  the  Missouri  Com- 
promise was  repealed  and  helped  to  form 
the  Republican  party,  1854  :  organized  the 
department  of  internal  revenue  as  commis- 
sioner. 1862-03  ;  member  of  Congress,  1863- 
(59:  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  1869-73; 
United  States  Senator,  1873-77. 
Bowell,  MacKenzie,  member  of  recip- 
rocal trade  conference  between 
United  States  and  Canada,  5675. 
Bowen,  Henry;  soldier,  farmer,  member 
of  Congress;  b.  Dec.  20.  1841,  at  Maiden 
Spring,  Va.  ;  educated  at  Emory  and  Henry 
College,  Va.  ;  entered  Confederate  army  and 
became  captain  ;  served  two  terms  in  State 
legislature,  and  elected  to  Congress  from 
Virginia  in  1882  and  1886. 
Bowen,  Henry,  correspondence  regard- 
ing Dorr's  Eebellion,  2145. 
Bowman,  Charles  C.;  b.  Troy,  N.  Y.,  Nov. 
14,  1852 ;  graduated  from  Union  College 
with  the  degree  of  C.  E.  in  1875  ;  engaged 
in  civil  engineering  work  for  the  State  of 
Massachusetts  during  the  season  of  1875 ; 
organized  the  western  shipping  department 
of  the  Pennsylvania  Coal  Co.,  at  Pittston, 
1'a.  :  served  as  superintendent  of  mines  of 
the  Florence  Coal  Co..  1883-84,  and  was  part 
owner  ;  president  of  the  taxpayers'  associa- 
tion :  mayor  of  the  city  of  Pittston,  1886; 
member  of  the  select,  or  common,  council 
five  or  six  terms :  treasurer  local  State 
armory  board,  etc.  :  elected  to  the  Sixty- 
second  Congress  from  Pennsylvania. 

Boyd,   Fredrico,   correspondence   of,  on 

Panama,  6796,  6797. 
Boynton,  Michael  P.,  imprisonment  of, 

by  authorities  in  Great  Britain,  4602. 
Boynton,  Richard  M.,  letter  of  Harriet 

M.  Fisher  and,  to  Secretary  of  Navy, 

transmitted,  3669. 


Brace,  Charles  Loring;  clergyman,  author, 
philanthropist;  b.  June  19,  182*!,  in  Litch- 
fleld,  Conn.  ;  founded  Children's  Aid  So- 
ciety, and  Newsboys'  Home  in  New  York; 
author  of  "Norsefolk,"  "Home  Life  In  Ger- 
many," "The  Dangerous  Classes  in  New 
York,"  etc.  ;  died  Aug.  11,  1890,  in  Switzer- 
land. 

Brace,  Charles  L.,  imprisonment  of,  by 
Austrian  authorities  referred  to,  2689. 
Bradford,  William,  Attorney-general  un- 
der President  Washington;  b.  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  Sept.  14,  1755.  lie  was  the  son  of 
Col.  William  Bradford,  a  printer,  and  sol- 
dier in  the  revolution,  and  great  grandson 
of  the  first  printer  in  Philadelphia.  lie 
was  educated  at  Princeton  College  gradu- 
ating in  1772,  and  studied  law  under  Ed- 
ward  Shippen  ;  major  of  a  brigade  of  Penn- 
sylvania Militia  in  the  Revolution  •  in  1780 
he  was  appointed  Attorney-General  of  Penn- 
sylvania, and  in  1784  married  the  daughter 
of  Ellas  Boudinot,  of  New  Jersey;  appoint- 
ed a  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Penn- 
sylvania by  Governor  Mifllin  ;  succeeded 
Edmund  Randolph  as  Attorney-General  in 
1794  He  died  Aug.  23,  1795,  and  was  bur- 
ied in  Philadelphia. 

Bradley,  Mr.,  commissioner  to  investi- 
gate affairs  of  New  York  custom- 
house, 2005. 

Bradley,  William  O.;  b.  near  Lancaster, 
Ky.,  March  18,  1847 ;  educated  in  the  or- 
dinary local  schools  ;  ran  away  from  home 
and  joined  the  Union  Army  twice,  but  on 
account  of  youth  was  taken  from  the  service 
by  his  father  ;  licensed  to  practice  law  on 
examination  by  two  judges  under  special 
act  of  the  legislature  when  18  years  of  age, 
and  has  been  engaged  in  the  practice  of  law 
in  the  State  and  Federal  courts  of  Ken- 
tucky and  other  states,  the  United  States 
circuit  court  of  appeals,  and  the  Supreme 
Court  of  t'he  United  States  ;  was  elected 
county  attorney  of  Garrard  County  in  1870- 
elected  governor  in  1895  by  a  plurality  of 
8.912.  though  the  Democratic  plurality*  for 
President  in  1892  was  40.000;  February 
1908,  was  elected  to  the  United  States  Sen- 
ate from  Kentucky. 

Brady,  James  T.;  lawyer;  b.  April  9,  1S15. 
in  New  York  City  ;  appointed  district  attor- 
ney in  1843,  and  in  1845  corporation  attor- 
ney ;  died  Feb.  9,  1SG9,  ia  New  York  City. 
Brady,  James  T.,  investigations  of,  at 

New  Orleans  referred  to,  3583. 
Branch,  John,  Secretary  of  the  Navy  under 
President  Jackson ;  b.  Halifax  Co.,  N.  C., 
Nov.  4,  1782;  graduated  from  the  Univer- 
sity of  North  Carolina  in  1S01  ;  studied  law 
with  Judge  John  Haywood,  and  afterward 
practiced;  member  of  the  State  senate  of 
North  Carolina,  1811-1817,  1822,  and  1834; 
was  governor  of  North  Carolina,  1S17-1820  ; 
elected  a  United  States  Senator  in  1823, 
and  reelected  in  1829 ;  resigned  March  9, 
1829,  having  been  appointed  Secretary  of 
the  Navy:  resigned  in  1831;  elected  a 
Representative  to  the  22d  Congress  as  a 
Democrat  ;  member  of  the  state  constitu- 
tional convention  in  1835;  Democratic  can- 
didate for  governor  of  North  Carolina  in 
1838,  and  defeated  by  Dudley,  Whig-  ap- 
pointed governor  of  Florida  by  President 
Tyler,  serving  from  1844  until  'the  election 
of  a  governor  under  the  state  constitution 
in  1845  ;  died  at  Enfleld,  N.  C.,  Jan.  4,  1863 


Brant 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Brant,  Joshua  B.,  court  of  inquiry  in 

case  of,  referred  to,  1777. 
Brandegee,  Frank  Bosworth;  b.  New  Lon- 
don, Conn.,  July  8,  1864 ;  graduated  from 
Yale,  1885  ;  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1888 ; 
representative  in  the  general  assembly,  and 
for  ten  years  was  corporation  counsel  for 
the  city  of  New  London  ;  in  -1902  elected  to 
57th  Congress  to  fill  a  vacancy,  and  re- 
elected  to  the  58th  and  59th  Congresses ; 
May  9,  1905,  elected  United  States  Senator 
for  an  unexpired  term,  and  reelected  Jan. 
20,  1909,  from  Connecticut. 
Breckenridge,  John;  lawyer,  statesman ; 
Attornev  General  under  President  Jeffer- 
son ;  b.  Dec.  2,  1760,  in  Augusta  Co.,  Va. ; 
educated  William  and  Mary  College ;  three 
times  chosen  member  of  the  legislature, 
but  refused  admission  before  the  third 
election  because  of  his  being  under  age ; 
began  practice  of  law  at  Charlottesville 
iu  1785  ;  elected  to  the  Third  Congress,  but 
failed  to  take  his  seat  because  of  his  re- 
moval to  Kentucky  in  1793,  where  he  built 
up  an  extensive  practice  in  contested  land 
claims,  which  were  the  outgrowth  of  faulty 
surveys ;  filled  .several  legislative  and  ju- 
dicial positions  in  the  new  State  of  Ken- 
tucky ;  said  to  have  been  the  author  of  the 
famous  "Kentucky  Resolutions"  (q.  v.)  ;  in 
1801  entered  tho  United  States  Senate  and 
for  four  years  was  the  spokesman  of  the 
administration:  it  was  on  his  motion  that 
the  treaty  purchasing  Louisiana  was  rati- 
fied and  the  President  directed  to  take  pos- 
session ;  resigned  from  the  Senate  Dec.  25, 
1805,  and  entered  Jefferson's  cabinet  as 
Attorney  General ;  died  while  in  office  Dec. 
14.  1806. 

Breckinridge,  John  Cabell  (1821-1875)  ; 
general  and  politician ;  b.  near  Lexington, 
Ky.  ;  member  of  Congress  from  Kentucky, 
1851-55 :  Vice-President  with  Buchanan, 
1857-61  ;  nominated  by  the  southern  Demo- 
crats for  President  against  Lincoln,  1800; 
United  States  Senator  from  Kentucky, 
18G1  ;  joined  the  Confederate  army ;  Con- 
federate secretary  of  war,  January  to  April, 
1865. 

Breese,  Kidder  Eandolph;  naval  officer; 
b.  April  14,  1831,  in  Philadelphia;  mid- 
shipman on  Commodore  Perry's  Japan  ex- 
pedition, and  was  aboard  the  Macedonian, 
which  visited  nort'hern  end  of  Formosa  to 
search  for  coal  and  to  inquire  into  the 
captivity  of  Americans  on  that  island  :  he 
served  on  the  San  Jacintn,  which  captured 
1.500  slaves  on  the  coast  of  Africa  :  took 
Mason  and  Slidell  from  British  ship  Trent 
In  November,  1801  ;  died  Sept.  13,  1881. 

Breese,  K.  Randolph,  thanks  of  Con- 
gress to,  recommended,  3277. 
Brent,  Charles  J.,  refusal  of  Great  Brit- 
ain to  surrender  other  fugitives  and, 
discussed,  4326,  4369. 
Brewer,  David  Josiah;  jurist,  associate 
justice  United  States  Supreme  Court  ;  b. 
June  20,  1837,  in  Smyrna,  Asia  Minor;  son 
of  Hev.  Joseph  Brewer  (Christian  mission- 
ary in  Turkey)  and  Kmilia  A.  Field,  sister 
of  David  Dudley,  Cyrus  W..  and  Justice  Ste- 
phen J.  Field  :  graduated  from  Yale  and  the 
Albany  Law  School  :  began  practice  in  Loav- 
enworth.  Kans.  ;  judge  of  probate  and  crim- 
inal courts,  district  court.  State  supreme 
court.  United  States  Supreme  Court;  ap- 
pointed associate  justice  United  States 


Supreme  Court  to  succeed  Stanley  Mat- 
thews, Dec.  18,  1889. 

Brewer,    David    J.,    arbitrator    in    Ven- 
ezuelan  boundary   dispute,   6338. 
Brewer,    Judge,    opinion    of,    in    Great 

Falls  land  case,  referred  to,  3072. 
Brewster,  Benjamin  Harris;  lawyer,  jur- 
ist ;  b.  Oct.  13,  1816,  in  Salem  Co.,  N.  J. ; 
appointed  by  President  Polk  to  adjudicate 
the  claims  of  the  Cherokee  Indians  against 
the  United  States  ;  attorney-general  of  Penn- 
sylvania in  1867  ;  appointed  Attorney-Gen- 
eral by  President  Garfield  in  1881  ;  died 
April  4,  1888,  in  Philadelphia. 

Brida,  Demetrio  S.,  mayor  of  Panama, 

6756. 
Briggs,  Isaac,   surveyor-general   of  the 

United    States,    voluntarily    surveys 

mail  road  between  Washington,  D.  C., 

and  New  Orleans,  La.,  364. 
Bristow,  Benjamin  H.;  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  under  President  Grant  ;  b.  June 
20,  1832,  in  Elkton,  Ky.  ;  graduated  Jeffer- 
son College,  Pennsylvania,  1851,  and  began 
practice  of  law  in  his  native  town  in  1853,  ; 
entered  the  Union  army  at  outbreak  of 
civil  war  and  served  in  the  campaign 
against  Forts  Henry  and  Donelson,  Shiloh, 
Pittsburg  Lauding,  and  assisted  in  the  cap- 
ture of  Morgan  and  his  band  of  raiders ; 
identified  with  the  Whig  party  and  elected 
to  the  Kentucky  Senate;  after  the  war  he 
opened  a  law  office  in  Louisville,  and  iu 
1S67  became  District  Attorney  for  Ken- 
tucky ;  iu  1871  was  appointed  to  the  newly 
created  office  of  solicitor  general  of  the 
United  States,  and  two  years  later  was 
made  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  an  office 
which  he  resigned  in  1876  to  devote  himself 
to  private  practice.  At  the  Republican  Na- 
tional Convention  in  Cincinnati  in  1876  Mr. 
Bristow  was  a  candidate  for  the  presiden- 
tial nomination,  and  received  123  votes  on 
the  first  ballot.  He  later  removed  to  New 
Y'ork  and  continued  to  practice  law. 

BristOW,  J.  L.;  editor;  b.  Wolf  Co.,  Ky., 
July  22,  1861  ;  moved  back  to  Kansas  in 
1873  with  his  father  ;  graduated  from  Baker 
University,  in  1886  ;  the  same  year  he  was 
elected  clerk  of  the  district  court  of  Doug- 
las County,  which  position  he  held  four 
years  ;  in  1890  bought  the  Dail;/  Republican 
at  Salina,  Kans.,  which  he  edited  for  five 
years :  March.  1897,  appointed  Fourth  As- 
sistant Postmaster-General  by  President 
McKinley  ;  in  1900,  under  direction  of  the 
President,  investigated  the  Cuban  postal 
frauds  :  In  1903.  under  direction  of  Presi- 
dent Roosevelt,  conducted  an  extensive 
investigation  of  the  Post-Office  Department; 
in  1905  was  appointed  by  President  Roose- 
velt as  special  commissioner  of  tho  Panama 
Railroad  ;  elected  United  States  Senator  in 
January,  1909,  from  Kansas. 

Bristow,  Pierson  H.,  mombor  of  Board 
on  Geographic  Names,  5647. 

Broadhead,  James  O.,  report  of,  regard- 
ing French  spoliation  claims  trans- 
mitted, 4956. 

Broglie,  Due  de,  correspondence  regard- 
ing claims  of  United  States  against 
France.  (See  Franco,  claims  against.) 

Bromberger,  Max,  claim  of,  against 
Mexico,  4536. 


Biographic   Index 


Bryan 


Bronski,  Count  de  Bronno,  memorial 
from,  relative  to  introduction  of  silk- 
worms into  United  States,  2584. 
Brooke,  George  Mercer;  soldier ;  b.  in 
Virginia;  brevet  ted  lieutenant-colonel  in 
1814  for  gallant  conduct  in  the  defence  of 
Fort  Erie,  and  colonel  for  distinguished 
services  In  the  sortie  from  Fort  Krle ; 
brevetted  brigadier-general  in  1824  and 
major-general  in  1848;  died  March  9,  1851, 
in  San  Antonio,  Texas. 

Brooke,  George  M.,  mentioned,  697,  894. 
Brooke,  John  R. ;  soldier;  b.  In  Pennsyl- 
vania ;  promoted  to  brigadier-general  of  vol- 
unteers In  ]8(!4,  and  brevetted  major-gen- 
eral of  volunteers  ;  in  the  regular  army  he 
received  brevets  as  colonel  and  brigadier- 
general  for  gallantry  in  several  battles ; 
during  the  war  with  Spain  he  was  commis- 
sioned major-general. 
Brooke,  John  R.: 

Member  of  military  commission  to 
Puerto  Rico,  6:522. 

Puerto   Eican   expedition   re-enforced 

by  corps  of,  6318. 

Brooks,  Joseph;  clergyman ;  b.  Nov.  1, 
1821,  in  Butler  Co.,  Ohio  ;  enlisted  at  out- 
break of  Civil  War  as  chaplain  1st  Missouri 
artillery  ;  later  assisted  in  raising  the  llth 
and  33d  Missouri  regiments,  and  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  latter  as  chaplain  ;  moved  to 
Little  Rock,  Ark.,  in  18G8 :  elected  State 
senator  in  1870,  and  governor  in  1872  :  ap- 
pointed postmaster  of  Little  Rock  in  1875, 
and  hold  the  office  until  his  death,  April 
30,  1877,  in  Little  Rock. 
Brooks,  Joseph,  mentioned,  4273. 
Brown,  Aaron  Vail;  b.  Aug.  15,  1795,  in 
Brunswick  Co.,  Va.  ;  served  in  Tennessee 
legislature,  and  in  1839  elected  to  Congress, 
reelected  1841  and  1843 ;  in  1845  elected 
governor  of  Tennessee  ;  Postmaster-General 
in  Cabinet  of  President  Buchanan ;  died 
March  8,  1859,  in  Washington. 

Brown,  Aaron  V.,  Postmaster-General, 
death  of,  announced  and  honors  to  be 
paid  memory  of,  3082. 
Brown,  George";  naval  officer;  b.  June  19, 
1835 ;  with  Farragut's  fleet  ascended  Mis- 
sissippi in  first  attack  on  Vicksburg,  in  June, 
18G2  ;  promoted  to  lieutenant-commander  in 
1802,  and  shortly  after  placed  in  command 
of  ironclad  Indianola,  of  the  Mississippi 
squadron. 

Brown,  Jacob;  soldier;  b.  May  9,  1775, 
in  Bucks  Co.,  Pa.  ;  enlisted  in  War  of  1812, 
and  made  brigadier-general  of  regular  army  ; 
Jan.  24,  1814.  assigned  to  command  of 
Army  of  Niagara,  as  major-general  ;  in  1821 
appointed  general-in-chief  of  regular  army, 
which  position  he  held  till  his  death,  Feb. 
24,  1828,  in  Washington. 

Brown,  Jacob: 

Death  of,  announced  and  tribute  to 
memory  of,  972. 

Eeferred   to,   914. 

Victories  of,  over  British  troops,  533. 
Brown,  John;  abolitionist ;  b.  May  9,  1800, 
In  Torrington,  Conn.  ;  emigrated  to  Kansas 
in  1855  and  took  part  in  anti-slavery  con- 
tests in  that  state :  planned  to  set  free 
slaves  in  Virginia,  and  Oct.  10,  1859.  sur- 
prised armory  and  arsenal  at  Harpers  Ferry, 
and  took  forty  prisoners ;  his  band  was 
overpowered  and  captured,  and  he  was  con- 


victed In  November,  and  hanged  Dec.  2, 
1859. 

Brown,  John,  insurrection  at  Harpers 
Ferry,  Va.,  discussed,  3084.  (See  also 
Brown's  Insurrection.) 
Brown,  John  A.,  second  lieutenant,  pro- 
motion of,  to  first  lieutenant,  dis- 
cussed, 2437. 

Brown,  Joseph  O.,  succeeded  as  Sur- 
veyor-General of  Illinois  by  Silas 
Keed,  1957. 

Brown,  Lieut.,  report  of,  on  the  possi- 
bility of  restraining  the  Navajo  In- 
dians within  their  reservations,  trans- 
mitted, 57H2. 

Browning,  Orville  H.,  Secretary  of  the 
Interior  under  President  Johnson  :  b.  Har- 
rison Co.,  Ky.,  In  1810;  received  his  edu- 
cation at  August  College;  admitted  to  prac- 
tice law  in  1831  ;  moved  to  Quiucv,  111.  ; 
served  in  the  Illinois  Volunteers  through 
the  Black  Ilawl.  war  in  1832;  member  of 
the  State  Senate  of  Illinois.  is::f!-1840,  and 
of  the  state  house  of  representatives,  1811- 
1843;  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Republi- 
can party  and  a  delegate  to  the  national 
convention  at  Chicago  in  1800;  appointed 
a  United  States  Senator  from  Illinois  (to 
fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  the  death  of 
Stephen  A.  Douglas),  serving  from  July  4 
1801,  to  Jan.  30.  1803:  member  of  '  the 
Union  executive  committee  in  1SOO ;  ap- 
pointed Secretary  of  the  Interior  in  July, 
1800,  but  only  served  from  Sept.  1.  1800,  to 
March  3,  1809. 

Browning,    O.    H.,     correspondence   of, 

transmitted,  3805. 

Brubaker,  Pharos  B.,   capture  and  im- 
prisonment of,  by  Honduras,  5825. 
Brunot,    Felix    R.;    merchant,    philanthro- 
pist;     b.    Feb.    7,    1820;    founded    and    for 
many  years  served  as  president  of  Pittsburg 
(Pa.)    Mercantile  Library. 
Brunot,  F.  R.,  member  of  Indian  Com- 
mission, 3977. 

Brunswick  and  Luneburg,  Duke  of,  con- 
vention with,   for    acquiring   and    in- 
heriting property,  2826. 
Brush,   Robert,    act    for   relief   of,    dis- 
cussed, 1353. 

Bryan,  Nathan  Philemon;  b.  Orange  (now 
Lake)  County,  Fla.,  April  23,  1872 ;  was 
graduated  at  Emory  College,  Oxford,  Ga., 
in  1893 :  studied  law  at  Washington  and 
Lee  University,  graduating  in  1895.  and  has 
since  practiced  law  at  Jacksonville ;  was 
chairman  of  the  board  of  control  of  the 
Florida  State  Institutions  of  Higher  Kdura- 
tion  1905-1909;  nominated  for  United 
States  Senator  in  the  Democratic  primary 
election  of  Jan.  31.  1911,  and  elected  by 
the  legislature.  His  term  of  service  will 
expire  March  3,  1917. 

Bryan,  William  J.;  lawyer,  orator;  Sec- 
retary of  State  under  President  Wilson  :  b. 
March  19,  1860,  at  Salem,  111.:  educated 
at  Whipple  Academy  and  Illinois  College 
at  Jacksonville,  and  the  Union  College  of 
Law  at  Chicago,  and  read  law  in  the  office 
of  Hon.  Lyman  Trumbnll  :  began  law  prac- 
tice in  Jacksonville,  but  removed  to  Lin- 
coln, Neb.,  in  1887  ;  elected  to  Congress  for 
two  succeeding  terms  by  the  Democrats  and 
became  his  party's  choice  for  United  States 
Senator ;  nominated  for  the  presidency  by 


Bryan 


Messages  and  Papers  of  //(>.'  Presidents 


the  Democratic  National  Convention  In 
1896,  and  also  by  the  Populists  and  Silver 
Republicans  of  that  year,  and  was  defeated 
by  McKiiiley  ;  during  the  Spanish-American 
War  he  raised  a  regiment  and  was  com- 
missioned as  colonel  of  the  Third  Nebraska 
Infantry :  renominated  by  the  Democrats 
for  President  in  1900,  and  again  defeated  ; 
established  a  weekly  political  paper  in  Lin- 
coln, and  made  a  tour  of  the  world  ;  nomi- 
nated a  third  time  for  the  presidency  in 
1908,  and  defeated  ;  appointed  Secretary  of 
State  by  President  Wilson  March  5.  191:5. 
Resigned  from  the  Cabinet  June  8,  1915, 
during  the  controversy  with  Germany  over 
the  safety  of  neutral  ships  on  the  high  seas. 

Buchanan,    Frank;    b.   Jefferson   County, 

Ind.,  June  14,  1802 ;  attended  country 
school,  worked  on  the  farm,  and  later  be- 
came a  bridge  builder  and  structural  iron 
worker  ;  became  the  president  of  the  Bridge 
and  Structural  Iron  Workers'  Local  Union 
No.  1,  at  Chicago,  in  1898  ;  elected  the  inter- 
national president  of  the  Bridge  and  Struc- 
tural Iron  Workers'  Union  in  September. 
1901  ;  served  for  four  successive  terms  and 
declined  to  be  a  candidate  for  reelection  in 
1905  :  has  been  active  in  the  general  organ- 
ized labor  movement  for  years  ;  previous  to 
his  election  to  Congress  was  working  at 
the  structural  iron  trade  as  inspector  and 
foreman  :  is  married  ;  never  held  a  political 
office  until  elected  to  the  62d,  God  and  64th 
Congresses  from  Illinois. 
Buchanan,  James,  biography  of,  2960. 
Buell,  Don  Carlos;  soldier,  manufacturer; 
b.  March  23.  1818,  near  Marietta,  Ohio ; 
graduated  from  West  Point  in  1841  ;  served 
with  honor  in  Florida  and  Mexican  wars  ; 
brigadier-general  of  volunteers  in  1861  ; 
major-general  in  1802 :  after  serving  with 
distinction  in  Civil  War  he  became,  in  1865, 
president  of  the  Green  River  Iron  Works, 
and  later,  until  1890,  pension  agent  at 
Louisville,  Ky. 

Buell,  Don  Carlos,  second  lieutenant, 
proceedings  in  court-martial  of,  re- 
ferred to,  2128. 

Bulwer,  Sir  Henry  Lytton,  treaty  be- 
tween United  States  and  Great 
Britain  concluded  by  John  M.  Clay- 
ton and,  2580. 

Burchard,  Horatio  C.;  merchant,  lawyer; 
b.  Sept.  22,  1825.  in  Marshall.  N.  Y.  :  mem- 
ber Illinois  legislature  in  1860:  elected  to 
Congress.  1808,  1870.  1S72.  1870:  Director 
United  States  Mint  in  1879:  revenue  com- 
missioner for  Illinois.  1885-1880. 

Burchard,  Horatio  C.,  Director  of  Mint, 
removal  of,  and  reasons  therefor, 
4952. 

Burgess,  George  Farmer;  b.  Wharton  Co., 
Tex.,  Sept.  21.  1801  ;  admitted  to  the  bar 
at  Lagrange,  Texas.  1882;  county  attorney 
of  Con/ales  County.  1886-89;  elected  to 
the  57th,  58th,  59th,  60th,  61st,  62d,  63d 
and  64th  Congresses  from  Texas. 
Burgess,  Thomas  M.,  correspondence  re- 
garding Dorr's  Kebellion,  2155. 
Burleson,  Albert  Sidney,  Postmaster-Gen- 
eral iimler  President  Wilson  ;  b.  June  7, 
1863,  at  San  Marcos,  Tex.  ;  educated  at 
Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College  of 
Texas,  Baylor  University  (of  Waco),  nnd 
University  of  Texas:  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  1884  ;  assistant  city  attorney  of  Austin 


in  1885,  1886,  1887,  1888,  1SS9.  and  1S90  : 
appointed  by  the  Governor  of  Texas  attor- 
ney of  the  twenty-sixtn  judicial  district  in 
1891  ;  elected  to  said  otiice  1892,  1894,  and 
1896;  elected  to  the  50th.  57th,  58th.  59th, 
60th,  Olst.  62d.  and  03d  Congresses :  ap- 
pointed Postmaster-General  March  4,  1913. 

Burlingame,  Anson;  lawyer,  diplomat;  b. 
Nov.  14,  1820,  in  New  Berlin,  N.  Y.  ;  served 
in  State  legislature  and  elected  to  Congress 
from  Massachusetts  :  appointed  minister  to 
Austria  in  isoi.  and  later  to  China  :  in 
1807  headed  a  diplomatic  commission  from 
China  to  the  great  powers  of  the  world  : 
died  Feb.  23,  1870,  in  St.  Petersburg, 
Russia. 
Burlingame,  Anson,  minister  to  China: 

Appointment  of,  to  mission  of  Em- 
peror of  China  referred  to,  3976, 
3825. 

Dispatch     from,     transmitted,     3398, 

3781. 
Burnet,   Daniel,   member   of  legislative 

council      for     Mississippi     Territory, 

nomination  of,  445. 

Burnet,  Jacob;  lawyer,  jurist,  author;  b. 
Feb.  22,  1770,  in  Newark,  N.  J.  ;  member 
first  legislative  council  of  Ohio;  in  1821 
appointed  one  of  the  judges  Ohio  Supreme 
Court  :  elected  to  Senate  of  United  States 
to  fill  vacancy  in  1828  :  in  1847  published 
"Notes  on  Karly  Settlement  of  Northwest- 
ern Territory"  ;  died  May  10,  1853,  in  Cin- 
cinnati, O. 

Burnet,  J.,  correspondence  regarding 
removal  of  remains  of  the  late  Pres- 
ident W.  IT.  Harrison,  1906. 

Burnett,  John  D.,  district  attorney, 
nomination  of,  discussed,  4960. 

Burnett,   John  Lawson;   b.   Cedar  Bluff, 

Cherokee  Co.,  Ala..  Jan.  20,  1854;  studied 
law  at  Vanderbilt  University,  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  Cherokee  County,  Ala., 
in  1S70  :  elected  to  the  lower  house  of  the 
Alabama  legislature  in  1884.  and  to  the 
State  senate  in  1 880  :  elected  to  the  50lh. 
57th,  58th,  09th,  00th,  (ilst.  62d,  63d  and 
04th  Congresses  from  Alabama. 

Burnham   Hiram;    soldier;   b.   in   Maine; 

distinguished  at  second  battle  of  Freder- 
icksburg  and  at  Gettysburg  for  bravery  and 
courage ;  made  brigadier-general  in  1804, 
and  was  conspicuous  in  campaign  from  the 
Wilderness  to  Petersburg:  killed  in  battle 
at  Newmarket,  Sept.  29,  1S04. 

Burnham,     Hiram,     brigadier  -  general, 

nomination  of,  referred  to,  3403. 
Burnside,  Ambrose  Everett;  soldier,  man- 
ufacturer; b.  May  22,  1824,  in  Liberty, 
Ind.  ;  served  on  the  frontier  as  officer  of 
artillery,  and  in  1853  resigned  and  turned 
his  attention  to  the  manufacture  of  guns, 
and  invented  the  ritle  which  bears  his  name  : 
served  with  honor  and  distinction  through 
Civil  War:  elected  govrnor  of  Rhode 
Island  in  1800,  and  in  1875  took  his  seat 
In  United  States  Senate  from  Rhode  Island; 
died  Sept.  3.  1881,  in  Bristol,  R.  I. 

Burnside,  Ambrose  E.: 

Brigadier-general,  thanks  of  Presi- 
dent tendered,  3305. 

Major-general,  ordered  to  assume 
command  of  Army  of  Potomac, 
3325. 


Biographic   Index 


Byrns 


Burr,  Aaron;  soldier,  statesman,  Vice- 
President  of  United  States  ;  b.  Feb.  6,  1756, 
in  Newark,  N.  J.  ;  appointed  lieutenant- 
colonel  in  1777,  and  was  distinguished  for 
ability  and  bravery;  appointed  attorney- 

fencral  of  New  York,  1789  ;  served  in 
'nited  States  Senate,  1701-1797:  at  elee- 
tion  for  fourth  President  of  the  United 
States  Thomas  Jefferson  and  Burr  each  re- 
ceived 7.'?  votes  and  the  choice  of  President 
was  made  by  Congress  (see  Vice-President), 
deciding  in  favor  of  Jefferson,  on  the  thirty- 
sixth  ballot,  and  Burr  was  elected  Vice- 
President  ;  July  12,  1804.  mortally  wounded 
Alexander  Hamilton  in  duel  ;  attempted  to 
establish  a  government  in  Mexico  w'hich 
should  ultimately  include  southwestern  part 
of  United  States:  tried  for  treason  and 
acquitted:  died  Sept.  14,  183G,  on  Staten 
Island,  N.  Y. 

Burr,  Aaron: 

Attempts  made  in  Kentucky  to  bring 
to  justice,  403. 

Boats   of,   with   ammunition   arrested 
by  militia,  405. 

Conspiracy  of,  letters  regarding,  not 
received  by  President,  437. 

Military     expedition    against     Union 
planned  by,  400. 

Passes  Fort  Massac  with  boats,  405. 

Keaehes  Mississippi  Territory,  407. 

Surrenders   to   officers   in   Mississippi 
Territory,  409. 

Trial  of— 

Acquittal  of,  referred  to,  417. 
Evidence  presented  at,  417,  419. 
Expenses  incident  thereto.  421.  447. 
Burroughs,  Marmaduke,  consul  at  Vera 

Cruz,    Mexico,    charges    preferred 

against,  by  Dr.  Baldwin,  1810. 
Burt,  Silas  W.,  chief  examiner  of  Civil 

Service    Commission,    nomination    of, 

and  reasons  therefor,  4745. 
Burton,  Theodore  E.;  '>.  Jefferson,  Ash- 
tabula  Co.,  Ohio,  Dec.  20.  1851;  began  the 
practice  of  law  at  Cleveland  in  1875  : 
author  of  "Financial  Crises  and  Periods  of 
Commercial  and  Industrial  Depression," 
published  in  1902:  also  a  "Life  of  John 
Sherman'1  ;  received  the  degree  of  LL.  D. 
from  Oberlin  College  in  1900.  and  from 
Dartmouth  College  and  Ohio  University  in 
1007;  Representative  in  the  51st.  54th, 
55th.  50th.  57th.  581'h.  50th.  and  60th  Con- 
gresses :  was  elected  to  the  61st  Congress, 
but  resigned  when  elected  to  the  United 
States  Senate  by  the  Ohio  legislature  in 
January,  1909. 

Butler,  Benjamin  Franklin  (Massachu- 
setts) ;  lawyer ;  b.  Nov.  5,  1818,  in  Deer- 
field,  N.  H.  ;  served  in  both  branches  State 
legislature,  1853-1859:  delegate  to  Charles- 
ton Convention.  1800 :  appointed  brigadier- 
general  at  outbreak  of  Civil  War  in  1861  : 
originator  of  phrase  "contraband  of  war" 
as  applied  to  slaves  during  war  ;  served  as 
major-general  throughout  war,  and  resumed 


legal  practice  at  Its  close,  in  Lowell,  Mass  • 
elected  to  Congress  from  Massachusetts' 
18ti(i,  1808,  INTO,  1874:  one  of  the  man- 
agers of  impeachment  of  Andrew  Johnson  ; 
elected  governor  of  Massachusetts,  1882  ; 
died  Jan.  11,  189.'5,  in  Washington,  I).  C. 

Butler,  Benjamin  F.,  Massachusetts: 
Swords  of  (Jen.  Twiggs  forwarded  by, 
to  President  Lincoln  and  his  recom- 
mendation that  they  be  disposed  of 
in  reward  or  compliment  for  military 
service,  .'!.'!46. 

Butler,  Benjamin  Franklin  (New  York)  ; 
lawyer;  b.  Dec.  14,  1795,  in  Kinderhook,  N. 
Y.  :  appointed  district  attorney  for  Albany, 
1821  ;  elected  to  State  legislature,  1827,  and 
later  attorney-general  :  served  as  Secretary 
of  War,  18:?0-18.'',7;  Presidential  elector  in 
1845.  and  twice  appointed  United  Slates  at 
tprney  for  the  southern  district  of  New 
York  ;  died  Nov.  8,  1858,  in  Paris,  France 

Butler,  Benjamin  F.,  of  Nc\v  York: 
Correspondence     regarding    examina 
tion  of  affairs  of  New  York  custom 
house  referred  to,  2007. 
Secretary  of  War,  nomination  of,  and 

reasons  therefor,  1500. 
Butler,  Matthew  C.: 

Member    of    military    commission    to 

Cuba,  6322. 

Statement  of,  regarding  slaughter  of 
American  citizens  in  South  Caro- 
lina referred  to,  4329. 
Butler,  Pierce;  soldier,  statesman;  b.  July 
11,  1744,  in  Ireland  ;  delegate  from  South 
Carolina  to  Congress  under  the  articles  of 
confederation  in  177S.  and  member  of  con- 
vention in  1778  which  framed  present  con- 
stitution, and  one  of  the  signers:  becamr 
Senator  in  1802:  resigned  in  1804;  died 
Fel).  15,  1822,  in  Philadelphia. 

Butler,  Pierce,  mentioned,  3275. 
Butler,  Thomas  S.;  lawyer:  b.  Uwchlan 
Chester  Co..  Pa..  Nov.  4.  1855;  elected  to 
the  55th,  50th,  57th.  58th.  59th,  fiOth.  01st, 
62d,  63d  and  64th  Congresses  from  Penn- 
sylvania. 

Byrnes,  James  F.;  b.  Charleston,  s.  c., 
May  2,  1879 :  received  only  a  common 
school  education  :  in  1900  was  appointed 
official  court  reporter  of  the  second  circuit 
of  South  Carolina:  for  several  years  edited 
a  newspaper  :  admitted  to  the  bar.  and  elect- 
ed solicitor  of  the  second  circuit  of  South 
Carolina  ;  elected  to  the  62d,  63d  and  04th 
Congresses  from  South  Carolina. 

Byrns,  Joseph  W.;  b.  Jnly  20,  1869,  near 
Cedar  Hill,  Robertson  Co.,  Tenn.  :  grad- 
uated law  department  of  Vanderbilt  Uni- 
versity, Nashville ;  three  times  elected  a 
member  of  the  lower  house  of  the  Tennessee 
Stote  legislature :  elected  to  the  Tennessee 
State  senate  in  1900:  elected  to  the  61st, 
62d,  63d  and  64th  Congresses  from  Tennes- 
see. 


Cady 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Cady,  Heman,  claim  of,  presented  and 
appropriation  for,  recommended,  1694. 

Caldwell,  Charles  H.  B.,  thanks  of  Con- 
gress to,  recommended,  3277. 

Calhoun,    James    S.J    b.    In    Georgia,    and 

In  1851  was  appointed  first  governor  of  the 

Territory  of  New  Mexico. 

Calhoun,  James  S.,  treaty  with  Indians 

concluded  by,  2571. 
Calhoun,     J.,     president     constitutional 

convention   of  Kansas,  mentioned  as 

forwarding     copy     of     constitution 

framed  by  that  body,  3002. 
Calhoun,  John  Caldwell;  author,  orator, 
statesman,  Vice-President  of  United  States  ; 
b.  March  18,  1782,  in  Abbeville  District,  S. 
C.  :  Secretary  of  State  under  Monroe  and 
Tyler ;  Vice-President  with  John  Quincy 
Adams  ;  author  of  "A  Disquisition  on  Gov- 
ernment" and  "The  Constitution  and  Gov- 
ernment of  the  United  States"  :  United 
States  Senator  from  1845  till  his  death, 
March  31,  1850,  in  Washington,  D.  C. 

Calhoun,  John  C.: 

Convention    with    Indians    concluded 
by,  622. 

Mentioned,  2233. 

Call,  Richard  Keith;  soldier;  b.  1791,  in 
Kentucky ;  appointed  brigadier-general  of 
Florida  militia  ;  member  of  Florida  legisla- 
tive council  in  1822,  and  delegate  to  Con- 
gress from  that  territory.  1823-1825 ;  re- 
ceiver at  land  office  :  governor  of  Florida, 
1836-1839  and  1841-1844;  died  Sept.  14, 
1862,  in  Tallahassee,  Fla. 

Call,  Richard  K.,  commander  of  militia 

in  Seminole  War,  1472,  1834. 
Call,  Dr.  Samuel  J.,  thanks  of  Congress 

recommended  to,  6352. 
Calvit,  Thomas,  member  of  legislative 
council     for     Mississippi     Territory, 
nomination  of,  445. 

Cambon,  Jules,  French  minister,  repre- 
sentative of  Spain  in  peace  negotia- 
tions, 6320,  6487. 

Cameron.  James  Donald,  of  Harrisburg, 
Pa.,  Secretary  of  War  under  Presi- 
dent Grant ;  b.  Middletown,  Pa.,  1833 ; 
received  a  classical  education ;  student 
at  Princeton  College ;  entered  the  Mid- 
dletown Bank  as  clerk,  and  became  its 
cashier;  president  of  the  Northern  Central 
Railwav  Company  of  Pennsylvania.  1866- 
1874  ;  Secretary  of  War  from  May  22,  1876, 
to  March  3.  18'77;  delegate  to  the  national 
Republican  convention  at  Cincinnati  in 
1876;  elected  a  United  States  Senator  from 
Pennsylvania  (to  fill  the  vacancy  caused 
by  the  resignation  of  his  father,  Hon. 
Simon  Cameron)  in  March,  1877;  took  his 
seat  Oct.  15.  1877,  and  re-elected,  serving 
until  March  3,  1897. 

Cameron,  Simon;  printer,  journalist, 
statesman  ;  1>.  March  8,  1799,  in  Lancaster 
Co.,  Pa.  ;  before  entering  Congress  was  suc- 
cessively bank  cashier  and  president  of  two 
railroads;  elected  to  Senate  in  1845:  men- 
tioned ns  candidate  for  President  of  United 
States  in  I860:  appointed  Secretary  of  War 
in  President  Lincoln's  Cabinet  in  1861  ;  re- 
signed and  was  appointed  minister  to  Rus- 


sia In  1862 ;  resigned  from  United  States 
Senate  during  fourth  term  in  1877 ;  died 
June  26,  1889,  in  Lancaster  Co.,  Pa. 

Cameron,  Simon: 

Ex-Secretary   of   War,   arrest   of,   at 
suit  of  Pierce  Butler  for  false  im- 
prisonment, etc.,  3275. 
Resolution   of   censure   of,   by  House 
of  Representatives  discussed,  3278. 
Campbell,  Archibald,  correspondence  re- 
garding northeastern  boundary.    (See 
Northeastern  Boundary.) 
Campbell,    Bernard,    claim    of,    against 

Haiti,  6100. 
Settlement  of,  6332. 

Campbell,  George  Washington,  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury  under  President  Madison  ; 
b.  Tennessee,  1768  ;  graduated  from  Prince- 
ton College  1794 ;  studied  law  and  com- 
menced practice  at  Nashville ;  elected  a 
Representative  from  Tennessee  to  the 
Eighth  Congress  as  a  Democrat,  and  re- 
elected  to  the  Ninth  and  Tenth  Congresses; 
elected  a  United  States  Senator  from  Ten- 
nessee in  place  of  Jenkins  Whiteside.  re- 
signed, and  took  his  seat  Nov.  4.  1811,  serv- 
ing until  Feb.  9,  1814,  when  he  resigned  ; 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  from  Feb.  9,  1814, 
to  Oct.  6,  1814  :  again  elected  Senator  from 
Tennessee,  serving  from  December  4,  1815, 
until  1818,  when  he  resigned  :  minister  to 
Russia  1818  to  1821  ;  member  of  the  French 
Claims  Commission  in  1831  ;  died  at  Nash- 
ville, Tenn.,  Feb.  17,  1848. 

Campbell,  James;  lawyer,  jurist ;  Postmas- 
ter General  under  President  Pierce ;  b. 
Sept.  1,  1812,  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.;  edu- 
cated at  Stockdale  Academy  and  studied 
law  in  the  office  of  Robert  Ingram;  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1834  ;  and  took  part  in 
the  Dred  Scott  and  other  celebrated  cases 
of  his  time;  became  Judge  of  the  Court 
of  Common  Picas  in  1841,  and  held  iln> 
office  ten  years,  when  he  was  elected  Attor- 
ney General  of  Pennsylvania ;  March  7, 
1853,  he  was  appointed  Postmaster  General 
by  President  Pierce,  and  continued  in  olli^e 
throughout  the  administration;  lie  put  into 
effect  the  three-cent  postage  rate,  intro- 
duced the  registry  system,  stamped  envel- 
opes and  perforated  postage  stamps;  after 
his  term  expired  he  resumed  practice  of  law 
iu  Philadelphia  and  iu  1863  was  an  unsuc- 
cessful candidate  for  United  States  Sena- 
tor; died  Jan.  23,  1893,  in  Philadelphia. 

Campbell,  John,  nomination  of,  as  In- 
dian agent  withdrawn  and  reasons 
therefor,  1037. 

Campbell,  John  Archibald;  lawyer,  jur- 
ist; b.  June  24,  1811,  in  Washington.  Gn.  ; 
resigned  as  associate  justice  of  United 
States  Supreme  Court  in  1861,  after  com- 
mencement of  the  Civil  War  ;  strongly  op- 
posed secession  of  Alabama,  and  in  1864  did 
much  to  bring  war  to  a  close;  died  March 
12,  1889,  in  Baltimore. 

Campbell,  John  A.: 

Justice  Supreme  Court,  resignation 
of,  referred  to,  32.10. 

Member  of  commission  to  confer  with 
President  regarding  termination  of 
war,  2461. 

Pardon  applied  for  by,  order  regard- 
ing, 3550. 


B  log  rap} i  ic   In  dcx 


Carrington 


Campbell,  Lewis  D.;  b.  Aug.  9.  181 1,  in 
Franklin,  Ohio  ;  elected  to  Congress  In  1848 
and  each  succeeding  Congress  until  1857, 
when  his  scat  was  contested  and  the  house 
decided  against  him  ;  appointed  minister  to 
Mexico  in  18(55  and  again  elected  to  Con- 
gress in  1871 ;  died  Nov.  26,  1882. 

Campbell,  Lewis  D.: 

Ex-minister    to    Mexico,    correspond- 
ence with,  referred  to,  3723. 

Mentioned,  3642. 

Campbell,  Philip  Pitt;  b.  Nova  Scotia; 
when  four  years  old  moved  with  his  parents 
to  Kansas;  elected  to  the  58th,  59th,  00th, 
Gist,  62d,  63d  and  64th  Congresses  from 
Kansas. 

Campbell,  Robert;  soldier,  jurist ;  b.  in 
1755  in  Virginia  ;  displayed  great  bravery  in 
conflicts  with  Cherokee  Indians ;  command- 
ed a  regiment  in  battle  of  King's  Moun- 
tains in  1780 :  nearly  forty  years  a  magis- 
trate in  Washington  Co.,  Va.  ;  moved  to 
Tennessee  in  1825 ;  died  February,  1832, 
near  Knoxville,  Tenn. 

Campbell,    Robert,    member    of    Indian 

commission,  3977. 

Candler,  Ezekiel  Samuel,  Jr.;  b.  Bellviile, 
Hamilton  Co.,  Fla.,  Jan.  18,  1862,  but 
moved  with  'his  parents  to  Tishomingo  Co., 
Miss.,  when  eight  years  old :  moved  from 
luka  to  Corinth,  1887,  where  he  engaged  in 
the  practice  of  law  :  elected  to  the  57th, 
58th,  59th,  60th,  61st,  62d,  63d  and  64th 
Congresses  from  Mississippi. 

Cannon,  Joseph  Gurney;  lawyer;  b.  Guil- 
ford,  N.  C.,  May  7,  1836 ;  elected  to  the 
4::d,  44th,  45th,  46th,  47th,  48th, 
49th,  50th,  51st,  53d,  54th,  55th,  50th,  57th, 
58th,  59th,  60th,  61st,  62d  and  64th  Con- 
gresses from  Illinois. 
Canovas  del  Castillo,  Antonio,  prime 

minister    of   Spain,    assassination   of, 

referred  to,  6284. 

Cantrill,  James  Campbell;  b.  Georgetown, 
Scott  Co.,  Ky.,  July  9,  1870 ;  elected  a 
member  of  the  Kentucky  house  of  repre- 
sentatives, 1897  and  1899;  in  1901  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  Kentucky  senate ; 
in  1904  was  elected  chairman  of  the  joint 
caucus  of  the  Kentucky  legislature;  in  1900 
Mr.  Cantrill  became  active  in  the  work  of 
organizing  the  tobacco  growers  of  Ken- 
tucky :  1908  he  was  elected  president  of  the 
American  Society  of  Equity  for  Kentucky, 
an  organization  for  the  cooperation  of 
farmers  in  securing  more  profitable  prices 
for  their  products  ;  elected  to  the  61st,  62d, 
63d  and  64th  Congresses  from  Kentucky. 

Caramalli,  Hamet: 

Appeals  to  United  States  to  place  him 
on  the  throne  of  Tripoli  in  place  of 
the  reigning  Bashaw,  his  younger 
brother,  by  whom  he  had  been  dis- 
placed, 380. 
Referred  to,  2951. 

Carlin,  Charles  Creighton;  b.  Alexandria, 
Va..  April  8.  1866  ;  educated  at  the  National 
Law  University  ;  served  four  years  as  post- 
master of  Alexandria  :  elected  to  the  00th 
Congress  to  fill  a  vacancy,  and  re-elected  to 
the  61st,  62d,  63d  and  64tb  Congresses 
from  Virginia. 


Carlisle,  John  Griffin,  of  Covlngton,  Ky., 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  under  President 
Cleveland;  b.  Campbell  (Kenton)  County, 
Ky.,  Sept.  5,  lS.'5.r>;  received  a  common 
school  education  ;  taught  school  in  the  coun- 
ty and  afterwards  in  Coviugtou ;  studied 
law ;  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Marrh,  1858  ; 
member  of  the  State  house  of  representa- 
tives 1859-1861  ;  elected  to  the  State  senate 
in  1866  and  re-elected  in  August,  1869  ;  dele- 
gate at  large  from  the  State  of  Kentucky  to 
the  Democratic  national  convention  at  New- 
York  in  July,  1868;  nominated  for  lieu- 
tenant-governor ol  Kentucky  in  May,  1871, 
and  elected  in  August  of  same  year,  serv- 
ing until  Sept.,  1S75;  alternate  Presidential 
elector  for  the  State  at  large  in  1S70  ; 
elected  to  the  45th,  40th,  47th.  4Sth,  4'.»th, 
50th,  and  51st  Congresses;  elected  Speaker 
of  the  House  of  Representatives  In  the  48th, 
49th,  and  50th  Congresses ;  resigned  May 
26,  1890,  to  become  United  States  Senator, 
lilling  the  unexpired  term  of  James  B. 
Beck,  deceased,  taking  his  seat  May  20, 
1890;  resigned  Feb.  4,  1893;  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury  1893-1897;  moved  to  New 
York  City  and  practiced  law. 

Carmichael,  William;  diplomat ;  b.  in 
Maryland;  debgate  to  Continental  Con- 
gress 1778-1780;  secretary  of  legation  with 
John  Jay's  mission  to  Spain,  and  remained 
there  as  c'harg6  d'affaires  after  the  return 
of  Mr.  Jay ;  held  the  position  about  15 
years  ;  died  February,  1795. 
Carmichael,  William: 

Commissioner    to    Spain,    nomination 
of,   107. 

Recall  of,  from  Spain,  148. 

Referred  to,  184. 

Carnot,  Marie  Francois  Sadi,  President 
of  France,  assassination  of,  5910. 

Resolutions  of  Senate  and  House  on, 

transmitted  to  widow  of,  5957. 
Carondelet,  Baron  de: 

Authority    to     dispose    of    lands    of 
Spain  in  Louisiana  referred  to,  G51. 

Validity  of  grant  made   by,  to  Mar- 
quis de  Maison  Rouge  to  be  tested, 
2013. 
Carpenter,    W.    S.,    act    for    relief    of, 

vetoed,  5299. 

Carrington,  Edward;  soldier;  b.  Feb.  ll. 
1749,  in  Charlotte  Co.,  Va.  ;  active  and 
efficient  officer  in  the  Revolution  ;  quarter- 
master-general of  the  army  of  the  sourh 
under  Gen.  Greene;  delegate  to  Continental 
Congress  from  Virginia  1785-1780  :  foreman 
of  the  jury  which  tried  Aaron  Burr  for 
treason ;  died  Oct.  28,  1810,  in  Richmond, 
Va. 

Carrington,  Edward,  district  supervisor, 
nomination  of,  91. 

Carrington,  Henry  Beebe;  soldier,  au- 
thor; b.  March  2,  1824.  in  Wallingford. 
Conn.  ;  author  of  "Crisis  Thoughts,"  "Bat- 
tles of  the  Revolution,"  "Apsaraka.  or  In- 
dian Operations  on  the  Plains,"  ''The 
Washington  Obelisk  and  its  Voices"  ;  gen- 
eral in  United  States  Army. 

Carrington,  Henry  B.,  provision  for 
compensation  to,  for  services  ren- 
dered in  Indian  matters,  5499. 


Carroll 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Carroll,  Anna  Ella;  author,  lawyer  and 
strategist;  b.  Aug.  21),  1813,  in  Somerset 
Co.,  Mo.  Her  father,  Thomas  K.  Carroll, 
was  governor  of  Maryland  in  1829-30.  The 
family  was  related  to  that  of  Charles 
Carroll  of  Carrollton,  a  signer  of  the  Dec- 
laration of  Independence.  Anna  Ella  read 
law  in  her  father's  office  and  wrote  for 
the  press.  Her  more  important  works 
were  "The  Great  American  Battle ;  or, 
Political  Komanism,"  "The  Star  of  the 
West,"  Reconstruction,"  "\Var  Powers  of 
the  Government,"  and  a  pamphlet  in  answer 
to  John  C.  Breckinridge's  speech  favoring 
secession  delivered  in  Congress  in  1861.  The 
latter  was  circulated  in  large  numbers  by 
the  War  Department.  At  the  outbreak  of 
the  civil  war  she  freed  her  slaves  and  used 
her  social  Influence  to  prevent  Maryland 
from  seceding  from  the  Union.  At  the  re- 
quest of  President  Lincoln  she  went  to  St. 
Louis  in  1801  to  gather  information  on  the 
proposed  federal  military  expedition  down 
the  Mississippi  River.  After  investigation 
she  advised  against  the  project  and  recom- 
mended that  the  heart  of  the  confederacy 
be  attacked  by  way  of  the  Cumberland  and 
Tennessee  Rivers.  Upon  her  advice  and  in- 
formation Gen.  Halleck  sent  Gen.  Grant 
and  Commodore  Foote  with  a  flotilla  of 
gunboats  and  17,000  men  up  the  Tennessee 
where  Fort  Henry  was  taken,  and  later 
Fort  Donelson  on  the  Cumberland.  The 
final  capture  of  Vicksburg  was  also  accom- 
plished by  following  the  line  of  attack  laid 
out  by  Miss  Carroll.  She  continued  to  send 
plans  and  suggestions  to  the  War  Depart- 
ment throughout  the  war.  The  authorship 
of  the  plan  of  campaign  in  the  West  was 
unknown  except  to  the  President  and  his 
cabinet  until  after  the  war.  Miss  Carroll 
never  received  adequate  compensation  for 
her  services  to  the  cause  of  the  Union.  A 
bill  to  grunt  her  the  pay  of  a  major  gen- 
eral was  introduced  in  Congress  in  1881, 
but  failed  of  passage.  She  died  Feb.  19, 
1894,  in  Washington. 

Carroll,  Charles,  of  Carrollton;  author, 
statesman  ;  b.  Sept.  20,  1737,  in  Annapolis, 
Md.  ;  able  political  writer  and  advocate  of 
independence  :  elected  to  Continental  Con- 
gress in  1770,  and  signed  the  Declaration 
of  Independence  ;  devoted  himself  to  the 
councils  of  his  own  state  from  1778  to  1789, 
when  he  was  elected  Senator  under  the 
Constitution  ;  died  Feb.  14.  1832,  in  Balti- 
more, Md.  ;  the  last  surviving  signer  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence. 

Carroll,  Charles,  on  committee  to — 
Conduct      inaugural      ceremonies      of 

President  Washington,  39. 
Receive   President   Washington   upon 
his    arrival   from    New   Jersey,   36. 
Carson,  Christopher  (Kit) ;  frontiersman, 
guide,  and  scout  ;  b.  Dec.  24,  1809,   in  Mad- 
ison Co.,  Ky.  ;  guide  to  Gen.  Fremont  in  his 
western   explorations  :   served   in   Civil   War, 
and    brevetted    brigadier-general  ;    died    May 
23,   1808,   in   Fort   Lynn,   Colo. 

Carson,  Christopher  (Kit),  treaty  with 

Indians  concluded  by,  3827. 
Carter,  Charles  D. ;  b.  near  Boggy  Depot, 
an  old  fort  In  the  Choctaw  Nation,  Aug.  1G, 
1809;  is  seven-sixteenths  Chiokasaw  and 
Cherokee  Indian,  and  nine-sixteenths  Scot- 
ish-Irish  ;  moved  with  his  father  to  Mill 
Creek  post-office  and  stage  stand  on  the 
western  frontier  of  t'he  Chlckasaw  Nation 
In  1870  ;  entered  the  Chickasaw  Manual 
Labor  Academy,  Tishomlngo,  October,  1882  ; 


September.  1S92.  appointed  auditor  of  pub- 
lic accounts  of  the  Chiekasaw  Nation  ;  mem- 
ber of  the  Chickasaw  council  for  the  term 
of  1895  ;  superintendent  of  schools,  Chicka- 
saw Nation,  1897  ;  appointed  mining  trus- 
tee of  Indian  Territory  by  President  Mc- 
Kinley  In  1900:  elected  to  the  00th,  Olst, 
62d,  63d  and  64th  Congresses  from  Okla- 
homa. 

Carter,    C.   L.,   member    of   commission 
concluding  treaty  for  annexation   of 
Hawaiian  Islands,  5783. 
Carver,    Jonathan;    author,    traveller;    b. 
1732,  in  Stillwater,  N.  Y.  ;  explored  interior 
of  country  and  wrote  "Travels  through   In- 
terior  Parts  of  North   America"  ;  died  Jan. 
31,  1780,  in  London,  England. 

Carver,  Jonathan,   claims   of,  to  lands 

near  Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  706. 
Casey,  Thomas  Lincoln;  soldier,  engineer; 
b.  May  10,  1831,  in  Sacketts  Harbor,  N.  Y.  ; 
in  1854  became  assistant  professor  of  engi- 
neering of  United  States  Military  Academy  ; 
later  in  command  of  Pacific  Coast  Engineer 
Corps  ;  served  in  Civil  War  as  staff  engineer 
at  Fort  Monroe,  Va.  :  superintended  con- 
struction of  permanent  defenses  and  forti- 
fications on  coast  of  Maine. 

Casey,  Thomas  L.,  Jr.,  commissioner  in 
marking  boundary  between  Texas  and 
Mexico,  4902. 

Cass,  Lewis;  author,  statesman :  b.  Oct. 
9,  1782,  in  Exeter,  N.  II.  ;  secretary  of  war 
In  President  Jefferson's  cabinet,  ambassador 
to  France  and  candidate  for  President  in 
1845  :  author  of  "Inquiries  Concerning  the 
History,  Traditions  and  Languages  of  the 
Indians  in  the  United  States,"  "France:  Its 
King  and  Court,"  and  "Government"  ;  died 
June  17,  1806,  in  Detroit,  Mich. 

Cass,  Lewis: 

Compensation   paid,    by   Government, 

referred  to,  2456. 
Death  of,  announced  and  honors  to  be 

paid  memory  of,  .'!641. 
Minister  to  France — 

Commission  of,  conditional,  1449. 
Nomination   of,   1449. 
Protest    of,    to   treaty    for    suppres- 
sion of  slave   trade,  referred  to, 
2011. 

Resignation   of,  mentioned,  20S6. 
Secretary  of  State,  302,".. 

Correspondence   between   President 

Buchanan  and,  referred  to,  3964. 

Treaty    with    Indians    concluded    by, 

590,    888,    931,    961,    988,    989,    991, 

996. 

Castle,   W.   R.,   member   of   commission 
concluding  treaty   for   annexation    of 
Hawaiian  Islands,  5783. 
Catacazy,  Constantin  de,  Russian  minis- 
ter to  United  States,  recall   of,   re- 
quested, 4099. 
Referred   to,  4110. 

Catcher,  White,  treaty  with  Indians  ne- 
gotiated by,  3592. 

Chaffee,  Gen.  Adna  K.,  uutliorily  in 
Philippines,  6(J9- 


Biographic   Index 


Chester 


Chaffee,    Earl    Worden,    reinstated    in 

navy,  6937. 

Chaffee,  Jerome  B. ;  financier;  h.  Niagara 
County,  N.  Y.,  April  17,  18:25 ;  received  a 
liberal  education  ;  in  1846  moved  to  Adrian, 
Mich.,  subsequently  settling  In  St.  Joseph, 
Mo.,  and  Elmwood,  Ivans.,  conducting  a 
banking  and  real  estate  business  In  both 
places  ;  moved  to  Colorado  in  1860,  where 
he  established  himself  as  a  banker  and  a 
mining  capitalist;  elected  to  the  Legislature 
of  Colorado  in  1SG1,  1862  and  1863,  serving 
the  last  year  as  speaker  of  the  house  ;  in 
1865  elected  by  the  State  Legislature  of  the 
proposed  State  of  Colorado  a  United  States 
Senator;  one  of  the  founders  of  the  City  of 
Denver;  in  18(55  became  president  of  the 
First  National  Bank  of  Denver  ;  elected  to 
the  42d  and  43d  Congresses  as  a  Republi- 
can ;  elected  United  States  Senator  as  a 
Republican  on  the  admission  of  Colorado  as 
a  State  and  served  from  Dee.  4,  187(5,  to 
March  3,  1879  ;  died  at  Salem  Center,  N.  Y., 
March  I),  1886. 

Chaffee,  J.  B.,   United  States  Senator, 

mentioned,  3573. 

Chamberlain,  D.  H.;  soldier,  lawyer;  b. 
June  23,  1835,  in  West  Brookfleld,  Mass.  ; 
served  in  Fifth  Massachusetts  Cavalry, 
1803-1865;  settled  in  Charleston,  S.  C.,  iu 
1866 ;  elected  attorney-general  in  1SG8  and 
governor  in  1874. 

Chamberlain,  D.  H.,  letters  of,  regard- 
ing slaughter  of  American  citizens  in 
South  Carolina  transmitted,  4329. 
Chamberlain,  George  Earle,  b.  near  Nat- 
chez, Miss.,  Jan.  1,  1854  ;  in  1876  he  moved 
to  Oregon,  where,  in  1902,  'he  was  elected 
governor  for  four  years,  and  re-elected  in 
1906;  in  1908  he  was  nominated  in  the  pri- 
maries for  United  States  Senator  on  the 
Democratic  ticket  and  elected  by  the  legis- 
lature Jan.  19,  1909,  and  re-elected  in  1914 
for  the  term  ending  1920. 

Champagny,  Jean  Baptiste  Nompere  de, 

mentioned,  434,  437. 

Chandler,  William  Eaton,  Secretary  of  the 
Navy  under  President  Arthur ;  b.  Concord, 
N.  H.,  Dec.  28,  1835 :  received  a  common 
school  education  ;  studied  law ;  graduated 
from  Harvard  Law  School,  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1855 ;  appointed  re- 
porter of  the  decisions  of  the  supreme  court 
in  1859 ;  member  of  the  New  Hampshire 
house  of  representatives  in  1862,  18G3,  and 
1S64,  serving  as  speaker  during  the  last 
two  years ;  became  solicitor  and  judge-ad- 
vocate-general of  the  Navy  Department 
March  9,  1865  :  appointed  First  Assistant 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  June  17,  18(55, 
which  office  he  resigned  Nov.  30,  1867  :  mem- 
ber of  the  New  Hampshire  constitutional 
convention  in  1876  ;  again  a  member  of  the 
Now  Hampshire  house  of  representatives  in 
1881  :  appointed  by  President  Garfield  Solici- 
tor-General March  23.  1881.  but  was  reject- 
ed by  the  Senate :  Secretary  of  the  Navy 
April  12.  1882.  and  served  till  March  7, 
1S85;  elected  to  the  United  States  Senate 
June  14,  1887,  as  a  Republican,  to  till  the 
unexpired  term  of  Austin  F.  Pike,  deceased, 
serving  until  March  3.  1889;  elected  June 
18,  1S89,  and  airain  Jan.  16,  1895,  serving 
until  March  3.  1901  ;  appointed  in  1901  by 
President  McKinley,  president  of  the 
Spanish  Claims  Commission. 


Chandler,  Zachariah;  statesman;  b.  Dec. 
10,  1813,  Bedford,  N.  II.  ;  mayor  of  Detroit. 
Mich.,  in  1851  ;  succeeded  Lewis  Cass  and 
served  three  terms  in  United  States  Sen- 
ate ;  Secretary  of  the  Interior  In  President 
Grant's  Cabinet  In  1875:  delegate  to  Phila- 
delphia loyalists'  convention  in  1866  •  died 
Nov.  1,  1879,  in  Chicago. 

Chandler,  Zachariah,  death  of,  an- 
nounced and  honors  to  be  paid  mem- 
ory of,  4509. 

Chase,  Maj.,  liabras  corpus,  writ  of,  sus- 
pended in  case  of,  3220. 
Chase,  Ormond,  shot  by  order  of  Mexi- 
can general,  3097. 

Chase,  Salmon  P.;  statesman;  b.  at  Cor- 
nish, N.  H.,  Jan.  13,  1808  ;  graduate  of 
Dartmouth  College,  and  taught  classical 
school  in  Washington,  I).  C.,  and  studied 
law  under  William  Wirt,  1826-1829,  and 
settled  in  Cincinnati,  1830;  practiced  law; 
supported  W.  II.  Harrison  for  President; 
prominent  in  formation  of  Liberty  party 
and  Freesoilers,  and  was  counsel  for  de- 
fense in  several  fugitive  slave  cases  :  nom- 
inated Martin  Van  Buren  for  President  at 
Buffalo  in  1S4S  ;  elected  to  United  States 
Senate  from  Ohio  in  1849:  opposed  the  ex- 
tension of  slavery  and  was  prominent  in 
anti-slavery  debates  in  Senate:  elected  gov- 
ernor of  Ohio  in  1855  and  1857:  supported 
Fremont  for  President:  received  49  votes 
on  first  ballot  for  nomination  at  Chicago 
convention  in  18(50;  member  of  Peace  Con- 
ference of  1861  ;  Secretary  of  Treasury  in 
Lincoln's  Cabinet  :  appointed  Chief  Justice 
of  United  States  Supreme  Court  to  succeed 
Roger  I?.  Taney,  who  died  in  18(54  :  presided 
over  the  court  of  Impeachment  of  President 
Johnson  ;  died  May  7,  1873. 

Chase,  Salmon  P.: 

Chief  Justice  United  States,  death  of, 

announced   and   honors  to   be  paid 

memory  of,  4183. 
Regulations    relating    to    trade    with 

ports      opened      by      proclamation 

signed  by,  3291. 

Chauncey,  Isaac;  naval  officer;  b.  Feb.  20, 
1772,  in  Black  Rock.  Conn.  ;  made  success- 
ful voyages  to  Kast  Indies  in  ships  of  John 
Jacob  Astor :  thanked  by  Congress  for  dis- 
tinguished services  in  actions  off  the  coast 
of  Tripoli  :  served  with  credit  in  War  of 
1812  :  made  president  of  the  Board  of  Navy 
Commissioners  at  Washington  in  183:1, 
which  position  he  held  till  his  death,  Jan. 
27,  1840. 

Chauncey,  Isaac,  naval  talents  of,  com- 
mented on,  520. 
Cheek,  M.  A.,  claim  of,  against  Siam, 

6184. 

Adjustment  of,  6336. 
Chester,  John;  soldier;  b.  Jan.  29,  1749, 
in  Wethersfield.  Conn.  ;  appeared  in  colonial 
councils,  1772  :  served  with  distinction  as 
captain  at  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill  ;  later 
colonel  in  Continental  army  until  1777: 
speaker  Of  Connecticut  legislature:  member 
of  council.  1788-1791,  and  in  1803:  super- 
visor of  district  of  Connecticut.  1791-1803; 
died  Nov.  4,  1809,  in  Wethersford.  Conn. 

Chester,  John,  district  supervisor,  nom- 
ination of,  91. 


Childs 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Childs,  Thomas;  soldier;  b.  In  1796  In 
Pittsficld,  Mass.  ;  graduated  West  Point, 
1814.  and  served  at  Fort  Krie  and  Niagara 
same  year  ;  as  captain  in  Seminole  War  he 
planne'd  attack  on  Fort  Drane,  1836 ; 
brevetted  major  and  lieutenant-colonel: 
brevetted  colonel  May  9.  1846.  for  gallant 
conduct  at  I'alo  Alto  and  Resaca  de  la 
Palma  :  montioned  by  General  Scott  as  the 
"often-distinguished  Colonel  Childs"  ;  in 
«ommand  at  East  Florida  from  Feb.  11. 
1852.  until  his  death  from  yellow  fever  at 
Fort  Brooke,  Tampa  Bay,  Oct.  8,  1853. 

Childs,  Thomas,  gallantry  of,  at  battle 

of  Monterey,  Mexico,  2368. 
Chipman,  Nathaniel;  author,  educator, 
jurist  ;  b.  Nov.  15,  1752,  in  Salisbury, 
Conn. ;  professor  of  law  twenty-eight  years 
in  Middlebury  College  :  elected  judge  of 
supreme  court,  1786;  c'hief  justice.  1789: 
United  States  district  judge  in  1791  :  United 
States  Senator  from  Vermont,  1797-180."?; 
wrote  "Sketches  of  the  Principles  of  Gov- 
ernment," "Reports  :ind  Dissertations"  ; 
died  Feb.  13,  1843,  in  Tillmouth,  Vt. 

Chipman,     Nathaniel,     district     judge, 

nomination  of,  91. 
Choteau,  Auguste,  treaty  with  Indians 

concluded  by,  589. 
Chouteau,  Charles  P.,  bills  for  relief  of, 

vetoed,  5528,  6118. 

Christie,  Smith,  treaty  with  Indians  ne- 
gotiated by,  3592. 
Church,    George    E.,    report    of,    upon 

Ecuador,  referred  to,  4744. 
Church,  Philip,  Aid-de-Camp,  announced 
the    death    of    Gen.    Washington    and 
communication  of  the  President  about 
the  funeral,  Dec.  21,  1799. 
Churchwell,  Mr.,  correspondence  of,  re- 
ferred to,  3114. 
Clack,  John  H.: 

Captain  in  Navy,  nomination  of,  and 

reasons  therefor,  2032. 
Master   commandant,   nomination   of, 

and  reasons  therefor,  1106. 
Claiborne,  William  Charles  Cole;  lawyer; 
I).  1775  in  Sussex  Co.,  Va.  ;  judge  of  su- 
preme court  of  Tennessee,  and  member  of 
('(ingress  two  terms;  appointed  governor  of 
Mississippi  territory  in  1S01  ;  and  was  com- 
missioned to  receive  the  Louisiana  purchase 
on  behalf  of  I'nited  States  ;  and  appointed 
governor-general,  and  served  until  1817: 
elected  to  I'nited  States  Senate,  and  died 
Dec.  23,  1817. 

Claiborne,  William  C.  C.: 

Assumes    government    of    Louisiana, 

355. 

Jurisdiction    of,    as    governor   of    Or- 
leans Territory  extended,  465. 
Letter  from,  regarding  government  of 

Louisiana   transmitted,  355. 
Orleans  Territory,  governor  of,  juris- 
diction  extended,  465. 
Receives  letter  from   Manuel  De  Sal- 
cedo,    regarding    Louisiana    Prov- 
ince,  336. 

Letter  sent  to  .Secretary  of  State, 
336. 


Clapp,  Moses  Edwin;  b.  Delphi,  ind.,  May 

21,  1851  ;  graduated  from  the  Wisconsin 
Law  School  in  1873  ;  county  attorney  of  St. 
Croix  Co.,  Wis.  ;  in  1881  moved  to  Fergus 
Falls,  Minn.  ;  elected  attorney-general  of 
Minnesota  in  1887,  1889,  and  1891,  and  re- 
moved to  St.  Paul  and  made  that  his  per- 
manent home  in  1891  :  elected  to  the 
United  States  Senate  to  fill  a  vacancy  occa- 
sioned by  the  death  of  Hon.  Cushman  K. 
Davis,  and  took  his  seat  Jan.  28,  1901,  and 
reelected  in  1905. 

Clark,  Champ;  b.  March  7,  1850,  in  An- 
derson Co.,  Ky.  ;  1873-74  was  president  of 
Marshall  College,  West  Virginia ;  moved  to 
Missouri  in  1875;  elected  to  the  53d.  55th. 
56th,  57th,  58th,  59th,  60th,  61st,  02d,  63d 
and  64th  Congresses  from  Missouri. 

Clark,  Charles,  pardon  applied  for  by, 

order  regarding,  3550. 
Clark,  Clarence  Don,  b.  Sandy  Creek, 
Oswego  Co.,  N.  Y.,  April  16,  1S51  ;  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1874 ;  taught  school 
and  practiced  law  in  Delaware  Co.,  Iowa, 
until  1881  ;  moved  to  Evanston.  Wyo..  and 
was  prosecuting  attorney  for  Uinta  County 
four  years ;  elected  to  the  51st  and  .VJd 
Congresses;  elected  1895  to  the  United 
States  Senate  to  (ill  a  vacancy  caused  by 
the  failure  of  the  legislature '  to  elect  in 
1892-93:  and  was  re-elected  in  1S!K>  and 
1905  and  1911  from  Wyoming. 

Clark,  Daniel,  officially  connected  with 
investigation  of  Gen.  Wilkinson's 
conduct,  424,  427. 

Clark,  Edward,  architect  of  Patent  Of- 
fice building,  report  of,  on  Philadel- 
phia post-office,  transmitted,  2912. 
Clark,  Frank  W.,  member  of  board  of 
management  of  Government  exhibit 
at  World's  Columbian  Exposition, 
5833. 

Clark,  Frank;  b.  Eufaula,  Ala.,  March  28, 
1860;  studied  law.  and  was  admitted  to 
practice  at  Fairburn,  Ga.,  Aug.  3.  1881  :  in 
1884.  Mr.  Clark  moved  to  Florida  and  lo- 
cated at  Kartow  :  served  three  terms  in  the 
legislature  of  Florida;  United  States  attor- 
ney for  the  southern  judicial  district  of 
Florida:  elected  to  the  59th.  60th.  61st, 
62d,  63d  and  64th  Congresses  from  Florida. 

Clark,  John  B.;  soldier:  b.  April  17.  isn-j, 
Madison  Co.,  Ky.  ;  commanded  regiment  of 
mounted  militia  in  the  Black  Hawk  War  in 
1832:  major-general  of  mililia  in  ISIS: 
served  in  State  legislature  and  elected  to 
Congress  three  terms  ;  became  colonel  in 
Confederate  army,  having  been  expo] led  from 
the  House  in  1801;  died  Oct.  29,  1885,  in 
Fayettevllle,  Mo. 

Clark,   John   B.,   military   services   and 

promotion   of,  discussed,  2269. 
Clark,  William: 

Exploring     expedition     under.       (See 

Lewis  and  (Mark   Expedition.) 
Treaty    with    Indians    concluded    bv, 

589',  HSS. 
Clarke,  James  P.;   >>.   YMZOO  city.   Miss., 

Aug.  IS,  1S54:  studied  law  al  the  Uni- 
versity of  Virginia  :  began  practice  nt 
Helena.  Ark.,  in  1879:  served  in  Arkansas 
legislature  1886-92  ;  attorney-general  of  Ar- 


Biographic   Index 


Clinton 


kansas  In  1802,  declined  a  ronomlnatlon, 
and  was  elected  governor  in  18!)4  ;  elected 
to  Hie  F.iited  States  Senate  from  Arkansas 
H>03;  re-elected  in  l!>0<),  and  again  in  1!M4 
for  the  term  ending  11)21. 

Clay,  Alexander  Stephens;  i>.  Sept.  25, 
1X53,  In  Cobb  Co.,  Ga.  ;  graduated  from 
lliawasse  College  In  1875;  studied  law  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  In  September.  1877  ; 
in  1884-8")  and  1880-87  represented  Cobb 
County  in  the  general  assembly  of  the 
state;  re-elecled  1889-90;  In  1892  was  elect- 
ed to  the  State  Senate,  and  served  as  presi- 
dent of  that  body  for  two  years;  elected 
to  the  Fulled  States  Senate  from  Georgia, 
for  the  term  beginning  March  4,  1897  ;  re- 
elected  In  1!»0:!  and  1909. 

Clay,  Clement  Claiborne,  Jr.;  legislator; 
b.  1819,  In  Madison,  Ala.  ;  served  as  state 
judge  and  legislator,  and  was  In  Fnited 
States  Senate  at  outbreak  of  Civil  War ; 
took  part  in  rebellion  and  was  expelled  from 
Senate  and  confined  in  Fortress  Monroe  as 
prisoner  of  state. 

Clay,  Clement  C.,  Jr.: 

Imprisonment  of — 

Arrest   of,   reward   for,   3505. 
Eeport  of  Attorney-General  regard- 
ing, transmitted,  3576. 

Order  exempting,  from  arrest  during 
journey  to  Washington,  3438. 

Reward  offered  for  arrest  of,  3505. 
Clay,  Henry;  orator,  statesman ;  b.  April 
1.2,  1777,  in  Hanover  Co.,  Va.  ;  sent  to 
United  States  Senate  from  Kentucky  in 
1800,  and  for  nearly  half  a  century  was 
brilliant  and  conspicuous  in  the  debates  o_f 
that  body  ;  was  thrice  candidate  for  Presi- 
dent, and  when  warned  by  a  friend  that 
his  adherence  to  principle  instead  of  party 
would  forbid  his  nomination,  made  the  his- 
toric epigram:  "I  would  rather  be  right 
than  be  President"  ;  died  June  '29.  1852,  in 
Washington,  D.  C. 

Clay,  Henry: 

Correspondence  regarding — 

Northeastern        boundary.          (See 

Northeastern  Boundary.) 
Pledge  to  Mexico,  907. 
Death    of,   announced,   2697. 
Secretary  of  State,  942. 
Clay,  James  B.,  negotiations  with  Por- 
tugal   for    payment    of    claims    con- 
ducted by,  2618. 

Clay,  John  Randolph;  diplomat;  b.  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  1808;  went  to  Russia  in 
1830  as  secretary  of  legation,  and  in  1836 
made  charge  d'affaires;  secretary  of  lega- 
tion in  Austria.  1838-1845,  and  then  re- 
turned to  Russia  :  appointed  charge 
d'affaires  in  Peru  in  18-47.  and  in  1853 
raised  to  t'he  rank  of  minister  plenipoten- 
tiary to  Peru,  where  he  remained  until  18GO. 

Clay,    John    R.,    charge    d  'affaires    at 

Lima,  Peru,  mentioned,  2680. 
Clayton,  Henry  D.,  is  a  native  of  Barbour 
Co..    Ala.  ;    lawyer ;   served   one   term   in   the 
Alabama    legislature :    elected    to    the    55th, 
56th,  57th,   58th,  59th,  60th,  61st,  62d  and 
63d  Congresses  from  Alabama. 
Clayton,  John  Middleton;  lawyer;  b.  in 
Sussex  Co.,  Del.,  July  24,  1796  ;  member  of 


legislature,  and  later  secretary  of  state; 
fleeted  to  Fulled  Suites  Senate  in  |.S2!». 
18:55,  1845.  and  1851  ;  chief  justice  ,,f  |>ela 
ware.  1842-1815;  appointed  Secretary  of 
Stale  in  President  Taylor's  ( ':iliin..|,  in  is|<>, 
and  negotiated  the  Cla.vion  Iiuhver  Treaty 
(q.  v.)  ;  died  Nov.  9,  1850,  in  Dover,  Del. 

Clayton,  John  M.: 

Secretary  of  State,  25-16. 
Treaty    between    United    States    and 
(ireat     Britain     concluded     by     Sir 
Henry  Lylton  Buhver  and,  2."iSO. 
Clayton,    Joshua;     president    of    Delaware, 
1789   to   17!l.'{;   governor.    1  793-179i;  ;   chosen 
Fnlled    Stales   Senator.    17!iS  ;   died   in    Mid- 
dletown,    Del.,   Aug.    11,    1798. 

Clayton,  Joshua,  president  of  Delaware, 
65. 

Cleary,  William  C.,  reward  offered  for 

arrest  of,  3505. 
Revoked,  3551. 

Clendenin,  David  R.,  member  of  com- 
mission to  try  assassins  of  President 
Lincoln,  etc.,  3534. 

Cleveland,  Grover,  biography  of,  4sS2. 
Clifford,  Nathan,  Diplomat  and  Attorney- 
General  under  President  Polk  ;  b.  Rntnney, 
N.  II.,  Aug.  18,  1803  ;  received  a  liberal 
education  ;  studied  law  and  commenced 
practice  in  York  County  in  1827  ;  member  of 
the  state  house  of  representatives  1830- 
1834,  serving  as  speaker  the  last  two  years  : 
attorney-general  of  Maine  1 834-1 S3S  ;  elected 
a  Representative  from  Maine  to  the  20th 
Congress  as  a  Democrat  ;  re-elecled  to  the 
27th  Congress  ;  appointed  Attorney-General, 
serving  from  Dec.  23,  1846,  to  March  17, 
1848;  commissioner  to  Mexico,  with  the 
rank  of  envoy  extraordinary  and  minister 
plenipotentiary,  from  March  18.  IMS,  to 
Sept.  6.  1840:  resumed  the  practice  of  law 
at  Portland,  Me.;  appointed  by  President 
Buchanan  associate  justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  Fuited  States  Jan.  28,  1858; 
died  at  Cornish,  Me.,  July  25,  1SS1. 

Clifford,  Nathan,  minister  to  Mexico, 
nomination  of,  and  reason  therefor, 
2427. 

Instructions  to,  referred  to,  2537. 

President  declines  to  transmit  to 
House  instructions  to,  2452. 

Clin,  Stephen,  secretary  of  legation  at 
Court  of  CJreat  Britain,  nomination, 
of,  992. 

Clinch,  Duncan  Lament;  soldier,  legis- 
lator; b.  Kdgecombe  Co.,  X.  C.,  April  t'>. 
1787;  general  in  Fnited  States  army,  and 
1843-1845  member  of  Congress  from 
Georgia;  died  Macon,  Ga.,  Oct.  27.  1849. 

Clinch,  Duncan  L.,  troops  under,  in  Si/m- 

inole  War,  1S34. 

Cline,  Cyrus;  b.  Richland  Co..  Ohio.  July 
12,  1856  :  engaged  in  the  banking  business  : 
elected  to  the  61st,  62d,  63d  and  64th  Con- 
gresses from  Indiana. 

Clinton,  George;  soldier,  statesman:  b. 
Flster  Co..  N.  Y..  July  20.  1730  :  member 
of  colonial  assembly  and  of  Continental 
Congress,  1775  :  voted  for  independence.  i,ut 
did  not  sign  declaration,  as  he  was  called 
into  military  duty;  brigadier-general,  1777; 


Clinton 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


governor  of  New  York  for  the  first  eighteen 
consecutive  years  under  the  constitution 
(1777-1795),  and  again  in  1801:  Vice-Presi- 
dent United  States  1804,  with  President 
Jefferson,  and  again  in  1808  with  Madison  ; 
died  Washington,  D.  C.,  April  20,  1812. 

Clinton,  George,  bronze  statue  of,  pre- 
sented by  State  of  New  York,  4214. 
Clover,   Richardson,    member   of   Board 

on  Geographic  Names,  5647. 
Clover,  Seth,  treaty  with  Indians  con- 
cluded by,  3270.  " 

Clymer,  George;  financier;  b.  Philadelphia, 
Pa..  1739 ;  one  of  the  early  continental 
treasurers  ;  member  of  Continental  Congress 
and  signed  the  Declaration  of  Independence; 
member  of  Congress  under  articles  of  con- 
federation in  1780.  and  under  Constitution, 
1780-1791,  from  Pennsylvania  :  member  of 
convention  whic'n  formed  Federal  Constitu- 
tion, and  one  of  the  signers  :  head  of  Ex- 
cise Department  of  Pennsylvania,  1791  :  sent 
to  Georgia  to  negotiate  treaty  with  the 
Creek  and  Cherokee  Indians.  179(1 :  later 
president  of  t'he  Philadelphia  Bank,  and 
Academy  of  Fine  Arts  ;  died  in  Morrisville, 
Pa.,  Jan.  23,  1813. 

Clymer,  George: 

Commissioner  to  treat  with   Indians, 

nomination   of,    171. 
District  supervisor,  nomination  of,  91. 
Treaty    with    Indians    concluded    by, 

202. 

Cobb,  Howell;  lawyer,  soldier;  b.  Cherry 
Hill,  Ga.,  Sept.  7,  1815  ;  presidential  elector, 
1830  ;  member  of  Congress,  1842-1848, 
speaker  during  latter  term  :  governor  of 
Georgia,  1851-53;  returned  to  Congress  in 
3855.  and  was  made  Secretary  of  the  Treas- 
ury in  President  Buchanan's  Cabinet.  1857; 
one  of  the  leaders  in  the  secession  move- 
ment ;  died  Oct.  9,  18(58,  in  New  York  City. 

Cobb,  Howell,  interview  with  Col.  Key, 
regarding  exchange  of  prisoners  of 
war,  3459. 

Cochrane,  Alex.,  order  of,  to  British 
naval  forces  to  destroy  American 
const  towns  and  districts  referred  to, 
536. 

Coffee,  John;  soldier  ;•  b.  Prince  Edward 
Co..  Vn..  June  2.  1772:  member  of  Congress 
from  Georgia,  18.'!3-18:!7  :  served  in  War  of 
1812  as  general,  and  later  in  campaign 
against  Indians;  died  Sept.  25,  1830,  in 
Telfair  Co.,  Ga. 

Coffee,  John,  Indians  defeated  by  Ten- 
nessee militia  under  command  of,  521. 
Coffey,  Titian  James;  lawyer,  diplomat ; 

art  ing  Attorney-General  under  President 
Lincoln;  b.  Dec.  5,  1824;  in  Huntingdon 
Pa.  ;  educated  at  home  and  studied  law  In 
St.  Louis;  admitted  to  the  bar  in  184(;: 
one  of  the  organizers  of  the  Republican 
party  In  Pennsylvania  In  185.")  :  member  of 
Pennsylvania  Legislature,  185(!-(;ii;  author 
of  law  permitting  parties  to  suits  to  tes- 
tify as  witnesses  in  their  own  behalf,  and 
of  the  law  organizing  the  normal  school 
system  of  the  State;  married  Feb.  14, 
ls55,  Mary  Kerr.  of  Pittsburg,  i'a.  ;  March, 
1801,  appointed  assistant  Attorney  (Jem-nil, 
under  i-Mward  Bates,  with  whom  he  had 


studied  law ;  the  duties  of  the  Attorney 
General  devolved  largely  upon  him  even 
before  the  resignation  of  Mr.  Bates;  wrote 
many  of  the  Important  opinions  of  the 
office,  including  that  under  which  the  right 
of  equal  pay  to  negro  soldiers  with  same 
rank  as  white  was  recognized  by  the  gov- 
ernment ;  resigned  in  1804  to  resume  law 
practice,  but  was  appointed  Secretary  of 
Legation  at  St.  Petersburg,  Russia,  and 
while  there  made  a  close  study  of  Euro- 
pean politics;  died  Jan.  11,  1807,  in  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 

Coffin,   George   W.,    commander   of   the 
Alert  in  Lady  Franklin  Bay  Expedi- 
tion, 4835. 
Coffin,  William  G.,  treaty  with  Indians 

concluded  by,  3393,  3394. 
Colbert,    George,    reservations    sold    to 

United  States  by,  616. 
Colbert,     Levi,     reservations     sold     to 

United  States,  by,  616. 
Colby,  J.   C.   S.,  consul  at  Chin-Kiang, 
China,     appointment     of,     discussed, 
4259. 

Coif  ax,  Schuyler,  Vice-President  of  the 
United  States  under  Grant ;  b.  New  York 
City,  March  23,  1823  ;  educated  in  the  com- 
mon schools  :  became  proprietor  and  editor 
of  the  Register  at  South  Bend,  Ind.,  in 
1845,  which  he  published  for  eighteen 
years;  elected  in  1850  a  delegate  from  St. 
Joseph  County  to  the  convention  which 
framed  the  constitution  of  Indiana;  elected 
a  Representative  from  Indiana  to  the  34th 
Congress  as  a  Republican;  re  elected  to  the 
35th,  30th.  37th,  38th.  3!)th,  and  4uth 
Congresses:  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives in  the  38th.  3!>ih,  and  40th  Con- 
gresses; elected  Vice-President  of  the  Unit- 
ed States  on  the  ticket  with  General  Grant, 
and  served  from  March  4,  180!»,  to  March 
3,  1873;  vice-president  of  a  manufacturing 
company  at  South  Bend.  Ind.  ;  died  at  Man- 
kato,  Minn.,  Jan.  13,  1885. 

Collamer,  Jacob,  Postmaster-General  un- 
der President  Taylor  ;  b.  Troy.  N.  Y..  1792  ; 
moved  with  his  father  to  Burlington,  Vt.  ; 
graduated  from  the  University  of  Vermont 
in  1810;  served  in  the  war  of  1812:  studied 
law  and  practiced  at  Woodstock,  Vt.,  from 
1813  to  1833;  member  of  the  State  house 
of  representatives  for  several  years;  indge 
of  the  superior  court  of  Vermont  1833-184:.'  ; 
elected  a  Representative  from  Vermont  to 
the  28th,  24) th,  and  30th  Congresses  as  a 
Whig;  appointed  Postmaster-General  serv- 
ing from  March  7,*184!»,  to  July  20,  1.S50; 
again  judge  of  the  superior  court  of  Ver- 
mont from  Nov.  8.  1850.  to  Oct.  .'!,  1854; 
elected  a  United  States  Senator  from  Ver- 
mont as  a  Republican,  serving  from  Dec. 
3,  1855,  until  his  death,  at  Woodstock, 
Vt.,  No.  9,  1805. 

Collier,  James  William;  b.  oienwood 
plantation,  near  Virksburg.  Warren  Co., 
Miss.,  Sept.  28.  1872:  entered  the  State 
University  and  in  1894  graduated  in  law 
from  that  institution  :  1895  lie  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  lower  house  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi legislature:  elected  to  the  01st.  02d, 
03d  and  04th  Congresses  from  Mississippi. 

Collins,  Edward  K.;  shipowner:  b.  Aug. 
5.  1802,  in  Cape  Cod.  Mass.  ;  established 
line  of  sailing  packets  to  Liverpool,  1830; 
first  steamer  of  Collins  Line.  New  York  to 
Liverpool,  sailed  April  27,  1849;  died  Jan 
22,  1878,  in  New  York  City. 


Biographic   Index 


Corbin 


Collins,  John;  statesman;  1>.  June  8, 
1717;  governor  of  Rhode  Island,  1786-89; 
delegate  to  Congress  under  Articles  of  Con- 
federation, 1778-178.'!,  and  one  of  the  sign- 
ers of  articles  ;  member  of  Congress,  1789  ; 
died  .Newport,  It.  I.,  March  8,  1795. 

Collins,  John,  governor  of  Rhode  Island, 
etc.,    letter    of,    declaring    friendship 
for   sister  States,   64. 
Collins,  Joseph  B.,  act  to  amend  act  for 

relief  of,  vetoed,  -HOG. 
Collins,  Sir  Richard,  arbitrator  in  Ven- 
ezuela boundary  dispute,  6338. 
Collins,    Thomas  F.,    claim   of,   against 

Spain,  5518 

Colt,  Samuel;  sailor,  inventor;  h.  Hart- 
ford, Conn.,  July  10.  1814  :  obtained  patent, 
1835,  for  pistol  which  should  fire  several 
shots  without  stopping  to  reload  :  estab- 
lished manufacturing  plant  in  1852,  on  tract 
of  250  acres  at  Hartford.  Conn.,  and  in 
1855  the  Colt  Patent  Firearms  Company 
was  organized ;  died  in  Hartford,  Conn., 
Jan.  19,  18(52. 

Colt,     Samuel,    firearms    invented    by, 

2430. 
Comanos,  N.  D.,  agreement  with  Egypt 

signed  by,  4849. 

Comonfort,  Ignacio,  President  of  Mex- 
ico, election  of,  discussed,  3094. 
Comstock,  Cyrus  Ballon;  author,  engi- 
neer, soldier :  b.  West  Wrentham,  Mass., 
Feb..  o,  1831  ;  colonel  engineers  United 
States  Army,  and  brevet  major-general  of 
"volunteers  ;  author  of  "Notes  on  European 
Surveys,"  "Surveys  of  the  Northwestern 
Lakes!"  "Primary  Triangulation  of  the 
1'nited  States  Lake  Survey." 

Comstock,  Cyrus  B.: 

Member  of  commission  to  try  assas- 
sins of  President  Lincoln,  etc., 
3534. 

Relieved  from  duty,  3534. 
Mentioned,  3812. 

Conger,  P.  H.,  treaty  with  Indians  con- 
cluded by,  3901. 

Coukling,  Alfred;  author,  jurist ;  b.  East 
Hampton.  N.  Y.,  Oct.  12.  1789;  wrote 
"Treatise  on  Organization  and  Jurisdiction 
of  Superior,  Circuit,  and  District  Courts." 
"Admiralty  Jurisdiction,"  etc.  ;  died  Attica, 
N.  Y.,  Feb.  5,  1874. 

Conkling,  Alfred,  mentioned,  2770. 
Coilkling,  Roscoe  (1829-1888);  politician; 
b.  Albany.  N.  Y.  :  member  of  Congress  from 
New  York.  1859-03,  and  1865-67 :  United 
States  Senator  from  New  York,  1807-81: 
President  Garfield  denied  Conkling's  claims 
to  the  control  of  the  Federal  patronage  of 
New  York  State,  whereupon  he  resigned  and 
became  a  candidate  for  reelection  on  the 
issue  raised  between  himself  and  the  Presi- 
dent, but  f'ne  legislature  failed  to  return 
him  to  the  Senate,  and  he  retired  to  his 
private  practice  of  law:  his  death  resulted 
from  exposure  in  the  memorable  blizzard  of 
18SS;  liis  connection  with  the  attempted 
nomination  of  Grant  as  President  at  Chi- 
cago, in  1SSO,  is  memorable. 


Conner,  Lieut.,  court-martial  of,  853. 
Conrad,  Charles  M.,  Secretary  of  War  un 
der  i'resident  Fillmore  ;  b.  Winchester,  Va., 
about  1804;  moved  with  his  father  to 
Mississippi,  and  thence  to  Louisiana  ;  stud- 
ied law;  In  1828  admitted  to  the  bar,  ami 
commenced  practice  at  New  Orleans  ;  mem- 
ber of  the  state  house!  of  representatives  for 
several  years;  elected  a  United  States  Sena- 
tor from  Louisiana  as  a  Whig  in  place  of 
Alexander  Moiitou,  resigned,  serving  from 
April  14,  1842,  to  March  3,  184:',;  delegate 
to  the  state  constitutional  convention  in 
1X44  ;  elected  a  representative  from  Louisi- 
ana to  the  31st  Cmigress  as  a  Whig,  serv- 
ing from  Dec.  ,'i,  LSI!),  f>  Aug.  17,  18.~>u. 
when  he  resigned  ;  appointed  Secretary  of 
War,  serving  from  Aug.  13,  185O,  to  March 
7,  18,~i3;  deputy  from  Louisiana  in  the 
Montgomery  provisional  congress  of  18(!1  : 
Representative  from  Louisiana  to  the  1st 
and  2nd  Confederate  Congresses.  1S02-1804  ; 
died  at  New  Orleans,  Feb.  12,  1878. 

Cooley,  Dennis  N.,  treaty  with  Indians 

concluded    by,   3592. 
Cooley,  Lyman  E.,  member  of  commis- 
sion to  consider  construction  of  canal 
from  Great  Lakes  to  Atlantic  Ocean, 
6179. 

Coolidge,  Joseph,  Jr.,  desk  on  which 
Declaration  of  Independence  was 
written  presented  to  United  States 
by  heirs  of,  4540. 

Letter  of  Robert  C.  Winthrop,  re- 
garding, 4541. 

Copley,  Ira  C.;  i>.  Knox  County,  111..  Oct. 
25,  1864  ;  graduated  from  West  Aurora  High 
School  in  1881  ;  prepared  for  college  at 
Jennings  Seminary,  Aurora,  and  graduated 
from  Yale  College  in  1887,  receiving  the  de- 
gree of  bachelor  of  arts  :  graduated  from 
Union  College  of  Law,  Chicago,  in  188!t; 
connected  with  t'he  gas  and  electric  busi- 
ness in  Aurora  :  elected  to  the  G2d,  God  and 
64th  Congresses  from  Illinois. 

Cooper,  Henry  Allen;  b.  Spring  Prairie, 
Walworth  Co.,  Wis.,  Sept.  8.  1850 ;  grad- 
uated Northwestern  University  1S7.°>  and 
Union  College  of  Law,  Chicago,  1S75  :  in 
1880  elected  district  attorney  of  Racine 
County,  and  reelected  1882.  1884  and  1SSO- 
87;  member  of  State  senate  1887-89;  elect- 
ed to  the  53d.  54th,  55th.  50th,  57th.  58th, 
59th,  60th,  61st,  62d.  63d  and  64th  Con- 
gresses from  Wisconsin. 

Corbin,  Henry  Clark;  soldier:  b.  Ohio: 
enlisted  as  volunteer  in  Civil  War,  and 
passed  into  regular  army  as  body  guard  to 
the  President;  adjutant  at  inauguration  of 
Garfield.  Cleveland,  Harrison.  McKinley ; 
served  as  marshal  of  several  large  parades. 

Corbin,  H.  C.: 

Delegated  to  entertain  Prince  Henry 
of  Prussia,  6704. 

Dispatch  to  Gen.  Otis  regarding 
force,  etc.,  for  Philippine  Islands, 
6580. 

Instructions  to  Gen.  Merritt  through, 
regarding  joint  occupancy  of  Phil- 
ippine Islands  with  insurgents, 
6579 


Corbin 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Instructions  to  Gen.  Otis  through,  to 
avoid  conflict  with  Philippine  in- 
surgents, 6584. 

Order  through  to  send  troops  to  Iloilo, 
6583. 

Cornell,  Alonzo  Barton;  telegrapher;  b. 
Ithaca.  N.  Y.,  Jan.  22,  1882  ;  associated 
wit'h  Prof.  Morse  in  early  development  of 
telegraph  ;  rose  successively  from  operator 
to  acting  president  Western  Union  Tele-, 
graph  Co.  ;  elected  member  of  State  legisla- 
ture, 1872.  and  governor  of  New  York,  1879  ; 
trustee  Cornell  University,  founded  by  his 
father. 

Cornell,  A.  B.,  naval  officer  at  port  of 
New  York,  suspension  of,  discussed, 
4463. 

Cornplanter,  Seneca  chief,  mentioned, 
103. 

Cortelyou,  George  Bruce;  Secretary  of 
Commerce  and  Labor  and  Postmaster  Gen- 
eral under  President  Roosevelt ;  b.  July 
26,  1862,  in  New  York,  N.  Y. ;  of  Hugue- 
not ancestry ;  educated  at  Hempstead  In- 
stitute, State  Normal  School  at  Westfield, 
Mass.,  New  England  Conservatory  of  Music 
at  Boston  ;  studied  music  and  stenography 
in  New  York  ;  married  Lily  Morris  Hinds  of 
Hempsted,  L.  I.,  in  1888  ;  appointed  private 
secretary  and  stenographer  to  the  Appraiser 
of  the  Port  of  New  York  in  1884,  and 
later  became  known  as  a  general  court  re- 
porter and  was  especially  expert  as  a  medi- 
cal stenographer;  in  1889-91  was  private 
secretary  to  the  post-office  inspector  in  New 
York,  and  later  fourth  assistant  Postmas- 
ter General  :  while  in  "Washington  graduated 
from  Georgetown  University  Law  School 
and  took  a  post-graduate  course  at  Colum- 
bia University  Law  School ;  stenographer 
and  executive  clerk  to  Presidents  Cleve- 
land and  McKinley,  and  was  at  the  hitter's 
side  when  he  was  shot  in  Buffalo  ;  contin- 
ued in  office  by  President  Roosevelt  and 
when  the  Department  of  Commerce  and 
Labor  was  created  in  February,  1903,  be- 
came its  first  secretary ;  resigned  in  1904 
to  become  chairman  of  Republican  National 
Committee  and  in  1903  entered  Roosevelt's 
cabinet  as  Post  master  General ;  while  con- 
fidential clerk  for  President  McKinley  he 
prepared  all  the  Messages,  papers,  addresses 
and  other  State  documents. 

Corwin,  Thomas  (1794-1863);  politician; 
b.  Bourbon  Co.,  Ky.  ;  member  of  Congress. 
18.10-40:  governor  of  Ohio,  1840-42:  United 
States  Senator  from  Ohio,  1845-50 ;  Secre- 
tary of  the  Treasury  under  Taylor,  1850- 
f>3 :  member  of  Congress,  1859-61  :  and 
United  States  minister  to  Mexico.  1861-64  ; 
"The  most  brilliant  and  impressive  of  the 
fitump-speakers  of  that  day." 

Corwin,  Thomas,  minister  to  Mexico: 
Convention  with  Mexico  proposed  by, 

3261,  3282. 
Dispatches  from,  regarding  war  with 

Mexico,  3204. 
Treaties   with   Mexico   concluded   by, 

3264. 

Costello,  Mr.,  convicted  and  sentenced 
to  imprisonment  in  Great  Britain, 
3834. 


Referred  to,   3897. 
Released,  3902. 

Covode,  John;  merchant;  b.  "Westmore 
lajid  Co.,  Pa.,  March  17,  1808  ;  member  of 
Congress  from  Pennsylvania,  1855-63,  and 
1867-69 ;  died  Harrisburg,  Pa.,  Jan.  11. 
1871. 

Covode,  John,  mentioned,  3571. 
Cowdin,  Elliot  C.,  commissioner  to  Paris 
Exposition,    report    of,    transmitted, 

3828. 

COX,  Jacob  Dolson;  soldier,  lawyer;  b. 
Montreal)  Can.,  Oct.  27,  1828,  of  American 
parents ;  brigadier-general  Ohio  volunteers, 
1861,  and  promoted  to  major-general ;  gov- 
ernor of  Ohio,  1866-67 ;  appointed  Secre- 
tary of  the  Interior  by  President  in  1869 : 
member  of  Congress  from  Ohio,  1877-79 ; 
author  of  "Atlanta,"  "The  March  to  the 
Sea,"  "Second  Battle  of  Bull  Run  as  Con- 
nected with  the  Fitz-John  Porter  Case." 

Cox,  Jacob  D.,  mentioned,  3812,  3815, 
3817. 

Cox,  Samuel  Sullivan  (1824-1889) ;  editor 
and  politician ;  b.  Zanesville,  Ohio ;  mem- 
ber of  Congress  from  Ohio,  1857-65 ;  from 
New  York  City.  1869-73  and  1875-85 ; 
United  States  minister  to  Turkey,  1885-86  : 
reelected  to  Congress  in  1888  ;  was  known 
as  "Sunset  Cox,"  because  of  a  florid  and 
exuberant  description  of  a  sunset,  which 
was  written  in  the  Statesman,  of  Columbus, 
Ohio,  of  which  he  was  the  editor. 

Cox,  William  Elijah;  b.  Dubois  Co.,  Ind., 
Sept.  6,  1865  ;  elected  to  the  60th,  61st,  -62d, 
63d  and  64th  Congresses  from  Indiana. 

Cox,  Zachariah,  arrest  and  confinement 
of,  352. 

Crabbe,  Col.,  execution  of,  referred  to, 
3012,  3096. 

Crago,  Thomas  S.;  b.  Aug.  8,  18G6,  at 

Carmichaels,  Greene  County,  Pa.,  educated 
at  Greene  Academy,  Waynesburg  College, 
and  Princeton  University,  graduating  from 
Princeton  in  the  class  of  1893  :  admitted 
to  the  bar  of  Greene  County  in  1894.  and 
later  to  practice  in  the  Superior  and  Su- 
preme Courts  of  Pennsylvania  and  the 
Circuit  and  District  Court  and  Su- 
preme Court  of  the  United  States  ;  served 
as  captain  of  Company  K,  Tenth  Pennsyl- 
vania Volunteer  Infantry,  during  the  war 
with  Spain  and  the  Philippine  insurrection  : 
elected  major  of  the  Tenth  Regiment  Na- 
tional Guard  of  Pennsylvania,  and  lieuten- 
ant-colonel of  this  regiment:  was  presi- 
dential elector  in  t'ho  year  1900,  and  dole- 
gate  to  the  Republican  national  convention 
in  the  year  1904  :  elected  to  the  62d  and 
64th  Congresses  from  Pennsylvania. 

Craig,  James,  alleged  secret  agent  em- 
ployed by,  for  fomenting  disaffection 
in  United  States,  483. 

Craig,  Robert,  mentioned,  4737. 

Craig,    Robert;    b.    Virginia  ;    member    of 

Congress  from  that  state,   1829-33,  1835-41. 

Craighill,  W.  P.,  Yorktown  monument 
built  under  direction  of,  4850. 


Biographic   Index 


Creswell 


Cranch,  William;  jurist,  lawyer;  b.  Wey- 
iiiuiiili.  Mass.,  July  17,  1709;  chief  justice 
of  District  of  Columbia.  1X05  55  ;  author  of 
"Ho ports  of  Cases  United  States  Courts"  ; 
died  Washington,  D.  C.,  Sept.  1,  1855. 

Cranch,  William: 

Commissioner    of    Washington    City, 

304. 

Oath  of  office  administered  to  Presi- 
dent Tyler  by,   1886. 
Crane,    Thomas   J.,    report   of,    on    im- 
proving    irrigation     of     Ohio     River 
transmitted,  2(585. 
Crane,    Winthrop    Murray;    b.  •  Dalton. 

Mass.,  April  23,  1853;  educated  at  Willis- 
tou  Seminary,  Hasthampton,  Mass.  ^  paper 
manufacturer ;  lieutenant-governor  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, 1)S!)7-1809;  governor,  1900-1902; 
appointed  to  the  United  States  Senate  Oct. 
12,  1904.  to  till  the  vacancy  caused  by  the 
death  of  Hon.  G.  F.  Hoar,  and  took  his 
seat  Dee.  (i.  He  was  elected  by  the  legisla- 
ture In  January,  1905,  to  represent  Mas- 
sachusetts in  the  Senate  and  was  reelected 
in  1907. 

Craven,  Thomas  T.,  thanks  of  Congress 

to,  recommended,  3277. 
Crawford,  Coe  I.,  b.  near  Volney,  Alla- 
makce  Co.,  .Iowa,  Jan.  14,  1858  ;  graduated 
from  the  law  department  of  the  University 
of  Iowa  in  1882  ;  located  for  the  practice 
of  law  at  Independence,  Iowa,  and  after 
one  year  in  practice  went  to  Pierre,  Dakota 
Territory  ;  member  of  the  Territorial  legis- 
lature in  1889 :  upon  the  admission  of 
South  Dakota  into  the  Union  as  a  state,  in 
1889.  became  a  member  of  the  first  State 
senate:  elected  attorney-general  in  1892, 
and  reelected  in  1894;  governor  in  1905; 
nominated  at  the  election  held  under  fhe 
South  Dakota  primary  law  on  June  9.  1008, 
as  the  Republican  candidate  for  United 
States  Senator,  and  was  elected  by  the 
legislature  for  the  term  ending  March  3, 
1915. 

Crawford,  George  W.,  Governor  of  Geor- 
gia and  Secretary  of  War  under  President 
Taylor;  b.  Columbia  County,  Ga.,  Dec.  22, 
1798  ;  graduated  from  Princeton  College  in 
1820  ;  studied  law,  and  in  1822  commenced 
practice  at  Augusta,  Ga. ;  Attorney-General 
of  the  State  of  Georgia  1827-1831  ;  member 
of  Hie  state  house  of  representatives  1837- 
1842;  elected  a  Representative  from  Georgia 
to  the  _!7th  Congress  to  fill  the  vacancy 
caused  by  the  death  of  Richard  W.  Ilaber- 
.shani,  as  a  Whig,  serving  from  Feb.  1,  1843, 
to  March  3,  1843  ;  elected  governor  of  Geor- 
gia in  1843  and  re-elected  in  1845;  ap- 
pointed Secretary  of  War  in  1849,  but  re- 
signed the  next  year,  on  the  death  of  Presi- 
dent Taylor.  Ills  reputation  rests  largely 
upon  his  excellent  administration  as  Gov- 
ernor of  Georgia.  He  died  at  Belair,  Ga., 
July  22,  1872. 

Crawford,  Thomas  Hartley;  jurist,  law- 
yer ;  b.  Chambersburg,  Pa.,  Nov.  14,  178G ; 
member  of  Congress  from  Pennsylvania, 
1829-33,  and  elected  to  State  legislature; 
commissioner  of  Indian  affairs,  1838  ;  judge 
of  District  of  .Columbia  criminal  court, 
1845;  died  Washington,  D.  C.,  Jan.  27, 
1808. 

Crawford,  T.  Hartley,  communication 
from,  regarding  Indian  affairs,  1797, 
1838,  1842. 


Crawford,  William  Harris,  jurist ;  Secre- 
tary of  War  and  the  Treasury  under  Presi- 
dent -Madison;  b.  Ambers!  County,  V'n., 
Feb.  24,  1772;  moved  with  his  father  to 
Georgia  in  17X3;  studied  law  and  com- 
menced practice  at  Lexington  ;  appointed  to 
prepare  a  digest  of  the  laws  of  Georgia  In 
1799;  member  of  the  state  house  of  repre- 
sentatives 1X03  1807  ;  elected  a  United 
States  Senator  from  Georgia  in  place  of 
Abraham  Baldwin,  deceased,  serving  from 
Dee.  9,  1807,  to  March  3,  1X13;  elected 
President  pro  teiupore  of  the  Senate  March 
24,  1X12;  declined  the  position  of  Secretary 
of  War  offered  him  by  president  Madison, 
and  accepted  the  mission  to  France,  serving 
from  April  3,  1X13,  to  April  iji',  1X15;  re- 
turned home  to  act  as  jijjcnl  for  the  sale  of 
the  land  donated  by  Congress  to  I  .a  Kayette; 
accepted  the  position  as  Sei-rclary  of  War 
Aug.  1,  1X15,  and  transferred  to  Hie  Treas- 
ury Oct.  22,  1810,  serving  until  March  7, 
1825;  defeated  as  the  Democratic  candidate 
for  ['resident  in  1825;  on  account  of  illness 
declined  the  request  of  President  J.  Q. 
Adams  that  he  remain  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury;  returned  to  Georgia  and  appoint- 
ed judge  of  the  northern  circuit  court  iu 
1827,  which  position  he  held  until  his  death, 
at  Klberton,  Ga.,  Sept.  15,  1X34. 

Crawford,  William  H.,  mentioned,  1227. 

CreSWell,  John  A.  J.,  Postmaster-General 
under  President  Grant;  b.  Port  Deposit, 
Cecil  Co.,  Md.,  Nov.  18,  1828.  He  was 
thoroughly  educated,  his  parents  being 
wealthy  and  ambitious  for  bis  future  pros- 
pects. After  studying  in  the  schools  in  his 
neighborhood  he  was  sent  to  Dickinson 
College,  Carlisle,  Pa.,  from  which  he  was 
graduated  with  the  highest  honors  in  1848. 
He  at  once  began  to  study  law,  and  in  185U 
was  admitted  to  practice  at  the  bar  of  Mary- 
land. Eventually  he  took  rank  as  one  of  the 
foremost  lawyers  in  Maryland.  From  the 
time  when  he  cast  his  first  vole  as  a  whig, 
Mr.  Creswell  was  earnest  and  enthusiastic 
iu  his  study  of  politics,  and  in  his  consid- 
eration of  party  relations.  He  was  a 
nominee  from  Cecil  County,  appointed  by 
the  whig  party,  to  the  general  convention 
which  was  held  in  Maryland  in  1x5(1,  for 
the  purpose  of  remodeling  the  constitution 
of  the  commonwealth.  In  the  autumn  of 
18G1  Mr.  Creswell  was  elected  as  the  repre- 
sentative of  Cecil  County  in  the  legislature 
of  the  state,  and  in  the  following  yenr  was 
appointed  Adjutant-General  of  Maryland. 
In  1803  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the 
United  States  house  of  representatives. 
There  he  made  his  mark  by  delivering  an 
eloquent  speech,  iu  which  he  favored  the 
abolition  of  slavery.  In  1X<>5  be  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  United  States  Senate,  to 
till  out  the  unexpired  term  of  Gov.  Thomas 
II.  Hicks,  who  died  in  Washington,  Feb. 
13,  1805.  March  5,  18(59,  be  was  appointed 
Postmaster-General,  being  recommended  for 
the  position  not  only  by  his  political  friends 
in  Maryland,  but  by  Vice-President  Colfax, 
Senator  Ben  "Wade  and  other  prominent  Re- 
publicans. Mr.  Creswell  served  in  t  !u> 
cabinet  for  five  years  and  four  months,  an  1 
during  his  administration  succeeded  in  in- 
troducing into  that  department  many  valu- 
able reforms.  On  June  22,  1874.  he  was 
appointed  counsel  of  the  United  Stales  In 
connection  with  the  court  of  commissioners 
sitting  on  the  Alabama  claims,  and,  having 
resigned  the  postmaster-generalship  a  f"\v 
days  later,  he  continued  to  serve  iu  that 
capacity  until  Dec.  21,  187(1.  Mr.  Cres- 
well died  at  Flkton,  Dec.  23,  1S90. 


Cridler 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Cridler,  Thomas  W.,  special  commis- 
sioner to  Paris  Exposition,  report  of, 
transmitted,  6329. 

