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HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

COLLECTIONS A]STD EESEARCEES

MADE BY THE

Mictiipn Pion^r and

LANSING

KOJiEKT SMITH & CO., STATE PRINTERS AND BINDERS
1892

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1892, by the

MICHIGAN PIONEER AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY,
In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C.

PREFACE.

The Committee of Historians take pleasure in presenting to the public
this the seventeenth volume of the " Collections of the Michigan Pio-
neer and Historical Society" believing that its contents will be found
to be as fully up to the standard in interest as that of the previous
volumes.

The papers have been prepared with much care and research, and
the committee most gratefully ackowledge the assistance of those who
have contributed to its pages, and tender to them the thanks of the
Society for the able manner in which they have forwarded its aims.

These papers will upon examination be found to be not only inter-
esting to the reader of today, but as time rolls on they will, as
records of the past, become of much greater interest and value.

This . volume contains the proceedings of the Annual Meeting of
1890, and the papers read at that meeting, together with others received
at former meetings, omitted from previous volumes for want of space,
but well worthy of a place in the " Collections."

One of these papers is a reprint from the " Friends Miscellany," giv-
ing an account of an expedition in 1793, from Philadelphia to Detroit,
by three commissioners of the United States, and six members of the
society of Friends (Quakers), who came to this State in the interest
of peace with the Indians.

The manner in which this journey was made, partially by water
communication in navigating the Mohawk river up to a point west of
where the city of Utica now stands, will of itself, aside from the inter-
est in the object of the journey, be found to be very interesting when
considered in contrast with the manner in which the same trip can be
made at the present day.

CONTENTS.

PAGE.

PREFACE iii

CONTENTS v

LIST OF OFFICERS ELECTED JUNE 12, 1890 vii

LIST OF MEMBERS CONTINUED PROM PAGE 196, VOL. 14 ix

Minutes of Annual Meeting, 1890 1

Report of the Recording Secretary 19

Report of the Corresponding Secretary 21

Report of the Treasurer 23

Report of the Committee of Historians 24

Report of the Memorial Committee:

Allegan County, by Don C. Henderson 25

Bay County, by Wm. R. McCormick 29

Branch County, by Harvey Haynes . 32

Calhoun County, by John P. Hinman 39

Cass County 77

Eaton County, by David B. Hale 80

Genesee County, by Josiah W. Begole 84

Ingham County, by C. B. Stebbins 95

Ionia County, by A. Cornell - 104

Jackson County, by Josiah B. Frost • 110

Kalamazoo County, by Henry Bishop 128

Kent County, by Thomas D. Gilbert 131

Lenawee County, by Francis A. Dewey '_ 132

Montcalm County, by Joseph P. Shoemaker 138

Muskegon County, by Henry H. Holt 140

Oakland County, by O. Poppleton 143

Ottawa County, by Rev. A. S. Kedzie 161

Saginaw County, by Chas. W. Grant 162

Shiawassee County, by A. H. Owens 183

StClair County, by Mrs. Helen W. Farrand..... 184

St. Joseph County, by Calvin H. Starr 187

Tuscola County, by Enos Goodrich 189

Washtenaw County, by Ezra D. Lay 195

Wayne County, by J. Wilkie Moore

Letter from Dr. Oliver C. Comstock

Memoir of Hon. TalcottE. Wing, by Hon. Harry A. Conant - 212

vi PIONEER AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

PAGE.

Memoir of James Knaggs, by May Stocking KnaggB 217

Reminiscences of Pioneer Ministers of Michigan, by Rev. R. C. Crawford 226

Michigan in Her Pioneer Politics; Michigan in Our National Politics, and Mich-
igan in the Campaign of 1856, by A. D. P. Van Buren 238

TheMakingof Michigan, by Hon. George Willard 295

New England Influence in Michigan, by Rev. Wolcott B. Williams 311

Development of Western Michigan, by Thomas D. Gilbert 319

Some Fragments of Beginnings in the Grand River Valley, by Albert Baxter 325

Incidents of Pioneer Life in the Upper Peninsula, by John Harris Forster 332

Reminiscences of the Constitutional Convention of 1850, by Hon. Elias S. Wood-
man 345

The President and Some of the Other Officers and Members of the Michigan

Pioneer an d Historical Society, by Judge A Ibert Miller 351

Public Services of Hon. Sanford M. Green, by Thomas A. E. Weadock 357

The Press of Kalamazoo, by George Torrey 369

Bench and Bar of Berrien County, by Damon A. Winslow 391

Early History of Clinton County, by DavidScott 410

Early Atlas — A Pioneer Sketch, by Enos Goodrich 413

History of Pulaski, Jackson Coun ty, by Hon. Hiram C. Hodge 416

History of Shelby, Macomb County, by Geo. H. Cannon 419

Early History of St Glair County, by Mrs. B. C. Farrand 430

Recollections of the Saginaw Valley, Fifty-two Years Ago, by E. L. Wentz 440

Saginaw One Hundred Years Ago, by Judge Albert Miller 446

Condensed Early History of Washtenaw County, by Ezra D. Lay 450

My Old School Rolls and Schoolmates of Half a Century Ago, by A. D. P. Van

j Buren 462

Old Settlers From European Countries, by Jacob DenHerder 474

Pioneer Sketch of Moses Goodrich and His Trip to Michigan in February, 1836,

by Enos Goodrich 480

Reunion of the Goodrich Family on the Fiftieth Anniversary of its Settlement in

Michigan, by Enos Goodrich 490

Historical Sketch of Medina, Lenawee County, by G. W. Moore 508

Historical Poem on Medina, Lenawee County, by N. C. Lowe 520

Semi-Centennial Celebration at Deerrteld, Lenawee County, Aug. 25, 1876.

Address by L. Ormsby 528

Laying the Corner Stone of the Allegan County Court House, Aug. 29, 1889^_ 538

Expedition to Detroit in 1793, From Friend's Miscellany 565

OFFIOEES AND COMMITTEES OF THE STATE

PIONEER AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY,

ELECTED JUNE 12, 1890.

PRESIDENT.

Hon. John H. Forster WilliamBton.

RECORDING SECRETARY.

Mrs. Harriet A. Tenney Lansing.

CORRESPONDING SECRETARY.

George H. Greene Lansing.

TREASURER.

Merritt L. Coleman Lansing.

VICE PRESIDENTS.

Allegan Don C. Henderson Allegan.

Barry David G. Robinson Hastings.

Bay Wm. R. McCormick ...Bay City.

Berrien _•. Thomas Mars Berrien Center.

Branch Harvey Haynes Coldwater.

Calhoun John F. Hinman Battle Creek.

Clare... Henry Woodruff Farwell.

Clinton Samuel S. Walker St. Johns.

Crawford Dr. Oscar Palmer . Grayling.

Eaton David B. Hale Eaton Rapids.

Emmet.. . Isaac D. Toll ..Petoskey.

Genesee Josiah W. Begole Flint.

Grand Traverse Reuben Goodrich Traverse City.

Hillsdale F. M. Holloway Hillsdale.

Houghton Thomas B. Dunstan i Hancock.

Ingham C. B. Stebbins Lansing.

Ionia A. F. Morehouse Portland.

losco Otis E. M. Cutcheon Oscoda.

Jackson Josiah B. Frost Jackson.

Kalamazoo Henry Bishop Kalamazoo.

Kent Wm. N. Cook Grand Rapids.

Lapeer.. _ _Joshua Manwaring Lapeer.

viii PIONEER AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

Lenawee Francis A. Dewey Cambridge.

Livingston Chas. M. Wood Anderson.

Macomb Harvey Mellen 1 Romeo.

Manistee T. J. Ramsdell Manietee.

Marquette Peter White Marquette.

Monroe J. M. Sterling Monroe.

Montcalm J. P. Shoemaker Amsden.

Menominee James A. Crozier Menominee.

Muskegon Henry H. Holt Muskegon.

Oakland O. Poppleton Birmingham.

Oceana Oliver K. White New Era.

Ottawa A. S. Kedzie Grand Haven.

Saginaw Chas. W. Grant East Saginaw.

Shiawassee Alonzo H. Owens Venice.

St. Clair .' Mrs. Helen W. Parrand Port Huron.

St. Joseph Hamden A. Hecock Centreville.

Tuscola William A. Heartt Caro.

Van Buren Theodatus T. Lyon South Haven.

Washtenaw Mrs. Mary E. Foster Ann Arbor.

Wayne J. Wilkie Moore. _. Detroit.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

Judge Albert Miller Bay City.

Shephen D. Bingham Lansing.

Rev.R. C. Crawford Grand Rapids.

COMMITTEE OF HISTORIANS.

Michael Shoemaker Jackson.

A. D. P. VanBuren Galesburg.

Harry A. Conant Monroe.

Edwin C. Hinsdale Detroit.

Mrs. H. A. Tenney Lansing.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

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MICHIGAN

PIONEER AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

ANNUAL MEETING-, JUNE 11 AND 12, 1890.

Lansing, Wednesday, June 11, 1890.

The sixteenth annual meeting of the Michigan Pioneer and Historical
Society convened in the Senate chamber at 2 o'clock P. M.

The President, Hon. O. Poppleton, called the meeting to order, and
the session was opened with prayer by Rev. R. C. Crawford.

Music: Hymn, " Blest be the Tie," was sung by the audience.

The following officers were present:

Ex Presidents — Albert Miller, F. A. Dewey Col. M. Shoemaker, M. H.
Goodrich, and Henry Fralick. President — O. Poppleton; Recording Sec-
retary— Mrs. Harriet A. Tenney; Corresponding Secretary — Geo. H.
Greene; Executive Committee — Albert Miller, Rev. R. C. Crawford, and S.
D. Bingham. Committee of Historians — M. Shoemaker, J. H. Forster,
A. D. P. VanBuren, and H. A Tenney. Vice Presidents — M. D. Osband,
C. B. Stebbens, F. R. Stebbens, F. A. Dewey, O. Poppleton, A. H.
Owens, J. Wilkie Moore, Mrs. Helen W. Farrand, and Thos. D.
Gilbert.

The annual reports of the Recording and Corresponding Secretaries
and the Treasurer were read, and on motion were accepted and adopted.

Music — violin splo was rendered by Mrs. Ella W. Shank.

The report of the Committee of Historians was read by Col. M. Shoe-
maker, chairman, and on motion was adopted.

Thomas D. Gilbert, of Grand Rapids, said: Mr. President, and fellow
pioneers: I have been aware for a number of years that our Historical
Society has been doing a vast amount of good work in the way of col-
lecting and preserving the early history of Michigan. And especially

2 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

has this been the work of the Committee of Historians. And I know
that whenever I have been in attendance on these meetings of the
Pioneer Society, and have heard their reports, and have looked into the
work that they have been doing, and the researches that they have been
carrying on in connection with their labors, I have been struck with
the great value of the results of their work, and the vast amount of
work necessary to secure such results. And sir, I move a hearty special
vote of thanks be tendered by this society to the Committee of Histo-
rians, who have had the collection of historical matter, ancient records,
etc., for publication in the volumes of our society's history. Motion
seconded, put to vote, and unanimously carried.

Col. M. Shoemaker, chairman Committee of Historians, said: Mr.
President — I wish to say one word in relation to the Historical Society of
Michigan. It has done a great deal of work. And it has done a larger
amount of work for a less expenditure of money than any historical
society in the United States. The only expense that has been incurred in
the collection of the material, and its preparation, for the fifteen volumes
already published, and for the material for the five or six which we
have among our papers, has been very small. The expense of a proof
reader, a small expense in preparing the papers, and the expense of
getting the papers which we have had from Canada, and that compar-
atively a very small one. The only expense of the committees has
been merely their traveling expenses and their hotel bills when they
came to Lansing. And while the work has been done at so little
expense, it has been well done, and has been done very cheerfully. I
wish to say this for the committees.

Music: piano — six hand (Chasse et Marche), by Misses Marie Stephen-
son, Juna Todd, and Nellie Hasler.

The chairman of the Memorial Committee, Geo. H. Greene, called
for the reports by counties, and the following were received from Alle-
gan, Bay, Branch, Calhoun, Eaton, Genesee, Ingham, Ionia, Kent,
Muskegon, Oakland, Ottawa, Saginaw, St. Clair, St. Joseph, Lena wee,
Shiawassee, Tuscola, Washtenaw, and Wayne counties.

Music: solo — "Fiddle and I," was sung by Maud Brown, with fiddle
and piano accompaniment by Mrs. Ella W. Shank and Mrs. C. B.
Hyatt.

A memorial on the death of Hon. Talcott E. Wing, President of the
Society, June 1887 to June 1889, was read by Hon. Harry A. Conant,

President, Hon. O. Poppleton, said: "An opportunity will now be
offered to any of you who wish to say a word in regard to our
lamented president, Talcott E. Wing."

MINUTES. 3

Hon. E. S. Woodman, said: " I shall occupy but a few moments of
your time. I feel like taking the time this afternoon, for I don't know
how long I shall be with you. I wish to say a word regarding my old
friend, Judge Wing. I formed his acquaintance some forty years ago.
I was then a small farmer, drawing my produce from the farm to
Detroit as a market I became acquainted with him in those early
days, and the better I became acquainted with him, the better I
liked him. I found him a man. He was an intimate friend of those
connected with the Constitutional Convention of 1850, and he was
associated with me in that same Constitutional Convention. It was a
great privilege for me to chat with Judge Wing, and I consider it a
great privilege to have known him as a friend, for he was a true
friend, and an earnest Christian man, interested in every good work
brought before him; as such I am glad to have known him, and to
give him my tribute, and I leave him with other friends. But before
I take my seat, I must add my testimony to the life of Ezra D. Lay,
(for many years Vice President of the Society for Washtenaw county.)
I formed his acquaintence fifty-two years ago in his nursery. I think it
was about fifty-two years ago last November. He is said to have had
the first nursery in Michigan. This fact is well known to my friend
Fralick. My old orchard was put out fifty-two years ago from Mr.
Lay's nursery. I there formed his acquaintance; and there was not a
year — only four years when I was absent in New York state — that I
did not see him. I have been sick since the last meeting of this
Pioneer Society. I was confined to my house. I never expected that
I should be around again, or that I should ever be able to attend
another pioneer meeting here at Lansing with you. One day the Free
Press came, and my wife was reading it to me, and she came to this
name, and she said "here is another pioneer friend of yours has gone;"
and so it was; one less to meet here at the pioneer meeting where he
loved to come. But God has mercifully lengthened my life, so that I
am able to be about again, and to be with you here today. I am
glad to be with you once more. But my friend Moore's words were
true. Life does not consist in length of days, but in what we can do,
and in being prepared for life or death. All the time prepared for
what must come to us all. In January I did not expect to be here,
and I should do myself an injustice did I not speak of the mercy
which has preserved my life and brought me here again; and I should
do myself an injustice if I did not speak a word in praise of these
pioneer friends, who have passed away, my old friend Judge T. E.
Wing, always a kind friend to me, and Ezra D. Lay, whom I can

4 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

indorse as one of nature's noblemen. Their chairs are vacant here
among us now."

Col. M. Shoemaker said: Mr. President — I was acquainted with Judge
Wing's father and uncle. I have always known him, and was associated
with him during his entire connection with this society. And I wish to
say that in all of my associations with Judge Wing — here and everywhere
—he was a gentleman, intelligent, true to his duties always, in every walk
of life, and he made friends with every person with whom he came in
contact. We honor his memory, and shall miss him in our society. I
also wish to say that we have always regarded as one of our most valu-
ble members, Ezra D. Lay. He was always here and read for duty. And
no man was more respected, or will be more missed from our meetings.

Mr. D. C. Walker.— Mr. President. I want to join in what is said here
of President Wing. I knew his father and uncle in the early days in the
early settlement of the country. I have always found him a fine, courteous
gentleman, as was said by our friend Col. Shoemaker. I have been
associated with him in the society, and always found him efficient to do
the duties assigned to him. I think he was one of the class of men we
desire to perpetuate— the memory, the character, the principles, and to
endeavor to have his example followed by the rising generation, to
inculcate his principles in them, and undertake to teach them to admire
his character and his performance of the duties of life. A good and true
man has gone to his rest.

Hon. O. Poppleton said: Mr. President — I wish to add a few words
in commendation of the character and services and memory of our
departed friend Judge Talcott E. Wing. My acquaintance with him
began a little earlier than did that of my friend from Wayne. It
occurred upon his return from Williams College, in the latter part of
August or forepart of September, in the year 1840. He was on his
return to his home at Monroe. I was on my return from New York,
where I had been on business. At that time there were no railroads
west of Auburn, New York. At that point we were fortunate enough
to take a coach together for Buffalo. At that time I formed my first
acquaintance with Mr. Wing. We left Auburn, New York, in the even-
ing, arriving at Canandagua the next morning for breakfast. During
the night we called . at Geneva, and a stranger came aboard, and before
daylight left the coach. These coaches were run by Sherwood & Co.
Upon Mr. Wing's coming out of the breakfast room, he stepped to the
counter to pay for his breakfast, and he found himself minus his pocket
book, for his pocket book and all his money had been stolen during
the night.

MINUTES. 5

A search, was made in the coach; no pocket book was found, and no
money was forthcoming. The conclusion vras that the stranger had
quietly picked his pocket during the journey from Geneva to Canada-
gua. I was at the counter at the time the loss was discovered, and
tendered him the money to reach home with. He had his ticket on
the boat, but there were other expenses. But at that instant Col. Dent,
who had been formerly, I believe, a Consul to Spain, learned of the
theft and of the predicament of Mr. Wing. It was said that the influ-
ence of his father had procured Col. Dent this position of Minister to
Spain; and any way, he insisted on furnishing the money to young
Wing to reach home, and I yielded him the privilege, and Mr. Dent
furnished the money.

Our acquaintance in consequence of our meeting under those peculiar
circumstances, was very close during the balance of his journey. It
was a season of mutual enjoyment to us, I believe; but from the time
that he left the boat at Detroit — he had come by way of Detroit to
reach Monroe — I did not see him again for many years. I think it
was not from that time until 1853, when we came to attend the first
reunion of the early settlers. That occasion, I believe, was the first
time that I saw him again to my knowledge. At that time we came
together in the old Hall of Representatives. It was a most enjoyable
reunion of old friends and acqaintances, who had come here in the early
days to find homes, and clear away the forest; and from that time to the
time of our meeting and parting a year ago here, we met very fre-
quently, and our friendship was strongly cemented — as strongly I
believe as that of brothers could be cemented. Our interests reached
back farther than did the commencement of our acquaintance in 1840.
His father in the very early days was sent as a member of Congress
from the Territory, commencing at a very early date, and continuing
until 1832. And the population of Oakland and Wayne counties was
quite sparce at that time, and the fathers were intimately acquainted.
They happened to be interested in the same side of the house in poli-
tics, and that accounted, perhaps, for the intimate acquintance and
friendship of the fathers. And as I have told you, I have known Mr.
Wing during all these 50 years. I am glad to add my testimony to the
worth of his friendship and his high character; and I can indorse all
that has been said by Mr. Conant in his paper, and join in the enco-
miums that have been repeated by those so intimately connected with
him in the work of the committee, and in the general work of this
Society for so many years.

Judge Albert Miller said: Mr. President— My personal acquaintance

6 ANNUAL, MEETING, 1890.

commenced with Mr. Wing with his connection with this society. I
found him a man after my own heart, and our acquaintance ripened into
friendship. I found him so genial and pleasant, and so interested in the
work of this society, that I can but feel his loss a great one. I feel
that his passing away was an irreparable loss to this society, and that
we are so much better for his having lived and been connected with us
as he has been. We shall miss him from our gatherings.

A. D. P. YanBuren said: Mr. President — It seems that while those
who knew Judge Wing so well, and for so many years — and who had
such an intimate acquaintance with him have so far been the only ones
to talk of him, that I also would like to say a word as to how he appeared
to me in the acquaintance that I was privileged to have with him. For
though my acquaintance with him was short as compared with theirs, I
retain most pleasant memories of him. I respected the man so much
that I shall think of his character as he appeared to me. It is said of
Joseph Addison that one time when he was in London he read two or
three pages of a book at a book stand, and that he liked those two or
three pages so much that he bought the book — Baxter's Saint's Rest. —
Now I only saw two or three pages of our friend's life in our society
as he went and returned, but they ga^e me a high idea of his value.
He was a man of few words. He had more than knowledge, he had
wisdom. He was wise in his estimate of men and of events. His sug-
gestions were valuable, and could be safely followed. I shall never for-
get when we had a little trouble, or thought we should have trouble —
to get our appropriation. It was thought best to meet here. We came.
I shall never forget how dark it looked for us to get the appropriation,
and how strong and hopeful this man seemed. I found at that time
the man was valuable as a member of our society, valuable to plan and
suggest, with a noble, courteous address which only a real gentleman
can display at all times and under all circumstances. I am glad that I
had the pleasure of knowing him as I knew him, and that I can add my
testimonial to his high character. I also want to speak a word of Ezra
D. Lay. I knew him. I have talked with different ones who have pro-
cured their trees of him, or their seeds. A great many of the orchards
in that part of Michigan were procured in the first place from Ezra D.
Lay. We have been told that he was here fifty-four years ago. I
know of a man at Battle Creek who said he got his apple seeds of him
— all through Calhoun county the farmers got their fruit trees from him
— and they all tell me that whoever got of him were sure to prove them
to be good fruit-bearing trees. It is pleasant to us when our old pioneer

MINUTES. 7

friends are gone to be able to give testimony to their high characters.
I make these few remarks giving my feelings on the occasion.

Josiah B. Frost, of Jackson, said: Mr. President: I see no member of
Washtenaw county here, and I having been born there, and knowing Mr.
Lay so well, I would like to add a word as one of his neighbors. We take
pride in him as one of our citizens — a good citizen; and as a kind and
considerate neighbor and friend— as a genial gentleman, as an enter-
prising and industrious citizen, we have good reason to feel proud of
him and his life among us. I feel as though Ypsilanti and Washtenaw
county generally, ought to say something in memory of Mr. Lay. I
look back now to many incidents connected with him, though I have
been away from there these many years. I look back to Mr. Lay as
a member of the Presbyterian church where my father was an elder in
the same denomination at that time. I know he is missed there. I have
heard my father speak very kindly of him. And it seems to me that
some of the old pioneers of Washtenaw county ought to be here to
speak of him instead of the children of those pioneers. But after all,
this only brings another link into this Society. By and by the old
pioneers wilt all be gone, and their places must be filled by their
children. Mr. Lay, as I said, was a member of the Presbyterian church,
and his wife was a member of the Baptist church; but that did not
make any trouble; they used to go along together. Mr. Lay got out at
the Presbyterian church and his wife and daughter went on to
the Baptist church, the churches both being on adjoining lots,
he paying liberally to that church as well as to his own. It is a pleas-
ant sight to see a family belonging to two different religious denomina-
tions, and who differ in their beliefs of religious doctrine going right
along with pleasant, generous feelings towards each other. As our
friend said of Mr. Lay, there was nothing dishonest about him. If
you bought his apple seeds, they were sure to be good seeds; and if
you bought his trees, they were sure to prove good fruit-bearing trees.
There was no narrowness about him, but he was broad and liberal
towards all who differed from him, liberal towards other parties and other
denominations. He was broad in his views. He was quiet. He was
always a gentleman, and I like to remember him. And I believe that
sometimes when we are at a loss to know what is right between two
things, it is good for us to look back to the example of such a man
and see what he would have done. So I think the high character of
such men is a rich legacy to all rising generations, and as one has
said — Seeing we are encompassed about with such an innumerable com-
pany of witnesses, what kind of lives ought we to live?

8 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

Mr. Fralick said: Mr. President — In 1834 I became acquainted with
Austin Wing and his family. That acquaintance I always kept up for
half a century; and as I valued the acquaintance and friendship of
the father, so I did that of the son. I always found our late president
a gentleman and a true friend under every circumstance. I should not
feel right here today on such an occasion, not to say a word in favor
of such a gentleman and such a friend.

Hon. John H. Forster said: In closing these feeling tributes, I
would say a few words in regard to our late friend, Judge Wing. He
was a lovable man. All who knew him, knew him but to admire and
love him. He was genial and kind, always. I had known him many
years, and had been much with him in connection with our Society.
Last year when we were about to depart, we were talking together in
the committee, and the conversation turned on how these old people
were passing away, so rapidly, like autumn leaves. I said, "Judge
who is going next?" He said, " My friend, I don't know. But this
one thing I do know— the only thing for us to consider is whether
we are prepared to go when the Master calls; to be ready for that
call all the time." I shall ever treasure the memory of this man.
There is a warm place in my heart in regard to this man.

J. B. Frost, of Jackson, said: Mr. President — I wish to say a word in
regard to Judge Bunce of St. Clair, of whose death at such an advanced
age you all know. I have no doubt that others have spoken of him, but
I wished to speak of a little incident connected with his life in which I
had the pleasure of meeting him. We were many years ago on a jour-
ney leading past his place. We were two days on the road, stopping at
Mt. Clemens all night, and hoping to reach Port Huron the next day.
But before we could reach there, the horses were tired out, and the driver
said that he could do nothing more without resting his horses. We
drove up to a place; I supposed it was an inn, as in those days, almost
all log houses acted in the capacity of inns. There was a whole stage
load of us — a big lumber wagon load of us, and he entertained us most
cheerfully and bountifully; and when we were through we asked him for
his bill. He then said that he never took money for hospitality, and he
refused to take any from us. And I was so impressed by his kindness
and hospitality, that though I after moved into another county, I always
remembered it. He was a man of kindness and generosity and he was
facetious withal. On the day of his one hundredth anniversary there
was a great time of rejoicing. Friends eame from far and near. I went
twenty-six miles to see him. Delegations from all directions came. The
Judge had kind words from all. He replied cheerfully and pleasantly

MINUTES. 9

to all, and sometimes he made sharp and witty hits. I remember at one
time Mr. Atkinson of Port Huron, who is a lawyer there and notorious
for charging a big fee for his services. He said as Mr. Atkinson was
starting in to make a speech on this occasion — stop, stop, I want to
know what your fee will be? He was spared to live through many
long and eventful years in the history of our great State, and his facul-
ties were wonderfully preserved to him up to the very last of his life.

The President appointed Major Wyllys C. Ransom, Albert Miller and
M. D. Osband as a committee on the nomination of officers for the
ensuing year.

The amendment to the Constitution of the Society proposed at its
meeting in 1889, " That a fee of one dollar should be paid by every
person becoming a member of this Society, and that hereafter annual
dues should not be paid," was, on motion of Col. M. Shoemaker, adopted
by the Society.

Music: Piano solo — " Rondeau," was rendered by Miss Juna Todd.

On motion the Society stood adjourned until 7:30 o'clock in the
evening.

WEDNESDAY EVENING, JUNE 11.

The Society was called to order by the President, and prayer was
offered by Rev. W. H. Brockway.

Music: Two part song (ladies) "Ave Marie" with solo was sung by
Mrs. Sophie H. Knight.

Mr. O. Poppleton, the President, begged the Society to excuse him
from presenting the usual annual address of the President, as he had
just risen from a sick bed, having had a severe illness lasting nearly
six months, and he had not been able to prepare an address.

Hon. Thomas D. Gilbert read a paper on " The Development of
"Western Michigan."

Music: Guitar solo— Selections from Trovatore, was rendered. by R. E.
Brackett, and being encored was repeated in part.

A sketch of the life of Mr. James Knaggs, of Monroe was read by
Mrs. May Stocking Knaggs.

A paper 011 " The public services of Hon. Sanford M. Green " was
read by Thos. E. A. Weadock.

At the close of the reading J. Wilkie Moore said: " Mr. President—
I want to say that this paper, good as it is, is not able to tell all the
goodness of Judge Green. It would take a volume to do it."
2

10 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

Music: " Estudiantina " (Spanish student Song), was sung by Misses
A. McNeil, L. Bailey, G. McKibben, Mrs. S. L. Wise.

"Early days 011 the St. Clair river, with some account of the
Indians Okemos, Maconce, John Riley, and Mothers Rodd and Obeidig,
chiefly from original sources," was read by Mrs. Helen M. Farrand.

Music: Solo — "Dear Heart" was sung by Miss Nora Towne.

On motion the Society adjourned until morning, at 9:30 o'clock.

THURSDAY MORNING, JUNE 12.

The society was called to order by the President, and prayer was offered
by Rev. M. M. Callen.

Music — Vocal solo, " The Pilgrim Fathers " was sung by Rev. M. M.
Callen.

"Reminiscences of the Pioneer Ministers of Michigan" was read by
Rev. R. C. Crawford, who prefaced the reading by saying:

Mr. President, members of the Pioneer Society, and friends. I want
to say that in the preparation of the subject assigned me, Reminiscences
of the Pioneer Ministers of Michigan, I had to depend almost entirely
on my own recollections for facts. Of course, in presenting the paper
including the Ministers of Michigan, I must overlook some names that
may be familiar to you, that 1 shall not be able to present in covering
such a territory. But I have given the sketches of those with whom
I was personally acquainted, and listened to in my boyhood.

This paper of Mr. Crawford's was followed by remarks by a number
of the pioneers present.

A paper on the settlement of the township of Pulaski was read by Hon.
Hiram C. Hodge, who said before reading:

"By the request of the chairman of the committee of Historians, I
have taken occasion to allude to a short history of the southwest town
of Jackson county, where my father took his family, myself being a boy,
fifty-three or more year ago.

Reminiscences of the constitutional convention of 1850, and his Pioneer
life in Michigan since 1837 was read, by Hon. E. S. Woodman, who said:
"Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen, fellow pioneers: Do not imagine
for a moment that the title of my piece will keep you until two o'clock,
for should I go into the details of my pioneer experiences since 1837,
I surely would not get time to read anything about my Reminiscences
of the constitutional convention of 1850, for I consented at the urgent

MINUTES. 11

request of my fellow pioneers, our worthy President among the number,
to give some such reminiscences. I expected then that I would be
blessed with my usual health. But, man appoints, and God disappoints.
On the 24th day of December my wife was thrown from her carriage,
had her arm broken; was brought back and put under the care of Dr.
Swift; and I took my bed and kept it most of the time until March —
so you see we old pioneers cannot depend upon ourselves as we used to
when we were young. When the secretary wrote me to prepare this
paper, that it was expected, I wrote back that I was an invalid, and did
not expect to ever attend another pioneer meeting. Not until April did
I write a word, and then I had to depend upon the kindness of my
daughter to write for me. If there are any of my fellow-colleagues of
the convention of 1850 here this morning, they will remember the fun we
had because Governor John S. Barry sold the grass in the capital yard,
and paid the postage of the members, etc. I see two of those old colleagues,
at least my friends Walker and Fralick. And I want to speak right
here of one thing the Legislature put in the constitution, and it remained
there for more than twenty years. That the Legislature should not pass
any law authorizing the licensing of the sale of intoxicating liquors, and as
I say, it remained there for twenty years and more; and should it have
remained there, as it ought to have done, we should today have been a pro-
hibition State the same as Kansas and Iowa." [Cries of hear; hear.] But
it was finally taken out. Where are they all today? The members of
that convention. Only two are here in this Pioneer Convention, and so
far as I know, not more than twenty-five of the members of that Con-
vention are now living."

C. B. Stebbins said: Mr. President— I remember well how much fun
they all made of Governor Barry's selling the grass in the capitol yard;
there was as much sense in it perhaps, as in the democrats making fun
of General Scott. I don't think anybody need glory much in converts
made by such jokes. I want to say that Governor Barry's selling the
grass made a precedent that was followed. I remember that when Gen.
Wm. Humphrey was Auditor General, he bought the grass and paid
forty dollars for it. He stored it, and I suppose he expected to sell it,
but there came long rains, and he lost the most of it.

Music: "Scotch Ballad" was sung by Annie McNeil.

Hon. E. S. Woodman said: I must have just a minute, Mr. President.
I want to refer to the paper read by our good friend, Mr Crawford, his
reminiscences of the Pioneer Ministers of Michigan. He, unintentionally,
probably, omitted to mention one of the most important ministers in my
opinion, that Wayne county ever had— the Eev. Marcus Swift. I think the

12 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

first time that I listened to him myself, was fifty-two years ago. I know
he was the first minister who preached in some parts of the county of
Wayne, and he was a man who did a great deal of good. I" remember
he spoke at different times in the towns of Plymouth, Nankin and Can-
ton. I think now of the towns of Plymouth and Canton as being the
pioneer posts of Methodism in that county, and he was one of the most
important ministers in starting and carrying on this work.

Rev. R. C. Crawford said: I wrote my paper from memory, as I told
you. And my subject was the Pioneer Ministers of Michigan — not those
of any particular part of the State. I was myself, a minister in the
northern part of St. Clair county; but I considered that more as confined
to a particular part of the State, while my paper called particularly for
those whom I considered to be the pioneer ministers of the State of
Michigan.

"The Press of Kalamazoo with its Early Writers," by Geo. Torrey was
read by A. D. P. VanBuren:

A paper on the "Early Settlement of the different towns, cities and
villages of Washtenaw county," prepared by Ezra D. Lay was placed on
file without reading.

Music: Duet — "Over the Stars there is Rest," was sung by Misses
Laura Hull and Annie McNeil.

Dr. C. P. Parkhill read a paper on " Pioneer Life in Shiawassee
county."

" Recollections of the Saginaw Valley " by E. L. Wentz was filed with-
out reading.

Mr. O. Poppleton, the President said: We have a little time now, and
if you will excuse me, I have some matters which I would like to pre-
sent to the Society. There will not prehaps be a better opportunity
hereafter. Our sessions this afternoon and evening will doubtless be
quite long. The matter I wish to present to you is with regard to some
papers which I wish to pass over to the Society to be printed with the
proceedings of the Society. They consist partly, of clippings which I have
gathered the past year — though during my sickness many have doubtless
passed my attention — articles that have been written concerning* the
Island of Mackinaw, and the upper country — some of them by "Yusef,"
and some by other gentlemen. Some lives that were worth living. Another
containing sketches of the lives of thirteen of Michigan's citizens, etc.
I will not stop to name the papers and their titles now, but these are
some of the papers, which, with others, I wish to pass over to this
Society for publication, and I present them now to you for that
purpose.

MINUTES. 13

Mr. D. C. Walker of St. Clair said: Mr. President, if the Society now
has a little time to spare, I would like to take two or three minutes of
your time. I have not designed to annoy this convention at all, but a
little allusion was made to the position that I formerly occupied, by my
friend Woodman, and I wish to make a little explanation of matters. Now,
in 1836 as you know, there was a general stampede from the States and
from Europe to Michigan, for some reason. I think it resulted in part
from the Michigan circulars which our young Governor Mason was send-
ing out. I was caught by the enthusiasm of the moment, although I was
offered at that time a position by a lawyer which might have led me to
wealth — still, I could not resist the impulse. I was carried by the
excitement to Wisconsin, and beyond it, and the recoil brought me back
to Michigan. We have read of great emigrations all through the world's
history. We read away back in the early history of our European coun-
tries, how from time to time whole tribes, and sometimes whole nations,
emigrated. But there was some difference between those emigrations and
the one of which I speak. We are told by history that great hordes
of barbarians invaded Europe, and were only staid by the gigantic power
of Rome with Julius Csesar at the head— but that was far different from
the immigration of 1836 — then as I have said, whole tribes and nations
came, in great bands — the men ready to fight and conquer the land,
their women and children with them, and their penates — their household
gods — they came down in great hordes to make a conquest of the land —
to plunder and burn — to appropriate the lands of the conquered, with
their flocks and herds. But not so these people who came flocking to
Michigan in this great immigration of which I speak. They came to
Michigan not to rob others of happy homes, and lands, and flocks and
herds, but to take up for themselves the great forest land, and to clear
away the giant trees of the primeval forest, and there to make homes
for themselves and for their children. There to found schools and
institutions of learning, and to plant the highest civilization of the age.
Yes, this was different indeed from the old times of Eoman conquest.
Great times were those we had in those days. It is no wonder that the
old pioneers meet to recall and to celebrate those days, and what they
have been able to accomplish for the world. I was a fair sample of the
young men of those times, a fair sample I say, of those who had energy
enough to separate themselves from their old homes, come west, and
hew out for themselves homes from the forest, to undergo the pleasures
and the harships, for we met with both, of frontier life. And for this
reason, and in this way we had a more energetic and ambitious popula-
tion than existed in the formation of any of the other states. It

14 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

was a singular combination too. There were there those of foreign birth,
from almost every nation. We had Englishmen, and we had Scotchmen,
and we had Irishmen and Germans, and many other foreign countries
were represented, we had these mingling with the people of Pennsylvania,
New York, Ohio, Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, Massachusetts, New
Jersey, and many other states; it was a heterogeneous mass. They went
to the land office, and then from the land office to the forest. They did
not stop to see who would be their neighbors; they were there for
homes, and that was what they gave their first attention to. And when
they secured their papers and undertook to put up their cabins, they
were not dismayed to find a Yankee on one lot adjoining them, and an
Irishman on another; to find a Methodist on one side of them, and a
Catholic on the other, and perhaps an infidel on another; and they all
felt like a lot of hedgehogs that were being pricked on every side. Now
out of that mixed state of affairs grew a peculiarly tolerative class of
people. Soon it became necessary to have help to raise their log cabins.
It was with some dismay that they approached their neighbors, not
knowing what they should find. The Methodist didn't know whether
to go to the Catholic, and vice versa; but necessity compelled intercom-
munication, and they soon found out that other people were as good as
they were, and as much entitled to hold their own opinions; and the
result was a system of toleration in the west that never did exist in
New England, and that does not today exist there. People became
tolerant of other people's opinions and notions; and I am inclined to
believe that some of them discarded a part of their old notions, such is
apt you know to be the result of such intercommunication, and such
toleration. We are quite apt you know, to become one-sided in our
views, and it does us good sometimes to mingle with those of different
views, and learri the other side of the question. It does us good some-
times to discard even some of our old pet ideas. These are some of the
influences which generated the present population of Michigan. And it
was not only in the interchange of opinion, but in the intermarriage
between the English and Irish, and other foreign classes with the
immigrants from Pennsylvania and New York, and the New England
States, it created a new class of society, and surely not a bad class of
society, either. I want to pass a few remarks in relation to our fine
school system. A sturdy class of citizens we had with a lot of girls
and boys that they wanted to see educated. As time passed and the
population grew and multiplied, we formed ourselves into territory with
our legislature, and we came together in legislative halls to legislate
for our new commonwealth. Here we had a heterogeneous mass together

MINUTES. 15

again. Each one wanted to legislate according to the old ways of his
own state, according to his own idea of things, and of course there was
something of a struggle. But when we came to the subject of educa-
tion, there was no pattern anywhere of a free school system. Connecti-
cut, New York, Pennsylvania, the laws of all of those were that those
who sent their children to school should pay the fiddler. I was a crank
on that subject. I was in the legislature for this, I was there largely
for that object. I was placed on the committee of education in the
constitutional convention. But, in order to thwart me, the president of
the convention gave me only one on the committee, in favor of my
views, and the other three against it. They would say to me "That is
very good. It is a very nice theory indeed; but you can't expect a man
to educate other men's children if he has not any children to educate
for himself. You cannot any more expect him to educate other men's
children when he has none of his own, than you can expect him to furnish
bread and butter for his neighbor's children." And though I drew up a
law — a resolution I would say — and asked the legislature to pass a law for
free schools for Michigan, three of the committee would vote against us every
time. And when I ' asked the assistance of men better able to advocate
this idea than I, I could not get their assistance. They said "Sometime
it may come but not now." And in spite of all my efforts, for my heart
was in this matter, the best compromise I could get was — that it should
be made the duty of the legislature within a certain time to establish
a system of free schools. That was merely temporizing for they thought
then that such a system of free schools never could be established. That
is the connection that I have had with the free school system of the
State of Michigan. My report was made at that time, and is now among
the archives of Michigan, as contained in the reports at that convention.
And whether it was good or not, for the State that I occupied that posi-
tion, I leave it to you, and to future generations of our State to deter-
mine.

Ex-Governor Alpheus Felch said: Mr. President, ladies and gentle-
men, Pioneers of Michigan — I am not on the programme of this meet-
ing to make a speech; and you know we have heard a caution this
morning against talking too much — against making long speeches; and I
should certainly tremble if any gentleman here thought I was going to
trouble them with a long speech. I should regret it very much. Beside
all that, I was reading in the paper this morning, that some of the good
friends of ours in Washington, thought fit to make an excursion to the
home of Judge Marshall. The President of the occasion was Judge
Montgomery. He made a motion that if a man undertook to make a

16 ANNUAL, MEETING, 1890.

set speech, he should be shot. Now I am not afraid of any such thing
happening me here today, nor any other day, for I have always met with
a warm welcome from my fellow pioneers. I have had too much for-
bearance 'in the past from the pioneers of Michigan to fear them even
were I inclined to make a long speech. But I shall make a very short
one, and it shall be spoken from the deep feelings of my heart. It will
be, Mr. President, in acknowledgment of your kindness in asking me
to say a word to the pioneers of Michigan. We come here as pioneers,
when the occasion comes around every year. And we bring with us
that which is of vast value to ourselves, and would be of vast value to
the world, if they could only know the reality of it all, and all it means
to us, and all it means to them. I mean this: we bring the memory, the
history of, the recollection of a period of time extending over more than
half a century that has passed over this commonwealth of ours. It is a
rich treasure. It is a rich treasure, I say, which I would relinquish on
no consideration that could be given me on this earth. The memory of
men gone; men whom we loved; men worth knowing. The memory of the
incidents that have happened here. The best years I ever spent. And
I know it is so with you, friends. They were years put down with no
parallel — not to be compared with anything that can be read in the
history of the world. It is in the heart. It is in the memory. It is in
that part of us which constitutes what we are, and, I may say, what we
should be. We leave to others to enjoy what we have left. We have
helped to make it. We are thankful we could do so. We have made of
the State of Michigan, one of the most important states in the Union.
And we are now about, we older ones, to leave it. We leave this great
State to you. And we leave with you these memories, and these histories
— a great inheritance which will be to you beyond all price — and the
memory of which will never cease. Gentlemen, I thank you for this
opportunity to say to you a single word, and I trust I have not tres-
passed top much.

A letter received from Dr. O. C. Comstock, one of the charter mem-
bers and the second President of the Society, was read by Mr. Geo. H.
Greene.

Col. M. Shoemaker said: Mr. President — I wish to say one word
with relation to Dr. Comstock. He was one of the founders of this
Society, and was a most valuable member. Prof. Holmes of Detroit, and
Dr. Comstock, and Witter J. Baxter were for a long time the leading
members of this Society. Some of them have passed away. We were very
sorry when the health of Dr. Comstock failed him. He is now living in
Massachusetts. But, sir, there should be none whose memory should be

MINUTES. 17

more treasured. There are none whose services have been more valuable.
He was a member of the Committee up to within the last two years. He
was president of the Society at one time. He was always in his place,
always ready to do his part, and, as I said before, he was one of the most
valuable members of the Society. And it is gratifying to me, at least, that
we should have a word from him at this pioneer meeting.
The Society then adjourned until 2 o'clock.

THURSDAY AFTERNOON, 2 O'CLOCK.

The President called the Society to order, and the session was opened
with prayer by Rev. R. C. Crawford.

Music: Hymn — "My Country, 'Tis of Thee," sung by the audience.

A paper (an original poem), "The President and some of the other
Officers and Members of the Pioneer and Historical Society," by Judge
Albert Miller, was read by Rev. R. C. Crawford. At the close of the
paper, Mr. Crawford said: "Mr. President — Since Judge Miller has
spoken of good old Mother Hansom, I want to say a word with refer-
ence to what I remember of her, and of our being at her house. The
old lady was very handsome in features — over the left. She was one of
the homeliest women you ever saw, and to top it all off, she talked
through her nose. We stopped there one time with father, on our way
to Detroit. We put up there with our ox team, and right well she
entertained us, too. And after we got through she said to me, " My
boy, what is your name?" You see she took a real interest in boys.
I told her my name was Riley Crawford — Riley Crooks Crawford.
" Well," she said, " if you make as likely a man as the one you are
named after, God knows you need never be ashamed."

The history of the township of Shelby, Macomb county, by George
H. Cannon, was read by his son, Howard B. Cannon.

Music: Rondo — Violin solo, with piano (Mazas). Misses Mae Siplty,
and Fannie Humphrey.

" Some incidents of Pioneer Life in the Upper Peninsula," was read
by Hon. John H. Forster.

"Michigan in her Pioneer Politics, Michigan in her National
Politics, and Michigan in the Campaign of 1856," was read by A. D.
P. VanBuren.

A recitation, "The Necklace of Pearls," was given by Miss Julia D.
Williams, of Detroit.
3

18 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

A paper on the "Making of Michigan," was read by Hon. George
Willard.

Music: Baritone solo — " The Soldier's Dream" (Rodney), was sung
by Mr. Charles Williams, of Lansing.

The Society then adjourned until evening.

THURSDAY EVENING.

The Society met at 7:30 o'clock, Mr. John H. Forster in the chair-
as President pro tern.

Prayer was offered by Rev. W. B. Williams.

A paper on New England's Influence in Michigan was read by Rev.
W. B. Williams.

Music: Tenor solo — "The King's Highway" (Maloy), was sung by
Benj. McGahen.

A paper giving the " History of the Graded Schools in .Michigan "
was read by Prof. Joseph Estabrook.

Music: Solo — was beautifully rendered by Mrs. Genevieve Stealy,
and encored and repeated.

On motion of Mr. A. D. P. VanBuren a vote of thanks was tendered
to Mrs. S. H. Knight for her kindness in providing such beautiful
music for the annual meeting.

A paper, "Old Settlers from European Countries," was read by Hon.
Jacob Den Herder.

Music: Bass solo— "Daddy" (Behrend), was sung by Mr. L. A.
Baker.

Several five minute speeches were made by pioneers present.

Music: Duet—" When Silent Doth Fall," was sung by Mrs. S. H.
Knight and Miss Nora Towne.

The committee on the nomination of officers for the ensuing year
made its report which was adopted.

Music: Song of the Old Folks — " Auld Lang Syne" was sung by
the audience.

The benediction was pronounced by Rev. W. H. Thompson, and on
motion the Society adjourned.

MRS. HARRIET A. TENNEY,

Recording Secretary.

REPORT OF THE RECORDING SECRETARY. 19

REPORT OF THE RECORDING SECRETARY.

The following report is submitted for the year ending June 11, 1890.

MEMBERSHIP.

There are seven hundred and forty-one names enrolled upon the
membership book of the Society. Since the annual meeting of 1889
the following names have been added. Merritt L. Coleman, Thomas
Stears, James Yanney, Handen A. Hecock, John Wolf, William Toan,
Fred E. Fairchild, Reuben Goodrich, Moses F. Carlton, Joseph Gibbons,
J. F. Hammon, H. A. Woodworth, Brackley Shaw, Alanson J. Hogle,
Abel Whitney, Mrs. Sarah Ann (Budlong) Whitney, Hiram Draper,
Asher Bonham, Wm. L. Worthington, Jeremiah H. Gardner, Joseph
Hussell, Lewis H. Beeson, William A. Heartt.

There are three hundred and thirty deaths of members recorded
upon the membership book, leaving four hundred and eleven members
as still living.

The youngest member was born in 1850. The oldest member, Wm.
Hatch, was born in Salem, New York, August 27, 1789, moved to
Homer, Calhoun county, this State, in April, 1850, and died April 20,
1885, at the age of ninety-six.

The oldest member born in Michigan was Alex. Odrien, born October
17, 1791, in Detroit, and died July 10, 1888. in California, Branch county,
aged nearly 97 years. Thirty-two members were born previous to the
year 1800. Of this number twenty-nine are recorded as not living.

DONATIONS.
Donations received are as follows:

CHICAGO HISTORICAL SOCIETY, April 26, 1890:

Early Chicago and Illinois, collected by.
€ROSSMAN, DANIEL L., June 16. 1889:

Early French Occupation of Michigan, lecture by.
FELCH, ALPHEUS, January, 1890: t

Historical Atlas of Washtenaw County, Michigan, 1874.
GIHONARD, DESIBE, March 14, 1890:

Le Vieux Lachnine et le Massacre du 5 aout 1689, par Desire Gironard, 1889.
IOWA HISTORICAL SOCIETY:

Iowa Historical Record, January, 1890.
MISCELLANEOUS :

Annual of the Muskegon County Pioneer and Historical Society, 1887.

Choice Portions selected from the libraries of eminent scholars. Catalogues for July and September,
1889.

Exhibition of Books and M8S. by Bernard Qnaritch, of London. New York, January 27 to February
17, 1890.

20 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

The Family Brocae of Beaurepaire and Roche Court, with some account of the English rule in Aqni-
taine, by Montague Burrows. Advertisement.

List of fine works on Mediaeval Costume: Bernard Quaritch, London, 1839.

Historical Sketch of Major Joseph Hawley, of Northampton, Mass., 1728-1788.

Journal of Harper Normal School and Business College, April, 1890.

List of those subscribing for a portrait of Judge Cooley, to be hung in Supreme Court room at
the Capitol.

Local Government in Wisconsin, by David E. Spencer.

Old New York. A journal relating to the history and antiquities of New York City.
NEWBERRY LIBBABY ASSOCIATION:

Proceedings of the trustees of same for year ending Jan. 5, 1889.
MONTGOMERY, JAMES M., New York, June 5, 1890.

Constitution, By-laws, Membership of Society of Sons of Revolution, 1890.
NEW ENGLAND HISTORIC GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY:

(a) Proceedings of Society at annual meeting, January 1, 1890.

(b) New England Historical and Genealogical Register for July, October, 1889, January, April, 1890.
NEWSPAPERS:

Bay City Tribune, August 29, 1889. " Old Time Printers." Presented by Don Henderson.

Detroit Journal, February 8, 1890. Benefits accruing to Detroit from the fire of 1805.

Kalamazoo Gazette, June 16, 1889. Pioneer Gleanings. Presented by Henry Bishop.

Kalamazoo Telegraph, May 26, 1890. Obituary of Henry Little.

Grand Rapids Current, January 29, 1890. Obituary of Ex-Senator Fitch Phelps.

Mnskegon News, March 29, 1890. Glimpse at a Buddhist Book. Presented by H. H. Holt.

Topeka Daily Capitol, January 26, 1890. Kansas History. Col. W. A. Phillips.

Ypsilantian, May 8, 1890. Obituary of Ezra D. Lay.
NEW YOBK HISTOBICAL SOCIETY, April 5, 1890. Collections of the Society for 1883 and 1884. " Kemble

Papers." 2 vols.

POCUMTUCK VALLEY MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION, Deerfield, Mass. History and Proceedings of, 1870-1879.
RHODE ISLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY, June 3, 1890:

Washington the Founder of the Nation. Address by George M. Carpenter. April 30, 1889.]

The Reform of the Civil Service. Address by George M. Carpenter. March 25, 1890.
SHELDON, GEORGE, Deerfield, Mass., June 18, 1889.

Narrative of Captivity of Stephen Williams, 1703-1704.
TOLL, ISAAC D., June, 1890. Petoskey Record, June 4, 1890. " Memorial Day in Petoskey."

The executive committee and committee of historians met in joint ses-
sion on June 10, 1890. Important business was transacted as follows:

On motion of A. Miller, John H. Forster president of the society, and
M. Shoemaker, chairman of the committee of historians were appointed
a committee to prepare and present the usual appropriation bill to the
legislature of 1891.

On motion of A. D. P. VanBuren it was resolved — that the local
matter collected by the committee up to date be published in volume
seventeen of the "Collections."

After the transaction of other business the committee adjourned.

The balance of the work accomplished during the year will be found
in the minutes of the annual meeting and in the annual reports of the
officers of the society submitted at this date.

MKS. HAEEIET A. TENNEY,

Recording Secretary.

LANSING, June 11, 1890.

REPORT OF CORRESPONDING SECRETARY. 21

REPORT OF THE CORRESPONDING SECRETARY.

Lansing, June 11, 1890,

To the Officers and Members of the Michigan Pioneer and Historical
Society :

It again becomes my duty to make a report of so much of the society's
doings as has been entrusted to me.

The file of letters and communications received within the year are
herewith submitted, all carefully filed for easy reference.

I have endeavored to give prompt attention to all inquiries made of
me, and to promptly acknowledge the receipt of all donations entrusted
to my address. The proceedings of our last meeting, as published in
the city papers, were forwarded to each member of the committees and
to the vice-presidents. Also a notice to each vice-president of his elec-
tion, and still a further notice to them, about a month in advance of
this meeting, reminding them of their duties and requesting of them a
memorial report for their respective counties. Many have responded
with such a report, and others are here and will report in person.
Notices of this meeting were mailed May 27, 1890, to every member
of the society, members of the legislature, State officers, etc., and to all
the leading newspapers throughout the State.

In addition to these the committee of historians had circulars prepared
containing five questions designed to obtain more exhaustive history
of the early settlers and settlements of this State, which were sent to
members and old settlers as far as known and to the Judge of Probate
of every county.

This has secured to us a large amount of early history and some
valuable contributions.

I have to report the deaths of 17 members of the society who have
died within the past year, as follows:

ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

No.

Name.

Residence.

Born.

Died.

Age.

Came to
Michi-
gan.

Henry Little

Kalamazoo .

April 29, 1797

May 25, 1890.

1831

Wm. S. Calkins

Lansing

Feb. 11, 1814

Nov. 8, 1889

183ft

Lilly Cook

Bridgeport.

July 16, 1808

June 12, 1889

1839

111

Chauncey Joslin..

Ypsilanti

June 28, 1813 .

Oct 31, 1889

1837

111

Ezra D. Lay

Ypsilanti . . . .

Dec. 6, 1807. .

April 29, 1«90..

183$

139

Townsend North

Vassal

Sept. 24, 1814..

June 12, 1889.

1836

148

George SuttoD

Northfield

Feb. 17, 1810

May 18, 1890

£0

1830

Josiah R. Hendryx. ..

Decatur _ ...

March 4, 1807...

July 15, 1889 .

1889

?,70

John Geddes

Ann Arhor.

March 19, 1801 .

Nov. 4, 1889.

1825

'?74

David Depue

Pittsfield .

Feb. 11, 1808

Oct. 17, 1889 .

1836

ColumbnsV. Tyler. .

Bay City. .

Aug. 13, 1825....

June 1,1889

1881

:•;:',!

Samuel W. Hill

Marshall

Nov. 6, 1815. ..

Aug.28, 1889

1845-

8fiO

James V. Campbell

Detroit .

Feb. 25, 1823

March 26, 1890. .

182ft

•VW

S. C. Coflmbnry

(^nnst.ant,inft

Feb. 26, 1809

Sept. 20, 1889 ..

1843

457

Mrs. Almira North. .

Delhi .

Nov. 29, 1815....

May 18, 1890....

183»

518

Talcott E. Wing

Monroe

Sept. 24, 1819.. .

Jan. 25, 1890....

1819*

64")

Ttanj. F. Hinman

Battle Creek.

Aug. 17, 1811

Sept. 21, 1889....

1886

Also the following, whose deaths have not been heretofore reported:

No.

Name.

Residence.

Born.

Died.

Age.

Came to-
Michi-
gan.

Erastus Hussey

Battle Creek

Dec. 5, 1800.

Jan. 21, 1889

1843

?S7

John W- Flotcher

Centreville

Sept. 18, 1806..

July 16, 1886 ..

1824

808

TCdmnnd gtoars

Centre ville .

July 12,1821....

Oct, 17, 1883....

1837

41?,

John Hull

Florence, St. Jo. Co.

Feb. 6, 1816

Dec. 21, 1884....

1837

«61

James Gould

Jackson

Nov. 24, 1831....

Aug. 16, 1888....

1836-

The sum of their combined ages is 1679 years. Their average age is
76 years. Number over 90 years, one; number between 80 and 90, nine;
number between 70 and 80, seven; number between 60 and 70, four;
number under 60, one.

All of which is respectfully submitted,

GEOKGE H. GEEENE,

Corresponding Secretary.

REPORT OP THE TREASURER. 23

REPORT OF THE TREASURER

Lansing, June 12, 1889.
To the Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society:

The following report in account with the Society from June 12, 1889
to June 11, 1890, is submitted:

RESOURCES.

To balance on handJune 12, 1889 $329 02

Receipts for Membership fees $25 00

" from sale of Pioneer Collections, Vols. I and II 525

" " General Fund for 1885 50000

" " " " 1886 50000

" " Publication Fnnd for 1889 ^ 2,00000

Total receipts 3,080 25

Total. $3,359 27

DISBURSEMENTS .

Paid from General Fund:

For expenses of Executive Committee $25 90

" " Committe of Historians 8580

" " Annual Meeting, 1889 5225

" postage, express and telegrams 52 77

" filing and recording 2500

" Stenographer 49 60

'' proof reading 195 00

" collecting of manuscripts ... 517 68

$1,003 50

Paid from Publication Fund:

To printers and binders $574 64

For portraits of Presidents. 51 25

625 89

Total disbursements- ._ $1,629 39

Balance on hand June 11, 1890 $1,729 88

Very respectfully presented by

M. L. COLEMAN,
• Treasurer.

24 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

KEPOET OF THE COMMITTEE OF HISTORIANS.

Lansing, Mich., June 11, 1890.
To the Pioneer and Historical Society of the State of Michigan:

The Committee of Historians would respectfully report that since
the last annual meeting of the Society, it has been very successful
in obtaining historical material of great value, and of such volume
that the publication in the collections of the Society comprise for
this year but a small portion of it. The larger bulk of our acqui-
sitions are carefully preserved in such manner as to be readily referred
to, and will be published as soon as the finances of the Society, and
the facilities extended to it by the State Printers will enable it to take
up for publication the manuscript now necessarily reserved.

The Society has been able to procure the printing of but one vol-
ume since our last annual meeting — Volume 14.

Volume 14 contains the proceedings of the Anunal Meetings of 1888
and 1889, the reports of the officers of the Society, the memorial
reports, and such of the papers read at the meetings as could be pub-
lished in the volume of 668 pages.

These papers are all of great interest in connection with the settle-
ment of the State, and give the history of quite a large portion of its
territory, as well as the biographies of many of the pioneers.

Among the latter will be found those of Ephraim Longyear, Con-
sider A. Stacey, Isaac E. Crary, Towusend E. Gidley and Randolph
Manning.

Of the papers of marked historical value are the

History of the settlement of Silver Islet, on the north shore of Lake
Superior, by John H. Forster.

Sketches of the North West, by Eev. E. H. Day.

The Pottawattomies, by A. B. Copley.

Pioneer days in Kalamazoo and Van Buren, by Edwin S. Smith.

The log schoolhouse era in Michigan, by A. D. P. Van Buren.

Michigan under the first and under the second Harrison, by J. Wilkie
Moore,

History of the town of Commerce, by Dr. James M. Hoyt.

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE.

Recollections of Pioneers and Pioneer life in Nankin, by Melvin D.
Osband.

The Willow Run settlement, by J. M. McMath.

Rivers of the Saginaw Valley, by Albert Miller.

How the last French claim to a Michigan farm was extinguished,
by D. L. Grossman.

Early French occupation of Michigan, by D. L. Grossman.

There are many other addresses and sketches equally worthy of
notice, and taken altogether go to make this one of the most interest-
ing of the volumes published by the Society.

MICHAEL SHOEMAKER,

Chairman.

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE.

ALLEGAN COUNTY,

DON C. HENDERSON.

Date of Death.

Name.

Age.

Township.

Sept. 15, 1889....

Anice Church .

Allegan.

May, — 1889

J. B. Bailey

Allegan.

April, — 1889...

L. W. Watkin

Allegan.

July, — 1889....

T. M. Thompson "... .

Allegan.

Aug. 18, 1889.. .

Ira Chaffee . . .

Allegan.

Ang. 22, 1889. ..

Fred Frank.

Allegan.

Ang. 31, 1889....

Minda Perkins . .... .. ..

Allegan.

Sept. 26, 1889_..

E. M. Dawson

Allegan.

Nov. 20, 1889.

Joseph Clark

Allegan.

Jan. 25, 1889

Cynthia E. Lyons

Allegan.

Aug. 19, 1889.

George Muma .....

Allegan.

Nov. 16, 1889.. .

Alpha Jackson .. ....

Allegan.

July 27, 1889

John M. Pierce

Allegan.

Sept. 1, 1889

William Daggntt

Allegan.

April 3, 1889....

John D. Smith . .

Allegan.

March 25, 1889...
Dec. 12, 1889...

Carolina D. Wood...

Joseph Smith

60
64

Allegan.
Allegan.

Jan. 15, 1889

P. O. Littlejohn -.

Allegan.

May 2, 1889

Margarette Hamlin .

Ganges.

ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

Date of Death.

Name.

Age.

Township.

March 3, 1889...

Sally A. Loomis

Ganges.

April 13, 1889...

Zelda Morrison

Ganges.

Aug. 28, 1889....

Thomas Wilson.

Ganges.

July 29, 1889....

J. W. McCormick

Ganges.

Dec. 29, 1889....

Jacob Hogenhost..

Fillmore.

Jan. 8, 1890

Aleyda S. Churman

Fillmore.

June 30, 1889....

Thomas Dole

Sangatnck.

July 22, 1889....

Joseph F. Dickey

Sangatuck.

Jan. 12, 1890....

William B. Starkey...

Saugatuck.

May 21, 1889....

Robert M. Donald..

Saugatuck.

March 6, 1889...

Electa Finch

Saugatuck.

Jan. 16, 1889....

William Corner

Saugatuck.

Aug. 17, 1889....

John M. Lynch

Dorr.

March 13, 1890 .

Casper Thomas.

Dorr.

Nov. 25, 1889....

Anthony Bender

Dorr.

July 30, 1889....

Henry Wagner

Dorr.

Nov. 10 1889 ...

George E. Breg

Dorr.

Aug. 20, 1889....

John C. West

Pine Plains.

Dec. 19, 1889....

Elizabeth Hodges

Hopkins.

Sept. 2, 1889....

Lydia J. Gregory

Hopkins.

March 17, 1889.

Laura Stearns

Hopkins.

Feb. 15 1889

Tompkins Crable

Hopkins.

Sept, 27, 1889...

Reuben Allen .

Manlius.

Dec. 19, 1889....

Lucia Campbell

Manlius.

Dec. 28, 1889. ...

Esther Loomis

Trowbridge,.

Sept. 11,1889....

Abigail Rose .... . .

Trowbridge.

April 11, 1889...

Cynthia Bushe .....

Trowbridge.

Dec. 25, 1889...

Caroline Moore

Martin.

Jan. 10, 1890....

Maggie Wylie

Martin.

Nov. 21, 1889....

Elizabeth Sturges.. . . .... ...

8?,

Leighton.

April 14, 1889...

Phebe Robinson

Leighton.

April 9, 1889....

Maria Nichols .

Leighton.

April 27, 1889...

Catharine Miller .

Leighton.

Jan. 17, 1889....

J. C. McCave

Monterey.

July 23, 1889....

Tinsina P.hronkhitfi

Monterey.

Oct. 16, 1889

Sarah Gibson

Monterey.

Jan. 8, 1889

Garner Shank ... . ...

Monterey.

June 6, 1889

Louisa Shipp .

Monterey.

Jan. 24, 1890....
March 16. 1890...

John O'Brien

Matilda Curtis

68
78

Monterey.
Monterey.

Nov. 5, 1889

Hiram Sabin

Monterey.

Feb. 24, 1890....

Stephen Thompson

Monterey.

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE.

Date of Death.

Name.

Age.

Township.

Sept. 17, 1889. ...

Peter Deemer

Feb. 2, 1890

Magdlen Andigier

Feb. 2, 1890

Elizabeth Miller.. _

Salem.

June 80, 1889

Lydia Woodruff

Heath.

Oct. 24,1889

Berend Jan Alferink

Laketown.

Sept. 24, 1889....

Johannes Hock

Laketown.

Sept. 18, 1889....

Koor Eleveld

Laketown.

JAMES W. MC COKMICK.

The sudden death of State Senator James W. McCormick, at his
residence near the village of Fennville, in this county, on Sunday r
July 28, 1889, was a source of regret and surprise to the people of
Allegan county, in whose official circles he had moved so prominently
for many years in various capacities, both municipal and legislative.

Mr. McCormick was born in Allegan village, February 22, 1838, and
was educated at Michigan City, Indiana. He studied for and was
admitted a member of the bar but devoted the most of his time to
fanning and fruit culture. He held the office of supervisor in the
town of Clyde, this county, for 15 years, was justice of the peace 24
years, and at his decease was State Senator of the 10th district of
this State (Allegan and Van Buren counties). Prior to this he had
been twice chosen to the lower branch of the Legislature.

In every public position he occupied, Mr. McCormick showed a
thorough mastery of all the legal problems which were referred to
him. Ever sincere and devoted to his friends, he was the secret enemy
of no one. Frank and outspoken upon all public questions he had
hosts of friends, not only in the western portion of the county, where
he lived, but also throughout his district and the State.

He leaves a wife and three children to mourn his loss. In the
hearts of his large circle of friends he was highly enshrined, as was
evidenced by the large attendance at his funeral on Tuesday, by gen-
tlemen and ladies of every creed and party — many of whom shed tears
as they viewed his remains.

His success in political life is a bright example to the farmer boys
of our State.

Mr. McCormick was ever a staunch republican in his politics. He
never faltered in his adherence to the principles of the grand old
party, of which he was one of the honored champions from the Fre-

28 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

mont campaign of 1856 to that of Harrison in 1888. His voice comes
from his tomb bidding his political comrades to remain faithful senti-
nels on the watch towers of American liberty.

He is dead and gone. It seems but yesterday we received a letter
(but it was three weeks ago) on public affairs from this loving hus-
band, kind father and honored legislator, who now sleeps in the quiet
city of the dead, near the village of Fennville, which he assisted to
found. We shall see his form no more. His body is dead, but his
soul lives on through all eternity. In the language of the poet:

There is no death; the stare go down,

To shine on a fairer shore.
And bright in heaven's jeweled crown

They shine forevermore.

The exercises took place at the Senator's residence, a short distance
outside of the corporation limits. Some 165 carriages and wagons,
filled with people, were on hand. The exercises began at 2:30 p. m.
A home choir furnished the music. A beautiful address was delivered
by Dr. C. A. Andrus, of Grand Rapids, in honor of the memory of the
deceased legislator, whom he pronounced to be an honorable, earnest
and fair man. This discourse was an admirable literary production.

After the funeral exercises at the Senator's home were over a pro-
cession was formed to the cemetery, at the west end of Main street,
some 600 people being in line.

The exercises in the cemetery were under the charge of the Masonic
fraternity, represented by seven members of the Allegan lodge, nine-
teen members of the Holland lodge (of which deceased was a mem-
ber), and a number from the Douglas lodge, among whom we recog-
nized Hon. D. W. Wiley, D. C. Putman, T. B. Dutcher, George N.
Dutcher (of Chicago), and Messrs. Stock and Colson.

The pall bearers consisted of the following gentlemen: Cornelius
Blom and Albert S. Tiedman, of Holland; T. B. Dutcher and D. W.
Wiley, of Douglas;. Dr. H. F. Thomas and A. W. Sherwood, of Allegan.

The beautiful services for the dead, of the Masonic order, were
conducted by David L. Boyd, of the Holland lodge.

The editorial fraternity were represented by J. C. Holmes, of the
Fennville Dispatch, Gerrett Van Schelven, of Holland, and D. C.
Henderson, of Allegan.

Gov. Luce sent a letter of condolence to Mrs. J. W. McCormick.

REPORT OF THE MEMORILL COMMITTEE.

BAY COUNTY.
WM. R. M'CORMICK.

Name.

Date of Death.

Place of Death.

Ebenezer J. Wright

February 18, 1889

Bay City.

Alexander Folsom

May 5, 1889

Bay City.

Mrs. John Oliver. v

January 11, 1890

Bay City.

George Young . .

January 18, 1890

Bay City.

Mrs. Amanda Wfistovftr

May 2, 1890

Bay City.

EBENEZER J. WRIGHT.

Ebenezer J. Wright died in Bay City February 13, 1889, in the 84th
year of his age. Mr. Wright was born in St. Lawrence county New
York, May 24, 1805.

His occupation through his entire life has been lumbering.

He was married October 24, 1847, to Miss Julia F. Schofield of St.
Lawrence county, New York, and soon after removed to Canada where
he followed lumbering many years until timber became exhausted. He
removed to Bay City in 1867 where he followed the same occupation
only on a more extensive scale until his death.

He leaves a wife, two daughters and one son in comfortable circum-
stances.

He was a kind neighbor, a good husband and an indulgent father.

ALEXANDER FOLSOM.

Alexander Folsom of Bay City, was the grandson of John Folsom of
Hingham, England, 1756, who migrated to Hingham, Massachusetts,
He was the son of John Folsom, Jr., born at Statford, Connecticut, and
who found his way to Albany, New York, where he married Elizabeth
File VanArmon, July 18, 1781. In 1806 he moved to South Glens Falls,
where Alexander Folsom was born June 17, 1807. His father was a
lumberman, manufacturer and farmer. He was a man of considerable
wealth and great business enterprise. He was also a licentiate of the
Presbyterian church, and often preached in the church of that order at
Glens Falls. Alexander Folsom was the youngest of thirteen children,
and was educated at private schools in Albany and Saratoga Springs.
His pursuit was chosen him by his father, and he was engaged with
lumber at Ticonderoga and other places in NCAV York and Canada. In
1837 he went to Albany, his partner being Mr. G. G. Hawley. In 1850

30 ANNUAL, MEETING, 1890.

lie formed a partnership with B. W. Arnold, and continued in that
relation until his death, moving to Bay City in 1868, and extended their
business at a later date to Spanish river, Canada. Bay City became
his home, though he was never married, and only became owner of a
residence a few months before his death. He early became a member
of the Presbyterian church in New York, but did not transfer his rela-
tions to Bay City until 1885. He was then elected an elder in the church
and trustee, and held these offices while he lived. But his interest in
the church of Bay City began with his coming, and he began giving to
further its pursuits at once. He was a giver, constantly, for benevolent
objects, in sums large or small, but in accordance with the Savior's rule,
"not to let the left know what the right hand is doing." Besides his
accustomed payments, Sabbath by Sabbath, for all benevolent boards of
the church, according to the custom of the church in Bay City, the
boards of home and foreign missions received sums of three, four and
five thousand dollars at times, as special helps, but of which only the
parties giving and receiving knew, from any word of his. One mode
of benefaction, and seemingly original with him, was to leave in the
hands of his pastor, in whom he had entire confidence, a sum of one
thousand dollars a year to aid weak, and new churches, and men in
ministerial service in his vicinity who were in want, according to the
judgment of his almoner. His absorption in his large business did not
leave him time to acquaint himself with the special merits of such case,
and he trusted it to one whom he thought better circumstanced to know
them. This custom was followed for six years, and the money thus
distributed was an important factor in church development in the new
counties of Northeastern Michigan. Many weak churches owe the build-
ings in. which they worship to the stimulus of moderate help this way.
Alma college, in Gratiot county, received its financial start from a gift
of fifty thousand dollars by him, made in March, 1886. This gift was
to carry out a desire of the Synod of Michigan to found such an institu-
tion, to give educational facilities to the central and northern part of
the State. It was met, September following, by a like amount, in
grounds and buildings in the village of Alma, by Mr. A. W. Wright,
and other gifts by various other gentlemen. Mr. Folsom, besides aiding
the institution by many smaller sums, left it by his will thirty thousand
dollars. Mr. Folsom was both an intelligent and cheerful giver. He
sought opportunities for it. And though his bequests to various objects
of religion and benevolence were many, and some of them large, he did
not put off the work of benefaction to his decease. He gave as he went
along; and he acquired money to use for good causes. He did not

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 31

understand the Savior's commendation of the widow's "two mites" as
establishing a rule for all persons. He thought some people ought to
be able to give more than two mites, and yet not at one time to give
away "all their living," lest they should not be able to do more after-
wards. Mr. Folsom was all his life a gainer of money, and always by
honorable means. His mills were managed with economy, intelligence
and kindness to employes; for to be employed in his mills was esteemed
a piece of good fortune by workmen, some of whom were in his service
over twenty years. His habits were of the Puritanic cast. He kept the
Lord's day. No tool was lifted and men, animals and machinery rested.
He took his rest in public worship, and in the Sabbath school with his
bible class. As age crept on him, and his health gave way, he purchased
a house, and died quietly at his home, May 5, 1889.

MRS. JOHN OLIVER.

Ann Goodwin, wife of John Oliver, of Bay City, one of the early
pioneers of Michigan, died in Bay City, January 11, 1890, in the 77th
year of her age. Mrs. Oliver was born in the county of Kent, England,
June 9, 1813; emigrated to America in 1830 and was married to John
Oliver April 28, 1831, at Geneva, New York, and emigrated to Michigan
in 1843. A great part of her later life has been spent in Bay City
where she was widely known, surrounded by her children, grand-
children and great grandchildren.

Mrs. Oliver was one of the noblest of women, a true Christian and
philanthropist. She was held in great respect by all classes. Some
few years since she celebrated her golden wedding, on which occasion
all the old settlers and prominent citizens attended to wish them a
happy voyage in their declining days. She leaves an aged husband to
mourn her loss.

GEORGE YOUNG.

George Young, one of the prominent men of Bay City, died Janu-
ary 18, 1890.

Mr. Young was born in Ayrshire, Scotland, January 12, 1820, emi-
grated to America in 1839. Settled in the city of Albany, New York,
where he was for many years engaged in the wholesale and retail
grocery business. He was married June 15, 1846, to Magdalen Ann
McCormick, by whom he left four sons, viz.: George H., cashier Bay
City Bank; Charles E. and Walter D., engaged in the coal and vessel
business, and William A., the youngest, in the lumber business with
William Peter.

ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

Mr. Young came to Bay City in 1870 and went into the banking
business. He was for many years vice president of the Bay City
Bank which office he held at his death; he was very successful in busi-
ness, having accumulated a fortune. A man of strict integrity and
universally respected by all classes of citizens.

MRS. AMANDA WESTOVEB.

Amanda Culver, wife of the late Luther Westover, one of the promi-
nent men of Bay City, died May 2, 1890, at her home on Centre avenue.

Mrs. Westover was born in Norfolk county, Ontario, August 6, 1827.
Was married to Luther Westover May 30, 1861, emigrated to Bay
City in 1865, where her husband was extensively engaged in lumber-
ing and banking business.

Mrs. Westover left no family of her own except an adopted grand-
child to inherit her wealth.

Mrs. Westover was universally respected by all citizens, a true
Christian woman, a member of the Baptist church. She will be sadly
missed by the citizens and especially those who knew her best.

BRANCH COUNTY.
HARVEY HAYNE8.

Name.

Date of Death.

Place of Death.

George Tripp .

September 11, 1889

Kinderhook.

Daniel S. Cornell

October 15, 1889

Girard.

Chester 8. Tucker, M. D.

November 1, 1889. .-.

Coldwater.

Daniel N. Wilson

December 4, 1889

Coldwater township.

Parley Stockwell

Januarys, 1890

Coldwater.

May 15, 1890

GEOKGE TEIPP.

George Tripp, the oldest pioneer of Kinderhook, was called to his
eternal rest Wednesday, Sept. 11, 1889. He was born in Decatur
township Otsego county, N. Y., April 10, 1809, having lived to the good
old age of four score. Kinderhook, in its early day, was highly favored
in having such a worthy, upright man for its fourth permanent settler,
as was found in the person of George Tripp, who located there in the

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 33

year 1835, always living on the same farm till the death angel marked
him for the better land beyond the river. He had the esteem and
confidence of all who knew him, being chosen many times to offices of
trust. In politics he was a staunch republican, and in religion a
Baptist.

" A good man has gone from this strange world of ours,
No longer to gather its thorns with its flowers."

Tears ago his name was recorded in the Lamb's Book of Life — that
register of heaven — but not until last Wednesday evening did he
answer to his name in person at the daily roll-call of the recording
angel. As he came to this country in the early days to prepare the
way for her who, through all the years has been his loving and faith-
ful helpmeet, so now he has gone on, a little in advance, to that better
country where she will soon join him, to go no more out forever.
For eighty years he blessed the world with his good cheer and kindly
deeds. He loved to live and to let live, and looked upon other's fail-
ings as a reflection of his own. Although outspoken against hypocrisy
and double dealing, he was staunch in his integrity. He was "given
to hospitality." Ministers' horses instinctively turned in at his open
gate, for his was proverbially the "ministers' home" — a quiet retreat
from the unsympathizing, critical world. This naturally cheerful spirit,
overlaid with the Christian graces — love, joy, peace, gentleness, good-
ness, faith — made him one of the Lord's representative men. For
many years he was a prominent member of the Kinderhook Baptist
church and contributed liberally toward building their present house of
worship, and always lifted on the heaviest end in support of the gos-
pel financially. But in the providence of God he has been taken from
the " church militant " to the " church triumphant." Upon whose
shoulders shall the mantle fall? He needs no marble nor granite
to perpetuate his memory. Time lays his finger upon them and they
crumble to dust, but good deeds — his most fittting monument — are
immortal.

" His words were seeds of honest deeds,
His life a benediction."
I

DANIEL 8. CORNELL.

The announcement of the death of Daniel S. Cornell awakens a flood
of reminiscences to an early pioneer, as Mr. Cornell's advent upon this
field of human action was about the period of the early settlers. Mr Cor-
nell was the son of Daniel Cornell and was born in Hartland, Niagara
Co., N. Y., May 20, 1815. In 1833, in company with his parents, he
5

34 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

came west, stopping one year in Ohio and two years in Lenawee county,
Michigan. In 1836 they came to Branch county settling in Girard 1^
miles south of what was then Orange Mills but now passes under the
euphonious(l) name of Hodunk. His father died several years ago as
did also his oldest brother, Job. But the settlement became known as
the Cornell neighborhood and the school district bears that name to
this day. They were all industrious men and Daniel S. Cornell was one
of the most industrious workers in that pioneer time. By his labor and
habits of saving he was soon able to purchase his first piece of land one
mile south of Hodunk, which he improved and developed into a pro-
ductive farm. In the summer of 1838 he went to Raisin, north of
Adrian, and from Quaker settlement brought away as his bride, Miss
Esther Bowerman who has ever since been his faithful and devoted wife,
sharing in his hardships and in his successes. Mr. and Mrs. Cornell were
both members of the Orthodox Quaker church and never changed their
ecclesiastical relations, although there has never been a church of that
connection in the county. In the early time the neighborhood about
what is now Hodunk was settled by people who had been Quakers or
were the children of Quakers. To Mr. and Mrs. Cornell have been born
seven children, five boys and two girls. There are living of these
Reuben, Orlando and Lewis and Mrs. Wm. Hopkins, of South Haven,
Mich. Mrs. Cornell survives her husband.

Perhaps no man in Branch county was better known to the farmers
all around than was Daniel S. Cornell. For a great many years he was
engaged in buying and shipping stock. During the war period he
added to his farm by extensive purchases and built a fine brick residence
which has ever since been his home. He has not been very well the
past few years; and yet only a few days ago seemingly we saw him,
asked about his health and he was then feeling quite well. He was
sick but a little over a week. Mr. Cornell was a man who gave close
attention to his business and was never engaged in any bickerings with
his neighbors. Kind hearted, he was always ready to help another in
need or in distress. The section where he lived has been greatly
improved by his labors. Others shall enter into his labors but his works
do follow him. We are sorry to record his death which occurred Oct.
15, 1889, as he was one of the last of a few pioneers who intimately
knew the father of the editor of the Cold water Republican; and often
have we learned from his lips of recollections regarding a parent of
whom our childhood memory could recall but little. Let us revere the
names of these worthies of a bygone time!

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 35

CHESTER S. TUCKER, M. D.

Chester S. Tucker was born in Floyd Hill, Oneida Co., N. Y., Feb-
ruary 3, 1809, and moved with his parents to Monroe county when
•quite young. He studied in the acadamies of those days and graduated
from the Geneva Medical college. He began practice at Pike, Monroe
Co., N. Y., but itf 1835 he moved to Ohio near Cleveland where he
was in active practice until 1844 when he moved to this county. He
has lived here ever since except for a short period during the war
when he lived in Fon du Lac, Wis., and won a place in the confidence
and respect of the community as a conscientious and skillful physician.
January 1, 1848, he married Miss Jane Cochran, who was then
living with her uncle, Hon. Harvey Warner, and she has been his
companion through the rest of his life and his faithful and devoted
•wife in health, in sickness and in death. Dr. Tucker was one of those
men who when any difficult problem requiring determination and
oourage came up for solution was always turned to as a man to be
trusted and the man for the time. It was so in our school experiences
with him. Coldwater owes more "to Dr. Tucker for the present proud
position which her schools occupy than to any other one man. He it
"was who laid the foundation, as director, of the union school system
here and brought order out of confusion. He is to be honored for it,
-and the records of the school district will attest the faithfulness of the
man in this work. His mind was naturally questioning and suspicious;
and in religious matters while profoundly reverent, he was ever studying
to solve the deep problem of life as revealed in the Bible. Never
ready, to give up quickly any belief or purpose formed; he hewed out
his way in all such matters just as the pioneer by degrees clears his
land and puts it in a state of cultivation. Such men are like sturdy
•oaks; they withstand the blasts; rooted firmly, they rear their lofty
heads into the sky, so that we scarcely notice them but when they are
torn down they leave a vacancy that it takes many smaller trees to fill.
So it is with many of these early settlers of our beautiful city, like Dr.
Tucker, and as they pass away we miss them; the niche they have
filled is empty.

DANIEL N. WILSON.

Wednesday evening, December 4, 1889, Daniel Numan Wilson died at
his home in Coldwater township, three miles south of Coldwater. He
was born in Penfield, N. Y., January 9, 1813, where he was married to
Miss Aurelia Crippen in November, 1834. In 1837 the young couple

36 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

emigrated to the wilderness of Michigan and settled on the farm
where Mr. Wilson died, having lived there more than fifty-two years.
He had done his part in causing the wilderness to melt away and give
place to fields of rich golden grain; the almost impassable roads, which
were but little better than , Indian trails, converted into broad and
improved highways; the log cabins give way to commodious farm dwell-
ings; and comfort and plenty take the place of hardships and scarcity.
There can be but one generation of pioneers in any country, and those
of Branch county are mostly gone. To the earlier settlers Numan Wilson
was as well known as any man in the county, especially to those whose
way to the county seat was from the south. For years he kept a hotel,,
where in the early times the open fireplace was piled high with blazing
logs to cheer and warm the winter traveler, while the well stocked
kitchen and barn sustained both man and beast. For the last three
months Mr. Wilson has been gradually failing, till finally nature yielded
to the grim messenger. He leaves the wife of his youth and three
daughters. Two or three years before his death he united with the M.
E. church in Coldwater and the funeral services were held Friday after-
noon at his home, his pastor, Rev. W. A. Hunsberger, conducting the
services, and the remains were interred in Oak Grove cemetery.

PAELEY STOCKWELL.

On Wednesday night, Jan. 8, 1890, at the county house Parley Stock-
well passed away after many trials and tribulations at the age of 86
years. Parley Stockwell was born in Massachusetts in December, 1803T
and in 1833 he came to Coldwater. He was the first man to make a
clearing so as to get to the river and cross and made the first shaved
shingle that was put upon the roof of the first, shingled house in Cold-
water. "Uncle" Parley Stockwell, as he was familiarly called, in com-
pany with fourteen others of the same faith and order on the evening
of Decmber 31, 1834, formed themselves into a Baptist conference for the
purpose of being organized at a later date into a regular Baptist church,,
which said organization was perfected February 11, 1835. This is from
the record of the church and thus Mr. Stockwell had been a member
of the first Baptist church of Coldwater, including the conference, over
55 years, and was the last one of its original members. He was a very
ardent abolitionist and during the Kansas troubles, preceding the admis-
sion of that territory into the union, he raised what money he could and
went there to help make it a free state. During those years of excite-
ment and bloodshed he lost his property but Kansas was freed from.

REPORT OP THE MEMORIAL, COMMITTEE. 37

the incubus of slavery which the south attempted to force upon her.
Mr. Stockwell was ever since a poor man and increasing years brought
him to the condition of a public charge. He was never married and
life has been to him oftentimes dark and uninviting. But he
had a tender heart which was touched by the gentler amenities
of life. A few years ago a stranger called at Mr. Dorrance's, where Mr.
Stockwell was stopping, and inquired if Mr. S. was there. Informed
that he was he passed back, shook hands, visited with him a moment,
again shook hands and went out. Curiosity led Mr. Dorrance to find
out who he was. A tear stood in Mr. Stockwell's eye as he told him
it was an old pupil of his when he taught school in his younger days
and that as the stranger had left he placed a $5 bill in his hands.
It was a kind remembrance that had touched Mr. Stockwell's heart and
the tear could not be suppressed. This venerable gentleman was a self-
denying Christian man, poor, but rich in faith through our Lord Jesus
Christ.

MES. EUTH CEIPPEN.

On the evening of May 15, 1890, about five o'clock the information
was rapidly circulated that Mrs. Ruth Crippen had just passed away at
her home on W. Chicago street Coldwater. Her disease was cancer
which had finally touched the heart strings when the silver cord was
loosed and the golden bowl was broken. Her death had been looked
for on several occasions within the past two years, but she would rally
and again be able to enjoy communion with her friends. Last sum-
mer was the 80th anniversary of her birth which was celebrated by the
associates of early days in Michigan and it was to her a very enjoyable
occasion, because it was a sincere recognition of the kindly good will
that existed toward her in this community. Mrs. Gen. C. B. Fisk is
her only living child and to her it has been a great privilege to smooth
the dying pillow of a much loved mother. The following interesting
sketch has been prepared by the Hon. Harvey Haynes which is but a
deserved tribute to a beloved sister:

Ruth Haynes was born in the town of New Paltz, Ulster County,
New York, July 31, 1809. Her parents were among the early settlers
of that section of country, having settled there in the first year of the
present century, where they lived twenty years on one hired farm.

When the then famous Erie canal was being built, Mr. Haynes con-
cluded to move to the " Genesee country," and in the autumn of 1822
took a horse and light wagon and visited the state as far west as Roch-

38 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

ester. So well pleased was he with the country that he purchased a
hundred acre farm in the town of Pennfield, eight miles east of Roch-
ester, and in the following January, with sleighs, moved to their new
home. Here Ruth grew to womanhoodv enjoying herself on the farm,
often assisting in outdoor work. On the 13th of December, 1827. she
was married to Lorenzo D. Crippen, and in the following spring Har-
vey Warner, then a youth of 20 years, built them a small house into
which they moved, and began, in earnest, the active warfare of life. A
more active or energetic couple it would be hard to find, and each year
added to their worldly treasures. When the great western fever began
in 1835, they were among the great active band to start for the terri-
tory of Michigan, arriving in Coldwater on the 17th day of June, 1835
Here, to their great joy, they found Harvey Warner who had built
their first little home for them and who had been here in the forests
some four or five years when they arrived. They soon decided to make
Coldwater their future home. Land was cheap, and everything looked
encouraging to the pioneers of that year. But the years 1836, '37, '38,
'39 and '40, were the trying and despondent years for pioneers. Many,
very many, began to realize that but one Eden had been created, and
that was not to be found in the wilds of Michigan. Sickness, privations,
hardships, yea deaths, were almost of daily occurrence from early in
July, until late in October. It was in these gloomy days that Mrs.
Crippen displayed a moral heroism equalled by few, surpassed by none.
When a young girl she took great delight in riding on horseback, and
fortunate was it for the sick and lonely emigrant that she did so, else
the good Samaritan could never have performed one-half of the work
she felt it her duty to undertake.

There was no road through the country at that time save the Chicago
road which had been built by the general government; hence going
from house to house with a wagon was an impossibility. An Indian
pony was soon purchased, and mounted on " Sintosh " she would go
from house to house usually carrying a basket on her arm filled with
clean linen or food, medicine, or anything that would add to the com-
fort of the sick or despondent. Often she would be on the go from
early morn till eventide, going as many as four or five miles sometimes,
to render aid and smooth the dying pillow. They lived for a time in
the first log house ever built in Coldwater. Allen Tibbits is the only
person alive who was married and lived in Coldwater village at the
time of their arrival here. Mr. Crippen was an active and untiring
business man, but died in April, 1864, in the height of his usefulness.
To them were born two sons and one daughter, James B., who died

REPORT OE THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE.

in 1869, long known as an active merchant, miller, farmer and general
business man; Jay D., also well known, died in March, 1887. The
daughter, Mrs. Gen. Clinton B. Fisk of New Jersey, is still active and
doing good in the world. •

After more than twenty years of widowhood, Mrs. Crippen married
Philo H. Crippen, her first husband's brother (and for many years his
partner in business), also a pioneer of 1835, well known in Branch
county as a man of business and honor, with whom she lived in happi-
ness till the unerring Commander issued the order for him to cross
the Eubicon in March, 1890.

Thus has passed away one of the most active and untiring women of
the early and trying days, feeling, as she iieared the end of her earthly
career, that she had, like one of old, " done what she could," and that
her life and work had. not been in vain.

CALHOUN COUNTY.

JOHN F. HINMAN.

Name.

Kesidence.

Age.

Deaths in June, 1889:
Mrs. Diana Gerow ... .. ..

Marengo

Mrs. Rachel Van. Voorhees

Marshall

Mrs. Murt.in Hftlrns

Clarendon

Mrs. Dr. C. H. Eggleston

Marshall

Lewis Wilmarth

Marshall

• 86

Deaths in July, 1889:
Mrs. Wm. P. Newell

Albion

6»

Miss Sylvia Bolles - - -

Marengo

Mrs. Mary E. Emmons

Homer

Mrs. Eli Balcom

Homer

Marshall

Deaths in August, 1889:
Mrs. Philo Dibble ' - - --

Marshall

Channcey M. Brewer .. ---

Marshall

Samuel W. Hill

Marshall

Albion

Mrs. H. H. Henry...

Albion ..

ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

Name.

Residence.

Age.

Ira Thomas Homer

Mrs. Jane Palmer , Battle Creek.

Mrs. Mary Cullom _ Fredonia

Mies Eliza Murphy Marshall

Mrs. Alvira Stout_ Marshall

Macon Seymour Battle Creek.

Mrs. Julia A. Shotwell.. Marshall

Joseph Smith Penfield

Mrs. Dickinson Emmett

Mrs. Chas. L. Cox Marshall

Mrs. Sylvester Considine Marshall

Benjamin Clark Albion

Wm. Simons.- Athens

Deaths in September, 1889 :

Benjamin F. Hinman Battle Creek-
Augustus Dow Battle Creek.

Joseph B. Whitney Battle Creek.

Thomas Faulkner -— Marshall

Christina White... Albion

William T. Van Sickles ... Marshall

Mrs. Susanna Hart Athens

Mrs. Carscadin Marshall

Daniel Wheeler — Homer

William Pease - Eckford

Benjamin F. Withey - — Marengo

Mrs. Phebe G. Oakley Clarence

Orlando Abbott Newton

Mrs. L. P. Page- - Lee.

Mrs. Betsey Richmond Albion

Miss Louise Bashford Albion

Mrs. E. A. B. Hoag Albion...

Mrs. Mary Chase Battle Creek.

Deaths in October, 1889:

Wm. M. Pearl - Albion

Jacob Nichols Clarence

William F. Hewitt Marshall

Dr. James P. Graves Marshall

Deaths in November, 1889:

Mrs. Harriet Lothridge -~ Battle Creek.

Mrs. A. J. Laraway Marshall

Mrs. D. H. Albertson Eckford

Wilsey G.Barnes Battle Creek.

Wm. Collins... . Convis

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE.

Name.

Residence.

Age.

Barney Brogan

Mrs. Wm. R. McCall

Mrs. Mary A. Stace

Mrs. Jnlia B. Church

Mrs. Ellen Martin..

James Reed (an old resident)

Mrs. H. Jones (an old resident).

Battle Creek..

Marshall

Eckford

Fredonia

Deaths in December, 1889:

Facheas M. Lester Marshall

Mrs. Calista Sabin Marshall

Mrs. Mary Twogood Albion

Orville P. Dyer Albion ..'

Robert Huston Marshall

AbialT. Vary Marshall

Isaac Garratt „ Pennfield

Lucius S.Scott Battle Creek..

Deaths in January, 1890:

Mrs. Mary Simons.. Marshall

Mrs. Hannah Gurney. Albion

Mrs. Eber Shepard Clarendon

Mrs. Joseph Snyder Homer

Mrs. Tryphena Shelp Homer

Thomas Ryan Homer

Davis H. Wood i Lee

Mrs. Nancy J. Armstrong, (an old resident) Albion

Mrs. Lucia Dupark Albion

Mrs. Mary D. Wallingford... Marshall

Thomas Lusk - Eckford

Edward J. Tillotson Marshall

Mrs. Leman Van Valkenburg Ceresco

Allen Morse Battle Creek..

Henry Cooper ,. - Battle Creek..

Catharine D. Hughes -• Battle Creek..

Deaths in February, 1890:

John Nover - Marshall

Samuel V. Irwin Albion ..

Samuel L. Parsons - Marshall ...

Mrs. Rebecca Pease Marshall

William Rush - Marshall

Mrs. Magdalena Nelson Marengo....

Lewis D. Crane Albion...

Ira Shepard ! Albion

ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

Name.

Residence.

Age.

Putnam Root . Fredonia

Mrs. Geo. S. Woolsey _ Marshall

Lather Mason Athens

David C. Simons Battle Creek..

Josiah Gray Marshall

John W. Carpenter Convis

Miner S. Bnrell :... Albion

R. P. Palmer.. Homer

Mrs. Ann Caywood Marshall

Asa Fellows Bedford...

Deaths in March, 1890:

Mrs. Maria Boughton Marshall

George R. McKay Marengo 78

Charles H. Holmes.. Marshall 58

Mrs. Sarah A. Hartley Clarendon 82

Mrs. Cynthia Jones Convis 86

Mrs. Anna Townsend Battle Creek

Mrs. Deborah P. Stringham Bedford 76

John W. Nichols.. ../.. ...- Clarendon 40

David Walkinshaw Convis 82

Mrs. Cornelia Leggett Athens 69-

Deaths in April, 1890:

Mrs. Catharine Segar Marshall 75

Mrs. Harriet Marsh Battle Creek 80

Mrs. Sarah L. Hamblin ,_.._ Battle Creek 94

Mrs. Jane F. Spalding . Marshall... 82

Henry M. Cronin Marshall 54

Mrs. Thomas L. Hobbs Marshall

Mrs. Putnam Root Fredonia

John A. Crego.. Burlington 74

Wm. W. Wickham Emmett .'... 58

Alexander Murray LeRoy 60

Thomas Reardon Battle Creek 72

Mrs. Wealthy Morden Bedford 75

William Lofthouse Albion 59

Norris J. Frink Marshall 48

Mrs. Caroline Decker Pennfield 50

Deaths in May, 1890:

Reuben H. Hall.... "... Marshall 50

Mrs. Mary J. Kesler Marshall 56

Mrs. Mary A. Burpee Marshall 80

Joab Perry Convis.. 84

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE.

Name.

Residence.

Age.

Frederick Karstaedt . .

William Newman .

Battle Creek

Mrs. Sarah E. Booth

Battle Creek

Mies Ellen Thiers

Battle Creek

Mrs. Harriet E. Barrenger..

Battle Creek

Martin Johnson

Albion

William Brown

David S. Beach

William Brown...

P«nnfi«ld

Mrs. Anna D. Frost.

Mrs. A. E. Weber

Marshall

Mrs. Mahala Evans. .

Deaths in June, 1890:
Mrs. Margaret J. O'Toole

Pfinnfifilfl

BENJAMIN F. HINMAN.

The funeral of the late Benjamin F. Hinman was attended on Mon-
day afternoon, September 23, 1889, at his late residence in Battle
Creek, by a large number of relatives and friends — all the members of
his own family, including his four grandchildren, his two sisters and
two brothers. Reverend W. D. Simonds, the eloquent preacher of the
Congregational church, officiating, and delivering some very appropriate
remarks.

The music of the Congregational quartette was very fine and touch-
ingly effective.

The numerous floral offerings of kind friends were elegant. A
sheaf of wheat adorned the casket, which was borne by his friends, as
follows: Judge B. F. Graves, George E. Howes, Joseph M. Ward,
Samuel L. Badgley, James L. Whitcomb and John C. Barber.

Mr. Hinman was born in Castleton, Rutland county, Vermont,
August 17, 1811, and died at his residence in the city of Battle Creek
on Friday, September 20, 1889. His ancestors were well known
throughout New England — fourteen of them, decendants of Sergeant
Edward Hinman, having served during the Revolutionary war: His
great grandfather, Abijah Hinman and Abijah's son, Wait Hinman,
were with General Stark at the battle of Bennington. His grandfather,
Adoniram Hinman, was with Ethan Allen in his famous expedition and
capture of Ticonderoga, and was also at the execution of Major 'John
Andre — he was out and served during the entire seven years war.

44 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

His father, Truman H. Hinman, read law with Hon. Chauncey Laiig-
don — was quite a celebrated vocalist — and in September, 1814, volun-
teered with other Vermonters to go, and did go to Plattsburg and assist
in driving Provost and his army back to Canada. His grandfather on
his mother's side, Reuben Moulton, kept a tavern in Castleton, and
entertained Ethan Allen and Seth Warner over Sunday, when they
were on their way to capture Ticonderoga. Benjamin attended the
public schools during the winter, with the exception of one winter he
attended the academy, or the "Rutland County Grammar School" as
it was called. Solomon Foot, late U. S. Senator from Vermont, being
the preceptor.

In 1827, when he was sixteen years old, he became a clerk in the
store of the Messrs. Hyde at Castleton. In the fall of 1836 he came
to Michigan and settled in Detroit. In January, 1739, he removed to
Bellevue, Eaton county, where he and the writer had opened a store
under the firm name of B. F. and J. F. Hinman. At this time Eaton
county was little more than a wilderness, and a large majority of its
inhabitants were Pottawatamie Indians. Where the elegant college
buildings of Olivet now stand, was where this tribe of Indians lived,
and it was called and known as the Indian village. Eaton county was
so wild and new that the writer shot and killed a large wolf in the
village of Bellevue in November, 1838.

At this time there was a small settlement at Eaton Rapids and also
one at Vermontville, and a few scattering people in other parts of the
county, but for several years peqple came to Bellevue for their black-
smithing, milling and other necessities. In 1845 we started a branch
store at Battle Creek, under the firm name of Hinman & Co., having
added to our firm another brother, Henry T. Hinman.

In 1846 the deceased removed to Battle Creek and continued in the
mercantile business until 1877, when the business was discontinued.

In 1840 he married Miss Olivia Swallow, daughter of Nahum Swal-
low, of Windsor, Vermont, who died in Bellevue in 1846, leaving two
daughters, Mrs. Mary J. Grandine and Miss Olivia Hinman.

In 1848 he married Miss Delia Byington. By this marriage
he had two children, Charles H. Hinman and Miss Julia Hinman.

That he was a good citizen, the public trusts repeatedly conferred
upon him prove. He was a man of decided opinions always freely
expressed, and energetically acted upon. But there was no conceal-
ment in his nature. His opposition to men, or measures, was of the
open, .aboveboard kind which manly men respect, and doubtless all
feelings of unkindness toward him have been long since forgotten.

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 45

When a boy in Castleton, he was the pride of the village, and any
thing that "Frank Hinman" did or said, was looked upon as being
correct.

Since the foregoing was written, the writer on looking through the
eighth volume of the Pioneer collections, found on page 175 a brief
account of James Mullett the father of Col. John Mullett, written by
Mr. John H. Forster, which reads as follows: "James Mullett, the-
father of the subject of this memoir (John Mullett), was born in
England, and came to America with Burgoyne's army of invasion, hav-
ing been seized by a press-gang in the city of London and forced to-
serve King George III in the. strife with his rebellious colonies. * *
* * * From that time forth he was lost to his parents and relatives.
He participated in the battle of Bennington and was taken prisoner."
Now, my reason for copying the above was this: Our great grand-
father, Abijah Hinman and his brother Wait Hinman, were expert
riflemen, and were with General Stark at that battle, and, of course,,
assisted General Stark in capturing Mr. Mullett.

MBS. ABEAM BENNETT, SB.

Rachel VanVorhees was the daughter of Lutitia and Abraham Van-
Vorhees. She was born in the city of New York, April, 1816, and
remained there until she removed to her western home in Marshall,
Mich. She was united in marriage to Abram Bennett, May 8, 1836.
Five children blessed their home, two boys and three girls. The
daughters, Ellen, Maria, and Carrie, have passed away and one son
died in infancy, Abram Bennett, Jr., being the only survivor. Mrs.
Bennett, though entirely unacquainted with the severe duties of farm
life, and whose strength was scarcely sufficient at times for its demands,,
soon became a most efficient worker in every sense. She was endeared
to all by her kindly, gracious presence and her helpful, neighborly aid
was ever extended to the ill and suffering. For four years past she
has suffered from that lingering disease, creeping paralysis, which at first
became manifest in her throat, affecting her speech and gradually
undermining her strength until she finally sank under its weight. It
is rarely one's lot to part from a better neighbor, wife, or mother, than
passed from our midst Monday, June 17, 1889.

MES. DE. CHAS. H. EGGLE8TON.

Regarding the death of this estimable lady, whose loss is not confined to-
her family but is felt by the large circle of dear friends which she had

46 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

drawn around her during her twenty years residence in Marshall, the
Allegan Gazette says:

The death of this lady, which occurred at Marshall, Tuesday afternoon,
June 18, 1889, though it for some days seemed inevitable, was yet a
severe shock to her family and friends of that city, and the same to
many Allegan people who, from acquaintance gained through her visits
to her sister, Mrs. Edwy 0. Eeid, had learned to respect and esteem
her for many admirable qualities. The funeral occurred from her late
home, Thursday afternoon, the Rev. Marrell of Trinity church officiating.
There was a large attendance of the prominent people of Marshall, and
great profusion of floral offerings from many sources.

Mrs. Eggleston was born in Sodus, Wayne county, New York, July
25, 1847, and was educated in the academy at that place and a music
school in the neighboring town of Lyons. Going to Marshall, Mich.,
in 1868, she in the following year married Dr. Chas. H. Eggleston, and
remained a resident of Marshall till her death. Her parents were
Oharles R. and Juliet Borradaile, of Sodus, N. Y., her father's family
having been one of the oldest and best known in the county. Besides
her husband and sister, Mrs. Eggleston left two daughters, Nina and
Kittie, and a brother, Charles H. Borradaile, of Marshall, formerly of
Allegan.

Mrs. Eggleston was to all who knew her, a friend untiring in friend-
ship's offices; a woman always arrayed in the habiliments of the truest
womanhood; or a wife and mother ceaseless in acts of duty, watchful
in provision of comforts, abounding in cheerfulness, consistent and gentle
in love. Always of great depth of religious feeling and developed in
moral sentiment, she was latterly a Christian by open profession as she
had always been in purity of life and exalted character. It was not given
her to know of her impending death, nor could she assuage the grief of her
stricken ones with a word or glance of farewell; but she left them the
comfort of sweet memories of her virtues and the benediction of her
life of love.

LEWIS WILMAKTH.

On Sunday, June 23, 1889, Lewis Wilmarth, one of the oldest residents
of Marshall, died at Kalamazoo from the infirmities of old age, which
for a considerable time had impaired his intellectual faculties, and of late
gradually overcome his physical strength. He passed peacefully away,
seemingly without disease and without pain. The remains were taken to
Marshall for burial and funeral services were held at the M. E. church
Tuesday afternoon, conducted by Rev. Elias Cooley. The deceased was

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 47

one of twin brothers born near Victor, N. Y., Sept. 27, 1803. February
15, 1832, he was married to Miss Angenette Rawson. They came to
Michigan in 1836, and located in Adrian, where they lived for four
years, and then removed to Marshall. Here he engaged as manager of
a general store. Later he was associated with Asa B. Cook in the
mercantile business under the name of Cook and Wilmarth, for a few
years, when they divided the stock, and he continued the business
alone. At one time Arzah Robinson, late of Eckford, was partner.
From 1854 to 1856 the business was carried on by Wilmarth <fe Son.
The latter taking up his residence in Grand Rapids, Mr. Wilmarth
soon after retired from mercantile life and took up the insurance busi-
ness, which he followed for several years, until incapacitated by old age
from further active duties. He made a public profession of religion in
youth and united with the M. E. church, of which he always continued
a zealous and consistent member. The first Methodist church in Adrian
was organized in his house, with less than a dozen members. In politics
Mr. Wilmarth was an anti-slavery whig, and after the breaking up of
that party a republican, but he was content to do his duty as a citizen
and was never an aspirant for public office. In September, 1886, his
companion who had stood by his side for fifty-four years, journeyed on
before him to the other shore. Five daughters and one son are now
living, namely: Mrs. Helen Gifford and Mrs. Marion Crowder, in Cali-
fornia; Mrs. Jennie Mallett, in Nebraska; Mrs. Maria Crissy, in Illinois;
Mrs. Sophia Bissell, of Albion; and Oscar R. Wilmarth, of Grand
Rapids. These three last named were present at the funeral.

JOSIAH R HENDKYX.

Died at Decatur, in this State, July 15, 1889, Josiah R. Hendryx,
agen 82 years.

Mr. Hendryx, or Capt. Hendryx, as he has been familiarly known in cen-
tral Michigan for nearly fifty years, was born in Fairfax, Franklin county,
Vermont, Feb. 10, 1&07, and had only such advantages of education as
were common to all at that early date. He first emigrated to Yates,
Orleans Co. N. Y.. where he married Eveline Downs, the eldest
daughter of Lemuel Downs, in 1833, and in 1839 came to Michigan,
settling upon the farm he occupied in Newton for a good many
years.

Subsequently he was in the employ of the Michigan Central railroad
in purchasing timber, etc., for that company, ending his work with
the company in New York city as special agent for the business of
that road west.

48 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

Subsequently having disposed of his property in Newton, he went
into Van Buren county and purchased a large tract of wild land in the
town of Hamilton, which he brought into a fine state of cultivation.
Of a pretty large family of children, only a son, Horatio J. Hendryx,
survive.

Capt. Hendryx was one of the most energetic and active men of the
age, and was ever foremost in everything that in his opinion tended to
improve the condition of the farmers and the laboring men of the
country, and hence he was actively engaged in our county arid State
agricultural societies, in introducing improved horses, cattle and sheep
into the county. He thus, later in life, became an active member of the
grange and one of its most able speakers. Few of our pioneer settlers have
exerted a wider influence in this direction than Capt. Hendryx.

JOSEPH SMITH.

Joseph Smith died at his home in Pennfield Friday, August 2, 1889,
of cancer. Mr. Smith was born in Elm, Cambridgeshire, England,
February 25, 1822. In 1844 he was married to Miss Sarah James, the
wife with whom he lived for more than forty years, or until November
last, when she died. Two years after his marriage or in the summer of
1846, he came with his family to America, and in 1858 settled upon
the farm he has occupied continuously since, which he by hard labor
has brought to its present state of cultivation. Four children were bora
to him, two of whom survive. His two sons, John T. and E. J., gave
their father every attention possible. One, and sometimes both were
at his bedside every night, and looking after their farms during the
day. The funeral services were conducted by Rev. L. E. Spafford at
his late home Sunday, and his remains interred in the Hick's cemetery
in Pennfield.

BENJ. CLAEK.

Hon. Benj. Clark died at his home in Albion, Aug. 16, 1889, after an
illness of only two weeks. His age was 78 years. He was born in the
the State of New York, and came here in 1852 to educate his children
From that time until 1875 he never failed to have one or more of
them in Albion College. Mr. Clark was a strong Republican, having
been present at the birth of the party "under the oaks," at Jackson,
in 1854, and in 1868-9 represented this district in the state legislature
He was also an active member of the M. E. church, and for thirteen
years superintendent of its Sunday school, serving also as a trustee of
both the church and college. He leaves a widow, one son, and four

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 49

daughters, all married except one— Miss E. J. Clark, who is Professor
of English Language and Literature in the College.

MAKY CULLOM CHAMBEES.

Died at her home in Fredonia township, Thursday, Aug. 8, 1889,
Mary, aged 78 years, 8 months, 15 days, widow of the late Thomas
Chambers.

Mary Cullom was born in Kent, England, December 24, 1810; was
married to Thomas Chambers in 1827. In 1832 Mr. Chambers left his
wife and two little girls in England to seek a home in America. In
1833 Mrs. Chambers crossed the ocean, in company with some relatives
and joined her husband in Rochester, N. Y., and on the 3d day of July
1833, they arrived in Marshall, after many trials incident to the early
pioneer of that day. After a year's residence in Marshall they removed
to a farm in Fredonia, but in 1840 Mr. Chambers, with his family,
moved to London, Canada. In 1845 they returned and settled on a part
of the farm still owned by Mr. Chambers, now owned by Mrs. Bills.
In December 1868, Mr. Chambers died, leaving a competency for his
wife in her declining years. Mr. and Mrs. Chambers had five children
born to them: Mary, who married Rufus G. Hartwell, of Marengo;
Ann, now Mrs. George Bills, of Marshall; William Thomas, who was
born and died in Canada; a son who died in infancy and John G., who
was born and died in Fredonia; Mary and Ann were born in England.
Mary died in 1861, Mrs. Bills being now the only living child.

But few women in the early history of this county endured more
hardships and privations than did Mrs. Chambers, coming from a foreign
country, among people whose ways and customs were strange to her,
young and inexperienced as she was, bat through it all she struggled
without faltering, having a firm trust in that kind heavenly Father who
always cares for his children. On August 8 she passed away, after a
short illness, without a struggle, like one folding her hands to sleep.
She had been for many years a faithful member of the Episcopal
church of Marshall, from which church she was followed to her last
resting place in our beautiful Oakridge cemetery by mourning friends
and kind neighbors who will miss her kind counsel and loving presence.
Truly may it be said of her, " She rests from her labors and her
works do follow her."

ELIZA MURPHY.

Miss Eliza Murphy, aged 60 years, died of consumption, Tuesday,
Aug. 13, 1889, at the residence of her brother, Simon Murphy, on

50 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

Exchange street, Marshall, with whom she had made her home for over
forty years. The funeral was held at St. Mary's church.

CHAUNCEY MARBLE BREWER.

Chauncey Marble Brewer, one of our oldest, best known, and highly
respected citizens, died at his residence, in Marshall, at 4 a. m., Tues-
day, August 20, 1889, aged 74 years, 10 months, 9 days.

Mr. Brewer was born Oct. 11, 1814, at Oneonta, Otsego county, N.
' Y., being the second child of Peter and Emma (Marble) Brewer. His
father died when he was nine years old, leaving his mother with six young
children. Chauncey remained with the family, on the home farm, attend-
ing district school winters, until March 1, 1827, when he went to the
village and began work in a country store for one John Deitz. Those
qualities which in after life made his financial success possible, were early
discernable in the young man, for he was always at his post, and remained
in the same store eight years and eight months. Nov. 1, 1834, being
"of age," and having agreed with a school-boy-friend, Charles T. Gorham,
that they would seek their fortunes in the west, he left his employers
and in a few days started for Michigan. During the winter of '35-6
he had employment in a store at Clinton, Lenawee county. In the
spring he was joined by Mr. Gorham, and the two made a somewhat
extended tour of the southern portion of this State, finally deciding to
locate in Marshall. In June, 1836, they opened a general country store
on the spot which is now the southeast corner of Hon. M. V. Wagner's
residence property, in a building the frame of which is now a portion
of the frame of the "Marshall House," (near the Michigan Central
depot) owned by John Hartman. In 1838 they bought land at the
northwest corner of State and Eagle streets, and erected the first brick
store building in the western part of the village. This partnership
continued until 1840, when Mr. Gorham retired to establish himself in
the banking business. Mr. Brewer took his brothers-in-law, Edward
Butler and John Dusenbury, as partners, but they retired in 1845, and
he continued it uninterruptedly until -turning it over to his sons, Chas.
D. and Edgar G., in 1873, on the completion of the rebuilding of the
old store, at which time he was the oldest merchant in Marshall, in
point of continuous trade.

Oct. 15, 1840, at Binghampton, N. Y., Mr. Brewer married Miss
Emily L. Butler, and brought his bride to his western home. To them
were born six children, George and Emma dying in infancy; Mary
Eliza (Mrs. Wheeler), Charles D., Edgar G., and Mark B., all of whom
reside in our midst. Mrs. Brewer died Oct. 29, 1887.

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 51

Mr. Brewer resided for many years at the corner where now stands
the Presbyterian church, but in 1859 moved into the new and elegant
residence at the head of Eagle street, since known as Oak Hill, which
has always been one of the most hospitable homes of our city.

In politics Mr. Brewer was always a democrat. Upon the organiza-
tion of the village in 1837, he was chosen village treasurer, and reflected
to the same office in '41, '49, and '50, and was village recorder in 1839,
743, '45, and '46.

Although prominent in the business circles of Marshall, yet it was
in his home where he was best known. Always a kind and loving
husband, and an affectionate, indulgent father, his memory will ever be
•cherished in loving remembrance by his children and intimate friends.

The funeral was held Friday afternoon at the family residence, Rev.
H. M. Morey, of the Presbyterian church officiating, and a large con-
course of people, among whom were an unusually large number of the
older residents of the county, gathered to pay the last mark of respect
to their departed friend and neighbor.

HON. SAMUEL WORTH HILL.

Hon. Samuel Worth Hill, from the effects of a second stroke of
paralysis, died a few moments after midnight, Wednesday morning,
August 28, 1889. at his home, corner of Mansion and Eagle streets,
Marshall.

Mr. Hill was born Nov. 6, 1815, at Starksboro, Addison county, VI,
the son of Richard and Betsey Hill, who continued to reside on their
homestead until 1883 and 1881 respectively, when they passed over
the dark river. When old enough Samuel began attending the district
school near this home, under the shadow of the Green mountains.
He early showed an aptness for methematics which soon enabled him
to over-reach his teacher, and at the age of 16 he entered the Friends'
school, paying his way by teaching winters, and graduated in engineer-
ing and surveying at the end of two years. He continued to teach
school winters and work summers upon his father's farm until 21 years
old, spending his spare time in pursuing his favorite studies. Having
procured instruments he spent the next three years as a surveyor in
his native State. In 1839, he spent some time with an uncle at Albion,
N. Y., and in October of that year went to Milwaukee, Wisconsin,
where he taught school that winter. In the spring of 1840 he engaged
in the U. S. public land surveys, and at the end of that year entered
the corps of topographical engineers of the U. S. army engaged in the
survey of the harbors of the Great Lakes. He remained with the

52 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

corps until 1845, being one year associated with Gen. J. D. Webster in
the hydrographic survey of the lakes then just begun. In the spring
of '45 he became associated with Dr. Houghton in the geological and
lineal survey of the Upper Peninsula, having charge of the geological
examination and survey of the mining region. The next winter was spent
in Detroit working up his field notes into maps, diagrams, and explana-
tions. Dr. Houghton died during this winter, leaving an uncompleted
contract with the government, which contract Mr. Hill completed
during the next season.

Being in love with the lake Superior country, he decided to remain
there permanently, and continue his profession and examination of the
metalliferous deposits until 1848, when he become associated with J. D.
Whitney (now of Harvard college) and J. W Foster in the govern-
ment geologic survey of that region. The real development of the
Upper Peninsula dates from the time of the adoption of the recommen-
dation by this trio, in their report, that the mineral lands of that region
should be sold to actual settlers at $1.25 per acre, the usual price of
public lands, instead of holding them at $5 per acre as was previously
the policy pursued.

Mr. Hill then engaged in copper mining, becoming interested with
Eastern capitalists, and for 17 years was the active head of some of
the heaviest and most successful enterprises in that region, the disburs-
ments made under his personal supervision often reaching $1,000,000,
annually. It was he, who, in 1851 as a director in and superintendent
of the Quincy copper mine, at Hancock, fathered the idea of cutting a
canal from Portage lake to Portage entry, and which was carried out
as speedilyjas possible, to the great advantage of every interest around
that lake.

In 1873 he made a general geological survey of Isle Royal, and
mining operations were begun. But as it was a long way out of the
line of travel by boats, and the cost of transportation was thus aug-
mented three or four times, work was abandoned. It has been resumed
twice since with like result, but recently it has been taken up by a
newly organized company and there seems to be better prospects of
success.

It was Mr. Hill's fortune to be interested in the mining of the first
ton of copper and the first ton of iron taken from the lake Superior
region, and to have had a personal share in the development of those
copper interests which have become the most extensive in the world,
and to have had a hand in transforming that former wilderness into
the present highly prosperous portion of our State, the importance of

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL. COMMITTEE. 53

which may possibly be better understood when we state that the freight
tonnage of shipping passing annually from that region through the Sault
Ste. Marie canal exceeds the total annual tonnage of freight received by
vessels at the port of the great city of New York.

In politics Mr. Hill was an ardent Republican, being called upon to
fill various local positions during the organization of the civil govern,
ment of the lake Superior mining region, and was twice elected by his
party to represent his district in the State Legislature, being a mem-
ber of the House of Representatives during the sessions of 1867 and
1871.

July 16, 1851, he married Miss Susan A. Warren, formerly of Cold-
water, a sister of Alderman P. S. Warren of Marshall, and whose
parents were residents of this county. In 1844 Miss Warren was
appointed by Rev. W. H. Brock way of Albion, who was then a home
missionary of the M. E. church, as his assistant, and went with him
to Fort Brady (Sault Ste. Marie) where she taught the first school
established in the Upper Peninsula. Continuing as a teacher she after-
wards went with a few others to the mining region in response to a
call from that section when their first schools were being organized,
and was engaged in teaching when she first met him who was to be her
companion during 38 years of their lives. Mrs. Hill survives her
husband and has the sympathy of an unusually large circle of acquaint-
ances, in this hour of her extreme sorrow.

PHEBE G. OAKLEY.

Died in Clarence, Sept. 5, 1889, Mrs. Phebe G. Oakley, aged nearly
93 years. The deceased was born in Connecticut in 1797, removed to
Cayuga county, N. Y., when young, where she lived until 1844. She
was married to Benjamin Oakley in 1831; was left a widow in 1855;
came to Michigan in 1844, and since 1855 has been a member of the
family of her brother, the late S. R. Palmer. She leaves one daughter,
Mrs. A. Kellogg, of Burlington, Iowa, who arrived just before Mrs.
Oakley's death. The funeral was held at Clarence Center school-house,
Sunday, Sept. 8, Rev. Mr. Henderson, of Albion, officiating.

THOMAS FAULKNER.

Thomas Faulkner died at five o'clock in the afternoon of Monday,
Sept. 16, 1889, in Marshall. He was born in Shawside, Lancashire,
England. Dec. 14, 1826, and was the son of William and Jane Faulkner.
He was married Jan. 24, 1846, at Manchester, Eng., to Miss Sarah Lowe,
and came to this country in 1852. His father and mother and brother

54 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

John had preceded him, and were engaged in farming and lumbering
at Lee Centre, in this county, and Thomas became the engineer for
them as soon as he arrived. He remained there about one year, when
he removed to Marshall and entered the employ of the Michigan Central
in the repair shops at this place. After a short time he went upon
the road as a fireman, and in time was given an engine, and continued
in that capacity until about ten years ago. In the '50s and early '60s
the great danger and responsibility of the men who run railroad
engines was not appreciated by those who employed them — at least
the small wages paid them was evidence of that fact, and the men were
restive under what they regarded as a wrong. Marshall being the ter-
minus of the Michigan Central eastern and central divisions, a large
number of engineers and other train men resided here, and these
engineers had, during the winter of 1862-3, many consultations. W. D.
Robinson and Thomas Faulkner were leaders in the discussions, and
finally, during the forenoon of the first day of April, '63, they, with
John McCurdy, Geo. C. Watrous, Henry Hall, J. C. (" Yankee")
Thompson, Sam'l Heath, Thos. Hayward, Geo. Adams, Henry L. Lath-
rop, S. Keith, Otis Kingsbury, and E. Elwell, met by appointment in
front of the old roundhouse, and adjourned to meet at the residence
of J. C. Thompson in the afternoon. When the hour came . they were
all there and their deliberations resulted in the formation, at Detroit,
on the 17th of the following August, of Div. No. 1, of Detroit, and
Div. No. 2, of Marshall, of the Brotherhood of the Footboard (after-
wards changed tp the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers), with W.
D. Robinson as chief of Div. 1, and Thos. Faulkner chief of Div. 2. Mr.
Faulkner was always a hard, conscientious worker, never shirking any
duty which his superiors might require, and just why his services were
dispensed with, by the management of the Michigan Central, without
explanation, could not be understood by his friends.

Mr. Faulkner and his good wife were the parents of eight children.
John and Win. H. were born in England — John died there before the
family came to America; William died in Marshall, April 23, 1888;
Joseph and Thomas C., of Jackson; James F., of Dakota; Frank W.,
of Muskegon; and Saml. A., Fred L., and S. Jennie, of Marshall; all of
whom but James were present at the funeral.

Mr. Faulkner had suffered for several years of Bright's disease, and
finally had to give up work, making his last trip on the C., J. & M.
last January, since which time he has been looking in vain for restored
health. About four weeks ago he went to Mt. Clemens, hoping to receive
benefit from the mineral water and treatment at the sanitarium there.

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 55

But his symptoms continuing to get worse lie returned home Saturday,
Sept. 7, and died two weeks from the next Monday. It seems a singular
coincident that the circumstances of his last home coming, the day of
the week, the length of his last sickness, and the day of his death,
should be identical with those of his son William one year and five
months ago.

The funeral was held at the family residence on West Spruce St.,
yesterday afternoon, Rev. Wm. Morrall, rector of Trinity church, offi-
ciating, and the remains were accompanied to their last resting place
in Oakridge cemetery by a delegation of engineers from Jackson and
several from the C., J. & M.. by the members of St. Albans Lodge, F.
and A. M., of which the deceased was a member, and a large concourse
of friends of the deceased and his family.

BENJAMIN F. WITHEE.

Died, at the residence of his son, John R. Withee, in Marengo
township, at 4 o'clock p. m., Thursday, Sept. 19, 1889, of bronchial
pneumonia, Benjamin F. Withee, aged 68 years, 4 months, 9 days.

Mr. Withee was born May 12, 1821, at Norridgewock, Somerset Co.,
Maine, the third child of John and Polly Sha Withee. In 1826 his
parents, with their family, removed to New York State, and in 1831 to
Michigan, settling in Plymouth township, Wayne county. In 1845,
Benj. married Miss Emily Robinson, and returned to New York, tak-
ing up his residence in Manchester, Ontario county, where he followed
the business of auctioneer, and was chosen deputy sheriff and court
crier. In 1851, he became a merchant and stock buyer, which business
he followed until 1867. In this latter year he sold out and removed to
Missouri, but he did not like the country there, and the next year
returned to Michigan, settling in Marengo township, in this county,
where he has since resided and been a prosperous farmer. He was
always a democrat in politics, and as such was elected township treas-
urer and supervisor one term each. In 1876 he was the candidate of
his party for judge of probate, but of course he could not be elected
in this county, and suffered defeat with the others on the ticket. For
five years he was secretary of the old Farmers' Mutual Fire Insurance
Company, during which time he traveled with horse and carriage over
the entire county hundreds of times, and secured an unusually large
acquaintance among the farmers of the county, all of whom will be
sorry indeed to hear of his death. He was one of the organizers of
the Citizens' Mutual Fire Insurance Company, being its secretary dur-
ing the first year of its existence, and a director the second year.

56 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

Mr. Withee was the last survivor of his father's family of nine chil-
dren. His wife and son John survive him.

That Mr. Withee was a good citizen, a kind neighbor, a steadfast
friend, was abundantly proven by the large attendance at his funeral
which was held at his late home Sunday afternoon. Rev. Elias Cooley
officiated, and the remains were interred in Oakridge cemetery in
Marshall.

JOSEPH B. WHITNEY.

•*

Cap. Joseph B. Whitney, who died in Battle Creek, Aug. 9, 1889,
was born in Canada in 1833. He always loved to be on the water,
and at the early age of 12 years began what proved to be his life work,
by seeking employment on a vessel on lake Ontario, where his heart-
felt earnestness for the work was duly rewarded by his promotion from
one position to another, until, before the age of 20, he was given com-
mand of a vessel, which position he filled for over eight years, after
which he was in government employ on the Mississippi and its tribu-
taries until Sept., 1863, when he enlisted in the 14th Pennsylvania cav-
alry, and was with Sheridan during his famous raid in the Shenandoah
valley. He was wounded at Ashby's Pass, Va., and taken prisoner and
sent to Libby prison, but fortunately was soon exchanged. After the
war he returned to the Mississippi, where he has been on a government
boat nearly all the time since, until the middle of June when he was
obliged to come home, hoping to regain his health. He had delayed
too long; death had marked him for his own, and all the care of home
and friends could not save him. *

He leaves only his faithful and loving wife to mourn his loss, as by
this sad bereavement she is left all alone, having buried all her children
during the last seven years.

WM. M. PEARL.

Wm. M. Pearl, of Albion, died Oct. 25, 1889, aged 83 years. He
came to Michigan in 1833 and settled in Marshall, and kept the old
Marshall House. He was among the first to cross the plains to Cali-
fornia in 1849, and returned to Albion and again crossed the plains in
1852, taking his family with him. After spending twenty years in
California, he returned to Albion in 1872.

HON. WM. F. HEWITT.

Died, at his residence in Marshall, at 8:40 o'clock a. m., Thursday,

REPORT OP THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 57

Oct. 3, 1889, of disease of the brain, William Fletcher Hewitt, aged 54
years, 8 months.

Mr. Hewitt was born Feb. 4, 1835, at Byron, Genesee county, N. Y.,
the son of Joseph S. and Eliza Jenison Hewitt. In October, 1846, the
family moved to Marshall and in a short time after settled upon a farm
in the north part of Marshall township, where William grew to manhood.
While still a young man he taught school in Marshall and Convis sev-
eral winters, thereby gaining a very intimate acquaintance with the people
of those townships.

August 30, 1862, he enlisted in Go. H., 2d Mo. Cav., afterwards well
known as " Merrill's Horse," which regiment secured about 300 of the
best sons of the western portion of Calhoun county. The regiment
saw unusually active service in fighting the Confederate "guerrillas"
in the Southwest, and there was not one of the boys more ready to
always do his duty than Will Hewitt, until his health failed him in
March, 1863. He was honorably discharged May 6th of that year, at
Warrenton, Mo., and returned home in a very emaciated condition, being
unable to stand. He always took lively interest in his old army comrades,
and was usually at the reunions of the survivors.

May 26, 1864, he married Miss Clara M. Day, who survives him.

In politics Mr. Hewitt was a Republican, except for a few years when he
affiliated with the National (Greenback) party. He served Marshall town-
ship as supervisor five years in a very satisfactory manner, and as justice
of the peace. At a special election held Feb. 23, 1874, to fill the vacancy
in the State Senate, caused by the resignation of Hon. Philip H. Emer-
son (who resigned to accept the office of Judge of the United States
Court of Utah Territory), Mr. Hewitt received 1308 votes to 1215 cast
for his opponent, and immediately took his seat in the Upper House
of the Legislature. Being a quick thinker and ready debater he soon
took as leading a position as any new member well could. He filled
the position with honor and ability.

In 1879 he left the old homestead, which he had operated since the
death of his father, and, moving into Marshall, established himself in
the commission business. Being a farmer himself, and knowing the
desires of that large class, he sought to please them in every way
possible in his dealings with them, and so well did he succeed that,
during his sickness, it has been the common remark that scarcely any
other individual could be taken from the community who would be missed
more than he. He continued his business until stricken down in his
office on the 14th of last June. For a long time he was probably the
heaviest buyer of wheat for shipment from this county, having pur-
8

58 ANNUAL, MEETING, 1890.

chasing agents at Tekonsha, Homer, Eckford, and Wilderville, and buy-
ing himself at Marshall.

He leaves, besides his wife, three sisters, Mrs. Hon. H. M. Allen,
and Mrs. Oliver Cleveland, of Bellevue, and Mira (a widow) in
California.

JAMES P. GEEVES.

It is with deep regret that we today chronicle the death of River-
side's oldest citizen, Dr. James P. Greves, the venerable and respected
"father of Riverside." For over nineteen years he has been closely
associated with Riverside and her people, and there is not among us a
citizen who can truly say aught against his character, nor one who will
not recall with pleasure the thorough kindliness of his disposition.
Failing health has for the past few years prevented active participation
in public affairs, but he has always retained a deep interest in the city
whose wonderful development and growth is in a measure due to his
own efforts, and he leaves the scene of his many years' usefulness with
the respect and love of all those with whom he was associated.

Dr. Greves was born in Skaneateles, Onondaga county, N. Y., in 1810.
When a youth he was apprenticed to a printer in Utica, N. Y., and
served four years. In 1828 he began the study of medicine, graduating
in the spring of 1883. During the same year he was married to Miss
Helen Sandford, a native of Ovid, N. Y., and moved to Marshall, Mich.,,
where he followed his profession till the summer of 1845, when he
removed to Milwaukee, and followed his profession there until 1859, when
he went to St. Louis; late in the fall he went to New Orleans, and
spent the winter of 1859-60; thence to Baton Rouge, with his brother,
Samuel P. Greves, a lawyer, where he remained until June, 1860; thence
to New York city. He remained there until March, 1862, when he went
to Beaufort, S. C., in the employ of the government, having charge of
the sick of the colored race, until August of the same year, when his
health failed and he returned to New York. His health not improving,
he sailed in October, via Nicaragua route, to San Francisco, and went
thence to Virginia City. In January, 1863, to Reese River, and stayed
there until April, 1864. His health being much improved he returned
to New York, and lived there until he returned to Washington, in
1867. From there he went to Knoxville, Tenn., in 1869. During all
this time he was in pursuit of health.

On leaving New York, Judge J. W. North and himself conceived
the idea of a colony in Southern California. He spent the winter of
1869-70 in Marshall, Mich., where he got up an excursion trip to Cali-

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 59>

fornia in April, 1870, composed of nearly 100 persons. Judge North,.
Dr. Sandford Eastman and wife, E. G. Brown, A. J. Topgood, and
Dr. Greves proceeded direct to Los Angeles and explored that region
for a suitable location for a colony. Not being satisfied, E. G. Brown
and Dr. Greves visited the present site of Riverside, and being pleased,
induced Judge North to also examine it. This was the 24th of June,
1870. Negotiations were commenced for the purchase of about 8,000
acres of land from T. W. Cover and others, and was concluded Sept.
13, 1870, and on the 19th of the same month Judge North and Dr.
Greves arrived on the ground, and camped in the open air west of the
present location of Burt & Bros.' store.

Having found the long sought for health resort, he turned his atten-
tion to fruit raising with success. He was for five years the secretary
of the Southern California Colony Association. He served as postmas-
tqt of Riverside from Sept., 1871 to Dec., 1881, and as notary public
from 1875 to May, 1886.

Failing health induced him to give up all business in May, 1886.
The doctor was 79 years of age, Friday, Sept. 6, 1889. Died Sept.
24, 1889.

Dr. Greves leaves two sons, James S. and Lewis S. Greves, who are
established in business in New York City; two sisters, Mrs. A. G.
McCullum and Mrs. Calvin Clark, who reside in Marshall, Mich., and
one brother, Samuel P. Greves, of Baton Rouge, La., to mourn his
death.

WILSEY G BARNES.

Wilsey G. Barnes died at the resiseuce of his sister, Miss Hattie E.
Barnes, No. 43 Green street, Battle Creek, Nov. 4, 1889, at 10 o'clock, a.
m. of consumption, aged 55 years, 6 months and 19 days. Deceased was
father of Geo. S. Barnes, editor of the Michigan Poultry Breeder, and
brother of P. H. and Chas. E. Barnes. Deceased was born in Cana-
joharie, N. Y., April 15, 1834, and at an early age moved with his
parents to South Byron, N. Y. At the age of 13 years he entered a
general store and continued as a clerk for nine years, when he secured a
situation as salesman in the wholesale grocery house of Slauson, Pick
& Co., Rochester, N. Y. Subsequently he entered into the wholesale
grocery business for himself. The greater portion of his life was spent
in Rochester as an active business man, where he is well and favor-
ably known. He was a member of Dr. Shaw's Presbyterian church
and Rochester, lodge, No. 660, F. and A. M. At one time deceased
manufactured and sold the Spenser fruit jar, and for several years was

60 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

the sole proprietor of the " Trix " perfume manufacturing company.
He sold out the latter business nine years ago on account of his health
and moved to Lodi, Kalkaska county, Mich., expecting that the invigor-
ating climate of northern Michigan would restore his health. At that
place he opened a general store and was appointed postmaster, and
continued in business until one year ago last July, when his health
became so much worse that he was brought to Battle Creek by his
brothers. Deceased has twice been married; both wives now being
dead; his only survivor being his son George.

MRS. WM. E. MO CALL.

Mrs. Wm. R. McCall, who has been in failing health for some time,
was taken with congestive chills Friday afternoon and died at about 4
o'clock the next morning, Nov. 16, 1889.

Amanda Brown was born at Penn Yan, N. Y., Aug. 29, 1815. Her
young life was not different from that of children of that period.
When about 16 years old she made a public profession of religion,
uniting with the M. E. church at her native place, and about the same
time began teaching school, following that vocation until her marriage
to Cyrus Russell, at her father's home in Penn Yan, Feb. 8, 1838. In
1857 they moved to Plover, Wis., where Mr. Russell died Jan. 12, 1870,
and three years later she came to Marshall to make her home with her
sister, Mrs. Justin Bowman. March 21, 1876, she was united in mar-
riage with Wm. R. McCall, one of our oldest and most respected
citizens, who died Sept. 13, 1883. Immediately after marrying Mr.
McCall she transferred her church relationship to the Presbyterian
church of Marshall, of which her husband had been a member since its
organization. Of her eight children, four died in infancy; the others
grew to maturity, but all died before their mother; John B., a union
soldier in the war of the rebellion, was killed at Rappahannoc, Nov. 7,
1863; Henry C., a lumberman, was accidentally killed on a raft at Lit-
tle Bull Falls, Wis., April 30, 1866; Mary Russell Walker, died at her
mother's home in Plover, Wis., Dec. 12, 1862, leaving one son who is
the sole living representative of her immediate family; and Mrs. Ada
Russell Coddington, who died July 14, 1876. Of her father's family,
Mrs. Wm. N. Keeler, of Iowa, and Mrs. Justin Bowman of Minnesota,
are the only ones to survive her.

The funeral was held Tuesday afternoon, at the Presbyterian church,
Rev. J. H. Tanner of the M. E. church officiating.

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL, COMMITTEE. 61

MBS. JESSE E. CHURCH.

Julia Bailey Church died at the residence of her son Dr. Wm. B.
Church of Marshall, Nov. 20, 1889, in the eighty-eighth year of her age.

Julia Bailey was born in Oneida county, New York, Aug. 22, 1802.
She was married to the Rev. Jesse E. Church in Chautauqua County r
New York, the 30th day of March, 1829. They went directly to their
new home in Crawford county, Pennsylvania, where were born unto
them nine children of whom seven are still living. Of these Judge
Church, C. C. Church, wife, and son, of Illinois, Mrs. Thomas G.
Emsley, and Mrs. Dr. Dakin of Iowa, and Dr. Wm. B. Church and
family attended the funeral. The other two children live in Fresno,.
California.

Rev. Jesse E. Church, with his family, came to Marshall in 1865,
where they have since resided with the exception of two years' absence
with their eldest son in Nebraska.

Father Church died on his way back to Marshall at the residence of
his daughter, Mrs. Dakin, at Mason City, Iowa. Mother Church
went to her grave not only mourned by her children but by her many
friends, especially those connected with the Christian church.

The funeral was largely attended. The sermon and all the services
impressive and appropriate. The easy chair that had been provided
for her use at church for the past year was draped and ornamented
with flowers. She had been an active and faithful member of the
Christian church for more than seventy years. Her long life was full
of wise and kind thoughtf ulness for others. Whatever may be in store
for those who live uprightly and unselfishly we may confidently anticipate
for her.

MRS. ANDREW J. LARAWAY.

Died, at her home in the town of Marshall, Calhoun county, Mich.r
on Nov. 25, 1889, Mrs. Sarah McCormick Laraway, wife of A. J. Lara-
way, aged nearly 60 years. Her faith in Christ whom she accepted as
her only Savior in the early years of her life, was as an anchor to her
soul in all the years that followed. Amid all the vicissitudes and
varied experiences incident to a mother's life, in the rearing of a
family, her religion served her well, affording peace amid toil and care,
and joy in the midst of sorrow. The bereaved husband and children
arise and call her blessed, witnessing to her faithfulness as a devoted
and affectionate companion and wife, and loving and faithful mother.
Her last days, although days of much bodily suffering were days of

^2 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

rejoicing to her in that they were bringing her to the fruition of her
hope, and when the final moment came she calmly kissed her loved
ones good bye and peacefully fell asleep in Jesus. Her funeral took
place on Wednesday, Nov. 27, at the home, conducted by Rev. J. A.
Young. Sermon from II Timothy, 4: 6-8, after which the remains were
taken to Jackson for burial, where her children and other relatives live.

ROBEET HUSTON,

Who died at his residence in Marshall, Dec. 16, 1889, was born in
Jefferson county, N. Y., Sept. 22, 1807, the fifth of the eleven children
of William and Mary Huston. In 1827 he came to Michigan with his
parents, who settled in Canton township, Wayne county. While living
there he married Miss Emily E. Hanford, and in 1834 bought a new
farm in Lenawee county, which he began "breaking up," but sold to
good advantage the next year, 1835, and immediately came to Marshall.
He soon bought a farm of new land in Marengo, and began making
himself a home there. During the next eight years he and his good
wife endured their full share of the privations which fell to the lot of
the pioneer farmers of those days, and in 1843 Mrs. Huston sickened and
died leaving him one son, their daughter having died in infancy. In
1844 he sold his farm to Lewis Townsend, and removed to Marshall,
where he has since lived, at the corner of Green and Jefferson streets.
In 1855 Mr. Huston married Mrs. Harriet B. Hodge, who survives him.

In 1831 he united with the M. E. church near his father's home in
Canton, Wayne county, and transferred his membership to the church
in this, place when he first came here, but in 1861 or '62 he withdrew
and united with the Trinity Episcopal church, where he has since
been a highly respected and honored member, and has been several
times chosen a vestryman.

After moving to Marshall he was, for many years, interested with
others in the hardwood lumbering at "The Junction" in Convis town-
ship, having personal charge of the mill and business, which, by his
careful management he made very successful. While so engaged he
became thoroughly acquainted with the surrounding country, and was
elected supervisor of the township in 1854; he was village treasurer in
1851 and 1852, and was supervisor of Marshall township in 1856 and 1857
when the village and township were one assessment district; was also
chosen to the same position in the city in 1867, and re-elected contin-
uously until 1875, holding the office eight terms. He was chairman of
the building committee of the board of supervisors during the con-

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 63

•struction of the new court house. He was also a member of the school
board eleven years continuously up to September, 1876.

The only surviving member of his father's family is John, of Canton,
who is 80 years old and in feeble health, and therefore could not attend
the funeral.

ZACCHEUS MEAD LESTEE.

Zaccheus Mead Lester who died suddenly of heart disease while ring-
ing the bell in the Christian church, Sunday evening, December 1, 1889,
was born in Duanesburg, N. Y., Jan. 4, 1814, being 75 years, 10 months
•and 27 days old at death. He was converted at the age of 18 years
and united with the M. E. church on probation, but before his probation
expired he became acquainted with the Christian people and united
with them in full fellowship. He came west in 1832 and settled in
his first home near Marshall; and the whole of his subsequent life has
been identified with the Christian church in Marshall, of which he was
one of the nine original members. He was thrice married. Two sons
were born of his first wife, one of whom, Z. Alton, died at the age of
22 years. The other, Stephen W., resides in Troy, Pa. Of Deacon
Lester it can truly be said " he died at his post."

ISAAC GARKATT.

Died, Tuesday, Dec. 10, 1889, at the home of his daughter, Mrs. W.
IV. Carpenter of Indianola, Iowa, Isaac Garratt, father of Caleb Garratt
of Pennfield, aged 99 years 7 months and 26 days.

Isaac Garratt was born in Duchess county, N. Y., April 14, 1790.
When three years of age, his parents moved to Canada where he lived
till manhood. In the war of 1812 he was in the British militia, but
never was in actual service. Shorty after he returned to N. Y. where
in 1824 he was married to Esther Carman, with whom he lived nearly
sixty years. Returning again to Canada he lived there until 1834 when
he again moved to Seneca Co., N. Y., where he cast his first vote for
presidential candidate in 1836. In 1845 he moved to Michigan, and in
1848 onto the farm in Pennfield where he resided until 1884, when he
went to Iowa and remained until his death.

He leaves five children; three daughters living in Iowa, one son in
N. Y., and one here. His wife died in 1872.

Isaac Garratt was a man of upright character and sterling integrity.
His life almost spanned the life of constitutional government in this
country.

64 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

ALLAN MORSE.

Allan Morse died at his rooms on East Main street, Battle Creek, Jan.
26, 1890, at 3 o'clock, p. m. after an illness of several weeks, which
followed a severe attack of la grippe.

Allan Morse was born in Bolton, Vermont, in 1815, and at the time of
his death was in his 75th year. The early part of his life was spent in
his native state, where he was for a long time engaged in staging it
over the mountains from Boston. It was before the time of railroadsr
and young Morse was considered the best " four in hand " driver in all
that section of the country.

During the war Mr. Morse was engaged in trade at the front on his
own account, but was not an enlisted man. After this, in 1867, he came
to Battle Creek, where he leased and conducted the Kellogg House for a
couple of years, that being the leading hotel at that time. As a land-
lord, Mr. Morse was a success, his genial nature bringing him many
friends and filling his house with paying customers.

In 1870 he opened up the Morse House near the old Michigan Central
depot, which at once became the leading public house and held its pres-
tige while he continued to manage it, which he did for two years.
During this time the house had the run of all the traveling public, and
many a traveling man throughout the State will remember the manner
in which the hotel was conducted, and the excellent table which always
greeted the hungry traveler.

In 1872 Mr. Morse retired from the hotel business to accept the position
of city marshal, which he filled for several years. Since that time
deceased has been almost continually in the city's employ in one capacity
or another, and at the time of his death was street commissioner. He
was a most excellent public servant, having decided notions about his
duties, which no coaxing or flattery could change.

Deceased was a widower, having buried his wife in 1883. He ha&
four brothers living, one at Bolton, Vt. ; one at Montpelier, Vt. ; one in
Nebraska, and one in Windsor, Mo. His children who survive him are
Frank, of Grand Eapids; George, of Battle Creek; James, of Chicago;
and an adopted daughter, Mrs. C. E. Gerardin, of Detroit. George
and Mrs. Gerardin were with him at the time of his death.

MBS. LEMAN VAN VALKENBURG.

Died, from an attack of la grippe, at her home in Ceresco, Jan. 26r
1890, Mrs. Leman Van Valkenburg, aged 75 years and 5 months. Mrs.
Van Valkenburg came in 1848 from New York to Ceresco, where she has.

REPORT OP THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 65

since resided. Sixteen years ago she buried her husband. She was one
of the oldest residents, and leaves two children, Mrs. Joseph Mickel and
Albert Van Valkenburg, of Ceresco, and many friends to mourn her loss.

MRS. EDWARD GREENMAN.

Mrs. Edward Greenman died Sunday, Jan. 12, 1890, at about 2:30 p.
m., in Convis. The day before Christmas she came into town to do
some shopping, and while here was stricken down without a moment's
warning, and remained in that helpless, suffering- condition at the resi-
dence of S. M. Abbey until she died, which lacked only two days of
being three weeks. During that time Mrs. Edwin Greenman and Mrs.
Daniel Greenman, wives of Mr. Greenman's sons, assisted in caring for
the sick woman. One or the other was constantly in attendance. Mrs.
Abbey and daughter also gave their undivided attention to ministering
to her and the attending friends. The deceased was a native of New
York, coming to Michigan when a child, and lived the greater por-
tion of her life in Nashville. Her maiden name was Ellen Graham.
When she was about 14 years of age her mother died, leaving to her
care a large family of smaller brothers and sisters, to whom she
was mother and sister in one. She possessed a most amiable, lovely
disposition, having many friends and no enemies. She married Mr:
Greenman eleven years ago, since which time she resided in Convis.

MRS. GEORGE S. WOOLSEY.

Martha A. Lamphier was born Feb. 8, 1847, at East Bloomfield,
Ontario, county, N. Y., and when four years old came to Michigan
with hei parents. Her home was in Parma and Albion 'until about 18
years of age, when she removed with her widowed mother to Convis
township. Jan. 1, 1867 she was married to George S. Woolsey, and has
resided in Marshall township since that time. She was the mother of
four sons and four daughters, two of whom have gone before her to
their heavenly home. She made a public profession of religion and
united with the Baptist church of Marshall in 1872, since which time
she has ever exemplified the love of the Saviour by her everyday life.
Since children were sent to bless her happy home she has always lived
in and for her family, for whom she labored with characteristic self-
denial and devotion, never thinking of self, but always mindful of the
wants of those under her care, and yet was not forgetful of the need
of others, as her neighbors freely testify.

Last spring she was attacked by that merciless disease, consumption,
and although everything possible which a loving husband and children
9

66 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

could do or procure was done for her, she continued to fade away; the
death, in August last, of her little daughter Ruthie, affecting her very
much, but she endured her long illness with wonderful Christian forti-
tude, submitting without a murmur to the will of her God, and always
looking to the bright " Home over there " with a faith beautiful to
witness. Surrounded by those to whom she was nearest and dearest,
and in whose hearts her memory will always remain enshrined, she
sweetly fell asleep in Jesus at 2 o'clock in the afternoon of Saturday,
Feb. 15, 1890, in Marshall, her age being 43 years and 7 days.

The funeral was held Tuesday, Feb. 18, at the family residence, her
pastor, Rev. W. W. Whitcomb, officiating, and the remains were laid
to rest in the North Marshall cemetery. The large attendance, the
beautiful floral offerings (among which was an elegant design from the
high school classmates of her children, Edgar and Mary), all evinced
the high esteem in which she— the wife, mother, daughter, sister,
friend — was held.

" Fold the once busy hands,

Over the quiet breast;
Broken, the household bands —

Our mother is at rest.

" Closed are the loving eyes,

Never again to weep;
Hushed be our selfish cries —
Our mother sweetly sleeps.

" Lips that have fondly pressed
In childhood's days, our own
With love not half expressed —
Our mother hath gone home.

"Feet that had weary grown,

Yet all our toil would share,
Rest now; she hath gone home — .
Our mother waits us there."

JOSIAH GRAY.

Mr. Josiah Gray, of Battle Creek, was struck by the Kalamazoo
accommodation a short distance west of the station at 8 o'clock, p. m.,
Feb. 22, 1890, and instantly killed.