Crittenden,  John  Jordan;  soldier,  lawyer; 
b.  Woodford  Co.,  Ky.,  Sept.  10,  1787; 
major  in  War  of  1812,  and  served  in  State 
legislature:  United  States  Senator  from 
Kentucky,  1817-19,  1835-41,  1842-48,  1855- 
Gl ;  governor  of  Kentucky,  1848-50  ;  served 
as  Attorney-General  in  the  Cabinets  of 
Presidents  W.  II.  Harrison,  Tyler  and  Fill- 
more  ;  elected  to  Congress  from  Kentucky, 
1800;  author  of  the  Crittenden  Compro- 
mise ;  died  Frankfort,  Ky.,  July  20,  1803. 

Crittenden,  J.  J.,  Acting  Secretary  of 

State,  2(548. 
Croker,  Uriel,  act  for  relief  of,  allowed 

to  become  law,  4S52. 
Crook,  George: 

Member  of — 

Poiica  Indian   Commission,  4582. 
Sioux   Indian   Commission,   5480. 

Report     of,     regarding     services     of 

Apache    Indians,    5495. 
Crooks,  James,  claim  of,  against  United 

States  for  seizure  of  schooner,  4975, 

5662. 
Crosby,  Pierce,  thanks  of  Congress  to, 

recommended,  3277. 

Crowell,  John;  b.  Halifax  Co.,  Ala. ; 
chosen  delegate  to  Congress  when  the  terri- 
tory was  organized,  in  1817,  and  when  the 
state  entered  the  Union  he  was  elected  first 
representative  in  Congress,  1819-21  ;  died 
Fort  Mitchell,  Ala.,  June  25,  1846. 

Crowell,  John,  treaty  with  Indians  con- 
cluded by,  960. 
Crowninshield,  A.  S.,  report  of,  on  lives 

lost  by  sinking  of  the  Maine,  6295. 
Crowninshield,  Benjamin  Williams,  Sec- 
retary of  the  Navy  under  Presidents  Madi- 
son and  Monroe  ;  h.  at  Boston,  Mass.,  Dec. 
27,  1772  ;  received  a  liberal  education  ;  en- 
gaged in  mercantile  pursuits  at  Salem, 
Mass.;  state  senator  in  1811;  appointed 
Secretary  of  the  Navy  by  President  Madi- 
Kon,  Dec.  17,  1814,  and  reappointed  by 
President  Monroe,  resigning  in  1814  ;  again 
a  state  senator,  1822-182:1;  elected  a  Repre- 
sentative from  Massachusetts  to  the  18th 
Congress  as  a  Democrat  ;  re-elected  to  the 
1'Jth,  20th,  and  21st  Congresses;  defeated 
for  re-election  to  the-  22d  Congress;  died  at 
Boston,  Mass.,  Feb.  '.',  1851. 
Crowninshield,  Jacob;  merchant;  b. 
Salem,  Mass.  ;  engaged  in  mercantile  pur- 
suits ;  defeated  as  the  Democratic  candidate 
to  fill  tlif  vacancy  in  the  Oth  Congress, 
caused  by  the  resignation  of  Dwight  Foster, 
by  Nathan  Read,  Federalist  ;  a  member  of 
the  Massachusetts  House  of  Representa- 
tives; tendered  the  position  of  Secretary  of 
the  Navy  bv  President  Jefferson,  but  did  not 
accept ;  elected  a  Representative  from  Mas- 
sachusetts to  the  8th,  9th  and  10th  Con- 
gresses as  a  Democrat,  serving  until  his 
death,  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  April  14,  1808. 

Crozier,   Captain  William,   Peace   Com- 
missioner at  The  Hague,  6383. 
Culberson,  Charles  A.;  »>.  Dadeville,  Tal- 
lapoosa   Co.,   Ala.,    June    10,    1855  ;    removed 
with  his  parents  from  Alabama  to  Texas  In 


1S5G,  and  settled  in  Dallas :  graduated  from 
the  Virginia  Military  Institute.  Lexington, 
in  the  class  of  1874  ;  studied  law  under  his 
father  and  at  the  University  of  Virginia : 
was  elected  attorney-general  of  Texas  in 
1890  and  1892  ;  governor  of  Texas  in  1894 
and  1890;  chosen  United  States  Senator 
from  Texas,  Jan.  25.  1899 ;  reelected  in 
1905  and  in  1911  for  the  term  ending  March 
3,  1917. 

Cullom,  Shelby  Moore;  lawyer;  b.  in 
Wayne  Co.,  Ky.,  Nov.  22,  1829 ;  moved  to 
Springfield,  111.,  where  he  was  elected  city 
attorney  and  went  to  the  state  legislature 
in  1850  ;  upon  his  reelection  in  1800,  'he 
was  chosen  speaker;  after  three  consecutive 
terms  in  Congress,  1805-71,  again  speaker 
of  house  of  state  legislature,  1872-74,  and 
governor  of  Illinois  in  1870:  reelected  and 
resigned  to  go  to  the  United  States  Senate 
in  1883;  reelected  1888,  1894,  1900,  1900. 
Died  Jan.  28,  1914. 

Cullom,  Shelby  M.,  member  of  commis- 
sion to  Hawaiian  Islands,  6333. 
Cullum,  George  Washington;  soldier,  au- 
thor ;  b.  New  York  City.  Feb.  25,  1809; 
brevet  major-general  United  States  Army ; 
author  of  "Military  Bridges  with  India  Rub- 
ber Pontoons,"  and  "System  of  Military 
Bridges." 

Cullum,  George  W.,  bequest  of,  for  erec- 
tion of  memorial  hall  at  West  Point, 
recommendations  regarding,  5674. 
Culver,  Samuel  H.,  treaty  with  Indiana 

concluded  by,  2762. 
Gumming,  Alexander: 

Expedition    of,    among    Indians,    re- 
ferred to,  2898. 
Governor    of    Colorado,    absence    of, 

from  Territory  referred  to,  3721. 
Mentioned,  3279. 
Treaty   with   Indians,   concluded    by, 

2895. 

Cummins,  Albert  Baird;  b.  near  Car- 
miehaels,  Pa.,  Feb.  15,  1850;  educated  in 
Waynesburg  (I'a.)  College;  (M.  A.  and 
LL.  D),  and  Cornell  College,  la.  (LL.  D.I  ; 
member  of  the  general  assembly  of  Iowa  ; 
governor  of  Iowa  from  January,  1902,  until 
elected,  Nov.  24,  19O8.  to  lill  a  vacancy  in 
the  United  States  Senate;  reelected  Jan.  19, 
1909,  for  the  term  beginning  March  4,  1909, 
to  represent  Iowa  in  the  Senate. 

Cummins,  Richard  W.,  treaty  with  In- 
dians concluded  by,  2273. 
Currey,  B.  F.,  agent  for  removal  of  In- 
dians, charges  preferred  against,  J447. 
Curtin,  Andrew  Gregg  (1S17-1894I  :  pol- 
itician ;  b.  Hellefontaine,  Pa.  ;  governor  of 
Pennsylvania,  1801-07;  appointed  minister 
to  Russia  by  (irant,  180972;  member  of 
Congress,  1S81-87,  where  he  fook  a  strong 
stand  against  pernicious  pension  legislation. 

Curtis, Benjamin  Bobbins;  lawyer,  author, 
jurist;  b.  Watertown.  Mass.,  Nov.  4.  1S09; 
went  to  Boston  in  18:;  I.  and  served  l\vo 
years  in  State  legislature;  appointed  jus- 
tice United  States  Supreme  Court  1851,  and 
resigned  1857  :  counsel  for  President  John- 
son before  high  court  of  impeachment,  1  8i;S  ; 
author  of  "United  States  Supreme  Court 
Decisions,"  etc.;  died  Newport,  R.  I.,  Sept. 
15,  1874. 


Biographic  Index 


Czar  of  Russia 


Curtis,  Benjamin  R.,  counsel  for  Prcsi 
dent  Johnson  in  impeachment  pro- 
ceedings, .'5924. 

Curtis,  Charles;  b.  Topckn,  Kans.,  Jan.  25, 
3800;  received  his  education  in  the  common 
schools  ;  studied  law  ;  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1881  :  elected  to  the  5.'!rd,  54th,  55th, 
50th,  57 ih,  58th,  59th,  and  00th  Congresses 
from  Kansas;  January,  1907,  elected  to 
United  States  Senate  to  fill  out  the  unex- 
pired  term  of  Hon.  J.  It.  liurton,  resigned, 
and  for  the  full  term  beginning  March  4, 
l'.M)7;  again  elected  in  11)14  for  the  term 
ending  March  3,  1921. 

Curtis,  William  Eleroy;  author,  diplomat ; 
b.  Akron,  Ohio,  Nov.  5,  1850;  special  envoy 
to  South  and  Central  American  republics, 
the  Vatican,  and  Spain;  executive  officer 
International  American  Conference;  author 
of  "United  States  and  Foreign  Powers," 
"Capitals  of  Spanish  America,"  "Japan 
Sketches,"  etc. 

Curtis,  William  E.,  mentioned,  5833. 
Cushing,  Caleb;  lawyer,  jurist,  author;  b. 
Salisbury,  Mass.,  Jan.  17,  1800;  served  in 
the  state  legislature,  and  in  Congress,  1835- 
43 ;  sent  by  President  Tyler  as  envoy  to 
China,  where  he  negotiated  an  Important 
treaty  ;  colonel  of  Massachusetts  volunteers 
in  Mexican  War  ;  made  justice  of  Massachu- 
setts Supreme  Court,  1851  ;  Attorney-Gener- 
al in  President  Pierce's  Cabinet,  1853-57 ; 
author  of  "Historical  and  Political  Review 
of  the  Late  Revolution  in  France,"  "Prac- 
tical Principles  of  Political  Kconomy,"  "The 
Treaty  of  Washington."  etc.  ;  died  Newbury- 
port,  Mass.,  Jan.  '2,  1879. 

Gushing,  Caleb: 

Attorney-General,  mentioned,  4841. 

34 


Chief   Justice    Supreme    Court,    nomi- 
nation   of,    withdrawn,   4213. 
Minister    to — • 
China — 

Instructions  to,  referred  to,  213-1, 

2218. 

Transmission    of    commission    ap- 
pointing, '21'.' 4. 
Treaty  with  China  concluded  by, 

2205. 
Spain,  payment  of  Viryiniux  claims 

arranged  by,  4290. 
Secretary  of  Treasury,  renomination 

of,  and  reasons  therefor,  2(KS<>. 
Cushing,  William  B.,  thanks  of  Congress 

to,  recommended,  34") 7. 
Ouster,   George    Armstrong;    soldier;    i>. 

New  Rumley,  Ohio,  Dec.  5,  ],s:;'.»  ;  distin- 
guished otlicer  during  Civil  War,  and  later  in 
campaigns  against  the  Indians  on  thi-  west- 
ern plains;  massacred  with  his  entire  com- 
mand, near  Little  Kig  Horn  River,  in  Moil- 
tana,  June  25,  1870. 

Ouster,  George  A.,  disaster  to  forces  un- 
der, 4327. 

Cutting,  A.  K.,  imprisonment  of,  by 
Mexican  authorities,  4991,  5086,  5122. 

Cutting,  John  B.,  account  of,  for  expen- 
ditures in  liberating  American  sea- 
men in  British  ports,  transmitted,  108. 

Cutts,  Eichard  D.,  report  of,  on  mar- 
ketable products  of  th'e  sea,  trans- 
mitted, 4117. 

Czar  of  Eussia.     (See  Russia.) 


Bade 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Bade,  Francis  Langhorn;  soldier:  h.  Vir- 
ginia; appointed  lieutenant  12th  infantry 
in  1813:  captain.  1818.  and  brevet  major, 
1828 :  killi-tl  by  Indians,  near  Fort  King, 
Fla.,  Dec.  28,  1835. 

Dade,  Francis  L.,  massacre  of  command 

of,    by   Seminole    Indians,    1834. 
Dahlberg,  Gustav  Isak,  recommendation 

for  indemnity  to,  6457. 
Dahlgren,  John  Adolph;  naval  officer;  in- 
ventor, author :  b.  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Nov. 
I.",.  ISO!);  conducted  the  siege  of  Charles- 
ton, S.  ('.,  and  made  brilliant  record  during 
the.  Civil  War ;  created  admiral  in  1803 ; 
invented  Dahlgren  naval  gun  :  author  of 
technical  works  on  the  subject  of  naval 
guns  and  gunnery,  and  maritime  law  ;  died 
1870. 

Dahlgren,  John  A.: 

Rear-admiral  in  Xavv,  nomination  of, 
3356. 

Thanks  of  Congress  to,  recommended, 

3284. 
Dainese,  F.,  claim  of,  for  salary  while 

acting  consul  at  Constantinople,  2957, 

2958. 

Dallas,  Alexander  J. ;  statesman;  Secre- 
tary of  the  Treasury  under  President  Mad- 
ison, and  previously  acting  Secretary  of 
State  by  three  successive  appointments  un- 
der Presidents  Washington  and  Adams, 
also  acting  Secretary  of  War,  18ir>-lC;  b. 
June  21,  1759,  in  Jamaica;  of  Scotch  par- 
entage ;  educated  in  Edinburgh  and  West- 
minster, he  read  law,  contracted  an  early 
marriage,  returned  to  Jamaica  and  then 
migrated  to  the  United  States  and  located 
in  Philadelphia  in  1783  ;  admitted  to  prac- 
tice in  1 785.  and  for  a  time  edited  the 
Columbian  Mntjnzim';  was  an  active  politi- 
cian and  founder  of  the  Pennsylvania 
Democratic  Society  in  17!)3;  besides  "Fea- 
tures of  Jay's  Treaty,"  he  published  an 
edition  of  the  State  Laws  from  1700  to 
1801,  and  "Ueports  of  Cases"  in  the  United 
States  and  Pennsylvania  courts  before  and 
after  the  Revolution  (4  vols.,  1790-1807). 
(See  Supreme  Court  Report s.)  President 
Jefferson  appointed  him  United  States  At- 
torney for  the  Kastern  District  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, which  position  he  held  until  called 
by  Madison  to  head  the  Treasury  Depart  - 
inent  al  a  critical  juncture:  the  government 
was  practically  bankrp.pt  ;  Dallas  advised  a 
loan  and  the  organization  of  a  bank  to  float 
the  same,  but  the  bill  therefor  was  ve- 
toed by  President.  Madison  (page  540)  ; 
Dallas  then  managed  to  allay  the  fears  of 
the  business  world  as  to  an  extensive  issue 
of  treasury  notes,  and  these  were  received 
at  par:  he  succeeded,  in  April,  1810,  in  hav- 
ing the  P.auk  of  the  United  States  char- 
tered with  a  capital  of  $35,000,000;  pre- 
pared the  Tariff  Law  of  1 S Hi,  under  which 
business  throughout  the  country  received  a 
new  impetus  tpaure  7«'.<u  ;  acting  as  Sec- 
retary of  War  subsequent  to  March,  1815, 
lie  reduced  I  lie  army  to  a  peace  footing: 
published  "Kxpnsition  of  the  Causes  and 
Character  of  the  War  of  1812-15";  died 
.Ian.  It!,  1S17,  in  Philadelphia. 
Dallas,  George  Miflin  (1702-1804)  ;  states- 
man ;  b.  Philadelphia;  United  States  Sen- 
ator from  Pennsylvania.  18:51-33;  minister 
to  Russia.  1837-30:  Vice-President  of  the 
I'nited  States  with  Polk.  1x45-4!!:  was 
United  States  minister  to  Kngland,  1850-01. 


Dalton,  Tristram;  legislator:  b.  Newhury, 
Mass.,  in  May,  1843,  member  of  bofh 
branches  of  the  Massachusetts  legislature, 
and  was  chosen  speaker  of  the  house  ;  elect- 
ed to  the  first  United  States  Senate  under 
the  Constitution ;  died  Boston,  May  30, 
1817. 

Dalton,  Tristram,  on  committee  to  con- 
duct inaugural  ceremony  of  President 
Washington,  40. 
Dana,   E.   T.,  arrest   and   maltreatment 

of,  at  Heidelberg,  Baden,  2772. 
Dana,  Francis;  lawyer,  jurist  ;  b.  in 
Charlestown,  Mass.,  June  13,  1743;  dele- 
gate from  Massachusetts  to  the  Continental 
Congress,  1770  79,  and  in  1784  signed  the 
Articles  of  Confederation  ;  secretary  of  lega- 
tion to  Paris  under  John  Adams  :  appointed 
minister  to  Russia,  but  not  officially  re- 
ceived; appointed  minister  to  France,  1707, 
but  declined;  chief  justice  of  State  court, 
1791-180(5.  when  'he  resigned;  died  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  April  25,  1811. 

Dana,  Francis,  minister  to  France,  nom- 
ination of,  and  reasons  therefor,  235. 
Danforth,  Henry  G.,  b.  June  14,  1854,  in 
the  town  of  Gates  (now  part  of  Rochester), 
Monroe  County,  N.  Y.  ;  educated  in  private 
schools  in  Rochester,  at  Phillips  Kxeter 
Academy.  Kxeter.  X.  II.,  and  was  graduated 
from  Harvard  College  in  1877.  from  the 
Harvard  Law  School  in  1880;  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  188O;  elected  to  the  OlM,  03d 
and  04th  Congresses  from  New  York. 

Daniel,  Peter  Vyvian;  lawyer,  jurist :  b. 
Stafford  Co.,  Va.,  April  24,  17S4  :  served  in 
State  legislature  and  as  lieutenant-gover- 
nor;  appointed  iudge  of  United  States  Dis- 
trict Court  for  Virginia,  1830.  and  in  1840 
was  made  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
the  United  States ;  died  Richmond,  Ya., 
June  30,  1800. 

Daniel,  Peter  V.,   Supreme   Court   Jus- 
tice, death  of,  referred  to,  3250. 
Daniels,  Jared  W.,   member  of   Indian 

commission,  5579. 

Daniels,  Josephus,  Secretary  of  the  Navy 
under  President  Wilson  ;  b.  Washington.  N. 
C.,  May  18,  1802;. son  of  Josephus  and 
Marv  (Cleves)  Daniels:  received  an  aca- 
demic education  in  Wilson  (X.  C. )  Col- 
legiate Institute;  a  newspaper  man  by  pro- 
fession :  his  field  of  journalism  began  \\  hen, 
between  the  ages  of  fifteen  and  sixteen.  In- 
started  a  little  paper  in  Wilson  called  I'hc, 
CuniiifOiiin.  of  Which  he  was  the  amateur 
editor;  at  the  age  of  eighteen  was  the  edi- 
tor of  the  Wilson  (N.  C.  >  Ailnim"'.  a  week- 
ly paper;  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1SS5.  but 
did  not  practice  law  :  became  editor  Raleigh 
(N.  C.)  Htate  Chroniflf  in  18S5;  married 
Addle  W.,  daughter  of  Major  W.  II.  liairley. 
May  2,  1888,  and  has  fuitr  sous  :  state 
printer  for  North  Carolina.  1887-1  s'.)3  :  chief 
clerk.  Department  of  the  Interior.  1VI3- 
1805;  trustee  University  of  North  Ca-olina 
and  member  of  the  executive  committee  of 
the  board  of  trustees;  in  1804  he  consol- 
idated the  Ht<itc  Clinnticlr  and  the  \,,rtfi 
Carolinian  with  the  AVirx  ainl  Ohrt  rrrr, 
and  has  since  been  its  editor:  has  been  the 
North  Carolina  member  of  the  Democratic 
national  committee  for  twentv  ve:t!-<  :  nomi- 
nated, confirmed,  and  commissioned  Secre- 
tary of  the  Navy,  March  5.  1013. 
Daniels,  William  H.,  collector  of  cus- 
toms, suspension  of,  referred  to, -i711. 


Biographic   Index 


Day 


Dart,  Anson,  official  conduct  of,  re- 
ferred to,  3015,  3016. 
Davenport,  James  S. ;  b.  near  Gaylcsvlllc, 
Cherokee  County,  Ala.,  Sept.  21,  1864  ; 
moved  to  Conway.  Faulkner  County,  Ark., 
whore  he  was  educated  In  the  public  schools 
and  (he  academy  at  (Ireenbrler,  Ark.,  read 
law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar;  Feb.  14, 
1890;  In  October  of  that  year  moved  to  In- 
dian Territory,  and  continued  the  practice 
of  his  profession  ;  has  been  twice  married, 
in  1802  to  Culielma  Ross,  who  died  in  1808, 
and  on  June  15,  1007.  to  Miss  liyrd  Iron- 
side, both  citizens  by  blood  of  the  Cherokee 
Nation:  he  served  two  terms  in  the  lower 
house  of  the  Cherokee  Legislature  from  1807 
to  1901,  being  elcted  speaker  the  latter 
term,  the  only  intermarried  white  man  who 
ever  held  that  position  ;  was  selected  one 
of  the  attorneys  for  the  Cherokee  Nation 
and  'held  that  position  until  March  4.  1007: 
twice  elected  mayor  of  Vlnita,  100.'?  and 
1004.  voluntarily  retiring  at  the  end  of  his 
second  term  :  elected  to  the  00th.  62d,  63d 
and  04th  Congresses  from  Oklahoma. 

David,  Pierre  Jean,  bust  of  Lafayette 

presented  to  Congress  by,  992. 
Davidson,  Francis  S.: 
Act  for  relief  of,  6736, 

Vetoed,  6773. 

Davidson,  James  H.;  b.  Colchester,  Del- 
aware Co..  N.  Y.,  June  18.  1858 :  grad- 
uated Albany  Law  School  1884  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  of  New  York  :  subse- 
quently moved  to  Wisconsin  and  commenced 
the  practice  of  law  at  Princeton  in  1887: 
in  1888  was  elected  prosecuting  attorney  of 
Green  Lake  County:  in  1802  removed  to 
Oshkosh  ;  in  1805  was  appointed  city  attor- 
ney: elected  to  the  55th.  50th.  57th.  58th, 
59th,  60th,  filst,  02d  and  64th  Congresses 
from  Wisconsin. 

Davis,  Charles  Henry;  American  naval 
officer  :  b.  Boston,  Mass.,  Jan.  10.  1807  :  d. 
Washington.  D.  ('.,  Feb.  18,  1877:  entered 
the  navy  in  1S2;>,  became  commander  in 
1854.  and  served  as  chief  of  staff  and  cap- 
tain of  the  fleet  in  the  expedition  under 
Dnpont.  which  captured  Port  Hoyal,  S  C.. 
in  1801  ;  in  command  of  the  Mississippi 
gunboat  flotilla  he  overcame  the  Confeder- 
ate fleet  off  Port  Pillow  May  10.  1802:  and 
again  off  Memphis  June  (>.  1802.  on  which 
day  he  received  the  surrender  of  the  Con- 
federate commander:  promoted  to  rear- 
admiral  Feb.  7.  1803:  wrote  "The  Coast 
Survey  of  the  United  States"  (1840),  and 
"Narrative  of  the  North  Polar  Expedition 
of  the  U.  S.  Polaris"  (1876). 

Davis,  Charles  Henry: 

Correspondence     regarding     squadron 
at   Eio   Janeiro   and   the   Paraguay 
difficulties,  3890. 
Kear-admiral    in     Navy,    nomination 

of,  3356. 
Thanks  of  Congress  to,  recommended, 

3284. 
Davis,  Charles  Russell;  b.  Pittsfleld,  ill.: 

moved  to  Lesueur  Co.,  Minn.,  at  an  early 
age  :  admitted  to  the  bar  and  practiced  law 
for  more  than  thirty  years  in  Minnesota: 
served  for  two  yeais  in  the  house  of  repre- 
sentatives, and  four  years  in  the  State  sen- 
ate of  Minnesota:  elected  to  the  58th.  50th. 
60th,  01st,  02d,  63d  and  64th  Congresses 
from  Minnesota. 


Davis,  Cushman  Kellogg;  diplomat  and 
statesman  ;  b.  Henderson,  Jefferson  County, 
N.  Y.,  June  10,  1S38  ;  received  u  common 
school  and  collegiate  education,  graduating 
from  the  University  of  Michigan  in  June, 
IS.")";  lawyer;  first  llentenant  In  the  Twen- 
ty-eighth Wisconsin  Infantry  1802-1804; 
member  of  the  Minnesota  legislature  in 
1807;  United  States  district  attorney  f,,r 
Minnesota  1868-1873;  governor  of  Minne- 
sota 1S74-187.~">  ;  elected  to  the  United  States 
Senate  as  a  Republican  to  succeed  lion.  S. 
.1.  R.  McMillan,  and  took  his  seal  Man-h  4, 
1SS7;  twice  re-elected  and  served  until  his 
dentil,  at  St.  Paul.  Minn.,  Nov.  27.  T.HIM  ; 
member  of  the  commission  which  met  at 
Paris,  France,  in  Sept.,  1S9.S.  t<>  arrange! 
terms  of  peace  between  the  United  States 
and  Spain;  died  at  St.  Paul,  Minn.,  Nov.  27, 
1900. 

Davis,  Cushman  K.,  member  of  Spanish- 
American  Peace  Commission,  G.'!22. 
Davis,  David  nsir.-issoi :  jurist  and 
statesman:  b.  in  Cecil  Co.,  Md.  :  associate 
justice  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court, 
1802-77:  nominated  for  President  by  the 
Labor-Reform  party  against  Grant,  1S72; 
United  States  Senator  from  Illinois.  1877- 
8.'5  :  When  Arthur  succeeded  to  the  presi- 
dency. Davis  was  acting  Vice-President, 
1881-83. 

Davis,  George  W.,  member  of  board  to 
consider  expedition  to  be  sent  for  re- 
lief  of   Lady   Franklin   Bay   Expedi- 
tion, 4813. 
Davis,  J.  C.  Bancroft,  Acting  Secretary 

of  State,  417,8. 

Davis,  Jefferson  (isos-isso):  statesman: 
b.  in  Christian  Co.,  Ky.  ;  graduated  West. 
Point.  1828:  took  part  in  the  P.lack  Hawk 
and  Mexican  wars:  member  of  Congress 
from  Mississippi.  1845-40;  United  Stales 
Senator  from  Mississippi,  1847  51  ;  Secre- 
tary of  War  under  Pierce.  1Si.~.:;-57:  United 
States  Senator.  1 857-1;  1  :  president  of  the 
Confederate  States.  1S(>2:  arrested  nrar 
Irwinsviile.  Ga..  1805;  imprisoned  in  Fort- 
ress Monroe.  1805-07,  and  amnestied,  1808. 

Davis,  Jefferson: 

Correspondence  of  governor  of  South 
Carolina  with  President  delayed  bv, 
3195. 

Declaration  of,  and  advisability  of 
attempting  negotiations  with,  dis- 
cussed, 3455. 

Imprisonment  of,  and  reasons  for  not 
placing  upon  trial,  inquired  into, 
3572. 

Eeport  of  Attorney-General  regard- 
ing, referred  to,  3576. 
Negotiations  with,  for  restoration   of 
peace  discussed  and  correspondence 
regarding,  3461. 
Official  acts  of,  in   Virginia  declared 

null  and  void,  35.15. 
TCeward  offered  for  arrest  of,  3505. 
Persons    claiming,    directed    to    file 

claims,   3551. 

Day,  William  B.;  lawyer,  diplomat  :  Sec- 
retary of  State  under  President  McKinU-y  : 
commisioner  to  conclude  the  peace  treaty 
between  the  United  States  and  Spain  in 


Day 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


1SOS;  h.  April  17,  1849,  in  Ravenna,  Ohio; 
his  father  and  his  maternal  grandfather 
aud  great-grandfather  were  eminent  law- 
yers ;  he  was  educated  in  Ohio  public 
schools  and  the  University  of  Michigan ; 
began  practice  in  Canton,  Ohio,  and  was 
offered  position  of  U.  S.  District  Judge  by 
President  Harrison ;  personal  friendship 
for  Mr.  McKInley  drew  hiru  into  politics ; 
and  he  was  appointed  Assistant  Secretary 
of  State  tinder  Secretary  John  Sherman, 
and  upon  the  latter's  resignation  Mr.  Day 
succeeded  to  the  cabinet  position.  War 
had  been  declared  against  Spain,  and  it  was 
due  to  Secretary  Day's  skill  in  diplomacy 
that  the  conflict  was  confined  to  the  two 
nations  directly  concerned.  When  Spain 
asked  peace  terms  Mr.  Day  signed  the  pro- 
tocol providing  for  a  commission  of  five 
members  to  meet  at  Paris  to  conclude  the 
final  terms.  He  presided  over  the  commis- 
sion, and  signed  a  treaty  of  peace  Dec.  10, 
1898,  and  upon  his  return  to  the  United 
States,  was  appointed  U.  S.  Circuit  Judge 
of  the  Sixth  Judicial  Circuit,  and  in  Febru- 
ary, Htd:;.  became  an  associate  Justice  of 
the  Supreme  Court.  Mr.  Day  married  in 
Canton,  Ohio,  and  had  four  sons,  William 
L.,  Luther,  Stephen  and  Kufus. 

Day,  William  E.: 

President  of  Spanish- American  Peace 

Commission,  6322. 
Secretary  of  State,  6476. 

Dearborn,  Henry  (father  of  H.  A.  S.  Dear- 
born |,  Secretary  of  War  under  President 
Jefferson  ;  b.  Hampton,  N.  II.,  Feb.  23, 
1751  :  received  a  public  school  education  ; 
studied  medicine  ;  began  practicing  in  1772  ; 
captain  during  the  Revolutionary  War; 
moved  to  Monmouth,  Me.,  in  June,  1784 ; 
elected  brigadier-general  of  militia  in  1787  ; 
and  made  major-general  in  1789  ;  appointed 
United  States  marshal  for  the  district  of 
Maine  in  1789;  elected  a  Representative 
from  one  of  the  Maine  districts  of  Massa- 
chusetts to  the  :>d  Congress  as  a  Democrat, 
find  reelected  to  the  4th  Congress,  serving 
from  Dec.  2,  179:5,  until  March  3,  1797: 
appointed  Secretary  of  War.  and  served 
from  March  4.  1801,  until  March  7,  1809  ; 
appointed  collector  of  the  port  of  Boston 
by  President  Madison  in  1809,  which  posi- 
tion he  bold  until  Jan.  27.  1812.  when  he 
was  appointed  senior  major-general  in  the 
United  Stales  Army :  in  command  at  the 
rapture  of  York  (now  Toronto),  April  27, 
isi:;  ;  recalled  from  the  frontier  July  6, 
18115,  and  placed  in  command  of  the  city 
of  New  York  :  appointed  minister  plenipo- 
tentiary to  Portugal  by  President  Monroe, 
nnd  served  from  May  7.  1822.  until  Jnne. 
.'!(>.  1824.  when,  by  'his  own  request,  he  was 
recalled  :  returned  to  Roxbury.  Mass.,  where 
he  died  June  6,  1829. 

De  Camp,  John,  thanks  of  Congress  to, 
recommended,  3277. 

Decatur,  Stephen;  naval  officer;  b.  Sin- 
nopuxent,  Md.,  January,  1779  :  entered  navy 
1798;  February,  1804,  entered  the  harbor 
of  Tripoli  with  a  small  party  and  burned 
the  American  frigate  PliihiflclpJiia,  which 
had  been  captured  by  Barbarian  ;  for  this 
act  he  was  promoted  to  captain  ;  active  in 
\Var  of  IM^!,  as  commander  of  t'niti'il 
stall's  and  I'ri-xiilcnt :  commander  of  squad- 
ron sent  to  Mediterranean.  1SI5,  and  cap- 
tured two  Algerine  war  vessels  and  dic- 
tated treaty  of  peace  to  I  ley  of  Algiers; 
killed  in  a  duel  near  Rbulenshurg.  Md., 
March  22,  1820,  by  Commodore  James  Bar- 
ron. 


Decatur,  Stephen: 

Captain  in  Navy,  advancement  of,  to 

grade  of,  referred  to,  362. 
Claims  of,  arising  from  recapture  of 

the  Philadelphia,  1025. 
Commander  of  the  United  States,  506. 
De  Haven,  Lieut.  Edwin  J.,  expedition 
commanded  by,  in  search  of  Sir  John 
Franklin  and  companions,  return  of, 
2668. 

De  Kalb,  Baron  Johann,  claims  of  rep- 
resentatives of,  for  services  rendered 
United  States  in  Revolutionary  War, 
1270. 

Delafield,  Richard,  member  of  board  to 
examine  quotas  of  States  under  call 
for  troops,  3476. 

Delano,  Columbus,  Secretary  of  the  Inte- 
rior under  President  Grant ;  b.  Shoreham, 
Vt.,  in  1809  ;  moved  to  Mount  Vernon,  Ohio, 
in  1817  ;  received  an  academic  education  ; 
studied  law,  and  in  1831  admitted  to  the 
bar  ;  elected  a  Representative  from  Ohio  to 
the  29tb  Congress  as  a  Whig  ;  defeated  by 
two  votes  at  the  Whig  state  convention  in 
1847  as  a  candidate  for  the  nomination  for 
governor ;  delegate  to  the  Republican  na- 
tional convention  at  Chicago  which  nomi- 
nated Lincoln  and  Hamlin  :  served  as  state 
commissary-general  of  Ohio  in  1S<>1  ;  de- 
feated by  two  votes  for  the  United  States 
Senate  In  18(52  ;  member  of  the  state  house 
of  representatives  in  1803  :  delegate  to  the 
Republican  national  convention  at  Balti- 
more which  nominated  Lincoln  and  John- 
son;  elected  to  the  39th  Congress  as  a 
Republican  :  reelected  to  the  40th  Congress  ; 
George  W.  Morgan,  Democrat,  obtained  the 
certificate  of  election,  but  was  voted  out  of 
his  seat  June  3.  1808,  and  Mr.  Delano 
recognized  ;  appointed  Secretary  of  the  In- 
terior, Nov.  1,  1870,  which  position  he  held 
until  Oct.  19,  1875,  When  he  resigned. 

Delfosse,  M.  Maurice,  selection  of,  as 

commissioner     on     fisheries     question 

with  Great  Britain  referred  to,  4438. 

De    Long,    George    W.,    death    of,    in 

Jrannrttc  expedition,   4726. 
Remains  of,  removed  to  United  States, 

4834. 

De  Martens,  M.  F.,  arbitrator,  in  Vene- 
zuelan boundary  dispute,  6338. 
Denby,  Charles: 
.-Member  of  Commission  to  Philippine 

Islands,  6584. 

Minister  to  China,  regulations  for 
consular  courts  promulgated  by, 
5388. 

Dennison,  William,  Governor  of  Ohio 
(1800-02),  and  postmaster-general  under 
President  Lincoln  ;  b.  Cincinnati.  Nov.  23, 
1815.  lie  was  graduated  from  Miami  Uni- 
versity in  18.'5.r),  was  admit  tr 
1840,  and  settled  at  Coluinb 
after  some  years  of  legal  ] 
carne  president  of  a  bank  an 
and  was  sent  to  (he  legislat 
In  185(1  he  was  a  member  of  the  Pittsburgh 
convention  which  organized  the  Republican 
party,  and  of  that  which  met  at  Philadel- 
phia'. June  17th,  and  nominated  J.  C.  Fre- 
mont. As  governor  in  18<>0-f>2  he  was 


1  to  the  bar  in 
is.   Ohio,  where 

he     be- 

f  a   rail  road, 
1S4S-50. 


Biographic   Index1 


Devens 


vo-y  active  In  supporting  the  war  by  rais- 
ing troops  and  supplies,  as  well  as  in  pro- 
tecting the  border  ;  some  of  his  measures 
at  this  time  were  thought  to  In*  at  least 
extra-constitutional.  It  was  through  .Gov. 
Dennison's  efforts  that  West  Virginia  was 
saved  to  the  Union.  He  assured  the  Union- 
Is!  s  of  that  state  that  if  they  would  break 
off  from  old  Virginia  and  adhere  to  the 
Union,  lie  would  send  the  necessary  mili- 
tary force  to  protect  them.  When  it  became 
necessary  to  redeem  this  pledge,  Gov.  Den- 
uison  sent  Ohio  militia,  who,  uniting  with 
the  loyal  citizens,  drove  the  Confederates 
out  of  West  Virginia.  When  the  general 
government  was  about  to  refund  to  Ohio 
money  used  for  military  purposes,  the  state 
auditor  and  the  attorney-general  decided 
that  this  money  could  not  legally  he  used 
again  for  military  purposes.  Gov.  Denni- 
son,  therefore,  through  'his  personal  agents, 
caused  it  to  be  collected  from  the  federal 
government,  and  used  it  for  military  pur- 
poses instead  of  turning  it  into  the  Ohio 
state  treasury.  It  was  again  refunded  to 
Ohio,  again  collected  by  his  agents,  and 
was  thus  used  over  and  over  again,  so  that 
he  intercepted  in  all  $1,077,000.  It  was  a 
high-handed  measure,  but  justifiable  on  the 
ground  of  public  necessity.  He  presented 
satisfactory  accounts,  and  vouchers  to  the 
legislature  for  every  dollar,  and  no  shadow 
was  ever  cast  upon  'him  or  his  officers  who 
disbursed  it.  In  1804  he  presided  over  the 
national  convention  of  his  party  at  Balti- 
more, and  was  called  into  the  cabinet  by 
President  Lincoln  in  October,  1804.  as  post- 
master-general. This  post  he  held  until 
July,  18(50.  He  reappeared  in  the  political 
held  as  a  member  of  the  national  convention 
of  1880  and  a  candidate  for  United  States 
Senator,  but  was  not  elected.  He  was  a 
benefactor  of  Dennison  University,  founded 
In  IS.'H  at  Granville,  Ohio.  Gov.  Dennison 
died  June  15,  1882. 

Denniston,  William  H.,  act  for  relief 
of,  vetoed,  4222. 

Dent,  Stanley  Hubert,  Jr.;  b.  Eufauia, 

Ala.,  Aug.  1(1,  1809  ;  graduated  from  the 
Southern  University,  of  Greensboro,  Ala., 
with  the  degree  of  A.  B.,  in  1880,  and  in 
1889  was  graduated  in  law  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  Virginia  ;  elected  to  the  Olst  Con- 
gress from  Alabama,  receiving  10,754  votes, 
none  being  cast  against  him,  and  re-elected 
to  the  C2d  Congress  without  opposition  ;  and 
later  to  the  C3d  and  04th  Congresses. 

Depew,  Chauncey  Mitchell;  b.  Peekskm, 

X.  Y.,  April  23,  1834  ;  graduated  from  Yale 
College  in  1850,  and  in  1887  received  the 
degree  of  LL.  D.  from  his  alma  mater  ;  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1858.  elected  to  the 
assembly  in  1801  and  1802  ;  in  1803  candi- 
date for  secretary  of  state,  and  reversed 
the  Democratic  success  of  1802,  being  elect- 
ed by  30.000  majority ;  in  1800  appointed 
attorney  for  the  Xew  Y'ork  &  Harlem  Rail- 
road Company  :  made  general  counsel  of  the 
New  Y'ork  Central  &  Hudson  River  Railroad 
Company  in  1875  :  president  of  the  Xew 
York  Central  &  Hudson  River  Railroad  in 
1885  :  resigned  in  1899  to  become  chairman 
of  the  boards  of  directors  of  the  Xew  York 
Central,  the  Lake  Shore,  the  Michigan  Cen- 
tral, and  the  Xew  York.  Chicago  &  St. 
Louis  Railroad  companies :  elected  to  the 
United  States  Senate  from  Xew  York  in 
1899  ;  re-elected  1905. 

De  Poiery,  Mr.,  captain  by  brevet,  nom- 
ination of,  and  reasons  therefor,  67. 


Derrick,    W.    8.,    Acting   Secretary    of 

State,  2613. 

Dewey,  George;  Admiral  of  the  Navy;  b. 
Montpelier,  Vt.,  Dec.  U»;,  is:;7;  graduated 
Annapolis  Naval  Academy,  Ibf.X,  and  as- 
signed to  Mediterranean  squadron  :  served 
throughout  Civil  War  in  navy  of  lower  Mis- 
sissippi River  and  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  later 
with  North  Atlantic  squadron  ;  commander 
of  Narrayansett,  1870 ;  had  charge  of  I'acitic 
survey  and  Secretary  of  Lighthouse  I'.oard, 
1872-82;  captain-commander  of  the  Itnliiliin, 
of  While  Squadron,  1KS4  ;  commodore,  l.s'.tr,; 
assigned  to  Asiatic  squadron,  Nov.  :'.<),  1  M>7  ; 
April,  l.S!)S,  following  British  declaration  of 
neutrality,  left  port  of  llong  Kong,  arriv- 
ing at.  Manila  Bay  April  .'!0,  with  nine  ves- 
sels and  1,094  men;  May  1,  destroyed  the 
Spanish  Heel  of  thirteen  vessels  and  re- 
duced the  live  batteries  defending  the  city; 
raised  to  rank  of  acting  rear-admiral  aiid 
received  vote  of  thanks  and  sword;  Con- 
gress, 181)!),  re-created  rank  of  Admiral,  and 
President  McKinley  appointed  Dewey  to  the 
office  previously  held  only  by  Farragut  and 
Porter.  Admiral  Dewey  died  Jan.  10,  lit  17. 

Dewey,  George: 

Attack  of  American  land  forces  and 
capture    of    Manila    assisted    by 
squadron  under,  6319. 
Thanks      of     President      tendered, 

6568. 
Member    of    Philippine    Commission, 

6584. 

Spanish    fleet    destroyed    in    Manila 
Bay   by   American   squadron    un- 
der, 6297,  6315. 
Appointed       acting      rear-admiral, 

6297,  6568. 

Sword  to  be  presented  to,  6302. 
Thanks    of    Congress    to,    6298. 
Recommended,   6297. 
Reply  of,  6302. 

Thanks      of      President      tendered, 
6568. 

Referred  to,  6297. 

Suggestions  from,  regarding  force, 
etc.,  for  Philippine  Islands  re- 
quested by  President,  6580. 
Devens,  Charles,  Attorney-General  under 
President  Hayes  ;  b.  Charlestown,  Middle- 
sex Co.,  Mass..  April  4.  1820.  the  son  of 
Charles  and  Mary  Llthgow  Devens.  and 
grandson  of  Richard  Devens.  a  revolution- 
ary patriot.  His  maternal  grandfather  was 
Col.  Arthur  Lithgow.  of  Augusta.  Me. 
Charles  entered  Harvard,  from  which  he 
was  graduated  in  1838.  He  subsequently 
studied  law  in  the  Harvard  Law  School. 
and  afterward  with  Hubbard  &  Watts  of 
Boston.  In  1841  he  was  admitted  to  the 
bar.  and  at  once  began  the  practice  of  his 
profession  at  North  field,  later  removing  to 
Greenfield.  In  1848-49  he  served  as  a 
member  of  the  state  senate,  and  from  the 
latter  year  until  1853  as  United  States  mar- 
shal for  the  district  of  Massachusetts. 
When  the  Civil  War  broke  out  he  enlisted 
In  the  cause  of  the  Union,  and  on  April  19. 
1861,  was  unanimously  elected  major  of  the 
third  battalion  rifles— three  full  companies 
with  which  he  at  once  proceeded  to  the 
front.  On  July  20th  of  the  same  year 
Major  Devens  'was  made  colonel  of  the 
fifteenth  regiment  Massachusetts  volunteers 
He  was  brevetterl  brigadier-genera!  during 
the  siege  of  Yorktown,  and  took  command 


D evens 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


of  a  brigade  in  Couch's  division,  fourth 
army  corps.  Gen.  Devens  was  severely 
wounded  at  the  battle  of  Fair  Oaks,  but 
would  not  leave  the  field  until  the  fall  of 
uight  terminated  the  hostilities  for  the  day. 
At  the  battle  of  Autietam  his  horse  was 
shot  from  under  him,  and  for  gallant  con- 
duct while  in  command  of  a  brigade  at 
Fredericksburg  he  was  complimented  by  the 
general  commanding  the  division.  At  the 
request  of  Gen.  Grant,  Gen.  Devens  in  April, 
1805,  was  commissioned  major-general  by 
brevet  for  gallantry  and  good  conduct  at 
the  capture  of  Richmond.  He  was  mustered 
out  of  service,  at  his  own  request,  at  Wash- 
ington, in  June,  1800.  after  a  brilliant  mili- 
tary career  of  five  years  and  three  months. 
He  was  elected  national  commander  of  the 
G.  A.  II.  to  succeed  Gen.  Burnside,  and 
lias  also  served  as  commander  of  the  Mili- 
tary Order  Loyal  Legion  of  Massachusetts, 
as  well  as  -of  the  military  societies  of  the 
army  of  the  Potomac  and  of  the  James, 
and  of  the  sixth  army  corps.  In  1807  Gov. 
Bullock  appointed  (Jen.  Devens  one  of  the 
judges  of  the  superior  court  of  Massachu- 
setts, and  in  1873  Gov.  Washburn  made 
him  one  of  the  judges  of  the  supreme  court. 
On  Marc'h  10,  1877,  he  became  a  member 
of  President  Hayes's  cabinet,  taking  the 
portfolio  of  Attorney-General.  Upon  re- 
turning to  Massachusetts.  Gen.  Devens  was 
reappointed  to  the  supreme  bench  by  Gov. 
Long. 

Dexter,    John    S.,    district    supervisor, 

nomination   of,  91. 

Dexter,  Samuel,  Secretary  of  War  under 
President  John  Adams ;  b.  Massachusetts, 
May  14,  1701  ;  graduated  from  Harvard 
College  in  1781  :  studied  law  and  admitted 
to  the  bar ;  member  of  the  state  house  of 
representatives,  1788-1790,  elected  a  Rep- 
resentative from  Massachusetts  to  t'he  3d 
Congress  as  a  Federalist ;  elected  to  the 
United  States  Senate,  serving  from  Dec.  2, 
17!)!),  until  he  resigned  In  June,  1800:  ap- 
pointed Secretary  of  War.  May  1:5.  1800, 
and  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  Dec.  SI, 
1800 :  declined  the  mission  to  Spain  of- 
fered him  by  President  Madison  :  while  on 
his  way  'home  with  his  family  from  Wash- 
ington,'!). ('.,  died  at  Athens.  N.  Y.,  May  .'5, 
is  1C:  published  The  Progress  of  Science 
(a  poem),  1780,  also  Speeches  and  Political 
Papers,  and  several  other  political  pam- 
phlets. 

Diaz,  A.  J.,  arrest  and  imprisonment  of, 

by  Cuban  authorities,  5f>16. 
Diaz,    Porfirio,     revolution    in    Mexico 
and     installation    of,     as    President, 
441!),  G333. 

Dick,  Charles;  lawyer;  1>.  Akron,  Ohio, 
Nov.  ?,,  1858;  served  in  the  F.ighth  Ohio 
Volunteer  Infantry  in  Cuba  in  the  war  wltl 
Spain  ;  represented  the  Nineteenth  Ohio  Dis 
trict  in  the  55th,  50rh,  57th,  and  58th  Con- 
gresses  ;  instrumental  in  securing  the  en- 
actment of  the  Dick  Militia  law.  and  rais- 
ing pay  of  army  and  navy  :  elected  March 
2.  1904.  United  States  Senator  for  the 
short  and  long  terms  from  Ohio. 

Dickerson,  Mahlon  (brother  of  Philemon 
Dicker-son),  Secretary  of  the  Navy  under 
Presidents  Jackson  and  Van  Ruren  ;  born 
at  Hanover,  N.  J.,  April  17.  1770;  grad- 
uated from  Princeton  College  in  1789; 
studied  law  and  In  1773  was  admitted  to 
fhe  bar;  began  the  practice  of  his  profes- 


sion at  Philadelphia  ;  quartermaster-general 
of  Pennsylvania,  1805-1  SOS;  recorder  of 
the  city  court  of  Philadelphia.  18081810; 
returned  to  New  Jersey  ;  member  of  the 
state  house  of  representatives  in  1814; 
governor  of  New  Jersey,  1815-17  ;  elected 
United  States  Senator  from  New  Jersey  as 
a  State  Rights  Democrat ;  serving  from 
December  1,  1817,  to  March  2.  1833 ;  ap- 
pointed Secretary  of  the  Navy  June  30, 
1834,  and  reappointed  by  President  Vail 
Buren  ;  United  States  district  judge  of  the 
district  of  New  Jersey  ;  delegate  to  the 
state  constitutional  convention  in  1844; 
president  of  the  American  'Institute,  1840- 
1848  ;  died  at  his  home  in  Succasunua, 
Morris  County,  N.  J.,  Oct.  5,  1853. 

Dickinson,  Don.  McDonald,  Postmaster- 
general  under  President  Cleveland,  born 
Jan.  17,  1840,  at  Port  Ontario,  Oswego 
Co.,  N.  Y.  His  ancestors  were  among  the 
early  settlers  of  Massachusetts,  and  his 
father  and  grandfather  natives  of  the  state. 
The  first  of  the  family  who  came  to  Amer- 
ica was  John  Dickinson,  a  member  of 
the  Continental  congress  of  1774,  president 
of  the  executive  council,  and  one  of  the 
founders  of  Dickson  College,  Carlisle,  Pa., 
to  whom  Jonathan  Dickinson,  chief  justice 
of  the  province  of  Pennsylvania  in  1719, 
was  also  related  in  the  direct  line.  The 
father  of  Mr.  Dickinson  in  1820  explored 
the  shores  of  lakes  Erie,  Huron  and  Michi- 
gan in  a  birch-bark  canoe,  and  in  1848  re- 
moved to  Michigan,  settling  in  St.  Clair 
county,  where  'his  son  received  his  primary 
education  in  the  public  schools,  and  enter- 
ing the  law  department  of  the  University 
of  Michigan,  was  graduated  before  reach- 
ing his  majority.  The  interval  prior  to 
his  admission  to  the  bar  he  spent  in  study- 
ing tlie  management  of  cases  and  the  prac- 
tical application  of  the  philosophy  and 
logis  of  law.  In  1807  he  entered  upon  a 
successful  and  lucrative  practice,  being 
concerned  in  all  of  t'he  leading  cases  un- 
der the  bankruptcy  act  of  that  year.  In 
1872  he  entered  political  life,  and  in  1S7G, 
as  chairman  of  the  state  democratic  cen- 
tral committee,  conducted  the  Tllden  cam- 
paign, being  brought  into  close  relations 
with  that  statesman  until  his  death.  As 
member  of  the  national  democratic  com- 
mittee in  1SS4-85.  he  enjoyed  the  full  con- 
fidence and  esteem  of  President  Cleveland. 
who  in  1888  called  him  to  a  seat  in  his 
cabinet,  being  the  fourth  representative  of 
Michigan  to  be  honored  thus. 

Dickinson,  Jacob  McGavock,  of  Nash- 
ville, Tenn.,  Secretary  of  War  in  President 
Taft's  Cabinet:  b.  Jan.  30.  1851,  Columbus, 
Miss.  ;  graduated  from  the  University  of 
Nashville;  studied  law  at  Columbia  College, 
New  York,  in  Paris,  and  at  the  University 
of  Leipzig;  L.L.  D.,  Columbia  University 
of  New  York,  University  of  Illinois  and 
Yale  ;  Assistant  Attorney-General  of  the 
United  States  from  Feb.  13.  185)5,  to  March 
8,  1807  :  in  15)03  appeared  as  counsel  for 
the  United  States  before  the  Alaskan 
Boundary  Tribunal  in  London  ;  Assistant 
Professor  of  Latin  in  the  University  of 
Nashville  ;  served  several  times  by  special 
appointment  as  judge  on  the  Supreme  Bench 
of  Tennessee  ;  was  General  Counsel  of  the 
Illinois  Central  Railroad  Company  at  the 
time  of  appointment  as  Secretary  of  War. 

Dickson,  James  C.,  receiver  of  public 
moneys,  nomination  of,  withdrawn 
and  reasons  therefor,  1040. 

Dickson,  Walter,  outrages  committed 
on  family  of,  in  Palestine,  3015. 


Biographic   Index 


Dole 


Dies,  Martin;  b.  In  Jackson  Parish,  La., 
March  IT!,  1870;  movrd  to  Texas  with  his 
parents  in  1870;  elected  county  judge  of 
TV  I  IT  County  In  1894;  district  attorney  of 
the  first  judicial  district  of  Texas  in  1898; 
elected  to  the  Olst,  Olid,  (53d  and  64th  Con- 
presses  from  Texas. 

Dillingham,  William  Paul;  h.  Waterbury, 

Vt.,  Dec.  12,  1843;  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1807  ;  member  of  the  Vermont  house  of  rep- 
resentatives in  1870  and  again  in  1884;  a 
state  senator  in  1878  and  again  in  1880; 
governor  of  Vermont  from  1XS8  to  181)0; 
Oct.  IS,  1900,  was  elected  United  States 
Senator  from  Vermont,  to  fill  a  vacancy 
caused  by  tbe  death  of  Justic  S.  Morrill  ; 
Oct.  15,  1902,  elected  to  succeed  himself, 
and  re-elected  Oct.  1*1,  1908,  for  the  term 
ending  March  8,  1913. 
Dingle,  W.  B.,  arrest  and  maltreatment 

of,  at  Heidelberg,  Baden,  2772. 
Dingley,  Nelson,  Jr.  (1832-1899)  ;  states- 
man; b.  Durham,  Me.;  for  thirty  years 
(1850-80)  he  was  editor  of  the  Lcii'iftton 
Journal;  sat  in  the  State  Legislature.  1802- 
7M  ;  and  was  speaker,  1803-04  ;  governor  of 
Maine.  1874-75;  sat  in  Congress,  1X81-09; 
framed  tbe  Diugley  tariff  bill  of  1807. 

Dinsmore,   Silas,  commissioner  to  treat 

with  Indians,  423. 

Dix,  John  Adams;  soldier,  statesman;  b. 
lioscawen,  N.  1 1..  .July  24.  1708;  joined  the 
army  in  1812  and  served  through  the  second 
war'  with  Kngland  ;  while  serving  in  the 
army  studied  law,  and  in  1828  resigned  his 
commission  as  captain  and  took  up  practice 
of  law  at  Cooperstown,  N.  Y. ;  served  as  ad- 
jutant-general and  secretary  of  state  of  New 
York  :  was  elected  to  the  state  legislature 
and  United  States  Senator;  appointed  Sec- 
retary of  the  Treasury,  -Tan.  9.  18(11  ;  while 
In  this  position,  with  the  Confederacy  or- 
ganized and  tbe  authority  of  the  Federal 
Government  defied  in  the  South,  he  sent  to 
Lieutenant  Caldwell  in  the  revenue  service 
at  New  Orleans  the  historic  message:  "If 
any  one  attempts  to  haul  down  the  Ameri- 
can flag,  shoot  him  on  the  spot"  ;  organ- 
ix.ed  and  sent  into  service  during  the  Civil 
War  seventeen  regiments  of  militia  ;  major- 
peneral  of  volunteers.  June,  1801  ;  as  com- 
mander of  the  Seventh  Army  Corps  he  se- 
cured control  of  the  whole  country  between 
tbe  Pamunkey  and  Rappahannock  rivers, 
and  cut  off  <!en.  Lee's  communication  with 
Richmond,  and  had  the  Confederate  capital 
almost  at  his  mercy  in  June,  1803.  when  'be 
\vas  ordered  to  fall  back  to  tbe  defense  of 
Washington  :  during  the  draft  riots  in  New 
York,  in  1803.  he  was  appointed  commander 
of  tbe  Department  of  the  Kast  and  succeed- 
ed in  subduing  the  disorder  and  restoring 
business  confidence  ;  first  president  of  tbe 
Union  Pacific  Railway  Company,  1803-08; 
served  through  the  Civil  War,  and  was 
appointed  minister  to  France;  and  Inter 
was  elected  governor  of  New  York,  1872  ; 
died  New  York  City,  April  21,  1879. 

Dix,  John  A.: 

Applications  to  go  south  across  mil- 
itary lines  to  be  made  to,  3302. 

Authority  given  to,  while  command- 
ing at  Baltimore,  3313. 

Commissioner  to  examine  cases  of 
State  prisoners,  3310. 

Mentioned,    3279. 

Prisoners  of  war  released  to  report 
to,  3303. 


Dixon,  Lincoln;  •>.  Vernon,  Jennings  Co., 
Ind.,  Feb.  9,  18(10;  elected  prosecuting  at- 
torney for  the  sixth  judicial  circuit  of  the 
Male  in  1884;  re  elected  In  LS80,  l  sfcs.  antj 
181)0;  WUH  elected  to  the  fi'.tih,  (loth,  fil.sl, 
(52d.  (53d  and  (54th  Congresses  from  Indiana. 

Dobbin,  James  Cochrane,  Secretary  of  tin- 
Navy  under  President  Pierce ;  born  at 
Fayetteville,  N.  C.,  in  1814:  graduated 
from  the  University  of  North  Carolina  in 
1832;  studied  law,  find  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1825;  began  practicing  at  Fayettc- 
ville  :  elected  a  Representative  from  North 
Carolina  to  the  Twenty-ninth  Congress  as 
a  Democrat  ;  declined  to  be  a  candidate  for 
re-election  :  member  of  the  house  of  com- 
mon* in  1848.  1850.  and  ls.12.  and  in  185O 
was  speaker:  delegate  to  the  national  Dem- 
ocratic convention  at  Itnltimor"  in  1*52; 
Secretary  of  the  Navy  from  Man'))  7.  1853. 
to  March  0.  1857;  died  at  Fayetteville,  N. 
C.,  Aug.  4,  1857. 

Dodge,  Grenville  M.;  engineer,  soldier; 
b.  Danvers,  Mass.,  April  12,  1S31  ;  received 
a  liberal  education  and  graduated  at  the 
military  university,  Norwich,  N't.;  studied 
civil  engineering;  chief  engineer  of  the 
Union  Pacific  Railroad;  entered  the  Union 
Army  as  a  captain  and  left  the  service,  as 
a  major-general;  elected  a  Representative 
from  Iowa  to  the  40th  Congress  as  a  Repub- 
lican ;  located  in  New  York  City,  but  still 
retained  residence  in  Iowa  :  president  of 
Society  of  Army  of  Tennessee:  president  of 
New  York  commandery  of  Loyal  Legion  ; 
president  of  commission  to  inquire  into  the 
management  of  the  war  with  Spain:  ex- 
tensively interested  in  western  railroad 
building  and  management  ;  vice-president  of 
the  Grant  Monument  Association. 
Dodge  Henry  (father  of  Augustus  C. 
Dodge)  ;  soldier  and  statesman :  b.  Vin- 
cennes,  Ind.,  Oct.  12,  1782  ;  received  a 
limited  education;  emigrated  to  Missouri; 
served  in  the  Black  Hawk  and  other  Indian 
wars;  left  the  army  as  colonel  of  tbe  First 
United  States  Dragoons  July,  1830:  gov- 
ernor of  Wisconsin  from  July  4,  1830,  to 
1841  ;  elected  a  delegate  from  Wisconsin  to 
the  27th  Congress  as  a  Democrat :  re-elected 
to  the  28th  Congress  ;  again  appointed  gov- 
ernor of  Wisconsin,  Feb.  C,  1840:  elected 
United  States  Senator  from  Wisconsin  as  a 
Democrat,  and  re-elected,  serving  from 
June  23,  1848,  to  March  3,  1857. 

Dodge,   Henry,   troops    in   Indian    cam- 
paign under  command  of,  1332. 
Dodge,    William    E.;    merchant;    b.    Hart- 
ford, Conn.,  Sept.  4,  1803;  received  a  liberal 
education:  moved  to  New  York  in  1818:  be- 
came a   clerk   in  a  store,   and   in  1820  com- 
menced business  on  bis  own  account  :  estab- 
lished  the   house  of  1'helps,    Dodge  &  Co.,   of 
which    lie    was    tbe    bead    for    forty    years 
delegate   to   tbe   peace   convention    in   1*01  ; 
claimed  to  have  been  elected  a   Representa- 
tive  from   New   York   to   the   30th   Congress 
(James   Brooks   having  received   the  certit 
cate  of  election  and  taken  bis  seat),  and  ofl 
April   6.   1800,    the   House   decided   that    Mr. 
Podge  was  entitled  to  the  seat,  serving  fro-.u 
April  0,    1800.   to  March  3,   18C7  ;   died   I-  el). 
9.  1883,  at  New  York  City. 
Dodge,  William  E.,  member  of  Indian 

commission,  3977. 
Dole,  Sauford  Ballard;  j'ulge  of  the 

preme    court    of    Hawaii,    bend    of    t 
visional   government   of    Hawaii,    and    pr^s 
dent    of    the    republic    of    Hawaii    from    the 


Dole 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


overthrow  of  the  kingdom  till  the  annexa- 
tion of  the  islands  to  the  United  States ; 
b.  Hawaii,  April  2',].  1844,  of  American 
parents  :  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Boston,  and 
returned  to  Hawaii  ;  the  provisional  gov- 
ernment, of  which  he  was  the  head,  nego- 
tiated a  treaty  of  annexation  with  the 
United  States,  but  President  Cleveland  with- 
drew the  treaty  and  requested  President 
Dole  to  relinquish  to  the  queen  her  author- 
ity in  the  islands  ;  Dole  refused  and  later 
(l'S98^  visited  the  United  States  and  Con- 
gress passed  an  act  annexing  the  islands  to 
the  United  States. 

Dole,  Sanford  B.: 

Member  of  commission  to  recommend 
legislation  for  Hawaiian  Islands, 
6333. 

Minister  of  foreign  affairs  of  provi- 
sional government  of  Hawaii,  let- 
ter from,  transmitted,  5906,  5907. 

Sovereignty     of     Hawaiian     Islands 
transferred    to    United    States    by, 
6332. 
Dole,  William  P.,  treaty  with  Indians 

concluded  by,  3393,  3394,  3395,  3400, 

3102,  3411,  3413. 

Dolliver,  Jonathan  Prentiss;  b.  near 
Kingwood,  Preston  Co..  Va.,  (now  W.  Va.), 
Feb.  6.  1858;  graduated  in  1875  from  the 
West  Virginia  University  ;  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1S78  :  elected  to  the  51st  Con- 
press  from  Iowa :  member  of  the  House 
also  in  the  52d,  53d,  54(h,  55th,  and  5Gfh 
Congresses  ;  Aug.  23.  1000,  appointed  United 
States  Senator  to  fill  a  vacancy  ;  elected 
Jan.  21.  1002.  to  succeed  himself:  re-elect- 
ed, 1907,  senator  from  Iowa  ;  died  in  1911. 

Donaldson,  Edward,  thanks  of  Congress 
to,  recommended,  3277. 

Donaldson,  Joseph,  Jr.,  treaty  with  Al- 
giers  concluded   by,   184. 

Donelson,  Andrew  J.,  minister  to  Ger- 
many,   nomination  pf,   2455. 
Recall  of,  referred  to,  2549. 

Doremus,  Frank  E.;  b.  Venango  County, 
Pa.,  Aug.  31,  1805  :  served  in  the  Legisla- 
ture of  Michigan  1S01-2  :  has  been  assistant 
corporation  counsel  and  controller  of  the 
city  of  Detroit  ;  elected  to  the  62d,  63d 
and  G4th  Congresses  from  Michigan. 

Dorn,  Andrew  J.,  commissioner  for  the 
United  States,  treaty  made  by,  with 
the  Senecas,  August,  1854,  2829. 
Doty,  James  Duane;  statesman;  b.  New 
York  in  1799:  received  a  common  school 
education  ;  moved  to  Menashn,  \Vis.  ;  elected 
a  delegate  from  Wisconsin  to  the  25th  and 
20th  Congresses  ;  governor  of  Wisconsin 
1S41-1S44;  elected  a  Representative  from 
Wisconsin  to  the  .".1st  Congress  as  a  Demo- 
crat and  to  the  .'Ji'il  Congress  as  a  Free-soil 
Democrat;  appointed  treasurer  of  Utah  and 
governor  of  that  Territory  in  1S64  t>y  Presi- 
dent Lincoln  ;  died  at  Salt  Lake  City,  June 
13,  1865. 

Doty,  James  D.: 

Mentioned,  3397. 

Treaty  with  Indians  concluded  by, 
1912. 


Doughton,  Robert  L.J  b.  Laurel  Springs, 
N.  C.,  Nov.  7,  1863  ;  educated  in  the  public 
schools  and  at  Laurel  Springs  High  School  ; 
farmer,  stock  raiser,  and  banker  ;  president 
of  the  Deposit  and  Savings  Bank  of  North 
Wilkesboro,  N.  C.  ;  elected  to  the  state  sen- 
ate from  the  thirty-fifth  senatorial  district 
November,  1908 ;  elected  to  the  62d,  63d 
and  64th  Congresses  from  North  Carolina. 

Douglas,  James,  governor  of  Vancou- 
ver Island,  repayment  of  sum  ad- 
vanced by,  recommended,  3067. 
Douglas,  Stephen  Arnold  (1813-1861)  ; 
politician ;  b.  Brandon,  Vt.  :  elected  judge 
of  the  supreme  court  of  Illinois,  1841  ;  mem- 
ber of  Congress  from  Illinois,  1843-47  : 
United  States  Senator,  1847-61  ;  author  of 
the  "Squatter  sovereignty"  doctrine,  and 
reported  the  Kansas-Nebraska  bill.  1S54  : 
nominated  by  the  Democratic  party  in  1860 
against  Lincoln  for  the  Presidency  ;  he  was 
known  as  the  "Little  Giant." 

Douglass,  Frederick,  recorder  of  deeds, 
District  of  Columbia,  resignation  of, 
referred  to,  5116. 

Drexel,  Joseph  W.,  chairman  of  execu- 
tive committee  on  pedestal  of  Statue 
of  Liberty  Enlightening  the  World, 
4982. 

Driscoll,   Daniel  A.;   b.    Buffalo,    N.   Y.. 

March  6.  1875:  elected  to  the  61st.  r>2d, 
63d  and  64th  Congresses  from  New  York. 

Drum,  Richard  C.,  Adjutant-General: 
Union  and  Confederate  flags,  return 
of,  to  respective  States,  recom- 
mended by,  5163. 
Proposition  withdrawn,  5164. 
Duane,  William  J.;  printer,  editor,  au- 
thor, lawyer:  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 
under  President  Jackson;  b.  1780,  in  Clou- 
mel,  Ireland ;  part  of  his  boyhood  was 
spent  in  India,  but  his  father  came  to 
America  in  1795,  and  edited  a  paper,  the 
Aurora,  published  in  Philadelphia  ;  the  son 
learned  the  printing  trade  and  devoted  some 
years  to  the  business,  and  also  studied 
law:  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1815;  he  was 
deeply  interested  in  education,  and  his  legal 
ability  won  him  fame  and  fortune:  he  was 
selected  by  Stephen  Oirard  to  draw  the 
will  by  which  that  noted  philanthropist 
bequeathed  some  $6,000,000  to  educational 
and  eleemosynary  institutions  in  Philadel- 
phia ;  every  effort  was  made  by  (iirard's 
relatives  to  break  the  will,  but  the  terms 
were  so  explicit  that  not  a  flaw  could  be 
found  in  it  ;  Mr.  Duane's  wide  reputation  as 
a  lawyer  Induced  President  Jackson  to  ap- 
point him  in  1833  Secretary  of  the  Treas- 
ury  upon  the  refusal  of  Secretary  McLane 
to  remove  the  public  deposits  from  the 
Bank  of  the  United  States  upon  the  order 
of  the  President;  Mr.  Duane,  after  his  ap- 
pointment, also  refused  to  remove  the  de- 
posits, and  Jackson  removed  him  from  the 
office  and  appointed  Koger  B.  Taney,  who 
acceeded  to  the  President's  demands:  Mr. 
Duane  resumed  the  practice  of  law  in  Phil- 
adelphia, where  he  died  Sept.  27,  1S65  ;  be 
published  "Narrative  and  Correspondence 
Concerning  the  Removal  of  the  Deposits." 
1S38;  "The  Law  of  Nations  Investigated," 
18O9;  "Letters  on  Internal  Improvements," 
1811. 

Dullye,  Eugene,  expulsion  of,  from 
Prussia,  3123. 


Biographic  Index 


Dyer 


Dunbar,  William,  appointed  to  explore 
Washita   Kivcr,  387. 

Dunham,     Aaron,     district     supervisor, 

nomination  of,  91. 

Dunlap,  Robert  P.;  lawyer;  b.  Maine 
In  1789 ;  graduated  from  Bowdoln  Col- 
lege in  1815 ;  studied  law  ;  began  prac- 
ticinc:  at  Hrunswiok,  Mo.;  member  of  the 
State  house  of  representatives  18-l-18li:{ 
and  of  the  State  senate  1823-183:!  ;  presi- 
dent of  the  State  senate  four  years;  an 
executive  councilor  in  1833  ;  governor  of 
Maine  18.'!4-18:58  ;  elected  a  Representative 
from  Maine  to  the  liSth  Congress  as  a  Demo- 
crat, and  re-elected  to  the  L'!)th  Congress; 
collector  of  customs  at  Portland,  Me.,  1848- 
4!)  ;  president  of  the  board  of  overseers  of 
the  Kowdoin  College ;  died  at  Hrunswick, 
Me.,  Oct.  20,  1851). 

Dunlap,  Robert  P.: 

Correspondence  regarding  imprison- 
ment of  Ebenezer  S.  Greely,  1575, 
1622. 

Correspondence  regarding  northeast- 
ern boundary.  (See  Northeastern 
Boundary.) 

Du  Pont,  Henry  Algernon;  b.  Eleuther- 
ean  Mills,  Newcastle  Co.,  Del.,  July  30, 
1838 ;  entered  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania at  Philadelphia  in  1855,  and 
United  States  Military  Academy  July  1, 
1850 ;  commissioned  second  lieutenant. 
Engineers,  1861  ;  first  lieutenant,  Artil- 
lery, 1801  ;  served  with  honor  through- 
out Civil  War ;  twice  brevetted  for 
gallant  and  meritorious  services,  and 
awarded  a  medal  by  Congress ;  resigned 


from  the  army.  1875,  and  became  presi- 
dent and  general  manager  of  the  Wilming- 
ton and  Northern  Railroad  Company  ; 
elected  United  Slates  Senator  June  I :',, 
1900,  from  Delaware  to  serve  the  uiiex- 
pired  portion  of  the  term  beginning  March 
4,  1905. 

Dupont,  Samuel  P.: 

Mentioned,   3279. 

Thanks  of  Congress  to,  recommended, 

3265,   3271. 

Dupre,  Henry  G.;  b.  Opeiousas,  St.  Lan- 
dry  Parish,  La.,  July  UK.  lK7:i;  educated 
in  the  public  schools  at  Opeiousas  and 
graduated  in  1892  from  the  Tulane  Uni- 
versity of  Louisiana,  at  New  Orleans,  with 
the  degree  of  bachelor  of  arts  ;  subse- 
quently received  the  degree  of  bachelor  of 
laws  from  (lie  same  institution;  served  as 
assistant  city  attorney  of  New  Orleans 
from  litOO  to  1910;  elected  to  the  House 
of  Representatives  of  Louisiana  ;  re-elected 
in  ]!)04  and  in  1908;  elected  speaker  of 
the  House  of  Representatives  of  Louisiana 
for  flie  session  of  1!)(»8  ;  elected  to  the 
Sixty-first  Congress  Nov.  8.  19KI,  to  fill 
the  unexpired  term  occasioned  by  the 
death  of  the  lion.  Samuel  L.  Glimore ; 
re-elected  to  the  G2d,  03d  and  C4th  Con- 
gresses. 

Dyer,  Leonidas  C.;  b.  Warren  County, 
Mo.,  June  11,  1871  ;  educated  In  the  pub- 
lic schools.  Central  Wesleyan  College,  at 
Warrenton,  Mo.,  and  the  law  department 
of  the  Washington  University,  city  of  St. 
Louis;  served  as  assistant  circuit  attor- 
ney of  St.  Louis  ;  served  in  the  Spanish 
War;  elected  to  the  62d,  03d  and  04th  Con- 
gresses from  Missouri. 


Eads 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Eads,  James  Buchanan;  engineer;  b. 
May  -'.',,  ISi'o,  iu  Lawrencebnr}jh,  Ind.  :  be- 
came self-supporting  at  an  early  age  in  St. 
Louis,  and  during  his  spare  time  applied 
himself  to  the  suidy  of  engineering  and 
allied  sciences  without  the  aid  of  school  or 
teacher  ;  while  clerk  on  a  Mississippi  Hiver 
steamboat  he  invented  the  diving-bell  boat 
to  recover  cargoes  from  sunken  vessels, 
and,  later,  a  larger  boat,  to  pump  sand 
and  water  from  sunken  vessels  and  raise 
tlie  cargo  intact.  Tnese  inventions  proved 
successful  and  profitable  and  Mr.  Eads  in 
1845  established  a  glass  factory  in  St. 
Louis,  the  tirst  west  of  Ohio;  in  1856  he 
proposed  to  Congress  a  plan  to  remove  all 
snags,  sunken  hulks,  wrecks  and  other 
obstructions  from  the  western  rivers;  the 
measure  passed  the  house  but  failed  in  the 
senate  for  want  of  time.  At  the  outbreak 
of  civil  war  he  was  engaged  by  President 
Lincoln  to  construct  light  draught  gunboats 
to  patrol  .western  and  southern  rivers.  In- 
side a  hundred  days  he  had  built  eight 
iron-clad  steamboats  carrying  107  large 
guns.  These  were  the  first  iron-dads  built 
in  the  L'nited  States,  and  were  used  in  the 
capture  of  Fort  Henry  Feb.  0,  180:!  (q.  v.), 
more  than  a  month  before  the  Mt-rrimac 
and  Monitor  were  finished  ;  later  constructed 
six  turreted  iron  vessels,  in  which  11-inch 
aii'l  15-inch  guns,  worked  by  steam,  were 
loaded  and  tired  every  forty-five  seconds, 
on  a  dilTereut  plan  from  those  of  Kricsson 
and  Coles,  constituting  the  first  mauipula 
tion  fif  heavy  artillery  by  steam.  Kads' 
next  important  achievement  was  the  design 
ami  construction,  from  1807  to  1874,  of  the 
steel  arch  bridge  over  the  Mississippi  at 
St.  Louis,  a  marvel  of  engineering  skill, 
In  1874  he  began  the  work  of  deepening 
the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi  by  building 
parallel  jetties  out  into  the  sea  across  the 
bar  of  sediment  that  had  been  deposited  by 
the  spreading  waters.  This  problem  had 
baffled  the  skill  of  engineers  for  forty- 
years  ;  the  price  agreed  upon  was  $5,250,- 
UIKI,  and  to  secure  the  first  payment  half 
the  work  had  to  be  executed.  President 
Grant  (page  4302)  and  President  Hayes 
(page  4524)  made  reports  on  the  progress 
of  the  work  which  was  completed  in  1871)  ; 
published  a  plan  for  a  ship  railway  across 
the  Isthmus  of  Tehuautcpec,  Mexico,  by 
which  ships  and  their  cargoes  could  be 
safely  and  inexpensively  transported  from 
(>c<vn  to  ocean  :  engaged  to  devise  improve- 
ments for  ht.  John's  Hiver,  Florida;  Sacra- 
mento Hivcr,  .  California;  the  harbor  of 
Toronto.  Canada  ;  ;  the  port  of  Vera  Cruz, 
Alcxico:  visited  the  great  rivers  and  ca- 
nals of  Kurope,  Asia  and  Africa;  received 
degree  of  LL.I).  from  University  of  Michi- 
gan :  lirst  American  to  receive  the  Albert 
medal  i  I'.ritislii  ;  died  March  10,  1887,  iu 
.Nassau,  N.  i'. 

Eads,   James  B.: 

Grants  to,  for  co7istruetion  of  jetties 
in  Mississippi  River,  order  regard- 
in  it,  -J^M.'. 

Improvement  of  South  Puss  of  Mis- 
sissippi liiver,  under,  discussed, 
•i'.'.CX,  -ir.L'-l. 

Eaton,  Dorinan  B.,  chairman  Civil  Ser- 
vice Commission,  report  of,  discussed, 
•1:"88. 

Eaton,  John,  publication  of  second  edi- 
tion of  Second  Arctic  Expedition  sug- 
gested by,  -IWJG. 

Eaton,    John    Henry;     Secretary    of    War 
under    President    Jackson  ;    b.    Tennessee    in 


1800;  received  a  liberal  education;  studied 
law  and  admitted  to  the  bar;  practiced  at 
Nashville:  elected  United  States  Senator 
from  Tennessee  ( in  place  of  George  \V. 
Campbell,  resigned),  and  unanimously  re- 
elected,  serving  from  Nov.  l<i.  1X18,  to 
March,  1829,  when  he  resigned  ;  appointed 
Secretary  of  War;  resigned  June  IS.  18.°>1: 
appointed  governor  of  Florida  18:i4-lS:jO; 
minister  to  Spain  1836-1840  :  died  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.,  Nov.  17,  1850. 

Eaton,    John    H.,    treaty    with    Indians 

concluded  by,  1271. 
Eaton,  William: 

Correspondence    regarding  -war   with 

Tripoli    transmitted,   379. 
Eckert,  T.  T.,  negotiations  for,  and  cor- 
respondence regarding  restoration  of 
peace,  3461. 

Edgconib,  Willard  W.,  froaty  with 
Orange  Free  State  concluded  by, 
4116. 

Edmunds,  George  F. ;  lawyer.  President 
pro  icm  of  Senate;  b.  Feb.  1,  IMS,  in 
Hichmoud,  Vt.  ;  received  a  public  school 
education  and  the  instruction  of  a  private 
tutor;  studied  and  practiced  law;  member 
of  the  State  legislature  of  Vermont  in  1854, 
1855,  1857,  1S58.  and  1SV.».  serving  three 
years  as  speaker;  a  member  of  the  Slate 
senate,  and  its  presiding  ollicer  pro  Inn  pore 
in  1801  and  1801';  appointed  to  the  United 
States  Senate  as  a  Republican  to  till  the 
vacancy  caused  by  the  death  of  Solomon 
Foot,  and  took  his  seat  April  5,  1SOO;  in 
the  Senate  he  had  charge  of  the  tenure  of 
office  act,  and  was  active  in  the  impeach- 
ment proceedings  against  President  Johnson  ; 
he  helped  to  secure  the  passage  of  the  recon- 
struction measure's;  sided  with  Grant  in  his 
dilliculties  with  Sunnier,  Schurz,  and  Truni- 
bnll  ;  member  of  the  Klecloral  Commission 
in  1870-77  ;  with  Senator  Thurman  he 
pushed  through  the  Pacific  Hailroads  fund- 
ing act  ;  was  the  sponsor  in  the  Senate  of 
the  act  for  the  suppression  of  polygamy  iu 
Utah;  when  Vice-President  Arthur  became 
President  Senator  LMmunds  was  elected 
President  pro  ttniport'  of  the  Senate;  at  the 
Republican  National  Conventions  held  in 
Chicago  in  1880  he  received  .'(4  votes  for 
the  nomination  for  President  of  the  1'nited 
States,  and  four  years  later  received  ii.'i  ; 
elected  by  the  legislature  for  the  remainder 
of  the  term  ending  March  4,  ISO1.);  re- 
elected  for  the  terms  ending  in  1875,  ISM, 
1887,  and  18!):',;  resigned  Nov.  1,  l.V.U; 
member  of  the  ele. Moral  commission  of 
1870;  after  leaving  the  I'nited  Stales  Sen- 
ate he  moved  to  Philadelphia,  I'a.,  where 
he  engaged  in  the  practice  of  law. 

Edwards,  Charles  Gordon;  b.  Tattnall 
Co.,  Ga.,  July  1',  187S  :  educated  at  Cor- 
don Institute,  Harnesville.  Ca.,  Agricul- 
tural College.  Lake  City.  Fla..  and  the  I  ni- 
versity  of  Georgia,  graduating  1'..  L.  from 
the  latter  1S!)S  ;  moved  to  Savannah:  <  >>'t. 
II.  111(10,  elected  to  the  0(Mh,  OlM,  OJd.  O.'ld 
and  04th  Congresses  from  Georgia. 

Edwards,  Niniau;  lawyer,  jurist  :  b.  in 
Montgomery  Co.,  Md.,  March,  1775; 
moved  to  Kentucky  and  was  twice  elected 
to  the  legislature:  later  judge  of  the  gen- 
eral court  of  Kentucky,  of  the  circuit 
court,  of  the  court  of  appeals,  and  finally 
chief  justice  of  the  state,  all  before  reach- 
ing his  thirty-second  year;  appointed  by 
President  Madison  to  be  governor  of  II- 


Biographic   Index 


Ericsson 


llnois  Territory  in  1809.  to  which  office 
ho  was  three  times  reappointcd  ;  when 
Illinois  was  admitted  to  the  Union,  he 
was  elected  to  the  United  States  Senate, 
serving  from  1818-24  :  elected  governor 
In  1820,  serving  till  1831;  died  of  cholera 
in  Belleville,  111.,  July  20,  18:;3. 

Edwards,  Ninian: 

Minister  to  Mexico,  examination   of, 

by   committee   referred   to,   808. 
Treaty    with    Indians    concluded    by, 

589. 

Egan,  Patrick,  minister  to  Chile.  (See 
lialti»ior<',  The.) 

Ehrman,  Felix,  consular  correspondence 
of,  6788,  6792. 

Ekin,  James  A.,  member  of  commis- 
sion to  try  assassins  of  President 
Lincoln,  etc.,  3534. 

Elder,  Samuel  S.,  member  of  Gun  Foun- 
dry Board,  4748. 

Elkins,  Stephen  Benton;  >>•  Perry  Co., 
Ohio,  Sept.  20.  1841  ;  was  admitted  to  the 
har  in  1804,  and  went  to  New  Mexico,  and 
began  the  practice  of  law  ;  was  a  member 
of  the  Territorial  legislative  assembly  of 
New  Mexico  in  1804-05  ;  elected  to  the 
4:>d  and  44th  Congresses :  later  moved  to 
West  Virginia  and  devoted  himself  to  busi- 
ness affairs;  appointed  Secretary  of  War 
I>ec.  17.  1801.  in  President  Harrison's 
Cabinet:  in  1894  was  elected  to  the  United 
States  Senate  from  West  Virginia,  and  re- 
elected  in  1901  and  1907. 

Ellerbe,  Jaines  Edwin;  b.  near  Marion, 
S.  C.,  Jan.  12,  1807:  entered  Wofford  Col- 
lege, at  Spartanburg,  S.  C.,  1884,  spend- 
ing three  years:  graduated.  1887;  A.  P>.  : 
elected  to  the  state  legislature  ;  elected  to 
the  59th.  00th.  Olst  and  02d  Congresses 
from  South  Carolina  without  opposition. 

Ellery,  Charles,  lieutenant  in  Navy, 
nomination  of,  and  reasons  therefor, 
1129. 

Ellicott,    Andrew,    United    States    com- 
missioner   for    running   line    between 
United    States    and    Spanish    posses- 
sions,  962. 
Ellis,   Albert    G.,   treaty    with    Indians 

concluded  by,  2529. 
Ellis,  Powhatan,  Minister  to  Mexico: 
Mentioned,  1790. 
Nomination  of,  1537. 

Ellsworth,  Oliver  (1 745-1807)  :  jurist  and 
statesman  ;  b.  Windsor.  Conn.  ;  represented 
Connecticut  in  the  United  States  Senate. 
1789-90:  received  11  electoral  votes  for 
President  in  the  third  '  electoral  college, 
1790  :  chief  justice  of  the  United  States 
Supreme  Court.  1790-1800:  minister  ex- 
traordinary to  France,  1739. 

Ellsworth,  Oliver,  minister  to  France, 
nomination  of,  274. 

Emerson,  John  B.,  petition  of,  regard- 
ing use  of  his  invention  referred  to, 
2528. 

Emery,  A.  H.,  compensation  to.  for 
services  in  perfecting  testing  machine 
recommended,  4540. 


Emmons,  O.  T.,  reports  on  Alaskan  In- 
dians, 7U71. 

Emory,  U.  E.,  map  of  Texas  compiled 
by,  2166. 

Emory,  W.  H.,  report  on  survey  of 
boundary  between  Mexico  and  Unit- 
ed States  transmitted,  2915. 

Emory,  William  H.,  commander  of  the 
Jlctir  in  Lady  Franklin  .Bay  Expedi- 
tion, 48IJ5. 

Endicott,  William  Crowninshield,  s«  ro- 
tary of  War  under  President  Cleveland: 
born  in  Salem.  Mass.,  Nov.  19,  ISLV,.  lie 
was  the  son  of  William  Putnam  ami  Mary 
(Crowninshield)  Kndicott.  He  is  descend- 
ed directly  from  Cov.  John  Kndicott.  who 
came  to  Salem  in  1028,  and  on  bis  mother's 
side  Is  a  grandson  of  the  lion.  Jacob 
Crowninshield,  who  was  a  well-known 
member  of  congress  in  the  early  part  of 
this  century.  Mr.  Kndicott  was  educated 
in  Salem  schools  and  in  184.'!  entered  Har- 
vard, from  which  lie  was  graduated  in 
1847.  Soon  after  graduating  he  studied 
law  in  fhc  office  of  Nathaniel  J.  Lord, 
then  the  leading  member  of  the  Ksscx  bar. 
and  in  the  Harvard  Law  School  at  Cam- 
bridge. He  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1850, 
and  began  the  practice  of  law  in  Salem  in 
1851.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Salem 
common  council  in  1S.~»2,  and  in  1S5.'{  in- 
entered  into  partnership  with  Jairus  W. 
Perry  (who  is  well  known  throughout  the 
country  as  the  author  of  "Perry  and 
Trusts")  under  the  firm  name  of  Perry  & 
Kndicott.  From  1857  to  1804  he  was  so- 
licitor of  the  city  of  Salem.  In  iss.j  he 
was  the  Democratic  candidate  for  governor 
of  Massachusetts,  but  was  defeated.  In 
1885  he  became  secretary  of  war.  and  held 
office  to  the  end  of  Mr.  Cleveland's  term 
Mr.  Kndicott  is  president  of  the  Pea  body 
Academy  of  Science  in  Salem,  which  posi- 
tion he  has  held  since  1808.  and  i'<  a  mem- 
ber of  the  corporation  of  Harvard,  and 
one  of  the  trustees  of  the  Peabody  Kduca- 
tion  Fund. 

Endicott,  William  C.,  Secretary  of  War: 
Union  and  Confederate  flags,  return 
of,  and  Confederate  flags,  return  of, 
to  respective  states  recommended, 
5163. 

Proposition  withdrawn,  5164. 
Eno,  Amos   F.,   secretarv   of  Arkansas, 

appointment  of,  revoked,  ."377. 
Ericsson,  John;  engineer,  inventor:  h. 
Langbanshyttnn.  Sweden,  July  :>1,  180.T: 
appointed  cadet  in  the  Swedish  corps  of 
engineers,  1814.  and  rose  to  the  rank  of 
captain  ;  early  displayed  precocious  talent 
as  an  inventor:  made  many  improvements 
in  the  application  of  artificial  draught  to 
locomotives,  and  in  1829  builr  an  engine 
which,  in  competition  wit'li  Stephenson's 
locomotive,  ran  a  mile  in  50  second-;,  and 
inaugurated  the  era  of  rapid  railway 
travel  :  Knglish  Indifference  to  his  inven- 
tions caused  him  to  move  to  America  in 
18.'!9;  here  he  applied  the  screw  propeller 
principle  to  steamboats,  and  in  IM.'I  t» 
United  Slates  war  ships:  origina'ed  the 
range-tinder:  discarded  (lie  lireachiir.:  for 
heavy  guns,  and  placed  t'ne  machinery  of 
war  vessels  below  the  \\aier  line.  j>':d  pro- 
tected it  with  coal  bunkers  :  made  the  tlr«t 
practical  application  of  twin  screw  pro- 
pellers ;  the  success  of  his  ironclad  3Jon- 


Ericsson 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


itor  in  defeating  the  Merrimac  at  Hamp- 
ton Roads.  Va.,  March  9,  1862,  stayed 
the  rising  tide  of  Confederate  suc'cess  and 
compelled  the  reconstruction  of  the  navies 
of  the  world  :  he  devoted  the  last  years  of 
his  life  and  extended  a  fortune  in  experi- 
menting on  machines  to  utilize  the  heat  of 
the  sun  to  generate  motive  power ;  invent- 
ed a  solar  engine  which  he  left  as  a  legacy 
to  future  time  when  the  coal  mines  shall 
cease  to  supply  the  world  with  a  concen- 
t rated  form  of  fuel  :  died  in  New  York 
City.  March  8.  1889,  and  his  remains  were 
transferred  with  national  honors  to  his 
native  land  and  buried  at  his  birthplace. 

Ericsson,  John: 

Memorial    of    American    Society    of 

Mechanical   Engineers   relating   to, 

transmitted,  5565. 
Eestoration  of  remains  of,  to  Sweden, 

discussed,  5547. 

Erving,   George  W.: 

Instructions  to,  upon  appointment  as 
minister  to  Spain,  in  1814,  and 
during  his  mission  to  that  court  as 
United  States  plenipotentiary,  2210. 

Esch,  John  Jacob;  b.  Norwalk,  Monroe 
Co..  Wis.,  March  20,  1861,  of  German 
parents ;  in  1865  his  parents  moved  to 
Milwaukee,  and  five  years  later  to  Sparta, 
Wis.  ;  elected  to  the  56th,  57th,  58th, 
59th,  GOth,  61st,  62d,  63d  and  64th  Con- 
gresses from  Wisconsin. 

Espy,  James  P.,  meteorological  report 
of,  transmitted,  2777. 

Estacourt,  James  B.  B.,  commissioner 
of  Great  Britain  in  northeastern 
boundary  question,  report  of,  2023. 

Estopinal,  Albert;  b.  in  the  parish  of  St. 
Bernard,  La.,  Jan.  ,'50.  1845  ;  elected  to  the 
Louisiana  house  of  representatives  in  1876 
and  1878 ;  elected  to  the  state  senate  in 
1880,  and  served  continuously  in  that  body 
until  1900,  when  he  was  elected  lieuten- 
ant-governor of  the  state  and  served  four 
years  in  that  position;  served  in  the  Con- 
federate army,  surrendering  to  Gen.  Can- 
by,  at  Meridian,  Miss.,  in  March,  1865 : 
elected  to  the  60th  Congress  to  fill  a  va- 
cancy, and  succeeded  to  the  61st.  62d,  63d 
ami  64th  Congresses  from  Louisiana. 

Eustis,  Abraham: 

Correspondence  regarding  Dorr's  Re- 
bellion. 2153. 

Troops  under,  in  Seminole  War,  1834. 
Eustis,  William,  Secretary  of  War  under 
President  Madison  ;  born  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  June  10,  1753;  graduated  from  Har- 
vard College  in  1772  ;  studied  medicine. 
and  served  in  the  Revolutionary  Army  as 
Fiirgeon  ;  resumed  his  practice  at  Boston  ; 
rlecled  a  Representative  'to  the  Seventh 
Congress  as  a  Democrat,  and  re-elected  to 
th<-  Eighth  Congress:  Secretary  of  War  from 
March  7.  1809.  to  Jan.  10.  181::  :  minister 
1o  the  Netherlands  Dec.  19.  1814.  to  May 
.r>,  1818;  again  elected  to  the  Seventeenth 
Congress  :  elected  governor  of  Massachu- 
setts in  18'J."..  and  served  until  his  death, 
at  Boston,  Feb.  6,  1825. 


Evans,  John: 

Geological     survey     of     Oregon     and 
Washington   by,   referred   to,   3016. 

Treaty    with    Indians    concluded    by, 
3393. 

United  States  Senator,  3573. 
Evans,    Robley    D.,    mentioned,     6297, 

Delegated  to  entertain  Prince  Henry 

of  Prussia,  6704. 

Evarts,  William  Maxwell;  lawyer;  b. 
Boston,  Mass.,  Feb.  6,  1818  ;  leading  coun- 
sel employed  to  defend  President  John- 
eon  in  his  trial  before  the  Senate,  and  was 
Attorney-General  of  the  United  States, 
1808-69 ;  one  of  the  three  lawyers  ap- 
pointed to  defend  the  interests  of  the 
United  States  before  the  tribunal  of  arbi- 
tration at  Geneva  in  1871  to  settle  the 
Alabama  claims ;  maintained  the  uncon- 
Btitutionality  of  state  laws  taxing  United 
States  bonds  and  National  Bank  stock  ; 
one  of  the  counsel  to  defend  Henry  Ward 
Beedier  in  1875;  delivered  the  oration  at 
the  opening  of  the  Centennial  Exposition 
In  1876  ;  his  orations  also  include  eulogies 
of  Chief  Justice  Chase.  William  H.  Sew- 
ard.  and  Daniel  Webster :  Secretary  of 
State  under  President  Hayes  in  1877-81 ; 
elected  United  States  Senator  from  New 
York  for  term  beginning  March  4,  1885, 
and  was  twice  re-elected ;  died  New  York 
City,  Feb.  28,  1901. 

Evarts,  William  M.: 

Counsel    for    President     Johnson     in 

impeachment    proceedings,    3924. 
Secretary  of  State,  first  proclamation 
as,   convened   Congress   in   extraor- 
dinary session  to  provide  for  sup- 
port of  army,  4399. 

Everett,  Edward  (1794-1865);  statesman; 
b.  Dorchester,  Mass.  :  Eliot  professor  of 
Greek  at  Harvard  College.  1815 :  editor 
of  the  Xorlli  American  Review,  1820-24  ; 
representative  in  Congress,  1825-35 :  gov- 
ernor of  Massachusetts.  1836-40;  United 
States  minister  to  Great  Britain,  1841- 
45  ;  president  of  Harvard.  1846-49 ;  Secre- 
tary of  State.  1852-53:  United  States  Sen- 
ator, 1853-54 ;  candidate  for  the  Vice- 
Presidency,  as  nominee  of  the  Constitu- 
tional Union  party,  in  1860,  with  John 
Bell,  against  Lincoln  :  his  orations  on 
Washington  and  on  Gettysburg,  delivered 
1863,  are  his  best-known  rhetorical 
works. 

Everett,  Edward: 

Mentioned,  2082,  2169,  2910. 

Secretary  of  State,  2727. 
Ewing,  Thomas  (1789-1871);  statesman  ; 
b.  in  West  Liberty,  O'hio  Co.,  Va.  ;  taken 
in  childhood  to  Ohio,  he  studied  and  prac- 
tised law  there  with  eminent  success ; 
United  States  Senator,  1837-1847,  1850- 
51  :  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  under  Har- 
rison. 1841,  but  resigned  because  Tyler 
vetoed  a  national  bank  bill  of  which 
Ewing  was  part  author  :  first  secretary  of 
the  Interior,  1S49-.r>0;  opposed  Clay's  com- 
promise bill  and  the  fugitive  slave  Lull: 
and  supported  Lincoln's  war  policy. 

Ewing,  Thomas,  Secretary  of  Treasury, 

mentioned,   2010. 
Ezeta,  Carlos: 

Extradition    proceedings   in   case    of, 
transmitted,   5544,  5992. 


Biographic   Index 


Ferry 


Faben,  J.  W.,  Dominican  minister,  men- 
tioned, 4017. 

Fairbanks,  Charles  Warren;  lawyer,  leg- 
islator, and  twenty-sixth  Vice-Presldent  of 
the  United  States;  b.  Union  Co.,  Ohio, 
1852 ;  removed  to  Indianapolis,  1874,  and 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  that  year ;  elected 
United  Slates  Senator.  18!t7,  to  succeed 
Daniel  W.  Voorliees,  and  re-elected,  190,'i; 
Joint  High  Commissioner  at  Quebec  to  ad- 
just Canadian  difficulties,  18!)8;  Vice- 
President  of  I  he  United  Slates  with  Roosc- 
velt,  1905-190!). 

Fairchild,  Charles  Stebbins,  Secretary  of 

the  Treasury  under  President  Cleveland; 
born  in  Cazenovia,  N.  Y.,  April  :!0.  1842. 
His  father  was  Sidney  T.  Fail-field,  for 
many  years  attorney  for  the  New  York 
Central  R.  R.,  and  one  of  the  leading  men 
of  central  Xew  York.  Young  Fairchild 
studied  at  fhe  common  schools  and  at  the 
Oncida  Conference  Seminary  at  Cazenovia, 
where  be  prepared  for  a  university  course. 
and  went  to  Harvard  in  1850.  graduating 
In  the  class  of  ISO.'?,  lie  determined  to 
follow  the  legal  profession,  entered  the 
Harvard  Law  School,  and  completed  the 
prescribed  course  in  18(55,  receiving  the 
degree  of  Bachelor  of  Laws.  lie  then  re- 
moved to  Albany,  whore  he  continued  his 
legal  studies,  and  in  18(5(5  was  admitted  to 
the  bar:  April  1.  1887.  President  Cleve- 
land appointed  him  secretary  of  the  treas- 
ury, lie  continued  to  till  that  office  until 
the  close  of  Mr.  Cleveland's  administration 
in  March,  1889. 

Fairchild,  Lucius: 

Letter   of,   and   memorial   relative   to 

Paris  Exposition  transmitted,  3668. 
Member     of     Cherokee     Commission, 

5481. 

Fairfield,  John,  correspondence  regard- 
ing northeastern  boundary.  (See 
Northeastern  Boundary.) 

Faris-El-Hakim,  maltreatment  of,  in 
Egypt,  and  indemnity  for,  referred 
to,"  3278. 

Farman,  Mr.,  mentioned,  4564. 
Farnsworth,  Hiram  W.,  treaty  with  In- 
dians,  concluded  by,  3277,   3413. 

Farr,  John  R.;  h.  Scranton,  Pa.,  July  18, 
1857  ;  educated  in  public  schools.  School 
of  the  Lackawanna,  Scranton,  Pa..  Phillips 
Academy,  Andover,  Mass.,  and  Lafayette 
College,  Easton,  Pa.  ;  newsboy,  printer, 
publisher,  in  the  real  estate  business  ; 
served  in  the  Pennsylvania  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives, 1891,  1893.  1805.  1897.  1899: 
speaker  session  of  1899  :  author  of  free 
school  book  and  compulsory  education 
laws ;  elected  to  the  G2d.  63d  and  C4th 
Congresses  from  Pennsylvania. 

Farragut,  David  Glasgow;  Admiral  of  th* 
Navy  ;  b.  Campbells  Station,  near  Knox- 
ville,  Tenn..  July  5.  1801  :  entered  the 
navy  as  midshipman.  1810:  promoted  to 
commander  in  1841  :  ordered  to  Vera 
Cruz  in  Mexican  War  too  late  for  service  ; 
began  operations,  during  Civil  War. 
against  New  Orleans.  April  24,  1802  : 
opened  the  lower  Mississippi  and  twice 
ran  the  batteries  at  Vicksburg :  July  10. 
18G2,  Congress  created  the  rank  of  rear- 


admiral,  and  conferred  it  with  thanks 
Upon  Farrugut  :  Aug.  5.  1804.  he  passed 
the  fortification*  ami  Moating  batteries  of 
Mobile  Hay,  and  maintained  a  blockade  of 
the  city  till  November:  for  this  exploit  he 
was  presented  by  the  citizens  of  New  York 
with  $50,000  to  buy  a  home,  and  Congress 
created  the  higher  rank  of  vice-admiral, 
and  the  President  nominated  Itcar-Admlral 
Farragut  for  the  oilice  ;  Julv  25.  1805.  the 
exalted  rank  of  admiral  was  established, 
and  the  Senate  continued  Furragut  there- 
in ;  in  command  on  James  Klver  at  fall 
of  Richmond  :  died  In  Portsmouth,  N.  II., 
Aug.  14.  1870.  and  buried  In  Woodlawu 
Cemetery,  New  York. 

Farragut,  David  G.: 

Thanks    of    Congress    to,    recommend- 
ed,   327(5. 

Thanks   of   President   tendered,   3-1  1 0. 
Farwell,    John    V.,    member    of   Indian 

commission,  3977. 
Fauchet,  Mr.,  attempted  sei/ure  of,  by 

commander  of  the  Africa,  3344. 
Faure,  President,  death  of,  6367. 
Fay,  Theodore  S.,  mentioned,  2205. 
Fergusson,  Harvey  B.;  i>.  Sept.  9,  1848, 
in  Pickens  County,  Ala.  :  educated  at  Wash- 
ington and  Lee  University,  graduating  with 
the  degree  of  M.  A.  in  1874  :  and  in  the 
law  department  in  1875;  practiced  law  in 
Wheeling,  W.  Va.,  from  187(5  to  18S2  :  re- 
moved in  1S82  to  New  Mexico  ;  residing 
at  Albuquerque;  delegate  in  the  55th  Con- 
gress: member  of  the  Democratic  national 
committee  from  189(5  to  1904  ;  elected  as 
Representative  in  Congress  from  New 
Mexico  at  the  first  state  election  on  Nov. 
7.  1911,  and  again  to  the  G3d  and  (;4th 
Congresses. 

Ferris,  Scott;  i>.  Nov.  7.  1877,  NYosho, 
Newton  Co.,  Mo.  :  graduated  from  Kansas 
City  School  of  Law,  1901:  elected  to  the 
legislature  of  Oklahoma  in  19O4.  repre- 
senting the  twenty-second  district  :  elected 
to  the  00th,  Olst.  Olid,  03d  and  04th  Con- 
gresses from  Oklahoma. 
Ferry,  Thomas  W. ;  lumberman,  legisla- 
tor: b.  June  1,  1827,  in  Mackinac,  Mich.: 
received  a  public  school  education  ;  engaged 
in  lumber  business  with  his  father  and 
brothers  at  Grand  Haven  :  member  of  the 
house  of  representatives  of  Michigan,  185O; 
State  senate.  1850;  vice-president  for  Mich- 
igan in  the  Chicago  Republican  Convention, 
1800;  appointed  1804  to  represent  Michigan 
on  tne  board  of  managers  of  the  Gettys- 
burg Soldiers'  National  Cemetery,  and  re- 
appointed  18(57;  elected  to  39th,  40th.  and 
41st  Congresses,  and  reelected  to  the  42d 
Congress,  but  did  not  take  his  seat,  having 
been  elected  to  the  United  States  Senate 
to  succeed  Jacob  M.  Howard.  Republican  ; 
took  his  seat  in  the  Senate  March  4.  1S71  : 
chosen  President  pro  trniporc  March  9  and 
19.  and  again  Dec.  20.  1875.  and  by  the 
death  of  Vice-President  Wilson  became  act- 
ing Vice-President,  serving  as  such  until 
March  4,  1877:  actually  President  from  12 
o'clock  noon  Sunday,  .March  4.  ls77,  till 
the  same  hour  next  day.  when  President 
Hayes  was  inaugurated  :  represented  Presi- 
dent Grant  at  the  opening  of  the  Centennial 
Exposition  in  Philadelphia,  July  4.  1876; 
reelected  a  Senator  Jan.  17.  1877:  re- 
elected  President  pro  trmporc  of  the  Senate 
March  5,  1877.  Feb.  20.  1878,  April  17, 
1876,  and  March  3,  1879:  died  in  1896. 


Fessenden  Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Fessenden,  William  Pitt  (1806-1869); 
statesman  ;  b.  at  Boscawcn,  N.  H. ;  began 
the  practice  of  law  at  Portland,  Me.,  about 
1828 ;  member  of  Congress,  1854  ;  United 
States  Senator  from  Maine.  1854-04,  and 
1805-69:  Secretary  of  the  Treasury.  1864- 
05,  during  one  of  the  gloomiest  financial 
periods  in  the  history  of  the  United 
States ;  when  gold  was  at  280.  and  paper 
at  34  cents  on  the  dollar,  Fessenden  issued 
the  "seven-thirties."  and  gold  fell  to  199. 
He  was  one  of  the  seven  Republican  Sen- 
ators who  voted  "not  guilty"  in  the  John- 
son impeachment  proceedings. 

Field,  Cyrus  W.,  gold  medal  presented 

to,   3901. 

Field,  Stephen  J.,  associate  justice  Su- 
preme Court,  assault  upon  by  David 
S.  Terry,  5477. 

Fields,  William  Jason;  b.  Wiiiard,  Car- 
ter Co..  Ky.,  Dec.  29,  1874 ;  educated  in 
the  common  schools  of  Carter  Co.,  and  at 
Kentucky  University.  Lexington,  Ky. ; 
married  Oct.  28.  IS!):?,  to  Miss  Dora  Mc- 
David,  of  Rosedale.  Ky.  ;  to  them  has  been 
born  five  sons  :  elected  to  the  62d,  63d  and 
04th  Congresses  from  Kentucky. 

Fillmore,  Millard,  biography  of,  2599. 
Finley,  David  Edward;  lawyer ;  b.  Feb. 
28,  1801  ;  member  of  the  house  of  repre- 
sentatives of  South  Carolina  in  1890-91, 
and  of  the  State  Senate  1892-1890;  elected 
to  the  50th.  57th,  58th,  59th,  60th,  61st, 
62d,  63d  raid  64th  Congresses  from  South 
Carolina. 

Fish,  Hamilton;  soldier,  lawyer;  b.  Aug. 
3,  1808,  New  York  City ;  elected  to  State 
legislature  in  1837 ;  member  of  Congress, 
1843-45  ;  sent  to  the  state  senate  in  1847, 
to  fill  a  vacancy ;  governor  of  New  York, 
1848-50:  United  States  Senator  from  New 
York,  1851-57  :  became  Secretary  of  State 
under  President  Grant  in  1869  ;  died  Gar- 
rison, N.  Y.,  Sept.  7,  1893. 

Fish,     Hamilton,    Secretary    of    State, 

3967. 

Member  of  commission  to  settle  ques- 
tions with  Great  Britain,  4075. 
Report    of,    on    commercial    relations 
with     Spanish- American     States, 
4024. 

Fishbourn,  Benjamin,  naval  officer  at 
Savannah,  Ga.,  reasons  for  nominat- 
ing, 50. 

Fisher,  Harriet  M.,  letter  of  Richard  M. 
Boynton  and,  to  Secretary  of  Navy 
transmitted,  3669. 

Fisher,  Walter  L.;  lawyer;  Secretary  of 
the  Interior  under  President  Taft  ;  b. 
July  4.  1802,  in  Wheeling,  W.  Va.  ;  studied 
at  Marietta  (Ohio)  and  Hanover  (Indiana) 
colleges;  graduated  from  the  latter,  of 
which  his  father  was  president  for  thirty 
years;  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1888,  and 
'began  practice  in  Chicago;  was  special 
counsel  to  the  city  of  Chicago;  president 
Municipal  Voters'  League  and  Conservation 
League  :  vice-president  National  Municipal 
League  and  National  Conservation  Assoeia- 


Fitzgerald,  John  Joseph;  b.  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.,  March  10,  1872;  .studied  law  at  the 
New  Y»rk  Law  School ;  admitted  to  the 


bar  at  the  age  of  21  ;  elected  to  the  50th, 
57th,  58th,  59th.  60th,  61st.  02d,  03d  and 
64th  Congresses  from  New  York. 

Fitz,  Gideon,  surveyor-general,  removal 

of,  from  office,  discussed,  1351. 
Fitzpatrick,  Thomas,  treaty  with  In- 
dians concluded  by,  2762. 
Fitzsimons,  Thomas;  b.  Belfast,  Ireland, 
in  1741  ;  emigrated  to  the  United  States  and 
entered  a  countinghouse  at  Philadelphia  as 
clerk  ;  commanded  a  company  of  volunteer 
home  guard  during  the  Revolutionary  war  ; 
several  years  a  member  of  the  State  house 
of  representatives  :  delegate  from  Penn- 
sylvania to  the  Continental  Congress  in 
1782-1783,  and  to  the  United  States  consti- 
tutional convention  in  1787  ;  elected  a  Rep- 
resentative from  Pennsylvania  to  the  1st 
Congress  ;  re-elected  to  the  2d  and  3d  Con- 
gresses, and  served  until  March,  1795  :  held 
several  local  offices  ;  died  at  Philadelphia  in 
August,  1811. 

Fitzsimons,    Thomas,    commissioner    of 

United     States     under     treaty     with 

Great  Britain,  188. 
Fleming,   Charles,  lieutenant  in   Navy, 

court  of  inquiry  in  case  of,  referred 

to,  3275. 

Fletcher,  Duncan  Upshaw;  b.  Sumter  Co., 
Ga.,  Jan.  6,  1859  ;  practiced  law  in  Jackson- 
ville, Fla.,  since  July,  1SS1  ;  member 
of  the  legislature  in  1893  ;  mayor  of 
Jacksonville,  Fla.,  1893-1895  and  1901- 
1903  :  nominated  for  United  States  Sena- 
tor in  primary  election  June  10,  1908, 
and  elected  by  the  legislature  next  con- 
vening, to  represent  Florida  in  the  Senate 
for  the  term  ending  March  3,  1915. 

Flood,  Henry  Delaware;  lawyer;  edu- 
cated at  Washington  and  Lee  Univ.  and 
Univ.  of  Virginia  ;  served  in  both  branches 
of  the  general  assembly  of  Virginia ;  was 
attorney  for  the  Commonwealth  for  Ap- 
pomattox  Co.  :  elected  to  the  57th.  58t'h, 
59th,  60th,  61st,  62d,  63d  and  64th  Con- 
gresses from  Virginia. 

Floyd,  John  Buchanan;  soldier,  states- 
man; b.  Blacksburg,  Va.,  June  1.  1807; 
served  in  Virginia  legislatures,  1847-49; 
governor  of  Virginia,  1849-52;  Seer*  tary 
of  War  under  President  Buchanan,  and 
was  one  of  the  first  to  join  the  rebellion, 
in  which  he  took  a  leading  part  as  briga- 
dier-general ;  died  Abiugdou,  Va.,  Aug.  20, 
1803. 

Floyd,  John  B.: 

Letter  of,  regarding  appointment  of 
A.  W.  Reynolds,  299(5. 

Secretary   of   War,   appointment   and 

resignation  of,  discussed,  31!<0. 
Focht,  Benjamin  K.;  b.  New  Bioomileld. 
Pa.,  March  12,  1SC>3  ;  educated  at  Buck- 
ncll  University,  Pennsylvania  Slate  Col- 
lege, and  Susquehanna  University  ;  editor 
and  proprietor  of  the  Saturday  A'cirs,  pub- 
lished at  Lewisburg,  since  18  years  of  age  ; 
served  three  terms  in  the  Pennsylvania 
assembly  and  four  years  in  the  State 
senate :  author  of  the  ballot  law  in  Penn- 
sylvania, and  other  important  legislation  ; 
engaged  in  railrond  find  industrial  opera- 
tions, with  headquarters  in  Philadelphia 
and  Washington  :  elected  to  the  00th,  Olst, 
C2d  and  64th  Congresses  from  Pennsylvania. 


Biographic   Index 


Foster 


Folger, .  Charles  J.;  lawyer,  jurist:  Sec- 
retary of  the  Treasury  under  President  Ar- 
thur; b.  April  10,  1818,  in  Nantucket. 
Mass.  ;  removed  when  a  boy  to  Geneva,  N. 
Y.  ;  graduated  Mobart  College,  studied  law 
mid  was  admitted  to  the  bar  lu  18,'iO  ;  gave 
evidence  of  judicial  ability  while  serving 
as  a  justice  of  Ihe  peace  in  (Jeneva  :  in 
1844  appointed  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Com- 
mon Pleas  in  Ontario  County,  later  Master 
in  Chancery  until  the  Chancery  Court  was 
abolished  in  1840;  County  Judge  of  Ontario 
County  18."il  to  1855;  was  a  Silas  Wright. 
Democrat  and  a  l?arn  Kurncr,  but  when 
the  Republican  party  was  formed  he  lie- 
came  active  in  its  work  and  was  elected 
to  the  State  Senate  in  1801,  serving  eight, 
years,  most  of  the  time  leader  of  his  party  ; 
member  of  the  State  Constitutional  Conven- 
tion of  1807;  was  a  hitter  opponent  of 
Governor  Reuben  10.  I'Yiiton  ;  became  promi- 
nent in  the  contest  between  the  Gould  and 
Vanderbilt  interests  for  control  of  the  Kric 
Railroad:  in  the  Senate  he  was  the  author 
of  the  famous  protective  labor  bill,  which 
guaranteed  freedom  of  action  to  labor  men  •, 
appointed  Assistant  Treasurer  of  the  United 
States  at  New  York  by  President  ({rant  ; 
in  1870  was  elected  an  Associate  Justice 
of  the  Court  of  Appeals,  and  in  1  SSO  became 
Chief  Justice;  in  1881  appointed  by  Presi- 
dent Arthur  to  be  Secretary  of  the  Treas- 
ury; he  wns  nominated  for  Governor  of 
New  York  by  the  Republicans  and  defeated 
by  (i  rover  Cleveland;  died  Sept.  -1,  1884. 

Folger,   Charles  J.,  Secretary  of  Treas- 
ury, death  of,  announced  and  honors 
to  be  paid  memory  of,  4821. 
Fonseca,  Manuel  D.,  President  of  Bra- 
zil, mentioned,   5617. 
Foote,  Andrew  H.: 

Thanks  of  Congress  to,  recommended, 

3283. 

Thanks   of  President  tendered,   3305. 
Ford,    Henry,    railroad    concession    to, 

6770. 

Fordney,  Joseph  Warren;  h.  rtlnckford 
Co..  Ind..  Nov.  5.  185:!:  located  in  Saginaw 
in  1800  :  was  vice-president  of  the  Saginaw 
Board  of  Trade  ;  elected  alderman  in  1895, 
and  re-elected  in  1807;  elected  to  the  5(ith, 
T>7th,  58th.  50th,  00th,  Olst,  02d,  (KJd  and 
64th  Congresses  from  Michigan. 

Forsyth,  John;  lawyer  :  b.  Fredcricks- 
burg.  Va.,  Oct.  22,  17SO :  he  was  attorney- 
general  of  the  State,  and  a  representative 
in  Congress  from  Georgia,  181. 'MS  find 
182.'!-27  :  United  States  Senator  from  Geor- 
gia. 1818-1'.),  and  for  the  term  1820-:',7  : 
governor  of  Georgia  in  1827.  1828  and 
1820:  minister  to  Spain.  1810-22:  and  was 
Secretary  of  State  under  President  Jack- 
son :  died  Washington  City,  Oct.  21,  1S41. 

Forsyth,  John,  Secretary  of  State: 
Correspondence  regarding — 
Canadian    outrages,    1618. 
Claims       against       France.        (See 

France,    claims    against.) 
Northeastern         boundary.         (See 

Northeastern  Boundary.) 
Letter     of,     regarding     treaty     with 

France,   1345. 

Outrages  perpetrated  by  Canadians 
against  the  United  States,  Corre- 
spondence of,  concerning,  1618. 


Fort,  Governor  O.  F.  (N.  J.),  inaugural 
address  quoted,  7515. 

Forward,    Oliver,    treaty   with    Indians 

concluded    by,    940. 

Forward,  Walter;  lawyer,  jurist  :  b.  Con- 
necticut,  in  178(5;  elected  to  Congress  from 
Pennsylvania,  where  he  continued  till 
1825;  appointed  first  comptroller  <.f  !'ie 
treasury,  1841.  holding  this  position  until 
appointed  by  President  Tyler.  Secretary  «>f 
the  Treasury;  many  years  presiding  judge 
of  the  district  court  of  Allegheny  Co., 
Pa.;  died  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  Nov.  24.  isr,2. 

Forward,  Walter,  Secretary  of  Treasury, 

resignation  of,  mentioned,  "OS7. 
Foss,  George  Edmund;  b.  p.crk-hir.-. 
Franklin  Co.,  VI..  July  2,  ISO.'!  ;  graduated 
from  Harvard  College  In  1885;  admitted  t" 
the  bar  and  began  the  practice  of  law  in 
Chicago:  elected  to  the  54th,  55th.  r.Oih. 
57th.  5Sih,  fiOth.  00th.  Olst,  C2d  mid  04th 
Congresses  from  Illinois. 

Foster,  Charles;  merchant:  Secretory  of 
the  Treasury  under  President  Kenjamin 
Harrison;  b.  April  12,  1828,  nenr  Tiilin, 
Ohio;  began  to  attend  the  public  schools 
at  the  age  of  four  years,  and  at  twelve 
entered  the  Norwalk  (Ohio)  Academy  :  sick- 
ness in  the  family  prevented  his  completion 
of  the  course  of  study  and  at  nim  tern  li" 
took  entire  charge  of  his  father's  store;  ex 
tended  liberal  credit  to  families  of  soldiers 
in  the  civil  war  and  was  active  in  secur- 
ing enlistments;  the  Foster  mercantile 
business  continued  lo  expand  ninl"r  Ills 
direction  for  more  than  half  a  century:  lie 
was  an  ardent  Republican,  and  in  1S7" 
was  elected  lo  Congress  by  a  majority  ot 
720  in  a  district  which  had  previously 
been  Democratic  by  1,800,  and  which  at 
the  same  election  gave  a  majority  for  tin- 
Democratic  Slate  ticket  :  he  proved  to  Ir- 
an able  and  industrious  legislator  and  was 
reeled od  in  1872.  1874  and  1870:  elected 
Governor  of  Ohio  in  1870  after  an  exciting 
canvass  in  which  he  was  dubbed  ••Calico 
Charlie"  on  account  of  his  having  been  in 
the  drygoods  business;  the  idea  was  utilized 
as  a  feature  of  the  campaign  and  calico 
became  the  keynote  in  the  decorations: 
bands  and  marching  clubs  were  uniformed 
in  calico  and  whole  towns  were  decorated 
with  it  :  calico  neckties  became  the  rage. 
and  newspapers  were  printed  upon  calic,, 
instead  of  paper;  he  was  reelected  two 
years  later  by  an  increased  majority  :  de- 
feated for  Senator  in  is'.io.  and  :\\>n  for 
Congress:  appointed  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  by  Presides!  Harrison  in  18!H  ;  he 
adjusted  the  tifty-inllllon-fonr-and-a  half- 
per  cent,  loan  by  continuing  $25.:504.50<)  .-it 
two  per  cent,  interest,  and  redeemed  the  re- 
mainder. 

Foster,  Charles,  member  of  Sioux  Com- 
mission. 54SO. 

Foster,  C.  W.,  member  of  board  to  ex- 
amine quotas  of  States  under  call 
for  troops,  3476. 

Foster,  George  E.,  member  of  reciprocal 
trade  conference  between  United 
States  and  Canada,  5675. 

Foster,  John  Watson;   lawyer,  diplomat  : 

b.  Petersburg.  Ind..  March  2.  1S."0;  served 
throughout  the  Civil  War.  rising  to  tin- 
rank  of  colonel  and  brevet  brigadier-gen- 
eral ;  appointed  minister  to  Mexico  in 


Foster 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


1873 ;  transferred  to  St.  Petersburg  in 
1880,  and  in  1883  appointed  minister  to 
Spain  :  served  as  Secretary  of  State  in 
President  Benjamin  Harrison's  Cabinet, 
1892-96. 

Foster,  John  W.: 

Counsel  for  United  States  in  Bering 

Sea  question,  5748. 

Member    of   reciprocal   trade    confer- 
ence between  United  States  and 
Canada,  5675. 
Secretary  of  State,  5724. 
Treaty  for  annexation  of  Hawaiian 
Island  signed  by,  5783. 

Foster,  Martin  D. ;  b.  near  "West  Salem, 
Edwards,  Co.,  111.,  Sept.  3,  1861 ;  began 
the  study  of  medicine  in  the  Eclectic  Med- 
ical Institute  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  graduat- 
ing in  1882,  also  graduating  from  the 
Hahnemann  Medical  College  at  Chicago, 
111.,  in  1894,  and  began  the  practice  of 
medicine  in  Olncy,  111.,  in  1882  ;  was 
member  of  the  Board  of  United  States  Ex- 
amining Surgeons  from  1885  to  1889,  and 
from  1893  to  1897  ;  elected  to  the  60th, 
61st.  62d,  63d  and  64th  Congresses  from 
Illinois. 

Foster,  Robert  S.,  member  of  court  to 
try  assassins  of  President  Lincoln, 
etc.,  3534. 

Foster,   Stephen  C.,   correspondence   re- 
garding northeastern   boundary.   (See 
Northeastern  Boundary.) 
Fox,  Henry  S.,  correspondence  regard- 
ing— 

Northeastern  boundary.    (See  North- 
eastern Boundary.) 
Outrages  committed  by  Canadians  on 

American  frontiers,  1618. 
Francis,  David  R. ;  merchant;  Secretary 
of  the  Interior  under  President  Cleveland  ; 
b.  Oct.  1,  1850,  in  Richmond,  Ky. ;  edu- 
cated at  Richmond  Academy  and  Washing- 
ton University  at  St.  Louis  ;  began  com- 
mercial life  in  the  wholesale  grocery  busi- 
ness in  Sr.  Louis  and  in  3877  established  a 
commission  business  and  engaged  in  the  ex- 
portation of  grain;  President  of  the  St. 
Louis  Merchants'  Exchange  in  1884  ;  elected 
Mayor  of  St.  Louis  in  1885,  and  Governor  of 
Missouri  in  18.SS;  in  181)6  President  Cleve- 
land appointed  him  Secretary  of  the  Inte- 
rior; for  tin;  purpose  of  taking  practical 
charge*  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposi- 
tion, held  in  St.  Louis  in  1904,  Mr.  Francis 
was  made  president  of  a  company  having 
twenty-four  standing  committees;  the  State 
of  Missouri  appropriated  .$1,000,000  for 
a  State  exhibit,  the  city  of  St.  Louis  $">,- 
OOO.OOO,  the  federal  government  $5,000,- 
000,  and  by  private  subscription  another 
$5,000,000  was  raised  ;  to  the  management 
of  this  vast  enterprise  Mr.  Francis  devoted 
his  time  and  energy  without  compensation. 
Francis,  John  Brown;  b.  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  May  31,  17!»4;  on  the  death  of  his 
father  he  was  reared  by  Nicholas  Brown,  of 
Providence,  U.  I.,  receiving  a  classical  edu- 
cation and  graduated  from  Brown  I'nivcr- 
Kity  In  1808;  attended  the  Litchfield  Law 
School  :  nev^r  practiced  ;  became  interested 
in  agricultural  pursuits;  secretary  of  the 
State  Agricultural  Society;  a  representative 
from  Warwick  in  t'he  State  legislature  in 
]824,  1826-1828  and  1832;  elected  gov- 


ernor in  1832  as  a  Jackson  and  Antimasonic 
candidate,  serving  until  1838  ;  State  senator 
in  1843 ;  chancellor  of  Brown  University 
1841-1854 ;  elected  United  States  Senator 
(vice  William  Sprague,  resigned),  as  a  Law 
and  Order  candidate,  serving  from  Feb.  7, 
1844,  to  March  3,  1845  ;  again  State  sena- 
tor in  1847,  1849  and  1852-1854;  died  at 
Warwick,  R.  I.,  Aug.  9,  1864. 

Francis,  John  B.,  correspondence  re- 
garding Dorr's  Rebellion,  2141. 
Francis,  William  B.;  b.  Updegraff,  Jef- 
ferson County,  Ohio,  of  German  and  Irish 
parentage ;  admitted  to  practice  law  in 
1889 ;  practiced  in  all  State  and  Federal 
courts  ;  delegate  to  the  Democratic  national 
convention  at  St.  Louis  in  1904  ;  elected 
to  the  62d,  63d  and  64th  Congresses  from 
Ohio. 

Franklin,  Benjamin;  author,  printer, 
philosopher ;  b.  Boston,  Mass.,  Jan.  17, 
1706  ;  published  "Poor  Richard's  Almanac," 
1732-37,  and  later  established  a  news- 
paper, and  after  that  a  magazine  ;  he  was 
the  father  and  patron  of  the  American 
Philosophical  Society  ;  postmaster  of  Phila- 
delphia, and  Postmaster-General  for  the 
Colonies  ;  for  his  scientific  investigations 
into  the  nature  of  lightning  he  was  elected 
F.  R.  S.  in  1775  ;  was  active  In  founding 
what  later  became  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania ;  as  early  as  1754  he  proposed  a 
scheme  of  union  for  the  thirteen  colonies 
under  a  central  government;  served  the 
American  colonies  as  commissioner  to  Eng- 
land, where  he  secured  the  repeal  of  the 
stamp  act,  and  did  much  to  avert  the 
revolution,  but  when  his  efforts  at  con- 
ciliation failed,  became  one  of  the  sign- 
ers of  the  Declaration  of  Independence, 
which  he  helped  draft  ;  acted  as  a  diplom- 
atic agent  of  the  United  States  at  Paris 
during  Revolution  ;  delegate  in  1787  to 
the  convention  which  drew  up  the  United 
States  Constitution  :  president  of  the  Su- 
preme Council  of  Pennsylvania  (in  effect 
governor  of  the  State)  1785-88  ;  died  at 
Philadelphia,  April  17,  1790. 

Franklin,  Benjamin,  letter  from  Presi- 
dent and  decree  of  National  Assem- 
bly of  France  on  death  of,  87. 
Franklin,  John;  British  rear-admiral;  b. 
Spilsby,  Lincolnshire,  England.  April  16. 
1786:  joined  the  navy  in  childhood  and 
served  at  Copenhagen,  Trafalgar  and  New 
Orleans  (1815*  :  led  Arctic  expeditions, 
1818,  1819,  1825  and  1845;  elected  F.  R.  S., 
1823,  and  knighted  in  1829;  set  out 
in  command  of  the  Erebus  and  Terror 
(1845(  in  search  of  a  northwest  passage 
between  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  oceans 
north  of  America  ;  after  three  years,  no 
tidings  having  been  received  of  the  expedi- 
tion, relief  ships  were  sent  out,  and  traces 
of  the  party  were  found,  but  it  was  not 
until  1859  that  Captain  McClintock,  In 
command  of  the  Fo.r,  sent  out  by  Lady 
Franklin  in  search  of  her  husband,  found 
a  paper  from  one  of  the  ships  bearing  the 
legend  :  "Sir  John  Franklin  died  June  11 
1847." 

Franklin,  Sir  John,  expedition  in  search 
of  missing  ships  under  command  of: 

Recommended,  2563. 

Referred   to,   2024. 

Return   of,  under   De   Haven,   2668. 

Token  of  thankfulness  offered  Amer- 
ican officers  in,  by  Great  Britain, 
2897. 


Biographic   Index 


Fuller 


Franklin,  Samuel  R.,  president  of  In- 
ternational Marine  Conference  at 
Washington,  5493. 

Frear,  Walter  F.,   member  of  commis- 
sion   to    recommend     legislation    for 
Hawaiian  Islands,  6333. 
Frear,    William   H.,    claim    of,   against 

France,  5198. 
Frederick   III.,    Emperor    of   Germany, 

death  of,  referred  to,  5367. 
Frederick,    Empress   Dowager,   of   Ger- 
many, death  of,  referred  to,  6680. 
Freeman,     Mr.,     exploration     of     Eed 

Kiver  by,  discussed,  396. 
Frelinghuysen,  Frederick  Theodore;  law- 
yer ;  b.  Millstone,  N.  J.,  Aug.  4,  1817 ; 
graduated  Rutgers  College,  and  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1839 ;  appointed  attorney- 
general  of  New  Jersey,  1801  and  1800  ; 
United  States  Senator,  1800-09,  and 
elected  for  full  term  beginning  1871  :  took 
prominent  part  in  proceedings  to  impeach 
Andrew  Johnson,  and  was  selected  to  reply 
to  the  last  annual  message  sent  by  the 
latter  to  Congress  (p.  .'{870)  ;  refused  Pres- 
ident Grant's  appointment  as  minister  to 
Kngland  in  1870  ;  appointed  Secretary  of 
State  by  President  Arthur,  1881  ;  died  New- 
ark, N.  J.,  May  20,  1885. 

Frelinghuysen,  Frederick  T.,  Secretary 

of  State,  4710. 

Fremont,  John  Charles;  soldier,  explorer ; 
b.  Savannah,  Ga.,  Jan.  21,  1813;  graduate 
Charleston  (S.  C.)  College;  became  lieuten- 
ant of  engineers  in  the  War  Department 
and  conducted  government  explorations  In 
the  Rocky  Mountains  and  California ;  in 
1845,  while  'heading  an  exploration  expedi- 
tion to  the  Pacific  slope,  he  encountered 
the  Mexican  general,  De  Castro,  who  was 
proceeding  to  expel  the  American  settlers 
from  California ;  the  settlers  joined  Fr<5- 
mont's  forces,  overcame  the  Mexicans,  and 
declared  themselves  independent,  with  Fre- 
mont as  governor  ;  he  joined  with  the  naval 
forces  of  Commodore  Stockton,  who  had 
been  sent  to  conquer  California  ;  one  of  the 
first  Senators  from  California,  1840-51; 
first  Republican  candidate  for  President, 
unsuccessfully  opposing  James  Buchanan ; 
surveyed  a  travel  route  from  the  Missis- 
sippi to  San  Francisco ;  appointed  major- 
genernl  of  volunteers,  May  14,  1801  ; 
served  in  Missouri  and  the  Shenandoah 
Valley  and  resigned  1864;  retired  1890, 
and  died  July  13,  1890. 

Fremont,  John  C.: 

Assigned    to    command   of   Mountain 
Department,  3312. 


Court-martial  in  case  of,  2430. 

Death  of,  announced  and  honors  to 
be  paid  memory  of,  5541. 

Mountain  howitzer  taken  by,  on  Ore- 
gon expedition  referred  to,  2127. 

Public  accounts  of,  referred  to,  2018. 
Fromentin,  Eligius;  jurist  ;  1>.  France;  re- 
ceived a  classical  education;  studied  law; 
admit  ted  to  the  bar  and  practiced  at  New 
Orleans  ;  United  States  Senator  from  Louisi- 
ana from  May  24,  1813,  to  March  3,  181!) ; 
appointed  judge-  of  the  rrimlnnl  court  at 
New  Orleans  in  18^1  ;  appointed  United 
States  district  judge  for  the  district  of 
Florida  in  January,  IX^'J,  but  soon  resigned 
and  resumed  the  practice  of  law  at  New 
Orleans;  his  wife  died  of  yellow  fever  and 
he  also  died  within  twenty-four  hours  at 
New  Orleans,  Oct.  C.  1822. 

Fromentin,    Eligius,    misunderstanding 

of,  with  Andrew  Jackson,  682. 
Fruchier,  John,  impressed  into  military 

service  of  France,  case  of,  5199. 
Frye,  William  Pierce;  b.  Lewision,  Me., 
Sept.  2,  1831  ;  graduated  at:  Bowdoin  Col- 
lege; studied  and  practiced  law;  was 
a  member  of  the  state  legislature  in 
18(51.  1802  and  1807;  mayor  of  the  city  of 
Lewiston  in  180G-07  ;  was  attorney-general 
of  the  State  of  Maine  in  1807,  18(58  anil 
1809;  received  the  degree  of  I, Lit.  from 
Bates  College  in  July,  1881,  and  the  same 
degree  from  Bowdoin  College  in  ISX'.I; 
representative  in  the  42d,  43d,  44th.  45th. 
40th  and  47th  Congresses;  w;is  elected 
March  15,  1881.  to  the  United  States  Sen- 
ate from  Maine  to  succeed  James  G.  P.laine  ; 
appointed  Secretary  of  State,  March  IN, 
1881  ;  was  reelccte'd  in  1883,  1SS8.  1895, 
1901  and  again  in  1907  :  was  a  member 
of  the  commission  which  met  in  Paris, 
September.  189S.  to  adjust  terms  of  peace 
between  the  United  States  and  Spain. 

Frye,   William  P.,  member  of  Spanish- 
American  Peace  Commission,  6322. 
Fuller,  Charles  E.;  b.  near  Beh-idere,  III.; 
admitted    to    the    bar    of    Illinois    in    1870; 
served     five     terms     in     State     legislature; 
raised  a  regiment  for  the  Spanish-American 
War   in    1898,   and   was   commissioned    colo- 
nel  by   Governor   Tanner,    but    the   regiment 
was    never    called    into    service  ;    elected    to 
the   58th,    59th.    00th.    Olst,    OlM    and    04th 
Congresses  from  Illinois. 
Fuller,  Melville  W.,  arbitrator  in  Ven- 
ezuelan    boundary     dispute,     6338. 
Member     of     Court     of    Arbitration, 
appointed,  6432. 


Gadsden 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Gadsden,  James;  soldier,  diplomat :  i>. 
Charleston,  S.  C.,  May  15,  1788;  appointed 
inspector-general  of  the  army  in  1820,  with 
rank  of  colonel  :  minister  to  Mexico  in 
1853,  and  negotiated  for  the  purchase  of 
the  strip  of  country  just  north  of  Mexico 
and  now  forming  part  of  Arizona  and  New 
Mexico  for  $10.000,000;  died  Charleston,  S. 
C.,  Dec.  26,  1858. 

Gadsden,  James: 

Mentioned,  2770. 

Eejection  of  nomination  of,  as  colo- 
nel discussed,  605,  702. 
Gage,  Lyman  J.;  hanker ;  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury  under  Presidents  McKinloy 
and  Roosevelt ;  b.  June  28,  183G,  in  De 
Ruyter,  N.  Y.  ;  educated  in  liome  (X.  Y.) 
Academy,  and  began  life  as  a  postal  clerk  ; 
went  to  Chicago  in  1855  and  became-  a  bank 
clerk,  and  finally  president  of  the  First 
National  Bank  of  that  city  :  was  largely  in- 
strumental in  securing  for  Chicago  the 
World's  Columbian  Exposition  and  became 
Its  first  President  ;  during  his  term  as  Sec- 
retary of  the  Treasury  the  Spanish-Ameri- 
can War  broke  out,  and  Mr.  (iage  recom- 
mended the  issue  of  $200.000,000  of  3  per 
cent,  bonds;  the  description  of  the  cause 
and  cure  of  financial  panics,  in  his  report 
for  1898,  is  one  of  the  clearest  expositions 
of  the  subject  ever  written  :  resigned  from 
Roosevelt's  cabinet  and  retired  to  private 
life,  settling  in  San  Diego,  Cal. 
Gaillard,  John;  statesman  :  b.  St.  Stephens 
District,  S.  C.,  Sept.  5,  1TG5  ;  received  a 
liberal  education;  elected  a  United  States 
Senator  from  South  Carolina  (in  place  of 
Pierce  Butler,  resigned*,  serving  from  Jan. 
31,  1805.  until  he  died,  at  Washington, 
I).  C.,  Feb.  26,  1820:  President  pro 'tern- 
pore  of  the  Senate  in  the  llth,  3  .'5th,  14th, 
15th,  16th,  17th  and  18th  Congresses. 

Gaillard,  John,  letter  of  President  Mon- 
roe to,  referred  to,  573. 
Gaines,  Edmund  Pendleton;  soldier;  b. 
Culpepper  Co.,  Va.,  March  20,  1777;  en- 
tered tne  army  in  1799,  and  was  frequently 
promoted  until  he  was  made  a  major- 
general  for  the  gallantry  at  Fort  Krie 
in  1814 ;  died  New  Orleans,  La.,  June  6, 
1849. 

Gaines,  Edmund  P.: 

Calls  of,  for  volunteers  or  militia  dis- 
cussed, 229S,   2300. 

Court  of  inquiry  in  case  of,  and  opin- 
ion of,  discussed,   1511. 
Inspection    reports    of,    referred    to, 

995. 

Mentioned,  697. 

Requisition   of,  for  volunteers  in  In- 
dian war  not  sanctioned  by  Presi- 
dent, 1453. 
Settlement    of    accounts    of,   referred 

to,   2130. 

Victories  of,  over  British  troops,  533. 
Gaines,  John  P.;  native  of  Walton.  Ky.  ; 
received  a  thorough  Knglish  education; 
studied  law  and  admitted  to  (he  bar  at 
Walton,  where  lie  began  practice;  served 
In  the  Mexican  war  as  major:  raptured  at 
Incarnacion  in  January,  1SI7.  and  while  in 
cnptivity  elected  a  Represent  a  I  ive  from 
Kentucky  to  the  l.'ilh  Congress  .is  a  Whig; 
governor  of  Oregon  Territory  1850-18. »3; 
died  in  Oregon  in  1S58. 


Gaines,  John  P.,  correspondence  regard- 
ing seat  of  government  of  Oregon, 

2684. 

Gale,  George,  district  supervisor,  nomi- 
nation of,  91. 

Gallagher,  Thomas;  b.  Concord,  N.  H., 
in  1850  ;  moved  to  Chicago  in  1866  ;  elected 
to  the  61st,  62d,  63d  and  64th  Congresses 
from  Illinois. 

Gallatin,  Albert;  author,  banker,  diplomat, 
statesman ;  b.  Geneva,  Switzerland,  Jan. 
29,  1761  ;  elected  United  States  Senator 
from  Pennsylvania  in  1795;  at  the  ex- 
piration of  his  term  he  was  appointed 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  ;  became  presi- 
dent of  the  National  Bank  of  New  York, 
and  was  active  in  the  establishment  of  the 
New  York  University  ;  his  writings  have 
been  collected  in  six  volumes  and  deal 
with  the  subjects  of  banking  and  currency, 
ti.e  Mexican  War  and  its  cost,  the  Indian 
tribes  of  North  and  Central  America;  died 
Astoria,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  12,  1849. 

Gallatin,  Albert: 

Commissioner     to      settle      boundary 

question  with  Georgia,  329. 
Gallinger,  Jacob  H.;  b.  Cornwall,  Ontario, 
Marc'h  28,  18.">7  ;  received  a  common  school 
and  academic  education  ;  was  a  printer  in 
early  life  ;  studied  medicine  and  was  grad- 
uated with  honors  in  1858,  and  followed 
the  profession  of  medicine  and  surgery 
from  April,  1862,  until  he  entered  Con- 
gress :  was  a  member  of  the  house  of  repre- 
sentatives of  New  Hampshire  in  1872, 
1873.  and  1891;  member  of  the  constitu- 
tional convention  in  1<S76:  member  of  the 
State  senate  in  1878.  1879  and  1880; 
was  surgeon-general  of  New  Hampshire 
with  the  rank  of  brigadier-general  in  1879- 
80;  received  the  honorary  degree  of  A. 
M.  from  Dartmouth  College  in  1885  :  elect- 
ed to  t'he  49th  and  50th  Congresses,  and 
declined  renomination  to  the  51st  Con- 
gress. United  States  Senator  from  New 
Hampshire,  for  the  term  beginnfhg  March 
4,  1891  ;  re-elected  in  1897.  1903  and  in 
1909,  for  the  term  ending  March  3,  1915. 

Gannett,  Henry,  member  of  Board  on 
Geographic  Names,  5647. 

Ganon,  N.,  correspondence  regarding  un- 
lawful expedition  in  New  York,  1616. 

Garcia,  Manuel,  act  granting  pension  to, 
vetoed,  52S6. 

Gardner,  Augustus  Peabody;  b.  Nov.  r>, 

1865;  Member  of  the  Massachusetts  State 
Senate  for  two  terms  ;  served  during  the 
Spanish-American  war  ;  elected  to  the  57th 
Congress  to  till  a  vacancy:  and  to  the  5Sth, 
.r)!)th,  00th,  6lst,  62d.  63d  and  64th  Con- 
gresses from  Massachusetts. 

Gardner,  Obadiah;  b.  Sept.  13,  18:>2.  in 
what  is  now  the  town  of  Grant,  St.  Clair 
County,  Mich.  ;  moved  to  Maine  at  the  age 
of  12  years;  attended  common  schools;  paid 
his  way  through  Kastman's  Business  Col- 
lege, Ponghkeepsie.  N.  Y..  also  at  Coburn 
Classical  Institute,  Wnterville,  Me.  :  engaged 
in  business  in  Uocklaud,  Me.:  since  1872 
has  been  member  of  city  government  ;  menu 
lier  Maine  Board  of  Agriculture  ;  master 
Maine  State  Grange  from  1897  to  1907, 
during  which  time  the  membership  was  in- 
creased 35,540;  in  190S  received  the  unani- 
mous nomination  for  Governor  of  Maine  by 


Biographic   Index 


Giddings 


the  Democrats  ;  polled  the  largest  vote  ever 
given  to  u  Democrat  on  a  straight  parly 
ticket,  coming  within  7,000  votes  of  elec- 
tion; appointed  Chairman  of  Hoard  of 
States  Assessors  April  1,  1911  ,  for  six 
years ;  appointed  United  Stales  Senator 
Sept.  23,  1811.  liy  Gov.  I'latsted  to  till  the 
vacancy  caused  by  the  death  of  the  lion. 
William  1'.  Frye. 

Gardoqui,  Don  Diego,  commercial  rela- 
tions with  Spain,  letter  of,  concern- 
ing,  113. 

Garesche",  J.  P.,  assistant  adjutant- 
general,  order  regarding  Missouri 
militia,  3243. 

Garfield,  James  A.,  biography  of,  4593. 
Garland,  Augustus  H.,  Attorney-General 
under  President  Cleveland  ;  was  born  in 
Tip  ton  County,  Tenn.,  June  11,  18:52 ;  his 
parents  moved  to  Arkansas  in  1S.'>3 ;  edu- 
cated at  St.  Mary's  College  and  St.  Jo- 
seph's College  in  Kentucky ;  studied  law 
and  admitted  .to  practice  in  1853  at  Wash- 
ington, Ark.,  where  he  then  lived  ;  moved 
to  Little  Rock  in  1S5G ;  delegate  to  the 
state  convention  that  passed  the  ordinance 
of  secession  in  1801  ;  member  of  the  pro- 
visional congress  that  met  at  Montgomery. 
Ala.,  in  May,  1SG1,  and  subsequently  of  the 
Confederate  Congress,  serving  in  both 
houses,  and  being  in  the  senate  when  the 
war  closed ;  elected  to  the  United  States 
Senate  from  Arkansas  for  the  term  begin- 
ning March  4.  1807,  but  not  admitted  to 
his  seat ;  made  the  test-oath  case  as  to 
lawyers  In  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States  and  gained  it  (see  Garland  ex 
parte,  4  Wallace)  :  followed  the  practice 
of  law  until  the  fall  of  1874.  when  elected 
governor  of  Arkansas  without  opposition  : 
elected  in  January.  1870.  by  the  legislature 
of  Arkansas,  without  opposition,  to  the 
United  States  Senate  as  a  Democrat  to  suc- 
ceed Powell  Clayton.  Republican,  and  took 
his  seat  March  5.  1877:  re-elected  in  1883: 
resigned  in  1885  to  accept  the  position  of 
Attorney-General  :  died  at  Washington,  I). 
C.,  Jan.'  2G,  1899. 

Garland,  John,  gallantry  of,  at  battle 
of  Monterey,  Mexico,  referred  to, 
23G8. 

Garner,  John  Nance;  i>.  Hod  River  Co., 
Tex.,  Nov.  22,  1869  ;  member  of  the  Texas 
House  of  Representatives  for  four  years ; 
elected  to  the  58th,  59th,  00th,  Gist,  G2d, 
G3d  and  G4th  Congresses  from  Texas. 

Garrett,  Finis  James;  b.  Aug.  2G,  1875, 
near  Ore  Springs,  in  Weakley  Co.,  Tenn.  ; 
studied  law  ana  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  1899  ;  elected  to  the  59th,  GOth,  Gist,  62d, 
G3d  and  64th  Congresses  from  Tennessee. 

Garrett,  William  H.,  treaty  with  In- 
dians concluded  by,  2775. 
Garrison,  Lindley  Miller,  Secretary  of 
War  under  President  Wilson  ;  born  in 
Camden,  N.  J.,  Nov.  28,  1804:  B.  L.  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania  1880  ;  admitted  to 
the  bar  1SSG  :  practiced  in  Philadelphia  un- 
til 1888  :  admitted  to  the  bar  of  New  Jer- 
sey in  188S  :  practiced  until  June  15.  1904: 
became  vice  chancellor  of  New  Jersey  on 
that  day  and  served  until  the  5th  day  of 
March.  1913,  resigning  the  office  to  become 
Secretary  of  War,  March  5,  1913. 


Gary,  James  A.;  manufacturer;  Postmas- 
ter General  under  President  MeKinlcy  ;  b. 
Oct.  22,  1S33,  In  New  London  Co.,  Conn.  ; 
attended  school  at  Kockhill  Institute.  Klll- 
cott  City,  Md.,  and  Allegheny  College,  Mead- 
ville,  Pa.  ;  in  1S01  engaged  in  tin-  cotton 
manufacturing  business  with  his  father  iu 
Baltimore;  exerted  strong  Influence*  in  be. 
half  of  the  Union  cause  in  Maryland;  was 
a  candidate  on  the  Republican  ticket  for 
Congress  and  later  for  Governor,  but  de- 
feated; active  in  Republican  politics  and 
represented  his  Stale  in  many  national  con- 
vent ions  of  his  party,  and  served  sixteen 
consecutive  years  on  the  National  Commit, 
tee;  he  was  an  efficient  Postmaster  General, 
but  falling  health  compelled  lilm  to  resign  li, 
IX'.iS.  He  was  married  in  P.altlmore  and 
lias  one  son  and  seven  daughters. 

Gates,    William,    major,    United   States 
Army: 

Nomination  of,  discussed,  1488. 

Trial  solicited  by,  14.89. 
Geary,  John  W.,  referred  to,  2980,  2995. 
George  V,  coronation  of,  7G68. 
Geronimo;  an  Apache  chief,  of  the  tribe  of 
Chiricahua  Indians;  during  1S84  and  1883 
headed  a  band  of  hostile  Indians  who  ter- 
rorized New  Mexico  and  Arizona  ;  Gen. 
Crook  succeeded  in  bringing  the  Indians  to 
terms  of  surrender,  but  before  they  could 
be  carried  out  the  Indians  escaped  to  the 
mountains;  Gen.  Crook  was  succeeded  by 
Gen.  Nelson  A.  Miles,  and  he  waged  such 
a  vigorous  campaign  against  the  Indians 
that  they  were  forced  to  accept  his  terms 
of  surrender,  arid  Geronimo  and  his  prin- 
cipal supporters  were  imprisoned  in  Fort 
Plckons,  Fla.  ;  Geronimo  was  afterwards 
taken  to  Fort  Sill.,  Okla.,  where  he  was 
held  a  prisoner. 

Geronimo: 

Mentioned,   5-195. 

Surrender  of  Apaches  under,  to  Gen. 

Miles,  discussed,  5099. 
Gerry,  Commander,  mentioned,  2838. 
Gerry,  Elbridge  (1744-1814)  :  statesman 
and  liftli  Vice-President  of  the  United 
States;  b.  Marblehead,  Mass.;  member 
Massachusetts  Legislature,  1772;  elected  to 
the.  Continental  Congress,  1770;  signed  the 
Declaration  of  Independence,  and  served  on 
several  important  committees;  chairman  of 
the  treasury  board,  1780;  member  of  the 
convention  which  formulated  the  Federal 
Constitution,  17N7;  member  of  Congress. 
1790-95  ;  acted  with  Pinckney  and  Marshall 
on  the  X.  V.  /.  mission  to  France,  1797, 
and  when  they  were  dismissed  from 
France.  (Jerry  was  asked  to  remain  :  joined 
the  Democratic  party,  and  was  elected  Gov- 
ernor of  Massachusetts.  1810:  Vice-Presi- 
dent with  Madison.  1812,  and  died  in  office. 

Gibson,  Walter  M.,  held  in  duress  by 
Dutch  authorities  at  Batavia,  2S2S, 
2831. 

Giddiugs,  Joshua  Reed;  author,  lawyer, 
diplomat;  b.  Athens,  Pa.,  Oct.  G.  1795; 
moved  to  Ohio  and  was  elected  to  the  legis- 
lature of  that  State  in  1S20;  member  of 
Congress  from  Ohio.  1S.".S-.~(,*  ;  recognized 
for  many  years  as  the  leader  of  the  anti- 
slavery  party  ;  appointed  consul-general  to 
British  North  America.  1801  ;  his  collected 
wriiintrs  include  speeches  in  Congress.  "The 

Kxiles    of    Florida. ['lie    Rebellion:    "Its 

Authors  and  Its  Causes."  and  "Kssays  of 
Pacitieus"  ;  died  Montreal.  Canada,  May  27, 
1804. 


Gilbert 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Gilbert,  Henry  C.,  treaty  with  Indians 

concluded   by,   2829,   2884,   2954. 

Gillespie,  Capt.,  dispatch  to  consul  at 
Monterey  forwarded  and  destroyed 

by,  2428. 

Gillett,  Frederick  Huntington;  b.  West- 
field,  Mass.,  Oct.  16,  1851  ;  graduated  at 
Amherst  College,  1874,  and  Harvard  Law 
School,  187T  ;  admitted  to  the  bar,  1877, 
assistant  attorney -general  of  Massachusetts 
from  1879  to  1882;  elected  to  the  Massa- 
chusetts house  of  representatives  in  1890 
and  1891  ;  elected  to  the  53d,  54th,  55th, 
56th,  57th.  58th,  59th,  60th,  61st,  62d, 
63d  and  64th  Congresses  from  Massachu- 
setts. 

Gillis,  James  M.,  mentioned,  3279. 
Observations  of,  referred  to,  2776. 

Gillmore,  Quincy  A.,  ceremonies  at 
Fort  Sumter  to  be  conducted  by,  in 
absence  of  Gen.  Sherman,  3484. 

Gilmer,  Thomas  W.,  Secretary  of  the 
Navy  under  President  Tyler ;  a  native  of 
Virginia  ;  attended  the  public  schools ; 
studied  law  ;  admitted  to  the  bar ;  com- 
menced practice  at  Charlottesville  ;  for  sev- 
eral years  state  representative,  two  years 
of  which  time  was  speaker;  Governor  of 
Virginia  1840-41  ;  elected  a  representative 
from  Virginia  to  the  Twenty-seventh  Con- 
gress as  Whig ;  re-elected  to  the  Twenty- 
eiirhth  Congress  as  a  Democrat  serving 
until  February  15,  1844,  when  he  was  ap- 
pointed Secretary  of  the  Navy  ;  killed  by 
the  bursting  of  a  gun  on  board  the  U.  S. 
steamer  Princeton,  near  Washington,  D. 
C.,  Feb.  28,  1844. 

Gilmer,  Thomas  W.,  Secretary  of  Navy, 
death  of,  announced  and  honors  to 
be  paid  memory  of.^  2132,  2186. 
Gilpin,  Kenry  D. ;  lawyer,  author;  Attor- 
ney General  under  President  Van  Bureu ; 
b.  April  14,  1801,  in  Lancaster,  England; 
in  1816  the  family  settled  in  Philadelphia, 
and  Henry  was  sent  to  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  took  a  law  course  and  was 
admitted  to  practice  in  1822;  he  had  previ- 
ously tilled  the  position  of  secretary  of  the 
Chesapeake  and  Delaware  Canal  Company, 
which  owed  its  existence  to  his  grandfa- 
ther: the  family  were  all  affiliated  with  the 
Society  of  Friends;  Henry  D.'s  legal  repu- 
tation was  enhanced  by  his  management  of 
an  important  international  case  growing 
out  of  the  rival  claims  of  two  Portuguese 
ministers,  each  of  whom  had  been  accred- 
ited to  this  country  by  one  of  the  two  con- 
flicting governments  of  Portugal;  his  skilled 
handling  of  this  case  won  the  admiration 
of  President  Jackson  and  the  confidence  of 
the  Supreme  Court  ;  appointed  United  States 
District  Attorney  at  Philadelphia  in  1832, 
a  position  he  held  five  years,  at  the  same 
time  serving  as  a  government  director  of 
the  United  States  Hank  ;  assisted  President 
Jackson  in  suppressing  the  Hank's  mo- 
nopoly ;  appointed  by  Van  Kuren  Solicitor 
of  the  Treasury  in  1837,  and  In  1840  Attor- 
ney General  of  the  I'nited  States,  though 
yet  less  than  forty  years  of  age;  retired 
from  political  life  lit  the  end  of  Van  Bur- 
en's  administration  and  devoted  himself  to 
the  pursuit  of  literature,  art  and  social  life; 
edited  the  Atlinitir  tfimnotir,  a  literary  ami 
art  journal ;  published  the  "Biography  of 


the  Signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence," contributed  to  the  American 
Quarterly  Review,  Democratic  Keview,  and 
North  American  Review ;  superintended  th'j 
publication  of  the  "Madison  Papers,"  au- 
thorized by  Congress  (1840)  ;  wrote  "Opin- 
ions of  the  Attorneys  General  of  the  United 
States,"  1840 ;  "Autobiography  of  Walter 
Scfttt,  Compiled  from  Passages  in  His 
Writings"  ;  "Life  of  Martin  Van  Buren"  ; 
at  his  death  in  Philadelphia,  Jan.  9,  1860, 
he  bequeathed  both  money  and  collections  to 
historical  societies. 

Gilpin,  Henry  D.,  director  of  Bank  of 
United  States,  nomination  of,  and 
reasons  therefor,  1260. 
Glass,  Carter;  b.  Lyuchburg,  Va.,  Jan.  4, 
1858  ;  publisher  of  the  Daily  A'eics  and  The 
Daily  Advance;  member  of  Virginia  State 
Senate,  1899-1903 ;  resigned  from  Virginia 
State  Senate  to  contest  for  seat  in  Con- 
gress ;  was  elected  to  the  57th,  58th,  59th, 
60th,  61st,  62d,  63d  and  64th  Congresses 
from  Virginia. 

Glendy,  William  M.,  captain  in  Navy, 
nomination  for  promotion  withdrawn 
and  reasons  therefor,  4000. 

Godwin,  Hannibal  Lafayette;  b.  Nov.  3, 
1873,  near  Dunn.  Harnett  Co.,  N.  C.  ;  edu- 
cated in  the  schools  at  Trinity  College.  Dur- 
ham, N.  C.  ;  read  law  at  the  University  of 
North  Carolina  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar,  1896 ;  member  of  the  State  Senate 
of  North  Carolina  1903  ;  elected  to  the  60th, 
61st,  6i!d,  63d  and  64th  Congresses  from 
North  Carolina. 

Goff,  Nathan,  Jr.,  Secretary  of  the  Navy 
under  President  Hayes ;  born  in  Clarks- 
burg, W.  Va.,  on  Feb.  9,  1843 ;  educated 
at  the  Northwestern  Virginia  Academy, 
Georgetown  College,  and  the  University  of 
the  City  of  New  York  ;  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  1865  ;  elected  a  .member  of  the  West  Vir- 
ginia legislature  in  1867  ;  appointed  United 
States  attorney  for  the  district  of  West 
Virginia  in  1868,  to  which  position  he  was 
reappointed  in  1872,  1876,  and  1880 ;  re- 
signed the  district  attorueyship  in  Jan.. 
1881,  when  he  was  appointed  Secretary  of 
the  Navy  ;  in  March,  1881,  President  Gar- 
field  reappointed  him  district  attorney  for 
West  Virginia,  which  position  he  again  re- 
signed in  July,  1882  ;  he  enlisted  in  t.he 
Union  Army  in  June,  1861,  in  the  Third 
Regiment  Virginia  Volunteer  Infantry  ; 
served  as  lieutenant  of  Company  G,  also 
as  adjutant  of  said  regiment,  and  as  major 
of  the  Fourth  Virginia  Volunteer  Cav- 
alry ;  Republican  candidate  for  Congress  in 
1870  in  the  First  West  Virginia  district, 
as  also  in  the  year  1874  ;  candidate  of  the 
Republican  party  for  governor  of  West  Vir- 
ginia in  1876  and  defeated  by  Hon.  II.  M. 
Mathews  ;  elected  to  the  Forty-eighth 
Congress  as  a  Republican,  and  re-elected  to 
the  Forty-ninth  and  Fiftieth  Congresses; 
in  1888  elected  governor  of  West  Virginia 
on  the  face  of  the  returns  by  a  plurality 
of  130  votes  ;  the  election  was  contested 
by  A.  B.  Fleming,  the  Democratic  candi- 
date, who  was  seated  as  governor  by  a 
majority  vote  of  flic  legislature  ;  appointed 
United  States  circuit  judge  of  the  fourth 
circuit  March  17,  1892,  by  President  Har- 
rison. 


Biographic   Index 


Granger 


Goldsborough,  Louis  M.;  roar  admiral; 
b.  Feb.  18,  1805,  In  Washington,  D.  C. ;  ap- 
pointed midshipman  at  the  age  of  seven 
years ;  served  under  Bainbrldge  and  Stew- 
art;  married  a  daughter  of  William  Wirt 
and  resided  for  some  years  on  a  tract  of 
land  in  Florida  owned  by  his  father-in-law  ; 
commanded  a  company  of  cavalry  and  an 
armed  steamer  in  the  Seminole  War;  made 
a  naval  commander  in  1840;  member  of 
commission  to  explore  California  and  Ore- 
gon in  1849:  Superintendent  of  the  Naval 
Academy,  185:5-57 ;  squadron  commander 
during  Civil  War;  received  thanks  of  Con- 
gress for  his  services  in  co-operation  with 
Gen.  Burnside  for  the  capture  of  Hoanoke 
Island  ;  advanced  to  rear  admiral  in  1862, 
and  retired  in  1873;  died  Feb.  20,  1877. 

Goldsborough,  Louis  M.: 

Thanks  of  Congress  to,  recommended 
3266. 

Thanks  of  President  tendered,  3305. 
Good,  James  William;  b.  Sept.  24,  1866, 
Linn  Co.,  Iowa  ;  graduated  from  Coe  Col- 
lege, Cedar  Rapids,  and  the  law  depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  Michigan ; 
elected  to  the  61st,  62d,  63d  and  64th 
Congresses  from  Iowa. 

Goodwin,   William  Shields;   b.   Warren, 

Ark.,  May  2,  1866,  son  of  T.  M.  and  Esther 
(Shields)  Goodwin,  of  Gwinnett  and  Milton 
counties,  Ga.,  respectively  ;  educated  in  the 
public  schools  of  his  home  town,  at  Farmers' 
Academy,  near  Duluth,  Ga.,  and  at  a  busi- 
ness college  in  Atlanta,  Ga.,  universities  of 
Arkansas  and  Mississippi;  is  a  lawyer;  in 
1897  married  Miss  Sue  Meek,  of  Warren, 
Ark.  ;  in  1895  was  member  of  Arkansas 
General  Assembly  ;  in  1900  was  Democratic 
Presidential  Elector  ;  in  1905  and  1907  was 
State  Senator  ;  since  1907  has  been  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Arkansas  ;  was  elected  to  the  62d, 
63d  and  64th  Congresses  from  Arkansas. 

Gordan,  George  W.,  correspondence  re- 
garding slave  trade  referred  to,  2287, 
2538. 

Gordon,  William  W.,  member  of  mili- 
tary commission  of  Puerto  Kico,  6322. 
Gore,  Christopher;  statesman ;  b.  Boston, 
Mass.,  Sept.  21,  1758 ;  graduated  from 
Harvard  College  in  1776;  studied  law;  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  and  began  practice  at 
Boston  ;  United  States  attorney  for  the  dis- 
trict of  Massachusetts  1789-1796 ;  commis- 
sioner to  England  1796-1803  ;  charge:  d'af- 
faires at  London  1803-4  ;  a  member  of  the 
State  house  of  representatives  and  State 
senate;  governor  of  Massachusetts  1809  and 
1S10;  elected  a  United  States  Senator  from 
Massachusetts,  serving  from  May  28.  1813, 
to  1816,  when  he  resigned;  a  trustee  of 
Harvard  University ;  died  at  Waltham, 
Mass.,  March  1,  1827. 

Gore,  Christopher,  commissioner  of 
United  States  under  treaty  with 
Great  Britain,  188. 

Gore,   Thomas   Pryor,    b.    Webster    Co., 

Miss.,  Dec.  10,  1870;  graduated  from  the 
Law  Department  of  Cumberland  Univer- 
sity, Lebanon,  Tenn.,  1892 :  moved  to 
Texas  in  1896  and  to  Oklahoma  in  1901  ; 
served  one  term  in  the  Territorial  Senate ; 
nominated  for  the  United  States  Senate 
in  State  Primary,  June  8,  1907  ;  elected  by 
the  Legislature  Dec.  11  ;  re-elected  for  a 
full  term  by  the  Legislature  Jan.  20,  1909, 
to  represent  Oklahoma. 


Gorman,  Arthur  Pue  (1 830-1 9or.)  ;  states- 
man ;  b.  Maryland;  United  States  Senator 
1881-99,  190300;  recognized  leader  of  tin'- 
Democratic  party  for  over  thirty  years  ;  op- 
posed the  Force  bill,  lhs:»;  helped  to  re- 
model the  Wilson  Tariff  bill,  1894  ;  an  ex- 
pert on  the  trans-Isthmian  Canal  question, 
and  favored  the  Nicaragua!!  route. 

Gorostiza,  Manuel  E.  de,  pamphlet  is- 
sued by,  regarding  troops  under  (Jen. 
Gaines,  1646. 

Goward,  Gustavus,  report  of,  on  Sa- 
moan  Islands  transmitted,  4473. 

Graham,  James  D.,  report  of,  as  com- 
missioner in  northeastern  boundary. 
(See  Northeastern  Boundary.) 

Graham,  James  M.;  b.  Ireland,  April  it, 

1852;  came  to  Sangamon  Co.,  111.,  in  1S6S  ; 
admitted  to  bar  in  1885  ;  served  one  term  as 
Member  of  the  House  of  Representatives  m 
General  Assembly  of  Illinois;  elected  to  the 
61st.  62d.  U3d  and  64th  Congresses  from 
Illinois. 

Graham,  John,   commissioner  to   South 

America,  617. 
Graham,  William  Alexander  (brother  of 

James  Graham),  Secretary  of  the  Navy 
under  President  Fillinore  ;  born  in  Lincoln 
County,  N.  C.,  Sept.  5,  1804;  received  a 
classical  education  ;  graduated  from  the 
University  of  North  Carolina  in  1S24  ; 
studied  law  at  Newborn  ;  admitted  to  the 
bar  and  began  practicing  at  Ilillsboro  ; 
member  of  the  house  of  commons  of  North 
Carolina  1833-1840;  elected  a  United 
States  Senator  (vice  Robert  Strange,  re- 
signed), serving  from  Dec.  10.  1840.  to 
March  3,  1843;  elected  governor  of  North 
Carolina  in  1844  as  a  Whig;  re-elected  in 
184(5  ;  after  declining  the  mission  to  Spain. 
in  1849,  was  Secretary  of  the  Navv  from 
July  20.  1850.  until  March  7.  1853':  Whig 
candidate  for  Vice-President  in  1852  :  Sen- 
ator in  the  Second  Confederate  Congress  ; 
delegate  to  the  Philadelphia  Union  con- 
vention in  1866  ;  died  at  Saratoga  Springs,, 
N.  Y.,  Aug.  11,  1875. 

Granger,  Francis  (son  of  Gideon  Granger), 
Postmaster-General  under  President  W.  II. 
Harrison  :  born  at  Suffield.  Conn.,  Dec.  1, 
1792  ;  pursuing  classical  studios,  he  grad- 
uated from  Yale  College  in  1811;  studied 
law  ;  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1816.  com- 
mencing practice  at  Canandaigua,  N".  Y. ; 
member  of  the  state  house  of  representa- 
tives 1826-1831  :  twice  candidate  of  the 
National  Republicans  for  governor  of  New 
York  and  defeated:  delegate  to  the  Nation- 
al Anti-Masonic  convention  at  Philadel- 
phia September  11.  1830 :  defeated  as  the 
National  Republican  candidate  for  Vice- 
President  in  1831  :  elected  a  Representa- 
tive from  New  York  to  the  Twenty-fourth 
Congress  as  a  Whig:  defeated  as  the  Whig 
candidate  for  the  Twenty-fifrh  Congress  by 
Mark  A.  Sibley  ;  elected  to  the  Twenty- 
sixth  Congress  ;  appointed  Postmaster-Gen- 
eral, serving  from  March  6,  1S41,  to  Sep- 
tember 18.  1S41  ;  elected  to  the  Twenty- 
seventh  Congress  as  a  Whig  (vice  John 
Greig.  resigned),  serving  from  December, 
7.  1841.  to  March  3.  1843;  his  ••silver 
gray"  hair  was  assumed  as  a  name  by  a 
portion  of  the  Whig  party  in  New  York: 
delegate  to  the  peace  convention  in  1S<",1 
died  at  Canandaigua,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  28.  1868. 


Granger 


Messages  and  Papers  of  tltf  Presidents 


Granger,  Gideon;  lawyer,  statesman,  au- 
thor; Postmaster  General  under  Presidents 
Jefferson  and  Madison  ;  b.  July  19,  1767. 
in  Suffield,  Conn.  ;  graduated  from  Yale  in 
1787,  and  after  studying  law  took  up  prac- 
tice in  his  native  town  ;  when  twenty-five 
years  of  age  he  was  elected  to  the  Connec- 
ticut Legislature  and  reelected  annually 
till  1801  ;  was  recognized  as  leader  in  the 
legislature  ;  draughted  and  assisted  in  pass- 
ing the  common  school  law  of  Connecticut ; 
served  as  Postmaster  General  during  Jeffer- 
son's two  terms  and  part  of  that  of  Madi- 
son, resigning  in  1814  ;  removed  to  New 
York  and  became  a  warm  supporter  of  I)e 
Witt  Clinton  ;  elected  to  tiic  New  York 
Senate  that  he  might  aid  in  promoting  the 
construction  of  the  Erie  Canal,  but  was 
compelled  by  failing  health  to  resign ;  au- 
thor of  "Political  Essays,"  originally  pub- 
lished in  periodicals  under  the  worn  dc  plume 
of  "Epaminondas"  and  "Algernon  Sydney"  ; 
delivered  a  model  Fourth  of  July  oration 
at  Suffield  in  17!>7;  died  Dec.  31,  181:2.  in 
Canandaigua,  X.  Y. 

Granger,   Gordon,  thanks   of  President 

tendered,  3440. 

Grant,  Julia  Dent,  swords  and  testimo- 
nials of  Gen.  Grant  offered  Govern- 
ment by,  recommendations  regard- 
ing, 4857. 

Schedule  of  articles,  4859. 
Grant,     Lewis     A.,      brigadier-general, 

nomination  of,  referred  to,  3403. 
Grant,  U.  S.,  biography  of,  3057. 
Grasse,  Marquis  de,  mentioned,  6932. 
Gray,  Pinly  H.,  b.  July  24,  1804,  in  Fay- 
ette  County,   Ind.  ;  obtained  common  school 
education  only  ;   began  the  study  and  prac- 
tice of  law  alone  in  Connetv.ville,   in  1893  ; 
elected  Ma3~or  of  Connersville  in  1904  ;  re- 
elected    in    1909;    elected    to    the    62d,    63d 
and  64th  Congresses  from  Indiana. 

Gray,  George;  diplomat  ;  b.  Newcastle, 
Del.,  May  4,  1840  ;  graduated  from  Prince- 
ton College  when  nineteen  years  old,  re- 
ceiving the  degree  of  A.  B.,  and  in  1862  the 
degree  of  A.M.  ;  after  studying  la\v  with  his 
father,  Andrew  C.  Gray,  he  spent  a  year  in 
the  Harvard  Law  School,  and  admitted  to 
practice  in  ISO?,;  appointed  attorney-gen- 
eral of  the  State  of  Delaware  in  1879  by 
Governor  Hall,  and  reappointod  attorney- 
general  in  1884  by  Governor  Stockley  ;  dele- 
gate to  the  national  Democratic  convention 
at  St.  Louis  in  1876,  at  Cincinnati  in  1880, 
and  at  Chicago  in  1S84;  elected  to  the 
United  States  Senate  as  a  Democrat  to  fill 
the  vacancy  caused  by  the  appointment  of 
Thomas  F.  Bayard  as  Secretary  of  State, 
and  took  his  seat  March  19,  1885;  re-elect- 
ed in  1887  and  took  his  seat  March  4.  1887  ; 
re-elected  in  1898,  serving  until  March  3, 
1899  ;  member  of  the  commission  which  met 
at  Quebec,  August,  1898,  to  settle  differ- 
ence between  United  States  and  Canada, 
and  later  of  the  commission  which  met  at 
Paris  in  September.  1898,  to  arrange  terms 
of  peace  between  United  States  and  Spain  ; 
in  October,  1902,  appointed  chairman  of  fhe 
commission  to  investigate  conditions  of  the 
coal  strike  in  Pennsylvania. 

Gray,  George,  member  of  Spanish-Amer- 
ican Peace  Commission,  6322. 

Gray,  William  E.,  refusal  of  Great  Brit- 
ain to  surrender  other  fugitives  and, 
discussed,  4368. 


Greeley,  Horace  (1811-1872);  journalist 
and  author ;  b.  Amherst,  N.  H. ;  founded 
the  New  York  Tribune,  1841 ;  sat  In  Con- 
gress for  New  York,  1848-49  ;  took  a  lead- 
ing part  in  the  anti-slavery  movement ;  and 
was  the  unsuccessful  nominee  of  the  fused 
Liberal  Republicans  and  Democrats  for  the 
Presidency  in  1872  against  Grant. 

Greeley,  Horace,  Messrs.  Clay,  Thomp- 
son, Holcomb,  and  Sanders  accom- 
panied to  Washington  on  peace  mis- 
sion by,  3438. 

Greely,  Adolphus  Washington;  author, 
explorer ;  b.  Newburyport,  Mass.,  March 
27,  1844 ;  served  through  the  Civil  War, 
a'nd  was  commissioned  captain  and  brev- 
etted  major  and  honorably  discharged  1867  ; 
later  as  lieutenant  in  the  regular  army  he 
was  detailed  to  construct  telegraph  lines  on 
the  Indian  and  Mexican  frontiers  ;  Dec.  11, 
1886,  commissioned  brigadier-general  and 
made  chief  signal  officer  :  assigned  to  com- 
mand an  arctic  expedition  to  establish  one 
of  the  circumpolar  stations,  in  which  work 
eleven  natives  eo-opernted  ;  Aug.  12,  1881, 
landed  twenty-six  persons  within  496  miles 
of  the  pole,  and  added  about  6.000  square 
miles  of  land,  hitherto  unknown,  to  the 
maps  :  after  the  loss  of  their  ship  and  en- 
during hunger  and  hardship,  Greely  and  the 
few  survivors  of  'his  party  were  rescued  by 
relief  parties  sent  after  them  :  Greely  was 
highly  honored  for  his  discoveries. 

Greely,  A.  W.,  expedition  fitted  out  for 
relief  of  Lady  Franklin  Bay  Expe- 
dition under,  discussed,  4835. 
Board    to   consider   expedition   to   be 

sent,  4813. 

Offer   of   rewards  for  rescue   of,   dis- 
cussed., 4795. 

Recommended,  4693,  4787. 
Vessel  presented  by  Great  Britain  to 

United  States  to  aid  in,  4791. 
Eeturn  of,  4917. 

Recommended,  4855. 
Greely,  Ebenezer  S.,  arrest  and  impris- 
onment of,  by  authorities  of  New 
Brunswick,  correspondence  regard- 
ing,   1575,  1622. 
Claims  arising  out  of,  1687. 
Green,  Charles  L.,  passed  assistant  sur- 
geon  in    Navy,    court-martial   of,    re- 
ferred  to,   3998. 
Green,  Duff,  employment  of,  in  Europe, 

21SO,    2181,    2213. 

Greene,  William  Stedman;  b.  Tremont, 
Tazewell  Co.,  111.,  April  28,  1841  ;  removed 
to  Fall  River  with  his  parents  in  1844 ; 
commenced  business  as  auctioneer,  real  es- 
tate and  insurance  agent  in  18(56;  elected 
Mayor  of  Fall  River  in  1880,  1886,  1895, 
1896,  1897,  and  declined  re-election;  in 
July,  1888,  was  appointed  by  Governor 
Ames  General  Superintendent  of  Prisons  for 
the  State,  and  served  until  1S93,  when  he 
\v;is  removed  by  the  Democratic  Governor 
for  political  reasons  ;  appointed  Postmaster 
and  entered  upon  his  duties  April  1,  1898  ; 
resigned  this  posit  inn  and  was  elected  to 
Congress.  May  31,  18i),S,  to  till  an  unexpired 
term  in  the  55th  Congress;  also  elected  to 
the  56th,  57th.  58th,  59th,  60th,  61st,  62d, 
63d  and  64th  Congresses  from  Massachu- 
setts. 


Biographic   Index 


Guitcau 


E 


Qreenough,  Horatio,  statue  of  Washing- 
ton executed  by,  1910. 
Grreer,  James  A.,  member  of  board   to 
consider    expeditions    for    relief    of 
Lady  Franklin  Bay  Expedition,  4813. 
Gregg,  Alexander  White;  lawyer ;  gradu- 
ated   King   College,    at    Bristol,    Term.,    and 
law   department  of   the   University   of    Vir- 
ginia ;  elected  to  the  58th,  59th,  60th,  Gist, 
62d,  C3d  and  64th  Congresses  from  Texas. 

Gregory,  J.  Shaw,  treaty  with  Indians 

concluded  by,  3263. 

Gregory,  Thomas  W. ;  lawyer,  Attorney- 
General  under  President  Wilson ;  b.  Nov. 
0,  1801.  In  Crawfordsvllle,  Miss. ;  gradu- 
ated Southwestern  Presbyterian  University, 
Clarksvllle,  Tenn.,  1888;  attended  the  Uni- 
versity of  Virginia  and  the  University  of 
Texas ;  admitted  to  the  b:ir  in  18N5,  and 
raeticed  in  Austin,  Tex.,  until  ISMS,  when 
e  was  appointed  special  assistant  to  At- 
torney General  MeReynolds  in  the  investi- 
gation of  the  affairs  of  the  New  York, 
New  Haven  and  Hartford  Railroad ;  upon 
the  appointment  of  McReynolds  to  the  Su- 
preme Court  he  was  succeeded  as  Attorney 
general  by  Mr.  Gregory  Sept.  3,  1914. 

Greiner,  John,  treaty  with  Indians  con- 
cluded by,  2727. 

Grenfel,  George  St.  Leger,  papers 
touching  case  of,  transmitted,  3661. 
Gresham,  Walter  Quinton  (1832-1805)  ; 
statesman  and  Cabinet  officer;  b.  Lanes- 
vine,  Ind.  ;  began  the  practice  of  law  1833  ; 
entered  the  Union  army  at  the  outbreak  of 
the  Civil  War  :  brevetted  major-general  of 
volunteers  18(55  ;  Postmaster-General,  1882- 
84  ;  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  1884  :  Sec- 
retary of  State  under  Cleveland,  1893. 

Gresham,  Walter  Q.,  Secretary  of  State, 

5827. 
Death  of,  announced  and  honors  to  be 

paid  memory  of,  6022,  6046. 
Griest,  William  Walton;  manufacturer  of 
Iron,  president  of  railway  and  lighting  com- 
panies, and  a  newspaper  publisher  :  elected 
to  the  Gist,  62d,  63d  and  64th  Congresses 
from  Pennsylvania. 

Griffin,    Walter    T.,    report    of,    trans- 
mitted, 5769. 

GriggS,  John  W.J  lawyer;  Attorney  Gen- 
eral under  President  McKinley  ;  b.  July  10, 
1849,  in  Newton,  N.  J. ;  educated  at  New- 
ton Collegiate  Institute  and  at  Lafayette 
College,  Easton,  Pa.;  took  up  law  practice 
in  Patersou,  N.  J.,  and  became  president 
of  a  national  bank,  and  was  elected  a  State 
Assemblyman,  Senator  aud  finally  Governor, 
being  the  tirst  Republican  to  hold  that  oflice 
in  thirty  years  ;  succeeded  Joseph  McKenna 
as  Attorney  General  Jan.  31,  181)8,  and  re.- 
signed  March  31,  1901. 

Griswold  Roger,  was  born  May  21, 
1702,  at  Lyme,  Conn.  ;  pursued  classical 
studies,  graduating  from  Yale  College  in 
17SO;  studied  law,  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1783  and  began  practice  at  Norwich ;  re* 
turned  to  Lyme  in  1794;  elected  a  Repre- 
sentative from  Connecticut  to  the  4th,  5th, 
6th,  7th,  and  8th  Congresses  as  a  Federal- 
ist ;  appointed  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  Connecticut  in  1807  ;  Presidential  elector 


on  the  Plnekney  nnd  King  ticket;  Llcutcn- 
ant-Goveruor  of  Connecticut  18<>:»  11  and 
Governor  from  Ihl  I  until  his  death  Oct.  -^ 
18J2,  at  Lyme,  Conn. 

Griswold,  Stanley,  conduct  of,  while 
secretary  of  Michigan  Territory,  re- 
ferred to,  -l.'JO. 

Groesbeck,  William  S.;  attorney;  b.  New 
York  City,  July  24,  isir,  ;  received  an  aca- 
demic education  uad  studied  law;  admitted 
to  the  bar;  began  praciice  :it  Cincinnati, 
Ohio;  member  of  the  Stan-  constitutional 
convention  in  1851;  cominissi.-iiier  to  eodlfy 
the  laws  of  Ohio  in  1.S52  ;  elected  a  Repre- 
sentative from  Ohio  to  the-  :{5th  Congress 
as  a  Democrat  ;  member  of  the  peace  confer- 
ence In  ISiil  ;  Stale  senator  in  l.S(i2;  dele- 
gate to  the  national  I'nioii  convention  at 
Philadelphia  in  LstJG;  one  of  President 
Johnson's  counsel  in  his  impeachment  trial; 
died  in  18H7. 

Groesbeck,  William  S.,  counsel  for  Pres- 
ident   Johnson    in    impeachment    pro- 
ceedings,   3<)47. 
Grogan,  Mr.,  capture  and  imprisonment 

of,  by  Canadians,  1U28. 
Grosvenor,  Charles  H.,  brevet  briga- 
dier-general, acts  and  proceedings  of, 
declared  null  and  void,  3548. 
Grundy,  Felix,  Attorney-General  under 
President  Van  I5uren  ;  born  in  Berkeley 
County,  Va.,  Sept.  11,  1777;  when  two 
years  old  moved  to  Brownsville,  Pa.  ; 
thence  in  17SO  to  Kentucky ;  received  an 
academic  education  ;  studied  law  ;  admitted 
to  the  bar  and  practiced;  member  of  the 
Kentucky  constitutional  convention  in 
1799 ;  member  of  the  state  legislature 
1800-181)5 :  chosen  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  Kentucky  in  1SOO ;  soon  after- 
wards made  chief  justice  ;  moved  to  Nash- 
ville, Tenn..  in  1807;  elected  a  Representa- 
tive from  Tennessee  a-;  a  War  Democrat 
to  the  Twelfth  and  Thirteenth  Congresses; 
resigned  in  1814  ;  member  of  the  Tennessee 
house  of  representatives  1815-1819;  elect- 
ed a  United  States  Senator  from  Tennessee 
(vice  John  II.  Eaton,  resigned  i.  serving 
from  Dec.  7,  1829,  to  July  4.  1838.  when 
he  resigned  :  appointed  Attorney-General 
Ju!y  5,  1838.  resigning  Dec.  1,  1840.  to 
become  United  States  Senator:  having 
doubts  as  to  his  eligility.  returned  to  Ten- 
nessee to  become  an  "inhabitant"  of  fhe 
state,  and  was  again  elected  Dee.  14.  1MO. 
but  died  at  Nashville,  Tenu,  Dec.  19,  1840. 

Guernsey,  Frank  Edward;  '>.  Oct.  15, 
1800,  Dover,  Piscataquis  Co.,  Me.  ;  studied 
law  and  was  admit  ted  to  the  bar  at  Dover 
in  189H;  was  eleeied  treasurer  of  Pisca- 
taquis County  in  18!>0,  and  re-elected  twice, 
serving  until  Dec.  31.  IsDG;  member  of  the 
Ma,inu  House  of  Representatives  in  1S97  and 
1891),  and  a  mcmi.er  of  the  Maine  Senate  iu 
1903;  elected  to  till  a  vacancy  in  the  6Oth 
Congress,  and  to  the  ('.1st,  62d,  63d  aud 
64th  Congresses  from  Maine. 

Guerra,  Jesus,  demand  of  Mexico  for 
extradition  of,  refused,  6.'l;lli. 

Guest,  John,  thanks  of  Congress  to,  rec- 
ommended, .'!i!77. 

Guiteau,  Charles  J.,  President  Garfleld 
assassinated  by,  4967. 


Gurovits 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Gurovits,   Odon,   report  of,   on  Navajo 

Indians  transmitted,  5782. 
Guthrie,  James,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 
under  President  Pierce ;  b.  Nelson  County, 
Ky.,  Dec.  5th,  1792 ;  educated  at  McAllis- 
ter's Academy,  Bardstown,  Ky. ;  entered 
the  Mississippi  trade ;  also  studied  and 
practiced  law  at  Bardstown,  Ky.  ;  appoint- 
ed Commonwealth  attorney  in  3S20  and 
moved  to  Louisville :  member  of  tbe  state 
legislature  for  several  years,  serving  in 
both  branches :  delegate  and  chosen  presi- 
dent of  the  Kentucky  constitutional  con- 
vention :  president  of  the  I'niversity  of 
Louisville,  the  Louisville  and  Portland 
Canal  Company,  and  the  Louisville  and 
Nashville  Railroad  Company :  appointed 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  in  1853  ;  elected 
United  States  Senator  from  Kentucky  as  a 


Democrat,  serving  from  March  4,  1865.  to 
Feb.  7,  18CS.  when  he  resigned  on  account 
of  illness  ;  died  at  Louisville.  Ky..  March 
13,  1809. 

Gutte,  Isidore,  claim  of,  to  vessel  con- 
demned by  Salvador  and  subsequent- 
ly presented  to   United  States,  4988. 
Gwin,   Samuel,  register  of  laud   office: 
Nomination  of,  and  reasons  therefor, 

1137,  1170,  1198. 
Official  conduct  of,  charges  affecting, 

1447. 
Gwin,  William  M.: 

Immigration    plans    of,    referred    to, 

3571. 
Mentioned,  2570. 


Biographic  Index 


Hamill 


Habersham,  Joseph,  soldier  and  Postmas- 
ter-General under  Presidents  Washington, 
John  Adams  and  Jefferson ;  b.  Savannah, 
Ga.,  July  128,  1751  ;  his  father,  James, 
came  from  England  to  Savannah  with 
Whitefield,  the  English  evangelist,  In  1738, 
and  taught  school  for  some  years,  but  be- 
came a  merchant  in  1744,  and  was  subse- 
quently prominent  in  civil  affairs.  He 
raised  the  first  cotton  in  the  state,  and 
sent  the  first  few  bales  of  cotton  to  Eng- 
land that  went  out  from  Georgia:  three  of 
his  sons  were  zealous  patriots,  and  Joseph 
was  a  member  of  the  first  committee  ap- 
pointed by  the  friends  of  liberty  in  his  na- 
tive colony,  in  July,  1774;  in  1775  (June 
11),  with  others,  he  seized  the  powder  in 
the  arsenal  at  Savannah,  for  the  use  of  the 
colonists ;  during  the  same  month  'he  was 
made  a  member  of  the  Georgia  committee 
of  safety.  In  July  of  that  year  he  com- 
manded a  party  which  captured  a  British 
government  vessel,  having  on  board  15.000 
pounds  of  powder ;  during  the  following 
Jan.,  and  while  a  member  of  the  colonial 
assembly,  he  raised  a  party  of  volunteers, 
which  took  Gov.  Wright  a  prisoner,  and 
confined  him  to  his  'house  under  guard. 
Appointed  (Feb.  4,  1776)  major  of  the 
1st  Georgia  battery,  he  defended  Savannah 
from  a  naval  attack  early  in  March.  In 
the  winter  of  1778.  after  the  capture  of 
Savannah  by  the  British,  he  removed  his 
family  to  Virginia,  but  participated  in  the 
unsuccessful  attack  upon  that  city  while 
it  was  in  the  hands  of  the  British  in  Sep- 
tember, 1779;  he  was  lieutenant-colonel  at 
the  close  of  the  war  ;  in  1785-86  he  was  a 
delegate  from  Georgia  to  the  Continental 
Congress,  and  speaker  of  the  state  assem- 
bly in  1785.  and  in  1790  ;  President  Wash- 
ington appointed  him  U.  S.  Postmaster- 
General  in  1795,  and  he  was  continued  In 
office  by  Presidents  John  Adams  and  Jef- 
ferson 'until  1801,  when  he  resigned  the 
position  to  become  president  (1802)  of 
the  United  States  Branch  Bank  at  Savan- 
nah. Which  presidency  he  held  until  his 
death  at  Savannah  Nov.  17.  1815.  A 
county  of  his  native  state  bears  his  name. 

Hale,   C.   H.,   treaty   with  Indians  con- 
cluded by  3403. 

Hale,  Eugene;  b.  Turner,  Oxford  Co.,  Me., 
June  0,  1836 ;  received  an  academic  educa- 
tion ;  studied  law,  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  1857,  and  commenced  practice  at  the  age 
of  twenty ;  was  a  member  of  the  Legisla- 
ture of  Maine  in  1807,  1868  and  1880;  was 
elected  to  the  41st,  42d,  and  43d  Con- 
gresses ;  appointed  Postmaster-General  by 
President  Grant  in  1874,  but  declined;  wag 
re-elected  to  the  44th  and  45th  Congresses, 
was  tendered  a  Cabinet  appointment  as  Sec- 
retary of  the  Navy  by  President  Hayes,  and 
declined  ;  received  the  degree  of  LL.  D. 
from  Bates  College,  from  Colby  University, 
and  from  Bowdoin  College;  was  elected  to 
the  United  States  Senate  to  succeed  Hanni- 
bal Hamlin,  for  the  term  beginning  March 
4,  1881  ;  was  re-elected  in  1887,  1893,  1899 
and  in  1905  to  represent  Maine. 
Hale,  John  Parker  (1806-1873);  states- 
man ;  b.  at  Dover,  N.  H.  ;  a  member  of 
Congress,  1843-45;  United  States  Senator, 
1847-53,  and  1855-65;  nominated  for  Presi- 
dent by  the  Liberal  party  In  1847;  and 
by  the  Free-Soil  Democrats  in  1852;  in 
the  latter  part  of  his  political  career  he 
was  a  Republican  :  United  States  minister 
to  Spain.  1865-69 ;  in  the  early  days  he 
stood  almost  alone  in  the  Senate  as  an 
anti-slavery  Democrat. 


Hale,  W.  J.,  claim  of,  against  Argen- 
tine Republic,  4806. 
Hall,  Charles  F.,  publication  of  second 
edition  of  Second  Arctic  Expedition 
made  by,  suggested,  4666. 
Hall,  Nathan  K.,  Postmaster-General  un- 
der President  Fillrnore ;  b.  Marcellus,  N. 
Y.,  March  10,  1810;  received  an  academic 
education  ;  studied  law  at  Buffalo  with 
Mlllard  Fillmore  ;  admitted  to  tin;  bar  in 
1832;  commenced  practice  tinder  the  firm 
name  of  Fillmore,  Hall  &  Haven  :  member 
of  the  state  house  of  representatives  in 
1846;  elected  a  Representative  from  New 
York  to  the  Thirtieth  Congress  as  a  Whig; 
appointed  Postmaster-General,  serving  from 
July  23,  1850,  to  Aug.  31.  1S52;  appointed 
United  Stales  district  judge  for  the  we- 1 
crn  district  of  New  York,  holding  the  posi- 
tion until  he  died,  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y., 
March  2,  1874. 

Halleck,  Henry  Wager;  soldier,  author ;  b. 

Westernville,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  16,  1815;  grad.  U. 
S.  Military  Acad.,  1839;  ordered  to  Monfe- 
rev,  Cal.,  1847,  which  he  fortified  and  main- 
tained as  rendezvous  of  Pacific-squadron  ; 
and  took  an  active  part  in  Mexican  War  ; 
member  of  the  convention  whirli.  in  is  lit, 
framed  the  constitution  for  California:  en- 
gaged in  practice  of  law  and  in  mining 
and  railroad  work  in  California  and  lie- 
came  major-general  of  state  militia  ;  on 
the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil  War  was  ap- 
pointed Major-General  of  I'.  S.  army  on 
recommendation  of  (Jen.  WiniiHd  Si-oft  :  bis 
effective  work  in  the  west  during  the  early 
months  of  the  rebellion  resulted  in  his  be- 
ing placed  in  command  of  the  Department. 
of  the  Mississippi,  which  Included  all  the 
country  between  the  Allegheny  and  Iloeky 
Mountains  ;  July  23,  lSfi.">.  was  appointed 
by  President  Lincoln  general-in-ch[ef  of  the 
armies  of  the  United  States,  with  head- 
quarters at  Washington  :  later  transferred  to 
tho  Pacific  coast,  and  after  the  close  of  the 
war  to  the  division  of  the  south  with  head- 
quarters at  Louisville,  Ky.  :  for  his  lectures 
and  writings  on  the  science  of  war  he  was 
honored  with  college  degrees:  among  his 
published  works  was  a  translation  of  the 
"Political  and  Military  History  of  Napo- 
leon"; died  Louisville,  Ky.,  Jan.  9,  1872. 

Halleck,  Henry  W.: 

Lieutenant  in  Engineer  Corps,  report 
of,  on   means  of  national   defense, 
2213. 
Major-general — 

Assigned    to    command   of   Depart- 
ment of  Mississippi,  3312. 
Assigned     to     command     of     land 
forces   of  United  States,  3.".  17. 
Believed  from  command  and  as- 
signed to  duty  as  chief  of  staff, 
3435. 
Halpine,   William  G.,   Fenian  prisoner, 

release  of,  referred  to,  4114. 
Hamed,     Mahommed,     treaty    between 
Turkey  and  United  States  concluded 
by,  1093. 

HamiU,  James  A.;  b.  in  Jersey  City,  N 
J  March  30,  1877  :  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
of  New  Jersey,  1900;  elected  in  1902  a  mem- 
ber of  the  New  Jersey  house  of  assembly, 
where  he  served  four  consecutive  one-year 
terms:  elected  to  the  60th.  61st.  <V_'d.  <>:,d 
and  64th  Congresses  from  New  Jersey. 


Hamilton 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Hamilton,  Alexander;  statesman  ;  b.  in  the 
West  Indies,  Jan.  11,  1757 ;  entered  the 
army  as  an  artillery  officer  and  became  an 
aide-de-camp  to  lieutenant-colonel :  delegate 
to  the  Continental  Congress  from  New  York 
in  1782  and  1783,  and  under  the  constitu- 
tion in  1787  and  1788 ;  member  of  the 
convention  which  framed  the  Constitution 
and  by  his  writings,  signed  "Publius,"  did 
much  'to  secure  its  adoptir-.n,  but  was  the 
only  member  from  New  York  who  signed 
that  instrument :  appointed  secretary  of 
the  treasury  1789  and  continued  in  that 
office  until  1795.  when  he  resigned  ;  had  a 
difficulty  with  Aaron  Burr  in  1804,  and  In 
a  duel  between  the  two  fought  at  Wee- 
hawken.  N.  J.,  he  received  a  fatal  wound 
from  which  he  died  the  next  day,  July  12, 
1804. 

Hamilton,  Alexander,  commissioner  of 
land  titles  in  East  Florida,  report  of, 
transmitted  to  the  House  by  Presi- 
dent Monroe,  812. 

Hamilton,  Andrew  J.;  statesman;  b. 
Madison  County,  Ala.,  Jan.  28,  1815 ;  re- 
ceived a  liberal  education;  studied  law  and 
admitted  to  the  bar;  clerk  of  the  county 
court  ;  moved  to  Texas  in  1846  and  resumed 
the  practice  of  law  at  Lagrange  ;  Presiden- 
tial elector  on  the  Buchanan  and  Brecken- 
ridite  ticket  in  1856  ;  elected  a  Representa- 
tive from  Texas  to  the  36th  Congress  as  a 
Republican  ;  appointed  by  President  Lincoln 
military  governor  of  Texas  in  1862;  ap- 
pointed provisional  governor  by  President 
Johnson  in  1865  ;  delegate  to  the  loyalists' 
convention  at  Philadelphia  In  1866  ;  died  at 
Austin,  Tex.,  April  10,  1875. 

Hamilton,  Andrew  J.,  provisional  gov- 
ernor of  Texas,  appointed  with   au- 
thority to  arrange  and  direct  a  con- 
vention of  delegates  to  be  chosen  by 
only  loyal  citizens  of  the  State  and 
by  none  others,  3519. 
Hamilton,    Charles    S.,    brevet    second 
lieutenant,    promotion    of,    to    second 
lieutenant  recommended,   2296. 
Hamilton,   Edward  L.;   b.   Niles,   Mich., 
Dec.    9,     1857 ;    admitted    to    the    bar    in 
1884  ;  elected  to  the  55th,  56th,  57th,  58th, 
59th,    60th.    61st,   62d,   63d  and  64th   Con- 
gresses  from   Michigan. 

Hamilton,  James  A.,  correspondence  re- 
garding northeastern  boundary.  (See 
Northeastern  Boundary.) 
Hamilton,  Paul;  financier,  Governor  of 
South  Carolina,  Secretary  of  the  Navy  un« 
der  President  Madison;  b.  Oct.  16,  1762,  in 
St.  Paul's  parish,  S.  C.  ;  although  a  young 
man  he  was  of  great  service  during  the 
Revolution;  from  1799  to  1804  was  Comp 
troller  of  South  Carolina,  displaying  re- 
niarkalilc  capacity  for  financial  affairs  and 
systematizing  the  finances  of  the  State: 
Governor,  1x04-06:  appointed  Secretary  of 
the  Navy  by  President  Madison  in  1809; 
while  Hamilton  was  Secretary  authority 
was  given  for  the  construction  of  four 
shifts  of  seventy-four  guns  each,  six  frig- 
ates and  six  sloops  of  war,  and  a  war  debt 
of  $21,000,000  was  created;  the  success  of 
the  navy  is  recorded  elsewhere;  Mr.  Ham- 
ilton resigned  in  December,  1812,  and  died 
.In ne  :>,{),  1X16,  at  Keaufort,  S.  C. 

Hamlin,  Courtney  Walker;  b.  at  Brevard, 
N.  C.,  Oct.  27,  1858;  elected  to  the  58tb, 


60th,  61st,  62d,  63d  and  64th  Congresses 
from  Missouri. 

Hamlin,  Hannibal;  statesman ;  b.  Paris, 
Me.,  Aug.  27,  1809  ;  member  of  the  Maine 
legislature,  1836-40,  and  speaker  of  the 
house  1837,  1839  and  1840 ;  elected  to  the 
28th  and  29th  Congresses,  and  again  be- 
came a  member  of  ihe  State  legislature  in 
1847 ;  elected  to  the  United  State  Senate 
1848  to  fill  a  vacancy  of  four  years  and 
in  1851  was  re-elected  for  the  full  term ; 
elected  governor  of  Maine,  in  1857  and  re- 
signed the  same  year  to  return  to  the  Sen- 
ate ;  resigned  from  the  Senate  Jan.  1,  18(!1 
having  been  elected  Vice-President  on  the 
ticket  with  President  Lincoln  ;  presided 
over  the  senate  during  Lincoln's  first  term, 
and  after  the  election  of  Lincoln  and 
Johnson,  was  made  Collector  of  the  Port 
of  Boston,  which  he  resigned  in  18(56 ; 
again  elected  to  the  Senate  in  1SG9  and 
for  the  fifth  time  In  1875  :  declined  reelec- 
tion in  1881,  after  a  service  of  twenty-five 
years  In  the  Senate :  minister  to  Spain 
under  President  Garfield ;  died  July  4 
1891,  at  Bangor,  Me.,  the  third  Vice-Presi- 
dent to  die  on  the  nation's  birthday. 

Hamlin,  Hannibal,  death  of,  announced 
and  honors  to  be  paid  memory  of, 
5609. 

Hammond  Samuel;  engineer,  soldier;  b. 
Richmond  County,  Va.,  Sept.  21,  1757  ;  re- 
ceived a  liberal  education ;  served  in  the 
Revolutionary  Army ;  after  independence 
was  established  settled  at  Savannah  ;  sur- 
veyor-general of  Georgia ;  served  in  the 
Creek  war  and  commanded  a  corps  of  Geor- 
gia volunteers;  member  of  the  State  house 
of  representatives ;  elected  a  Representa- 
tive from  Georgia  to  the  8th  Congress  as  a 
Democrat ;  civil  and  military  governor  of 
upper  Louisiana  Territory  1805-1824 ;  re- 
ceiver of  public  moneys  at  St.  Louis  ;  moved 
in  1824  to  South  Carolina  ;  a  member  of  the 
State  legislature;  surveyor-general  in  1825; 
secretary  of  State  of  South  Carolina  1831- 
1835 ;  died  near  Augusta,  Ga.,  Sept.  11, 
1842. 

Hammond,  Samuel,  colonel  command- 
ant, commissioned,  364. 
Hancock,  John;  patriot,  statesman ;  b. 
Quincy,  Mass.,  Jan.  12,  1737 ;  pursuing  clas- 
sical studies,  graduated  from  Harvard  Col- 
lege in  1754  :  trained  to  a  business  career  in 
his  uncle's  large  counting-room,  whose  large 
fortune  and  business  he  inherited  ;  several 
years  was  one  of  the  selectmen  of  Boston  ; 
member  of  the  provincial  legislature  17(>(>- 
1772 ;  active  in  pre-Revolutionary  move- 
ments, and,  with  Samuel  Adams,  was  ex- 
empted from  pardon  in  Governor  Gage's 
proclamation  of  June  12,  1775;  Delegate 
from  Massachusetts  to  the  Continental  Con- 
gress 1775-1780  and  1785-86,  serving  as 
President  of  the  Continental  Congress  May 
27.  1775-October,  1777  ;  served  as  senior 
major-general  of  Massachusetts  militia  dur- 
ing the  Revolutionary  war  ;  member  of  the 
Massachusetts  constitutional  convention  of 
1780-  governor  of  Massachusetts  1780-17S5 
and  1787,  until  his  death  at  Quincy,  Oct.  8, 
1793. 

Hancock,  John,  governor  of  Massachu- 
setts,   letter    of,    regarding     eastern 
boundary   transmitted,  65. 
Hancock,    John;    jurist :    b.    of    Virginia 
parents,   in  Jackson   County,    AIn.,    Oct.    '_'!>, 
1824  :  educated  partly  in  Alabama  and  part- 
ly in  Tennessee ;  studied  law  at  Winchester, 


Biographic   Index 


Harney 


Tenn.  ;  admitted  to  the  bar  In  1840. ;  settled 
In  Texas  in  1847,  practicing  his  profession 
there  uutil  August,  1851  ;  elected  to  the  dis- 
trict bench  of  the  State  and  served  us  judge 
until  1855,  when  he  resinned  and  resumed 
practice  and  planting;  member  of  the  State 
legislature  in  1860  and  1801,  when  he  re- 
fused to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the 
Confederate  States  and  was  expelled  ;  elect- 
ed a  member  of  the  State  constitutional 
convention  of  1806;  engaged  In  the  practice 
of  his  profession,  planting  and  stock  raising  ; 
elected  a  Representative  to  the  4 lid.  48d 
and  44th  Congresses,  and  re-elected  to  the 
48th  Congress  as  a  Democrat ;  after  the  ex- 
piration of  his  term  in  Congress  he  resumed 
the  practice  of  law  at  Austin,  Tex.,  and 
died  there  July  19,  1893. 

Hancock,  Winfleld  Scott;  soldier;  b. 
Montgomery  Square,  Pa.,  Feb.  14,  1824  ; 
grad.  West  Point,  1844,  and  served  with 
distinction  in  Mexican  War;  commissioned 
brigadier-general  in  1801;  commanded  the 
second  army  corps  In  left  center  of  the 
battle  of  Gettysburg,  his  conduct  In  this 
campaign  calling  forth  the  thanks  of  Con- 
gress ;  his  gallantry  and  efficiency  in  the 
Wilderness,  Spotfsylvania,  and  at  Peters- 
burg earned  for  him  his  promotion  to 
major-general  ;  after  the  war  'he  was  sta- 
tioned at  Governors  Island,  New  York  har- 
bor ;  nominated  for  president  by  the 
Democrats  in  1880,  but  was  defeated  by 
Garfleld ;  died  Governors  Island,  Feb.  9, 
1SSG. 

Hancock,  Winfield  S.: 

Death  of,  announced  and  honors  to 
be  paid  memory  of,  5077. 

Department  of  South  merged  in  De- 
partment of  East  under  command 
of,  4754. 

Ordered  to  execute  sentence  of  mil- 
itary court  in  case  of  assassins  of 
President  Lincoln,  3546. 

Patriotic  conduct  of,  recognition  of, 
by  Congress  recommended,  3793. 

Handy,  Moses  P.,  special  commissioner 
to  Paris  Exposition,  death  of,  re- 
ferred to,  6329. 

Hanna,  Marcus  Alonzo  (1837-1904)  ; 
politician  and  business  man ;  b.  Lisbon, 
Ohio  ;  prominent  as  a  delegate  to  the  Na- 
tional Republican  Conventions  after  1884, 
and  is  given  credit  for  securing  the  nomi- 
nation and  election  of  President  McKinlcy, 
in  whose  campaign  Hanna  was  chairman 
of  the  Republican  Committee  1896  ;  in  1897 
he  was  appointed  United  States  Senator  to 
succeed  John  Sherman,  and  was  returned 
again  in  1898  ;  was  an  influential  supporter 
and  adviser  of  the  administration. 

Hannen,  Sir  Nicholas  John,  arbitrator 

of    Cheek    claim   against   Siam,    6336. 
Hanson,  Grafton  D.,  restoration  of,  to 

rank  in  Army  recommended,  2368. 
Hardee,  William  J.,  major  by  brevet, 

nomination   of   and   reasons  therefor, 

2443. 

Hardy,  Rufus;  b.  Dec.  16.  1855,  Mon- 
roe Co.,  Miss. ;  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1875 ;  elected  county  attorney  of  Navarro 
Co..  Tex.,  in  1880  and  1SS2  :  district  at- 
torney, thirteenth  judicial  district.  1884 
and  1880 :  district  judge  of  the  same  dis- 
trict, 1888  and  1892  ;  elected  to  the  COfh, 


Olst,  02d.  G.°,d  and  04 th  Congn  ss.-s  from 
Texas. 

Harlan,  James,  Secretary  <>r  the  int.  rior 
under  President  .Johnson;  b.  Clark  County. 
111.,  Aug.  i:r>.  ivjii;  rcr,.iv.-d  a  <  la  --leal 
education,  graduating  from  the  Indiana 
Anbury  University  In  1845  ;  studied  law  ; 
removed  to  Iowa  ;  superintendent  of  public 
Instruction  In  1S47:  president  of  the  lown 
Wesleyan  I 'nlversity  ;  elected  a  I'nited 
States  Senator  from  Iowa  as  a  Whig  in 
May.  18r,r(:  the  seat  having  been  declared 
vacant  on  the  ground  of  an  Infonualltv  in 
his  election,  again  elected  for  the  remain- 
der of  (he  term  In  l,S."i7,  and  reflected  j,, 
1800,  serving  until  March,  Isr.r,  having 
been  appointed  Secretary  of  the  Interior; 
resigned  this  position  in  1.st;t;.  having  \<>--i\ 
elected  to  the  I'nited  State-;  Semite  a-:  a 
Republican  for  the  term  beginning  in  lsr,7, 
and  served  until  March  ::.  1ST:::  delegate, 
to  the  peace  convention  in  isiil  :  delegate 
to  the  Philadelphia  Loyalist  convention  of 
1800;  presiding  judge  of  court  of  commis- 
sioners of  Alabama  claims  18.v_'lShf>: 
editor  of  Washington  t'hruniclc :  died  at 
Mount  Pleasant,  Iowa,  Oct.  "»,  1899. 
Harmon,  Judson;  Attorney  General  under 
President  Cleveland;  b.  Feb.  3,  184*5.  in 
Newton,  O.  ;  son  of  a  Baptist  minister,  who 
conducted  his  early  education  until  he  en- 
tered Denlson  University,  where  he  was 
graduated  ill  18015;  studied  law  under  Hon. 
George  Iloadly  and  at  Cincinnati  I/iw 
School  and  began  practice  in  1809  In  Cin- 
cinnati; marrU-d  in  1870  Olive  Scoliey.  of 
Hamilton.  Ohio:  supported  Horace  Greeley 
for  President  in  the  campaign  of  lsT_: 
judge  of  the  Superior  Court  of  Cincinnati 
1878-1887;  appointed  Attorney  General 
June  8,  1895,  to  succeed  Hleh'ard  Olney, 
who  became  Secretary  of  State ;  many  of 
his  opinions  and  papers  are  highly  regarded, 
particularly  his  reply  to  Bryan's  attack  on 
the  President's  authority  to  suppress  inter- 
ference with  functions  of  the  government  ; 
during  his  term  as  Attorney  General  he  ar- 
gued many  important  cases  in  the  Supreme 
Court,  and  took  an  active  part  in  the  in- 
ternational and  other  complications  which 
marked  the  latter  part  of  Cleveland's  sec- 
ond administration. 

Harmon,  Judson,  Attorney-General,  or- 
der to,  respecting  indebtedness  of  Pa- 
cific railroads,  0233. 

Harmount,  E.  Hertzberg,  Dominican 
consul-general  in  London,  mentioned. 
4017. 

Harney,  William  Selby;  soldier;  b.  m-ir 
Haysboro,  Tenn.,  Aug.  27.  l.yiO;  commis- 
sioned second  lieutenant  in  the  regular 
army  Feb.  I",  ISIS;  served  in  the  B'a.-k 
Hawk  and  Seminole  Indian  Wars  and  in 
the  Mexican  War:  brevetted  brigadier-gen- 
eral for  gallantry  at  Cerro  Gordo  :  served 
in  later  campaigns  agai,nst  the  Indians  on 
the  western  plains  :  relieved  of  hi*  com- 
mand and  placed  on  the  retired  list  at 
the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  and  hiw- 
etted  major-general  for  long  and  faithful 
service;  died  Orlando,  Fla.,  May  9.  18VJ. 

Harney,  William  S.: 

Correspondence  of,  referred  to,  3110. 

Sioux  Indians — 

Report  of.  on,  3807. 
Stipulations  with,  recommendations 
regarding,  2912. 

Visit    of,    to    San    Juan    Island     dis- 
cussed, 3093. 


Harper 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Harper,  Mr.,  treaty  with  Indians  con- 
cluded by,  referred  to,  2692. 
Harrell,  Abram,  thanks  of  Congress  to, 

recommended,  3277. 

Harriman,    David    B.,   treaty   with   In- 
dians concluded  by,  2829. 
Harris,  Thomas  M.,  member  of  court  to 
try    assassins    of    President    Lincoln, 
etc.,  3534. 
Harris,    Townsend,    treaty   with   Japan 

concluded  by,  3012. 

Harris,  William  T.,  claim  of,  to  prop- 
erty withheld  by  Brazilian  Govern- 
ment, 3899. 

Harrison,  Anna,  resolution  of  Congress 
on    death    of    husband    transmitted 
to,  "1908. 
Reply  of,  1909. 

Harrison,  Benjamin,  biography  of,  5438. 
Harrison,  Byron  P.;  l>.  in  Crystal  Springs, 
Copiah  County,  Miss.,  Aug.  29,  1881  ;  edu- 
cated in  the  public  schools  of  Crystal 
Springs,  Miss.,  and  the  Louisiana  State 
University  at  Baton  Rouge  ;  married  Mary 
Ed\vina  Mclnnis,  of  Leakesville,  Greene 
Co.,  Miss.,  in  January,  1905 ;  member  of 
the  /.  A.  E.  fraternity,  W.  O.  W.,  Knights 
of  Pythias,  Odd  Fellows,  Elks  and  Masons  ; 
elected  District  Attorney  at  the  age  of  24 
years  and  served  in  that  capacity  for  two 
terms  until  September,  1910,  and  elected  to 
the  62d,  03d  and  04th  Congresses  from  Mis- 
sissippi. 

Harrison,  Napoleon,  thanks  of  Con- 
gress to,  recommended,  3277. 
Harrison,  W.  H.,  biography  of,  1858. 
Harrod,  Benjamin  M.,  canal  commis- 
sioner to  Panama,  7400. 
Hartman,  Jesse  L.;  b.  Cottage,  Hunting- 
ton  County,  Pa.,  June  18,  1853 ;  received 
his  education  in  the  public  and  academic 
schools  ;  engaged  in  the  iron  business  1878 
to  1891  as  general  manager  of  the  Holli- 
dayslturg  &  Gap  Iron  Works  ;  elected  protho- 
notary  of  Blair  County  in  1891,  1894,  and 
1897  ;  extensively  engaged  in  the  quarrying 
and  shipping  of  ganister  rock  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  refractionary  linings  for 
sled  furnaces:  is  president  of  the  First  Na- 
tional Hank  of  Ilollidaysburg  :  participated 
in  i  IK-  lasi  three  national  conventions  of  the 
Republican  party :  elected  to  the  G2d  and 
<;4th  Congresses  from  Pennsylvania. 

Hartranft,  John  Frederic;  soldier:  b. 
Montgomery  Co.,  Pa.,  Dec.  10,  1830;  grad. 
Union  College,  A.  K  1853,  A.  M.  1850;  ad- 
mitted to  bar  in  1859  ;  recruited  and  became 
colonel  of  regiment  of  Pennsylvania  volun- 
teers; from  ],S04  was  a  brigadier-general, 
he  was  brevet  ted  major-general  and  his 
troops  were  the  tirst  to  enter  Fredericks- 
burg;  elected  Auditor-General  of  Pennsyl- 
vania 1805:  re-elected  1808:  twice  elected 
Governor  of  Pennsylvania,  1872  and  1875; 
died  Norristown,  Pa.,  Oct.  17,  1889. 
Hartranft,  John  F.: 

Member     of     Cherokee     Commission, 

death  of,  referred  to,  5481. 
Special    provost-marshal    in    trial    of 

persons  implicated  in  assassination 

of     President    Lincoln,     appointed, 

3532. 


Harvey,   John,    correspondence   regard 

ing- 
Imprisonment  of  Ebenezer  S.  Greelv, 

1575. 

Northeastern  boundarj'.     (See  North- 
eastern Boundary.) 

Harvey,   Thomas  H.,  treaties  with  In- 
dians concluded  by,  2273,  2304. 
Hatch,  Davis,  imprisonment  of,  by  Do- 
minican   Republic    referred   to,   4004, 
4013. 

Hatch,  Edward,  brigadier-general,  nom- 
ination of,  referred  to,  3403. 
Hatton,  Frank;  printer,  editor;  b.  April 
28,  1840,  in  Cambridge,  Ohio ;  attended 
public  school  and  learned  the  printing 
business  in  the  office  of  his  father,  who 
published  the  Cadiz  (Ohio)  Republican  ; 
volunteered  in  the  Civil  \Var  and  went  to 
the  front  with  the  98th  Ohio  regiment  in 
1802  ;  after  the  war  he  went  to  Iowa  and 
for  a  time  published  the  Mount  Pleasant 
Journal ;  went  to  Burlington,  Iowa,  and 
bought  an  interest  in  the  Jiairkci/c  ;  made 
postmaster  of  Burlington  in  1881  'and  later 
Assistant  Postmater  General  ;  upon  the  res- 
ignation of  Judge  Greshiim  from  President 
Arthur's  cabinet,  Mr.  Hatton  was  appointed 
to  the  position:  with  the  exception  of 
Alexander  Hamilton  he  was  the  youngest 
cabinet  officer  up  to  that  time;  after  leav- 
ing office  Mr.  Hatton  was  editor  of  the 
National  Republican,  Washington ;  Chicago 
Mail,  Washington  I'oxt  and  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  New  York  Press  ;  died  April 
24,  1894,  in  Washington. 

Haugen,  Gilbert  N.;  b.  April  21,  1859,  in 
Rock  Co.,  Wis.  ;  was  treasurer  of  Worth 
County,  Iowa,  for  six  years;  elected  to  the 
Iowa  Legislature,  two  terms:  elected  to 
the  50th,  57th,  58th,  59th,  00th,  Olst,  02d, 
03d  and  04th  Congresses  from  Iowa. 

Haupt,  Herman,  chief  of  construction 
and  transportation  in  Department  of 
Eappahannock,  3314. 
Hawkins,  Benjamin;  soldier,  statesman ; 
b.  Warren  Co.,  N.  ('.,  Aug.  15,  1754  ;  during 
1781-84  and  1780-87  he  was  a  delegate  in 
Congress  and  served  during  1789-95  as 
United  States  Senator  from  North  Carolina  ; 
appointed  agent  for  superintending  all  the 
Indian  tribes  south  of  the  Ohio  River  in 
1790.  and  retained  this  office  until  his 
death  in  Hawkinsville,  <Ja..  June  It;.  1S10; 
author  of  "Topography"  and  "Indiau 
Character." 

Hawkins,  Benjamin: 

Commissioner  to   treat   with   Indians, 

nomination  of,  1  71. 
Lands     donated     to,     by     Indians     as 

mark  of  gratitude,  555. 
Treaty    with    Indians    concluded    bv, 

202. 

Hawkins,  Edgar,  captain  in  Army,  men- 
tioned, 2367. 

Hawley,  Willis  Chatman;  b.  near  Mon- 
roe, Benton  Co..  Oreg.,  May  5,  1S04,  of 
Pioneer  parentage;  graduated  from  Will- 
liunette  University.  Salem.  Oreg..  B.  S. 
(1884),  A.  B.  and'LL.  B.  MSS.xt,  and  A.  M. 
n.Silli;  regularly  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
Oregon  in  1 N93,  and  to  the  United  States 
courts  in  1900  ;  was  principal  of  the  Umpqiia 


Biographic  Index 


Henry 


Academy.  Wilbur,  Oreg.,  1884-1880;  presi- 
dent of  the  Oregon  State  Normal  School  at 
Drain,  1888-1891  ;  the  remainder  of  his 
educational  work  kas  been  In  connection 
with  Willamette  University;  elected  to  the 
OMh,  Olst.  02d,  (Kid  and  04th  Congresses 
from  Oregon. 

Hay,  James;  b.  in  Millwood,  Clarke  Co., 
Va.  ;  was  educated  at  private  schools  In 
Maryland  and  Virginia,  at  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  and  Washington  and  Lee  Uni- 
versity, Virginia,  from  which  latter  institu- 
tion lie  graduated  in  law  in  1877;  moved  to 
Hnrrisonburg,  Va.,  1877  ;  elected  attorney 
for  the  Commonwealth  in  18S3,  1887,  18!)1 
and  1805  :  elected  to  the  House  of  Delegates 
of  Virginia  in  1885,  1887,  and  18X9;  elected 
to  the  Virginia  State  Senate  in  1893;  elected 
to  the  55th.  56th.  57th.  58th.  59th,  00th, 
01st,  G2d,  03d  and  04th  Congresses  from 
Virginia. 

Hay,  John;  lawyer,  editor,  diplomat,  au- 
thor; b.  Salem,  Ind.,  Oct.  8,  1838;  became 
Private  Secretary  to  President  Lincoln  in 
1801,  adjutant  and  aide-de-camp  during 
Civil  War,  and  was  brevetted  colonel ;  em- 

?loyed  as  an  editorial  writer  on  the  New 
'ork  Tribune  during  the  years  1870  to 
1S75  ;  secretary  of  legation  at  Paris,  France, 
1805-07:  at  Madrid,  Spain,  1809-70;  charge! 
d'affaires  at  Vienna,  Austria,  1807-0!)  ; 
First  Assistant  Secretary  of  State  in  the 
Hayes  administration  ;  Ambassador  to  Great 
Britain  1897-98;  appointed  Secretary  of 
State  in  the  Cabinet  of  President  McKin- 
ley,  1898  ;  among  his  writings  published  in 
book  form  are  "Pike  County  Ballads," 
which  include  ".Tim  Bhidso"  and  "Little 
Breeches"  ;  "Castillian  Days."  "History  of 
the  Administration  of  Abraham  Lincoln," 
in  collaboration  with  John  C.  Nicolay. 

Hay,  John,  Secretary  of  State1,  6492. 

Authorized  to  confer  with  Groat  Brit- 
ain and  Germany  concerning  Sa- 
moa, 6.196. 

Correspondence  of,  with  Gen.  Reyes, 
6854. 

Death  of,  announced,  6955. 

Signs  Panama  Canal  Treaty,  6823. 

Hayes,  Everis  Anson,  b.  Waterloo,  Jef- 
ferson Co.,  Wis.,  March  10,  1855;  grad- 
uated from  both  the  literary  and  law  de- 
partments of  the  University  of  Wisconsin, 
receiving  the  degrees  of  B.  L.  and  LL.  B.  ; 
in  1887  he  removed  to  Santa  Clara  Co.. 
Cal.,  and  there  engaged  in  fruit  raising  and 
ruining,  and,  with  his  brother,  became  pub- 
lisher and  proprietor  of  the  San  Jose  Daily 
Horning  Mercury  and  Evening  Herald; 
elected' to  the  59th,  00th,  01st'.  Olid,  03d 
and  G4th  Congresses  from  California. 

Hayes,  Rutherford  B.,  biography  of, 
4391. 

Hayne,  Isaac  W.,  bearer  of  letter  from 
Governor  Pickens  to  President  Bu- 
chanan, 3195. 

Hayne,  Robert  Young  (1791-1840)  ; 
statesman  and  orator;  b.  Parish  of  St. 
Paul,  S.  C.  ;  admitted  to  the  bar  1812; 
speaker  of  the  Legislature  of  South  Caro- 
lina. 1818:  Attorney-General  of  the  State. 
1 818-23:  United  States  Senator  1823-32: 
engaged  in  the  famous  debate  with  Webster 
on  the  "States  Rights"  question  ;  Governor 
of  South  Carolina  1832-34  and  favored  mod- 
erate nullification. 


Hazen,  William  B.,  member  of  board  to 
consider  expeditions  to  lie  sent  for 
relief  of  Lady  Franklin  Bay  Kxi.e,- 
dition,  4813. 

Head,  Lafayette,  treaty  with  Indiana 
concluded  by,  3393. 

Heap,  Samuel  D.,  convention  with  Tunis 
signed  by,  833. 

Heflin,  James  Thomas,  i>.  at  Louina,  K.UI- 

dolph  Co.,  Ala.,  April  9,  1809;  studied  law 
at  Lafayette,  Ala.,  and  was  admit  led  to  Hie 
bar  in  1893;  elected  Mayor  of  Lafayette 
1893,  holding  this  oflicc  two  terms;  served 
in  Legislature  and  was  elected  Secretary 
of  State  in  19O2:  later  to  the  5H|  h  5lnh 
00th.  Olst.  02d,  03d  and  04th  Congresses 
from  Alabama. 

Heine,  William,  consular  clerk,  removal 

of,  and  reason  therefor,  4110. 
Helgesen,  H.  T.,  b.  near  Deconth,  win- 
neshiek  county,  Iowa,  June  20,  1857;  edu- 
cated in  the  Decorah  public  schools,  normal 
institute  and  business  college;  after  gradu- 
ating he  entered  the  mercantile  business  • 
moved  to  Milton,  N.  Dak.,  where  he  oper- 
ated an  extensive  lumber  and  hardware 
business,  and  extensively  engaged  in  farm- 
ing ;  member  of  the  board  of  regents  of 
the  State  University  in  1889  he  became  the 
first  commissioner  of  agriculture  and  labor 
in  the  newly  admitted  state  of  North 
Dakota;  in  the  general  election  held  No- 
vember, 1910,  was  elected  to  the  02d.  03d 
and  04th  Congresses  from  North  Dakota. 
Helm,  Harvey;  b.  Danville,  Boyle  Co., 
Ky. ;  graduated  A.  B.,  Central  University 
of  Kentucky;  admitted  to  the  bar  1892; 
elected  to  State  Assembly  1893:  Lincoln 
county  attorney  1897  and  1900;  Member  of 
the  00th.  Olst.  02d,  G3d  and  04th  Con- 
gresses from  Kentucky. 

Hempstead,  Christopher,  consul  at  Bel- 
ize, British  Honduras,  mentioned, 
2574. 

Hendricks,     Thomas     Andrews     <  1  s  n  • 

1885)  ;  statesman  and  twenty-first  Vire- 
President  of  the  United  States:  b.  at  Xanes- 
ville.  Ohio;  began  the  practice  of  law  in 
Indiana,  and  became  Member  of  Congress 
1851-55;  United  States  Senator  1803-09; 
Governor  of  Indiana  1873-77;  unsuccessful 
candidate  for  Vice-President  witli  Tilden 
1870;  elected  Vice-President  with  Cleveland 
1884,  but  died  in  November  of  his  first 
year. 

Hendricks,  Thomas  A.,  Vice-President, 
death  of  announced  and  honors  to  be 
paid  memory  of,  4904,  4905,  4909. 
Henry,  B.  H.,  report  of  agent  to  Fiji 
Islands  to  investigate  claim  of,  trans- 
mitted, 6098. 

Henry,  E.  Stevens,  b.  in  Gill.  Mass..  in 
1830,  moving  when  13  years  old  with  his 
parents  to  Rockville,  Conn.  ;  was  a  repre- 
sentative in  the  Lower  House  of  the  Con- 
necticut General  Assembly  of  1883;  State 
Senator  in  1887-88:  treasurer  of  the  Stflte 
of  Connecticut  from  1889  to  1893:  elected 
to  the  54th,  55th.  50th.  57th,  58th.  59th, 
00th,  Olst  and  02d  Congresses  from  Con- 
necticut. 

Henry,  John,  alleged  secret  agent  of 
Great  Britain  in  United  States  for 
fomenting  disaffection,  4S3. 


Henry 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Henry,  Patrick;  statesman,  orator:  h. 
Studley.  Va.,  May  29,  1736;  chosen  in  1763 
to  the  Virginia  Assembly  and  elected  a  dele- 
gate from  Virginia  to  the  Continental  Con- 
gress 1774-76;  elected  Governor  of  Virginia 
in  177C  and  declined  re-election;  delegate 
to  the  Richmond  Convention  (q.  v.)  In 
1777  ;  served  in  the  State  Assembly  from 
17SO  to  1791,  and  was  again  elected  Gov- 
ernor in  1706,  but  declined  to  serve;  died 
Red  Hill,  Va.,  June  6,  1799. 

Henry,    Patrick,    minister    to    France, 

nomination   of,   274. 
Henry  of  Prussia,  Prince,  reception  of, 

in  United  States,  6703. 
Henry,  Robert  Lee;  h.  May  12,  1864,  in 
Linden,  Cass  Co.,  Tex.  ;  graduated  M.  A. 
from  the  Southwestern  University  of  Texas 
in  1S8.">,  valedictorian  of  his  class:  elected 
Mayor  of  Texarkana  in  1890  :  resigned  the 
mayoralty  to  become  Assistant  Attorney- 
General,  'holding  the  latter  office  for  nearly 
three  years  ;  was  elected  to  the  55th,  56th, 
57th,  58th,  59th.  60th,  61st  and  62d  Con- 
gresses from  Texas. 

Henshaw,  David;  politician,  merchant, 
writer  ;  Secretary  of  the  Navy  under  Presi- 
dent Tyler;  b.  April  2,  1791,  in  Leicester, 
Mass,  :  educated  at  the  public  schools  and 
Leicester  Academy:  apprenticed  to  a  drug 
house  in  Boston  and  continued  in  that 
business  till  1329  ;  became  interested  in  poli- 
tics and  New  England  railroads;  wrote 
political  articles  for  the  press;  member  of 
both  branches  of  Massachusetts  legislature, 
and  member  of  Congress  ;  appointed  Collector 
of  the  Port  of  P.oston  in  1830;  nominated 
for  Secretary  of  the  Navy  by  President 
Tyler,  but  served  only  a  few  months  as 
the  Senate  refused  to  confirm  the  appoint- 
ment ;  died  Nov.  11,  1862. 
Hensley,  Walter  L.,  b.  Jefferson  County, 
Mo..  Sept.  3,  1871  :  educated  in  the  public- 
schools  of  his  county  and  the  law  depart- 
ments of  the  Missouri  University  ;  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1S94  ;  elected  to  (he  62d,  63d 
and  64th  Congresses  from  Missouri. 

Hepner,    George,    treaty    with    Indians 

concluded  by,  2830. 

Herbert,  Hilary  A.,  Secretary  of  the  Navy 
under  President  Cleveland ;  b.  Laurens- 
ville,  S.  C.,  March  12,  1834 ;  moved  to 
Greenville,  Butler  County,  Ala.,  in  184*5; 
attended  the  University  of  Alabama  in 
185354;  and  the  University  of  Virginia  in 
1  855-50  ;  studied  law  and  admitted  to  the 
bar :  entered  the  Confederate  service  as 
captain  ;  promoted  to  the  colonelcy  of  the 
Eighth  Alabama  Volunteers ;  disabled  at 
the  battle  of  the  Wilderness,  May  6,  1864; 
continued  the  practice  of  law  at  Green- 
ville. Ala.,  until  1872,  when  he  moved  to 
Montgomery,  where  he  afterwards  prac- 
ticed :  elected  a  Representative  from  Ala- 
bama to  the  45th.  4(ith,  47th.  48th,  49th, 
50th,  51st.  and  52d  Congresses  as  a  Demo- 
crat; Secretary  of  the  Navy  1893-1897; 
located  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  and  prac- 
ticed law. 

Herbert,  Michael  H.,  Canadian  canal 
tolls  referred  to,  5675,  .1(578. 

Hering,  Rudolph,  on  committee  to  re- 
jport  upon  sewerage  system  in  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia,  5487,  55  M. 

Hermosa,  William  L.,  report  of,  on  ex- 
ploration of  vallev  of  the  Amazon, 
transmitted,  2724/27(52. 