Mr. Gray was in his 82d year and for the past six years has been a
resident of Battle Creek. He came here from Marshall at which place
he had resided, previous to his removal to Battle Creek, for upwards of
half a century. He leaves two children, Arthur, of Chicago, and Frank,
of this place, and a step daughter, Mrs. Dr. Bristol, at whose home the

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 67

funeral services were held on Tuesday last, after which the remains
were taken to Marshall for burial. — Albion Recorder, March 1.

WILLIAM RUSH.

William Bush, who died February 1, 1890, in Marshall, was born in
Killeman, Tyrone county, Ireland, in 1817. In 1844, when he was 27 years
old, he left his mother country and came to this country, making New York
city his home for about three years. In 1847 he came to Michigan and
settled in Marshall and made this his place of residence up to the time
of his death. Mr. Rush was married in 1838. His wife died in Marshall
about 25 years ago. Eight children survive him: three sons, Dennis, of
Marshall; Thomas, of Leslie; William, of Tocoma, Wash.; and five
daughters, Mrs. James Strawn, of Eaton Rapids; Mrs. A. A. Curlis, of
Chicago; Mrs. E. M. Jackson, of Jackson; Mrs. M. A. Taylor, of Grand
Rapids, and Miss Sadie Rush, of Marshall. Mr. Rush was an honest,
hard-working citizen who commanded the respect of his neighbors and
friends, who will deeply regret his death.

DAVID CURTIS SIMONS.

David Curtis Simons died suddenly from a paralytic stroke at Battle
Creek at 4 o'clock, a. m., Feb. 26, 1890.

Deceased was 56 years of age, and has lived in the State 46 years.
He was a native of Venice, Cayuga county, N. Y., and has lived within
five miles of Battle Creek continually since he was ten years of age. Mr.
Simons moved to Battle Creek from Pennfield about twenty years ago
and engaged in the lumber business with Mason, Rathbun & Co. He
continued with them three or four years, when he sold out and engaged
in the insurance business, which was his occupation at the time of his
death.

Mr. Simons leaves a wife and two daughters to mourn him. The
family have the sympathy of a very large circle of friends in their sud-
den and unexpected bereavement.

PUTNAM ROOT.

The death of Putnam Root, Esq., of Fredonia, who died at his residence
on the 7th day of February, 1890, removes another of the few remaining
early settlers and pioneers of Calhoun county.

Mr. Root was born at Sand Lake, in Rensselaer county, New York,
on the 14th day of May, 1809. He removed, when about 15 years of
age, to Barre, Orleans county, and in the year 1834 he emigrated to

68 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

Calhoun county, Michigan, settling in the township of Fredonia, where
he resided continuously until his death.

He was married on the 23d day of November, 1837, to Mary Jerusha
Gary, who was born in Pompey, Onondaga county, New York, and who,
with six children, survive him.

Mr. Boot purchased from the United States the land which he after-
wards improved and converted into an excellent farm and home for him-
self and family, and where he lived at the time of his death.

Mr. Boot was endowed with an intellect of a high order, and having
received a fair education in his youth and being possessed of a degree
of intelligence above the average of the early settlers of his town, he
was fitted to take a prominent part in the organization of his town, and
for many years he was called by his fellow townsmen to responsible
positions in connection with the general interest, and especially the
educational interest of the township. These public trusts were performed
in a manner creditable to Mr. Boot and to the satisfaction of his fellow
men. Mr. Boot never sought political office or preferment, and only
consented to fill any position of public trust at the urgent request of
his neighbors.

He was held in very high esteem by all who had his acquaintance
as a man of exalted personal qualities, strict integrity, excellent
judgment, and commendable spirit, and he left no stain on his
reputation.

By his death his widow is bereaved of an affectionate and faithful
husband, his children of a kind and indulgent parent, and the com-
munity of an upright and exemplary citizen.

His memory constitutes a rich legacy to his family, of which they
may be justly proud, and the name of Putnam Boot will not soon be
forgotten by the people of Calhoun county.

MES. DEBOEAH P. STEINGHAM.

The death and funeral of Mrs. Deborah P. Stringham, widow of the
late John Stringham, occurred respectively on the 19th and 21st, of
March, 1890, at Augusta. She and her husband were among the promi-
nent pioneers of Bedford. She was born in New Brunswick, N. J., in
1814, but spent most of her early life in western New York, where she
was married and from whence she removed with her husband to Bed-
ford and settled three miles from Battle Creek in 1836. On the farm
first occupied in that year, she resided until seven years ago when she
took up her abode in Augusta. Mrs. S. was a woman of, rare worth
and her memory is deeply revered in our midst for the many virtues

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 69

which she displayed in every walk of life. A large share of her adult
career was identified with this portion of Michigan which she lived k> see
changed from a wilderness to its present condition and bore her full
share in the labor and trial by which this change was effected. She
leaves behind her a memory which will be deeply and affectionatly
cherished not alone by her children and relatives but by her wide
acquaintance in this section of the State. Her burial took place at Oakhill
in Battle Creek by the side of her husband.

WILLIAM W. WICKHAM.

William W. Wickham died at his home in Emmett, on Friday, April
11, 1890, aged 57 years, 8 months and 15 days.

Mr. Wickham was born in Gaines township, Orleans Co., N. Y., and
at the age of twenty-five, married Maria Connor of Barry township,
New York, who still survives him. Mr. Wickham leaves five children,
three sons, Herbert, Wirt and Fred, and two daughters, Nellie and
Clara; and two sisters, Mrs. Benton and Mrs. Kogers. Two years after
his marriage to Miss Connor, he moved to South Emmett, lived there
two years and then went back to the old home at the east.

He was a faithful member of union grange near his home, also a
member of Calhoun Co. grange. He will be sadly missed in their
assemblies.

ALEXANDEK MURRAY.

Alexander Murray died at his home in West Leroy, April 11, 1890,
and was buried from the M. E. church near by, the Sabbath following.
The deceased was born in the county of Down, Ireland, in 1830, married
Margaret Dines in 1851, and coming to America in 1854 they settled
in Genesee county, N. Y. They came to Michigan in 1858 and made
their home in Charleston, Kalamazoo county, but for a number of years
have lived in Leroy. He leaves a wife and eight of their twelve children.

MRS. HARMON L. SPALDING.

Mrs. Jane Fort Spalding was born in Auburn, N. Y., Oct. 18, 1808,
was married to Harmon L. Spaulding, Dec. 1, 1852, and came at once
to Marshall, Mich., where she has ever since resided.

Twelve years ago she buried her husband who had been for many
years a worthy and faithful member and deacon in the Christian church.
For nine years afterward she made her home with her daughter, Mrs.
Collins, but just four years ago, from the day she died, she moved back
to the old home to live with her daughter, Mrs. Bisbee. She had no

70 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

children of her own but had endeared herself to her stepchildren, one
son and two daughters, by all those ties of love and faithful devotion
which made her one of the truest, and best of mothers. She leaves ' two
sisters, one older the other younger than herself who live in the State of
New York.

Her long affliction so patiently borne came to a happy and peaceful
end at 2 o'clock, Monday morning, April 14, 1890, at Marhall.

HENKY M. CRONIN.

Mr. Cronin died at 6 o'clock, Friday morning, April 11, 1890. He
was born at Ypsilanti, Washtenaw county, Mich., Jan. 31, 1836, and
the next year was brought to Marshall, where he has since had his
home. While he was a lad he attended school, and afterwards, for
several years, clerked in the store of his brother, the late Jeremiah
Cronin, Jr. In 1869, he and his brother Thomas L. began business for
themselves, opening a grocery stock in the west store of the Stuart
stone block. That the business of the firm was a successful one is
attested by the beautiful double building which they erected and occu-
pied in 1876. He was never married, but always resided with his
parents as long as they lived, and since with his sister, Mrs.
Lizzie Devereaux, devoting such time as he had from business to their
happiness and comfort.

MRS. PUTNAM ROOT.

Mary J. Gary was born Feb. 6, 1819, at Pompey, Onondaga county,
N. Y. When quite young she moved with her parents to Barre, Orleans
county, and at the age of 14 came to Fredonia, Mich., where, on the
23d of November, 1837, she was married to Putnam Root and went to
the home which she occupied at the time of her death.

For more than half a century Mrs. Boot was known in the home as
an affectionate wife and loving mother and in the neighborhood as a kind
and obliging friend.

Coming as she did into a new country, she endured the privations
incident to pioneer life with a cheerful and hopeful spirit, never think-
ing of self, but for the comfort of those around her.

She, with her estimable husband, lived to see the wilderness blossom
like the rose. Truly "her children rise up and call her blessed," for her
daily life ever* exemplified the religion of Christ.
Six children, two sons and four daughters, survive her.
O, the memory of our mother,

In our hearts will ever dwell,
Like sweet incense; and no other
Love like hers our lives can fill.

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 71

COL. NORRIS J. FRINK.

The announcement at eight o'clock Tuesday morning, April 29, 1890,
at Marshall, that " Nod " Frink had just died but a few moments before
caused an expression of surprise and sadness from everyone.

Norris Joseph Frink was born in Marshall, March 9, 1842, the sec-
ond child of the Hon. Joseph Colton Frink and Amelia Caroline Nor-
ris. His childhood and youth were spent here, he always being one of
the leaders among his associates in their games and pleasures, and it was
then that he laid the foundation of that popularity which has ever
since been his to enjoy.

Mr. Frink was married March 29, 1870, to Isabella W. Gorham,
daughter of the Hon. Charles T. Gorham, of Marshall, who, with their
only child. Miss Amelia Norris Frink, survive to mourn the loss of a
beloved husband and honored father. Mr. Frink's mother, a sister, and
three brothers also survive him.

Aug. 10, 1862, before he had attained his majority, he was commis-
sioned a second lieutenant in the 25th Mich. Vol. Inft., and appointed
a recruiting officer. With the men enlisted by him he mustered into
the United States service on the 22d of Sept., being of Co. A. One
week later the regiment left Kalamazoo for Louisville. December 27,
near Munfordsville, Ky., in a skirmish, the regiment met the enemy
for the first time. Thence they went to Bowling Green and to Lebanon,
taking part about the first of April, 1863, with the troops under Gen.
Manson, in the pursuit of the rebels under Pegram. Thence to Louis-
ville, where they were detailed to provost and guard duty, tiring of
which, Lieut. Frink resigned October 29.

The next season, when the 28th Infantry was being recruited, and
was rendezvoused in Marshall, Mr. Frink again entered the service,
being appointed captain and recruiting officer. The 28th and 29th
regiments were consolidated as the 28th, and were mustered October,
26, 1864, Mr. Frink having been commissioned as major. The regi-
ment was assigned to the 23d army corps, and participated in the bat-
tles about Nashville, Tenn., December 12-16, "where it fully estab-
lished a reputation as a gallant regiment, and at once reached the
uniform high standard of Michigan troops." In January, 1865, they
were transferred to Paducah, Ky., thence to Alexandria, Va., and then,
by ocean transports and rail to Newbern, N. C., reaching there Febru-
ary 25. March 2 they left with Eugers' division, and joined Gen. Cox,
constituting a part of the force concentrating in the vicinity of Wilming-
ton to cooperate with Gen. Sherman's army on its approach to the

72 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

coast. The regiment participated in the fighting at Wise's Forks, N. C.,
March 8-10, and it was Major Frink's gallantry at that time, which
secured for him the appointment, dated March 13, 1865, of Brevet
Lieutenant Colonel of U. S. Volunteers "for gallant and meritorious
services." The war closed soon after, but the 28th was engaged in
guard duty at various points in North Carolina until June 5, when
they were mustered out and sent to their homes.

Most of the time since the war Mr. Frink has been engaged in busi-
ness in Marshall, first in his father's private banking house, and then
in the First National Bank, where he has been cashier for many years
—a position for which, if we may judge from the unusually large
amount of business he would transact without error in a short time, he
was the best qualified of all the persons who ever filled a similar place
in Marshall.

At the annual school meeting September 4, 1882, Mr. Frink was
elected a member of the school board, and at the organization of the
board was chosen director, a position he has held continuously since,
being, at the time of his death, upon his third term as a trustee.

Mr. Frink was a member of the Masonic fraternity, having passed
every degree, and occupied many of the chairs in the lodges of Mar-
shall, was a past eminent commander of Marshall Commandery,
No. 17, Knights Templar; and had many times been a representative
to the State bodies. He was also a member of DeWitt Clinton Con-
sistory, Ancient Scottish Bight, of Grand Bapids, being the only 32d
degree mason of Marshall. He was also master of the third vail in the
Grand Chapter, B. A. M. of Michigan.

Mr. Frink was a member and past commander of C. Colegrove Post,
G. A. B., of Marshall, and also a companion of the Military Order of
the Loyal Legion of the United States, belonging to Detroit Post. He
was also a member of the Ancient Order of United Workmen, the
Knights of the Maccabees, the Marshall Club, and other social clubs
of Marshall.

Politically Mr. Frink was a republican of the most uncompromising
kind, and for many years has been one of the party leaders in Marshall and
county; having repeatedly been a delegate to the county,1 congressional dis-
trict, and State conventions. Although often urged to accept nominations
on his party ticket he invariably refused, until, in the spring of 1888, the
leading republicans of Marshall, feeling that the election of a republi-
can mayor would have a good influence upon the coming fall campaign,
held a meeting and prevailed upon him to allow the use of his name
for that honorable position. The result was his nomination, and elec-

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 73

tion by a majority of 198, the city being 130 democratic on a straight
vote. That his was one of the most successful administrations ever
enjoyed by the city, is conceded by everyone.

At a special meeting of the school board held in the forenoon, of May
1, the following were adopted:

Our esteemed fellow citizen and faithful co-laborer for many years last past on the
board of education, Norris J. Prink, departed this life on the 29th day of April, A. D.
1890, in the meridian of his usefulness.

It is with deep concern and grief that the public has witnessed his untimely demise.

The universal expression of sorrow and of the high esteem in which he was held,
speak volumes for his many social and sterling qualities of head and heart.

To us, who are acquainted with his many years of faithful service on the board of
education for the city of Marshall and his fidelity to the cause of education in our
midst and to all its varied interests, his summons hence comes, not only with all the
force and poignancy of a personal grief and loss, but as a sad reminder that the public
has been bereft of the services of a capable and earnest man; of a faithful guardian of
its interests and welfare.

The sunshine of his genial spirit, his frank friendship, his discriminating judgment,
his painstaking interest in any task committed to his charge, his intense hatred of
fraud and shams, his clear, clean cut, outspoken business ways and methods, are
treasured memories of a busy life;

Resolved, That the foregoing simple expression of our esteem and respect for the
deceased be spread upon the records of the board;

Resolved, Also, that the schools of the city be suspended on the day of the obsequies.

A committee, appointed by 0. Colegrove Post, G. A. E., May 1,
adopted the following:

WHEREAS, The all seeing Father, has, in his wise providence, seen fit to remove from
earth life our comrade, Norris J. Frink, therefore; be it

Resolved, That in the death of Past Commander Comrade Norris J. Frink, this post
has met wiiih an irreparable loss;

Resolved, That we revere his memory as a true patriot, and one of our most honora-
ble and prominent citizens, and that we enter into heartfelt sympathy with his afflicted
family in their great sorrow.

Special meeting of the common council held at the council room
April 30, 1890, mayor Bosley presiding, present full board.

Alderman Connor offered the following resolutions which were unani-
mously adopted:

Resolved, That we recognize in the death of Col. N. J. Frink, ex -mayor of this city,
the death of one who, during his entire life, strove earnestly to promote the welfare
and prosperity of the city and its citizens, and who so richly deserved and had the
esteem and regard of the citizens and who leaves behind him a most noble and manly
private record worthy to be emulated by others, and a public record so becoming to an
honorable citizen;

Resolved, Therefore, that the city flag be hung at half mast until after the interment,
as a fit and proper mark of respect and esteem for the deceased and the bereaved
family; *

74 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

Resolved, Also, that these resolutions be made a public record and printed in the
city papers and a copy of the same be presented to the family, and that we recommend
that all business places be closed in honor of the deceased between the hours of two
and four p. m. on Friday, May 2, 1890.

Also, that all ex-mayors of this city, the school board and cemetery board of control
be invited to join us in attendance at the funeral services.

That we assemble at the council rooms at two p. m., May 2, for that purpose.

Ex-mayor Wagner being present made the following address:

May it please Your Honor and Gentlemen of the Common Council:

As my immediate successor to the office of mayor of this city, I deem
it appropriate upon this occasion to say a few words, as well as my
humble abilities will permit, in respect at the memory of Norris J.
Frink.

His death so unexpected, has cast a gloom of sadness and sorrow over
this community that nothing but time can dispel. Upon his loving
family and those so near and dear to him it has cast a bereavement so
deeply impressed that even time itself, I fear, will never obliterate.

I had the pleasure early in life to form the acquaintance of Mr
Frink and for more than twenty years circumstances have thrown me
into almost daily intercourse with him, either socially or in a business
way. During all those years every opportunity has been afforded to
study his characteristics and to judge of his sterling merits as a man,
as a citizen and as a friend.

The charitableness of mankind and the kindness of the human nature,
which is more or less implanted in the hearts of all men, impel us,
when the cruel hand of death takes from us a cherished friend, to
speak only of his good deeds through life and to overlook all his faults.
I am glad it is thus. It is right, it is just, it is Godlike. But in
speaking of the life of Norris J. Frink we speak of an exceptional man.
His faults, if any he had, were of such minor consequence as to be
entirely unnoticeable. While on the other hand, the goodnes and the
greatness of his character shown with undimmed lustre upon every
transaction of his daily life. Ask the man of wealth who has had
occasion to transact business with him involving great interests and he
will tell you that Mr. Frink transacted that business with accuracy,
and with rare good judgment. Ask the merchants and the business
men of our city who have had daily business transactions with him for
many years and they will tell you the same. Then go to the lowly
cottage of the poor man, who occasionlly has had some small favor to
ask, but which to him was of much consequence, and he will tell you
that Mr. Frink was ever his friend.

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 75

He was always the same affable and obliging gentleman to all with
whom he came in contact, whether high or low, rich or poor. His
sense of honor was of the loftiest degree and he spurned the man who
would stoop to a dishonorable act. His integrity could not be assailed
and his character was ever above the slightest reproach. As we now
look backward over the eventful life of this man and think of the
noble qualities he possessed, both of head and heart, we find it almost
impossible to adequately express, in language sufficiently strong, our
great appreciation of him as a citizen,, a neighbor and a friend. We
can but contemplate with feelings of the profoundest sorrow that he
should be stricken down by the hand of death just- as he had reached
the zenith of a noble manhood. But, my friends, we can not recall
to life Norris J. Frink. We must bow in humble submission to
Him who controls the destinies of all men.

All that we can now do is to leave upon record words of comfort
to the estimable wife and to the loving daughter, who was the very
pride of his soul and who is now just stepping upon the threshold
of womanhood, that she may not only now, but in after and more
mature years, when thoughts come over her mind of the loss of her
beloved father, she will have this fact to console her, that those who
knew her father long and knew him well have placed on record their
appreciation of his noble qualities, that he has left behind him a
spotless name and a memory that is enshrined in the hearts of all who
knew him and, which neither time nor circumstances will ever dim.

At the conclusion of Mr. Wagner's address alderman Connor made
a few impressive remarks and moved that ex-mayor Wagner's address
be added to the resolutions, which was unanimously adopted.

Council adjourned until next regular meeting.

JOHN WHALEN,

Recorder.

JOSEPH G. LODGE.

Joseph G. Lodge, for several years past a conspicuous figure
at the St. Louis bar, and a well known and prominent citizen, died
at his residence, No. 1827 Mississippi avenue, at 5:30 o'clock, p. m.,
January 15, 1890, at St. Louis, Missouri, after a brief illness. He
was born near Camden, N. J., January 27, 1840, and hence at the
time of his death was upon the verge of his 50th birthday. His
father was James M. Lodge, a distinguished citizen of his vicinity,
and who occupied several prominent positions. After the usual pre-
liminary course he entered the law department of the Michigan Uni-
versity, at Ann Arbor, and graduated in 1862. He afterward

76 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

entered the law office of R. E. Toms, Esq., of Detroit, where he
remained a short time, and then located at Battle Creek, Mich., where
he formed a partnership with Judge Philip Emerson, afterward United
States Circuit Judge at Salt Lake City, Utah. During his residence
at Battle Creek he was elected city treasurer and prosecuting attorney,
and laid the foundation that afterward made him so distinguished as
a criminal lawyer in after years. On October 24, 1868, he married
Miss Mary S. Saitor, of New Jersey, by whom he had four children.
After her demise he married Miss Kate Bertram, by whom he had
one child, and who, with all of his children, survives him. He located
in St. Louis October 1, 1871, and soon established a lucrative practice,
being considered one of the most successful criminal lawyers in the
country. It is said of him that he never lost a case in which the life of
his client was involved. A motion made by him at a critical time,
and sustained by the 'court, saved the neck of the murderer Kring,
and enabled Kring to live to die a natural death long afterward.
He had a hand in nearly all of the important criminal trials that
have taken place in St. Louis during the past decade, and was almost
uniformly successful. He cleared Dr. Coates, who shot Dr. Keith
down upon the public street in a rather sensational manner, not long
since. He defended Mrs. Donnelly in the celebrated slander case
begun against her by Father Gleason in the criminal court. His
cases were too many to be enumerated, his last one of prominence
being the clearing of young Emil Guenther, who was charged with
parricide. Mr. Lodge was associated for several years with Gov. Chas.
P. Johnson and John D. Johnson, and at the time of his death
with Mr. John A. Talty, the well known civil lawyer.

JOAB PERRY.

Joab Perry was born in New Berlin, Chenango county, N. Y., June 4,
1805, and died at the home of his daughter, Mrs. Chas. Way, in Convis,
May 8, 1890, after a brief illness of only five days' duration, at the extreme
age of almost eighty-five years. When about fifteen years old he moved
to Virgil, New York, where in 1825 he was married to Miss Jane Craw-
ford, with whom he lived fifty long, happy years. In 1834 he with his
family moved to Michigan, then the far west, and located in Homer.
Four years later he settled in Convis, where for fifty-two years he has
lived. There are a few among us who know what Convis was at that
time, but the majority can only imagine its vast woods thronged with
Indians and wild beasts. From these forests' he carved a home for him-
self and family. The pleasant farm on which his daughter, Mrs. Henry

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 77

Dilno, now lives, was the old homestead upon which he settled more than
a half century ago. He was the father of seven children, five of whom
survive him. At one time he was a member of the Bellevue M. E.
church and a class leader, but for the last thirty or thirty-five years of
his life he was a convert of spiritualism and died in that faith, willing
and ready to go to the home from whence none return. Funeral ser-
vices were conducted by Eev. L. M. Edmonds, from the home on Sunday,
May 11, at 10:30 a. m., and the remains interred in the Bellevue village
cemetery beside his wife.

CASS COUNTY.
JUDGE CHAS. W. CLISBEE.

Chas. W. Clisbee was born in Cleveland, Ohio, July 24, 1833, and had
thus but just passed his 56th year at the time of his decease, which
occurred Aug. 18, 1889. At the age of five years he came to Cassopolis
with his parents, Lewis and Hannah Clisbee, thus being one of the old-
est residents of the county. He has ever since held interests here and
is identified with much of the subsequent history of the village and
county.

In 1846 he went back to Ohio and after five years of preparation
entered Oberlin college. Having to depend on his own resources for
education, he was soon afterward compelled to leave school, and adopted
the profession of a teacher in order to work his way through school.
After teaching one year in Rochester, this State, he entered Williams
college, and is an alumnus of that celebrated institution of learning.

Having determined to follow the legal profession he entered the law
department of Hamilton college, N. Y., from which he graduated in 1856.
He was admitted to the bar and after two years in the office of Hon.
John Crowell at Cleveland he returned to this county, in which he
served as circuit court commissioner from 1858 to 1862. In that year
he was elected prosecuting attorney, a position he held four years.

From that time on he has been a prominent factor in State and
National politics, having been elected delegate at large from this State
to the Republican National convention which met in Baltimore in 1864
and renominated the lamented Lincoln, our martyred President, for his
second term.

In 1866 he represented Cass county in the State Senate, and again in
1868 was a delegate to the National Republican convention which nom-

78 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

inated for the presidency, the great soldier and statesman, Gen. U. S.
Grant. The following year he was appointed Reading Clerk of the
National House of Representatives. His clear and penetrating voice and
commanding presence eminently fitted him for this position and he filled
it with honor until 1873, when the wheel of fortune placed the Dem-
ocracy in power, and the Judge, accepting the fortunes of war, returned
to the quiet pursuits of village life and practiced his profession here until
called to assume his old position of Reading Clerk of the House on the
return of Republican ascendency in 1881. He held this position up to
the opening of the session of the forty-seventh congress, when he was
stricken with paralysis in ' the prime of manhood. While he never fully
recovered from this his indomitable will knew no bounds, and he has
continued in active service until laid low by the hand of death. In
his professional career Mr. Clisbee had attained an eminent position,
having been judge of this judicial circuit in 1878. For several years
past he has devoted a large part of his attention to securing pensions
for disabled veterans and many are the number who are indebted to him
for his untiring zeal in securing for them their just dues.

He was a prominent figure in all Republican gatherings, county, State,
and National, and his selection as Secretary of the last three Repub-
lican National conventions shows his prominence in the deliberations of
his party.

The funeral services were conducted at his late residence Tuesday
afternoon, the short and impressive ceremonies being conducted by Rev.
Chas. Ager, of Niles.

The high estimation in which the deceased was held was attested by
the large concourse of people who followed the remains to their last
resting place in Prospect Hill cemetery. The Knights Templar of the
Niles Commandery, of which the deceased was a prominent member, as
well as the county bar, were in attendance at the funeral services, while
large delegations of Masons from Dowagiac, Vandalia and other places
assisted Backus lodge in conducting the ceremonies at the grave.

From the Chicago Times of Tuesday we reprint the following men-
tion of our distinguished dead:

WELL REMEMBERED IN WASHINGTON.

•

WASHINGTON, D. C., Aug. 19. — [Special.] Washington forgets even
men who have been prominent in the affairs of the national government,
but it is not often that the bright and clever, and popular men, such as
was Chas. W. Clisbee of Michigan, are forgotten even in the whirl of
political life. He is remembered as a handsome, manly man, who, back

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 79

in the days when the Republicans controlled the House of Represent-
atives, occupied a place at the desk in front of the Speaker and served
as one of the reading clerks. Dr. Mahaffey, then a Pennsylvanian, now
of Washington but at present out of the city, was Clisbee's companion
at the desk wh«re they served during the forty-third and forty-fourth
Congresses. Then came the long period, of Democratic control in the
House, extending up to the forty-seventh Congress, when, the Republi-
cans having the majority, Clisbee was called back to his old place. He
served up to the beginning of the forty-eighth Congress, when he was
suddenly stricken with a touch of paralysis induced by indigestion, and
from this on never fully recovered.

Clisbee was a tall, handsome man, weighing about 230 pounds, and
possessing a rich, resonant voice that was pleasing and made him a pop-
ular reader before large assemblies. During his long career in public
life, which extended back to early days in the Michigan Legislature —
being several times a candidate for Congress before conventions in the
fourth Michigan district, and twice secretary of th e Republican National
conventions in Chicago — he gained a wide acquaintance among public men,
with whom he was popular. But after the first touch of paralysis he
was never fully himself and he took no active part in the conventions.
In the last convention of which he was secretary he did little of the
active work of that position. He was a genial fellow, a man of ability
and strength, and an official who made many friends while he served
in the House.

Mr. Clisbee will be well remembered by all who attended the Repub-
lican National conventions of 1880, 1884, and 1888, and especially by
Chicago Republicans, among whom he was a frequent visitor at conven-
tion and other times, often taking part in local campaigns and aiding
with his magnificent stentorian voice and his ability as a speaker the
political cause with which he was identified. As a reading clerk in
large deliberative bodies he was probably without an equal when in his
prime, his clear, far-reaching tones penetrating to the farthest corner of
the assemblage, and his commanding presence enforcing the attention
of all. Many who saw him only in convention times were surprised
and pained to observe his wasted appearance at the convention of 1888,
due to a severe illness from which he had suffered greatly; but the old
spirit was unquenched and his stalwart Republicanism undimmed, and
he officiated throughout the convention with his old time interest in
and devotion to its business. No one who has attended the last few
Republican conventions and shall attend the next one will fail to miss

ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

the strong-lunged, courteous, and most acceptable reading clerk of the
conventions of 1880, 1884, and 1888.

EATON COUNTY
D. B. HALE.

Name.

Date of Death.

Residence.

Age.

Mrs. Elizabeth Boom

September 13, 1889

Hanilin

Margaret Williams

October 8, 1889

Hamlin

Josiah Williams

April 9, 1890

Hanilin

Mary Ann Gillnt.t,

March 3, 1890

Eaton Rapids

.Lois Mills . .

October 16, 1889

Eaton Rapids

Nelson Wood

March 5, 1890

Eaton Rapids

Theodoras D. Green .

May 22, 1890 . .

Charlotte

TClsBy Rngors

February 8, 1890

Eaton Rapids

Mary Ann Baird _

January 25, 1890

Charlotte.

Thomas Br anger, Sr.

December 5, 1889

Oneida

Lucia Chadwick

March 25, 1890

Hamlin

Jonathan Chadwick

April 1, 1890

Hamlin

Mf8. Adnlia I'- froiild

February 28, 1890

Kalamo

Daniel narp«nt«p

March 13, 1890

Chester

Mrs. Daniel Wise

April 18, 1890

Chester

100

MRS. ELIZABETH BOORN.

Mrs. Boorn died in Hamlin, Eaton county, Sept. 13, 1889.

Elizabeth Jones was born in Scipio, Cayuga county, N. Y., Oct. 10,
1812. Was married to Harvey L. Boorn in Covington, N. Y., Oct. 14,
1838. Moved to Michigan with her husband in 1839, and settled on
160 acres of wild land in the township of Tyler (now Hamlin), where
she had lived more than half a century at the time of her death.

MARGARET WILLIAMS.

Mrs. Williams died in Hamlin, Eaton county, Oct. 8, 1889.

Margaret Jones was born in Scipio, Cayuga county, N. Y., Feb. 2,
1809, was married to Josiah Williams in 1832, and with her husband
moved to Moscow, Hillsdale county, Mich., in 1839, and moved to Tyler
(now Hamlin), Eaton county, in 1843.

REPORT OP THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 81

JOSIAH WILLIAMS.

Mr. Williams died in Hamlin, Eaton county, April 9, 1890. He was
born in Berlin, Hartford county, Connecticut, Sept. 30, 1809. Moved
to Cazenovia, N. Y., 'thence to York, Livingston county. Was married
to Margaret Jones in Scipio, in 1832. Moved to Moscow, Mich., in 1839,
thence to Tyler (now Hamlin), in 1843 and settled on the farm where
he died.

MBS. MABY ANN GILLETT.

Mrs. Gillett died in Eaton Eapids, March 3, 18.90.

Mary Ann Eldred was born in Saratoga county, N. Y., Aug. 18, 1820.
She moved to Michigan in September, 1840. Was married to Matthew
Gillett, May 3, 1846.

MBS. LOIS MILLS.

Mrs. Mills died in Eaton Eapids, Oct. 16, 1889.

Lois Piper was born in Hancock, Vermont, Dec. 15, 1818. She
moved with her parents to Tyler (now Hamlin), Eaton county, Mich.,
in September, 1838. Was married to Benjamin F. Mills, Feb. 5, 1844.

NELSON WOOD.

Mr. Wood died in Eaton Eapids, March 5, 1890. He was born in
Eichmond, Ontario county, N. Y., June 28, 1819. He moved to Mich-
igan in October, 1838. He was married to Julia Piper, Sept. 17, 1843
and settled on the farm where he died.

THEODOBUS D. GBEEN.

Mr. Green died in Charlotte, May 22, 1890. He was born in Danes-
burg, Schoharie county, N. Y., May 15, 1817. He was married to
Maryette Showerman at Ft. Plains, N. Y., Oct. 7, 1839. Moved to
Kalamo, Eaton county, in 1846.

« ELSEY BOGEBS.

Elsey Eogers died in Eaton Eapids, Feb. 8, 1890.

Elsey Beedle was born in Vernon, Madison Co., N. Y., Aug. 30, 1806.
When but two years old her parents moved to Sweden, Monroe Co.,
N. Y. She was married to Orrin Eogers, Feb. 26, 1826, who died Oct.
21, 1869. She with her husband moved to Michigan in 1834 and
settled on a new farm in the almost unbroken wilderness.
11

82 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

MARY ANN BAIBD.

Mary Ann Baird died in Charlotte, Jan. 25, 1890. Mary Ann Brun-
son was born in Manlius, N. T., Jan. 27, 1827, was married to James
Baird in Ohio in 1848 and moved with her husband to Michigan in
Sept., 1852.

THOMAS BRUNGER.

Thomas Brunger, Sr., died in Oneida, Eaton Co., Dec. 5, 1889. He
was born in Kent Co., England in 1807. Settled in Oneida in 1855,
on the farm he occupied at the time of% his death.

MRS. LUCIA CHADWICK.

Mrs. Chadwick died in Hamlin, March 25, 1890.

Lucia Allard was born in Woodstock, Vt., July 24, 1815. She was
married to Alvan Persons, Sept. 4, 1832. He died in 1834 — November
11, 1840 she was married to Johathan Chadwick, and with her husband
moved to Eaton county, Mich., Sept. 1845 and soon after moved on the
farm where she died.

JOHNATHAN CHADWICK.

Mr. Chadwick died in the township of Hamlin, April 1, 1890.

He was born in the town of Sutton, New Hampshire, Jan. 13, 1818.
He was married to Mrs. Lucia Persons, Nov. 11, 1840 in Woodstock,
Vt. He moved to Michigan in Sept. 1845 and settled in the town of
Tyler (now Hamlin) where he resided at the time of his death.

MRS. ADELIA L. GOULD.

Mrs. Adelia L. Gould died in Kalamo, Eaton county, Mich., Feb. 28
1890, aged 61 years, 6 months and 10 days.

She was born in the town of Ulysses, Tompkins county, N. Y., Aug.
18, 1828, and was married to James J. Gould, Sept. 17, 1845. They
moved to Michigan in 1859 and settled in Hillsdale county, living
there until June, 1867, when they came to Eaton county and settled on
the farm in Kalamo where she died.

Mrs. Gould's death has left a void in the family, in the church, and
in the community that cannot well be filled. As a wife, mother, and
Christian she was a model that we may copy. She was the mother of
four children, three of whom are living.

In the hours of her suffering the welfare and comfort of those around
her were paramount to her own. Her's it was to exemplify in the fullest

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 83

sense the golden rule, "Do unto others as ye would that they should
do unto you."

A loving wife and mother, an affectionate sister, a true friend and
Christian has gone to her reward. She loved and trusted God, death
had no terror, she was ready for the great change.

Mrs. Gould united with the M. E. church when 12 years of age, and
was a devoted member until her death. The funeral was held at the
M. E. church, Monday afternoon, March 3, her pastor, Rev. L. M.
Edmond, officiating.

DANIEL CARPENTER.

Died, at Chester, Thursday, March 13, 1890, Daniel Carpenter, aged
87 years and 6 months.

Daniel Carpenter was born in the State of Yermont, in 1802. In
1817 he went to New York State, and .there in 1823 married Emily
Day. Two years later they moved to Sycamore, Wyandotte county,
Ohio, then a wilderness, where they settled on government land and
cleared a large farm. Deceased was the father of eight children, five
of whom survive him. In 1854 he moved with his family to his late
home in Chester, where he has since resided. After residing here
twenty-four years, Aug. 31, 1878, he was called upon to mourn the loss
of his wife. Two years later he married Emily Rosier, who still
survives him. Deceased was very exemplary and temperate in all his
habits, had an amiable disposition and was a kind parent. He was
thrifty, energetic, and prudent in managing all business transactions
and was highly respected among his wide circle of friends. Mr.
Carpenter died possessed of over 1,200 acres of farming lands and was
probably worth over $100,000, by far the wealthiest farmer in Eaton
county. He had accumulated this large fortune by an indomitable
industry and an economy altogether too strict, but one which he
seemed to enjoy perfectly. He was not one of the kind who wish
close dealing on one side only, but was perfectly honest with all.

MRS. DANIEL WISE.

Died, at the residence of Alexander Blair, in Chester township, Fri-
day morning, April 18, 1890, Mrs. Daniel Wise, aged 100 years, 4
months, and 17 days.

Mrs. Wise was born on the first day of December, 1789, and her
long life has been one of singular activity. She was one of those
sturdy pioneers who worked early and late yet maintained the best of
health, and it is a remarkable fact that through alf her life, sickness

84 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

visited her but rarely. An attack of the grip two or three weeks ago
seized her and at her advanced age it was impossible for her to recover
from its effects. Deceased celebrated her centennial anniversary last
December, a fact that was extensively commented upon by the State
press. The old lady leaves seven children, thirty-six grandchildren,
twenty-five great-grandchildren, sixty-eight great-great-grandchildren
and fourteen great-great-great-grandchildren— about 150 living descend-
ants to mourn her loss. The funeral was held at the house, Sunday
morning, at 10 o'clock, Rev. J. Snashall, of the Baptist church,
officiating, and was largely attended. The interment was at Chester
Center.

GENESEE COUNTY.

J. W. BEGOLE.

Name.

Age.

Date of Death.

Mrs. Addison Armstrong

July 6, 1889.

Mr. Ezra G. Wisner .. ..

July 18, 1889.

Mrs. Mary J. Putnam

July 13, 1889.

Mr. Asa Wolrerton ...

December 9, 1889.

Dr. Lather Lee

December 13, 1889.

Mrs. John Macken .

January 11, 1890.

Mrs. John Holstlander..

January 16 1890.

Mrs. Paul H. Stewart.. ..

January 16, 1890.

Mr. Ansel M. Kurd

January 18, 1890.

Mr. William B. Hubbard

April 11, 1890.

Mr. J. Frederic Holmes .

April 12, 1890.

Mrs. I. N. Eldredge

April 12, 1890.

Mrs. Prudence Taylor

May 8, 1890.

Mrs. Mary W. Wilson ....

May 11, 1890.

Mrs. Louisa Moon ..

May 22, 1890.

William Gumming1... .. .

May 80, 1890.

MES. ADDISON ARMSTRONG.

Mary, wife of Addison Armstrong, died Tuesday at 8 o'clock p. m.,
July 6, 1889, at Grand Blanc, aged about 69 years. She had been sick
for the past year, being confined to her bed most of the time. Mrs.
Armstrong was orfe of the pioneers of the town, and was well known

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 85

and universally respected. She leaves beside her husband four chil-
dren— Arthur B., of Ohio, formerly a well-known business man of
Grand Blanc; May, who resides at home, and two married daughters.
Mrs. Armstrong was a sister of Seymour Perry, of Grand Blanc.

EZRA G. WISNER.

Mr. Ezra G. Wisner, one of the pioneers of this county, died at his
home in Clio, July 13, 1889. He was nearly eighty years of age, and
had resided in the county over fifty years, and was for many years
prominent as a manufacturer of lumber and contractor, and was one
of the builders of the Flint and Fenton plank road. He was the
father of Senator Chauncey W. Wisner of Saginaw, and he has a
daughter, Mrs. Lewis Penoyer, also residing in Saginaw. He died of
heart disease without a moment's warning.

MBS. MARY J. PUTNAM.

Mrs. Mary J. Putnam, widow of the late W. H. Putnam, died on
July 13, 1889, at 10:30 p. m., at the residence of her daughter, Mrs.
John Van Tine, in Flint. The cause of death was paralysis, with
which Mrs. Putnam was stricken down on the 1st inst, while on a
visit to her daughter in Flint. She never rallied from the attack,
although conscious until a short time before death.

Deceased was born in Massachusetts 77 years ago on the 3d of last
November, and when a child removed to the state of New York with her
parents. At the age of 18 she was married to her late husband, who
died ten years ago. In 1836 the family came to Michigan and settled at
Groveland, Oakland county, removing in 1850 to Genesee county and
settling at Goodrich. That village has since been Mrs. Putnam's home,
as after the death of her husband she took up her residence with her
son, W. H. Putnam, who with Edward J. Putnam, of Montmorency
county, Mrs. Sarah J. Sawyer of Ingham county, and Mrs. VanTine,
of Flint, all children of the deceased, are left to mourn her death.
Benj. Sawyer, a brother of deceased, is also a resident of Ingham
county.

ASA WOLVERTON.

Asa Wolverton, an old resident ' of this vicinity, and a man whose
residence here during the past forty years has brought about him a
large circle of friends among the older pioneers of the county, died
very suddenly Dec. 9, 1889, at the residence of his daughter, Mrs.
Nathan Lamson, at 317 Fifth Street, Flint.

86 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

About five o'clock in the morning he was heard to be moving in
his room and his daughter was spoken to by him. He com-
plained of his right arm paining him and of not feeling very
well. Mrs. Lamson went into an adjoining room for a few minutes
to procure some restoratives. Upon her return she found her father
lying back in his chair dead. After the discovery of the dead body
by his daughter, Dr. Fairbanks was called who pronounced the
cause of death rheumatism of the heart.

The deceased was 82 years old, being born in New York state
Nov. 18, 1807. He removed to this county from N. Y. in 1849
and took up a valuable tract of land in Burton township. After
living here a number of years he purchased a farm in Flint town-
ship upon which he lived quite a long time. He came to Flint
about one year ago and took up his residence with his daughter,
Mrs. Lamson, and has resided with her since that time. He leaves
to mourn his sudden departure a wife and three children, viz.: Mrs.
Lamson, Mrs. Remain Putnam and Mrs. A. S. Jones, all residents
of Flint, all of whom have the sympathy of many friends in their
so sudden and trying ordeal.

REV. DR. LUTHER LEE.

The venerable Rev. Dr. Luther Lee, the oldest Methodist Epis-
copal minister in Michigan, passed peacefully away at 8
o'clock Dec. 13, 1889, at his residence on West Court street. He
had been in feeble health for some years, but occasionally delivered
sermons and addresses. A few days before the venerable Doctor
caught a severe cold, which prostrated him and was the immediate
cause of his death. The end was peaceful, life departing like the
setting of the sun. The death bed was attended by his daughter,
Mrs. Mary Benson, who for ten years had resided with her father, and
a number of sorrowing friends. The Doctor was conscious until a
short time before the end. His life was a busy one, and devoted
to the welfare and happiness of the human family. He was an
active Christian worker until the last, and his rest is well earned.
Without an enemy his death will be as universally mourned as was
his life free from fault. His last sermon was preached at the
Court street M. E. church on December 1, the Sunday following
the date of his eighty-ninth birthday, which fell on November 30.
The subject of his discourse was " The Time of My Departure is
now at Hand."

From Dr. Lee's autobiography, which he published in 1882 and

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 87

which has been extensively circulated throughout the State, we learn
that deceased was of pure English descent. His grandfather Lee was
an Englishman and came to Boston about 1748 or 1750. He married
Deborah Bundy. The union was blessed with two sons, Samuel and
Moses; Samuel, the eldest, was the father of the subject of this sketch,
and was born in 1754. Consequently he was twenty-one years of age
at the breaking out of the Revolutionary war, and entering the patriot
army served his country until after the independence of the Colonies
was acknowledged.

Dr. Lee's mother's maiden name was Williams. Her father was an
Englishman and came to America as a soldier under General Braddock
and was in the disastrous battle of Braddock's defeat. When dis-
charged from the army he settled at Woodbury, Connecticut. Here he
married Miss Thankful Spencer, of Puritan stock. Their daughter
Hannah was Dr. Lee's mother. Grandfather Williams dying when he
was young, she was brought up in the the family of Rev. Dr. Belamy
the great New England divine of that day.

When Dr. Lee's father was discharged from the army at the close of
the Revolution he found his way to Woodbury and married Miss
Hannah Williams, who was still living in the family of Dr. Belamy.
Seven sons and two daughters were the result of their union, all of
whom lived to be men and women. The youngest died at the age of
fifty about thirty-five years ago, and the oldest of the family died about
fifteen years ago at the advanced age of ninety-two. Dr. Lee was the
last of the family.

Dr. Lee was born in Schoharie, N. Y., November 30, 1800, but his
parents moved into Delaware county at the dawn of his recollection,
settling in the township of Courtwright. This was the neighborhood
of the distinguished Bangs family. John Bangs held meetings at Dr.
Lee's father's house when the subject of this sketch was seven or eight
years of age, and Dr. Lee remembers he was affected " by his very load
and earnest exhortation."

At the age of nine years Dr. Lee removed with his parents into
Ulster county, where his mother died four years later. The family was
broken up, and the young boy left with strangers. Descending to Mid-
dletown, Delaware county, he hired himself out for the summer, and the
same fall went to live with a man named Smith. He remained with
this man for four years, having principal charge of a grist mill of
which Smith was the owner. In the fall of 1817 the young man went
to live with Daniel H. Burr, about four miles distant, agreeing to
remain there until he had reached his majority. Mr. Burr was a

88 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

farmer on a small scale and also a tanner, and the young man
worked at both as circumstances required.

Dr. Lee early showed the religious training he had learned at his
mother's knee, and at the age of 19 joined the M. E. church at
Middletown, often speaking and praying in social and public meetings
in common with others. His first address in the nature of a sermon
was at the dwelling of an old dutch class-leader named Jacob Duboys,
whose house stood on the banks of the Delaware river in the town of
Andes, on Nov. 25, 1821, just six days before attaining his majority.
As the education the young man had received was due to his own
efforts the difficulties that lay in his path to the ministry were many.
He, however, kept steadily on in the path he had marked out, his
career as a local preacher embracing a period of about seven years.
In 1823 he settled at Plymouth, Chenango county, making that his home
most of the time for two years and a half. Here he formed the
acquaintance of Miss Mary Miller to whom he was married July 31,
1825. The following autumn the young preacher and his bride moved
from Plymouth to Conquest, Cayuga county, thence removing to Victory.
It was here in Victory in 1826 that Dominie Lee organized the first
Sunday school he had ever seen, the first Methodist Sunday
school in that vicinity. In 1827 he was recommended by the quarterly
conference of the Victory circuit to the Genesee annual conference,
and was received on trial after having preached as a local preacher for
six years. The recommendation was unsought. The Conference met at
Wilkesbarre, Pa., and the young preacher was received on trial and
sent to the Moline circuit, in Franklin county.

The young preacher had no sinecure in the other backwoods circuits
to which he was subsequently appointed, and frequently was involved
in discussions in which he was compelled to exert himself to the utmost
to defend his faith against the assaults of other denominations. He
was ordained an elder in 1831, and assigned to the charge at Heuvel.
Rev. Lee had early taken a decided anti-slavery stand, and at the con-
ference at New York City in 1838 strenuously defended C. K. True,
who was arraigned with several others to be tried for their abolitionism.

About this time he was appointed by the Utica anti-slavery convention
a delegate to the Canada Wesleyan conference to represent the senti-
ments of the anti-slavery Methodists of the States. He attended, but
failed to obtain a hearing. Charges growing out of the anti-slavery
sentiments of the young preacher were preferred against Rev. Lee at
the Black River conference at Fulton in 1838, but they were withdrawn.

At this conference Rev. Lee was appointed to Oswego station, but

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 89

before the close of the conference he accepted the agency of the New
York Anti-slavery Society to lecture at large throughout the State,
passing through many stormy scenes. He also made a . lecturing tour
of Connecticut, and in November, 1839, removed his family to Charles-
ton, Mass., as an anti-slavery lecturer, standing with Garrison, Weed,
Greeley, Phillips and Lovejoy in opposition to slavery. He was a
member of the convention which met in Utica, N. Y., May 31, 1843,
and which resulted in the formation of the Wesleyan Methodist church
in the U. S., the split being due to the slavery question. Rev. Lee
was appointed pastor of a charge of that faith at Syracuse, N. Y., and
removed to that place from Andover, Mass. In 1844 he acted as pres-
ident of the New York Conference of that denomination at its meeting
in Syracuse.

For the four years previous to 1848 Rev. Lee edited two papers, the
weekly " Wesleyan" and the semi-monthly " Juvenile Wesleyan," a Sun-
day school paper. He also wrote and published a " Treatise on the
Immortality of the Soul." At the conference in 1848 a resolution was
introduced censuring the editor of the " Wesleyan" for the course he
had pursued in politics by supporting the Liberty ticket, but the
resolution was voted down and Rev. Lee was re-elected editor.

In 1856 Rev. Lee was chosen professor of theology at Leoni College
in this State, and removed to Michigan the same year. In 1857 he
accepted a charge at Felicity, Ohio, and served there two years. It
was while in this pastorate that the title of Doctor of Divinity was
confered upon him by Middlebury College, Vermont. In 1859 he
removed to Chagrin Falls, O., and while there preached a funeral ser-
mon for John Brown, of Ossowatamie. On July 4, I860, Rev. Lee
delivered an oration from the rock overhanging John Brown's grave.
In 1864 Rev. Lee was called to Adrian from Syracuse, N. Y.,
to accept a professorship in Adrian College, a Wesleyan institution.
In 1867 he resigned and the war having removed the differences
went back to the M. E. church, being admitted to the Detroit con-
ference in September, 1867. He served in different charges, the first
after his reception into Detroit conference having been the Court
street church, Flint. A few years later he was placed on the super-
anuated list, in his seventy-first year. In 1874 he was again put
on the active list, and again superanuated in 1875.

For his anti-slavery efforts deceased was mobbed five times, though
never seriously injured. He was connected with the underground
railroad and rendered valuable aid to many slaves in their flight
from bondage.
12

90 ANNUAL, MEETING, 1890.

Dr. Lee and his wife celebrated their golden wedding in 1875,
and the same year were called upon to suffer a severe bereavement
in the death of their oldest son. Three years ago Mrs. Lee died,
two other sons beside the one referred to having preceded her to
the grave. The surviving children are Mrs. Mary Benson and Mrs.
Loretta Matheson, the latter of Elkhorn, Wisconsin.

Dr. Lee at the age of about twenty-two joined the Masonic fra-
ternity, and retained an active membership in the order throughout the
anti-Masonic agitation following the Morgan incident and up to the
time of his death.

MBS. JOHN MACKEN.

Mrs. John Macken of Flint township, passed over the dark river on
the llth of January, 1890, after three years of patient suffering, a
victim of the dread disease, consumption. She was thirty-eight years
of age and besides a husband, leaves four children. The funeral ser-
vices were conducted by Rev. Father Murphy at St. Michael's church
on Tuesday morning, and were largely attended by sorrowing friends,
a long cortege of whom followed the remains to their last resting place
in the Catholic cemetery. The deceased was an estimable woman
She was the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Michael Hughes of Mt. Morris
formerly of Flint, and her early girlhood days were spent in Flint.
She enjoyed the respect and esteem of all who knew her, and her early
calling from a life of usefulness is deeply mourned. She was a devoted
wife, a kind mother, and a true friend.

MBS. JOHN HOLTSLANDEB.

The many friends of Mrs. John Holtslander will be pained to learn
of her death, which occurred January 16, 1890, at her late home in
Clayton township.

Deceased for several months had been suffering from injuries received
last fall by being thrown from a buggy in a runaway, and having
reached the advanced age of 70 years it shocked her constitution
badly, which with the worry caused by the severe illness of her
husband, John Holtslander, who is suffering from injuries caused by
falling from a vehicle and striking upon his head, prostrated her.

Deceased was beloved by all who knew her, and her death is
mourned by a large circle of acquaintances besides a husband and
a large family of grandchildren, who have received a mother's care
at her hands, their own mother having died many years ago.

REPORT OP THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 91

MBS. PAUL H. STEWAKT.

Adeline, wife of Paul H. Stewart, passed away Jan. 16, 1890, after
an illness of only a few days.

Deceased was born at Gaines, N. Y., in the year 1819. Here she
resided with her parents until 1852, when she married Mr. Stewart and
came to Michigan, and located on a farm near Flushing the following
year. A few years later Mr. Stewart and wife removed to Flint. Mr.
Stewart embarking in the hardware business, which he conducted for a
number of years. During her residence in Flint, Mrs. Stewart made
for herself a large circle of friends, who greatly mourn her death and
absence from the Episcopal church circle, in which she had been an
active worker during the many years of her membership.

No children were ever born to the union. A husband, who has
reached the advanced age of 80, and three sisters and one brother sur-
vive the diseased. They are Mrs. Noah Davis, of New York City;
Mrs. Daniel T. Walbridge, of Kochester, N. Y. ; Mrs. Mary Abeel, of
Albion, N. Y., and George Mather, of New York City.

ANSEL M. HUKD.

Ansel M. Hurcl was born at Gillson, N. H., June 24, 1799. Seventeen
years later his father's family moved to Allegany county, N. Y., and a
few years later Ansel started in life for himself in Niagara county,
N. Y. In 1836 he married Ann Elizabeth Furness, who survives
him. In 1844 Mr. Hurd came to Genesee county, this State, to visit a
brother, and two years afterwards moved to Flint with his family and
erected a little frame building at the corner of Saginaw and North Third
streets, where he engaged in the harness and boot and shoe business.
The property was afterwards bought by Hon. D. S. Fox, who for a
number of years carried on a general mercantile business at that
point. Mr. Hurd who had been in feeble health for a number of years
passed to his final rest on Saturday, January 18, 1890, having passed
his nintieth birthday and been an honored resident of Flint for forty-
two years.

Besides his widow he leaves a family of nine grown up chil-
dren, viz. : Byron, proprietor of . the Sherman House, Emmet, Daniel,
Mrs. Charles Adrian, Mrs. George Archer, and Miss Nettie of Flint,
Hugh of Linden, Artemus of East Saginaw, and Mrs Perrin of
Manistee.

The funeral services were held at the house on Monday, Eev. W. L.
Farnum officiating, and the remains were deposited in Avondale
cemetery.

92 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

WILLIAM R. HUBBABD.

Mr. William E. Hubbard breathed his last April 11, 1890, at his
residence on North Third street, Flint, of neuralgia of the heart.

Mr. Hubbard was born in Detroit on the 14th of October, 1822, and
after his father moved to Birmingham, Oakland county, he passed
several of his early years there. He was married about the year 1851
to Miss Mary Jane Patton of Detroit, and after his spending three years
in California, he came with his young wife to make his home in Flint
in 1854, where his high principles of honor, and strict integrity in his
business dealings, gained for him the universal respect and esteem of
all who knew him. Since Mrs. Hubbard's death in 1876 he carried on
business but for a few years previous to his retiring, having Mr.
C. W. Partridge in partnership with him during his latter years in
business.

Deceased married Miss Anna Partridge, sister of the Partridge Broth-
ers, wholesale merchants of Flint, in October, 1886, and in the evening
of his life he seemed to be enjoying the pleasures resulting from usually
good health, ample means, a pleasant home, with the companionship of
a wife who devoted her best efforts in adding to his happiness. He
leaves two sons by his first marriage to whom he was deeply attached.
Messrs. Knowlton H. Hubbard of Port Huron and William E. Hubbard,
of the Citizens' bank, Flint. His son, .William Hubbard, was present
with him at the time of his death.

JOHN F. HOLMES.

John Frederick Holmes passed quietly away at his late home at 310
First street, Flint, April 12, 1890. Although an invalid for a number of
years, the deceased had been confined to his bed for a period of about
three weeks. The immediate cause of death was acute bronchitis and
heart failure.

He was directly identified with the growth of Flint, and was among
the few who saw it grow from a little village to a city of considerable
beauty and size. Born in Orangeburg, Germany, in 1816, he came to
this country at the age of twenty-five years, coming to Flint the year
after arriving in the United States. He opened a furniture store in a
frame building standing where Geo. Bush's place of business now stands.
The building burned down and he replaced it with a brick one. Enter-
ing into partnership with William Charles he continued in the furniture
and cabinet business until he disposed of the furniture store to Mr.
Charles early in the seventies. Mr. Holmes continued then in the

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 93

undertaking business until 1880, when, on account of failing health, he
retired from active business pursuits. The deceased's wife died in 1872,
by her the deceased having a family of seven children, five sons and
two daughters, most of them residents of Flint, and who receive the
sympathies of many friends in their affliction. The deceased was a man
who held a high position among the pioneers in the city and was a
highly respected citizen of the community in which he was so long iden-
tified as one of its most prominent business men.

MRS. DR. I. N. ELDRIDGE.

Mary Louisa, wife of Dr. I. N. Eldridge, passed away April 12, 1890,
the cause of death being abscess of the liver.

The deceased was born in Hebron, Conn., in the year 1815, and was
a daughter of Col. Cornelius Shepard. She was married to Dr. Eldridge
in New York state in the year 1838. Four years previous to removing
to Flint in 1851 she resided with her husband in Ann Arbor, where he
was engaged in the practice of medicine.

Out of a family of thirteen but two survive, one being Mrs. E. T.
Eldridge, of Flint, and the other Col. E. H. Shepard, of Geneseo, N. Y.
Dr. and Mrs. Eldridge's children are Mrs. F. H. Humphrey, of Flint;
Dr. C. S. Eldridge,, of Chicago, and John, Monte, Kate, and Fred, of
Flint.

The deceased had been for fifty years a member of the Methodist
Episcopal church and during that time took great interest in church
work.

MRS. PRUDENCE TAYLOR.

Mrs. Prudence Taylor, aged ninety years and ten months, died at the
home of her daughter, Mrs. George Andrews, Flint, May 8, 1890. The
deceased was born at Middle Haddam, Connecticut. She came to Flint
with her husband and family fifty-three years ago. Mr. Taylor died the
same year that they came to Flint, and Mrs. Taylor returned to the east.
About thirty years ago she came back to Flint, since which time she
has resided with the family of her daughter. She was a woman of many
virtues, and enjoyed an extraordinary physical constitution, but old age
finally wore out life's machinery and she passed peacefully over the river.
Besides her daughter, Mrs. Andrews, of Flint, she leaves a son, Nathan
Taylor, of Genesee; a son at Quincy, Michigan: one at Bay City, and
one at Middle Haddam, Conn.

94 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

MRS. MARY W. WILSON.

Mrs. Mary W. Wilson, widow of Nahum N. Wilson, late of Flint and
formerly of Thetford, died May 11, 1890, at the home of her step-son,
S. J. Wilson, on Garland street, Flint, at the age of seventy years. She
was a native of Vermont, and lived for many years in this county,
beloved and respected by all who knew her. Six step-children survive
her: S. J. Wilson and Mrs. W. H. Long, of Flint; Mrs. Miller, of
Tuscola; W. H. and F. A. Wilson, of Harrison, and N. T. Wilson, of
Montana.

MRS. LOUISA MOON.

Mrs. Louisa Moon, widow of the late Dr. William Moon of Flint,
died at her home on Garland street, May 22, 1890, after an illness of sev-
eral months. Deceased was born at Hull, England, in 1814, and came to
Detroit with her parents in childhood. In 1839, she married in that
city Mr. Moon, and in 1841 came to Flint with her husband to make
their home here, where Mr. Moon went into the drug business, in
which he was occupied many years.

In 1861, Mrs. Moon's only son gave his life to his country on the
field of battle, and ten years later she was left a widow with two
children, for whom, thence forward, her object in life seemed to be
their future happiness and welfare.

Deceased was a lady possessed of many fine qualities of head and heart,
highly respected and esteemed by the whole community where she had
passed forty-nine years of her useful life, as a kind neighbor, a sincere
friend, and a true and devoted Christian. Two daughters survive her:
Mrs. George Eddy of Missouri, and Mrs Henry Sanderson of Flint.

WILLIAM GUMMING.

At 8 o'clock a. m., May 30, 1890, the venerable and highly respected
William Gumming, known for many years as "Scotch Gumming," died
at his residence on Detroit street, Flint, aged 82 years. Mr. Gum-
ming was born in Scotland, and came to this country forty-five years
ago, stopping first in Montreal, where his friends, Mr." Carron and
sister, had arrived some time before. They were natives of the same
place, and soon came together to Michigan, and went into business in
Flint the sams year. Here Miss Agnes Carron and deceased were
married, and Messrs. Gumming and Carron after some time erected the
building now occupied by Pomeroy Bros., for many years known as
" The Scotch Store." It was the second brick store built in Flint, and

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 95

here the firm carried on a very large trade in dry goods and general
merchandise for years. They built for a home the residence on Gar-
land street, now owned by Stephen Crocker. When the gold craze
was at its height, Mr. Carron was tempted to California and thence to
Australia; but returned home without having realized his brilliant
expectations. Meantime his brother-in-law had experienced business
reverses in Flint — -it was believed at the time, chiefly owing to injudici-
ous dealings in wool— and had to part with the "Scotch Store" and
the homestead, and reside in a smaller place he owned on Detroit street.
Afterwards he was for a time in business with Mr. John Partridge on
Saginaw street, and finally went into the tar roofing business, at which
he continued ever since. Few men were better known in Flint for
forty-five years than "Scotch Cumming." Honest and kindly of heart
with a true Christian spirit, always endeavoring to "do as he would be
done by."

In his prosperous days he had been an active and prominent mem-
ber of the Presbyterian church; and had made many friends who now
unite with his afflicted widow and two sons in mourning the loss of a
good man.

INGHAM COUNTY.

BY. C. B. STEBBINS.

The number of names of pioneers who have died in Ingham county
which I have been able to collect during the past year, is 33. Of
these, the youngest was 35 years of age, and the oldest 91. Of those
between 30 and 40 years there were, 2; 40 to 50, 5; 50 to 60, 2;
60 to 70, 8; 70 to 80, 13; just 75, 6; 80 to 90, 2; 91, 1.

To those who are interested in vital statistics, here are some nota-
ble points. The liability to death between 50 and 60 years appears to
be but two against five between 40 and 50, and from 60 to 70, four
times as great as from 50 to 60. The number from 40 to 70 (30 years)
was 15; while from 70 to 80 (10 years) it was 13.

These facts (on a small scale, it is true) indicate that from 60
years life is rapidly increasing the down grade, which nearly doubles
in the decade from 70 to 80 years.

Two of those on my list died from accidents, and one from the
prevailing influenza.

96 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

MBS. CYNTHIA M. STIMSON.

About 9 o'clock Tuesday night, May 14, 1889, surrounded by her weep-
ing children and grandchildren, Mrs. Cynthia M. Stimson, in the full-
ness of a Christian life, peacefully yielded up her spirit to its Maker.
Probably no person in Lansing was better known, particularly in church
circles, and more sincerely loved by a large acquaintance than the
departed. For years, until her advanced age compelled her to retire
from the more active duties, she was a central figure in social and
religious work. Her amiable disposition and innate kindness of heart
peculiarly qualified her for the higher walks of life, and her society
and influence were constantly sought after.

Mrs. Stimson's health has been uniformly good. Saturday afternoon,
in company with friends, she made seven calls and gave no indications
of exhaustion. Sunday she went to church, as usual, and appeared in
the best of health and spirits all day. Tuesday, forenoon she expressed
a feeling of indisposition, and about 11 o'clock was taken suddenly ill.
About 12 o'clock she became unconscious, and remained so until the
pulse ceased beating at 9 o'clock p. m. Apoplexy was the direct cause
of death.

The deceased was born at Morristown, N. J., April 10, 1804. In her
17th year her destiny was united to that of the Rev. Seth J. Porter at
Skaneateles, N. Y., and in 1825 they removed to Janesville, N. Y., where
Rev. Mr. Porter assumed the pastorate of the » First Presbyterian
church. Thence they went to Elkland, Pa., where they remained until
October, 1833, when Kalamazoo, Michigan, became their place of resi-
dence. In 1834 Rev. Mr. Porter died, and in 1837 his widow was
married to Homer Stimson.

Several removals were afterward made and in July, 1857, the subject
of this narrative again resumed the weeds of widowhood. She has since
lived with her son, J. B. Porter, in Lansing, where they came in 1867.
The deceased leaves eight children, as follows: E. H. and J. B. Por-
ter, Mrs. W. C. Haines, Lansing; Mrs. Henry Heydenburk, Olivet;
Mrs. M. J. Kennedy, Marion, Iowa; Mrs. Clara A. Edson, Duluth,
Minnesota; Albert S. Stimson, San Francisco, California; _F. D. Stim-
son, Chicago. She leaves children and grandchildren to the number
of 70.

1889.

July 28. Prof. Calvin Tracy, aged 84 years.

Prof. Tracy was born in Concord. New Hampshire, January 2, 1805;
was reared on a farm and attended a neighboring academy for intel-

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 97

lectual culture. He rapidly evinced a keen taste for knowledge; studi-
ously devoted his spare moments to its acquirement, and graduated
with high honors from Dartmouth college at the age of 29 years. He
then located in New York city, following the profession of teaching, in
which vocation he acquired an enviable reputation. In 1836, at Norwich,
Connecticut, he published the Tracy arithmetic, the first publication to
set forth the principles of cancellation. His work was much admired
and widely used. At the time of its issue he was principal of the Nor-
wich academy, where he had been called. When in New York he mar-
ried his first wife, Maria Rowell, editor of the Mother's Magazine. In
1840 he came west, locating at Mt. Vernon, Ohio, where Mrs. Maria -B.
Tracy died in 1855. In 1858 he came to Lansing, and was the first
professor of mathematics at the Agricultural college, which position he
resigned after two years' service, on account of ill health.

He married his second wife, Harriet A. Sessions, in 1859, at Lansing.

The latter portion of his "life was spent in the insurance business, as
Lansing agent of several insurance companies of high standing. In 1865,
the Franklin street Presbyterian church was built, mainly through his
untiring efforts and generously donated cash. He might, with due
propriety, be termed its founder.

Prof. Tracy, as a teacher, in which pursuit he showed unusual abilities,
was warmly admired by his students, many of whom are now living in
Lansing. As a business man he was recognized by all to be level-headed,
straight-forward, and square. As a citizen he was loyal to the core; as
a husband and father he left nothing wanting, and as a Christian man
he was as near as possible to the unattainable perfection. Though 84
years of age, his faculties were remarkably clear, and he retained full
possession of them to the very end.

Sept. 21. Mrs. Sarah E. Tower, aged 46 years. She was born in Oak-
land county, Michigan.

Sept. 27. Albert G. Earle, aged 70 years. He was a native of New
York state, and came to Lansing in 1869. He died from the effects of
a fall.

Sept. 28. Linus C. Hitchcock, aged 65 years. He served in the llth
N. Y. Artillery, and died of disease contracted » in the army. He resided
in Lansing 22 years.

Oct. 5. Rev. Ezra Jones, Aged 71 years.

Mr. Jones was born Oct. 15, 1818. at Jamestown, N. Y. He received
his education at Middlebury college, Vermont, but never graduated,
though he completed his collegiate course. On the day of commence-
13

98 ANNUAL, MEETING, 1890.

ment he lay at the point of death with typhoid fever. On his recovery
he began the study of law at Jamestown, N. Y., and was admitted to the
bar, but decided to enter the ministry, and in 1846 was admitted to the
ministry of the Methodist church. He accepted the pastorship of the
Erie street church, of Cleveland, Ohio, now the Euclid avenue church, at
the remarkably young age of 28 years.

June 15, 1847, he married Marcia Peet, and later returned to the pas-
torship of his old church. He received severe injuries in 1845, from a
kick of a horse, and through his entire life suffered from its results.
He bore all with Spartan fortitude.

Mr. Jones came to Lansing in 1856. He was deputy auditor general
in 1857, and held that position for five years, discharging the onerous
duties of that office admirably. In 1862 he was appointed assistant U. S.
assessor for the Third district of Michigan, and held the office for four
years. Sometime after he located on his farm, near Lansing, known as
the Pleasant Grove farm, where he remained for some years, recuperating
his health. In 1881 he moved into the city, locating on Cedar street,
where he has since lived.

Mr. Jones has been a prominent member of the Methodist church,
and probably has contributed more to its support than any one Lansing
man. He has always maintained ministerial relations with the Erie con-
ference. In politics he was first a Whig. He joined the Republican
party at its formation in Jackson, and was ever a firm adherent to its
principles until the organization of the Prohibition party, which he joined
from honest convictions of right. He leaves a wife, three daughters —
M. Louise, Carrie, and Mrs. J. E. Nichols, of Lansing, and a son, Arthur,
of Muskegon; three brothers, Whitney Jones, of Lansing, and two others
in Jamestown, N. Y., and three sisters, all residing in Jamestown.

He was one of a family of fourteen children all of whom lived to be
seventy years of age, except one, who died in infancy. Mr. Jones' death
will be lamented by a large circle of acquaintances, and the afflicted
family has the sympathy of everyone.

Oct. 6. Ralph Hoyt, of Meridian, died at Cleveland, Ohio, aged 79
years. He was buried at Lansing.

Oct. 14. Mrs. Polly Hopkins, aged about 75 years. She was highly
respected and was familiarly known as " Aunt Polly." She died from
her clothes taking fire.

Oct. 18. Dr. Ira H. Bartholomew, aged 61 years.

Dr. Bartholomew was born in Waddington, St. Lawrence county, N. Y.,
Jan. 4, 1828. He received his education in the common schools of the
town and the academies at Canton and Ogdensburg. He commenced

REPORT OP THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 99

the study of medicine in the latter village, and graduated in the col-
lege of medicine and surgery of the University of Michigan, in the spring
of 1853. He commenced the practice of his profession in his native
town, but in the fall of 1854 moved to Lansing, where he has since
resided. In 1863 he was elected mayor of the city of Lansing, and was
twice reflected, an honor which so far no one shares with him. He
was president of the State Medical society in 1870-1, and has been
physician to the Reform School. He was also a representative in the
Legislature of 1873-4.

Oct. 23. Frederick Yeiter, aged 78 years. He was a native of Ger-
many, came to America at an early age, and to Lansing in 1847,
having resided here 42 years.

Oct. 28. John M. French, aged 91 years. He was a native of
New Jersey, and f came to Aurelius in 1838, when nearly all the
county was a dense wilderness. He removed to Lansing in 1866.
He was a member of the Legislature in 1842, and was one of the
commissioners appointed to appraise the lots on the school section
on which the capitol was located.

Oct. 29. Benjamin Horton, aged 78 years. He was born in Cayuga
county, N. Y., and came to Lansing in 1866.

Nov. 6. Mrs. S. H. Worden, aged 69 years. She came from New
York in 1842, and from that time has resided in Mason.

Nov. 8. Wm. S. Calkins, aged 75 years. Mr. Calkins was born
in New York state Feb. 11, 1814. In 1836 he came to Michigan,
settling in Oakland county on a farm. He pursued the vocation of
a farmer until 1847, when he removed to Lansing and entered the
employ of the late James Turner. He assisted that gentleman in the
building of the Lansing & Howell plank road. A large part of his
occupation was in buying and selling tax lands around the State.
He was for several years engaged in the manufacture of Calkins' ink
of which he was the inventor. He was the author of several pioneer
articles published in the Lansing Republican by the late W. S.
George, which created a great deal of interest at the time. On the
death of Mr. Turner Mr. Calkins engaged in the insurance business,
and among other companies was agent for the Ingham County Mutual,
in which company he was especially interested. In 1882 he retired
from active life. In 1840 he married Mrs. Lucy Thayer, and some
time after her death, in 1875, he wedded his second and present
wife, Miss Martha Steadman. He had one son, Wm. H., who died
in the late war defending his country. He was one of the founders
of Methodism in Lansing, and has always been an earnest as well

100 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

as a prominent member. He was a liberal supporter of his church
and all public institutions, and gave away a great deal of money in
charity. His memory was phenomenal, and his mind full of infor-
mation; a man of vast information in the widest sense of the word.
He was a man highly esteemed wherever known.

Dec. 5. Dr. Orville Marshall, aged 46 years. Dr. Marshall was the
universal friend of the unfortunate and needy, always ready with
advice and a helping hand. His character was well known. He was
a self-made man in the fullest sense of the expression; deep in his
convictions of right, and not backward in airing them when occa-
sion required; a solid, honest business man, who meant what he said
and never misled; a kind, firm friend, to be relied upon on all occa-
sions; a prosperous physician, alive to the interests of science, and
not a small contributor to its wells of information.

Conscientious in action as well as thoughts, he was one of those
few men who command respect and make warm friends wherever
they go.

Doctor Marshall was born in Ann Arbor, March 2, 1838, and lived
there until he graduated from the university in 1865. His .youth
was a continual struggle against poverty. He attended the common
school, but, whatever books he needed he himself earned. When
this school failed to add more to his natural taste for knowledge
he set himself at work to attend the university, and to that end
learned the carpenters and joiner's trade at the age of 16 years,
saving penny by penny until enough had been acquired to enable
him to carry out his one wish. He graduated with high honor in
1865, and moved to Lansing in 1866, locating at the lower end of
the town, where he has since followed the practice of his profession.
On Dec. 1, 1870 he married Miss Sarah Metlin who survives him
to mourn an irreparable loss. Last Sunday was the nineteenth anni-
versary of their wedding, and it was celebrated by a quiet day at
home.

Dr. Marshall acted as correspondent of the State board of health
when in the university. He was author of a report of an epidemic of
scarlet fever in 1875-76, also, of a report on the opium habit in Michi-
gan, in 1878, and numerous other medical and scientific papers. He
was city physician in 1883, and was a member of the State medical
society for a number of years. He has been one of the most promi-
nent members of the school board for a number of terms, and projected
several important measures. His total service in that capacity, includ-
ing terms in which he was not a member, extends from 1870 to 1889.

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 101

Dec. 5. John Nagle, aged about 60 ' years. He was a
German by birth, and for many years a janitor at the State-house.
He served his adopted country in the slave-holder's rebellion, and was
severely wounded and taken prisoner in the battle of Corinth, and
endured untold suffering in rebel prisons.