Herold,  David  E.: 

Implicated  in  assassination  of  Presi- 
dent Lincoln,  proceedings  of  trial 
and  verdict  of  military  commis- 
sion, 3532,  3533,  3534,  3540,  3545, 
3546. 

Persons   claiming  reward    for    appre- 
hension of,  directed  to  file  claims, 
3551. 
Herran,  Dr.  Tomas,  correspondence  of, 

concerning  Panama,  6761. 
Herschell,  Lord,  arbitrator  in  Venezue- 
lan boundary  dispute,  6338. 

Hewitt,  Abram  Stevens;  manufacturer, 
scientist,  philrmthropist  :  b.  Haverstraw,  N, 
Y.,  JuVr  31,  1822  ;  received  his  elementary 
education  in  the  public  schools  of  New 
York  City,  where  he  gained  a  prize  scholar- 
ship to  Columbia  College,  whence  he  gradu- 
ated at  the  head  of  his  class  in  1842  ;  acting 
professor  of  mathematics  in  1843  ;  studied 
law  and  admitted  to  practice  in  the  State 
supreme  court  in  October,  1845 ;  his  eye- 
sight failing,  he  engaged  in  the  iron  busi- 
ness, and  under  the  firm  of  Cooper  &  Hewitt 
established  extensive  iron  works,  mainly  in 
New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania  :  appointed 
one  of  the  ten  United  States  scientific  com- 
missioners to  visit  the  French  Exposition 
Universelle  of  1867  and  made  a  report  on 
iron  and  steel,  which  was  published  by 
Congress  and  has  been  translated  into  most. 
foreign  languages  ;  organized  and  managed 
the  Cooper  Union  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science'  and  Art,  designed  especially  for 
the  education  of  the  working  classes :  elect- 
ed to  the  44th,  45th.  47th,  4Sth  and  4!>th 
Congresses  as  a  Democrat  :  mayor  of  New 
York  City,  1887-88;  died  Jan.  is,  1903,  at 
New  York  City. 

Hewitt,     Abram     S.,     commission  or     to 

Paris  Universal  Exhibition,  3798. 
Heyburn,  Weld&n  Brinton;  b.  iv-in- 
ware  Co.,  Pa.,  May  23.  1S52  ;  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1876;  in  1883-84  moved  to  Sho- 
shone  Co.,  Idaho  ;  he  was  a  member  of  the 
convention  which  framed  the  constitution 
of  the  State  of  Idaho;  chairman  of  the  ju- 
diciary committee  of  that  body  ;  was  elected 
to  the  United  States  Senate  from  Idaho  fur 
the  term  beginning  March  4,  1903,  and  was 
re-elected  Jan.  13,  1909. 

Higginson,    Francis    J.,    expedition    to 
Puerto  Kico  convoved  by  fleet  under, 
6318. 
Hill,  Charles  E.,  claim  of,  against  China, 

referred  to,  4436,  4801. 
Hill,  Ebenezer  J.;  b.  Redding,  Conn  ,  Aug. 
4,  1845  ;  in  1862  he  received  from  Yale  Uni- 
versity the  honorary  degree  of  master  of 
arts;  in  1863  tie  joined  the  army  as  a  civil- 
ian, and  remained  tint  11  the  close  of  the 
war;  elected  to  the  54th.  55th,  56th.  57ih, 
58th,  59th,  60th,  61st.  62d.  63d  and  64th 
Congresses  from  Connecticut. 

Hinds,  Asher  Crosby;  b.  Benton.  Me., 
Feb.  C,  1863;  graduated  from  Colby  Col- 
lege 1883  ;  began  newspaper  w«rk  in  Port- 
land in  1884;  Speaker's  Clerk,  United 
Slates  House  of  Representatives,  IS'.MMH  : 
clerk  lit  Speaker's  table,  I'nited  Stntes 
House  of  Representatives,  1895-1911: 
elected  to  .the  62d,  63d  and  64th  Congresses 
from  Maine. 


Biographic   Index 


Holsey 


Hise,  Elijah;  statesman;  h.  Kentucky. 
July  4,  1801!  ;  defeated  as  Democratic  can- 
didate for  lieutenant-governor  In  1830; 
charg6  d'affaires  to  Guatemala.  March  31, 
1848,  to  June  21,  1840;  Presidential  doctor 
on  the  Democratic1  ticket  In  1850;  elected  a 
Representative  from  Kentucky  to  the  39th 
Congress  as  a  Democrat  (vice  Henry 
G  rider,  deceased),  serving  from  Dec.  3, 
1866,  to  1807;  re-elected  to  the  40th  Con- 
gress :  died  at  Russellville,  Ky.,  May  8, 
1807. 

Hise,     Elijah,     treaty     concluded     by, 
with — 

Guatemala,  2.172,  2686. 

Is'icaragua,  2572,  2602. 
Hitchcock,  Ethan  Allen  ( 1 835-1 900 ); 
diplomat  and  cabinet  officer ;  I).  Mobile, 
Ala. ;  settled  in  business  in  St.  Louis  until 
1800;  thence  in  China  until  1871';  diplo- 
matic representative  in  Russia  as  Minister 
1897-98,  and  as  the  first  Ambassador  there 
1898-99;  Secretary  of  the  Interior  under 
McKiuley  until  1907. 

Hitchcock,  Frank  Harris,  Postmaister- 
General  in  President  Taft's  Cabinet ;  b. 
Amherst,  Ohio,  Oct.  5,  1807;  has  resided 
in  Massachusetts  from  early  boyhood  ;  grad- 
uated from  Harvard  University  in  1891  ; 
First  Assistant  Postmaster-General  from 
1905  to  1908;  Chairman  of  the  Republican 
National  Committee  in  1908  and  conducted 
the  Presidential  campaign  of  that  year. 

Hitchcock,  Gilbert  M.;  i>.  Omaha,  Neb., 
Sept.  18,  1859  ;  educated  in  public  schools 
and  by  study  iu  Germany  and  a  law  course 
at  University  of  Michigan  ;  graduated  1881  ; 
established  the  Omaha  Evening  World  In 
1885,  which  later  became,  under  his  man- 
agement, the  Omaha  Morning,  Evening  and 
Sunday  World-Herald;  elected  to  the  58th, 
00th  and  61st  Congresses  from  Nebraska  ; 
nominated  in  Democratic  primaries  for 
United  States  Senator,  August,  1910;  under 
the  Oregon  plan  was  elected  and  confirmed 
by  the  Legislature  Jan.  18,  1911;  his  term 
will  expire  March  3,  1917. 

Hitt,  Robert  Roberts;  b.  Urbana,  Ohio, 
Jan.  16,  1834  ;  moved  to  Ogle  County,  111., 
in- 1837;  educated  at  Rock  River  Seminary 
( now  Mount  Morris  College)  and  fit  De 
Pauw  University;  reported  Lincoln-Douglas 
debates  in  1858  ;  first  secretary  of  legation 
and  charge"  d'affaires  ad  interim  at  Paris 
from  December,  1874,  until  March,  1881  ; 
Assistant  Secretary  of  State  in  1881  ;  regent 
of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  and  chair- 
man of  the  Committee  of  Foreign  Affairs; 
commissioner  to  the  Hawaiian  Islands  iu 
1898  ;  elected  to  the  47th  Congress  Nov.  7, 
1882,  to  fill  the  vacancy  occasioned  by  the 
death  of  Hon.  R.  M.  A.  Hawk  ;  elected  to 
the  48th,  49th,  50th,  51st,  52d,  53(1.  54th, 
55th,  50th,  57th  and  58th  Congresses  as  a 
Republican. 

Hitt,  Robert  R.,  member  of  commission 

to  Hawaiian  Islands,  6333. 
Hoar,  Ebenezer  Rockwood  (1816-1895)  ; 
jurist  and  statesman  ;  b.  at  Concord,  Mass.  ; 
Judge  of  the  Massachusetts  Supreme  Court 
1859-09;  Attorney-General  of  the  United 
States  under  Grant  1809-70  ;  Member  of 
the  Joint  High  Commission  which  nego- 
tiated the  treaty  of  Washington  1871  with 
Great  Britain  ;  Member  of  Congress  from 
Massachusetts  1873-75. 


Hoar,  Ebenezer  R.,  member  of  commis- 
sion to  settle  questions  with  (In-at 
Britain,  4075. 

Hoar,  George  Frisbie  MS-JO  IIMM  >; 
statesman  ;  b.  at  Concord,  Mass.  ;  associated 
with  the  Free-Soil  party,  and  later  with  th,. 
Republican  parly;  Member  of  Con-res* 
from  Massachusetts  lst;«j-77  ;  Member  of  the 
Hayes-Tilden  IClceioral  Commission  1877  ; 
United  States  Senator  1877-P.toi-  noted  for 
his  consistent  oppositon  to  "Imperialism." 
Hobart,  Garret  Augustus  i  isi  t  is'.m,  ; 
statesman  and  twenty-fourth  Vi.-e  President 
of  the  United  States;  b.  Long  p.raneh,  N.  j  : 
began  the  praclic..  of  law  LSOH-  member  ,,f 
the  Stale  Legislature  1K7'J;  State  Senator 
18.0,  and  became  President  of  the  State 
Senate  Is.Sl  ;  and  IS'.iO  he  was  elect. d  Vi.-e. 
President  of  tin-  United  Slates  with  Me- 
Kinley. 

Hobby,  James  M.,  first  assistant  en- 
gineer, advancement  in  grade  of,  rec- 
ommended, 34  1  1. 

Hobson,  Richmond  Pearson;    )>.   cr.-ens- 

boro,  Ala.,   Aug.   17,    1870;   was  educated  at 
the   Southern   University,   the   United   States 
Naval       Academy,       the       French       National 
Scnool   of   Naval    Design;    Is  a   naval   archi- 
tect   and     lecturer;     served     in     the     United 
States    Navy    from    1885    to    19o:>,;    received 
the    degree    of    LL.    I),    from    Southern    Uni- 
versity,   June,     1900:    elected     to    the    00th, 
Olst  and  Olid   Congresses  from  Alabama. 
Hobson,    Richmond   P.,    sinking   of   the 
Mrrriiiiuc      in      Santiago      Harbor, 
Cuba,  by,  6305,  6316. 
Thanks   of   Congress   to,   and   promo- 
tion of,  recommended,   6306. 
Hodgson,  Daniel  B.,  recognition  of  serv- 
ices of,  in  battle  of  Manila  Hay,  Phil- 
ippine   Islands,    recommendations    re- 
garding, 6305. 
Hodgson,  William  B.,  conduct  of,  while 

in  Constantinople,  referred  to,  2011. 
Holcombe,   James  P.,   order  exempting, 
from  arrest  during  journey  to   Wash- 
ington, 34  38. 

Holden,    William    W.,    provisional    gov- 
ernor  of   North    Carolina,    appointed. 
3510. 
Holmes,  Theophilus  Hunter;   soldier:  b 

Clinton,  N.  C.,  Nov.  13,  1S94;  graduated 
United  States  Military  Academy  18L".i;  en- 
gaged in  frontier  service  in  the  Semiin.le 
war  and  in  the  occupation  of  Texas;  pro- 
moted to  captain  in  the  Mexican  war  and 
brevetted  major  for  gallantry  at  Monterey: 
on  the  breaking  out  of  the  war  he  re-iiirin  il 
from  the  army  (April  12:2.  1*01)  and  went 
to  North  Carolina  and  organized  the  State 
militia,  and  when  the  secession  ordinance 
was  passed  became  a  brigadier-general  in 
the  Confederate  army;  after  the  \v:tr  he  re- 
turned to  his  home  ami  died  in  Fayelte\  ille, 
N.  C.,  June  121,  1880. 

Holmes,  Theophilus  H.: 

Gallant  conduct  of,  in  Mexican  War, 

2370. 
Major  by  brevet,  nomination  of.  and 

correspondence  regarding.   2.'!i'i'.i. 
Holsey,  Robert,  act  granting  pension  to, 
vetoed,  5026. 


Holt 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Holt,  Joseph;  lawyer,  jurist ;  b.  Breck- 
enridge  Co.,  Ky.,  Jan.  6,  1807  ;  engaged  in 
law  practice  at  Louisville,  Ky.,  1832-30, 
and  in  Vicksburg,  Miss.,  1836-4:;  ;  removed 
to  Washington  and  became  Commissioner 
of  Patents  1857-59 ;  Postmaster-General 
1850-00  ;  Secretary  of  War  1860-61  ;  Presi- 
dent Lincoln  appointed  him,  in  1862,  Judge- 
Advocate  General  of  the  Army ;  declined 
the  Cabinet  positions  of  Attorney-General 
and  Secretary  of  War;  conducted  the  trials 
of  Fitz-John  Porter  (charged  with  disobedi- 
ence of  orders)  and  of  the  assassins  of 
President  Lincoln ;  brevetted  major-general 
for  "faithful,  meritorious  and  distinguish- 
ed" services  in  the  bureau  of  military  justice 
during  the  war;  died  Washington,  D.  C., 
Aug.  1,  1804. 

Holt,  Joseph: 

Judge-advocate  in  trial  of  persons  im- 
plicated in  assassination  of  Presi- 
dent Lincoln,  3534. 

Secretary  of  War,  authorized  to  per- 
form duties  of,  3190. 
Hood,    John   B.,    victories   of   Federals 

over    Confederate    forces    under,   re- 
ferred to,  3442. 
Hooker,  Joseph: 

Commander  of  corps  in  Army,  3325. 

Ordered   to    take   military  possession 

of  railroads,  3379. 

Hoover,  Herbert  C.;  b.  West  Branch, 
Iowa,  on  August  10,  1874.  In  1895  was 
graduated  from  Leland  Stanford  University 
in  the  department  of  mining  engineering. 
During  the  following  years  he  was  asso- 
ciated with  geological  and  mining  enter- 
prises in  different  quarters  of  the  globe,  and 
saw  service  in  the  Boxer  Rebellion  in  China 
in  1000.  In  London  at  the  outbreak  of  the 
Great  European  War,  he  was  made  execu- 
tive director  of  the  Belgian  Relief  Work, 
and  continued  in  that  capacity  until  the 
entrance  of  his  own  country  into  the  war 
brought  him  back  in  1017  to  the  United 
States  as  director  of  the  National  Pood  Com- 
mission created  by  the  Government. 
Hopkins,  George  W.;  statesman;  b. 
Goochlaud  County,  Va.,  Feb.  22,  1804  ;  re- 
ceived a  common  school  education  ;  studied 
law  and  began  practice  at  Lebanon,  Va. ; 
a  member  of  the  State  house  of  represen- 
tatives 1833-34;  elected  a  Representative 
from  Virginia  to  the  24th,  25th,  2Gth,  27th, 
28th  and  20th  Congresses  as  a  Democrat; 
chargC  d'affaires  to  Portugal  March  3, 
1847,  to  Oct.  18,  1849;  again  a  member  of 
the  State  house  of  representatives  in  1840; 
judge  of  the  circuit  court ;  elected  to  the 
35th  Congress  ;  again  elected  a  member  of 
the  State  house  of  representatives;  died 
March  2,  1801. 
Hopkins,  George  W.,  charge  d  'affaires 

at  Lisbon,  Portugal,  mentioned,  2550. 
Hopkinson,  Joseph  (son  of  Francis  Hop- 
kinson) ;  b.  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Nov.  12, 
1770;  graduated  from  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  in  178(5;  studied  law  and  in 
1701  admitted  to  practice;  began  the  prac- 
tice of  his  profession  at  Easton,  Pa.  ;  elect- 
ed a  Representative  from  Pennsylvania  to 
the  14th  and  15th  Congresses;  moved  to 
liordentown.  N.  J.,  and  after  three  years  re- 
turned to  Philadelphia,  Pa.  ;  judge  of  the 
United  States  district  court  for  Easton,  Pa., 
1X1^8-1842;  delegate  to  the  State  constitu- 
tional convention  in  1837;  died  at  Phila- 
delphia Jan.  15,  1842. 


Hopkinson,  Joseph,  commissioner  to 
treat  with  Indians,  nomination  of, 
256. 

Horton,  Benjamin  J.,  telephone  conces- 
sion in  Puerto  Rico,  6732. 
Houard,  John  E.,  imprisonment  of,  by 
Spanish  authorities  referred  to,  4116. 
Houston,  David  Franklin,  Secretary  of 
Agriculture  under  President  Wilson ;  b. 
Monroe,  Union  County,  N.  C.,  Feb.  17, 
1866  ;  son  of  William  Henry  and  Cornelia 
Anne  (Stevens)  Houston;  A.  B.,  South 
Carolina  College  1887 ;  A.  M.,  Harvard 
1892;  (LL.  IX,  Tulane  1903.  University  of 
Wisconsin,  1006,  Yale  1013)  ;  married 
Helen  Beall,  of  Austin,  Tex.,  December  11, 
1805 ;  tutor  in  ancient  languages  South 
Carolina  College  and  graduate  student 
1887-88 ;  superintendent  of  city  schools 
Spartanburg.  S.  C.,  1888-1801  ;  graduate 
student  political  science.  Harvard  1801- 
1894;  adjunct  professor  1894-1807,  associate 
professor  1897-1000,  professor  political 
science  1900-1002,  and  dean  of  faculty 
1899-1902,  University  of  Texas  ;  president 
Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College  of 
Texas  1902-1905 ;  president  University  of 
Texas  1905-1908 ;  chancellor  Washington 
University,  St.  Louis,  since  September  24, 
1908  ;  member  Southern  Educational  Board  ; 
trustee  John  F.  Slater  Fund  ;  mem- 
ber Rockefeller  Sanitary  Commission  :  fel- 
fow  Texas  State  Historical  Society ;  mem- 
ber American  Economic  Association  :  presi- 
dent Harvard  Graduate  Club  1803-04  ; 
author .  A  Critical  Study  of  Nullification 
in  South  Carolina,  etc.  ;  took  office  as  Sec- 
retary of  Agriculture  March  6,  1913. 
Houston,  Sam;  soldier,  statesman  ;  1). 
Rockbridge  Co.,  Va.,  March  2,  1793;  en- 
listed in  the  army  in  1813,  and  served  un- 
der Gen.  Jackson  in  the  war  with  the  Creek 
Indians  ;  distinguished  himself  for  bravery 
on  various  occasions  and  at  the  conclusion 
of  the  war  found  'himself  lieutenant ;  studied 
law  in  Nashville,  and  after  holding  several 
minor  offices  in  Tennessee  was  elected  to 
Congress  in  1823  and  served  till  1827,  when 
he  became  Governor  of  Tennessee;  in  1829, 
before  the  expiration  of  his  gubernatorial 
term  he  resigned  his  office  and  went  to  take 
up  his  abode  among  the  Cherokee  Indians 
in  Arkansas  ;  in  1832  he  went  to  Texas  on 
the  invitation  of  President  Jackson  to  ar- 
range treaties  with  the  Comanches  and 
other  Indians  ;  joined  in  the  Texas  revolu- 
tion and  was  made  commander  of  the  mili- 
tary forces  ;  fought  the  Mexicans  with  such 
vigor  that  the  independence  of  the  Texans 
was  conceded  and  Houston  became  the  first 
President  of  the  new  republic;  after  an  in- 
tervening term  in  Congress  he  was  again 
elected  President  of  Texas  in  1841,  while 
continually  advocating  annexation  to  the 
United  States;  in  1846  his  hopes  were  real- 
ized and  Texas  became  a  state  of  the  union, 
and  Houston  was  sent  to  the  United  Stales 
Senate;  continued  in  the  Senate  until  1850, 
when  he  was  elected  Governor  of  Texas; 
advised  against  secession  and  was  denounced 
therefor  as  a  traitor  to  the  South  ;  vetoed 
a  resolution  recognizing  the.  authority  of 
the  Texas  State  Convention  of  Jan.'  2S, 
1801,  and  the  resolution  was  passed  over 
his  veto  and  the  State  seceded  from  the 
union  by  a  vote  of  107  to  7;  as  Governor 
he  submitted  to  the  will  of  the  people,  but 
declined  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to 
the  Confederacy,  and  was  deposed  from  his 
office  of  Governor  ;  likewise  refused  a  com- 
mission of  major-general  in  Federal  Army 
tendered  by  President  Lincoln  ;  died  In 
Huntsvllle,  Texas,  July  20,  1803. 


Biographic   Index 


Hughes 


Houston,   Sam: 

Commander  of  Texan  army,  1493. 
President  of  Kepublic  of  Texas,  2172. 

Houston,  William  Cannon;  b.  Hertford 
Co.,  Tcnn..  March  17,  1852;  elected  to  the 
Legislature  in  1870;  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1878;  again  elected  to  the  Legislature  in 
3880  and  1881!  ;  eleeted  Circuit  Judge  in 
1894  and  181)8;  elected  to  the  59th,  00th. 
Gist,  G2d,  G3d  and  04th  Congresses  from 
Tennessee. 

Howard,  E.  A.,  agent  of  Ponca  Indians, 

4583. 

Howard,  John  Eager;  soldier,  statesman ; 
I).  Baltimore,  June  4,  17513  :  received  a  lib- 
eral education  ;  served  iti  the  Revolutionary 
\var  and  colonel  when  peace  was  declared; 
Delegate  from  Maryland  to  the  Continental 
< 'ongress  1787-88;  governor  of  Maryland 
1789-1792;  member  of  the  State  senate 
1795;  elected  a  United  States  Senator  from 
Maryland  vice  R.  Potts,  resigned,  serving 
from  Dec.  7,  1790,  to  March  3,  1803;  died 
at  Baltimore,  Md.,  Oct.  12,  1827. 

Howard,  John  E.,  legislative  acts  of 
Maryland  received  from,  transmitted, 
G3. 

Howard,  Lieut.,  report  of,  regarding 
services  of  Apache  Indians  transmit- 
ted, 5495. 

Howard,  Oliver  Otis;  soldier,  author;  b. 
Leeds,  Me.,  Nov.  8,  1830  ;  graduated  Bow- 
doin  College,  A.  B.,  1850:  A.  M.,  1853; 
graduated  U.  S.  Military  Academy,  1854 ; 
served  through  the  civil  war,  rising  suc- 
cessively from  lieutenant  to  major-general ; 
retired  'Nov.  8,  1894;  author  of  "Donald's 
School  Days,"  "Chief  Joseph  of  the  Nez 
1'erces,"  "Life  of  /achary  Taylor,"  and 
articles  on  subjects  connected  with  the  civil 
war. 

Howard,    Oliver    O.,    Commissioner    of 

Freedmen 's  Bureau: 
Directed    to    effect    arrangement    be- 
tween   freedmen    and    landowners, 
3549. 

Report  of  his  observations  of  the 
condition  of  the  seceded  States 
and  of  the  operations  of  the  Freed- 
men 's  Bureau  therein,  referred  to, 
3571. 

Howard,  William  Schley;  b.  Kirk  wood, 
Dekalb  County,  Ga..  June  29,  1875 ;  at- 
tended Noel's  Academy  until  12  years  of 
age ;  was  a  page  in  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives of  Georgia  in  1888-89;  calendar 
olerk  of  the  House  in  1890-91  ;  appointed 
Private  Secretary  to  United  States  Senator 
Patrick  Walsh,  of  Georgia,  in  1893  ;  studied 
law  at  night  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
at  "\Vrightsville,  Ga.,  1895  :  enlisted  in  the 
Third  Georgia  Volunteer  Infantry  on  July 
'2,  1898,  serving  during  the  Spanish-Amer- 
ican war  as  Sergeant  ;  on  his  return  from 
the  war  moved  back  to  Dekalb  county  and 
began  the  practice  of  his  profession  ;  elected 
to  the  House  of  Representatives  of  Georgia 
in  1899:  introduced  what  is  now  known  as 
the  Howard  franchise  tax  act,  the  first  of 
its  kind  introduced  in  the  South  ;  married 
Miss  Lucia  Augusta  du  Vinage.  of  Texas, 
in  1905:  elected  to  the  G2d,  G3d  and  04th 
Congresses'  from  Georgia.  / 


Howe,  Albion  P.,  member  of  court  to 
try  assassins  of  President  Linn, In, 
3534. 

Howe,  Haughwout,  records  of  .-i-'oria 
tion  founded  for  purposes  of  aiding 
soldiers  of  Civil  War  offered  to 
United  States,  4793. 

Howe,  S.  D.,  treaty  with  Indians  con- 
cluded by,  3403. 

Howe,  Samuel  G.,  imprisonment  of,  in 
Prussia,  113G. 

Howe,  Timothy  O.;  Postmaster-General 
under  President  Arthur;  b.  Lhermore,  Me., 
I'Yb.  24,  1S10;  received  a  liberal  education'; 
studied  law  and  practiced;  s.-rvd  one 
term  in  the  slate  legislature;  moved  to 
\Viseollsin  In  1S-J5;  clect,.d  jlld-,.  of  the 
circuit  and  supreme  courts  of  WNeoii-in 
in  1S50  and  resigned  in  1S55;  e|,  ,  |,.,|  u 
United  States  Senator  from  Wisconsin  a-i 
a  Union  Republican  and  rc-i-lected  t\v<> 
terms,  serving  from  1801-180!)  ;  appointed 
one  of  the  delegates  to  the  International 
Monetary  conference  in  Paris  in  issl  •  ap 
pointed  Postmaster-General  in  isxi  ;  died 
at  Keiiosha,  \Vis.,  March  25,  1883. 

Howe,  Timothy  O.,  Postmaster  Ccnernl, 
death  of,  announced  and  honors  to 
be  paid  memory  of,  4747. 
Howell,  Joseph;  b.  Feb.  17,  1S57,  jn 
Boxelder  Co.,  Utah;  attended  Utah  Uni- 
versity ;  Mayor  of  \VelIsvilIe,  and  a  Member 
of  the  Board  of  Regents  of  Utah  University  ; 
served  three  terms  in  the  Territorial  Legis- 
lature and  one  in  the  State  Senate;  elected 
to  the  r>8th,  59th,  Goth.  Gist,  02d,  03d  and 
04th  Congresses  from  Utah. 

Howison,  Henry  L.,  member  of  Board 

on  Geographic   Names,  5G47. 
Hubbard,  Commander  J.,  report  of,  on 

revolution  in  Panama,  6838. 
Hubbard,  Samuel  Dickinson;  Postm.-ister- 
General  under  President  Fillniore  ;  b.  Mid- 
dletown,  Conn.,  August  10.  1779:  pursued 
classical  studios  and  graduated  from  Vale 
College  in  1819;  studied  law.  but  devoted 
himself  to  manufacturing;  elected  a  Rep- 
resentative from  Connecticut  to  the  29th 
Congress  as  a  Whig;  re-elected  to  the  3otli 
Congress;  Postmaster-General  Aug.  31, 
1852,  to  March  7.  1S53;  died  at  Middle- 
town,  Conn.,  Oct.  8,  1855. 

Huebschmann,  Francis,  treaties  with  In- 
dians concluded  by,  277.'!,  2>9<5. 

Huggins,  Samuel,  wounding  and  rob- 
bing of,  by  Mexican  soldiers,  referred 
to,  4376. 

Hughes,  Charles  James,  Jr.;  b.  Kings- 
ton, Richmond,  Mo.,  Feb.  1C.,  1853;  grad- 
uated from  Richmond  (Mo.)  College  in 
1871  ;  received  the  degree  of  LL.  1).  both 
from  the  University  of  Missouri  and  the 
University  of  Denver ;  began  t'he  practice 
of  law  in  August.  3877:  Senator  Hughes. 
while  engaging  generally  in  the  practice 
of  law;  has  given  special  attention  to  min- 
ing and  irrigation  litigation:  for  ninny 
years  professor  of  mining  law  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Denver  :  elected  United  States 
Senator  from  Colorado  Jan.  20,  1909 1 


Hughes 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Hughes,  William;  b.  in  1872;  served  in 
the  Spanish-American  War ;  elected  to  the 
58th,  60th,  61st  and  62d  Congresses  from 
New  Jersey. 

Hull,  Cordell;  b.  Oct.  2,  1871,  Overton 
(now  Pickett)  Co.,  Tenn.  ;  graduated  law 
department  of  Cumberland  University,  Leb- 
anon, Tenn.  ;  member  of  the  lower  house 
of  the  Tennessee  Legislature  two  terms ; 
served  in  the  Spanish-American  War,  with 
the  rank  of  captain ;  later  was  first  ap- 
pointed by  the  Governor,  and  afterwards 
sleeted  Judge  of  the  Fifth  Judicial  Circuit 
of  Tennessee  ;  elected  to  the  60th,  61st,  62d, 
'J.'id  and  64th  Congresses  from  Tennessee. 
Hull,  Isaac;  naval  officer ;  b.  Derby,  Conn., 
March  9,  1773 ;  took  to  the  sea  In  early 
"ife  and  joined  United  States  Navy  March 
y,  1798 ;  in  1804  he  commanded  the  brig 
irffus,  one  of  the  vessels  of  Commodore 
J'reble's  fleet  In  the  Mediterranean  ;  made 
captain  in  1800  and  put  in  command  of 
the  frigate  Constitution ;  his  capture  and 
destruction  of  the  British  frigate  Quer- 
rifre,  Aug.  19,  1812,  was  the  first  naval 
victory  of  the  second  war  with  England 
and  won  fame  and  fortune  for  Hull  :  Con- 
press  voted  him  a  gold  medal  and  $50.000 ; 
later  commanded  the  Ohio,  flagship  of  the 
Kuropean  squadron ;  retired  in  1841  and 
died  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Feb.  13,  1843. 

Hull,  Isaac: 

Letters  of  Andrew  Stevenson  to,_re- 

.   ferred  to,  1953. 

Victory  of  the  Constitution  under 
command  of,  over  the  Guerricre, 
502. 

Hull,  William;  soldier;  b.  Derby,  Conn., 
June  24,  1753 ;  graduated  Yale  1772,  and 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1775  ;  captain  of  a 
company  of  militia  in  the  uprising  against 
England  ;  was  an  active  officer  during  the 
Revolutionary  War,  and  at  Its  close  was 
second  in  command  of  the  only  regiment 
not  disbanded.  Gen.  Heath  being  its  col- 
onel :  in  1784  be  was  ordered  to  take  pos- 
session of  the  frontier  forts  of  Niagara, 
Detroit,  Maekinae,  and  others  on  fhe  great 
lakes,  but  they  were  not  surrendered  until 
after  the  Jay  treaty  was  signed :  appoint- 
ed governor  of  Michigan  Territory  by 
President  Jefferson  in  1805 ;  at  the  out- 
break of  the  War  of  1812  the  Territory 
was  unprepared  for  hostilities  and  Hull 
was  defeated  and  taken  a  prisoner  to 
Montreal  :  later  exchanged  and  convicted 
of  cowardice  and  neglect  of  duty  by  a 
court-martial  ;  he  was  sentenced  to  death, 
but  pardoned  by  President  Madison  ;  pub- 
lished a  vindication  in  1824  ;  died  New- 
ton, Mass.,  Nov.  29,  1825. 

Hull,  William: 

Letter  of,  regarding  Indians  referred 

to,  421. 

Official   conduct  of,  referred   to,  430. 
Surrenders  fort  and  town  of  Detroit 

to  the  British,  500. 
Treaty    with    Indians    concluded    by, 

422'. 

Hulsemann,  Chevalier,  charge  d  'affaires 
of  Austria,  withdrawal  of,  referred 
to,  2690. 

Humphrey,   William   E.;    b.   March    31, 

1802,  near  Alamo.  Montgomery  Co.,  Ind.  ; 
graduated  Wabash  College,  Crawfordsville, 


Ind.,  1887 ;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  and 
practiced  law  at  Crawfordsville ;  in  1893 
moved  to  Seattle.  Wash.;  in  1898  was 
elected  to  the  office  of  corporation  coun- 
sel of  Seattle  :  re-elected  in  1900 ;  elected 
to  the  58th,  59th,  GOth,  61st,  62d,  63d  and 
64th  Congresses  from  Washington. 

Humphreys,  Benjamin  Grubb;  b.  Clal- 
borne  Co.,  Miss.,  Aug.  17,  1865 ;  studied 
law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  Novem- 
ber, 1891  ;  when  war  was  declared  against 
Spain,  in  April,  1898,  he  raised  a  com- 
pany and  was  elected  first  lieutenant ; 
served  under  Ma  j. -Gen.  Fitzhugh  Lee  in 
Florida  during  the  entire  war,  being  mus- 
tered out  with  his  regiment  at  Columbia, 
Tenn.,  Dec.  22.  1898  :  elected  to  the  58th. 
59th.  GOth.  61st.  62d.  63d  and  64th  Con- 
gresses from  Mississippi. 

Humphreys,  David,  minister  to  Portu- 
gal, nomination  of,  90. 
Hunt,  Alexander  C.,  treaty  with  In- 
dians concluded  by,  3663/3827. 
Hunt,  William  H.;  lawyer;  Secretary  of 
the  Navy  under  President  Garfielcl ;  b. 
in  1824  In  Charleston,  S.  C. ;  after  a  public 
school  education  he  entered  Yale  College, 
Class  '43,  and  remained  there  but  two 
years ;  went  to  New  Orleans  and  began 
the  practice  of  law  ;  before  the  war  he  was 
Whig  in  politics,  during  the  war  a  staunch 
Union  man,  and  later  a  Republican  :  ap- 
pointed Attorney  General  of  Louisiana  to 
fill  a  vacancy  in  1876,  and  claimed  to  have 
been  elected  to  that  office  the  following 
year,  but  the  Democratic  State  officers  were 
recognized  by  President  Hayes;  Mr.  Hunt 
was  later  made  judge  of  the  United  States 
Court  of  Claims;  March  5,  1881.  President 
Garfleld  appointed  him  Secretary  of  the 
Navy;  upon  the  reorganization  of  the  cabi- 
net by  President  Arthur  he  retired  in  favor 
of  William  E.  Chandler;  in  1882  lie  was 
appointed  Minister  to  Russia,  and  died 
Feb.  27,  1884,  in  St.  Petersburg. 

Hunter,  David;  soldier;  b.  Washington, 
D.  C.,  July  21.  1802  ;  graduated  U.  S. 
Military  Academy.  1822 ;  served  In  the 
Mexican  War,  and  in  February.  1801,  was 
assigned  to  accompany  President-elect 
Lincoln  from  Springfield.  111.,  to  Wash- 
ington :  made  brigadier-general  and  served 
through  the  Civil  War  and  was  mustered 
out  as  brigadier-general  in  1866;  retired 
from  the  regular  service  six  months  later; 
died  Washington,  D.  C.,  Feb.  2,  1880. 

Hunter,  David: 

Command    of    corps    formerly    under 

Gen.  Burnside,  assumed  by,  332:">. 
Member  of  court  to  try  assassins  of 

President  Lincoln,  etc.,  .'!5.'54. 
Proclamation     of,     i'or     freedom     of 

slaves    in    certain    States    declared 

void,  3292. 

Hunter,  Lieut.,  report  of,  on  establish- 
ment of  steamship  lines  referred  to, 
2173. 

Hunter,    Robert    M.    T.;    statesman;    '>. 

Essex  County,  Va.,  April  •_'!,  1809;  re- 
ceived  a  liberal  education  and  graduated 
from  the  University  of  Virginia  -,  studied 
law,  and  In  ]8.'!0  admitted  to  the  bar; 
elected  a  Representative  from  Virginia  to 
the  25th.  26th  and  27th  Congresses;  de- 
feated for  re-election  ;  served  as  Speaker 


Biographic   Index 


Hutchins 


of  the  House  In  the  26th  Congress;  defeated 
for  the  28th  Congress  ;  elected  to  the  29th 
Congress ;  elected  a  United  States  Senator 
from  Virginia,  serving  from  1847  until  lie 
withdrew  when  Virginia  seceded,  and  in 
July,  1861,  was  expelled  ;  delegate  from  Vir- 
ginia to  the  Confederate  provincial  congress 
at  Richmond;  Confederate  State  Senator 
from  Virginia  to  the  1st  Confederate  Con- 
gress; Confederate  Secretary  of  State; 
elected  State  treasurer  of  Virginia  in  1877; 
died  In  Essex  County,  Va.,  July  18,  1887. 

Hunter,  Robert  M.  T.,  member  of  com- 
mission to  confer  with  President  re- 
garding termination  of  war,  3461. 
Hunter,  William;  physician,  diplomat;  b. 
Newport,  It.  I.,  Nov.  26,  1774  :  graduated 
from  Brown  University  in  1791  ;  studied 
medicine  in  London;  returned  to  Newport 
and  in  1796  admitted  to  the  bar;  served 
several  years  in  the  State  house  of  repre- 
sentatives; elected  a  United  States  Senator 
from  Rhode  Island  and  re-elected,  serving 
from  Nov.  25.  1811,  to  March  3,  1821  ;  com- 
missioned charge"  d'affaires  to  Brazil  June 
L'S,  1834,  and  minister  plenipotentiary  Sept. 
13.  1841,  serving  until  Dec.  9,  1843;  died 
at.  Newport,  It.  I.,  Dec.  3,  1849. 

Hunter,  W.,  Acting  Secretary  of  State, 

3487,  3504. 
Hunter,  W.  M.,  court-martial  of,  889. 


Huntington,  Samuel  (about  1732-1796)  ; 
politician ;  b.  at  Norwich,  Conn.  ;  member 
of  Congress,  1777,  and  signer  of  the  Dec- 
laration of  Independence ;  governor  of 
Connecticut,  1786-96 ;  received  the  two 
electoral  votes  from  his  own  state  in  the 
first  election  for  President  in  1789. 
Hurlburt,  Stephen  A.;  diplomat;  b. 
Charleston,  S.  ('.,  Nov.  29,  1810;  received 
a  thorough  education  ;  studied  law  ;  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1837  ;  served  in  the 
Florida  war ;  moved  to  Belvidere,  111.,  in 
1845;  Whig  delegate  to  the  constitutional 
convention  of  Illinois  in  1847;  Presidential 
elector  on  the  "Whig  ticket  in  1848  and  on 
the  Republican  ticket  in  1868  ;  member  of 
the  legislature  In  1859,  1861  and  1867; 
served  in  the  Union  Army  1861-1865,  being 
appointed  brigadier-general  of  volunteers 
May  27,  1S61,  and  major-general  in  Sept. 
1862  ;  minister  resident  to  the  United  States 
of  Colombia  1869-1872;  elected  a  Represen- 
tative from  Illinois  to  the  43d  and  44th 
Congresses  as  a  Republican  ;  appointed  min- 
ister to  Peru  in  1881,  becoming  prominent 
in  Secretary  Elaine's  Peruvian-Chilean  pol- 
icy ;  died  at  Lima,  Pern,  March  27,  1882. 

Hurlbut,  Stephen  A.,  minister  to  Bo- 
gota, mentioned,  4011. 

Hutchins,  Charles,  treaty  with  Indians 
concluded  by,  3403. 


Ingalls 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Ingalls,  John  J.J  author,  journalist,  law- 
yer, statesman,  orator ;  b.  Dec.  29,  1833, 
at  Middleton,  Essex  Co.,  Mass. ;  educated 
in  public  schools  of  Haverhill  and  gradu- 
ated 'Williams  College  1853:  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1857  and  the  following  year 
moved  to  Atchison,  Kan.,  and  entered  ac- 
tively into  the  political  discussions  which 
distraught,  the  territory  at  the  time  ;  dole- 
gate  to  the  Wyandotte  Convention  in  1859, 
and  secretary  of  the  territorial  council ; 
secretary  of  State  Senate  iu  1861  and  in 
the  following  year  elected  to  that  body ; 
became  editor  of  the  Atchison  Champion ; 
unsuccessful  candidate  for  Lieutenant  Gov- 
ernor on  the  Republican  ticket  in  1802  and 
1864  ;  engaged  in  the  practice  of  law  and 
journalism  till  1873,  when  he  was  elected 
to  the  United  States  Senate  and  served 
for  eighteen  consecutive  years  ;  he  was  an 
eloquent  and  convincing  speaker  :  from  1889 
to  1891  he  was  president  pro  ton.  of  the 
Senate,  where  his  proficiency  in  parlia- 
mentary procedure  was  strikingly  appar- 
ent ;  after  leaving  the  Senate  wrote  for  the 
press  and  practiced  law  until  his  death, 
Aug.  16,  1900. 

Ingham,  Samuel  D.,  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  under  President  Jackson ;  b. 
Pennsylvania  Sept.  1C,  1779 ;  attended  the 
public  schools  ;  manager  of  a  paper  mill  at 
Easton,  N.  J.,  for  several  years ;  member 
of  the  state  legislature  of  Pennsylvania 
for  three  years;  prothonotary  at  Philadel- 
phia :  elected  a  Representative  from  Penn- 
sylvania to  the  i:ith.  14rh.  and  15th  Con- 
gresses as  a  Jackson  Democrat,  resigning 
July  6.  1818 :  elected  a  Representative  to 
the  17th  Congress,  vice  Samuel  Moore,  re- 
signed :  re-elected  to  the  18th,  19th.  and 
20th  Congressps :  Secretary  of  the  Treas- 
ury from  March  6,  1829.  serving  until  Aug. 
8,  1831,  when  he  resigned ;  died  at  Tren- 
ton, N.  J.,  June  5,  1860. 

Innis,  James,  commissioner  appointed 
by  United  States  under  treaty  with 
Great  Britain,  188. 


Iredell,  James  (1751-1799)  ;  politician  and 
jurist ;  b.  Lewes,  England ;  justice  of  the 
United  States  Supreme  Court,  1790-1799 ; 
in  the  third  electoral  college  he  received 
three  votes  for  President. 

Iredell,  James  (1788-1853)  ;  politician  and 
jurist ;  b.  at  Edenton.  N.  C.  ;  governor  of 
North  Carolina,  1827-28 ;  and  United 
States  Senator,  1828-31. 

Irion,  R.  A.,  secretary  of  state  of  Re- 
public of  Texas,  convention  signed 
by,  1686. 

Irvine,  Callender,  commissary-general 
of  purchases,  nomination  of,  dis- 
cussed, 992. 

Irwin,  James  T.,  act  granting  pension 
to,  vetoed,  5044. 

Irwin,  John,  commanding  American  na- 
val forces  at  Honolulu,  reports  of, 
referred  to,  5906. 

Irwin,  Walter  R.,  treaty  with  Indians 
concluded  _by,  3896. 

Izard,  Ralph;  patriot,  statesman  ;  b.  near 
Charleston,  S.  C.,  in  1742 ;  received  clas- 
sical education  and  graduated  from  Cam- 
bridge University,  England  :  Delegate  from 
South  Carolina  to  the  Continental  Congress 
1781-1783:  elected  United  States  Senator 
from  South  Carolina  1789-1795;  appointed 
by  the  Continental  Congress  commissioner 
to  Tuscany  ;  recalled  June  8,  1779  ;  pledged 
his  large  estate  in  South  Carolina  for  the 
payment  of  ships  of  war  to  be  used  in  the 
Revolution :  died  near  Charleston,  S.  C., 
May  30,  1804. 

Izard,  Ralph,  on  committee  to  conduct 
inaugural  ceremonies  of  President 
Washington,  40. 


Biographic  Index 


Joffre 


Jackson,  Andrew,  biography  of,  998. 
Jackson,  Henry  R.,  minister  to  Mexico, 

resignation  of,  5123. 
Jacobs,  Richard  T.,  lieutenant-governor 
of    Kentucky,    arrest    and    imprison- 
ment of,  3460. 

Jacobs,  Stephen,  district  attorney,  nom- 
ination of,  91. 

Jacoway,  Henderson  M.,  l>.  Dardanelle, 
Yell  County,  Ark.,  Nov.  7,  1870,  and  is 
the  third  son  of  Judge  W.  D.  Jacoway ; 
graduated  from  the  Dardanelle  High 
School  at  the  age  of  16  years  and  from  the 
Winchester  Literary  College,  Winchester, 
Tcnn..  in  1892  ;  In  1898  graduated  from 
law  department  of  Vanderbilt  University, 
receiving  a  degree  of  LL.  B.  ;  served  as 
secretary  of  the  Dawes  Commission  dur- 
ing the  Cleveland  administration ;  elected 
to  the  office  of  prosecuting  attorney  in 
1904,  and  re-elected  in  1906.  Sept.  19, 
1907,  married  Miss  Margaret  H.  Cooper, 
daughter  of  Hon.  S.  B.  Cooper,  of  Beau- 
mont, Tex.  ;  was  elected  to  the  62d  Con- 
gress from  Arkansas,  carrying  every 
county  in  the  district  and  nearly  every 
voting  precinct  and  re-elected  to  the  63d 
and  64th  Congresses. 

Jacques,  William  H.,   member  of   Gun 

Foundry  Board,  4748. 
James,  Ollie  M.;  b.  Crittenden  Co.,  Ky., 
July  27,  1871  ;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  In 
1891  ;  was  one  of  the  attorneys  for  Gov- 
ernor Goebel  in  his  celebrated  contest  for 
governor  of  the  State  of  Kentucky  ;  elected 
to  the  58th.  59fh,  60th,  61st,  and  62d 
Congresses  from  Kentucky ;  elected  to  the 
United  States  Senate  for  term  ending 
1920. 

James,  »Thomas  L.;  printer,  publisher, 
editor  ;  Postmaster  General  under  President 
Garfleld  :  b.  March  29,  1831,  in  Utica,  N.  Y.  ; 
left  school  at  the  age  of  fifteen  and  was 
apprenticed  to  a  local  printer ;  at  twenty  he 
became  a  partner  in  publishing  the  Madison 
County  (X.  Y.)  Journal;  the  paper  was 
Whig  In  politics,  and  as  editor  Mr.  James 
attracted  the  attention  of  the  leading  men 
of  the  State  ;  in  1801  he  was  appointed  to 
a  position  in  the  office  of  the  Collector  of 
the  Port  of  New  York  and  in  1873  President 
Grant  made  him  postmaster  at  New  York  ; 
he  declined  the  office  of  Collector  of  th& 
Port,  tendered  by  President  Hayes,  and 
was  reappointed  Postmaster :  he  declined 
the  Republican  nomination  for  Mayor  of 
New  York  and  Postmaster  General  under 
Hayes;  March  5,  1881,  Garfleld  named  him 
for  Postmaster  General  and  he  accepted  the 
place ;  he  found  the  service  disorganized, 
many  of  the  employees  dishonest  and  an 
annual  deficit  of  $2,000,000  :  under  his  ex- 
ecutive direction  abuses  were  corrected, 
frauds  punished  and  the  service  was  made 
self-sustaining ;  declined  to  serve  in  Ar. 
thur's  cabinet,  returned  to  New  York  and 
entered  the  banking  business. 

Jarvis,  Charles,  correspondence  regard- 
ing northeastern  boundary.  (See 
Northeastern  Boundary.) 
Jay,  John  (1745-1829)  ;  jurist  and  states- 
man ;  b.  New  York  City :  represented  the 
State  of  New  York  in  Congress,  1774-77, 
and  drew  up  the  constitution  of  New 
York,  1777  ;  United  States  minister  to 
Spain.  1780-82 ;  peace  commissioner  with 
Adams  and  Franklin  at  Paris,  1783 ;  sec- 


retary for  foreign  affairs,  1784-89;  first 
chief  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States,  178!)  95;  concluded  wiih 
England  the  treaty  of  17'.H,  known  as 
Jay's  Treaty,  which  convi-ycrt  to  Hie 
United  States  the  military  posts  of  tli" 
northwest,  erected  the  eastern  boundary. 
provided  for  the  payment  of  Knglish  debts 
and  the  settlement  of  American  claims. 
restricted  the  United  States  trade  with 
the  West  Indies,  and  defined  the  conditions 
of  neutrality  at  sea  ;  Jay  was  an  unsuc- 
cessful candidate  for  governor  of  New 
York  1792  ;  was  special  minister  to  Great 
Britain,  1794-95  and  governor  of  New 
York,  1795-1801. 

Jay,   John,   minister   to    Great   Britaii., 

nomination  of,  146. 
Jefferson,  Thomas,  biography  of,  307. 
Jenckes,  Thomas  A.;  statesman;  b.  Cum- 
berland, R.  I.,  Nov.  2,  1818  ;  graduated  from 
Brown  University  in  1838;  studied  law,  and 
In  1840  admitted  to  the  bar ;  began  prac- 
tice at  Providence  ;  clerk  in  the  State  legis- 
lature 1840-1844;  secretary  of  the  State 
constitutional  convention  in  1842;  adjutant- 
general  1845-1855  ;  member  of  the  State 
legislature  1854-1859  :  commissioner  to  re- 
vise the  laws  of  the  State  in  1855  ;  elected 
a  Representative  from  Rhode  Island  to  the 
38th,  39th,  40th  and  41st  Congresses  as  a 
Republican;  defeated  as  a  Republican  can- 
didate to  the  42d  Congress ;  died  at  Cum- 
berland, R.  I.,  Nov.  4,  1875. 

Jenckes,  Thomas  A.,  correspondence  re- 
garding Dorr's  Rebellion,  2149. 
Jenkins,  Capt.     (See  Baltimore,  The.) 
Jesup,  Thomas  S.,  commander  of  forces 

in  Seminole  War,  1472. 
Report  of,  referred  to,  1697. 
Jewell,  Marshall,  Governor  of  Connecticut 
(1869-70  and  1871-72),  and  Postmaster- 
General  under  President  Grant:  b.  Win- 
chester, N.  II.,  Oct.  20,  1825 ;  'his  Ameri- 
can ancestry  goes  back  to  Thomas  Jewell, 
who  was  granted  land  at  Wollaston,  Mass., 
shortly  after  the  settlement  of  Massachu- 
setts ;  he  received  a  common  school  educa- 
tion and  learned  tanning  under  his  father ; 
in  1873,  after  having  served  two  terms  as 
governor,  he  was  appointed  minister  to 
Russia,  whence  he  was  recalled  to  be  made 
Postmaster-General  in  1874  ;  he  was  chair- 
man of  the  Republican  National  Committee 
during  the  campaign  that  ended  with  Gar- 
lield's  election  to  the  presidency ;  he  died 
at  Hartford,  Feb.  10,  1883. 

Jewett,  Milo  A.,  consul  of  United  States 
at  Sivas,  Turkey,  directed  to  investi- 
gate Armenian  atrocities,  5991. 

Joffre,  Joseph  Jacques  Cesaire;  b.  near 

the  Pyrenees  in  Franco  in  1852.  As  a  youth 
entered  the  Ecole  Polytechnique  (the  French 
Military  Academy)  as  a  student  of  military 
engineering ;  and  saw  service  during  the 
Franco-Prussian  War  in  1870  as  a  sub- 
lieutenant of  artillery  in  a  Paris  fortifica- 
tion. He  became  prominently  and  favorably 
known  as  a  deep  student  of  military  engi- 
neering, and  was  made  a  captain  iii  1876. 
In  1SS5  he  was  active  in  the  Indo-Chinese 
campaign,  and  was  appointed  a  major  in 
1880.  As  a  result  of  his  brilliant  services 
in  Timbuctoo  in  1894,  be  was  made  a  lieu- 
tenant-colonel and  was  awarded  the  Legion 
of  Honor.  His  thorough  mastery  of  military 
science  soon  brought  him  appointment  as 
professor  in  the  Ecole  de  Guerre  (School  of 


Joffre 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


War).  In  1901,  he  was  made  brigadier- 
general  ;  in  1005,  governor  of  Lille ;  in  1909, 
commander  of  the  Second  Army  Corps.  In 
1911,  he  was  made  chief  of  the  general  staff, 
and  as  such  became  directing  head  of  the 
army.  He  was  in  command  at  the  battle  of 
the  Marne  (see  European  War),  and  it  was 
under  his  direction  that  the  invading  Ger- 
man armies  were  turned  back  from  Paris : 
and  he  was  later  given  command  over  all 
the  allied  armies  on  the  Western  front  of 
battle.  On  December  12,  1916,  he  was  re- 
tired as  head  of  the  Allied  armies  to  become 
adviser  to  the  French  Government  on  the 
prosecution  of  the  war;  and  on  December 
26  he  was  raised  to  the  position  of  Marshal 
of  Prance  by  special  decree.  He  accompanied 
the  French"  visiting  delegation  to  the  United 
States  in  April,  1917  ;  and  he  was  receive.d 
with  acclamation  and  especial  honors  every- 
where in  the  United  States. 
Johnson,  Andrew,  biography  of,  3499. 
Johnson,  Ben;  b.  near  Bardstown,  Nelson 
Co.,  Ky.,  May  20,  1858;  elected  to  the 
Kentucky  house  of  representatives  in  1885 
and  1887  ;  elected  member  of  the  Kentucky 
state  senate,  but  resigned  Nov.  5.  1906 ; 
elected  to  the  60th.  61st.  62d,  63d  and 
64th  Congresses  from  Kentucky. 

Johnson,  Cave,  Postmaster-General  under 
President  Polk ;  b.  Robertson  County, 
Tenn.,  Jan.  11,  1793  ;  received  an  academic 
education ;  studied  law ;  admitted  to  the 
bar  and  began  practice  at  Clarksville, 
Tenn.  ;  appointed  circuit  Judge ;  elected  a 
Representative  from  Tennessee  to  the  21st, 
22d,  23d,  and  24th  Congresses  as  a  Demo- 
crat ;  defeated  for  the  25th  Congress ;  re- 
elected  to  the  26th,  27th,  and  28th  Con- 
gresses ;  appointed  Postmaster-General, 
serving  from  March  5,  .1845,  until  March  5, 
1849  ;  president  of  the  State  Bank  of  Ten- 
nessee 3  850-1859  ;  elected  to  the  state  sen- 
ate during  the  Civil  War  as  a  Unionist ; 
died  at  Clarksville,  Tenn..  Nov.  23,  1886. 

Johnson,   Charles  F.;   b.   Winslow,   Me., 

Feb.  14,  1859 ;  attended  Watervllle  Clas- 
sical Institute :  graduated  from  Bowdoin 
College  in  1879,  which  conferred  upon  him 
the  degree  of  LL.  D.  in  June,  1911; 
taught  school  and  read  law ;  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1886  and  began  practice  in 
Waterville ;  Democratic  candidate  for  gov- 
ernor of  Maine  in  1892  and  1894  ;  member 
of  the  State  Legislature  In  1905  and  1907, 
serving  both  terms  on  the  judiciary  com- 
mittee ;  delegate  to  the  Democratic  nation- 
al convention  in  1904 ;  was  grand  master 
of  the  Grand  Lodge  A.  F.  &  A.  M.  of 
Maine  in  1906  and  1907 ;  elected  to  the 
United  States  Senate  to  succeed  the  Hon. 
Eugene  Hale  for  the  term  beginning  March 
4,  1911. 

Johnson,    George,    claims    of,    against 

Uruguay,   2014. 
Johnson,    James,    provisional    governor 

of  Georgia,  appointed,  3516. 
Johnson,  Joseph  Travis;  b.  Brewerton, 
Laurens  Co.,  S.  C.,  Feb.  28,  1858;  grad- 
uated Erskine  College,  1879;  admitted  to 
the  practice  of  the  law  In  all  the  courts 
of  South  Carolina.  1883;  elected  to  the 
57th,  58th.  59th,  60th,  61st,  62d.  63d  and 
64th  Congresses  from  South  Carolina. 

Johnson,  Reverdy  (1796-1876)  ;  statesman 
and  Cabinet  officer ;  b.  Annapolis,  Md.  : 
United  States  Senator  from  Maryland, 


1845-49  and  1863-68 ;  Attorney-General, 
1849-50;  United  States  minister  to  Great 
Britain,  1868-69 ;  a  treaty  which  he  nego- 
tiated with  Great  Britain  for  the  settle- 
ment of  the  Alabama  Claims  was  rejected 
by  the  Senate. 

Johnson,  Reverdy: 

Address  of,  on  presenting  to  Presi- 
dent proceedings  of  Union  Conven- 
tion in  Philauelphia  filed  in  im- 
peachment trial,  3947. 

Commissioner  at  New  Orleans,  report 
of,  referred  to,  3347. 

Mentioned,  4014. 
Johnson,   Eichard   Mentor    (1780-1850)  ; 

statesman  and  ninth  Vice-President  of  the 
United  States ;  b.  near  Louisville,  Ky.  : 
elected  to  Congress,  1807,  he  became  an 
ardent  supporter  of  Madison's  policies ; 
raised  and  commanded  a  regiment  of 
mounted  riflemen  in  the  War  of  1S12  ;  sup- 
ported Harrison  at  the  Thames,  1813.  and 
is  believed  to  have  killed  Tecumseh  in 
this  battle;  United  States  Senator.  1819- 
29 ;  member  of  Congress,  1829-37  :  Vice- 
President  with  Van  Buren,  1837,  to 
which  office  he  was  elected  by  the  United 
States  Senate  by  default  of  an  electoral 
majority :  was  candidate  for  re-election  in 
1840,  but  defeated. 

Johnson,  Richard  M.,  military  talents 
of,  commented  on,  520. 

Johnson,  R.  M.,  compensation  due,  for 
erection  of  buildings  for  use  of  Choc- 
taw  academy,  2537. 

Johnson,  Samuel,  president  North  Caro- 
lina convention,  62. 

Johnson,  William  Samuel,  appointed  on 
committee  to  receive  President  Wash- 
ington, 36. 

Johnston,  Joseph  E.;  soldier  b.  Long- 
wood,  Prince  Edward  County,  Va.,  Feb.  3, 
1807 ;  educated  at  West  Point  served  in 
the  U.  S.  Army  in  the  grades  from  second 
lieutenant  to  brigadier-general  ;  in  the  Con- 
federate army  as  general  ;  was  for  some 
years  the  general  agent  of  the  Home  (Fire) 
Insurance  Company  of  New  York  ;  elected 
a  Representative  to  the  46th  Congress  as  a 
Democrat  ;  Commissioner  of  Railroads  un- 
der Grover  Cleveland  ;  died  at  Washington, 
D.  C.,  March  21,  1891. 

Johnston,  Joseph  E.,  victories  of  na- 
tional arms  over  Confederate  forces 
under,  referred  to,  3442. 

Johnston,    Joseph   Forney;    b.   in   North 

Carolina  in  1843  ;  served  ,  in  Confederate 
army  during  the  war ;  rose  to  the  rank 
of  captain;  practiced  law  seventeen  years; 
was  a  banker  ten  years  ;  elected  governor 
of  Alabama  in  189G  and  1898;  unanimous- 
ly elected  to  the  United  States  Senate 
from  Alabama  to  fill  out  the  unexpired 
term  of  E.  W.  Pettus.  deceased,  also  for 
the  term  ending  March  3,  1915. 

Jones,  Jacob,  commander  of  the  Wasp, 
506. 

Jones,  John  Paul,  remains  of,  discov- 
ered in  Paris,  7075,  7076. 

Jones,  J.  B.,  treaty  with  Indians  con- 
cluded by,  3592. 


Biographic   Index 


Jussen 


Jones,  Roger;  soldier;  b.  Washington, 
I).  ('..  Feb.  25,  18:51;  graduated  U.  S.  Mili- 
tary Academy,  1847  ;  served  on  the  Texas 
frontier  and  in  New  Mexico,  and  at  the 
outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  was  promoted 
to  the  rank  of  captain,  and  received  the 
thauks  of  President  Lincoln  and  Secretary 
Cameron;  served  throughout  t'he  war,  and 
rose  to  the  rank  of  brigadier-general  ;  died 
Fortress  Monroe,  Va.,  Jan.  26,  1889. 

Jones,  Roger: 

Correspondence  regarding  Dorr's  Re- 
bellion,  2157. 
Mentioned,  702. 

Orders  respecting  funeral  honors  to — 
Adams,  John,  914.     ' 
Harrison,  W.  H.,  1880. 
Jefferson,   914. 
Lafayette,   1314. 

Jones,  Thomas,  proceedings  of,  in  tak- 
ing possession  of  Monterey,  Mexico, 
discussed,  2080. 

Jones,  Wesley  L.,  h.  near  Bethany,  111., 
Oct.  0.  1803,  three  days  after  the  death 
of  his  father,  a  private  in  the  Civil  War ; 
his  mother  maintained  herself  and  chil- 
dren by  her  own  labor ;  he  did  all  kinds 
of  farm  work,  hiring  out  by  the  month 
When  10  years  of  age;  attended  public 
schools  in  winter  ;  worked  during  the  sum- 
mer until  he  was  16,  when  he  entered 
Southern  Illinois  College,  teaching  to  pay 
his  way  :  working  in  the  harvest  fields 
during  the  summer ;  admitted  to  the  bar 
on  examination  in  1886  ;  elected  to  the 
56th,  57th,  58th,  59th,  and  60th  Con- 
gresses as  one  of  the  Representatives-at- 
large  from  the  State  of  Washington  :  the 
legislature  of  1907  for  Washington  enact- 
ed a  direct  primary  law  in  which  pro- 


vision was  made  for  expressing  the  party 
choice  for  United  States  Senator  by  popu- 
lar vote :  he  became  a  candidate  and  was 
successful  by  a  large  majority,  and  was 
duly  elected  to  the  United  States  Senate. 

Jones,  William,  Secretary  of  the  Navy  un 
der  President  Madison ;  b.  Philadelphia. 
Pa.,  in  1760 ;  received  a  liberal  education  ; 
served  In  t'he  Revolutionary  war ;  entered 
the  Continental  Naval  service ;  moved  to 
Charleston,  S.  C.  ;  returned  to  Pennsyl- 
vania ;  elected  a  Representative  from  that, 
state  to  the  7th  Congress  as  a  Democrat ; 
Secretary  of  the  Navy  Jan.  12,  181. '{-Dec. 
7,  1814;  collector  of  customs  at  Philadel- 
phia ;  died  at  Bethlehem,  Pa.,  Sept.  5, 
1831. 

Jones,  William,  Secretary  of  Navy: 
Duties  of  Secretary  of  Treasury  dis- 
charged by,  during  the  absence  of 
Albert  Gallatin,  one  of  the  commis- 
sioned envoys  to  treat  with  Great 
Britain  and  Russia  in  1813. 

Jones,  William  Atkinson;  b.  Warsaw,  Va.. 

March    21,    1849;    elected    to   the   52d,    53d. 

54th,  55th,  56th,  57th,  58th,  59th,  60fh,  61st, 

62d,  63d  and  64th  Congresses  from  Virginia. 

Juarez,  Benito  P.,  President  of  Mexico: 
Demonstration  by  Congress  of  United 
States  of  Colombia  in  honor  of,  re- 
ferred to,   3575. 
Government     formed    by,     discussed, 

3095. 

Referred  to,  3175,  3577. 
Jussen,  Edmund,  act  for  relief  of,  ve- 
toed, 4168. 


Kahn 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Kahn,  Julius;  b.  Feb.  28,  18G1,  at  Kup- 
penhcim,  Grand  Duchy  of  Baden,  Ger- 
many ;  immigrated  to  California  with  his 
parents  in  1866 ;  in  1892  was  elected  to 
the  legislature  of  the  State  of  California  ; 
in  January,  1894.  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  by  the  supreme  court  of  California ; 
was  elected  to  the  56th,  57th,  59th.  60th, 
61st.  62d,  63d  and  64th  Congresses  from 
California. 

Kalakaua,    David,     King    of    Hawaiian 
Islands: 

Coronation   of,  discussed,  4761. 

Death  of,  in  United  States,  discussed, 
5623. 

Visit  of,  to  United  States,  4630. 

Kalanianaolc,  J.  Kuhio;  b.  March  26, 
1871,  at  Koloa,  island  of  Kauai,  Hawaii  : 
was  educated  in  Honolulu,  the  United 
States,  and  England ;  is  a  capitalist ;  was 
employed  in  the  office  of  minister  of  the 
interior  and  in  the  custom-house  under 
the  monarchy ;  cousin  to  the  late  King 
Kalakaua  and  Queen  Liliuokalani.  mou- 
archs  of  the  then  Kingdom  of  Hawaii,  and 
nephew  of  Queen  Kapaiolani,  consort  of 
Kalaknua  :  created  prince  by  royal  proc- 
lamation in  1884:  married  Elizabetn 
Kahnnn  Kaamvai.  daughter  of  a  chief  of 
the  island  of  Mnni.  Oct.  8.  1896:  elected 
delegate  to  the  58th.  591  h.  60th.  61st,  and 
62d  Congresses  from  Waikiki,  district  of 
Honolulu,  island  of  Oahu. 

Kasson,  John  A.,  report  of,  on  commer- 
cial relations  with  Cuba,  62D4. 

Kautz,  August  V.,  member  of  court  to 
try  assassins  of  President  Lincoln, 
etc.,  3534. 

Kearny,  Philip,  major-general  in  Army, 
nomination  of,  and  reasons  therefor, 
3362. 

Keiley,  Anthony  M.;  jurist;  b.  New  Jer- 
sey, in  1835 :  graduated  Randolph  Macon 
College,  in  Virginia ;  founded  and  carried 
on  the  Norfolk  Virginian,  and  the  Index 
and  Xeu's,  of  Petersburg ;  appointed  by 
President  Cleveland  envoy  extraordinary 
and  minister  plenipotentiary  to  Italy  in 
1885  ;  but  the  appointment  was"  cancelled 
on  account  of  the  objections  of  the  Ital- 
ian government,  and  he  was  accredited  to 
Austria,  hut  he  was  declared  persona  non 
f/rntn  at  Vienna,  and  he  resigned  :  in  1886 
President  Cleveland  appointed  him  to  {ho 
International  Court  in  Egypt,  maintained 
by  the  lending  countries  to  adjudicate  in- 
ternational questions;  died  in  Paris, 
France,  Jan.  24,  1905. 

Keiley,  A.  M.: 

Minister  to  Austria-Hungary,  ap- 
pointment of,  and  refusal  of  Gov- 
ernment to  receive,  discussed,  4010. 
Minister  to  Italy  and  Austria-Hun- 
gary, appointment  of,  referred  to, 
4051. 

Keim,  D.  B.  R.,  report  of,  on  consular 
nfl'iiirs  ;ui<l  amount  paid  to,  referred 
to,  112:;,  4K50,  41(51. 

Keith,  Charles  B.,  treaty  with  Indians 
von  eluded  by,  3284. 


Keiley,  Mr.,  commissioner  to  investigate 

affairs    of    New    York    custom-house, 

2005. 
Kellogg,  William  P.: 

Candidate  for  governor  of  Louisiana, 
election  disturbances  discussed. 
(See  Louisiana,  elections  in.) 

Mentioned,  4177. 

Kendall,  Amos;  lawyer,  editor,  author ; 
Postmaster  General  under  President  Jack- 
son; b.  Aug.  16,  1789,  in  Dunstable,  Mass.; 
attended  school  at  New  Ipswich,  N.  II.,  anil 
graduated  from  Dartmouth  College  in  1811  ; 
studied  law  in  Grotou.  M;iss.  :  travelled  by 
way  of  Washington,  1).  C.,  to  Kentucky, 
where  he  became  a  tutor  in  private  fam- 
ilies, including  that  of  Henry  Clay  ;  ail 
mitted  to  the  bar  in  Kentucky  and  made 
postmaster  at  Georgetown  in  1814;  be- 
came sole  editor  of  the  Argus  of  Western 
America  at  Frankfort,  Ky.,  in  181<i.  and 
was  interested  in  promoting  the  cause  of 
education  ;  appointed  by  President  Jackson 
Fourth  Auditor  of  the  Treasury,  18^U ; 
acquired  great  influence  in  the  administra- 
tion and  was  largely  the  means  of  having 
the  Globe  newspaper  supersede  the  T<  I>  - 
graph  as  the  official  organ  ;  appointed  Post- 
master General  in  1835  ;  he  found  the  de- 
partment disorganized,  corrupt  and  heavily 
in  debt  ;  within  a  year  the  debts  were 
cleared,  but  Mr.  Kendall  bad  incurred  tin- 
hostility  of  powerful  mail  contractors, 
who  obtained  judgments  against  him  for 
claims  he  considered  invalid  :  he  started 
successively  Kendall's  Exjinxitor  and  the 
I'nion  Democrat,  both  of  which  failed  ;  for 
the  judgments  against  him  he  was  impris- 
oned within  the  bounds  of  the  District  of 
Columbia  :  Congress  later  paid  the  claims 
and  abolished  the  law  of  imprisonment  for 
debt  in  the  District  ;  his  reputation  was  es- 
tablished as  an  honest  man  and  a  pure, 
faithful,  inflexible  public  officer:  when  he 
left  the  Post  Office  Department  he  received 
the  most  gratifying  testimony  to  that  effect 
from  those  who  had  associated  with  him  : 
he  later  declined  a  foreign  mission  tendered 
by  President  Polk,  and  in  1845.  associated 
with  Prof.  S.  F.  B.  Morse  in  the  develop- 
ment of  the  telegraph  ;  this  business 
brought  him  an  ample  fortune,  which  he 
devoted  largely  to  benevolences;  in  18(i<V 
he  published  in  the  Washington  Evening  Star 
a  series  of  vigorous  protests  against  the 
secession  of  the  Southern  Srates  :  at  the 
outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he  placed  his 
house  and  grounds  in  Washington  at  tin- 
disposal  of  the  government  for  the  use  of 
troops  and  spent  a  year  in  Trenton,  N.  .1.  ; 
he  published  an  incomplete  "Lift-  of  An- 
drew Jackson"  ;  died  Nov.  12,  1869,  in 
Washington. 

Kennedy,  Charles  A.;  b.  Mont  rose,  Iowa, 

March  24,  1869  ;  mayor  of  his  native  town 
for  four  years ;  in  1903  he  was  elected  to 
the  Iowa  legislature,  serving  two  terms  : 
elected  to  the  60th.  61st.  62d,  63d  and 
64th  Congresses  from  Iowa. 

Kennedy,  John  P.;  Secretary  of  the  Navy 
under  President  Fillmore ;  b.  Baltimore, 
Md.,  Oct.  25,  1795 ;  received  a  classical 
education  :  graduated  from  Baltimore  Col- 
lege in  1812:  studied  law.  arid  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  181C>:  commenced  practice  at 
Baltimore:  served  in  the  war  of  1812: 
State  representative  lS2O-18i*2:  npt>«inied 
secretary  to  the  legation  at  Chile,  January 
27.  1823.  but  resigned  :  defeated  for  the 
2."ith  Congress,  but  subsequently  elected  to 
the  same  Congress  as  a  Representative  from 


Biographic    Index 


Key 


Maryland  (vice  Isaac  McKIm,  docoased), 
serving  from  April  30,  18:!8,  to  1839  ;  de- 
feated for  the  20th  Congress  ;  Presidential 
elector  on  the  Whig  ticket  in  1840;  elected 
to  the  27th  and  28th  Congresses;  Secre- 
tarv  of  the  Navy  July  22,  1852,  to  March 
7,  1853 ;  died  at  Newport,  It.  I..  Aug.  18, 
1870. 

Kcnnon,  Beverly,  court-martial  of,  re- 
ferred to,  811. 

Kent,  Edward,  correspondence  regard- 
ing northeastern  boundary.  (See 
Northeastern  Boundary.) 

Kent,  William;  b.  Chicago,  111..  March 
29,  1864,  and  Is  the  sou  of  Albert  E.  and 
Adaline  Elizabeth  (Dutton)  Kent;  his 
parents  moved  to  California  In  1871  and 
settled  In  Mariu  County;  preliminary  edu- 
cation received  in  private  schools  in  Cali- 
fornia and  at  Hopkin's  Grammar  School, 
New  Haven,  Conn.  ;  entered  Yale  in  1883 
and  graduated  in  1887,  with  the  degree  of 
A.  B.  ;  M.  A.  (honorary),  Yale,  1908;  lo- 
cated in  Chicago  to  look  after  'his  father's 
business  interests ;  in  1800  entered  into 
partnership  with  his  father,  under  the 
firm  name  of  A.  E.  Kent  &  Son  ;  was  mar- 
ried to  Elizabeth  Thacher  of  Ojai  Valley, 
Cal.,  Feb.  20,  1890;  owner  of  real  estate 
and  business  interests  in  Chicago,  as  well 
as  in  California  ;  member  of  the  firm  of 
Kent  &  Burke,  cattle  dealers.  Genoa,  Nebr.  ; 
active  in  civic  affairs  ;  member  of  the 
Chicago  City  Council  from  1895  to  1897 ; 
president  of  the  Municipal  Voters'  League 
of  Chicago,  1899-1900,  and  a  member  of 
its  executive  committee  from  1897  to 
1904;  member  of  the  Illinois  Civil  Service 
Association  and  of  the  Civil  Service  Re- 
form League  of  Chicago ;  member  of  the 
following  clubs  :  Union  League  ;  Univer- 
sity;  City  (Chicago);  Yale  (New  York) 
IJriversity ;  Bohemian  (San  Francisco); 
Graduates  (Yale)  ;  sought  the  Republican 
nomination  for  Congress  as  a  Progressive 
against  Duncan  E.  McKinlay,  and  defeated 
the  latter  under  the  direct  primary  law 
of  California  ;  was  elected  to  the  02d,  63d 
and  64th  Congresses  from  California. 

Kenyon,  William  S.;  b.  Elyria,  Ohio, 
June  10,  1809 ;  educated  at  Iowa  College, 
Grinnell,  Iowa,  and  law  school  of  the  State 
University  of  Iowa ;  was  prosecuting  at- 
torney for  Webster  County.  Iowa,  for  five 
years ;  district  judge  for  two  years ;  gen- 
eral attorney  Illinois  Central  Railroad  Co. 
for  three  years  ;  Assistant  to  the  Attorney- 
General  of  the  United  States  for  one  year  ; 
elected  to  the  United  States  Senate  April 
12.  1911,  to  succeed  the  Hon.  Lafayette 
Young,  who  was  appointed  United  States 
Senator  Nov.  12.  1910.  to  till  the  vacancy 
caused  by  the  death  of  lion.  Jonathan  P. 
Dolliver,  and  took  his  seat  April  24,  1911. 

Kern,  John  Worth;  b.  Dec.  20,  1849,  in 
Howard  County.  Ind.  ;  educated  in  the  com- 
mon schools.  Normal  College  at  Kokomo, 
Ind.,  and  graduated  from  the  law  depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  Michigan  with 
degree  of  bachelor  of  laws,  class  1809  ;  by 
profession,  a  lawyer,  practising  at  Kokomo, 
Ind.,  until  1885,  since  that  time  at  Indian- 
apolis ;  member  of  bar  of  Supreme  Court  of 
the  United  States  and  member  of  American 
Bar  Association :  was  reporter  of  the  In- 
diana Supreme  Court  from  1885  to  1889. 
and  edited  and  published  17  volumes  of 
Indiana  Reports — volumes  100  to  110.  in- 
clusive :  member  of  Indiana  State  Senate 
1893-1897;  city  solicitor  of  Indianapolis, 


1897-1901  :  special  assistant  United  States 
district  attorney  1S92-4  ;  Democratic  can- 
didate for  governor  in  1900  and  1904; 
Democratic  candidate  for  Vice-President  In 
1908  ;  married  and  'has  three  children  ;  was 
nominated  as  the  party's  candidate  for 
United  States  Senator  by  a  unanimous  vote 
of  the  Democratic  State  convention  In 
1910,  and  elected  Jan.  18,  1911. 

Kernan,    John    D.,    member    of    Strike 

Commission,  5983. 

Kerr,  Joseph,  commissioner  for  Cumber- 
land road,  406. 
Kerr,  J,  Bozman,   charge   d'affaires  in 

Nicaragua,  mentioned,  2687,  2695. 
Kerr,  Michael  C.;  b.  Titusviiio,  Pa., 
March  15,  1827;  received  a  liberal  educa- 
tion and  graduated  from  Louisville  Univer- 
sity in  1851  ;  admitted  to  the  bar  and  began 
practice  at  New  Albany.  Ind.,  in  1«.">2; 
elected  city  attorney  in  ].S."i4  ;  elected  prose- 
cuting attorney  of  Floyd  County  in  185.r>; 
member  of  the  SUito  legislature  in  18.~>G  and 
1857;  elected  reporter  of  the  supreme  court 
of  Indiana  in  1802  :  elected  a  Representative 
from  Indiana  to  the  39th,  40th,  41st  and 
42d  Congresses  as  a  Democrat  ;  defeated 
for  the  43d  Congress;  elected  to  the  44th 
Congress  and  elected  its  Speaker ;  died  at 
Rockbrldge  Alum  Springs,  Va.,  Aug.  19, 
1876. 

Kerr,  Michael  C.,  Speaker  of  House  of 
Representatives,  death  of,  announced, 
4352. 

Key,  David  McKendree;  Postmaster-Gen- 
eral under  President  Hayes ;  b.  Greene 
County,  Tenn.,  Jan.  27,  1824;  raised  on  a 
farm  in  Monroe  County  ;  attended  the  com- 
mon schools ;  graduated  from  Hiawassee 
College  in  1850;  studied  law,  admitted  to 
the  bar,  and  began  practice  at  Chattanooga 
in  1853  ;  Presidential  elector  on  the  D,emo- 
cratic  ticket  in  1856  and  on  the  Breekin- 
ridge  and  Lane  ticket  in  1800;  served  in 
the  Confederate  army  as  lieutenant-colonel 
in  the  Civil  War ;  member  of  the  state 
constitutional  convention  in  1870 ;  chan- 
cellor of  the  third  chancery  district  1870- 
1875 ;  defeated  as  the  Democratic  candi- 
date to  the  43d  Congress ;  appointed  a 
United  States  Senator  from  Tennessee  as 
a  Democrat  (vice  Andrew  Johnson,  de- 
ceased), serving  from  December  C,  1875, 
to  January  29.  1877 ;  defeated  for  re-elec- 
tion ;  Postmaster-General  March  12,  1S77, 
to  1880;  resigned  to  accept  United  States 
judgeship  of  the  eastern  district  of  Ten- 
nessee :  retired  Jan.  20,  1894 ;  died  at 
Chattanooga,  Tenn.,  Feb.  3,  1900. 

Key,  Francis  Scott;  American  lawyer 
and  song  writer  ;  b.  Frederick  County,  Md., 
Aug.  1,  1779  ;  educated  at  St.  John's  Col- 
lege, Annapolis,  and  commenced  the  prac- 
tice of  law  in  Frederic  City ;  became  dis- 
trict attorney  for  the  District  of  Columbia. 
As  a  song  writer  he  is  remembered  by  his 
"Star-Spangled  Banner."  a  popular  national 
lyric  suggested  and  partly  written  while 
the  author  was  detained  aboard  the 
British  fleet  during  the  bombardment  of 
Fort  McITenry.  near  Baltimore,  of  which  he 
was  a  witness  ;  d.  Baltimore.  Jan.  11,  1843. 
A  collection  of  his  miscellaneous  poems 
was  published  in  1850. 

Key,  Thomas  M.,  interview  with  Gen. 
Cobb  regarding  exchanging  of  pris- 
oners of  war,  3459. 


Keyes 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Keyes,  Stephen,  collector  of  port,  nomi- 
nation of,  91. 

Keys,  Crawford,  trial  and  conviction 
of,  for  murder  of  Emory  Smith,  and 
subsequent  release  of,  referred  to, 
3659. 

Kimball,  James  P.,  Director  of  Mint, 
nomination  of,  and  reasons  therefor, 
4952. 

Kimberly,  Lewis  A.,  dispatched  to  Sa- 
moa, 5390. 

King,  Horatio;  printer,  editor,  author, 
I'ost  master  General  under  President  Bu- 
chanan; b.  June  21,  1811,  In  Paris,  Oxford 
Co.,  Me. ;  after  a  common  school  education 
he  entered  the  office  of  the  Paris  Jeffer- 
sonian,  learned  the  printing  trade  and  grad- 
ually rose  to  sole  editor  and  owner  and 
moved  the  office  to  Portland,  Me.,  where 
it  finally  became  merged  into  the  Eastern 
Aryuis ;  appointed  to  a  position  in  the  Post- 
office  Department  in  1839,  he  gradually 
arose  to  first  assistant  and  Jan.  1,  1861, 
became  Postmaster  General,  serving  until 
after  the  inauguration  of  Lincoln;  ap- 
pointed to  carry  out  the  terms  of  the 
emancipation  proclamation  in  Washington 
in  1862 ;  practiced  as  an  attorney  before 
the  executive  departments  in  Washington 
until  1883  ;  wrote  and  lectured  on  a  great 
variety  of  subjects,  including  a  book  en- 
titled "Sketches  of  Travel;  or,  Twelve 
Aionths  in  Europe"  ;  his  home  in  Washing- 
ton was  a  literary  center  for  some  years ; 
died  May  20,  1897,  in  Washington. 

King,    John   H.,    acts    and  proceedings 

of,  declared  null  and  void,  3548. 
King,  Jonas,  difficulties  of,  with  Greece 

referred  to,  2773,  2828. 
King,  Rufus;  soldier,  statesman,  diplomat; 
b.  Scarboro,  Mass,  (now  Maine),  March  24, 
1755  ;  pursued  classical  studies  and  gradu- 
ated from  Harvard  College  In  1777  ;  studied 
law  at  Newburyport ;  served  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary war;  admitted  to  the  bar  and  began 
practice  in  1780;  State  representative  In 
1782  ;  Delegate  from  Massachusetts  to  the 
Continental  Congress  1784-178G;  delegate 
to  the  State  constitutional  convention  1787, 
and  also  to  the  Federal  constitutional  con- 
vention ;  moved  to  New  York  City  in  1788  ; 
member  of  the  State  legislature  in  1780; 
elected  and  re-elected  a  United  States  Sena- 
tor from  Xew  York  as  a  Federalist,  serving 
from  1789  to  his  resignation,  May  18,  1790; 
minister  to  Great  Britain  May  20,  1796,  to 
May  18.  1S03:  again  elected  and  re-elected 
a  United  States  Senator  from  New  York, 
1813-1825  :  again  minister  to  Great  Britain 
May  5,  1825,  to  June  16,  18i:0;  died  at 
Jamaica,  N.  Y.,  April  29,  1827. 

King,   Rufus,   special   minister   plenipo- 
tentiary   to     negotiate    treaty    with 
Russia,  nomination  of,  272. 
King,  Sam.  W.,  correspondence  regard- 
in<r     Dorr's     Rebellion,     2139,      2143, 
2145,    2146,    2147,    2151,    2152,    2156. 
King,  Thomas  Butler;  b.  Hampden,  Mass., 
Ai:g.  27,  1804  ;  received  a  liberal  education  ; 
studied  law  and  began  practice  at  Waynes- 
villo,   Gn.  ;   momber  of  the   State   senate   in 
^832,  1S34,  1835  and  1837;  farmer;  elected 
v   Representative  from  Georgia  to  the  26th 


Congress  as  a  State  Rights  Whig ;  re- 
elected  to  the  27th  ;  defeated  for  the  28th  ; 
elected  to  the  29th,  30th  and  31st  Con- 
gresses ;  resigned  in  1849  ;  collector  of  San 
Francisco  1850-51  ;  sent  to  Europe  on  a 
secret  mission  by  Confederate  government 
in  1862  ;  died  at  Waynesboro,  Ga.,  May  10, 
1864. 

King,  Thomas  B.,  special  agent  to  Cali- 

fernia,    2565. 

Eeport  of,  referred  to,  2579. 
King,  William  Rufus  (1786-1853);  states- 
man and  thirteenth  Vice-President  of  the 
United  States ;  b.  Sampson  Co.,  N.  C. ; 
member  of  Congress,  1811-16  ;  United  States 
Senator  from  Alabama,  1819-40  ;  an  ardent 
supporter  of  Gen.  Jacksou  in  his  several 
Presidential  campaigns ;  appointed  Minis- 
ter to  France,  1844-46,  by  President  Tyler  ; 
United  States  Senator  from  Alabama,  1846- 
53;  president  of  the  Senate,  1S50,  Vice- 
President,  1852,  taking  the  oath  of  office 
in  Havana. 

King,  William  R.,  Vice-President,  death 
of,    announced    and    honors    to    be 
paid  memory  of,  2738. 
Eeferred  to,  2758. 

Kinkaid,  Moses  P.;  lawyer;  b.  West 
Virginia  ;  a  resident  of  the  State  of  Nebras- 
ka since  18S1 ;  graduate  of  the  law  de- 
partment, University  of  Michigan ;  state 
senator  In  Nebraska  In  1SS3 ;  district 
judge  for  three  terms;  elected  to  the  5Sth, 
59th,  00th,  61st  and  62d  Congresses  from 
Nebraska. 

Kinkead,  Eugene  F.;  b.  March  27,  1876; 

elected  alderman  In  Jersey  City,  1898,  serv- 
ing as  president  of  the  board  ;  was  elected 
to  the  61st,  62d,  63d  and  64th  Congresses 
from  New  Jersey. 

Kirkwood,  Samuel  J.;  lawyer,  statesman, 
Secretary  of  the  Interior  under  Presidents 
Garfield  and  Arthur;  b.  Dec.  20,  1813,  in 
Harford  Co.,  Mel. ;  received  an  academic 
education  in  Washington,  D.  C.,  and 
worked  as  a  druggist's  clerk  ;  removed  to 
Kichland  Co.,  Ohio,  in  1835,  studied  law 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1843 ; 
served  as  prosecuting  attorney  for  the 
county  four  years ;  removed  to  Iowa  in 
1855,  and  engaged  in  farming  and  milling; 
elected  to  State  Senate  in  1856  and  in 
1859  was  chosen  Governor  and  reelected 
in  1861,  raised  nearly  fifty  regiments  for 
the  Union  armies  during  "the  Civil  War ; 
declined  the  post  of  Minister  to  Denmark, 
tendered  by  President  Lincoln ;  elected  to 
the  United  States  Senate  in  1866  to  fill 
the  unexpired  term  of  James  Harlan  ;  elect- 
ed Governor  for  a  third  time  in  1875,  and 
the  following  year  was  again  chosen  United 
States  Senator;  March  5,  1881,  President 
Garfield  appointed  him  Secretary  of  the  In- 
terior ;  continued  in'  Arthur's  cabinet  until 
April  6,  1882,  when  he  was  succeeded  by 
Henry  M.  Teller. 

Kitchin,  Claude;  b.  Halifax  Co.,  N.  C., 
near  Scotland  Neck,  March  24,  1869 ; 
graduated  from  Wake  Forest  College,  18S8  ; 
admitted  to  the  bar  September,  1890;  elect- 
ed to  the  57th,  58th,  59th,  60th,  Olst, 
62d,  63d  and  64th  Congresses  from  North 
Carolina. 

Knox,  Henry;  soldier;  b.  Boston,  Mass., 
July  25,  1750;  joined  the  Boston  Grena- 
diers in  1770,  and  was  on  duty  during 
the  Boston  massacre ;  joined  tne  Couti- 


Biographic   Index 


Koszta 


uental  army  at  Cambridge.  Mass..  April 
19,  1775,  and  rendered  efficient  service 
In  the  early  days  of  the  Revolution ; 
during  the  winter  of  1775-76,  he  trans- 
ported fifty-five  pieces  of  ordnance 
and  2,300  pounds  of  lead  from  Tl- 
conderoga  to  Cambridge ;  made  brigadier- 
general  of  artillery  in  1776;  after  the  war 
he  founded  the  Society  of  Cincinnati  :  ap- 
pointed Secretary  of  War  by  Congress, 
1785,  and  on  the  inauguration  of  Wash- 
ington as  President  was  retained  In  the 
Cabinet ;  resigned  Jan.  2,  1795,  the  com- 
pensation of  the  office  not  being  suffi- 
cient to  support  his  family ;  removed  to 
Maine  and  engaged  In  farming ;  died  at 
Thomaston,  Me.,  Oct.  25,  1802. 

Knox,  Henry: 

Commissioner    appointed    by    United 

States     under    treaty    with    Great 

Britain,  388. 
Commissioner  to  treat  with  Indians, 

70. 
Proceedings   of   Cabinet  were   signed 

by    him    as    attendant    adviser    of 

President  Jefferson. 

Knox, "  Philander  Chase;  Secretary  of 
State  under  President  Taft ;  b.  Browns- 
ville, Pa.,  May  6,  1853 ;  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1875 ;  assistant  United  States  dis- 
trict attorney  for  the  western  district  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1876 ;  made  Attorney- 
General  in  fhe  Cabinet  of  President  Mc- 
Kinley  in  1901  and  of  President  Roose- 
velt Dec.  16,  1901 ;  resigned  that  office 
June  30.  1904,  to  accept  appointment  as 
United  States  Senator  from  Pennsylvania, 
to  fill  a  vacancy  cansed  by  the  death  of 
Hon.  M.  S.  Quay,  and  took  his  seat  Dec. 
6 :  elected  by  'the  legislature  January, 
1905,  for  the  term  ending  March  3.  1911  ; 
resigned  as  Senator  March  4,  1909.  to 
accept  the  position  of  Secretary  of  State. 

Kock,    Bernard,    agreement    with,    for 
emigration  of  negroes  canceled,  3368. 

Konop,  Thomas  F.;  b.  Franklin,  Ke- 
waunee  County,  Wis.,  Aug.  17,  1879 ;  at- 
tended a  country  school  and  high  sc'hool. 
Two  Rivers.  Wis.  :  and  the  State  Normal 
School  at  Oshkosh  ;  studied  law  at  the 
Northern  Illinois  College  of  Law  and  at 


the  State  University  of  Nebraska,  from 
which  last-named  institution  he  received 
his  degree  of  LL.  B.  in  1904  ;  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  Wisconsin  ;  served  three  terms 
as  district  attorney  of  his  county.  Mr. 
Konop  was  nominated  for  Congress  in 
September,  1910,  on  the  Democratic  ticket 
In  a  district  safely  Republican  by  5,000 ; 
after  a  'hard  campaign  of  two  months,  dur- 
ing which  he  visited  every  corner  of  his 
district,  he  was  elected  by  a  plurality  of  5 
votes,  the  Republican  State  ticket  carry- 
ing the  district  at  the  same  time  ;  elected 
to  the  62d,  G.'Jd  and  04th  Congresses  from 
Wisconsin. 

Kosciusko,    statue    of,   at    Washington, 
D.  C.,  5934. 

Kossuth,  Louis;  nn  eminent  Hungarian 
patriot,  orator  and  statesman ;  born  of  a 
noble  family  at  Monok,  county  of  Zem- 
plin,  1802 ;  studied  law  and  joined  the 
popular  party  iu  opposing  the  despotic 
rule  of  Austria ;  imprisoned  In  18.'!7-40 
for  having  offended  the  government  by  his 
writings  ;  elected  to  the  Diet  in  1847.  and 
acquired  a  'high  reputation  as  an  orator ; 
he  induced  the  Diet  to  vote  the  perfect 
equality  of  civil  rights  and  public  bur- 
dens for  all  classes,  and  to  extend  the 
right  of  suffrage :  became  minister  of 
finance  in  the  cabinet  formed  in  April, 
1848:  in  April,  1849,  the  Hungarians  re- 
nounced allegiance  to  Austria  and  chose 
Kossuth  dictator ;  Russian  intervention  on 
behalf  of  Austria  prevented  the  establish- 
ment of  a  Hungarian  republic :  Kossnth 
went  to  Turkey,  where  he  was  imprisoned, 
but  later  liberated  through  the  interven- 
tion of  the  United  States  and  England  ; 
visited  England  and  the  United  States  in 
1857,  where  he  was  greeted  with  enthu- 
siasm ;  died  Turin,  Italy,  March  20,  1894. 

Kossuth,  Louis: 

Liberation    of,    and    companions    re- 
ferred to,  2647,  2655. 
Misunderstanding     of,      with      Capt. 
Long  referred   to,   2682. 

Koszta,  Martin,   seizure  and   imprison- 
ment of,  by  Austrian  brig  of  war 
and     subsequent    release     of,     dis- 
cussed,  2742. 
Referred  to,  2764,  2770,  2771. 


La  Blanche 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


La  Blanche,  Alcee: 

Charge     d 'Affaires    to     Republic     of 

Texas,   nomination   of,   1501. 
Convention  at  Houston,  Tex.,  signed 

by,   1686. 

Ladd,  Edward  H.,  claim  of,  against  Co- 
lombia, 4804. 
Lafayette,  George  W.: 

First    copperplate    of    Declaration   of 
Independence    bequeathed    to    Con- 
gress by  father  of,   letter  of,  pre- 
senting, 1342. 
Resolutions  of  Congress  on  death  of 

father  of,  transmitted  to,  1343. 
Reply  of,  to,  1344. 

Lafayette,  Marquis  de;  French  solder 
and  statesman  :  h.  Chavagnac,  near 
Brioude.  Auvergne,  Sept/  0.  1757 :  educat- 
ed at  the  College  of  Louis  le  Grand,  Paris, 
and  became  an  officer  of  the  guards  ;  learn- 
ing of  the  Declaration  of  Independence  of 
the  American  colonists,  he  determined  to 
aid  them:  with  11  companions  he  arrived 
in  America,  April  14,  1777.  and  volun- 
teered his  services  to  Congress  without 
pay  ;  he  was  given  a  major-general's  com- 
mission, and  became  a  member  of  Wash- 
ington's staff:  served  valiantly  through 
the  Revolution  and  secured  for  the  Ameri- 
can cause  financial  assistance  and  the  re- 
inforcement of  a  fleet  and  0.000  troops 
tinder  Rochambeau  :  returned  to  France, 
and  two  days  after  the  destruction  of  the 
Bastile  (July  15.  1789),  saved  the  lives 
of  the  King  and  Queen  :  resigned  his  titles 
on  the  adoption  of  the  French  constitu- 
tion :  one  of  the  throe  major-generals  dur- 
ing the  coalitions  against  France,  in  1702: 
visited  the  United  States  on  invitation  of 
the  President  at  the  request  of  Congress, 
and  was  received  with  enthusiastic  de- 
light; was  presented  a  section  of  land 
and  $200.000.  his  fortune  having  been 
swept  away  ;  died  Paris,  May  2o,  1834. 

Lafayette,  Marquis  de: 

Bust   of,   presented    to   Congress.   902. 
"Citizen    of    France,    but    friend    of 

United  States,"  13J3. 
Death   of— 

Announced,  1273. 

Funeral  honors  to  be  paid  memory 

of,  1314. 

Resolutions   of   Congress    on,   trans- 
mitted to  family  of.   1343. 
Reply   of    George    W.    Lafayette, 

1344. 

Tribute  to  memory  of,    131  •!. 
Declaration     of     Independence,     first 
copperplate  of,  bequeathed  to  Con- 
gress by,  letter  of  son  presenting, 
1342. 

Mentioned,  6932. 
Services  of,  to  Ariierica  discussed  and 

provision    for,    recommended,    828. 
Visit    of,    to    United    States,    874. 
Declines  invitation   to   he  conveyed 
in     United     St;il<-s    ship    of    \var, 
827. 

Writes  concerning  claims  of — 
Baron  De  Kalb,  1270. 
French  citizens,  1198. 


Lafean,  Daniel  Franklin;  b.  York,  Pa., 
Feb.  7,  18(31  :  actively  engaged  in  the  man- 
ufacturing business  and  banking ;  elected 
to  the  58th.  59th,  60th,  61st,  62d,  63d 
and  G4th  Congresses  from  Pennsylvania. 
Lafferty,  A.  W. ;  b.  Audrain  Comity, 
Mo.,  June  10,  1875 ;  attended  the  law  de- 
partment of  the  Missouri  State  University, 
admitted  to  the  bar  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  Missouri,  and  practiced  law  at  Mont- 
gomery City,  Mo.  :  served  three  years  with 
the  rank  of  captain  in  the  Missouri  Na- 
tional Guard  and  one  term  as  prosecuting 
attorney  :  in  1909  he  was  given  the  de- 
gree of  I,L.  B.  by  the  law  department  of 
the  Missouri  University  :  appointed  special 
agent  of  the  General  Land  Office,  and  was 
sent  to  Oregon,  arriving  at  Portltfnd  the 
1st  of  March.  1905  ;  resigned  as  special 
agent  of  the  Land  Office  and  re-entered 
the  private  practice  of  law  ;  instituted  liti- 
gation in  the  Federal  court  in  Oregon  to 
compel  the  Oregon  and  California  Railroad 
Company  to  sell  2.300.000  acres  of  lauds 
granted  to  it  by  act  of  Congress  in  accord- 
ance with  the  terms  of  the  grant,  which 
require  that  the  lands  shall  be  sold  by 
the  railroad  company  to  actual  settlers 
only  in  quantities  not  greater  than»a  quar- 
ter section  to  any  one  settler,  and  at 
prices  not  exceeding  $2.50  per  acre  :  be- 
came a  candidate  for  Congress  in  1910  as 
a  Progressive  Republican,  favoring  greater 
liberality  to  homesteaders  and  the  giving 
to  Oregon  the  benefit  of  her  own  natural 
resources  :  was  elected  to  the  02d,  Ood 
and  04th  Congresses  from  Oregon. 

Lafitte,  Jean.     (See  Barrataria,  Island 

of.) 

La  Follotte,  Robert  Marion;  b.  at  Prim- 
rose. Dane  Co.,  Wis.,  June  14,  1855:  grad- 
uated from  the  State  University  of  Wis- 
consin. 1879:  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1880; 
elected  a  member  of  the  49th,  50th.  and 
51st  Congresses;  elected  governor  of  Wis- 
consin in  1900.  1902,  and  1904;  elected 
to  the  United  Stales  Senate  from  Wiscon- 
sin, Jan.  25,  1905. 

La  Follette,  William  L.;  b.  Boone  Co., 
Ind..  Nov.  :;0.  1SOO.  and  went  West  at  the 
age  of  1<>  years,  settling  in  eastern  Wash- 
ington ;  engaged  in  fruit,  grain,  and  stock 
raising  for  30  years,  and  served  one  term 
in  the  Washington  legislature  and  on  vari- 
ous appointive  commissions:  elected  to  the 
<>2d,  O.'id  and  (54th  Congresses  from  Wash- 
ington. 

Lamar,  Lucius  Quintus  Cincinnatus,  Sec- 
retary of  the  Interior  under  President 
Cleveland  ;  b.  Putnam  County.  Ga.,  Sept. 
1.  1825;  moved  to  Oxford,  Miss.;  grad- 
uated from  Fmor.v  College.  Oxford,  Ga.  ; 
in  1845  :  studied  law  at  Macon.  and  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1847:  returned  to  Ox- 
ford. Miss.,  in  1849:  served  a  year  as  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics  at  the  University 
of  Mississippi  :  moved  to  Covington,  Ga., 
and  elected  a  State  representative  in  185.->; 
returned  to  Lafayette  County  Miss.  :  elect- 
ed n  Representative  from  Mississippi  to 
the  .°>5th  Congress  as  a  Democrat,  and  re- 
elected  to  I  he  .''Oil),  serving  until  his  re- 
tirement. Jan.  12.  1801,  to  become  a  mem- 
ber of  the  secession  convent  Ion  of  Missis- 
sippi :  served  in  the  Confederate  army  as 
lieutenant-colonel  and  colour!:  in  ISO.'l 
entered  the  diplomatic  service  of  (lie  Con- 
federacy on  a  special  mission  to  Russia  ; 
in  1SOO  elected  professor  of  political 
economy  and  social  science  at  the  Unl- 


Biograplric   Index 


Larrinaga 


verslty  of  Mississippi,  and  In  1807  profes- 
sor of  law;  elected  a  Representative  from 
Mississippi  to  the  43d  Congress  and  also 
to  the  44th:  United  States  Senator  from 
Mississippi  J877  to  March  (i,  1885,  resign- 
ing to  accept  the  Secretaryship  of  Interior; 
In  December,  1887.  appointed  associate 
Justice  of  the  United  States  Supreme- 
Court ;  died  at  Vlneville,  Ga.,  Jan.  23, 
1893. 

Lambert,  William,  astronomical  obser- 
vations by,  680,  688,  789. 

Lament,  Daniel  Scott,  journalist  and  Sec- 
retary of  War  under  President  Cleveland  ; 
b.  McGrawville,  Cortland  Co.,  N.  Y.,  Feb. 
9,  1851  ;  he  came  of  Scotch-Irish  ancestry, 
who  emigrated  to  this  country  and  devoted 
themselves  to  farming ;  from  such  lineage 
sprung  Andrew  Jackson,  John  C.  Carhoun, 
Horace  Greeley,  and  many  others  of  the 
most  eminent  men  of  America  ;  young  La- 
inont's  father  was  a  well-to-do  farmer,  and 
the  boy,  after  having  studied  in  the  Cort- 
land Normal  College,  was  sent  to  Union 
College,  Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  but  did  not 
graduate  ;  he  left  college  before  the  end  of 
the  course  in  order  to  enter  the  profession 
of  journalism,  for  which  he  possessed  both 
taste  and  predilection  ;  he  purchased  an 
Interest  in  the  "Democrat,"  a  paper  pub- 
lished at  the  county  seat  of  his  native 
county,  and  became  its  editor,  at  the  same 
time  interesting  himself  warmly  in  poli- 
tics ;  for  a  time  the  young  man  held  a 
position  on  the  staff  of  the  Albany  "Anjus," 
and  he  thus  became  known  to  many  of  the 
most  influential  politicians  of  the  state. 
When  Grover  Cleveland  was  elected  gover- 
nor of  New  York,  he  met  young  Lamont ; 
and,  having  had  occasion  to  make  use  of 
his  knowledge  and  ability  in  the  preparation 
of  his  first  message,  offered  him  an  honor- 
ary position  on  his  military  staff,  which 
gave  him  the  title  of  colonel ;  Gov.  Cleve- 
land next  appointed  Lamont  his  private 
secretary.  In  which  position  the  latter 
made  himself  so  useful  and  valuable,  that 
when  Mr.  Cleveland  became  1'resident  'he 
took  Lamont  with  him  to  the  White  House; 
It  was  Mr.  Lamont,  who,  when  private 
secretary  to  Gov.  Cleveland,  originated  the 
phrase  "Public  office  a  public  trust."  lie 
used  this  as  a  headine  in  compiling  a 
pamphlet  of  Mr.  Cleveland's  speeches  and 
addresses ;  the  expression  used  by  Mr. 
Cleveland  was,  "Public  officials  are  the 
trustees  of  the  people."  and  it  was  em- 
ployed in  his  letter  accepting  the  nomina- 
tion for  the  office  of  mayor  of  Buffalo. 

Lander,  Frederick  W.,  activity  and 
enterprise  manifested  by,  commend- 
ed, 3305. 

Landreau,  John  C.,  claim  of,  against 
Peru  referred  to,  4463. 

Lane,  Franklin  Knight,  Secretary  of  the 
Interior  under  President  Wilson  ;  b.  Char- 
lottetown,  Prince  Kdward  Islands,  Canada, 
July  15,  1804  ;  son  of  Dr.  C.  S.  and  C.  W. 
H.  Lane ;  removed  to  California  during 
childhood ;  educated  at  the  University  of 
California  1880  :  married  Anne  Winter- 
mute,  of  Tacoma,  Wash.,  April  11.  1893; 
engaged  in  newspaper  work  in  college  days 
and  later  was  reporter.  New  York  corre- 
spondent for  western  papers,  and  part  own- 
£>'•  and  editor  of  the  Tacoma  Daihi  yews; 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  California  in  1889; 
corporation  counsel  for  city  of  San  Fran- 
cisco three  terms,  1897-1902  ;  candidate  for 
governor  of  California  1902  ;  party  vote  of 


legislature  of  California  for  United  Statna 
Senator  1903;  member  Interstate  Com- 
merce Commission  December,  1905,  lo 
March,  1913;  formerly  member  permanent 
International  railway  commission,  repre- 
senting United  States  Government;  took 
ollice  as  Secretary  of  the  Interior  March 
5,  1913. 

Lane,  Henry  S.;  '>•  Montgomery  County, 
Ky.,  Feb.  24,  1811  ;  received  a  public  school 
education;  studied  law  and  began  practic- 
ing at  Crawfonlsville,  Ind.  ;  served  in  the 
State  senate;  elected  a  Representative  from 
Indiana  to  the  20th  Congn-ss,  vice  T.  A. 
Howard,  resigned  ;  re-elected  to  the  27th 
Congress  ;  served  in  the  Mexican  war  as 
lieutenant-colonel  of  volunteers  ;  elected 
governor  of  Indiana  in  1801);  served  two 
days  and  resigned  to  become  a  United 
States  Senator  from  Indiana  1801-1807; 
delegate  to  the  Republican  national  conven- 
tion at  Chicago  in  1S08  and  at  Cincinnati  in 
1870;  died  at  Crawfonlsville,  Ind.,  June  11, 
1881. 

Lane,    Henry    S.,    member    of    Indian 

commission,  3977. 
Lane,     James     H.,      brigadier-general, 

United  States  Army,  appointment  of, 

referred  to,  3236. 

Langdon,  John;  statesman;  b.  Portsmouth, 
N.  H.,  June  25,  1741 ;  chosen  delegate  to 
Congress  from  New  Hampshire,  1775-70 ; 
captain  of  volunteers  in  Vermont  and 
Rhode  Island;  speaker  of  the  house  of 
representatives  of  New  Hampshire,  1770- 
77,  and  judge  of  the  court  of  common 
pleas ;  again  appointed  delegate  to  Con- 
gress in  1783.  and  repeatedly  a  member 
of  the  legislature,  and  speaker;  elected 
governor  in  1788  ;  United  States  Senator, 
1789-91;  again  from  18(15  to  1808  and  In 
1810  and  1811,  he  was  governor:  died  at 
Portsmouth,  N.  II.,  Sept.  18,  1819. 

Langdon,  John: 

Appointed     on     committee     to    meet 
President  Washington,  36 

Washington's  election  certified  by,  as 

President  of  Senate,  35. 
Langley,  John  Wesley;  i>.  Floyd  Co.,  Ky. ; 
attended  the  law  departments  of  the  Na- 
tional, Georgetown,  and  Columbian  (now 
George  Washington)  universities  for  an 
aggregate  period  of  eight  years  and  was 
awarded  the  first  prize  in  two  of  them  ; 
had  conferred  on  him  the  degrees  of  bach- 
elor of  laws,  master  of  laws,  doctor  of 
the  civil  law.  and  master  of  diplomacy  ; 
served  two  terms  in  the  Kentucky  legisla- 
ture; elected  to  the  00th,  Olst,  02d,  03d 
and  Jp4th  Congresses  from  Kentucky. 

Lardner,  James  L.,  thanks  of  Congress 

to,  recommended,  3284. 
Larkin,   T.  O.,   dispatch  forwarded   to, 
and    destroyed     by     Capt.     Gillcspie, 
2428. 

Larned,  Samuel,  treaty  with  Peru-Bo- 
livian Confederation  concluded  by, 
1563. 

Larrabee,  Charles  F.,  member  of  In- 
dian commission,  5579. 
Larrinaga,  Tulio;  of  San  Juan;  b.  Tru- 
jlllo  Alto,  Jan.  15.  1847:  educated  in  the 
Seminario  Consiliar  of  San  Ildefouso.  at 
San  Juan,  where  he  received  the  degree 


Larrinaga 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


of  bachelor  of  arts,  with  the  highest 
honors  ;  studied  the  profession  of  civil  en- 
gineer at  the  Polytechnic  Institute  of 
Troy  and  at  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, where  he  graduated  in  1871  :  prac- 
ticed the  profession  for  some  time  in  the 
United  States,  taking  part  in  the  prepara- 
tion of  the  topographical  iflap  of  Kings 
County  (Brooklyn),  and  in  the  technical 
department  of  Badger  &  Co.,  of  New 
York,  in  the  construction  of  the  Grand 
Central  Railroad  station  in  that  city ;  re- 
turned to  Porto  Rico  in  1872  and  was  ap- 
pointed architect  for  the  city  of  San 
Juan  :  built  the  first  railroad  in  Porto  Rico 
in  1880.  and  Introduced  for  the  first  time 
American  rolling  stock  In  the  island ;  was 
for  ten  years  chief  engineer  of  the  pro- 
vincial works,  and  built  most  of  the  im- 
portant structures  in  the  island  ;  appointed 
by  the  President  one  of  the  delegates  to 
represent  the  United  States  at  the  Third 
Pan-American  Congress  held  at  Rio  de 
Janeiro.  July,  1900;  was  also  appointed  an 
American  delegate  to  the  Fifteenth  In- 
terparliamentary Congress  held  at  Berlin 
September,  1908,  and  also  to  the  Six- 
teenth National  Irrigation  Conference  at 
Albuquerque.  N.  Mex..  Sept.  29.  1909,  by 
the  legislative  assembly  of  Porto  Rico ; 
elected  Commissioner  to  the  59th.  60th, 
and  Gist  Congresses  from  Porto  Rico. 

Lasker,  Edward,  death  of,  referred  to, 
4794. 

Latimer,  Henry,  district  supervisor, 
nomination  of,  91. 

Laurason,  George  C.,  collector  of  cus- 
toms for  the  district  of  New  Or- 
leans, pending  a  dispute  over  the 
legality  of  same.  The  case  of  Mar- 
bury  r.s-.  Madison  (q.  v.)  is  cited  in 
the  discussion.  Appointment  of,  dis- 
cussed, 2684. 

Lawrence,  Elisha,  vice-president  of 
New  Jersey,  letter  of,  transmitted, 

70. 

Lawrence,  George  Pelton;  b.  Adams, 
Mass.,  Hay  ]9,  1859:  studied  law  at 
Columbia  Law  School  :  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  1883 ;  was  a  member  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts senate  in  1895,  1890,  and  1897; 
elected  to  the  50th.  50th.  57th,  58th,  59th, 
00th.  and  Gist  Congresses  from  Massa- 
chusetts. 

Lawrence,  James,  commander  of  the 
Hornet,  513. 

Lawrence,  John,  appointed  on  commit- 
tee to  meet  President  Washington, 
37. 

Lawrence,  William  B.,  charge  d  'affaires 
to  Great  Britain,  accounts  of,  re- 
ferred to,  1033,  1036. 

Lawson,  Thomas,  Surgeon-General  Unit- 
ed States  Army,  directed  to  accom- 
pany ex-President  Jackson  home,  1540. 

Lazare,  A.  H.,  imprisonment  of,  in 
Haiti  and  claims  arising  out  of,  dis- 
cussed, 4918,  5120,  5123,  6099. 

Lea,  James,  member  of  legislative 
council  for  Mississippi  Territory, 
nomination  of,  445. 


Lea,  Luke;  b.  April  12,  1879,  at  Nash- 
ville, Tenn.  ;  received,  in  1899,  the  degree 
of  B.  A.,  and.  In  1900,  the  degree  of  M. 
A.  in  the  University  of  the  South  ;  re- 
ceived. In  1903,  the  degree  of  LL.  B.  in 
the  Columbia  Law  School,  Columbia  Uni- 
versity, New  York  City  ;  elected  to  the 
United  States  Senate,  1911,  from  Tennes- 
see. 

Leach,  D.  C.,  treaty  with  Indians  con- 
cluded by,  3460. 
Lear,  Tobias: 

Consul    to    Algiers,    mentioned,  380, 
418,  428. 

Letter     of,     announcing     death      of 
Washington,  287. 

Secretary    to   President   Washington, 

62. 
Leavenworth,  Henry: 

Attack  upon  Indians  led  bv,  781. 

Death    of,    referred   to,    1332. 
Lecompte,  Samuel  D.,  judicial  conduct 

of,  referred  to,  2598. 

Lee,  Charles,  Attorne3T-General  under  Pres- 
idents Washington  and  John  Adams ;  b. 
Fauquler  County,  Va.,  in  July,  1758  :  he 
wae  the  son  of  TIenry  Lee  and  Mary 
Grymcs,  the  lady  for  'whom  Washington  is 
said  to  'have  had  an  unrequited  affection 
in  his  youthful  days.  Charles  was  never 
as  noted  as  his  more  distinguished 
soldier-brother  Henry,  such  renown  as  he 
gained  coming  from  civil  pursuits,  other 
than  military  service ;  he  studied  law  un- 
der the  Instruction  of  Jared  Ingersoll  in 
Philadelphia,  and  was  in  course  of  time 
admitted  to  the  bar,  where  'he  gained  a 
fair  practice ;  he  served  for  several  terms 
In  the  Virginia  assembly,  and  after  the 
constitution  was  adopted,  held  the  posi- 
tion of  naval  officer  of  the  Potomac  dis- 
trict until  December,  1795,  when  Washing- 
ton appointed  him  Attorney-General  :  this 
office  he  held  during  the  remainder  of 
Washington's  second  term  and  throughout 
the  whole  of  John  Adams's  administration, 
being  succeeded  by  Beni.  Lincoln,  Jeffer- 
son's appointee.  In  1801  :  President  Jeffer- 
son subsequently  offered  Lee  the  chief-jus- 
ticeship of  the  supreme  court,  but  he  would 
not  accept  ;  he  died  June  24,  1815. 

Lee,  Col.,  commissioner,  United  States 

781. 

Lee,  Gordon;  b.  May  29,  1859,  near  Ring- 
gold,  Catoosa  Co.,  Ga.  ;  served  in  state 
legislature  in  1894,  1895,  1002,  1903.  and 
1904  ;  elected  to  the  59rh,  GOth,  61st,  G2d, 
63d  and  G4th  Congresses  from  Georgia. 
Lee,  Richard  Henry;  b.  Stratford,  Va., 
Jan.  20,  1732 ;  educated  at  Wukefield 
Academy,  England ;  returned  in  1751  ;  dele- 
gate to  ihe  house  of  burgesses  in  1757  ; 
Delegate  from  Virginia  to  the  Continental 
Congress  1774-1780,  and  President  of  it  in 
1784  ;  served  in  the  State  legislature  and  as 
colonel  of  militia  ;  member  of  the  Virginia 
convention  of  1788  ;  United  States  Senator 
from  Virginia  1789  to  his  resignation  in 
1792;  died  at  Chautilly,  Va.,  June  19,  1794. 

Lee,  Richard  H.,  appointed  on  commit- 
tee to  conduct  ceremonies  of  admin- 
istration of  oath  to  President  Wash- 
ington, 40. 


Biographic   Index 


Levy 


Lee,  Robert  Edward,  soldier,  son  of  Gen- 
eral Henry  Lee  (Light  Horse  Harry)  ;  b. 
Jan.  19,  1807,  at  Stratford  House,  West- 
moreland County,  Va.  ;  graduated  United 
States  Military  Academy,  West  Point, 
1829  ;  served  In  the  Mexican  War  as  chief 
engineer  on  the  staff  of  Gen.  Wlnfleld 
Scott ;  superintendent  of  West  Point  Mili- 
tary Academy  (1852-1855);  In  command 
military  department  of  Texas  1800:  re- 
signed from  the  army  April  25,  1801,  after 
Virginia  had  seceded  from  the  Union  :  and 
became  major-general  of  the  state  forces, 
later  a  general  In  the  Confederate  army, 
and  finally  Commander-in-chief  of  all  the 
forces  of  the  Southern  States.  Through- 
out, the  entire  war  'he  maintained  with 
skill  and  valor  the  cause  he  believed  to  be 
just,  and  at  last,  when  overcome  by  the 
Federal  army,  he  surrendered  to  General 
Grant  at  Appomattox.  Va.,  April  9.  1865. 
thus  ending  the  Civil  War.  He  advised 
his  soldiers  to  accept  the  proffered  parole, 
return  to  their  homes  and  be  good  citi- 
zens. After  the  war  he  was  made  Presi- 
dent of  Washington  College  at  Lexington, 
Va.,  where  he  died  Oct.  12.  1870.  A 
beautiful  mausoleum  was  erected  over  his 
tomb  at  Lexington,  and  an  equestrian 
statue  commemorates  'his  name  in  Rich- 
mond, Va. 

Lee,  Robert  E.;  ».  Schuylkill  County, 
Pa.,  and  educated  in  the  common  schools 
of  Pottsville  ;  elected  to  the  62d,  63d  and 
64th  Congresses  from  Pennsylvania. 
Lee,  Samuel  P.,  thanks  of  Congress  to, 
recommended  as  a  naval  officer  com- 
manding one  of  the  vessels  engaged 
in  the  operations  under  Flag-Officer 
Farragut  at  Forts  Jackson  and  St. 
Philip,  at  New  Orleans,  1862,  3277. 
Legarda,  Benito;  b.  Manila,  Sept.  27, 
1853 :  was  educated  in  the  Jesuits'  Col- 
lege and  St.  Thomas  University  of  Manila, 
from  the  latter  of  which  he  received  the 
degree  of  LL.  B.  ;  held  some  honorific  posi- 
tions during  the  Spanish  regime  ;  joined 
Aguinaldo  when  he  landed  in  Cavite  short- 
ly after  Admiral  Dewey  had  destroyed  the 
Spanish  fleet.  1808 ;  member  of  Aguinal- 
do's  cabinet  at  Malolos  and  vice-president 
of  the  Filipino  congress ;  resigned  these 
positions  to  return  to  Manila  in  Decem- 
ber. 1808;  cooperated  with  live  interest 
in  the  establishment  of  peace  during  and 
after  the  war  between  the  Filipinos  and 
Americans:  Feb.  1,  1001,  appointed  by 
President  McKinley  a  member  of  the  Phil- 
ippine Commission  ;  elected  by  the  Philip- 
pine legislature  to  be  a  Resident  Commis- 
sioner of  the  Philippine  Islands  in  the 
United  States,  November,  1907. 
Legate,  Hugh  Swinton,  Attorney-General 
Under  President  Tyler ;  b.  Charleston,  S. 
C.,  Jan.  2,  1789  :  graduated  from  the  Col- 
lege of  South  Carolina  in  1814;  studied 
law ;  visited  Paris  and  Edinburgh ;  admit- 
ted to  the  bar  at  Charleston.  S.  C.,  in 
1822  :  state  representative  1820-1822  and 
1824-30:  Attorney-general  of  South  Caro- 
lina 1830-1832;  charge  d'affaires  to  Brus- 
sels 1832-183G ;  elected  a  Representative 
from  South  Carolina  to  the  25th  Congress 
as  a  Union  Democrat ;  defeated  for  the 
26th  Congress ;  Attorney-General  from 
Sept.  13.  1841,  until  his  death,  at  Boston, 
Mass.,  June  20,  1843. 

Leggett,  Mortimer  D.,  Commissioner 
of  Patents,  recommendation  of,  re- 
ferred to,  4115. 


Leib,  R.  J.,  consul  at  Tangier,  disposi- 
tion   of   presents   given    by   Emperor 
of  Morocco   discussed,   125G. 
Lennox,     David,    attacked    while    dis- 
charging  duties   of  marshal,    151. 
Lenroot,  Irvine  L.;  i>.  Superior  Co.,  Win.. 
Jan.     31,     18G9 ;     became     court    reporter, 
studied    law,   and   was  admitted   to   the   bar 
in    1897 ;   elected    to    the    Wisconsin    legisla- 
ture    In     1900,     1902.     and     1904;     elected 
speaker  of  the  assembly  In  1903  and  1905; 
elected    to    the    61st,    62d,    6.'!d    and    64th 
Congresses  from   Wisconsin. 

Letcher,  John;  b.  Lexington,  Rockbridge 
County,  Va.,  March  28,  1813;  studied  at 
Washington  College  and  at  Randolph-Ma- 
con  College;  studied  law  and  commenced 
practice  at  Lexington  In  1830;  Presidential 
elector  on  the  Democratic  ticket  in  1848; 
delegate  to  the  State  constitutional  conven- 
tion of  1850:  elected  a  Representative  from 
Virginia  to  the  32d,  33d,  34th  and  351  h 
Congresses  as  a  Democrat ;  governor  of  Vir- 
ginia 1860-1864:  turned  over  the  entire 
forces  of  the  State  to  the  Confederacy  be- 
fore its  secession  ;  died  at  Lexington,  Va., 
Jan.  26,  1884. 

Letcher,  John,  official  acts  of,  in  Vir- 
ginia declared  null  and  void,  3535. 
Lever,  Asbury  Francis;  i>.  Jan.  5,  1875, 
near  Springhill,  Lexington  Co..  S.  C.  : 
graduated  in  law  at  the  Georgetown  Uni- 
versity in  1899,  and  admitted  to  practice 
in  his  state  by  the  supreme  court ;  elected 
to  the  state  legislature  from  Lexington 
County;  elected  to '  the  58th,  50th,  60th. 
61st,  62d,  63d  and  64th  Congresses  from 
South  Carolina. 

Levy,  David  (afterwards  David  Levy 
Yulee)  ;  b.  ot.  Thomas,  West  Indies,  in 
1811  ;  pursued  classical  studies  and  studied 
law  in  Virginia  ;  moved  to  Florida  in  1824, 
becoming  u  planter ;  elected  a  Delegate  from 
Florida  to  the  C7th  and  2S;h  Congresses  as 
a  Democrat ;  changed  his  name  to  David 
Levy  Yulee  ;  delegate  to  the  first  State  con- 
stitutional convention ;  twice  elected  a 
United  States  Senator  from  Florida  as  a 
Democrat,  serving  from  Dec.  1,  1845,  to 
1851,  and  from  1855  until  his  retirement, 
Jan.  1,  1861;  president  of  the  Atlantic 
and  Gulf  Railroad  :  served  in  the  Confed- 
erate  Congress ;  prisoner  of  state  at  Fort 
Pulaski  in  1865 ;  died  at  New  York  City 
Oct.  10,  1886. 

Levy,  Jefferson  M.;  b.  in  his  district,  sou 

of  Capt.  Jonas  P.  Levy,  and  nep'hew  of 
Commodore  Uriah  P.  Levy,  a  distim 
guished  naval  ofiicer  of  the  last  generation, 
who  was  mainly  instrumental  in  the  aboli- 
tion of  flogging  in  the  United  States  Navy  ; 
graduated  from  the  University  of  New 
York,  studied  law  :  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  Democratic  Club  of  New  York  :  studied 
law  :  member  Chamber  of  Commerce  and 
Board  of  Trade  and  Transportation  of 
New  York ;  Commodore  Levy,  in  1830,  at 
the  suggestion  of  President  Jackson,  be- 
came the  owner  of  Monticello.  the  home 
of  Thomas  Jefferson,  and  at  his  uncle's 
death  Mr.  Levy  became,  and  still  remains. 
the  owner :  the  homestead  is  maintained 
by  Mr.  Levy  in  keeping  with  its  distin- 
guished traditions.  Mr.  Levy  was  elected 
to  the  56th  and  62d  Congresses  from  New 
York. 


J-ewis 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Lewis,  David  J.;  b.  May  1,  1869,  at 
Nuttals  Bauk,  Center  County,  Pa.,  near 
Osceola,  C.'earfield  County ;  began  coal 
mining  at  9  years  of  age  and  learned  to 
read  at  Sunday  sehool  :  continued,  at  min- 
ing until  1892".  when  he  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  of  Allegheny  County,  having  pur- 
sued his  occupation  as  a  miner  and  his 
studies  in  law  and  Latin  at  the  same 
time ;  elected  to  the  Maryland  senate  in 
1901,  and  to  the  62d.  63d  and  64th  Con- 
gresses from  Maryland. 
Liliuokalani,  Queen  of  Hawaiian  Isl- 
ands : 

Beferred  to,  5623. 
Eestcration   of,   to  throne,   discussed, 

5783. 

Surrender     of     sovereignty     of,     dis- 
cussed, 5903. 

Lincoln,  Abraham,  biography  of,  3204. 
Lincoln,  Benjamin,  commissioner  to 
treat  with  Indians,  nomination  of,  52. 
Lincoln.  Levi:  b.  Worcester,  Mass.,  Oct. 
25,  1782;  graduated  from  Harvard  College 
in  1802;  studied  law,  commencing  practice 
in  1805;  Democratic  State  senator  in  1812 
and  State  representative  1814-1822;  dele- 
gate to  the  State  constitutinoal  convention 
in  1820 ;  elected  lieutenant-governor  in 
1823  ;  appointed  associate  justice  of  the  su- 
preme court  in  1824  ;  governor  1825-1 8.S4  ; 
elected  a  Representative  from  Massachu- 
setts to  the  23d  Congress  as  a  Whig,  vice 
John  Davis,  resigned  ;  elected  to  the  24th, 
25th  and  26th  Congresses,  serving  from 
March  5,  18:54,  to  1841  ;  collector  of  Boston 
in  1841;  president  of  the  State  senate; 
Presidential  elector  on  the  Whig  ticket  in 
1848;  first  mayor  of  Worcester  in  1848  ; 
memher  of  numerous  historical  and  agricul- 
tural societies ;  died  at  Worcester,  Mass., 
May  29,  1868. 

Lincoln,  Levi,  commissioner  to  settle 
boundary  question  with  Georgia,  329. 
Lincoln,  Robert  T.;  Secretary  of  War  un- 
der President  Garlicld,  and  Minister  to 
England  ;  b.  Aug.  1.  1843,  in  Springfield, 
ill.,  eldest  child  of  President  Lincoln;  edu- 
cated in  a  private  school  of  Springfield, 
and  at  Illinois  State  University  ;  later  spent 
a  year  at  Phillips  Academy,  Kxeter,  N.  II. , 
graduated  from  Harvard  in  1864 ;  took  a 
course  in  law  and  was  appointed  a  captain 
of  volunteers  ;  saw  service  in  the  final  cam- 
paign of  the  Civil  War,  ending  at  Appo- 
mattox  ;  resumed  the  study  of  law  in  Chi- 
cago and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1867  ; 
took  an  active  part  in  local  politics  and 
worked  for  the  election  of  Grant,  Blaine 
and  Gartield  for  the  presidency  :  appointed 
Secretary  of  Uar  in  18X1  by  President  Gar- 
field;  on  the  accession  of  Arthur  to  the 
presidency  he  was  the  only  one  of  Gar- 
field's  cabinet  who  was  requested  to  remain 
in  office,  which  he  did  to  the  close  of  the 
administration  ;  President  Harrison  appoint- 
ed him  Minister  to  Lngland. 
Lind,  John;  b.  Sweden,  March  25,  1854  : 
received  a  public  school  education;  attended 
Ihe  State  University  at  Minneapolis;  taught 
school  •  read  law,  and  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  1877;  appointed  receiver  of  the  Tracy 
land  office  in  1XX]  ;  elected  to  the  fioth,  51st 
and  52d  Congresses  as  a  Republican  ;  served 
in  the  Spanish  war  as  quartermaster  of  the 
Twelfth  Minnesota  Regiment,  of  Volunteers; 
elected  governor  of  Minnesota  in  1X98  as  a 
Democrat;  Heeled  to  the  58th  Congress; 
sent  to  Mexico  on  mission  of  peace  by  Presi- 
dent Wilson  during  insurrection  In  1913. 


Lind,    John,    sent   as   representative    to 
Mexico,  7885. 

Instructions  to,  7885. 

Proposals  rejected,  7887. 
Lindbergh,  Charles  A.;  b.  in  Sweden  and 
brought  by  his  parents  to  Melrose,  Minn., 
in  "his  first  year ;  an  extensive  writer  for 
magazines  and  newspapers  on  political 
economy  ;  has  always  taken  great  interest 
in  farming  :  elected  to  the  60th,  61st,  62d, 
63d  and  64th  Congresses  from  Minnesota. 
Linthicum,  John  C.;  b.  Linthicum,  Anne 
Arundel  County,  Md.,  Nov.  20,  1807 ;  re- 
ceived his  early  education  in  the  public 
schools  of  that  county  and  of  Baltimore 
city,  later  entering  the  State  Normal 
School,  from  which  he  graduated  in  1886, 
when  he  became  principal  of  Braddock 
School,  Frederick  County,  and  later 
taught  school  in  his  native  county  of 
Anne  Aruudel  ;  returning  to  Baltimore  'he 
took  a  special  course  in  the  historical  and 
political  department  of  Johns  Hopkins 
University,  after  which  he  entered  the 
University  of  Maryland  school  of  law, 
from  which  be  obtained  his  degree  of  LL. 
B.  in  1890;  practiced  law  in  the  city  of 
Baltimore;  elected  to  the  house  of  dele- 
gates from  Baltimore :  chairman  of  the. 
<ity  delegation,  chairman  of  the  elections 
committee,  a  member  of  the  judiciary 
committee  and  of  the  printing  commit- 
tee, and  performed  valuable  service  for 
the  state  and  city  :  elected  to  the  state 
senate ;  appointed  in  1908  by  Governor 
Crothers  as  judge-advocate-general  :  elect- 
ed to  the  02d,  03d  and  64th  Congresses 
from  Maryland. 

Lippitt,  Henry  F. ;  b.  Providence,  Oct. 
12,  1856 :  received  an  academical  educa- 
tion, graduating  from  Brown  University, 
with  the  degree  of  A.  B.  ;  entered  the  cot- 
ton manufacturing  business,  in  which  he 
has  served  in  various  capacities  from  day 
operative  to  general  manager  :  he  has  been 
a  director  in  the  Mechanics'  National 
Bank,  of  Providence,  in  several  of  the 
mill  mutual  insurance  companies,  and 
vice-president  of  the  People's  Savings 
Bank,  of  Providence ;  colonel  on  the  staff 
of  Governor  Tat't  of  Rhode  Island  in  188S- 
89;  was  elected,  1!»11.  to  the  United  States 
Senate  from  Rhode  Island. 

Livermore,  W.  R.,  commissioner  in 
marking  boundary  line  between  Tex- 
as and  Mexico,  4902. 

Livingston,  Edward;  lawyer,  jurist,  au- 
thor; b.  Clermont,  N.  Y.,  May  26,  1761; 
representative  in  Congress  from  New  York 
City,  1795-1X02;  United  States  Attorney 
for  the  district  of  New  York,  and  in  1801 
Governor  Clinton  appointed  him  mayor  of 
New  York  City  ;  contracted  yellow  fever 
during  the  epidemic  in  1X0.'!,  and  on  his 
recovery  found  his  fiscal  affairs  had  been 
so  badly  managed  by  'his  agent  as  to  he 
hopeless  :  he  confessed  judgment  to  the 
United  States  in  the  sum  of.  .$100,000; 
gave  up  all  his  property  and  went  to  New 
Orleans  and  began  the  practice  of  law  • 
was  a  member  of  the  Louisiana  legis'a- 
ture  and  represented  the  state  in  the  18th, 
19th.  and  2(>th  Congresses,  and  in  thi. 
Senate  from  1829  to  1831.  when  lie  re- 
signed to  accept  the  position  of  Secre- 
tary of  State;  appointed  minister  to 
France  in  IS.",.'!:  his  "Penal  Code"  is  con- 
sidered a  monument  to  his  profound  learn- 
ing, and  his  "Criminal  Jurisprudence''  is 
a  standard  law  book  ;  died  Ilhinebeck,  N. 
Y.,  May  2.'5,  1836. 


Biographic   Index 


Loud 


Livingston,  Edward: 
Minister  to  France — 

Correspondence     regarding     claims 
against   France.     (See    France, 
claims  against.) 
Referred   to,   1407. 

Instructed  to  quit  France  if  claims 
are  not  paid,  1354. 

Official  conduct  of,  complimentary 
letter  concerning,  1404. 

Resignation  of,  transmitted,   1403. 
Secretary  of  State,  1219. 

Correspondence  relating  to  north- 
eastern boundary.  (See  North- 
eastern Boundary.) 

Livingston,  Joseph  W.,  consul  at  San 
Juan  de  Nicaragua,  mentioned,  2573. 
Livingston,  Robert  R.;  statesman,  diplo- 
mat ;  b.  Now  York  City,  Nov.  27,  1740 ; 
graduated  from  King's  College  in  1765 ; 
studied  law,  and  commenced  practice  in 
New  York;  city  recorder  1773-1775;  mem- 
ber of  the  colonial  assembly  1775  ;  Dele- 
gate from  New  Y-ork  to  tbe  Continental  Con- 
press  1775-1777  and  1779-1781;  secretary 
of  foreign  affairs  August,  1781,  to  August, 
1783;  delegate  to  the  State  constitutional 
convention  in  April,  1777;  chancellor  of 
New  York  State  1777-1801:  minister  pleni- 
potentiary to  France  1801-1804;  prominent 
in  local  'affairs ;  died  at  Clermont,  N.  Y., 
Feb.  26,  1813. 

Livingston,  Robert  R.,  minister  to  nego- 
tiate treaty  with  France,  nomination 
of,  339. 

Lloyd,  James  Tighlman;  b.  Carona,  Lewis 
Co.,  Mo.,  Aug.  28.  1857 ;  admitted  to  the 
bar,  and  practiced  his  profession  in  Lewis 
County  until  1885,  when  he  located  at 
Shelbyville  :  elected  to  the  55th  Congress, 
to  fill  a  vacancy  ;  elected  to  the  56th. 
57th.  58th,  59th,  60th.  61st,  62d,  63d  and 
64th  Congresses  from  Missouri. 
Lloyd-George,  David;  b.  in  Manchester, 
England,  on  January  17,  1863,  but  at  the 
age  of  1  year  was  taken  to  live  in  Wales. 
He  studied  for  the  bar,  and  became  a  solici- 
tor before  he  was  twenty  years  old.  As  a 
Non-Conformist,  he  early  was  attracted  to 
politics,  and  at  a  by-election  was  elected  to 
a  seat  in  the  House  of  Commons  in  1890. 
During  the  next  ten  years,  be  became  noted 
in  Parliament  as  a  trenchant  Parliamentary 
fighter,  his  radical  views  on  social  questions 
endearing  him  to  the  working-classes.  He 
bitterly  opposed  the  Boer  War  during  1899- 
1902,  and  his  opposition  made  him  unpopular 
to  the  extent  that  be  was  mobbed  when  he 
attempted  to  speak  in  Birmingham  in  1900. 
When  the  Liberals  were  returned  to  power 
in  1905,  he  was  made  President  of  the 
Board  of  Trade,  and  earned  fame  for  him- 
self, not  only  by  his  efficient  administration 
of  that  office,  but  also  by  his  settlement  of 
the  severe  railroad  strike  of  1906.  When 
Asquith  became  Premier  in  1908,  he  was 
made  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer,  and  pro- 
ceeded to  outline  a  comprehensive  series  of 
social  reforms  for  England,  including 
schemes  for  old-age  pensions  and  national 
insurance.  To  provide  revenue  for  this  pro- 
gram, he  introduced  his  famous  budget  of 
1909-10.  in  which  large  taxes  were  laid  upon 
the  unearned  increment  of  land,  and  upon 
other  possessions  of  the  wealthy  classes. 
The  budget  was  eventually  thrown  out  by 
the  House  of  Lords,  as  a  result  of  which  the 
veto  powers  of  the  House  of  Lords  were  cur- 


tailed. When  the  coalition  Cabinet  was 
formed  In  1915,  be  became  the  Minister  of 
Munitions,  and  on  December  7,  1916,  suc- 
ceeded Asquith  as  Prime  Minister. 
Lobeck;  C.  O.;  b.  Andover,  111.,  April  0. 
1852  ;  educated  at  Andover,  at  high  school, 
Gencseo,  111.,  and  one  year  at  German 
Wallace  College,  Berea,  (rliio,  and.  later 
a  term  at  Dyhrenfurth  Commercial  Col- 
lege, Chicago;  from  1875  to  1S92  was  a 
commercial  traveler,  selling  dry  goods  and 
hardware;  member  of  the  Travelers' 
Protective  Association  ;  entered  political 
life  In  1892,  being  elected  state  senator 
(Omaha  district),  Nebraska  ;  became  a 
Silver  Republican,  supporting  Mr.  Bryan; 
in  1897  elected  a  councilman  of  Omaha, 
city  comptroller  of  Omaha;  was  Demo- 
cratic presidential  elector  for  Nebraska  in 
1900;  nominated  at  the  primary  Vlnctlon 
Aug.  16.  1910,  over  four  competitors  ami 
was  elected  to  the  62d.  63d  and  64th  Con- 
gresses from  Nebraska. 
Lodge,  Henry  Cabot;  b.  Boston,  Mass., 

May  12,  1850;  graduated  from  Harvard 
College  in  1871,  receiving  the  degree  of 
LL.  H-,.  and  Ph.  D.  from  Harvard  Uni- 
versity for  his  thesis  on  "The  Land  Law 
of  the  Anglo-Saxons  ;"  has  published 
"Short  History  of  the  English  Colonies  In 
America;"  "Life  of  Alexander  Hamilton:" 
"Life  of  Daniel  Webster;"  edited  the 
works  of  Alexander  Hamilton  in  9 
volumes;  published  "Studies  in  History:" 
"Life  of  Washington."  2  volumes :  mem- 
ber of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  So- 
ciety, the  Virginia  Historical  Society,  the 
American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Science, 
the  New  England  Historic  and  Genealog- 
ical  Society  :  has  received  the  degree  of 
doctor  of  laws  from  Williams  College. 
Clark  University,  Yale  University,  and 
Harvard  University;  Regent  of  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution  :  served  in  bouse  of  rep- 
resentatives of  Massachusetts ;  elected  to 
the  50th,  51st,  52d.  and  53d  Congresses  ; 
took  his  seat  in  the  Senate  March  4.  1893; 
re-elected  1899  and  1905  to  represent  Mas- 
sachusetts. 

Long,  John  C.,   misunderstanding  with 

Louis   Kossuth   referred   to,  2682. 
Long,  John  D.: 

Report  of,  on  number  of  lives  lost  by 

sinking  of  the  Maine,  6L'96. 
Thanks  of  President  tendered  Com- 
modore Dewey  by,  656S. 
LongWOrth,  Nicholas;'  b.  Cincinnati,  o., 
Nov.  5.  lS(i9:  graduated  A.  B.  from  Har- 
vard University.  1891  ;  graduated  Cincin- 
nati Law  School.  1894:  admitted  to  the 
bar,  1894;  elected  to  the  Ohio  house  of 
representatives.  1899.  and  to  state  senate, 
1901  :  elected  to  the  58th.  59th,  6()th.  (>1>t, 
62d  and  (54th  Congresses  from  O'hio. 

Loomis,  F.  B.,  reports  of,  during  Pan- 
ama Revolution,  6752-6755. 
Loud,  George  Alvin,  lumberman  of  Au 
Sable;  b.  June  18,  1852,  in  Braeebridgo, 
Geauga  Co.,  Ohio ;  engaged  in  the  lum- 
ber business;  during  the  Spanish-American 
War.  while  making  a  trip  around  the 
world  on  the  revenue  cutter  McCiillorh. 
under  commission  of  six  months  ns  pay* 
master,  was  present  and  participated  in 
the  battle  of  Manila.  Later  was  sen* 
by  the  governor  in  charge  of  the  hospita' 
train,  through  the  southern  camps  rind 
hospitals,  to  bring  home  the  sick  soldiers 
of  Michigan  regiments  :  elected  to  tho 
58th.  59th.  60th.  61st.  62d  and  64th  Con- 
gresses from  Michigan. 


McAdoo 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


McAdoo,  William  GlbbS,  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  under  President  Wilson ;  b.  near 
Marietta,  Ga.,  Oct.  31,  1803  ;  son  of  William 
(i.  McAdoo,  M.  A.  LL.  D.,  who  was  a  judge, 
soldier  in  the  Mexican  and  Civil  Wars, 
District  attorney  general  of  Tennessee,  and 
adjunct  professor  of  English  and  history 
m  the  University  of  Tennessee  :  removed 
rrom  Georgia  to  Tennessee ;  studied  at  the 
University  of  Tennessee ;  admitted  to  the 
bar  at  the  age  of  21  ;  practiced  law  in 
Chattanooga  uutll  1892.  when  he  removed 
to  New  York  and  continued  the  practice 
of  bis  profession  ;  conceived  the  Hudson 
Hirer  tunnel  system ;  organized  the  com- 
pany which  built  it  and  was  its  president 
from  1902  to  1918;  delegate  to  the  Balti- 
more convention  in  1912  ;  vice  chairman  of 
the  Democratic  National  Committee  and 
acting  chairman  during  the  greater  part  of 
(he  campaign  of  1912  ;  married  Sarah 
Houston  Fleming,  of  Chattanooga,  Tenn., 
who  died  February.  1912,  and  is  the  father 
of  six  children— three  sons  and  three 
rlaughters ;  appointed  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  March  5.  191'?:  was  married 
May  7,  1914,  to  Miss  Eleanor  -Randolph 
Wilson,  daughter  of  the  President. 

McArthur,  Duncan,  treaty  with  Indians 

concluded  by,  590. 

McCall,  Samuel  Walker;  b.  East  Prov- 
idence, R.  I.,  Feb.  28,  1851  ;  admitted  to 
the  bar,  practicing  in  Boston :  served  as 
editor  in  chief  of  the  Boston  Daily  Adver- 
tiser; member  of  the  Massachusetts  house 
of  representatives  of  1888,  1SS9,  and 
1892:  author  of  biography  of  Thaddous 
Stevens,  "American  Statesmen  Series" ; 
elected  to  the  53d.  54th,  55th.  56th.  57th. 
58th.  59th.  60th,  61st  and  62d  Congresses 
from  Massachusetts. 

McCalla,  Bowman  H.,  member  of  board 
to  consider  expedition  to  be  sent  for 
relief  of  Lady  Franklin  Bay  Expedi- 
tion, 4813. 

McCallum,  D.  C.,  military  director  and 
superintendent  of  railroads,  appoint- 
ed, 3302. 

McClellan,  Capt.,  Florida  volunteers  un- 
der command  of,  referred  to,  2430. 
McClellan,  George  Brinton;  soldier,  au- 
thor; b.  Philadelphia.  Pa..  Dec.  3.  1826; 
entered  West  I'oint  as  an  instructor,  and 
prepared  a  manual  on  "Bayonet  Exorcise," 
which  became  a  text-book  in  military 
service ;  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Rebel- 
lion he  was  appointed  major-general  of 
Ohio  volunteers,  and  soon  after  to  same 
rank  in  the  regular  army,  and  on  the 
retirement  of  Gen.  Scott  was  made  general- 
in-chief  of  the  United  States  army  :  com- 
manded the  Army  of  the  Potomac  in  the 
Peninsular  campaign  :  resigned  from  the 
army  in  1864:  Democratic  candidate  for 
President  in  opposition  to  President  Lincoln 
in  1864;  governor  of  New  Jersey,  1878-81  : 
published  books  on  military  subjects;  died 
Oct.  I'D.  1885. 

McClellan,  George  B.: 

Command   of   Army  of  United  States 

assumed  by,  3241. 
Plans  of,  approved,  3312. 
Referred  to,  32H7. 

Death    of,    announced    and    honors   to 
be  paid   memory  of,  4904. 


Relieved  of  command  of  Army  of  Po- 
tomac, and  Major-General  Burn- 
side  ordered  to  take  command  of 
that  Army.  He  in  turn  to  be  suc- 
ceeded by  Major-General  Hunter, 
3325. 

Relieved  of  command  of  other  depart- 
ments,  retaining   command   of   De- 
partment  of   Potomac,   3312. 
Report    of,    on    Dominican    Republic, 

transmitted,  4071. 

Resignation  of,  as  major-general  ac- 
cepted, 3443. 

McClelland,  Kobert,  Secretary  of  the  Inte- 
rior under  President  Pierce  ;  b.  Grecncastle, 
Pa.,  Aug.  1,  1807  ;  graduated  from  Dickin- 
son College,  Carlisle,  Pa.,  in  1829;  admit- 
ted to  the  ba'r  in  Chambersburs  in  1R31; 
moved  to  Pittsburg.  theuce  in  1833  to  Mon- 
roe, Mich.  :  delegate  to  the  state  constitu- 
tional conventions  of  1835  and  1867;  state 
representative  1838-1843,  the  last  year  as 
speaker  of  the  bouse  ;  elected  a  Representa- 
tive from  Michigan  to  the  28th.  29th.  and 
30,. i  Congresses  as  a  Democrat  :  delegate 
to  the  national  Democratic  conventions  of 
18-18.  3852.  and  1868:  governor  of  Michi- 
gan 1851-1 853:  resigning:  Secretary  of  the, 
Interior  1853-1857  ;  died  at  Detroit,  Mich., 
Aug.  27,  1880. 

McCook,  Anson  G.J  soldier;  b.  Steuhen- 
ville,  Ohio,  Oct.  10,  1835  ;  received  a  common 
school  education;  in  the  spring  of  1854 
crossed  the  plains  to  California  ;  returned 
in  the  autumn  of  1859,  and  at  the  outbreak 
of  the  rebellion  was  engaged  in  the  study 
of  law  ;  entered  the  Union  Army  us  captain 
in  the  Second  Regiment  of  Ohio  Infantry, 
and  was  at  the  first  battle  of  Bull  Run;  on 
the  reorganization  of  the  regiment  was  com- 
missioned major  and  afterwards  promoted  to 
lieutenant-colonel  and  colonel,  serving  with 
the  regiment  in  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland  ; 
at  the  muster  out  of  the  regiment  commis- 
sioned colonel  of  the  One  hundred  and  nine- 
ty-fourth Ohio  Infantry,  and  at  the  close  of 
the  war  brevetted  brigadier-general  ;  ap- 
pointed assessor  of  internal  revenue  in  the 
seventeenth  Ohio  district  in  November, 
1865-  moved  to  New  York  in  May.  1S7.'?; 
elected  to  the  45th,  46th  and  47th  Con- 
gresses as  a  Republican. 

McCook,  Anson  G.,  letter  of,  regarding 
statue  of  (Jen.  Garfield  to  be  erected 
in  Washington   transmitted,   4795. 
McCook,  Edward  M.,  brigadier-general 
in  Army,  nomination  of,  referred  to, 
3403. 
McCord,    Victor  H.,   claim   of,    against 

Peru,  5988,  6092,  6335. 
McCrary,  George  Washington,  Secretary 
of  War  under  President  Hayes  ;  b.  near 
Evansville,  Ind.,  Aug.  29,  1S:?5 ;  moved  to 
what  is  now  I->\va  in  1S::6:  attended  pub- 
lic schools  :  studied  law.  commencing  prac- 
tice at  Keokuk  in  185(5:  elected  state  rep- 
resentative iu  1857  and  stale  senator  in 
1861  ;  elected  a  Representative  from  Iowa 
to  the  41st.  42d.  43d,  and  44th  Congresses 
as  a  Republican  :  Secretary  of  War  March 
12  1877  to  1^79:  judge  of  the  eighth 
judicial  district  1879-1884:  moved  to  Kan- 
sas City,  Mo.,  becoming  consulting  attor- 
ney for  the  Atehisou.  Toneka  and  Santa 
Fe'  Railroad  Company;  died  at  St.  Joseph, 
Mo.,  June  23,  1895. 


Biographic   Index 


McKenzie 


McCrea,  Lieut.,  interpreter  at  trial  and 
investigation   into   the    Chilean     out- 
rage  upon   the   sailors   of    the   Raltl- 
more,  5620,  5650,  5662,  5747,  5750. 
McCulloch,   Ben,   sent   to    Utah    during 

troubles  with  Mormons.  3036. 
McCulloch,  Hugh;  lawyer,  banker;  Sec- 
retary of  the  Treasury  under  Presidents 
Lincoln,  Johnson  and  Arthur ;  b.  Dec.  7, 
1808,  In  Kennebuuk,  Me.;  educated  at  Saco 
Academy  and  Bowdoin  College ;  taught 
school  and  studied  law;  in  1883  went  to 
Fort  Wayne,  Ind.,  and  began  practice;  be- 
came a  manager  of  the  State  Bauk  of  Indi- 
ana, and  gained  a  high  reputation  as  a  finan- 
cier; in  1863  Secretary  Chase  appointed 
him  Comptroller  of  the  Currency,  and  upon 
the  retirement  of  William  Pitt  Fessenden 
President  Lincoln  made  him  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury,  reappoiuted  him  for  the  sec- 
ond term,  and  after  the  death  of  Lincoln 
was  retained  by  Andrew  Johnson  through- 
out his  term  ;  was  connected  with  the  bank- 
ing house  of  Jay  Cooke  &  Co.,  and  success- 
ful in  negotiating  loans  for  the  government 
and  funding  the  debts  of  the  Southern 
btates  ;  in  1884,  when  Walter  Q.  Gresham 
resigned,  President  Arthur  appointed  him 
again  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  a  place 
he  held  to  the  cud  of  the  administration  ; 
died  May  24,  1895,  at  his  country  place  in 
Maryland,  "near  Washington. 

McCulloch,    Hugh,    correspondence    of, 

transmitted,  3804. 
McDaniel,  James,   treaty  with  Indians 

concluded  by,  3592. 

McDermott,  James  Thomas;  b.  Grand 
Rapids,  Mich.,  Feb.  13,  1872  ;  in  1803  he 
moved  to  Chicago,  where  'he  followed  his 
vocation  as  a  telegraph  operator  until 
1900,  when  he  was  elected  to  the  60th 
Congress;  was  re-elected  to  the  61st.  62d, 
63d  and  G4th  Congresses  from  Illinois. 

McEldery,  Hugh,  directer  of  Bank  of 
United  States,  nomination  of,  and 
reasons  therefor,  1260. 
McEnery,  Samuel  Douglas;  b.  Monroe, 
La.,  May  28,  1837 ;  educated  at  Spring 
Hill  College,  Mobile.  Ala.,  the  United 
States  Naval  Academy,  and  the  University 
of  Virginia  :  graduated  from  State  and 
National  Law  School,  I'oughkeepsie.  N.  Y.  ; 
served  in  the  Confederate  Army,  in 
the  war  between  the  States ;  elected  lieu- 
tenant-governor in  1879,  and  on  the  death 
of  Governor  Wiltz,  October,  1881,  suc- 
ceeded 'him  in  the  executive  office  :  elected 
in  1884;  defeated  by  Gen.  Francis  T. 
Nicholls  in  1888.  who  appointed  his  op- 
ponent, S.  D.  McEnery,  to  be  associate 
justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  in  1888  for 
the  term  of  twelve  years :  elected  to  the 
United  States  Senate  from  Louisiana  for 
the  term  beginning  March  4,  1897  ;  re- 
elected  in  1902  and  again  for  the  term 
commencing  March  4,  1909. 

McEnery,  Samuel  D.,  candidate  for 
governor  of  Louisiana,  election  dis- 
turbances discussed,  4261. 

McElvain,  John,  treaty  with .  Indians 
concluded  by,  1029. 

McGarrahan,  William,  act  to  submit 
title  of,  to  lands  to  Court  of  Private 
Land  Claims,  vetoed,  5680. 


McOillicuddy,  Daniel  J.;  b.  Aug.  27. 
1859,  in  Lewiston.  Me.  ;  graduate  of 
Bowdoin  College*  1881  ;  member  of  Malm; 
legislature  1884-85  :  mayor  of  Lewiston, 
1x87,  1890,  nnd  1902;  elected  to  the  02d, 
CM  and  G4th  Congresses  from  Maine. 

McGregor,  Gen.,  commission  to,  dis- 
cussed, 601. 

McGrew,  John  F.,  member  of  legislative 
council  for  Mississippi  Territory, 
nomination  of,  445. 

McGuire,  Bird;  b.  Belleville,  111.,  In  1864  ; 
taken  to  Kansas  in  childhood,  and  there 
educated ;  in  1895  moved  to  Pawnee  Co., 
Okla.,  and  practiced  law  ;  In  1897  was  ap- 
pointed assistant  United  States  attorney 
for  Oklahoma  Territory,  in  which  capac- 
ity 'he  served  until  his  nomination  for 
Congress  as  delegate  from  the  Territory 
of  Oklahoma ;  served  as  such  in  the  58th 
and  59th  Congresses ;  elected  to  the  GOth 
Congress,  1907,  his  term  of  service  begin- 
ning upon  the  admission  of  Oklahoma  as 
a  state,  and  re-elected  to  the  Gist  Con- 
gress from  Oklahoma. 

McHenry,  James,  Secretary  of  War  under 
President  Washington  ;  b.  Ireland,  Nov. 
16,  1753 ;  aide-de-camp  to  General  Lafay- 
ette during  the  Revolution  ;  Delegate  from 
Maryland  to  the  Continental  Congress 
1783-1780  and  the  Federal  constitutional 
convention  in  1787  ;  Secretary  of  War,  Jan. 
29,  179G.  to  May  13.  1SOO  ;  died  at  Balti- 
more, Md.,  May  8,  1S1G. 

Mclntosh,  Lachlan,  naval  officer  at  Sa- 
vannah, Ga.,  nomination  of,  and  rea- 
sons therefor,  50. 

McKee,  John: 

Instructions  to,  regarding  possession 

of  Florida,   491. 
Mentioned,   473. 

McKeever,  Isaac,  captain  in  navy,  nom- 
ination of,  and  reasons  therefor,  1745. 
McKenna,  Joseph,  Attorney-General  un- 
der President  McKinley  ;  b.  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  Aug.  10,  1843 ;  went  to  California 
with  his  parents  in  Jan.,  18.~>5  ;  district 
attorney  of  Solano  County  fur  two  terms, 
commencing  in  March,  18GG  :  served  in  the 
California  legislature  in  the  session  of 
1875  and  1870:  unsuccessful  Republican 
candidate  for  Congress  in  1870  from  the 
3rd  district,  and  again  the  unsuccessful 
candidate  in  1879:  elected  to  the  49th 
Congress  as  a  Republican  :  re-elected  to  the 
50th.  51st  aud  52d  Congresses  :  Attorney- 
General  and  subsequently  a  justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court. 

McKenney,  Thomas  L.,  treaty  with  In- 
dians concluded  by,  931,"  960,  Olil. 
996. 

McKenzie,  John  C.,  b.  Woodbine  lov.ii- 
ship.  Jo  Daviess  County,  111..  Feb.  IS. 
1800 ;  educated  in  the  common  schools ; 
taught  school,  farmed,  then  road  Inw  ;  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  and  practised  his  pro- 
fession ;  served  four  years  as  member  Il- 
linois State  Claims  Commission  under 
Gov.  John  R.  Tanner  ;  two  terms  in  the 
House  and  three  terms  In  the  Sen- 
ate of  the  Illinois  General  Assembly, 
one  term  as  president  pro  tern,  of  the  Sen- 
ate, and  elected  to  the  G2d,  God  and  64th 
Congresses  from  Illinois. 


McKinley 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


McKinley,  William,  biography  of,  G234. 

McKinley,  William  Broyn;  '>-  Sept.  5, 
1856,  in  Petersburg.  111.  :  elected  to  the 
59th.  60th,  61st  and  64th  Congresses  from 
Illinois. 

McLane,  Louis;  soldier,  lawyer;  b. 
Smyrna,  Del.,  May  28.  17S6 ;  member  of 
Congress  from  Delaware,  1817-27  ;  Sen- 
ator, 1827-29 ;  appointed  minister  to  Kng- 
laud,  1829  ;  member  of  1'resideiit  Jack- 
sou's  Cabinet,  lirst  as  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  and  on  his  refusal  to  consent 
to  the  removal  of  the  government  deposits 
from  the  United  Stales  Hank,  he  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  head  of  the  Department  of 
State;  retired  from  the  Cabinet  in  1834; 
president  of  the  Baltimore  atid  Ohio  Uail- 
road.  1.S37-47  ;  minister  to  Kngland  dur- 
ing President  Polk's  administration;  re- 
moved to  Maryland,  and  served  In  con- 
stitutional convention  of  that  stale.  1850- 
57  ;  died  Baltimore,  Md.,  Oct.  7,  1857. 

McLane,  Louis: 

Minister  to  Great  Britain,  1044,  1133. 
Correspondence    regarding    Oregon 

boundary,  2305. 
Secretary    of    State,     correspondence 

regarding    northeastern    boundary. 

(See  Northeastern  Boundary.) 
McLane,  Robert  Milligan;  statesman  ;  b. 
Wilmington,  Del.,  June  23.  1815:  grad- 
uated U.  S.  Military  Academy,  18:57 ;  took 
part  in  Seminole  War.  1837-38,  and 
served  under  Gen.  Wiufield  Scott  In  the 
Cherokee  disturbances  in  Georgia  ;  en- 
gaged in  the  military  survey  of  the  north- 
ern lakes ;  studied  law,  arid  practiced  in 
District  of  Columbia :  member  Maryland 
legislature,  1845-40  and  1877-78  :  mem- 
ber of  Congress,  1847-51  and  1879-83:  ap- 
pointed by  President  Pierce  commissioner 
with  powers  of  minister  plenipotentiary  to 
China.  Japan,  Siam,  Korea,  and  Cochin- 
China,  Where,  in  connection  with  Commo- 
dore Perry,  he  negotiated  important  treat- 
ies ;  appointed  minister  to  Mexico  in  1859  : 
governor  of  Maryland,  1883-85  ;  appointed 
minister  to  France  by  President  Cleveland 
in  1885 ;  died  Paris,  France,  1898. 

McLane,  Robert  M.: 

Commissioner  to  China,  30G2,  3122. 
Minister   to — 

France,  mentioned,  5118. 
Mexico,  3095. 
McLaughlin,  James  C.;  h.  in  Illinois;  in 

1804  moved  to  Muskegon,  Mich.  ;  elected  to 
the  00th,  Olst.  G2d,  03d  and  64th  Con- 
gresses from  Michigan. 
McLaurin,  Anselm  Joseph;  b.  March  26, 
1848,  at  Brandon,  Miss.  ;  joined  the  Con- 
federate army  and  served  as  a  private ; 
after  the  war,  attended  two  years  at  Sum- 
merville  Institute,  completing  the  junior 
year  :  was  licensed  by  Judge  Watts  to  prac- 
tice law  July  3,  1808:  elected  to  the  legis- 
lature In  1879;  United  States  Senate  Feb- 
ruary, 1894 ;  governor  of  Mississippi  in 
1895,  and  served  four  years:  elected  to  the 
United  States  Senate  from  Mississippi,  for 
the  term  beginning  March  4,  1901,  and  suc- 
ceeded himself  in  1907. 

McLean,  Getfrge  P.,  b.  Simshury,  Conn., 
Oct.  7,  1857;  graduated  from  Hartford 
High  School;  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1881 
and  practiced  In  Hartford  ;  member  of  the 
Connecticut  House  of  Representatives  in 


1883-84;  member  of  the  commission  to  re- 
vise the  Connecticut  statutes  in  1885  ; 
member  of  the  Connecticut  Senate  in  1880  : 
I  nited  States  district  attorney  for  Con- 
necticut from  1X92  to  1890;  governor  of 
Connecticut  1901-2;  received  the  degree  of 
A.  M.  from  Yale  University  in  1904;  elect- 
ed Senator  by  the  general  assembly. 

McLean,  John,  Jurist;  Postmaster-General 
under  President  John  Quincy  Adams :  b. 
Morris  County,  N.  J.,  March  11,  1785  ; 
moved  to  Morgautown,  Va.,  in  1789.  to 
Nicholasville,  Ky.,  in  1790,  to  Mayslide, 
Ky..  in  1793.  and  to  Lebanon,  Ohio,  iu 
1797;  attended  the  common  schools; 
studied  law  at  Cincinnati,  commencing 
practice  at  Lebanon  in  1807  :  elected  a 
Representative  from  Ohio  to  the  l:;th  and 
14th  Congresses  as  a  War  Democrat,  serv- 
ing until  his  resignation  in  1S10;  elected 
state  supreme  court  judge  iu  1817;  appoint- 
ed Commissioner  of  the  United  States 
General  Land  Otlice  Sept.  11.  1822:  Post- 
master-General Dec.  9.  1823,  to  March  7, 
1829;  justice  of  the<  United  States  Supreme 
Court  March  7.  1829.  until  his  death,  at 
Cincinnati,  Ohio,  April  4,  1801. 

McLean,  John,  Supreme  Court  Justice, 

death   of,   referred   to,  3250. 
McLellan,    George   W.,    correspondence 

of,  3809. 

McLeod,    Alexander,    imprisonment    of, 
1840. 

Acquittal   of,   referred   to,  1927. 

Appearance  of  District  Attorney 
.Spencer  as  counsel  for,  referred  to, 
2303. 

Referred  to,   1894,  2286. 
McMahon,    John,    arrest    and    trial    of, 

3827. 
McMinn,   Joseph,   treaty   with   Indians, 

589. 
McNeil,     John,     treaty     with     Indians, 

1029. 

McReynolds,  James  Clark,  Aftorney-c.cn. 
eral  under  President  Wilson  ;  b.  Klkton, 
Ky.,  Feb.  3,  1802;  son  of  Dr.  John  O.  and 
Ellen  (Reeves)  M.  :  I',.  S.  Vanderbilt  Uni- 
versity 18S2;  graduate  of  University  of 
Virginia  law  department  1SS4  ;  unmarried  : 
practiced  at  Nashville.  Tenu..  many  years; 
professor  lasv  school  Vandcrbllt  University 
1900-1903;  Assistant  Attorney-General  of 
the  United  Slates  1903-1'.)()7  :  thereafter  re- 
moved lo  New  York  to  engage  in  private 
practice  ;  was  long  specially  retained  by 
the  Government  in  matters  relating  to  en- 
forcement of  anti-trust  laws,  particularly 
in  proceedings  niraiust.  the  Tobacco  Trust 
and  the  combination  of  the  anthracite  coal 
railroads,  etc.  ;  appointed  Attorney-General 
by  President  Wilson  in  1913  and'  the  fol- 
lowing year  to  the  Supreme  Court  bench. 

McSweeney,  Daniel,  imprisonment  of, 
by  Great  Britain,  4674. 

MacDonald,  Allan,  abduction  of,  from 
Canada,  referred  to,  3S2(i. 

MacDonough,  Thomas,  British  ships 
captured  on  Lake  Champlain  by  ves- 
sels under,  534. 

Mackenzie,  Ranald  S.,  directed  to  as- 
sume command  of  Dcjmrtnh-nt  of 
Texas,  4754. 


Biographic   Index 


Manning 


Maclauchlan,  J.  A.,  correspondence  re- 
garding imprisonment  of  Ebenezer 
S.  Greely,  1575,  1828. 
Macomb,  Alexander;  soldier,  author;  b 
Detroit,  Mich.,  April  3,  1782  ;  active  in  the 
War  of  1812,  becoming  major-general  in 
command  of  the  army  in  1828  :  author  of 
"Treatise  on  Martini  Law,"  "Treatise  on 
Practice  of  Courts-Martial,  and  "1'ontiac." 
a  drama  ;  died  Washington,  D.  C.,  June  25, 
1841. 

Macomb,  Alexander: 

Letter  of,  on  British  fortifications  on 
northern  frontier  of  United  States, 
1815. 

Mentioned,  701. 
President  court  of  inquiry,  1508. 

Papers  transmitted  to,  1510,  1511. 
Macomb,    William    H.,    commander    in 
Navy,  advancement  in  grade  of,  rec- 
ommended, 3458. 

MacVeagh,  Franklin,  of  Chicago,  ill., 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  in  President 
Taft's  Cabinet:  b.  Chester  Co.,  Pa.:  grad- 
uated at  Yale.  1802  :  Columbia  Law  School, 
New  York.  1864:  nominated  by  the  Demo- 
crats of  Illinois.  1894.  for  United  States 
Senator  and  made  a  canvass  of  the  state, 
but  was  defeated  in  the  legislature :  mem- 
ber of  the  executive  committee,  National 
Civic  Federation. 

MacVeagh,  Wayne;  lawyer,  statesman; 
Attorney  General  under  President  Garh'eld  ; 
b.  April  It),  183:!,  in  Phoenixville,  Pa.  { 
educated  in  Pottstown.  Pa.,  and  graduated 
from  Yale  College  in  1853  ;  studied  law  in 
West  Chester,  Pa.,  and  admitted  to  the 
bar;  apt  in  debate  and  industrious  he  soon 
made  a  wide  reputation  as  a  lawyer  and 
was  for  some  years  counsel  to  the  Penn- 
sylvania Railroad  Company;  served  a  short 
time  in  the  Civil  War:  in  1863  he  was 
chairman  of  the  Republican  State  Com- 
mittee of  Pennsylvania  :  in  1870  President 
Grant  appointed  him  Minister  to  Turkey; 
he  actively  opposed  the-  regular  Republican 
organization  in  Pennsylvania,  of  which  his 
father-in-law,  Simon  Cameron,  was  the 
leader:  appointed  Attorney  General  by 
President  Gartield  March  5,  1881,  but  re> 
signed  on  the  accession  of  Arthur  to  the 
Presidency. 

Madden,  Martin  B.;  b.  March  20.  18.", : 
elected  to  the  59th,  60th,  61st,  62d,  63d 
and  64th  Congresses  from  Illinois. 

Madison,  James,  biography  of,  450. 
Madison,  Dolly  P.: 

Correspondence  with  President  Jack- 
son on  death  of  her  husband,  1479. 
Writings  of  her  husband  on  Constitu- 
tional    Convention     referred    to, 
1479. 

Correspondence   regarding  publica- 
tion of,   1481. 

Madrazo,  Don  Juan,  claims  of,  against 

United    States,    1268. 
Attorney-General     declines     to     give 

opinion  on,  1450. 

Magoon,    Charles    E.,    appointed    Canal 
Commissioner,    7400. 


Mah.er,  James  P.;  b.  Brooklyn,  x.  Y., 
Nov.  3,  1865 ;  educated  In  St.  Patrick's 
Academy,  Brooklyn ;  upon  graduating  he 
entered  as  an  apprentice  In  tho  hatters' 
trade.  In  1887  went  to  Dan  bury,  Conn., 
to  work  at  his  trade  as  a  journeyman  hat- 
ter:  in  1,S!)4  was  fleet  I'd  president  of  the 
Danbury  Hat  Makers'  Society,  aud  in  1S!»7 
was  elected  national  treasurer  of  the  I'nlted 
Hatters  of  North  America  :  elected  to  the 
62d.  63d  and  64th  Congresses  from  New 
York. 

Maison  Rouge,  Marquis  de,  validity  of 
grant  to,  by  Harou  de  Carondelet,  to 
be  tested,  2013. 
Malietoa,     King     of    Samoan     Islands, 

5545,  5871,  5963. 
Death   of,    6336. 

Mallory,  Stephen  R.;  b.  Trinidad  in  isis 
on  his  father's  vessel,  sailing  from  Bridge- 
port, Conn.;  located  at  Key  West  in  1SU1  : 
attended  schools  in  Connecticut  and  New 
York  ;  studied  law  at  Key  West,  and  com- 
menced practice  there  in  1833  ;  appointed  by 
President  Jackson  customs  inspector  at  Key 
West;  county  judge  of  Monroe  County; 
appointed  collector  of  the  port  of  Key  West 
in  1845;  elected  and  re-elected  a  I'niied 
States  Senator  from  Florida  as  a  Democrat, 
serving  from  1851  until  his  retirement  Jan. 
21,  1861  :  secretary  of  the  navy  of  the  Con- 
federate States  :  at  the  close  of  the  civil  war 
was  arrested  and  imprisoned  for  treason, 
but  released  in  1S67;  moved  to  Pensacola, 
Fla.,  where  he  died  Nov.  'J,  187.3. 

Mallory,  Stephen  R.,  imprisonment  of, 
report  of  Attorney-General  regarding, 
transmitted,  3576. 

Malmros,  Oscar,  reports  of,  during  Pan- 
ama Revolution,  6752-6755. 
Mann,  Ambrose  Dudley;  diplomat :  b. 
Hanover  Court  House,  Va.,  April  2(5.  1801; 
resigned  from  TJ.  S.  Military  Academy  to 
take  up  study  of  law;  appointed  consul  to 
Bremen,  Germany,  by  President  Tyler  in 
1842,  and  negotiated  important  treaties 
with  German  states;  commissioner  to  Hun- 
gary, 1849,  and  by  appointment  of  Presi- 
dent Fillmorc  became  minister  to  Switzer- 
land, and  negotiated  a  reciprocity  treaty 
with  that  republic:  joined  the  Southern 
Confederacy  and  was  sent  to  England  and 
France  on  special  mission  by  seceding 
states  :  made  'his  home_  in  Europe  after  the 
Civil  War ;  died  Paris,  France,  Nov.  20, 
1889. 

Mann,  A.  Dudley: 

Special     agent     to     Hungary,     corre- 
spondence of,  referred  to,  2579. 

Treaty     with     Swiss     Confederation 

concluded  by,  2634. 

Mann,  James  B. ;  b.  1856;  graduate  of  the 
University  of  Illinois,  and  the'  Union  Col- 
lege of  Law  in  Chicago  ;  elected  to  the 
55th,  and  each  succeeding  Congress,  includ- 
ing the  64th  from  Illinois. 
Manning,  Daniel  (1S31-1SS7I  :  an  Awn- 
can  Democratic  politician  and  Cabinet  offi- 
cer:  b.  iu  Albany,  N.  Y.  :  bad  lar^i-  influ- 
ence in  Cleveland's  election  to  the  gover- 
norship of  New  York,  and  to  the  Presi- 
dency :  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  under 
Cleveland,  1885-87. 


Mansfield 


Messages  arid  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Mansfield,  Joseph  K.  F.,  major-general 
of  volunteers,  nomination  of,  and 
reasons  therefor,  3363. 
Mansfield,  Samuel  M.,  commissioner  in 
marking  boundary  between  Texas 
and  Mexico,  4904. 

Manypenny,  George  W.,  treaty  with  In- 
dians concluded  bv,  2773,  2775,  2834, 
2839,   2884. 
Marchand,   Margaret   D.,    act   granting 

pension    to: 
Reasons  for  applying  pocket  veto  to, 

5072. 

Vetoed,  5014. 

Marcy,  Randolph  B.,  report  of,  on  ex- 
ploration of  Big  Wichitaw  and 
Brazos  rivers,  transmitted,  2897. 
Marcy,  William  Learned;  lawyer,  jurist, 
b.  Sturbridge.  Mass.,  In  1786 ;  removed  to 
New  York  and  resided  in  Troy  and  Albany  ; 
appointed  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
New  York,  1829,  and  elected  to  the  United 
States  Senate,  1831  ;  elected  governor  of 
New  York,  1832,  1834.  and  183G  ;  Secretary 
of  War  under  President  Polk.  1845-49  ; 
Secretary  of  State  under  President  Pierce, 
1853-57  ;  died  Ballston  Spa,  N.  Y.,  July  4, 
1857. 

Marcy,  William  L.: 

Correspondence  regarding  outrages 
committed  by  Canadians  on  Ameri- 
can frontier,  1618. 

Order  signed  by,  suppressing  an  un- 
lawful expedition  fitted  out  in  Cali- 
fornia for  the  invasion  of  Mexico, 
2805. 

Secretary  of  State,  2805. 
Marks,  I.  D.,  contract  alleged   to  have 
been  made  with  Mexico  by,  referred 
to,  2636. 

Marquez,   Leonardo,  American  citizens 

murdered    in   Mexico  by,   3096,   3176. 

Marsden,  George,  imprisonment  of,  by 

Brazil,  2779. 

Marsden,  Joseph,  member  of  commis- 
sion concluding  treaty  for  annexa- 
tion of  Hawaiian  Islands,  5783. 
Marsh,  George  Perkins;  diplomat,  author; 
b.  Woodstock,  Vt,  March  15,  1801  ;  gradu- 
ated  from  Dartmouth  College  in  18:20 ; 
studied  law,  commencing  practice  at  Bur- 
lington, Vt. ;  member  of  the  State  legislat- 
ure in  1835  ;  elected  a  Representative  from 
Vermont  to  the  28th,  29th,  30th  and  31st 
Congresses  as  a  Whig,  but  resigned  iu 
1849;  minister  resident  to  Turkey  1849- 
1853  ;  charged  with  a  special  mission  to 
Greece  in  1852;  fish  commissioner  of  Ver- 
mont in  1857  and  railroad  commissioner 
1857-1859;  received  an  LL.I).  from  Dart- 
mouth College  in  1800;  appointed  envoy  ex- 
traordinary and  minister  plenipotentiary  to 
Italy  in  March,  18(51,  serving  until  his 
death  :  the  author  and  publisher  of  numer- 
ous literary  works;  died  at  Vallombrosa, 
Italy,  July  24,  1882. 

Marsh,    George    P.,    minister    to    Italy, 
death   of,  referred  to,  4715. 


Marshall,  Humphrey,  correspondence  of, 

referred  to,  2776. 

Marshall,  James  W.J  professor  of  lan- 
guages and  Postmaster  General  under 
President  Grant ;  b.  Aug.  14,  1822,  in  Clark 
Co.,  Va. ;  graduated  from  Dickinson  Col- 
lege in  1848,  and  was  retained  as  professor 
of  ancient  languages  until  1801,  when  Presi- 
dent Lincoln  appointed  him  Consul  to 
Leeds,  England ;  appointed  Assistant  Post- 
master General  by  President  Grant  in  1809, 
ana  upon  the  resignation  of  Mr.  Creswell 
in  July,  1874,  served  as  head  of  the  de- 
partment until  the  appointment  of  Mr.  Jew- 
ell in  September  of  that  year;  he  was  later 
made  general  superintendent  of  the  Railway 
Mail  Service. 

Marshall,  John;  soldier,  author,  statesman, 
jurist,  diplomatist ;  Secretary  of  State  under 
President  John  Adams  ;  Chief  Justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court ;  b.  Sept.  24,  1755,  in  Ger- 
mantown,  now  Midlands,  Fauquier  Co.,  Va. ; 
he  was  the  eldest  of  fifteen  children,  and 
received  his  early  education  from  a  Scotch 
tutor  retained  by  the  family ;  at  the  age 
of  twenty*he  joined  the  Revolutionary  army 
and  saw  active  service  at  Norfolk  and  un- 
der Washington  and  Steuben  ;  took  a  course 
of  law  lectures  at  William  and  Mary  Col- 
lege, admitted  to  the  bar  and  began  prac- 
tice in  Fauquier  County ;  elected  to  the 
General  Assembly  of  Virginia  in  1782, 
1784  and  1787;  member  of  the  Virginia 
Convention  of  1788  to  ratify  the  Constitu- 
tion; led  the  supporters  of  the  Constitution 
to  victory  against  the  opposition  of  Patrick 
Henry  ;  re-elected  to  the  General  Assembly 
again  in  17S8  and  remained  till  1791;  a 
stanch  supporter  of  Washington  when  the 
latter  was  opposed  by  his  former  Virginia 
adherents  :  sent  by  John  Adams  to  France 
as  an  envoy  and  spurned  the  bribery  pro- 
posed by  Talleyrand ;  declined  appoint- 
ments as  Attorney  General,  Supreme  Court 
Justice  and  foreign  minister  to  run  for 
Congress;  his  tirst  duty  after  election  was 
to  announce  the  death  of  his  friend  Wash- 
ington ;  Secretary  of  State  in  1800  under 
John  Adams,  and  while  still  in  that,  posi- 
tion was  appointed  Chief  Justice  of  the 
United  States  Supreme  Court ;  took  his 
seat  Feb.  4,  1801,  and  for  thirty-five  years 
continued  iu  service  :  his  decisions  fill  thirty 
volumes  of  reports  and  form  a  monument  to 
his  vast  learning  and  judicial  powers  ;  they 
are  referred  to  constantly  and  are  a  staud- 
ard  authority  on  constitutional  law  today; 
in  the  spring  of  1835  he  vfsited  Philadel- 
phia for  medical  advice  and  while  there 
died  July  0,  1835. 

Marshall,  John: 

Letter   of    Elbridge    Gerry   to,   trans- 
mitted,  256. 

Minister    to    France,    nomination    of, 
235. 

Secretary  of  State,  295. 
Marshall,  Thomas  R.;  Vice  President  of 
the  United  States  during  the  term  of  PresI 
dent  Wilsori ;  lawyer;  b.  March  14,  1854, 
in  North  Manchester,  Ind.  ;  graduated  from 
Wabash  College  in  1873;  LL.I).  Wabash 
and  the  Universities  of  Notre  Dame,  Penn- 
sylvania and  North  Carolina  ;  practiced  law 
in  Columbia  City,  Ind.,  elected  Governor  of 
the  State  in  1!»0,S;  elected  Vice  President, 
1912. 

Marshall,  William,  treaty  with  Indians 
concluded  by,  1354. 


Biographic   Index 


Mead 


Martin,  Alexander;  b.  New  Jersey  in 
1740;  graduated  from  Princeton  Collect-  In 
1756;  studied  law,  and  commenced  practice 
in  North  Carolina  In  1772 ;  member  of  the 
colonial  assembly ;  colonel  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary war;  State  senator  1779-1782,  1785- 
1788;  governor  1781M785  and  1789-1792; 
delegate  to  the  State  convention  for  the 
adoption  of  the  Federal  Constitution  ; 
United  States  Senator  from  North  Carolina 
1798-1799 ;  died  at  Danbury,  N.  C.,  In 
November,  1807. 

Martin,  Alexander,  legislative  act  of 
North  Carolina  received  from,  trans- 
mitted, 64. 

Martin,  Henry  W.,  treaty  with  Indians 
concluded  by,  3395. 

Martin,  Morgan  L.,  treaty  with  Indiana 
concluded  by,  2529. 

Martin,  Thomas  Staples;   b.   Scottsviiio. 

Albemarle  Co.,  Va.,  July  29,  1847  ;  soon 
after  leaving  the  University  of  Virginia  he 
commenced  the  study  of  law  by  a  course 
of  private  reading  at  home,  and  was  li- 
censed to  practice  in  1SG9:  Dec.  19,  1S93. 
was  elected  Senator  from  Virginia  for  the 
term  commencing  March  4,  1895 ;  re-elect- 
ed in  1899  and  1905. 

Martine,  James  E.;  b.  in  the  city  of  New 
York,  August,  1850 ;  attended  the  public 
schools,  but  owing  to  the  death  of  his 
fat'her  was  compelled  to  leave  school  at 
the  age  of  13  years ;  never  held  public 
office :  at  the  primary  election  for  United 
States  Senator  he  was  chosen  to  represent 
New  Jersey. 

Martinez,  F.  P.,  Mexican  Minister,  men- 
tioned, 1790. 
Marty,    Martin,   member   of   Chippewa 

Commission,   5500. 
Marvin,  William,  provisional  governor 

of  Florida,  appointed,  3527. 
Mason,  John  Y.,  Secretary  of  the  Navy  nn- 
der  Presidents  Tyler  and  Polk  and  Attor- 
ney-General under  President  Polk  :  b. 
Greensville,  Va..  April  18,  1799  ;  graduated 
from  the  University  of  North  Carolina  in 
1S1G  ;  studied  law.  commencing  practice  at 
Hicksford,  Va.  ;  state  representative  1819- 
1S29 ;  United  States  district  judge  for 
eastern  Virginia ;  elected  a  Representative 
from  Virginia  to  the  22nd,  23d,  and  2-1  th 
Congresses  as  a  Democrat,  resigning  Jan- 
uary 11.  1837 ;  elected  judge  of  the  Vir- 
ginia general  court  ;  delegate  to  the  state 
constitutional  conventions  of  1828  and 
1849;  Secretary  of  the  Navy  March  14. 
1844-45.  and  Sept.  9.  1846-1849;  Attorney- 
General  March  5.  1845.  to  Sept.  !).  1840  : 
minister  to  Kngland  Jan.  22,  1854,  until 
his  death,  at  Paris,  France,  Oct.  3,  1S59. 

Mason,   Otis   T.,   member  of   Board   on 

Geographic  Names,  5647. 
Mataafa,    insurrection    in    Samoan    Is- 
lands under,  5871,  59G3. 
Arrangements     for    return     of,     and 
other   exiles,   6336. 

Mather,   Thomas,    treaty   with  Indians 

concluded   by,  889. 
Matlock,  Gideon  C.,  treaty  with  Indians 

concluded  by,  2304. 


Matthews,  Edmund  O.,  member  of  Gun 
Foundry  Board,  4748. 

Matthews,   George,    instructions   to,  re- 
garding possessions  of  Florida,  491. 
Unauthorized    conduct    of,    discussed 
and  powers   given,  revoked,   492. 

Matthews,  James  C.,  recorder  of  deeds, 
District  of  Columbia,  nomination  of, 
and  reasons  therefor,  5116. 

Matthews,  John;  jurist  ;  b.  Charleston, 
S.  C.,  in  1744  ;  studied  law  ;  associate  judge 
of  the  State  .supreme  court  in  1770  ;  Dele- 
gate from  South  Carolina  to  tin-  Continental 
Congress  177S-17S2;  governor  178^-83; 
judge  of  the  court  of  equity  in  1784;  died 
at  Charleston,  S.  C.,  Nov.  17,  1802. 

Matthews,    John,     district     supervisor, 

nomination  of,  91. 
Maury,  Matthew  T.: 
.  Immigration  plans  of,  referred  to, 

3571. 
Improvement   in   science   of   nautical 

affairs  by,  2670. 

Maximilian  (Ferdinand  Maximilian  Jo- 
seph) : 
Capture    and    execution    of,    referred 

to,  3725. 
Decrees   of — 

Declaring    blockade    of    ports    pro- 
claimed  void,   3631. 
Reestablishing    slavery    in    Mexico 

referred  to,  3569. 
Organization  for  purpose  of  avenging 

death  of,  referred  to,  3780. 
Maxwell,  Hugh,  authority  issued  to,  to 

arrest  unlawful  expeditions,  2697. 
Maybrick,    Florence    E.,    imprisonment 

of,  in  Great  Britain,  6101. 
Maynard,  Horace;  statesman,  diplomatist; 
Postmaster  General  under  President  Hayes; 
b.  Aug.  30,  1814,  in  Westboro,  Mass.  ;  edu- 
cated in  his  native  town  and  graduated  at 
Amherst  College  as  valedictorian  of  his 
class  in  1838  ;  went  to  Tennessee  and 
taught  school  and  studied  law  at  Knox- 
ville,  and  was  admitted  to  practice  in  1844  ; 
for  three  terms  (1857-63)  he  represented 
the  Second  Tennessee  district  in  Congress, 
and  was  a  stout  supporter  i>f  the  Union  ; 
Attorney  General  of  Tennessee  18t>3-tJ5, 
and  for  seven  years  thereafter  again  mem- 
ber of  Congress  ;  appointed  by  President 
Grant  Minister  to  Turkey  in  IST.'p,  ami 
after  live  years  in  that  position,  was  made 
Postmaster  General  by  President  Hayes, 
and  served  till  the  end  of  the  administra- 
tion; prominently  identified  with  educa- 
tional work  and  the  Presbyterian  Church 
in  Tennessee;  died  May  3,  1882.  at  Knox- 
ville. 

Mayson,  F.  G.,  lieutenant  in  Marine 
Corps,  appointment  of,  referred  to, 
2273. 

Mead,  Cowles;  elected  representative  in 
Congress  from  Georgia  in  1805.  but  his 
seat  was  successfully  contested  by  Thomas 
Spalding  ;  appointed  secretary  of  Missis- 
sippi Territory  in  180(i. 


Mead 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Mead,  Cowles: 

Arrival  of  Aaron  Burr  in  Mississippi 
announced  by,  407. 

Surrender  of  Aaron  Burr  announced 

by,  409. 

Meade,  George  Gordon;  soldier ;  b.  Cadiz, 
Spain,  Dec.  31,  1815  ;  graduated  U.  S.  Mili- 
tary Academy,  1835  ;  served  in  the  Semin- 
ole  War ;  resigned  from  the  army  and  en- 
gaged in  surveying  and  engineering ;  1845- 
47  served  in  the  Mexican  War ;  made  sur- 
veys of  lakes,  rivers  and  harbors  as  lieu- 
tenant o_f  engineers  in  government  service  ; 
commissioned  brigadier-general  of  volun- 
teers, Aug.  31,  1801  ;  served  through  the 
Civil  War  :  but  his  name  will  ever  be  con- 
nected with  the  battle  of  Gettysburg, 
where  he  commanded  on  the  1st,  2nd,  and 
3d  days  of  July,  18G3.  and  the  victory 
which  produced  such  decided  results ;  pro- 
moted to  major-general  in  1804.  and  as  a 
special  honor  was  given  command  of  the 
grand  review  which  took  place  in  Wash- 
inerton  at  the  close  of  the  war  ;  died  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.,  Nov.  6,  1872. 

Meade,  George  G.: 

Instructions  to,  referred  to,  3826. 

Order    to,    regarding    suppression    of 

military  expedition,  3631. 
Meade,  Richard  W.,  IT.  S.  N.: 

Agreement  with  great  chief  of  Tu- 
tuila  concluded  by,  4122. 

Imprisonment  of,  by  Spain  and  claim 
arising  out  of,  594. 

Mentioned,    5833. 

Medill,  William;  b.  Newcastle  County, 
Del.,  in  1805;  received  a  liberal  education; 
studied  law,  and  commenced  practice  in 
Lancaster  County,  Ohio,  in  1832 ;  member 
of  the  State  legislature;  elected  a  Repre- 
sentative from  Ohio  to  the  20th  and  27th 
Congresses  as  a  Democrat  ;  Second  Assist- 
ant Postmaster-General  in  1845 ;  Indian 
Commissioner  Oct.  28,  184^,  to  May  29, 
1850 ;  delegate  to  the  Ohio  constitutional 
convention  of  1850;  lieutenant-governor  of 
Ohio  1851-52,  and  governor  1854-55;  First 
Comptroller  of  the  Treasury  March  20, 
1857,  to  April  10,  1801  ;  died  at  Lancaster, 
Ohio,  Sept.  2,  1805. 

Medill,    William,    treaty    with    Indians 

concluded   by,   2521. 

MeigS,  Montgomery  C.J  soldier,  civil  engi- 
neer ;  b.  Augusta,  <Ja.,  May  3,  1810 ;  grad- 
uate U.  S.  Military  Academy,  1830 ;  en- 
gaged in  engineering  work  and  construc- 
tion of  forts  and  government  buildings ; 
made  quartermaster-general  II.  S.  Army, 
1801,  which  office  he  continued  to  hold  un- 
til his  retirement  in  1882;  died  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.,  Jan.  2,  1892. 

Meigs,  Montgomery  C.: 

Act  making  appropriation  for  Gov- 
ernment expenses,  including  work 
to  be  superintended  by,  discussed, 
3128. 

Appointed  on  commission  to  examine 
subject  of  reorganization  of  Army, 
4352. 
Report  of,  on — 

Extension   of   Capitol,   transmitted, 

2917,   3110. 
Error  in,  referred  to,  2918. 


Water  supply  for  Washington  City, 

2725. 

Meigs,  Return  Jonathan,  Postmaster-Gen- 
eral under  President  Madison ;  b.  Middle- 
town,  Conn.,  in  November,  1705 ;  graduat- 
ed from  Yale  College  in  1785;  studied  law, 
and  commenced  practice  at  Marietta,  Ohio  ; 
served  in  the  Indian  war ;  judge  of  the 
Ohio  supreme  court ;  elected  a  United 
States  Senator  from  Ohio  as  a  Democrat, 
serving  from  January  C,  1809,  to  his  resig- 
nation, May  1,  1810;  governor  of  Ohio 
1810-1814;  Postmaster-General  March  17, 
1814,  to  June  20,  1823;  died  at  Marietta, 
Ohio,  March  29,  1825. 

Meigs,  Return  J.,  treaty  with  Indians 

concluded  by,  834. 
Menard,    Pierre,    treaty    with   Indians 

concluded  by,  988,  989,  991,  1029. 
Meredith,  William  M;  lawyer;  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury  under  President  Taylor  ;  b. 
June  8,  1799,  in  Philadelphia,  Pa. ;  sou  of 
wealthy  and  accomplished  parents  and  a 
precocious  youth,  graduating  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania  at  the  age  of  (hi IN 
teen  years;  studied  law  and  was  admitted 
to  the  bar,  but  for  many  years  never  had 
a  case;  at  the  age  of  twenty-live  he  was 
elected  to  the  State  Legislature,  where  lie 
became  leader  of  the  Whigs;  from  1834  to 
1839  he  was  a  member  of  the  Select  Conn, 
cil  of  Philadelphia,  and  in  1837  and  1872 
of  the  State  Constitutional  Convention; 
candidate  for  United  States  Senator  in 
1845  ;  President  Taylor  appointed  him  Sec- 
retary of  the  Treasury  in  18-J'J,  and  upon 
the  death  of  Taylor  he  resumed  law  prac- 
tice in  Philadelphia;  between  1840  and 
1872  he  was  one  of  the  most  prominent 
lawyers  in  Philadelphia,  in  marked  con- 
trast with  his  early  career  :  in  1870  he  was 
appointed  by  President  Grant  to  he  senior 
counsel  for  the  United  States  in  the  Geneva 
Tribunal  of  Arbitration  ;  died  Aug.  17,  1873, 
In  Philadelphia. 

Meriwether,  David;  b.  Virginia  in  1755; 
received  a  liberal  education  ;  served  in  the 
Revolutionary  war;  located  at  Wilkes  Coun- 
ty, Ga.  ;  elected  a  Representative  from  Geor- 
gia to  the  7th,  8th  and  ttth  Congresses  as  a 
Democrat,  serving  from  Dec.  0,  1802,  to 
1807 ;  appointed  a  commissioner  to  the. 
Creek  Indians  in  1804  ;  Presidential  elector 
in  1812;  died  near  Athens,  Ga.,  Nov.  10, 
1822. 

Meriwether,  David,  treaties  with  In- 
dians concluded  by,  589,  2884. 
Meriwether,  David;  b.  Louisa  County, 
Va.,  Oct.  30,  1800;  attended  the  common 
schools;  engaged  in  fur  trading  near  Coun- 
cil Bluffs,  Iowa  ;  became  a  farmer  in  Ken- 
tucky ;  in  1832  elected  a  State  representa- 
tive and  served  a  number  of  years ;  dele- 
gate to  the  State  constitutional  convention 
of  1849  ;  State  secretary  of  state  ;  appointed 
a  United  States  Senator  from  Kentucky 
(vice  Henry  Clay,  deceased),  serving  from 
July  G,  1852,  until  Sept.  1,  1852;  governor 
of  'New  Mexico  May  G,  1853,  to  Jan.  5, 
1855 ;  died  near  Louisville,  Ky.,  April  4, 
1893. 

Merritt,  Wesley;  soldier;  b.  New  York 
City,  June  16,  183G  ;  graduated  U.  S.  Mili- 
tary Academy,  1800;  brevetted  major  for 
gallant  and  meritorious  services  at  Gettys- 
burg ;  promoted  to  major-general,  1895.  and 
appointed  to  command  in  the  Philippines 
and  made  military  governor  In  1898 ;  re- 
tired, 1900. 


Biographic   Index 


Miller 


Merritt,  Wesley: 

Directed  to  aid  in  executing  laws  in 

Indian  Territory,  5483. 
Expeditions  to  Philippine  Islands  un- 
der command  of,  6315. 
Attack  upon  and  surrender  of  Ma- 
nila, 6319. 
Thanks    of    President    tendered, 

6579. 

Instructions  of  President  regarding 
military  occupation  of  islands, 
6569,  6571,  6572. 
Joint  occupancy  with  insurgents 

not  to  be  permitted,  6579. 
Metcalf,  Victor  Howard,  Secretary  of 
Commerce  and  Labor  under  President 
Roosevelt ;  born  at  Utica,  Onelda  County, 
N.  Y.,  Oct.  10,  1853  ;  graduated  from  the 
Utica  Free  Academy,  also  from  Russell's 
Military  Academy,  Now  Haven.  Conn.,  and 
then  entered  the  class  of  1876,  Yale  ;  left 
the  academic  department  of  Yale  In  his 
junior  year  and  entered  the  Yale  Law 
School,  graduating  therefrom  in  1870;  ad- 
mitted to  practice  in  the  supreme  court  of 
Connecticut  in  June,  1870,  and  in  the 
supreme  court  of  New  York  in  1877 ; 
practiced  law  in  Utica.  N.  Y.,  for 
two  years,  and  then  moved  to  Cali- 
fornia, locating  in  Oakland  :  formed  a 
law  partnership  in  1881  with  George  D. 
Metcalf,  under  the  firm  name  of  Metcalf  & 
Metcalf;  elected  to  the  50th.  57rh,  and 
58th  Congresses,  when  he  was  appointed 
Secretary  of  Commerce  and  Labor. 
Meyer,  George  von  Lengerke,  Postmas- 
ter-General and  Secretary  of  the  Navy 
under  President  Taft ;  b.  Boston,  June  24, 
1858 :  graduated  from  Harvard  University 
in  1879 :  member  of  the  Massachusetts 
House  of  Representatives.  1892-1896 ; 
speaker,  1894-1896 ;  ambassador  to  Italy, 
1900 :  transferred  to  Russia.  1905 ;  re- 
called. 1907.  to  enter  the  Cabinet  as  Post- 
master-General, holding  that  post  until 
March  6.  1909.  when  he  took  oath  of  office 
as  Secretary  of  the  Navy. 

Michel,  F.,  donation  of  buildings  and 
grounds  to  United  States  for  mint 
proposed  by,  4311. 

Mifflin,  Thomas;  soldier;  b.  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  in  1744 ;  attended  Philadelphia  Col- 
lege ;  visited  Europe  in  1765  ;  returned  and 
engaged  in  business  ;  member  of  the  colonial 
legislature  in  1772-73  ;  Delegate  from  Penn- 
sylvania to  the  Continental  Congress  1774- 
1776  and  1782-1784;  served  with  distinc- 
tion in  the  Revolution  as  major,  reaching 
the  rank  of  major-general  Feb.  19,  1777  ; 
opposed  Washington  toward  the  last  of  the 
struggle  ;  speaker  of  the  State  house  of  rep- 
resentatives in  1785  :  delegate  to  the  Fed- 
eral constitutional  convention  of  1787  : 
president  of  the  supreme  executive  council 
of  Pennsylvania,  October,  1788,  to  October, 
1790;  president  of  the  State  constitutional 
convention  of  1790 :  governor  of  Pennsyl- 
vania 1791-1800;  died  at  Lancaster,  Pa., 
Jan.  20,  1800. 

Mifflin,  Thomas,  letter  of,  referred  to, 

256. 
Mileo,   Nicolino,   impressment   of,   into 

service  of  and   punishment  by  Italy, 

referred  to,  5673. 
Miles,  Dixon  S.,  court  of  inquiry  in  case 

of,  referred  to,  3260, 


Miles,  Nelson  Appleton;  soldier,  author; 
b.  Westminster,  Mass.,  Aug.  8,  1839 ; 
served  during  Civil  War  as  a  brigadier- 
general  of  volunteers ;  promoted  to  major- 
general,  1890,  and  successfully  conducted 
campaigns  against  the  Indians,  and  on  sev- 
eral occasions  prevented  war  with  the  In- 
dians by  judicious  and  humane  settlement 
of  difficulties  without  the  use  of  military 
power ;  legislatures  of  Kansas,  Montana, 
New  Mexico  and  Arizona  passed  unanimous 
votes  of  thanks  for  his  services  on  their 
borders;  in  the  War  with  Spain,  in  1898, 
he  mobilized  the  regular  army  of  25,000 
men  and  organized  200.000  volunteers  for 
emergency  ;  took  command  at  Santiago, 
Cuba,  July  11.  1908,  and  led  an  army  of 
occupation  to  Porto  Rico;  wrote  "Military 
Europe,"  "Observations  Abroad,"  "From 
New  England  to  the  Golden  Gate,"  etc. 

Miles,  Nelson  A.: 

Authorized  to  perform  duties  of  Sec- 
retary of  War  in  emergency,  6004. 

Member  of  Ponca  Indian  Commission, 
4582. 

Outbreaks    among    Sioux,    suppressed 
by,  6426. 

Puerto    Rican    campaign    under   com- 
mand of,  6318. 

Surrender  of  Indians  to,  5099. 
Milledge,  John;  b.  Savanah,  (la.,  in  1757; 
served  in  the  Revolutionary  struggle ;  at- 
torney-general of  Georgia  in  1780  ;  elected  a 
Representative  from  Georgia  to  the  2d  Con- 
gress (vice  Anthony  Wayne,  whose  seat  was 
declared  vacant  I,  serving  from  Nov.  22, 
1792,  to  March  2,  1793;  elected  to  the  4th, 
5th  and  7th  Congresses,  resigning  in  May. 
1802;  governor  1802-1800:  elected  a  United 
States  Senator  from  Georgia,  serving  from 
Dec.  11,  1806,  until  his  resignation  in  1801) ; 
died  at  Sand  Hill,  Ga.,  Feb.  9,  1818. 

Milledge,  John,  letter  of  President  Mad- 
ison to,  regarding  taking  of  oath,  451. 
Miller,  Clarence  Benjamin;  b.  March  13. 

1872,  Goodhue  Co.,  Minn.,  graduated  from 
the  University  of  Minnesota  law  depart- 
ment, 1900  ;  member  of  the  Minnesota  legis- 
lature, 1907;  elected  to  the  Olst.  62d,  63d 
and  64th  Congresses  from  Minnesota. 

Miller,  James,  governor  of  Arkansas, 
legalization  of  official  acts  of,  recom- 
mended, 801. 

Miller,  Joseph  N.,   joint  resolution   an- 
nexing Hawaiian  Islands  delivered  to 
President    Dole    by,    6332. 
Miller,     Washington    D.,    secretary    to 

President  Houston,  of  Texas,  2172. 
Miller,  William,  refuge  given  to,  by  the 

St.  Louis,  1133. 

Miller,  William  Henry  Harrison,  Attor- 
ney-General under  President  Benjamin 
Harrison  :  b.  Augusta,  Oneida  Co..  N.  Y.. 
Sept.  6,  1840  :  his  ancestry  is  English  and 
Scotch  :  he  grew  up  on  his  father's  farm. 
attending  the  country  schools  and  Whites- 
town  Seminary,  and  was  graduated  from 
Hamilton  College  in  IStil  ;  after  teaching 
school  at  Maumee  City,  O..  for  a  short 
time,  he  enlisted  in  May.  1S02.  in  the  S4th 
Ohio  infantry,  a  three-months'  regiment  : 
being  mustered  out  in  September,  he  took 
up  the  study  of  law  in  the  office  of  Chief 
Justice  Waite ;  he  read  law  during  his 


Miller 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


leisure  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at 
Peru  in  1805;  he  practiced  in  that  city  for 
a  short  time,  holding  the  office  of  county 
school  examiner,  the  only  office  he  ever 
held  until  appointed  attorney-general ;  in 
conducting  business  before  the  federal 
courts  at  Indianapolis,  Mr.  Miller  formed 
the  acquaintance  of  Gen.  Harrison,  and 
on  the  retirement  of  Albert  G.  Porter  from 
the  firm  of  Porter,  Harrison  &  Mines  in 
1874,  he  was  invited  to  enter  that  firm ; 
from  then  till  his  appointment  as  attorney- 
general  Mr.  Miller  was  exclusively  engaged 
in  the  practice  of  the  law  :  as  his  was  one 
of  the  two  or  three  leading  firms  of  In- 
diana, he  was  engaged  in  the  most  im- 
portant litigation  before  the  United  States 
courts  and  the  supreme  court  of  the  state. 
In  the  Terry  case  his  bold  and  fortunate 
action  early  attracted  public  attention  ;  on 
hearing  that  there  was  danger  that  David 
S.  Terry,  a  very  prominent  and  somewhat 
notorious  lawyer  of  California,  would  at- 
tack Justice  Field,  of  the  United  States 
Supreme  Court,  when  the  latter  should  go 
on  the  California  circuit,  Mr.  Miller 
promptly  directed  the  U.  S.  marshal  to 
protect  him.  In  compliance  with  this  order 
a  deputy  marshal  was  detailed  to  attend 
Justice  Field.  Terry  was  killed  in  the 
very  act  of  making  a  deadly  assault  on 
the  venerable  justice.  The  authority  of 
the  deputy  marshal  being  questioned  and 
an  attempt  made  to  prosecute  him  by  the 
authorities  of  California.  Mr.  Miller 
avowed  t'he  act  and  directed  the  defense  of 
the  deputy  marshal,  on  the  ground  that 
independently  of  all  statutes,  it  was  the 
constitutional  duty  of  the  executive  to 
protect  the  judiciary.  On  this  high  plane 
the  case  was '  fought  and  the  Attorney- 
Goneral  was  sustained  both  in  the  United 
States  Circuit  and  Supreme  Courts. 

Miramon,  Miguel: 

President  of  Mexico,  election  of,  dis- 
cussed, 3095,  3175. 
Property   of   American    citizens    con- 
fiscated   by,    3120. 

Mitchell,  David  B.,  instructions  to,  re- 
garding possession  of  Florida,  493, 
495. 

Mitchell,  John,  agent  for  American 
prisoners  of  war  at  Halifax,  Nova 
Scotia,  507. 

Mizner,  Lansing  B.,  minister  to  Guate- 
mala,  action   of,   regarding  seizure 
of  Gen.  Barrundia,  and  subsequent, 
recall   of,   discussed,   5544. 
Papers  regarding,   transmitted,   5565. 
Monahan,  Thomas  R.,  arrest  and  impris- 
onment   of,  by   Mexican   authorities, 
4852. 
Mondell,  Frank  Wheeler;  b.   St.   Louis, 

Mo.,  Nov.  6,  1800;  engaged  in  mercantile 
pursuits,  stock  raising,  mining  and  railway 
construction  in  various  Western  States  and 
Territories;  settled  in  Wyoming  in  1887. 
and  took  an  active  part  In  the  estab- 
lishment and  building  of  the  town  of 
Newcastle  find  the  development  of  the 
Cambria  mines ;  elected  mayor  of  New- 
castle in  1888,  and  served  until  1805: 
elected  a  member  of  the  first  State  senate 
in  1890;  elected  to  the  54th  Congress; 
served  as  As'slstant  Commissioner  of  the 
General  Land  Office  from  Nov.  15,  1897, 
to  March  3,  1899;  elected  to  the  54th.  5fith. 
57th.  58th.  59th.  60th.  61st.  62d,  O.'5d  and 
64th  Congresses  from  Wyoming. 


Money,  Hernando  de  Soto,  lawyer  and 
planter;  b.  Aug.  26,  1839,  in  Holmes  Co., 
Miss.,  educated  at  the  University  of  Missis- 
sippi ;  served  in  the  Confederate  army ; 
elected  to  the  44th,  45th,  46th,  47th,  48th, 
53d  and  54th  Congresses ;  January,  1896, 
elected  to  the  Senate  for  the  term  beginning 
March  4,  1899  ;  was  appointed,  to  the  Unit- 
ed States  Senate  Oct.  8,  1897,  to  fill  a 
vacancy ;  elected  by  the  legislature  of  Mis- 
sissippi, March  3,  1899  ;  elected  to  succeed 
himself  for  the  term  beginning  March  4, 
1905. 

Monroe,  James,  biography  of,  572. 

Monson,  Sir  Edmund,  award  of,  as  ar- 
bitrator in  claim  of  Carlos  Butter- 
field  &  Co.  against  Denmark,  5545. 

Montgomery,  Alexander,  member  of  leg- 
islative council  for  Mississippi  Ter- 
tory,  nomination  of,  445. 

Montgomery,  William,  brigadier-gen- 
eral, nomination  of,  referred  to,  1094. 

Montgomery,  William  R.,  court-martial 
in  case  of,  referred  to,  2893. 

Montt,  Jorge,  President  of  Chile,  men- 
tioned, 5619.  (See  also  Baltimore. 
The.) 

Moody,  William  H.,  Secretary  of  the  Navy 
under  President  Roosevelt :  b.  Newbury, 
Mass.,  Dec.  23,  1853  ;  graduated  from  Phil- 
lips Academy,  Andover,  Mass.,  in  1872, 
and  from  Harvard  University  in  1876 ; 
lawyer  by  profession  ;  district  attorney  for 
the  eastern  district  of  Massachusetts  from 
1890  to  1895 ;  elected  to  the  54th  Con- 
gress as  a  Republican,  at  a  special  elec- 
tion, to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  the 
death  of  Gen.  William  Cogswell ;  re-e'lected 
to  the  55th,  56th,  and  57th  Congresses ; 
resigned  April  30,  1902,  having  been  ap- 
pointed Secretary  of  the  Navy  May  1. 
1902. 

Moon,  John  Austin;  lawyer ;  was  three 
times  appointed  and  twice  elected  judge  of 
the  fourth  jydicial  circuit  of  Tennessee ; 
elected  to  the  55th,  56th,  57th,  58th,  59th. 
60th,  61st,  62d,  63d  and  64th  Congresses 
from  Tennessee. 

Mooney,  James,  seizure  of  Vicenzo  Re- 

bello  by,  in  New  Orleans,  La.,  4653. 

Moore,    Alfred,    commissioner   to    treat 

with  Indians,  nomination  of,  250. 
Moore,   John   B.,   Acting   Secretary   of 

State,  6481. 

Moore,  J.  Hampton;  b.  Woodbury,  N.  j., 
March  8,  1864;  law  student  in  Philadel- 
phia, 1877  to  1880 ;  Chief  Bureau  of  Manu- 
factures, Department  of  Commerce  and 
Labor.  1905 ;  president  Atlantic  Deeper 
Waterways  Association,  1808-9 ;  elected 
to  the  59th  Congress  for  an  unexpired 
term,  and  to  the  60th,  61st  and  62d  Con- 
gress from  Pennsylvania. 

Moore,  Thomas,  commissioner  for  Cum- 
berland road,  406. 

Moore,  Thomas  P.;  b.  Charlotte  County, 
Va.,  in  1797  :  received  a  public  school  edu- 
cation ;  nn  officer  In  the  war  of  1812  ;  elect- 
ed a  Representative  from  Kentucky  to  the 
18th  Congress  as  a  Jackson  Democrat ;  re- 
elected  to  the  19th  and  20th  Congresses, 


Biographic   Index 


Morton 


serving  from  Dec.  1,  1823,  until  March  3, 
182!»;  appointed  by  President  Jackson  min- 
ister plenipotentiary  to  the  United  States  of 
Colombia  March  13,  181!'.»,  and  served  until 
April  16,  1883;  returned  to  Kentucky  and 
received  a  certificate  of  election  as  a  Rep- 
resentative to  the  23d  Congress  as  a  Demo- 
crat, having  received  3,099  votes  against 
3,055  votes  for  II.  1'.  Letcher,  Whig,  but  the 
House,  after  much  discussion,  rejected  some 
of  the  votes  given  to  each  candidate  and 
declared  that  Leteher  had  11  majority;  ap- 
pointed lieutenant-colonel  of  the  Third 
United  States  Dragoons  In  1  ne  war  with 
Mexico,  serving  from  March  3,  1847,  to 
July  31,  18-48;  a  delegate  from  Mercer 
County  to  the  Kentuckv  constitutional  con- 
vention of  1849-50;  died  at  llarrodsburg, 
Ky.,  July  21,  1853. 

Moore,  Thomas  P.,  minister  to  Colom- 
bia, judgment  and  discretion  of,  dis- 
cussed, 1030. 

Mora,    Antonio    M.,    claim    of,    against 
Spain,  5677,  5910,  5962,  5989,  5998. 
Payment  and  distribution  of,  6069. 
Morales,    Don    John    Bonaventure,   au- 
thority to  dispose  of  lands  of  Spain 
in   Louisiana, .referred   to,   651. 
Morgan,    Dick    Thompson;     b.     Prairie 
Creek,  Vigo  Co.,  Ind.,  Dec.  G,  1853  ;  entered 
Union    Christian    College    at    Meron,    Ind., 
from    which    institution     he    graduated    in 
1870,    15.    S.  ;    in    1880,    graduated    from    the 
Central    Law    School    of    Indianapolis.    Ind., 
member  of  the  lower  house  of  the   Indiana 
legislature,    1880-81  :    appointed    register   of 
the  United  States  land  office  at  Woodward. 
Okla..   by   President  Roosevelt,   in   1904.  and 
served    until    May    1,    1908 ;    elected    to   the 
(list.   02d   and   ti4th   Congresses   from   Okla- 
homa. 

Morgan,  John  T. ;  b.  Athens,  McMinn 
County,  Tenn..  June  20,  1824  ;  received  an 
academic  education,  chiefly  in  Alabama,  to 
which  State  he  emigrated  when  nine  years 
old ;  studied  law  :  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1845  and  practiced  until  elected  to  the  Sen- 
ate ;  Presidential  elector  in  18(50  for  the 
State  at  large,  and  voted  for  Breckenridge 
and  Lane;  delegate  in  1861  from  Dallas 
County  to  the  State  convention  which  passed 
the  ordinance  of  secession  ;  joined  the  Con- 
federate army  in  May,  1801  ;  after  the  war 
resumed  the  practice  of  his  profession  at 
Selma  ;  Presidential  elector  for  the  State  at 
large  in  1876,  and  voted  for  Tilden  and 
Hendricks ;  elected  to  the  United  States 
Senate  as  a  Democrat,  and  took  his  seat 
March  5,  1877  ;  re-elected  in  1882,  1888, 
1894,  and  Nov.  17,  1900,  for  the  term  ex- 
piring 1907  ;  member  of  a  commission  to 
prepare  a  system  of  laws  for  the  Hawaiian 
Islands. 

Morgan,  John  T.: 

Argument  of,  in  Senate  on  canal  con- 
struction, referred  to,  5624. 
Member  of  commission  to  Hawaiian 

Islands,  6333. 

Morrill,   Ashley  C.,    treaty  at   the   Old 
Crossing  of  Red  Lake  River,  Minne- 
sota, with  the  chiefs  of  the  Red  Lake 
and     Pembina    bands     of    Chippewa 
Indians  (1864).  concluded  by,  3397. 
Morrill,   Lot   M.,   Secretary   of   the   Treas- 
ury under  Presidents  Grant  and  Hayes ;  b. 


Belgrade.  Me.,  May  3.  181?,;  a  student  at 
\Vaterville  College,  Maine  ;  studi.d  and 
practiced  law;  member  of  ihe  state  Icgishi- 
lure  in  I8.">4  and  is.'.i;.  presiding  ov>  r  the 
senate  tile  lasl  vciir  ;  governor  of  .Maine 
18581800;  elected  a  United  States  Sen- 
ator from  Maine  as  a  Republican  (to  (ill 
the  vacancy  rivaled  |,v  the  election  of 
Hannibal  llamlin  to  the  Vice-Presidency  I 
and  took  his  seat  Jan.  17,  1801;  re-elected 
in  18t>:;;  appointed  in  Dec.  180!I,  and  after- 
wards elected  by  the  legislature,  to  (ill  the 
vacancy  occasioned  by  the  death  of  William 
Pitt  Fcssenden.  re-elected  as  a  Republican 
In  1871  :  served  until  July  7.  1870.  when 
he  became  Secretary  of  Che  Treasury,  serv- 
ing until  March  s.  1877:  appointed  by 
President  Hayes  collector  of  customs  at 
Portland,  Me.,  in  1877  ;  died  at  Augusta, 
Me.,  Jan.  10,  188:;. 

Morris,  George  W.,  tlianks  of  Congress 

to,  recommended,  3345. 
Morris,  Gouverneur  (1752-1815)  ;  states- 
man ;  b.  Morrisiania.  X.  Y.  ;  began  the 
practice  of  law.  1771  ;  member  of  the  Con- 
tinental Congress,  1777-80;  on  the  commit- 
tee that  drafted  the  Constitution.  17x7: 
as  assistant  superintendent  of  finance.  1781- 
85,  he  planned  the  present  system  of  coin- 
age ;  sat  at  the  Constitutional  Convention 
from  Pennsylvania,  1787:  United  States 
minister  to  France.  1792-94;  United  States 
Senator  from  New  York,  1800-1803. 

Morris,  Gouverneur: 

Minister  to  France,  recall  of,  request- 
ed, 147. 

Successor   of,   appointed,    148. 
Treaty  with  Great  Britain,  appointed 

to  conclude,  88. 
Morris,  Henry,  thanks  of  Congress  to, 

recommended,  3277. 
Morris,  Lewis  K.,  United  States  Mar- 
shal, nomination  of,  91. 
Morrison,  Martin  Andrew;  b.  Frankfort, 
Ind.,  April  15.  18G2;  graduated  from  the 
University  of  Virginia,  receiving  the  degree 
of  Bachelor  of  Laws;  from  Butler  Univer- 
sity, in  Juno.  1887,  received  the  degree  of 
Master  of  Arts;  engasred  in  the  practice  of 
law:  elected  to  the  Gist.  02d,  63d  and  04th 
Congresses  from  Indiana. 

Morse,  Freeman  H.,  report  of,  on  for- 
eign maritime  commerce  of  United 
States,  etc.,  transmitted,  383]. 
Morton,  J.  Sterling;  fanner,  editor;  Sec- 
retary of  Agriculture  under  President 
Cleveland  ;  originator  of  Arbor  Day  under 
State  patronage;  b.  April  22,  1832,  in  Ad- 
ams, Jefferson  Co.,  X.  Y.  :  taken  by  his 
parents  to  Michigan  in  infancy  and  edu- 
cated at  a  private  school  in  Monroe  and  at 
a  Methodist  Seminary  at  Albion  :  gradu- 
ated Michigan  University  1S~>4,  married 
and  went  to  Nebraska  the  same  year  and 
joined  tne  company  which  laid  our  Ne. 
braska  City;  took  up  a  half  section  of 
public  land  adjoining  the  town  and  estah. 
lished  thereon  Arbor  Lodge,  which  was  his 
home  for  the  remainder  of  his  life  ;  lie 
also  established  the  Nebraska  City  .Ynrs, 
a  Democratic  paper:  appointed  by  Presi- 
dent Buchanan  Secretary  of  the  Territory 
in  1858,  and  became  Governor  upon  the 
resignation  of  William  A.  Ri.  hardson  :  de- 
feated for  Governor  after  th"  admission  of 
the  State  to  the  Union  :  was  four  times 
Democratic  candidate  for  Governor;  :ui<l 


Morton 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


twice  defeated  for  Congress ;  member  of 
State  Legislature  aud  his  party's  standing 
choice  for  United  States  Senator  ;  appointed 
by  President  Cleveland  Secretary  of  Agrb 
culture ;  in  1872  he  induced  the  Governor 
of  Nebraska  to  set  apart  a  day  for  the 
ceremonious  planting  of  trees  throughout 
the  State  ;  in  recognition  of  his  advocacy  of 
the  plan,  his  birthday  was  proclaimed  a 
State  holiday  to  be  devoted  to  tree-plant- 
ing and  studying  the  benefits  of  arboricul- 
ture;  this  example  was  followed  by  other 
States  until  the  custom  has  become  well- 
nigh  universal ;  died  April  28,  1902. 

Morton,   J.   Sterling,   death  of,  6705. 

Morton,      Levi      Parsons       (1824 )  ; 

banker,  and  twenty-second  Vice-Presideut 
of  United  States ;  b.  at  Shoreharu,  Vt.,  ; 
was  United  States  minister  to  France,  1881- 
85:  Vice-President  with  Harrison.  1889-93, 
and  governor  of  the  State  of  New  York, 
1895-96. 

Morton,  Oliver  P.,  death  of,  announced 
and  honors  to  be  paid  memory  of, 
5043. 

Morton,  Paul;  Secretary  of  the  Navy  un- 
der President  Roosevelt ;  railroad  manager 
and  financier ;  b.  May  22,  1S57,  in  Detroit, 
Mich.  ;  son  of  J.  Sterling  Morton,  who  was 
Secretary  of  Agriculture  xinder  President 
Cleveland  ;  educated  in  public  schools  of 
Nebraska,  and  at  the  age  of  sixteen  began 
•work  as  an  office  boy  in  the  office  of  the 
Hurlington  and  Missouri  River  Railroad  at 
Burlington.  Iowa  ;  married  Oct.  13,  1880, 
Charlotte  Goodridge  of  Chicago;  advanced 
rapidly  in  knowledge  and  ability  to  man- 
age railroad,  coal  and  iron  affairs  and  Jan. 
1,  1890.  became  vice-president  of  the  Atchi- 
son,  Topeka  and  Santa  F6  Railroad ;  de- 
veloped advanced  ideas  in  railroad  manage- 
ment, strongly  favoring  uniformity  in 
freight  rates  and  the  abolition  of  discrimi- 
nating rates  among  shippers,  advocated 
publicity  in  the  affairs  of  great  corporations 
seeking  to  sell  their  stocks  and  bonds  to 
the  public;  during  the  strike  on  the  C.,  B. 
&  Q.  Railroad  in  18S8  he  openly  avowed 
his  sympathy  with  the  engineers  and  fire- 
men and  favored  granting  their  demands; 
became  a  champion  of  irrigation  of  the 
arid  lands  of  the  West  :  President  Roose- 
velt appointed  him  Secretary  of  the  Navy 
to  succeed  William  H.  Moody,  resigned,  in 
July,  1904;  retired  at  the  end  of  one  year 
to  become  President  of  the  Equitable  Assur- 
ance Society  of  New  York. 

MOSS,  Ralph  W.;  b.  Center  Point,  Clay 
Co..  Ind.,  April  21.  18(i2:  elected  to  the 
Indiana  State  senate  in  1904,  serving  four 
years;  elected  to  the  Gist.  G2d,  G3d  and 
G4th  Congresses  from  Indiana. 

Motley,  John  Lothrop;  lawyer,  historian, 
author,  diplomat;  b.  Boston.  Mass.,  April 
15,  1814;  graduated  Harvard  College.  18:51; 
studied  in  Germany,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1830:  wrote  "The  Rise  and  Fall 
of  the  Dutch  Republic,"  published  in  185ft; 
appointed  minister  to  Austria  by  President 
Lincoln  in  1801  :  minister  to  Kngland  by 
President  Grant  in  1809:  published  "His- 
tory of  the  United  Netherlands."  "The  Life 
and  Death  of  John  of  Barneveld"  :  besides 
historical  works  and  essays  for  magazines, 


he  wrote  "Morton's  Hope"  and  "Merry 
Mount."  romances ;  died  Dorsetshire,  Kng- 
land, May  29,  1877. 

Motley,  <John  L.: 
Mentioned,  4014. 
Minister  to — 
Austria — 

Conversations    and    opinions    of, 

referred  to,  3664. 
Eemoval  of,  referred  to,  3780. 
Resignation  of,  referred  to,  3661. 
Great  Britain,  recall  of,  referred  to, 

4070. 

Mott,  Luther  W.J  b.  Oswego,  Nov.  30, 
1X74;  educated  at  the  Oswego  High  School 
and  Harvard  College,  graduated  from  the 
latter  in  1890  ;  in  the  banking  business  at 
Oswego,  and  has  been  president  of  the  New 
York  State  Bankers'  Association  ;  elected 
to  fhe  G2d,  G3d  and  G4th  Congresses  from 
New  York. 

Moultrie,  William;  soldier;  b.  South 
Carolina  in  1731  ;  member  of  militia  organ- 
ized for  defence  against  Cherokee  Indian 
raids  ;  member  of  Provincial  Congress, 
1775 ;  made  brigadier-general  in  1776.  aud 
in  1779  defeated  a  superior  force  of  British 
near  Beaufort,  and  defended  Charleston.  S. 
C.,  ;  taken  prisoner  by  the  British  and  ex- 
changed for  Gen.  Burgoyue  ;  major-general. 
1782  ;  governor  of  South  Carolina,  1785-80 
and  1794-90;  died  Charleston,  S.  C.,  Sept. 
27,  1805. 

Mtuld,  Samuel  A.,  implicated  in  assas- 
sination of  President  Lincoln,  pro- 
ceedings of  trial  and  verdict  of  mil- 
itary commission,  3532,  3533,  3534, 
3540,  3545,  3546. 

Mulvihill,  Thomas,  petition  of,  for  re- 
possession of  lands  conveyed  to 
United  States  by,  4739,  477S. 
Murat,  Joachim,  commerce  of  United 
States,  depredations  committed  on, 
by,  1269. 

Murray,  William  Vans;  diplomat  ;  b.  Cam- 
bridge, Md.,  in  1702;  received  a  liberal  edu- 
cation ;  studied  law  in  the  Temple,  at  Lon- 
don, and  began  practice  at  his  home  in 
1785;  served  as  a  member  of  the  Maryland 
State  legislature ;  elected  a  Representative 
from  Maryland  to  the  2il,  3d  and  4th  Con- 
gresses as  a  Federalist  ;  minister  resident 
to  the  Netherlands  1797  1801  ;  died  at  Cam- 
bridge, Md.,  Dec.  11,  1803. 

Murray,    William     Vans,    minister     to 

France,  nomination  of,  272,  274. 
Myers,  Henry  L.;  b.  Oct.  »,  1S02,  in 
Cooper  County,  Mo.  ;  educated  in  private 
schools  in  Missouri  ;  taught  school  aud 
studied  law  ;  licensed  to  practice  law  in  his 
native  state:  in  1S!)3  moved  to  Hamilton, 
Mont.,  and  there  engaged  in  the  practice  of 
law;  has  •  served  as  prosecuting  attorney, 
State  senator,  and  district  judge:  was  serv- 
ing his  second  term  in  the  last  named 
position  when,  on  March  2,  1911.  he  was 
elected  I'nited  States  Senator  from  Mon- 
tana, for  the  term  beginning  March  4,  1911. 


Biographic  Index 


Noble 


Nagel,  Charles;  Secretary  of  Commerce 
and  Labor  under  President  Taft ;  b.  Aug. 
9,  18-19,  In  Colorado  Co.,  Tex.  ;  member 
of  the  Missouri  legislature,  1881-188:!; 
president  of  the  St.  Louis  city  council, 
1893-1897;  member  St.  Louis  Law  School 
faculty  since  188t5 :  board  of  trustees  of 
Washington  University  ;  national  commit- 
teeman  from  Missouri  in  1908. 

Nairne,    John,    vessel    under,    ordered 
from  and  forbidden  to  reenter  waters 
of  United  States,  391. 
Nash,   Thomas,  was  charged  with  mur- 
der and  piracy  on  the  British  frigate 
Uermoine.      He    was    surrendered    to 
Great  Britain,  1799. 
Neighbors,  Robert  S.,  mentioned,  3249. 
Nelson,  John,  Attorney-General  under  Pres- 
ident   Tyler ;    b.     Frederick.     Md.,    June    1, 
1791 ;    graduated    from    William    and    Mary 
College    in    1811  :    studied    law    and    began 
practice    in    his    native    town  :    held    several 
local  offices  ;   elected  a   Representative  from 
Maryland    to    the    17th    Congress ;    minister 
to   Naples   Oct.   24.   1831.   to  Oct.    15,   1832; 
Attorney-General.   1843-1845  ;  died  at  Balti- 
more,  Md.,   Jan.   8,   1800. 

Nelson,  John  Mandt;  i>.  Burke,  Dane  Co., 
Wis.,  Oct.  10.  1870  ;  graduate  University  of 
Wisconsin,  1892,  and  law  department  of  the 
University  of  Wisconsin,  1890  ;  elected  to 
the  50th  Congress  to  till  a  vacancy  and  to 
thjBOOth.  Olst  02d,  63d  and  04th  Coii- 
grSses  from  Wisconsin. 

Nelson,  Knute;  b.  Norway,  Feb.  2,  1843; 
came  to  the  United  States  in  1849,  to  Min- 
nesota in  1871  ;  was  a  private  and  noncom- 
missioned officer  during  the  War.  of  the  Re- 
bellion ;  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1807:  mem- 
ber of  t'he  Wisconsin  legislature  in  1808 
and  1809:  county  attorney  of  Douglas  Co., 
Minn.,  in  1872.  1873  and  1874:  State  sen- 
ator in  1875.  1870.  1877  and  1878:  member 
of  the  board  of  regents  of  the  State  Uni- 
versity Feb.  1.  1882.  to  Jan.  1,  1893:  mem- 
ber of  the  48th,  49th  and  50th  Congresses 
from  Minnesota  ;  elected  governor  of  Minne- 
sota in  1892;  elected  United  States  Sen- 
ator for  the  term  commencing  March  4, 
1895  :  reelected  in  1901  and  1907. 

Nelson,  Samuel,  associate  justice,  Su- 
preme Court,  member  of  commission 
to  settle  questions  with  Great  Brit- 
ain, 4075. 

Nelson,  Thomas  A.  E.,  counsel  for  Pres- 
ident Johnson  in  impeachment  pro- 
ceedings, 3924. 

Neville,  John,  attacked  while  discharg- 
ing duties  as  revenue  inspector,  If51. 
Newcomb,    Frank   H.,    thanks    of    Con- 
gress to,  recommended,  6302. 
Newcomb,    Simon,    report    of,    on    im- 
provements in   astronomical  observa- 
tories, etc.,  referred  to,  4790. 
Newlands,  Francis  Griffith;   i>.   Natchez, 
Miss..   Aug.   28.   1848  :   attended   the  Colum- 
bian   College    Law    School    at    Washington, 
went    to    San    Francisco,    where    he    entered 
upon    the    practice    of    law    and    continued 
until    18S8.    when    he    became    a    citizen    of 
the    State    of    Nevada  :    elected    to   the   53d. 
54th,     55th,     56tb     and    57th     Congresses ; 


elected  to  the  United  States  Senate  for  the 
term  beginning  March  4.  1903.  In  the  gen- 
eral election  of  1908  Mr.  Newlands  sub- 
mitted tils  candidacy  for  reelection  to  a 
popular  vote,  under  the  election  law  of 
Nevada,  and  received  a  large  majority  over 
the  votes  of  all  competitors.  The  legisla- 
ture, being  pledged  in  advance  by  the  party 
platforms  to  carry  out  the  popular  will, 
thereupon,  without  opposition,  reelected 
him  United  States  Senator  from  Nevada, 
for  the  term  ending  March  3.  1915. 

Nicholas,  Emperor.     (See  Russia.) 
Nichols,  Edward  F.,  thanks  of  Congress 

to,   recommended,   3277. 
Nicks,    John,    removal    of,   from    office, 

explanation  regarding,  1094. 
Nico,  Econchatta,    claim  of,  for  losses 

sustained,  1683. 

Nicoll,  Francis  H.,  memorial  of,  pre- 
sented to  Congress,  1037. 
Niles,  John  Milton,  Postmaster-General 
under  President  Van  Buren  ;  b.  Windsor. 
Conn.,  Aug.  20,  1787 ;  received  a  liberal 
education  :  studied  law  and  began  prac- 
tice at  Hartford,  Conn.  ;  established  the 
Hartford  Time*;  county  judge  1821-1820; 
member  of  the  state  house  of  representa- 
tives in  1820 :  postmaster  at  Hartford  in 
1829  :  appointed  a  United  States  Senator 
from  Connecticut  (vice  Nathan  Smith,  de- 
ceased) as  a  Whig,  and  subsequently  elect- 
ed, serving  from  Dec.  21.  1835^  ,to  March 
3.  1839;  Postmaster-General  1840-41: 
again  elected  a  United  States  Senator; 
serving  from  1S43  to  1849;  died  at  Hart- 
ford, Conn.,  May  31,  1850. 