' Dec. 17. Mrs. Fanny Cowles, aged 46 years. Mrs. Cowles was the daugh-
ter of Theodore Foster, one of the building commissioners of the
Reform School, and its first superintendent. She was born in Ann
Arbor, Dec. 19, 1843. At that time her father was editor of the Ann
Arbor Signal of Liberty. She came to Lansing with him in 1855, and
has resided here ever since, receiving her education at the Misses
Rogers' Seminary. During the war her father was for a part of the
time editor of the Republican, and she acted as his amanuensis, doing
the clerical work, etc. Mrs. Cowles was greatly interested in the
Soldier's Aid Society during the war, and at one time was its president,
and again secretary. In 1863 she was president of the Woman's
Suffrage Association, and went as a delegate to the National convention
at Chicago. She was one of the two or three projectors of the
Woman's Club of Lansing, and was its first secretary. Afterwards she
was compelled to leave the club on account of her ill health. April
18, 1864, she married A. E. Cowles, Esq. She was a woman greatly
beloved and greatly lamented by a wide circle of .friends.

1890.

Jan. 22. Mrs. Eva Sparrow Davis, aged 37 years. Eva Sparrow
was born in Wexford county, Ireland, of a good family, and came to
Lansing, when six years of age. In 1875 she was married to Mr.
Benjamin F. Davis, now cashier of the City National Bank, whom she
has left with two daughters, and a large circle of devoted friends to
mourn her loss.

Jan. 23. Mrs. Jane W. Rowley, aged 75 years. She was born in
Morristown, N. J., and has resided in Lansing 37 years. She was a
devoted member of the Baptist Church.

Jan. 23. Mrs. Cornelia M. B. Kelly, aged 61 years. She was born
in Middleport, N. Y., and came to Lansing in 1864.

Jan. 28. Lester Miner, aged about 75 years. He has resided in
Ingham county 50 years.

Feb. 19. Miss Mary Z. Parsons, aged 43 years. She has been a
resident of Lansing for several years, and was highly esteemed for
her womanly and Christian virtues.

Feb. 24. Chester Carlton, aged 75 years. He was a native of New
Hampshire, and came to Lansing in 1863.

]02 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

March 4. Ransom Everett, aged 68 years. Mr. Everett was born
at Perrington, Monroe county, New York, May 14, 1822, and was a
son of Mr. and Mrs. Roswell Everett. In 1834, when Ransom was
but 12 years old, the elder Everett removed from New York, with his
family, to Plymouth, Michigan, where he remained until the 'winter
of 1840-41, when he removed to Delhi township in this county, settling
on government land, in the midst of a dense forest. Mr. Everett and
the North family reached this neighborhood at about the same time,
cutting their way through the timber, and to these two families is due
the honor of having reclaimed from a wilderness the larger portion
of Lansing and Delhi townships, where they have resided for many
years, honored and respected by all. The site of Lansing was at that
time covered with a primeval forest.

On his new farm Roswell Everett encountered bravely the dangers and
vicissitudes of pioneer life, cleared his holding and raised his family
of seven stalwart sons and three daughters, impressing upon them the
truly pioneer virtues of honesty, industry and hospitality. Here they
clustered around the sire, and as they reached maturity they entered
the surrounding forest and carved out homes for themselves.

Ransom Everett, the subject of this sketch, was married May 3, 1846,
to Miss Phoebe, daughter of John Bunker, Esq., one of the pioneer
citizens of Eaton Rapids township, Eaton county. A year later he
erected his first home, as his father had done, upon a new farm of
200 acres. Upon this spot he has lived about 43 years, and in that
time he has seen his brothers and sisters gathered in similar happy
homes in the vicinity of the old roof-tree of their aged sire, who died
full of years and honors some twelve years since.

March 18. Mrs. Sarah E. Grant, aged 35 years. She has been a
resident of Lansing 30 years.

March 22. Mrs". Wm. F. Davis, aged 81 years. Her maiden name
was Mary M. Hague. She was born in New York city, August 10,
LS09, and was married April 26, 1829. Moved to Genesee county, New
York in 1832 and settled on a farm, six miles from Batavia, where
they remained until the fall of 1854, when they removed to Lansing.
A year previous Mr. Davis purchased of Charles P. Bush the farm of
160 acres, just south of the Cedar street bridge.

Immediately after arriving with his family he commenced building,
and remained there until 1866, when they sold the farm and moved
to the corner of Washington avenue and Kilbourne street, where Mr.
Davis died in 1875.

A year ago Mrs. Davis moved to the residence of her son on Wash-
ington avenue south, where she died.

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 103

She was the mother of six children, her son, B. F. Davis, alone
surviving.

March 27. Mrs. Adam Krieriem, aged 63 years. She was born in
Germany, and has resided in Delhi - about 30 years. She left seven
children living.

March 31. W. H. Smith, aged 61 years. He was one of the oldest
settlers of Delhi.

April 1. David Putnam, aged 57 years. He settled in Leroy where
he cleared up the farm on which he resided 40 years. He was
highly respected as a citizen and a man.

April 26. Caleb Terry, aged 74 years. He was an old resident of
Lansing.

May 13. Mrs. Almira North, aged 75 years. She was born in Lansing,
N. T., in 1815. In 1835 she came to Delhi with her husband, Henry
H. North, and settled on a farm. Mr. North died in 1885.

Mrs. North has been a prominent figure in Ingham county history as
the wife of Henry H. North, to whom was largely due the material
developement of Delhi. Since this county was first settled the North
family have been foremost among the energetic and hardy pioneers of
the original forest. The Ingham county history devotes considerable
space and praise to the North family for their perseverance in settling
•and civilizing the country.

Mrs. North leaves seven children, Dr. E. D. North of Lansing, Dr.
A. E. North of Dakota, Dr. J. S., H. E. and Theron C. North of Delhi,
Mrs. Myra L. Fields of Dansville, and Mrs. Hattie B. Wilcox of Lan-
sing; a brother, D. W. Buck of Lansing, and two sisters in Lansing,
Mrs. Phoebe Conger and Mrs. Louisa North.

She was pre-eminently a home woman; she lived for the good of her
children, and was conscientious to a fault. She was a member of the
Presbyterian church.

May 13. Mrs. Elvira Laylin Elliott, aged 69 years. She came to Lans-
ing with her husband in 1847. The Lansing Kepublican of May 15, says:

The will of Mrs. Elvira Elliott of North Lansing, beqdeaths an estate
valued at $25,000 to the Methodist Woman's Missionary, society. The
testator requests that some heathen girl be educated as a teacher and
named after her. Probably the most novel portion of this story is that
the heirs of Mrs. Elliott, who were all present when the will was read,
expressed entire satisfaction with the provisions thereof.

May 18. Mrs. Sylvia Melcher, aged 49 years. She was an original
member of the Presbyterian church at Okemos, organized in 1866, and
an earnest worker in the church and in the cause of temperance.

104

ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

June 2. Mrs. Minerva Scaminon aged 71 years. Her maiden name
was Eose. She was born in* Alleghany county, N. Y. Soon after her
marriage to Mr. Scammon, who survives her, they removed to Ohio, but
settled on a farm near Lansing city in 1855. She was a member of
the Methodist church, and highly respected.

IONIA COUNTY.
A. CORNELL.

Name.

Date of Death.

Residence.

Age.

Mrs. Loraine Beers

July 4, 1889

Portland

Mrs. Emmeline C. Cornell ...

August 18, 1889

Ionia

John Adgate .. .

August 26, 1889

Berlin

John Van Geisen

September 15, 1889

Orleans

Louis Morganthaler

September 15, 1889...

Mrs. Keziah Rowley. . .

Sept. 16, 1889

Orlftans

Josiah Place

September — , —

Curtis B. Mitchell

November'8, 1889.

Berlin .

Samuel K. Gates. .

December 7, 1889

Portland

John Stevenson

February 21, 1890

lona

Wm. H. Dildine

March 19, 1890.

Easton

Moses M. Gould.

May 16, 1890

Richard Hill

June 10, 1890

Orleans

MRS. LORAINE BEERS.

Mrs. Loraine Beers, widow of Dr. M. B. Beers, formerly of Portland,
died on Thursday last, July 4, 1889, at her late home at Hersey, at the
advanced age of 90 years. Both the doctor and Mrs. Beers were well
known in this and adjoining counties. They came to Portland about
1838 and for some years the doctor was the only physician here, and
by exposure and hardships peculiar at that time to his profession, his
hair was changed from a jet black to that of snow, when as yet he had
not reached midway in the journey of life. His health failing, the
family removed to Hersey, Osceola county, where lie died, some twelve
years ago. From infirmity of age, Mrs. Beers has been unable to leave
her home, and now that she is no longer with us, her death will be
deplored by such of the old settlers as yet remain, who knew the fam-
ily and in the earlier years had partaken of its hospitality.

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 105

MRS. EMMELINE C. COENELL,

widow of the late Dr. Alanson Cornell, died at 2:30 Sunday afternoon,
Aug. 18, 1889. Dr. Cornell and his excellent wife are among the fore-
most figures in every ^picture of pioneer life in Ionia county. Here
they shared with others the trials and vicissitudes of a pioneer set-
tlement, bearing a larger part of the burden than the most. In com-
mon they ministered to the sick, soothed the dying and comforted the
afflicted.

Mrs. Cornell was a self-sacrificing nurse at many a sick-bed, and fear-
less as she was tender and faithful. The dreaded scourge had no ter-
rors for her, and with gentle hand she attended the sufferer, whatever
the nature of the injury or disease.

The brightness and cheer which made Mrs. Cornell exceptionally
welcome in the sick room, made her own home and those of a large
circle of appreciative friends happy by her presence. Though the
weight of years and failing health have for a considerable time com-
pelled her withdrawal from active scenes, a host of tender memories
will draw about the casket in which her remains shall repose, a large
gathering of the loving and loved, many of whom were participants
with her in the earliest days of Ionia.

Emmeline C. Cornell was born at Gal way, N. Y., September 9, 1816.

On May 25, 1836, she married Dr. Alanson Cornell of Fenner, N. Y.,
and with him removed here in 1838. Four children blessed their union,
one of whom, Edwin, died in 1851. Dr. Cornell died in 1873. Henry
A. Cornell, Lucian A. Cornell and Mrs. Mary E. Barnes are the sur-
viving members of the family, and mourn the loss of a mother who was
all that a mother could be to them.

JOHN ADGATE.

John Adgate, of Berlin, died about 11 o'clock, a. m., August 26, 1889,
of typhoid fever, aged 70 years. He had been sick about three
weeks. Mr. Adgate came to Ionia county in 1840, settling in Ionia
township, near where is now the Tijttle cemetery. He was twice
married, his first wife being Catherine Taft, by whom he leaves
two surviving children, Chester, a resident of Berlin, and Luany,
wife of Biley Harwood, of Berlin. After his wife's death he
married Rosetta Briggs, of Campbell, by whom he leaves three sur-
viving children, Wm. D., a farmer in Berlin, and Philo and Milo,
twins of mature age, but unmarried and living on the homestead farm.
14

106 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

His second wife died about five years ago. He also leaves one brother,
William of Ionia township.

John Adgate was a man of jolly temperament and had many friends,
of upright conduct that won the respect and esteem of his neighbors.
He was of the pioneer class of hard workers and did his full share in
subduing the wilderness and making it to blossom as the rose.

JOHN VAN GEISEN.

John Van Geisen, one of the oldest and most respected settlers of
Ionia, died at his home in Orleans, Sunday, Sept. 15, 1889, of old age,
"and was buried Monday at 2 o'clock from his late residence, the inter-
ment being in the cemetery at Orleans Center.

Mr. Van Geisen was an octogenerian, being 80 years old at the time
of his decease. He came to Michigan about 45 years ago and to Ionia
county a few years later. He left one son, Orson, who is well known
to Ionia county people, as was his father. The deceased left but one
brother, who resides in the southern part of the State.

OUETIS E. MITCHELL.

Curtis B. Mitchell, a pioneer farmer of the township of Berlin, died
at his home on Friday, Nov. 8, 1889, aged 67 years. His funeral was
attended from the residence at 1 o'clock on Saturday afternoon.
Interment in Lett's cemetery.

Mr. Mitchell came to Berlin in 1839, and. was one of the hardiest
and most respected of Ionia's early settlers, and many a piece of heavy
timber disappeared before his sturdy stroke. The editor of The Sen-
tinel remembers well the time when the deceased had a job of clearing
a piece of heavy hard-wood timbered land up on Flat river, in Otisco,
with what powerful and rapid swing he wielded the ax, and how the
big oaks fairly melted away before him. The boy was filled with
wonder and would have given worlds for the assurance that he would
one day possess the tough fibre, the firm muscle and endurance of
Curtis Mitchell.

Mr. Mitchell was as honorable as he was hard-working. He was of
firm texture in every way. His convictions were strong and he was
inflexible in his adherence to them. A life-long Democrat, he worked
always for the success of his party because he believed in it. Though
differing from him radically in views, the writer never ceased to have
a real admiration for the rugged vigor and virtue of the man who was
one of those who helped the wilderness to blossom as the rose. Nat-

REPORT OP THE MEMORIAL, COMMITTEE. 107

urally, by such hard work and honest effort, he acquired more than a
competence, and has reared a family as self-reliant as himself, whom
he leaves in comfortable circumstances.

Fully 1,000 friends attended the funeral of the late Curtis B. Mitchell
at the family residence in Berlin, Sunday. Col. L. V. Moulton, of
Grand Eapids, delivered the address, Mr. Mitchell being a spiritualist.

SAMUEL -K. GATES.

Samuel K. Gates was born at Fabius, Onondaga county, N. Y., Nov-
ember 30, 1822. In early manhood he taught school in Niagara county
in the same state. In the fall of 1848 he married Miss Clara Whit-
ing and the same year came to Battle Creek, Michigan. In 1856 he
with his family settled in Danby, Ionia county, having purchased a
farm of uncleared land on which he made extensive improvements. In
the spring of 1864 he enlisted in the 27th Eegt., Mich. Infty. Vols.,
and at the battle of the wilderness he was taken prisoner by the
rebels, but was exchanged arid sent to St. Mary's Hospital, Detroit,
where he was subsequently employed as a clerk until his discharge.

In 1865 he sold his farm in Danby and came to Portland, where he
purchased the Eureka foundry, but after a time sold out and was
elected a justice of the peace. He had for some time before his death
been a sufferer from disease contracted in the army, for which he
obtained a pension. His health gradually declined until his death,
which occurred December 7, 1889, aged 67 years. He was buried by
the Masonic fraternity and the post of the G. A. B.

.- 9 • '•.

JOHN STEVENSON.

After a residence of more than half a century in Ionia county, the
subject of this notice passed away to his Heavenly rest on Friday last
Feb. 21, 1890. There are few men in the county who are better or
more favorably known.

Mr. Stevenson was born at Windsor, England, Aug. 28, 1811. He
crossed the water and settled in Montreal in 1832, removing to Ann
Arbor in 1834. Two years later he came to this county, residing for
a time at Prairie Creek, but since that time in Ionia excepting one year
at Lyons.

In 1832 Mr. Stevenson married Miss Jean Brown at Montreal. She
died in February, 1883, and on May 30, 1886, he married Mrs. Eliza
Holton, who died recently.

Of the children of his first marriage there are living Mrs. Agnes B.

108 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

Stevens, Frank "W. Stevenson, and Maj. Thomas G. Stevenson of Ionia,
and John P. Stevenson of Rocky Ford, Colorado, who was with his
father at the last. One brother, Geo. Stevenson, and a sister, Catherine,
wife of Rev. A. R. Bartlett of Marquette, survive him.

The funeral services were held at the M. E. church on Saturday, and
were attended by a large number of Ionia pioneers and friends of the
family. Rev A. M. Gould conducted impressive ceremonies. The pall
bearers were Loomis Mann, P. H. Taylor, C. Oscar Thompson, Geo. H
McMullen, Dan. T. Fargo and George Watson. — Ionia Standard.

CRAPE ON THE DOOR.

There's crape on the door, a saint waiting long
Heard the glad message, come, join with the throng

Of the ransomed from sin, gone in before.
"Ring the bell softly, there's crape on the door."

There is crape on the door, soon, very soon

That token proclaim, another friend gone.
How swiftly they pass to the unseen shore,

"Ring the bell softly, there's crape on the door."

P. H. Taylor.

WM. H. DILDINE.

Died, at his home in Easton, March 19, 1890, William Helper Dildine.

Mr. Dildine was born in Luzerne county, Penn., Feb. 19, 1810.
About 1820 his parents located near Elmira, N. Y., where they died.
He was first married to Orissa Wing, of Southport, Chemung county,
N. Y., in 1833. She died in 1838, leaving one son, Silas Dildine, well
known in Ionia, where he was engaged for several years in the
mercantile business, and now located in Portland, Oregon.

Mr. Dildine was married in 1839 to Mrs. Jane Wing, a grand-
daughter of Judge Reed of Bath, who was on the bench for many
years, and was a prominent man of that day in the State. She only
lived about a year after her mariage, leaving one son, Daniel, a farmer
residing near the paternal homestead in Easton.

In 1840 Mr. Dildine was married to Miss Catherine Reynolds, of
Elmira, who was a faithful helpmate during all the years of pioneer
life, and who survives him. Four children of this union also survive:
Jane, wife of George Connor, of Orleans; Orissa W., wife of James
DeLong, of Lakeview; William, of Easton, and James, who occupies the
old homestead

REPORT OP THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 109

Wm. H. Dildine left Elmira with his family June 15, 1843, and
arrived at Ionia on the 13th of the same month, taking breakfast at
Zeke Welch's hotel, which stood on the ground now occupied by Coney's
meat market. July 28, 1843, he moved to the farm in Easton, which
he occupied to the day of his death, with the exception of about two
year's residence in Ionia, and the locality has been known from pioneer
days to the present time as "Dildine's Corners."

He died on March 19, 1890, at the ripe age of 80 years and one
month, from a cancerous affection, from which for two years he endured
terrible suffering with the heroic fortitude with which he met all the
ills and trials of life.

"Father Dildine," as he was familiarly called, belonged to the hardy
class of pioneers upon whom fell the struggles and self-denials of early
life in the wilderness and who reaped the reward of their toil and
self sacrifice in attaining positions of pecuniary independence to comfort
their old age and a high place in the regard of their fellow citizens.

He was rather reserved in his general manner, but was an affection-
ate man in his domestic relations, and always manifested a tender
regard for his family, for whose benefit he was glad to provide from
the abundance with which heaven had blessed his labors. For over
forty years he was a class leader in the M. E. congregation that met
for worship in the school-house at Dildine's Corners, and his successor
was not chosen until about a week before his death. He was a man
of the strictest integrity, and conscientiously tried to do his duty as he
understood it, and no man may do more. Peace to his ashes.

MOSES M. GOULD.

Moses M. Gould, died Friday night, May 16, 1890, at the home of
his son, supervisor Nathan F. Gould, of Boston, at the age of 90 years.
Mr. Gould settled upon the farm where he died in 1837, and his was
the fifth family in the township. His daughter Mrs. Jas. A. Aldrich,
was the first white child born in the town. He leaves fovir children,
Nathan F., John T. and Mrs. J. A. Aldrich of this township and Mrs.
S. A. Aldrich of Muskegon. wife of the probate judge of that county.

EICHAED HILL.

Mr. Hill was born in England in the year 1808 — Eemoved to
Orleans in Ionia county, in 1847, where he bought a wild farm
upon which he lived until his death, June 10, 1890, leaving seven
children.

110

ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

It was a long way to emigrate and a long life to live on one piece
of land which he cleared up and made a comfortable home for his
family.

JACKSON COUNTY.
JOSIAH B. FROST.

Name.

Died.

Age.

Place of Death.

Birthplace.

Elizabeth Wildey

August 6, 1889. ..

Jackson

Ireland.

Catharine Purdy

October 18, 1889

Jackson

New York.

William Kelly „

June 3, 1889

Jackson

Ireland.

Mary Hough ton

March 29, 1889 ....

Jackson

England.

Paul Scott

June 1, 1889

Jackson

England.

Thomas Nester. . .

November—, 1889..

Jackson

Ireland.

John Mnfrraw

March 12, 1889.

.Tank™ in

Ireland.

Lois P. Case

May 6, 1889

Jackson

New York.

Albert L. Ford.

June 27, 1889

Jackson ..'...

Canada.

Adelia M. Davis Moore

December 18, 1889

Jackson ...

New York.

George Thompson Gridley

November 28, 1889

Jackson .

New York.

Charles Sutfin . .

March 9, 1889.. ..

(56

Jackson

New York.

Cyrus H. Fountain

June 22, 1889

Jackson

New York.

Jeanette Gales

March 25, 1889

Columbia.

New York.

Israel B. Hoagland

December 9, 1889 ..

Columbia

New York.

Amy J. Root

March 26, 1889.

Columbia

New York.

Elijah Webber *

October 26, 1889

Columbia.

Massachusetts.

Addison P. Cook . . _

April 15, 1889.. .

Columbia

New York.

Smith C. Merwin .

June 2, 1889 .

Jackson l_.

New York.

Christy ("VtlligRn

March 3, 1889

Jackson

Ireland.

Nathan G. Davis _ ...

March 20, 1889

Jackson

New York.

Mrs. M Rnchfink

March 29, 1889. .

Jackson

Germany.

Mary Fox

June 17, 1889

Jackson

Germany.

Catherine Rockford

April 15, 1889

'Jackson

Ireland.

James Morrisey

February 9, 1889...

Jackson...

Ireland.

Josephine Watkins

March 3, 1889

Jackson

New York.

Nathan D. Pine

April 8, 1889

Jackson

New York.

William Redpath

May 6, 1889 ...

Jackson

Scotland.

'Rliznhpith Mn.it.lanr!

November 6, 1889 .

Jackson

Ohio.

Jane Hannaford

August 20, 1889

Jackson

England.

Klmira E. Weaver ...

December 28, 1889.

Angola, Ind —

Pennsylvania.

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE.

Ill

Name.

Died.

Age.

Place of Death.

Birthplace.

Geo. J. Robey

October 18, 1889

Peter M. Peak...

February 18, 1889

August W. Hahn

August 20, 1889

William Jenkins

January 22, 1889

George D. Brown

April 19, 1889

New York

William Page

May 6, 1889

New York

Eliza J. Grinnell

September 11, 1889

Jackson

George Webb.. _"_._

November 14, 1889

John E. Anderson

July 12, 1889. .'.

Jackson

Jane Green

April 1, 1889

Richard Billings.

September 5, 1889

Abram Levy

March 26, 1889

William Van Deusen

April 8, 1889.

Jackson

Samuel Brundage ...

May 4, 1889

Jackson

Jesse Hard

June 30, 1889 . . .

Jackson

New York

Sarah Willson

September 8, 1889

New York

Rudolph Lang...

September 2, 1889.

Fremont

Willard D. Stoddard . .

Mav 15, 1889

New York.

Calvin Groff.

Mav 27, 1889

New York

William M. Coplin

August 21, 1889

Jackson

Martha Maniattes

October 5, 1889

New York

Nancy Wilkerson

January 1, 18b9

Jackson

Penelope Warner

January 1, 1889 ..

Jackson

New York,

Silence Dnrand...

March 26, 1889

Jackson

New York.

Margaret Pinckney

April 5, 1889

Jackson

New York.

Lora T. Bliss

June 9, 1889

Jackson

New York.

Mary N. Eddy..

October 5, 1889

Jackson

New York.

Mary J. Hayes "...

June 7, 1889 .

Jackson

New York.

Daniel Brainard.

July 29, 1889

Jackson

New York.

Mary Rooney

September 4, 1889

Jackson

Ireland.

Susan Cockburn

April 1, 1889

Jackson .

New York.

Edward D. Hogan (aeronaut)

July 16, 1889.

Atlantic Ocean .

Canada.

Eliza Stage . .

April 15, 1889

Jackson

New York.

James S.. Whitney

November — , 1889..

Jackson

William M. Woodsum

October 28, 1889 . .

Jackson

Maine.

Charles Brown.

January 28, 1889

Jackson

New Hampshire.

William L. Todd

December 11, 1889

J ackson

England.

William A. Beach..

June 26, 1889

Jackson

New York.

Emerson Lyon.

April 27, 1889

Jackson _ ..

Massachusetts.

John Elliott.

October 81, 1889

Rives

New York.

William Jackson .

June 18, 1889...

Sandstone. ..

England.

112

ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

Name.

Died.

Age.

Place of Death.

Birthplace.

Mary Tjanghlin

September 16, 1889

Sandstone

Ireland.

Samuel Spurr

November 20, 1889

Sandstone

England.

David D. Trnmhnll

October 18, 1889

Sandstone

Connecticut.

Oliver Chapel .

April 8, 1889

Spring Arbor

Connecticut.

Roswell W. Bryant

March 1, 1889

Spring Arbor

New York.

Henry W. Shaw

January 14, 1889. -

Spring Arbor

New York.

Samantha Streeter

August 21, 1889 _

Spring Arbor

New York.

Electa Brown

March 28, 1889

Spring Arbor

New York.

Margaretta Todd

August 6, 1889

Spring Arbor. .

New York.

Betsey Wildey .

May 10, 1889

Spring Arbor

New York.

Chlorinda Lyon .

November 20, 1889

Summit

New York.

Peter Cranmon .

February 22, 1889

Summit.

New York.

Emily Bradford .

December 25, 1889

Summit

New York.

Millard S. Feleham

February 18, 1889

Summit

Vermont.

Thomas Blair __

August 26, 1889

Tompkins

Ireland.

Christina Artz v

December 25, 1889

Waterloo

Eliza Ann fine

May 13, 1889

Henrietta

New York.

Nanny Ann Tlnrry

December 81, 1889

Henrietta .

New York.

Stephen Pettis

October 27, 1889

Henrietta

John Clay

March 28, 1889

Springport

England.

John Oyer .. _ .

January 20, 1889

Springport

Pennsylvania .

Willium Marble

November 28, 1889

Springport

New York.

Harriet, Andrews

December 13, 1889

Napoleon

New York.

Lionise Tiffany

February 22, 1889

Napoleon

New York.

Wilson Chafee

May 15, 1889

Napoleon

New York.

Phebe Shnart

September 15, 1889.

Norvell

New York.

Tjnthan Rowland „ .

December 8, 1889 .

Norvell..

New York.

Jacob Frey

July 2, 1889

Norvell _.

Germany.

William Barr

January 1, 1889

Norvell

England.

Rachel Y. Hall

December 28, 1889.

Parma

Michigan.

Maria Knowles

April 2, 1889 ..

Parma

New York.

Harolinn Hoag

January 13, 1889

Parma

New York.

Elizabeth Berry

January 9, 1889

Pulaski

New York.

Sarah A. Williams

October 18, 1889,

Lonville, Wis —

New York.

Julia King

September 1, 1889..

Pulaski

New York.

Jacob Tborm

May 9, 1889

Pulaski

New York.

Miriam Knowl«s

August 18, 1889 . .

Albion

New York.

Eliza Nearpass

November 9, 1889 .

Pulaski

England.

November 18, 1889

Rives

New York.

September 23, 1889

Rives

England.

Almon Caiyi

May 27, 1889

Leoni

New York.

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE.

113

Name.

Died;

Age.

Place of Death.

Birthplace.

Sarah Campbell

April 20, 1889

102

Blackman

New Yortf.

Nancy Fleming ..

December 28, 1889

Blackman

Ireland.

James Evans .

January 27, 1889

Blackman

William Gonlder

May 24, 1889

Rlar.kmari

Ireland.

Olive R. Mayette

September 30, 1889.

Blackmail

New York.

Aldirt Rosa

August 10, 1889

Liberty

New York.

Henry P. Parr . _.

May 27, 1889

Liberty

England.

Henry Innis

September 29, 1889

Somers Center

New York.

J. R. Palmer . ..

March 11, 1889

Liberty

New York.

Miranda Crispell

April 30, 1889

Liberty

Nancy Miles.. .

February 24, 1889

Liberty

New York.

Caroline Bralon

May 4, 1889

Napoleon

New York.

Rosil W. Squires- .. .

December 16, 1889

Napoleon

New York.

Oliver R. Clark

March 28, 1889.

Napoleon

New York.

Noah Hastings . . . . .

April 18, 1889

Napoleon

New York.

Euseba Smith.

October 30, 1889

Napoleon

New York.

Dr. D. Morse

November 4, 1889

Napoleon

New York.

Rev. Abraham B. Flowers

January 14, 1889

Brooklyn

Bezaleel Thompson... ....

January 21, 1889

Brooklyn

New York.

Mary Fish ...

February 17, 1889

Brooklyn

New York.

Almond M. Ganiard ..

November 14, 1889

Concord

New York.

Lncretia H. Parmeter

December 17, 1889

Concord

Maine.

Michael Dwelle

January 31, 1889

Grass Lake

New York.

Rebecka Marinane. .

October 5, 1889

Grass Lake

New York.

Frances Lammers

March i4, 1889

Grass Lake . ..

Holland.

John Holland...

March 3, 1889

Grass Lake

England.

Hiram Ryan

December 27, 1889

Hanover .

New York.

Eunice Powell

December 1, 1889

Hanover

New York.

James T. Snow..

December 5, 1889

Hanover

Michigan.

Isaac Thorp

June 5, 1889

Hanover

Ohio.

Abram Ramsdale

January 19, 1889

Hanover

New York.

Harriet O. Ayers

July 1, 1889 . ..

Hanover

New York.

Adolphns Wickman .

March 20,1889

Hanover ..

Pennsylvania.

William D. Rowland .

October 15, 1889...

Leoni

New York.

Phillip Wagger

May 26, 1889

Leoni

New York.

James Jenkins

December 1, 1889 .

Rlackman

England.

Eliza Ann Church

April 29, 1890

Blackman

Massachusetts.

Charles Goodall

February 18, 1890..

Blackman

England.

Cassius Young

February 2, 1890...

Concord

Germany.

Charles O. Smith

February 4, 1890...

Concord

New York.

Harriet Malcolm

February 15, 1890

Concord .

New York.

114

ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

Name.

Died.

Age.

Place of Death.

Birthplace.

Mary F?ey

May 15, 1890

Jackson

Germany.

Mary Riley

January 28, 1890

Grass Lake

Ireland.

Pauline Fisk.

January 16. 1890

Jackson

New York.

Hannah Cradit

February 2, 1890

Leoni

New Jersey.

Mary Falihee

April 24, 1890

Leoni

Ireland.

Charles S. Stone

January :<$, 1890

Hanoyer

Vermont.

Amasa W. Marsh ...

January 10, 1890

Columbia

New York.

Elizabeth Johnson

March 17, 1890

Columbia

New York.

Mary Warden .

February 15, 1890

Brooklyn

Rhode Island.

Mary Purdy

May 15, 1890

Summit

Vermont.

Henry Purdy

May 15, 1890

Summit

England.

Almira Latimer

May 29, 1890

Summit

New York.

William Lanigan

March 2, 1890

Jackson

Ireland.

Mary Elliott .

March 15, 1890

Jackson

Ireland.

Hannah Hurley

March 25, 1890

Jackson

Germany.

Philo C. Winslow

January 15, 1890

Sandstone

Maine.

Liester Miner

January 25, 1890

Rives

New York.

Tree Laura Wilbur ...

March 22, 1890

Rives .

New York.

Mary J. Blancharcl

April 28, 1890

Norvell

New York.

Freeman Babley -..

February 15, 1890

Napoleon

Connecticut.

Clarissa M. Dean.. . . _ .

January 11, 1890

Napoleon .

New York.

Alden Griffeth

May 15, 1890

Napoleon.

New York.

Mariah P. Pennell

May 10, 1890

Parma

Massachusetts.

Benjamin Pickett

Mav 5, 1890

Parma

New York.

Daniel Keeler.. ..

May 16, 1890

Jackson..

Ireland.

Ellen Harrington .

May 31, 1890

Jackson

Ireland.

Willard Tubbs

January 5, 1890

Liberty.. -

Vermont.

Benjamin Patch

April 10, 1890

Liberty.

Vermont.

Emily Flint

April 2, 1890.

Liberty...

New York.

Aaron R. Snt.fin

January 10, 1890

Liberty

New York.

Sophronia Hoag

January 9, 1890

Norvell.

New York.

Burlington Harris

February 11, 1890

Norvell... .

New York.

Lucy Howard .

February 19, 1890_

Jackson

England.

Almon D. De Wolff.

March 16, 1890.

Jackson

New York.

Nathaniel Hnntington

April 4, 1890.

Jackson.

New York.

Patrick J. Kelley

February 2, 1890

Jackson

Ireland.

Mary Steen.

April 21, 1890

Jackson

Scotland.

John M. Smith

March 14, 1890

Jackson

Scotland.

Katharine Billings

January 22, 1890

Jackson.. .

New York.

Mrs. Dwight Tngraham

April 17, 1890

Blackman

James L. Holmes..

May 26, 1890

Jackson

New York.

John A. Fellows

March 13, 1890

Sandstone

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 115

JUDGE GEOEGE THOMPSON GRIDLEY.

Judge George Thompson Gridley died at his residence in Jackson,
November 28, 1889. He had been in unusually good health, a fact
which he had frequently spoken of. He arose at the usual hour and
after breakfast went to his office where he was engaged in the prepara-
tion of the case of Kate Fuller against the city of Jackson for the
Supreme Court. He attended the thanksgiving services at the First
Baptist church during the forenoon and upon returning to his office
spoke very highly to C. E. Snow of the discourse. About one o'clock
he went home and partook of a hearty dinner. After spending a few
moments in conversation with his family he complained of feeling weary
and went into an adjoining room to lie down. A few moments later his
daughter, Mrs. Knight, looked into the room and noticing an unusual look
upon his face went to his bedside and at once discovered that he was
dead.

It was stated that on Friday before, the Judge had some premoni-
tory symptoms of apoplexy but nothing was thought of it at the
time.

Judge G. T. Gridley was born in Vernon, Oneida county, N. Y.,
July 1, 1816, his father being Norman Gridley, of that county. He
was educated at the Clinton grammar school and pursued classical
studies at local academies. After clerking for a short time, at the
age of seventeen he entered the law office of Timothy Jenkins, at
Oneida, where he remained two years, teaching school during the win-
ter. In 1834, he entered the law office of his uncle, Hon. Philo
Gridley, an eminent lawyer of Hamilton county, N. Y., where he
remained three years. In 1837 he came to Michigan, locating at
Ypsilanti, where he formed a law partnership with Grove Spencer.
During late years the judge has been very fond of relating incidents
in connection with his early practice in Michigan and could, and
frequently did entertain his hearers for hours at a time with interest-
ing anecdotes.

In 1849 Judge Gridley removed to Jackson, and in the following
year was elected county judge, to succeed Judge Moody, but the new
State constitution of 1850 abolished this office and he returned to his
practice. He was for a number of years, during the existence of the
court of chancery, injunction master, a position which he filled with
marked success. In fact it is said of him that there was no better
chancery lawyer in the State. He took particular interest in this
branch of his profession and often spoke of the fact that the Supreme
Court seldom reversed a decision made by him in chancery matters.

116 ANNUAL, MEETING, 1890.

Judge Gridley during his residence in Jackson has held many officer
of trust all of which he filled with ability. During his earlier years
he took a deep interest in school matters, and it was under his admin-
istration as director of the district that the Jackson school made its
first advancement as one of the leading schools of the State. He
drafted the first charter of the city of Jackson in 1856-57 and held
many offices of trust in the county and State.

In 1866, through the influence of Gov. Blair, he was appointed
collector of internal revenue by President Johnson and held the office
until 1873. In 1881 he was elected judge of the fourth judicial circuit
comprising Jackson and Ingham counties, a position which he held for
six years, during which time occurred the famous Crouch murder and
subsequent trials which created, perhaps, greater interest than any other
trials ever held in the State.

May 4, 1837, he was united in marriage with Miss Caroline W. Todd
who still survives him. Five children have been born to them, only
two of whom, Mrs. Nora Gridley, of Chicago, and Mrs. Florence
Knight, of Jackson, survive him.

The funeral ceremonies of the Hon. G. Thompson Gridley were held at
the First Congregational church at 2:30 p. m., Sunday, Dec. 1, 1889.
The large audience room was completely filled with the friends of
deceased, the Jackson county bar association being present in a body.
The Ingham county bar was represented by Judge Humphrey and Mr.
Dolan, of Lansing, and Messrs. J. D. and E. F. Conely, of Detroit,
were also present.

At the hour named, the funeral procession arrived at the church,
and the bearers, Gen. W. H. Withington, C. R>. Knickerbocker, Alonzo
Bennett, E. E. Warner, F. G. Field, C. H. Harris, C. B. Bush and y.
W. ' Lawton, inclosed in a beautiful cloth-covered casket, bore the body
of the deceased into the sanctuary and placed it immediately in advance
of the chancel. The church choir sang a soft, mournful hymn, at the
conclusion of which Rev. D. M. Fisk delivered an eloquent eulogy on
the life of the departed judge. His address was singularly tender and
appropriate, and many were the evidences of its touching pathos, as the
speaker reviewed the career of the life so suddenly closed. He
alluded to the appropriateness and fitness of the presence of his legal
associates, and said they were there to pay tribute to the honored life
of an honored man, who was now forever removed from their profes-
sional intercourse. It was out of respect to his great, broad manhood,
rather than to any judicial achievement of deceased that his friends
had gathered to remember his good qualities and pay tribute to his
virtues.

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. .1 17

He had been chosen to places of honor, positions of trust and offices
of responsibility, but in every walk of life he was moved, actuated by
but one impulse — that of right, purity and justice. He was an appre-
ciative man; sensitive, kind, merciful and conscientious in the perform-
ance of every act of his long and honored career.

He died as he had lived, an example of virtue. His mind was clear,
comprehensive, and so profound was his learning that the distinctions
between right and wrong were never perverted to thwart the ends of
justice. Bight was his sceptre, equity his crown.

In his home relations he was afflicted with sorrows and trials, but
the genial warmth of a tender heart forbade the presence of gloom.
Solicitous first and always for the comfort and happiness of his home
circle, the elements of a loving husband and fond father were most
beautifully exemplified in his kindly demeanor towards those whom he
cherished. His friends knew him but to esteem him with a tender
regard; the church knew him but as a faithful communicant; the
stricken family knew him but as the kindliest, most considerate of fathers
and husbands. We shall miss him as a man eminent in the virtue of
kindness, affection and love. The speaker referred in feeling terms to
the suddenness of his death and the singular coincidence that he
breathed his last with an open bible in his hands, upon one of the
pages of which shone the words, "Praise be to God."

Rev. E. B. Balcom read the beautiful and impressive chapter from
St. Paul's Epistle to the Ephesians on the resurrection of the dead.

An invocation by Rev. Fisk followed, and the mortal remains of G.
Thompson Gridley were borne between two rows of bowed heads from
the church and thence to Mt. Evergreen cemetery, followed by his
legal brethren, where they were interred with fitting ceremonies.

ACTION OF THE BAR.

Prior to the opening of the circuit court, Nov. 29, Gov. Blair, as
president of the Jackson county bar, called the assembled lawyers to
order and announced that a report from the committee on resolutions
appointed to draft an appropriate memorial 011 the death of Judge
Gridley would report. Thomas A. Wilson then presented the resolutions
which were as follows:

WHEREAS, Our friend and brother, G. Thompson Gridley, who has been for fifty-two
years a member of the bar of this State, and for the last forty-five years a member
of the bar of this county, and during that period has discharged with signal ability
and faithfulness many offices of confidence and trust, in obedience to the inscrut-
able laws of man's being, has passed from life to death; and, in the presence of our

118 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

great loss, it is fitting that we give expression to those sentiments of esteem which'
have been the growth of years of personal and professional intercourse;

Therefore, as the bar association of Jackson, we say of the deceased: •

His love of justice was supreme; to him the law was the instrument of justice
and not of oppression.

His clearness of mental vision to distinguish right from wrong made him both a
profound equity lawyer and a peacemaker atnoung his fellow men.

While he knew well the machinery of the law he only used it to accomplish
purposes which accorded with his sense of right.

He was a lawyer in the broader and better sense of the word, a despiser of tech-
nicalities, and so practiced his profession as constantly to educate and enlighten,
his conscience.

In his green old age his heart was tender as that of a child.

When on the bench or filling semi-judicial offices, he held the scales of justice-
even handed.

In his death the bar has lost an able and conscientious member, the community
an upright and unpretending citizen, and all of us a genial, tender hearted friend
and neighbor.

Resolved, That engrossed copies of this expression, certified by the president and
secretary, be presented to the circuit court for the county of Jackson, with the
request that the same may be entered upon the journal of the court.

Resolved, Further, that an engrossed copy of this expression, in a like manner
certified, be transmitted to the family of the deceased, with assurances to the
widow and daughters of our earnest sympathy in this their sudden and great
bereavement.

Resolved, That as a further expression of our respect for the deceased, we will,
attend his funeral in a body and will wear the usual badges of mourning.

AUSTIN BLAIR,

ERASTUS PECK, President.

THOMAS A. WILSON,

EUGENE PRINGLE,

Committee.

These resolutions were unanimously adopted and ordered spread upon
the journal of the association and that engrossed copies be certified and
presented to the family.

ACTION OF THE COURT.

At the conveiiirfg of the circuit court, Hon. Austin Blair, as president
of the bar association, presented the resolutions above set forth and
requested that the same be entered upon the court journal. Judge-
Peck replied that the request was appropriate and that the same would
be entertained.

A peculiar stillness fell upon the circle of lawyers present and the
vacant place of the deceased brother seemed to remind them that they
too would sooner or later pass to the unknown world.

The first one to break the stillness was W. K. Gibson, Esq., who-
spoke in a deeply earnest manner of the certainty of death which con-
fronts us all; that while the material body may be analyzed by chem-

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE.

ists, the functions explained by philosophic scientists and our natural
structures dissected by anatomists and the wonderful system of our
being explained — there were none to tell us of the mysterious functions-
of the soul. Our weakly physical selves are subject to infirmities and
faults; the deceased was not free from them, but in an hour like this,,
it is proper to pass over the infirmities and to speak only of the good.
We should attach value to the inherent good qualities commensurate
with their influence upon the young. Judge Gridley was a genialr
kind man. He was a lover of men. Always buoyant, pleasant, hope-
ful, he had none of the deadweights of pessimism. As a lawyer upon
chancery or equitable questions he was alike remarkable for his strong,,
clear mind and painstaking disposition to be right. He ,was a trust-
worthy and safe counselor, and a good advisor.

By reason of his participation in the primary development of this
city when it was yet a village, he certainly is entitled to the warmest
remembrance by the citizens of Jackson. As a judge, he was moved
by the impulses of a sensitive heart, tender and merciful. Sensitive to
criticism, he may have been timid, but every act of his life was a
challenge to his critics that no verdict rendered by him was antago-
nistic to his convictions of right. He had a large heart and was remark-
able for the performance of things good, honest and true.

Thomas A. Wilson followed Mr. Gibson. Such occasions as this are
prone to be empty, meaningless, formalities. But so thoroughly inter-
woven into the history of this county and city was the subject of our
brief pause here today that it seems meet to pay an honest tribute to
his worth. Everyone knew Judge Gridley and during the formative
period of our local history, I may safely say, he knew every man,
woman and child in this community. Whether he was appreciated is
not our mission to judge, for we are all sooner or later to pass through
the same ordeal into another land, and that question does not deter-
mine the event.

As a lawyer Judge Gridley was profound — not brilliant. He was
thorough, practical and honest, and pursued the practice of his pro-
fession in the broad, comprehensive manner of a scholar and lawyer.
It was not easy for him to decide questions that gave others no
uneasiness, yet when his decision was made it satisfied the demands of
his conscience. He esteemed the love and respect of his fellows, but
neither fear nor favor swerved him from the right. His errors, when
made, arose from the brain — never from the heart. Spotless in his
devotion to right, he has left the bar he honored here to face another
where he will be appreciated as he never was here.

120 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

As a citizen, lawyer and official he was a fitting example of every
virtue to the young men of this city and county.

Hon. Eugene Pringle was the next speaker. He said he had known
Judge Gridley forty years. His supreme love of justice led him to
hesitate in executing the rigor of the law. It was not his timidity, but
his extraordinary love of justice which induced it. He was crowned
with the virtue of ever seeking for the right. He was above the cor-
rupting influences of strategy and never calculated upon a legal victory
achieved by illegal instruments. His mind was as great as his body;
he was not nervously active, but did his duty firmly, slowly and surely,
and with as unerring precision as was the work of the mills of the
Gods. A profound, astute lawyer, a good citizen, a good man.

Thomas E. Barkworth paid tribute to the sterling qualities of his
elder brother. To him his death was a personal bereavement, for he
had learned to love him as, a friend, a counselor, a mentor. Political
differences were made subsurvient to the great glowing heart of the
man in his honest, open candor, while malice and revenge had no
refuge in his bosom. The strife and struggle, the toil and turmoil of
a lawyer's life bred asperities if not inculcating pessimistic ideas of the
world; with Judge Gridley every factor was made to do reverence to
the ultimate triumph of right, mercy and kindness. He was useful to
all in that he elevated the practice and profession, gave tone and
character to our chosen pursuit. The beauty of his singularly sweet
and pure life was not marred in death, for he died as he had lived:
"with malice toward none and charity for all."

Prosecuting Attorney Parkinson paid a touching, delicate tribute to
the worth of deceased. His words were fittingly chosen and seemed
pregnant with heartfelt meaning. His intimacy with the dead judge
had not been close during his lifetime, but had been sufficiently close
as to permit glimpses of the loftiness of his character, his erudition,
clearness and profundity of his learning. His life bore the charm of
sweet purity, the jewel of consistency, and the tone of Christian recti-
tude. It was the exponent of all that was good, kindly and true, and
no words of his could add to the general veneration and respect enter-
tained toward his memory by the members of the bar. He was an
itegral member of our social and judicial fabric — an honored pillar in
its structure. He was measured by his innate qualities of usefulness
and greatness. His magnanimity was as genuinely unselfish as his
great heart was free from guile. The tribute we pay over his corpse
today is the only tribute I should desire to be said 'above my own,
when my brethern are called upon to perform that last office for me

REPORT OP THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 121

The tribute is: "He tried to do his duty, truthfully, honestly." Judge
Oridley was a noble man, endowed with a large mind and perfect man-
hood. He was gentle, not because he was weak, but because he was
too great in soul and mind to be otherwise. He ennobled citizenship,
his profession and the bench he sat upon. Amid contentions he was
serene, poised on the vantage of right. He was fearful of criticism
only when it was unjust, because he was always assured of the rectitude
of his course by the approval of his innermost consciousness. Upon
the throne of his consciousness always sat his own' conscience.

Henry E. Edwards, in behalf of the younger members, spoke of the
deceased's kindly and assisting attitude toward the new beginners. In
his family he was the soul of kindness and was moved by a heart as
tender and kind as a child's. He made his fam.ily's virtues the
brightest; their troubles and faults were unseen. His wedded life was
an uninterrupted series of pleasant, companionable years undimmed
with even the one harsh or unkind word. Supreme love of right and
justice were the innumerable characteristics of the man.

Jay Calkins paid tribute to his helpful aid extended to the young
lawyers while on the bench, and said he was esteemed by every young
man who knew him as a friend and benefactor.

There being no further speakers, Judge Peck granted the request
and ordered the resolutions spread upon the journal of the court. The
judge was evidently greatly impressed with the solemnity of the occa-
sion, for it was with difficulty that he expressed himself as he slowly
enumerated the virtues of the deceased. He said that for half a
century Judge Gridley had been a marked figure in local judicial
history. He had been prominent in connection with the administration
of the laws, either as magistrate or practitioner, ever since the courts
had been organized in this district. Quite many eminent men had
occupied the seat filled by its present incumbent. It is sufficient to
say what the truth is. Deceased was a singularly pure and honest
man, and showed to our young men what is possible from a good and
pure life.

Of all the men gracing this bench not one sustained more strong and
continued impressions of right than did Judge Gridley. Others might
have more marked characteristics, possessed greater rapidity of execution
and stronger elements of brilliancy — none were more impressive in
steadily and continually insisting upon the right. It is just and right
to say that from the beginning of our judicial life as a district, Judge
Gridley, for this half century, was the most prominent figure in its
history. Of all the honored men who occupied this seat but two aside

122 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

from the present incumbent are now living and with these two the
feeble flame of life is slowly but surely flickering, presaging its early
extinguishment. Judge Peck reviewed the salutary influences of the
life of Judge Gridley, and pronounced his virtues eminent and worthy
of emulation. Said he in conclusion: "Judge Gridley happily exemplified
the highest idea of a judge, administering justice tempered with. mercy."
His remarks were received with profound attention by the bar, and
evidently impressed all present with their earnestness and depth of
feeling.

And thus it was that the Jackson county bar and court did their
kindly offices in respect to the memory of one of their purest, brightest
and most loyal ornaments — and thus it was that the curtain was drawn
upon his virtuous, honorable career.

At the conclusion of these solemn and impressive addresses, a gentle-
man who knew Judge Gridley intimately and was closely associated
with him in his official capacity while on the circuit bench, said to the
Citizen:

Judge Gridley was born with a normal enlargement of the heart
which troubled him more than much. It was ever calling his atten-
tion to his own or somebody's else misfortunes. When called upon to
pass the sentence of the law upon convicted felons it stood like a huge
boulder between him and his duty. Especially was this true in the
case of youthful depravity, when he would coax, beg and plead for a
promise of reformation from their evil ways, and time and again I
have seen the tears roll down his face during the performance of such
official duties.

Another, phase of this same peculiarity revealed itself in the admin-
istration of divorce laws. Here he had strong prejudices, and he could
hardly understand the desire on the part of man or woman, when once
such a relation had been contracted, that either should seek its termi-
nation. He would have been glad if scriptural reasons were the only
legal reasons for its dissolution. His temperance proclivities, however,
permitted him to tolerate habitual drunkenness as an additional reason-
able ground; but it was with a tinge of regret when he was compelled
by the strict letter of the statute to extend these separations for other
reasons. His sympathy for the weaker vessel subjected the unhappy
husband applying for a separation to a most searching examination for
misconduct on his own part, and woe-beticle that man if his case came
a hairbreadth short of the requirements, for his bill was pretty sure to
be dismissed.

Counselors always found the judge fully posted as to every require-

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL. COMMITTEE, 123'

ment, and sometimes were first reminded of some new legislation when
they came to the hearing, with papers supposed to be regular and quite
up to the iron-clad requirements.

Though he bribed Father Time five years and more beyond the
allotted span, his faculties remained unimpaired; life was full of pleasure
to him, but while he disliked the idea of severing his strong ties
relating to family and society, he had a strong belief that existence
once begun was never interrupted — a theme upon which he loved ta-
speculate.

JAMES JENKINS.

James Jenkins, one of the oldest coal miners in Michigan, and the-
oldest one in Jackson county, fell down the hoisting shaft at the coal
mine on the John B. Pool farm, three miles north of the city, in
Blackman, at 12 : 30 o'clock Sunday moraing, Dec. 1, 1889, and was
instantly killed.

Deceased, who 'had resided for some years at Woodville, west of the
city, was in Jackson Saturday and returned during the evening. About
midnight he visited the mine and had some conversation with George
Adams, who was the engineer in charge during the night shift. The
latter turned to put some coal on the fire under the boiler and when
he had completed his task he looked for Jenkins, but failed to find
him. At once he walked to the opening of the shaft, the black square-
hole being on a level with the surface, and as he did so he heard a
crash, as if something had fallen down the shaft. He at once gave the
alarm to those below the ground and on repairing to the bottom of
the shaft the lifeless body of the old veteran miner lay where it had
fallen from the top, a distance of a trifle over 100 feet.

Aid was summoned and the body taken to the surface, but nothing
could be done. The left shoulder was crushed in, the left arm fract-
ured, the chest bone broken and the flesh crushed and mangled. There
was also a scalp wound on the head, but the skull was not fractured.
No inquest was ordered as the relatives did not think it necessary, and
the cause of death was clear to them.

Mr. Jenkins came here from Pittsburg, Pa., in the last of the year
1857, and would, had he lived, been 70 years old next Christmas day.
He was the first man to bore for coal on the Porter property, north of
the prison and east of Cooper street. 'He had always been a man of
exceeding active temperament, and sank several shafts about the
country in a prospecting tour for coal. He was one of the principal
stockholders of the Pool mine, and largely instrumental in opening it...

124 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

He leaves a family of six children, five of whom are married. He was
born in England, Dec. 25, 1819, and landed in America in 1853, and
after a few years spent in the coal fields of Pennsylvania, he came
direct to Jackson, where he has since resided, with an occasional
exception of a few months prospecting for coal in different parts of
the State.

MES. DWIGHT INGEAHAM.

Mrs. Dwight Ingraham died very suddenly of heart disease on Thurs-
day morning, April 17, 1890, at her home in Blackman. She leaves a
husband whose locks are silvered with age besides five grown children,
three sons and two daughters, to mourn her loss. At a meeting of
Climax Association, No. 658, P. of I., the following preamble and reso-
lutions were adopted.

WHEREAS, Death for the first time has entered our association and without a
moment's warning snatched from our midst our beloved Sister Ingraham ; Therefore
be it

Resolved, That we humbly submit to His divine will, and feel that our great
loss is her infinite gain;

Resolved, That Climax Association, No. 658, P. of I., as a token of love and respect
for our deceased sister, extends heartfelt sympathy to the bereaved family, especially
to the sorrowing husband whose comfort in his declining years has been so
ruthlessly taken from him;

Resolved, That our charter be draped in mourning thirty days, and a copy of
these resolutions be entered upon the minutes of this association; a copy be sent
to the weekly papers of Jackson and a copy to the Patrons' Guide.

Farewell, farewell, dear sister!

Our hearts were knit to thine;
The memory of thy kindness

Shall round our hearts entwine.

Again we hope to meet thee,

When life's short journey's o'er;
Ah, yes ! we hope to meet thee then,
On Heaven's eternal shore.

MRS. GEO, PEARSON,
MISS ELEANOR RHINES,
MISS DELLA M. HARRIS,

Committee,

JAMES L. HOLMES.

James L. Holmes died at his residence, 337 West Main street, Jackson,
at two o'clock p. m., May 26, 1890, after an illness of one week, from
failure of the heart. One week before his death he visited his place of
business as usual, returning in the evening, when he complained of a

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 125

pain in his head. The next day he did not feel very well and toward
night sank into an unconscious condition, from which he rallied the
following day. On Wednesday evening he again passed into a state of
insensibility from which he never rallied more than sufficient to momen-
tarily recognize his nearest friends. He passed away without a tremor,
seeming to gently fall asleep.

James L. Holmes was born in New York city, August, 1825, and
was therefore nearly sixty-five years of age. He left his home in New
York in 1887 and came to the then far west, Michigan, and located at
Napoleon, in this county. He remained at Napoleon a year, and in
1838 came to Jackson, where he has since resided. In 1852 he was
united in marriage with Miss Henrietta Kyes, of Grass Lake, who
died a year and two months later. On the 12th day of October,. 1871,
he again married, having won the heart of Mrs. Eunice Tompkins, who
is now bereft of a kind husband by his death.

Deceased was a member of the Masonic fraternity, having risen to-
the Knights Templar degree, and was also a member of the Knights
of Pythias.

In 1874 he was appointed to the only office he ever held — that of
member of the board of public works, which office he acceptably filled
for 15 years.

He leaves a wife and one sister, Miss Alta Holmes, for whom he
thoughtfully provided life insurance to the amount of $6,500.

PATRICK BOLAND.

Another old and useful citizen, in the person of Patrick Boland, ha&
gone to join the majority on the other shore. Mr. Boland was 76
years of age, but was an active man, hale and hearty, up to within a
few days of his death, and worked at the polls at the recent city
election with his accustomed vigor for the success of the demo-
cratic ticket. He was ill but a few days, from pneumonia, and died
on Sunday night, April 13, 1890, at his home on Cooper street.
Deceased was born in county Mayo, Ireland, in 1814, and when a
mere boy removed with his parents to England, where he later mar-
ried the lady who survives him and who bore him nine children. In
1867 he came to Jackson, where he has since resided, earning the
esteem of all who knew him as an honest, upright man. He was a
genial old gentleman and loved his friends dearly and in turn he was
beloved by them, and no man was ever wronged by him. Among his
children are W. J. Boland, the well known market man, and Christo-
pher, now largely interested in mining companies at Denver, Coloradoi

126 , ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

The funeral took place from St. John's church on Wednesday morning
and was largely attended. Rev. Father Buyse in an eloquent sermon,
paid a just tribute to the diseased as an honest man, a kind neighbor
and true husband and father. The interment was made in the
Catholic cemetery.

JOHN A. FELLOWS.

John A. Fellows of Sandstone, died suddenly, at two o'clock in the
morning of March 13, 1890, at his home. He retired at the usual hour
but at 1:45 in the morning his wife detected his hard and unnatural
breathing, and awakened him only to learn that he complained of feel-
ing ill, restoratives were applied but he ceased to breathe in ten
minutes, and it was decided that he died of heart disease. Mr. Fellows
was one of Jackson county's earliest and most respected pioneers. He
•came here from New York state in 1830, and had been a resident of
the county for nearly fifty-nine years, and owned a fine farm and
handsome residence just west of the county farm. He was a consistent
and vigorous republican, and only on Wednesday chaffed the publisher
of the Star regarding its political utterances, though he had for many
years been a subscriber. He was an exceptionally well read man, and
the last time we met him, Wednesday afternoon in Mabley's store,
where he was wont to call, he challenged us all to a political debate,
choosing for his theme, Thomas Jefferson and the Erie Canal, in which
he dwelt upon Dewitt Clinton's virtues as the father of that important
waterway to the Atlantic. Mr. Fellows was 80 years of age and leaves
a widow and seven children, two of whom reside at Ludington. one at
Ionia, one in Chicago, and the remainder in this county. He was a
perfect specimen of physical manhood, standing above six feet and
admirably proportioned, with a voice of remarkable power. He was
genial and kind in manner, hearty in his greeting,- and he leaves many
friends to mourn his death.

MEMOIR OF HON. JAMES GOULD, OF JACKSON.
BY H. H. SMITH.

James Gould was born in St. Lawrence county, N. Y., in 1831, he
came to Michigan when but five years old. They settled in Hills-
dale, when the territory was, in common with all Michigan, a wilder-
ness. In those days education of the commonest sort was only had
under extreme difficulties, and young Gould was eight years of age
.before he learned the alphabet. He was a strong, athletic boy, and aided

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 127

his father materially in clearing up the farm. When he became 13 years
of age he began work for a neighboring farmer and received for six
months the liberal salary of $3 per month. For seven years he labored
on the farm, and this period of exercise contributed more to develop his
physical strength, which has since served him so well, than any other
avocation of his life. When he was twenty years of age he attended
the union school at Jonesville, and lived in the family of the Hon.
George Monro, of whom he still speaks with respect and affection.
He was a diligent scholar and made rapid progress in his studies, so
that at the end of a year he was fitted for teaching and became a
teacher in the union school at Moscow. He then passed a year in the
Normal School at Ypsilanti, and the following year he was made prin-
cipal of the union school at Litchfield. In April, 1861, he came to
Jackson, and for two years was made an officer at the State Prison.
During these years he improved his leisure moments by reading law,
and in 1863 he formed a law co-partnership with V. M. Bostwick, and
added to it real estate and insurance, which rapidly increased till it
amounted in 1868 to $240,000 a year. He was admitted to practice in
the United States courts in 1870, and the same year his partner died,
when he closed up the business of the firm. In 1873 he was appointed
by the Superintendent of Public Instruction to visit Hillsdale college
and report the condition, progress, etc., of that institution. He was
chosen alderman of his ward and served, we believe, two terms. He
had also served as school inspector, and was the first president of the
Y. M. C. A. of Jackson.

He was elected to the Legislature in 1878, where he discharged his
duties with high credit to himself and to the entire satisfaction of his
constituents. In 1880 he was elected judge of .probate for this county
and filled that important office for four years, as he has filled every
office entrusted to him, with ability and honor. Mr. Gould was a
Republican, as he has always been, but he was a Republican from con-
victions, and was earnest and sincere in his support of that party. But
he was not a bitter partisan, and was tolerant of others' political opin-
ions who differed from those he entertained.

He was an active member of the First M. E. Church, and was ever
found ready to do his duty in the cause of religion. When that
society constructed its present handsome edifice, Mr. Gould cheerfully
gave of his means, which were never large, and he was ever a cheerful
giver in aid of Christianity and practical charity. He was also a
prominent member of the A. F. and A. M. lodge, chapter, council and
•commandery, and had, we believe, taken the Scottish Rite degrees. He

128

ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

married Miss Caroline, daughter of James Fillon, and his domestic life
was as happy and contented as one could wish. Although they have
never been blessed with children, they have adopted and made happy
more than one homeless waif.

He was a fond admirer af Shakspeare and never tired of quoting
from the great bard, and as he was an excellent reader he often enter-
tained his friends with Shakspearean recitations. We might say much
of his benevolence and personal traits of character.

Of late years his health has not been robust, and he had refrained
from active participation in politics; but quietly attended to his law and
real estate business, respected by the community. He died August 16r
188$.

KAL.AMAZOO COUNTY.
HENRY BISHOP.

Name.

Date of Death.

Age.

Occupation.

Sarah Allen

June 20, 1889

Merchant's widow.

John C. Conway . ..

June 29, 1889

Farmer.

Joseph Buckhout . . .

July 11, 1889

Farmer.

Harvey S. Booth m

July 17, 1889.

Farmer.

Joseph B. Daniels

July 22, 1889

Grocer.

William Campbell

August 14, 1889

Farmer.

Foster H. Smith

August 14, 1889

Farmer.

Josiah Mead

August 14, 1889 . .

Farmer.

Abial Fellows

September 24, 1889.

Farmer.

Saben M. Nickols .

October 27, 1889...

Farmer.

John F. Oliver

November 8, 1889 .

Farmer.

Lewis R. Davis

November 12, 1889

Farmer.

Samuel White

November 12, 1889

Amos Lilley . . . _ .

November 17, 1889.

Farmer.

Mrs. Rockwell May

December 2, 1889..

Retired farmer's wife.

Mrs. Azro Healy

December 5, 1889 .

Ira Smith.

December 5, 1889 _

Farmer.

Wm. T. Still well

January 19, 1890

Doctor.

George Sager

January 16, 1890

66 '

Farmer.

Conrad Eversteen .

January 19, 1890...

Farmer.

William Farwell.

January 21, 1890...

Farmer.

Hiram Moon _. ..

February 11, 1890..

Farmer.

Stephen W. Frank... .

February 11, 1890 .

Boot and shoe maker.

EEPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE.

129

Name.

Date of Death.

Age.

Occupation.

Abner D. Nash

February 20, 1890

Farmer.

Freenelia Edmunds

February 23, 1890

A resident of Prairie

Joseph T5, MillfM-d ..... ........

March 31, 1890

Ronde since 1829,
Banker and manufact'r.

Lidiii Howard

March 81, 1890

Maria L. Colt - .-

April 16, 1890

Merchant's widow.

Nancy M. A. Cutler

April 20, 1890

Manufacturer's widow.

Henry Little - -

May 25, 1890

Farmer, machinest, and

Wi'l'am Pondftman

May 31, 1890 x

historical writer.
Retired farmer.

HENRY LITTLE.

Henry Little, the well known and respected citizen a resident of
this county nearly 60 years, died after a prolonged and painful illness
at his late residence, No. 435 Lovell street, Kalamazoo, Sunday, May
25, 1890, at the extreme age of 93 years and 26 days. With more
than an ordinary endowment of vital energies, his physical and mental
powers alike were retained ^n a remarkable degree until the very day
of his death.

Henry Little, son of William, and Phoebe (Merchant) Little was
born at Cambridge, N. Y., April 29, 1797. His ancestors were from
the island of Guernsey, Great Britain. His father served in the Con-
tinental army, his mother then living at Danbury, Ct., during which
time the British troops under Gov. Tryon burned the town April 27,
1777. After the war in the year 1800, his father settled at Danville,
Caledonia county, Vt. When Henry was only six years old in 1803, his
mother died, and the family was broken up.

In boyhood he worked on a farm. At the age of fifteen he entered
as an apprentice and acquired the trade of mill-wright, machinist and
master mechanic, and in 1815 established himself in business at St.
Johnsbury, Vt., where he became extensively engaged in the erection
of mills, iron-works, church edifices and other branches of his profes-
sion. He was married March 11, 1822, to Miss Euth Fuller, daughter
of Abraham Fuller of Wilbraham, Mass., a patriot soldier of the revo-
lution. [Mrs. Little died in Kalamazoo, February 8, 1888, aged 87.]
Mr. Little and his wife both united with the Congregational church
at St. Johnsbury prior to their removal to the west.

In 1826, Mr. Little was engaged in constructing mills upon the "Big

dam" at Boston. Mass. Keturning to St. Johnsbury in 1827, he entered

the employ of Messrs E. and T. Fairbanks, then conducting a foundry,

iron works and machine shops upon the site now occupied by their

130 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

extensive scale manufactory, and in 1830 superintended for them the
erection of a mill for cleaning and preparing hemp fibre for market.
An imperative necessity arising for some improved apparatus for
weighing hemp as brought to the mill, the Fairbanks brothers insti-
tuted various experiments in reference to scales upon an entirely new
plan, and Mr. Little materially aided them in originating, planning and
bringing to a successful result the world renowned, valuable invention
known as " the Fairbank's platform scales."

October 3, 1831, Mr. Little, wife and two children, Frank and Ellen,
in company with the brothers John, Hiram and Lovell Moore, the latter
being a brother-in-law — and Alanson Grossman, left St. Johnsbury, Vt.,
for the territory of Michigan, and after a month's journey arrived at
Tolland's Prairie (Galesburg), in this county Nov. 5, 1831. The winter
of 1831-32 was spent at Comstock in the log house owned and occupied
by Mr. Leland Lane. In April, 1832, the family removed to Gull
Prairie, and took up their residence upon a farm three-fourths of a
mile east of the present village of Richland in this county. The farm
was sold in the fall of 1836, and in March, 1838, the family removed
to Grand Rapids, Michigan, Mr. Little having entered a large tract of
government land in Ottawa county, this State. This land was soon
afterwards exchanged with Judge Mitchell Hinsdill for an improved
farm two miles and three-quarters west of the old home on Gull Prai-
rie, and July 4, 1838, the family returned to Richland. This farm he
owned at the time of his death — 210 acres.

Mr. Little was engaged as a mill-wright in 1838, '39 and '40, in the
construction of flouring mills at Yorkville, Paw Paw and Kalamazoo.
Leaving the farm at Richland in charge of his two younger sons, Wm.
Henry and Albert, in 1863, he took up his permanent residence in
Kalamazoo. [His only daughter Ellen, (Mrs. Wm. C. Travis) died in
Kalamazoo, Feb. 21, 1878, aged 50.] Mr. Little has devoted his later
years to general reading, and has written and furnished for publication
many essays and papers upon various subjects, particularly scenes and
incidents of frontier life, personal reminicenses of boyhood days in New
England, and of stirring events of pioneer life connected with the early
settlement of Michigan. Possessed of a wonderful memory, minute and
accurate in all particulars, his many and exhaustive contributions to
the pioneer history of the county and State have been highly prized
for their correctness and general fullness of detail.

Henry Little in his more prominent characteristics was a man of
positive convictions, of indomitable energy, perseverance and self-will;
orderly, painstaking, frugal and industrious in all his habits; scrupu-

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 131

lously exact, undeviating, upright and reliable in business affairs; ortho-
dox, strong and unswerving in his religious faith, enjoying as a citizen,
neighbor and friend the high esteem and confidence of his fellow men.
The life acts and character of such a man as Henry Little need no
praise, for, of themselves, they are his eulogy. Singularly pure, void
of offense, free from contention, ever desirous of doing his best for the
welfare of others, capable of filling any public position with distinction,
yet never self-seeking, esteemed by his neighbors and all who have
ever been associated with him in the affairs of life, during his long
and active career, one of the most loyal and best of citizens in the
highest and noblest sense which the term implies, he fully presents
the type of a true American. With a calmness and willingness to
depart rarely witnessed, and with a mind strangely clear and strong
for one of his advanced age to the very last, he laid down the burdens
of earth and sank to rest without fear, in the full and perfect confi-
dence that he was to enter that life beyond " which is eternal in the
heavens." Outliving all his early associates and contemporaries, he
died at the extreme age of 93 years, leaving three sons — Frank, Wm.
Henry and Albert and their descendants, to revere and cherish his
memory.

KENT COUNTY.
THOMAS D. GILBERT.

Mrs. Foster Kelley, of Gaines, died March 16, 1889.

Mrs. Alonzo Platt, M. D., of Grand Eapids, died April 19, 1889.

Mrs. Caroline N. White, of Grand Rapids, died June 21, 1889.

Mrs. Frank Van Driele, of Grand Rapids, died Oct. 7. 1889.

Mrs. *Lmies M. White, of Walker, died March 17, 1889.

Mrs. Reuben E. Davis, of Wyoming, died Nov. 20, 1889.

Mrs. Obed H. Foot, of Grand Rapids, died Feb. 18, 1889.

Thomas Smith came to Grand Rapids, Aug. 5, 1856, died March 6,
1889, aged 69 years.

Ichabod L. Quimby, died March 21, 1889.

Wright L. Coffinbury came to Grand Rapids in June, 1846, from
Ohio. He was a civil engineer for the city several years. Died March
25, 1889, aged 82 years. [For a more extended notice see p. 131 vol.
14 Pioneer and Historical collections].

John Ederson came to Grand Rapids in 1840. He was a farmer, and
lived on his farm on West Bridge street hill until his death Feb. 28,
1889, aged 73 years.

132

ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

Emons E. Huntly came to Grand Eapids in 1857, and died April 16,
1889, aged 62 years.

James Muir, a native of Scotland, came to Grand Rapids in 1851. A
man of sterling integrity. He was an invalid for many years; held the
office of collector of the second ward from its organization until he
was compelled by failing health, about 1888, to resign. He died Jan.
15, 1889, aged 68 years.

Hiram H. Allen came to the territory of Michigan in the year 1830,
and to the Grand river valley in 1838; settled on a farm where he lived
to the time of his death; was justice of the peace many years. Died
Jan. 1, 1890, aged 86 years.

William I. Blakely came from Buffalo, N. Y., in 1837; was a car-
penter by trade; held the position of Deputy U. S. Marshal about 1840;
was supervisor of the third ward of Grand Rapids for several terms,
also held other offices of trust. Died June 16, 1889, aged 79 years.

George W. Doge came to Grand Rapids in 1849; was an ornamental
plasterer. Died July 26, 1889.

Anson N. Norton came from Mount Morris N. Y., in 1857; was
sheriff of Kent county two years; was one of the contractors who paved
Monroe street with the cobble stone pavement, the first street pared in
the city of Grand Rapids. Died at his home near Grandville, Aug. 7,
1889, aged 68 years.

LENA WEE COUNTY.
FRANCIS A. DEWEY.

No.

Residence.

Name.

Date of Death.

Age.

Ridge way

Augustus Montgomery

June, 1889...

Ridgeway

Mrs. Francis Coats

June, 1889 ...

Tecnmseh

Joseph E. Hall

June, 1889

Ridge way

Peter Osterhout

June, 1889

Tecumseh .

Richard Ford _

June, 1889

Clinton

Malinda Doty

June, 1889

Deerfield

Henry Morse . ..

June, 1889,

Deerfield

Charlotte Henica

June, 1889

Adrian

Susan Hanford

June, 1889

Ridgeway

Mrs. Lyman A. Curtis

June, 1889

Canandngna

Joseph Smith .

June. 1889

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE.

133

No.

Residence.

Name.

Date of Death.

Age.

1?,

Rollin

Levi Hoag

June 1889

Tenurnsnh, _

Jeremiah Hendrix

June, 1889

Raisin

Libni Kelley

June, 1889

Adrian... .

John Dolbier.

June, 1889

Madison

David Ayers

Jane, 1889

Adrian

Albert Wilcox

July, 1889

Adrian. . .

William Benson

July, 1889

Adrian...

George Lute

Jnly, 1889

flO

Adrian. .

T)r. M. TJ. Shnrman

July, 1889

•»

Rollin

Phebe Bonney

July, 1889

Madison .

Thomas Barber

July, 1889

Adrian

George L. Bidwell

July, 1889

Adrian

Aaron Price

July, 1889

Tecumseh

William Tilton .

Jnly, 1889

?,B

Morenci . . .

Mrs. Peter House

July, 1889

Raisin .

James Cairns . .

Jnly, 1889. .

Adrian.. .

John Mallory

July, 1889

Woodstock

Mrs. Richard Pelham. ..

July, 1889

Adrian.. .

William Graves

July, 1889

Seneca

Wallace Whaly

July, 1889

3?,

Clinton .. .

Betsy Larzelere

July, 1889

Rome

Jane Raymond

Jnly, 1889.

Riga

Emily Colwell

July, 1889

Adrian

Mr«. Oh»rl«« flf*v«nB

July, 1889 . .

Blissfield

Mary Keaton .

July, 1889

Ogden

Mrs. Amasa Cowell .- ..

July, 1889

Clinton

Robert Gregg ...

Jnly, 1889

Cambridge.

James Blowers .. . ..

Jnly, 1889

Hudson

Samuel King

July, 1889

Deerfield

Hugh McVarie

August, 1889

4?,

Deerfield.

Mrs. McVarie . .

August, 1889

Ridgeway

Simeon Oliver

August, 1889

Fairfield ...

Sally Baker De Land

August, 1889

Franklin

Alice D. Osborn .. . . ------

August, 1889

Franklin

Laura Turner

August, 1889

Adrian

Maryani Allhons«

September, 1889. .

Monrenci

Joseph Head .. .

September, 1889. .

Tecumseh

Sarah Hall . , ..I. ,_.,,,

September, 1889..

Tecumseh

Halsey Lewis . -

September, 1889. .

Tecumseh

Kati« Tallm »"

September, 1889..

Tecnmseh...

Mahala Lowell Yanger...

September, 1889..

134

No.

Residence.

Name.

Date of Death.

Age.

Medina

Mrs. Gambell

September, 1889

Clayton

Mrs. Compton.

September, 1889

Adrian

Charles Bidwell..

October, 1889

fi.r>

Adrian

Henry Bowen . . . ....

October, 1889

Tecnmseh .

Mrs. Alanson Bangs

October, 1889

Morenci

Freelove Barnes

October, 1889

Ogden

Elijah Earls

October, 1889

Raisin

Isaac Stanly

October, 1889

fi1

Clinton

Andrew Fabrigne

October, 1889

Franklin

Rhoda Stout . .. .. .

October, 1889

Clinton

John Ed. McColum.

October, 1889

Macon

Garret At»n

October, 1889

Medina „ ...

Benjamin D. Osborn..

October, 1889 .

Adrian.

George W. Whipple . ..

October, 1889 .

Ogden

Charles Case

October, 1889

IVS

Brittan

Mrs. James Smith

October, 1889

Adrian

Elizabeth Hawk

October, 1889

Franklin

Rhoda Stout

October, 1889

Morenci

Lewis Breeze . .

November, 1889..

Kidgeway

Amelia W. Smith . .....

November, 1889

Adrian

Ezra M. Burnham

November, 188§

Clinton

Harriet Lancaster

November, 1889

Tecumeeh _ .

James Gregg .

November, 1889

Hudson .

Mrs. William Pettit

November, 1889

Adrian

Philo Mills

November, 1889

Franklin

Mrs. Baldwin .... .

November, 1889..

Rome _.

Hiram Lawrence .

December, 1889

Adrian.

Mrs. Nichols

December, 1889

Adrian..,.

Mary Hoag . . s

December, 1889...

K?,

Macon

Katie Langam . _.

December, 1889...

Adrian
Fairfield... .

Abram Hathaway..

Maria Scump

December, 1889...
December, 1889

84
77

Tecumseh

John Whiteneck ... _.

December, 1889. ..

Tecnmseh

William Thorp

January, 1890

Morenci

Fannie Hall . .

January , 1890

Adrian

Nancy Beach

January, 1890

Adrian

Mary Gafengy

January, 1890

Palmyra

Caroline Hendershot

January, 1890

Adrian

Maria H. Angevine .

January, 1890

9?,

Morenci _ .

Elisha Baker . ...

January, 1890

Tecumseh __

D. W. Clark ..

January, 1890...

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE.

135

Residence.

Name.

Date of Death.

Age.

Hudson..

N U. Tracy

Baiein...

Carrie Chase-

Adrian

Mrs. Luanenbush

Adrian

Dorathy Crnger

Adrian

Smrah Hollas ..

Adrian .

Daniel Benedict

100

Adrian

Thomas Warren

101

Kollin

Richmond Hathaway

8ft

102

Morenci ^...

Christopher Smith

January IS'X)

103

Morenci

Mrs. Marlott..

104

Seneca

Horatio N. Crowe

105
106

Morenci
Ogden

R. Richards

Sulivan B. Hicks

January, 1890

fiX

107

Fairfield .

Harriet Morse

January 1890

108

Clinton

Mary Ann Kie.s

January 1890

109

Macon

a«

110

Franklin

January 1890

111

Tecumseh

Mrs Perly Bills

January 1890

112

DeerfieloL

Elizabeth Burke

January 1890

118

Adrian

Smith Older

February 1890

114

Hudson _.

February 1890

115

Adrian

R I. Bradley

February 1890

116

Seneca

February 1890

117

Morenci .....

February, 1890

118

Clinton

George Wier

February, 1890

119

Adrian

William Ray

February, 1890

120

Rollin ..

February, 1890

1?,1

Geneva

February 1890

122

Hudson

February, 1890

123

Woodstock

February, 1890

124

Adrian

February, 1890

125

Cambridge

February, 1890

126

Rome

February, 1890

127

Franklin.

Polly Doming

February, 1890 _

128

Franklin

February, 1890

129

Rome...

Phil Mosher . .. .

February, 1890....

130

Franklin.

Februaryi 1890

181

Adrian...

Mrs. J. Wescott

February, 1890

18?,

Rome ..

Andrew Taylor

March, 1890

183

Adrian

William Bennet

March, 1890

134

Rollin .

ohn Tingly...

March, 1890. _.

136

ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

No.

Residence.

Name.

Date of Death.

Age.

135

Franklin.

J. Doming

March, 1890

186

Adrian . _

Julia Davis •

March, 1890

137

Adrian

Mrs. H. R. Russell

March, 1890

138

Cambridge

Mrs. J. Lee . .

March, 1890

139

Morenci

Miss C. Wilder.

March, 1890

140

Palmyra

Miss Emily G. Hill

March, 1890

141

Adrian

Wm. Johnson

April, 1890

142

Adrian ;...

Francis Van Doren . . . ..

April, 1890

143

Cambridge

J. M. Richardson.

April, 1890

144

Cambridge

Simon Shultes

April, 1890

1K>

Dover

Charles Gamble .. _ .

April, 1890 .

146

Tecumseh ...

Nancy Boyd ..

April, 1890

147

Adrian

Jacob Fisher

April, 1890

148

Adrian.. .. .

Shubel Field .

April, 1890

149

Cambridge

Delight Durkee ..

April, 1890

150

Morenci

Robert Smith

April, 1890

151

Adrian

Thomas W.Davis

April, 1890

153

Adrian

Sabrina Green . .. _.

April, 1890....

153

Adrian

Christain Bickel

April, 1890

154

Adrian .

Herbert Miller .

April, 1890

155

Morenci

Lon Colvin

May, 1890 ...

156

Franklin

Mrs. James Hunter

May, 1890.. ..

157

Ridgeway

Mrs. Joshua Waring

May, 1890

158

•Franklin.

Morris Fox

May, 1890

159

Tecumseh

Mary Hough. .

May, 1890

160

Medina

Elvira Marshall

May, 1890. .

161

Adrian.. _ _ ..

Nancy Conklin

May, 1890

162

Adrian.

Lvdia B. Smith

May, 1890

101

163

Cambridge

John Silvernail _ .

May, 1890

164

• Deerfield

Charles Cannon

May, 1890.

1fi5

Adrian

Jane Wadsworth

May, 1890

166

Deerfield.

Reuben Thayer .

167

Deerfield

Dr. Wm. Wood

June.

168

Adrian

Samuel Leeds

June, 1890

Number 168—66 over SO years of age; one over 101, Mrs. Lydia Smith, Adrian.

MRS. PRUDENCE E. CLEMENT.

Prudence E. Clement, daughter of Jonathan and Sallie (Robertson)
Gray, was born at Dundee, N. Y., January 20, 1828, and died July
12, 1888, at Blissfield. In 1837 with her father's family she made
the tedious journey by stage from her birthplace to Buffalo, thence by

REPORT OP THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 337

boat to Detroit and then through the dense forests to Lenawee county,
finally settling in the township of Ogden, where the father had
purchased eighty acres of the heavily timbered country, and began
at once to hew out a home. The old log house with its huge fire-place
at one end, where the early years of our subject's life were passed has
long since given away to modern improvements and the wild land which
the sturdy pioneer and his sons subdued and brought into cultivation
is now tilled by others. October 3, 1846, she was married to John
B. Clement, a sturdy pioneer who was anxious to achieve greatness
and fortune with only a strong arm and a stout heart to start with.
The first few years of their married life was spent in the village of
Blissfield, while the husband was engaged in work on the Erie and
Kalamazoo railroad. But working for day wages was beneath their
ambition and in 1852 they gathered together their savings and bought
120 acres of the wooded lands of Ogden. A half acre was cleared and
the rude log house hastily built. Each year saw the line of woods
removed further back from the dwelling until finally the last sturdy
monarch of the forest fell from the blows of the woodsman's axe.
She lived to see it all. In place of the log house stood a large farm
dwelling, and other improvements to correspond. More acres were
added to the original purchase and the home was blessed with all the
comforts of true home life. Ten children had been brought into the
world, two of whom had been lain away to the final sleep. She lived
to see all these changes and had reached that period where rest and
comfort are due those like her who had braved the trials and cares
incident to pioneer life, but when she was informed that the end was
drawing near she called her family to her bedside and bade each an
affectionate farewell, with words full of love and good advice, and
quietly dropped into a slumber from which she did not awake on this
earth. In 1863 she united with the M. E. church and her life was
marked with many Christian acts which endeared her to all who knew
her.

Mrs. Clement's mother whose death preceded that of the daughter
nearly nine years was also a true type of an early pioneer. Bereft of
her husband she struggled along for nearly a quarter of a century
until the satisfaction of seeing a large family started well in life.
The remarkable fact in connection with her life is that she saw seven
distinct generations of her family. Two previous and four subsequent
to her own.
18

138 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

MONTCALM COUNTY.

J. P. SHOEMAKER.
LUTHER. R. JENKS.

Luther R. Jenks died in Ferris township, Montcalm county, Mich-
igan, April 21, 1890. Mr. Jenks was born in Cattaraugus. county, N. Y.
in 1815. Was married, and came to Michigan in 1844. Was one of
the first settlers of Fairplains township, Montcalm county. Always
a farmer. Raised a large family of boys, three of whom served in the
army during the war.

WILLIAM Y. STARKS.

William Y. Starks died at his home in Fairplains township, Mont-
calm county, June 5, 1890. Mr. Starks was born in Sodus, N. Y.
in 1816, December 12. Married in 1844, came to Michigan and Mont-
calm county, 1856, and settled on his farm where he has continued to
reside. His family consists of three daughters, two of whom, both
married, survive him.

MRS. MARY E. GURNEY FISH.

Died, at her home in Greenville, on Friday, March 7, 1890, Mrs.
Mary E. Gurney Fish, wife of Dr. E. Fish, and mother of Miss
Mary E. Fish, preceptress of Greenville high school.

Mary E. Gurney was born March 30, 1825, in Cummington, Hamp-
shire county, Massachusetts. Her life journey ended just before she
had reached the sixty-fifth mile-stone.

While yet in her early childhood the family left the old New Eng-
land home, and sought a new one in Ohio. The state was compara-
tively new, but the favored portion of it in which the Gurney s
found a home — the Western Reserve — :was distinguished for the intelli-
gence and educational enterprise of its people, most of whom were
natives of New England. No part of the west afforded to the pioneer
such advantages for the education of his children. And of these advan-
tages the father of Mary Gurney made the most. The education which
his daughter received in the excellent common school was supple-
mented by instruction in select school and academy. Chester Aca-
demy, made famous by having numbered among its students James A.
Garfield, at a little earlier date enrolled upon its register the modest
name of Mary Gurney. This was her last school home. Here she
made the acquaintance of Dr. Elias Fish, whose wife she became Sept.
6, 1848.

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 139

Three years after their marriage, Dr. and Mrs. Fish moved to this
State, locating, in the fall of -1851, in Otisco township, Ionia county,
where they resided for eighteen years. Intellectually bright, quick
and cultured, a writer, a singer, Mrs. Fish naturally found her place
among the leaders in every enterprise that had for its object the
mental culture and elevation of the community. And what she was
worth in this direction is shown by the universal esteem and regard
in which she is held in the " old Otisco neighborhood." To her quick
and clear mind she added a heart so kind and warm, so full of all
that was generous and tender, that to know her was to love her.
Those who needed her helpful ministrations most knew her best. Her
neighbors, especially those into whose lives had come want or sorrow,
the young girls who helped in the domestic work of the house, the boys
who did chores for their board while they attended school — in each of
these last she saw the coming woman or the coming man; and perhaps
no part of her life has been richer in its fruitage than the quiet work
she did for them in her own home. Certainly no more sincere mourn-
ers gathered about her, as she lay in her last sleep among the flowers,
than those whose privilege it had been to do her service. Young peo-
ple of all classes found in her an interested and appreciative friend,
and in the hearts of many of our own young people her memory will be
most tenderly cherished. Accompanying a gift of flowers from one of
these was this request " Please put them near her." The flowers that
covered her casket with beauty, and made fragrant the air about it,
were largely the gift of young people.

Always frail, Mrs. Fish was for many years of her life an invalid,
much of the time a great sufferer. Meek and patient, she could say
with the Apostle Paul, " While I look not at the things which are seen,
but at the things which are not seen, I faint not, for this, my light
affliction, which is but for a moment, worketh for me a far more exceed-
ing and eternal weight of glory."

The last twenty years of Mrs. Fish's life were spent among us. As a
Christian she lived and died. Converted in her early youth, she was for
some time a member of the Free Will Baptist church; during the later
years of her life she was a member of the Congregational church of
Greenville.

Pure and loving in life, she had nothing to fear in death. So quietly
did she sink into her last sleep, that those who stood about her almost
" thought her sleeping when she died," and to them these words of
Montgomery seemed most beautifully true:

There's nothing terrible in death;

'Tis but to cast our robes away,
And sleep at night without a breath

To break repose till dawn of day.

140 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

MUSKEGON COUNTY.
H. H. HOLT.

Name.

Date of Death.

Place of Death.

Age.

Frank Young.. . .. _

Aug. 4, 1889

Muskegon

Eruntiis Wilcox

May 15, 1890

Highland Park, 111.

George Rnddiman

June 8, 1890

Muskegon

FKANK YQUNG.

Frank Young was born in 1821, near Thier, on the river Rhine in
Germany, and came to America in 1847 reaching Muskegon in the
autumn of the same year. He worked the first winter in the woods at
Sand Creek for J. D. Merrill, returning to Muskegon in the spring.
The next two years he was in the employ of George Ruddiman who had
then lately built the mill now known as the Montgomery, Champaigne
& Co. mill in Muskegon. He afterwards carried on a boarding house
for a time in company with Peter Lansiff. Some twenty years since
he purchased a small farm in the township of Muskegon on which he
continued to reside until the time of his death. He was accidently
shot a few days before his death by a boy who was out hunting, and
died Aug. 4, 1889 in consequence of the wound. He was always known
as a good, honest, industrious citizen.

EBASTUS WILCOX.

Died, at Highland Park, Illinois, May 15, 1890, Erastus Wilcox, one
of the pioneer settlers and business men of Muskegon, Michigan, at
the ripe old age of 92 years.

Mr. Wilcox was born in Stockbride, Massachusetts; came west in the
spring of 1837, stopping in Chicago, from whence he removed to Mus-
kegon the following spring, having formed a partnership with his
brother-in-law, Theodore Newell, and his brother Horace Wilcox, under
the firm name of Theodore Newell & Co., for the erection of a steam
saw mill.

The first lumber sawed at this mill was shipped to Chicago in the
autumn of 3839, the mill being the second of those in operation on
Muskegon lake.

Mr. Wilcox and his family remained in Muskegon with his brothers
and their families for two years, experiencing all the deprivations and
hardships of settlers in a new country, when he returned to Chicago,
and resided in that vicinity until the time of his death.

REPORT >OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 141

GEORGE EUDDIMAN.

George Ruddiman, who has resided in this county continuously since
1840, died at his residence in Muskegon June 8, 1890. Mr. Ruddiman
was born in Aberdeen, Scotland, Sept. 29, 1815, and came to America
in 1833, stoppimg one year in Pennsylvania, when he came to Michigan,
and has since resided most of his time in this State. He settled in
Muskegon in April, 1840, and engaged as a millwright in 'repairing the
mill at the mouth of Bear lake. In 1841 he took charge of this mill,
and in 1844, in company with his brother, John Ruddiman, he bought
the property where the Montgomery, Champaigne & Co. mill now
stands.

In 1840, Mr. Ruddiman attended the election, in Muskegon and voted
for Gen. Harrison for president of the United States.

George Ruddiman built the first boat used for towing logs and
vessels in Muskegon lake. It was a small side-wheel steamer, and
was called "The Peggy," which did good service on Muskegon lake
for a number of years.

At the annual picnic of the Muskegon county Pioneer and ^Historical
Society, in August, 1887, Mr. Ruddiman was present and had prepared
the following paper, which was read, and which will be of interest now.
It reads:

"I have noted down some of my experiences in Michigan. If you
find anything in it that you can use, do so. My father moved into the
township of Dearborn, about seven miles from Detroit, in the Spring
of 1833. Our nearest neighbor was one mile off. I was at the so-
called Toledo War. While we lived there I was three days on a trip
to Detroit with oxen. There were but few horses in the country then.
There was but little grade or caste among new settlers and they went
almost as brothers. I came to St. Jo in 1838 when there was a few
houses under the hill but nothing on it where St. Jo now is, and Niles
was but a small village. In 1839 I was on the Kalamazoo river.
There was a house where Richmond now is and I heard Judge Little-
john deliver an oration on Fourth of July. I went up the river on
the first steamboat that went up that stream. Where Saugatuck now
is there was only a saloon. I worked at a mill at Singapore built for
six saws, about three-fourths of a mile from the mouth. In 1840 I
came to Muskegon. There were but few settlers then. There were
then three saw mills on Muskegon lake. These were Lloyd & Place's
mill which stood on the site of the Swan, White & Smith mill.
Another was a water mill at the mouth of Bear creek built by Jona-

142 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890. ^

than H. Ford, and the other the Newell mill now belonging to Ryer-
son, Hills & Co. Theodore Newell and Henry Penoyer, who was
postmaster, were two of the most prominent residents, also John A.
Brooks, of Newaygo, was here considerable of the time. I planted out
the first orchard in Muskegon county near the mill I owned at the
time and now owned by Montgomery, Champagne & Co. Considerably
many of the old apple, cherry and pear trees are still standing. The
orchard was set out, part of it, in 1848 and did so well that visitors
from the east took some of the fruits to show what Muskegon could
do in the way of raising fruit. The trees came from Rochester to
Chicago and from Chicago to Muskegon on lumber vessels. There
were but few if any nurseries in the west.

The township of Muskegon embraced a large part of what is now
Muskegon county, and at the first election after I came here, there
were, I think, 42 votes cast, including half-breeds. Muskegon
seemed to go backward until 1849. There was only one settler on
White Lake, Chas. Mears, and nothing on Black lake for some time
after Ferry at Grand Haven kept in a log warehouse. There was
nothing where the business part of Muskegon now is, except a log
house near where Rifenburg's hall is.

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE.

143

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150 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

LADIES AND GENTLEMEN — Again I hereby submit this, my annual
memorial report for the year closing May 31, 1890.

The year's mortality among the early pioneers of Oakland county has
been great, the number being 147. Many of those I have listed, I
have not been able to obtain a full date of their birth, nativity or
death. Among the number is one aged 107 years 11 months and 5 days.

There are nine persons whose deaths are mentioned, aged between
90 and 100 years, viz.: 1 at 99, 2 at 97, 1 at 96, 1 at 95, 1 at 91, and
3 at 90, whose total ages is 847 years or an average of 94 1-9 years.

Thirty-nine have died aged 80 to 89, viz.: 1 at 89, 2 at 88, 3 at
87, 5 at 86, 7 at 85, 6 at 84, 4 at 83, 4 at 82, 7 at 80. Total 3,286| years
or an average of about 84^r years.

Sixty-one have died aged 70 to 79, viz.: 5 at 79, 7 at 78, 7 at 77,
6 at 76, 6 at 75, 4 at 74, 7 at 73, 4 at 72, 10 at 71, 5 at 70. Total
4,571^ years, or an average of 75 years.

Thirty-four have died aged 60 to 69, viz. : 3 at 69, 7 at 68, 3 at 67, 7
at 66, 2 each at 65 and 64, 3 each at 63 and 62, 1 at 61 and 3 at 60.
Total, 2,227|- years, or an average of 65^ years.

The deaths have been the, most numerous at 71. Ten having died at
that age. The next greatest mortality is at the ages of 85, 80, 78, 77,
73, 68, and 66. Seven each at those ages.

The nationalities of the 147 is as follows: New York, 59; New Jer-
sey, 3; Vermont, 6; Connecticut, 6; Rhode Island, 2; New Hampshire,
1; Maryland, 1; Michigan, 4; England, 8; Scotland, 5; Ireland, 4
unknown, 48.

MRS. LINUS CONE.

Mrs. Mary Crooks Cone, " Aunt Polly," as she was familiarly called,
who was among the very earliest pioneer settlers of Troy and Avon,
died at her home August 7, 1889, where she had lived 62 years, and
a resident of Michigan 67 years. She was born in Richmond, Ontario
Co., N. Y., May 11, 1807, being at the time of her death 82 years, 2
months and 26 days old. She was the daughter of David and Eunice
Knox Crooks, of Blandford, Hampden Co., Mass., who emigrated from
there to Richmond, N. Y., in March, 1800, then a wilderness and called
the " Genesee Country." Her father built the first grist-mill in that
region of country and in 1811, while cutting ice from the water-wheel
slipped and was thrown under it, his leg being crushed, and remained
pinioned under the wheel and in the water for some time before assist-
ance came. His physical system thus received a shock from the effects
of which he died. Mrs. Cone was the youngest of eleven children and

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 151

the last surviving member of her family. Her brother Eli, enlisted in
the American army in the war of 1812 and was engaged in the battle
of Lundy's Lane and was killed while storming the hill where the
British had their artillery placed, his command being led by Col.
Miller. Her brother Eiley, was killed in Troy while chopping wood
by the falling of a limb, in April, 1830. Mrs. Cone's mother was a
direct lineal descendant of the Rev. John Knox, the reformer of Scot-
land. Her brother Riley bought from the U. S. Government the lands
on which the Crooks cemetery, in Troy, is located, in June, 1822, and
and with his mother and sister settled upon it the same year. He gave
a quarter of an acre for a cemetery when there was occasion for a
burial in that neighborhood, and from him it took its name, but from
time to time it has been enlarged until it now covers about three acres.
In June, 1825, Mrs. Cone returned with her brother-in-law, Wm. Pop-
pleton, to the place of her birth in New York, the new and sparsely
settled country of Michigan not being very attractive to a miss of
eighteen. In the fall of 1825 Mrs. Cone returned to Michigan with
Mr. Poppleton, his wife and two children, moving by land through
Canada with a team of horses and covered wagon, arriving in Troy
about the first of December, occupying about thirty-two days in mak-
ing the journey. The roads were very bad, the wagon heavily loaded
with necessary articles of household goods and the family and Mrs.
Cone were obliged to walk much of the distance and also to frequently
assist the others in helping the team up hills, by tying a stout bed-
cord to the wagon tongue and pulling with all their strength. On
August 12, 1827, she was united in marriage to Linus Cone, who had
purchased lands in Avon, built a log house and soon commenced house-
keeping, and in due course of time the old log house was abandoned
for a more commodious frame one on the same site, where she lived
until her death. Mrs. Cone has ever been a true wife and a valuable
helpmeet to her husband all through his life-time and now rests beside
him, who, in his active, busy life had no peer in the county or State
as a successful, scientific tiller of the soil, and well did she aid him in
bringing his heavily timbered lands to a suitable condition to enable
him to successfully compete for the first premium for the best appointed
and cultivated farm in the State, which he always captured so long
as he competed for the prize. She has been a worthy and prominent
compeer of the women of the county and State whose husbands came
to the front of civilization in a very early day of the settlement
of Michigan, and merits, as she has received through life, the confi-
dence, esteem and veneration of all her acquaintances, and her memory

152 ANNUAL. MEETING, 1890.

is deserving well of the generations following her, who will profit by
and enjoy the fruits of her labor and enterprise. Her own family of
three sons, Fred, Biley and Lorenzo, still survive her. The funeral
services were held at the M. E. church, Troy, at 11 o'clock Friday
morning, August 9, and was very largely attended by relatives and
life long friends and acquaintances.

MES. DAVID PADDACK.

Mrs. Mariette Hedges, the widow of Judge David Paddack, the latter
one of the most prominent early pioneers of Oakland county and Pon-
tiac, where he resided many years, died at the home of her son, J. P.
Paddack, in Evart, Friday morning, July 19, 1889.

A brief service was held at the home of the son, Saturday morning,
when the remains were brought to Pontiac.*

A few persons residing in Pontiac city, who knew the deceased, met
the remains, which were accompanied by two mourners, an aged sister,
Eliza Hedges, and an only son and child Jerome P. Paddack. The
volunteer reception committee were, Mr. and Mrs. A. "W. Hovey, Mrs.
W. M, McConnell, Mrs. D. C. Buckland, Mrs. Wm. Draper, Charles
Draper and Mark Walter. Ties and associations of the long past were
revived and the two mourners were warmly and affectionately received.
Mrs. McConnell took the two mourning friends in her carriage; when
quietly the remains were born away to the family lot in Oak Hill,
on an elevation overlooking the former large estate, now decimated.

Mrs. Paddack was born in Truxton, New York, in 1818 coming to
Michigan and Pontiac in 1838. The deceased was the second wife of
David Paddack and a cousin of the first wife. She was the mother of
a family of three children only one of whom survive, J. P. Paddack,
of Evart. Mrs. Paddack' s life was so intimately and actively associated
with early Pontiac, that her death would inspire a column of histori-
cal interests.

David Paddack, the husband of the deceased, came to Pontiac in
the early twenties, and up to 1855 was one of the leading business
men and characters in the then village. The Paddack Woolen Factory,
a few remote relics of which can now be seen on the race, made the
rolls for the spinning wheels for a circuit of 60 miles and night and
day for several months in the year could be heard the hum of machin-
ery, the beating of the fulling mill, the crash, crash, of the spinning
jacks and jennies as they twisted the thread for the warp, and woof
which was woven into cloth on shares for the sturdy pioneers of a
larp;e portion of eastern Michigan. This was before the days of ready

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL, COMMITTEE. 153

made garments, when the house-wives, mothers and daughters were all
seamstresses, possessing the skill to cut and make garments for a fam-
ily, but those days of household versatility are passed and everything
is made to order by specialists.

In 1845 David Paddack, having from the gleaning of his factory
laid up several thousand dollars, built Paddack's Flouring Mill and
when completed, Paddacksville, as it was then called, was a busy place,
the center of manufacturing enterprise of early Pontiac. Judge Pad-
dack could sit, as was his custom, on the east stoop of the house now
occupied by Henry Foot, sexton, and was monarch of almost all he
surveyed, covering over two hundred acres of land, dotted over with
nourishing manufacturing plants.

At the time of David Paddack's death, in the fifties, his estate
inventoried at very nearly $100,000, which was a large fortune in those
days, when accumulations were earned, and not piled up by trusts
and stock manipulation. In the making of the estate the deceased,
who was known to but few at present in Pontiac, played
well her part, by her energy, prudence, and care, aiding her husband
in his then large business enterprises. In the deceased's death, and
arrival of her remains in Pontiac, we were sadly impressed with life's
varying changes. The woman who years agone wielded a sceptre of
social power and influence is brought quietly and unostentatiously to
her final resting place in Oak Hill beside her husband and children.
A burial spot which was environed on all sides but one by a land
title in their name.

MRS. RICHARD WINDIATE.

Died, at her home in Pontiac, April 4, 1890, Charlotte, wife of the
late Eichard Windiate, aged 99 years, 5 months and 24 days.

Miss C. Hobbs was born in the Parish of Shornborn, Berkshire,
England, and was married to Kichard Windiate on the 22d of
November, 1812, the union being blessed with 14 children, two dying
in infancy.

In the year 1836 Mr. and Mrs. Windiate concluded to emigrate to
America, that their children might gain more advantage in securing
homes for themselves, in which they have been successful. Setting
sail from Portsmouth in April, landing in Brooklyn, up the Hudson
river to Albany, then by the Erie Canal to Buffalo, then by steamer
up lake Erie to Detroit, then by team to Pontiac, settling on what is
now the G. X. M. Collier farm, living there until the following April,
20

154 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

when they purchased and moved on the farm where they lived until
their death, Mr. W. dying in 1843.

Five sons and four daughters survive her, David, Charles, Walter
and Jesse, of this county, Thomas of Manitowoc, Wis., Mrs. R. Windiate
of Nickerson, Kansas, Mrs. Harris of Springfield, Mrs. Ash, of Pon-
tiac and Miss Sarah, who has kindly cared for her mother in her
declining years.

DR. M. LAMONT BAGG.

The death of Dr. M. L. Bagg at his home in Owosso, Wednesday eve-
ning, April 15, 1890, removes one of Pontiac's earliest and most prom-
inent citizens and professional men. In life's prime when actively
engaged in business and in the duties of his profession, there was no
man in Oakland county nearer to the hearts of the people than Dr.
Bagg. His social qualities were of that winning quality that he drew
persons to him with almost a magnet power. For many years he
practiced medicine in Pontiac, and during most of the time sold drugs.
His first business place being in the north 10 feet of what is now the
A. Parker store. A few years ago he went to St. Johns and opened a
drug store,' later to Fenton, and finally to Owosso where he died.

He was at one time mayor of Pontiac, meeting faithfully and con-
scientiously his official duties. He was a man of strong convictions,
with a power of speech that enabled him to enforce his views with
more than the average power of men. In early life he was converted
to Christianity and for many years was prominently identified with the
spiritual and temporal interests of the Pontiac M. E. church, where he
was a marked power for good. Later, we think his church affiliation
was with the Presbyterians.

Dr. Bagg was born at Floyd, Oneida county, N. Y., Aug. 23, 1809.
As near as we can ascertain he came to Michigan and Pontiac in 1835*

DEACON DANIEL HUBBELL.

The death of the venerable Daniel Hubbell which occurred at the
residence of Mrs. B. A. Bice, Lawrence street west, Pontiac, on Thurs-
day evening, Dec. 19, 1889, was anticipated by relatives and friends.
Some few weeks ago he fell on the walk striking on his head, and
was taken up in an unconscious condition. Although badly hurt he
did not give up, and the following day walked to his office, but he
soon yielded to the debilitating effect of the fall, and was compelled
to remain at his boarding house. He was one of the most ambitious
old men we ever knew, he seemed determined not to let go business

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 155

For several years his daughters and their husbands, Wm. E. Taylor, of
Big Rapids, and W. A. Sibley of Muskegon, tried to induce their
father to retire from the cares and responsibilities of business and
spend the remnant of his days in quiet with them, but he said
"No, I have prolonged my life by being busy, and shall continue to
write policies as long as .1 have strength to do so." This resolve he
kept, looking after the interests of some 18 insurance companies with
an energy and devotion that was wonderful in a man of his years.

Daniel Hubbell was born at Derby, Conn., May 15, 1809. When a
boy he moved with his parents to New York city. While there he
was married to Caroline DeHobe Phillips. He came to Michigan in
1839, settling first on the north bank of Lake Elizabeth, where he lived
until 1855, when he moved to Pontiac, and for quite a number of
years was a builder, planning and doing a large amount of work. In
the early seventies he opened a fire insurance agency, when by hard
work and devotion to duties, companies came to him almost unsolicited,
until at his death his register showed 18, among them many of the
'best of American and English campanies.

On Oct. 2, 1884, his wife died, leaving him alone and breaking up a
union in old age that was the embodiment of affection. Their church
was to them a home,, and the altar a divine and sacred place, and
unless sickness or separation prevented, they communed in Christian
peace and fellowship together; such was their earthly union, and in
Heaven they are united. They leave to their sorrowing daughters the
rich inheritance of lives spent in the service of their divine Master
and Redeemer. At the early age of 15 the deceased was converted
and baptized in the faith of the Baptist church. June 4, 1842, Daniel
Hubbell and Caroline, his wife, united with the first Baptist church in
Pontiac, by letter of dismission and recommendation from the South
Baptist church of New York City. On the 6th of January, 1844r
Daniel Hubbell, Abner Davis and A. H. Peck, were chosen deacons.
This official relation he held continuously until his death. During all
these years he was active and earnest in the spiritual and temporal
interests of his chosen Zion. His Christian principles and honor was
tested in the following incident related of him: at a business meeting
of the society an account was presented and payment asked; some one
in attendance suggested that the debt was cancelled by the statute of
limitation. The old man rose to his feet and in earnest words said,
"that an honest account against the Pontiac Baptist church never out-
lawed," when the claim was promptly audited. Such was the character
of the man of whom we write. In all business affairs his integrity

156 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

and honor was never questioned. The end of such a man is peace,
and his reward will be the richest heavenly gift his divine Master can
bestow.

The funeral services were held from the Baptist church Sunday
morning, Dec. 22, at the usual hour, the church being well filled with
mostly old people and business men. Rev. C. C. Miller, the pastor,
preached an eloquent sermon from an appropriate selection, from the
book of Job, 5th chapter, 26th verse: "Thou shalt come to thy grave
in a full age, like as a shock of corn cometh in its season."

MES. CHAMPLIN GREENE.

Died at the home of her granddaughter, Mrs. Joseph Soule of Farm-
ington, December 29, 1889, Mrs. Champlin Greene, aged 85 years.
The funeral was held from the M. E. church, Tuesday, Dec. 31.

Fannie Harger came of kind, enduring stock; her father and mother
lived in Revolutionary times, came to western New York, Ontario Co.,
town of Richmond, about 1800. One of more of her brothers were in
the war of 1812, and drew his first pension money at about 80 years'
of age.

The subject of this sketch was next to the youngest of a large family
and 68 years ago was married to Champlin Greene, joining him in
accord with the spirit and adventure of the age in a joyous wedding
tour through Canada, in a well-covered sleigh, behind a spirited, valu-
able pair of oxen, which he selected and trained for the expedition.

They settled in the woods eight miles east of what is now Pontiac
and what is known as Avon, and there delved and courageously fought
the hardships, and conquered the obstacles of a wilderness, freighted
with wild beasts and howling Indians for 15 years before the then
territory became a State. For 63 years they toiled, cheerfully sacri-
ficed and enjoyed together, always boasting with pride of that wed-
ding tour, saying that it cemented a union that no power on earth
could dissolve until death, and they proved it.

Her late husband came two years in advance of his bride to secure
a home; five years in advance, at the age of 87, he passed into the
eternal with the same resignation and unfaltering steadiness of purpose
that characterized his 87 years, and she follows with hopes of reunion.
They leave seven children who appreciate the worth and sacrifices of
their parents, and in return have distinguished themselves by unsparing
kindness. C. W. G,

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL, COMMITTEE. 157

JAMES ANDREWS.

James Andrews, one of Oakland county's early residents, and oldest
citizens, died at the residence of A. Parker, in Pontiac, early Monday
morning, November 25, 1889, at the advanced age of 90 years the 18th
of last August. For some two years he had been confined to the
house, the constant care of his stepdaughter, Mrs. Parker, who was
untiring in her efforts to make the decline of life as smooth as possi-
ble. With plenty of means in tender hands, everything was done to
relieve his suffering and prolong life, but he had run a long race, and
passed quietly away as one going to sleep. James Andrews was born
in Andover, Vt., August 18, 1799, came to Pontiac in 1838, and
embarked in the mercantile business, which he carried on for several
years. For a number of years previous to his death he had lived a
retired life at the home of A. Parker, where he had held a family
relation for 35 years. The deceased was a quiet man, talking but little,
but always had an eye upon the worthy poor, many of whom, during his
life, have felt the cheering influence of his charities. For the past few
years he was in the habit, with a man now living in the city, of making
Christmas calls, and warming the hearts of those visited with substantial
gifts. His will, in its provisions, shows an appreciative and charitable
spirit in liberal bequests to those who have been kind to him, and to
others for whom he had sympathy. The deceased leaves two brothers,
John Andrews, of Mukwonago, Wis., aged 94 years, and Simeon, of
Orion, this county, aged 80. The funeral was held from the Parker
residence on Auburn Ave., Tuesday, at 1:30 p. m., Rev. W. E. Seaver
officiating, and the remains were interred in the family lot in Oak Hill.

EDWARD W. PECK.

Edward W. Peck died at his home on west Huron street, Pontiac,
after 10 days' illness early Sunday morning, Aug. 25, 1889, at the
advanced age of 82 years, 5 months and 6 days. In his official capacity
as secretary of the Oakland county pioneer society, he had for the
past decade devoted his time and study to the gleaning and compiling
of biographies and incidents in the early history of Oakland county.
In view of the interest he has taken, it seems fitting and proper to
bestow upon him the tribute of respect and recognition he had so
liberally bestowed upon his early-day compatriots in pioneer life. In
writing Edward W. Peck's obituary we feel we are paying the last sad
tribute to one to whom we are indebted for much valuable information
in the past, and we can but feel sad in the thought that the oral

158 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

avenue of knowledge is forever closed, the tongue which told us the
stories of the far off past is silent, and the hand which recorded events
is palsied in death. He has left a record written by himself, and from
a brief autobiography of his own we shall furnish the readers of the
Gazette with incidents in his early life. Edward W. Peck was born
at West Bloomfield, Ontario county, New York, March 19, 1807. Of
his parentage and early history he says:

"First, let me say that our branch of the family name descended from
William Peck, who was born in London in 1601, emigrated to America
in 1637, and settled in Connecticut. My grand-father, of the fifth
generation from Wm., moved from Connecticut in 1800 with a family
of six sons and four daughters and settled in West Bloomfield, Ontario
county N. Y. My father had, in 1798, driven a yoke of oxen, attached
to a cart loaded with flour, from Connecticut to Ontario county, over
300 miles, and subsequently returned with his oxen and cart to Con-
necticut, and again came on with his father. Personally, I Jtiave not
suffered from being a pioneer of Oakland, as many have; my life has
not been a very eventful one, and I have great reason to be thankful
for the blessing of good health and for the constant supply of my
daily wants, which is about all we need here or can enjoy. I came to
the then territory of Michigan on a tour of observation in May, 1830,
in company with two friends, one a distant relative, the other, Mr. John
Garland, who the next year settled in Pontiac, and soon after married
a daughter of Judge Bagley, now Mrs. Nancy Davis. We spent
some three or four weeks traveling in Washtenaw, Wayne and Oakland
counties, two or three days in Pontiac, finding here an acquintance, the
late Francis Darrow, who took special pains to show us the town and
its advantages. Pontiac was then like Plattsburg in the old song,
'Town small, he grow bigger do hereafter.' There was a hotel,
situated, I think, on the corner where Boyd's millinery store is, a
small hatter's shop, two or three stores, and a printing office was
being put in order, by a man called 'Saxey Bogey,' to publish the
Oakland Chronicle. My friend Garland then made some arrangements
about business, and on hig^ return to Pontiac, engaged in the manufact-
ure of wooden ware, pails, tubs, etc. The Saginaw turnpike was then
being built and was completed about seven or eight miles from Detroit.
After traveling about the country all we desired, we returned to Detroit,
stopping at the 'Yankee Boarding House' three or four days, waiting
for the new steamboat 'Henry Clay' to arrive, on which to take passage
to Buffalo. This steamboat was thought to be a wonder. We took
passage on her to Buffalo and I returned to my father's home.

REPORT OP THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 159

"I remained at home and worked on my father's farm until October
1, 1831, when, having decided to become a citizen of Michigan, I left
my native town (West Bloomfield, N. Y. ), for the west. I owned
some timbered land in the county of Washtenaw, and came on with
the expectation of attacking the forest and clearing up a farm. I had
my axes securely fastened in the bottom of my chest, which contained
my clothing, suitable for a farmer, including some tow and linen for
summer wear, of my own mother's manufacture. On the passage from
Buffalo to Detroit, in company with an acquaintance, my purpose was
changed and I settled in Troy in this county, and engaged in merchan-
dising, which I continued in for the most of the time for over 20
years."

In the fall of 1854, Mr. Peck was nominated as a candidate for
county clerk by the Republican convention, the first county ticket affer
the organization of the party at Jackson. He was elected, and in the
fall of that year, after a residence in Troy of 23 years, engaged most
of the time in the mercantile trade, he moved to Pontiac where he
had lived continuously since. He was re-elected county clerk in 1856.
In the early sixties he represented the 4th ward of Pontiac on the
board of supervisors for several terms. Possessing fine clerical ability
he devoted most of his time to writing officially for the various
county and local officers.

In habits of life Mr. Peck was one of the most exact and exacting
men we ever met. During all his long life he was a total abstainer
from the use of liquor or tobacco in any form, and his opposition to
the use of either he fearlessly manifested on all occasions, public or
private. Whether as a Christian or moralist what he professed he
exemplified in his life.

From early manhood he had been a professed Christian. In 1834 he
was one of the founders of the Troy Presbyterian church. When he
moved to Pontiac he united with the Congregational society. Some
time after he changed his church affiliation to the Pontiac Presby-
terian church, when he was soon elected elder, holding this relation at
his death. For many years he had been elected clerk of the session,
and was an active participant in the spiritual and material interests of
the society.

The deceased was three times married. By his first marital relation
two daughters survive him; Mrs. ex-Governor David Jerome and Mrs.
B. B. Buckhout, of Saginaw. By his second marriage he leaves one
son, Edward I. Peck of Saginaw. His third marriage was with Mrs.

160 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

F. M. Greehy, who survives him, all of whom mourn the loss of a
true, devoted parent and a kind, indulgent husband.

Two brothers, J. Franklin Peck, of Springfield, Mass., aged 79, and
John S., of Oberlin, Ohio, aged 71, and a younger sister mourn his
death.

The deceased was a good man and true in every relation of life and
his death will be a great loss to the pioneer ^ociety, in which he was
officially and personally so active.

The publishers of the Gazette desire to put upon record the fact
that Mr. Peck had been a constant subscriber to the Gazette from 1835
to the day of his death.

The funeral was held from the residence on Tuesday at 2 p*. m.,
Revs. W. S. Jerome and J. M. Gelston officiating, an immense throng
attending, including a large number of old pioneers from all over the
county, and the remains buried in the family lot at Oak Hill. — Pon-
tiac Gazette, Aug. 30, 1889.

MKS. JOHN CHAMBERLIN.

Mrs. John Chamberlin, one of Oakland county's oldest pioneers,
died Jan'y 16, 1889, in Bloomfield at the home of her daughter, Mrs.
Daniel Kimble, in the 91st year of her age and after a very short ill-
ness. Funeral services conducted by Rev. Wm. S. Jerome, were held at
the house Sunday afternoon in the presence of many relatives and
friends, and the remains were interred in the family burying ground
just east of the Kimble residence. Rebecca Wilson was born April
18, 1799, at Ovid, Seneca counly, New York, and in March, 1824, was
married to John Chamberlin. They concluded to go west, and thirty
days later reached the territorial wilds of Michigan and from the gov-
ernment took up the land now occupied in part or whole by Messrs
Kimble, Hadsell and Dewey. Mr. Chamberlin, it will be remembered,
died Nov. 20, 1876. They both endured all the hardships incident to
pioneer life, but knew no such word as fail, and prospered accordingly.
Mrs. Chamberlin was among the first members of the Presbyterian
church that was formed at Amy over sixty years ago, and of which
religious body she was always a consistent member. She leaves one
daughter, a brother at Ovid, sister at Monroe and many friends to
mourn her loss.

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE.

OTTAWA COUNTY.
REV. A. S. KEDZIE.

161

Name.

Date of Death.

Age.

Hi^am Jenison . .

November 11, 1889

Wales F. Storrs

February 15, 1890

Isaac Thompson .. - -

March 7, 1890

HIEAM JENISON, OF JENISON.

Hiram Jenison, one of the early pioneers of Grand river valley, died
at his home near Jenison at 12:30 on the morning of November 11,
1889, aged 76 years. He was ill but a few days, and was taken away
by inflammation of the lungs. The deceased leaves a widow aged 70
years and a large family, several of the children being married.

Hiram Jenison was born at Canton, St. Lawrence county, N. Y.,
May 11, 1813. His parents were in humble circumstances, and when
he reached his majority he came to Michigan, arriving at Grandville
in 1834. He engaged with Brown & Britton, and worked in the lum-
ber woods for five years. He then procured the quarter section of
land, which was his home when he died, and in 1844, with his brothers
Luman and Lucius, engaged in lumbering at what for many years was
called Jenisonville, now Jenison. In 1838 he married Miss Mary
Beardsley, who survives him. He was an active, energetic man, always
taking a lively interest in public affairs, was frequently called upon to
discharge the duties of township offices, and served two terms in the
State Legislature.

HON. WALES F. STORRS.

Hon. Wales F. Storrs died at his residence in Coopersville, Mich.,
on Saturday the 15th of February, 1890.

Hon. Wales F. Storrs was a native of Essex, N. Y., was seventy-four
years of age at his death. He came to Coopersville in 1864, and became
at once one of its leading citizens in business operations, erecting a
saw mill and a grist mill and engaging also in the mercantile busi-
ness. He was mainly instrumental in the erection of the first church
edifice, for use of the Coiigregationalists, of which he was a leading
member. The church was subsequently purchased by the Methodist
people and now occupied by them.

He married Miss Edna L. Niles, his second wife, and his surviving
widow, in 1868.
21

162

ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

Mr. Storrs moved to Grand Haven in 1872, where a better oppor-
tunity seemed to present itself for the prosecution of the lumbering
business. In 1877 he transferred his business operations to Florida,
but returned to Michigan in 1882, and to Coopersville the second year
following, engaging again in business, but being obliged, on account of
feeble health and other causes, to retire from active pursuits for the
last few years of his life, spending his leisure hours in those social
amenities and labors for the promotion of the best interest of church
and society, that rendered his life a blessing and an inspiration to
others, to imitate him in nobility of character and usefulness.

Mr. Storrs received political preferment at the hands of citizens.
He was a member of the State Legislature in 1867-68 and of the
State Senate in 1871-72, serving his constituency with great favor and
fidelity.

CAPT. ISAAC THOMPSON.

Capt. Isaac Thompson died at his home in Holland, on Friday after-
noon, March 7, 1890. He was born Aug. 17, 1821, in the city of
Kragero, Norway; came to this country with the lady who is now his
surviving widow, in 1847; moved to. this place, from Racine, Wis., in
1860; was one of the first prominent vesselmen of this port, and owned
and sailed the schooners A. P. Dutton, Pioneer, Eveline, W. Bates,
Four Brothers and Scudd. In the community the captain was an
exemplary citizen and neighbor, husband and father, and a leading
member of the M. E. church. Six children survive him.

SAGINAW COUNTY.
CHAS. W. GRANT.

Name.

Date of Death.

Age.

July 27, 1889

August 5,1889

August 4, 1889

Chas. Doughty

August 11,1889..

October 17, 1889

Chauncey S. Dutton

December 5, 1889

December 21, 1889

January 13,1890

Henry Marks

January 14, 1890..

James N. Swarthout

January 15, 1890

REPORT OP THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE.

163

Name.

Date of Death.

Age.

John Barter. . ,

February 8, 1890

George W. Davis

February 12, 1890

Mrs. Martha Davenport . .

February 24, 1890

Mrs. John Lent .

March 13, 1890

Patrick McEntee

March 14. 1890

William H. Warner __

March 18, 1890

Mrs. Charles K. Eddy...

March 30, 1890

J. A. Weaver .

April 12, 1890 j>

Mrs. Olive Braley

April 17, 1890

Mrs. John Mclntosh.. . _.

April 20, 1890

Bernhard Haack

May 7, 1890

Conrad Schwan

May 18, 1890.

George F. Lewis

May 30, 1890.

Nathan S. Lockwood

June 5, 1890

Hezekiah Miller

June 6, 1890

MES. HIRAM L. MILLEE.

At 8 o'clock a. m., July 27, 1889, surrounded by her family, Mrs.
Hiram L. Miller, realized her last earthly wish, and fell asleep.

The death of Mrs. Miller removes another of the ever-thinning pio-
neers who knew Saginaw as a wilderness. For more than fifty-three years
she hacl called Saginaw home, and the best part of her long, active,
useful life was lived here.

Adaline Miller was the fourth child of the late Dr. Charles Little,
of Avon, Livingston county, New York, where she was born November
30, 1810. Her father was one of the leading physicians in that part of
the country and practiced medicine in Avon 44 years and died there
in 1840. Mrs Miller was educated at the Ontario female seminary, and
was married to Hiram L. Miller at Avon, in 1830. At that time Mr.
Miller was pastor of the Presbyterian church, at Avon. In 1836 they
came to Saginaw and the influence of the family in shaping social and
moral tendencies in the then hamlet in the wilderness can scarcely be
estimated. The Presbyterian church here, which is today one of the
strongest in Michigan, was founded by them and a few other .devoted
people, scarce one of whom still remains. Mrs. Miller was conspicuous
for decision of character and fidelity to principle, and unostentatious
generosity. One son, Norman L. Miller, is her only child. There are
five grandchildren and two great-grandchildren. Mr. Miller, who is
several years her senior, has been in feeble health for some time.

164 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

Charles D. Little, of Saginaw, is a brother, and Mrs. Sarah Bugbee,
Miss Eliza A. Little, of Buffalo, N. Y., are sisters of Mrs. Miller.

JAMES MC GEEGOE.

James Me Gregor, who had been a resident of Saginaw 26 years,
died at his home on South Washington street, Monday, August 5, 1889,
of dropsy of the heart.

A short time ago he went to Point Lookout, returning Thursday night
last on account of his health, but his illness was thought but little of,
as his wife remained at the Point, expecting him to return in a short
time. He was on the street Saturday and was as well as usual Sunday.
Monday morning his son James assisted him off the bed and he was
sitting in a chair when he said: "I can't hold out much longer," and
in a few moments was dead.

Mr. McGregor was born in Scotland, September 12, 1810, and came
to Saginaw in 1863. He served during the war of the rebellion as a
member of Company A, Second Michigan cavalry. He carried on the
business of boiler maker in Saginaw for years. A few years ago he
associated with himself his two sons, James, Jr., and John McGregor,
the firm name being James McGregor & Sons. The firm was wound
up about a year ago, John L. Jackson purchasing an interest in the
business which has since been carried on by McGregor & Jackson,
James McGregor, Jr., being the senior member. .

Mr. McGregor was twice married, the first time before leaving Scot-
land. Two daughters, Mrs. William DeGraw, and Mrs. William Collins,
both of Bay City, are daughters by his first wife. He married his
second wife, Elizabeth Leland, about 35 years ago. Their children are
James and John McGregor, of Saginaw, Alex. McGregor, of Laramie
City, Wash., Donald McGregor, of Seattle, Wash., Mrs. Hamilton Bart-
ley, of Chicago, and Miss Lizzie McGregor, of Saginaw. Mr. McGregor
was a charter member of Saginaw Lodge No. 42, I. O. O. F., also of
Achilles Lodge No. 15, K. of P., and of Saginaw Division No. 5, Uni-
formed Bank, K. of P. He was a Republican in politics and twice
represented the sixth ward in the common council. Thomas and John
McGregor, of Detroit, and Moses McGregor, of Jackson, are brothers
of the deceased.

GEOEGE CAETEE.

Capt. George Carter clied on Sunday, August 4, 1889, at the Eastern
Michigan Insane Asylum at Pontiac, aged about 76 years. Deceased
was a native of England and came to Saginaw about 1851. He was a

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. .1 65

mason by occupation, and assisted in the construction of the Bancroft
House, and built many of the first brick buildings in the city. He
also erected many of the brick mill chimneys on the river.

He enlisted September 2, 1861, as first lieutenant in Company A.
second Michigan cavalry, of which John 0. Godley, of Flint, was cap-
tain. The regiment left Michigan November 14, of that year, under
command of Lieut. Col. William C. Davis..

September 25, 1862, Lieut. Carter was promoted to a captaincy. He
resigned his commission November 5, 1863, and was honorably
discharged.

He returned to Saginaw and engaged in his pursuit as mason and
builder which he followed until about 11 years ago, when age incapac-
itated him for active business. He kept a restaurant on Franklin
street some time and subsequently kept a hotel at the corner of
Genesee avenue and Brewster street. In June, 1888, mental infirmity
developed and he was sent to the asylum. He leaves one daughter,
Mrs. Maggie Hawley, who resides on Eaton street.

CHAS. DOUGHTY.

One by one the old residents are passing away. On Sunday morn-
ing, August 11, 1889, at seven o'clock Charles Doughty departed this
life after a long and painful illness, peacefully awaiting the summons
which would end his sufferings. The disease from which Mr. Doughty
died was cancer.

Charles Doughty was born in Beakman, Duchess county, N. Y.,
March 12, 1815, and was consequently 74 years and five months old at
the time of his death. He moved to Saginaw in December, 1863,
twenty-six years ago, and engaged in the book and stationery business
with his brother Thomas E. Doughty, who was in the jewelry business.
Afterwards he engaged in business with S. J. Eeynolds, under the firm
name of Doughty & Reynolds, which he continued but a short time.
In 1867 he held the office of city treasurer, and was widely recog-
nized as a careful and efficient official. He was also a member of the
board of education for many years and was president thereof, and for
two years represented the second ward on the board of supervisors.
In 1872 he was appointed by President Grant register of the U. S.
land office, which office he held for sixteen years, or until it was
removed in 1888 to Grayling under the law consolidating all the land
offices at that place. He filled this office with the same honesty and
ability that characterized everything he undertook.

In 1845 Mr. Doughty was married in Venice, Cayuga county, to Miss

166 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

Eunice Fish, and his wedded life was a long and happy one. He leaves
a wife and daughter and two brothers, T. E. and John, the latter resid-
ing in Colorado.

Mr. Doughty was a member of Ancient Landmark lodge No.
303. F. and A. M. and also of Saginaw Chapter and Saginaw Council.

During his twenty-six years residence in Saginaw, Mr. Doughty's
record as a citizen has been above reproach. Naturally a genial and
upright gentleman he was widely esteemed, and his memory will be
held in kindly remembrance by a large circle of friends to whom he
had become endeared. All in all he was a kind husband and father,
a good friend and citizen, whose integrity and honesty was never
questioned.

ASA PAINE.

Asa Paine a resident of Saginaw since 1854, died at his home, corner
of Washington and Ames streets October 17, 1889, of general
debility, his last illness dating back several weeks. His end was peace-
ful and he retained possession of every faculty till almost the last.

Asa Paine was born in Barre, Orleans county, New York, March 21,
1817. He was the third son in the family of four brothers and a sis-
ter. The youngest brother, James L. Paine, of New York City, is the
only survivor of the family. The others Veder W. Paine, Valorus A.
Paine and Mrs Amy A. Palmer have died here. Asa Paine went to
California in 1850 and came to Saginaw in 1854. He was engaged sev-
eral years in the livery business. From 1861 to 1865 he was deputy
United States marshal for this district. He was married in Orleans
county to Jane W. Hutchinson. They had three children, DeForrest
Paine and George H. Paine, of Detroit, and Mrs. Fred K. Gustin, of
Kansas City. All the children were at home when Mr. Paine died.

CHAUNCEY S. BUTTON.

Chauncey S. Dutton a resident of Saginaw 30 years, died December
5, 1889, at his home on North Cass street. He was born in Ogden,
N. Y., September 28, 1810, and came to Michigan in 1859. He was
married in 1854 to Miss Elizabeth Rogers, of Fayette, N. Y., who
with two daughters, Mrs. John Osborn and Mrs. James T. Randallr
survive him.

Taking up his residence in Saginaw when northern Michigan was little
more than a wilderness, Mr. Dutton engaged in the stave business,
being senior member of the firm of Dutton and Townsend. They dealt
extensively in the manufacture and shipment of staves and found a

REPORT OP THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 167

market in all parts of the world. In 1875 he retired from mercan-
tile pursuits and has since, for his own amusement, been a breeder
and collector of fancy birds and poultry, doing much to raise the stand-
ard of choice birds throughout the State. Always finding pleasure in
his home Mr. Button was thoroughly a domestic man, eschewing poli-
tics and other outside attractions. He was a citizen honored and
respected by all who knew him, a man whose word was his bond,
and he leaves as a heritage to those surviving, a good name.

DOUGALD MACINTYEE.

Dougald Maclntyre died at his residence, 513 Douglas street, Saginaw,
Dec. 21, 1889, of consumption. He was born in Johnston, N. Y., October
22, 1810, and was therefore over 79 years of age. He removed to Oak-
land county, Michigan, in 1843 and to Saginaw in 1854 where he has
resided since, having been justice of the peace more than thirty years.
He was twice married and was the father of seven children, all by
his second wife, four of whom, Mrs. John V. Russell, Mrs. C. M.
Austin, Mrs. C. P. Colvin, of Saginaw, and Mrs. A. B. Harford, of
Detroit are living. His wife also survives him.

JOHN J. WHEELER.

From the ranks of those who live one brave man has fallen out. A
citizen who these many years has been closely identified with the affairs
of State, county and city has reached the end of the journey and there
fallen asleep, not again to be awakened or disturbed. For almost three-
score years he had borne the burden and heat of the day, doing his
duty honestly and fearlessly as judgment and the nobler instincts of
manhood dictated, and although the icy hand of death was laid upon
him while still in the fullness of his years, he answered the summons
to the great beyond without flinching, like a good soldier.

John J. Wheeler was one of the best known and most respected of
Saginaw' s citizens. In business life his actions were not only upright
and honorable, displaying a wide knowledge of business methods and
human nature and ability in the management of affairs that is seldom
excelled, but were also characterized by a magnanimity of spirit and a
love of right, and justice for his fellow men that is seldom found in
the successful business man, in so high a degree. The same qualities
that made him eminent in the business world made him agreeable in
social life, and a host of friends, not only here, but all over the
State and in other States, are witnesses of his goodness and his love
inspiring character.

168 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

He was a native of Vermont, having been born in Burlington in 1831.
His earlier years were spent and an education was received in the
Green Mountain State, from which he removed soon after attaining his
majority. He graduated at the university of Vermont, afterwards
taking a course in Harvard and graduating at Harvard law school. In
1855 he was a student in the law office of Cook & Swift at Detroit,
and afterwards went to Vassar, where he opened an office, being at the
time one of the successful lawyers of that section. He came to East
Saginaw in 1857 and entered into co-partnership with Hon. W. L.
Webber, the firm being Webber & Wheeler. This partnership was
continued until 1860 when Mr. Wheeler retired and opened an office
himself. In 1877 Robert B. McKnight became identified with Mr.
Wheeler, and two years ago George Grant was admitted to the firm,
which is now known as Wheeler, McKnight & Grant. It has an envi-
able reputation in legal circles, Mr. Wheeler's wide knowledge of the
law, fidelity to the interests of clients, strict observance of the canons
of morality, hard study and sound judgment being everywhere
recognized.

In politics he took no active part. Many years ago he was a Repub-
lican, but changed his faith and became a Democrat. In 1882 he was
appointed by Gov. D. H. Jerome a member of the State board of
corrections and charities and served as such until January, 1889, being
succeeded by Herbert A. Forrest. By counsel and advice, combined
with a ripe experience, he gave to that organization importance and
influence whereby great good was accomplished.

His only connection with municipal offices was as a member of the
board of water commissioners to which he was appointed April 17,
1877, to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of B. B. Buckhout. He
was reappointed for a term of five years, January 11, 1878; was again
reappointed for five years for the third time, January 8, 1888, having
been a member of the board continuously nearly thirteen years. He
was elected president of that body March 16, 1880, and continued in
that office until his death. He was married here to Miss Sarah Gay,
who survives him. They have no children.

The opening of the present year found Mr. Wheeler in good health.
Sunday, January 5, he attended service at St. Paul's Episcopal church,
with which society he had been connected many years and of which
he was junior warden. The Tuesday following he was taken ill with
inflammation of the bowels, and alarming symptoms immediately devel-
oped. Almost from the first hour his physicians were assured that his

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 169

case was hopeless, and despite their skill the patient failed steadily
until the end came, Jan. 13, 1890.

When Circuit Court opened announcement of Mr. Wheeler's death
was" given. Judge Gage, deeply affected, said:

" Since our last adjournment an old and respected member of the
bar has passed away. Mr. John J. Wheeler, who for over 30 years
has been a resident of the county of Saginaw, and a practitioner in
this court, died at his home in east Saginaw. He has been sick but a
short time, and the summons was unexpected to him as to us all.

He came to this county from the state of Vermont, his birthplace,
about the year 1856. He was then a young man, unmarried, and sought
his fortune in the west, as many young men from the east have done.
Shortly after his arrival here he formed a copartnership with Hon.
William L. Webber. The firm being that of Webber & Wheeler.
That continued some years, and after that firm had ceased to do busi-
ness together, Mr. Wheeler continued the practice of the law with
other partners up to the time of his death.

He was a man esteemed by all of the members of the profession,
and a man who occupied a high place in the city in which he resided,
as a citizen, and as a public man. He was a man with a good heart
and a sound judgment. He was a man that was well read in his pro-
fession, and his opinions and arguments were listened to with great
respect. He was a lover of literature and devoted a part of his time
to other subjects than that of his profession. The citizens of the city
of East Saginaw will remember with pride when Mr. Wheeler was a
prominent member of the school board of the city, and some gentlemen
who are here present, I think, were associated with him at one time
as a member of the board of education of that city, and he did, in
an early day, a great deal in building up the school system that now
exists there. He was also honored by the Governor of our State at
one time with the appointment as one of the members of the Board of
Corrections and Charities. He took a great interest in that subject.
He was interested in prisons and prison reform, and also in the other
charities of the State of Michigan. His influence was felt in that
direction, and he has assisted largely, and did, while a member of that
board, a great deal in reforming the prison system of our State.

When so distinguished and honored a gentleman passes away, it
is proper and meet that we who remain, respecting his memory, should
refrain, during the time that be lies dead among us, -from transacting
our usual business. Feeling in that way, and that being also the
opinion of my associate, it seems this court ought to adjourn until
22

170 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

after the last sad rites have been performed. We are advised that the
funeral will take place on Wednesday, at 2:30 o'clock in the afternoon.
We are advised that it is the desire of the members of the bar to
meet here tomorrow morning at 10 o'clock, that they may place on
record an expression of their feelings upon this sad occasion."

Judge Edget said:

"For a quarter of a century Mr. Wheeler has been recognized by
the profession and by the public as one of the foremost lawyers in
the State, second to none, in the conscientious discharge of his duties.
A vast number of cases in this and other courts bear the personal
imprint of his learning, skill and success. Although he served both
his city and State in highly honorable positions, his ambition was at
all times distinctly professional. He recognized the law, when rightly
pursued and justly applied, as the noblest science to which a man may
address his powers, and in his practice he set before himself exalted
standards of excellence and honor, from which he never departed.

While he maintained the claims of his clients to the extent
of their legal rights, he never sought to impose upon either
court or jury by arguments or proof which did not meet his convic-
tions of right and duty. He was connected with no questionable
causes. His name was never associated with any improper practice.
But, as in private life, so in professional, he walked stainless and
incorruptible to the day of his death. His example has been of great
service to the bar. Not only nas he shown the success which waits
on diligence and skill, but he has by his whole life enforced the great
lesson that the lawyers who would win the substantial, lasting honors
of the profession must put aside all doubtful methods, all paltering
with the truth or justice of a cause, and live as he has lived.

" White-souled, clean-handed, pure of heart."

To the members of the bar and to the judges of the court the sudden
death of our brother, in the fullness of his professional work, comes to
us, both as a public calamity and a profound personal loss.

We will proceed no further with the business of the court, but all
pending causes will be continued till Friday morning next, and the
court itself is adjourned to that time to en-able both bench and bar to
pay the respects appropriate to the memory of our departed brother."

Deceased was a member of Ancient Landmark Lodge, No. 303, F.
& A. M., and his f raters, with officers and members of the municipal
government, members of the Saginaw county bar and other bodies
attended the funeral. In respect to Mr. Wheeler's memory the flag
was hung at half mast over the city hall.

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 171

HENRY MARKS.

Henry Marks, a pioneer resident of Saginaw, died Jan. 14, 1890,
after a lingering illness, aged about 68 years. He had resided here
since 1854 and was a charter member of the Germania Society. He
leaves a wife and three children.

JAMES N. SWARTHOUT.

At 10 o'clock a. m., Jan. 15, 1890, James N. Swarthout died at his
home on Brockway street, near the city limits, after a long and pain-
ful illness. Mr. Swarthout came to Saginaw with his father, the late
Capt. A. R. Swarthout, in 1835, when he was 4 years old. Capt.
Swarthout was the twelfth white settler in Saginaw county. He
located a tract of land on the Cross Road and cut out that thoroughfare.

James N. Swarthout married Jane M. Heisrodt in 1855, and settled
on the farm where he lived and died. It adjoined his father's home-
stead. He was the father of four children, William J. Swarthout, of
St. Louis, Mich., Arthur H. Swarthout, of Saginaw, Mrs. John
McClellan, of Clare, Mich., and Mary Swarthout, now at home. His
wife also survives him. Mr. Swarthout has been a member of the
Methodist church many years.

JOHN BARTER.

At 4 o'clock Friday afternoon, Feb. 7, 1890, three men met in the drug
store of Youmans & Gallager, on Washington avenue, south. One of the
trio was Hon. John Barter, another was John Ingledew, and the third
was a representative of the Courier-Herald. Mr. Barter had been busy
during the afternoon and was on his way home to his farm, two miles
south of the city, in the township of Spalding. He was in a
happy frame of mind and robust and hearty, not even having a cold,
for which he said he was grateful. A general conversation turned on
the subject of death and obituary notices. "It is an anomaly," said
Mr. Barter, "that some men receive in the public prints laudation
before they die, and often don't deserve it, while others, good and true
men, pass away and the great good they have done is unnoticed. The
glory of their lives and deeds dies with them." A few desultory
remarks followed and each man went his -way, little expecting one was,
within a few hours, to enter the valley and the shadow of death.
This proved to be the case however. The sun had scarce risen, Satur-
day, Feb. 8, 1890, when the light of John Barter's life went out and
a busy life had suddenly ended. He was ill but a few hours, acute
inflammation of the bowels seizing upon him.

172 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

Deceased was born in Somersetshire, Eng., August 22, 1825. His
parents removed to Canada three years later, locating at Montreal.
The subject of this sketch came to Saginaw in 1850 and followed his
trade, that of a millwright, until 1858, when he purchased a farm in
the township of Spalding and removed thereto. A republican in
politics, he has been many times honored by that party. He was
justice of the peace 12 years, drain commissioner six years, a member
of the board of supervisors 14 years, eight years as chairman, and July
30, 1879, was appointed agent of the State Board of Corrections and
Charities, which office he filled honorably and satisfactorily to the day
of his death. He was married January 1, 1854, to Mary Spalding,
the first white child born in Spalding township who survives him.
Four children, Leah, James, Belinda and Annie, also mourn the loss
of an affectionate father and kind friend. That section of the city
known as "South Saginaw," under which title it was incorporated,
owes a great deal to Mr. Barter, who by energy, money and influence
aided materially in the upbuilding of that place. One of the last acts
of his life was to consumate the sale of 100 oak trees growing on his
farm, to Capt. Chesley Wheeler, for $1,700.

He was an honest man. These words are in themselves a fitting
* monument to a life of unpretentious simplicity and virtue. For two
score years his has been a familiar face and figure on the streets of
the Saginaws. In every relation of life in which he moved, as an
honorable artisan, an industrious tiller of the soil, as justice, supervisor,
and dealing gently, but justly, with wayward youth in the capacity of
State agent for juvenile offenders, and as a neighbor and citizen, he
did his whole duty as he saw it conscientously and with a fidelity that
won for him the esteem and respect of his fellow men, and his death
causes sincere and wide spread regret.

GEORGE W. DAVIS.

George W. Davis came to Saginaw in 1848 and had resided here
continuously since 1854. Mr. Davis was born in Amsterdam, N. Y.,
April, 1819, and would have been 71 years of age in April. He
removed with his father's family to Oxford, Oakland county, in 1838.
In 1854 he located in Saginaw permanently and engaged in the grocery
business. He was subsequently in the meat business with a man
named Martin. Later he engaged in the lumber business and operated
at St. Louis. The firm was Davis, Clark & Hillier. Later he was
engaged in the harness business here and then he returned to
the grocery business, associating himself with Henry Harrington. He

REPORT OP THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 173

built the brick block on Water street now occupied by George A.
Alderton. His several business ventures were not as a whole successful,
and, after he had accumulated a snug little sum, he saw it dispersed
by reverses.

Mr. Davis was twice married, the first time to Elizabeth Shandy, of
Syracuse, N. Y., in 1848. They had one son, Abram Davis, now of
Saginaw. His wife died August 24, 1855. October 7, 1861, he was
married a second time to Mrs. Harriet R. Van Hanten, of Detroit.
They have four children, Louis L., May E., Emily W., and Josie.

Mr. Davis was the oldest of a family of 11, and six of his brothers
and sisters were with him at the time of his death. The surviving
members of his family are Mrs. Mary A. Richards, and Peter Davis,
of Saginaw, Mrs. Eliza Bell,' of Freeland, Dr. L. C. Davis and
Mrs. E. A. Bullard, of Vassar, Mrs. George Kilborn, of Bear Lake,
Seeman Davis, of Holly, and John T. Davis, of Green Island, N. Y.
He died Feb. 12, 1890.

MBS. MARTHA DAVENPORT.

Mrs. Martha Davenport died at her residence 2205 North Washing-
ton street, Saginaw, Feb. 24, 1890, after a long illness.

Deceased was born in the state of New York, June 23, 1808. Her
maiden name was Martha Cronk. In 1828 she was married in Niagara
county, N. Y., to Elijah N. Davenport, and came to Michigan with
her husband in 1831, settling on Flint river, on the site of the present
city of Flint, he having purchased 200 acres of land on the east side
of the river. Subsequently Mr. Davenport removed to Grand Blanc,
Genesee county, where he purchased 80 acres of land. Here he kept
hotel and was also postmaster. In 1834 Mr. Davenport sold his farm
and removed with his family, to Saginaw. He was sheriff eight years
and also county judge several years, and died October 10, 1863. Mrs.
Davenport continued a resident of this county until her death, having
been a resident of Saginaw 56 years. Deceased was the mother of
Hon. George Davenport, ex-State Senator. She leaves two sons and
six daughters to mourn the loss of an affectionate mother and model
woman, viz.: George and Porter Davenport, Julia Davenport, Mes-
dames H. R. Hadrick, J. E. Wells, P. S. Heisrodt, Henry Moiles and
D. W. Gooding.

MRS. JOHN LENT.

Mrs. John Lent, of Saginaw town, died March 13, 1890, of heart
disease, aged 64 years. She was a native of Oneida county, N. Y., and

174 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

had lived in Saginaw since 1852. She leaves a husband and two
children, a son and daughter.

PATRICK MC ENTEE.

Patrick McEntee, an old an highly esteemed resident, died at the
family residence, 524 Washington avenue, north, Saginaw, March 14,
1890, of old age. He was born at Lullamore, Cavan county, Ireland,
March 17, 1810, and would, had he lived until Monday, have been 80
years of age. He received the name Patrick from the fact that he
was born on St. Patrick's day. Mr. McEntee left the old country when
quite a young man and located in New York state, and in 1859 arrived
in Saginaw where he resided until the time of his death, a period
of 31 years. He came here to work on the Flint & Pere Marquette
Railroad, which was then being built, and continued in the employ
of the company many years. During his residence in Saginaw
he accumulated quite a large amount of property, and until a few
months previous to his death was an active and busy man. Everybody
knew him, and the many kind deeds which he performed showed that
he had a large and generous heart, always ready to help those in
suffering or distress, and always had a good word for everybody. Many
men may be more lavish in their charity and more ostentatious in their
gifts to the needy, but Patrick McEntee' s memory will be held kindly
by many to whom he was always a friend and comforter. During his
long illness he was faithfully and unceasingly nursed by his daughter,
Miss Fannie B. McEntee, who did her duty nobly. With her father
passed away the last member of her family, and in her heart she
clung to him unto the hope that he might be spared her for yet
awhile. In her sorrow she has the heartfelt sympathy of many friends.

WILLIAM H. WARNER.

William H. Warner, familiarly known as "Deacon," although the
term was not in any sense used with disrespect, has been gathered
to his fathers. His long and useful life ended Tuesday afternoon,
March 18, 1890, and the close of his career was as calm as that of
a peaceful summer day.

There was no particular disease or complaint to hasten the end, but
a gradual giving way of natural powers and a failure of the heart, by
an enfeebled constitution, to respond to the duty imposed upon it.

Mr. Warner was 76 years of age. He was born at Springfield, Mass.,
where his boyhood days were spent. After leaving school he was
apprenticed to the carpenter trade and served at the bench. In 1836

REPORT OP THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 175

lie removed to Michigan, settling at Mt. Clemens, where he first found
employment at his trade and later engaged in the lumber manufactur-
ing business, erecting one of the first saw mills in Michigan. In the
summer of 1853 he formed a partnership with Loton H. Eastman,
then of Mt. Clemens, and removing to Saginaw they established a
foundry on the site of the present A. F. Bartlett & Co. plant. This
partnership of Warner & Eastman has never been dissolved, although
the junior partner passed to the other shore several years ago. In
1859 they erected a saw mill, long known as the "Copeland" mill,
which subsequently burned, and in 1869 the firm purchased the inter-
est of George C. Warner & Co., in the more extensive plant, and this
was operated until destroyed by fire in January.

Mr. Warner was twice married, first to Clarissa D. Barrett, of Brat-
tleboro, Vt., who died in 1862. The fruit of this union was five
children, of whom Mrs. W. H. Downs and Mrs. Ward Mansfield
survive. In 1868 he was united in marriage to Elizabeth Eldred. To
them two children were born, both of whom are dead. Mrs. Warner
survives her husband.

Aside from his business Mr. Warner has led a comparatively quiet
life. The only public office he ever held was as alderman from the
second ward in 1860. He was identified with the founding of the
First Congregational Society in 1856, and has been a faithful member
of and an officer in that church since. He has also been connected
with the First National bank as stockholder and director many years.

MBS. CHABLES K. EDDY.