Nixon,  George  S.;  '>-  April  2,  isoo,  in 
Placer  Co.,  Cal.  :  entered  the  employ  of  a 
railroad  company  and  studied  teleg- 
raphy ;  transferred  to  Nevada,  where  he 
served  three  years  as  a  telegraph  operator, 
and  in  1S84  accepted  a  clerical  position  in 
a  bank  at  Reno  :  largely  interested  in  bank- 
ing, mining,  stock  raising,  and  farming ; 
served  as  a  member  of  the  Nevada  legisla- 
ture in  1891  :  elected  to  the  United  States 
Sena  e  from  Nevada  for  the  term  beginning 
March  4.  1905. 

Noah,  M.  Mordecai,  surveyor  of  cus- 
toms, renomination  of,  1043. 
Noble,  John  Willock,  Secretary  of  the  In- 
terior under  President  Benjamin  Harrison  ; 
b.  Lancaster,  Ohio,  Oct.  20,  1831  ;  his 
father  was  a  native  of  Pennsylvania,  and 
his  mother.  Catherine  McDill.  of  Maryland  ; 
after  obtaining  a  good  preparatory  educa- 
tion in  the  public  schools  of  Cincinnati. 
he  spent  one  year  at  Miami  University, 
and  then  entere'd  the  junior  class  at  Yale, 
from  which  institution  he  was  graduated 
in  1851,  before  he  had  attained  the  age  of 
twenty  years ;  he  then  studied  law  under 
the  instruction  of  Henry  Stanberry  (after- 
ward attorney-general  in  the  cabinet  of 
President  Johnson)  and  of  his  brother. 
Henry  C.  Noble,  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1855  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.  He  began 
the  practice  of  law  there,  but  in  1850  re- 
moved to  Keokuk.  Iowa.:  in  Aug..  1801.  he 
was  made  a  first  lieutenant  in  the  3d  regi- 
ment of  Iowa  cavalry,  and  subsequently 
became  adjutant  :  he  did  valiant  service1  at 
the  battle  of  Pea  Ridge  in  the  spring  of 
1802  and  was  present  at  the  surrender  of 
Vickshurg.  and  at  the  battle  of  Tupela. 
Miss.  :  he  also  took  part  in  the  successful 
raids  made  by  Gen.  James  H.  Wilson,  the 


Noble 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


storming  of  Selma,  Ala.,  the  capture  of 
Columbus.  Ga.,  and  in  numerous  minor  en- 
gagements. For  a  time  he  was  judge  advo- 
cate-general of  the  army  of  the  southwest, 
and  the  department  of  Missouri,  under 
Gen.  Samuel  R.  Curtis,  but  soon  returned 
to  his  regiment,  with  which  he  se_rved  four 
years  ;  he  rose  by  regular  promotion  in  his 
own  regiment  to  be  colonel,  and  was  brev- 
eted brigadier-general  by  congress  "for 
distinguished  and  meritorious  services  in 
the  field"  :  after  the  close  of  the  war  Gen. 
Noble  resumed  the  practice  of  law  in  St. 
Louis :  there  he  encountered  great  opposi- 
tion in  enforcing  the  provisions  of  the  in- 
ternal revenue  laws,  especially  from  deal- 
ers in  whiskey  and  tobacco,  who  were  very 
rebellious  in  that  state :  among  the  of- 
fenders brought  to  justice  by  him  at  this 
period.  were  the  noted  counterfeiters 
Biebusch  and  Burke ;  shortly  after,  when 
in  Washington.  President  Grant  invited 
him  to  the  White  House,  and  in  foe  pres- 
ence of  his  assembled  cabinet  thanked  him 
"for  the  faithful  manner  in  which  he  had 
performed  the  duties  of  his  office"  ;  in 
Iowa,  Mr.  Noble,  before  the  war,  had  prac- 
ticed at  the  same  bar,  state  and  federal, 
with  Samuel  F.  Miller,  afterward  justice 
of  rhe  United  States  supreme  court.  Gen. 
W.  W.  Belknap,  and  George  W.  McCrary. 
each  afterward  secretary  of  war.  and  John 
F.  Dillon,  afterward  judge  of  the  United 
States  circuit  court,  and  other  able  lawyers. 
His  ability  as  an  attorney  and  his  marked 
individuality  as  a  public-spirited  citizen 
gave  him  a  national  reputation,  and  in 
1889  President  Harrison  appointed  him 
secretary  of  the  interior,  a  position  for 
which  his  successful  experience  and  marked 
executive  abilities  especially  fitted  him. 
His  administration  of  the  duties  of  this 
responsible  office  has  been  characterized  by 


decision  of  purpose  and  a  comprehensive 
knowledge  or  public  affairs,  nowhere  more 
marked  than  in  his  settlement  of  ques- 
tions arising  from  the  opening  to  settlers 
of  some  of  the  Indian  reservations  and  the 
organization  of  rhe  territory  of  Oklahoma, 
where  the  rush  for  land  gave  rise  to  con- 
flict for  claims. 

Noland,  N.  B.,  claims  of.  against  Peru. 
6099. 

Norris,  P.  W.,  petition  of,  for  compen- 
sation for  services  rendered  trans- 
mitted, 4669. 

Nourse,  Joseph  E.,  publication  of  sec- 
ond  edition  of   Second  Arctic   Expe- 
dition recommended  by,  4666. 
Nye,  Frank  Mellen;  b.  Shirley,  Piscat- 
aquis  Co.,  Me.,  March  7,   1852;  mem- 
ber of  the  Wisconsin  assembly  1884- 
85;  elected  to  the  60th,  61st,  and  62d 
Congresses  from   Minnesota. 
Nye,    James    W.J     b.     Madison     County, 
N.  Y.,  June   10,    1815  ;   received  a   common 
school    education ;    studied    law    and    prac- 
ticed ;    held    several    local    offices ;    defeated 
as  the  Antislavery  candidate  for  the  39th 
Congress :   moved   to    Syracuse,    N.   Y. ;   ap- 
pointed   governor    of    Nevada    Territory    in 
1861  :  elected  a  United  States  Senator  from 
Nevada  as  a  Republican  and  re-elected,  serv- 
ing from  Dec.  4,  1865,  to  March  3,   1873;  a 
short   time  after  leaving  the  United   States 
Senate  his  reason  became  impaired,  ann  he 
died  at  White  Plains,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  25,   1870. 

Nye,  James  W.,  governor  of  Nevada 
Territory,  letter  of,  transmitted,  3405. 


Biographic  Index 


Osgood 


Oakos,  D.  0.,  treaty  with  Indians  con- 
cluded   by,   3663. 
O'Brien,  Richard,   letter  of,   regarding 

bombardment  of  Tripoli,  363. 
O'Donnell,    Patrick,    trial,    conviction, 
and   execution   of,  by   Great  Britain, 
4782. 

Oehler,  G.  F.,  treaty  with  Indians  con- 
cluded by,  2953. 

O'Fallon,    Benjamin,    treaty    with    In- 
dians concluded   by,   887. 
O'Fallon,  James,  armed  force  levied  by, 
referred  to  and  proclamation  against, 
93. 

Offley,  David,  treaty  with  Turkey  con- 
cluded by,    1U93. 
Ogden,  Herbert  G.,  member  of  Board  on 

Geographic  Names,  5647. 
Ogden,  Peter  V.,  crimes  charged  against, 

405. 
Ogden,  Thomas  L.,  treaty  with  Indians 

concluded  by,  940. 

O 'Gorman,  James  A.;  b.  New  York  City, 
May  5,  18(>0 ;  educated  In  the  public  schools, 
the  College  of  the  City  of  New  York  and 
the  law  department  of  the  New  York  Uni- 
versity, graduating  with  LL.B.  in  1882; 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1882 ;  served  as 
Justice  of  the  district  court,  justice  of  the 
supreme  court,  State  of  New  York  ;  elected 
United  States  Senator  from  New  York, 
March  31,  1911. 

O'Laughlin,  Michael,  implicated  in  as- 
sassination of  President  Lincoln,  pro- 
ceedings of  trial  and  verdict  of  mili- 
tary commission,  3532,  3533,  3534, 
3540,  3545,  3546. 

Oldfield,  William  A.,  lawyer ;  b.  Franklin, 
Izard  Co.,  Ark.,  Feb.  4,  1874 ;  when  war 
broke  out  between  the  United  States  and 
Spain,  in  1898,  enlisted  as  a  private;  pro- 
moted to  first  sergeant,  and  later  to  first 
lieutenant,  and  was  mustered  out  with  that 
rank  in  1899;  elected  to  the  Cist.  C2d,  63d 
and  04th  Congresses  from  Arkansas. 

Oliver,  George  Tener,  b.  County  Tyrone, 
Ireland,  Jan.  0,  1848,  while  his  parents 
were  visiting  in  that  country,  they  at  the 
time  being  residents  of  Allegheny  City,  Pa.  ; 
studied  law  and  was  admitted  to  the' bar  of 
Allegheny  county  in  1871  ;  after  an  active 
practice  of  ten  years,  he  retired  and  en- 
gaged in  iron  and  steel  manufacturing ; 
president  of  the  Youngstown  Car  Manufac- 
turing Company,  at  Youngstown.  Ohio  ;  con- 
nected as  a  director  with  several  financial 
and  industrial  corporations  in  Pittsburg ; 
in  11)00  purchased  the  Pittsburgh  Gazette, 
and  Inter  in  the  same  year  acquired  the 
controlling  interest  in  the  Pittsburgh  Chron- 
icle-Telegraph ;  in  100(5  the  Pittsburgh  Ga- 
zette and  the  Pittsburgh  Times  which  are 
now  published  under  the  name  of  the 
Gazette-Times,  and  he  is  the  principal 
owner  of  both  papers ;  elected  March  17, 
1909,  to  the  United  States  Senate  from 
Pennsylvania. 

Olmstead,  Gideon,  sailor,  resident  of  Con- 
necticut during  the  Revolutionary  War: 
captured  at  sea  by  a  British  vessel  and 
placed  aboard  the  Bnitish  sloop  Active, 


carrying  stores  from  Jamaica  to  tho  British 
in  New  York  ;  he  and  three  over  American!) 
overpowered  the  British  crew  and  took 
possession  of  the  ship  ;  while  making  fur 
Little  Kgg  Harbor  they  wi-iv  captured  by 
the  Convention  of  Philadelphia  and  tho 
privateer  Girard,  and  taken  before  the  Penn- 
sylvania State  Court  of  Admiralty  ;  tbi.s 
court  divided  the  prize  into  four  pans, 
giving  Olmstead  and  his  companions,  who 
had  made  the  capture,  only  one-fourth  ; 
they  appealed  to  Congress,  anil  tho  Couumh- 
tee  on  Appeals  derided  in  their  favor,  but 
the  Pennsylvania  Court  refused  to  yield,  nnd 
directed  the  ship  to  be  sold  and  tin-  money 
paid  into  the  state  court  to  await  final 
decision  ;  the  case  dragged  along  until  1SO!», 
when  the  Pennsylvania  authorities  oflVrrd 
armed  resistance  to  the  United  States  Mar- 
shal at  Philadelphia  ;  lie  .'ailed  to  bis  as- 
sistance a  jHtsKc  coinitutut  of  2.000  men  ; 
before  an  actual  conflict  between  slate  and 
federal  officials  occurred  (lie  matter  was  ail- 
justed  and  the  money  ($1S.OOOi  paid  to  th.- 
United  States  Marshal;  Olmstead  died  at 
Kast  Hartford,  Conn.,  I<X-b.  7,  1845,  aged 
90  years. 

Olmstead,  Gideon: 

Correspondence  with  governor  of 
Pennsylvania  in  regard'  to  case  of, 
462. 

Resolutions  of  Pennsylvania  legisla- 
ture protesting  against  Supreme 
Court  decision  in  case  of,  4.16. 
Olney,  Richard;  lawyer;  Attorney  General 
and  Secretary  of  State  under  President 
Cleveland ;  b.  Sept.  15,  1835,  in  Oxford, 
Mass.  ;  educated  at  Leicester  Academy  and 
graduated  Brown  University,  ISfiO,  and 
LL.B.  Harvard  Law  School  1858  ;  began 
practice  in  Boston  and  soon  was  looked 
upon  as  an  authority  011  wills  and  estates  ; 
later  achieved  a  reputation  as  a  railroad  and 
corporation  lawyer  ;  appointed  by  President 
Cleveland  in  1893  Attorney  General,  and 
upon  the  death  of  Walter  O,.  Gresham  in 
1895  he  was  transferred  to  Secretary  of 
State. 

Olney,    Richard,    Secretary    of    State, 

6024. 

Onis,    Louis    de,    letter    of,    to    Captain- 
General  of  Caracas  transmitted.  47.3. 
Ord,  Edward  O.  C.,  negotiations  of,  for 
and    correspondence    regarding   resto- 
ration of  peace,  3461. 
Orr,   B.    G.,   contract   of,  with    Ooveru- 

ment  to  furnish   supplies,  CDS. 
Orr,  James  L.,  commissioner  from  South 

Carolina,  mentioned,  3189. 
Osgood,  Samuel,  Postmaster-General  mnlor 
President  \Yashington  ;  b.  at  Andover, 
Mass.,  Feb.  14,  1748;  graduated  from  Har- 
vard College  in  1770 :  studied  theology  ; 
merchant  ;  served  several  years  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  state  house  of  representatives; 
member  of  the  provincial  congress  :  entered 
the  revolutionary  army  as  captain  ami 
left  the  service  as  colonel  and  assistant 
quarter-master ;  delegate  from  Massachu- 
setts to  the  Continental  Congress:  first 
commissioner  of  the  United  States  Treas- 
ury 1785-1789:  Postmaster-General  1789- 
1791  :  moved  to  New  York  City  :  member 
of  the  state  house  of  representatives  isOO- 
1802;  supervisor  of  New  York  1801-1  SOP, ; 
naval  officer  at  the  port  of  New  York, 
Where  he  died  August  12,  181.". 


Osgood 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Osgood,  Samuel,  house  of,  to  be  pre- 
pared for  temporary  accommodation 
of  President  Washington,  35,  36. 
O'Shaunessy,  George  F.;  b.  Gal  way,  Ire- 
land, May  1,  1868 ;  came  to  this  country 
when  four  years  of  age ;  was  educated  at 
St.  Theresa's  School,  De  La  Salle  Insti- 
tute, and  Columbia  College  Law  School, 
New  York  ;  admitted  to  the  New  York  bar 
In  1889  ;  deputy  attorney-general  for  New 
York  State  1904-5  and  in  1906  assistant 
corporation  counsel,  New  York  City,  which 

Position  he  resigned  going  to  Providence  In 
907  ;  was  admitted  to  the  Rhode  Island 
bar  In  that  year  ;  was  elected  to  the  Rhode 
Island  House  of  Representatives  in  1909; 
was  elected  to  the  Olid,  Cod  and  64th  Con- 
gresses from  Rhode  Island. 

Otis,  Elwell  S.J  soldier;  b.  Frederick,  Md., 
March  25,  18.'58;  educated  in  public  schools 
of  Maryland  and  University  of  Rochester 
(N.  Y.),  fyom  which  he  was  graduated  In 
1858  ;  admitted  to  bar  the  following  year, 
continued  his  studies  at  Harvard  Law 
School,  where  he  received  the  degree  of 
LL.B.  In  1800 ;  practised  a  year  in  New 
York,  and  then  (1802)  entered  the  army 
with  the  140th  New  York  volunteers ;  par- 
ticipated in  all  the  principal  battles  of  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac  subsequent  to  Antie- 
tam,  and  was  honorably  discharged  as 
brigadier-general  of  volunteers  In  1805  ;  en- 
tered the  regular  service  as  lieutenant- 
colonel  and  became  distinguished  for  his 
successful  campaigns  against  the  Indians  in 
1870-77  ;  with  Generals  Mac-Arthur  and 
Lawton  he  subdued  the  insurgent  Filipinos, 
and  was  for  a  time  Governor-General  of  the 
* ;  promoted  to  Major-General  IB 


1900  and  assigned  to  the  Department  of  the 
Lakes ;  retired  in  1902. 

Otis,  Elwell  S.: 
Directed  to — 

Avoid  conflict  with   Philippine  in- 
surgents, 6584. 
Send  troops  to  Iloilo,  6583. 
Member    of    Philippine    Commission, 

6584. 

Suggestions    from,    regarding    force, 
etc.,    for     Philippine    Islands,    re- 
quested by  President,  6580. 
Overman,  Lee  Slater,  b.  Jan.  3,  1854,  in 

Salisbury,  N.  C.  ;  began  the  practice  of  law 
In  1880;  five  times  a  member  of  the  legis- 
lature ;  elected  to  the  United  States  Senate 
from  North  Carolina  for  the  term  beginning 
March  4,  1903  ;  reelected  in  1909. 

Overtoil,  John,  commissioner  to  treat 
with  Indians,  nomination  of,  620. 

Owen,  Robert  Latham,   A.   M.,   LL.   n., 

b.  Feb.  2,  1856,  at  Lynchburg,  Va. ;  was  edu- 
cated in  Lynchburg,  Va.,  and  Baltimore, 
Md.,  and  at  Washington  and  Lee  Univer- 
sity, Lexington,  Va. ;  has  served  as  teacher, 
editor,  lawyer,  banker,  and  business  man ; 
nominated  June  8,  1907,  as  the  choice  of 
the  Democracy  of  Oklahoma  for  the  United 
States  Senate;  elected  by  the  legislature, 
Dec.  11,  1907,  and  took  his  seat  Dec.  10. 

Oxenham,  E.  L.,  British  consul,  testi- 
monial to  be  presented  to,  by  United 
States  referred  to,  4802. 


Biographic   Index 


Pauncefote 


Padgett,  Lemuel  Phillips;  b.  Nov.  28, 
1855,  in  Columbia,  Tcuu.  ;  was  elected  to 
the  state  senate  aud  served  one  term  ;  elect- 
ed to  the  07th,  58th,  59th,  60th,  61st,  62d, 
63d  aud  64th  Congresses  from  Tennessee. 

Paez,  Jose  Antonio,  vessel  to  trans- 
port remains  of,  to  Venezuela,  recom- 
mended, 5193. 

Page,  Carroll  Smalley,  b.  Westfleid,  Vt., 
Jan.  10,  1843;  is  LL.  D.  of  Norwich  Uni- 
versity ;  represented  Hyde  Park  in  the 
House  of  Representatives,  1869-87,  and  La- 
uioille  County  in  the  state  senate,  1874-70; 
governor  of  the  state,  1890-U2  ;  elected  to 
the  United  State  Senate  from  Vermont, 
Oct.  '21,  1908,  to  nil  a  vacancy  caused  by 
the  death  of  Hon.  Redfleld  1'roctor. 
Page,  Robert  Newton;  b.  Cary,  Wake  Co., 
N.  C.,  Oct.  26,  1859;  elected  to  the  legis- 
lature of  1901;  elected  to  the  58th,  59th, 
60th,  61st,  62d,  63d  and  64th  Congresses 
from  North  Carolina. 
Page,  Thomas  J.,  claim  of,  against  Ar- 
gentina adjusted,  6324. 
Pageot,  A.,  French  charge  d'affaires: 
Announces  intention  to  return  to 

France,   1420. 

Correspondence  regarding  claims 
against  France.  (See  France, 
claims  against.) 

Palmer,  Joel,  treaty  with  Indians 
concluded  by,  2762,  2836,  2839,  2913, 
2914,  2956. 

Palmer,  John  McAuley  (1817-1900); 
soldier  and  politician ;  b.  Eagle  Creek,  Scott 
Co.,  Ky. ;  settled  in  Illinois  in  1831 ;  en- 
tered the  State  Senate  as  a  Democrat  1852  ; 
joined  the  Republican  party  ;  served  through 
the  Civil  War;  Governor  of  Illinois,  18C8; 
United  States  Senator,  1890;  nominated 
for  the  Presidency  of  the  United  States  by 
the  Gold  Democrats  in  1900. 

Palmer,  Jonathan,  inspector  of  revenue, 
nomination  of,  revoked,  419. 

Palmerston,    Lord,    correspondence    re- 
garding— 
Imprisonment  of  Ebenezer  S.  Greely, 

1575,  1622. 

Northeastern  boundary.  (See  North- 
eastern Boundary.) 

Parke,  John  G.,  negotiations  for  any 
correspondence  regarding  restoration 
of  peace,  3461. 

Parker,  Foxhall  A.,  commander  of 
Home  Squadron,  mentioned,  2676. 

Parker,  Peter,  commissioner  to  China, 
mentioned,  3062,  3113. 

Parker,  Willis  W.,  inspector  and  col- 
lector, nomination  of,  390. 

Parks,  Gorham,  correspondence  regard- 
ing African  slave  trade,  2538. 

Parsons,  Justin  W.,  murder  of,  in  Tur- 
key, referred  to,  4627. 

Parsons,  Lewis  E.,  provisional  governor 
of  Alabama,  appointed,  3521. 

Parsons,  Theophilus;  jurist;  b.  Feb.  24. 

1750     in    Bvfleld,    Essex    Co.,    Mass.  ; 


uated  Harvard  1709;  Admitted  to  the  bar 
at  Falmoulh,  Mass,  (now  Portland,  Me.). 
In  177-1:  he  soon  Imili  up  a  iurnillve  prac- 
tice which  extended  throughout  all  New 
England  :  was  an  influential  Federal  leader; 
member  of  the  celebrated  "Essex  Junto," 
composed  of  citizens  of  Massachusetts  who 
Opposed  the  adoption  of  the  Slate  constitu- 
tion In  1778;  In  1788  gave  active  support 
to  the  convention  to  ratify  the  Constitution 
of  the  United  States,  being  the  author  of 
the  '•Conciliatory  Resolutions"  offered  by 
John  Hancock  in  the  convention:  appointed 
in  1801  by  President  John  Adams  to  lill  out 
the  unexplred  term  of  Charles  Lee  as  At- 
torney General  ;  In  180<;  was  appointed 
Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
Massachusetts,  which  otlice  he  held  until 
his  death  in  Boston  Oct.  :'.u,  1X1.".:  his  rul- 
ings and  decisions  were  especially  luminous 
on  the  laws  of  pleading,  marine  insurance 
and  real  estate;  a  collection  of  his  opinions 
has  been  published  under  the  title  ••Com- 
mentaries on  the  Laws  of  the  United  States. 

Patten,  Thomas  G.;   b.    New    York   city, 

Sept.  12,  1861  ;  educated  at  Mount  Pleasant 
Academy,  Ossiuiug,  N.  Y.,  and  Columbia 
College ;  president  of  the  New  York  and 
Long  Branch  Steamboat  Co.  ;  never  held 
public  office  until  elected  to  the  62d,  63d 
and  64th  Congresses  from  New  York. 

Patterson,  Eliza  W.,  act  for  relief  of, 
permitted  to  become  law  aud  reasons 
therefor,  4806. 

Patterson,  William,  associate  justice, 
Supreme  Court,  nomination  of,  void, 
129. 

Paulding,  Hiram,  arrest  of  William 
Walker  and  associates  in  Nicara- 
gua by,  2997. 
Referred  to,  3001,  3017. 
Paulding,  James  K.;  author;  Secretary  of 
the  Navy  under  President  Van  Buren ;  b. 
Dutchess  Co.,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  2L',  1778 ;  had 
little  education,  but  upon  entering  the  em- 
ployment of  an  uncle  in  New  York  City, 
associated  with  the  best  families  of  UK- 
day,  including  among  bis  intimates  NVa^h- 
ington  Irving,  Gouverueur  Kemble  aiul 
Henry  Brevoort ;  wrote  political  sketches 
and  satires  for  the  local  press  ;  his  works 
were  so  full  of  patriotic  spirit  that  Presi- 
dent Madison  was  attracted  to  him  and  ap- 
pointed him  Secretary  of  the  newlv  created 
Board  of  Navy  Commissioners  in  1M5:  re- 
signed in  1823  and  returned  to  New  York. 
where  he  had  been  appointed  Naval  Agent  : 
held  this  position  until  lx:',X.  when  Presi 
dent  Van  Buren  appointed  him  Secretary 
of  the  Navy;  he  ended  his  political  carec'r 
Marca  4,  1841  ;  among  his  principal  liter- 
ary works  were  "Inchiqiiiu  tin-  lesuit's 
Letters  on  American  Literature  and  Poli- 
tics," "The  Backwoodsman,"  "Salam-igiiudi 
Papers,"  "John  Bull  in  America."  "The 
Dutchman's  Fireside."  "Life  of  \Vashing- 
ton,"  "Westward,  Ho";  died  April  (i,  IStio, 
at  his  estate  Hyde  Park,  N.  Y. 

Pauls,  George,  death  of,  referred  to, 
and  appropriation  to  widow  of,  rec- 
ommended, 5494. 

Pauncefote,  Lord,  British  Ami  ns---a<lor: 

Agreement     between     United     STUB'S 

and  Great  Britain  for  timilu*  rirni- 

di   regarding   Bering   Sea   fisheries, 

signed  by,  5581. 


Pauncefote  Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Communications  in  regard  to  Ven- 
ezuelan boundary,  transmitted  by, 
6087. 

Death  of,  6705. 

Payne,  Henry  Clay  (1843-1904)  ;  politi- 
cian and  Cabinet  officer;  b.  Ashfleld,  Mass.  ; 
removed  to  Milwaukee  and  entered  politics 
as  a  Republican  ;  succeeded  Charles  Emery 
Smith  as  Postmaster-General  in  Roosevelt's 
Cabinet,  1902. 

Payne,  John  Howard,  minister  to  Tunis, 
nomination  of,  referred  to,  2611. 

Payne,  Lewis: 

Implicated  in  assassination  of  Presi- 
dent Lincoln,  proceedings  of  trial 
and  verdict  of  military  commis- 
sion, 3532,  3533,  3534,  3540,  3545, 
3546. 

Persons  claiming  reward  for  appre- 
hension of,  directed  to  file  claims, 
3551. 

Payne,  Sereno  Elisha;  l>.  Hamilton,  N.  Y., 
June  26,  1848 ;  graduated  University  of 
Rochester,  1804;  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1800;  elected  to  the  48th  Congress  from 
New  York  and  re-elected  to  each  succeed- 
ing Congress  since,  including  the  04th, 
thus  entitling  him  to  the  honor  of  being 
the  oldest  continuous  member  of  Congress. 
Died  in  Washington,  Dec.  10,  1914. 

Paynter,  Thomas  H.;  b.  Lewis  Co.,  Ky., 
Dec.  0,  1801  ;  educated  in  Rand's  Academy 
and  Center  College,  Danville,  Ky. ;  studied 
law  ;  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1872  ;  elected 
to  the  51st,  52d,  and  53d  Congresses  ;  elect- 
ed Judge  of  the  Court  of  Appeals  of  Ken- 
tucky in  Noember,  1894.  for  an  eight-year 
term  and  to  accept  which  he  resigned  in 
January,  1895,  as  a  member  of  the  53d  Con- 
gress ;  was  re-elected  judge  of  the  court  of 
appeals  in  1902.  which  position  he  hold  un- 
til Aug.  1,  1900,  when  he  resigned;  elected 
to  the  United  States  Senate  for  the  term 
beginning  March  4,  1907,  from  Kentucky. 

Peabody,  Charles  A.,  provisional  judge 

for  Louisiana,  appointed,  3323. 
Peabody,   George,   medal   presented   to, 

referred  to,  3897. 

Peace,  Samuel,  ensign  in  Navy,  nomi- 
nation of,  and  reasons  therefor,  3357. 
Pearce,  James  A.;  lawyer,  legislator;  b. 
Dec  S,  1804.  in  Alexandria,  Va.  ;  educated 
in  his  native  town  and  graduated  College 
of  New  Jersey  1822;  studied  law  in  Haiti- 
more  and  began  practice  in  Cambridge,  but 
later  removed  to  Louisiana  and  engaged  in 
sugar  planting;  after  three  years  he  re- 
turned and  resumed  the  practice  of  law  in 
KiTit  Co.,  Md.  :  elected  to  the  House  of 
Delegates  In  18.'!1  and  two  years  later  was 
elected  to  Congress,  where  he  served  almost 
continuously  until  1843,  when  he  was 
elected  to  the  United  States  Senate;  during 
his  long  service  as  Senator  he  was  espe- 
cially interested  in  the  Library  of  Congress, 
I ne  Smithsonian  Institution,  the  Coast  Sur- 
vey and  educational  matters  ;  he  was  of- 
fered an  appointment  as  United  States 
Judge  for  Maryland  and  was  also  nomi- 
nated and  confirmed  as  Secretary  of  the 
Interior  by  President  Flllmore,  but  de- 
clined both  these  ollices ;  while  still  Sen- 


ator he  died  Dec.  20,  1862,  at  Chesterton, 
Md. 

Peck,  Ferdinand  W.,  commissioner-gen- 
eral to  Paris  Exposition,  6330. 
Pedersen,  Peder,  Danish  minister,  men- 
tioned, 911. 

Pelletier,  Antonio,  imprisonment  of,  in 
Haiti,  and  claims  arising  out  of,  dis- 
cussed, 3829,  4665,  4918,  5120. 
Pendergrast,  Garret  J.,  correspondence 
with,  while  commander  of  the  Boston, 
2302. 

Pendleton,  George  H.;  diplomat;  b.  Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio,  July  25,  1825 ;  received  an 
academic  education  in  the  schools  of  Cin- 
cinnati and  afterwards  in  Europe;  studied 
law,  admitted  to  the  bar  and  began,  prac- 
tice at  Cincinnati  ;  member  of  the  Stale 
senate  of  Ohio  in  1854  and  1855 ;  Repre- 
sentative from  Ohio  to  the  35th,  30th,  37th 
and  38th  Congresses  ;  Democratic  candidate 
for  Vice-President  on  the  ticket  headed  by 
George  B.  McClellan  in  1604  ;  Democratic 
candidate  for  governor  of  Ohio  in  1809 ; 
elected  to  the  United  States  Senate  as  a 
Democrat  and  took  his  seat  March  18,  1S79, 
serving  until  March  3.  1885  ;  minister  to 
Germany  in  1885;  died  Nov.  24,  1898,  at 
Brussels,  Belgium. 

Pendleton,  George  H.,  report  of,  on  dis- 
eases of  swine  in  Germany  referred 
to,  5197. 

Penrose,  Boies;  b.  Philadelphia,  Nov.  i, 
I860 ;  graduated  from  Harvard  College  in 
1881  ;  read  law  with  Wayne  MacVeagh  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1883  ;  practiced 
his  profession  in  Philadelphia  ;  member  of 
the  State  Legislature,  1884-91  ;  elected  to 
the  United  States  Senate  from  Pennsyl- 
vania for  the  term  beginning  March  4, 
1897  ;  re-elected  in  1903  and  1909. 

Perkins,  Benjamin  W.,  claim  of,  against 

Eussia,  3826. 

Perry,  Benjamin  F.,  provisional  gov- 
ernor of  South  Carolina,  appointed, 
3524. 

Perry,  Matthew  Calbraith;  naval  officer; 
b.  about  1821  ;  made  lieutenant,  1848,  and 
served  for  several  years  in  the  coast  sur- 
vey; commissioned  captain  1.H07,  and 
placed  on  retired  list  ;  died  New  York 
City,  Nov.  16,  1873. 

Perry,  Matthew  C.: 

Directed  to  protect  rights  of  Ameri- 
can   fishermen    in    British     posses- 
sions, 2694. 
Report  of,  on  light-houses  of  England 

and  France,  1819. 
Perry,  Oliver  Hazard;   navni  officer:  b. 

South  Kingston,  R.  I.,  Aug.  21.  1785:  com- 
missioned midshipman  1799;  served  in  the 
Mediterranean  fleet  in  campaign  of  1801- 
03,  against  pirates  ;  after  the  surrender  of 
Gen.  Hull,  at  Detroit,  Perry  asked  to  be 
put  in  command  on  the  lakes,  then  in  undis- 
puted possession  of  the  English  ;  built  a 
fleet  on  Lake  Erie  in  1813.  consisting  of 
eight  vessels,  and  with  about  GOO  men  de- 
feated the  British  fleet  of  six  vessels  fully 
manned,  and  sent  the  laconic  message  to 
Gen.  Harrison  :  "We  have  met  the  enemy, 
and  they  are  ours"  ;  rendered  further  eer- 


Biographic   Index 


Pierrepont 


vice  on  the  great  lakes,  In  the  defense  of 
Baltimore,  and  in  the  Mediterranean;  he 
was  highly  honored  for  his  achievements  ; 
died  of  yellow  fever  at  Trinidad,  in  the 
West  Indies,  Aug.  23,  1819,  while  in  com- 
mand of  the  John  Adams ;  his  remains 
were  transferred  to  Newport,  R.  I.,  Dec.  4, 
1826. 

Perry,  Oliver  H.: 

Death  of,  referred  to,  631. 

Victory    of    naval    forces    under,    on 

Lake  Erie  discussed,  519. 
Perry,    Rodger,    commander    in    Navy, 

nomination  of,  and  reasons  therefor, 

3354. 

Pershing,  John  Joseph;  b.  in  Linn  Co., 
Mo.,  Sept.  13.  1800.  Was  graduated  from 
the  United  States  Military  Academy  in 
1886.  In  1802  was  appointed  a  first  lieu- 
tenant, and  a  major  of  volunteers  in  1800. 
In  1001  he  was  made  a  captain  of  cavalry, 
and  in  1006  was  raised  to  the  rank  of  briga- 
dier-general by  President  Roosevelt.  He  saw 
service  during  the  Indian  campaign  of  1880, 
and  during  the  Spanish-American  War.  His 
achievements  in  annihilating  the  Moro  re- 
bellions in  the  Philippines  in  1013  won  him 
distinction,  and  he  was  made  commander  of 
the  United  States  troops  sent  into  Mexico  in 
1016  to  capture  Villa.  On  May  10.  1017, 
President  Wilson  announced  that  General 
Pershing  would  lead  the  division  of  the 
United  States  regular  army  to  leave  for 
France  within  a  few  days  of  the  announce- 
ment. 

Phelps,  John  Smith;  h.  Simshury,  Conn., 
Dec.  22,  1814  ;  graduated  from  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Hartford,  Conn.  ;  studied  law,  and  be- 
gan practice  at  Simsbury  :  moved  to  Spring- 
field, Mo.,  in  1843  ;  served  in  the  Missouri 
State  house  of  representatives;  elected  a 
Representative  from  Missouri  to  the  29th, 
30th,  31st,  32d,  33d,  34th,  35th,  36th  and 
37th  Congresses  as  a  Democrat ;  colonel  in 
the  Union  Army  ;  military  governor  of  Ar- 
kansas ;  defeated  as  the  Democratic  candi- 
date for  the  38th  Congress ;  governor  of 
Missouri  1877-1881;  died  at  St.  Louis,  Mo., 
Nov.  20,  1886. 

Phelps,  John  S.,  military  governor  of 
Arkansas,  appointment  of,  revoked, 
3377. 

Pickens,  Andrew: 

Commissioner  to  treat  with  Indians, 
nomination  of,  171. 

Treaty    with    Indians    concluded    bv 

202. 

Pickens,  Francis  W.;  diplomat:  b.  Taga- 
loo.  S.  C.,  April  7,  1805  ;  received  a  liberal 
education  ;  studied  law,  and  in  1829  began 
practice  in  Edgefleld  District ;  engaged  in 
planting;  served  several  years  as  a  member 
of  the  State  house  of  representatives  :  elect- 
ed a  Representative  from  South  Carolina  to 
the  23d  Congress  as  a  Nullifier ;  re-elected 
to  the  24th,  25th,  26th  and  27th  Con- 
gresses :  member  of  the  State  house  of  rep- 
resentatives in  1844  ;  delegate  to  the  na- 
tional Democratic  convention  at  Cincinnati 
in  1856;  minister  to  Russia  1858-1860; 
elected  Confederate  governor  of  South  Caro- 
lina and  took  an  active  part  in  the  rebel- 
lion :  died  at  Edgetield,  S.  C..  Jan.  25,  1860. 

Pickens,  Francis  W.,  correspondence  of, 
with  President  Buchanan  referred  to, 
3105. 


Pickering,  John,  district  judge,  com- 
plaint against,  344. 

Pickering  Timothy,  Postmaster  General. 
Secretary  of  State  and  Secretary  of  War 
under  President  Washington  ;  b.  at  Salem. 
Mass.,  July  17,  1745  ;  graduated  from  Har- 
vard College  In  1763  ;  studied  law  and 
began  practice  at  Salem  ;  appointed  a  judge 
of  the  court  of  common  picas  for  Essex 
County  in  1775  and  judge  of  the  provin- 
cial maritime  court  ;  entered  the  Revolu- 
tionary Army  as  colonel  :  appointed  Adju- 
tant-General May  24.  1777;  elected  by  Con 
gress  Quarter-Master  General  ;  I'ostrimster- 
General  1701-1704  :  appointed  Secretary  of 
War  January  2.  1704.  and  Secretary  of 
State  December  10,  1705,  'holding  the  last 
position  until  May  10.  1SOO:  farmer  in 
Pennsylvania  :  returned  to  Massachusetts 
in  1802:  defeated  candidate  for  the  Eighth 
Congress  :  elected  a  United  States  Senator 
from  Massachusetts  :  re-elected,  serving 
from  October  17.  1803,  to  March  3.  1811: 
defeated  for  re-election  by  J.  V.  Yarnum  in 
1811  :  member  of  the  executive  council  ; 
elected  a  representative  from  Massachu- 
setts to  the  13th  and  14th  Congresses  as  a 
Federalist  :  returned  to  his  farm  near  Wen- 
ham.  Mass.;  died  at  Salom.  Mass.,  Jan.  29. 
1820. 

Pickering,    Timothy: 

Commissioner  of  United  States,  nom- 
ination of,  290. 
Mentioned,  ]03,  114. 
Secretary   of  State,   2.°.9. 

Pickett,  George  E.,  major-general.  Con- 
federate army,  application  for  par- 
don of,  3657. 

Pickett,    J.     C.,     charge     d'affaires    s*; 

Lima,   Peru,   mentioned,   2201. 
Pierce,  Franklin,  biography  of,  272S. 
Pierce,  Henry  A.,  dispatch  of.  relative 

to    annexation   of   Hawaiian    Islands, 

referred  to,  4085. 
Pierce,   John,  killed   by  shot  from  the 

Lranfler,  390. 
Pierpont,   Francis  H.,   governor,   to   be 

aided     in      restoring     Virginia     into 

Union,  3535. 

Pierrepont,  Edwards,  Attorney-General 
under  President  Grant  ;  b.  at  North  Haven. 
Conn.,  March  4,  1817,  the  son  of  Giles 
Pierrepont  and  Eunice,  daughter  of  Jon- 
athan Munson.  and  great-grandson  of 
Joseph  Pierrepont.  who  settled  in  North 
Haven,  his  father  having  given  a  valuable 
property  to  the  town  for  public  use.  Kd- 
wards  Pierrepont  was  graduated  from  Yale 
College  in  the  class  of  1837.  having  been 
prepared  for  college  by  the  Rev.  Noah  Por- 
ter, afterward  the  president  of  Yale.  He 
received  the  oration  honor  at  'his  gradua- 
tion, which  was  one  of  the  highest  class 
honors.  In  1840  he  was  graduated  from 
the  New  Haven  Law  School,  and  began  the 
practice  of  his  profession  at  Columbus, 
Ohio,  in  partnership  with  P.  C.  Wilcox. 
of  that  city.  In  1846  'he  removed  to  New 
York  city.  He  was  appointed  minister  to 
Russia  in  1S73.  but  declined  the  office.  In 
1875  he  accepted  the  portfolio  of  attorney- 
general.  In  1870  he  was  appointed  envoy 
extraordinary  and  minister  plenipotentiary 
to  the  Court  of  St.  James.  He  died  in 
New  York  City  March  6,  1802. 


Pierrepont 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Pierrepont,  Edwards,  commissioner  to 
examine  cases  of  State  prisoners, 
3310. 

Pike,  Zebulcn  M.,  report  of,  on  explora- 
tion of  Mississippi  Eiver  referred  to, 
396,  436. 

Pillow,  Gideon  J.,  courts  of  inquiry  in 
case  of,  referred  to,  2444,  2454. 

Pinckney,  Charles  Cotesworth  (1746- 
1S25)  ;  politician;  b.  Charleston,  S.  C. ; 
fought  with  the  continental  army  in  the 
Revolutionary  War ;  member  of  the  Consti- 
tutional Convention  of  1787;  special  envoy 
to  France  on  the  "X.  Y.  Z.  mission"  ;  Fed- 
eralist candidate  for  Vice-President,  1800, 
and  for  President,  1804  and  1808. 

Pinckney,   Charles  C.: 

Minister  to  France  and  envoy  ex- 
traordinary, nomination  of,  235. 

Minister  to  negotiate  treaty  with 
Spain,  nomination  of,  339. 

President  Jefferson  notified  of  elec- 
tion by,  308. 

Pinckney,  Thomas;  soldier,  lawyer,  jur- 
ist; b.  Charleston,  S.  C.,  Oct.  23,  1750; 
Governor  of  South  Carolina,  1787-89  ;  Min- 
ister to  Great  Britain,  1792-94,  and  in  the 
latter  year  \vrnt  on  a  mission  to  Spain, 
•where  he  made  the  treaty  of  St.  Ildefonso, 
securing  to  the  United  States  the  fre'e 
navigation  of  the  Mississippi  River;  re- 
turned to  Charleston  in  1796,  and  was  elect- 
ed to  Congress,  1799-1801;  died  Charleston, 
S.  C.,  Nov.  2,  1828. 

Pinckney,  Thomas,  mentioned,  886,  962. 
Minister  to  negotiate  with  Spain, 

nomination  of,  164. 

Pinkney,  William;  attorney-general  under 
President  Madison ;  b.  Annapolis,  Md., 
March  17,  1764;  member  of  convention 
which  ratified  the  Federal  Constitution; 
representative  in  Congress  from  1789  to 
1792;  member  State  Legislature  in  1795; 
sent  to  England  in  1806  as  envoy  extraordi- 
nary, and  in  1807  raised  to  the  rank  of 
minister  plenipotentiary :  attorney-general 
of  Maryland  in  1811,  and  representative  In 
Congress  in  1815-16;  later  he  was  sent  as 
minister  to  Russia  and  as  envoy  to  Naples  ; 
elected  to  the  United  States  Senate  in  1819, 
and  continued  in  that  position  till  his  death, 
in  Washington,  Feb.  25,  1822. 

Pinkney,  William: 

Commissioner  appointed  by  United 
States  under  treaty  with  Great 
Britain,  188. 

Minister  to  Russia,  nomination  of,  557. 

Minister     to     settle     questions     with 

Great     Britain,     nomination     of, 

390. 

Letter    received    by    Secretary    of 

State  from,  456. 
Piron,  Pierce,  claims  of,  against  United 

States,  2~).S5. 
Pitcairn,   Joseph,    vice-consul    to   Paris, 

nomination   of,   165. 
Poindexter,    George;    lawyer,    jurist  :    b. 

Louisa  Co.,  Va.,  1779;  moved  to  Missis- 
sippi, and  was  made  attorney-general  ;  dele- 


gate to  Congress  from  that  territory  from 
1807  to  1813,  when  he  was  appointed  Fed- 
eral Judge  of  the  territory  ;  representative 
in  Congress  from  1817  to  1819,  and  was 
second  governor  of  Mississippi  under  the 
constitution  1819-21 ;  United  States  Sen- 
ator 1830-35 ;  died  Jackson,  Miss.,  Sept. 
5,  1853. 

Poindexter,  George: 

Commissioner    to    investigate    affairs 
of   New   York   custom-house,    2005. 
Notes   and  bills   discounted   at  Bank 
of  United  States  for  benefit  of,  in- 
quired into,  1346. 

Polnsett,  Joel  Roberts;  author,  scientist; 
b.  Charleston,  S.  C.,  March  2,  1779  ;  repre- 
sentative in  Congress  from  South  Carolina, 
1821-25  ;  appointed  minister  to  Mexico  and 
was  Secretary  of  War  under  President  Van 
Bnren ;  was  a  botanist  of  some  note,  the 
genus  Poinsettia  having  been  named  in  his 
honor;  author  of  "Notes  on  Mexico,"  made 
in  1822  ;  died  In  Statesburg,  S.  C.,  Dec.  14, 
1851. 

Poinsett,  Joel  B.: 

Correspondence  regarding  Canadian 
outrages  on  American  frontier, 
1618. 

Minister    to    Mexico,    recall    of,    re- 
quested, 1010. 

Letter  of,  to  Mr.  Clay,  regarding 
pledge  to  Mexico,  referred  to, 
907. 

Referred  to,   910. 
Reports  regarding  Canadian  outrages 

on  American  frontier,  1618. 
Polk,  James  K.,  biography  of,  2221. 
Polk,  William,  district  supervisor,  nomi- 
nation of,  91. 
Pomerene,    Atlee;     b.     Berlin,     Holmes 

County,  Ohio,  Dec.  6.  1863 ;  attended  vil- 
lage school ;  later  went  to  Vermillion  In- 
stitute, Hayesville,  Ohio,  where  he  was 
tutor  of  Latin  and  Greek  for  one  year; 
graduate  of  Princeton  College  in  1884  and 
of  the  Cincinnati  Law  School  in  18S6  ;  re- 
ceived the  degrees  of  A.  B.  and  A.  M.  at 
Princeton  and  degree  of  B.  L.  at  the  Cincin- 
nati Law  School ;  located  at  Canton,  Ohio, 
in  the  practice  of  law  in  1886;  elected 
prosecuting  attorney  of  Stark  County  in 
1896  ;  member  of  the  honorary  tax  commis- 
sion of  Ohio,  appointed  by  Gov.  Andrew  L. 
Harris  in  1906:  chairman  of  the  Ohio  State 
Democratic  Convention  at  Dayton,  Ohio, 
held  in  June.  1910,  which  nominated  him 
for  lieutenant-governor  on  the  ticket  with 
Gov.  Judson  Harmon  ;  elected  lieutenant- 
governor  1910,  and  the  general  assembly  on 
Jan.  10,  1911,  elected  him  United  States 
Senator  from  Ohio. 

Pope,  Benjamin  F.,  assistant  surgeon  in 
Army,  nomination  of,  and  reasons 
therefor,  4275. 

Pope,  John;  soldier,  author;  b.  Louis- 
ville, Ky.,  March  16,  1822;  prominent  of- 
ficer during  Civil  War  ;  made  major-general 
In  regular  army  1882,  assigned  to  Depart- 
ment of  the  Pacific  1KS4,  and  retired  in 
1886;  published  a  valuable  work  on  "Ex- 
plorations from  the  Red  River  to  the  Rio 
Grande,"  and  a  memoir  entitled  :  "Cam- 
paign in  Virginia"  ;  died  Sept.  2;;,  1892. 


Biographic   Index 


Powell 


Pope,  John: 

Directed  to  assume  command  of  Mili- 
tary Division  of  Pacific  and  De- 
partment of  California,  4754. 

Instructions  to,  referred  to,  3826. 

Mentioned,  3345. 

Porter,  David;  naval  officer,  author;  b. 
Boston,  Mass.,  Feb.  1,  1780 ;  became  cap- 
tain of  the  frigate  Essex,  July,  1812,  and 
within  the  year  captured  the  British  man- 
of-war  Alert  and  a  number  of  English  mer- 
chant ships ;  In  1813  he  cruised  to  the 
Pacific  Ocean  In  the  Essex  and  took  many 
prizes ;  the  Eftarx  was  attacked  near  Val- 
paraiso, in  March,  1814,  by  two  British 
vessels,  and,  after  a  long  and  desperate  re- 
sistance, captured ;  naval  commissioner 
1815-23;  charge  d'affaires  in  Turkey  1831; 
minister  resident  at  Constantinople  1831) ; 
died  at  Pera,  1843  ;  he  was  the  father  of 
Admiral  David  D.  Porter  and  Commodore 
William  D.  Porter. 

Porter,  David: 

Frigate  in  command  of,  surrenders  to 
British,  534. 

Mentioned,  845. 

Naval  talents  of,  commented  on,  782. 
Porter,  David  Dixon;  Admiral  of  the 
Navy ;  b.  Chester,  Pa.,  near  Philadelphia, 
June  8,  1813 ;  entered  the  navy  as  midship- 
man, 1829 ;  made  lieutenant  1841,  and 
served  in  Mexican  War  ;  commander,  1861, 
of  mortar  boats  and  gunboats  on  lower  Mis- 
sissippi ;  co-operated  with  Gen.  Grant  in  op- 
erations against  Vicksburg,  for  which  he 
was  promoted  to  rear-admiral  July  4,  1863  ; 
commanded  naval  forces,  which  reduced 
Fort  Fisher  Jan.  15,  1865  ;  appointed  viee- 
ndmiral,  July  25,  1866;  admiral  Aug.  15, 
1870;  died  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  Feb.  16, 
1891,  and  was  buried  in  Arlington  Cem- 
etery. 

Porter,  David  D.: 

Admiral  of  Navy,  death  of,  an- 
nounced and  honors  to  be  paid 
memory  of,  5569,  5600. 

Captain  in  Navy,  nomination  of, 
3356. 

Rear-admiral  in  Navy,  nomination  of, 
3393. 

Thanks  of  Congress  to,  recommended, 

3277,   3284,    3352. 

Porter,  Fitz-John;  soldier;  b.  Portsmouth, 
N.  H.,  June  13,  1822;  graduated  West 
Point,  1845;  served  in  Mexican  War;  brev- 
et ted  brigadier-general  and  served  in  Civil 
War  until  November,  1862,  when  he  was 
arrested  and  placed  under  court-martial, 
which  resulted  in  his  dismissal  from  the 
nrmy  ;  reinstated  by  act  of  Congress,  1886; 
after  his  retirement  from  the  army  he  was 
appointed  commissioner  of  public  works  in 
New  York  City,  and  later  police  commis- 
sioner ;  at  the  expiration  of  his  term  in 
that  office  he  was  appointed  fire  commis- 
sioner, also  cashier  of  New  York  post- 
office  and  assistant  receiver  of  the  New 
Jersey  Central  Railroad. 

Porter,  Fitz-John: 

Act  for  relief  of,  vetoed,  4808. 
Appeal  of,  referred  to,  4857. 
Proceedings   and  report   of  board   in 
case  of,  referred  to,  4474. 


Relieved     from     command     of     corns, 

3325. 
Sentence  of  court-martial  in  case  of, 

in  part  remitted,  4712. 
Porter,  Horace,  member  of  court  to  try 

assassins  of  President  Lincoln,  etc., 

3534. 

Relieved  from  duty,  3534. 
Porter,  James  M.J  lawyer,  soldier;  b.  Jan. 
6.  1793,  In  Selina,  Pa.;  educated  for  the 
law  and  served  throughout  the  War  of 
1812;  after  the  war  he  built  up  a  large 
practice  In  eastern  Pennsylvania  and  New 
Jersey;  member  of  the  Pennsylvania  (•(in- 
stitutional Convention  In  1838;  appointed 
Secretary  of  War  by  President  Tyler  iu 
1843,  but  the  Senate  refused  to  contiriu  the 
appointment  ;  one  of  the  found. -rs  of  La- 
fayette College  and  for  twenty-live  years 
president  of  its  Hoard  of  Trustees  ;  he  was 
a  prominent  Mason;  died  Nov.  11,  IM;U, 
in  Kastou,  Pa. 

Porter,  Peter  Buel;  Secretary  of  War  un- 
der President  John  Quincy  Adams ;  b.  at 
Salisbury,  Conn.,  Aug.  4,  1773 ;  graduated 
from  Yale  College  in  1791  ;  studied  law 
and  began  practice  at  Canandaigua,  N.  V.  ; 
held  various  local  offices ;  elected  a  repre- 
sentative from  New  York  to  the  llth  and 
12th  Congresses  as  a  Democrat  :  served  as 
a  major-general  in  the  war  of  1812;  elected 
to  the  14th  Congress,  serving  from  Dec.  4. 
1815,  to  1816,  when  he  resigned;  secretary 
of  state  of  New  York  1815-16;  appointed 
Secretary  of  War.  serving  from  1828  to 
1829  :  died  at  Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y.,  March 
20,  1844. 

Porter,  Stephen  G.;  b.  Salem,  Coium- 
biana  County,  Ohio,  May  18,  I860  ;  moved 
to  Allegheny,  Pa.,  in  1877 ;  received  a  com- 
mon and  high  school  education  ;  studied 
medicine  two  years;  read  law  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  Allegheny  County  bar  in  1S93  ; 
never  held  any  office  until  he  was  elected 
to  the  62d,  63d  and  64th  Congresses  from 
Pennsylvania. 

Potter,  Elisha  R.;  b.  Kingston,  R.  I., 
June  20,  1811  ;  graduated  from  Harvard 
College  in  1830;  served  several  years  as  a 
member  of  the  State  house  of  representa- 
tives ;  adjutant-general  of  the  State  in  1S35 
and  1836  ;  elected  a  Representative  f nun 
Rhode  Island  to  the  28lh  Congress  as  a 
Whig  ;  State  commissioner  of  public  schools 
1849-1854,  when  he  resigned;  judge  of  the 
Rhode  Island  supreme  court,  March  10, 
1868,  to  his  death,  April  10,  1882. 

Potter,  Elisha  R.,  correspondence  re- 
garding Dorr's  Rebellion,  2141,  214S, 
2149. 

Powell,  Joseph  W.,  naval  cadet,  to  be 
made  ensign  for  attempting  to  rescue 
force  of  the  Merr'uuac,  6306. 
Powell,  L.  E.,  treaty  with  Indians  con- 
cluded by,  2521. 

Powell,  Lazarus  W. ;  b.  Henderson  County, 
Ky.,  Oct.  6,  1812;  graduated  from  St.  Jo- 
seph College,  Bardstown,  in  1883  :  studied 
law,  and  in  1835  began  practice  ;  served  in 
the  State  legislature  as  a  member  in  1S36  ; 
a  Presidential  elector  on  the  Polk  and  Dal- 
las ticket  in  1844  ;  governor  of  Kentucky 
1851-1855:  elected  a  United  States  Senator 
from  Kentucky  as  a  Democrat,  serving  from 
1859  to  1865  :  delegate  to  the  national  Union 
convention  at  Philadelphia  in  IMJti;  died 
near  Henderson,  Ky.,  July  3,  1867. 


Powell 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Powell,  Lazarus  W.,  sent  to  Utah  dur- 
ing troubles  with  Mormons,  3036. 
Powers,  Caleb,  b.  Whitley  County,  Ky., 
Feb.  1,  1869  ;  attended  Union  College,  Bar- 
bourville,  Ky.  ;  State  University,  Lexington, 
Ky.  ;  Centre  College,  Danville,  Ky.,  and  the 
\alparaiso  Indiana  University,  Valparaiso, 
Ind.,  where  he  graduated  in  law  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  189-J  ;  elected  super- 
intendent of  public  schools  for  Knox 
County,  Ky.,  in  1894,  and  re-elected  in 
1897  ;  in  1899  was  elected  secretary  of  state 
for  the  State  of  Kentucky.  During  the  con- 
tests for  state  offices  at  this  time,  Senator 
William  (ioebel,  the  Democratic  contestant 
for  governor,  was  shot  and  killed  by  an 
unknown  assassin ;  and  upon  the  'heels  of 
that  followed  Mr.  Powers'  long  persecution 
with  which  the  public  is  familiar.  After 
having  served  eight  years,  three  mouths 
aud  three  days  in  the  jails  of  Kentucky  ho 
was  given  his  freedom  and  was  nominated 
arid  elected  to  the  62d,  Gild  and  04th  Con- 
gresses from  Kentucky. 

Powers,  Hiram,  American  sculptor, 
negotiations  with,  regarding  work  of 
art  for  Capitol,  2910. 

Preftle,  Edward;  naval  officer;  b.  Port- 
land, Me.,  Aug.  15,  1761  ;  made  midship- 
man in  navy,  1779  ;  commodore  of  the  Medi- 
terranean squadron,  1803,  in  command  of 
the  Constitution  ;  exacted  from  the  Emperor 
of  Morocco  a  renewal  of  the  treaty  of  1786  ; 
bombarded  the  city  of  Tripoli,  1804;  for 
his  services  in  the  Mediterranean  he  was 
voted  a  gold  medal  by  Congress  ;  died  Port- 
land, Me.,  Aug.  -25,  1807. 

Preble,  Edward: 

Energy  and  judgment   displayed   by, 
365. 

Medal   presented  to,   March   3,    1805, 

for  gallantry,  mentioned,  352. 
Preble,  George  Henry;  naval  officer ;  b. 
Portland,  Me.,  Feb.  25,  181G;  midshipman, 
Oct.  10,  1835  ;  served  in  China  and  in  the 
Mexican  War  ;  took  part  in  the  operations 
against  New  Orleans  and  the  lower  Missis- 
sippi as  far  north  as  Vieksburg  aud  off  Mo- 
bile Hay,  in  the  Civil  War;  promoted  rear- 
admiral,  Sept.  30,  1870,  and  retired  1878; 
died  Brookline.  Mass.,  March  1,  1885. 

Preble,  George  H.: 

Commander  in  Navy,  nomination  of, 
and  reasons  therefor,  ',',:>~>4. 

Thanks  of  Congress  to,  recommended, 

31277. 

Preston,  William  B.;  lawyer,  statesman; 
Secretary  of  the  Navy  under  President  Tay- 
lor :  b.  Nov.  25,  1805,  in  Smithfield,  Va.  ; 
graduated  from  the  University  of  Virginia 
and  admitted  to  the  bar;  entered  political 
life  quite  younir  and  served  a  number  of 
terms  in  the  Virginia  House;  of  Delegates 
and  the  State  Senate;  was  elected  to  Con- 
gress as  a  Whig;  March  8,  1849.  President 
Taylor  appointed  him  Secretary  of  the 
Navy;  upon  the  death  of  Taylor  he  retired 
from  politics;  in  1SG1  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Secession  Convention,  and 
being  a  Union  man.  opposed  the  secession 
of  the  St.'ite,  us  long  ns  there  was  any 
hope  for  the  opposition,  but  went  with  the 
majority  and  was  elected  to  the  Confed- 


erate Senate  in  1861,  and  was  a  member 
of  that  body  until  his  death,  which  oc- 
curred Nov.  16.  1802,  at  Smithtield,  Va. 

Prince  of  Wales,  visit  of,  to  United 
States,  3171. 

Prioleau,  Samuel,  claim  of  representa- 
tives of,  refused  and  reasons  therefor, 
2826. 

Proctor,  Bedneld,  Secretary  of  War  under 
President  Benjamin  Harrison  ;  b.  at  Proc- 
torsville,  Vt.,  June  1.  1831,  of  English 
stock,  descended  from  Robert  Proctor,  who 
came  from  London  to  Salem,  Mass.,  in 
1035  ;  graduated  from  Dartmouth  College  in 
1851,  and  from  the  Albany  Law  School  in 
1859 ;  enlisted  in  the  Third  Regiment  of 
Vermont  Volunteers  in  1801,  of  which  he 
was  appointed  quartermaster  with  the  rank 
of  lieutenant  ;  served  on  the  staff  of  Gen. 
William  F.  (Baldy)  Smith  as  brigade  and 
division  quartermaster ;  promoted  major 
of  the  Fiffh  Regiment  and  colonel  of  the 
Fifteenth ;  after  being  mustered  out  re- 
turned to  Vermont  and  engaged  in  the  prac- 
tice of  law.  and  later  became  interested  in 
t'he  devolpment  of  the  marble  industry  ;  rep- 
resentative in  the  State  Legislature  in 
1807-68  and  1888  ;  member  of  the  State 
Senate  and  president  pro  tern  of  that  body 
in  1874-75  ;  lieutenant-governor  of  the  state 
from  1876  to  1878,  and  governor  from  1878 
to  1880 ;  delegate  to  the  Republican  na- 
tional convention  of  1884,  and  chairman  of 
the  Vermont  delegation  in  tin:  same  conven- 
tions of  1888  and  189(i:  appointed  Secre- 
tary of  War  in  March.  18S9  ;  resigned  from 
the  cabinet  in  Nov.,  1891,  to  accept  the  ap- 
pointment as  United  States  Senator  as  a 
Republican,  to  succeed  George  F.  Edmunds, 
and  was  elected  by  the  Vermont  Legislature 
Oct.  18,  1892,  to  fill  both  the  unexpired  and 
full  terms;  elected  Oct.  18.  1S9S,  to  succeed 
himself  for  the  term  beginning  March  4, 
1899,  and  ending  March  3.  1905. 

Proctor,  Redfield,  resignation  of,  as  Sec- 
retary of  War  and  appointment  as 

United  States  Senator  from  Vermont 

referred  to,  5630. 

Pujo,  Arsene  Paulin;  b.  Dec.  16,  isoi, 
near  Lake  Charles,  Calcasieu  Parish,  of  the 
marriage  of  Paul  Pujo,  of  Tarbes,  France, 
to  Miss  Eloise  M.  Le  Bleu;  admitted  to  the 
bar  Oct.  23,  1886,  by  the  supreme  court  of 
Louisiana;  elected  to  the  58th.  59th,  00th 
and  Gist  Congresses  from  Louisiana. 

Pulaski,  Count  Casimir,  brigadier-gen- 
eral in  Army,  service  rendered  by 
and  compensation  to,  referred  to, 
5124. 

Statue     of,    at    Washington,     D.     C., 
6860. 

Purvis,  H.  W.,  report  of,  on  slaughter 
of  American  citi/ens  in  South  Caro- 
lina, 4329. 

Putnam,  Rufus,  treaty  with  Indians 
concluded  by,  127. 

Putnam,  William  L.,  treaty  with  Great 
Britain  on  subject  of  fisheries  con- 
cluded by,  5189. 


Biographic   Index 


Quezon 


Queen,  Walter  W.,  thanks  of  Congress 
to,  recommended,  3277. 

Quiggle,  Ohloe,  act  granting  pension  to, 
vetoed,  5233. 

Quezon,  Manuel  L.;  b.  Baler,  Province  of 
Tayabas,  Philippines,  Aug.  19,  1878 ;  re- 
ceived his  primary  and  secondary  education 
in  the  College  of  San  Juan  de  Letran,  ob- 
taining the  degree  of  bachelor  of  arts  and 
expert  land  surveyor ;  studied  law  in  the 


University  of  St.  Thomas,  and  was  admitted 
to  the  Filipino  bar  in  April,  190.'{.  During 
the  revolution  was  a  rnujoi-of  the  Philippine 
army,  and  was  detailed  to  Gen.  Agulnaldo's 
staff ;  under  the  American  Government  he 
held  the  office  of  prosecutlug  attorney  for 
the  Province  of  Mindoro,  aud  was  subse- 
quently transferred  to  the  Province  of  Tay- 
abas with  the  same  office.  May  15,  1909, 
the  Philippine  Legislature  elected  him  Resi- 
dent Commissioner  of  the  Philippine  Isl- 
ands in  the  United  States  to  succeed  Hon. 
Pablo  Ocampo  de  Leon. 


Radcliffe 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Radcliffe,    William,     compensation    to, 

6866. 

Rainey,  Henry  "T.;  b.  Aug.  20,  1860,  at 
Carrollton,  111.  ;  graduated  from  Union  Col- 
lege of  Law,  Chicago,  in  1885,  receiving  the 
degree  of  B.  L.  ;  soon  afterwards  admitted 
to  the  bar  ;  elected  to  58th,  59th,  60th,  61st, 
62d,  63d  and  64th  Congresses  from  Illinois. 
Baker,  John  E.;  b.  near  Knoxville,  Knox 
County,  111.,  Feb.  22,  18G3  ;  in  1873  moved 
with  his  parents  to  Lassen  County,  Cal. ; 
worked  on  the  ranch  and  farm  and  attended 
the  public  schools  and  the  State  Normal 
School  at  San  Jose,  Cal.,  1882-1884  ;  studied 
law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  the 
fall  of  1885 ;  eugaged  in  many  important 
suits  involving  water  rights  and  land  mat- 
ters, as  well  as  many  noted  criminal  cases; 
district  attorney  for  Modoc  county  four 
years,  1895-1808;  judge  of  the  Superior 
Court  of  California  in  the  county  of  Modoc 
in  1902  and  re-elected  in  1908 ;  resigned 
Dec.  19,  1910;  admitted  to  the  Supreme 
Court  of  Oregon,  the  United  States  Circuit 
and  District  Courts  of  California,  United 
States  Court  of  Appeals,  and  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States;  elected  to  the 
62d,  63d  and  64th  Congresses  from  Cali- 
fornia. 

Ramsay,  David,  arrest  and  maltreat- 
ment of,  at  Heidelberg,  Baden,  2772. 
Ramsey,  Alexander;  lawyer;  b.  Harris- 
burg,  Pa.,  Sept.  8,  1815  ;  admitted  to  the 
Pennsylvania  bar  and  practiced  in  Harris- 
burg,  which  district  he  represented  in  the 
28th  and  29th  Congresses,  1843-47;  ap- 
pointed territorial  governor  of  Minnesota, 
1849,  and  made  important  treaties  with  the 
Indians  of  the  section;  mayor  of  St.  Paul, 
1855-57,  and  governor  of  Minnesota,  I860- 
(53  ;  from  ISO.1',  to  1875  he  was  United  States 
Senator,  and  President  Hayes  appointed 
him  Secretary  of  War,  1879-81;  died  St. 
Paul,  Miuu.,  April  22,  1903. 

Ramsey,  Alexander; 

Superintendent   of   Indian    affairs   in 
Minnesota,  misconduct  of,  referred 
to,  2760. 
Treaty    with    Indians    concluded    by, 

5397. 

Bamsden,  Fred  W.,  British  consul  at 
Santiago,  Cuba,  services  of,  to  Unit- 
ed States  and  subsequent  death  of, 
referred  to,  6331. 

Randall  Alexander  Williams,  Postmaster- 
General  under  President  Johnson,  and 
eighth  Governor  of  Wisconsin  :  b.  Ames, 
Montgomery  Co.,  X.  V.,  Oct.  31,  1819,  the 
son  of  Phineas  Randal  1.  a  native  of  Massa- 
chusetts, and  resident  of  Montgomery 
county,  X.  Y.  :  and  subsequently  of  Wau- 
keshai  Wis.  Alexander  passed  through  col- 
lerre,  studied  law.  and  began  the  practice 
of  his  profession  in  1S40,  in  Waukesha. 
He  was  appointed  postmaster  at  Waukesha, 
and  in  1847  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
convention  thai  framed  the  constitution. 
In  1855  he  was  a  member  of  the  State 
Assembly,  an  unsuccessful  competitor  for 
the  attorney-generalship,  and  was  chosen 
iiid"e.  to  till  an  miexpired  term  of  the  Mil- 
waukee Circuit  Court.  In  1857  he  was 
el.  ,  I.  (I  I  Jovernor  of  Wisconsin,  re-elected 
in  1*59.  occupying  the  gubernatorial  chair 
ai  the  outbreak  of  the  war.  Fie  declared 
8t  cnce  ihe  loyalty  of  Wisconsin  to  the 
Union,  and  the  purpose  of  her  people  to 


fight  for  Its  integrity  in  such  a  way  as  to 
draw  national  attention,  and  'his  prompt 
and  efficient  measures,  well  seconded  by 
all,  augmented  the  useful  service  of  the 
state,  and  gave  her  character  and  standing. 
He  assembled  the  legislature  in  extra  ses- 
sion, but  before  It  could  act,  he  organized 
the  Second  regiment,  using  for  this  pur- 
pose the  public  funds  before  a  lawful  ap- 
propriation had  been  made ;  but  when  the 
legislature  convened  It  upheld  him  in  what 
he  "had  done.  When  his  term  as  governor 
expired  in  1861  he  contemplated  entering 
the  army,  but  was  prevailed  upon  by  Presi- 
dent Lincoln  to  accept  the  post  of  minister 
to  Italy,  where  he  remained  for  a  year  and 
returning  home  became  first  assistant  to 
Postmaster-General  Dennison ;  in  I860 
President  Johnson  appointed  him  post- 
postmaster-general,  and  he  served  in  that 
capacity  to  the  end  of  that  administration. 
He  died  July  25,  1872,  in  Klmira.  X.  Y. 

Randall,    Alex   W.,    correspondence    of, 

transmitted,  3804. 

Randall,  Samuel  J.,  statesman ;  Speaker 
of  the  House  of  Representatives  ;  b.  Phila- 
delphia, Oct.  10,  1828 ;  received  an  aca- 
demic education  ;  engaged  In  mercantile  pur- 
suits :  member  of  the  city  councils  of  Phila- 
delphia four  years;  Member  of  the  State 
Senate  of  Pennsylvania  in  1858-59  :  elected 
to  the  38th.  39th,  40th,  41st,  42d,  43d, 
44th.  45th  and  4(5th  Congresses  as  a  Demo- 
crat :  elected  Speaker  of  the  House  for  the 
last  session  of  the  44th.  for  the  45th  and 
46th  Congresses  ;  re-elocted  to  the  47th. 
48th,  49th,  50th  and  51st  Congresses:  died 
at  Washington,  D.  C.,  April  13,  1890. 

Randolph,  Edmund;  statesman;  b.  Wil- 
liamsburg,  Pa.,  Aug.  10,  1753;  graduated 
College  William  and  Mary  ;  delegate  to  the 
Continental  Congress  from  Virginia,  1779- 
83  ;  in  1788  was  a  member  of  the  conven- 
tion which  framed  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States,  but  voted  against  its  adop 
tlon  ;  governor  of  Virginia,  1788;  appointed 
Attorney-General  of  the  United  States, 
1789,  and  in  1794  Secretary  of  State  in 
Washington's  Cabinet ;  died  Clarke  Co.,  Va., 
Sept.  13,  1813. 

Randolph,  Edmund,  Attorney-General, 
proceedings  of  Cabinet  were  signed 
by,  Aug.  5,  1793. 

Randolph,  Edmund  J.,  Attorney-General 
and  Secretary  of  State  under  President 
Washington  ;  b.  Virginia,  Aug.  10.  1753  ; 
received  a  liberal  education,  studied  law, 
and  began  practice  at  Williamsburg  ;  served 
In  the  Revolutionary  Army  ;  Attorney-Gen- 
eral of  Virginia  In  1776;  Delegate  from  Vir- 
ginia to  the  Continental  Congress,  1779- 
1782;  Governor  of  Virginia,  17S6-17SS; 
member  of  the  convention  that  framed  (tie 
Federal  Constitution  :  appointed  Attorney- 
General  Sept.  2(5,  1789 :  transferred  to  the 
State  Department  as  Secretary  of  State. 
January  2,  1794,  but  was  invited  to  resign 
In  August.  1795,  having  lost  the  confidence 
of  the  President  :  died  in  Clarke  County, 
Va.,  Sept.  13,  1813. 

Randolph,  John,  Jr.,  letter  of,  demand- 
ing that  certain  of  the  navy  officers 
who  had  insulted  him,  lie  punished, 
291. 

Rankin,  Jeanette;  the  first  Congresswoman, 
was  born  in  Montana  in  1.S7S.  She  Is  a 
graduate  of  the  University  of  Montana,  aud 


Biographic   hjdc.v 


Reynolds 


of  the  Now  York  School  of  Philanthropy. 
She  was  known  for  many  years  throughout 
her  state  and  the  West  as  an  ardent  worker 
In  the  cause  of  equal  suffrage,  and  was 
elected  to  Congress  on  the  Republican  ticket 
in  the  elections  held  In  November,  1910, 
taking  her  seat  In  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives when  the  Sixty-fifth  Congress  as- 
sembled in  special  session  on  April  2.  1017. 

Ransom,  George  M.,  thanks  of  Congress 

to,  recommended,  3277. 
Rauch,  George  Washington;  b.  Warren, 
Iluiitlngton  Co..  Ind.,  Feb.  22,  187G ;  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  In  1902,  and  began  the 
practice  of  law  at  Marlon,  Ind. ;  elected 
to  the  00th,  Olst,  02d,  03d  and  C4th  Con- 
gresses from  Indiana. 

Rawlins,  John  Aaron;  soldier;  Secretary 
of  War  under  President  Grant;  b.  East 
Galena,  111.,  Feb.  13,  1831 ;  after  seeing 
much  service  In  the  field  he  rose  by  degrees 
to  the  rank  of  major-general  by  brevet  In 
1X05  ;  served  as  chief  of  staff  to  the  general 
commanding  the  armies,  and  on  the  acces- 
sion of  Gen.  Grant  to  the  Presidency,  he 
was  appointed  Secretary  of  War ;  died 
Washington,  D.  C.,  Sept.  9,  1869. 

Rawlins,  John  A.: 

Secretary  of  War,  death  of,  an- 
nounced and  honors  to  be  paid 
memory  of,  3978. 

Statue  of,  recommendations  regard- 
ing erection  of,  4124. 

Ray,    James    B.,    treaty    with    Indians 

concluded  by,  931. 

Rayner,  Isidor;  b.  Baltimore,  April  11, 
1850  ;  educated  at  the  University  of  Mary- 
land, and  the  University  of  Virginia ;  ad- 
mit ted  to  the  bar  in  1870  and  has  held  the 
following  public  offices:  In  1878  he  was 
elected  to  the  Maryland  Legislature  for 
two  years  ;  in  1885  he  was  elected  to  the 
State  Senate  for  four  years ;  in  1880,  to 
the  50th  Congress,  and  later  to  the  52d 
and  53d  Congresses ;  attorney-general  of 
Maryland,  1889-1903;  elected  to  the  United 
States  Senate  from  Maryland  for  the  term 
beginning  March  4,  1905. 

Read,  John,  agent  of  United  States,  re- 
ferred to,  328. 

Rebello  Vicenzo,  seizure  of  at  New  Or- 
leans, 46,13. 

Rector,  Wharton: 

Conviction  of,  for  crimes  committed 
referred  to,  1039. 

Indian    agent,    renominatioii    of,    and 

reasons  therefor,  1045. 
Redfield,  William  Cox,  Secretary  of  Com- 
merce under  President  Wilson  ;  b.  June  18, 
1858.  at  Albany,  X.  Y.  ;  was  married  at 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  in  1885,  to  Elise  M  Ful- 
ler, of  Brooklyn.  N.  Y;  they  have  tw* chil- 
dren ;  in  1807  his  parents  moved  to  Pitts- 
field,  Mass,  in  which  city  he  received  big 
education  in  the  grammar  and  high  schools  : 
engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  iron  and 
steel  forgings.  tools,  etc..  from  1885  to 
1905 :  was  commissioner  of  public  works 
for  the  borough  of  Brooklyn  ;  in  1910  was 
elected  to  the  02d  Congress  ;  from  1907  un- 
til his  appointment  as  Secretary  of  Com- 
merce was  vice-president  and  a  director 
of  the  American  Blower  Company,  Detroit, 


Manufacturers  of  engines,  heating,  venti- 
lating, drying  and  cooling  apparatus;  was 
also  president  of  I  he  American  Mariufnr- 
turers'  Export  Association,  and  Is  si  ill 
president  of  the  National  Society  for  the 
Promotion  of  Industrial  Education  ;  In- 
made  a  business  journey  around  the  world 
In  1910-11  to  study  industrial  conditions 
generally,  his  Itinerary  taking  him  to 
Hawaii,  Japan,  the  Philippines,  Ilonghong, 
Java,  Singapore,  Burma,  India,  France, 
England  and  Holland:  he  is  the  author 
of  a  book  entitled  "The  New  Industrial 
Day"  ;  appointed  Secretary  of  Commerce 
March  4,  1913. 

Reed,   Silas,  surveyor  of  Missouri  and 

Illinois: 

Nomination  of,  and  reasons  therefor, 
1956. 

Error  in,  corrected,  1957. 
Official  conduct  of,  referred  to,  2212, 

2214. 

Reed,  Thomas  Brackett  (1839-1902)  ; 
politician  ;  b.  Portland,  Me. ;  practiced  law 
after  1805,  and  was  active  in  politics  in  his 
native  State ;  member  of  Congress,  1877- 
99,  and  Speaker  of  the  House  during  the 
terms  of  1889-91,  1895-97,  and  1897-99  : 
originator  of  the  famous  Iteed  rules,  govern- 
ing House  procedure. 

Reed,  William  Bradford;  lawyer,  diplo- 
mat; b.  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  June  30.  1806; 
attorney-general  of  Pennsylvania,  ISIiS  ; 
United  States  Minister  to  China,  1857  and 
1858  and  negotiated  the  treaty  which  was 
ratified  in  1801  ;  died  New  York  City,  Feb. 
18,  1886. 

Reed,  William  B.: 

Commissioner   to    China,   instructions 

to,  referred  to,  3015. 
Dispatches   of,   regarding   convention 
with    China,   referred   to,   3071. 

Reeves,  Benjamin  H.,  treaty  with  In- 
dians concluded  by,  889. 

Reid,  Samuel  C.,  battle  sword  of  father 
offered  to  United  States  by,  5119. 

Reid,  Whitelaw,  member  of  Spanish- 
American  Peace  Commission,  6,'>22. 

Reiter,  George  C.,  conduct  of,  in  con- 
nection with  arrest  and  killing  of 
Gen.  Barrundia,  referred  to,  5569. 

Rennels,  Hiram  G.,  receiver  of  public 
money,  nomination  of,  1040. 

Renshaw,  William  B.,  thanks  of  Con- 
gress to,  recommended,  3277. 

Renwick,  James,  report  of,  as  commis- 
sioner on  northeastern  boundary. 
(See  Northeastern  Boundary.) 

Reyes,  Rafael,  correspondence  of,  con- 
cerning Panama,  6852. 

Reynolds,  Alexander  W.,  assistant  quar- 
termaster, nomination  of,  aud  rea- 
sons therefor,  2996. 

Reynolds,  John  C.,  directed  to  accom- 
pany ex-President  Jackson  home, 
1540. 

Reynolds,  Thomas  C.,  report  of.  on  com- 
merce of  Nicaragua,  Honduras  and 
Salvador,  5116. 


Rhind 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Rhind,  Charles: 

Arabian    horses    received    by,    from 

Turkey,  referred  to,  1099. 
Treaty    with    Turkey    concluded    by, 

1093. 

Rice,  Francis  W.,  arrest  and  imprison- 
ment of,  at  Acapulco,  Mexico,  2834, 
2837. 

Rice,  Henry  M.;  b.  Waitsflcid,  vt.,  Nov. 
29,  1816  ;  received  a  liberal  education ;  re- 
sided in  the  Territories  of  Iowa,  Wisconsin 
and  Minnesota ;  elected  a  Delegate  from 
Minnesota  Territory  to  the  33d  and  34th 
Congresses  as  a  Democrat  ;  elected  a  United 
States  Senator  from  Minnesota,  serving 
from  May  12,  1858,  to  March  3,  1863;  elect- 
ed treasurer  of  Kamsay  County  in  1878 ; 
died  in  1894. 

Rice,  Henry  M.,  member  of  Chippewa 

Commission,    5500. 
Richardson,  Israel  B.,  major-general  in 

Army,    nomination    of,    and    reasons 

therefor,  2697. 

Richardson,  James  D.,  statesman  and  au- 
thor ;  b.  Rutherford  Co.,  Tenn.,  March  10, 
1843,  and  was  a  student  at  Franklin  Col- 
lege, near  Nashville,  when  the  civil  war 
began.  Although  he  was  only  18  years  old 
at  the  time  'he  entered  the  Confederate 
Army  as  a  private.  At  the  end  of  the  first 
year  of  the  war  he  was  made  adjutant  of 
the  Forty-fifth  Tennessee  Infantry,  in  which 
capacity  he  served  for  three  years.  At  the 
close  of  the  war  he  read  law,  and  in  18(57. 
began  practice  in  Murfreesboro.  He  was 
elected  to  the  lower  house  of  the  Tennessee 
Legislature,  taking  his  seat  in  October, 
1871,  and  was  elected  Speaker  of  the  House- 
on  the  first  day  of  the  session,  although  he 
was  only  28  years  old  at  the  time.  The 
following  year'  he  was  elected  to  the  State 
Senate  and  was  a  delegate  to  the  Demo- 
cratic National  Conventions  of  1870.  1890 
and  1900.  lie  became  a  Member  of  Con- 
gress in  1885  and  served  the  Fifth  District 
of  Tennessee  in  that  capacity  for  twenty 
years.  He  was  the  Democratic  nominee  for 
Speaker  of  the  House  of  the  50th  and  57th 
Congresses.  Among  the  committees  on 
which  he  served  was  the  Committee  on  War 
Claims,  In  which  he  had  much  influence. 
Mr.  Richardson  was  prominent  in  Masonic 
circles,  in  which  he  attained  the  thirty- 
third  degree,  and  was  ({rand  Master  of  the 
order  in  his  state  in  187.".  and  1874.  In 
1901  he  was  elected  Sovereign  Grand  Com- 
mander of  the  Southern  Jurisdiction.  Scot- 
tish Rite  Masons.  He  was  the  editor  and 
compiler  of  "Messages  and  Papers  of  the 
Presidents"  and  of  "Messages  and  Papers 
of  the  Confeclcracv."  He  died  at  Murfrees- 
boro, Tenn.,  July  "24,  1914. 

Richardson,  James  D.,  resolution  au- 
thorizing compilation  of  Messages 
and  Papers  of  the  Presidents  by. 
(See  Prefatory  Note,  Volume  One.) 
Richardson,  William;  b.  Athens,  Limp- 
stone  Co.,  Ala. ;  was  in  the  Confederate 
army ;  was  severely  wounded  at  battle  of 
Chickamauga  and  paroled  in  April.  1805, 
in  Marietta,  Ga.  ;  representative  in  the  gen- 
eral assembly  of  Alabama,  1805-07;  judge 
of  the  court  of  probate  and  county  court  of 
Madison  County.  Ala.  :  elected  to  fill  an 
uncxpired  term  in  the  50th  Congress;  elect- 
ed to  the  57th,  58th.  59th,  fiOth,  Olst,  02d 
and  63d  Congresses  from  Alabama. 


Richardson,  William  Adams,  financier 
and  jurist,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  un- 
der President  Grant ;  b.  Tyngsborough, 
Mass.,  Nov.  2,  1821,  the  sixth  in  descent 
from  Ezekiel  Richardson,  the  first  of  the 
family  to  settle  in  New  England.  William 
A.  was  graduated  from  Harvard  in  1843, 
studied  law  with  his  brother  Daniel  and 
received  the  degree  of  LL.  B.  in  1846  ;  as- 
sisted Judge  Joel  Parker  in  revising  the 
general  statutes  of  Massachusetts ;  ap- 
pointed Assistant  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 
In  1869,  and  as  financial  a^ent  abroad  con- 
ducted the  delivery  in  London  of  more  than 
$130.000,000  United  States  bonds  Qf  the 
five  per  cent  loan  there  negotiated  through 
him  ;  in  187.'5  he  was  appointed  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury  to  succeed  Mr.  Boutwell.  who 
had  been  elected  Senator  from  Massachu- 
setts. One  of  Mr.  Richardson's  most  im- 
portant acts  as  Secretary  was  the  trans- 
fer of  the  Geneva  award  money,  $15.500,- 
000,  from  London  to  Washington  without 
causing  any  stir  in  the  financial  circles  of 
either  country.  In  the  financial  panic  of 
1873  he  kept  the  treasury  from  becoming 
involved  by  preventing  ill-advised  employ- 
ment of  the  public  money.  He  resigned  the 
treasury  to  become  Judge  of  the  Court  of 
Claims.  In  1881  and  1891  he  edited  the 
supplement  to  the  Revised  Statutes  of  the 
United  States,  and  established  the  style 
since  pursued  in  that  work.  He  was  a  lec- 
turer on  law  in  Georgetown  University, 
LL.  D.  of  Columbian  University,  and  D.  C. 
Dartmouth,  Howard  and  Georgetown. 

Richmond,  James  C.,  application  of,  for 

redress  of  wrongs,  2772. 
Riddells,  Bennett,  consul  to  Chihuahua, 

Mexico,    nomination   of,    and   reasons 

therefor,   2587. 
Riel,  Louis,  trial  and  execution  of,  by 

authorities  of  British  North  America, 

report    regarding,    transmitted,    5449. 
Rigny,  M.  de,  correspondence  regarding 

claims  against  France.     (See  France, 

claims  against.) 
Riley,  Bennett: 

Correspondence    regarding    affairs    in 
California,   referred   to,   2584. 

Mentioned,    2570. 

Riley,    Frank  B.,    American   sailor,    al- 
leged killing  of,  in  Genoa,  Italy,  5769. 
Riley,    Patrick,    deputy    United'  States 
marshal,  assaulted  in  Boston,  2637. 

Proclamation  regarding,  2645. 
Riordan,  Daniel  J.;  b.  in  Hester  street. 
New  York  City,  1870  ;  elected  to  the  State 
Senate  in  1902,  1904  and  1906;  elected  a 
member  of  the  50th  Congress  to  serve  unex- 
pired  term,  and  to  the  60th,  Olst,  02d,  03d 
and  04th  Congresses  from  New  York. 

Roberts,    Edmund,    treaty    with    Siam 

concluded  by,   1272. 

Roberts,  E.  E.;  b.  Pleasant  Grove,  Slit- 
ter County,  Cal.,  Dec.  12,  1870 :  educated 
in  the  public  rural  schools  and  in  the  State 
Normal  School  at  Sun  Josf- ;  studied  law 
and  was  elected  district  attorney  of  Ormsby 
County,  Nev.,  in  1900;  re-elected  in  1902. 
1904  and  1900,  and  again  re-elected  In 
1908,  being  indorsed  by  all  parties;  was 
nominated  at  the  primary  election  for  Rep- 
resentative In  Congress,  and  later  elected 
to  the  02d,  63d  and  04th  Congresses  from 
Nevada. 


Biographic    Index 


Rodney 


Roberts,  Ernest  W.;  i>.  East  Madison. 
Me.,  Nov.  22,  1858 ;  graduated  at  Boston 
University  Law  School,  and  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1881  ;  elected  a  member  of  the  Mas- 
sachusetts house  of  representatives  of  1894, 
1895  and  1896;  member  of  the  Massachu- 
setts Senate  of  1897  and  1898,  and  to  the 
56th,  57th,  58th,  59th,  6()th,  61st,  «2d,  63d 
and  64th  Congresses  from  Massachusetts. 

Eoberts,  Joseph,  first  lieutenant,  pro- 
motion of  captain  discussed,  2437. 
Robertson,  James;  pioneer:  b.  Brunswick 
Co..  Va.,  June  28,  1742;  joined  Daniel 
Boone's  third  expedition  across  the  Alle- 
ghanies,  and  planted  corn  in  \Vautanga 
County,  N.  C.,  which  he  thought  was  part 
of  Virginia,  but  which  proved  to  he  part  of 
the  Cherokee  Indian  lands,  for  which  it  was 
necessary  to  obtain  a  lease ;  joined  in  1772 
by  Capt.  John  Sevier  ;  they  hold  the  place 
against  the  Indians,  and  in  1779  they  made 
a  second  settlement  on  the  present  site  of 
Nashville,  Tenn.  ;  defended  the  settlements 
against  many  attacks  of  Indians  and  Span- 
ish ;  appointed  brigadier-general  in  United 
States  army  by  President  Washington,  1790, 
and  Indian  commissioner ;  died  in  the  Chick- 
asaw  region  of  Tennessee,  Sept.  1,  1814. 

Robertson,  James,  nominated: 

Brigadier-general  of  militia  of  Miro 

District,  Ohio,  Feb.   22,  1791. 
Commissioner  to  treat  with  Indians, 

423. 

Robertson,  John,  commissioner  from 
Virginia  to  confer  with  States  in  ef- 
fort to  prevent  war,  3193. 
Robertson,  Thomas  J.,  slaughter  of 
American  citi/.ens  in  South  Carolina 
referred  to,  4329. 

Robeson,  George  M.,  Secretary  pf  the  Navy 
under  President  Grant :  was  born  at  Ox- 
ford, N.  J.,  in  1827:  received  an  academic 
education.:  graduated  from  Princeton  Col- 
lege in  1847;  studied  law:  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1850  and  practiced  at  Newark  and 
afterwards  at  Cainden ;  appointed  prose- 
cutor of  the  pleas  for  Camden  County  in 
1S58 ;  appointed  attorney-general  of  New 
Jersey  in  18(',7,  and  served  until  he  re- 
signed. June  22.  1809.  to  accept  the  posi- 
tion of  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  which  he 
held  until  1877:  resumed  the  practice  of 
law  :  elected  to  the  40th  Congress  as  a  Re- 
publican :  re-elected  to  the  47th  Congress; 
died  Sept.  27,  1897. 

Robinson,  Benjamin  F.,  treaty  with  In- 
dians concluded  by,  2953. 
Rochambeau,  Comte  de: 

Compensation  prayed  for  by  descend- 
ants of,  1198,   1270,   1273,   1348. 
Letter  of  Marquise  de  Lafayette  re- 
garding, transmitted,  1198. 
Mentioned,  6932. 

Rochester,  William  B.,  secretary  to  Con- 
gress of  Nations,  nomination  of,  886. 
Rockhill,  William  W.,  member  of  board 
of  management  of  Government  ex- 
hibit at  World's  Columbian  Expo- 
sition, 5833. 
Mentioned,  6678. 


Rodenberg,  William  A.;  lawyer;  b.  near 
Chester,  Randolph  Co.,  111.,  Oct.  30,  18H5  : 
elected  to  the  56th  Congress  ;  appointed  a 
member  of  the  United  States  Civil  Service 
Commission  by  President  McKlnley,  March. 
1901  ;  resigned  April,  1902,  In  order  to 
again  make  the  race  for  Congress;  elected 
to  the  58th,  59th.  00th.  61st,  62d  and  04th 
Congresses  from  Illinois. 

Rodgers,  John;  naval  officer;  b.  Hartford 
Co.,  Md.,  July  11,  1771  ;  joined  the  navy, 
1798,  and  shipped  on  the  Constitution;  as- 
signed by  Capt.  Trust  on  to  take  the  cap 
tnred  L'lmurgcnte  into  port ;  commanded 
the  John  Adams,  off  Tripoli,  1802-03,  and 
captured  the  Moorish  ship  Meshonda;  suc- 
ceeded Commodore  Barron  in  command  of 
the  Mediterranean  squadron,  1805,  and  ex 
acted  favorable  treaties  from  the  Barbary 
states ;  on  breaking  out  of  the  second  war 
with  England,  he  was  made  captain  of  the 
President,  and  served  through  the  war,  tak- 
ing many  prizes ;  died  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
Aug.  1,  1838. 

Rodgers,  John,  I: 

American  frigate  under  command  of, 

attacked  by  British  vessel,  477. 
Correspondence    regarding   war   with 

Tripoli,  379. 
Frigates  under  command  .of,  referred 

to,   502. 

Gallant   enterprise   of,   in    destroying 
corvette    on    the    coast    of    Tripoli, 
353. 
Report  of,  regarding  docks  and  wharf 

referred  to,   769. 

Rodgers,  John,  II.;  naval  officer:  son  of 
above:  h.  Hartford  Co.,  Mel.,  Aug.  8,  1812: 
warranted  midshipman,  1828.  and  served 
aboard  the  Constellation,  1829-32;  served  in 
surveying,  exploring  and  map-making  expe- 
ditions ;  served  through  the  Civil  War.  and 
made  rear-admiral,  1869  :  took  the  monitor 
Moiiadnork  through  the  Straits  of  Magellan 
to  San  Francisco,  1866,  and  commanded 
Asiatic  squadron.  187O-72  ;  died  Washing- 
ton, 1).  C.,  May  5,  1882. 

Rodgers,  John,  II: 

Rear-admiral,  mentioned,  4666. 

Thanks  of  Congress  to,  recommended, 

3392. 

Rodney,  Caesar  A.,  Attorney-General  un- 
der President  Jefferson  and  Madison  :  b. 
Dover.  Del.,  Jan.  4,  1772  ;  received  a  liberal 
education;  studied  law;  began  practice  at 
Wilmington.  Del.  :  elected  a  Representative 
from  Delaware  to  the  8th  Congress  as  a 
Democrat;  appointed  Attorney-General  by 
President  Jefferson  and  continued  by  Presi- 
dent Madison,  serving  from  1807  to  1811  : 
served  in  the  war  of  1812;  sent  to  South 
America  by  President  Monroe  as  one  of  the 
commissioners  to  investigate  and  report  cm 
the  propriety  of  recognizing  the  independ- 
ence of  the  Spanish-American  Republics  ; 
elected  to  the  17th  Congress,  serving  from 
Dec.  3,  1821.  to  Jan.  24,  1822:  elected  t" 
the  United  States  Senate,  and  served  untl! 
Jan.  27.  1823.  when  he  resigned,  having 
been  appointed  minister  plenipotentiary 
to  Bnenos  Ayres  ;  died  at  his  post  June  10. 
1824. 


Rodney 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Rodney,  Caesar  A.: 

Commissioner  to  South  America,  617. 

Minister      to      Argentine      Republic, 

death  of,  821. 
Rodriguez,  Marcus  E.,  imprisonment  of, 

and  others  in  Cuba,  6100. 

Roe,  Francis  A.,  commander  of  Sassacus 
in  attack  upon  Albcmarle,  advance- 
ment in  grade  recommended,  3411. 

Rogers,  Benjamin  F.,  treaty  with  In- 
dians concluded  by,  940. 

Rogers,   H.  W.,  correspondence   regard- 
ing Canadian  outrages   on   American 
frontier,  1618. 
Romeo,    Matias,    Mexican    minister    to 

United  States,  mentioned,  4957. 
Roosevelt,  Theodore,  biography  of,  6637. 
Root,  Elihu;  b.  Clinton,  Oneida  Co.,  N. 
Y.,  Feb.  15,  1845 ;  graduated,  1864,  from 
Hamilton  College,  where  his  father,  Oren 
Root,  was  for  many  years  professor  of 
mathematics  ;  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1867  ; 
appointed  by  President  Arthur  in  March, 
1883,  United  States  attorney  for  the  south- 
ern district  of  New  York,  and  served  until 
July,  1885  ;  appointed  Secretary  of  War 
Aug.  1,  1899 ;  retired  Jan.  31,  1904 :  ap- 
pointed Secretary  of  State  July  7,  1005,  re- 
signing that  office  Jan.  22,  1909,  upon  his 
election  to  the  United  States  Senate  from 
New  York. 

Root,  Elihu,  Secretary  of  State,  ex- 
plains Monroe  Doctrine  at  Confer- 
ence of  American  Eepublics,  7059. 
Rosecrans,  William  Starke;  soldier,  engi- 
neer ;  b.  Kingston,  Ohio,  Sept.  6,  1819 ; 
educated  at  the  United  States  Military 
Academy  at  West  Point,  graduating  July  1, 
1842  ;  second  lieutenant  United  States  Corps 
of  Engineers  to  April,  1843 ;  assistant  to 
Colonel  De  Ilussy  at  Fort  Monroe  to  August, 
1843 ;  assistant  professor  at  the  Military 
Academy  1844-1847  ;  in  charge  of  the  for- 
tifications at  Newport,  It.  I.,  1847-1852,  and 
also  in  charge  of  surveys  and  reports  for 
the  improvement  of  New  Bedford  Harbor, 
Providence  Harbor  and  Taunton  River ; 
civil  and  constructing  engineer  at  the  navy 
yard  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  1852  ;  resigned 
in  1853  ;  consulting  engineer  and  manufac- 
turer of  coal  oil  and  prussiate  of  potash 
1853-1861  ;  commissioned  chief  engineer  of 
the  State  of  Ohio,  with  the  rank  of  colonel, 
June  10,  1861  ;  and  colonel  of  United  States 
Volunteer  Infantry  in  June,  1861  ;  brigadier- 
general  U.  S.  Army,  1861-1867:  second  in 
command  to  General  MeClellan  in  West  Vir- 
ginia, his  brigade  winning  the  battle  of 
Klch  Mountain,  which  established  the  su- 
premacy of  the  Union  in  West  Virginia  ; 
commander  of  the  Department  of  the  Ohio, 
embracing  the  States  of  Ohio,  Michigan,  In- 
diana and  West  Virginia,  1861-62,  during 
which  time  West  Virginia  was  firmly  estab- 
lished as  a  State  and  freed  from  guerilla 
warfare,  for  which  he  received  unanimous 
votes  of  thanks  from  the  legislatures  of 
Ohio  and  West  Virginia  ;  appointed  to  suc- 
ceed General  Pope  in  command  of  the  little 
Army  of  the  Mississippi,  and  won  the  battle 
of  luka,  Sept.  l!l,  1S62;  commissioned  ma- 
jor-general of  volunteers  Aug.  16.  1862, 
and  the  commission  was  subsequently  ante- 
dated March  I'.i,  1862;  won  the  battle  of 
Corinth  Oct.  3  and  4,  1862,  "pursuing  the 
enemy  until  recalled  by  General  Grant,  who 
was  at  Jackson,  Tennl,  75  miles  away  ;  re- 


lieved from  the  command  of  the  district 
Oct.  19  and  ordered  to  Cincinnati  ;  placed 
in  command  of  the  Fourteenth  Army  Corps 
Oct.  27,  1862,  and  also  of  the  Department 
of  the  Cumberland ;  reorganized  the  com- 
mand, repaired  the  Louisville  and  Nashville 
Railroad,  fortified  Nashville  as  a  primary 
depot  and  won  the  battle  of  Stone  River 
Dec.  30,  1862-Jan.  1,  1863  ;  fortified  Mur- 
freesboro  as  a  secondary  depot  ;  made  the 
campaign  of  Tullahoma  June  23-July  4, 
1863,  driving  the  Confederate  Army  of  the 
Mississippi  out  of  its  strongly  intrenched 
camps  across  the  Tennessee  River  into 
Georgia ;  rebuilt  railroads  and  bridges, 
crossed  the  Cumberland  Mountains,  fought 
the  battle  of  Chickamauga  Sept.  19  and 
20,  1863,  and  took  and  held  Chattanooga; 
ordered  to  Cincinnati  to  await  orders  Oct. 
19,  1863  ;  president  of  the  fair  at  which 
$325,000  was  raised  for  the  Sanitary  Com- 
mission ;  took  command  of  the  Department 
of  Missouri  Jan.  28,  1864  ;  repelled  the  in- 
vasion of  General  Price,  secured  order  and 
a  fair  election;  relieved  Dec.  16,  1864;  kept 
waiting  for  orders  until  mustered  out  of  the 
volunteer  service :  resigned  his  brigadier- 
general's  commission  in  1867  and  went  to 
California  ;  declined  the  offer  of  the  direc- 
torship of  the  branch  mint  in  1867,  and  the 
Democratic  nomination  for  governor  of  Cali- 
fornia :  elected  to  the  47th  Congress  as  a 
Democrat ;  re-elected  to  the  48th  Congress  ; 
register  of  the  Treasury  1X85-1893 ;  re- 
stored to  the  rank  of  brigadier-general  and 
retired  in  1889;  died  March  11,  1898. 

Rosecrans,  William  S.,  government  em- 
ployees attend  reburial  of,  6706. 
Ross,   Daniel  H.,   treaty  with   Indians 

concluded  by,  3592. 
Ross,  William  W.,  Indian  treaty,  3262, 

3356. 

Complaints  regarding,  3263. 
Rouse,  Arthur  B.;  b.  June  20,  1874; 
graduated  Hanover  College,  Indiana,  with 
the  degree  of  B.  S.  in  1906  ;  and  from  the 
Louisville  Law  School  in  1900 ;  served  as 
a  member  of  the  State  executive  committee 
for  seven  years;  married  Minnie  .Elizabeth 
Kelly  Dee.  14,  1910;  elected  to  the  62d, 
63d  and  64th  Congresses  from  Kentucky. 

Rowan,  John,  letter  of,   1045. 
Rowan,  Stephen  C. : 

Commander  of  Navy,  nomination  of, 
3356. 

Thanks  of  Congress  to,  recommended, 

3284. 

Rubey,  Thomas  L.;  b.  Lebanon,  Sept. 
27,  1862  ;  graduated  from  the  University  of 
Missouri;  taught  in  the  Missouri  School  of 
Mjnes,  a  department  of  the  University  of 
Missouri,  located  at  Itolla,  Mo.;  served  in 
both  branches  of  the  general  assembly  of 
his  State  and  while  in  the  Senate  was  presi- 
dent pro  teuipore  of  that  body;  lieutenant- 
governor  of  Missouri  from  1903  to  1905; 
elected  to  the  62d,  63d  and  64th  Congresses 
from  Missouri. 

Rucker,  William  Waller;  b.  Feb.  l,  1855, 

near  Coviugton,  Va.  ;  moved  to  Chariton 
Co.,  Mo.,  and  for  two  years  engaged  in 
teaching  schools,  during  which  time  he  con- 
tinued the  study  of  law;  admitted  to  the 
bar  In  1876:  in  1892  was  elected  circuit, 
judge  for  a  term  of  six  years,  which  posi- 
tion he  held  at  the  time  he  was  nominated 
for  Congress;  elected  to  the  56th,  57th, 
r>Sth,  59th,  60th.  61st.  ii2d,  63d  and  64th 
Congresses  from  Missouri. 


Biographic   Index 


Ryan 


Ruggles,  Samuel  B.,  delegate  to  Inter- 
national    Monetary     Conference     at 
Paris,  report  of,  transmitted,  4013. 
Ruiz,    Bicardo,     arrest,     imprisonment, 

and  death  of,  in  Cuba,  6184. 
Bush,  Richard;  lawyer;  author,  diplo- 
mat; b.  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Aug.  29,  1780; 
appointed  Attorney-General  in  1814 ;  min- 
ister to  Kngland,  1817,  serving  until  1825  ; 
Seretary  of  the  Treasury  under  John  Qnin- 
cy  Adams  ;  candidate  for  Vice-President  on 
the  ticket  with  John  Adams  and  in  1847 
was  appointed  minister  to  France,  remain- 
ing in  oflice  ten  years;  published,  In  1833, 
"A  Residence  at  the  Court  of  St.  James," 
and  later,  "Familiar  Letters  of  Washing- 
ton"; died  Philadelphia,  July  30,  1859. 

Bush,  Bichard: 

Acting  Secretary  of  State,  605. 

Correspondence  of,  regarding  cession 
of   lands   for   light-houses   referred 
to,  845. 
Bush,  William  Henry,  imprisonment  of, 

in  Cuba  referred  to,  2538. 
Busk,  Jeremiah  McL.;  Secretary  of  Agri- 
culture under  President  Benjamin  Harrison  ; 
b.  Morgan  County,  Ohio,  June  17,  1830; 
received  a  limited  education  ;  moved  to  Ver- 
non  County,  Wis.,  in  1853 ;  held  various 
local  offices ;  member  of  the  Wisconsin 
State  Legislature  in  1802 ;  major  of  the 
Twenty-fifth  Wisconsin  Volunteers  in  July, 
1802 ;  promoted  to  the  colonelcy ;  brevet- 
ted  brigadier-general  at  the  close  of  the 
war ;  elected  bank  comptroller  of  Wiscon- 
sin 1806-67,  and  again  elected  for  1868-69  ; 
elected  a  Representative  from  Wisconsin 
to  the  42d.  43d  and  44th  Congresses  as  a 
Republican  ;  Secretary  of  Agriculture 
March  5,  1889,  to  March  5,  1893;  died  in 
1893. 

Busk,  Jeremiah  McL.,  Secretary  of  Ag- 
riculture, mentioned,  5763. 

Bussell,  John  E.,  member  of  commis- 
sion to  consider  construction  of  canal 
from  Great  Lakes  to  Atlantic  Ocean, 
6179. 


Bussell,   John  H.,    thanks   to   Congress 
to,   recommended,   3277. 

Bussell,  John  M.,  consul  to  St.  Peters- 
burg, nomination  of,  165. 

Bussell,  Jonathan;  lawyer,  diplomat;  b. 
Providence,  R.  I.,  Feb.  27,  1771  ;  graduate 
Rhode  Island  College,  A.  B.,  1791  ;  A.  M., 
1794  ;  after  having  been  charge  d'affaires 
at  1'aris  and  London  he  was  appointed, 
Jan.  8,  1814,  to  negotiate  a  treaty  of  peace 
with  Great  Britain  at  Ghent  ;  minister 
plenipotentiary  to  Sweden,  1814-18  ;  mem- 
ber of  17th  and  18th  Congresses  from  Mas- 
sachusetts, 1821-25  ;  died  Milton,  Mass., 
Feb.  17,  1832. 

Russell,  Jonathan: 

Letter  of,  regarding  treaty  of  Ghent 

discussed,  707,  711. 
Minister   to   Sweden,   nomination   of, 

515. 

Pacific    advances    made    by    United 
States  to  Great  Britain  referred  to, 
506. 
Bussell,   Joseph   J. ;    b.    Mississippi    Co., 

Mo.,  Aug.  23,  1854  ;  educated  in  the  public 
schools  and  in  the  Charleston  Academy ; 
graduated  from  law  school,  Missouri  State 
University,  in  1880,  with  degree  LL.  15.  : 
elected  prosecuting  attorney  in  1880  and 
1882  ;  in  1884  was  a  Cleveland  elector  for 
his  district  ;  in  188G  and  1888  elected  to 
the  state  legislature,  and  in  his  last  term 
was  speaker  of  the  House  ;  in  1892  was  a 
delegate  to  the  Democratic  national  con- 
vention ;  judge  advocate-general  on  Gov. 
Dockery's  staff;  permanent  chairman  of 
Democratic  state  convention  in  1910;  elect- 
ed to  the  GOth,  G2d,  G3d  and  G4th  Con- 
gresses from  Missouri. 

Bussell,  Lord  John,  letter  of,  regarding 

treaty    of    Washington    referred    to, 

2884. 
Byan,  William  A.  C.,  indemnity  paid  by 

Spain    on    account    of    execution    of, 

referred   to,  4408. 


Saaby 


Messages  and  Papers  Of  ike  Presidents 


Saaby,  Hans  Rudolph,  consul  to  Copen- 
hagen, Denmark,  nomination  of,  109. 
Sabath,  Adolph  J.;  b.  April  4.  1866,  in 
Bohemia ;  emigrated  to  the  United  States 
in  1881,  locating  at  Chicago ;  studied  at 
the  Chicago  College  of  Law,  and  admitted 
to  practice  :  received  the  degree  of  LL.  B. 
from  Lake  Forest  University  in  1892:  elect- 
ed to  the  GOth,  61st.  62d,  03d  and  64th 
Congresses  from  Illinois. 

Sackville,  Lord,  British  minister,  inter- 
ference of,  in  political  affairs  of 
United  States  and  action  of  Presi- 
dent Cleveland  regarding,  5365,  5396. 
St.  Glair,  Arthur,  I,  misfortune  befall- 
ing troops  of,  in  his  advance  against 
the  hostile  Indians  who  were  attack- 
ing the  frontiers  of  A^irginia  and 
Pennsylvania,  referred  to,  105. 
St.  Clair,  Arthur,  II,  register  of  land  of- 
fice, nomination  of,  and  reasons  there- 
for, 1270. 

Salmon,  D.  E.,  chief  of  Bureau  of  Ani- 
mal Industry,  mentioned,  5980. 
Saloman,    Louis    E.    F.,    President    of 

Haiti,   death  of,  referred  to,   5368. 
Salter,    William   D.,    captain   in    Navy, 

nomination  of,  withdrawn,  1745. 
Sampson,  William  Thomas;  naval  officer; 
b.  Palmyra.  X.  Y.,  Feb.  9,  1840 ;  graduated 
U.  S.  Naval  Academy,  1801 ;  served  in 
South  Atlantic  fleet  during  the  Civil  War; 
stationed  at  the  U.  S.  Naval  Academy  and 
at  U.  S.  Naval  Observatory,  and  became 
proficient  in  p'uysics,  mathematics,  chemis- 
try, metallurgy  and  astronomy  :  at  the  out- 
break of  the  War  with  Spain  he  com- 
manded the  North  Atlantic  squadron,  and 
planned  the  blockade  of  Santiago  harbor; 
left  the  squadron  in  his  flag-ship.  A'cio 
York,  to  confer  with  commander  of  land 
forces.  July  3,  1898,  and  returned  just  In 
time  to  see  the  last  of  the  Spanish  fleet  de- 
stroyed by  his  squadron ;  promoted  rear- 
admiral.  March  8.  1899 ;  died  Washington, 
D.  C.,  May  6,  1902. 

Sampson,  William  T.: 

Member    of    military    commission    to 

Cuba,  6322. 

Sinking  of  the  Merrlmnc  by  Lieut. 
Hobson,  report  of,  on,  discussed, 
6305. 

Spanish  fleet  attempting  to  escape 
from  Santiago  Harbor  destroyed 
by  American  squadron  under 
command  of,  6317.  (See  also  En- 
cyclopedic Article,  Santiago  Har- 
bor, Battle  of.) 

Thanks  of  President  tendered,  6461, 
6573. 

Sancedo,  Manuel  de,  governor-general  of 
Louisiana,    letter    of,    to    W.    C.    C. 
Claiborne,  336. 
Sanders,  George  N.: 

Order  exempting,  from  arrest  during 

journey  to   Washington,  3438. 
Reward  offered  for  arrest  of,  3505. 
Revoked,   3551. 


Sands,  Joshua  R.,  court-martial  of,  re- 
ferred to,  889. 

Sanford,    Edward    S.,    military    super- 
visor   of    telegraphic    messages,    ap- 
pointed, 3310. 
Sanford,  Henry  S.: 

Memoir  on  administration  changes  in 

France  transmitted,  2773. 
Researches  of,  on  condition  of  penal 
law    in    continental    Europe,     etc., 
transmitted,  2773. 
Sanguily,    Jules,    imprisonment    of,    by 

Spanish  authorities,  in  Cuba,  6181. 
Santa  Anna,  Antonio  Lopez  de: 

Arrest    and    reported    execution    of, 

3725. 

Correspondence  with  President  Jack- 
son, regarding  war  between  Texas 
and  Mexico,  1493. 
Return    of,    to    Mexico    referred    to, 

2415. 

Santos,  Julio  R.,  imprisonment  and  sub- 
sequent release  of,  in  Ecuador  dis- 
cussed, 4856,   4915,  4990. 
Treaty  to  settle  claim  of,  5369,  5957. 
Sattler,  Catherine,  act  granting  pension 

to,  vetoed,  5132. 

Saunders,  Edward  Watts;  b.  Franklin 
Co.,  Va.,  Oct.  25,  1860  ;  educated  University 
of  Virginia,  where  he  graduated  in  the  ses- 
sion of  1881-82,  as  bachelor  of  laws  ;  in  18S7 
elected  to  the  State  legislature  and  re- 
elected  successively  for  seven  terms:  while 
serving  as  circuit  judge  was  elected  to  till 
a  vacancy  in  the  59th  Congress,  and  re- 
elected  to  the  GOth.  Gist,  62d,  G3d  aud  G4th 
Congresses  from  Virginia. 

Sayre,  Warren  G-.,  member  of  Cherokee 
Commission,  5481. 

Sayres,  Edward,  pardon  of,  referred  to, 
2918. 

Scandella,  Felipe,  claim  of,  against  Ven- 
ezuela adjusted,  6338. 

Schaumburg,  James  W.,  claim  of,  to  be 
restored  to  rank  in  Army,  referred  to, 
2436,  2569. 

Schenck,  Robert  Gumming;  diplomat  :  b. 

Franklin,  Ohio,  Oct.  4,  1809  ;  graduated 
Miami  University,  A.  B.,  1827;  A.  M., 
1830;  practiced  law  in  Dayton,  and  served 
In  Ohio  legislature,  1841-43 ;  member  of 
Congress  from  Ohio,  1843-51  and  1SG.VT1  ; 
appointed  minister  to  Brazil,  1851,  where, 
with  John  S.  Pendleton,  he  negotiated  trea- 
ties on  behalf  of  the  United  States  with 
Brazil,  Uruguay,  and  Paraguay  :  commis- 
sioned brigadier-general  of  volunteers  in 
18G1  :  resigned  his  commission  after  the 
war  and  resigned  from  Congress  in  1 S71  to 
accept  a  post  of  minister  to  Great  Britain, 
which  he  resigned  in  187G  ;  died  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.,  March  23,  1890. 

Schenck,  Robert  C.: 

Major-general,     commission     of,    dis- 
cussed, 3404. 

Resigns  command  to  occupy  seat  in 
Congress,  340(3. 


Biographic   Index 


Scott 


Minister  to — 

Brazil,  correspondence  regarding 
slave  trade,  referred  to,  2765. 