Shortly before 4 o'clock on Sunday morning, March 30, 1890, Albina,
wife of Charles K. Eddy, laid down the burdens of life and passed
peacefully to the realms beyond. Deceased was a native of Charles-
ton, Me., where she was born October 23, 1828, her father being Col.
John Dunning, a prominent citizen of that place. On July 31, 1853,
she was united in marriage with C. K. Eddy, residing in Bangor, Me.,
for the next four years when they moved to Ottawa, Ont., making
their home there until 1865, when Mr. and Mrs. Eddy with their fam-
ily settled in Saginaw, which has been her home since. She leaves
her husband and four children, Walter S., Arthur D., Charles Kirke
and Lila. Two sisters, Mrs. I. B. Norcross, of Saginaw, Mrs. Cordelia
Dollivar, of SanDiego, Gal., and two brothers, Alonzo Dunning, also of
Saginaw, and Zopher Dunning, of Marysville, Cal., also survive her.
A good woman, an affectionate wife and a model mother, has passed
away. Her's was a simple and pure life. Her chief pleasure and

176 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

noblest efforts was to render her home attractive and happy. To her
family, so richly endowed in the possession of such a lovable character,
the loss is irreparable, and in her death the circle in which she so
long moved is bereft of one of its most esteemed and valuable
members.

J. A. WEAVER.

The death of J. A. Weaver on Saturday afternoon, April 12, 1890,
was caused by spasms of the heart, though he had been a sufferer
for the past year with rheumatism and a complication of diseases which
baffled the best medical skill. He came to Saginaw in 1865, engaging
for many years in the boot and shoe business and later on in the
furniture trade as well, though of late years his health has been so
precarious he had retired entirely, on the considerable competency
acquired by a life of industry and good judgment in all his investments.
The deceased was born 60 years ago at Vernon, N. Y., and leaves a
widow and two children, Mrs. Doyle, of Chicago, and Miss Maggie,
who is an Ann Arbor student. He was a charter member of Central
Council No. 29, Royal Arcanum, also of Banner Lodge No. 508, K. of H.

MBS. OLIVE BBALEY.

Mrs. Olive Braley, a resident of Saginaw county nearly 60 years,
died at the home of her daughter, Mrs. G. "W. Bennett, April 17, 1890.

Mrs. Braley, whose maiden name was Olive Hubbard, was born in
Oxford, Ont., December 28, 1819. Her people came to Saginaw in
1831, being among the earliest families here. Mrs. Braley was twice
married, her first husband being Jacob Grout who lived but a short
time after their marriage. Her second husband was the late Phineas
D. Braley, to whom she was married December 18, 1842. He died
in December, 1886. Mrs. Braley leaves six children, Phineas J., and
Fred J. Braley, of Hope, Midland county, Mrs. Henry Snider, Mrs. G.
W. Bennett, and Mrs. Charles A. Lee, of Saginaw, and Mrs. F. A.
Farmer, of Kansas City, Mo. Two sisters and a brother survive her.
They are Mrs. Mary Ide, of Saginaw, Mrs William Golden, of Flint,
and Eli Hubbard, of Midland.

MBS. JOHN MC INTOSH.

Mrs. John Mclntosh died April 20, 1890, at Tay mouth. She was a
pioneer of this county. She was born in Scotland 72 years ago, and
was married to Mr. Mclntosh at the home of the Duke of Athel in
Perthshire, the husband being in the employ of the Duke at the

REPORT OP THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 177

time. The couple came to America in 1853 and settled on a farm in
the southern part of Saginaw county. In 1854 they came to Saginaw,
Mr. Mclntosh being employed by the late James Fraser, of Bay City,
to look after his property in this place. After a residence of two
years they went to the country again on account of sickness (ague
was then the prevailing ailment) and settled on a farm in Taymouth.
The union was never blessed with children. Mr. Mclntosh is still
hale and hearty and lives comfortably on his extensive farm.

BEENHAED HAACK.

Full of years and leaving behind the heritage of a good name, the
record of a life well-spent Bernhard Haack, of Blumfield was, May 7,
1890, gathered to his fathers. His history is a part of and identical
with the history of Saginaw county, and will so remain until the
present generation shall have passed away.

Deceased was born in 1820 in the Rhenish province of Prussia, in
which country he spent the earlier years of his life. He came to the
United States in 1849 and for a year took up his residence in New
Jersey, wherein he worked at his trade, that of a carriagemaker. The
new west then attracted his attention, and pushing on to Michigan he
finally reached and settled in Saginaw county. At that time the loca-
tion he selected for a home was but a dense wilderness, but by energy,
perseverance and undaunted courage the township of Blumfield was
made as a garden and to blossom, in an agricultural sense, like a rose.
The home he established so long ago has been the home of himself
and family since, and many residents of Saginaw and the county at
large will recall with pleasure the hospitable treatment there accorded
them. Mr. Haack was married in St. Louis, Mo., in 1854. Two
children were born to the estimable couple, a son who died in his
eighth year, and a daughter, Mrs. Louis Linslow, of Tittabawassee
township.

The kindly face and friendly, wise speech and counsel of Mr. Haack
will be missed. He had been prominently before the people of Saginaw
county as one of its advisors, legislators and administrators of justice
nearly 40 years, and in that great length of time he betrayed no trust
nor neglected any duty; proving in all places and at all times a
faithful steward. When the township of Blumfield was organized Mr.
Haack attended the first meeting and April 4, 1853, was chosen clerk of
the township. He was elected justice of the peace for his district in
1860, 1868, 1872 and 1880.
23

178 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

He was more widely known, however, in connection with the board
of supervisors, as a member of which he was first elected in 1856. In
1857 he was not returned to the position, but the next term found
him on the board and there, until the present time, he has since been
serving continuously 32 years, and in all the deliberations of the board
he exercised diligence and judgment in measures relating to the coun-
ty's weal. His constituents had great faith in him, and his associates
on the board had even more, for he never advocated a measure unless
he was thoroughly impressed with the idea that it was for the best
/ interests of the majority. He was fearless in the advocacy of any
cause which was founded on principles of justice, and during his long
career on the board no one found him in the back ground when there
was an attempt to impose an unjust measure on the people. As chair-
man of the committee on claims and accounts he saved the county
thousands of dollars that might have passed a less vigilant scrutiny.
He was styled, and justly too, not in a sense disrespectful, however,
the " watch dog " of the treasury. And as in public life so in private
trusts he was faithful, and his work in connection with the Schmitz
estate and Sheldon's savings bank will be recalled as evidencing this
fact.

Mr. Haack was once a member of the State House of Representa-
tives, having been elected to the twenty-sixth Legislature, which con-
vened at Lansing, January 4, 1871. He occupied a desk jointly with
Col. C. D. Little, who has a number of sketches of members of differ-
ent attitudes and scenes enacted within the legislative walls during the
session. Col Little values the collection very highly.

Mr. Haack was a lifelong, staunch Kepublican.

Mr. Haack's last life work was in connection with the jury commis-
sion, of which Gov. Luce not long ago appointed him a member. He
had been afflicted with kidney and bladder disease several years.

News of his demise was received with sorrow, and expressions of deep
regret at the loss of an esteemed townsman and faithful public serv-
ant were heard on every hand.

CONRAD SCHWAN.

One of the oldest residents of Saginaw, Conrad Schwan, closed his
eyes in natural sleep Sunday evening, May 18, 1890, in usual health.
During the silent watches of the night that other sleep, which knows
110 waking, came to him, and those who went to his room early Mon-
day morning saw that life had ended. The transition was without pain,
death having been caused by apoplexy.

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 179

Mr. Schwan was a native of Germany, where he was born in 1820.
He removed to America and settled in Saginaw in 1854, his home since
"being here. He was the father of the late Mrs. Schwartz. He also
leaves a widow.

GEORGE F. LEWIS.

The announcement of the death of George F. Lewis, editor of the
Saginawian, caused a wide feeling of regret throughout the city, May
30, 1890. He was not only the Nestor of the Saginaw Valley press,
but one of its pioneer citizens. One by one they are joining the great
majority in the world beyond the grave. God's finger touched him and
he slept.

Mr. Lewis was more prominently known in Michigan by his identifi-
cation with the history of its newspapers. Born at Harvard, Mass.,
June 7, 1828, in early life he came with father, mother and other
members of the family to Michigan, settling at Mt. Clemens in 1835.
His first experience in a newspaper office was with the Macomb Statesman,
in the composing room of which journal he set the first type. The
paper was then owned and edited by Hon. John N. Ingersoll, deceased.
In 1838 he was folder and carrier boy for the Mt. Clemens Patriot.
In 1845 he made a journey to Lake Superior with the late Gen. John
Stockton, United States mineral agent, and, the mission completed, he
went east, taking a 500 pound box of black oxide of copper from
Detroit to New York, and later, a 1,360-pound specimen block out of
Mine River, near Copper Harbor, from New York to Boston, person-
ally supervising its removal from the house of Phelps, Dodge & Co. to
the Sound steamer. During the winter of 1845-6 he was a clerk in the
general store of D. Shook, at Mt. Clemens. The summer following he
again visited the Lake Superior country, mining interests developing
at that time, and he remained there until autumn, when he again made
a trip east, on this occasion first meeting Horace Greeley, the famous
editor of the New York Tribune, to whose peculiar writing Mr. Lewis
has so often been compared. In November of that year he entered
the employ of Thomas M. Berry, deceased, then owner and editor of
the Mt. Clemens Patriot, serving an apprenticeship of two years,
when he again for a short time entered commercial life. Soon after-
ward he took a position on the Daily Commercial Bulletin, then just
started in Detroit by Col. Munger, deceased, and George W. Pattison,
and aided in putting into type the first news ever received by tele-
graph of a presidential election, that of Gen. Zachary Taylor. He
worked in the State printing office at Lansing for Munger & Pattison,

180 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

the winter of 1848-9, and in May of the latter year established the
Macomb County Herald, a weekly Whig newspaper. This he continued
until May 1851. Then he started the Port Huron Commercial, which
he published first as -a Whig newspaper and subsequently as a Demo-
cratic organ, until 1855, in September of which year he bought the
Peninsular Advocate, a Democratic paper published at Mt. Clemens,
and continued its publication until the summer of 1859. This- paper
was continued as a weekly under his exclusive control until 1863, when
he became associated with Maj. E. W. Lyon in its publication. He
continued with Maj. Lyon until 1867 when Col. B. M. Thompson
bought an interest. His residence in Saginaw dates from 1859
when he came here and founded the Weekly Courier, publishing
that paper in connection with his enterprises at Mt. Clemens.
In 1868 he, Maj. Lyon, Col. Thompson and Joseph Seeman founded
the Saginaw Courier, but the connection was not long continued, Col.
Thompson purchasing the interests of his partners in December. May
1, 1869, Mr. Lewis founded the Saginawian, a weekly Democratic paper,
and that is still published on the west side. In 1880 he established
the Mt. Pleasant Journal and in 1881 edited the Daily Morning Call
at Bay City.

He was far removed from office-seeking, although honored at times
in this respect. From 1856 to 1859 he was postmaster at Mt. Clemens,
being appointed by President Pierce. In 1874 he was nominated
for congress by the democrats in the old eighth district, but was
defeated by N. B. Bradley, the vote being 9,979 to 10,258. In 1877 he
was elected mayor of Saginaw, re-elected in 1878 and defeated for a third
term in 1879. He was a courteous presiding officer, and as mayor
favored public improvements. He was elected alderman in his ward
in 1886 and resigned on being appointed postmaster two years ago.
In the council he was rather conservative, though he favored reasonable
schemes of improvement. As postmaster he secured increased facilities
in the service, and under his direction the postal service has become
more efficient than ever before.

For years he took a lively interest in the Saginaw County Farmer's
Club, and only since he bacame postmaster has he failed to be a
regular attendant at their meetings. He was also one of the organizers
of the Saginaw County Farmers' Mutual Fire Insurance Company:

As Secretary of the Northeastern Agricultural Society he was widely
known throughout Michigan because of the zeal and energy put forth
on behalf of that organization, and its success of late years is largely
due to his personal, faithful effort. He had just completed copy for the

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 181

annual premium list, and an admonition to the printers within a week
was, " Hurry up the work, for I don't know when I may drop off."

He has been president of the Saginaw Valley Press club since its
organization, and was connected by membership with the Michigan
Press Association, being also a member of the executive committee.
In this latter position he has been active in arranging details for the
reception and entertainment of members of the State organization
when they assemble here in annual convention in July. In fact, this
has been his latest life work, and no man was more enthusiastic over-
the matter than Fred Lewis. He had expressed regret that advancing
years and failing health would not permit him to journey with his
brethren to Yellowstone Park after leaving here, but he was deter-
mined the stay of the editors of Michigan and their wives in Sagi-
naw should be pleasant, one long to be remembered. Before his generous
plans could be carried out however he was beckoned beyond, and the
work so happily begun will rest on younger shoulders.

NATHAN S. LOCKWOOD.

Nathan S. Lockwood, who died June 5, 1890, had been a resident
of Saginaw 23 years. During this time he has been connected with
the lumbering business. For 13 years he was a member of the firm
of Swift and Lockwood, the senior member being Alexander Swift, the
Cincinnati millionaire. Since he had been connected with Burrows and
Bust as general superintendent of their lumbering interests. He was
faithful to every trust reposed in him, and during late years has shown
remarkable vigor for a man of his age. Had he lived until July 27 he
would have been 73 years old.

For several months he has suffered from cancer of the stomach, but
had only been confined to his bed since Saturday, May 31. His last
days were not accompanied with distressing pain. He retained con-
sciousness until within a few hours of his death which he knew was
inevitable and rapidly approaching.

Mr. Lockwood was a native of New Brunswick. When a young man
he removed to Dayton, O., where he was married September 25, 1845,
to Amelia Johnson, who survives him. For 20 years he was a member
of Brown, Lockwood & Brown, stove manufacturers of Dayton. In
1865 he was associated in the lumber business with Alexander Swift,
of Cincinnati. Two years later he came to Saginaw and managed the
extensive salt and lumber business of the firm here. He operated the
mill and salt works now owned by Merrill and Ring. In Dayton, Mr.
Lockwood joined the Free Masons, but he never affiliated with any lodge

182 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

here. He was a consistent member of the Presbyterian church the
greater part of his life. He never aspired to a public position, and aside
from representing his ward as alderman one or two years he never
held office.

HEZEKIAH MILLER.

Hezekiah Miller, the pioneer and respected citizen, is no more.
Decoration day with his wife and other members of his family, he
went to the residence of his son Bennett, on High street, as from
that point he could witness the G. A. R. exercises at the cemetery.
Late in the afternoon he was taken suddenly ill and could not be
removed to his home and there, at 6 o'clock Friday morning, June 6r
1890, he breathed his last. He had been unconscious from Sunday.

Deceased was born at Bedford, Westch ester county, N. Y., March 17r
1820. He grew to manhood in that state and came to Saginaw in 1855,
residing here to this time. Mr. Miller was formerly a pattern maker,
but soon after reaching Saginaw he entered the political arena, and
was prominently identified with the Republican party until failing health
and advancing years necessitated his retirement. During the earlier
part of the war he was elected supervisor in the old third ward, and
in that capacity took an active part in war legislation as enacted by
the board. In 1861 he was elected justice of the peace, and served
continuously in that office until 1877. During that time he was also
one of the county superintendents of the poor. From 1877 until a few
years ago he practiced law in Saginaw. For over six years Mr. Miller
has been afflicted with a complication of diseases, which he and his
family knew would have but one termination. Still, he bore suffering
and pain like a good soldier, and when it was possible for him to walk
he experienced no greater pleasure than in visiting the places which in
former years had been the scenes of his life work and labors. Every
one had a kindly greeting for " Squire " Miller, and his visits were
always pleasant. Surviving him are the widow and four children,
Bennett, Charles E. and Miss Georgia Miller, of Saginaw, and Mrs. G.
A. Wilson, of Bay City.

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL, COMMITTEE.

SHIAWASSEE COUNTY.
A. H. OWENS.

183

Name.

Date of Death.

Age.

Jeremiah H. Hascall . .. .:. _

June 17, 1889

Nelson Waugh

January 9, 1890

David Parker

January 10, 1890

731

JEREMIAH H. HASCALL.

Jeremiah Hopkins Hascall was born in Leroy, Genesee county, New
York, Aug. 23, 1815. His father died leaving him an orphan at four
years. From the age of ten he had to take care of himself. It was during
these years that he learned the principles of patience and self-reliance
which was a prominent characteristic through his whole life.

He came to Michigan about the year 1835 and settled in Adrian.
In 1839 he was married to Jane Colegrove who survives him and in
her declining years will make her home with her daughter, Mrs. J. D.
Leland.

He was .four years in the drug store of Paul Raymond of Adrian.
He then read medicine in the office of Dr. Spaulding, of Adrian,
attended lectures at Ann Arbor and graduated in the practice of
medicine.

On account of his failing health and at the time of the California
gold excitement he made two trips by water to California, and having
regained his health he returned and started into the active practice
of his profession in Corunna, in 1856. For years he was a pioneer
physician in all that the word signifies. Night or day, rain or shine,
often without fee or reward he rode through unbroken forests and
went on foot through swamps and marshes leaving his horse hitched
to some tree in the woods until his return. Often when the potency
of medicine and the skill of the physician failed to restore the patient
to health administering words of spiritual hope and consolation to the
dying, for as will be remembered by his old friends he was an active
Christian worker of the M. E. church. He abandoned the active
practice of his profession seven years before his death. Since then he
has lived a quiet and retired life. He died June 17, 1889.

NELSON WAUGH.

Mr. Nelson Waugh, a pioneer of Shiawassee county, died at the
home of his s'on, Ora C. Waugh, in Bennington, the 9th of Jan., 1890,

184

ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

aged 82 years. He was buried on Saturday. Mr. Waugh was one of
the earliest settlers of Bennington. Ensign's County History, published
in 1880, says: "Nelson Waugh, one of Bennington's most worthy
citizens, still resides upon the land purchased by him from the general
government in 1836. He came here from Oakland county and was the
second man to poll his vote at the first township meeting of this
township." At that meeting, held April 2, 1836, he was elected one of
the assessors, and his name appears subsequently twice as highway
commissioner. Mr. Waugh and his wife were among the early members
of the M. E. church of Bennington.

DAVID PABKEE.

David Parker died Jan. 10, 1890, at the home of his son Miles, on
Cedar street, Owosso, after an illness of over two years. He was born
Sept. 30, 1816, in Rutland, Jefferson county, N. Y.; married Sarah M.
Bust, September, 1839, removed to Michigan in 1842 and settled in
Marion, Livingston county, where he remained until 1851, when he
went to Detroit and from there to Antrim, Shiawassee county, in 1859.
In 1866 he was elected sheriff of this county and was re-elected in
1868. At the close of the second term of office he returned to his
farm in Antrim. In 1874 he came to Owosso and entered into the
brick business with his son-in-law, the late James M. Belford, and
continued in the same until the death of Mr. Belford, when he
disposed of his interest to his son Miles. Mr. Parker had been an active
member of the M. E. church for forty-five years, also a member of
the Masonic order, under whose auspices he was buried. Five sons
and ofte daughter survive him, his wife having died three years ago
the present month.

ST. GLAIR COUNTY.
MRS. HELEN W. FABRAND.

Date of Death.

Name.

Place of Death.

Age.

July 13, 1889

Mrc, nathftrin« Sehmirldlfir

Casco _ . .

July 25, 1889

Thomas Butler, of Emmett

Grand Rapids

July 29 1889

Elizabeth Burton

Jeddo .

July 81 1889

Marysvilln --

July, 1889

Mrs. Jane Scott .

Marine City

July 25, 1889

James Graham

St. Glair ^

REPORT OP THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE.
ST. CLAIR COUNTY.— CONTINUED.

185

Date of Death.

Name.

Place of Death.

Age.

August 11, 1889

Lachlan W. Wallace

Port Huron

68
79
81
69
81
68
56
58

August 21, 1889

Frederick Bower

Marine City

August 23, 1889

John Coleman

Kimball .

August 24, 1889

Dr. Wm. Jackson

Port Huron

August 29, 1889

Rnynolds

Wooden Track ..

September 7, 1889...
September 8, 1889.. .
September 15, 1889...
September 11, 1889...
September 19, 1889...

Anrlrn^ Morris

Fort Gratiot

Catharine Pauley .

St. Clair

Edward Hunt

Port Huron

Nicholas Klemmer

St. Clair

Betsey Gordon

Port Huron . .

Mrs. Clark

Port Huron

September 24, 1889...
October 1, 1889

Mrs. Weitzman

St. Clair

86
72
101
77
78
75
69
63
60
54
72
77
79
70
81
66
59
96
86

70 or
over.

W. D. Sebum

St. Clair

October 8, 1889

ftoph?inif\li W, Rnnc«

Marysville

October 7, 1889

Mrs. Elvira Smith

Cottrel ville

October 7, 1889

Mr*>. TTnmphrny Smit.h

Algonac

October 1, 1889

Mrs. Esther Ferguson

Canada ..

October 27, 1889

Mrs. Mary Plant

Clyde —

October 20, 1889

Wm. Stolp

Casco .

October 27, 1889 .

Rev. E. J. Doyle

Riley

Capt. Frank Donner

Port Dolhousie ..

November 6, 1889....
November 8, 1889
November 14, 1889

Mrs. Mary Gore

Port Huron

Hugh McTavish

Port Huron

Patrick Ryan

St. Clair

Mrs. Elizabeth Hyslop, Sr.

Rattle Run

November 28, 1889....
November 15, 1889....
November 27, 1889....
November 25, 1889
November 26, 1889
November 27, 1889....
November 21, 1889
December 2, 1889
December 2, 1889

( Mrs. Versel Rice (widow of Dr. Rice, )

Alpena .-

Mrs. Barbara Hickman...
Mrs. John Hickey . ...

St. Clair
Fort Gratiot

Mrs. Judge Deloyer

Port Huron

Mrs. Barbara Harris

Port Huron

Mrs. Antoine Guro . .

Port Huron

J. K. Belknap

Hubbard's Lake

Adam Gaffield

St. Clair.

Wm. F. Allen

East China

70
72
67
8>
96
69
57

November 24, 1889....
December 6, 1889
December 11, 1889....
December 12, 1889....
December 14, 1889

James Hart

Wales

James MfiCutdhfion

Tn«ftTiA Aaylhm

George Couch

Fort Gratiot

Mrs. Jeremiah Harrington

Port Huron .

Mrs, MH^y T.nndimf^n

Port Huron

December 14, 1889...

Mrs. Wm. Hartsnff...

Port Huron ..

•2L

186

ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.
ST. CLAIR COUNTY.— CONTINUED.

Date of Death.

Name.

Place of Death.

Age.

December 9, 1889

Peter B. Tebo

St. Clair

December 12 1889

Mrij, Anthony Mayhnw

St. Clair

December 24, 1889

Thomas Abbott . .

Port Huron

December 28, 1889

Mrs. James Alpin

Wales

January 1, 1890

Charles Mahoan

Columbus .

January 13, 1890

M^r Hannah Rnard

Clyde

January 11, 1880

Richard Houghton.. .

Capac

Mrs. B. F. Dodge, of Berlin

North Branch

January 16, 1890

Jane E. Currie

Algonac .. .

January 11, 1890

Mrs, Sarah Delano

Detroit

January 14 1890

Capt. Nelson Woodworth

Marine City

January 21, 1890

Mrs. Joseph Doake

SI. Clair

January 28, 1890

Mrs. Caroline Herring

Port Huron

January 29, 1890

Mrs. Mary Causltsy . ...... ...

Port Huron

January 29, 1890

Goorjpana riorrigaji

Port Huron

January 81, 1890

Mrs. John f! , Cramer

Fort Gratiot

January 26, 1890

Mrs. David Shepherd

Berlin .

Mrs. R. P. Dayton

Columbus

February 3, 1890.

Mrs, N*m^y J- Ransom

Port Haron

February 10, 1890

H«n>*y M«rr«ll

Brockway .

February 11, 1890

Mrs. Annie Garry

Port Huron. .

February 11, 1890

Frank Riddle

Detroit

February 3, 1890

Mrs. Alzina Kinyon .

East China --

February 22, 1890

Mrs. Elizabeth Beal

Port Huron

February 20, 1890

Armenia Robertson

Algonac .

February 24, 1890

Charles W. Phillips

St, Clair

February 20, 1890

Geo. Willoughby

Lynn

«3

March 1, 1890

Mrs. McGurk

Port Huron

March 3, 1890

Anthony Betts

Port Huron

fi1

March 4, 1890

Patrick McLaughlin

Port Huron

«R

March 9, 1890

Asa Lamed

Port Huron . .

March 19, 1890

Mrs. David Carlisle

Kimball

March 17, 1890

Mrs. Samantha Van Volkenberg

Port Huron

March 24, 1890

Wm. R. Goodwin

Clyde

John Sinklater

Kimball .-.

March 27, 1890 .

Mrs. Betsey Phillips

St. Clair

April 6, 1890

R. R. McNiff

Marine City

April 6, 1890

Mrs- Henry DrnlarH

St. Clair .

April 10, 1890

Mrs. James M. Abbott

Windsor

April 17, 1890

Mrs. Elizabeth Courts

Ray Center

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE.
ST. CLAIR COUNTY.— CONTINUED.

187

Date of Death.

Name.

Place of Death.

Age.

April 21, 1890

Mrs. S. W. Bezenah

Fort Gratiot

April 23, 1890

James Kerwin _ . . .

Port Huron .

April 28, 1890

David Bowers

Port Huron

April 27, 1890

Mrs. Charles Baer ... ....

Port Huron

May 2, 1890

Mrs. Asenath Fowler

Port Huron . .

8?,

May 9, 1890

Wm. Clark

China

May 12, 1890

Henry Wills

Capac

7»

May 17, 1890

Francis Blank

Port Huron

May 20, 1890 . .

Mrs. Harriet J. Comstock

Grant

May 19, 1890

Thomas Warwick

Lakeport

May 28, 1890

Peter Sanborn

Port Huron

ST. JOSEPH COUNTY.

CALVIN H. STARK.

Name.

Date of Death.

Age.

Came to
Michigan

Mrs. Christopher Austin . . . . .....

June 25, 1889

1844

Cyrus R. Buell.

July 4, 1889

1834

Mrs. George Hardy

July 27, 1889

183S

Mrs. William Brokaw ...

August 12, 1889

1834

Walter S. Foster

August 22, 1889

1885

Salathiel C. Coffinberry. .

September 20, 1889.

1843

Joseph Tootwilder

September 15, 1889

Bmmer K. Weaver

September 24, 1889

1835

Addison Harvey

October 1, 1889

1887

Mrs. C. M. Emmons ...

October 1, 1889

Michael Wellever

October 5, 1889

1831

Thomas Kane

October 6, 1889

Luther B. Goodrich

October 19, 1889

1835

Armitage G. Moor

October 80, 1889

1834

Jacob Carter..

October 31. 1889..

1839

Mrs. Jacob Carter.

October 31, 1889

1839

Mrs. Joseph Juett

December 10, 1889

1886

Mrs. William Dunkin

December 5, 1889

1834

Andrew Good .

January 20, 1890 .

1835

Mrs. Nelson Young

January 23, 1890

Philip Hutchison...

January 25, 1890

1836

188

ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.
ST. JOSEPH COUNTY.— CONTINUED.

Name.

Date of Death.

Age.

Came to
Michigan

Joseph Salsbury

January 27, 1890

1837

Milo Powell. .

February 6, 1890

1835

Mrs. William Major

February 12, 1890

1834

Phineas Campbell

February 16, 1890

1837

Mrs. James Johnson.. .

February 17, 1890

1835

Abram Case. . . ...

February 22, 1890

March 13, 1890

Louis A. Leeland

March 15, 1890

1833

Mrs. Sidney Beckwith ... .. ...

March 16, 1890

85'

1882

James Johnson .. ..

March 30, 1890

1833

Henry Warner

April 1, 1890

1837

Charles Carpenter

April 9, 1890

1836

Mrs. Richard Campbell

April 13, 1890

1835

Lien talus Huntley

April 8, 1890

1838

Mrs. Joseph Stowell .

April 1, 1890

1836

James Taylor..

April 23, 1890

1834

Nathaniel Tompkins ..

April 22, 1890

Peter Yager .

i
April 30, 1890

Mrs. Henry Van Buren

May 30, 1890

1837

Total number, 40.

Total number of years, 3,182.

Average age, 79 years.

All except two had lived in the county over fifty years.

" Drop the anchor, furl the sail
They are safe within the vale."

SALATHIEL C. COFFINBEKEY.
*

" THE OLD MAN ELOQUENT" AT BEST. — Salathiel C. Coffinberry died
at his home in Constantine, Sept. 20, 1889, aged 80 years. He was
among the eminent lawyers of our State; has been a successful practi-
tioner at the St. Joseph county bar for over forty years. He was a
fluent and forcible advocate, and was noted for his eloquence. He
stood high in the Masonic order, having filled the office of Grand
Master of the Grand Lodge of Michigan. He was one of the charter
members of the first lodge ever formed in this county, and in his death
the last of those who formed that lodge has gone to the spirit world.
He was a fine musician and a great admirer of all that was beautiful.
He was the author of that soul-stirring piece entitled " Black Baldred,"

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE.

189

the fugitive slave, which was copied from the American print by the
London Review, and other prominent European publications. When
Mr. Coffinberry first came to Michigan he settled in Centreville. He
afterwards purchased a tract of land in the township of Sherman, at
the south end of Fish lake, where he lived for several years, making it
a beautiful country home, surrounded by rare and beautiful flowers and
shrubbery. He was a warm and trustworthy friend, his ear ever open
to the cry of want or suffering from his fellow man. He was buried
by the Grand Lodge of F. and A. M., the Knight Templars acting as
an escort. The bearers were Geo. McGoffery, Andrew Knapp, Thomas
Harris, Wm. Fitzsimmons, John George, J. A. Smith.

C. H. STAEE.

TUSCOLA COUNTY,
ENOS GOODRICH.

Name.

Date of Death.

Place of Death.

Age.

John Kinyon

April 8, 1889

Caro

Townsend North ..

June 12, 1889

Vassar

Mrs. Sally Hinson

June 15,1889.. ..

Levi L. Wixson. _

August 2, 1889

Mrs. Charles Montague .. ..

/
August 4, 1889

Caro

Charles Montague

September 15, 1889..

Caro

John Miller __

August 80, 1889 .

Vassar

Mrs. Emily W. Atwood.

October 22, 1889

Caro

Asa White

April 15, 1890

Vassar

Florentine H. Burnett..

May 21, 1890.

Mrs. Enos Goodrich '

June 4, 1890

JOHN KINYON.

John Kinyon was born in Wayne county, N. Y., Oct. 9, 1823, and
removed to Plymouth, Wayne county, Michigan, in 1831, with his
parents. He was always a farmer, but was engaged in the livery busi-
ness and hotel keeping for some time. He removed to Caro, Tuscola
county, Michigan, in September, 1875, where he lived until his death
April 8, 1889.

He was one of a family of nine children, of whom three brothers
survive him. He leaves a widow and a son and daughter both married.

190 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

TOWNSEND NORTH.

Townsend North died June 12, 1889. He was born September 24,
1814, in Ulster county, N. Y., in which vicinity his boyhood days were
spent. He came with his father to Washtenaw county, Michigan, in
1835, and followed the business of carpentering for several years, dur-
ing which time he built the first dormitory building for the university
at Ann Arbor. In 1845, he moved to Flint, where he opened up a
lumber yard, and also kept a hotel for three years. During this time
he took the contract to build the first bridge over Cass river at Bridge-
port, and received in payment therefore a grant of 3,000 acres of land,
which he located along the Cass river, being attracted by the fine pine
timber and excellent soil. The grant covered all of the land the village
of Vassar now stands on and much other valuable territory.

Mr. North was the founder of Vassar, and many of the advantages
and industries which we enjoy today, are due to the energetic work
which he put forth in early days. In the spring of 1849, he dedicated
the site where Vassar now stands, to civilization, and opened up the
gateway for the settlement of Tuscola county. Together with his part-
ner, the late Jas. M. Edmunds, work was begun on the dam across the
river and sawmill the same spring, and soon after a start in business
had been made, the company laid out a few streets, and four years
later platted the village. Since that time there is scarcely one of the
many enterprises which today make us a thriving and populous com-
munity, but what he has been interested in and identified with. He
opened the first store of general merchandise in Tuscola county, built
the first saw mill and the first grist mill. In 1865 he sold his saw and
grist mill property together with a quantity of pine lands to B. F. Mc-
Hose. In 1867 he bought the Bunnell mill, which he operated for
about seven years. During this same year he started the Vassar woolen
mills, an institution which is now known all over the State, having
been re-organized into a stock company in 1882, with a capital of $25,-
000. Mr. North was a stockholder and president of this company at the
time of his death. In 1875 he started the first bank in the county,
which was re-organized into the First National Bank of Vassar, capital
$50,000, with Mr. North as president, a position which he has held
ever since. Aside from his various business interests, he operated two
large farms, located in Denmark and Fremont.

Although Mr. North was never an office seeker, he has held many
official positions of responsibility and trust. He was the first register
of deeds of Tuscola county, after its organization in 1850. In 1862 he

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 191

was appointed by President Lincoln revenue assessor for the sixth dis-
trict of Michigan, holding the office under President Grant until it
was discontinued in 1873. He was State senator from this district in
1874-75, was supervisor of this township for several years, and a mem-
ber of the board of education for 16 years. He was also president of
the board appointed by Gov. Croswell to locate and superintend the
State School for the Blind. This position he resigned only a week
before his death, on account of failing health.

In all of his diversified business interests and associations, or in the
discharge of an official duty, during the long period covering nearly a
half centnry, he has always been held in high esteem, and no one will
be more missed in business circles than he.

Mr. North has been twice married, only two of his seven children by
his first wife still living, Mrs. James Johnson and Frank North, cash-
ier in the bank. By his present wife he has three daughters, Alma,
Ula and Lena, who are all living.

MES SALLY HINSON.

Every one learns with regret of the death of Aunt Sally Hinson one
of our oldest and most respected citizens. She is well remembered by
all school scholars who have ever attended the Hinson school, situated a
short distance from her home. She was always in sympathy with the
scholars in their joys or sorrows. Uncle David and Aunt Sally, as
they were always called by old and young, came to Michigan when it
was yet a territory in the year 1827, and lived a few years in the
vicinity of Ypsilanti; they moved to Tuscola county in 1852, when the
settlers in this county were but few. Her age at the time of her
death was 86 years. She died June 15, 1889.

LEVI L. WIXSON.

Levi L. Wixson, born January 9, 1829, in township of Pickering,
Canada, of American parentage. His father, Amos Wixson, a pioneer
of Sanilac Co., was born in Steuben Co., N. Y., the family having
come from England and settled in Mass, in 1834 He was raised on a
farm, was for several terms engaged in teaching school in Sanilac
county, graduated in the law department at Ann Arbor in 1862, practicing
at Lexington until his election as circuit judge of the 24th judicial
circuit in spring of 1879. He resigned on account of ill health
March 1, 1886; died Aug. 2, 1889, of bronchial consumption.

192 ANNUAL, MEETING, 1890.

CHAELES MONTAGUE.

Charles Montague, born Dec. 31, 1799, in Somersetshire, Eng.,
emigrated to America with his parents in 1811, and resided at Boston,
Mass., until 1817, when his father reniovjed to London, Ont. He
married Aug. 17, 1824, Maria A. Hungerford, who was born March 5,
1806, at Detroit, Mich.

They removed to Michigan, after residing continuously at West-
minster nearly forty years; resided at Caro since 1863. Mrs. Montague
died Aug. 4, 1889, and her husband survived her until Sept. 15, 1889.

JOHN MILLER.

John Miller was born July 8, 1794, in the town of Alsted, county of
Cheshire, state of New Hampshire.

He came to Mt. Clemens, Macomb county, Michigan, in the year
1822. Was married to Harriet Gould of Decatur, Otsego county, state
of New York, on the 29th of Jan. 1824.

In 1840 came to Tuscola, being the seventh family in Tuscola county
at that time. This county was a dense wilderness and he- went to
work with a determination to make the forest give way for the plow
and the golden harvest. He well understood pioneer life.

Home was hia only delight and ever anxious that his children
should all have a farm in which he made provisions for each of them.

Prior to his coming to Tuscola county, for 16 years, blacksmithing was
his sole occupation, and for 10 years after moving here he was the
only blacksmith in the county. He made all the drills for putting
down the first salt well in the Saginaw valley. He was no politician,
never sought office, although he served the people of Tuscola township as
treasurer for seven years. Was a soldier in the war of 1812. Died at
the home of his son John L. in the town of Vassar, Aug. 30, 1889, at
the age of 95 years, 1 month and 22 days.

MRS. EMILY W. ATWOOD.

Mrs. Emily W. Atwood died at her home in Caro, on the 22d day
of October, 1889, after an illness of eleven months. Her maiden name
was Emily Wilson. She was born at Saratoga, N. Y., May 4, 1831.
Lucius and Lydia Wilson, the parents of Mrs. Atwood, moved with
their family to White Oak, Ingham county, in this State, in the spring
of 1836, where she resided until her marriage with H. P. Atwood,
March 1852. Previous to her marriage she was engaged in teaching
school in the township where she resided. Mr. Atwood and his family,

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 193

consisting of himself, wife and son Theron W., removed from Ingham
county in June, 1854, and took up their residence in what is now Gil-
ford, in Tuscola county, and there encountered the usual privations of
pioneer life.

In the spring of 1856, the family increased by the oldest daughter,
settled on what is now a part of the large farm of the late lamented
Townsend North, where they lived until the fall of 1858, when they
removed to the village of Vassar, and resided there until May, 1865.
From this time until February, 1867, the family resided in Ingham
county; thence returned to this county to reside, the first three years
at Watrousville, and the remainder of the time at Caro, except from
October 1887, to October 1888, when they lived in Leelanaw county,
Michigan, near Lake Michigan. Mrs. Atwood was the mother of nine
children, six of whom are still living. Theron W. Atwood, Mrs. Martha
E. Orr, Lydia Atwood, Myra Atwood, Mrs. Mabel Sprague and Nettie
Atwood. All except T. W., were born in Tuscola county.

Hon. Henry P. Atwood, the husband of the deceased, represented the
county of Tuscola in the House of Representatives in 1855. He was an
efficient legislator, and his action was highly creditable to the county
that sent him. He still resides at Caro, or a little north of Caro on
his farm.

ASA WHITE.

Asa White fell and broke his neck, April 15, 1890.

The deceased was 57 years of age, and was a native of Vermont. He
served in the army during the late war, enlisting from Fremont town-
ship. For seven years following the war, he farmed it in Fremont
township, this county, and twenty years ago moved with his family to
Vassar, where he has resided ever since, being engaged principally in
lumbering and in looking up pine lands in the northern part of the
State. He had a wide acquaintance all along the Cass river and
branches, where he had conducted lumbering operations, and but few
men probably in this section of the State had a more extended knowl-
edge of the timbered lands of northern Michigan than he, having
located thousands of acres for various lumbering firms in the Saginaw
valley. He was a man of iron constitution, never idle, and an affection-
ate and indulgent husband and father in his home, where he will be
sadly missed by his wife and daughter, who compose his family. An
aged mother who lives with her daughter in Northville, a brother in
Carrolton, and one in Tacoma, Washington, comprise his immediate
relatives.

194 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

FLORENTINE H. BURNETT.

Florentine H. Burnett who died May 21, 1890, was born at Chagrin
Falls, Ohio, March 3, 1842.

He enlisted in April, 1862, in the 14th Indiana regiment as a private.
He came to Michigan in 1867.

MRS. ENDS GOODRICH.

Ann Atkins Goodrich was the daughter of Ralph C. Atkins and his
consort Lusabra Bush, and was born in the town of Amherst, county
of Erie, State of New York, February 15, 1822. In consequence of
the death of her mother in her early infancy she was placed in charge
of her aunt, Wealthy Atkins, whose husband kept the Cold Springs
hotel just on the eastern borders of Buffalo. Here she received a
limited school education, with the best of instruction in household
duties. In the autumn of 1836 her father having married a second
wife, removed to the then wilds of Michigan while it was yet a territory.
Here, for a time, she was placed in charge, of another aunt, who was
the wife of Hon. Thomas Drake, then residing in Flint. Mr. Drake
was at the time, an Indian trader, and it was here she witnessed the
terrible epidemic of small-pox which swept away 50 per cent of the
Indian population. Returning to the town of Atlas, where her father
had settled, she was on the 26th day of June, 1838, married to Enos
Goodrich. About this time Mr. Goodrich formed a copartnership with his
brother Reuben and entered upon that series of mill-building and other
improvements which culminated in the building up of the village of
Goodrich. This was work that required strong hands and stout
hearts. The superintendence of a large boarding-house devolved upon
her, in the discharge of which duty she exhibited a degree of dexterity
and masterly energy seldom if ever witnessed in women of riper years.
In this work she continued in concert with her husband and his brother
Reuben nearly twenty years, at which time the village was transacting
far more business than it ever did before or since. Financial reverses
terminated the business career of the firm of E. & R. Goodrich, and
she retired with her husband to the wilds of Tuscola county, once more
to try her fortunes in the settlement of another new country. Leaving
her old home and kindred and the comforts of civilized life, she cheer-
fully submitted to the toils and privations incident to her new station ;
but her health finally gave way under the pressure of her arduous
duties. Still side by side and hand in hand with her husband
she toiled on with superhuman energy, until their labors were rewarded

195

with one of the finest homes in their adopted county. But it was her
sad fortune to become the victim of disease, which marred the enjoy-
ment of the fruits of their labors. Still she stood boldly at her post,
cheerfully and resolutely battling with her destiny, while suffering from
-a complication of diseases, until her woodland home under her perse-
vering hand had become to her an earthly paradise. Yearly as the
vernal season returned her weary heart was delighted at the blooming
of her garden, and the expanding and symmetrical growth of the
shrubbery she had planted. But her physical debilities had become
greatly aggravated from an attack of the epidemic influenza, which was
so prevalent throughout the country. It was with tottering steps that
she daily hied her to the garden, and when she returned to the quiet
of her room her favorite Bible was her daily and constant companion
until by repeated reading from Genesis to Revelations she left her
pencil marks upon her favorite passages. It was when the early blos-
soms had begun to fade that the angel of death, in the form of heart
disease, gently and calmly and sweetly wafted her spirit away to the
realms of the great unknown. At ten minutes before one o'clock on
the balmy and moonlight morning of the 4th of June, 1890, she calmly
breathed away her spirit in the embraces of her husband and only

son.

Coming to Michigan almost 54 years ago, she had seen the State
grow up around her, and had shown by her example how efficient may
be the labors of woman in the building of States. She leaves a
bereaved husband, a son, Enos H. Goodrich, and a daughter, Mrs.
Jeremiah Narrin, and a host of more remote kindred and sympathizing
friends to mourn their irreparable loss.

Her funereal was held at the home of her daughter near Goodrich
and on Friday, June 6, 1890, her remains were deposited among the
graves of many near and dear friends who had gone before.

WASHTENAW COUNTY.
EZRA D. LAY.

Name.

Date of Death.

Age.

Residence.

Years In
Mich.

Hiram Day.

Jane 1, 1889

Old resident Ypsilanti..-

Eli Benton.

June 5, 1889

Lodi township

George Black .

June 11, 1889

Dexter township

James J. Vandyne.

July 1, 1889

Of county

James M. Kelsey .

June 23, 1889

York township

196

ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.
WASHTENAW COUNTY.— CONTINUED.

Name.

Date of Death.

Age.

Residence.

fears In
Mich.

Mrs. Almira L. Greene

July 6, 1889

Old resident Ypsilanti ?

Mrs. Mary G. Reese

July 22, 1889

Mrs. Lucinda Bentley

July 12, 1889

Superior and Ypsilanti )

Otis Hall

July 13, 1889

city )

Old pioneer of county

Thomas H. Mosher

Julv 16, 1889

Manchester .

r3:

Newton A. Pruden

July 30, 1889

Old Pioneer Ann Arbor

Mrs. Ann Carpenter...

August 8, 1889

Old Pioneer Ypsilanti )

William Turner

August 19, 1889

Dexter

Ira Cornwell

August 20, 1889

Mrs. Volinia Nichols . . .. ..

August 19, 1889

Ann Arbor township

Mrs. William Double

August 29, 1889

County

Thomas Ronnnr

September 20, 1889

Lodi and Ann Arbor

Miss R«t"«y Raymond

September 15, 1889

Sharon

Patrick Martin

October 7, 1889

Old resident Ann Arbor

Mrs. Alfred Hennequin .

October 4, 1889

Old resident Ann Arbor

Mrs. Mary Howlett . .

October 7, 1889

Lyndon

Samuel W, Dorr ... ...

October 15, 1889

Manchester .

John Thompson ....

October 18, 1889

Ann Arhor

David Depue ...

October 17, 1889

Pittsfield

5»

John Kanouse

October, 1889.. .

Saline

59*

Peter Carey

October 28, 1889

Ann Arbor

Mrs. Shpffinlrl Newton

October 13, 1889

Old resident York

Richard Hall

October 19, 1889

Manchester . .

55-

OrviUe N. Conklin

October 81, 1889.. _

Old resident Ypsilanti )

Judge Channcey Joslyn

October 31, 1889

Ypsilanti

52:

John Geddes. ..

November 4, 1889 .

Ann Arbor township...

Miss Fanny Nichols

October 27, 1889

Ypsilanti city

Fayette Sanders .

October 81, 1889

Ypsilanti city „

Mrs. George Rosier

October 30. 1889

Old resident Dexter

Joel Mansfield „

November 7, 1889.

Old resident Ypsilanti )

Harvey C. Boyd . .

November 18, 1889

Sylvan..

Thomas E. Keating . .

November 23, 1889

Ann Arbor

Dr. Henry S. Frieze

December 7, 1889

Ann Arbor

Mrs. Ann Page

November 28, 1889

Dexter

December 15, 1889

Dexter .. .

William W. Wines

December 21, 1889

Ann Arbor . .

December 14, 1889

Sharon

Mrs. Olive Phillips

December 27, 1889

Ypsilanti city

40-

George Pan!

December 28, 1889

Scio township

Mrs. Minerva Flint

January 13, 1890

Old resident Ann Arbor..

Mrs Eliza Vought

January 9, 1890

Superior township

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE.
WASHTENAW COUNTY.— CONTINUED.

197

Name.

Date of Death.

Age.

Residence.

Years in
Mich.

Mrs. S. A. Bolles

January 11, 1890...

Chelsea

Michael Kappler .

January 22, 1890.

Sharon township

-Job n Rfissl ny

January 28, 1890

Ann Arbor

Mary M. Murray .

January 28, 1890

Superior . J.

Mrs. E. J. Dewey -

January 22, 1890

York township

William g. Hftndmrsnn

January 28, 1890...

Ypsilanti city..

Mrs. Ira Stanbro

January 81, 1890

Born in Salem

Tra St,anhro . , .„„„

February 15, 1890..

Old resident Salem .

Mrs. Rebecca Havens

February 4, 1890 .

Old resident Saline

Malcom McDougal

January 30, 1890. ..

Bridgewater ..

Philander Stevens . ...

February 18, 1890

Ypsilanti city

Mrs. Sally Turner

January 30, 1890

Dexter

Lmoian B, Knif ^ . ,,__,_.__

February' 16, 1890..

Ypsilanti city and county

JameB Fair

February 15, 1890

Ann Arbor

Jesse Lane .... . ..

February 7, 1890 ..

Old resident Dexter

Mrs. Mary N. Conklin .

February 18, 1890

Old resident Chelsea

Mrs. John Bell

February 19, 1890. .

Dexter ^

Mrs. Mary McCarthy

February 14, 1890

Scio

Mrs, lVfargar«t WnrstAP

February 6, 1890

Northfield

Mro. Margarnt. ftarrJinnr

February 16, 1890..

Old resident Augusta

Josiah F, Sanders .. , . . ,

February 22, 1890..

Ypsilanti city

Mrs, Fanny .T, Watling

February 19, 1890..

Ypsilanti township

Levi Deake

February 14, 1890

Old resident Salem

Mrs. Ann ftallaghfir

March 8, 1890

Ann Arbor

Frederic Durheim

March 4, 1890

Old resident Ann Arbor

Lorenzo Sawyer ... . .

March 4, 1890 .

Old resident Sylvan..

Mrs. Mary Ann Marriatt .

February 28, 1890..

Pittsfield

William Pester.

March 8, 1890

Old resident Ypsilanti )

Mrs. Henry Todd..

March 15, 1890.

Webster .

Stephen J. Chase

March 30, 1890

Sylvan

Alfred C. Anderson

March 26, 1890

Old resident Pittsfield

Philo Parsons

April 8, 1890

Pittsfield_and Ypsilanti )

James C. Horrington

April 8, 1890

Sylvan

Egbert Peck

April 14, 1890

Ypsilanti .

Ezra D. Lay ...

April 28,1890

Ypsilanti .

This report closes with the death of the compiler, Ezra D. Lay,
the Vice President for this county. His work is done. Other hands
must carry the burden. He who for so many years took so much pains

198 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

to record the passing away of the pioneers of Washtenaw county,
rests from his labors, and has gone to join the many old pioneer
friends in the land of the blessed.

EZRA D. LAY.

Ezra D. Lay died at his home on Ypsilanti Plains, April 28, 1890,
aged 82 years, 4 months, 22 days.

Mr. Lay was born in the town of Saybrook, Connecticut, Dec. 6y
1807, and removed with his parents in May, 1812, to the state of New
York, where they settled four miles northwest of Eochester, in the
then county of Genesee and now Monroe county, New York. Here
he spent the time until twenty-one years of age.

The next two summers he was engaged in boating on the Erie canal,
and not liking that business in life which implied the being out of
employment a part of the year, unless willing to chop cord wood at
twenty-five cents a cord, he built a cooper shop and commenced
making flour barrels for the Eochester mills. After working at the
cooper's trade three years and having heard flattering accounts of Ohio
and Michigan as the land of promise, he left his home in the month of
May, 1832, taking a canal boat to Buffalo where he found the steamboat,
William Penn, about to leave. He went on board, and after 36 hours
of time landed in Cleveland, a very small village at that time, stayed
all night there and the next morning started on foot for Medina, some
25 miles south of Cleveland. There he found some old acquaintances
with whom he stopped a day or two, and then started on foot in a
westerly course for Huron, Ohio, some 60 miles distant, arriving there
the second evening. At Huron he took the Henry Clay, under Cap-
tain Norton, for Detroit. The next morning in passing up the Detroit
river, he was delighted with the scenery and with the wind-mills
scattered along the banks.

Arriving at Detroit on a pleasant morning, he found a small town
settled mostly with French, with a few enterprising Americans, and
after stopping a few hours, started on foot for Ann Arbor by the
Chicago road, crossing the plains east of Ypsilanti with little thought
that he should spend a life-time in that locality, for he had at that
time a poor opinion of that kind of land.

Ypsilanti was at that time a small village situated on the Huron
river with a . fine water-power partly improved. Leaving Ypsilanti he-
traveled on foot taking the Indian trail for Ann Arbor, passing
through Geddesburg where he was furnished a bowl of bread and milk
by Eobert Geddes. There he first saw the venerable John Geddes,

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 199

then living with his brother Robert. In coming to Ann Arbor he
found a small village beautifully situated for a county seat. After
spending a night there he started for the township of Salem where he
stayed over night with old acquaintances.

The next morning he started for Pontiac by way of Northville and
Walled lake, stopping over night with a farmer living near Orchard
lake and arriving at Pontiac for breakfast. After visiting old friends
at this point he returned to Detroit, taking the first boat for Buffalo.
At this time he had not determined to return to Michigan to live, but
the following year saw his return. He purchased the farm on which
he died, for the purpose of growing a nursery. For 25 years he carried
on this business, and then gave it up for general farming. Touching
the nursery business we give the following extract from a letter written
by Mr Lay to Mr. J. C. Holmes of Detroit in 1873 in answer to
inquiries from that gentleman:

"SiR — At your request I send you an account of the nursery started
and carried on in the town of Ypsilanti, on the plains east of the now
city of Ypsilanti.

"In the spring of 1833 I came to Michigan, then a territory to select
a place for establishing a nursery, and selected the above location. In
tne fall of 1833 my brother Z. K. Lay and myself came to Ypsilanti
and brought with us about twenty-five thousand cultivate4 trees, mostly
of one season's growth, from the nursery of Asa Howe, near Rochester,
New York. They consisted of one hundred and thirty varieties of apples
seventy-five varieties of pears, forty of peaches, three of apricots, three of
nectarines, twenty of cherries, twenty of plums, three of quinces, fifteen
of strawberries, forty of grapes, native and foreign, together with cur-
rants, gooseberries, raspberries, etc., also a large assortment of orna-
mental shrubs, evergreens, roses, peonies, herbaceous, perennial flowering
plants, etc.

"In the autumn of 1834 we erected a small greenhouse and filled it
with plants. I think it was the first greenhouse built in Michigan.
In the autumn of 1836 we erected a larger greenhouse and filled it with
a choice collection of tropical plants. I do not know that there was
any nursery of fruit trees in Michigan at the time we started ours on
the plains, near Ypsilanti."

Mr. Lay was supervisor of his township for 8 years, retiring in 1869
against the wishes of his townsmen, from a desire to be relieved of
public duties. In 1874 he was elected a representative to the State
Legislsture. In 1874-5 he was president of the Eastern Michigan
Agricultural Society, having been previously a member of the executive

200 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

committee and always taking an active interest in the affairs of the
society.

For many years, he was identified with the pioneer societies of the
State and county. He was president of the Washtenaw county society
in 1880, and necrologist for many years, was for a long time vice presi-
dent of the State society and necrologist for his county for that society
also, up to the time of his death. The tedium of confinement to the
house during the last winter of his life was relieved by compiling a
sketch of the early history of the several towns in this county for the
State society, which he was permitted to see completed.

He was married Dec., 4 1834, by Bev. I. M. Weed, to Miss Melinda
Kinne, daughter of Bev. J. Kinne, a Baptist clergyman of Monroe
county, N. Y.

Three children were born to them, namely: E. D. jr., who died
twenty-one years ago, Susan M. wife of Dr. Wm. Pattison of Ypsilanti
and Wm. H. whose home has always- been with his parents on the
farm where he has cared for them in their declining years.

In his church relations, Mr. Lay was a Presbyterian, with which
church he united in 1844, became an elder in the same in 1866, and
held the office at his decease.

In politics) originally an anti-slavery whig, but with the fusion of the
party with the free-soil element, he became an uncompromising repub-
lican and remained loyal to its policy to the end. His first presiden-
tial vote was cast for John Q. Adams, and his last for Benjamin
Harrison. In common with all whigs he was a great admirer of Henry
Clay. The greatness and honesty of Abraham Lincoln often elicited
from him words of highest praise. Through all the dark days of the
rebellion, Lincoln received his enthusiastic and unflinching support, and
his faith in the ultimate triumph of the Union cause never wavered.
In public life his judgment seldom erred; in private and social rela-
tions, he was the trusted friend of those in trouble, and his counsel
and friendly offices were often sought and highly valued.

He was a man of clear perceptions of duty and right and under his
quiet exterior, there were lodged the inteligence and energy which
made him correct in thought and conclusion, and effective in execu-
tion.

His integrity of character, his honesty of purpose and his discrim-
inating judgment made him, for 56 years, a potent factor in soci-
ety and indentified him with the material, civil and religious growth of
the community in which he lived. This community will miss his quiet,
welcome presence, but the memory of his upright, Christian life will be

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 201

as the benediction of one greatly beloved and affectionately crowned
with honor.

The funeral services were held at his home on the plains where a
large concourse of friends and neighbors paid to him their last tribute
of respect. Rev. H. M. Morey, his pastor, spoke the words of com-
fort to the sorrowing friends, Rev. J. L. Cheney of the Baptist church
assisting in the exercises. Dr. Huston of this city spoke appropriately
of his official life as representative of his district in the Legislature, while
the music was led by Mr. George Alban, Mr. Byron Edwards, Miss
Jennie Hendricks and Miss Julia Stebbins.

The following lines in memory of his old and valued friend, are
contributed by Mr. Wm. Lambie as appropriate to close this sketch:

Another pioneer has gone

From his friends and his rural home,

A Christian of honest worth,

One of our purest friends on earth,

Left this beautiful world of ours

In vernal bloom and opening flowers.

He plows his fertile fields no m6re,
He's safe upon the sinless shore,
We think of weclome words " well done,"
Where pain and sorrow never come,
We meet no more on Sabbath morn,
As in the fifty years that's gone.

He came to worship so divinely,
Never said a word unkindly,
Living in peace and free from strife,
Preaching righteousness by his life,
He reads the long sad list no more
Of pioneers that's gone before.

The pioneers where he has gone
Never grow old nor leave their home ;
A kind farewell, we're all your debtor,
You helped to make the world the better;
Some friends will not have long to wait
To meet you at the golden gate.

GEOEGE SUTTON.

Sunday afternoon, May 18, 1890, at four o'clock, Hon. George Sutton
died at his home in Northfield township, after having passed full four
score years on earth, a length of years allotted to but few men. He
had been suffering for several weeks and his death was not unexpected.
It is safe to say that there are but few men living who will be missed
26

202 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

more by the community in which he lived for nearly sixty years, than
will Mr. Sutton. He was a man with many friends and not a known
enemy. His entire life was devoted to doing unto others as he would
have them do unto him, and in doing this he leaves behind him a
worthy record.

George Sutton was born at Orange, Warren county, N. JM on Feb-
ruary 17, 1810, his father, Nathan Sutton, being one of the sturdy
pioneers of that State. When twenty years of age he came to Michi-
gan with his father and settled upon 500 acres of land in Northfield,
where he lived until the day of his death upon a portion of this farm
which he took up from the government in 1830.

Mr. Sutton was elected to many position of honor and trust during
his long life. In 1833 at the first township meeting in Northfield, Mr.
Sutton was elected the first township clerk. He was town clerk again
1835-6 and 1857-8. He also represented his town on the board of
supervisors several terms, being elected in 1838, 1839, and in 1848.
He was elected justice of the peace in 1842, 1846, 1850, 1854, 1859r
1863, 1868, and 1869-70. He was elected a member of the State Legis-
lature in 1875-6.

In 1835 he was married to Miss Catherine O. Pray, and was the
father of three children, Hon. Nathan E. Sutton, of Northfield, Mrs.
Dr. Collins H. Johnson, of Grand Rapids, and Mrs. T. J. DeForest,
of Geddes.

Mr. Sutton experienced many of the hardships of the early pioneer
days of Michigan, and was an active member of the Washtenaw
County Pioneer Society. He has been one of the successful farmers
of our county, and during his early life managed to save a competency
to keep him in his old age. The deceased was a member of Golden Rule
Lodge, No. 154, F. & A. M., having been a Mason in the first Masonic
lodge instituted in Ann Arbor, Oriental lodge, No. 15. He was also a
member of Washtenaw Chapter, No. 6, R. A. M., and of Ann Arbor
Commandery, No. 13, K. T., the latter organization taking charge of
the burial services.

JOHN GEDDES.

BY WILLIAM GEDDES.

John Geddes was born in Londonderry Tp., Dauphin (now Lebanon)
Co., Pennsylvania, March 19, 1801. His father, mother and three of
his grandparents were born, lived, and died in Pennsylvania, the other
grandparent, William Geddes, was born near Randallstown, Co. Antrim,.

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 208

Ireland, in 1735, and died in Cumberland Co., Pa., in 1789. Mr.
Geddes was reared in his native state and when old enough was sent
to school a mile or two distant; at the age of 14 he left school and
in that year finished the only education he ever obtained within
the four walls of a school-house.

When he was about 23 years of age he concluded to make a trip to
the territory of Michigan and if the land suited, to locate in that
region; he accordingly did, and landed in Detroit, July 12, 1824. The
following day he started westward and arrived at Woodruff's Grove,,
now Ypsilanti, where he remained over night. In the morning of the
14th he came to the spot where now is located the city of Ann Arbor.
The country suiting him, and believing in the fertility of the soil, he
located a farm in the S. E. qr. of Sec. 8, in what is now Pittsfield
Tp. He paid for the tract July 21, 1824. After spending a short
time in the new country he returned to Pa. April 19, 1825, Mr.
Geddes, in company with his brother, left their home in the east for
Mich. They arrived at Ann Arbor, May 11, 1825, both purchased land,
and on June 14, they settled on Sec. 36, Ann Arbor township, where Mr.
Geddes lived until a few years before his death. In the fall of 1826
Bob't Geddes built a saw mill on the Huron river and Uncle John
went to work for him at $10 a month. From that time until March,
1868, Mr. Geddes continued to work in the mill. Mr. G. was married,
April 6, 1837, to Fannie Savage. Three children were born to this
union, two daughters and one son. Mrs. Geddes died Dec. 6, 1855, and
on June 8, 1858, Mr. Geddes married Juliette Savage, sister of his
former wife. She died August 18, 1883. A few years after her death
he broke up his household, making his home with friends and relatives,
dying at the residence of C. E. Church, Ann Arbor, on the 4th day
of Nov., 1889, of old age and debility, at the age of 88 years and 8
months.

WAYNE COUNTY.
J. WILKIE MOORE.

Detroit, Mich., June 1, 1890.

To the President and Members of the Michigan Pioneer and Histori-
cal Society:

FELLOW PIONEERS — While man in his passage through human exist-
ence, though sometimes attended by prosperous circumstances, is often
compelled to tread a path beset with numerous evils, and frequently

204 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

reminded of the precariousness of his state on earth. Today his feet
treads in prosperity, tomorrow he totters on the uneven path of weak-
ness, temptation and adversity. That there is no station in life, in
which pride can be stably founded. That all men at birth and in
the grave are on a level, and that when death comes, the mortal part
mingles with the earth from which it is formed and the immortal
returns to Him who gave it.

While we know this is true in respect to earthly life, yet when the
silver cord is loosed and the golden bowl is broken we reflect with
sadness that such a human life is closed.

It is with such feelings that in accordance with the duty imposed
upon me, I present my annual report, for the year ending June 1, of
the departure from this life of those whom I have known, loved and
respected. In number, 161. Averaging 80 years of age. Two over 100
years of age.

Mrs. C. C. Teamans died April 24, 1889, aged 67 years, leaving
four children. She was the wife of Dr. C. C. Yeamans and was
beloved and respected by all who knew her.

Harvey King died June 14, 1889, aged 72^. Mr. King was exten-
sively known by the citizens of Detroit and the State, through his
enterprises tending to the development of both.

Mrs. Charlotte Stigman died July 8, 1889, aged 70.

Professor Peter H. Voght died June 24, 1889, aged 75. A cele-
brated musician.

Fred. Pifer died July 11, 1889, aged 74.

Mrs. Ellen Lyons died June 6, 1889, aged 76.

John Kuchner died July 10, 1889, aged 85.

Mrs. Mariah Wells Irham died July 9, 1889, aged 79.

William V. James died August 11, 1889, aged 77. Prominent in
the democratic party and served in the Mexican war.

Mr. Harry Esselstyne died August 2, 1889, aged 72.

Benj. Vernor died July 10, 1889, aged 64.

Phebe T. Burt died August 4, 1889, aged 74.

Jacob Breuckmann died July 24, 1889, aged 80.

Elsie D. Thurber died June 25, 1889, aged 76.

Margaret F. Elliott died April 23, 1889, aged 81. After whose
husband Mt. Elliott cemetery was named.

J. E. Playform died July 4, 1889, aged 59.

William Knowland of Dearborn died June 30, 1889, aged 67.

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 205

Mrs. Mary Campbell wife of the Hon. Wm. P. Wells and sister ix>
Judge Campbell died July 16, 1889, aged — .

Eliza Lee died July 15, 1889, aged 86$.

Gertrude Eliza Valmon died Aug. 2, 1889, aged 77. Mother of Geo.
E. Valmon, 635 2d Ave.

Margaret, widow of the late Wm. Miakin, died July 14, 1889, aged
,89.

Thomas Toomey died Aug. 6, 1889, aged 71 years.

Mrs. Sarah Jackson died in July, 1889, aged 109 years. She was
well known to me, and truly was one of the pioneers of Michigan, and
in ' her sphere contributed much toward the development of our city
and State.

Hon. Hovey K. Clark died July 21, 1889, aged 77 years.

Mrs. John McPherson died July 22, 1889, aged 75.

John Kaihner died Aug. 16, 1889, aged 87.

Mrs. Elizabeth Palmiera died Aug. 16, 1889 aged 72.

Geo. H. Gies died July 14, 1889, aged — . As far as 1861 he was a
prominent and active man of the U. S. A.

William H. Snover died Aug. 12, 1889, aged 87.

James Waters who lived a hermit's life" on Force Island, at the
mouth of Detroit river for 40 years, died July 10, 1889, his only com-
panions being two dogs and 40 cats, three mudturtles and one wood-
chuck. He supported himself by duck shooting and fishing.

Mrs. Lucina Perkins died Aug. 3, 1889, aged 65. Wife of the late
William Perkins.

George McMillan of Geo. & B. McMillan died at Wursburg, Bavaria,.
Aug. 5, 1889, aged 66 years.

Mananna Malicka died Aug. 11, 1889, aged 85. Native of Poland.

Paul Monterman died Aug. 11, 1889, aged 83.

Alexander Dey, died August 5, 1889, aged 69 years, eight months, 12-
day s. A well known banker of long standing and president of the A.

M. National bank, Detroit.

Mrs. Sally A. E. Closser, widow of the late John Closser, and sister

of the Hon. J. Wilkie Moore of Detroit, died Sunday, August 4, 1889,
aged 82 years, 3 months and 12 days, after an illness of many years
which she bore with Christian fortitude and resignation. She came to-
Michigan territory with her husband in 1833, and settled on a new
farm in the town of Brownstown, Wayne county. She was the mother
of eleven children and was beloved and respected by her neighbors
and all who knew her. Truly a pioneer. A good woman has been
called to rest.

206 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

Josiah Eiopelle died Oct. 31, 1889, aged 69. He was one of the
oldest citizens of Delray.

Mrs. Isabella S. Crough died Oct. 30, 1889, aged 85.

Fredincca Donner died Oct. 27, 1889, aged 75 years, and 7 months.

Mrs. Nancy Brown died Oct. 27, 1889, aged 92 years and 10 months.
The mother of Mrs. Thomas Lewis known as the Governor of Gross
Isle.

Mattison Merritt died Oct. 3, 1889, aged 79.

Mrs. Lewis Woodworth died January 3, 1890, aged 70 years.

Michael Doran died Oct. 1889, aged 73.

William Merritt died Nov. 10, 1889, aged 68 years. An old resident
and pioneer of Detroit.

John Smoots died Nov. 11, 1889, aged 70.

Elmer C. Horton died January 11, 1890, aged 89.

Mrs. Daniel Bowerman died January 3, 1890, aged 81. An old
resident of Grosse Point.

Adams Platt died November 23, 1889, aged 70.

Mrs. Francis VanAntwerp died Sept, 27, 1889, aged 80.

Henry P. Stockton died August 30, 1889, aged 71.

Mrs. Johanna Watka, died Aug 30, 1889, aged 83.

Hon. Geo. E. Hand, died Aug. 30, 1889, at Madison, Conn, aged
81 years. He was judge of probate for a number of years and an
estimable citizen.

James Andrews died Sept. 25, 1889, aged 91.

Mrs. Desire Chamberlain died August 20, 1889, aged 78.

Mrs. Ann Highinbotham died August 21, 1889, aged 93.

Miss Hannah Peltier, died Sept. 4, 1889, aged 84 years, 3 months.

Rev. John Van, pastor of St. Francis parish, Ecorse died at his home
Sept. 3, 1889, aged 79. He was indeed a father to his people, and
was loved and revered by all.

Joseph Neuman died Dec. 7, 1889, aged 76.

Margreth Gemein died Dec. 6, 1889, aged 76.

Mrs. Catherine Merker died Jan. 20, 1890, on her birth day, aged
82.

Mrs. Helen Lowrie, widow of the late James Lowrie, died at her home
at Grosse Isle, Jan. 19, 1890, aged 76.

Isaac Hart died Jan. 11, 1890, aged 75.

Martha Cushing died Jan. 12, 1890, aged 69.

Mrs. Susanah Dixon died Nov. 19, 1889, aged 83.

Paul H. Merritt died Nov. 19, 1889, aged 73.

REPORT OP THE MEMORIAL, COMMITTEE. 207

Mrs. Kebecca Wood died Nov. 17, 1889, aged 96. Was buried at
Bedford.

Wm. Congdon died Nov. 1889, once a candidate for sheriff of the
county, aged 75.

Edward Markie died Dec. 8, 1889, aged 80.

Daniel Scoville died Dec. 13, 1889, aged 76.

Mrs. Mary Jager died Dec. 18, 1889, aged 78.

Anthony Schulte died Dec. 19, 1889, aged 71.

John C. Van Voorhes died Dec. 1889, aged 71.

Michael Sheehan died January 7, 1890, aged 71.

Harry Gardner died Sept. 29, 1889, aged 67.

Lewis Cicotte died Sept. 29, 1889, aged 71.

Phebe Candler Shaw, wife of Wm. Shaw, died Oct. 25, 1889,
aged 81.

Geo. Beard died Oct. 15, 1889, aged 75.

James Wren died Oct. 12, 1889, aged 74.

Francis Van Antwerp, died Oct. 13, 1889, aged 85. One of the
early settlers of Grosse Point, a man of integrity and hospitality;
respected by all who knew him.

Daniel L. Shaw died Oct. 6, 1889, aged 77.

Richard Common died Oct. 4, 1889, aged 69.

Eegina Fischer, wife of P. Fischer, died Oct. 5, 1889, aged 67.

Nicholas Savage died Oct. 3, 1889, aged 77.

Samuel Zug died Dec. 26, 1889, aged 73. He was formerly sec-
retary of Wayne County Pioneer Society, and was very much respected
by all who knew him.

Millie M. Lyons died Dec. 26, 1889, aged 67.

Mrs. Anna Monnaprhan died at Norris, Jan. 4, 1890, at the age
of 101 years. She retained her faculties as well as her physical powers
to the end, and was remarkable, not only for great age, but also for
her eccentricities. She never employed doctors, and smoked tobacco
all her life. Only one year since, she walked to Detroit and back the
same day, 20 miles.

James S. Huff died Jan. 13, 1890, aged 68.

Mrs. Alexus Baby died Jan. 13, 1890, aged 79.

T. W. Tucker died Jan. 8, 1890, aged 68.

James Kitson died Jan. 20, 1890, aged 71.

Mrs. Drucilla Dayton died Jan. 28, 1890, aged 80.

Chas. E. Lester died at the residence of his daughter, Mrs. Sylves-
ter Lamed, aged 74.

John Oliver, died Jan. 29, 1890, aged 87.

208 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

Mrs. Margaret McDonald, wife of Stewart McDonald, died Jan. 22,
1890, aged 77.

J. Grob died Jan. 24, aged 72.

Mrs. Julia Norton Guernsey died Jan. 23, 1890, aged 81.

Geo. W. Taylor died Feb. 1, 1890, aged 84.

Mrs. Mary Ann Tillinghast, widow of the late Hon. Harry Tilling-
hast, died, aged 79. Eminent for her life in Christian piety.

Dr. Daniel Ford died Feb. 28, 1890, at Belleville, aged 64.

Mrs. Ann Dequindre died Feb. 20, 1890, aged 71. She was the
widow of the late Edward Lansing.

Michael Sprague died Feb. 6, 1890, aged 90.

Wm. Jackson died Feb. 22, 1890, aged 71.

Miss Grace Martin died Feb. 22, aged 74.

Francis Gouin died Feb 24, 1890, aged 78. He was one of the
early pioneers of this county.

Mrs. Margaret Girvin died Feb. 25, 1890, aged 84.

Mrs. Ellen Gilligan died Feb. 17, 1890, aged 78.

Thomas Dowling died Feb. 26, 1890, aged 88.

Frank Alterbraand died Feb. 26, 1890, aged 72.

Maria Catherine Stracke died March 1, 1890, aged 75.

Mrs. Margaret French died Feb. 22, 1890, aged 82.

B. D. Porter died March. 2, 1890, aged 79.

Mrs. Bridget Dunn died Feb. 28, 1890, aged 73.

Mrs. Jane Bell Coyl died March 8, 1890, aged 76. The widow of
the late W. K. Coyl.

Baldwin D. Conley died March 13, 1890, aged 73.

James S. Huff died March, 1890, aged 72.

M. M. Hall died March 20, 1890, aged 75.

J. B. E. Gravican died in Texas, March 14, 1890, aged 68.
. Mrs. Mary M. Cunningham died March 16, aged 82.

Mrs. James Hamilton Morrison, wife of Hamilton Morrison, died
March' 15, 1890, aged 75.

Mrs. Mary Behlow died March 26, 1890, aged 77.

Col. E. H. Brooks, U. S. A., died March 26, 1890, aged 72.

Mrs. Isabella Watson died March 28, 1890, aged 70.

Casper Schute died March 27, 1890, aged 81.

Mrs. Anne Shield died March 28, 1890, aged 74.

Judge James V. Campbell died March 26, 1890, aged 67. A man
whose life and acts added lustre to the highest tribunal of his State
as Judge of the Supreme Court of Michigan. Mild but firm, kind but
just.

REPORT OP THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 209

John S. Minor died Feb. 10, 1890, aged 74.

Mary Sullivan died Feb. 10, 1890, aged 76.

Samuel Harrison died Feb. 9, 1890, aged 69.

Andrew McDuff died Feb. 26, 1890, aged 78.

Mrs. Mary McCarty died Feb. 6, 1»90, aged 72.

Chas. E. Reynolds died Feb 5, 1890, aged 50. Formerly connected
with the police force, ever kind and courteous, but strict in the perform-
ance of his official duties.

Digby V. Bell died Feb. 16, 1890, aged 59. He was for a long
period collector of customs of the port of Detroit.