Great  Britain,  member  of  commis- 
sion to  settle  questions  with  lat- 
ter, 4075. 

Schley,  Winfield  Scott;  naval  officer;  b. 
Richfield  Farm,  Frederick  Co.,  Md.,  Oct. 
9,  1839 ;  graduated  U.  S.  Naval  Academy, 
1800:  servod  during  the  Civil  War  with 
Farragut  on  tho  lower  Mississippi,  and  then 
went  to  the  China  station;  commanded  an 
expedition  in  18S4  which  rescued  Lieut.  A. 
W.  Greely  and  six  companions  from  Immi- 
nent death  in  the  arctic  regions;  Feb.  6, 
1898.  promoted  commodore,  and  later  se- 
lected to  command  the  flying  squadron  to 
protect  the  Atlantic  coast  ;  joined  Samp- 
son's fleet  blockading  Santiago.  Cuba,  and 
on  July  3,  1898.  during  the  absence  of 
Sampson,  the  Spanish  fleet  attempted  to 
escape ;  Schley  commanded  the  movements 
of  the  American  fleet,  and  before  the  re- 
turn of  Sampson  had  destroyed  the  enemy's 
vessels:  retired  Oct.  9,  1901;  died  New 
York  City,  Oct.  2,  1911. 

Schley,  Winfield  S.: 

Lady  Franklin  Bay  expedition  under 
command  of,  4835. 

Member  of  military  commission  to 
Puerto  Rico,  6322. 

Sailors  of  the  Baltimore,  under  com- 
mand of,  assaulted  at  Valparaiso, 
Chile.  (See  Baltimore,  The.) 

Santiago  Harbor  shelled  by  American 
squadron  under,  6316. 

Spanish  fleet  attempting  to  escape 
from  Santiago  Harbor,  destroyed 
by  American  squadron  under  direc- 
tion of,  6317.  (See  Enc.  Art.,  San- 
tiago Harbor,  Battle  of.) 

Schmidt,  Conrad,  arrest  and  detention 
of,  at  Bremen,   2772. 

Schofield,  John  McAllister;  soldier;  b. 
Gerry.  N.  Y.,  Sept.  29,  1831  ;  graduated  U. 
S.  Military  Academy,  1853 ;  professor  of 
physics  in  Washington  University,  Missouri, 
at 'outbreak  of  Civil  War,  and  took  an  ac- 
tive part  in  military  operations  in  Missouri 
and  Tennessee,  attaining  the  rank  of  ma- 
jor-general of  volunteers  :  honorably  mus- 
tered out  of  the  volunteer  service,  Sept. 
1,  180(5.  and  on  June  2.  18(58,  succeeded 
Edwin  M.  Stanton  as  Secretary  of  War. 
and  served  in  Johnson's  and  Grant's  Cab- 
inets till  March  12,  1SG9 :  promoted  to 
major-general  U.  S.  A..  March  4.  1809  ; 
lieii tenant-general,  Feb.  5,  1895,  and  retired 
Sept.  29,  1895. 

Schofield,  John  M.: 

Directed  to   assume  command  of — 
Army,   5353. 
Military  Division  of  Missouri,  4120. 

Lieutenant-general,  revival  of  grade 
of,  in  behalf  of,  recommended,  5968. 

Retirement  of,  from  Army,  discussed, 
6056. 

Secretary  of  War,  appointment  of,  re- 
ferred to,   3862. 
Schoolcraft,  Henry  R.,  results  of  Indian 

investigations  by,  referred  to,  2609. 


Schriver,  Ed.,  correspondence  of,  trans- 
mitted, 3810. 

Schuetze,    William    H.,    report    of,    on 

transmission    of    testimonials    by,    to 

Russian  subjects  aiding  survivors  of 

Jcannctte  expedition,  5120. 

Schurman,    Jacob   G.,    commissioner   to 

Philippine  Islands,  6584. 
Schurz,  Carl;  writer,  soldier;  b.  Llblar, 
Germany,  March  2,  1829 ;  received  a  clas- 
sical education  ;  emigrated  to  the  United 
States  in  1852  and  located  in  New  York; 
delegate  to  the  Chicago  convention  of  1800  : 
appointed  minister  to  Spain  in  1801,  but 
soon  afterwards  resigned  ;  appointed  briga- 
dier-general of  volunteers  in  the  Union 
Army  ;  engaged  in  newspaper  work  after 
the  war  in  Missouri:  delegate  to  the  Chi- 
cago convention  in  LS08  ;  elected  n  United 
States  Senator  from  Missouri  as  a  Republi- 
can 18(!9-l87"i  ;  Secretary  of  the  Interior 
1877-18M  ;  editor  of  New  York  Kvening 
Pout  1881-1.H84;  contributed  to  Harper's 
Weekly  1892-1898;  president  of  the  Na- 
tional Civil  Service  Reform  League  LS!)L>- 
1901  ;  died  in  New  York  City,  May  14.  1900. 

Schurz,  Carl,  report  of,  on  conditions  in 
the  South,  transmitted,  3571. 

Schwan,  Theodore,  Puerto  Rican  expedi- 
tion reenforced  by  brigade  of,  631-S. 

Scott,  Charles,  expedition  against  Wa- 
bash  Indians  commanded  by,  104. 

Scott,  Lieut.-Col.  L.  K.,  claim  of, 
against  United  States,  6826. 

Scott,  Martin,  promotion  of,  in  military 
service,  discussed,  2269. 

Scott,  Nathan  Ray;  b.  Guernsey  Co.. 
Ohio ;  served  in  the  Civil  AYar,  and  after 
the  war  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of 
glass  at  Wheeling.  W.  Va..  ;  elected  to  the 
United  States  Senate  from  West  Virginia 
in  1899;  reelected  in  1905. 

Scott,  Winfield  (178G-18GG)  ;  soldier  and 
politician ;  b.  near  Petersburg,  Va.  ;  after 
admission  to  the  bar,  1806,  he  entered  th» 
United  States  army  as  captain  of  the  light 
artillery,  1808;  in  the  War  of  LSI 2  he 
fought  at  Queenstown  Heights,  1812:  Chip- 
pewa  and  Lundy's  Lane.  1814.  and  was 
made  brigadier-general  and  brevet  major- 
general  in  that  year;  in  the  nullification 
troubles,  1832,  he  commanded  in  South 
Carolina  :  fought  against  the  Seminoles  and 
Creeks,  1835-37  :  helped  settle  the  boundary 
dispute  with  Great  Britain  over  the  line 
between  Maine  and  New  Brunswick.  1838  : 
major-general  and  commander-in-chlef  of 
the  army.  1S41  :  took  chief  command  in 
Mexico,  1S47:  won  the  battles  of  Cerro 
Gordo.  Contreras.  Churubusco.  Molino  del 
Rey.  and  Chapultepec  :  nominated  as  W'hig 
candidate  for  President.  1852.  and  was  de- 
feated by  Pierce  :  appointed  brevet  lieuten- 
ant-general. 1847  :  helped  settle  the  San 
Juan  question  with  Great  Britain,  1S59. 

Scott,  Winfield: 

British     fortifications     on      northern 

frontier,   letter  of.   on,    1S04. 
Commander   of — 

Army  iu  war  with  Mexico,  assign- 
ment of  command  to.  and  subse- 
quent recall  of.  discussed,  2298, 
2431. 


Scott 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Forces    sent    to    Canadian    frontier, 

1620. 
Compensation    of,   referred   to,   2897, 

2955. 

Court  of  inquiry  in  case  of,  and  opin- 
ion of,  discussed,  1508,  1511. 
Death  of,  announced  and  honors  to  be 

paid  memory  of,  3586,  3640. 
Lieutenant-general    by    brevet,    nom- 
ination  of,   and   reasons,   therefor, 

2838. 
Major-general,    appointment    of,    and 

orders  regarding,  1926. 
Minister  to  Mexico,  mission  declined 

by,     and     nomination     withdrawn, 

3267. 

Mission  to  San  Juan  Island,  discussed, 
3094. 

Correspondence  regarding,  3110. 
Regulations   for   Army   compiled   by, 

795. 

Eetirement  of,  from  active  service 
and  order  of  President  regarding, 
3241. 

Discussed,  3257. 

Successor  of,  appointed,  2578. 

Referred  to,  2594. 
Troops    under    command    of,    sent    to 

suppress  Indians,  1166. 
Victories  of,  over  British  troops,  533. 

Scully,  Thomas  J.;  i>.  South  Amboy,  N 

J.,  Sept.  19,  1868 ;  educated  in  the  public 
schools  of  South  Amboy  and  Scton  Hall 
College,  South  Orange,  N.  J.  :  served  three 
years  as  member  of  the  board  of  education  : 
was  a  Democratic  presidential  elector  in 
1908  •  mavor  of  South  Amboy,  1909-10 : 
elected  to  the  02d,  C3d  and  64th  Congresses 
from  New  Jersey. 
Seaver,  William,  proclamation  offering 

reward  for  murderer  of,  663. 
Seawell,    Washington,   major   in  Army, 

nomination  of,  and  reasons  therefor, 

2367. 

Seddon,  James  Alexander;  b.  Faimouth, 
Va  July  13,  1815;  graduated  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  Virginia  in  1833;  elected  a  Rep- 
resentative from  Virginia  to  the  -29th  and 
31st  Congresses  as  a  Democrat;  declined  a 
re-election:  member  of  the  peace  convention 
in  1801  :  delegate  from  Virginia  to  the  Pro- 
visional Confederate  Congress  at.  Richmond 
in  .Inly  1801  :  died  in  Goochland  County, 
Va.,  Aug.  19,  1880. 

Seddon,  James  A.,  secretary  of  war  of 

Confederate  States,  mentioned,  3797. 
Selfridge,  Thomas  O.,  Jr.,  report  of,  on 

condition      of     Dominican     Republic 

transmitted,    4009. 
Sells,   Elijah,  treaty  with  Indians  con- 

clu.liMl    by,   3592. 

Sells,  Sam  K.;  '••  Aug.  2,  1871,  at  Kris- 
lol,  Tenn.  :  educated  at  King  College,  I?ris- 
tol',  Tenn.  ;  lumberman  ;  served  one  term  In 
the'  Tennessee  Senate  ;  was  private  in  the 
Spanish-American  War  :  elected  to  the  (52d, 
63d  and  04th  Congresses  from  Tennessee. 


Sergeant,  John,  nomination  of,  as  min- 
ister to  Panama,  886. 

Serio,  Giovanni,  killed  by  mob,  6731. 

Serio,  Vincenzo,  killed  by  mob,  6731. 

Serurier,  M.,  correspondence  regarding 
claims  against  France.  (See  France, 
claims  against.) 

Sevier,   Ambrose   Hundley;    lawyer ;    b. 

Greene  Co.,  Tenn.,  Nov.  4,  1801  ;  moved  to 
Arkansas  and  was  elected  to  the  legisla- 
ture, first  in  1823,  and  again  in  1825 ; 
from  1827  to  1836  he  was  a  delegate  In 
Congress  from  Arkansas,  and  when  the 
Territory  became  a  State,  in  1836,  he  was 
elected  to  the  United  States  Senate ;  died 
Little  Rock,  Dec.  21,  1848. 

Sevier,  Ambrose  H.,  commissioner  of 
United  States  to  Mexico: 

Illness  prevents  departure  of,  2427. 

Instructions  to,  referred  to,  2537. 

President  declines  to  transmit  in- 
structions to,  to  House,  2452. 

Sevier,  John;  pioneer ;  b.  Rockingham 
Co.,  Va.,  Sept.  23,  1745  ;  founded  Newmar- 
ket village  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley  and 
took  part  in  many  fights  with  the  Indians  ; 
removed  with  his  two  brothers  to  the  Wau- 
tauga  county,  beyond  the  Allcghanies.  1773  ; 
in  1784,  when  North  Carolina  proposed  to 
transfer  the  territory  west  of  the  Allegha- 
nies to  the  United  States  government,  the 
citizens,  led  by  Sevier,  objected  and  or- 
ganized the  proposed  State  of  Franklin,  and 
elected  Sevier  governor  ;  the  scheme  was 
abandoned  in  1788  ;  he  represented  North 
Carolina  in  the  1st  Congress,  1790-91  ; 
served  in  the  campaigns  against  the  Creeks 
and  Cherokees.  and  was  chosen  governor 
of  Tennessee,  179(5  ;  and  represented  the 
State  in  the  12th  and  13th  Congresses ; 
died  near  Fort  Decatur,  Ala.,  Sept.  24, 
1815. 

Sewall,  Thomas,  consul  to  Santiago, 
Cuba,  nomination  of,  withdrawn  and 
reasons  therefor,  2584. 

Seward,  Frederick  W.,  Acting  Secre- 
tary of  State,  3906,  4400. 

Seward,  George  Frederick;  diplomat;  b. 

Florida,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  8,  1840  ;  United  States 
consul-general  at  Shanghai.  China,  1861  ; 
minister  to  China.  1876.  but  recalled  for 
his  refusal  to  negotiate  a  treaty  for  (lie 
restriction  of  Chinese  immigration  ;  author 
of  "Chinese  Immigration  in  Its  Social  and 
Economical  Aspects." 

Seward,  George  F.: 

Decree    prohibiting    steamers    sailing 
under    American    flag    from    using 
cannel    on    Vangtse    River   promul- 
gated by,  3896,  3902. 
Minister    to    China,    charges   against, 

referred  to,  4.'!] 3. 

Instruction     to,     concerning    immi- 
gration, referred  to,  4(591. 

Seward,  William  Henry  nsoi-1872)  ; 
statesman  :  I),  in  Florida,  Orange  Co..  N. 
Y.  :  settled  in  Auburn.  1S23.  and  practiced 
law:  elected  (anti-Masonic)  State  senator. 
1830-34:  defeated  for  governor.  1834.  but 
elected  by  the  Whig  party  in  1838  :  reelect- 
ed,  1840,  and  served  until  Jan.  1,  1843; 


Biographic   Index 


Shelby 


Whig,  and  later  Republican,  United  States 
Senator,  1849-61  ;  in  a  speech  at  Rochester, 
1858.  ho  characterized  the  struggle  between 
freedom  and  slavery  as  "an  Irrepressible 
conflict" ;  candidate  for  the  Republican 
nomination  for  President,  1800 ;  Secretary 
of  State,  1861-09 :  wounded  by  an  accom- 
plice of  Boot'h,  1865 :  traveled  extensively 
between  1809  and  1871 ;  was  a  consistent 
supporter  of  Johnson's  reconstruction  pol- 
icy ;  his  diplomatic  services  to  his  country 
include  a  most  tactful  handling  of  the 
"Trent  affair"  :  withdrawal  of  the  French 
troops  from  Mexico ;  and  the  cession  of 
Alaska  to  the  United  States  by  Russia  In 
1807. 

Seward,  William  H.: 

Correspondence  regarding  Dorr's  Be- 

bellion,  2151. 
Death   of,   announced  and  honors  to 

be  paid  memory  of,  4137. 
Letters    addressed    by,    to    governors 
of  certain  States,  referred  to,  5200. 
Memory  of,  death  of,  and  honors  to 

be  paid  to  the,  4137. 
Report  on  wounding  of,  3792. 
Secretary  of  State,  3215,  3510. 
Wounding  of,  by  assassins  announced, 

3485,  3486,  3487. 

Military  commission  to  try  persons 
implicated  in,  and  proceedings 
of,  3532,  3533,  3534,  3540,  3545, 
3546. 

Report  on,  referred  to,  3792. 
Reward  offered  for  alleged  instiga- 
tors of,  3505. 

Seymour,  Horatio  (1810-1886)  ;  politi- 
cian :  b.  at  Pompey  Hill,  Onondaga  Co.,  N. 
Y.,  practiced  law  after  1832  ;  elected  to  the 
New  York  States  assembly,  1841  ;  mayor  of 
Ftica,  1842  ;  speaker  of  the  State  assembly, 
1845 ;  Democratic  candidate  for  governor, 
1850,  and  defeated ;  elected  to  the  office 
for  the  term  of  1853-55  ;  defeated  for  gov- 
ernor. 1854.  for  having  vetoed  a  prohibi- 
tion bill  iu  that  year ;  reelected  for  the 
term  of  1803-05  :  during  this  term  the  draft 
riots  occurred  in  New  York  City,  1863 ; 
Democratic  national  chairman,  1864  and 
1808 :  unsuccessful  Democratic  candidate 
for  governor.  1S08  :  nominated  as  the  Demo- 
cratic candidate  for  Presidency  to  oppose 
Grant  in  1808. 

Shackerly,  Peter,  claims  of  orphan  child 
of,  1693. 

Shackleford,  Dorsey  W.;  b.  Aug.  27, 
1S53;  elected  to  the  50th,  57th,  58th,  59th, 
00th,  61st,  62d,  63d  and  64th  Congresses 
from  Missouri. 

Shafter,  William  Rufus;  soldier;  b.. 
Galesburg,  Mich..  Oct.  10.  1835;  enlisted  in 
the  Civil  War.  1801.  and  mustered  out 
brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  March  13, 
1805;  entered  the  regular  army,  1807,  and 
upon  the  outbreak  of  'hostilities  with  Spain, 
in  1808,  given  command  of  the  expedition 
sent  to  Cuba  ;  arrived  at  Daiquiri  June  21, 
took  Siboney,  Guasimas,  El  Caney,  and  San 
Juan  Hill,  and  finally.  July  14.  all  the 
Spanish  troops  in  Eastern  Cuba  surren- 
dered to  him.  and  he  remained  in  posses- 
sion till  peace  was  declared  :  retired  with 
the  rank  of  major-general.  Feb.  2,  1901. 


Shafter,  William  R.: 

Army    under,    lands    near    Santiago, 

Cuba,  6317. 
Operations  of,  around  and  subsequent 

capitulation  of  Santiago,  6317. 
Thanks  of  President  tendered.  6574, 

6577. 

Shakespeare,  H.  O.,  appointed  represen- 
tative to  foreign  countries  to  in- 
vestigate causes,  cure,  etc.,  of 
cholera,  4902. 

Report  of,  referred  to,  5565. 
Sharkey,  William  L.,  provisional  gov- 
ernor of  Mississippi,  appointed,  3512. 
Sharp,    Solomon,    authority    to    accept 
present  from  British  officers,  referred 
to,  3404. 

Sharpe,  George  H.,  report  of,  on  assas- 
sination of  President  Lincoln  and  at- 
tempted assassination  of  Secretary 
Seward  transmitted,  3792. 
Shaw,  Leslie  M.;  banker,  lawyer;  Secre- 
tary of  the  Treasury  under  President  Roose- 
velt;  b.  Nov.  2,  1848,  iu  Morristown,  Vt.  ; 
his  early  education  was  received  in  his  na- 
tive town,  and,  removing  to  Iowa  in  1809, 
was  graduated  from  Cornell  College,  at 
Mt.  Vernon.  and  from  Iowa  College  of  Law 
In  1870;  removed  to  Deuison,  Iowa,  and 
went  into  the  banking  business;  came  into 
political  prominence  Through  his  reply  to 
W.  J.  Bryan's  free  silver  theories  ;  elected 
Governor  of  Iowa  in  1S97  and  1S99  ;  soon 
became  known  as  a  sound  speaker  on  political 
and  financial  questions,  and  when  Secretary 
Gage  retired  from  the  Treasury  Mr.  Shaw 
was  appointed;  he  was  called  upon  in  1902, 
1903,  1905  and  1906  to  relieve  the  strin- 
gency in  the  money  market,  and  estab- 
lished what  his  successors  continued  as  a 
treasury  "relief  fund":  when  bis  term  ex- 
pired March  4,  1907.  became  President  of 
the  Carnegie  Trust  Company  of  New  York  ; 
President  of  the  International  Monetary 
Conference  at  Indianapolis  in  1898;  active 
in  affairs  of  the  Methodist  Church. 

Shelby,  Isaac;  pioneer,  patriot,  soldier, 
first  and  fifth  governor  of  Kentucky,  Sec- 
retary of  War  under  President  Monroe  ;  b. 
Dec.  11,  1750,  near  North  Mountain,  Fred, 
erick  Co.,  Md.  ;  removed  with  his  father 
to  the  present  site  of  Bristol,  Tenn..  in 
1771  and  engaged  in  farming  and  cattle 
raising  on  a  large  scale  ;  compelled  to  de- 
fend their  property  against  the  Indians  both 
father  and  son  received  military  commig« 
sions  in  the  Revolution  :  Isaac  was  largely 
employed  in  engineer  work  and  convoying 
stores;  active  in  military  operations  in  Vir- 
ginia and  the  Carolinas  with  Getl.  Marion; 
after  the  Revolution  he  settled  on  his  farm, 
"Traveler's  Rest,"  in  Lincoln  Co.  (Ky.), 
then  part  of  Virginia  ;  took  part  in  the 
movement  to  set  up  a  separate  territory 
and  became  the  first  governor  of  Kentucky 
in  1791  ;  served  as  a  presidential  elector 
every  four  years  from  1800  to  1820;  dur. 
ing  1812-13  under  his  patriotic  calls  thirty 
seven  regiments,  a  total  of  more  than  10,- 
000  men,  volunteered  for  service  against 
the  British  and  Indians  ;  later  he  sent  2,'_'00 
men  to  Gen.  Jackson  at  New  Orleans  and 
promises  10,000  more  should  they  be  need- 
ed ;  died  July  18.  1826.  on  his  estate  in 
Kentucky  ;  counties  in  nine  states  have  been 
named  in  his  honor. 


Shepley 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Shepley,  George   F.,   military  governor 

of  Louisiana,  mentioned,  3378. 
Sheridan,  Philip  Henry;  soldier;  b.  Al- 
bany, N.  Y.,  March  6,  1831  ;  graduated 
U.  S.  Military  Academy,  1853  ;  served  with 
distinction  throughout  the  Civil  War,  and 
was  promoted  to  major-general.  1864 :  con- 
ducted campaigns  against  the  Indians, 
1868  :  and  was  appointed  lieutenant-general 
of  the  army  by  President  Grant  in  1869 : 
succeeded  Sherman  in  command  of  United 
States  Army,  and  in  1888  was  given  the 
rank  and  pay  of  general,  the  rank  to  ter- 
minate with  his  life  ;  died  Nonquitt,  Mass., 
Aug.  5,  1888. 

Sheridan,  Philip  H.: 

Army  of  United  States,  order  direct- 
ing, to  assume  command  of,  4753. 

Death   of,   announced   and   honors   to 

be  paid  memory  of,  5204,  5353. 
Discussed,  5374. 

Increase  in  Army  recommended  by, 
4324. 

Letter  of,  regarding  affairs  on  south- 
eastern frontier  and  violation  of 
neutrality  by  Army,  3574. 

Major-general,  appointment  of,  3443. 
Sherley,  Swagar;  b.  Louisville,  Jeffer- 
son Co.,  Ky.,  Nov.  28,  1871  ;  studied  law 
at  the  University  of  Virginia ;  admitted  to 
practice,  1891  ;  admitted  to  the  bar  of 
the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States, 
1898  :  elected  to  the  58th.  59th,  00th,  61st, 
62d,  63d  and  64th  Congresses  from  Ken- 
tucky. 

Sherman,  James  Schoolcraft,  utica,  N. 
Y.,  Vice-President  of  the  United  States 
during  Taft  administration  ;  b.  Utica,  Oct. 
24,  1855  :  mayor  of  Utica  in  1884  :  elected 
to  the  50th,  51st,  53d,  54th,  55th .  50th, 
57th.  58th,  59rh  and  60th  Congresses ; 
elected  Vice-President  on  the  ticket  with 
William  II.  Taft.  receiving  321  electoral 
votes  to  102  for  John  W.  Kern,  of  Indiana. 
Died  Oct.  30,  1912. 

Sherman,  John  (1823-1900);  statesman 
and  financier ;  b.  Lancaster,  Ohio  ;  practiced 
law  after  1844  ;  member  of  Congress,  1855- 
61:  United  States  Senator,  1861-77.  and 
1877-97 :  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  under 
Hayes.  1877-S1  ;  Secretary  of  State  under 
MoKinley,  1S97-98:  he  practically  directed 
the  financial  legislation  of  the  country  dur- 
ing and  immediately  after  the  Civil  War ; 
the  Sherman  Bill,  an  act  of  Congress  ap- 
proved July  14,  1890,  was  introduced  by 
him. 

Sherman,  John: 

Canvass  of  vote  for  electors  in  Loui- 
siana, referred  to,  4367. 

Secretary  of  State,  6473. 

Secretary  of  Treasury,  resignation  of, 

referred  to,  4589. 
Sherman,  Thomas  W.,  brigadier-general 

in  Army,  seizure  of  Spanish  vessel  by, 

discussed,   3795. 

Sherman,  William  Tecumseh;  soldier:  b. 
Lancaster.  Ohio,  Fob.  8,  1820 ;  graduated 
IT.  S.  Military  Academy,  1840;  served  In 
the  Seminole  Indian  War.  and  in  California 
during  the  War  with  Mexico  ;  engaged  as 
superintendent  of  a  military  school  and 
professor  of  engineering  and  architecture  In 
Alexandria,  La.,  at  the  outbreak  of  the 


Civil  War,  and  on  the  secession  of  Louis- 
iana resigned  his  position  and  was  ap- 
pointed colonel  in  the  Federal  service  ;  rose 
successively  by  his  distinguished  services  to 
the  rank  of  major-general ;  during  his  great 
marches  his  army  covered  2.600  miles ; 
made  lieutenant-general  U.  S.  A.,  July  25, 
1866 :  when  Gen.  Grant  became  President 
Sherman  succeeded  him  as  general  of  the 
army  ;  died  New  York  City,  Feb.  14,  1891, 
and  was  buried  In  Calvary  Cemetery,  St. 
Louis,  Mo. 
Sherman,  William  T.: 

Appointed  on  commission  to  examine 
subject  of  reorganization  of  Army, 
4352. 

Army  of  United  States,  order  direct- 
ing, to  assume  command  of,  3974. 
Believed  from  command,  4753. 
Eetirement  of,  discussed,  4814. 
Ceremonies    at    Fort    Sumter,    under 

direction  of,  3484. 
Command  of  Military  Division  of  the 

Mississippi,    assigned    to,    3436. 
Confederate   States,   historical   state- 
ment   concerning   public   policy    of 
executive  departments  of,  filed  by, 
4850. 
Death   of,   announced   and  honors  to 

be  paid  memory  of,  5570,  5600. 
Increase  in  Army,  recommended  by, 

4330. 
Lands  set  apart  by,  for  refugees  and 

freedmen,  referred  to,  3549. 
Mentioned,  3812,  3816. 
Report  of  on  conditions  in  Southern 

States,  3576. 

Requested    to    proceed    to    Mexican 
frontier    and    communicate    with 
American  minister,  3641. 
Referred  to,  3654. 

Thanks  of  President  tendered,  3439. 
Treaty    with    Indians    concluded    by, 

3834. 

Sherwood,  Isaac  R.;  b.  Stanford,  Dutch- 
ess  Co.,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  13,  1835;  April  16, 
1861,  the  day  following  Lincoln's  call  for 
volunteers,  enlisted  as  a  private  and  served 
wiFh  honor  and  distinction  in  the  Civil 
War :  made  brevet  brigadier-general  by 
President  Lincoln  Feb.  16.  1865.  for  long 
faithful  service  and  conspicuous  gallantry  ; 
after  the  war  located  in  Toledo  :  was  editor 
of  the  Toledo  Commercial;  later  editorial 
writer  on  the  Cleveland  Leader;  In  1808  he 
was  elected  secretary  of  State  of  Ohio,  re- 
elected  in  1870,  serving  four  years  ;  organ- 
ized the  bureau  of  statistics  of  Ohio  ;  elect- 
ed to  the  43d  Congress  ;  bought  the  Toledo 
Journal  and  edited  it  for  nine  years  ;  author 
of  "Army  Gray  Back"  (Illustrated  poem  i  ; 
elected  to  the  60th.  61st.  62d,  63d  and 
64th  Congresses  from  Ohio. 

Shields,  Thomas,  arrest  and  imprison- 
ment of,  in  Mexico,  4672,  4678,  4692, 
4696. 

Shively,  Benjamin  F.;  b.  St.  Joseph  Co., 

Ind.,  March  20,  1857 ;  educated  at  the 
Northern  Indiana  Normal  School  at  Val- 
paraiso and  the  University  of  Michigan  ; 
elected  to  the  48th  Congress  to  fill  a  va- 
cancy and  elected  a  Representative  to  the 
50th.  51st  and  52(1  Congresses;  and  to  tnc 
United  States  Senate  from  Indiana,  1909. 


Biographic   Index 


Slidell 


Shonts,  Theodore  P.,  Chairman  Panama 

Canal  Commission,  7020. 
Short,  William;  diplomat;  b.  Spring 
Garden,  Surry  Co.,  Va.,  Sept.  30,  1759 ; 
graduated  William  and  Mary  College,  1779  ; 
went  to  France  with  Jefferson  as  secretary 
of  legation  in  1784;  appointed  by  Washing- 
ton charge  d'affaires,  and  transferred  to 
The  Hague  as  minister  resident,  1794,  and 
to  Madrid  as  commissioner  plenipotentiary 
and  concluded  several  important  treaties 
with  Spain ;  died  Philadelphia,  Dec.  5, 
1849. 

Short,  Villiam: 

Commissioner    to    Spain,    nomination 
of,  107. 

Referred   to,    184. 
Nomination  of,  as  minister  to — 

France,  50. 

Russia,    449. 

Spain,  148. 

Shriver,  David,  superintendent  of  Cum- 
berland road,  816. 

Shufeldt,  Robert  Wilson;  naval  officer; 
b.  Red  Hook,  N.  J.,  Feb.  21,  1822  ;  entered 
the  service  as  midshipman,  1839  ;  appointed 
consul-general  to  Cuba  by  President  Lin- 
coln in  1801,  and .  served  two  yeavs  in 
Havana,  when  he  resigned  and  took  part 
in  the  naval  operations  of  the  Souih  At- 
lantic and  Gulf  coast  squadrons ;  engaged 
In  promoting  a  transit  route  across  the 
Isthmus  of  Tehuantepec  in  18G1  and  in 
1870-71  :  was  promoted  to  rear-admiral, 
1S83,  and  retired  Feb.  21.  1884  ;  died  Wash- 
ington, D.  C..  Nov.  7,  1895. 

Shufeldt,  Robert  W.: 

Consul-general  at  Havana,  3344. 
Correspondence     regarding     Johanna 

Island,  referred  to,  4536. 
Cruise  of,  around  the  world,  referred 

to,  4693. 
Sibley,  George  C.,  treaty  with  Indians 

concluded  by,   889. 

Sierra,  Justo,   communication  from,  re- 
garding suffering  in  Yucatan   result- 
ing from   Indian  insurrections,   2431. 
Sieves,  Emmanuel  Joseph,  letter  of,  on 

death  of  Benjamin  Franklin,  87. 
Simmons,  F.  M.;  b.  Jan.  20,  1854,  in 
Jones  Co.,  N.  C., ;  graduated  at  Trinity 
College,  that  State,  with  the  degree  of  A. 
B.,  in  June,  1873  ;  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1875 ;  in  188G  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  50th  Congress ;  received  the  degree  of 
LL.D.  from  Trinity  College.  N.  C.,  June, 
1901  :  elected  to  the  United  States  Senate 
for  the  term  beginning  March  4,  1901  ; 
reelected  in  1907  and  1913  to  represent 
North  Carolina. 

Simmons,  James  Fowler;  b.  Little  Comp- 
ton,  R.  I.,  Sept.  10,  1795  ;  received  a  classi- 
cal education ;  farmer ;  served  in  the  lower 
brnnch  of  the  State  legislature  1828-1841  : 
United  States  Senator  from  Rhode  Island 
1841-1847;  again  elected,  serving  from  Dec. 
7,  1857,  to  December,  1862,  when  he  re- 
signed ;  died  at  Johnson,  R.  I.,  July  10, 
1864. 

Simmons,  James  F.,  correspondence  re- 
garding Dorr's  Rebellion,  2158. 


Simpson,     Edward,     member    of     Gun 

Foundry  Board,  4748. 
Simpson,  Slingsby,  vessel  under,  or- 
dered from  and  forbidden  to  reenter 
waters  of  United  States,  391. 
Sims,  Thetus  Willrette;  b.  April  2.-,. 
1852,  In  Wayne  Co.,  Tenn.  ;  graduated  law 
department  of  the  Cumberland  University 
at  Lebanon,  Tenn.,  June,  1876  •  elected 
to  the  55th,  5Gth,  57th,  5Sth,  59th,  GOrn, 
Gist,  G2d,  G3d  and  G4th  Congresses  from 
Tennessee. 

Sisson,  Thomas  Upton;  b.  Sept.  22,  1RC9; 
In  Attala  Co.,  Miss.,  graduated  at  the  South- 
western Presbyterian  University  at  Clarkes- 
ville.  Teun.,  taking  the  degree  of  A.  B. 
in  1889;  graduated  In  law  at  Cumberland 
University,  Lebanon,  Tenn.,  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  at  Memphis,  Tenn.  in 
1894  ;  moved  from  Memphis  to  Winona, 
Miss.,  in  18!»5  ;  served  in  the  State  senate; 
elected  to  the  Gist  Congress  from  Missis- 
sippi, without  opposition,  and  reelected  to 
the  62d,  63d  and  G4th  Congresses. 

Sitgreave,     Samuel,     commissioner     of 

United  States,  nomination  of,  290. 
Sitting  Bull: 

Disturbances     caused  by,     discussed, 
4576. 

Surrender  of,  discussed,  4625,  4637. 
Slacum,  George  W.,  report  of,  relating 

to    African   slave    trade   transmitted", 

2268. 

Slayden,  James  I.;  b.  in  Kentucky;  at- 
tended Washington  and  Lee  University, 
Lexington,  Va.  ;  member  of  the  twenty-third 
legislature  of  Texas,  but  declined  reelec- 
tion ;  elected  to  the  55th  and  all  subsequent 
Congresses  including  the  G4th  from  Texas. 

Slemp,    Campbell   Bascom;    b.    Lee    Co., 

Va.,  Sept.  4,  1STO;  served  as  page  in  the 
Virginia  house  of  representatives,  and  was 
graduated  from  the  Virginia  Military  In- 
stitute; elected  to  the  <>0th  Congress  to  fill 
a  vacancy  and  reelected  to  the  Gist.  02d, 
63d  and  64th  Congresses  from  Virginia. 

Slidell,  John;  b.  New  York  in  1793;  re- 
ceived a  liberal  education  ;  studied  law  and 
began  practice  at  New  Orleans  ;  United 
States  district  attorney  1829-1833  ;  elected 
a  Representative  from  Louisiana  to  the  28th 
Congress  ns  a  State  Rights  Democrat;  re- 
elected  to  the  29th  Congress,  and  resigned 
Nov.  10,  1S45,  having  been  appointed  min- 
ister to  Mexico,  but  that  Government  re-' 
fused  to  accept  him  :  elected  United  States 
Senator  from  Louisiana  (vice  Pierre  Soule, 
resigned)  and  re-elected,  serving  from  1853 
to  1861  ;  retired  from  the  Senate  and  after- 
wards expelled  :  arrested  at  Hahana  on  the 
English  mail  steamer  Trent  while  on  his 
way  to  England,  and  brought  to  the  United 
Sta'tes  and  confined  in  Fort  Warren  ;  soon 
released,  and  sailed  for  England  Jan.  1, 
1SG2  ;  died  at  London,  July  29,  1871. 

Slidell,  John: 

Confederate  envoy  to  France,  re- 
moval of,  from  British  steamer 
Trent,  3262,  3263,  3264.  3267,  3268. 

Mission  to  Mexico  for  adjustment  of 
differences  discussed,  2288,  2415. 


Sloan 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Sloan,  Charles  H.;  b.  Monticello,  Iowa, 
May  2,  1863 ;  graduated  Iowa  State  Agri- 
cultural College,  1884,  and  moved  to  Ne- 
braska same  year ;  twice  elected  piosecut- 
ing  attorney  of  Fillmore  County ;  elected 
to  the  Nebraska  State  Senate ;  elected  to 
the  62d,  63d  and  64th  Congresses  from 
Nebraska. 

Sloat,  John  D.,  commander  of  the  Kt. 

Louis,  1133. 

Smith,  Albert,  commissioner,  on  north- 
eastern boundary,  2023. 
Smith,  Albert  N.,   thanks  of  Congress 

to,  recommended,  3277. 
Smith,  Caleb  Blood,  Secretary  of  the  In- 
terior under  President  Lincoln ;  b.  Boston, 
Mass.,  April  16,  1808 ;  accompanied  his 
parents  to  Ohio  in  1814 ;  graduated  from 
the  Miami  University  ;  studied  law  and  be- 
gan practice  at  Connersville,  Ind.  ;  founded 
and  edited  the  Indiana  Sentinel  in  1832  ; 
state  representative  1833-1836.  the  last 
year  as  Speaker ;  elected  a  Representative 
from  Indiana  to  the  28th.  29fh  and  30th 
Congresses ;  Presidential  Elector  in  1840 ; 
moved  to  Cincinnati.  Ohio,  where  he  prac- 
ticed law  ;  Presidential  Elector  on  the  Fre- 
mont ticket  in  1856  ;  Secretary  of  the  In- 
terior 1SG1-62.  and  resigned  to  become 
judge  for  the  district  of  Indiana  ;  died  at 
Indianapolis,  Ind.,  Jan.  7,  1884. 

Smith,  Caleb  B.,  ex-Secretary  of  Inte- 
rior, death  of,  announced  and  honors 
to  be  paid,  memory  of,  3432. 
Smith,  Charles  B.;  b.  Erie  Co.,  N. 
Y.,  Sept.  14,  1870;  went  to  Arcade  Acad- 
emy, where  'he  completed  full  course  and 
was  graduated ;  for  several  years  worked, 
alternatively  at  farming,  railroad  telegraph- 
ing, and  newspaper  work  :  became  a  re- 
porter on  the  Buffalo  Courier,  of  which  he 
later  in  life  was  made  editor-in-chief.  Ap- 
pointed managing  editor  of  the  Buffalo 
Times,  the  Buffalo  Evening  Enquirer  and 
the  Buffalo  Morning  Courier;  during  his 
connection  with  the  Buffalo  Times,  acted 
as  Albany  correspondent  of  that  pub- 
lication, and  at  the  same  time  one  of  the 
associate  editors  of  the  Albany  Argun;  own- 
er and  editor  of  the  Niagara  Falls  Journal; 
elected  to  the  62d.  63d  and  64th  Con- 
gresses from  New  York. 

Smith,  Charles  E.;  editor;  Postmaster 
General  under  President  McKinley  ;  b.  Feb. 
18,  1842,  in  Mansfield,  Conn. ;  educated  in 
Albany,  N.  Y.  ;  served  as  military  secretary 
and  judge  advocate  general  in  the  early 
years  of  the  Civil  War;  in  1865,  purchased 
the  Albany  Expremt  and  later  became  editor 
of  the  Journal :  became  prominent  in  Repub- 
lican party  and  often  wrote  platforms  and 
resolutions;  in  1880  went  to  Philadelphia 
and  became  editor  and  part  owner  of  the 
Press ;  appointed  by  President  Harrison 
Minister  to  Russia  ;  succeeded  James  A. 
Gary  as  Postmaster  General  in  1898.  and 
established  rural  free  delivery.  Mr.  Smith 
was  twice  married  and  had  no  children. 
He  died  Jan.  19,  1908,  In  Philadelphia. 

Smith,  Daniel;  b.  Fauquier  County,  Va., 
about  1740  ;  one  of  the  earliest  settlers  In 
Tennessee ;  appointed  by  President  Wash- 
ington secretary  of  the  territory  south  of 
the  Ohio  River  Jan.  7,  1790:  a  general  of 
militia  :  appointed  a  United  States  Senator 
from  Tennessee  (in  place  of  Andrew 
Jackson,  resigned),  serving  from  Dec.  3, 


1798,  to  March  3,  1799 ;  -leered  a  Senator 
from  Tennessee,  serving  from  Dec.  2,  1805, 
to  1809,  when  he  resigned  ;  died  in  Sumner 
County,  Tenn.,  July  16,'  1818. 

Smith,  Daniel,  treaty  with  Indians  con- 
cluded by,  834. 

Smith,  Ellison  DuRant;  merchant  and 
planter ;  b.  Aug.  1,  1866,  Lynchburg.  Sum- 
ter  (now  Lee)  Co.,  S.  C.,  entered  Wofford 
College,  Spartanburg,  S.  C.,  from  which 
institution  he  graduated  in  1889  ;  at  Wof- 
ford he  won  gold  medals  in  debate,  science, 
and  literature  in  his  sophomore,  junior,  and 
senior  years;  member  of  the  legislature 
from.  Sumter  County,  1896  to  1900:  began 
the  cotton  movement  in  1901.  which  re- 
sulted in  the  organization  of  the  Farmers' 
Protective  Association  ;  became  a  national 
figure  on  account  of  addresses  at  New  Or- 
leans, Birmingham.  Dallas,  and  rihreveport ; 
was  nominated  for  United  States  Senator 
from  South  Carolina  at  a  primary  election 
in  September,  1908  ;  elected.  1909.  for  the 
term  beginning  March  4  ;  reelected  in  1914. 

Smith,  Emory,   trial  and   conviction   of 

Crawford  Keys  for  murder  of,  3659. 
Smith,  General,  negotiations  of,  at  New 

Orleans  referred  to,  3583. 
Smith,  Hoke;  b.  Sept.  2,  1855,  in  New- 
ton, N.  C.,  educated  principally  by  'nis 
father,  Dr.  II.  II.  Smith,  who  was  a  profes- 
sor in  the  University  of  North  Carolina ; 
read  law  while  teaching  school,  and  has 
been  actively  engaged  in  practice  for  30 
years;  married  Dec.  19,  1883.  to  Miss 
Birdie  Cobb  :  Secretary  of  the  interior  from 
March  4,  1893.  to  Sept.  1,  1896  :  was  gover- 
nor of  Georgia  from  July,  1907,  to  July 
1909.  and  from  July  1,  1911,  to  Nov.  15", 
1911;  elected  to  the  Senate  July  12,  1911, 
and  resigned  as  governor  Nov.  15,  1911; 
reelected  to  the  Senate  for  term  ending 
March  3,  1921. 

Smith,  Isaac,  commissioner  to  conclude 

treaty  with   Indians,   nomination    of, 

203. 
Smith,  John,  alleged  associate  of  Aaron 

Burr,  420. 
Smith,  John  Jay,   imprisonment  of.  1/y 

Mexican  authorities  referred  to,  437(3. 
Smith,  J.  M.  C.J  in  early  life  learned 
painter  and  mas«on  trade  ;  was  educated  in 
Charlotte  (Mich.)  nigh  School  and  the  mi- 
versity  of  Michigan  ;  lawyer  by  profession, 
president  of  the  First  National  Bank  of 
Charlotte,  and  is  Interested  in  farming ; 
has  been  prosecuting  attorney,  alderman 
and  member  of  the  constitutional  conven- 
tion of  1908  ;  was  elected  to  the  62d,  63d 
and  64th  Congresses  from  Michigan. 

Smith,  J.  S.,  dispatches  of,  relative  to 
imprisonment  of  Davis  Hatch,  re- 
ferred to,  4113. 

Smith,  John  Walter;  h.  Snow  Hill.  Feb. 
5,  1845  ;  educated  at  private  schools  and  at 
Union  Academy,  and  engaged  In  the  lumber 
business  in  Maryland.  Virginia,  and  North 
Carolina  ;  president  of  the  First  National 
Bank  of  Snow  Hill,  and  director  in  many 
business  and  financial  institutions  :  elected 
to  represent  \Vorcester  County  in  the  senate 
of  Maryland  in  1SS9.  and  was  successively 
reelected  In  1893  and  1S97:  was  president 
of  the  State  senate  during  Che  session  of 
1894  ;  was  nominated  and  elected  to  Con- 


Biographic  Index 


Spear 


gross  from  Maryland,  1898 ;  was  elected 
governor  of  Maryland  by  over  12,000  plu- 
rality In  1899;  served  from  1900  to  1904; 
was  nominated  by  direct  vote  of  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Democratic  party  of  Maryland 
on  Nov.  5,  1907,  by  a  plurality  of  17,931,  at 
the  first  primary  election  held  in  his  State 
for  United  States  Senator,  to  serve  the 
term  beginning  March  4,  1909,  and  was 
thereafter  elected  United  States  Senator  for 
that  term  by  the  general  assembly  of  the 
State ;  he  was  elected  United  States  Sen- 
ator at  the  same  session  of  the  Maryland 
legislature  on  March  24  to  fill  the  vacancy 
occasioned  by  the  death  of  Hon.  William 
Pinkney  Whyte  for  the  unexpired  term  end- 
ing March  3.  1909  :  reclected  1914,  for  term 
ending  March  3,  1921. 

Smith,  Melancton,  thanks  of  Congress 

to,  recommended,  3277. 
Smith,  Noah,  district  supervisor,  nom- 
ination of,  91. 

Smith,  Persifor  F.,  correspondence  re- 
garding affairs  in  California  referred 
to,  2584. 

Smith,  Robert;  b.  Peterboro,  N.  H.,  June 
1^,  1802;  attended  the  public  schools; 
farmer,  moved  to  Illinois  and  located  at  Al- 
ton ;  served  in  the  State  house  of  represen- 
tatives 1836-1840  ;  elected  a  Representative 
from  Illinois  to  the  28th,  29th  and  30th 
Congresses  as  a  Democrat;  elected  to  the 
35th  Congress ;  died  at  Alton,  111.,  Dec.  21, 
1867. 

Smith,  Robert;  lawyer;  Secretary  of  the 
Navy  and  Attorney  General  under  President 
Jefferson,  and  Secretary  of  State  under 
President  Madison ;  b.  November,  1757,  in 
Lancaster,  Pa. ;  educated  in  the  public  schools 
and  graduated  Princeton  in  1781 ;  served  in 
the  Revolutionary  War  and  was  present 
at  the  battle  of  the  Brandywine ;  after  the 
war  he  studied  law  and  began  practice  in 
Baltimore ;  State  Senator  in  Maryland, 
1793,  and  Member  of  the  House  of  Dele- 
gates 1796-1800  :  also  member  of  the  Balti- 
more City  Council ;  appointed  Secretary  of 
the  Navy  by  President  Jefferson  Jan.  26, 
1802,  and  served  until  1805,  when  he  was 
made  Attorney  General ;  held  this  office 
until  1809.  when  Madison  appointed  him 
Secretary  of  State;  resigned  in  1811,  and 
declined  the  proffered  appointment  as  Min- 
ister to  Russia  ;  President  of  a  branch  of 
the  American  Bible  Society  and  the  Mary- 
land Agricultural  Society ;  died  Nov.  26, 
1842,  in  Baltimore. 

Smith,  Robert,  Secretary  of  State,  457. 
Smith,  Thomas  A.,  official  conduct  of, 

referred  to,  970. 
Smith,  W.  H.,  correspondence  regarding 

Dorr's  Eebellion,  2147. 
Smith,  Watson,  thanks  of  Congress  to, 

recommended,  3277. 

Smith,  William,  official  acts  of,  in  Vir- 
ginia, declared  null  and  void,  3535. 
Smith,  William  Alden;  b.  Dowagiac, 
Mich.,  May  12,  1859  ;  studied  law,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1883  ;  was  honored 
with  the  degree  of  master  of  arts  by  Dart- 
mouth College  in  June,  1901 ;  is  president 
and  principal  owner  of  the  Grand  Rapids 
Herald;  elected  to  the  54th,  55th,  56th, 


57th.  58th  nnd  59th  Congresses,  and  was 
unopposed  for  a  seventh  term  and  unani- 
mously re-elected  to  the  00th  Congress ; 
elected  to  the  United  States  Senate  from 
Michigan  for  the  term  beginning  March  4, 
1907 ;  re-elected  1013  for  term  ending 
March  3,  1919. 

Smith,  William  F.,  special  commissioner 
to  investigate  administration  in  mili- 
tary division  bordering  on  Mississippi 
Eiver,   appointed,   3474. 
Smith,  William  Robert;  b.  Aug.  18,  1803, 
Smith    Co.,    Tex. ;    studied    law    in    Tyler, 
Tex.;   admitted    to    the    bar   in    1885;    ap- 
pointed by  the  governor  judge  of  the  thirty- 
second  judicial   district   of  Texas,    to    fill    a 
vacancy ;    re-elected    to    the    same    office    in 
1898  and  1900,   without  opposition;  elected 
to  the  58th,  59th,   60th,  61st,  62d,  63d  and 
64th  Congresses  from  Texas. 

Smith,  William  S.,   district  supervisor, 

nomination   of,   91. 

Smithson,  James.  (See  Smithsonian  In- 
stitution.) 

Smoot,  Reed;  b.  Jan.  10,  1862,  at  Salt 
Lake  City,  Utah ;  educated  at  the  State 
University  and  Brigham  Young  Academy ; 
is  a  banker  and  woollen  manufacturer; 
elected  to  the  United  States  Senate  from 
Utah,  March  5,  1903,  and  for  the  term  of 
six  years  to  begin  March  4.  1909  ;  re-elected 
in  1914  for  term  ending  March  3,  1921. 

Southard,  Samuel  L.,  served  as  Secretary 
of  War  and  as  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 
under  President  John  Quincy  Adams ;  b. 
Baskingride,  N.  J.,  June  9,  1787 ;  grad- 
uated from  Princeton  College  in  1R04  ; 
studied  law  and  began  practice  at  Ken- 
sington, N.  J.  ;  appointed  law  reporter  by 
the  state  legislature ;  served  one  week 
as  a  member  of  the  state  legisla- 
ture, when  he  resigned  to  become  as- 
sociate justice  of  the  supreme  court 
of  New  Jersey  ;  Presidential  elector 
in  1820;  elected  a  United  States  Senator 
from  New  Jersey  (vice  J.  J.  Wilson,  re- 
signed) as  a  Whig,  serving  from  Feb.  16. 
1821,  to  March  3.  1823  :  Acting  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury  March  7,  1825.  to  July  1. 
1825  ;  also  for  a  short  time  was  Secretary  of 
War  ;  Attorney-General  of  New  Jersey  :  Gov- 
ernor of  New  Jersey  in  1832;  again  elected 
a  United  States  Senator,  serving  from  De- 
cember 2,  1833.  to  May  3.  1842.  when  he 
resigned  ;  died  at  Fredericksburg,  Va.,  June 
26,  1842. 

Spangler,  Edward,  implicated  in  assas- 
sination of  President  Lincolm,  pro- 
ceedings of  trial  and  verdict  of  mili- 
tary commission,  3532,  3533,  3534, 
3540,  3545,  3546. 

Sparkman,  Stephen  M.;  lawyer;  b.  in 
Hernando  County,  Fla..  July  29,  1849 ; 
read  law  and  was  admitted  to  practice  In 
1872 ;  was  state's  attorney  for  the  sixth 
judicial  circuit  from  1878  to  1887;  elected 
to  the  54th,  55th,  56th,  57th.  58th,  59th, 
60th,  61st,  62d,  63d  and  64th  Congresses. 
Sparrow,  Thomas  W.,  claims  of, 

against  Peru,  6099. 

Spear,  Edward,  lieutenant  of  artillery, 
nominations  of,  and  reasons  there- 
for, 55. 


Speed 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Speed,  James,  Attorney-General  under  Pres- 
ident Lincoln ;  b.  Jefferson  county,  Ky., 
Marcii  11,  1812.  Ills  ancestors  were  early 
pioneers  of  Kentucky,  and  prominent  pro- 
moters of  all  measures  that  helped  to  build 
up  the  material  interests  of"  the  new  terri- 
tory. He  was  graduated  from  St.  Joseph's 
College,  Bardstown,  Ky.,  in  1828,  and  was 
for  a  time  clerk  in  the  circuit  and  county 
courts.  He  studied  law  at  Transylvania 
University,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  and 
began  practice  at  Louisville  in  1833,  be- 
coming one  of  the  most  distinguished  jur- 
ists in  Kentucky,  occupying  for  a  time  the 
position  of  professor  -of  law  in  the  Louis- 
ville University.  His  well-known  opposi- 
tion to  slavery  prevented  him  from  having 
any  strong  political  influence  in  pro-slavery 
days,  but  his  consistent  and  upright  course 
brought  him  a  great  measure  of  public  es- 
teem and  confidence.  In  1841  he  was 
elected  to  the  State  Legislature,  but  in  1840 
he  suffered  a  defeat  in  the  state  constitu- 
tional convention  as  the  "emancipation" 
candidate  against  James  Guthrie,  candidate 
for  the  pro-slavery  party.  In  the  discus- 
sions that  ensued  in  Kentucky  upon  the 
question  of  secession,  Mr.  Speed  threw  the 
weight  of  his  influence  on  the  Union  side. 
and  to  his  earnest  efforts  is  largely  ascribed 
the  decision  of  the  stale  convention  against 
secession.  On  the  breaking  out  of  the  war, 
President  Lincoln,  who  had  been  the  life- 
long friend  of  Mr.  Speed's  family,  called 
upon  him  to  assist  in  organizing  the  na- 
tional troops  in  his  native  state,  making 
'him  mustering  officer  of  volunteers  for  the 
first  call  for  75,000  men  in  1801,  July 
1863,  he  was  selected  by  President  Lincoln 
as  the  successor  of  Kdward  Bates  as  Attor- 
ney-General, which  position  he  resigned 
after  the  death  of  Mr.  Lincoln,  not  being 
in  accord  with  President  Johnson's  admin- 
istration. He  died  at  his  home  in  Ken- 
tucky, June  25,  1887. 

Speight,  Jesse;  b.  Greene  County,  N.  C., 
Sept.  22,  1795 ;  received  a  public  school 
education ;  served  several  terms  in  both 
branches  of  the  state  legislature,  and  for  a 
number  of  years  was  speaker  of  the  house ; 
elected  a  Representative  from  North  Caro- 
lina to  the  21st,  22nd,  23rd,  and  24th  Con- 
gresses as  a  Democrat  ;  moved  to  Plymouth. 
Miss.,  and  elected  to  the  state  house  of 
representatives  and  chosen  speaker ;  elected 
a  United  States  Senator  from  Mississippi 
as  a  Democrat,  serving  from  Dec.  1,  1845, 
to  May  1,  1847,  when  he  died,  at  Columbus, 
Miss. 
Speight,  J.,  correspondence  regarding 

interference  in  elections,  1315. 
Spencer,  John  Canfield,  Secretary  of  War 
and  the  Treasury  under  President  Tyler; 
b.  Hudson,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  8.  1788  ;  graduated 
from  Union  College  in  180G ;  studied  law, 
and  in  1809  began  practice  at  Canandaigua, 
N.  Y.  :  served  in  the  war  of  3812;  post- 
master at  Canandaigua;  assistant  attorney- 
general  for  the  western  part  of  New  York 
in  1815;  elected  a  Representative  from  New 
York  to  the  1f>rh  Congress  as  a  Democrat; 
member  of  the  state  house  of  representa- 
tives 1820-21,  and  one  year  as  Speaker; 
State  Senator  1NM4-1S28  !  again  a  member 
of  the  State  House  of  Representatives  in 
1832;  Secretary  of  State:  appointed  Secre- 
tary of  \Var.  Oct.  12.  1841,  serving  until 
March  .''.  1843.  when  lie  was  transferred  to 
the  Treasury  Donartmi-nt.  resigning  May  3. 
1844  ;  died  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  May  18,  1855. 

Spencer,  John  C.: 

Associate     Justice     Supreme     Court, 


nomination   of,  and  reasons  there- 
for, 2181. 

Correspondence  regarding  Dorr's  Re- 
bellion, 2152,  2153,  2155,  2157. 
Sprague,  William,  correspondence  re- 
garding Dorr's  Rebellion,  2158. 
Stanbery,  Henry;  lawyer;  Attorney-Gen- 
eral under  President  Johnson  ;  b.  New  York 
City,  Feb.  20.  1803  ;  graduated  Washington 
(Pa.)  College,  1819;  moved  to  Ohio  and 
engaged  in  practice  of  law,  1824-46,  and 
became  the  first  attorney-general  of  Ohio, 
1846-51  ;  appointed  Attorney  General  in 
Cabinet  of  President  Jolinson,  1866 ;  died 
New  York  City,  June  25,  1881. 

Stanbery,  Henry: 

Counsel  for  President  Johnson  in  im- 
peachment proceedings,  3924. 
Special    commissioner   to    investigate 
administration  in  military  division 
on  Mississippi  River,  3474. 
Standley,    John    S.,     delegate    to   the 
Choctaws    for   treaty   purposes,  men- 
tioned, 5668. 

Stanly,  Edward;  b.  Newbern,  N.  C.,  about 
1811  ;  studied  law  and  admitted  to  the  bar; 
served  three  terms  in  the  house  of  commons 
of  the  state  legislature  and  one  term  as 
speaker  ;  attorney-general  of  North  Carolina 
in  1847  ;  elected  a  Whig  Representative  to 
the  25th,  26th,  and  27th  Congresses;  elected 
to  the  31st  and  32<1  Congresses  ;  moved  to 
California  and  practiced  law  ;  for  a  few 
months  military  governor  of  North  Caro- 
lina in  1862,  but  resigned  and  returned  to 
California  :  died  at  San  Francisco,  Cal., 
July  12,  1872. 

Stanly,  Edward,  military  governor  of 
North  Carolina,  authority  and  action 
of,  referred  to,  3281. 
Stanton,  Edwin  McMasters  (1814-1860); 
jurist  and  statesman ;  b.  Steubenville, 
Ohio ;  Attorney-General  from  December, 
I860,  until  March,  1861  ;  Secretary  of  War 
under  Lincoln,  1862,  and  until  his  removal 
by  Johnson,  1867  ;  restored  by  the  Senate 
iii  January,  1868  :  President  Johnson's  at- 
tempt to  remove  him  again  in  February  of 
the  same  year  led  to  the  President's  im- 
peachment;  Stanton  resigned  on  the  acquit- 
tal in  May,  1S68 ;  four  days  prior  to  his 
death  he  was  made  an  associate  justice  of 
the  Supreme  Court. 

Stanton,  Edwin  M.: 

Correspondence    of,    relative    to    the 

restoration  of  peace,  3461. 
Death  of,  announced  and  honors  to  be 

paid  memory  of,  4047. 
Discussion  of,  and  orders  concerning 

the   suspension  of,  as  Secretary  of 

War  and  transfer  of  records  to  Gen. 

U.    S.    Grant,   3754.   3781,   3801. 
Negotiations  for  and  correspondence- 

rogarding     restoration     of     peace, 

3461. 
Secretary  of  War — 

Removal    of,   discussed   and   orders 
regarding,  3819,  3820,  3861. 

Suspension  of,  discussed  and  orders 
regarding,  3754,  3783,  3801. 


Biographic   Index 


Stevens 


Stayer,  Alison,  military  superintendent 

of  telegraphs,  3310. 
Stearns,  Frederick  P.,  member  of  com- 
mittee to  report  upon  sewerage  sys- 
tem  of   District   of   Columbia,    5487, 
5514. 
Steck,    Michael,    treaty    with    Indians 

concluded  by,  3393. 

Stedman,  Charles  M.;  b.  Jan.  29.  1841, 
Plttsboro,  Chatham  County,  N.  C. ;  pre- 
pared for  college  at  the  Pittsboro  Academy 
by  Rev.  Daniel  McGllvary,  afterwards  mis- 
sionary to  Slam,  and  at  the  Donaldson 
Academy  In  Fayettevllle  by  Rev.  Daniel 
Johnson ;  entered  the  University  of  North 
Carolina  when  he  was  16  years  of  age,  and 
graduated  In  1801  ;  when  President  Bu- 
chanan visited  the  university  in  1859  he 
was  chosen  by  the  Philanthropic  Society 
one  of  its  orators  for  the  occasion ; 
he  received  his  diploma,  but  before 
the  commencement  exorcises,  when  he 
was  to  deliver  the  salutatory  address, 
In  response  to  the  call  for  volun- 
teers, he  left  the  university  and  volun- 
teered as  a  private  in  the  Fayette  Inde- 
pendent Light  Infantry  Company,  which 
was  in  the  First  North  Carolina  Confed- 
erate 'or  Bethel)  Regiment;  served  with 
Lee's  army  during  the  entire  war,  was 
three  times  wounded,  and  surrendered  at 
Appomattox ;  he  was  one  of  the  twelve 
soldiers  who  were  engaged  in  the  first  battle 
at  Bethel  and  who  surrendered  with  Lee  at 
Appomattox  ;  at  the  close  of  the  Civil  War 
returned  to  Chatham  County,  where  he 
taught  school  for  a  year;  while  there  he 
studied  law.  In  1867  he  moved  to  Wil- 
mington, where  he  practiced  law  for  many 
years  ;  has  served  as  president  of  the  North 
Carolina  Bar  Association  ;  director  of  the 
Gullford  Battle  Ground  Co.  ;  elected  to  the 
62d,  63d  and  64th  Congresses  from  North 
Carolina. 

Steele,  George  W.,  Governor  of  the 
Territory  of  Oklahoma,  letter,  of,  re- 
garding suffering  caused  by  failure 
of  crops  by  drought,  among  the  set- 
tlers in  Oklahoma,  5516. 
Steenerson,  Halvor;  b.  June  30,  1852, 

in  Dane  Co.,  Wis.,  but  removed  to  Min- 
nesota the  following  year,  his  parents  hav- 
ing settled  in  Houston  County ;  elected 
State  Senator  and  served  In  the  sessions  of 
1883  and  1885;  in  1904,  in  recognition  of 
his  services  to  them,  he  was  adopted  as  a 
member  of  the  Mississippi  band  of  Chip- 
pewa  Indians  in  Minnesota  ;  elected  to  the 
58th,  59th,  60th,  61st,  62d,  63d  and  64th 
Congresses  from  Minnesota. 

Steinberger,  A.  B.,  special  agent  to 
Samoa,  power  conferred  upon,  re- 
ferred to,  4315,  4382. 

Stellwagen,  Henry  S.,  commander  of 
Constitution,  acceptance  of  sword  by, 
for  services  rendered  British  vessel 
Mersey,  referred  to,  3460. 

Stephens,  Alexander  H.: 

Member  of  commission  to  confer  with 
President  regarding  termination  of 
War  between  the  States,  3461. 
Pardon  applied  for  by,  order  regard- 
ing, 3550. 

Stephens,    Hubert   D.,    b.    New    Albany, 

Union    County.    Miss.,    July    2.    1875;    has 


always  lived  in  his  native  town-  graduated 
in  law  a!  the  University  of  Mississippi, 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  shortly  before 
reaching  his  majority  ;  elected  district  at- 
torney in  a  district  composed  of  eight  coun- 
ties; resigned  in  April,  11)10,  and  was 
elected  to  the  G2d,  63d  and  64th  Congresses 
from  Mississippi. 

Stephens,  John  Hall;  b.  Shelby  Co., 
Tex.  ;  graduated  from  the  law  department 
of  Cumberland  University,  Lebanon,  Tenn., 
1872;  served  as  stnte  senator  in  the 
21st  and  22(1  legislatures  of  Texas;  elect- 
ed to  the  55fh.  5<;th,  57th,  r.Sth.  5!)th.  (50th, 
61st,  62d,  63d  and  64th  Congresses  from 
Texas. 

StepheilSOn,  Isaac;  lumberman,  farmer, 
and  banker  ;  b.  near  Frcdericton,  York  Co.. 
New  Brunswick,  June  18,  182!);  moved  to 
Wisconsin  In  1S45,  and  engaged  in  the  lum- 
ber trade  at  lOscanaba,  Mich.  :  was  a  Rep- 
resentative from  Wisconsin  in  the  4Sth, 
49th  and  50th  Congresses;  elected  to  the 
United  States  Senate,  1907,  to  fill  out  the 
unexplred  term  of  Hon.  J.  C.  Spooner  ;  re- 
elected  March  4,  190!).  for  term  ending 
March  3,  1915,  from  Wisconsin. 

Sterling,  John  A.;  b.  near  Leroy,  111., 
Feb.  1,  1857 ;  admitted  to  the  bar  in  De- 
cember, 1884;  elected  to  the  58th,  59th, 
60th,  61st,  G2d  and  64th  Congresses  from 
Illinois. 

Sternberg,    George    M.,    designated    to 
attend  Sanitary  Conference  at  Rome, 

4898. 

Steuart,    William   M.,    commissioner   to 
investigate  affairs  of  New  York  cus- 
tom-house, 2005,  2014. 
Steuben,    Baron    von,    descendants    of, 
present  at  Yorktown  Centennial,  4626. 
Stevens,  Frederick  Clement;  b.   Boston, 
Mass.,    Jan.    1,    1S61  ;    graduated   from    law 
school    of    the    State  -University    of    Iowa, 
and  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1S84  ;  elected  to 
the    legislature    of    Minnesota    in    1888    and 
1890,    and    to    the   55th,    56th,    57th.    58th, 
59th,    60th,    61st,    62d,    63d  and   64th   Con- 
gresses from  Minnesota. 

Stevens,  Isaac  Ingalls;  soldier ;  b.  An- 
dover,  Mass.,  March  25,  1818 ;  graduated 
U.  S.  Military  Academy,  1839  ;  for  his  ser- 
vice in  the  Mexican  War  he  was  brevetted 
cnptnin  and  major;  appointed  governor  of 
Washington  Territory,  1853,  and  had  charge 
of  the  exploration  of  the  northern  route  for 
the  Pacific  Railroad :  did  commendable 
work  in  eivilizhi"  the  Indians  of  the  North- 
west ;  delegate  from  Washington  Territory 
to  the  35th  and  36th  Congresses;  at  the 
outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he  was  made  a 
brigadier-general  and  colonel  of  a  New  York 
regiment  ;  killed  in  battle,  while  leading  a 
charge,  near  Chantllly,  Va.,  Sept.  1,  1862. 

Stevens,  Isaac  I.: 

Governor  of  Washington  Territory — 
Mentioned,  3067. 

Proclamation  of  martial  law  by,  re- 
ferred to,  2956. 

Major-general  of  volunteers,  nomina- 
tion of,  and  reasons  therefor,  3363. 
Treaty    with    Indians    concluded    by, 

2836,   2895,    2912,    2913,   2914. 
Stevens,  John  F.,  engineer  of  Panama 
Canal,  7020. 


Stevens 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Stevens,  ThaddeuS  (1793-1868)  ;  states- 
man ;  b.  in  Caledonia  Co.,  Vt. ;  after  study- 
ing law  he  removed  to  Gettysburg,  Pa., 
1816;  entered  the  legislature  of  Pennsyl- 
vania ;  Whig  member  of  Congress,  1849- 
53 ;  changed  his  political  views  and  was 
Republican  member  of  Congress,  1859-68, 
becoming  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  radical 
•wing  of  that  party  ;  consistent  opponent  of 
slavery  and  an  advocate  of  reconstruction  ; 
manager  of  the  impeachment  proceedings  of 
President  Johnson  in  1868. 

Stevenson,  Adlai  Ewlng;  politician  and 
twenty-third  Vice-President  of  United 
States  ;  b.  Christian  Co.,  Ky.,  in  1835 ;  re- 
moved to  Bloomington,  111.,  and  was  a 
member  of  Congress,  1875-77  and  1879-81  ; 
elected  Vice-President  with  Cleveland, 
1893-97,  and  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate 
for  re-election  in  1900. 
Stevenson,  Andrew;  diplomat ;  b.  Cul- 
pepper  Co.,  Va.,  1784  ;  admitted  to  the  bar 
and  became  a  representative  in  the  legis- 
lature, 1804-20  :  member  of  the  18th  to  23d 
Congresses  from  Dec.  1,  1823,  to  June  2, 
1834,  from  Virginia;  minister  to  Great 
Britain,  1836-41  ;  died  Albemarle  Co.,  Va., 
June  25,  1857. 

Stevenson,  Andrew,  minister  to  Great 

Britain: 
Correspondence  regarding — 

Imprisonment  of  E.  S.  Greely,  1575, 
1622. 

Northeastern    boundary.       (See 

Northeastern  Boundary.) 
Nomination  of,  discussed,  1272. 
Stewart,  Alexander  T.;  merchant;  b. 
Oct.  12,  1803,  in  Lisburue,  near  Belfast,  Ire- 
land ;  educated  in  Belfast  and  at  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  with  the  idea  of  entering 
the  ministry,  but  the  death  of  his  father 
interfered  with  his  plans  and  he  went  to 
New  York  in  1823  ;  maintained  himself  as 
a  tutor  for  some  time,  until  by  the  death 
of  his  grandfather  he  inherited  $3,000  or 
$4,(M)0 ;  with  this  capital  he  entered  the 
drygoous  business,  and,  in  1848,  erected  a 
marble  building  at  Broadway  and  Chambers 
street  in  New  York,  which  was  for  many 
years  celebrated  as  the  finest  drygoods 
store  in  the  country  ;  at  the  outbreak  of 
the  civil  war  he  was  a  multimillionaire,  and 
in  1SOL'  completed  a  stone  and  iron  store 
building  at  Broadway  and  Tenth  street, 
for  Ills  expanding  business  ;  by  making 
large-  purchases  he  gained  control  of  the 
cotton  market,  and,  securing  the  output  of 
several  large  woolen  mills  in  New  York 
and  .New  England,  he  manufactured  uni- 
forms and  clothing  for  the  troops  which 
were  being  hurried  to  the  front  ;  he  be- 
came a  warm  personal  friend  of  General 
Grant,  and  when  the  latter  became  Presi- 
dent he  tendered  the  position  of  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury  to  Mr.  Stewart,  and  after 
liis  unanimous  confirmation  by  the  Senate  It 
was  found  to  be  contrary  to  law  to  appoint 
a  government  contractor  to  a  federal  posi. 
lion  :  Mr.  Stewart  made  many  investments 
in  real  estate  and  at  the  time  of  his  death 
owned  the  Grand  Union  Hotel  at  Sara- 
toga Springs,  and  a  large  estate  at  Gar- 
den City,  L.  I.,  and  was  worth  perhaps 
$-10.000,000;  died  April  10,  187(5,  in  New 
York. 

Stewart,  Alexander  T.,  nomination  and 
confirmation    of,    as    Secretary    of 
Treasury,   discussed,   3962. 
Withdrawal  of  message,  3963. 


Stewart,  Charles: 

Charges  against,  discussed,  847. 
Court-martial  of,  referred  to,  889. 
Nomination  of,  discussed,  3063. 
Stewart,     William     A.,     imprisonment, 
conviction,    and    release    of,    at   Val- 
paraiso, Chile,  2772. 
Stickney,   Amos,   report  of,  on  protec- 
tion of  levees,  referred  to,  4797. 
Stickney,    William,   member    of   Ponca 

Indian  Commission,  4582. 
Stivers,  Charles  B.,  joint  resolution  de- 
claring retirement  of,  from  Army 
legal,  etc.,  vetoed,  5526. 
Stockton,  Robert  Field;  naval  officer; 
b.  Princeton,  X.  J.,  Aug.  20,  1795  ;  entered 
navy  as  midshipman  Sept.  1,  1811,  aboard 
the  Presidfiit;  on  duty  with  the  Mediter- 
ranean squadron  in  the  Algerine  War; 
founded  the  colony  of  Liberia  in  West 
Africa  ;  promoted  to  Commander-in-chief  of 
the  Pacific  squadron,  October.  1845  :  with 
Col.  John  C.  Fremont  captured  I.os  Angeles, 
Cal.,  Aug.  13,  1840.  and  established  civil 
government:  was  elected  Senator  from  New 
Jersey  in  1851,  and  resigned  in  1853;  died 
at  Princeton,  N.  J.,  Oct.  7,  1866. 

Stockton,  Robert  F.: 

Captain  in  Navy,  nomination  of,  and 
reasons  therefore,  1745. 

Construction   of  the   Princeton   under 

direction  of,  referred  to,  2130. 
Stoddert,  Benjamin,  Secretary  of  the  Navy 
under  President  John  Adams,  and  for  a 
short  time  acted  as  Secretary  of  War ;  b. 
in  Charles  County,  Md.,  in  1751,  a  descend- 
ant of  an  old  Scotch  family.  His  grand- 
father settled  in  Maryland  about  1675,  and 
his  father.  Capt.  James  Stoddert,  was  an 
otttcer  in  the  old  French  and  Indian  war, 
and  was  killed  at  the  defeat  of  Gen.  Brad- 
dock.  Benjamin  Stoddert  was  brought  up 
as  a  merchant,  but  on  the  outbreak  of  the 
war  of  the  revolution  joined  the  army  :  was 
made  captain  of  cavalry,  and  served  active- 
ly and  with  distinction  up  to  the  time  of 
the  battle  of  Brandywine,  when  he  held  the 
rank  of  major.  In  that  engagement  he  was 
severely  wounded  and  was  obliged  to  retire. 
He  was  secretary  of  the  board  of  war,  in 
which  position  'he  .continued  until  the  end 
of  1781.  After  the  declaration  of  peace  he 
settled  in  Georgetown.  D.  ('.,  in  business 
of  general  merchandizing,  and  was  very 
successful.  In  May.  1798,  he  was  appointed 
secretary  of  the  navy  by  President  Adams 
to  succeed  George  Cabot,  being  the  second 
to  occupy  that  position,  and  the  first  to 
formate  a  naval  force  for  the  defence  of 
the  infant  states.  He  continued  in  the  naval 
department  until  March  4,  1S01.  After- 
ward for  a  time  he  was  acting  secretary  of 
war.  At  the  close  of  Adams'  administra- 
tion he  devoted  himself  to  settling  'his  busi- 
ness affairs,  which  had  been  neglected,  and 
he  soon  afterward  retired  to  private  life. 
He  died  in  Bladensburg,  Md.,  Dec.  18,  1813. 

Stone,  ClaildiUS  U.;  b.  Menard  Co.,  111., 
May  11,  1879;  educated  in  the  public 
schools  and  later  completed  commercial  and 
college  courses;  served  as  a  corporal  in 
Company  K,  Fourth  Illinois  Volunteer  In- 
fantry, for  12  months  during  the  Spanish- 
American  War.  Four  months  of  this  time 
he  spent  in  Cuba;  In  1902  he  was  chosen 
county  superintendent  of  schools  of  Peoria 


Biographic  Index 


Swanson 


County ;  In  1909  he  was  chosen  president 
of  the  association  of  county  superintendents 
of  schools  of  the  state  ;  Is  state  historian  of 
the  United  Spanish-American  War  Vet- 
erans; studied  law.  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
and  formed  a  partnership  with  Judge  L.  O. 
Kagleton  ;  married  in  1902  to  Miss  Gene- 
vleve  C.  Francis;  elected  to  the  62d,  63d 
and  64th  Congresses  from  Illinois. 

Stone,  William  J.;  b.  May  7.  1848,  in 
Madison  County,  Ky. ;  graduated  from  Mis- 
souri University,  which  later  conferred  upon 
him  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  ;  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  18U9  ;  prosecuting  attorney  of  Ver- 
non  County ;  Representative  in  the  49th, 
50th  and  51st  Congresses;  governor  of  Mis- 
souri, 1803-1897;  elected  to  the  United 
States  Senate  from  Missouri  for  the  term 
beginning  March  4,  1903,  and  re-elected  in 
1909  aud  1914,  for  term  ending  March  3, 
1921. 

Stone,  William,  report  of,  on  slaughter 
of  American  citizens  in  South  Caro- 
lina, transmitted,  4329. 

Storer,  George  W.,  conduct  of,  referred 

tn     or>'>8 
1C,    aOaO* 

Straus,  Oscar  S.;  diplomatist;  b.  Dec.  23, 
1850,  in  Otterberg,  Rhenish  Bavaria  i 
brought  to  America  by  his  parents  in  1854 
and  settled  In  Talbotton.  Ga. ;  after  three 
years  the  family  moved  to  New  York  and 
established  the  importing  house  of  L.  Straus 
&  Sou  ;  Oscar  attended  Columbia  Grammar 
School  two  years  and  then  entered  Columbia 
College,  graduating  in  1871  ;  began  the 
practice  of  law  in  1873  ;  appointed  Minis- 
ter to  Turkey  by  President  Cleveland  in 
1887 ;  renppointed  by  Presidents  Harrison 
and  McKinley  ;  he  was  of  great  service  to 
Christian  missionary  societies  in  securing 
for  them  privileges  and  immunities  in  Tur- 
key ;  gained  high  favor  from  the  Sultan, 
who  offered  to  decorate  him  with  the  high- 
est order  of  the  empire,  but  was  prevented 
by  the  law  which  forbids  foreign  represen- 
tatives accepting  presents;  he  has  been  the 
recipient  of  honorary  degrees  by  several 
colleges. 

Street,  George  F.,  correspondence  re- 
garding northeastern  boundary.  (See 
Northeastern  Boundary.) 

Stringham,  Silas  H.,  thanks  of  Con- 
gress to,  recommended,  3284. 

Stuart,  Alexander  H.  H.,  Secretary  of  the 
Interior  under  President  Fillmore :  b. 
Staunton.  Va.,  April  2,  1807  ;  graduated 
from  William  and  Mary  College ;  studied 
law,  and  in  1828  began  practice  at  Staun- 
ton ;  served  in  the  state  house  of  repre- 
sentatives 18.'?G-1838 ;  elected  a  represen- 
tative from  Virginia  to  the  27th  Congress 
as  a  Whig  ;  Presidential  elector  on  the  Clay 
ticket  in  1844  and  the  Taylor  ticket  In 
1848:  Secretary  of  the  Interior  1850-1853; 
member  of  the  State  Senate  1857-1861  ; 
delegate  to  the  National  Union  convention 
in  1S06;  claimed  to  'have  been  elected  a 
Representative  from  Virginia  to  the  9th 
Congress,  hut  not  admitted  to  his  seat ; 
died  at  Staunton,  Va.,  Feb.  13,  1891. 

Stuart,  Charles  B.,  report  of  waterway, 
referred  to,  3402. 

Stuart,   George  H.,  member  of  Indian 


Sullivan,  John  T.,  director  of  Bank  of 
United  States,  nomination  of,  and 
reasons  therefor,  1260. 

Sulloway,  Cyrus  Adams;  b.  Grafton.  N. 
H.,  June  8,  1839  ;  studied  law,  admitted  to 
the  bar  In  1863 ;  member  of  the  New 
Hampshire  house  of  representatives  In  1872- 
73  and  from  1887  to  1893,  Inclusive  ;  elected 
to  the  54th,  55th,  56th,  57th,  58th,  59th. 
60th,  61st,  62d  and  64th  Congresses  from 
New  Hampshire. 

Sumner,  Charles  (1811-1874);  states- 
man, b.  Boston,  Mass. ;  after  a  period  of 
foreign  travel,  1837-40,  he  became  a  strong 
opponent  of  slavery ;  at  first  a  Whig,  he 
became  a  Free-Soiler  in  1848,  and  was  an 
unsuccessful  candidate  for  Congress  ;  elect- 
ed United  States  Senator  from  Massachu- 
setts by  Free-Sollers  and  Democrats,  18")  1  ; 
re-elected  as  a  Republican  in  1857,  1803 
and  1869  ;  from  1856  to  1859  he  was  not 
In  his  seat  in  the  Senate;  was  an  ardent 
anti-slavery  worker ;  chairman  of  foreign 
affairs,  1861,  until  his  removal,  1871,  for 
opposing  Grant's  scheme  for  annexing  Snnto 
Domingo;  supported  the  Civil  Rights  Hill; 
and  bitterly  opposed  Grant's  re-election  In 
1872. 

Sumner,  Edwin  V.,  treaty  with  Indians 

concluded  by,  2727. 
Suplee,  Edwin  M.,  report  of,  on  Navajo 

Indians,  transmitted,  5782. 
Surratt,  John  H.: 

Discovery  and  arrest  of,  referred  to, 
3657,  3659. 

Reward    offered    for    arrest    of,    re- 
voked, 3551. 

Trial  of,  referred  to,  3799. 

Surratt,  Mary  E.,  implicated  in  assas- 
sination of  President  Lincoln,  pro- 
ceedings of  trial  of,  and  verdict  of 
military  commission,  3532,  3533, 
3534,  3540,  3545,  3546. 

Sutherland,  George;  b.  March  25,  1862, 

In  Buckinghamshire,  England ;  studied  law 
at  the  University  of  Michigan,  being  ad- 
mitted to  practice  in  the  supreme  court  of 
that  State  In  March,  1883;  State  Senator 
In  the  first  State  legislature  of  Utah  ;  elect- 
ed to  the  57th  Congress  ;  declined  renomina- 
tion  to  the  58th  ;  elected  to  the  United 
States  Senate  by  the  Utah  Legislature  for 
the  term  beginning  March  4,  1905;  re- 
elected  in  1911,  for  term  ending  March  3, 
1917. 

Swanson,  Claude  A.;  b.  Swansonville, 
Pittsylvania  County,  Va.,  March  31.  1862; 
attended  public  school  until  he  attained 
the  age  of  16,  then  attended  the  Virginia 
Polytechnic  Institute  for  one  session  ;  mat- 
riculated at  Randolph-Macon  College,  Ash- 
land, Va.,  and  remained  there  three  ses- 
sions, graduating  with  the  degree  of  A.  B. 
in  1885;  studied  law  at  the  University  of 
Virginia,  graduating  with  the  degree  of 
B.  L.  in  1886:  practiced  law  at  Chatham, 
Va.,  until  he  was  nominated  and  elected  to 
the  53d  Congress  ;  re-elected  to  the  54th, 
55th,  56th,  57th,  58th  and  59th  Con- 
gresses; was  a  candidate  in  the  Democratic 
primary  for  governor  of  the  Stnte  of  Vir- 
ginia in  1905  ;  was  nominated  nnd  elected 
in  November,  1905 ;  resigned  his  sont  in 
Congress  and  was  inaugurated  nnd  served 
as  governor  of  Virginia  until  Feb.  1,  1910; 


Swanson 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


on  Aug.  1.  1910,  he  was  appointed  by  Gov. 
William  Hodges  Maim  to  fill  the  vacancy  in 
the  United  States  Senate  occasioned  by  the 
death  of  Senator  John  Warwick  Daniel  for 
the  remainder  of  his  unexpired  term,  ending 
March  3,  1'Jll  ;  reappointed  by  Gov.  Maim 
from  March  4,  1911,  until  the  meeting  of 
the  General  Assembly  of  Virginia  :  elected 
to  fill  the  unexpired  term  beginning  March 
4,  1911,  and  ending  March  4,  1917. 

Swartwout,     Samuel,     crimes     charged 

against,  405. 

Default  of,  referred  to,  1709,  1723. 
Thanks  of  Congress  to,  recommended, 

3277. 

Switzer,  Robert  M.;  b.  March  6.  1863, 
near  Gallipolis,  Ohio,  and  his  education  con- 
sisted of  instruction  in  the  country  dis- 
trict schools,  a  few  terms  at  the  Gallia 
Academy,  and  about  five  terms  at  Rio 
Grande  College,  all  in  his  native  county ; 
has  always  lived  In  Gallia  county,  Ohio,  at 
or  near  Gallipolis;  was  admitted  to  the 
practice  of  law  in  the  courts  of  Ohio  in 
1892,  and  has  been  continuously  engaged  In 
the  practice  of  law  at  Gallipolis,  Ohio; 
elected  prosecuting  attorney  ;  elected  to  the 
62d,  63d  and  C4th  Congresses  from  Ohio. 


Sylvester,  Isaac  A.,  appropriation  for 
payment  of  claim  of,  recommended, 
4668. 

Symmes,  John  Cleves;  jurist,  soldier;  b. 
Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  July  21,  1742,  removed 
to  New  Jersey,  chairman  of  the  Committee 
of  Safety  of  Sussex  Co.,  1774  ;  one  of  the 
committee  which  framed  the  first  State  Con- 
stitution ;  distinguished  himself  in  the  revo- 
lutionary army  and  became  colonel;  in  1787 
headed  an  organization  which  purchased  a 
tract  of  1,000  acres  of  land  along  the  Ohio 
and  Miami  rivers  and  founded  the  settle- 
ments of  North  Rend  and  Cincinnati  ;  ap- 
pointed by  Congress  one  of  the  three  judges 
of  the  Northwest  Territory  in  1788  ;  died 
Cincinnati,  Feb.  26,  1814. 

Symmes,  John  C.: 

Lands    lying    within    patent    of,    re- 
ferred to,  807. 
Lands  on  Great  Miami  purchased  by, 

referred  to,  105. 

Trescot,  William  H.: 

Mentioned,  4561. 

Special  envoy  extraordinary  to 
Peru,  Chile,  and  Bolivia,  referred 
to,  4694. 


Biographic  Index 


Terry 


Taft,  Alphonso;  Jurist,  diplomatist  ;  Sec- 
retary of  State  and  Attorney  General  under 
President  Grant,  Minister  to  Austria  and 
Russia  ;  b.  Nov.  5,  1814,  at  Townsend, 
Vt. ;  educated  in  the  country  schools  and 
when  nineteen  years  old  entered  Yale  Col- 
lege and  graduated  in  1833;  taught  school, 
tutored  and  studied  law  and  in  1838,  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  In  New  Haven,  Conn.  ; 
went  to  Cincinnati,  where  he  built  up  a 
lucrative  law  practice;  was  nn  influen- 
tial factor  in  making  Cincinnati  a  great 
railroad  center  as  well  as  energetic  In  edu- 
cational and  other  public  matters;  in  18f>G 
was  a  member  of  the  convention  which 
nominated  John  C.  Fremont  for  President, 
and  later  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
Cincinnati  ;  he  was  defeated  for  member  of 
Congress  and  for  Governor  of  Ohio;  warmly 
supported  Hayes  for  President;  in  March, 
1870  President  Grant  appointed  him  Secre- 
tary of  War  and  three  mouths  later  trans- 
ferred him  to  the  ofiice  of  Attorney  Gen- 
eral, where  he  remained  until  the  close  of 
the  administration  ;  resumed  law  practice 
until  in  188li  when  Arthur  appointed  him 
Minister  to  Austria,  whence  he  was  trans- 
ferred to  Russia  in  1884;  went  to  South 
America  for  his  health,  and  on  returning 
died  May,  1891,  in  San  Diego,  Cal. 

Taft,   Lydia  A.,   act   granting  pension 

to,  vetoed,  6106. 

Taft,  William  H.,  biography  of,  7661. 
Taney,  Roger  Brooke  (1777-1864)  ;  jurist 
and  cabinet  officer ;  b.  Calvert  Co.,  Md.  ; 
began  the  practice  of  law  1799  and  became 
a  leading  Federalist ;  attorney-general  of 
Maryland  1827;  changed  his  politics  and 
supported  Andrew  Jackson,  who  made  him 
attorney-general  1831-1833;  as  secretary  of 
the  treasury  he  removed  the  deposits  from 
the  United  States  Bank,  which  his  prede- 
cessor, William  J.  Duane.  had  refused  to 
do  ;  when  Congress  assembled  it  refused  to 
sanction  his  appointment  ;  his  nomination 
as  associate  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court 
was  not  confirmed  by  the  Senate ;  on  the 
death  of  John  Marshall,  in  1836,  Taney  was 
appointed  chief  justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States,  where,  in  1857, 
he  gave  his  famous  decision  in  the  Dred 
Scott  case  ;  he  was  for  long  the  main  bul- 
wark of  slavery  throughout  the  Union. 

Tappan,  Samuel  F.,  treaty  with  Indians 
concluded  by,  3834. 

Tate,  James  H.,  consul  at  Buenos  Ayres, 
nomination  of,  and  reasons  therefor, 
2271. 

Taussig,  Edward  D.,  member  of  board 
of  management  of  Government  ex- 
hibit at  World's  Columbian  Exposi- 
tion, 5833. 

Taylor,    David,    claim    of,   referred   to, 

2678. 

Taylor,  Edward  Thomas;  b.  Metamora, 
Woodford  Co.,  111.,  June  19,  1858 ;  moved 
to  Leadville,  Colo.,  and  graduated  from  the 
law  department  of  the  University  of  Michi- 
gan in  1S84,  receiving  the  degree  of  L.L.  B. ; 
1806  was  elected  state  senator,  and  served 
twelve  years  in  that  capacity,  and  has  the 
reputation  of  having  been  the  author  of 
more  important  laws  and  constitutional 
amendments  than  any  person  that  ever  sat 
in  any  legislature  of  any  state  in  the  Union 
during  the  entire  history  of  this  Govern- 
ment— over  fort/  general  statutes  and  five 


separate  constitutional  amendments  that 
were  adopted  by  a  general  vote  of  the  p.o- 
ple  ;  elected  to  the  (list,  62d,  G3d.  and  (iliii 
Congresses  from  Colorado  at  large. 

Taylor,  George  Washington;  i>.  Jan.  1C, 

1849,  in    Montgomery    Co.,    Ala. ;    was    ad- 
mitted   to    practice    law    at    Mobile,    Ala., 
November,  1871  ;  entered  the  army  as  a  Con- 
federate soldier  at  the  age  of  fifteen  years. 
In  November,  1864,  being  rtien  a  student  :it 
the  academy  In  Columbia,  S.  C.,  and  served 
till   the  end   of  the  war;  elected   to  general 
assembly    of   Alabama    in    1K7S,    and    served 
one    term  :    elected    to    the    55th,    50th.    57th. 
.r>S(h.    5I»th,    60th.    61st,    62d,    and   C3d    Con- 
gresses from  Alabama. 

Taylor,  John,  commissioner  to  treat 
with  Indians,  nomination  of,  32(>. 

Taylor,  Margaret  S.,  resolution  of  Con- 
gress on  death  of  husband,  transmit- 
ted to,  2598. 

Taylor,  N.  P.,  register  in  land  office  at 
St.  Louis,  conduct  of,  referred  to, 
2010. 

Taylor,  Nathaniel  G.,  treaty  with  In- 
dians concluded  by,  3827. 

Taylor,  Robert  Love;  lawyer;  b.  July  31, 

1850,  at   Happy   Valley,   Carter   Co.,   Tenn., 
at  the  place  on  the  Wautauge  River  where 
the   first   fort  was  established   by   John   Se- 
vier  ;  elected  to  the  46th  Congress  in  1878  ; 
elected  governor  of  Tennessee  1886,  and  re- 
elected    in     1888  ;    elected    governor    for    a 
third    term    in    1896;    represented    the    dis- 
trict in  Congress  represented  before  him  by 
his   father,   Nathaniel   G.   Taylor,   and  after 
him    by  'his   brother,    Alfred   A.    Taylor,    the 
latter  of  whom  he  defeated  for  governor  in 
1S86 ;   nominated   for   United   States   Senate 
in    the    Democratic    primary    election,    May, 
1906,   and   elected   in   January,    1907. 

Taylor,  Zachary,  biography  of,  2541. 
Teller,  Henry  M.;  lawyer;  Secretary  of 
the  Interior  under  President  Arthur;  b. 
May  23,  1830,  in  Allegany  Co.,  X.  Y.  ;  his 
father  was  a  well-to-do  farmer  and 
gave  him  a  good  education;  after  leav- 
ing school  he  studied  law,  moved  to  Il- 
linois and  practiced  three  years ;  iu 
1861  he  went  to  Colorado  and  settled  in 
Central  City,  the  chief  mining  town  of  the 
territory  :  affiliated  with  the  Republicans  iu 
politics,  and  when  the  State  was  admitted 
to  the  Union  was  elected  to  the  United 
States  Senate,  where  he  served  until  18X2, 
when  he  was  appointed  Secretary  of  the 
Interior  by  President  Arthur;  March  3, 
1885,  he  retired  from  the  cabinet  aud  iii.- 
mediately  took  his  seat  in  the  Senate  lo 
which  he  had  been  elected  to  succeed  Na- 
thaniel P.  Hill;  he  was  again  chosen  iu 
1891  ;  died  Feb.  23,  1914. 

Terrill,  William  R.,  brigadier-general  in 
Army,  nomination  of,  and  reasons 
therefor,  3362. 

Terry,  Alfred  H.,  report  of,  on  disaster 
to  forces  under  Gen.  Custer  trans- 
mitted, 4327. 

Terry,  David  S.,  assault  by.  upon  Jus- 
tice Field,  discussed,  5477. 

Terry,  Elias  S.,  commissioner  to  ad'udi- 
cate  claim  of  David  Taylor,  2G78. 


Thacher 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Thacher,  John  M.,  report  of,  on  Inter- 
national Patent  Congress  referred  to, 
4215. 

Thayer,  Sylvanus,  brevet  colonel  in 
Army,  nomination  of,  and  reasons 
therefor,  1696. 

Thomas,  Francis;  b.  Frederick  County, 
Md.,  Feb.  3,  1799 ;  graduated  from  St. 
John's  College,  Annapolis  ;  studied  law,  and 
began  practice  at  Frankvllle ;  member  of 
the  state  house  of  representatives  1822, 
1827,  and  1829,  the  last  year  as  speaker; 
elected  a  Representative  from  Maryland  to 
the  22d  Congress  as  a  Democrat ;  again 
elected  to  the  23d,  24th,  25th,  and  26th 
Congresses ;  president  of  the  Chesapeake 
and  Ohio  Canal  for  two  years  ;  governor  of 
Maryland  1841-44  ;  a  delegate  in  1850  to 
the  state  constitutional  convention  ;  elected 
a  Representative  to  the  37th  Congress  as  a 
Union  Republican  ;  re-elected  to  the  38th, 
39th,  and  40th  Congresses  ;  collector  of  in- 
ternal revenue  1870-1872  ;  minister  to  Peru 
from  1872  to  1875 ;  died  Jan.  22,  1876, 
near  Franklinville,  Md. 

Thomas,  Francis,  agreement  with  Peru, 

signed  by,  4212. 

Thomas,  George  H.,  statue  of,  to  be  un- 
veiled, 4509. 

Thomas,  Lorenzo;  soldier;  Secretary  of 
War  ad  interim;  b.  Oct.  26,  1804,  in  New 
Castle,  Del.  ;  his  father  and  grandfather 
were  respectively  soldiers  in  the  War  of 
1812  and  the  Revolution;  Lorenzo  was 
graduated  from  the  Military  Academy  at 
West  Point  in  1823,  and  served  in  the 
Florida  war  until  1837  ;  assistant  Adju- 
tant General  in  Washington  till  the  break- 
ing out  of  the  Mexican  War.  during  which 
he  was  chief  of  staff  to  Gen.  William  O. 
Butler  (1846-1848)  ;  brevetted  lieutenant 
colonel  for  gallantry  at  Monterey;  returned 
to  me  adjutant  general's  office  and  when 
the  Civil  War  broke  out  was  chief  of  staff 
to  Gen.  Winfleld  Scott  ;  brevetted  briga- 
dier general  1861,  and  served  as  adjutant 
general  during  the  Civil  War :  brevetted 
major  general  in  1865;  Feb.  28,  1868,  Presi- 
dent Johnson  appointed  him  Secretary  of 
War  to  succeed  Edwin  M.  Stanton,  re- 
moved :  the  impeachment  of  the  President 
prevented  this  order  from  going  into  effect, 
and  Thomas  never  entered  upon  the  duties 
of  the  office.  He  died  March  2.  1875,  In 
Washington. 

Thomas,  Lorenzo,  Secretary  of  War  ad 
interim,  directed  to  act  as,  3819,  3861. 
Thomas,  Philip  Francis;  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  under  President  Buchanan ;  b. 
Talbot  County,  Md.,  Sept.  12.  1810:  re- 
ceived a  liberal  education ;  studied  law, 
and  began  practice  at  Kaston.  Md..  in 
1831  ;  member  of  the  State  constitutional 
convention  in  1836 ;  member  of  the  State 
house  of  delegates  1838,  1843  and  1845 ; 
elected  a  Representative  from  Maryland  to 
the  26th  Congress  :  elected  Governor  of 
Maryland  in  1847 ;  appointed  Commis- 
sioner of  Patents  Feb.  16,  1800;  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury,  1860-61  ;  elected  a  T'nited 
States  Senator  from  Maryland,  but  was 
not  admitted  to  his  seat  :  elected  a  Repre- 
sentative to  the  44th  Congress  as  a  Demo- 
crat ;  died  at  Baltimore,  Md.,  Oct.  2,  1890. 

Thompson,  Clark  W.,  treaty  with  In- 
dians concluded  by,  3411. 


Thompson,  Elizabeth,  Carpenter 's  paint- 
ing of  Lincoln  and  Cabinet  at  read- 
ing of  Emancipation  Proclamation 
presented  to  Congress  by,  4435. 
Thompson,  Jacob;  Secretary  of  the  Inte- 
rior under  President  Buchanan ;  b.  Caswell 
County,  N.  C.,  May  15,  1810 ;  graduated 
from  the  University  of  North  Carolina,  and 
afterwards  served  as  a  tutor  ;  studied  law, 
and  in  1835  begun  practice  in  Mississippi ; 
elected  a  Representative  from  Mississippi 
to  the  26t'h  Congress  as  a  Democrat  on  a 
general  ticket  ;  re-elected  to  the  27th.  28th, 
29th,  30th  and  31st  Congresses ;  declined 
a  re-election  ;  Secretary  of  the  Interior, 
March  6,  1857,  until  he  resigned,  Jan.  8, 
1861  ;  served  in  the  Confederate  army  ; 
governor  of  Mississippi  1862-1864 :  special 
agent  of  the  Confederate  Government  in 
Canada  ;  died  at  Memphis,  Tenn.,  March  24, 
1885. 

Thompson,  Jacob: 

Order  exempting  from  arrest  during 

journey  to  Washington,  3438. 
Eeward   offered  for  arrest  of,  3505. 

Revoked,  3551. 

Thompson,  Richard  W. ;  Secretary  of  the 
Navy  under  President  Hayes ;  b.  Culpeper 
County,  Va.,  June  9,  1809 ;  received  a 
classical  education  :  moved  to  Kentucky  In 
1831  ;  clerk  in  a  store  ;  moved  to  Lawrence 
County,  Ind.  ;  taught  school  :  studied  law, 
and  in  1834  began  practicing  at  Bedford, 
Ind.  ;  member  of  the  State  'house  of  repre- 
sentatives 1834-35  :  State  Senator  1836- 
37;  elected  a  representative  from  Indiana 
to  the  27th  Congress  as  a  Whig :  Presi- 
dential elector  in  1840  on  the  Harrison  and 
Tyler  ticket ;  elected  to  the  30th  Congress 
as  a  Whig ;  declined  a  renomination  ;  de- 
clined the  Austrian  mission ;  declined  the 
recordership  of  the  General  Land  Office  of- 
fered him  by  President  Fillmore ;  delegate 
to  the  national  Republican  convention  of 
1869  at  Chicago ;  Presidential  elector  on 
the  Lincoln  and  Jo'hnson  ticket  in  18(54 ; 
delegate  to  the  national  Republican  conven- 
tion at  Chicago  in  1868.  and  at  Cincin- 
nati in  1876:  Secretary  of  the  Navy  March 
12,  1877-1881.  resigning  to  become  chair- 
man of  the  American  Committee  of  the 
Panama  Canal  Company :  director  of  the 
Panama  Railroad  Company;  died  Feb.  9, 
1900. 

Thompson,  Richard  W.,  claim  of,  for  al- 
leged services  to  Menominee  Indians, 
2839. 

Thompson,  Smith;  lawyer,  jurist ;  Secre- 
tary of  the  Navy  under  President  Monroe  ; 
b.  Jan.  17,  1768,  in  Stanford,  Dutehess  Co.. 
N.  Y.  ;  received  a  liberal  education  and  \v;is 
graduated  at  Princeton  In  1788:  studied 
law  under  Chancellor  Kent  in  Poughkecpsie, 
and  wns  admitted  to  the  bar  in  171)2  :  be- 
gan practice  in  Troy,  but  returned  trv 
Poughkeepsie  and  in  1800  wns  elected  lo 
the  State  Legislature  and  the  following  year 
a  delegate  to  the  Constitutional  Convention  ; 
associate  justice  of  the  State  Supreme  Court 
1802-1814:  Chief  Justice  1814-1818,  when 
President  Monroe  apnolnted  him  Secretary 
of  the  Navy  to  succeed  B.  M.  Crowriin- 
shield  :  resigned  in  1823  to  become  n  Jus- 
tice  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court, 
a  position  he  held  until  his  death  Dec.  18, 
1843.  In  Poughkeepsie. 
Thomson,  Charles,  informs  Washington 
of  his  election  as  President,  34. 


Biographic   Index 


Toucey 


Thorn,   Owen,   claim  of,  against   Great 

Britain  referred  to,  3964. 
Thornton,  Sir  Edward,  umpire  of  com- 
mission to  adjudicate  differences  be- 
tween   Mexico    and    United    States, 
4359. 

Thornton,  James  S.,  lieutenant-com- 
mander in  Navy,  advancement  in 
grade  of,  recommended,  3458. 
Thornton,  John  R.;  b.  iberviiio  Parish, 
La.,  Aug.  25,  1846 ;  resided  in  Rapides 
Parish,  La.,  since  1853 :  left  Louisiana 
State  University  in  1863  and  volunteered 
in  Confederate  States  Army,  in  which  ho 
served  as  private  until  close  of  Civil  War  ; 
followed  agriculture  for  an  occupation  until 
1877,  when  he  was  licensed  by  the  Supreme 
Court  of  Louisiana  to  practice  law.  and  has 
followed  that  profession  ever  since  ;  served 
as  judge  of  Kapidos  Parish.  La.,  from  1878 
to  1880;  member  of  the  last  state  consti- 
tutional convention  of  Louisiana  In  1808 : 
member  of  the  board  of  supervisors,  Louisi- 
ana State  University  ;  one  of  the  three 
Louisiana  commissioners  to  conference  on 
uniform  laws  for  the  United  States,  and 
vice-president  of  that  body  ;  member  of  the 
American  Bar  Association  and  .one  of  the 
local  council  of  that  body  in  Louisiana  ; 
appointed  Aug.  27.  1910.  by  the  governor 
of  Louisiana  as  United  States  Senator  in 
place  of  Hon.  S.  D.  McKnery,  deceased,  and 
elected  Dec.  7,  1910,  for  term  ending  March 
3,  1915. 

Thornton,     William,    commissioner    of 

Washington  City,  304. 
Thrasher,  John  S.: 

Imprisonment  of,  at  Havana,  2676. 

Trial    and    sentence    of,    referred    to, 

2677. 
Thurston,  Lorin  A.: 

Hawaiian  minister  to  United  States, 
recall  of,  discussed,  6065. 

Member  of  commission  concluding 
treaty  for  annexation  of  Hawaiian 
Islands.  5783. 

Representative  of  provisional  govern- 
ment of  Hawaiian  Islands,  referred 
to,  5906. 

Tilden,  Samuel  Jones  (1814-1886)  :  law- 
yer and  statesman  ;  b.  New  Lebanon,  X.  Y.  ; 
after  his  admission  to  the  bar,  in  1841.  he 
entered  politics  as  a  Democrat :  elected  to 
the  assembly  of  Xew  York.  1845  :  member 
of  the  constitutional  convention.  1846 :  pro- 
fessed Free-Soiler  views,  1S48  :  defeated  as 
the  Democratic  candidate  for  attorney-gen- 
eral. 1855  :  chairman  of  the  Democratic 
state  committee.  18(56  :  opposed  the  "Tweed 
Rins"  :  Democratic  governor  of  Xew  York. 
1875-76  :  foremost  in  the  reform  of  cnnal 
management  :  ran  as  Democratic  candidate 
for  the  presidency  against  Hayes,  1876.  and 
received  a  plurality  of  25,224  over  Hayes, 
who  was  declared  elected  by  the  Electoral 
Commission. 

Tillinghast,    Joseph  L.,   correspondence 

regarding  Dorr's  Rebellion,  2158. 
Tillman,    Benjamin   Ryan;    '».    Edgetield 

Co..  S.  C..  Aug.  11.  1847:  received  an  aca- 
demic education  ;  quit  school  in  1864  to 
join  the  Confederate  army  :  began  the  agi- 
tation in  1SS6  for  industrial  and  technical 


education,  which  culminated  in  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  Clemson  Agricultural  and 
Mechanical  College,  at.  Calhourfs  old  home. 
Fort  Hill  ;  the  demand  for  educational  re- 
form broadened  into  a  demand  for  other 
changes  in  state  affairs,  and  he  was  put 
forward  by  the  farmers  as  a  candidate  for 
governor  in  1890.  and  was  elected  ;  re- 
elected  in  1892:  elected  Senator  in  18!»r> 
from  South  Carolina;  re-elected  in  litoi  and 
In  1!»07  and  1913  for  term  ending  March 
3,  1919. 

Tilson,  John  Qllillin;  b.  Cl.-arl. ranch. 
Tenn..  April  5,  1866  ;  graduated  from  the 
Yale  Law  Setiool  in  189.'!  ;  served  in  the 
Spanish-American  War  ns  lieutenant  of 
volunteers;  in  1904  he  was  elected  a  rep- 
resentative In  the  Connecticut  general  as- 
sembly; was  re-elected  in  1906.  and  was 
speaker  of  the  Connecticut  house  of  repre- 
sentatives during  the  session  of  1907  :  elect- 
ed to  the  61st.  62d,  and  64th  Congresses 
from  Connecticut. 

Tipton,  John;  b.  Sevier  County,  Tenn., 
Aug.  14,  1786  ;  moved  to  Indiana,  where  he 
bought  a  small  farm,  paying  for  it  by 
splitting  rails ;  served  with  the  "Yellow 
Jackets"  in  the  Tippecanoe  campaign  ; 
sheriff  of  Harrison  County,  Ind.,  in  ISir,  ; 
served  in  the  state  house  of  representatives 
in  1821  :  elected  a  United  States  Senator 
from  Indiana,  vice  James  Xoble,  deceased; 
again  elected  for  a  full  term  and  served 
from  Jan.  3,  1832,  until  he  died,  April  5, 
1839,  at  Logansport,  Ind. 

Tipton,  John,  treaty  with  Indians  con- 
cluded by,  931,  964. 

Tobey,   E.   S.,  member   of  Indian  com- 
mission, 3977. 
Tod,  David,  minister  to  Ixio  de  Janeiro, 

mentioned,   2562. 

Tompkins,  C.  H.,  member  of  court  to 
try  assassins  of  President  Lincoln, 
etc.,  3534. 

Tompkins,  Daniel  D.  (1774-1S2~> : 
statesman  and  sixth  Vice-Presidont  of  Hi" 
United  States;  b.  Scarsdale.  X.  Y.  :  began 
the  practice  of  law.  1797:  associate  justice 
of  the  New  York  Supreme  Court.  1804-1801  : 
governor  of  Xew  York,  1807-17  :  prorogued 
the  legislature  for  ten  months  to  prevent 
the  establishment  of  the  Bank  of  Xorth 
America  in  Xew  York  City  :  was  an  ardent 
supporter  of  the  War  of  1812:  ereatly  fur- 
thered the  abolition  of  slavery  in  his  state, 
1817 :  twice  elected  Vice-Presldent  of  the 
United  States,  1817-25. 

Tompkins,  Daniel  D.,  governor  of  Xow 
York,  accounts  of,  referred  to,  789, 
802,  809. 

Totten,  Joseph  G.,  correspondence  re- 
garding water  supply  for  Washington 
and  Georgetown,  2698. 
Toucey,  Isaac;  Attorney-General  under 
President  Polk,  and  Secretary  of  the  Treas- 
ury under  Buchanan  :  b.  Xewtown.  Conn., 
Xov.  5.  1796:  received  a  classical  educa- 
tion; studied  law.  and  in  ISIS  began  prac- 
tice at  Hartford;  Stale  Attorney  for 
Hartford  County  1822-1825:  elected  a 
Representative  from  Connecticut  to  the 
24th  and  25th  Congresses  as  a  Democrat: 
defeated  as  the  Democratic  candidate  for 
re-election  ;  again  attorney  for  Hartford 
County  1842-1844:  defeated  as  the  iv-no- 
cratic  candidate  for  governor  of  Connect!- 


Toucey 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


cut  in  1845.  and  again  in  1S46;  elected  to 
fhe  Legislature ;  again  defeated  for  gov- 
ernor in  1847  ;  Attorney-General  1848-49  : 
State  Senator  in  1850,  and  a  member  of 
the  house  of  representatives  in  1852 ; 
elected  a  United  States  Senator  from  Con- 
necticut as  a  Democrat,  serving  from  May 
14.  1S52,  to  March  3,  1857:  Secre- 
tary of  the  Navy  under  President  Buchanan 
1857-1861;  died  at  Hartford,  Conn.,  July 
30,  1809. 

Tousig,  Simon,  claim  of,  to  protection 
of   United   States,  2761. 

Tower,  Charlemagne,  lawyer,  coal  oper- 
ator aud  ironmaster,  bibliophile ;  b.  Paris, 
Oncida  County,  N.  Y.,  April  18,  ISU'J  ; 
euucated  at  Chenango.  Clinton  and  Utica 
academies ;  and  graduated  Harvard,  1830, 
whore  he  was  a  classmate  and  intimate 
friend  of  Charles  Sumner ;  studied  law 
under  Hermanns  Bleecker  of  Albany ;  re- 
moved to  Pennsylvania  in  1848,  and  for 
twenty  years  was  engaged  in  litigation 
over  titles  to  coal  lands;  perfected  title  to 
the  lauds  now  owned  by  the  Philadelphia 
aud  Heading  railway :  a't  the  outbreak  of 
the  civil  war  he  raised  a  company  of 
volunteers,  which  he  equipped  and  led  to 
the  front  ;  became  owner  of  large  tracts  of 
coal  lands  in  Pennsylvania,  and  organized 
the  I.ehitrh  and  wllkesbarre  Coal  Co.  ; 
actively  interested  in  building  the  Northern 
Pacific  railroad  ;  the  crowning  achieve- 
ment of  his  life  was  the  development  of 
the  valuable  iron  mines  of  the  Vermilion 
Range  in  Minnesota;  between  1875  and 
ISfto  he  acquired  title  to  vast  deposits  of 
iron  ore  ninety  miles  northeast  of  Duluth, 
Minn.,  and  seventy  miles  north  of  Lake 
Superior ;  though  past  seventy  years  of 
age  he  capitalized  the  undertaking  himself 
and  organized  the  Minnesota  Iron  Corn- 
pa  nv  and  the  Duluth  and  Iron  Range 
Railroad  Company;  also  built  a  70-mile 
railroad  from  Lake  Vermilion  to  Two  Har- 
bors, on  Lake  Superior ;  the  first  shipment 
of  68,000  tons  of  ore  was  made  to  Cleve- 
land in  1884 ;  soon  the  town  of  Tower 
sprang  up  on  Lake  Vermilion;  in  1892, 
600.000  tons  of  ore  was  shipped  from  the 
range;  this  proved  to  be  one  of  the  most 
valuable  developments  in  the  United  States  ; 
these  large  mining  and  railroad  properties 
were  later  absorbed  by  a  large  syndicate  of 
which  Mr.  Tower  was  the  head.  He  de- 
voted much  time  to  the  collection  of  rare 
and  valuable  books,  especially  Americana, 
and  formed  the  most  complete  collection 
of  the  colonial  laws  of  America,  which 
at  his  death,  in  Waterville.  N.  Y.,  July  24, 
1880.  was  beriupathed  to  the  Pennsylvania 
Historical  Society.  His  son,  Charlemagne 
Tower,  Jr.,  served  as  Ambassador  to  Ger- 
many in  1902. 

Towner,   Horace   M.;    b.   Beividere,    ill., 

Oct.  23,  1855  ;  educated  at  the  public  and 
high  schools  of  Beividere,  Chicago  Univer- 
sity, and  Union  College  of  Law  :  married 
to  Harriet  Elizabeth  Cole  in  1887:  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1877,  and  practiced  law  in 
rorning  until  1890:  elected  judge  of  the 
third  judicial  district  of  Iowa  in  1890.  and 
served  until  Jan.  1.  1911  ;  for  ten  years 
lecturer  on  constitutional  la\y  in  t'he  State 
University  of  Iowa,  from  which  he  received 
the  degree  of  LL.  B.  ;  served  as  president 
of  the  Iowa  State  Bar  Association:  elected 
to  the  62d,  03d,  aud  (54th  Congresses  from 
Iowa. 

Townsend,  Charles  Elroy;  b.  Concord, 
Jackson  Co..  Mich.,  Aug.  15,  1856;  ad- 
mitted to  the  Jackson  bar  to  practice  law 
in  1895;  elected  to  the  58th,  59th,  GOth, 


and  61st  Congresses  from  Michigan  ;  nomi- 
nated for  United  States  Senator  at  the  pri- 
maries in  1910  and  elected  by  the  legisla- 
ture in  1911  for  the  term  which  will  expire 
March  3,  1917. 

Townsend,  E.  D.,  Asst.  Adj.-Gen.,  signed 
order  for  release  of  Clement  C.  Clay, 
Jr.,  April  17,  1866. 