Anthony Wollenwebber died Feb. 16, 1890, aged 85.

John Lee died at Trenton, Mich., May 4, 1890, aged 79.

Prof. Herman A. Strassburg died May 6, 1890, aged 62. He has been
for many years distinguished as an accomplished teacher of music and
dancing, and been largely patronized as such by the leading families
of Detroit. He was twice married. He leaves a widow and five adult
children and was of the German Lutheran church of Detroit, a good
man and respected by all who knew him.

Mrs. Abby Wallaster died May 11, 1890, aged 80.

Thomas Nester died May 12, 1890, aged 57. Although of foreign birth a
man of remarkable enterprise and energy and since 1856 a citizen and
a successful lumberman.

Mrs. Roxanna Farmer died May 11, 1890, aged 90. The widow of
the late John Farmer, and mother of Silas Farmer. Her lineage was
Scotch and came to Detroit 50 years ago; she was beloved and respected
by all who knew her.

Frank Buhl died May 12, 1890, aged 84. A prominent and successful
business man and a resident of Detroit since 1833.

John Shockran died May 13, 1890, aged 80.

Mrs. Ruth A. Clarkstone died May 18, 1890, aged 79.

Mr. "Win. Lambert died April 28, 1890. Perhaps the most noted
among the officials of the underground railway company, contemporary
with the early anti-slavery movements, and in aiding the fugitives from
slavery to reach Canada. He himself was born a slave in Trenton, New
Jersey, and was a man of more than ordinary general intelligence, and
possessed extremely correct views as to thfc respective social rights
between the colored and white race. He was the first colored man
appointed a notary public in Michigan, and had accumulated a fine prop-
erty by the exercise of frugality and industry.

Dennis Falvy died April 1, 1890, aged 75.
27

210 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

Abbott Threse died April 2, 1890, aged 73. She was the relic of the
aged James Abbott.

Arouet Richmond died April 9, 1890, aged 73.

Mrs. Anna E. Davis died April 4, 1890, aged 90.

Ernest Theuene died April 19, 1890, aged 76.

Captain Stephen Martin died April 4, 1890, aged 69.

Cyrus B. Lowell died April 25, 1890, aged 85.

Gideon Pauil died April 16, 1890, aged 84.

Francisca Kulick died April 18, 1890, aged 76.

Mary Ann Bishop died April 21, 1890, aged 83.

Miss Mary A. Church died April 26, 1890, aged 79.

Christiana Eochen died April 28, 1890, aged 76.

Mrs. Jane Walker died April 27, 1890, aged 83.

Samuel C. Munson died in 1887. He, and J. Wilkie Moore, now
living, were present at the laying of the corner stone of the old terri-
torial capitol building at Detroit, in 1836.

Mrs. Mary Elizabeth Clemens died May 2, 1890, aged 72.

Mrs. Margaret Fox, widow of the late Joseph Fox died May 1, 1890,
aged 82.

Bishop Borgess died May 3, 1890, at Kalamazoo, Michigan, aged 62
years. Born in Germany, came with his parents to the United States,
when a boy and was educated in Cincinnati, O. Honored as a scholar
and for his devotion to his religious calling. At his request his remains
were deposited in the cemetery of that city (Kalamazoo), and not in
the vaults of the church, as is customary, with the remains of
the bishops of his church. His home was in Detroit.

The highest dignitary of the church, composed of arch-bishops and
bishops, and over one hundred priests, assisted in paying the last rites
to this distinguished divine.

Mrs. Jane Petherick died May 19, 1890, aged 79.

Mrs. Polly Croul Carlisle, born Sept. 11, 1792, who had been kissed
by Washington when a child and who well remembered LaFayette's
visit to this country, died May 18, 1890, at the home of her son-in-
law, James Gibson, 563 Sixth street, lacking but a little over two years
of a century of age. She was married at Throopsville, N. Y., Jan. 6,
1811, to Dr. Lewis Carlisle, who died Jan'y 25, 1858. She was an aunt
of Jerome Croul and four of her surviving children reside in Detroit.
Fred Carlisle, secretary of the Wayne County Pioneer Society,
William Carlisle, Mrs. James Gibson and Mrs. Eansom Plumstead.
She has resided here since 1836.

The Hon. Wirt Dexter died at Chicago on the eve of May 17, 1890.

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. 211

He was a native of Michigan and was an intimate personal friend of
Fred, a son of Polly Croul Carlisle.

Mrs. W. L. Sprague died May 30, 1890, aged 73. A most estimable
woman, a resident of Detroit for 50 years, and the mother of Mrs.
George W. Cavalry.

Capt. Henry M. Roby, born on the site of the present Michigan
Exchange, aged 72 years.

Michael Sage died June 1, 1890, aged 83. This closes the mortal
life of one of the oldest pioneers. Mr. Sage came to Detroit from
near Quebec, in 1829, and opened a blacksmith shop on Gratiot avenue,
which he operated for some thirty years. Since then he has given his
attention to real estate and leaves a large and valuable property, as
an evidence of his sagacity, frugality, and enterprise.

He was honest and upright in all his dealings and his demise will
be mourned and regretted by a large number of acquaintances and
friends, as well as by his townsmen generally.

PAPERS READ AT THE ANNUAL MEETING OF 1890,
AND OTHER CONTRIBUTIONS.

LETTER FROM DR. OLIVER C. COMSTOCK.

[Head at annual meeting, June 12, 1890. |

Brookline, Mass., June 10, 1890.

DEAR JUDGE MILLER — Yours of the 6th inst. came duly to hand,
and I hasten to say that the promised "long letter" after you return
from Lansing will be welcomed most heartily. You are now there,
and I address you care of State Library. Oh! how my heart jumps at
that familiar address. There will be the suave Poppleton, the gallant
Shoemaker and many more less known by me but none the less known
to fame. Give them one and all the high regards of

Your humble servant,

O. C. COMSTOCK.

P. S. Assure Mrs. Tenney and George H. Greene, Esq., that they are
not overlooked and are by no means forgotten.

O. C. C.

MEMOIR OF HON. TALCOTT E. WING, PRESIDENT OF THE
SOCIETY JUNE 11, 1887 TO JUNE 13, 1889.

BY HON. HARRY A. CONANT OF MONROE.

It was with feelings of a complex nature that I consented to prepare
this paper, grateful for the opportunity of casting my pebble upon the
cairn that is being builded to the memory of my friend, and yet
pained by the consciousness of my inability to do justice to the noble
life and character of him, whom to know was to respect and love.

MEMOIR OF TALCOTT E. WING. 213

Though his junior by many years, it was my privilege to know him
intimately, and for this reason it is more apparent to me how abortive
this effort at a portrayal of his true character must be. I shall there-
fore only attempt a brief sketch of his acts rather than a psychical
analysis of the man, and in doing this I am forced to use many facts
which are well known to the members of this society and some that
have already found their way into print from abler pens than minet

"When one looks abroad over the fair fields, the thriving cities, the
myriad homes, the rich forests, the great lakes and the mountains of
mineral which constitute today the great commonwealth of Michigan,
it is for the moment, a little difficult to believe that all this has been
wrought from the primeval wilderness during the span of a single life
and that, too, extending only to the scriptural limit of three score and
ten.

Yet Judge Wing's life, which so suddenly closed on earth, January
25, 1890, at the age of 70 years, four months and one day, spanned
all, or nearly all of history, which Michigan up to today can contribute
to the annals of the nation.

Something over 70 years ago two hopeful young men, natives of the
"Bay State," penetrated the western wilderness and settled at the
frontier village of Detroit. The stage coach and sailing vessel were
their methods of travel, for it must be remembered that railroads were
not then thought of, the Erie canal was not built until seven years
afterward and the first steamboat upon the Hudson was the experiment
of but a short time previous. We, who learn the eras of the world's
history in the schools, can hardly realize that when Austin Eli Wing
and Harriet Skinner Wing, his young wife, in company with Charles
Larned and his bride came to Michigan, the bloody scenes of the
French revolution, — the days of Danton, Marat and Robespierre, — were
less remote in the past than the scenes of the War of the Rebellion
is to us today; that the fame of Jena and Marengo and Austerlitz was
ringing through the nations; that Waterloo was fought but three years
before; that Napoleon was scanning the horizon from the rocky shores
of St. Helena for the rescue that never came; that George Washington
had passed away but about a decade and a-half previously, while
LaFayette was still living; that less than five years had elapsed since
the second war with Great Britain; that George the third, blind and
insane was still nominal king of England and James Monroe was
president of the United States, which then numbered just one-half of
what they do today.

211 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

Austin E. Wing settled in Detroit, where for about 13 years he was
an honored member of the community, being one of the early
sheriffs of the Territory and for three terms its territorial representative
in the congress of the United States. While a resident of Detroit, on
the 24th day of September, 1819, a son was born to him, Talcott
Enoch Wing, the subject of the present sketch.

In" 1831 the Wing family removed to Frenchtown, now Monroe. The
father had graduated from Williams College with honors, in 1814, and
was desirous that his son should follow in his footsteps. The educa-
tional facilities of the territory were limited, but such as they were the
boy availed himself of them, finally going to Gambier, Ohio, where he
finished his preparatory studies and pursued a portion of the college
curriculum. From here he went to Williams College, entering the
sophomore class and graduating in 1840, a short time before he reached
his majority. Returning to Monroe, he entered upon the study of the
law, in the office of his uncle, Hon. Warner Wing, one of the eminent
early lawyers of Michigan, who afterwards became one of the Justices
of its Supreme Court. In this office, and later in the office of Hon.
Robert McClelland, who became Governor and subsequently a Cabinet
officer, he prepared himself for examination and was admitted to the
bar in 1844. On January 23 of the same year he was married to
Elizabeth P. Johnson, daughter of Colonel Oliver Johnson of Monroe,
and began housekeeping in an humble way in a small house still stand-
ing on the banks of the river Raisin, and in sight of the delightful
home where the later years of his life were spent. Five years later he
formed a law partnership with Col. Ira R. Grosvenor, who had been
his fellow student in the office of Gov. McClelland. This partnership
continued for eight years, being dissolved in 1857. On September 26
of this year his wife died, and on 'January 11, 1859, he married Eliza-
beth, daughter of Hon. Jefferson G. Thurber.

His accurate, methodical business habits and -his unflinching integrity
had builded him an excellent reputation as a business man, and in
company with his brother-in-law, Charles G. Johnson, he had begun
the banking business under the firm name of Wing & Johnson.
During the war this bank was reorganized into the First National
bank of Monroe, and through the whole existence of the National bank,
from its organization to the day of his death he was a member of its
directorate and for a portion of the time its president.

He had acceptably filled the city offices of alderman and supervisor
of his ward a number of times. In 1864 he was elected Judge of Pro-

MEMOIR OP TALCOTT E. WING. 215

bate, and re-elected in 1868. In 1873, at the close of his stcond term,
he opened an office where he acted as counselor at law and transacted
business connected with his own affairs, which had then become quite
extensive. This office he continued till 1886. In this year he entered
into a contract to compile a history of Monroe county, and finding the
publicity of his ^ office interfered with his work upon the history, he
withdrew to his home. Here the last years of his life were spent upon
the work which he designed to be his monument, and here, less than
forty-eight hours after the completion of his manuscript, his work on
earth closed.

The evening of January 24, 1890, was passed by the Judge at his
cheerful home in entertaining a company of friends. It was quite late
when he retired to his room. Something like an hour afterward he
called his son and complained of feeling ill. Medical aid was at once
summoned, but after an illness of but an hour, he peacefully passed
away.

Judge Wing's connection with the Pioneer Society began many years
ago. He was essentially one of the pioneers of this peninsular common-
wealth and his love and admiration for his native State was boundless.
No fairer skies were ever spread above him than the skies of Michigan ;
and even when a year or two before his death he spent a season at
the Bermudas, upon his return he dwelt with pleasure upon the many
beauties of his home. Of a wonderfully retentive memory, he always
took a deep interest in the early history of the State, and the exchange
of reminiscences of the society was ever to him a source of abiding
pleasure. He was president of the society in 1887-8, and was appointed
by Governor Luce as President of Michigan's commission to participate
in the centennial celebration of the settlement of the northwest terri-
tory, which was held at Marietta, Ohio, in 1888.

Early in life he became a member of the Presbyterian Church and
an active and earnest worker in the cause of the Christian religion.
Eor many years he was the treasurer of his church and in 1886 was
ordained one of its elders. He was greatly interested in the work of
the Sunday school, and was instrumental in organizing and fostering
schools at outlying points, often riding several miles every Sabbath in
order to be present. Before his long and useful life closed he had the
satisfaction of seeing the seed which he had thus sown springing up in
churches.

He was an intelligent advocate of the higher education, and was one
of the founders of the admirable system of public schools which are

216 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

today the pride of Monroe. He was also for many years one of the
trustees of the " Young Ladies' Seminary of Monroe," founded and long
conducted by Rev. Erasmus J. Boyd.

From his first marriage three sons and one daughter survive him—
Talcott J. Wing of Westfield, Massachusetts; Austin E. Wing, of Detroit,
National Bank Examiner for Michigan; Charles B. Wing an attorney of
Monroe, and Mrs. J. G. Little of Monroe. Of the second marriage,
his wife and one son, Jefferson T. Wing, of Detroit survive.

As I set down one by one the incidents of his life in this brief
biographical sketch, they seem bare and uneventful. Alas, my words
cannot tell, nor can language portray the man as he was to those whose
privilege it was to know and love him. He will live in the hearts of
his friends, not for any great deed, but for the countless little kind-
nesses he daily scattered upon his way. His was one of those cheery,
kindly natures who seem to carry a fund of eternal sunshine and to
dispense it upon all who come in contact with them. He did not set
himself upon a pedestal to gaze in solitary grandeur upon the hurry-
ing crowd below, but with genial smile, cheerful word and cordial
hand clasp, mingled among his fellow men to aid, to cheer, to comfort.
No worthy public enterprise was ever undertaken but found in him an
earnest advocate and a ready helper. No sufferer appealed to him but
went away cheered, not only by kind words but by practical sympathy.
The talent given him was cheerfully used in his Master's service. The
day's duty was the day's reward, and thus beloved, esteemed and
respected, his years, one by one, slipped like pearls from a loosened
string into the great ocean of eternity until

" Old age, with calm and cheerful ray,
Came on to gild the evening of his day."

Then came the sunset with no cloud to dim its luster. Cheerful,
happy, in the full enjoyment of his genial nature and his faculties,
he saw the night come down upon the earth, but the morning broke
for him upon the plains of eternity.

Not prematurely was he called; for he had rounded the full period
of three score and ten, ere the silver cord was loosed, the golden bowl
broken and the summons came which called him "through sad, mys-
terious mists into the greater brightness;" not through gradual decay,
but suddenly, while yet the -sunshine on the western hills was bright
and all his genial faculties were alert and active. He has fallen asleep,
while we remain yet a linile to cover up the embers that still burn.

We will miss his sturdy and erect form, we will miss yet more his

MEMOIR OF JAMES KNAGGS. 217

cheery word and cordial smile. Yet though he has gone, he has left
behind him the memory of a kindly and a useful life and this can
never die.

Well he paid for every blessing,

Well he earned each day of cheer;
Nature's arms around him pressing,
Nature's lips his brow caressing;
Sleep, old pioneer.

MEMOIE OF JAMES KNAGGS, OF MONEOE.

BY MAY STOCKING KNAGGS.

Every historian, every biographer, has experience of the elusive value
of facts that have been perpetuated by tradition.

In the midst of stirring times, often all record has been lost of
occurrences which were important in their bearings; and if this has
been true in public affairs it has been truer of individual experiences.

A succession of vivid events crowd each other through days and
months of a man's life, and he has no leisure for passing analysis
and record.

Yet memory takes her notes, and some day, when quiet ensues,
the man talks. Perhaps his memory is not a good chronometer.
Perhaps his knowledge of the relations of events is partial. Perhaps
his retrospect is obscured by prejudices, personal and political. Any of
these conditions materially impair, as history, the value of his recollec-
tions. He dies. The tales he has told are now reflected from the
imperfect memories of those who listened to his vivid relations,
and their value is again lessened. Something of the fire of truth,
they may still possess, but it is "as moonlight unto sunlight and
as water unto wine." Hence the historian or biographer offers the
results o£ the most careful comparison and compilation of stories of
events long past, with a conscientious interrogation point.

In the year in which the American colonies declared themselves

independent of Great Britain and began a new household among

the nations, in that part of the northwest territory destined to

become the State of Ohio, in Roche de Bout, James Knaggs was

218 ANNUAL, MEETING, 1890.

born. His father was George Knaggs, an Englishman, who had
married Rachel Nye, a Welsh girl, in Philadelphia, and together
they had come and built a home in the western wilderness. Here
there were born to them seven children, Whitmore, William, Thomas,
George, James, Elizabeth and Rebecca.

While James was still a small boy, his father left his family, and
shipped upon a whaling voyage, from which he never returned.

The mother, left thus alone with her dependent children, removed
with them to Frenchtown, now Monroe, on the river Raisin. Here
she opened a general store and supplied the wants of her growing
family by trade with the settlers and Indians.

In these associations, Whitmore, the eldest son, and James, both
afterward to play a considerable part in the fortunes of the territory
of Michigan, acquired fluency in the French and Indian languages, a
fluency which enabled Whitmore to fill for a term of years the office
of government interpreter, and raised frequent disputes among the
acquaintances of James, whether or not he was a Frenchman. At
least, those who knew his heart, knew that he was the sworn enemy
of British assumption and encroachment, and the devoted friend of
American rights and liberty.

There is still in the possession of the family a paper, yellow and
time-stained, bearing the date of October 4, 1805, setting forth that
" reposing especial trust and confidence in the patriotism, valor, fidelity
and abilities of James Knaggs," he is hereby appointed " ensign in the
second regiment of militia of the territory of Michigan, to take rank
from the 22d day of September, one thousand eight hundred and five,"
and signed by Wm. Hull, Governor.

It was therefore in the natural course of things that when General
Hull was on his way to take command at Detroit in June, 1812, the
first name on the muster roll of "Raisin men" (whom general Harri-
son called " the best troops in the world" ) was that of James Knaggs.
He enlisted in Captain Isaac Lee's company of dragoons, which " became
very expert and efficient in the spy, scout or ranger service.

He had already established his own home by a marriage with Jemima
Griffin, his first child, George, being born November 27, 1806. His
farm was about a mile above the village on the north side of the
river.

At this time there were few settlers between Detroit and Maumee
except at Frenchtown. Here were gathered about thirty families.
Lossing says:

" Gardens and orchards were attached to their houses and these were

MEMOIR OF JAMES KNAGGS. 219

enclosed with heavy pickets called 'puncheons,' made of sapling logs
split in two, driven in the ground and sometimes sharpened at the
top. The houses were built of logs, were of good size and furnished
with most of the conveniences of domestic life."

The river Raisin, we learn from the same authority, was called by
the Indians " Sturgeon river," on account of the abundance of that
fish in its waters, but by the French was named the Raisin because
of the grape-vines which draped the trees along its banks in great
profusion.

Whitmore Kiiaggs, the eldest brother, had settled at Detroit and
was in the Government service as interpreter and spy, the three other
brothers, William, Thomas and George, serving also in the latter
capacity. "They were all" says Lossing, "men of strong convictions,
and each, until the day of his death, hated both the British and their
Indian allies, for they had all suffered at their hands."

In the brief but disastrous campaign at Detroit in the summer of
1812, James bore an active part, being attached to the regiment of
Colonel McArthur.

While Hull's troops were quartered in Sandwich, Knaggs with four
others went out on a scouting expedition toward the Thames river.
Halting at a log house on the way they were informed by the woman
occupant that quite a strong force of the British were quartered not
far ahead, and that if they ventured farther their capture was certain.
Unwilling to jeopardize his men unnecessarily, Knaggs paused to con-
sider, when one of the company, a raw recruit, made a sneering remark.
This stung Knaggs who sprang to his saddle and with an oath chal-
lenged hie callow comrade to follow. The information they had received
proved true. They were soon upon the British camp where they
received a warm salute. They turned their horses and fled, being rapidly
pursued. Three of the party were shot down, only Knaggs and Medard
Labadie escaping. They were pursued for some distance until looking
back they saw but one of the enemy and his horse was floundering in
a quagmire. Thereupon Knaggs wheeled about and compelled a surren-
der. He bound his captive to his horse, trussed like a thanksgiving
turkey, and carried him triumphantly into the camp at Sandwich.

He proved to be a British Colonel, named McGregor. During this
skirmish a British bullet plowed a furrow lengthwise of Knaggs' scalp,
the wound leaving a deep scar.*

*One narrator says that Colonel McGregor and a negro servant were captured by Knaggs while in
solitary camp, and were taken to Maumee. Lossing gives the location of the capture as I have given i t
but says " Colonel McGregor and a Jew named Jacobs," were taken captive.

I had the account which I have adopted from James W. Knaggs of Detroit, son of Whitmore Knaggs
who had the story from both his uncles Knaggs and Labadie.

M. S. K.

220 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

This exploit was the cause of many subsequent narrow escapes on the
part of Knaggs, as after Hull's surrender, when McGregor was liberated
he offered a reward of five hundred dollars for the capture of Knaggs
dead or alive.

The promise of bounty stimulated the Indians to many efforts to
obtain it.

Upon one occasion when he was at his home on the Raisin, and
while at dinner his attention was attracted by a noise outside.
Cautiously looking out he saw three mounted British officers in the
dooryard. Jumping through the open window at the rear, he fled,
with the officers and Indians in hot pursuit. He ran for dear life
till he reached the Catholic mission standing on the bank of the
river about a mile above his house. Here he was so fortunate as
to secure entrance and concealment, while the pursuing party, sup-
posing he had crossed the river, passed by.

George Knaggs, the eldest son of James, who still lives in vigor-
ous age upon a farm in Raisinville, recalls having been hid for
hours in the upper part of the chimney of his father's house, when
Indians were hunting to destroy the child of the man they hated.

At one time James was warned by a squaw that a fresh plot had
been laid to secure his scalp, and when an Indian called to him
from the opposite bank of the river and asked to be ferried over
he distrusted his friendly professions, and was on the alert. Hav-
ing pushed off after taking the Indian into the canoe he caught
the sudden gleam of a knife, and raising his paddle knocked him
into the water, then taking him by his scalp-lock he threatened
him and held him under until he was half-drowned.

He then let go of him and he was rescued by some Indians who
were watching them from the river bank. He afterward received the
present of a bright colored handkerchief from the Indian as a token
of gratitude that he had allowed him to escape with his life.

Upon another occasion he fled from his house into the woods where
he was obliged to lie all night, and in the morning made a circuit to
return, but being discovered and pursued he ran into the cellar of
a house near the river.

Here he was followed by a venturesome Indian but finding a hoe at
hand he came upon the savage and killed him at a blow. That he was
indeed, at all times, an "Indian fighter" there are many stories to illus-
trate. He had great presence of mind and physical bravery. He was a
stranger to fear.

At a time previous to the breaking out of the war, he had some

MEMOIR OF JAMES KNAGGS. 221

trouble with an Indian whom he flogged. During the following night
he was awakened by some one asking to be let in at the door. Cau-
tiously opening it a little way, an Indian struck at him with a knife.
Quickly securing the door he found a club and let himself out at a
window. As he climed out his club dropped, and before he could
recover it the Indian discovered him. Disarmed he fled around the
house with the savage in pursuit, Knaggs trying as he passed the
window to find the club with his flying feet.

On the third round he struck it and picking it up, turned to
meet his assailant, striking him down and beating him to death. In
the encounter the Indian cut off the bottom of Knaggs' sole garment.
He was found to be the brother of the savage who had been whipped.

Another story told by George Knaggs illustrates both Indian
hospitality and Indian caution.

One day seeing a squaw passing his house on a pony, accompanied
by an Indian on foot, and having a gun across her lap, James went
out and demanded to see the weapon, which he recognized as that of
a neighbor. The Indian assuring him that he had bought it, he
allowed them to pass on and went about his work at a little distance
from the house.

A little while after, the Indian returned and striking his tomahawk
into the door demanded to see Knaggs, whose attention being attracted
he ran toward the house, the Indian, brandishing his tomahawk and
running to meet him.

They met at the fence, where, on the side toward James, lay a pile
of bean poles, one of which he picked up and with it struck at his
adversary. A shower of blows fell from tomahawk and bean pole, but
James, having the longer weapon, got the advantage, for shortly he
brought it down with such force and skill as to break the wrist of his
antagonist, who thereupon took his leave.

Several months after, accompanied by the boy George, he made an
expedition for some purpose into the " Indian country." After a long
tramp, at nightfall they came to a wigwam where they asked shelter.
They were made welcome and the master of the lodge bade his squaw
prepare their supper. The savage filth visable did not prevent their
making a hearty meal and at the end of the hour of comfortable rest
that followed before they slept, the Indian held up his wrist, which was
mis-shapen and said " You did that."

James then recognized him as the Indian whom he had fought with
the bean pole. He said that he was instigated to attack Knaggs by
his squaw, who was infuriated by his interference. " You might have

222 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

killed me if you had thrown your tomahawk," said James. The Indian
assented but told the following story to justify his caution: A white
man having been taken prisoner by the tribe to which he (the Indian)
belonged, was sentenced to run the gauntlet. As he was led out for
the ordeal he stooped and untied his shoes, then taking a handkerchief
from his neck and tying it tightly about his waist, at the signal
started down the line. Although not a fleet runner he was so fortunate
as to emerge at the farther end and ran off with the Indians in pur-
suit. Soon away went his shoes, and he ran like a deer. One by one
his pursuers dropped off till only three were left. Then he slack-
ened his speed and they gained on him until the foremost brave,
taking sure aim, threw his tomahawk; but the wily fellow was
on the lookout and stooping, the tomahawk went over him and struck
the ground in front. He grasped it, turned and met the on-coming
savage and killed him with his own weapon. The second Indian
shared his fate, " and I," said the story-teller " was the third. I
turned and ran. Since then I do not throw my tomahawk."

One chapter in the early history of Michigan first chills the blood
of the student of history, then makes it leap hot in his veins. It is
that chapter which records the savagery and inhumanity that marked
the event known as the Massacre of Frenchtown, on the 22d of Jan-
uary, 1813; an event which made forever infamons the memory of the
coward Proctor, and gave to the army of the west the battle cry
" Remember the Raisin." During this battle James Knaggs was absent
on parole. After the arrival of Winchester's troops his wife and boy
were at the house of La Salle, where they remained secreted during that
terrible night. James arrived the next morning, and the dreadful
scenes through which he passed, escorted by his father to another hid-
ing place, are burned into the memory of the white haired man who
was then the boy.

James and his family escaped capture; but Whitmore, Thomas and
Rebecca Knaggs, with Rachel, their mother were taken prisoners and
carried to Quebec.

It was in perfect keeping with Gen. Proctor's inhuman disregard of
the practices of civilized warfare that he ordered the remaining inhab-
itants of the desolated village to Detroit at that inclement season.

Rachel Knaggs was then eighty years of age.

Lossing says: "Thinly clad, having been robbed by the Indians,
she proceeded in an open traineau and reached Detroit in safety. When
asked how it happened that she did not perish, she replied, ' My spunk
kept me warm.' "

MEMOIR OP JAMES KNAGGS. 223

Mrs. Knaggs had by her shrewd thrift acquired a comfortable
property.

The writer has in her possession a parchment bearing the signatures
of James Madison, President, and James Monroe, Secretary of State,
dated May 30, 1811, granting to Rachel Knaggs two hundred and fifty-
nine acres of land on the north side of the Raisin. She was a woman
of strong character, as became a pioneer and the mother of brave men.
She lived to return to her home by the Raisin, where she attained to an
advanced age.

In the movements that followed the battle of Frenchtown, James
Knaggs became attached to the command of Colonel R. M. Johnson. In
the decisive charge upon the Indians by the second battalion of Johnson's
regiment in the battle of the Thames, Knaggs, with Medard Labadie,
was near Colonel Johnson when he was wounded, and rushing to release
• him from his horse, which had fallen, witnessed his shooting of the
Indian who sprang forward to tomahawk him. He recognized him as
Tucumseh, the great Shawnee chief, whom he knew well. At the shot
from Colonel Johnson's pistol he fell forward, Knaggs said, on his face,
his tomahawk flying from his hand. Knaggs and Labadie assisted to
carry Col. Johnson off the field. In the excitement of the political
campaign when Johnson was elected Vice President, the question
"Who killed Tecumseh?" was widely discussed. "For in that day,"
says Eggleston, "skill in Indian fighting was regarded as a prime qual-
ification for dignified political office." During that time General Cass
" stumped" the State accompanied by Knaggs and Labadie, whom at a
proper juncture in his address, he introduced as witnesses to the truth
of his statement of the occurrence. Doubt seems principally to have
been sustained by the fact that the body of the Indian found near the
spot the next morning which had been mutilated by some of the men
in futile vengeance for the horrors of the Raisin, was proven not toabe
that of Tecumseh. However, it is certain that Tecumseh was killed in
that charge, and historians agree that it is not improbable that he was
shot by Colonel Johnson, as he "would naturally with his quick obser-
vation, find out the leader of this cavalry charge and seek to kill him."

It is an indisputable fact that both James Knaggs and Medard
Labadie- testified innumerable times to their having been eye-witnesses
of the tragedy, and nothing could shake Knaggs' belief in his identifi-
cation of Johnson's assailant.*

*The story as related here was told to the writer by Johnson Knaggs, son of James, and by James
W. Knaggs, of whom James Knaggs was the paternal and Medard Labadie the maternal nncle. Also by
Judge Talcott E. Wing, who had heard it from James Knaggs, and who added the fact regarding the use
of the testimony of Knaggs and Labadie by Gen. Cass.

M. S. K.

224 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

To the day of his death he cherished a profound admiration and a
soldier's affection for the gallant Kentuckian, and that the friendship
was reciprocal is proven by the following letter, the original of which
is among the papers owned by Johnson Knaggs.

CITY OF WASHINGTON, )
6th Jan., 1841. j
My Dear Old Friend:

I have r'd your Kind & esteemed favour wishing me a Safe arrival
home among my friends.

I truly & sincerely thank you for the friendship which you have
shown to me; and if ever it Should be in my power to serve you I
am ready and willing.

that you may live long to enjoy the blessings of that government
which you have defended is the prayer of your Devoted friend &
fellow citizen. E. M. JOHNSON.

MAJ. JAMES NAGGS.

The letter is superscribed: From

Maj'r James Knaggs B. M. Johnson.

Michigan

And was enclosed to the postmaster at Detroit and by him forwarded
to the postmaster at Monroe with the request that he " will cause it to
be sent to Mr. Knaggs."

But little more that is authentic can be gathered at this day,
concerning those exploits which during his lifetime he was fond of
detailing and over the recital of which he warmed with excitement.

There is a second commission, executed August 28, 1818, signed by
Win. Woodbridge, Governor, creating him captain of the 3d company
of the 2d regiment of the militia of the territory.

^In " Witherell's Keminiscences " in the Wisconsin Historical Collec-
tions, there is an account given of the shooting of Mr. McMillan and
the capture of his son Archibald, a boy eleven years of age, at
Detroit, by the Indians, in 1814. Gen. Cass with a body of volunteers
followed them and endeavored to recover the boy, but failed after a
sharp fight.

Some time after, James Knaggs succeeded in capturing three Indians
single-handed, as they came through the hazel-brush where he lay in
ambush, binding them hand and foot. They proved to belong to the
band which had captured the boy McMillan, and were held until
negotiations for an exchange were brought about. The boy thus
released was the father of A. McMillan at the present time editor of
the Bay City Times.

MEMOIR OF JAMES KNAGGS. 225

During these troubled days death visited the home of James Knaggs,
removing his wife.

He afterwards married Pelagie Robert, daughter of one of the
French settlers on the Raisin. By this wife he had eight children,
James, Jemima, Eliza, Johnson, Rebecca, Caroline, Robert and Whit-
more. Of these James, Johnson, Rebecca and Robert are living,
together with George, the oldest son, now in his eighty -fourth year.
Pelagie Knaggs died in 1859. After a little James married again, his
third wife* being Mrs. Alice Couture, nee Benson.

In the course of his life he accumulated a considerable property,
proving his ability not only as a patriot but also as a thrifty citizen.

There are several old parchments bearing famous signatures, enti-
tling him to the possession of various pieces of land.

Physically he was a man of powerful build and six feet tall.

In politics he was a democrat and in religion a Presbyterian.

He preserved a vigor and robustness of mind and body until his
death, which occurred from a cold inducing pneumonia.

He died after a short illness, at Monroe, December 29, 1860.

He had lived to see the birth of about forty grandchildren, many
of whom have grown up to useful manhood and womanhood.

Several of his grandsons emulated his patriotic example, and served
their country in the civil war.

Mrs. Knaggs an octogenarian, yet lives in Monroe. She is mentally
strong and bright, although suffering from the bodily infirmities of
age.

In a shady spot in the cemetery at Monroe, James Kna,ggs sleeps by
the side of a little granddaughter.

The waters of the Raisin flow not far away, past beautiful farms and
sometimes even yet, between vine hung trees, and peace rests over the
beautiful valley where long ago his ears heard the whoop of the mur-
derous savage, and his heart beat high with the ambition to protect
home and establish civilization. The day he fought to win, crowns the
lives of his descendants.
29

226 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

REMINISCENCES OF PIONEER MINISTERS OF MICHIGAN.

BY KEY. E. C. CRAWFOKD.

As I was in my boyhood, when our family came to Michigan, my
ability to form a just estimate of the worth of men, especially minis-
ters of the gospel, may not be regarded as quite equal to the task
assigned me; still I flatter myself, that I can furnish you some facts,
which will enable you to gain some idea of their ability, and of their
value in laying a sure foundation for the establishment of our noble
State.

The first one, whose name I shall introduce, because he was the first
to whose preaching I listened, was Richard Cadle, of the Protestant
Episcopal church. He was stationed in Detroit, a city of which you
have all heard; but I doubt if many of you saw it as it looked 65
years ago. But I will not attempt a description of its appearance at
that date; neither will I attempt a contrast between its appearance
then, and now.

My grandfather Crawford, had settled in Troy, Oakland county, about
16 miles northwest of Detroit, in the spring of 1824, and b eing a devout
Episcopalian, and anxious to introduce religious services in his neigh-
borhood, visited Mr. Cadle at his home in the city, and easily persuaded
him to extend his pastoral supervision as far out as Troy, and he made
several visits, and preached in grandfather's log cabin. His visits were
highly appreciated, and adults, and children hailed his coming with
great delight, and I regarded him with veneration, and thought him a
most remarkable man, beautiful in form, with handsome face, and so
neat in his apparel, and so affable in his manners, I would listen to
his sermons with an intense interest, from the announcement of his
text, until the final amen declared the sermon ended; and I would
wonder why he did not continue a while longer.

It was a matter of wonderment with me what could induce him, a
man so slender in form, so neatly dressed and so handsome in features,
to leave his quiet home in the city and ride over such a road for six-
teen miles, and spend an hour in a log cabin with a dining table for a
pulpit, in preaching to a handful of adults and children and not even

REMINISCENCES OF PIONEER MINISTERS. 227

hint that a collection to defray traveling expenses, would be acceptable.
I could not understand it then, but I have since learned the secret,
and it is no longer a mystery to rne. " The love of Christ constraineth
us." I know it has constrained me.

Mr. Cadle was transferred to Green bay and placed in charge of a
mission among the Indians, and his successor was a man by the name
of Searle, a portly Scotchman of large physical proportions, and he
made a few pastoral visits to our neighborhood, one of which I deem
worthy of mention, as it was the occasion of a degree of merriment
during his stay and has often brought forth a right hearty laugh when
repeated to those who were not present to join in the merry laugh at
the time of the incident. He was accompanied at that time by Bishop
Mcllvaine of Ohio, and Judge Campbell of Detroit, father of the late
lamented judge of our Supreme Court.

They had a light wagon with two seats. Mr. Searle and the bishop
occupying the back seat, while the judge sat in front, acting the part
of driver. Just before reaching my grandfather's they plunged into one
of those mud holes that seemed to have no bottom, and when nearing
the farther shore by some strange freak their wagon tipped to one
side sufficient to roll the two clergymen out into the mud, the horses
making a leap for dry land, took the wagon with the judge safely out,
leaving Mr. Searle nearly out of sight with the bishop on top not
daring to move least he, too, should be buried as deeply as the found-
ation upon which he was resting. The judge managed to get the
bishop out without serious damage to his clothing; but poor Mr. Searle
was a sorry looking specimen, feeling that he had experienced one
peril that St. Paul had not been in.

The bishop and Judge C. enjoyed the joke hugely, better than they
probably would have done if the wagon had tipped on the other side
bringing the portly Scotchman on top of the bishop, who was rather
light in his physical proportions, as compared with his colleague, the
rector.

Mr. Searle was succeeded by Mr. Berry, whose face and form I
remember, but of his preaching ability, I am not prepared to express
an opinion, as I remember so little I heard him say.

Meantime the ever present circuit rider, as the Methodist itinerant
was called in those days, put in his appearance, and the log cabin of
Calvin Perrin was his meeting house, occasionally changing, and occu-
pying my grandfather's Episcopal pulpit, which was open to all minis-
ters of evangelical churches, as grandfather was by no means a bigoted
Episcopalian, and always welcomed the messengers of Christ whose

228 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

lives and teaching were in accord with the Apostles' creed, to which
he so heartily subscribed.

Among those who first appeared on horseback, but of whom I have
but little personal knowledge, were Billings O. Plympton and Elias
Pattee, sent from the Ohio conference to travel Detroit circuit, having
an appointment in East Bloomfield, at a school house about one mile
north of what was then called Piety Hill, where our honored president,
Mr. Poppleton, has had his home and carried on the mercantile business
for the last 50 years.

I do not think his presence there had anything to do in securing this
significant title, by which this town was known for so many years, for
the name was given to it several years before he became a resident,
and I presume had much to do in influencing him to start in his
chosen life work there, in preference to Pontiac; which the darkey
said was a worser place than the one where the rich man found his-
self after closing his bowels of compassion against Lazarus. I think he
had not lived there many years before they dropped the original name
and ever since have called it Birmingham. I have never learned the
reason for the change, and if he knows, it is a secret he don't reveal to
me, even though I am his twin cousin.

Meantime a local preacher of the M. E. church settled on a farm
near Pontiac and established an appointment for preaching, at the
home of Mr. Perrin, in Troy, where he preached each alternate Sabbath
morning, for several months.

His services were highly as well as deservedly appreciated by all of
the new settlers in that vicinity, and when a plan was started to make
the preacher a donation, as compensation for his services, every one
seemed to vie with every other one, in furnishing some of the good
things they had succeeded in raising, until a full laden wagon was
sent to have its contents emptied into the home of the good preacher.

About this time two young itinerants, by the name of John A. Baugh-
man and Solomon Minier, were appointed to take charge of Detroit cir-
cuit and Calvin Perrin's house was recognized as a regular preaching
place on this circuit, until a school house was erected in the neighbor-
hood, which became the preaching place thereafter for several years.

An incident in connection with Mr. Baughman's first appearance at
this appointment I deem worthy of mention at this time.

When the donation for Mr. Smith was ready for transportation to
the good man's home, Mr. Perrin and his wife were constituted the
committee to bear the glad tidings to the preacher and his family.
With their ox team it would take them the most of two days to

REMINISCENCES OP PIONEER MINISTERS. 229

make the round trip and spend one night with the preacher. On
their return home the next evening, as they neared their home they
heard a melodious voice within, as though in earnest delivery of some
important message for somebody's ears and on entering the dwelling,
they found it filled to overflowing with their neighbors, eagerly listening
to John A. Baughman, who was delivering his first sermon in that
church.

They were greatly surprised at this new turn things had taken, but
they realized the fulfillment of a prophecy; "With what measure ye
mete, it shall be measured to you again." They had measured bounti-
fully of their substance, to supply the temporal wants of one who had
been supplying them with the bread of life, and now another had
been sent them to break to them more bountifully and feed them
more plentifully with this same bread of life. Two weeks later Mr.
Minier came and preached, and thus an appointment for preaching
every alternate week, on a week day evening, became a fixture,
besides the Sabbath service rendered by Mr. Smith and others I shall
mention later on.

Detroit circuit at that time embraced all that was known of Michi-
gan, except a strip along the St. Clair river, which was for a time
supplied with preaching by preachers from Canada. Of these I know
nothing personally, and have heard but little, hence shall not try to
give you any information concerning them not having possession of
any to give. Rev. Zerah Coston was presiding elder of the Detroit
district at that time, and supplied the ' pulpit of the Methodist church
in the city when not engaged in holding quarterly meetings, a duty
which did not require much of his time in those pioneer days.

Next came John Janes and Wm. Armstrong; Mr Janes remaining
the second year, having for his colleague Wm. Runnels, who died in
Cleveland last winter at the ripe age of 85 years. Mr. Janes died quite
young, as did Armstrong and Minier. Mr. Baughman was quite along
in years when he passed across the dark river.

Next came Wm. I. Snow, who, on one occasion, as he was riding on
horseback alongside my grandfather, found himself lying on his back
in a deep mud-hole, having been constrained to turn a somersault
over his horses head, caused by his horse catching one of his fore feet
with the toe calk of one of his hind shoes. His experience was nearly
as unpleasant as the experience of Mr. Searle, and would have been
far more so if his horse had fallen on him. Grandfather had a hearty
laugh at the preacher's expense, meantime consoling him by telling
of the more terrible fate of Mr Searle. Mr. Snow being a single man

230 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

when he came on this circuit, and not under vows of celibacy, found
it an easy matter to fall in love with a beautiful daughter of deacon
Chainberlin of Borneo, a staunch Presbyterian, and as she returned
the compliment by falling as deeply in love with him, in due time,
greatly to the chagrin of the deacon, the twain became one, and the
deacon being a Calvinist of the old school, accepted the situation
philosophically, and said it had to be so because it was foreordained,
but he could not understand why God should so ordain that his daughter
should become the wife of a Methodist circuit rider to be toted about
all of her life. But it proved a happy union, and the good deacon
long before he died, became fully satisfied with the decree, and that
this was symbolic of another wedding in the near future, when Pres-
byterianism would so fall in love with Methodism, and Methodism
would return the compliment, and they would join hands as an indi-
cation, that they are one and inseperable in their work for God and
humanity. At that time Curtis Goddard was presiding elder and Detroit
was made a station with Arzy Brown as pastor. In addition to those
already named, there were several others, who may justly be mentioned
as among the pioneer ministers of Michigan. Such as James Gilruth,
Wm. Sprague, Alvan Billings, Thomas Wiley, Bradford Frazee, Elijah
H. Pilcher, L. D. Whitney, Henry Colclazer and W. H. Brockway,
who alone remains of all whose names I have mentioned, and his step is
far from being as elastic as it was when he appeared in our midst with his
homespun coat of gray, given him by Elisha Glazier, on condition that
he should wear it whenever he stood up to preach during his stay upon
that circuit, a contract he faithfully carried out to the full satisfaction
of his benefactor.

There are many amusing anecdotes related of some of these early cir-
cuit riders, one which must suffice for this paper. Mr. Gilruth was a
man of fine physical proportions, and possessed great physical strength, a
fact known only to a few of his most intimate friends. He was called
to testify in a suit where the defendant was charged with having
knocked the complainant off his feet and doing him some bodily harm.
On cross examination, by defendant's counsel, he was subjected to some
annoyance when the following took place: " Mr. Gilruth," said
the counsel, " In your direct examination you said you saw my
client, the defendant in this suit, knock the complainant down. Will
you please tell how he knocked him down?" Mr. G. answered, "He
struck him a hard blow with his fist and he fell to the ground," "But
I insist that you must tell how he did it." Mr. G. turning to the
court, inquired if he must tell the counsel how it was done, and on being

REMINISCENCES OF PIONEER MINISTERS. 231

assured he must do so, he crooked his elbow, and in straightening it,
suddenly brought his fist in contact with the lawyer's cranium, stretch-
ing his form at full length on the floor, saying 'as he did so, " That is
just the way he did it, as near as I can recollect."

Prominent among the pioneer Methodist preachers was one whose
name I have purposely withheld until now, and of him and his .work I
wish to make special mention. I refer to Rev. Abel Warren, who was a
local preacher of the M. E. church, and with his family settled in
Shelby, Macomb county, in the summer of 1824, about 35 miles north
from Detroit.

He located the farm upon which he settled in 1823, paying the
government price of ten shillings per acre, and on it he lived for 39
years, when he was bidden by his Master to take a higher Beat, and
he went up to join the victorious throng, in that country which is far
superior to Michigan. Being a local preacher, he made his own
appointments, and was at liberty to respond to any call he might
receive, where the people desired his services, and such was the
demand for them that there was hardly a settlement in eastern Michi-
gan where he was not called at times to preach, either on the Sabbath,
or at the funeral of some departed friend. I doubt if there has ever
been another minister in Michigan so universally respected and beloved
by all classes, and people of all creeds, as was Abel Warren, during
the 39 years of his life work in Michigan. He had a little daughter
by the name of Mary, who was seven months old when they settled
in Michigan, and while still in her childhood, she came to learn the
fact of her father's hold on the people, and she asked her mother one
day if she supposed her father had an enemy in the world and the
reply her mother made was, " I hope he has enough to save him from
the curse." But he was no time server nor popularity seeker, neither
did he cater to the caprices, and whims of men for the sake of secur-
ing their good will. He was a fearless advocate of purity, and as
fearless in denouncing sin, in all its forms, and in warning transgress-
ors of the final consequences of sin, on the part of the finally impeni-
tent. And such were his emotions and the tenderness of his feelings indi-
cated that no one was impressed as one man declared himself impressed
when listening to Rev. J. S. Smart in the church at Jackson. Meeting
Mr. Smart upon the street the following day, he said, " Mr. Smart, I
was deeply interested in your sermon yesterday, but I declare when you
held us sinners out there by our coat collars over that yawning abyss
of fire and brimstone, you looked and acted as though you wanted
God to give the order, ' Let them drop.' ': Not so when Father War-

232 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

ren held them out where they could look into the yawning gulf. He
looked and acted as though he was afraid he would loose his grip and
they would fall in spite of him, and the more he saw their danger the
more freely his tears would fall, and everybody in the congregation
would weep with him.

That little girl Mary who thought her father such a lovable man,
after growing to womanhood found another Methodist preacher, she
thought a little lovable, and up and married him when he asked her for
her hand. And although she has been tilted about on his account, for
48 years she has never commenced suit for a divorce, I am happy to
say, for if she had I don't know what would have become of me.

In those early days father Warren, had an appointment in Detroit,
once in four weeks I think, and his custom was to leave home after
dinner, on Saturday, and ride on horseback into the city, reaching there
in early evening, and after preaching and holding class meeting on
Sabbath, commencing at 10:30 o'clock a. m., he would wait for his
dinner, and generally start homeward, from two to three p. m., which
would usually bring him home late in the evening. His ride being
through a dense forest, which made his ride a little in the dark, and
not very pleasant.

On one occasion, when nearing home in the midst of the forest, and
while it was exceedingly dark, his pony came to a stand-still, as
though fearful to proceed, and the preacher peered into the darkness
before him as best he could, and discovered an object standing in front of
his pony, and as nearly as he could determine, about as large as the pony
he was on, and being well convinced that it was a monstrous bear, and
that something must be done to frighten him from the trail. So he
made a sudden move, throwing himself forward in his saddle, and lean-
ing towards the horse's head he gave a scream, such as only a full
fledged Methodist preacher could furnish voice to give, when bruin,
wondering what the man was made of, 'turned upon his haunches, and
disappeared into the forest, and gave the pony with his rider, the
exclusive right of way.

One more incident in the life of this extraordinary local preacher,
and I will pass from him to others, worthy of mention in this paper.

In the summer of 1823, he came from Buffalo to Detroit, on the first
steam boat that crossed Lake Erie " The Walk in the Water."

His object was the purchase of government land for his future home.
On his way out from Detroit, while walking rapidly along the newly
made wagon road, leading into the country, in the direction of Pontiac,
and on reaching the border of what was "called Royal Oaks sand hills,

REMINISCENCES OF PIONEER MINISTERS. 233

and as he was following the winding pathway through the forest of
small oaks, his ear caught the sound of a female voice, singing melodi-
ously, and he heard distinctly the words:

" We will range the bles't fields, on the banks of life's river;
And sing hallelujah, forever and ever."

And merging from the forest into a little opening before him, there
was a new log cabin, with the door wide open, and seated just inside,
was the lady whose voice had fallen so melodiously on his ear. An
old fashioned spinning wheel stood before her, and she was doing her
best in spinning some flax, that her husband had raised, as the first
fruits of a little patch of newly cleared land. Stranger as he was, he
turned his steps toward the door, her voice still ringing in his ears, as
she continued singing; when suddenly raising her eyes, she saw the
stranger approaching, and rising to her feet, and extending her hand,
she exclaimed "Come in, thou blessed of the Lord, come in!" Then
calling her husband from his work, back of the cabin, the new
acquaintance was formed, between this pioneer Methodist family, and
this pioneer Methodist preacher, an acquaintance that ripened into inti-
mate friendship that continued to the end of their lives. This family's
name was Flynn, and they were among the first settlers in the township
of Royal Oak, Oakland county.

Our Presbyterian friends were also on hand at an early day and they
had some noble pioneer preachers, whose faces are photographed on the
tablet of my memory, and their names I shall never forget.

Deacon Calvin Marvin owned a farm adjoining my fathers, and our
families became strongly attached to each other, and the friendship
thus early formed was as lasting as life. The Deacon's house was
opened for preaching, and the first presbyterian minister I heard preach
was a man by the name of Ruggles, who settled in Pontiac at an early
day and made an occasional visit to our neighborhood, and would preach
in Deacon Marvin's house. He was not considered a great preacher,
and if he was here today, would hardly rank in point of ability, with
Cuyler, Crosby or Talmadge, but I believe he was as good a man as
either of the three. Then there was a Mr. Prince, a man of great dig-
nity, and I think was regarded as a man of greater preaching ability
than Mr. Ruggles, but no better man. Next came Mr. Hornell, who
established a regular appointment, and ministered to us for some time. We
used to think he was rather dry, but perhaps the fault was with us, as
is sometimes the case, as I happen to know from personal experience.

The Baptists were not behind in seeking to cultivate this newly
30

234 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

opening and promising field, and the first death in our neighborhood,
and for whom the first grave was opened in the Crook's cemetery, was
the wife of Deacon Ramah Cole, of the Baptist church. And her
funeral sermon was preached by Elder Buttolph, a minister of that
denomination, greatly esteemed, but lived only a few months after
attending this funeral, and was buried in the cemetery a few miles to
the north of the one just named.

I think he was the first minister who died in our territory outside of
Detroit. Soon after his decease Elder Booth, of precious memory, set-
tled in our township, and preached regularly in Troy and adjoining
townships for several years. ,

There was also one Elder Comstock, who was among the first settlers
in Pontiac, who I am informed preached occasionally in the northern
part of our town, and is worthy to be classed with the ministers of
these pioneer days. He was the father of Deacon Elias Comstock, one
of the first settlers in Owosso. And whose influence for good remains
in that city at this date, and will while Owosso survives the wreck of
time. A noble son of a noble sire, a man of whom the Baptist church
need never be ashamed, and the State of Michigan may always feel
proud.

Meantime there appeared among us a sort of itinerant, and
a very eccentric elderly minister, calling himself Father Peck, of
the denomination called in those days Christians. He had lost
one of his limbs, and used a crutch on the side from which
the limb had been severed. He traveled from place to place by
means of a horse and one-horse wagon, and when in our neighborhood
was usually the guest of Mr. Joseph Chase, familiarly called Uncle
Joe, whose wife was a member of that denomination. Uncle Joe was
an old line democrat and he was our postmaster from the commence-
ment of our new settlement until the time of his death. He had a
son Jonathan who was a fiery politician and because of his waspish
disposition some wag of the whig party taught his little girl, about
four years old, when asked for her politics would say, " I wig, my grandpa
is dimmertrat, my pa is loco poco." Uncle Joe had the misfortune
to be a stutterer and it was sometimes a little painful to listen to- his
conversation, and sometimes it was amusing because of the wit he
exhibited in some of his speeches. He had a neighbor of great
professed piety and whose zeal was far in advance of his knowledge.
One beautiful morning in summer Uncle Joe was passing the home of
this over pious neighbor and seeing him in his garden leaning upon his
hoe handle in deep meditation, he asked, B-b-b-Beech w-w-w-what yo

REMINISCENCES OF PIONEER MINISTERS. 235

do-do-doing th-th- there? He said "Ah, Uncle Joseph, I am thinking
of the goodness of my Heavenly Father and of His precious promises
and especially the one where he says, 'Seek ye first the Kingdom of
God and His righteousness and all of these things shall be added
unto you.' Now Uncle Joseph, you know I have sought the Kingdom
of God and His righteousness and I am resting on this promise
and I am sure the Lord will provide for me, and there is no
necessity for my slaving myself to death with this hard work and I
don't propose to do so any longer.

After hearing him through with his lingo, the old man gravely
replied: " W-w-well, B-b-Beach, yu-yu-yu-you n-n-n-needn't thi-thi-
think the the the L-1-l-Lord wu-will huh-huh-hoe ye-ye-your b-b-beans
fr-fr-for you." Uncle Joe was a man of practical common sense, and,
although not very religious, he always welcomed Father Peck to the
hospitalities of his home whenever he came that way.

Father Peck had the impression that he should live to see the dawn
of the millenium, and then instead of dyingihe would be translated as
was Enoch and Elijah. When some one asked him, what shall we say
if we hear some of these days that you have crossed the dark river?
O you can say Father Peck has found himself mistaken, and that will
settle it. The dear old man had to own himself mistaken, for he had
to go as others have gone. The old gentleman had a sing-song way of
speaking, which some of us boys took great delight in imitating, and
.quite frequently after the old gentleman had left the neighborhood
some mischievous boy could • be heard out in the field practicing after
the style of the old preacher, and in a manner that sounded much like
his voice. It is so long since I heard him preach I could not, if I
would, furnish you with a sketch of one of his sermons, but I well
remember one of his exhortations, and the manner in which it was
given, and this is what it was: O ye dear youth, I pray thee, take
the alar-rum, and flee the wrath to come. His style of speaking was so
much like the southern hard-shell preacher of the olden time that if
his theme had been the same, possibly he might have uttered the same
sentence. He said: " My brethren and my sisterin, when Abram war
thar, in the whale's belly." A brother preacher sitting on the plat-
form looked him in the face and said: "Why brother, Abram warn't
thar," " Well my bretheriii and my sisterin, Abram war thar, or thar-
abouts."

Father Peck was a great singer, and his songs partook largely of the
plantation melodies of the south, especially in the matter of the chorus

286 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

attachment, and as a specimen, I will repeat one stanza with the chorus
attached:

Unto you, O men I call, "Weeping, wailing, groaning;"
Sin-cursed, by means of Adam's fall, weeping, &o,
Christ came to save you, one and all, weeping, &c.
Repent, believe, and heed the call; weeping, &c.

I don't think he was as good a poet as Judge Miller, but I think
he could beat him in the line of singing, for he could sing the lines of
his own composing so as to make them quite entertaining. The dear
old man did find himself mistaken at last, for while he lived to a ripe
old age, he was forced at the last to succumb to the inevitable, and his
body slumbers, as do all the other pioneer ministers named in this
paper, awaiting the sound of the trumpet that shall call them forth
into life immortal; and the last enemy shall be destroyed.

I here recall the name of one Presbyterian minister, Noah Wells,
who was pastor of the Presbyterian church in Detroit, and occasionally
paid a visit to our neighborhood in those early days. During my
second pastorate in Port Huron, in 1847-8, he made his home with
his daughter, Mrs. Boughton, whose husband was a Presbyterian min-
ister, and pastor of the Congregational church in that village at that
time. During those two years I became intimately acquainted with
him, and found in him a true friend to whom I became strongly attached.
Some years afterward he passed from labor to reward, and left an
untarnished record of a life of 90 years, and right here, I am happy
in being able to say, that every man whose name I have mentioned
as among these pioneers now at rest, maintained their integrity, and
left for their posterity the legacy of an untarnished record, which to
their surviving friends is far more precious than silver and gold, even
in large measure. With this fact before us, can we for one moment
believe that these men lived to no purpose? Nay verily; and you and
I may never know while we remain here how much the State of Michi-
gan is indebted to the men I have named in this paper for the work
done by them in laying the foundation upon which our noble State has
been building so grandly for the last half century. One thing is cer-
tain. They did their work, and did it well, and we are entered into
their labors so well performed.

In closing permit me to say, I am exceedingly thankful, that it was
my privilege, in my boyhood to look into the faces and listen to the
preaching of the men I have named; and if Col. Ingersoll should ask
me to show him any good that Christianity has ever done in the *world,
my answer would not be that which the dear old lady in the railway

REMINISCENCES OF PIONEER MINISTERS. 237

car gave him when he aske4 that question in her presence. Not know-
ing the man who asked the question, she replied, saying "It prevented
Bob Ingersoll from being governor of the State of Illinois."

I should call his attention to our common school system; to all of
our educational facilities, from the kindergarten to our State University.
I would point him to our State constitution; our wholesome statute;
our charitable, as well as our well regulated penal institutions; our
asylums for the blind, deaf and insane; our houses of correction and
reform; our soldiers' home for our battle scarred and disabled veterans;
our homes for the poor; our hospitals for the sick and wounded; our
beautified cemeteries, where our departed sleep; then I should ask him
to point to a land beneath the sun, where these can be found, except
where such self-denying, self-sacraficing men have gone before, and in
accord with Christ's command, have sought to improve society by
impressing their minds with the thought that Godliness is profitable
unto all things, having promise of the life that now is, and of that which
is to come. This is the work these men have wrought; and though we
speak of them as among the dead, the echo of their voices still ring
in our ears, reminding us of our responsibilities to God, and our
obligations to society, and our duty towards each other, in all of the
relations of life.

Thank God for raising up and sending 'such men as pioneer preach-
ers into "My Michigan" in those early days; thank Him for helping
to lead pure lives, and making an untarnished record to leave to pos-
terity; and my prayer is, that He will help us to emulate their virtues
and imitate their example, so that when we sleep beside them in the
silent tomb and our souls shall join them in their home upon the other
shore we may leave to our posterity a record as clean, and an influence
as potent for good, as that which has been handed down from them to
us. I anticipate the reunion with them, and the grand company of
pioneers to whose ears they came with the gospel message, in those
early days; and I am anxious to keep my voice in tune so that I can
sing not of " My Michigan," but of my Jerusalem, and I think the fol-
lowing will be something of the form in which I will clothe my
thoughts so as to make them rhyme in harmony with the same old tune
in which I sing of "Michigan my Michigan" today.

Home of my heart I'll sing of thee, Jerusalem, Jerusalem;

Thy gold-paved streets are dear to me, Jerusalem, Jerusalem;

I am now at rest within thy gates,

No more to leave this blissful state,

My home henceforth in spite of fate, Jerusalem, Jerusalem.

238 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

Here are my friends I used to know, Jerusalem, Jerusalem,

I loved them then, I love them now, Jerusalem, Jerusalem,

And here, henceforth, our home shall be,

From sin and death forever free,

With Christ to dwell eternally, Jerusalem, Jerusalem.

Farewell to earth, with all its cares, Jerusalem, Jerusalem,

Its pitfalls and ten thousand snares, Jerusalem, Jerusalem,

I now am safe within thy walls,

Attentive to the Master's calls,

To whom I owe my life, my all, Jerusalem, Jerusalem.

'Tis by His grace, this home is mine, Jerusalem, Jerusalem,

And in His glory I shall shine, Jerusalem, Jerusalem,

To Him the glory shall be given

That I am safe at home in heaven,

No more by storms and tempests driven, Jerusalem, Jerusalem.

MICHIGAN IN HEE PIONEEE POLITICS; MICHIGAN IN

OUE NATIONAL POLITICS, AND MICHIGAN IN THE

PEESLDENTIAL CAMPAIGN OF 1856.

BY A. D. P. VAN BUBEN.

MICHIGAN IN HER PIONEER POLITICS.

I have often gone injto reflection on the subject of politics; as to
what it was, and as to its effect on man, and on the masses. It is not
an uninteresting study. The dictionary defines it .as the science of
government, and politician — one versed in that science. But this does
not give one a clear idea of the subject. It is the meaning out of
the dictionary, where we find politics and politician defined in man's
action, that we want. And when we say that as thus defined it is
the principle that controls man's political action, although a good
general definition, it does not give the meaning of politics in the
various party forms that it assumes. In the proper use of politics we
see the good citizen, the patriot; in its abuse we see the partisan, or
demagogue. Again, we see in men that political fealty that gives to

MICHIGAN IN HER PIONEER POLITICS. 239

party what belongs to mankind. And we see, also, that fealty which
gives to the party leader what belongs to the party. The first devel-
ops the partisan, the second, the demagogue. But again, our early
politics, like ancient Gaul, was divided into three parts. And each
division was different from the other. For instance, as to the question
how does politics affect man, the answer would be, that depends on
the kind he has. For when applied to a large class of our people
it made democrats of them; when applied to another large class it
made whigs of them, and when applied to another and smaller class,
it made liberty men or abolitionists of them. Consequently to get a
clear understanding of the politics of the old days we must under-
stand the political principles that then governed the democrat, the
whig, and the abolitionist. Stated briefly, the first was for free trade,
anti-bank, and ignored the slavery question. The second was for
protection, in favor of banks and was neutral on slavery. The third —
anti-slavery.

Thus we have given the kind of politics that Michigan started with
and that has influenced and shaped her political career ; says one of our
pioneers, "I remember the time when there were no signs of any
politics about the early settlement in Battle Creek, that is, in the
partisan sense of that word." The pioneers did not begin their political
existence here as voters, till after their homes were established. When
there were enough settlers in a certain region, a township was organized
and, when enough townships were created, a county was organized,
each township and county having a distinct civil existence. And the
settlers went about the organization of a township, and the election of
township officers, as they did in rearing their log cabins, school-houses
and churches. It was an important matter, and they gave it their best
thought and attention, with an honest endeavor to subserve the public
interest. The township being organized, it was divided into school and
road districts, and suitable officers were elected in each. Let us for a
moment, look at the primitive official equipment of a township by its
first election. And let us take that of Comstock, Kalamazoo county, at
its organization in 1834. It was officered as follows: one supervisor;
one township clerk; three assessors; one 'collector; three highway com-
missioners; three school commissioners; five school inspectors; six over-
seers of highways and fence viewers; three directors of the poor; three
constables, and three pound masters. Here, among other things, we
notice the especial attention that was required to be given to schools
and highways, by the ample number of officers elected for that purpose.
These are two very important factors in our civilization. After our

240 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

ancestors created the township, that school of self government, and pro-
vided for a system of voting which would give the freest and most unbi-
ased expression of the popular will, they then established " the common
school, that sheet anchor of the old ship of State," as Mr. Cha-ancey
Depew calls it. And we cannot give the early settlers too much credit
for it. And also in regard to roads, they early gave their attention to
them. The road is a physical sign or symbol by which you will best
understand any age or people. If they have no roads they are savages.
The emigrants who, in the old days, first left Detroit, took a rough
road westward, that led to a rude settlement in the woods. Beyond this
they found a mere indistinct wagon track that led to a log cabin among
the trees; from the cabin they followed a foot-path that led to a log
barn, and from that a squirrel track that went up a tree. All beyond
this was an unreclaimed wilderness, in possession of the red man, with
no roads, all trackless, save that it was meandered by interminable
Indian trails and deer paths. The road then is a creation of man and
a type of civilized society.

It was something then of an important matter for a set of men to
assume the sworn responsibilities of governing a township, and to
faithfully discharge the duties of their offices. As that staunch pioneer,
Warren B. Shephard, before taking the oath as one of Battle Creek's
first township officers, said: "It may not require us to be deeply versed
in State craft in order to govern a township, but I think we should
have some township craft in order to well and faithfully perform our
duties; consequently, I move that as we are in a new country, struggling
hard to make a beginning, and as this is new business in which we
can all do better when we know better, therefore, I move that instead
of taking the severe formal oath of 'swearing in' to office, we 'swow in'
for the first year, and do the best we can at that, and swear in the
next year." So, As the story goes, they all "swowed" into office the
first year.

Now the environment of the township meeting of those early days
was certainly conducive to a free, unbiased vote.

The settlers had at heart the interest of the common weal and,
for a while at least, no partisan influence was felt at town meetings.
But after the township and county organizations were got thoroughly
in hand, and the territory became a State, and the whole political
machinery of the young commonwealth set going, then we began to
see and feel the party man's influence the partisan's or demagogue's
manipulations. The old democrat and whig parties started Michigan
in politics. They at least controlled by turns her political interest up

MICHIGAN IN HER PIONEER POLITICS. 241

to 1852, when the old whig party after her memorable defeat in that
presidential campaign, went out of history. At the time Michigan was
ushered from her territorial nonage into her full statehood, Stevens T.
Mason was Governor, Isaac E. Crary, represented in the lower house
at Washington, and Lucius Lyon in the Senate; and Martin VanBuren
was President. The Detroit Free Press was the organ of the democratic
party, the Detroit Advertiser the organ of the whig party. These
newspapers did much in sustaining the cause of their own party.
They were ably edited and were about the only political papers that
reached the people in the various parts of the State. They were,
weeklies, and in the settlements in the central and western parts of
the State, only an occasional copy found its way to the settler's home.
A few years later better roads and facilities for conveying news, brought
the weekly Free Press and Advertiser regularly to the people in the
interior of the State.

We have spoken of the absence of party spirit at the early elections.
To show that this was only of short duration, we give the following
instance: At the annual township election in Battle Creek in the
spring of 1838, the democrats on and about Goguac prairie met at
Warren B. Shephard's home just south of the village, and there
equipped themselves with stout hickory canes or sticks, some four feet
long, before going into the village. Here they were marshaled to a
breast, some seventy or eighty in number, and put under command of
my brother, Martin VanBuren, as captain. His father being cousin
of the president, and he of the same name, made his position as cap-
tain of a company of democrats more appropriate. Being joined by
other democrats, similarly equipped, they presented a formidable
array to their political foes as they marched into town. This election
had brought out the whigs in their full strength. They were on the
alert and ready for the onset at the polls; and none was more so than
that formidable old whig, Leonard Starkweather, for short called "old
Stark." He was brother of the well known pioneer Erastus Stark-
weather of Plymouth, Mich., and of the noted lawyer Samuel Stark-
weather of Cooperstown, New York. He, being an incorrigible whig,
could not tolerate the idea of this long file of democrats, marching to
the polls in such a defiant array, and made more especially obnoxious
to him by their carrying hickory canes that emblem of democracy of
the old hickory stamp which he detested. Hence as the column
advanced toward the polls, he grew furious, and swore they should not
vote in that way, it was an insult to every whig present. So he made
a bold charge upon their ranks in order to throw them into confusion,
31

242 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

seizing Henry Eberstine, a young democrat, he pulled him from the
ranks. Upon this Ephraiin VanBuren caught "old Stark" by the
coat collar and jerked him loose from Eberstine, exclaiming as he did
so — "Old Stark, let us alone! We are going to the polls in rank, and
vote just as we are. Now keep quiet, and don't molest us again, or
you will make us defend ourselves, which may not be as well for you."
But the redoubtable old whig politician was furious with rage, and laid
about him right and left with his fists, till some cooler headed whigs gath-
ered about him, and after awhile, got him out of the excited crowd, and
kept him from further interrupting the democrats voting in the order
they had designed. This was the first illustration of party spirit that
I had ever witnessed. It is said that the sun went down on " Old
Stark's" wrath that day, and that he awoke the- next morning as mad
as ever. A few days after this event an old democrat told him that if
he wished to succeed in politics he must vote with them. He exclaimed
"what, I join you? Sooner than vote the democratic ticket, I would
crawl on my hands and knees from Battle Creek to Detroit, and be
struck by lightning every other mile."

At this time the newspaper and the political speaker constituted a
power for each party, and were the means of keeping their adherents
informed on all the political issues and topics of the day. The speaker
having the advantage of getting first what the party organs had to say
and then personally haranguing the people on the questions at issue
in the coming election. They were accustomed to look to him as
political leader and counselor, for he was not only the party's orator
but oracle as well. And when did public speaker ever have such
listeners? Listeners who gave him an appreciation that was inspira-
tion itself; and an applause that stimulated him to put forth his best
efforts. Webster says that eloquence must exist in the man, in the
occasion. Well, here was the occasion in that enthuiastic, appreciative
gathering, that put the man at his best, and if there was any eloquence
in him it was sure to be brought out. Says an old stump speaker of
that day, " when I ascended the platform the upturned faces of the
enthusiastic crowd before me fired me for the occasion; there is where
I got my inspiration. That was the day for spontaneous eloquence."
The notice given out for a political speech at that time was the signal
for a rally of whigs or democrats. For every whig and democrat had
a personal interest in the orator of his own party, and in the discus-
sion of his subject. There was a fealty to party leaders that was true
to all the demands made upon it, and he was ever in close sympathy
with the masses of the party. He always addressed his adherents in

MICHIGAN IN HER PIONEER POLITICS. 243

an off-hand speech and manner, that seemed born of the occasion, and
carried them by an unstudied, inherent force; and, as this was before
the day of stenographic reporting, the speech did not get into print,
and the only way for the people to get it was at the hustings, where
it was delivered. Newspapers gave outlines of these speeches, and
ringing editorials on the party issues, and were of great aid to the
party's cause, but the party leader or stump-speaker was the direct
and controlling force, in the democratic and whig days of fifty years
ago. But " today the newspaper- has turned the orator into an essayist,
and usually a dull one at that." There is such a glory to see one's
speech in print that, as John Burroughs would have it, the thought of the
hustings causes the speaker to break out all over with a sort of literary
rash that nothing will assuage but some newspaper or journalistic
•enterprise, which will give the speech with which he is surcharged a
chance " to be seen and heard of men."

Now, the essence of a good speech upon ordinary occasions is its
adaptation to the tone and spirit of its surroundings — its sympathetic
touch with its hearers— the indescribable magnetism born of time, place
and circumstance, and personality, the charm of utterance, the inspira-
tion of the hour. These characterized the speaker and the speaking of
the old days. The speaker nowadays cannot address himself to his
audience, he must harangue Christendom through the next morning's
papers; he is incumbered all the time with the thought of l»ow and
what he says will be made to read in the papers, and what will be
said of it. But, in the old times we refer to, we got the speech fresh,
animated from the lips of the speaker, in all the power of argument
and impassioned eloquence. We got the speech from the man and not
from the manuscript. A great difference that, as the Scotch have it,
especially where the script hampers the man. What a change between
the now and then of our political* meetings! It is difficult for a person
•of today to conceive of the degree of enthusiasm that pervaded a polit-
ical gathering in Michigan fifty years ago. Was ever such attention,
appreciation and admiration, given a political orator? Was ever, we
repeat, a public gathering so gifted as listeners? With listeners so
alive to every good thing in a speech, and so ready to give merited
applause to a speaker? The day abounded in listeners. And as genuine
oratory depends upon the ear and appreciation of the auditors, it was
an age of genuine oratory. Today the reverse of this is largely true.
There is a dearth of enthusiastic listeners, hence we have but little

* What we have said on the decline of oratory, here and in Vol. 11 of these collections, we consider as
part of the history of the times ; and the decline is due we think to the change in the condition of our
State and national affairs, and to the change in the condition of the press and the people.

244 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

genuine political oratory. For although the present age may be said to
abound in public speakers, there is that something lacking in the
hearers, to fire the speaker's logic, or set his eloquence aflame. The
reason for this is obvious, as in any public gathering or convention of
our people today, every other man is surcharged with a speech of his
own or has a manuscript one sticking out of his pocket. Consequently
where there are so many people who are impressed with the idea that
they have a special mission to publicly deliver to their fellow men,
there are very few interested listeners; in such a case you cannot tell
people any thing.

My earliest recollections of political meetings in Michigan, are con-
nected with those held in Battle Creek in the last part of the " thirties."
Edward Bradley, Isaac E. Crary and Thomas B. Church of Marshall,
were the political orators at the democratic gatherings referred to.
Bradley's popularity as a political speaker was unbounded. I can see
him now familiarly mingling among the democrats at their meetings,
taking seat with them before the speaking began, and as one of them
talking freely on the subjects incident to the occasion. I used to think
that here was where Bradley got his power with the masses. That he
became so thoroughly identified with his surroundings that when he
was called to the rostrum, his speech took its thought, its tone and
color so much from his environments that it was just what the occasion
called for, and the applause that greeted him as he ascended the plat-
form, and the plaudits given him by an animated crowd during hi&
speech, were the natural recognition, the full meed of reward for his
oratorical triumph. Nature had endowed Bradley with the rare gift of
eloquent speech. Probably no political speaker of his day in the west
surpassed him in his power over a public assemblage at the hustings.
People went to the meeting because Bradley was to speak. Let it be
far or near, time and distance did not hinder them; nor could they
hear him too often, nothing staled his infinite variety. In our remi-
niscences of the bench and bar of Calhoun county, in volume 11 of
these collections, we have given a fuller sketch of Bradley as a lawyer
and orator.