Towson,  Nathan,  appointment  of,  to  ar- 
tillery discussed,  681. 
Kejection  of,  discussed,  695,  702. 
Tracy,  Benjamin  Franklin;  Secretary  of 
the  Navy  under  President  Benjamin  Har- 
rison ;  b.  Owego,  N.  Y.,  April  20,  1830. 
His  father,  Benjamin,  a  man  of  marked  in- 
tegrity and  enterprise,  was  a  pioneer  in  the 
settlement  of  the  southern  tier  of  counties 
in  fhe  State  of  New  York.  Young  Tracy 
began  his  education  at  the  common  school 
in  Owego  and  entered  Owego  Academy 
where  he  studied  for  several  years,  acquir- 
ing an  excellent  English  education.  lie 
then  entered  the  law  office  of  N.  W.  Davis, 
being  admitted  to  the  bar  in  May,  1851. 
November,  1853,  as  a  candidate  upon  the 
Whig  ticket,  he  was  elected  by  a  surpris- 
ingly large  majority  district  attorney  for 
Tioga  county,  at  that  time  a  democratic 
stronghold.  lie  was  re-elected  in  1856. 
During  t'he  ciril  war  he  recruited  two  regi- 
ments, and  as  colonel  took  part  in  the  bat- 
tle of  Spottsylvania.  and  later  commanded 
the  prison  camp  at  Klmira,  N.  Y.  In  1800, 
as  United  States  District  Attorney,  he  gave 
especial  attention  to  the  prevention  of 
frauds  by  whiskey  distillers,  and  drew  up 
a  law  which  resulted  in  increasing  the  rev- 
enue of  distilled  spirits  from  $1 3.000,000  to 
$50,000,000  in  one  year. 

Tracy,  Benjamin  F.,  Secretary  of  Navy, 

mentioned,  5759. 
Trenholm,  George  A.,  pardon  applied  for 

by,  order  regarding,  3550. 
Trescot,  William  Henry;  diplomat:  b. 
Charleston,  S.  C.,  Nov.  10,  1822;  graduated 
Charleston  College,  1840,  and  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1843 ;  appointed  secretary  of 
legation  at  London,  1S52,  and  in  I860  was 
made  assistant  secretary  of  state  ;  commis- 
sioner to  revise  the  treaty  with  China  in 
1880.  and  to  negotiate  a  commercial  treaty 
with  Mexico  in  1882  ;  died  Pendleton,  S.  C., 
May  4,  1898. 

Tribble,  Samuel  J.;  b.  in  Franklin  Co., 
Ga.  ;  received  college  and  legal  education  at 
the  University  of  Georgia  ;  located  in  Ath- 
ens. Ga.,  engaged  in  the  practice  of  law  ; 
elected  to  the  <»2d.  63d,  and  64th  Con- 
gresses from  Georgia. 

Trimble,  Alexandria,  demand  of  Mexico 

for  extradition  of,  4791. 
Trlst,  Nicholas  P.;  lawyer,  diplomatist; 
b.  Charlottesville,  Va..  June  2.  1800;  en- 
tered I'nited  States  Military  Academy  at 
West  Point,  where,  at  the  age  of  nineteen, 
he  became  acting  assistant  professor  of 
French:  left  before  graduation  and  took  up 
t'he  study  of  law  under  Thomas  Jefferson, 
whose  granddaughter  be  subsequently  mar- 
ried; in  1828  appointed  first  clerk  'in  the 
Treasury  Department,  and  the  following 
year  private  secretary  to  President  Andrew 
Jackson;  consul  nt.  Havana  1S34-36;  assist- 
ant Secretary  of  State  in  1845;  three  years 
later  sent  as  peace  commissioner  to  Mexico. 
and  on  Feb.  2,  184S,  signed  the  treaty  of 


Biographic   Index 


Tyner 


Guadeloupe  Hidalgo  (a.  v.)  ;  continued  the 
practice  of  law. until  1870,  when  President 
(iraiiL  appointed  him  postmaster  at  Alex- 
andria, Va.,  where  he  died  Feb.  11,  1874. 

Trist,  N.  P.: 

Commissioner  to  Mexico — 

Conduct   of,   discussed,   2423,   2424. 
Dispatches  from,  referred  to,  2426, 

2427. 

Recall  of,  discussed,  2423,  2424. 
Terms  of  authority  given  to  draw 

money    from    Treasury    referred 

to,  2426. 
Treaty  with  Mexico  concluded  by, 

discussed    and    recommendations 

regarding,  2423,  2424. 
Consul  at  Havana — 

Correspondence      regarding      slave 

trade  referred  to,  1909. 
Malpractices  of,  referred  to,  1845. 

Troup,  Robert,  treaty  with  Indians  con- 
cluded by,  940. 

Truman,  Benjamin  C.,  report  of,  on  con- 
dition of  Southern  people  referred  to, 
3584. 

Tuck,  Somerville  P.,  report  of,  regard- 
ing French  spoliation  claims  referred 
to,  4956,  4982,  5199. 

Tucker,  Beverly,  reward  offered  for  ar- 
rest of,  3505. 
Eevoked,  3551. 

Tucker,  Thomas,  appointed  on  commit- 
tee to  meet  President  Washington,  37 

Tudor,  William: 

Correspondence    of,    while    consul    to 

Peru  and  charge  d  'affaires  to  Brazil 

referred  to,  1500,  1587. 
Mentioned,  996. 


Turreau,  Gen.,  letter  of,  concerning  ar 
rival     of    Cuban     exiles     in     United 
States,  referred  to,  45(5. 
Turtle,   Thomas,   member   of  Board    on 

Geographic  Names,  504 7. 
Tuttle,  William  E.,  Jr.;  b.  Ilorseheads, 
N.  Y.,  Dec.  10,  1870;  was  graduated  from 
Klmira  Tree  Academy  In  1887,  and  was  a 
student  at  Cornell  University  two  years ; 
engaged  In  the  lumber  business;  was  elect- 
ed to  the  Olid,  God,  and  G4th  Congresses 
from  New  Jersey. 

Twiggs,  David  E.,  swords  formerly 
property  of,  placed  at  disposal  of  Con- 
gress, 3346. 

Tyler,  John,  biography  of,  LS8S. 

Tyner,  James  N.;  Postmaster General  un- 
der President  (iraut  ;  b.  Brookvillc,  lud., 
Jan.  17,  182G ;  rect/ived  an  academic  edu- 
cation, graduating  in  1844  ;  spent  ten  years 
in  business;  studied  law,  and  began  its 
practice  at  Peru,  Ind.  ;  secretary  of  the 
State  Senate  for  four  successive  sessions, 
commencing  In  1857 ;  Presidential  elector 
In  1800;  special  agent  of  the  Post-Ofliee 
Department  18(il-l,Sti(i  ;  elected  a  Represen- 
tative from  Indiana  as  a  Republican  to  the 
41st  Congress  at  a  special  election  (occa- 
sioned by  the  election  of  D.  D.  Pratt  to  the 
United  States  Senate),  and  re-elected  to  the 
42d  and  4.'id  Congresses ;  appointed  by 
President  Grant  governor  of  Colorado,  but 
declined  ;  accepted  the  position  of  Second 
Assistant  Postmaster-General,  serving  from 
Feb.  20,  1875,  to  July  12.  187G.  and  Post- 
master-General, serving  from  July  12, 
1876,  to  March  3,  1877  :  appointed  by  Presi- 
dent Hayes  First  Assistant  Postmaster-Gen- 
eral, serving  from  March  1G,  1S77.  to  his 
resignation  in  October,  1881  ;  assistant  at- 
torney-general for  the  Post-Office  Depart- 
ment 18S9-1S9.'!,  and  from  May,  1897.  to 
190.'5  ;  delegate  to  the  International  Postal 
Congresses  at  Paris  in  1878,  and  at  Wash- 
ington in  1897. 


Uhl 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Uhl,    Edwin    F.,    Acting   Secretary   of 

State,  6018. 

Underwood,  Oscar  W.;  b.  Louisville, 
Jefferson  Co.,  Ky.,  May  6,  1862  ;  was  edu- 
cated at  Rugby  School,  Louisville,  Ky.,  and 
the  University  of  Virginia ;  moved  to  Bir- 
mingham, Ala.,  and  began  practice  of  law  ; 
elected  to  the  54th,  55th,  56th,  57th,  58th, 
59fh,  60th.  61st,  62d,  and  63d  Congresses 
from  Alabama,  and  in  1914  elected  to  rep- 
resent the  state  in  the  United  States 
Senate. 

Upshur,  Abel  Parker  (1790-1844)  ; 
statesman  and  cabinet  officer ;  b.  in  North- 
ampton Co.,  Va. ;  secretary  of  the  navy 
under  Tyler  1841-43 ;  secretary  of  state  to 
succeed  Webster,  1843 ;  representative  of 
the  extreme  States-Rights  and  pro-slavery 
school  of  Southern  politics. 

Upshur,  Abel  P.,  death  of,  announced 
and  honors  to  be  paid  memory  of, 
2132,  2186. 

Usher,  John  Palmer,  Secretary  of  the  Inte- 
rior under  President  Lincoln  and  Johnson ; 
b.  Brookfleld,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  9,  1816.  His 
descent  is  traced  from  Hezekiah  Usher, 
who  settled  in  Cambridge,  Mass.,  about 
1639,  and  purchased  in  England  the  press 
and  type  for  printing  Eliot's  Bible.  His 
great-great-grandfather  was  John  Usher, 
lieutenant-governor  of  New  Hampshire  un- 
der Gov.  Andros.  Mr.  Usher  was  admitted 


to  the  supreme  court  of  the  state  of  New 
York,  and  as  solicitor  in  the  court  of  chan- 
cery in  the  same  state  Jan.  18,  1839.  In 
1840  he  removed  to  Terre  Haute,  Ind..  and 
was  admitted  to  practice  in  the  supreme 
court  of  the  United  States  in  1859.  In  the 
meantime  'he  served  in  the  state  legislature, 
and  was  for  a  short  time  attorney -general 
of  the  state  under  Gov.  Morton.  He  was 
appointed  first  assistant  secretary  of  the 
interior  by  President  Lincoln  March  20, 

1862,  and    on    the    resignation    of   Caleb    B. 
Smith,    succeeded   him   as   secretary    Jan.   8, 

1863.  resigning  his  post  May   15.   18C5.  one 
month   after  the   inauguration   of   President 
Johnson.     He  then  returned  to  the  practice 
of  his  profession,  and  became,  subsequently, 
consulting  attorney  for  the  eastern  division 
of  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad  Company.    He 
died   in   Philadelphia  April   13,   1889. 

Usher,    John    P.,    treaty    with    Indians 

concluded  by,  3394. 

Utter,  George  H.;  b.  Pininfleid,  N.  J., 
July  24,  1854 ;  printer  by  trade  and  pub- 
lisher of  "Westerly  Sun;  fitted  for  college  at 
Alfred  (N.  Y.)  Academy  and  Westerly  High 
School  :  graduated  from  Amherst  College 
in  1877  ;  aide  on  staff  of  Gov.  Bourn  (1883- 
1885)  ;  member  of  Rhode  Island  House  of 
Representatives  (1885-89),  the  last  year 
being  speaker  ;  member  of  the  Rhode  Island 
Senate  (1889-1891);  Secretary  of  St:it<> 
(1891-1894)  ;  lieutenant-governor  in  1904 
and  governor  in  1905  and  1906:  elected  to 
the  62d  Congress  from  R'hode  Island.  Died 
in  Providence,  R.  I.,  Nov.  3,  1912. 


Biographic   Index 


Von  Steuben 


Vaca,   Antonio,   private  land  claim  of, 

•4094. 

Vallandigham,  Clement  Laird  (i«uo- 
1871);  Democratic  politician;  1).  N«%w  Lis- 
bon. Ohio  :  member  of  ('undress,  185K-(>.'}  ; 
leader  of  the-  "t'opnerhcads  of  lh<:  Norfn 
during  the  Civil  War;  in-routed  by  1'nlted 
States  under  liurnsidc  and  banished  to  the 
Confederate  lines,  1SOH.  going  thence  to 
Canada ;  unsuccessful  candidate  for  gover- 
nor of  Ohio,  18<»3;  prominent  at  the  na- 
tional Democratic  convention  of  lK<;:t.  and 
took  a  large  part  in  the  nomination  of 
MeClollan  ;  in  the  Grant-Greeloy  contest  of 
1872  he  proposed  a  union  of  all  of  the 
forces  opposed  to  Grant. 
Van  Bokkelene,  Mr.,  imprisonment 
and  release  of,  by  Ilaitieti  authori- 
ties, discussed,  4918. 

Claim  arising  out  of,  5369,  5545. 
Van  Buren,  Martin,  biography  of,  1528. 
Vanderbilt,      Cornelius;      tinaneier ;     i>. 

Port  Richmond,  Staton  Island.  N.  Y.,  May 
27,  1704;  started  business  In  1S11  by  trans- 
porting government  employee*  between  Now 
York  City  and  Staton  Island:  in  1S15  be- 
came part  owner  of  a  schooner  and  in  1815 
captain  of  a  canal  boat  running  between 
New  York  and  Philadelphia ;  later  estab- 
lished steamboat  lines  011  Long  Island 
Sound  and  the  Hudson  River;  and  in  1851 
established  a  route  to  San  Francisco,  via 
Nicaragua;  in  1855  established  a  line  of 
steamers  between  New  York  and  Havre  ; 
sold  all  his  steamboat  interests  in  1S5<), 
and  bought  stocks  of  Now  York  railroads  ; 
elected  president  of  Now  York  Central  Rail- 
road in  1809  :  interested  In  Western  Union 
Telegraph  and  other  valuable  stocks  esti- 
mated to  be  worth  $('.0,000.000  to  $100.- 
000,000  :  died  Now  York  City,  Jan.  4,  1877. 
Vanderbilt,  Cornelius: 

Appropriation  to,  for  carrying  oooan 
mails  between  Atlantic  and  Pacific 
coasts,    recommended,    3184. 
Ocean   Steamer   Yanderbilt,  presented 
to  United   States  by,  recommen- 
dations regarding,  3288. 
Referred  to,  3585. 

Vanderbilt,  William  H.,  deed  of  trust 
and     correspondence     of,    respecting 
swords  of  Gen.  Grant  offered  to  Gov- 
ernment, 4858,  4862. 
Vandershie,  Daniel,  treaty  with  Indians 

concluded  by,  3274. 

Van  de  Venter,  Christopher,  corre- 
spondence with  Gen.  Jackson,  re- 
ferred to,  618. 

Van  Rensselaer,  Rensselaer,  command- 
er-in-chief  of  unlawful  expedition  in 
New  York,  16] 6. 

Van  Rensselaer,  Stephen,  attack  of 
forces  under,  near  Niagara,  dis- 
cussed, 501. 

Van  Valkenburg,  Robert  B.;  soldier;  b. 
Steuben  County.  N.  Y..  Sept.  4,  1821  ;  re- 
ceived a  liberal  education;  studied  law,  mid 
began  practicing  at  Kath.  N.  Y. ;  member 
of  the  state  house  of  representatives  1S;>2. 
1857,  and  1858:  organized  seventeen  regi- 
ments for  the  civil  war :  elected  n  Repre- 
sentative from  New  York  to  the  37th  :ind 
38th  Congresses  as  a  Republican  :  took  the 
field  as  colonel  of  the  One  hundred  and 
seventh  Regiment  of  Now  York  Volunteers, 
and  was  its  commander  at  the  battle  of 

37 


Antlctam;     minister    to    Japan     IK 

died     ul     Suwunef     SprliiKH,     Fin.,     AUK.     -. 


Van  Valkenburg,  Robert  B.: 
Mentioned,  .'>7li.'!. 

Minister  to  .l:i|>an,  correspondence 
regarding  coulv  trade,  reft-rrcd  to, 
38^7. 

Vaughan,  Charles  R.,  correspondence 
regarding  northeastern  boundary. 
(.See  Northeastern  Houndary.; 
Vilas,  William  F.;  Ifi>*tiiia«tiT-<;«MnTa!  un- 
der President  Cl.-velnnd:  b.  Ch«li<ca.  Orange 
County,  Vt..  July  !t.  1S4O;  moved  wlrti  til* 
father's  family  to  Wisconsin,  nnil  «rttl«-<l 
at  Mndlsoii,  June  -I,  isr.l  ;  KMi<liiat>-d  from 
tho  Stale  t'nlvorsltv  In  is.'.S;  from  the  law 
department  of  tin-  Inlveisltv  of  Albany. 
N.  V.  In  isr.o;  admilted  i,,  ih,.  |,nr  by  the 
supreme  court  of  New  York  nnd  by  the  su- 
preme court  of  Wisconsin  in  the  name  y.ar. 
and  began  the  practice  of  law  at  Madl-on. 
July  !>,  l.stlt);  captain  of  Company  A. 
Twenty-third  Rogl  .....  nt  Wisconsin  Infantry 
Volunteers,  and  afterwards  major  ami  Ib-n 
tenant-colonel  of  the  regiment  ;  professor  of 
law  of  the  law  department  of  the  State  uni- 
versity; regent  of  the  university  IKSO  1S.S5  ; 
one  of  three  revisers  appointed  by  the  HU- 
promo  court  of  Wisconsin  In  Ih75  who  pre- 
pared the  existing  revised  body  of  the 
statute  law  adopted  In  1H78:  mrrabnf  of 
assembly  In  the  Wisconsin  legislature  In 
1885;  delegate  to  the  Democratic  national 
convent  ions  of  1S7<>,  1  Siso,  ]s.K4.  nnd  per- 
manent chairman  of  the  bitter;  Postmastor- 
General  from  March  7.  lss.">.  to  January 
!<!,  1888.  and  Secretary  of  the  Interior  to 
March  (5.  IXS't;  elected  Jan.  1's.  ISfll. 
T'nited  States  Senator  as  a  Democrat  for 
the  term  of  1S!M-1M»7:  edited  several  Wis- 
consin Supremo  Court  Reports  ;  resumed  tho 
practice  of  law. 

Viollier,  Lewis  W.,  consular  clerk,  re- 
moval of,  from  office  and  reasons 
therefor,  4067. 

Viviani,  Rene;  b.  in  French  North  Africa 
in  ISO.'!.  Farl.v  identified  himself  with  the 
Socialist  movement,  and  from  1SJW  to  10O-J 
was  a  member  of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies 
from  the  Sorbonne  district  of  Paris.  Again 
in  100(i  ho  was  elected'  r.  deputy,  and  In  the 
same  year  was  m;ido  Minister  of  I.ntvor  In 
the  Cabinet  under  Clomonooau.  holding  the 
same  office  under  thoiB>romiersblp  of  Brianti 
until  1010.  From  ]!>13  to  1!U4  he  was 
Minister  of  1*11  bile  Instruction,  and  In  Juno. 
1914,  became  premier  himself,  and  bonoo 
was  at  the  head  of  the  French  administra- 
tion at  tho  outbreak  of  the  European  War. 
He  resigned  as  premier  in  October.  1 
and  became  Minister  of  Justice,  lu  1010. 
with  Rriand  as  premier,  he  was  appointed 
Minister  of  Justice  and  Public  Instruction. 
and  in  April.  1017  w;is  the  head  of  thn 
French  commission  which  visited  tho  I  nited 
St'itos  to  consult  upon  war  matters. 

Volstead,   Andrew   J.;    b.    c.oodhuo   i 
Minn.,    in    18(50;    mayor    of    Granite    Fall" 
nnd    for   fourteen    years   county   attorney   of 
Yellow     Medicine     County  :     elected     to     tho 
58th.    50th.    (50th,   <>1  st.   «''-'d.   (>.'>d,   and   04th 
Congresses   from   Minnesota. 
Von   Scholten,  Maj.-Gen.,   Danish   min 

ister    to    United    States,    correspond- 

ence   with    Secretary    of    State,    re- 

ferred to,  10P4. 
Von    Steuben,    presentation    of   replica 

of,  to  Germany,  7669. 


Wade 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Wade,   James   F.,   member  of   military 

commission  to  Cuba,  6322. 
Wadsworth,   James   S.,   military   gover- 
nor of  District   of  Columbia,  3311. 

Executive  clerks  to  be  organized  un- 
der direction  of,  3323. 
Wadsworth,  Jeremiah,  commissioner  to 

treat  with  Indians,  190,  249. 
Wagner,    Peter,    director    of    Bank    of 

United    States,    nomination    of,    and 

reasons  therefor,  1260. 
Wagner,  Beinhardt,  arrest  of,  at  Lodz, 

Eussia,  4789,  4793. 
Wainwright,    Jonathan   M.,    thanks   of 

Congress  to,  recommended,  3277. 
Wainwright,  Richard,  thanks  of  Con- 
gress to,  recommended,  3277. 
Waishkey,  John,  Jr.,  mentioned,  4665. 
Waite,  Morrison  Remick;  jurist ;  i>. 
Lyme,  Conn..  Nov.  29,  1810 ;  graduated 
Yale.  A.  B.  1837.  A.  M.  1840;  admitted  to 
the  bar  and  removed  to  Toledo,  Ohio,  1850  ; 
counsel  for  the  T'nited  States  before  the 
arbitration  board  at  Geneva.  Switzerland, 
in  1872-73  ;  appointed  by  President  Grant 
chief  justice  T".  S.  Supreme  Court.  1874: 
received  honorary  degrees  from  many  col- 
leges ;  died  Washington,  D.  C.,  March  23, 
1888. 

Waite,  Morrison  B,.,  Chief  Justice, 
death  of  announced,  and  honors  to 
be  paid  memory  of,  5349. 
Walker,  John  G.,  chairman  of  Nicara- 
gua Canal  Commission,  6326. 
Walker,  Robert  J.;  Secretary  of  the  Treas- 
ury under  President  Polk ;  b.  Northumber- 
land, Pa..  July  23,  1801;  graduated  from 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1819 ; 
studied  law.  and  began  practice  at  Pitts- 
burg  in  1821  ;  moved  to  Mississippi  in  1826 
and  located  at  Mndisonville :  appointed  a 
United  States  Senator  from  Mississippi  as 
a  Democrat,  and  eleeted,  serving  from 
Feb.  22,  iS.'iG,  to  March  5,  1S45.  when  he 
resigned;  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  1845- 
1849  ;  appointed  governor  of  Kansas  in 
1857,  but  soon  resigned  ;  financial  agent  to 
Europe  in  181'..°,  ;  died  at  Washington,  D. 
C.,  Nov.  11.  1809. 

Walker,  Robert  J.: 

Correspondence     with     President     re- 
garding  contribution   to   be  levied 
upon   Mexico,   2373. 
Governor  of  Kansas,  3003. 
Walker,   Thomas  U.,   architect  for  ex- 
tension of  Capitol,  2GSO. 
Walker,  William,  arrest  of,  in  Nicara- 
gua  and    complaints   arising  there- 
from, discussed,  2997. 
Eeferred  to,  3001,  3017. 
Wallace,  Lewis,  member  of  court  to  try 
assassins    of  President   Lincoln,  etc., 
3534. 

Waller,  John  L.,  arrest  and  imprison- 
ment of,  l>y  military  authorities  of 
France,  discussed,  6060,  6098. 


Walsh,  R.  M.,  special  agent  to  Santo 
Domingo,  correspondence  of,  re- 
ferred to,  2696. 

Walter,    Squire,    act    granting   pension 

to,  vetoed,  5419. 
Walworth,   Reuben  H.,   nomination   of, 

as     associate     justice     of     Supreme 

Court,  withdrawn,  2181. 
Wanamaker,  John;  merchant  and  Post- 
master-General under  President  Benjamin 
Harrison  ;  b.  Philadelphia,  July  11,  1837. 
His  grandfather  was  John  Wanamak- 
er, a  farmer  of  Ilunterdon  County, 
N.  J.,  a  descendant  of  the  Palatines 
who  left  Germany  during  the  re- 
ligious persecutions  which  raged  from 
1730  to  1740,  and  about  1815  removed  to 
Dayton,  Ohio,  and  shortly  afterward  to 
Kosciusko  County,  Ind.,  where  he  died.  He 
left  three  sons,  all  of  whom  returned  East 
and  settled  in  Philadelphia  County,  Pa. 
John  V  unamaker,  the  subject  of  this  sketch, 
was  the  oldest  of  their  seven  children.  He 
attended  t'he  Philadelphia  public  schools 
until  14  years  of  age,  when  he  entered  a  re- 
tail store  on  Market  street  as  an  errand 
boy  at  a  salary  of  $1.50  per  week.  After 
he  had  served  as  stock  boy.  entry  clerk  and 
salesman  in  the  largest  clothing  house  in 
the  city,  he  was  chosen,  in  1857,  the  first 
paid  secretary  of  the  Young  Men's  Chris- 
tian Association,  which  ollicc  he  resigned  in 
April,  1801,  to  engage  in  the  clothing  busi- 
ness with  his  brother-in-law  on  a  joint  cap- 
ital of  $3.500.  The  amount  of  the  first 
day's  sales  at  their  store  was  $24.07,  and 
the  business  for  the  year  $24,125.  Ills  part- 
ner's health  failing,  most  of  the  details  of 
the  business'  devolved  upon  Mr.  Wana- 
maker. In  May,  1809,  Mr.  Wanamaker 
established  the  house  of  "John  Wanamaker 
&  Co.,"  on  Chestnut  street.  In  1875 
he  bought  the  Pennsylvania  railroad 
freight  depot,  Thirteenth  and  Market 
streets,  ami  when  Dwight  L.  Moody 
visited  Philadelphia  in  November  of 
that  year,  fitted  it  up  as  a  tabernacle, 
where  from  ten  to  twenty  thousand  persons 
daily  listened  to  the  great  evangelist.  In 
1870  t'he  depot  was  remodelled  and  opened 
as  a  bazaar  for  the  sale  of  men's  and  hoy's 
clothing,  hats,  shoes,  etc.  March  12,  1877, 
the  establishment  was  reopened  as  a  dry 
goods  mart,  to  which  have  since  been  added 
millinery,  upholstery,  carpets,  furniture, 
books,  toys  and  almost  every  kind  of  goods 
that  go  to  make  up  the  stock  of  a  general 
store,  now  the  largest  in  the  world.  When 
asked  for  some  part  of  his  biography  to  be 
read  to  young  men,  'he  replied,  "Thinking, 
trying,  toiling  and  trusting  is  all  of  my 
biography."  On  receiving  the  first  month's 
pay  in  bis  position  as  postmaster-general, 
he  remarked  to  a  friend  :  "This  is  the  first 
salary  1  have  earned  for  over  twenty-five 
years  :  I  do  not  know  what  I  shall  do  with 
it."  While  he  was  postmaster-general  Mr. 
Wanamakrr  provided  quicker  transmission 
of  the  mails  by  pushing  the  railway  com- 
panies to  new  achievements  in  rapid  trans- 
portation; he  established  sea  post-ollices, 
whereby  foreign  mail  is  distributed  and 
made  up  aboard  ship,  and  is  ready  for 
immediate  transmission  to  inland  cities  on 
arrival  at;  port  ;  he  improved  the  immediate 
delivery  system,  and  urged  the  establish- 
ment of  the  postal  telegraph  service  and 
parcel  post. 

Warburton,  Stanton;  i>.  Sullivan  Co., 
Pa.,  April  1.'!,  1  .S05  ;  graduated  from  the 
high  school  at  Cherokee,  Iowa,  in  1881.  and 
from  Coo  College,  Cedar  Kapids,  Iowa,  in 


Biographic    Index 


Washington 


3888 :  moved  to  Tacoma,  Wash.,  where  ho 
finished  reading  law  and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar;  elected  to  the  Washington  Stall? 
Senate  In  1890,  and  re-elected  In  19OO; 
elected  to  the  G2d  and  G4th  Congresses  from 
Washington. 

Ward,  Frederick  T.,  death  of,  while  in 

military  service  of  China,  .'535.'}. 
Ward,  John  Elliot;  diplomat:  b.  Sun- 
bury,  Ga.,  Oct.  2,  1814:  admitted  to  the 
bar  In  1835  ;  solicitor-general  of  Georgia, 
1830-38;  member  of  legislature,  18.°,9.  184.",, 
and  1853  ;  appointed  minister  to  China, 
]Sr>8,  and  resigned  in  1801  because  of  his 
secession  views. 

Ward,  John  E.,  minister  to  China: 

Appointment  of,  3089. 

Refusal  of,  to  submit  to  humiliating 
ceremonies  in  approaching  sover- 
eign, 3090. 

Ward,  Samuel,  special  agent  to  Mexico, 
mentioned,  2770. 

Warner,  William;  b.  Lafayette  Co., 
Wis.,  June  11,  1840;  enlisted  in  18G2  in 
t'he  Civil  War,  and  was  promoted  to  major  ; 
located  in  Kansas  City,  Mo.,  in  1805  and 
engaged  in  the  practice  of  law  ;  elected  to 
Congress  in  1884.  and  re-elected  in  1880 ; 
elected  commander-in-chief  of  the  Grand 
Army  of  the  Republic  in  1888 :  appointed 
T'nited  States  district  attorney  for  the  west- 
ern district  of  Missouri  in  1870.  1882.  1808, 
and  in  1902  :  recipient  of  degree  of  LL.  D. 
from  the  University  of  Michigan  :  elected 
to  the  United  States  Senate  from  Missouri. 
March  18,  1905. 

Warner,    William,    member    of    Sioux 

Commission,  5480. 

Warren,  Francis  Emory;  b.  iiinsdaie, 
Mass.,  June  20,  1844:  served  as  private 
and  noncommissioned  officer  in  Civil  War ; 
received  the  Congressional  medal  of  honor 
for  gallantry  on  battlefield  at  the  siege  of 
Port  Hudson ;  president  of  the  senate  of 
Wyoming  legislature  in  1873-74,  and  mem- 
ber of  the  senate  in  1884-8.")  :  mayor  of 
the  city  of  Cheyenne,  and  served  three  terms 
as  treasurer  of  Wyoming :  appointed  gov- 
ernor of  Wyoming  by  President  Arthur  in 
1885.  and  removed  by  President  Cleveland 
in  188<>  :  again  appointed  governor  of  Wy- 
oming by  President  Harrison  in  1889.  arid 
served  until  the  Territory  was  admitted  as 
a  state,  when  he  was  elected  the  first  gov- 
ernor ;  elected  to  the  T'nited  States  Senate, 
Nov.  18.  1890;  re-elected  in  1895.  1901, 
1907,  and  1913  for  term  ending  March  3. 
1919. 

Warren,   John,   arrest  and  trial  of,  in 
Great  Britain,  3827. 

Convicted  and  sentenced  to  imprison- 
ment, 3834. 

Referred  to,  3897. 

Released,  3902. 

Warrington,  Lewis;  naval  officer:  b. 
Williamsburg.  Va.,  Nov.  3,  1782 ;  entered 
navy  as  midshipman,  1800 ;  attached  to 
Chesapeake;  served  in  the  Mediterranean. 
1803-1806 ;  earned  a  gold  medal  and  the 
thanks  of  Congress  for  his  gallant  achieve- 
ments in  War  of  1812 ;  died  Washington. 
D.  C.,  Oct.  12,  1851. 


Warrington,  Lewis: 

.British    ship    captured    by    vessel    in 

command  of,  534. 
Energy  displayed   by,   in   suppressing 

piracies,  870. 

Warrior,  The,  illegal  detention  of,  2051. 
Washburn,  Charles  A.,  minister  to  Par- 
aguay, controversy  with  President  of 
Paraguay,  discussed,  38,8.'!. 
Washburne,  Elihu  Benjamin  (1810- 
1887 1  :  politician;  b.  Llvermore,  Me.:  ad- 
mitted to  (lie  bar,  1840;  settled  in  Galena, 
III.:  member  of  Congress,  1853-09;  chair- 
man of  the  committee  of  commerce.  1855- 
05  ;  called  the  •'Watch  Dog  of  the  Treasury" 
on  account  of  his  rigid  economy  in  handling 
public  funds  ;  secretary  of  state  under 
Grant.  1809:  resigned  'on  account  of  ill- 
health  ;  minister  to  France,  where  he  re- 
mained during  the  siege  of  Paris. 

Washburne,  Elihu  B.: 

Death   of,   announced   and   honors   to 
be  paid  memory  of,  5165. 

Minister   to    France,    metric    conven- 
tion signed  by,  4312. 
Washington,   Bushrod,   commissioner  to 

treat   with   Indians,   nominations   of, 

250. 

Washington,  George,  biography  of,  33. 
Washington,  John,  treaty  with  Indians 

concluded  by,  2571. 

Washington,  Martha;  the  wife  of  the  first 
President  of  the  United  States  was  b. 
Martha  Dandridge,  Kent  County,  Va.,  May, 
1732.  Descended  from  a  highly  respected 
Welsh  clergyman  her  youth  had  every  ad- 
vantage of  good  birth,  high  social  position 
and  intercourse  with  refined  society,  and 
she  was  carefully  trained  in  all  the  accom- 
plishments common  to  young  ladies  of  the 
period.  She  had  an  agreeable  personality,  a 
refined  face  and  winning  manners.  In  her 
seventeenth  year  she  was  married  to  Daniel 
1'arke  Custis.  It  was  a  love  match  and  the 
young  couple  went  to  live  at  a  plantation 
known  as  the  White  House,  on  the  Pamun- 
key  River,  in  Kent  County.  Three  children 
were  born  of  this  union,  and  in  a  few  years 
the  eldest  son  and  his  father  died,  leaving 
Mrs.  Custis  and  the  two  other  children  well 
provided  for.  Besides  large  landed  estates 
her  fortune  included  £45,000  in  money. 
She  was  still  young  and  beautiful,  and  had 
many  admirers.  After  three  years  of 
widowhood  she  was  married  to  George 
Washington  in  the  White  House  amid  scenes 
of  old-time  Virginia  hospitality  amid  a' 
joyous  assemblage  of  relatives  and  friends. 
Soon  after  the  wedding  the  Washingtons 
went  to  live  at  Mount  Vernon.  During  the 
Revolution  Mrs.  Washington  spent  the  win- 
ters with  her  husband  in  his  headquarters 
and  the  summers  at  Mount  Vernon.  Martha 
Custis,  her  daughter,  died  at  the  age  of 
seventeen  and  John  Custis,  her  son.  died  at 
the  age  of  sixteen  just  after  the  close  of 
the  Revolutionary  war,  through  which  he 
served.  Of  the  years  in  which  she  figured 
as  the  social  head  of  the  nation  it  is  "need- 
less to  speak.  The  elegant  simplicity  and 
the  austere  stateliness  of  the  public  en- 
tertainments of  early  official  social  life  are 
familiar  to  all  and  the  Washington*  led 
for  eight  years.  Martha  Custis  Washing- 
ton died  in  1801.  two  years  after  her  hus- 
band, and  was  buried  beside  him  in  the 
family  vault  at  Mount  Vernon. 


Washington         Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Washington,  Martha,  resolution  of  Con- 
gress  on   death   of  husband,   trans- 
mitted  to,   290. 
Keply  of,  291. 

Washington,  Samuel  T.,  resolution  of 
Congress  thanking,  for  sword  of 
Washington  and  staff  of  Franklin, 
2126. 

Watkins,  John  Thomas;  b.  Minden,  La., 
Jan.  15,  1854 ;  studied  law  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar,  1878  ;  elected  to  the  59th, 
60th,  61st,  62d,  63d,  and  64th  Congresses 
from  Louisiana. 

Wayne,  Anthony,  treaty  with  Indians 
concluded  by,  181. 

Weakley,  Robert,  commissioner  to  treat 
with  Indians,  nomination  of,  620. 

Weaver,  James  B.;  soldier  and  politi- 
cian ;  b.  Dayton,  Ohio,  1833 ;  attained  the 
rank  of  brigadier-general  in  the  Civil  War  ; 
sat  in  Congress  from  Iowa,  1879-81  ;  nom- 
inee of  the  Greenback-Labor  party  for  presi- 
dent, 1880,  and  of  the  People's  party  in 
1892 ;  from  1885  until  1889  he  sat  as  a 
Greenback-Labor  and  Democratic  member  of 
Congress  from  Iowa. 

Weaver,   William  A.,   court-martial   of, 

853. 
Webb,  Edwin  Yates;   b.  Sheihy,   N.  C.( 

May  23,  1872  ;  graduated  Wake  Forest  Col- 
lege, 1893 :  studied  law  at  University  of 
North  Carolina  and  at  University  of  Vir- 
ginia :  began  practice  of  law,  1894  ;  elected 
state  senator  in  1900 ;  elected  to  the  08th, 
59th,  60th.  61st,  62d,  63d.  and  64th  Con- 
gresses from  North  Carolina. 

Webber,  Charles,  arrest  and  imprison- 
ment of,  in  Mexico,  4678,  4692. 
Webster,  Daniel  (1782-1852);  lawyer, 
statesman,  and  orator ;  b.  Salisbury  or 
Franklin,  N.  II.  ;  prior  to  his  removal  to 
Boston  in  1816,  he  was  member  of  Con- 
gress, 1813-17;  made  a  national  reputation 
as  a  lawyer  by  winning  the  Dartmouth  Col- 
lege case,  1818  ;  member  of  Congress.  1823- 
27:  United  States  senator,  1827-41;  his 
famous  reply  to  Hayne  was  made  in  1830  ; 
opposed  Calhoun,  1833  ;  and  Jackson  on  tbe 
Bank  question  ;  in  1836  he  received  tbe  14 
electoral  votes  of  Massachusetts  for  presi- 
dent :  while  Secretary  of  State,  1841-43, 
he  negotiated  the  Ashburton  treaty  ;  from 
1845  to  1850  he  was  United  States  senator 
for  Massachusetts :  opposed  the  Mexican 
War  and  the  annexation  of  Texas :  sup- 
ported Clay  in  bis  compromise,  1850:  Sec- 
retary of  State  again,  1850-52  :  and  sought 
without  success  the  Whig  nomination  for 
president  in  1852  :  his  famous  orations  in- 
clude:  the  Plymouth  anniversary.  1S20  : 
laying  of  the  cornerstone  of  Bunker  Hill 
monument.  1525:  on  the  death  of  Jefferson 
and  of  Adams.  1826:  on  the  dedication  of 
Bunker  Hill.  1843.  and  at  the  laying  of 
the  cornerstone  of  the  addition  'to  the 
Capitol  in  1851. 

Webster,  Daniel: 

Correspondence  regarding  Dorr's  Re- 
bellion, 2153. 
Member  of  notification  committee  to 


wait   on  President-elect  J.   Q.   Ad- 
ams, 858. 
Mentioned,  2281. 
Secretary  of  State,  1876,  2646. 

Death   of,  announced  and  referred 

to,  2698,  2699. 
Instructions  issued  to,  to  treat  with 

Lord  Ashburton,   2081. 
Webster,  Joseph  D.,  report  and  map  of 
survey  of  Gulf  coast  by,  transmitted, 
2601,  2610. 

Webster,  William,  sequestration  of 
lands  of,  in  New  Zealand  and  claim 
of,  against  Great  Britain,  4327,  5661. 
Weed,  Thurlow  (1797-1882)  ;  journalist 
and  politician ;  b.  Greene  Co.,  N.  Y. ;  entered 
politics  as  an  active  member  of  the  Anti- 
Masonic  party  ;  opposed  the  Albany  Ue- 
gency  ;  became  a  Whig  and  Republican 
leader,  intimately  associated  with  William 
II.  Seward  :  was  largely  influential  in  secur- 
ing the  nomination  of  Harrison,  Clay,  Tay- 
lor. Scott,  and  Fremont  for  the  presidency  ; 
in  the  latter  part  of  his  career  he  was  not 
in  full  sympathy  with  his  party  ;  favored 
the  election  of  Johnson  and  his  reconstruc- 
tion policy,  but  supported  Grant  in  1808; 
from  1867  to  1878  he  edited  tbe  Commer- 
cial Advertiser  in  New  York. 

Weil,  Benjamin,  claim  of,  against  Mex- 
ico, 4697,  4760,  4982,  4987,  5193. 
Welles,  Gideon;  lawyer,  editor,  states- 
man ;  b.  Glastonbury,  Conn.,  July  1,  1802  : 
educated  Norwich  (Vt. )  University  and 
studied  law  :  became  editor  and  proprietor 
of  the  Hartford  Times,  1S26-30,  and  con- 
tinued to  contribute  articles  up  to  1854  : 
member  state  legislature,  1827-35  :  appoint- 
ed chief  of  a  bureau  in  the  navy  depart- 
ment, 1846;  actively  supported  Lincoln's 
candidacy  for  the  presidency  and  became 
Secretary  of  the  Navy  under  Lincoln  and 
continued  under  Johnson  :  through  his  en- 
ergy the  strength  and  efficiency  of  the  ad- 
ministration were  greatly  increased  ;  died 
Hartford,  Conn.,  Feb.  11,  1878. 

Welles,  Gideon,  Secretary  of  Navy: 
Correspondence     regarding     vacation 
of   office    of   Secretary   of   "War   by 
Gen.  Grant,  3804. 

Directed   to   consider   applications   of 
loval  persons  to  remove  with  Union 
lines,  3360. 
Letter  of,  regarding  rank  of  Marine 

Corps,  3236. 

Welsh,  William,  member  of  Indian  com- 
mission, 3977. 
Wentworth,  Joshua,  district  supervisor, 

nomination  of,  91. 
West,   James    H.,    imprisonment    of,    in 

Cuba,  2765. 
West,  Lionel  Sackville.    (See  Sackville, 

Lord.) 

West,  Nathaniel  T.,  ensign  in  Navy, 
Tiomination  of  and  reasons  therefor, 
3357. 

Wetmore,  George  Peabody;  i>.  during  a 
visit  of  'his  parents  abroad,  at  London. 
England.  Aug.  2.  1846  ;  graduated  from 
Yale  College  in  1867,  receiving  the  degree 


Biographic   Index 


Whitney 


of  A.  B.  and  that  of  A.  M.  In  1871  :  studied 
law  at  Columbia  Law  School,  and  was 
graduated  In  18(5!),  receiving  the  degree  of 
LL.  B.  ;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  of  Rhode 
Island  and  of  New  York  in  1800  ;  governor 
of  Rhode  Island,  1885-1887;  elected  to  the 
United  States  Senate  from  Rhode  Island, 
June  13,  1894;  re-elected  In  1900.  and  again 
for  the  term  ending  March  3,  1913. 

Wetmore,  Prosper  M.,  naval  agent,  ac- 
counts of,  referred  to,  2682. 
Weyler,  Valeriano,  reconeentration  pol- 
icy   of,    in    Cuba,    discussed,    6256, 
6283,  6284,   6308. 
Referred  to,  6285. 
Wharton,  William  F.,  Acting  Secretary 

of  State,  5581. 

Agreement     between     United    States 
and    Great    Britain    for    modus    ri- 
vendi  regarding  Bering  Sea  fisher- 
ies signed  by,  5581. 
Wheaton,  Henry: 
Referred  to,  2205. 
Treaty  concluded  by,  with — 
Denmark,  1044. 
Zollverein,  2169. 

Wheeler,  Joseph;  soldier;  of  Wheeler, 
Ala.  ;  b.  Augusta,  Ga.,  Sept.  10,  1830 ; 
graduated  from  West  Point  in  1859 ;  lieu- 
tenant of  cavalry,  and  served  In  New  Mex- 
ico ;  resigned  in  1801  ;  lieutenant  of  artil- 
lery in  the  Confederate  army  ;  successively 
promoted  to  the  command  of  a  regiment, 
brigade,  division,  and  army  corps,  and  in 
1802  assigned  to  the  command  of  the  army 
corps  of  cavalry  of  the  Western  Army, 
continuing  in  that  position  till  the  war 
closed ;  by  joint  resolution  of  the  Confed- 
erate Congress  received  the  thanks  of  that 
body  for  successful  military  operations,  and 
for  the  defense  of  the  city  of  Aiken  re- 
ceived the  thanks  of  the  State  of  South  Car- 
olina ;  May  11,  1804,  became  the  senior  cav- 
alry general  of  the  Confederate  armies  ;  ap- 
pointed professor  of  philosophy  Louisiana 
State  Seminary  in  1800,  which  he  declined  ; 
lawyer  and  planter ;  appointed  major- 
general  of  volunteers  by  President  Mc- 
Kinley  May  4,  1898.  and  assigned  to  com- 
mand of  Cavalry  Division,  U.  S.  Army  ;  on 
June  24,  wit'h  900  men,  fought  and  de- 
feated Lieutenant-General  Linares  at  Las 
Guasimas,  the  enemy  having  over  2,000 
regular  Spanish  troops ;  at  the  battle  of 
San  Juan,  July  1  and  2,  senior  officer  In 
immediate  command  on  the  field,  and  senior 
member  of  commission  which  negotiated 
the  surrender  of  Santiago  and  23.000 
Spanish  soldiers ;  assigned  to  command  of 
United  States  forces  at  Montauk,  Long 
Island,  Aug.  18,  and  on  Oct.  5  assigned 
to  the  command  of  the  Fourth  Army 
Corps  :  Aug.  31.  1899,  in  command  of  First 
Brigade,  Second  Division,  Kighth  Corps,  in 
the  Philippines  ;  engaged  with  enemy  at 
Santa  Rita  Sept.  9  and  also  on  Sept.  10, 
also  in  capture  of  Porac,  Sept.  28,  and  in 
the  various  engagements  wit'h  the  enemy 
at  Angeles,  Oct.  10  to  17,  inclusive :  in 
the  advance  upon  and  capture  of  Baniban, 
Nov.  11,  and  the  minor  expeditions  to 
Camiling,  Nov.  23,  and  expedition  to  Sulipa 
and  San  Ignacio  :  elected  as  a  Democrat 
to  the  47th.  49th.  50th.  51st.  52d,  53d.  54th. 
and  55th  Congresses,  and  re-elected  to  the 
50th  Congress  :  failed  to  qualify  to  fill  'his 
place  :  retired  in  1900  as  a  brigadier-general 
of  the  Regular  Army. 


Wheeler,  Joseph,  operations  of  cavalry 
division  under,  around  Santiago, 
Cuba,  discussed,  6395. 

Wheeler,    William    Almon    (1819-1887); 

statesman  and  nineteenth  Vice-President ; 
b.  Malone,  N.  Y.  ;  began  the  practice  of  law, 
1845;  district  attorney  of  Franklin  Co., 
N.  Y.,  1840-49;  Whig  representative  to  the 
state  assembly.  1848-59;  state  senator, 
1H58-59;  Republican  member  of  Congress, 
1801-03  and  18<;»-77  ;  by  the  "Wheeler  Com- 
promise" in  1874  he  adjusted  the  difficulty 
with  Louisiana;  Republican  candidate  for 
Vice-President  with  Ilnyes.  1*70,  and  de- 
clared elected,  1877;  served  from  1877-1881. 

Wheelock,  John  E.,  arrest  and  imprison- 
ment of,  in  Vene/uela,  4789,  4S03. 

Whipple,  John,  correspondence  regard- 
ing Dorr's  Rebellion,  2140,  2141. 

Whitacre,  John  J.;  b.  Dec.  28,  1860; 
elected  to  the  62d  Congress  from 
Ohio,  Nov.  8,  1910. 

Whitby,  Henry,  British  officer,  procla- 
mation for  arrest  of,  for  murder  of 
American  citizen,  390. 

White,     Alexander,     commissioner     of 

Washington  City,  302. 
White,  Alexander;  statesman  ;  b.  Frank- 
lin, Tenn.,  Oct.  10,  1810 ;  moved  to  Ala- 
Lama  ;  received  an  academic  education  ; 
served  in  the  Semlnole  War  in  1830  ;  stud- 
led  law  and  practiced  ;  elected  a  represent- 
ative from  Alabama  to  the  32d  Congress  as 
a  Union  Whig,  defeating  Samuel  F.  Rice, 
State  Rights  Democrat  ;  member  of  State 
Constitutional  Convention  in  1805  :  member 
General  Assembly  in  1872  :  elected  Repre- 
sentative-at-large  to  the  43d  Congress ;  de- 
feated for  re-election  ;  appointed  an  asso- 
ciate justice  of  the  United  States  Court 
for  the  territory  of  Utah  in  1875. 

White,  George;  i>.  Elmira,  N.  Y.,  Aug. 
21,  1872 ;  attended  the  common  schools  of 
Titusville,  Pa.,  and  graduated  from  the 
High  School  in  1S91,  and  In  that  year  en- 
tered Princeton  University,  graduating  in 
the  class  of  1895  with  the  degree  of  B.  A.  ; 
entered  the  oil  business  ;  mined  in  the 
Klondike.  1898-1901  :  elected  to  the  legisla- 
ture and  represented  Washington  Co.,  Ohio, 
from  1905  to  1908  :  elected  to  the  02d,  G3d, 
and  64th  Congresses  from  Ohio. 

White,  Joseph  L.,  counsel  of  ship  canal 

company,  2676. 
White,    Joseph  M.,    employment  of,   to 

compile  land  laws  in  Florida,  994. 
White,    William,    imprisonment    of,    in 

Buenos  Ayres,  632. 
Whitely,   Simeon,   treaty  with   Indiana 

concluded  by,  3393. 
Whiting,   Joseph  B.,   member  of  Ckip- 

pewa  Commission,   5500. 

Whitney,  William  Collins  (1841-1004)  ; 
financier  and  politician  :  b.  Conway.  Mass.  ; 
in  1871.  he  took  an  active  part  against  the 
"Tweed  Ring"  in  New  York  :  was  corpora- 
tion counsel  of  New  York  City.  1875-82; 
Secretary  of  the  Navy.  1885-89;  a  strong 
supporter  of  Cleveland,  whose  presidential 
campaign  he  managed  in  1892  ;  it  was  his 


Whitney 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


masterly  management  that  secured  both 
nomination  and  election  of  Cleveland  under 
peculiarly  adverse  conditions ;  his  great 
work  as  financier  was  the  consolidation  of 
the  traction  lines  in  New  York  City. 

Whittlesey,  Elisha,  commissioner  to  ad- 
judicate claims  of  David  Taylor,  2678. 
Wickersham,  George  Woodward;  At- 
torney-General under  President  Taft ;  b. 
Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  Sept.  19,  1858 ;  graduated 
law  department  of  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania, 1880 ;  admitted  to  the  Philadel- 
phia bar  and  practiced  there  until  1882, 
when  'he  removed  to  New  York  City. 
Wickersham,  James;  lawyer ;  b.  Aug.  24, 
1857 ;  appointed  United  States  district 
judge  of  Alaska,  1900,  and  resigned  to  take 
effect  Jan.  1,  1908  ;  elected  delegate  to  the 
Cist,  62d,  and  63d  Congresses  from  Alaska. 
Wickliffe,  Charles  A.;  Postmaster-General 
under  President  Tyler ;  b.  Bardstown,  Ky., 
June  8,  1788 ;  received  a  liberal  education  ; 
studied  law  and  began  practice  at  Bards- 
town  ;  state  representative  1812-13  and 
1822-23  ;  elected  a  representative  from  Ken- 
tucky to  the  18th  Congress  as  a  Clay  Dem- 
ocrat ;  re-elected  to  the  19th,  20th,  21st  and 
22d  Congresses  ;  elected  to  the  State  house 
of  representatives  in  1834,  and  speaker ; 
lieutenant-governor  of  Kentucky  in  1836 ; 
became  governor  at  the  death  of  Gov. 
Clark  in  1839 ;  Postmaster-General  1841- 
1845 ;  sent  on  a  secret  mission  by  Presi- 
dent Polk  to  the  Republic  of  Texas  in  1845  ; 
elected  a  Representative  from  Kentucky  to 
the  37th  Congress  as  a  Union  Whig ;  dele- 
gate to  the  national  Democratic  convention 
at  Chicago  in  1804  ;  died  in  Howard 
County,  Md.,  Oct.  31,  18G9. 

Wilcox,  Orlando  B.,  negotiations  for 
and  correspondence  regarding  resto- 
ration of  peace,  3463. 
Wilder,  W.  C.,  member  of  commission 
concluding  treaty  of  annexation  of 
Hawaiian  Islands,  5783. 
Wilkes,  Charles;  naval  officer;  b.  New 
York,  April  3,  1798 ;  joined  the  navy  as 
midshipman  Jan.  1,  ISIS;  conducted  an 
expedition  to  explore  the  southern  Pacific 
Ocean,  1838-42;  in  1801,  while  cruising  in 
the  San  Jacinto,  he  intercepted  the  British 
steamer  Trent  and  took  from  her  two  con- 
federate commissioners  who  were  on  their 
way  to  England,  and  placed  them  under 
the  custody  of  Federal  authorities  at  Fort 
Warren  ;  between  1802  and  ISfiG  he  was 
employed  cliiofly  in  blockade  duty  on  the 
South  Atlantic  coast  ;  made  rear-ad  mi  nil, 
I860,  and  soon  after  retired ;  died  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.,  Feb.  8,  1877. 

Wilkes,  Charles: 

Commander  of  exploring  expedition, 
report  of,  on  Oregon  Territory  re- 
ferred to,  2013. 

Removal  of  Mason  and  Slidell  from 
British  vessel.  (See  Mason  and 
Slidell.) 

Wilkes 's  Exploring  Expedition,  expen- 
ditures of  publication  of,  referred  to, 
30G8. 


Wilkinson,  James;  soldier ;  b.  Maryland, 
1757,  and  joined  the  Revolutionary  Army, 
1778  ;  appointed  secretary  of  the  board  of 
war,  of  which  Gen.  Gates  was  president ; 
settled  in  Kentucky  after  the  war,  and 
engaged  in  expeditions  against  the  Indians  ; 
governor  of  Louisiana  Territory,  1805-06 ; 
appointed  major-general  in  1813  and  made 
unsuccessful  efforts  to  occupy  Canada ;  on 
the  reorganization  of  the  army  in  1815  he 
was  discharged  and  migrated  to  Mexico, 
where  he  died  Dec.  28,  1825. 

Wilkinson,  James: 

Aaron     Burr's     insurrection,     troops 
sent   to    suppress,    commanded    by, 
401. 
Conduct  and  commercial  transactions 

of,  inv  stigated,  423. 
No  intimation  found  of  corrupt  re- 
ceipt  of   money   by,  427. 
Expeditions  against  Wabash  Indians 

commanded  by,  104. 
Mentioned,  405. 

Williams,  Eli,  commissioner  for  Cum- 
berland road,  406. 

Williams,  George  H.;  b.  New  Lebanon, 
N.  Y.,  March  23.  1823 ;  received  a  liberal 
education ;  studied  law ;  moved  to  Iowa, 
where  he  began  the  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession ;  judge  of  the  first  judicial  district 
of  Iowa  1847-1852  ;  Presidential  elector  In 
1852  ;  chief  Justice  of  the  Territory  of  Ore- 
gon in  1853  and  again  in  1857,  resigning; 
member  of  the  constitutional  convention  of 
Oregon  in  185S  ;  elected  a  United  States 
Senator  from  Oregon  as  a  Union  Republi- 
can 1865-1871  ;  Attorney-General  of  the 
United  States  1872-1875;  nominated  by 
President  Grant  ("hief  Justice  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  the  United  States,  but  the 
name  was  withdrawn. 

Williams,  George  H.,  member  of  com- 
mission to  settle  questions  with  Great 
Britain,  4075. 

Williams,  John  Sharp;  b.  July  30,  1854, 
at  Memphis,  Term.  ;  received  a  fair  edu- 
cation at  private  schools,  the  Kentucky 
Military  Institute,  near  Frankfort,  Ky.,  the 
University  of  the  South,  Sewanee,  Tenn., 
the  University  of  Virginia,  and  the  Uni- 
verslty  of  Heidelberg,  in  Baden,  Germany  ; 
subsequently  studied  law  under  Profs. 
Minor  and  Southall  at  the  University  of 
Virginia  ;  in  December,  1878,  moved  to 
Yazoo  City,  Miss.,  where  he  engaged  In 
the  practice  of  his  profession  and  the  varied 
pursuits  of  a  cotton  planter:  delegate  to 
the  Chicago  convention  which  nominated 
Cleveland  and  Stevenson  :  served  as  tem- 
porary chairman  of  the  Democratic  national 
convention  in  1904;  was  elected  to  the 
53d,  r.ith.  55th  5(ith.  57th.  5Sth.  and  59th 
Congresses,  and  rr-elrcled  to  the  (iOth  Con- 
gress, receiving  all  tb<>  votes  cast.  He 
had  no  opposition  either  for  renominntlon 
or  election;  was  the  candidate  of  his  party 
for  the  ollicc  of  Speaker  in  the  5Sth,  59th, 
and  With  Congresses.  On  Aug.  1,  1907,  Mr. 
Williams  \v:is  chosen  at  a  primary  elec- 
tion to  be  the  candidate  of  the  Democratic 
party  for  the  United  States  Senate  from 
Mississippi,  and  on  Jan.  '_'.'{.  VJ08,  elected 
by  the  legislature  to  succeed  Hon.  H.  D. 
Money.  His  term  will  expire  March  5. 
' 


Biographic   Index 


Windom 


Williams,  Jonathan;  i>.  Host  on,  Mass., 
May  20,  1750 ;  attended  (lie  common 
schools ;  engaged  in  mercantile  pursuits : 
studied  law  and  practiced  ;  located  at 
Philadelphia ;  judge  of  the  court  of  com- 
mon pleas;  entered  the  Army  in  !•>!>.,  1801, 
as  major  of  engineers,  and  resigned  June 
'20,  1803,  as  lieutenant-colonel  of  engineers; 
colonel  of  engineers  1808-12.  when  he  re- 
signed ;  elected  a  Representative  from 
Pennsylvania  to  the  Fourteenth  Congress 
but  died  at  Philadelphia,  before  taking  his 
seat,  May  1(5,  1815. 

Williams,    Jonathan,     doath     of     Gen. 

Washington  announced  and  honors  to 

be  paid  memory  of,  were  signed  by, 

as   aide-de-camp. 
Williams,    Robert,    bureau    of    military 

information     under     supervision     of, 

discussed,  5879. 
Williams,  S.  W.,  decree  of,  prohibiting 

steamers  sailing  under  American  Hag 

from  using  channel  on  Yangtse  Eiver 

discussed,  3896,  3902. 

Willis,  Albert  S.J  b.  Shelby  County,  Ky., 
Jan.  22,  1843 ;  received  his  early  educa- 
tion in  common  sc'hools  and  graduated 
from  the  Louisville  Male  High  School  in 
1800 :  taught  school  for  four  years  ;  stud- 
ied law  and  graduated  from  the  Louis- 
ville Law  School  in  18(10  ;  elected  attorney 
for  Jefferson  County  in  1874  ;  elected  a 
Representative  from  Kentucky  to  the  45th, 
40th.  47th.  48th.  and  49th  Congresses  as 
a  Democrat  :  appointed  minister  to  Hono- 
lulu by  President  Cleveland,  and  died  there 
Jan.  0,  1897. 

Willis,  Albert  S.,  minister  to  Hawaiian 
Islands.    (See  Hawaiian  Islands,  min- 
ister to.) 
Willis,   Jesse   H.,   collector   of   customs, 

nomination    of,   992. 

Wilmot,  David  (1814-1808)  :  politician 
and  jurist  ;  b.  Bethany.  Pa.  ;  admitted  to 
bar,  1834  ;  member  of  Congress  from  Penn- 
sylvania, 1844-51  ;  promoted  the  famous 
"Wilmot  Proviso''  (1840)  ;  joined  the  Re- 
publican party  and  supported  Fremont  in 
1850;  T'nited  States  senator,  1801-0:!;  judge 
of  the  United  States  Court  of  Claims,  1803. 

Wilson,  Alfred  M.,  member  of  Cherokee 

Commission,  5481. 
Wilson,  H.  B.   (administrator),  act  for 

relief  of,  vetoed,  5236. 

Wilson,  Henry;  b.  Farmington,  N.  IT., 
Feb.  1C,  1812;  his  parents'  name  was  Col- 
bath,  and  his  name  was  Jeremia'h  Jones 
Colbath  until  he  was  seventeen  years  of  age. 
when  he  had  it  changed  by  the  legislature 
to  Henry  Wilson  ;  received  an  academic 
education;  learned  the  shoemaker's  trade; 
member  of  the  Massachusetts  State  House 
of  Representatives  1841-42  :  member  of  the 
State  Senate  1844.  1845,  1840.  1850.  1851, 
and  1852,  and  president  of  the  senate  two 
years  ;  delegate  to  the  national  Whig  con- 
vention at  Philadelphia  in  1848  and  with- 
drew ;  delegate  to  the  Free  Soil  national 
convention  at  Pittsburg  in  1851.  and  its 
president  :  defeated  in  1852  as  the  Free 
Soil  candidate  for  Congress;  delegate  to 
the  Constitutional  Convention  1853  ;  de- 
feated as  the  Free  Soil  candidate  for  Gov- 
ernor :  elected  a  United  States  Senator 
from  Massachusetts  bv  a  coalition  of  Free 


Hollers,  Americans  and  Democrats,  nnd 
three  limes  re-elected,  serving  from  1855 
until  In-  resigned  in  187.'!;  in  isoi  he 
raised,  and  comma nded,  for  a  lime,  the 
21id  Regiment  Massachusetts  Volunteers; 
elected  Vice-President  of  Hit-  United  Slates 
in  1X72;  died  in  the  Capiiol  at  Washing- 
tun,  D.  ('..  Nov.  W,  1875:  author  of  sev- 
eral publications  relating  to  slavery. 

Wilson, Henry, Vice-President  death  of, 
announced  and  honors  to  he  paid 
memory  of,  4285. 

Wilson,  James,  of  Traer,  Tama  Co.,  Iowa, 
Secretary  of  Agriculture  in  President  Taft's 
Cabinet  ;  b.  Ayrshire,  Scotland,  Aug.  10, 
1835;  in  1S52  lie  came  to  the  United  States, 
located  in  Tama  Co.,  Iowa,  where  he  en- 
gaged in  farming;  served  in  state  legisla- 
ture, and  elected  to  Congress  in  1S"L',  and 
served  in  the  4.'!d,  44lh,  and  48th  Con- 
gresses; in  the  interim  between  t  he  44th 
and  48th  Congresses,  niemher  of  Railway 
Commission;  1870  to  1874,  regent  of  State 
University:  director  of  the  agricultural  ex- 
periment station  ami  professor  of  agricul- 
ture at  the  Iowa  Au'ricultural  College  at 
Ames,  1890-1890  ;  appointed  Secretary  of 
Agriculture  by  President  MeKinley  in  181(7 
and  1901  ;  by'  President  Roosevelt' in  1905; 
and  by  President  Taft  in  190!). 

Wilson,  John  M.,  Puerto  liican  expedi- 
tion re-enforced  by  division  of,  0318. 
Wilson,  William  BaUChop,  Secretary  of 
Labor  under  President  Wilson  ;  b.  Blantyre, 
Scotland,  April  2,  1802;  came  to  this  coun- 
try with  his  parents  in  1870  and  settled  at 
Arnot,  Tioga  County,  Pa.  In  March.  1871. 
he  began  working  in  the  coal  mines  :  in  No- 
vember. 187.'!.  became  half  member  of  the 
Mine  Workers'  Union  :  has  taken  an  active 
part  in  trade  union  affairs  from  early  man- 
hood :  international  secretary-treasurer  of 
the  United  Mine  Workers  of  America  from 
1900  to  1908.  having  been  elected  each  year 
without  opposition  :  is  engaged  in  farming 
at  Rlossburg  :  is  married  and  has  nine  chil- 
dren :  elected  to  the  C.Oth.  Olst  and  Olid 
Congresses  from  the  fifteenth  Congressional 
district  of  Pennsylvania;  chairman  Com- 
mittee on  Labor.  House  of  Representatives. 
02d  Congress.  Took  office  as  Secretary  of 
Labor  March  5,  1913. 
Wilson,  William  Lyne  (1S43  -19001  ; 

statesman  and  cabinet  officer ;  b.  Jeffer- 
son Co..  Va.  ;  served  in  the  Confederate 
Army  during  the  Civil  War:  president  of 
the  University  of  Virginia,  1882-188.'!;  Dem- 
ocratic member  of  Congress  from  West 
Virginia,  1883-95:  while  chairman  of  the 
Ways  and  Means  committee  he  brought 
about  the  repeal  of  the  Sherman  Silver  Pur- 
chase Hill,  189:!;  and  framed  the  tariff  bill, 
known  by  his  name,  1894:  postmaster-gen- 
eral under  Cleveland,  1895-1897  :  president 
of  Washington  and  Lee  University,  1897. 

Wilson,  William  Warfield;   b.   Man-h   2. 

1808,  at  Ohio,  Bureau  Co..  111.:  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1893:  elected  to  the  58th. 
59th,  60th,  Olst,  02d  and  04th  Congresses 
from  Illinois. 

Wilson,  Woodrow,  biography  of,  78G7. 
Windom,  William  (1827-1891^:  states- 
man and  cabinet  officer;  b.  Waterford. 
Ohio:  member  of  Congress  from  Minnesota, 
1859-09:  United  States  senaior.  187O-S1  ; 
Secretarv  of  the  Treasury  (1881  in  Gar- 
tield's  cabinet,  and  1889-1891  in  Harrisons 
cabinet  i  :  a  decided  advocate  of  reciprocity 
and  of  the  gold  standard. 


Windom 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Windom,  William,   Secretary  of  Treas- 
ury, death  of,  announced  and  hon- 
ors  to   be   paid   memory   of,   5599. 
Referred  to,  5568. 

Wines,  E.  C.,  commissioner  to  Interna- 
tional   Congress    on     Prevention    of 
Crimes,  report  of,  referred  to,  4115. 
Winslow,  Ezra  D.,  refusal  of  Great  Brit- 
ain to  surrender  other  fugitives  and, 
4325,  4369. 
Winslow,  John  A.,  thanks  of  Congress 

to,  recommended,  3457. 
Winthrop,  Robert  C.,  correspondence 
respecting  presentation  to  United 
States  of  desk  upon  which  Declara- 
tion of  Independence  was  written, 
4540. 

Wirt,  William;  lawyer,  author,  orator; 
Attorney  General  under  Presidents  Monroe 
and  John  Quincy  Adams ;  b.  Nov.  8,1772,  in 
Bladensburg,  Md.  ;  his  parents,  Swiss-Gen 
man,  d'ed  while  he  was  a  child  and  he  was 
reared  by  an  uncle  and  educated  at  George- 
town, D.  C.,  and  at  the  private  school  of 
the  Rev.  James  Hunt  in  Montgomery  Co., 
Md.  ;  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1792,  and  be- 
gan practice  in  Culpeper  Courthouse,  Va., 
and  wrote  on  topics  of  the  time  ;  upon  the 
death  of  his  wife  in  1799,  went  to  Rich* 
mond  and  was  made  Clerk  of  the  House  of 
Delegates,  and  in  1802  Chancellor  of  the 
Eastern  District ;  in  1803  published  "Let. 
ters  of  a  British  Spy,"  which  ran  to  ten 
editions ;  in  1807  President  Jefferson  ap- 
pointed him  counsel  for  the  Government  in 
the  trial  of  Aaron  Burr  for  treason,  and 
one  of  his  speeches  in  that  memorable  trial 
has  ever  since  been  regarded  as  a  classic 
example  of  American  oratory ;  appointed 
bv  President  Madison  District  Attorney  for 
Virginia  in  1816,  and  by  President  Monroe 
to  be  Attorney  General  in  1817  and  con- 
tinned  through  the  administration  of  John 
Quincy  Adams  ;  Judge  Story  regarded  him 
as  "among  the  ablest  and  most  eloquent 
of  the  bar  of  the  Supreme  Court"  :  he  was 
counsel  for  the  defense  in  the  celebrated 
Dartmouth  College  case  "(q.  v.),  in  which 
he  was  opposed  by  Daniel  Webster ;  among 
his  addresses  was  one  on  the  death  of  Jef- 
ferson and  Adams,  and  one  at  Rutgers  Col- 
lege, which  was  reproduced  in  England, 
France  and  Germany  ;  candidate  for  Presi- 
dent on  the  Anti-Masonic  ticket  in  1832, 
and  received  a  popular  vote  of  33,108, 
and  the  electoral  vote  of  Vermont ;  died 
Feb.  18,  1834,  in  Washington. 

Wise,  Henry  Augustus;  naval  officer;  b. 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  May  12,  1819;  entered 
the  navy  as  midshipman,  1834:  served  in 
the  Seminole  War  and  on  the  Pacific  coast 
during  the  Mexican  War;  flag  lieutenant  of 
Mediterranean  squadron,  1852-54  ;  conveyed 
the  Japanese  ambassadors  home  in  frigate 
Niagara,  1801  ;  promoted  to  captain  and 
chief  of  naval  ordnance  bureau  with  rank  of 
commander  in  December,  I860;  died  at  Na- 
ples, Italy,  April  2,  1869. 

Wise,  Henry  A.,  minister  to — 
Brazil— 

Correspondence     of,     referred     to, 

2426,  2428,  253S. 
Dispatches    from,    regarding    slave 

trade,  2215. 

France,    nomination    of,    and    reasons 
therefor,    2086. 


Witherspoon,  Samuel  A.;  b.  May  4,  1855, 
in  Lowndes  Co.,  Miss. ;  educated  at  the 
University  of  Mississippi  and  was  gradu- 
ated in  1876 ;  for  three  years  a  tutor  of 
Latin  in  the  State  University,  and  that  in- 
stitution has  conferred  upon  him  the  de- 
gree of  A.  B..  A.  M.,  and  LL.  D.  :  was  mar- 
ried on  the  17th  day  of  June.  1880,  to  Miss 
Sue  E.  May,  of  Versailles,  Ky.  In  the  elec- 
tion to  the  G2d  Congress  from  Mississippi 
was  the  nominee  of  the  Democratic  party 
and  had  no  opponent.  lie  was  also  re- 
elected  to  63d  and  (!4th  Congresses. 

Wolcott,  Oliver,  Jr.;  lawyer,  financier, 
seventh  Governor  of  Connecticut,  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury  under  Presidents  Washing- 
ton and  Adams  ;  b.  Jan.  11,  1760,  in  Litch- 
field,  Conn.  ;  educated  by  his  mother  and  at 
Litchfield  grammar  school ;  graduated  Yale 
1778  ;  studied  law  in  his  native  town  and 
served  in  the  War  of  the  Revolution  ;  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1781  and  went  to 
Hartford  and  became  Controller  of  Public 
Accounts  ;  when  the  federal  government  was 
reorganized  under  the  Constitution  in  1789 
he  was  made  auditor  of  the  United  States 
Treasury,  and  later  Controller  ;  refused  the 
presidency  of  the  United  States  Bank  in 
1791  ;  succeeded  Alexander  Hamilton  as 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  in  1795  ;  and  con- 
tinued throughout  the  administration  of 
Washington  and  into  that  of  John  Adams  ; 
resigned  Nov.  8,  1800,  and  was  appointed 
judge  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court 
for  the  district  of  Connecticut,  Vermont 
and  New  York  ;  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Merchants  Bank  of  New  York  and  the  Bank 
of  North  America  ;  returned  to  Litchfield  in 
1815  and  engaged  in  manufacture  of  woolen 
goods  and  became  a  strong  advocate  of 
protection  to  home  industries;  although  a 
member  of  the  Congregational  Church  he 
was  active  in  securing  the  repeal  of  the 
law  taxing  all  other  religious  denominations 
for  the  support  of  the  Congregational 
Church ;  elected  Lieutenant  Governor  in 
1817,  and  Governor  the  following  year,  serv- 
ing until  1827;  died  June  1,  1833,  in  New 
York  and  was  buried  in  Litchfield. 

Wolcott,  Oliver,  commissioner  of  United 

States,  nomination  of,  290. 
Wolford,  Frank,  Presidential  elector  of 
Kentucky,   arrest    and    imprisonment 
of,   3460. 

Wood,  John  E.,  correspondence  of,  re- 
ferred to,  3014. 

Wood,  Leonard;  b.  Winchester,  N.  II.,  on 
Oct.  9,  I860.  Was  graduated  from  the 
Harvard  Medical  School  in  1884,  and  in 
1886  became  an  assistant  surgeon,  with  the 
rank  of  first  lieutenant,  in  the  United 
States  army.  In  the  same  year,  he  saw  serv- 
ice in  ttie  Indian  campaigns  in  Arizona  and 
"New  Mexico.  In  1891,  he  was  made  a  sur- 
geon in  the  army,-  witli  the  rank  of  captain. 
During  the  Spanish-American  War,  ho  and 
Theodore  Roosevelt  recruited  the  volunteer 
regiment  familiarly  known  as  the  "Rough 
Riders,"  and  lie  was  rewarded  for  his  serv- 
ices by  being  created  a  colonel  in  1S9S.  From 
IS!>9  to  1902,  he  was  military  governor  of 
Cuba,  ami  was  made  a  brigadier-general. 
In  190.'!,  he  was  made  a  major-general,  and 
in  190S  was  triven  command  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  the  East,  to  lie  transferred  In  1917 
to  the  Department  of  the  Southeast. 
Wood,  Lafayette  B.,  brevet  second  lieu- 
tenant, promotion  of,  to  second  lieu- 
tenant, recommended,  2296. 


Biographic   Index 


Wright 


Woodbury,  Levi,  Secretary  of  the  Navy  un- 
der President  Jackson  and  of  the  Treasury 
under  President  Van  Buren ;  b.  Francis- 
town,  N.  II.,  Dec.  22,  1789 ;  gradu- 
ated from  Dartmouth  College  in  1800 ; 
studied  law  and  began  practice  at  Francis- 
town  ;  appointed  judge  of  the  superior  court 
of  New  Hampshire  In  1816:  moved  to  Ports- 
mouth; governor  of  New  Hampshire  1828- 
24;  State  representative  1825  and  speaker; 
n  United  States  Senator  as  a  Democrat 
1825-1 831  ;  State  senator  18:U,  but  de- 
clined ;  Secretary  of  the  Navy  18:51,  and 
In  1834  transferred  to  the  Treasury  Depart- 
ment, serving  until  1841  ;  appointed  chief 
justice  of  the  superior  court  of  New  Hamp- 
shire, but  declined  ;  again  a  member  of  the 
United  States  Senate  1841-1845;  resigned, 
having  been  appointed  a  justice  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  the  United  States  (vice 
Joseph  Story,  deceased),  serving  until  he 
died  at  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  Sept.  4,  1851. 

Woodbury,  Levi,  Secretary  of  Treasury 
in  1836,  issued  an  order  regarding 
the  circulation  of  small  bank  notes 
and  certain  rules  to  reduce  the  num- 
ber of  by  payment  in  specie. 
Correspondence  respecting  interfer- 
ence in  elections  and  pay  of  sol- 
diers, 1315. 

Woodford,  Stewart  L.;  statesman  ;  b.  New 
York  City  Sept.  3,  1835 :  graduated  from 
Columbia  College  In  1854 ;  studied  law, 
and  began  practice  in  New  York  City  ;  as- 
sistant attorney  for  the  United  States  at 
New  York  City  in  1S61  :  served  in  the 
Union  Army  :  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  One 
hundred  and  twenty-seventh  New  York 
Volunteers  and  later  colonel,  and  brigadier- 
general  :  first  Union  military  commander 
of  Charleston,  S.  C.,  and  of  Savannah.  Oa.  ; 
lieutenant-governor  of  New  York  in  1S66: 
president  of  the  electoral  college  in  1S72  ; 
elected  a  Representative  from  New  York 
to  the  Forty-third  Congress  as  a  Republican, 
but  resigned  July  1.  1874.  having  been  ap- 
pointed United  States  attorney  for  the 
southern  district  of  New  York. 

Woodford,  Stewart  L.,  minister  to  Spain 

mentioned,  6257,  6284,  6286. 
Withdrawal  of,  6312. 
Woodruff,  Wilford,  letter  of,   advising 
Mormons  to  refrain  from  contracting 
marriages  forbidden  by  law,  referred 
to,  5553. 

Woodworth,  Selim  E.,  thanks  of  Con- 
gress to,  recommended,  3277. 
Wool,  John  Ellis;  soldier;  b.  Newburgh, 
N.  Y.,  Feb.  20,  1784  ;  engaged  in  business 
as  bookseller  in  Troy,  N.  Y.,  and  later  stud- 
ied law,  which  he  abandoned  to  enlist  as 
captain  in  the  army  in  April,  1812  ;  he  ren- 
dered distinguished  service  during  the  sec- 
ond war  with  England  and  in  1816  was 
made  inspector-general  with  rank  of  colo- 
nel: appointed  brigadier-general  in  1S41  ; 
actively  supported  Gen.  Taylor  in  Mexican 
War,  and  received  the  thanks  of  Congress 
and  a  sword  for  his  valor  ;  placed  in  com- 
mand of  Fort  Monroe,  Va.,  August.  1861  : 
was  promoted  to  major-general,  1862,  and 
placed  on  the  retired  list  Aug.  1,  1863  ;  died 
Troy,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  10,  1869. 

Wool,  John  E.: 

Correspondence      regarding      Depart- 
ment  of  Pacific,   2429,   2431,   3014. 


Inquiry  in  case  of,  1589. 
Thanks  of  President  tendered  to,  and 
the    forces    under    his    command    in 
bringing    about    the    surrender    of 
Norfolk,  and  the  evacuation  of  bat- 
teries, 3313. 
Wooster,  David,  monument  to  memory 

of,  information  regarding,  801. 
Worcester,  Dean  C.,  member  of  commis- 
sion to  Philippine  Islands,  6584. 
Worden,  John  Lorimer;  naval  officer ;  b. 

Westchester  Co.,  N.  Y.,  March  12,  1S18; 
entered  navy  as  midshipman  Jan.  10,  1834  ; 
commanded  the  ironclad  Monitor  In  her 
fight  with  the  Mrrrimitr  off  Hampton 
Uoads,  March  9,  1862  :  promoted  Captain, 
1863,  and  did  duty  at  New  York  in  connec- 
tion with  the  iron-dads  ;  commissioned  rear- 
admiral  Nov.  20,  1872;  retired  Dec.  23, 
1886;  died  Oct.  18,  1897. 

Worden,  John  L.: 

Captain  in  Navy,  nomination  of,  3352. 

Imprisonment  of,  3235. 

Thanks  of  Congress  to,  recommended, 

3344. 
Thanks  of  President  tendered,   3313. 

Worden,  L.  J.,  act  for  relief  of,  vetoed, 

5247. 

Consideration     and    return     of,     dis- 
cussed, 5249. 

Works,  John  D.;  b.  Ohio  Co.,  Ind.,  March 
29,  1847  ;  was  reared  on  a  farm  until  six- 
teen and  a  half  years  of  age,  when  he  en- 
listed in  the  army,  serving  eighteen  months, 
until  the  close  of  the  Civil  War  ;  educated 
in  the  common  schools  of  Indiana ;  is  a 
lawyer  and  practiced  his  profession  for  fif- 
teen years  at  Vevay,  Ind.  ;  in  1883  moved 
to  California  ;  served  one  term  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  legislature  of  Indiana  in  1879; 
was  judge  of  the  Superior  Court  of  San 
Diego  Co.,  Cal.,  and  a  justice  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  that  state;  for  a  short 
time,  in  1910,  a  member  of  the  City  Coun- 
cil of  the  city  of  Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  and  its 
president ;  member  of  the  American  Bar 
Association  more  than  twenty  years;  elect- 
ed United  States  Senator  for  California  by 
the  legislature  of  that  state  for  the  term 
ending  March  3,  1917. 

Worrell,  Edward,   consul   at  Matanzas. 

correspondence    regarding   estates    of 

deceased  American  citizens  in  Cuba, 

2893. 

Worthington,  Nicholas  E.,   member   of 

Strike  Commission,  5983. 
Wright,  Carroll  D.,  member  of  Strike 

Commission,  5983. 

Wright,  Isaac  H.,  naval  agent,  appoint- 
ment of,  referred  to,  2272. 
Wright,  John  C.;  journalist  ;  b.  Wethers- 
field,  Conn.,  in  1783 :  received  a  liberal 
education  :  printer  ;  studied  la\v.  and  began 
practice  at  Steubenville,  Ohio :  judge  of 
the  state  supreme  court :  elected  a  Repre- 
sentative from  Ohio  to  the  ISth.  19th.  and 
20th  Congresses  :  defeated  for  re-election  ; 
engaged  in  newspaper  work  and  for  some 
years  proprietor  of  the  Cincinnati  (layette ; 
delegate  to  the  peace  congress :  died  at 
Washington,  D.  C.,  Feb.  13,  1861. 


Wright 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Wright,  J.  C.,  correspondence  regarding 
removal  of  remains  of  the  late  Presi- 
dent W.  II.   Harrison,  1906. 
Wright,    John   V.,    member    of    Indian 

commission,   5579. 

Wright,  Joseph  A.;  diplomat;  b.  "Washing- 
ton, I'a.,  April  17,  1810 ;  moved  to  In- 
diana, where  he  graduated  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  Indiana ;  studied  law,  and  in 
1829  began  practice  at  Rockville,  Ind.  ; 
Btate  representative  in  1833  and  a  state 
senator  in  1S40 ;  elected  a  representative 
from  Indiana  to  the  28th  Congress  as  a 
Democrat :  defeated  for  re-election ;  gover- 
nor of  Indiana  1849-lsr>7  :  minister  to 
Prussia  18.17-1801,  and  again  appointed, 
serving  from  18G3  until  his  death,  at  Ber- 
lin, Prussia,  May  11,  1807. 


Wright,  Joseph  A.,  compensation  to,  for 

attending   International   Agricultural 

Exhibition     at    Hamburg,    Germany, 

recommended,  3398. 

Wright,  Obed,  arrest  and  prosecution  of, 

for  murder  of  friendly  Indians,  618. 
Wright,  Silas  (1795-1847);  statesman; 
b.  Amherst,  Mass.  ;  began  the  practice  of 
law  at  Canton,  N.  Y.,  in  1819  ;  state  sena- 
tor, 1823-27,  where  he  opposed  De  Witt 
Clinton  ;  elected  member  of  Congress,  1827- 
29  ;  comptroller  of  New  York,  1829-33  ; 
United  States  senator,  1833-34  and  1837-43, 
where  he  opposed  tne  United  States  Bank 
and  supported  Clay's  Compromise;  declined 
the  nomination  for  Vice-President,  1844  ; 
governor  of  New  York,  1844-47  ;  several 
cabinet  and  diplomatic  offices  were  tendered 
him,  but  he  refused  all. 


Yard,  James,  consul  to  Santa  Cruz,  nom- 
ination of,  90. 
Yokum,    William,    report    in    case    of, 

transmitted,  3412. 

Young,  Brigham;  Mormon  leader  ;  b.  Whit- 
ingham,  Vt.,  June  1,  1801  ;  joined  the  Lat- 
ter-day Saints  at  Mendou,  N.  Y.,  in  1831. 
Possessed  of  great  natural  ability,  developed 
by  experience  as  a  missionary  and  a  relig- 
ious organizer,  lie  rose  to  prominence  and  at 
the  death  of  Joseph  Smith,  in  1844,  succeed- 
ed him  as  the  head  of  the  church.  In  184G 
he  led  the  Mormon  community  from  Nauvoo, 
111.,  to  the  Missouri  River,  which  was  then 
the  frontier  of  the  nation,  and  a  year  later 
led  a  company  of  pioneers  across  the  great 
plains,  over  the  Rocky  Mountains,  into  "The 
Great  American  Desert."  There  he  found- 
ed Salt  Lake  City,  the  first  white  settle- 
ment of  the  inter-mountain  region  and  the 
nucleus  of  the  present  State  of  Utah. 

In  March,  1849,  pending  Congressional 
action  upon  their  petition  for  a  civil  gov- 
ernment. I'.righam  Young  and  his  associates 
established  the  provisional  State  of  Deseret 
Congress  denied  the  petition  for  a  state  gov- 
ernment, and  organized  the  Territory  of 
Utah,  with  Brigham  Young  as  Governor,  ap- 
pointed by  the  President  of  the  United 
States.  After  serving  a  second  term  he 
was  succeeded  in  IS.'S  by  Alfred  dim- 
ming, the  first  non-Mormon  executive  of 
the  territory.  Though  no  longer  Governor 
Brigham  Young  continued  to  wield  great 


Influence,  especially  among  the  Mormon 
people.  lie  died  at  Salt  Lake  City,  Aug. 
29,  1877. 

Young,  Brigham,  governor  of  Utah: 
Alleged  rebellion  under  leadership  of, 

discussed,  2986,  3034. 
Referred  to,  3013. 
His  power  discussed,  2985. 
Governor      dimming      appointed      in 

place  of,  2986,  3034. 

Young,  James;  b.  July  18,  ISGG,  at  Hen- 
derson, Tex.  ;  educated  at  the  State  Uni- 
versity, Austin,  Tex.,  graduating  in  June, 
1891,-  with  the  degree  of  LL.  B.  ;  engaged 
in  the  nractice  of  law  when  nominated  for 
Congress,  never  having  held  public  office ; 
elected  to  the  G2d,  G3d  and  G4th  Congresses 
from  Texas. 

Young,  John  J.,  captain  in  Navy,  nom- 
ination of,  3478. 

Young,  Jonathan,  commander  in  Navy, 
nomination  of,  to  be  restored  to  orig- 
inal position,  and  reasons  therefor, 

4002. 

Young,  Samuel  B.  M.,  operations  of 
brigade  under,  around  Santiago, 
Cuba,  discussed,  6395. 

Yulee,  David  L.,  imprisonment  of,  report 
on,  transmitted,  3576. 


Zantzinger,  John  P.,  captain  in  Navy, 

nomination  of,  and  reasons  therefor, 

1745. 
Zantzinger,  William  P.,  purser  in  Navy, 

nomination   of,  and  reasons  therefor, 

6003. 


Zepeda,  Senor,  treaty  between  United 
States  and  Nicaragua  concluded  by, 
2572. 

Zuloaga,  Felix,  supreme  power  in  Mex- 
ico assigned  to,  3094,  3175. 


APPENDIX 

THE  SIXTY-FIFTH  CONGRESS 
DELEGATIONS  BY  STATES 

I  Names  of  Democrats  in  romau  type;  Republicans  in  italics;  Socialist  in  Rornnn 
•with*;  Progressives  in  LAKGE  AND  SMALL  CAPITALS ;  Independent  in  CAPITALS; 
Prohibitionist  in  ITALIC  CAPITALS. \ 


ALABAMA. 
SENATORS. 

John  II.  Bankhead.  I     Oscar  W.  Underwood. 

REPRESENTATIVES. 
[Democrats,  10.] 


1.  O.  L.  Gray. 

2.  S.  Hubert  Dent,  Jr. 

3.  H.  B.  Steagall. 

4.  Freil  L.  Blaekmon. 
f>.  J.  Thomaa  Heflin. 


0.  W.  B.  Oliver. 
7.  John  L.  Burnett. 
S.  E.  B.  Alinon. 
0.  Geo.  Huddleston. 
10.  W.  B.  Bankhead. 


ARIZONA. 

SENATORS. 
Henry  F.  Ashurst.  |      Marcus  A.  Smith. 

REPRESENTATIVE. 

[Democrat,  1.] 
At  Large — -Carl  Hayden. 

ARKANSAS. 

SENATORS. 

William  F.  Kirby.  |     Joe  T.  Robinson. 

REPRESENTATIVES. 
[Democrats,  7.] 


1.  Thaddeus  H.   Cara- 

2.  William  A.  Old  field. 

3.  J.  N.  Tillman. 


4.  Otis  T.  Wingo. 

5.  H.  M.  Jacoway. 

6.  Samuel  M.  Taylor. 

7.  William  S.  Goodwin. 


CALIFORNIA. 

SENATORS. 
J.  D.  Phelan.  1    Hiram  Johnson. 

REPRESENTATIVES. 
[Democrats,   4;    Republicans,   G;  Prohibitionist,  1. 

7.  Denver  S.  Church. 

8.  Everis  A.  Hayes. 

9.  C.  II.  RANDALL. 


1.  Clarence  F.  Lea. 

2.  John  E.  Raker. 

3.  Charles  F.  Curry. 

4.  Julius  Kahn. 

5.  John  I.  Nolan. 
G.  J.  A.  Elston. 


10.  Henry  Z.  Osbon, 

11.  William  Kettner. 


COLORADO. 

SENATORS. 

Charles  S.  Thomas.  |    John  F.  Shaforth. 

REPRESENTATIVES. 
[Democrats,  3;  Republican,  1.] 


1.  B.  C.  Hilliard. 

3.  Edward  Keating. 

At  Large  —  Meilill  McCormick,  William  E.  M'mon. 

2.  Charles    B.    Timber- 

4.  Edward  T.  Taylor. 

1.   Martin  B.  Madden. 

14.    William  J.Graham. 

lake. 

2.  James  R.  Mann. 

15.  E.  J.  King. 

CONNECTICUT. 

3.    W.  W.  Wilson. 
4.  Charles  Martin. 

10.   Clifford  Ireland. 
17.  J.  A.  Sterling. 

SENATORS 

5.   Adolph  J.  Sabath. 

IS.  Joseph  G.  Cannon. 

Prank  B.  Brandegce. 

George.  P.  McLean. 

6.  James  McAndrews. 
7.  Niels  Jit  ul. 

19.    W.  B.  McKinlcy. 
20.  Henry  T.  Rainey. 

REPRESENTATIVES. 

8.  Thomas  Gallagher. 
9.   Fred  A  .  Britten. 

21.  L.  J'J.  Wheeler. 
22.    W.  A.  Rodenburg. 

[Democrat,  1;  Republicans,  4.] 

10.  G.  E.  Foss. 

23.   Martin  D.  Foster. 

1.  Augustus  Lonergan. 

4.  E.  J.  Hill. 

11.  Ira  C.  Copley. 

24.   T.  .S.  Williams. 

2.  R.  R.  Freeman. 

5.  J.  P.  Giynn. 

12.  C.  E.  Fuller. 

25.  E.  E.  Dtnison. 

3.  J.  Q.  Tilson. 

13.  John  C.  McKenzie. 

DELAWARE. 

SENATORS. 

Josiali  O.  Wolcott.  |    Williard  Saulsbury. 

REPRESENTATIVE. 

[Damocrat,  1.] 
At  Large— Albert  F.  Polk. 

FLORIDA. 

SENATORS. 
Duncan  U.  Fletcher.         |    Park  Trammel. 


REPRESENTATIVES. 
[Democrats,  4.] 


1.  H.  J.  Drake. 

2.  Frank  Clark. 


3.  Walter  Kehoe. 

4.  W.  J.  Sears. 


GEORGIA. 

SENATORS. 
Thomas  W.  Hardwick.    |    Hoke  Smith. 

REPRESENTATIVES. 
[Democrats,  12.] 


1.  J.  W.  Overstreet. 

2.  Frank  Park. 

3.  Charles  R.  Crisp. 

4.  William  C.  Adamson 

5.  William  S.  Howard. 
G.  James  W.  Wise. 


7.  Gordon  Lee. 

8.  C.  H.  Brand. 

9.  Thomas  M.  Bell. 

10.  Carl  Vinson. 

11.  John  R.  Walker. 

12.  W.  W.  Larssn. 


IDAHO. 

SENATORS. 

William  E.  Borah.  |  James  If.  Brady. 

REPRESENTATIVES. 

[Republicans,  2.] 
At  Largo — Burton  I.  French,  Addison  T.  Smith. 

ILLINOIS. 

SENATORS. 
J.  Hamilton  Lewis.  |    Lau-rence  Y.  Shermaji. 

REPRESENTATIVES. 
[Democrats,  G;  Republicans,  21.] 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


INDIANA. 

SENATORS. 
James  E.  Watson.  \     Harry  S.  New. 

REPRESENTATIVES. 
[Democrats,  4;  Republicans,  9.] 


1.  George  K.  Denton. 

2.  Oscar  E.  Bland. 

3.  William  E.  Cox. 

4.  Lincoln  Dixon. 

5.  Ectrett  Sunders. 
0.  D.   W.  Comstock. 
7.  Merrill  Mocres. 


8.  A.  H.  Vestal. 

9.  Fred  S.  Purnell. 

10.  W.  R.  Wood. 

11.  Milton  Krauss. 

12.  L.  W.  Fair  field. 

13.  Hoary  A.  Barnhart. 


IOWA. 

SENATORS. 

Albert  B.  Cummins.          \     William  S.  Kenyan. 
REPRESENTATIVES. 
[Republicans,  11.] 


7.  C.  C.  Dowell. 

8.  Horace  M.  Ton-tier. 

9.  William  R.  Green. 

10.  Frank  P.  Woods. 

11.  George  C.  Scott. 


1.  Charles  A.  Kennedy. 

•2.  II.  K.  lluli. 

3.  B.  K.  Street. 

4.  Ciltjrrt  A".  Haui/en. 

5.  James  W.  Good. 
G.  C.  W.  Ramseyer. 

KANSAS. 

SENATORS. 
Charles  Curtis.  |    William  H.  Thompson. 

REPRESENTATIVES. 
[Democrats,  5;  Republicans,  3.] 


1.  DanielR.  Anthony,  Jr. 

•2.  E.  C.  Little. 

3.  Philip  P.  Campbell. 

4.  Dudley  Dooliule. 


5.  Guy  T.  Helvering. 
0.  John  R.  Connolly. 
7.  Jouett  Shouse. 
.S.  W.  A.  Ayres. 


KENTUCKY. 

SENATORS. 
J.  C.  W.  Beckham.  |    Ollie  M.  James. 

REPRESENT  ATIV  ES. 
[Democrats,  9;  Republicans,  2.] 


1.  Albi-n  \V.  Harkley. 

2.  I).  H.  Kinctilof. 

3.  Robt.  Y.Thomas,  Jr. 

4.  Ucri  Johnson. 

5.  Swagar  Sherley. 
G.  Arthur  H.  Rouse. 


7.  J.  C.  Cantrill. 

8.  Harvey  Helm. 

9.  W.  J.  Fields. 

10.  John  W.  Langley. 

11.  Caleb  Powers. 


LOUISIANA. 

SENATORS. 
Robert  F.  Brou.*sard.        |    Joseph  E.  Ransdell. 

REPRESENTATIVES 
[Democrats,  7;  Progressive,  1.] 


1.  Albert  Estopinal. 

2.  H.  Garland  Dupre. 

3.  W.  P.  MARTIN. 

4.  John  T.  Watkins. 


5.  Riley  Wilson, 

fi.  J.  Y.  Sanders. 

7.  Ladislas  Lazaro. 

8.  James  B.  Aswell. 


MAINE. 

SENATORS. 
Bert  M.  Fernald.  \    Frederick  Hale. 

REPRESENTATIVES. 
[Republicans,  4.] 


1.  Louis  ft,  Goodnll. 

2.  Wallace  H.  White,  Jr. 


3.  John  A.  Peters. 

4.  Ira  G.  Hersey. 


MARYLAND. 

SENATORS. 

John  Walter  Smith.  |    Jumj>h  G.  France. 

REPRESENTATIVES. 

[Democrats,  4;  Republicans,  2.] 

4.  J.  Charles  I.inthicum 


1.  J.  D.  Price. 

2.  J.   Kred.  C.  Talbott. 

3.  Charles  P.  Cady. 


.S.  K.  Mudd. 

0.  Frederick  N,  Zihlman. 


MASSACHUSETTS. 

SENATORS. 
Henry  Cabot  Lodge.  \    John  W.  Weeks. 

REPRESENTATIVES. 
[Democrats,  4;  Republicans,   11;  Independent,  1.] 


1.  Allen  T.  Treadway. 

2.  Frederick  H.  Gillett. 

3.  Calvin  D.  Paige. 

4.  Samuel  E.   Winslow. 

5.  John  J.  Rogers. 

6.  Augustus  P.  Gardner. 

7.  M.  F.  Phelan. 

8.  F.  W.  Dallinger. 


9.  A.  T.  FULLER. 

10.  P.  F.  Tague. 

11.  G.  H.  Tinkham. 

12.  J.  A.  Gallivan. 

13.  W.  H.  Carter. 

14.  Richard  Olney,  2d. 

15.  William  S.  Greene. 
1(5.  Joseph  Walsh. 


MICHIGAN. 

SENATORS. 
William  Alden  Smith.        \    Charles  E.  Townsend. 

REPRESENTATIVES. 
[Democrat,  1;  Republicans,  12.] 


1.  Frank  E.   Doremus. 

2.  Mark  R.  Bacon. 

3.  J.  M.  C.  Smith. 

4.  Edward  L.  Hamilton. 

5.  Carl  E.  Mapes. 

6.  P.  II.  Kclley. 

7.  Louis  C.  Cranton. 


S.  Joseph  W.  Fordnetj. 

9.  J.  C.  McLaw/hlin. 

10.  Gilbert  R.  Currie. 

11.  F.  D.  Scott. 

12.  W.  F.  James. 

13.  C.  A.  Nichols. 


MINNESOTA. 

SENATORS. 
Knute  Nelson.  \    Frank  B.  Kellogg. 

REPRESENTATIVES. 
[Democrat,  1;  Republicans,  S;  Progressive,  1.] 


1.  Sydney  Anderson. 

2.  F.  F.  Ellsworth. 

3.  Charles  R.  Davis. 

4.  C.  C.  Van  Dyke. 

5.  Ernest  Lundeen. 


6.  Harold  Knutson. 

7.  AndrewJ.  Volstead. 

8.  Clarence  B.   Miller. 

9.  Uahor  Steeneraon. 
10.  THOMAS  D.  SCHALL, 


MISSISSIPPI. 

SENATORS. 

John  Sharp  Williams.     '  |    James  K.  Vartlaman. 
REPRESENTATIVES. 

[Democrats,  8.] 


1.  EzckielS.Candler.Jr. 

2.  Hubert  D.  Stephens. 

3.  Herij.  G.  Humphreys 

4.  Thomas  U.  Sisson. 


5.  William  W.  Venable. 
0.  B.  P.  Harrison. 

7.  Percy  E.  Quin. 

8.  James  W.  Collier. 


MISSOURI. 

SENATORS. 
William  J.  Stone.  |    James  A.  Reed. 

REPRESENTATIVES. 
[Democrats,  14;  Republicans,  2.] 


1.  Milton  A.  Romjuo. 

2.  William  W.  Rucker. 

3.  J.  VV.  Alexander. 

4.  Charles  F.  Booher. 

5.  William  P.  Borland. 

6.  C.  C.  Dickinson. 

7.  C.  W.  Hamlin. 

8.  D.  W.  Shackleford. 


9.  Champ  Clark. 

10.  J.  E.  Meeker. 

11.  William  L.  Igoj. 

12.  L.  C.  Dyer. 

13.  Walter  L.  Ilensley. 

14.  Joseph  J.  Russell. 

15.  Perl  D.  Decker. 
10.  Thomas  L.  Rubey. 


MONTANA. 

SENATORS. 
Henry  L.  Meyers.  |    Thomas  J.  Walsh. 

REPRESENTATIVES. 

[Democrat,  1;  Republican,  1.] 

At  Largo — John  M.  Evans,  Miss  JeanMe  Rankiii. 

NEBRASKA. 

SENATORS. 
Gilbert  M.  Hitchcock.      |    Grortic  W.  Norris. 

REPRESENTATIVES. 
[Democrats,  3;  Republicans,  3.] 


1.  C.  F.  Renvis. 

2.  C.  0.  Lob.-rk. 

3.  Dan  V.  Stephens. 


4.  Churl,-*  H.  Sloan. 

5.  A.  C.  Shullonberger. 
0.   Moses  P.  Kinkaid. 


Appendix 


NEVADA. 

SENATORS. 
Francis  G.  Nowlands.       f    Key  Pittman. 

REPRESENTATIVE. 

[Republican,  1.] 
At  Large — K.  E.  Roberts. 

NEW   HAMPSHIRE. 

SENATORS. 

Jacob  H.  Gallinger.  |   Honry  F.  Hollis. 

REPRESENTATIVES. 

[Republicans,  2.] 
\.C.  A.  Sullaway.1  \   2.  E.  II .  Wasson. 


i.  \s  .  A.  ouwtway,*                   &*   &.  ii.    rr  Uoovrt* 

1.  Nicholas  Longworth. 

12.  C.  Brumbaugh. 

NEW   JERSEY. 

2.    Victor  Ile.intz. 

13.  A.  W.  Ovcrrnyer. 

3.  Warren  Gard. 

14.  K.  R.  Hathrick. 

SENATORS. 

4.  Benj.  F.  Welty. 

15.  George.  White. 

Joseph  S.  Frelinghuysen 
REPRESE! 

William  Hughes. 
NATIVES. 

5.  John  S.  Snook. 
G.  C  '  .  C.  Kearns. 
7.  Simon  D.  Fess. 

1(>.  It.  C.  Mcf'ullnch. 
17.  W.  A.  Ashbrook. 
IS.  D.  A.  Hollingworth. 

[Domocrats,  3;  Republicans,  9.1 

8.  J.  A.  Key. 

10.  J.  (!.  Con],er. 

1.    William  J.  Browning 
2.  Is'iac  Bncharach. 
3.  Tliomas  J.  Scully. 

7.  Dow  H.  Drukkcr. 
8.  E.  W.  Gray. 
9.  R.  W.  Parker. 

9.  Isaac  It.  Sherwood. 
10.  Robert  iM.  Switzer. 
11.  HoratioC.Claypool 

20.  William  Gordon. 
21.  Robert  Crossor. 
22.  //.  /.  Emerson. 

4.  E.  C.  Hutchinson. 
5.  J  .  H.  Capstick. 

10.  Fred  LeMbach. 
11.  John  J.  Egan. 

OKLAHOMA. 

6.  John  R.  Ramsey. 

12.  James  A.  Hamill. 

SENATORS. 

NEW   MEXICO. 

Thomas  P.  Gore. 

Robert  L.  Owen. 

SENA 
Andrieus  A.  Jones 

TORS. 
Albert  B.  Fall. 

REPRESENTATIVES. 
[Democrats,  6;  Republicans,  2.] 

1.   T.  A.  Chandler.                  5.  J.  B.  Thomnson. 

REPRESENTATIVE. 

2.  W.  W.  Hastings. 

6.  Scott  Ferris. 

[Democrat,  1.] 

3.  C.  D.  Carter. 

7.  J.  V.  McClintic. 

At  Large—  W.  B.  Walton. 

4.  T.  D.  McKeown. 

8.  D.  T.  Morgan. 

NEW   YORK. 

SENATORS. 
J.  W.  Wadsworth,  Jr.        |    William  M.  Colder. 


REPRESENTATIVES. 
[Democrats,  16;  Republicans,  26;  Socialist,  1.] 

23.  Daniel  C.  Oliver. 

24.  Benj.  L.  Fairchild. 

25.  J.  W.  Husted. 

26.  Edmund  Platt. 

27.  C.  B.  Ward. 

28.  R.  B.  Sanford. 

29.  James  S.  Parker. 

30.  George  R.  Lunn. 

31.  Bertram  H.  Snell. 

32.  Luther  W.  Moll. 

33.  H.  P.  Snyder. 

34.  G.  W.  Fairchild. 

35.  W.  W.  Magee. 

36.  Norman  J.  Gould. 

37.  H.  H.  Pratt. 

38.  Thomas  B.  Dunn. 

39.  Archie  D.   Sanders. 

40.  S.  W.  Dempsey. 

41.  Charles  B.  Smith. 


1.  Frederick  C.  Hicks. 

2.  C.  P.  Cakhvell. 

3.  James  V.  Flynn. 

4.  Harry  H.  Dale. 

5.  James  P.  Maher. 

6.  F.  W.  Rowe. 

7.  John  J.  Fitzgerald. 

8.  Daniel  J.  Griffin. 

9.  O.  W.  Swift. 

10.  R.  L.  Haskell. 

11.  Daniel  J.  Riordan. 

12.  M.  M.  London.* 

13.  C.  D.  Sullivan. 

14.  F.  H.  La  Guardia.1 

15.  Michael  F.  Conry. 

16.  Peter  J.  Dooling. 

17.  John  F.  Carew. 

18.  George  B.  Francis. 

19.  Walter  M.  Chandler 

20.  Isaac  Seiael. 

21.  Murray  Hulbert. 

22.  Henry  Bruckner. 


42.  William  F.  Waldow. 

43.  CharlesM. Hamilton 


NORTH   CAROLINA. 

SENATORS. 

F.  M.  Simmons.  I    Leo  S.  Overman. 

REPRESENTATIVES. 
[Democrats,  10.] 


1.  John  H.  Small. 

2.  Claude  Kitchen. 

3.  George  Hood. 

4.  Edward  W.  Pou. 

5.  Charles  M.  Stedman 
J— Died  March  2,  1917. 
2— Died  March  11,  1912. 


6.  Hannibal  L.Godwin 

7.  L.  D.  Robinson. 

8.  R.  L.  Doushton. 

9.  Edwin  Y.  Webb. 
10.  Zeb.  Weaver. 


NORTH   DAKOTA. 

SENATORS. 

Porter  J.  McC umber.         \    A  ale  J.  Gronna. 
REPRESENTATIVES. 
[Republicans,  3.] 

1.  Henry  T.  Helnexen.       I    3.  Patrick  D.  Norton. 

2.  George  M.  Young.          \ 

OHIO. 

SENATORS. 
Warrr.n  G.  Harding.  \    Atleo  Pomoreno. 

REPRESENTATIVES. 
[Democrats,  13;  Republicans,  9.] 


OREGON. 

SENATORS. 

George  E.  Chamberlain.    |    Harry  Lane. 
REPRESENTATIVES. 
[Republicans,  3.] 

1.  Willis  C.  Hawley.          I    3.  C.  N.  Me  Arthur. 

2.  Nicholas  J.  Sinnott.      \ 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

SENATORS. 
Boies  Penrose.  |    Philander  C.  Knox. 

REPRESENTATIVES. 

[Democrats,  7;  Republicans,  29.] 

At  Large— T.   S.   Crago,   M.   H.   Garland,  Joseph 

McLaughlin,  John  R.  K.  Scott. 


1.  William  S.  Vare. 

2.  George  S.  Graham. 

3.  J.  Hampton  Moore. 

4.  George  IF.  Edmonds 

5.  P.  E.  Costello. 

6.  G.  P.  Dsrrow. 

7.  Thomas  S.  Butler. 

8.  77.  W.  Watson. 

9.  William   W.   Griest. 

10.  John  R.  Farr. 

11.  G.  W.  Templeton. 

12.  R.  D.  Ifeaton. 

13.  A.  G.  Dewalt. 

14.  L.  T.  McFaddcn. 

15.  Edfi'ir  R.  Kiess. 

16.  John  V.  Leshcr. 


17.  B.  K.  Focht. 

18.  Aaron  S.  Kreider. 

19.  John  .If.  Rose. 

20.  Andrew  R.Brodbcck 

21.  C.  H.  Rowland. 

22.  Edu-in  E.  Robbing. 

23.  Bruce  F.  Sterling. 

24.  Henry  W.  Temple. 

25.  Henry  A.  Clark. 
20.  H.  J.  Steele. 

27.  Nathan  L.  Strong. 

28.  O.  D.  Bieakley. 

29.  Stephen  G.  Porter. 

30.  M.  C.  Kelly. 

31.  J.  .17.  Morin. 

32.  Guy  E.  Campbell. 


RHODE   ISLAND. 

SENATORS. 
Peter  G.  Gerry.  |    Lf Baron  B.  Colt. 

REPRESENTATIVES. 
[Democrat,  1;  Republicans,  2.} 
1.  G.  F.  O'Shaunessy.          3.  Ambrose  Kennedy. 

O  H"  L>  ^'/,'»,^n 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


SOUTH   CAROLINA. 

SENATORS. 

Benjamin  R.  Tillman.      1    Ellison  D.  Smith. 
REPRESENTATIVES. 
[Democrats,  7.] 


1.  Richard  S.  Whaley. 

2.  James  F.  Byrnes. 

3.  Fred  II.  Dominick. 

4.  Sam.  J.  Nicholls. 


5.  W.  F.  Stevenson. 

6.  J.  Willard  Ragsdale. 

7.  Asbury  F.  Lever. 


SOUTH  DAKOTA. 

SENATORS. 
Thomas  Sterling.  \    Ed.  S.  Johnson. 

REPRESENTATIVES. 
[Republicans,  2;  Democrat,  1.] 

1.  Charles  II.  Dillon.         I    3.  H.  L.  Gandy. 

2.  R.  C.  Johnson. 


TENNESSEE. 

SENATORS. 


K.  D.  MoKellar. 


John  K.  Shields. 


REPRESENTATIVES. 
[Democrats,  8;  Republicans,  2.] 


1.  Sam  R.  Sells. 

2.  Richard  W.  Austin. 

3.  John  A.  Moon. 

4.  Cordell  Hull. 

5.  William  C.  Houston. 


G.  Joseph  W.  Byrns. 

7.  Lemuel  P.  Padgett. 

8.  Thc-tus  W.  Sims. 

9.  Finis  J.  Garrett. 
10.  Hubert  Fisher. 


TEXAS. 

SENATORS. 

Charles  A.  Culberson.      |    Morris  Sheppard. 
REPRESENTATIVES. 

[Democrats,  18.] 
At  Largo — Daniel  E.  Garrett,  Jeff.  McLemore. 


1.  Eiwno  Black. 

2.  Martin  Dies. 

3.  James  Young. 

4.  Sam  Rayburn. 

5.  H.  \V.  Summers. 
<>.   Rufus  Hardy. 

7.  A.  \V.  GreK»?. 

8.  Joe  II.  Eaglo. 


9.  J.  J.  Mansfield. 

10.  J.  P.  Buchanan. 

11.  Tom  Connally. 

12.  James  C.  Wilson. 

13.  Marvin  Jones. 

14.  James  L.  Slayden. 

15.  John  N.  Garner. 
10.  Thomas  L.  Blanton 


UTAH. 

SENATORS. 

Reed  Smoot.  \    William  II.  King. 

REPRESENTATIVES. 

[Democrats,  2.] 
1.  M.  H.  Welling.  |    2.  J.  II.  Mays. 

VERMONT. 
SENATORS. 

William  P.  Dillingham.    \    Carroll  S.  Page. 

REPRESENTATIVES. 

[Republicans,  2.] 
1.  Frank  L.  Greene.  \    2.  1'.  II .  Dale. 

VIRGINIA. 

SENATORS. 
Thomaa  S.  Martin.  |    (,'laudo  A.  Swanson. 

REPRESENTATIVES. 

[Democrats,  9;  Republican,  1.] 


1.  William  A.  Jones. 

2.  E.  E.  Holland. 
.'(.  A.  J.  Montaguo. 

4.  Walter  A.  Watson. 

6.  Edward \V.  Saunders. 


0.  Carter  Glass. 

7.  T.  \V.  Harrison. 

8.  Charles  C.  Carlin. 
0.   C.   lianrom  Slfmp. 

10.  Henrv  D.  Flood. 


WASHINGTON. 

SENATORS. 
Wesley  L.  Jones.  \    Miles  Poindexter. 

REPRESENTATIVES. 
[Republicans,  4;  Democrat,  1.] 


1.  John  F.  Miller. 

2.  L.  II.  Hadley. 

3.  A.  Johnson. 


4.  William  L.  La  Fol- 

lette. 

5.  C.  C.  Dill. 


WEST   VIRGINIA. 

SENATORS. 
Howard  Sutherland.  \    A'athin  Go/. 

REPRESENTATIVES. 
[Democrats,  2;  Republicans,  4.] 


1.  M.  M.  Neely. 

2.  Georye  M.  lioit-crs. 

3.  Stuart  F.  Reed. 


4.  Harry  C.   Woodyard. 

5.  Ed.  Cooper. 

G.  Adam  B.  Little-page. 


WISCONSIN. 

SENATORS. 
Robert  M.  La  Follctte.        \    Paul  O.  Husting. 

REPRESENTATIVES. 
[Republicans,  11.] 


1.  Henry  A,  Cooper. 

2.  Edward  Yoiijht. 

3.  John  .!/.  Nelson. 

4.  William  J.  Cory. 

a.  William  11.  Kt'ifford. 

G.  J .  H.  Davidson. 


7.  John  J.  Esch. 

8.  Edward  E.  Browne. 

9.  Darid  G.  Classon. 

10.  James  A.  Freur. 

11.  Irvine  L.  Lenroot. 


WYOMING. 

SENATORS. 

John  D.  Kcndrick.  |    Francis  E.  Warren. 

REPRESENTATIVE. 

[Republican,  1.] 
At  Large — Frank  W.  Mondell. 

ALASKA. 

DELEGATE. 

Charles  A.  Sulzer. 

HAWAII. 

DELEGATE. 

J.  Kalanianaole. 

PHILIPPINES. 

RKSIDENT    COMMISSIONERS. 

|     Manuel  Earnshaw. 


PORTO    RICO. 

RESIDENT    COMMISSIONER. 


RECAPITULATION. 

BEXATE. 

Democrat  3 54 

Republicans 42 


Total. 


96 


IIOL'SE. 

Democrats 215 

Republicans 21.r> 

Progressives 2 

Independent 1 

Socialist.  . 

Prohibitionist 1 

Total 43.', 

Total  joint  ballot 531 


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