I remember hearing Isaac E. Crary and Thomas B. Church address
a crowd of democrats at Battle Cree^: sometime in 1838. I was a boy
then; and as I recall myself sitting on the rough board seats in Capt.
John Marvin's new store building listening to Hon. Isaac E. Crary's
speech, I seem to sit like a young Paul getting instruction from
a Gamaliel. It was not only fortunate for Michigan that she had an
Isaac E. Crary to found (with his co-worker Rev. J. D. Pierce) her

MICHIGAN 'iN HER PIONEER POLITICS. 245

admirable school system, to represent her in Congress, to fit her for
her statehood and for her splendid future career; but it was also fortu-
nate for the people of the State that they had so wise and able a
statesman to instruct them in their first political duties, on their first
party issues, thus making them more useful citizens and more intelli-
gent voters. There was not a particle of the partisan in Isaac E.
Crary. If he erred in his political course it was an error of his judg-
ment and not of intention. That he was a politician is true. But
whether discussing party principles at the hustings, or national affairs
in legislative council, he was the same candid, able counselor, in the
one case as in the other. He was foremost among our early statesmen
in discovering the wants of the new State, and his master hand is seen
not only in its full and thorough organization, but in the establishment
of those institutions that have made it a great and prosperous
commonwealth.

Thomas B. Church was then a young man reading law in the office
of Gordon & Woodruff, in Marshall. But he knew then how to make
a good political speech. Mr. Church presented his theme in such a
manner as to fix the attention of his hearers on the start. He had the
power at least to hold their attention while he by forcible argument
and illustration, and occasional sallies of wit, discussed the bank ques-
tion, tariff, and whatever issue was before the people at the time.
Mr. Crary had discussed the same subjects in his speech. There was
a local whig politician by the name of Gillespie, who lived at Verona,
two miles north of Battle Creek, and who, being a little deaf, had
taken a seat near Mr. Church as he began his speech. The speaker in
describing that type of politician termed office-seeker, exclaimed — "you
will find them everywhere, they are the ' hanger-ons' in the political
camp, the ' fawning Uriah Heaps' at elections, and when elected became
the barnacles on our body politic," and at the same time pointing
with his finger here and there at the crowd by way of general expres-
sion, he chanced to point towards Gillespie, who, taking it in high
dudgeon, exclaimed — " Quite too personal, Mr. Church, quite too per-
sonal, sir!" Mr. Church aware that the wounded bird always flutters,
mildly replied; "my reference was to office-seekers in general, when
I said ' here is one, and there is one;' but if in thus pointing I have
hit a real office-seeker, I am not to blame for it. If the coat fits
put it on." The old whig politician was much nettled by Mr. Church's
caustic remark, but kept on taking notes till the speech was finished.
And no doubt answered it the next time he addressed a whig gath-
ering during that campaign.

246 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

What I have said of the democratic orators in regard to character,,
to an open fair discussion of the issues of the day, will apply as well
to the whig orators of that time. It was always a pleasure to listen
to Hons. James Wright Gordon and Henry W. Taylor, leading whig
orators of Marshall, as well as to Horace Mower, and Marsh Giddings,
prominent whig orators of Kalamazoo. We have given, as said before,,
sketches of the democratic and whig speakers of Marshall, and
Kalamazoo, in Vol. 11 of these collections.

In these early political meetings the democratic and whig voters of
the state got their first political lessons; their first instruction and train-
ing in regard to the duties incumbent on the citizens as electors in a
young state.

The hustings were a sort of political school where the politics of
the day were discussed for the benefit of the citizen. They were very
popular and the two old parties, whig and democrat, were noble old
foes, and each found in the other a foeman worthy of its steel. The
rivalry existing between them was always sufficient to call out the full
party strength, and put each one at its best. They differed in their
creeds on the tariff, national bank, and other issues of the time. The
general influence arising from party opposition, watchfulness, and
scrutiny of each other's movements, resulted in good to the government.
Review the political history of this State, from governor down to>
pathmaster, for the first thirty years of its existence, and you will find
a history that not only reads well, but one in which every citizen of
the State can take a just and honorable pride. We are in no sense
extenuating the sins of the old political parties in Michigan; there
was evil enough in our politics then, but there was less of it, and
both state and national politics were less complicated. And in our
young State there was an apparent endeavor on the part of both party
leaders, and parties to subserve the best interest of the common weal.
I have spoken of the husting as a kind of political training school,
that their influence was to inform, instruct, and make more intelligent
citizens and voters. The old Judean leaders instructed their followers
in this way. The Greek orators enlightened the masses 011 all public
and political affairs, and fitted them for their duties as citizens, at
their public gatherings. Our politics, as said, in the past were much
simpler, not mixed up with so many political isms, and schism, with sa
many various labor and moral issues, making a political campaign now
a much more laborious, intricate, and difficult business, as regards
informing and enlightening the people in its issues. For while we-
have really but two parties today, republican anct democrat, yet there

MICHIGAN IN OUR NATIONAL POLITICS. 247

are half a dozen of what we call party " off -shoots," "suckers" to the
main party stems, from which they draw their strength and get their
growth, thus weakening the main stalks, while they themselves never
attain maturity, nor amount to anything but a useless growth, as far -as
party purpose is concerned. Thus the two old parties stand today,
hedged in, assailed and weakened by so many difficulties, while their
following is measurably diminished or divided up among these would-
be parties, who assume more or less of their principles, thus compli-
cating party issues and discussions, and lessening the old party interest
and enthusiasm among the people. And as regards the old " stump
speaker," "Othello's occupation is gone" — to the modern editor.

MICHIGAN IN OUR NATIONAL POLITICS.

We have said there were but two political parties in Michigan fifty
years ago. This is true, but while the old democratic and whig parties
were carrying on their biennial and quadrennial campaigns, and fight-
ing their political battles over the national bank, the American tariff
questions, and looking to the material advancement of the nation, a
radical reform was at work among the people.

There was an obscure individual, a man little known then, save by
the stirring appeals for human freedom to the people wherever he
sojourned, or by his spirited and aggressive attacks against American
slavery, which he published in his anti-slavery paper, or deliv-
ered in his addresses as he went from town to town along
the line of the border states, and in other parts of the coun-
try. This was Benjamin Lundy, the quiet, unobtrusive quaker,
though determined and aggressive philantrophist and reformer.
He was arousing the people to a sense of the great sin of human
slavery in our country. As the Greek patriots awakened their country-
men to a sense of danger from Macedonian invasion, by going from place
to place and writing on the rocks "Arouse Greeks from your slum-
bers," so Benjamin Lundy went from place to place giving the signal
of warning to his countrymen to arouse them to a sense of danger
from the encroachments of human slavery. He soon had aid from
others. Elijah P. Lovejoy of Illinois joined in the reform, as editor and
advocate of freedom to all men. James G. Birney of Kentucky entered
heartily into the reform as writer and lecturer, and, from first to last,
gave his time, money and his entire influence to the work of anti-slav-
ery reform. And it was reform that told in American politics; reform
that not only reached the test of political power at the ballot box,
but was held there by party organization till that party gained the

248 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

ascendency and was put in control of the government. Thus James G.
Birney successfully introduced ethics into American politics. He was
our Wilberforce, who, having begun anti-slavery reform, did not cease
in his work till the problem of American slavery, through
administrative ascendency, was solved by the freedom of 6,000,000
slaves.

There are pages in Michigan history that are replete with genuine
reform in aid of this national anti-slavery movement, which was so
well begun by Benjamin Lundy and continued by James G. Birney.
There were enough liberty men in the State from the start, to keep
the reform sentiment alive in the minds, feelings and hearts of the
people. And when the time came, as it did in 1841, for political action,
they put Jabez S. Fritz in nomination as free soil candidate for gov-
ernor, who received 1,223 votes, while Philo C. Fuller, whig candidate,
got 15,439, and John S. Barry, democratic candidate, was elected with
20,993 votes. Among the nine abolitionists at Battle Creek who voted for
Jabez S. Fritz, in 1841, were Erastus Hussey, Henry Willis, Silas Dodge,
Dea. Isaac Mason, Elder John Harris. The other four names I have
forgotten. The democrats and whigs laughed at and jeered these aboli-
tion voters. But they calmly bore the taunts. I remember that Mr.
Hussey said to them "you old party men may laugh at and ridicule us
as much as you please, the day is coming when we will be honored
for the very act you are now deriding! " It took only nineteen years
to make this 'prediction true, in the election of Abraham Lincoln
president, in 1860.

The " under ground railroad," starting at a point on the Ohio river,
the border line between the land of slavery and freedom, went
through Ohio and Michigan to Detroit, and thence across the river
into Canada, the land of refuge and the home of the escaped slave.

Battle Creek was one of the best known and important stations on
this road. To say that it was the home of Hon. Erastus Hussey is
enough to establish that fact. He was the great friend of the fugitive
slave, and has been the means of aiding hundreds of them to reach
Canada. "With him labored Henry Willis, as well as Dr. S. B. Thayer,
Orlando Moffatt, Silas Dodge and others of the same place. Connected
with this road were Dr. N. M. Thomas, of Schoolcraft, Dr. Uriah
Upjohn, who was free-soil candidate for congress, and Dea. Hydenburg
of Kalamazoo, Dea. Simeon Mills and his brothers, and the Mays of
Gull Prairie.

In 1843, James G. Birney was the free-soil nominee for Governor, receiv-
ing 2,776 votes against 21,392 for John S. Barry. James G. Birney was

MICHIGAN IN OUR NATIONAL POLITICS. 249

also the free-soil nominee for Governor in 1845, getting 3,023 votes, while
Alpheus Felch, democratic nominee was elected with 20,123 votes.
In 1847, Chester Gurney of Centerville, was the free-soil candidate
for Governor, receiving 2,585 votes, while Epaphroditus Ransom,
democrat, was elected with 24,639 votes. In 1852, Isaac P. Chris-
tiancy was the free-soil candidate for Governor, getting 5,850 votes,
while Robert McClelland, democrat, was elected with 23,827.

Thus James G. Birney became the leader who mustered, drilled
and trained the abolition forces in Michigan for a still larger and
more important field — that of our national politics, and there, in two
presidential .contests he led them against their old foes, and although
not gaining the victory, yet he handed them over to other leaders
with whom, increased in numbers and discipline, they constitued the
"old guard" that turned the tide of battle in favor of the republi-
cans in the presidential contest in 1860.

For the full development of the history of this movement, it is
necessary to get some pertinent facts from New York politics. Early
in Folk's administration the division of New York democrats into
" barnburners" and "old hunkers" appeared. The barnburners
were anti-Texas, VanBuren men, or radical democrats who were
likened to the farmer who burned his barn to clear it of rats. The
old hunkers were anti-annexationist, called " northern men with south-
ern principles," easy going, office-seeking men of the old party. Here,
please notice that the anti-slavery element was introduced direct into
the democratic party. And it was by means of VanBuren's Texas
letter opposing the admission of that state with slavery. In this
Mr. VanBuren was backed by Wm. Cullen Bryant, David Dudley
Field, John W. Edmonds and other leading democrats, who supported
Polk but who now opposed annexation. With them were Silas
Wright, then Governor, Benjamin F. Butler, John A. Dix, Azariah
C. Flagg and John VanBuren, the incomparable orator of the move-
ment. At the same time arose the strife over the Wilmot proviso
which also embodied the opposition to the extension of slavery. Now
upon this movement of the barnburners, embodying the Wilmot proviso,
the republican party, eight years later, was formed, and upon it
fourteen years later, Abraham Lincoln was chosen president. Let
us get the correct history from the facts in the case. In the democratic
convention of New York, 1846, the war for the extension of slavery
was charged by the barnburners on the hunkers. The former were
victorious and Silas Wright was nominated for governor, but defeated,
however, at the election. In the democratic convention at Syracuse
32

250 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

in 1847, the hunkers' after a fierce struggle seized control of the
body. David Dudley Field for the barnburners, proposed a resolu-
tion which embodied their uncompromising hostility to the exten-
sion of slavery into territories now free. This was defeated. The
barnburners then seceded and issued an address in which Lawrance
VanBuren, the ex-president's brother joined. They protested that
the anti-slavery resolution had been defeated by fraud in the con-
vention, and called a mass meeting at Herkimer, on Oct. 26, to-
avow their principles and to consult as to future action. Now let
us see if this Herkimer convention was not really a very important
preliminary in the formation of the modern republican party. It.
was a gathering of ex-President YanBuren's friends. Cambrelling,
his old associate presided; David Wilmot addressed the meeting, and
John VanBuren, now conspicious and powerful in New York politics,
reported the resolutions. In the New York canvass of 1847, they
kept steadily at their work and in the legislature the barnburners
or " f ree-soilers " as they now began to be called, outnumbered the
hunkers. To get an inner view of this conflict, we quote an able
writer of that day, William Raymond, of Columbia county, New York,
who says of the bitter feud between the hunkers and barnburners
in the Syracuse convention of 1846: "The 'hunkers' strained every
nerve to carry it. The 'barnburners' did not awake, to their danger
until too late. The doings of that convention constitute a memora-
ble era in the history of the democratic party, and no less so in
the career of Martin VanBuren. It was a convention of distin-
guished strength and talent. The master spirits of both parties
were among its members — Burker, and Cambrelling, and King, and
Grover, and Bath bun, and Field, on one side; and on the other,
Brady, and Seymour, and Stryker, and Peckham, and Litchfield. The
very flower of the democracy was there. To be an equal among
such men was an honor. But in the heat and press of the struggle,.
John VanBuren like the Grecian king at Troy, stood whole head
and shoulders above them all. He was rejected as a delegate, by
the convention. That was not much to him. He was too great a
quarry for the 'hunkers' to let him slip, once they had him in
their toils. That convention brought him out for the first time, in
his native power of intellect and force of will, and made him at
once the foremost man of his party in the State. His speech, in
his own case, was irresistible in its argument — in its invective, tre-
mendous. It was a complete and signal triumph for Martin Van
Buren; and as unexpected as it was signal. A few men had known

MICHIGAN IN OUR NATIONAL POLITICS. 251

him as a strenuous and uncompromising radical. Most men remem-
bered him simply as the son of a president — a young man rather
ornamental than useful — the " Prince John" in short of London
gossip; smart, good looking, and well-bred, with rather a narrow
escape of being a dandy. Not six men in the State were prepared
for the powers he manifested at the convention." Like the Irish
rebellion, he broke out "forty thousand strong, when nobody expected
it."

In his speech at Hudson on the Wilmot proviso, he referred to
the prevailing tendency of the young men of the day to be "barn-
burners," and its effect on the two sections of democracy, he said:
"Wherever I go, I see a new race of men, between twenty and
thirty, pressing forward into political life in the republican party.
I find, that almost without an exception, they espouse with warmth
and vigor the doctrines and the cause of the radical party. If I
were a conservative, as I am not — to see these young shoots spring-
ing up all around me, would make me feel, as I could fancy a
dead man would feel, if he could see the grass growing over him."
Continuing, he closed his speech with this eloquent passage: "I
know that a fierce political storm is now raging, the political sea
rolls mountain high; but I have an undoubting conviction of the
correctness of my course; and I think I see the spirit of justice
and liberty walking on the waters, and saying to us — 'come hither,,
this is the way, walk ye therein.'"

In April, 1848, the barnburner members of the legislature issued an
address,* the authors found to be Martin VanBuren, John VanBuren
and S. J. Tilden. It demonstrated the free soil principles of the
democratic fathers. The national convention met in May 1848, and
offered to admit barnburners and hunker delegates together to cast
the vote of the state. The barnburners refused to do this and with-
drew from the convention. Lewis Cass was nominated for president,
the Wilmot proviso being thus emphatically condemned, for Cass had
declared that new territories should decide as to slavery. The barn-
burners met at Utica in June, 1848. And then came the great result of
all th6 previous meetings in New York, the memorable national con-
vention of free-soilers that was held at Buffalo on Aug. 8, 1848, when
Martin VanBurenf was nominated for president and Charles Francis

* Published in a pamphlet. See Judge Christiancy's opinion of this pamphlet in his letter given
herewith.

t From first to last in his political career Mr. VanBuren has been an uncompromising opponent of
slavery extension. Viewed by the light of history no man's acts of his day are clearer and more pro-
nounced on the subject of non extension of slavery. And we further state that it was the barnburner
movement, of which he was the promoter, which eventually led to the formation of new national partyt
as we shall see.

252 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

Adams for vice-president, in their platform they proposed no interfer-
ence with slavery within the limits of any state. We accept the issue
which the slave power has forced upon us; and to their demand for
more slave states and more slave territory, our calm but final answer
is, no more slave states, no more slave territory. There must be no
more compromises with slavery, if made they must be repealed. We
inscribe on our banner — Free-soil, free speech, free labor and free men,
and under it we will fight on, and fight ever, until a triumphant victory
shall reward our exertions."

Thus we have given the story of the rise and growth of the anti-
slavery movement, which as we have seen was first started by
Benjamin Lundy, further advanced by Lovejoy, and really made
national through party organization by James G. Birney. For, with
the name of James G. Birney is associated the very genesis of the
true, successful abolition party, and with the name of Martin Van
Buren is associated the very political power which carried the abolition
movement into the party organization, which held it there, until its
creed was formulated in that party's platform at the national conven-
tion at Buffalo in 1848.

It is said that some of the greatest achievements in this life have
sprung from acts recorded on the fly leaves of history. The Benjamin
Lundy "liberty men," the practical, old line abolitionists, the
" Wilmot proviso men," the John P. Hale " free-soilers," the old
radical whigs and democrats, all united, and met in convention,
" under the oaks " at Jackson in 1854, and here, on that ever memorable
occasion, like the barons at Runnymede, they not only made some
grand history for their country, but their action resulted in securing
the magna charta of freedom to six millions of their enslaved fellow
beings. This we can truly call the greatest achievement in American
politics.

Let us review, in outline, the growth and progress of this great
movement. In 1840 the liberty party nominated as their president
James G. Birney, of New York, and Francis J. Lemoyne, of Pennsyl-
vania, vice president, and they received 7,059 votes. In 1844, the
liberty party again put James G. Birney in the field as their
president, and Thomas Morris of Ohio, for vice president, and they
received 62,300 votes.

In 1848, the same party, now "free-soilers," put in nomination
Martin VanBuren for president and Charles Francis Adams for vice
president, who got 291,263 votes. In 1852 the free-soilers nominated
John P. Hale of New Hampshire, for president, and Geo. W. Julian

MICHIGAN IN OUR NATIONAL POLITICS. 253

of Ind., for vice president, who got 156,149 votes. In 1856, the young
republiean party followed the lead of John 0. Freemont for president
and William L. Dayton of N. J., for vice president, who got 1,341,264
votes. Here the old line whigs who had not joined the free-soilers, and
later republicans, nominated Millard Fillmore for president, and
Andrew J. Donaldson, of Tennessee, for vice president. This was the
American or know nothing party, and got 874,534 votes, almost twice
as many as Freemont needed to elect him. In 1860 the republicans
went into power under Abraham Lincoln for president, and Hannibal
Hamlin for vice president, getting 1,866,352 votes.

The presdential campaign of 1852 was memorable as being the last
great rally of the old whig party for restoration to power. It reminds
one of the last great rally of the Stuart party under the "Chevalier
Prince Charles," at Culloden; it not only met with an overwhelming
defeat but one that closed its career as a political party.

It is said that the nickname " Old Fuss and Feathers," killed Gen.
Scott as a presdential candidate. Be this as it may, the old whig party
did not die, it merely went out of history as a whig organization, but
came in again almost entire, two years later at Jackson in 1854, as an
influential part of the new republican party, which was organized on
that memorable occasion, taking the old party's place. The part that
Michigan has taken from first to last in American politics, has not only
been an important one, but one that has been far reaching in its com-
manding and beneficial effects on the entire country.

The important part that Michigan took in this movement is a matter
of history and began as follows:

The first call for a convention was made by the free democracy, and
was held at Jackson on Feb. 22, 1854. The call was signed by U.
Tracy Howe, Hovey K. Clark, Silas M. Holmes, S. A. Baker, S. B.
Thayer, Samuel P. -Mead, Samuel Zug, J. W. Chi'lds, and Erastus
Hussey, State central committee. After much discussion and conferring
among the free democracy and free-soilers, a convention was called at
Kalamazoo for May 28, same year, held there, and resulted in calling
the harmonious and successful convention at Jackson on July 6, 1854.
Here all the different elements of political reformers met in a grand
mass convention, when the following permanent officers were chosen:

For president Hon. D. S. Walbridge of Kalamazoo.

Secretaries J. YanBenselaer, of Detroit; J. F. Conover, of Wayne;
A. B. Turner, of Kent; and others.

The ticket nominated at that time was:

Governor, Kinsley S. Bingham of Livingston.

254 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

Lieut. Governor, Geo. A. Coe of Branch.

Secretary of State, John McKinney of YanBuren.

State Treasurer, Silas M. Holmes of Wayne.

Attorney General, Jacob M. Howard of Wayne.

Auditor General, Whitney Jones of Ingham.

Commissioner of Land Office, Seymour, B. Treadwell of Jackson.

Supt. of Public Instruction, Ira May hew of Monroe.

Member of Board of Education, John E. Kellogg of Allegan.

Member of Board of Education, vacancy, Hiram Miller of Saginaw.

This ticket, composed of good and true men, was elected. The honor
of having founded and named the great republican party, has been
^claimed by other states.

"Seven Grecian cities claimed great Homer dead,
Through which the living Homer begged for bread."

Nearly as many states claimed the honor, as we have said, of found-
ing and naming the republican party.

In reference to these claims in behalf of other states, Henry Wilson
truly says in his "Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America."
"But whatever suggestions may have been made, or whatever action
may have been taken elsewhere, to Michigan belongs the honor of being
the first state to form and christen the republican party," and James
Freeman Clark, in the "Anti-slavery Days," emphatically indorses
what Mr. Wilson says on the subject of Michigan's having the honor
of founding and naming the republican party. This ought to settle the
matter as far as historical facts are concerned. These two men, and
authors, of all others the most deeply versed in the anti-slavery history
•of this country should make it conclusive. Vice president Coif ax says
on this subject "I remember too, right well how that harmonious and
auspicious gathering of free democrats, whigs, abolitionists and anti-
Nebraska men under the oaks at Jackson, formed themselves into a
united republican organization, and how it inspired us in Indiana to
redoubled exertions, so that we changed the democratic majority of
15,000 in 1852, to a republican majority of 12,000 in 1854." And aside
from these undeniable historic facts, the name and principle of the new
party founded ' at Jackson, Michigan, were successively adopted by the
political reformers in all the other states. Wherever, in any state,
there were practical old line abolitionists, free-soilers, radical whigs
and democrats, these united and organized, under the new flag, given
to the breeze at Jackson and equipped in the new republican armor
were ready to join their sister states in battle for progress and reform.
Thus to Michigan belongs the honor of being the founder of the

MICHIGAN IN OUR NATIONAL POLITICS. 255

national republican party. And we simply state an historical fact,
when we say, that it was the barnburner or free-soil movement that
revolutionized American politics, and finally resulted in the formation
of this national republican party at Jackson, July 6, 1854.

The stronghold of the abolitionists in central Michigan was the little
brown Quaker "meeting house" iifc Battle Creek. Here, in this unpre-
tentious little building, used to gather many of the distinguished abol-
ition orators and their followers. Battle Creek was the home of the
Husseys, the Meritts, the Cornells, the Laphams, the Suttons, all
Quakers and all abolitionists or moral reformers. Consequently here
<5ame, in those an ti -slavery days, Parker Pilsbury, C. C. Burleigh,
Stephen S. Foster, and Abbey Kelley Foster, Henry C. Wright, Garri-
sonians of the genuine type, and like their leader the most impracticable,
yes, incorrigible, class of reformers known in the history of American
political annals. This small number of resolute, ultra abolitionists who
<;ared little for the union in comparison with the one cause of human
rights, and whose moral fervor found in the compromises of the con-
stitution, so dear and sacred to all American statesmen, only a covenant
with hell, this class were, as far as cooperation in any practical reform
was concerned, of no benefit to the genuine anti-slavery movement of
liundy, Lovejoy, Birney and their compeers. Neither did Gerrit Smith
aid the true reform party movement, for he believed that congress had
power to abolish slavery in the states where it existed. Hence like
the Garrisonians he was impracticable as a reformer of his day. That
these ultra abolitionists did great good to the cause of anti-slavery, by
their bold and able discussion of the question of human freedom, is
undeniable. But for all effectual, practical abolition reform they were
of no use to the great moral conflict by which the reform party event-
ually succeeded in getting into power. While the great political
anti-slavery movement was going on, these ultra abolitionists under the
lead of Garrison, Phillips and others had decided to oppose all voting
and all political efforts under the constitution. They adopted as their
motto — "No union with slaveholders." Nothing but a dissolution of
the union would accomplish their object. This republic was not a
model, but a warning to nations, — "dissolve the union and abolish
slavery," was their battle cry. Wendell Phillips said on one occasion
^Thank God, I am not a citizen of the United States!"

Among those who were accustomed to lecture or discuss anti-slavery
questions in the Quaker meeting-house in Battle Creek, were, besides
those we have named, Henry C. Wright, Stephen S. Foster and a Mr.
Walker, a noted " come-outer," all Garrisonians. James Freeman Clarke

256 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

says of Stephen S. Foster and Henry C. Wright: " These Garrisonian-
orators had the keenest tongues ever given to man. They said the sharp-
est things that were ever uttered. Their belief was that people were
asleep, and the only thing to be done was to rouse them; and to da
this it was necessary to cut deep and to spare not for the crying."

Foster's book — " The Brotherhood ^f Thieves, A True Picture of the
American Church and Clergy," will indicate the sentiment of the man
on the anti-slavery question. He used to preface his discourses by
laying down the proposition that it would be better for the people of
a town and for virtue and happiness among them, to establish a hun-
dred rum shops, fifty gambling houses and ten brothels, rather than
one church. He interrupted a preacher on Sunday in a church in
Portland, Maine, and undertook to expound the gospel of abolitionism.
The result was he was put out of the church with his coat nearly torn
off his back. At another time, in a meeting in Boston, these fiery
orators denounced the churches and clergy so violently that the meet-
ing became nearly a riot, and for more than an hour no speaker had
been allowed a hearing. At length Foster came in arrayed in a coat,,
one tail of which was torn off (in the church at Portland), while around
his neck was a ponderous iron collar with four large prongs protruding
above his head, and in each hand he held a heavy chain and shackles.
The collar with prongs and the chain and shackles were instruments
for punishment of slaves, obtained from New Orleans. In this
extraordinary garb he looked somewhat like the devil, as that personage
is popularly represented, and his sudden apparition stilled the tumult
enough to allow him to be heard. Shaking his chains and wriggling
his horns and turning round to exhibit his mutilated coat he shouted
in his loudest and most taunting tones — "Behold the emblems of the
American church and clergy!" This caused a renewal of the tumult,
and the convention soon broke up in disorder, though without any
serious outrage. These fanatics also assailed the state as well as the
church, and the national government with equal fury. Pilsbury had
published a book entitled — "The Church the Forlorn Hope of Slavery.'*
Listening to these Garrisonian orators in those early anti-slavery days
in Battle Creek, I have never forgotten their bitter, fiery denunciations
of church, state and government. And it seemed that they exhausted
their vocabulary of epithets and adjectives in their denunciation of the
'"' church and clergy." To one who still remembers the speeches of
these ultra, impracticable, wildly fanatical orators, it is not difficult to
account for the extreme hate borne them by the old line whigs and
democrats. But to Hon. Erastus Hussey of Battle Creek, to I. P.

MICHIGAN IN OUR NATIONAL POLITICS. 257

Christiancy of Monroe, and to Hon. Hovey K. Clark of Detroit, and
their compeers in Michigan, all credit and honor is due for their able
and successful efforts in carrying on the great moral conflict that resulted
or culminated in the formation of the national republican party under
the oaks at Jackson, July 6, 1854. They differed from Garrison and
his impracticable school, and could not, and did not work with them.
Garrison had written when in jail in Boston,

" I am an abolitionist,

And glory in the name,
Although by slavery's minions hist,

And covered o'er with shame."

Lundy, Lovejoy, Birney and their co-workers, were just as good
abolitionists as Win. Loyd Garrison and his co-workers, and did a
thousand times more for the anti-slavery cause and for the emancipation
of the southern slaves.

I give here a very valuable letter, or paper, from Judge I. P.
Christiancy of Lansing, which is not only connected with this history,
but confirms, and more fully completes it, by the addition of much
important historical matter:

LANSING, June 27, 1890.
A. D. P. Van Bur en, Esq., Galesburg, Mich.:

DEAR SIR — Allow me in the beginning to ask your indulgence for
my imperfect handwriting, as owing to the infirmities of age, I find it
very difficult to write at all. I listened with great pleasure to your
address to the pioneer society and fully agreed with the general tone
and spirit of it. I felt and feel that it was meant to be entirely just
to all. But we can never all feel or think exactly alike, because we
have all been placed and grown up under different circumstances and
influences, and some of us must therefore give more force to one set
of circumstances and some to another, according to the particular
circumstances which have affected and influenced us. For myself I
intensely hated slavery from the day I first learned of its existence,
between nine and ten years of age. My parents had before that
explained to me the war and the declaration of independence which I
nearly knew by heart, but they had kept back from me the knowledge
of the existence of slavery in our southern states lest, if I learned it
too soon, it would destroy all distinctions in my mind between right
and wrong. I remember the terrible shock I felt when I first learned
it — and which I never got over. I wondered how a just God could
permit such evils to exist. At first and before I learned the object of
the constitution of the United States I became a thorough abolitionist.
33

258 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

But by the time I was nineteen I had learned the nature of the
constitutional compromise, and saw that congress could not abolish it
without the danger of producing greater evils to the nation. And
from that time, though still hating slavery as much as ever, I became
simply an anti-slavery man and could not act with the abolitionists.

At the age of twenty I was called upon at Pleasant Valley, Mont-
gomery county, N. Y. (now Rock wood, Fulton county), to deliver a
4th of July oration. In that oration I attacked slavery with great
earnestness, as a moral wrong and a national disgrace. This was before
J had ever heard of Garrison or the action of Gerrit Smith. The
next year I delivered a 4th of July oration at the same place, and
again attacked slavery. I then removed to Ovid, Seneca county, N. Y.,
and the year following, 1834, was sent for again, to deliver the
accustomed 4th of July oration at Pleasant Valley, which I gave,
attacking slavery as before. In 1835 I was the 4th of July orator at
Ovid, on which occasion I omitted slavery in the oration but gave
notice that I would make a speech in the afternoon at the court house
on the slavery question, which I did to a large audience, and an anti-
slavery society was then and there formed.

I came to Monroe, Michigan, in 1836, at the age of twenty-four.
The question of slavery was not involved in the presidential election
of that year. On the 4th of July, 1839, I delivered the usual oration
in Monroe, in which I showed the evil of slavery, and declared my
belief that the south intended to bring Texas into the union to
strengthen the slave states.

In the presidential election of 1840 the question of slavery did not
enter. But in that of 1844 it was directly raised by the nomination of
Polk, who avowed himself in favor of the annexation of Texas. I at
first determined to vote for" Henry Clay who had more than once
declared anti-slavery sentiments. But when he was driven, in that
campaign, to declare that he " had no objection to the admission of
Texas," I determined to vote for neither him nor Polk, and did not.

From my youth up, opposition to slavery extension and its increasing
influence upon the government had been my governing motive in politics.
But until 1848 I could see no opening in the thick darkness, no chance
of making any efforts of mine of any avail. But then, Gen. Cass
became the nominee of the democratic party and, as you and I know,
because of his celebrated Nicholson letter in favor of " squatter sover-
eignty," which met the views of the south. I was a friend of Gen.
Cass, had been agent of his in Monroe county, for property there, and
until that letter came out, I was quite willing to see him elected to

MICHIGAN IN OUR NATIONAL POLITICS. 259

the presidency. But this letter took away all possibility of any aid
from me. He understood this as well as I, and there was no loss of
friendship between us, though I vigorously opposed his election.

Just at this time the contest between the "hunkers " and "bain-
burners" in New York culminated, the former giving their influence
in favor of Cass and slavery, and the later against slavery and its
extension. Here for the first time in my life occurred the first appear-
ance of light, the first opportunity which promised a hope of success in
our efforts against slavery and its extension. I ardently embraced it;
and I am bound to say that the pamphlet put forth by the barnburn-
ers of New York, and understood to be the work of Martin VanBuren,
was the ablest and most influential political pamphlet ever yet issued
the United States. It was truthful, exhaustive and complete. No
amount of political or judicial talent could have made it more com-
plete and effectual. It was unanswerable. It has never been answered,
and never can be. The efforts of Chief Justice Taney and associates
who supported him, are in my opinion, the efforts of narrow-minded
pigmies and bigots against an intellectual giant who might look down
upon them with the contempt which statesmen may look upon petti-
foggers who could never arise from fictions to realities.

But, to proceed, the first encouraging light for which all my life I
had been looking and longing, began like the morning twilight, in 1847
in the breach between the hunkers and barnburners, of the democratic
party in the State of New York. I then thought I saw an opening for
& fair discussion of the question of slavery extension before the people
which I felt confident must ultimately result in a triumph for the cause
of freedom, though I did not even then venture to hope for the extinction
of slavery in the states of the south for many years (perhaps a century)
to come. And when the pamphlet of Martin Van Buren appeared early in
1848, though it was nothing more than my own thoughts more skillfully
presented than I could have presented them, yet, coming from a man
who, for many years, had been recognized as the most skillful and trusted
leader of the democratic party, I thought I saw in it what would over-
come the mere routine course of thinking among all the thinking portion
of that party, and to a great extent, put an end to the prejudices of the
honest minds among them on the slavery question. In fact, I looked
upon it then and still consider it the Declaration of Independence upon
the whole question of human slavery.

When, therefore, a convention was first proposed in 1848, to be
held at Buffalo, of those opposed to the extension of slavery and
its influence upon the government, I went into that movement at

260 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

once with earnestness and enthusiasm, and succeeded in getting several
influential democrats to go with me, among whom were two post-
masters. At that convention (at Buffalo) I first met Hovey K. Clark
and in the course of a single hour, recognized him as a pure minded
man, enthusiastic in everything tending to the good of the human race.
A man after my own heart. He was in the Michigan house afterwards
while I was in the senate of the State, and we corresponded by letter
afterwards till the republican party was formed. And I always have
loved and admired him for his concientious devotion to truth and duty
though sometimes a little crochety in his ideas of policy, but always,
in the end, coming cordially into movements best calculated for the
success of our principles. But, coming back to the Buffalo conven-
tion, I was selected by the Michigan men as one of the conferees
to make the Presidential nomination; and we unanimously agreed upon
Martin Van Buren. Not because we expected success in that campaign
but because he had taken and ably supported our principles and given
us an access to the democratic party to make converts to our principles,
which was the most we could then hope. And I fully sympathized
with and deeply appreciated the statement expressed by Samuel Lewi&
of Ohio, who was one of the old abolitionists, or liberty party, when,
after the nomination of Van Buren he declared " The wickedness of
man and the providence of God have brought about in a few hours
what we had not hoped to accomplish in fifty years."

From that convention I returned to Monroe, and at once opened
the campaign in that most discouraging county, where the demo-
cratic party had for some years had a majority in every township.
I was first alone as a speaker, but soon two or three others came to.
my aid. Junius Tilden, Eleazer Barnes and Samuel J. Holly, all fore-
most democrats, and the whigs finding they could do nothing alone r
finally joined us. And the result was that we elected a free-soil
ticket for the county officers and for the legislature with the single
exception of one democratic member of the house. And so much
influence had the free-soil movement in Michigan that the legisla-
ture of that year (elected in 1848) while they elected General Cass
to the senate, instructed him to support the Wilmot proviso, exclud-
ing slavery from free territories. During the summer and fall of
1849, the democrats had found that they could not elect the senators
in our senatorial district (composed of Monroe, Lenawee, Hillsdale
and Branch counties) unless they consented that at least one of them
should be a " free-soiler." I flatly refused to accept their nomination
unless they put themselves on the Buffalo platform. The democratic

MICHIGAN IN OUR NATIONAL POLITICS. 261

party of Monroe did that at their county convention; but in the other
counties in the district they did not, and I therefore refused until the
afternoon of the day before the democratic senatorial convention was
to be held at Adrian, when I received a pile of letters from the
free-soilers in Lenawee, Hillsdale and Branch, insisting upon my
acceptance of the democratic nomination for the senate because they
wanted a senator who could oppose the rescinding of the resolutions
of the legislature of 1849, instructing Gen. Cass to support the Wil-
mot proviso. Under this free-soil pressure I felt compelled to tell the
democratic delegates to their senatorial convention, that I would
accept their nomination, but with the distinct declaration that I would
vote for Littlejohn, and the rest of the free-soil nominees for the
State ticket. In the face of this declaration the democratic sena-
torial convention nominated me for the senate, and all the leading
free-soilers insisted upon my acceptance. The next week the whig
senatorial convention also nominated, me, and the free-soilers without
a formal nomination supported me, so that I was unanimously elected
and accepted the office with great reluctance and at great sacrifice.
In the early part of the canvass Barry (democratic candidate for
governor) had written a letter to E. G. Morton, a democrat of Monroe,
to be shown me, declaring himself in favor of the Wilmot proviso,
and at the beginning of the session he had called me to his room,
and voluntarily declared himself in favor of the Wilmot proviso. And
until the 7th of March speech of Daniel Webster he seemed to be
as earnest as I was in holding Gen. Cass to his instructions. But
that speech changed everything. It set the majority of the whigs
in the legislature in favor of repealing the instructions to Gen.
Cass of the previous year, and brought the whole power of the
democracy to bear in favor of the repeal of the instructions; and
they were repealed by the casting vote of Fenton, president of the
Senate.

In 1850 the compromise measures (so-called) were adopted. And the
politicians of both the democratic and whig parties passed resolutions
against permitting even the discussion of the slavery question. At
which, strange as it may seem, I rejoiced. I knew that steam when
allowed to escape freely into the air, exerted no force, but when con-
fined would rend all bonds and even the rocks and mountains. And
I also knew that a great moral principle, under outward restraint,
would act in the same way.

But, from 1850 to 1854, was to all outward appearances, the most
discouraging period for the free-soil cause. Many both from the

262 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

whig and democratic parties who had joined in that cause had become-
discouraged, and gone back to their old parties. But I never faltered.
I told these free-soilers the darkest time was just before day. In 1852
to my great surprise and against my wishes, I was nominated for gov-
ernor by the free-soilers, which I attempted to decline, but they would
not allow my declination to be published. This was at the time Hale
was nominated for president; and we fared about alike as to votes.
Pierce was elected to the presidency in this campaign, and McClelland,,
my old legal preceptor, and in 1849 and 50, my partner was elected
governor of this State; but was soon after made secretary of the inter-
ior, under Pierce, while Jeff Davis was made secretary of war. From
this time to 1854 everything looked dark even to me. But early in
the session of Congress of 1854, I became satisfied that, under the-
lead of Douglas the democrats would pass the Kansas-Nebraska act,,
repealing the Missouri compromise, and admit slavery into all the terri-
tories of the United States. And I felt satisfied that if this was done it
would be the death knell of that party; that they would then have pulled
the string of the old party till it must break. But the free-soil party,
against my protest, had met at Jackson on the 22d of February 1854,
and nominated a full State ticket. I did not attend the convention,,
being satisfied it was premature, though satisfied that the ticket nomi-
nated by them were all good free-soilers. I waited the action of Con-
gress on the Kansas-Nebraska bill; and when, in the month of May
of that year, the Kansas-Nebraska bill passed I at once opened corres-
pondence with the leading free-soilers of the State and with the com-
mittee of that party and some of its leading candidates, suggesting
and insisting that even the free-soil party must withdraw its late-
nominations, and appeal to all men of all parties opposed to that bill,
without regard to former party associations, to call a mass conven-
tion and make a new party of all those opposed to those pro-slavery
measures, forgetting all party attachments, thus uniting on equal terms
and forming a new party. I insisted that we could not expect the
anti-slavery men of the whig and democratic parties to come to us t a&
the distinct and only anti-slavery party and vote for candidates in
whose nomination they had no voice. And while to my astonishment,,
almost all of the parties to whom I wrote were opposed to my plan,
they saw that there might be something in it. And the leading candi-
dates of the free-soil party and the most of their committee assented
to a private meeting with me in Detroit, at the office of the Peninsular
Freeman (then I think the Free Democrat) to take place but a few

MICHIGAN IN OUR NATIONAL POLITICS. 263

days before the meeting of the free-soil convention appointed at
Kalamazoo.

The above matter I have abridged from an account of my life lately
written for my children. And now as to my action with the formation
of the republican party, it is substantially set forth in a letter of mine
dated April 11, 1884, addressed by me to Frank A. Flower, author of
the History of the Republican Party, written at his request, and will
be found on pages 170 to 174 of that work."

[For its genuine, historical value in this connection, we herewith
give that letter in full]:

Lansing, Mich., April 11, 1884.

DEAR SIR — Having refreshed my memory by reference to correspondence and docu-
ments of 1854, and by reading your manuscript, I will add a few things further:

Immediately after the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska bill, the State committee of
the free democrat party, as such, issued a call for a mass convention at Kalamazoo, for
the 21st of June. I fully sympathized with the committee in the object but could not
resist the conviction that they had adopted the wrong means to accomplish that object,
viz., the thorough union of all men of all parties opposed to the extension of slavery
and its influence.

I felt that cordial union of this kind could never be effected under a call issued by
any party organization as such; that, though we might thus obtain larger accessions to
our party, we should not obtain enough to carry the State, the prejudice of party and
attachment to party organizations being too strong.

But I also felt sure that if a movement for a mass convention should be initiated by
individuals of all parties agreeing in the object, the pride of party associations would be
overcome and all could unite with us without laying themselves open to the charge of
having gone over to the free-soilers, or " woolly-heads;" and that all who might take
part in such a movement would feel that they entered the new organization upon
exactly equal terms. As early, therefore, as the 27th of May I opened a correspondence
submitting these views to some of the candidates of our party, nominated the winter
before, and to the committee, as well as with other leading men of our own and of the
whig and democratic parties whom I knew to be anti-slavery in. sentiment. A small
minority, at first, both of our committee and of our nominees, saw at once the justice
of my reasoning; but, to my surprise, the majority both of the nominees and the com-
mittee, were opposed to them, and seemed to cling to the idea that we could bring to
our organization all the anti-slavery sentiment in both the whig and democratic
parties, and thus carry the State by its influence.

But finally I succeeded in getting the consent of the majority of the candidates and
the committee to meet at Detroit at the office of the Peninsular Freeman (then, I think
changed to the name of Free Democrat) to consider my proposition, with K. S. Bingham,
free-soil candidate for governor, and some other leading men present. A part of the
committee and a part of our candidates met me there, and Bingham and a few other
leading men were present. I submitted my proposition to them anew, and at first the
majority of the candidates, and all the committee, except W. M. Murphy, who was with
me from the first, were opposed to it, but one after another came over. Bingham
finally approved it, and finally all came over, with this single proviso: That the free-

264 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

•

soil party should not disband, nor their candidates be withdrawn until the mass con-
vention had met and adopted a platform embodying the principles of our party.

I readily assented to this because I felt sure such a platform would be adopted.
Many of our party had little confidence in the whigs, while I felt sure the great mass
of them would place themselves on such a platform, and I knew that many democrats
(the best of the party) were ready to do the same. This understanding having been
arrived at late in the afternoon, some of the leading whigs of Detroit, who had been
notified of what was going on and were known to be in sympathy with the movement,
were invited in and fully concurred in our views, and assured us that the great mass of
that party would cordially unite in the movement. I then suggested that the better
mode of calling such a mass convention, was to draw up a call to be subscribed to by
those who approved the principles set forth in it, and of the convention, numerous
copies of which should be distributed as far as practicable through the State to the right
men, who would procure signatures, and that the call should not be published in the
papers until numerously signed. This was to prevent the force of party discipline in the
democratic party and among those of the whig party who still clung with tenacity to
their organization, from being brought to bear to prevent their members from
signing the call and joining in our movement, until after the call had been so numer-
ously signed, and so many had already committed themselves to it, that the force of
discipline would be exercised in vain. I had already prepared a draft of such a call,
which I read, and the principles of which were approved. Some additions and amend-
ments were made to it by Jacob M. Howard and Samuel Barstow, and it was left with
Messrs. Howard and Barstow to be struck off in a hand bill form, and sent to trusty
men in all parts of the State for signatures. This was done with a promptness and
efficiency worthy of all praise.

In a few days one of the calls circulated in Detroit and numerously signed was
printed in the Detroit Tribune, and was followed by the publication in different parts
of the State of the calls there circulated. That in Detroit was published about the
time of the Kalamazoo convention of June 21, or perhaps a day or two after the
proceedings of that convention were published.

Several of the free-soil committee who had attended the Detroit meeting, and others
of the same party who had learned and approved its action, attended the Kalamazoo
convention, taking with them copies of the call for the Jackson convention for July 6,
and explaining the result of the Detroit meeting.

This Kalamazoo convention was not largely attended, though many men of prom-
inence and ability were there. The call for the Jackson convention, got up at the
Detroit meeting, had led the great body of the free-soil party to look upon this Kala-
mazoo convention as of comparatively small consequence, its purpose having been
superseded by the broader and more general movement initiated at Detroit. This was
appreciated by that convention, as their resolutions sufficiently show,* and so well satis-
fied were they of the propriety of my course, though I had opposed their plan of acting
as a party, they elected a new State committee, placing me at its head as chairman.
The committee of sixteen who were to decide upon the sufficiency of the platform to be
adopted by the new party at Jackson.

In the meantime, the Detroit Tribune had, about the time of the Detroit meetings,

* See resolutions of that Kalamazoo convention on page 170 of Flower's history of the republican party,
which show the effect the Detroit meeting had upon the free-soil meeting at Kalamazoo, which adopted
entire the plan of the Detroit meeting.

MICHIGAN IN OUR NATIONAL POLITICS. 265

come out fairly and squarely in favor of the plan of that meeting, and many of the
whig papers in the interior had done the same. The Detroit Advertiser (whig) had
held aloof and denounced the movement for some weeks after the Jackson convention,
but finding the masses of its party had gone zealously into the new movement,
also followed suit.

Prior to the meeting of the mass convention at Jackson on July 6, these calls had
been so numerously signed by the leading whigs and free-soilers, and by so many of
the leading and most influential democrats (about 10,000 names being attached to the
calls returned to the convention, besides nearly as many not returned) that the whole
convention saw and felt that victory had been organized and that we already had the
State.

Horace Greeley had been watching this movement and fully approving the manner
in which it had initiated, had great confidence in its success, and in a letter to a prom-
inent member* of the Jackson convention suggested that the new party take the name
of " Republican," which was unanimously approved by the convention.

At the meeting of the mass convention at Jackson, an understanding was had among
the leading members of the free-soil party that they should remain in the back-
ground and not be pressed for prominent positions either as officers of the convention
or as candidates for nomination; but that these should be taken mainly from those who
had left the democratic and whig parties to join in our movement.

It became my duty, as chairman of the free-soil or free democrat committee, to
announce before adjournment, as I did from the stand, the dissolution of the free-
soil party and its absorption into the republican party, composed of men from all the
old parties, but now no longer democrats, whigs or free-soilers, but republicans all,
animated by a common and patriotic purpose to check the further advance of the
slave power, and to make freedom instead of slavery national, by every means permitted
by the federal constitution. I am very truly yours,

I. P. CHKISTIANCY.

" And now I wish to be distinctly understood that I do not claim
the credit of being the inventor or founder of the republican party.
That credit belongs solely to Him who implanted in the brain and
hearts of men the love of freedom, of equal rights and equal justice,
of hatred of slavery and oppression, and pity for the poor and
oppressed who were unable to right their own wrongs. A similar
plan, it seems to me, must have occurred to many, perhaps to thou-
sands, about that time. But circumstances in Michigan at that time
threw me into the position of being the first to prepare and the most
active agent in securing the adoption of the only true plan of forming
a new party, christened at its birth the " republican party." The
suggestion for this name came from Horace Greeley in a letter to
Jacob M. Howard, and I think also to Joseph Warren, then editor of

* Greeley wrote to Jacob M. Howard that he had been advised that Wisconsin would adopt the name
" Republican " on July 18, and urged Michigan to anticipate her sister State on the 6th, which was done.
This letter was shown to Mr. Christiancy, Zach. Chandler and others on the day of the convention, and is
abundant proof of the correctness of the assumption that A. S. Bovay suggested the name to Greeley.

266 ANNUAL, MEETING, 1890.

the Detroit Tribune and the propriety of the name was at once seen by
our convention. I did not then know, nor did the convention, that
this suggestion, as to the name, was not original with Greeley.
Nor did we know that it came to Greeley from a man in Wisconsin
who had been laboring to bring about a union of all men
opposed to slavery and to its extension, exactly .upon the same
principle, and about the same length of time, as I had. But from
Flowers' history of the party I am entirely satisfied that Alvan E.
Bovay, of Wisconsin, had been reasoning upon exactly the same plan
as I had, except that he had not to encounter the obstacles that I and
my (at first few) associates had to encounter here, viz., that of a previ-
ous and premature nomination by the free-soil or free democrat party,
which had to be got out of the field before the general and more com-
prehensive plan of a new party could be adopted. This, in Michigan, was
the only real difficulty. And it was a serious one, and one, which, but
for my persistent efforts and those of a very few who associated with
me, the democratic party would have Qarried Michigan in 1854, and
the success of a republican party in this State would have been
deferred at least another year. I claim no credit for the adoption of
the name of the new party. I devoted myself only to the plan of
organizing such a party, leaving it to the mass-convention to be held
at Jackson, to give it a name, while Mr. Bovay not only adopted the
true principles of organization, but the name of the new party."

I am very truly your friend,

I. P. CHKISTIANCY.

I consider the above letter which Judge Christiancy kindly wrote to me,
at my request, including the one he wrote to Mr. Flower, at the latter's
request, a valuable acquisition to Michigan political history. Taken
together they constitute a clear, concise, comprehensive and historically
correct statement of the free-soil movement in Michigan, which culminated
at Jackson, July 6, 1854, in the formation of a new political party in the
United States. It is the true story of that memorable movement briefly
and faithfully told. If additional assurance of the important part Judge
Christiancy took in the free-soil movement in our State was needed, it
can be found in the following from Judge Talcott E. Wing's History of
Monroe county, just published, and which I received since the reading
of my paper at the annual pioneer meeting of June, '90, at Lansing.

On page 244 of that history, Judge Wing says of his old life-long
friend, Judge Christiancy: " It was his plan, more than that of any
other one man, upon which the* republican party, distinctively as such,
was first formed — the plan of uniting all men irrespective of past party

MICHIGAN IN OUR NATIONAL POLITICS. 267

affiliations, who were opposed to the Kansas-Nebraska measures of
President Buchanan's administration, and to the extension of slavery,
into a single harmonious party. To this, almost alone at first, he
devoted himself. And after long, earnest and persistent efforts in over-
coming the opposition of some of the leading whigs, and inducing the
free-soilers to forego their separate organization and nominations, he
finally succeeded; and the mass convention at Jackson, in the summer
of 1854, when the republican party was first formed, was the result."

This is great, and justly deserved praise to Judge Christiancy. And
though coming from an old and intimate friend who was generally
opposed to him in politics, it comes from one who was well and inti-
mately acquainted with his course in the formation of the new party.

The political historian has neglected to give full value to the ethical
element that got into American politics, during the bitter strife between
the hunker and barnburner portion of the New York democracy, in 1847
to 1849, and the influence it had upon succeeding political movements
throughout the land. Judge Christiancy says that " the first encouraging
light, for which all my life I had been looking and longing, began,
like the morning twilight, in 1847, in the breach between the hunkers
and barnburners of the democratic party of New York." No more slave
territory was the barnburners or free-soilers' battle cry. . It was this
movement that nominated Martin Van Buren for president at Buffalo
in 1848. This feud, this battle cry of the barnburners, caused great
changes in the democratic party. As the Saxon crossed over from
Napoleon at Leipsic to the allies, so the reformed democrats left their
old party by hundreds, and crossed over to the free-soil organization
in all the northern states. And, they were democrats who would
not join the abolition party but cheerfully went into this free-soil
movement. And in this movement the old line abolitionists, liberty-
men, and all who had been allied with them in political reform,* made
common cause not only with their late democratic foes, but with the
old line whigs who had also caught the spirit of reform, and came over
by hundreds and thousands, to the new organization, till finally the old
party was absorbed in the new. The prevailing sentiment in this move-
ment was non-slavery extension. In this, all the old and new political
reformers throughout the country united, and eventually carried the day.
And Michigan, at this time, under the lead of such reformers as Isaac
P. Christiancy, Hovey K. Clark, Erastus Hussey, F. C. Beaman, Austin
Blair, Kinsley S. Bingham, with their coadjutors, soon became master

* This, of course, leaves out those impracticable abolitionsts, Garrison, Phillips, Gerrit Smith and their-
adherents.

268 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

of the situation, and carried the State for free-soilism in 1854. Thus
she gained the honor of not only founding a new party, but of carry-
ing the first State election in that new party's cause. In reviewing the
political annals of Michigan's past history you will find no name more
familiar to the old residents of this State, in connection with this great
moral conflict, than that of Isaac P. Christiancy. When, at one time
Salmon P. Chase seemed a little disaffected, Hon. Erastus Hussey of
Battle Creek wrote to me: "Think of our dear Chase leaving us. But
thank God, we have got Christiancy with us."

BENJAMIN LUNDY.

As Benjamin Lundy was the originator of this great moral move-
ment I give here a brief sketch of his career, and also of James G.
Birney and Elijah P. Lovejoy, who so successfully continued the great
reform he began; Lundy was a genuine reformer.

His "Genius of Emancipation" published monthly (1822) became the
instrument of what is called modern abolitionism, and foreshadowed the
beginning of successful abolitionism. He also published the "Weekly
Recorder," an indefinite title, which was his way of sugaring what
soon became in the region where it was published, Mt. Pleasant,
Ohio, a very bitter pill. Benjamin Lundy was a Quaker of the Hixite
school. There is a history of the anti-slavery cause made up of acts,
not recorded in books, which constitutes the true history of Benjamin
Lundy's life. William Loyd Garrison said of Lundy— "It is to Benja-
min Lundy that I owe all that I am as the friend of the slave."
Lundy removed in his old age to Illinois. The Garrison and the
Gerrit Smith parties sent their lecturers through that state and the north
west. But it was of very little avail against the organized opposition
of the old parties. But the liberty party proper led by Lundy grew
stronger at every election, and finally commanded the entire situation.
For the real anti-slavery movement west of the Ohio had none of the
clique issues, and side issues that divided the anti-slavery reformers of
the eastern cities. Lundy not only gave life, and spirit to the cause
in the west, but he begat sons — Rankin, Giddings, Gamaliel Bailey.
Washburn and Lincoln. These sons carried out his doctrine, the gov-
ernment of the fathers, the Declaration of Independence being the
bond of Union and interpreter of the constitution. They were his
anti-slavery followers, voting abolitionists under the constitution. They
were liberty party men on a large basis, voting citizens, regarding
slavery as a political power that must be destroyed by political influ-
ences. This movement finally commanded the entire situation, and

MICHIGAN IN OUR NATIONAL, POLITICS. 269

gave existence to the republican party and Lincoln to the presidency
as the legitimate giowth of the policy that had shaped its course from
the beginning — all of it carried forth under the banner that Lundy
had first set up on the western prairies.

JAMES G. BIENEY.

With the name of James G. Birney is associated the very genesis of
the republian party — even before it was named as such. No greater
change in public opinion has ever been witnessed than was brought
about by the work of the old abolition leaders. They were in no sense
united. William Loyd Garrison and others of his kind held aloof from
-all political action. They denounced the constitution and refused co-
operation with the larger wing of the party who believed in exerting"
the powers of the nation to restrain slavery and prevent any additional
territory or state's admission with human slavery. Of this class Mr.
Birney was the leading pioneer, and for many years the most active
and efficient advocate. He traveled from state to state, visited legisla-
tures and commanded attention. It was thus that in the winter of
1837-38 he visited every state capital from Maine to Ohio and Michigan
in which a legislative body was in session. In Massachusetts and
Pennsylvania he was instrumental in having enacted laws which gave
fleeing slaves a trial by jury; Connecticut repealed her black laws, and
nearly every other state visited, passed resolutions demanding the right
of petition, and expressed opposition to the admission of Texas with
slavery. Anti-slavery societies were formed everywhere east and west,
and unpaid agents and lecturers traversed the country scattering books
and pamphlets and challenging in debate. The anti-slavery leaders soon
saw their disadrantage in not having representatives in Congress. John
C. Alvord of Massachusetts was elected, and great hopes and expecta-
tions rested with him, as he was a prominent leader. But his death
occurred before taking his seat. John Quincy Adams was elected the
same year. William Slade, of Vermont; Benjamin Wade and J. B.
Giddings, of Ohio; John P. Hale, of New Hampshire; Seth M. Gates,
of New York. With such men as these in the front and the determined
efforts of southern statesmen to strengthen their lines, the great battle
was fully on in " the repeal of the Missouri compromise " measures,
and never again settled until the surrender at Appomattox. The part
played by women in the great movement was fully equal to that of
the men, although small mention is made of it in the volume. It is
even doubtful whether any ten men did as much to mass public senti-

270 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

ment behind the anti-slavery cause as did Mrs Harriet Beecher Stowe.
The Quaker church, always the open enemy of slavery, sent out a host
of women workers led by that noble and eloquent woman Lucretia
Mott, aided by Lucy Stone and others. Mr. Birney was a Ken-
tuckian, and his grandfather and father were slaveholders, but were
really opposed to the institution. Mr. Birney graduated at Princeton
in 1810. He returned to Kentucky and married Agatha, daughter of
Judge McDowell. In 1816 he was elected to the Kentucky legislature.
From Kentucky he moved to Alabama, settled upon a plantation, and
began the practice of law in the Huntsville circuit. He and his wife
had both inherited a number of slaves, which they took with them to
their new home in Alabama. He proved himself to be a poor farmer,
^ind in addition had the misfortune common to the country, to bet heavily
and lose. He was compelled to mortgage slaves and farm, and after-
ward sold out his slaves to an intimate friend who promised to treat
them kindly. In 1826 he joined the American Colonization society and
began to take an active interest in it. He was appointed attorney for
the Cherokee Indians, a very important trust. During all this time he
was making a full study of slavery and becoming more and more con-
vinced that it was crime. When convinced of this he resolved to move
northward. He wrote in November, 1833, to Gerrit Smith of New
York, his convictions, and set about looking for some place where he
could settle and take "a stand against slavery." He stopped for a time
in Kentucky, freed the remaining half dozen slaves yet held by him and
soon after we find him in Cincinnati taking active part with anti-slavery
leaders, of which from that time on he was the principal leader. The
men and women who were living at that .time, and were lookers on or
actors in the stirring events will read the history recited with great
interest. It is told by somewhat broken and disconnected methods,
and small justice is done to the many great men who took an active
part in this pioneer movement. Samuel Lewis, Gamaliel Bailey,
Benjamin Stanton, Arnold Buffum, Owen Lovejoy, J. B. Gidding, Ben
"Wade, G. W. Julian, Levi Coffin, Chas. Osborne, Edward Harwood, and
scores of others upon whom Birney leaned for support in every move-
ment are barely mentioned — and many of these not mentioned in the
chapters. And yet the history is wholly incomplete without them.
But with such faults it is yet entertaining and instructive history, and in
its results the grandest movement for the actors in all the century.
The volume makes up 443 pages and is printed with clear type on good
paper.

MICHIGAN IN OUR NATIONAL POLITICS. 27 L

ELIJAH PARISH LOVEJOY.

He was born Nov. 9, 1802, at Albion, Maine. Graduated from Water-
ville college, Maine, 1826. Soon after emigrated to St. Louis, Missouri'
and engaged in school teaching and also contributed to the columns
of the Missouri Republican. In 1828 published the Times, advocating
Henry Clay for the presidency. In 1832 embraced Christianity, and
entered Princeton, N. J., theological seminary, to study for the minis-
try. Graduated in 1833 with license to preach the gospel. Preached
in New York, Newport and other places. In the fall of 1833 edited
the Observer, in St. Louis, Mo. St. Louis being the center of a large
slave-holding aristocracy, his writings denouncing slavery, brought about
him malignant and unsparing enemies. They soon organized a mob
who passed resolutions that the discussion of slavery was obnoxious,
and he must discontinue it. The result was the mob demol-
ished the office of the Observer. A removal across the river to Alton,
Illinois, was next decided upon. The mob followed and destroyed his
press there. A new one was purchased for the Observer on September
first, and his paper came out with a double circulation, and with argu-
ments no less powerful and eloquent against slavery. On the twenty-
first of August, 1837, a mob of St. Louisians, some twenty in number,
again utterly destroyed his press, and wounded two of his employes.
Another press was obtained Nov. 5, 1837, and on Nov. 7, near
midnight, while defending his property in the warehouse at Alton,
he was shot. The following incident, which occurred a short time
before his death, is given by Mr. Flower. Mr. Lovejoy resided then
at Hunterstown. While going one night near 11 o'clock, to the drug
store at Alton, some three-quarters of a mile from his residence, he
was arrested by a mob of ten or twelve men who told him they were
going to tar and feather him. With the most perfect composure and
calmness he immediately replied to them: "Gentlemen I have but a
single request to make of you. My wife is dangerously ill, and it is
necessary she should have this prescription immediately, and which I
was on my way to town to procure. Will one of you take it and see
that it is delivered at the house, but without intimating what is
about to befall me? I am in the hands of God and am ready to go with
you'" For a few moments entire silence reigned. At last it was broken
by a medical man who was one of the disguised party, exclaiming:
•" Boys, I can't lay my hands upon as brave a man as this is," and
turning away was followed by the rest. Thus Lovejoy was spared the
degradation they were about to impose upon him. A few weeks later,

272 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

as we have shown, he suffered the death of a martyr in defense of
the liberty of the press and of speech. A nobler and braver man
never engaged in reform, or made tongue and pen more effective in
the cause of human freedom. Elijah P. Lovejoy was the Arnold
Winklereid, who, by his heroic death, made way for universal liberty
throughout the land.

MICHIGAN IN THE PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN OF 1856.

The presidential campaign of 1856 formed an era in American
politics. It brought into political life a new party with a platform
containing the substance of the anti-slavery code of ethics. The old
whig party having passed out of history, its mantle may be said to
have fallen on the shoulders of this new party aspirant, which, arrayed
in its anti-slavery armor, and having chosen its issue — no more slave
territory — flung its banner to the breeze with the motto — " Free soil,
free speech, free labor, and free men," inscribed thereon. The old
democratic party, had of necessity, to meet this young and defiant foe
on the new issue. The civil war in Kansas, lasting from 1854 to 1857,
was then the exciting political theme of the day. Both parties had to
confront " The Troubles in Kansas," the democrats arguing that the
"Beecher Bibles" and the aggressive course of the republicans were
the cause of all the difficulty in the new territory. The republicans,
on the other hand, charged the trouble to the Border Ruffian raids into
Kansas, and their importing voters from Missouri, in order to carry
the elections and plant slavery there. Consequently, for the first time
in the history of American politics, the democratic party was confronted
with the full anti-slavery question, by a political opponent worthy of
its steel. For it was no mere anti-slavery organization headed by a
few abolitionists, as in former days, that it had to confront, but the
combined elements of all the old anti-slavery forces, except those of
Garrison and Gerrit Smith, united with the free-soilers, and the larger
part of the old whig party, with radical democrats, and anti-Nebraska
men.

THE PLATFORMS OF THE PARTIES.
Democratic Platform.

The democratic platform merely reiterated its former principles. It
sustained the organic law that established the Kansas and Nebraska
act, as the only sound law on the slavery question. Free soil and a
progressive free trade throughout the world.

MICHIGAN IN THE CAMPAIGN OF 1856. 273

Republican Platform.

Was opposed to the Missouri compromise; denied any power to give
legal existence to slavery in any territory of the United States. That
Kansas be immediately admitted as a free state. No more slave
territory.

The American, or Know-Nothing Party Platform.

Americans must rule America. Citizens in any territory of the
United States to frame their own constitution and laws. Twenty-one
years' residence in this country to constitute citizenship.

The Garrisonians, or American Jacobins, who believed that slavery
could only be abolished by disunion, and Gerrit Smith with his radical
abolitionists, who believed that Congress had the power to abolish
slavery in any state where it existed, these ultra and violent faction-
ists, had no connection with any party, in this campaign, but their own.

This campaign aroused a great deal of the old political enthusiasm,
and the spirit of oratory and song, that had once held full sway at
the hustings. The campaign of 1840 demonstrated the fact that the
out-door meeting, the stump speaker and song were the winning factors
in a presidential campaign. At any rate, the presidential campaign of
1856 was memorable for the uprising of the people through these out-
door gatherings. And it seemed as if the spirit of song, so remarkable
in 1840, was yet retained by the old whig element in the new republi-
can party, and burst forth with something of its old power in their
open air meetings. There was breadth enough in the old democratic
platform of 1856 to give full swing to democratic eloquence. There
was inspiration enough in the young republican party as it flung its
free-soil banner to the breeze to arouse the enthusiasm of its followers.
The spirit of oratory, so long the glory of the old hustings, seemed to
animate the public gatherings of both the old and the new parties in
this campaign.

It is said that the finest feathers have been plucked from our bird
of oratory. That he is thus restrained in his flight, and fixed to the
earth. There is much truth in this. The campaign I am writing of,
1856, seems to be the one in which the glory of political oratory
departed in this country. At least it may be said that with it the
stump speaker disappeared. S. S. Cox says that the art of stump
speaking is a lost one. That the days of Gentry, Prentiss, Corwin,
Wise, Clay, Hamer, Hale, Lincoln, Douglas, John VanBuren, Nye,
and we would add, of Bradley, Stewart, Littlejohn, Van Arman, Lothrop
35

274 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

and their compeers, "like the days of chivalry are gone." And is it not
true that the occasion that called them forth is gone?

This campaign is memorable for efforts put forth by both parties to
elect their candidates. There seemed to be nothing left undone on the
part of Michigan democracy to defeat their young republican foe. Their
press was all powerful in its influence to carry the State for Buchanan.
Their ablest orators, headed by the venerable statesman, Gen. Cass,
took the stump, and harangued the people in mass meetings in all
parts of the State from August till the polls closed in November.
Democratic orators who had won their laurels in the glorious campaign-
ing days of the past, were as eloquent and powerful with the masses,
as in the old days. There was G. V. N. Lothrop of Detroit, clarum
nomen, among democrats; Robert McClelland of Monroe, John Van
Annan of Marshall, Charles E. Stuart, N. A. Balch and Joseph Miller
of Kalamazoo, F. J. Littlejohn of Allegan, and many other democratic
speakers. Then the array of distinguished democratic orators of
national fame who came into the State to help carry Michigan for
democracy. Gen. Cass and John YanBuren made a campaign tour of
southern Michigan. Stephen A. Douglas spoke in the central part of
the State, as did Daniel S. Dickinson of New York, John C. Breckin-
ridge, and Col. Preston of Kentucky, and Jesse D. Bright of Indiana.

On the part of republican orators the distinguished Illinoisan, Abra-
ham Lincoln, spoke for the Fremont and reform, at Kalamazoo; Col.
Hawkins of Kentucky, made a canvass of the central part of the State.
While in the State, Jacob M. and Wm. A. Howard and Zachariah Chand-
ler of Detroit, were powerful advocates for the new party. Austin
Blair of Jackson, Marsh Giddings and Dwight May of Kalamazoo, and
many other republican speakers in all parts of the State were arousing
the masses and carrying the banner of free soil, free speech, free
labor and free men into the very stronghold of the enemy's quarters.
In fact, to use a current expression of the day, stump speakers in every
locality were thicker than " governors in Kansas." The time is long
past, but the stirring scenes and events of that day are yet clearly
impressed upon my mind. Politics abounded. It absorbed a great deal
of people's time, attention and money. The country was alive and
jubilant with it. Every city and town, every school-house and cross-
roads in the country had its party mustering, its pole-raising, its flag
presentation, its speakers and speeches, its glee clubs and campaign
singing, its band music, and shouting and cheering for the candidates.
American politics had its field day once more throughout the laud.

The following from H. Greeley's sketch of Lincoln, is so appropriate

MICHIGAN IN THE CAMPAIGN OF 1856. 275

to my theme it is here inserted. " I perceive and admit the faults,
the vices of our system of electioneering; and yet I hold that an American
presidential canvass, with all its imperfections on its head, is of immense
value, of inestimable utility, as a popular political university, whence
even the unlettered, the ragged, the penniless may graduate with profit
if they will. In the absence of the stump, I doubt the feasibility of
maintaining institutions more than nominally republican; but the stump
brings the people face to face with their rulers and aspirants to rule;
compels an exhibition and scrutiny of accounts and projects, and
makes almost every citizen, however heedless and selfish, an arbiter in
our political controversies, enlisting his interest and arousing his patri-
otism. The allowance of a monarch, exhorbitant as it is, falls far
below the cost of choosing a president ; but the acquaintance with public
affairs diffused through a canvass is worth more than it costs. There
never was yet a stirring presidential canvass which did not leave the
people far better, and more generally informed on public affairs than it
found them. The American stump fills the place of the coup cT etat and
the Spanish-American pronunciamento. It is in an eminently practical
sense, the conservator of American liberty, and the antidote to official
tyranny and corruption. The canvasser, if fit to be a canvasser, is
teaching his hearers; fit or unfit, he can hardly fail to be instructed
himself, and never was there a better or more effective way, to teach
and convince the people, than he had. It was more popular, and far
better, in regard to getting in touch with the masses, than the best
iu-door meeting could be. Day by day the stump speaker was present-
ing his facts and arguments, and reading in the faces of his hearers
their relative pertinence and effectiveness. It was in such an enthusi-
astic public school that our greatest political orators have been devel-
oped. It was in such a school "that Abraham Lincoln trained himself
to be the foremost convincer of his day — the one who could do his
cause more good and less harm by a speech than any other living
man."

DEMOCRATIC MASS MEETING IN KALAMAZOO, SEPT. 5, 1856.

The park was filled with a dense crowd of democrats gathered about
the mound which rose in their midst, like an acropolis surmounted
with a rostrum, on which were the officers of the day and the distin-
guished orators who were to address them.. These were Gen. Lewis
Cass, Daniel S. Dickinson of New York, John C. Breckinridge and
Col. Preston of Kentucky, Jesse D. Bright of Indiana, then president
of the U. S. Senate, Flavius J. Littlejohn and other Michigan orators.

276 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

Breckinridge was speaking as I came up in front of the stage. I at
once caught the thrilling tones of his voice and began to feel the effect
of that Kentucky eloquence that once had such powerful sway over the
southern masses. As he extended his hand in enforcement of some
fine thought, his index finger quirering, his whole frame trembling
with the intense feeling of his subject, that beat at his heart, and
passed in electric vibrations to the ends of his fingers, and off into the
crowd before him. His manner evinced the perfect command of the
trained] speaker, the self-reliant, the proud independence of southern
bearing. I thought of Clay the moment I caught the sound of his
voice, and felt the magnetic influence of the orator. He had great
power over a public gathering.

The next speaker was Col. Preston, of Louisville, Kentucky, I think.
He began in something of a declamatory style, but getting away
from it, he soon became animated and impressive. He is keen and
rhetorical, though his wit did not flash out in short pointed phrase, he
appeared to collect it and let it off as by a valve, exploding like a
fire-cracker, at the end of a sentence. He "suits the action to the
word, the word to the action." He reminded me of Wm. C. Preston,
the brilliant South Carolina orator.

He said before we sent a northern man to congress he should spend
six months in visiting the south in .order to find out how slaves were
treated, and get acquainted with the people. He would be a wiser
and a better representative in congress for both the north and the south.

Daniel 8. Dickinson, called the " democratic war chief," of New York,
and a distinguished political orator of national fame, was then intro-
duced. Tall, and of commanding presence, he came forward amid loud
applause from the multitude before him. He has long bushy gray locks on
each side of his head, which was somewhat bald at top. The great
power that this celebrated orator had over the masses was apparent as
he stepped to the front of the stage and began his speech, and imme-
diately getting control of them. There was much of the genial in his
countenance, and his voice and manner were suited to captivate a
crowd, and to hold them the most interested of listeners, while he
convinced them by reason and argument that were made clever and
more forcible by apt illustration. His intellectual and oratorical
resources, wit and humor seemed inexhaustible. No one thought of
getting tired though the rain fell at intervals in copious showers, not
a person stirred from their place; he held them as by a spell, till his
speech was finished. Dickinson is master of every art and resource
that are needed in an oratorical equipment at the hustings. The

MICHIGAN IN THE CAMPAIGN OP 1856. 277

dullest would find delight in his rich fund of anecdote and wit, that
came with such irresistible force as to split the sides of gravity with
laughter. All that I had heard and read of him in his oratorical
triumphs in political campaigns in years agone, I now realized, and can
say, that, great as his reputation was, his performance surpassed it.
His great power in argument, which is always clear and strong, his
dialectic skill, and genius in illustration, his wit and humor, placed
him in the front rank as political orator. When he struck the sub-
ject of "Bleeding Kansas," as he termed it, he said, with a face
expressive of inimitable drollery, "Yes, poor, suffering Kansas, she has
bled, and bled, and bled, till every pore in her body is a conduit, and
there is no more blood in her than in a white turnip." And in further
reference to the trouble in Kansas, then at its height, he said it was
got up for campaign purposes. It reminded him of the patient whom
the doctor ordered to " take wine and bark," the Peruvian bark being
them in use. The next morning the doctor called and asked how his
patient was. The wife replied "he is doing very well," (he sat up in the
t>ed barking) "he has taken the wine and now, you see, he is barking."
41 So," said he " it is with Kansas, she has taken the wine, and now she
is barking."

He said he disagreed with Col. Preston in regard to sending our
congressmen south before going to congress. Democrats might go, but
should republicans go there, they would, through their love of the
slave, perpetuate slavery in this country. He quoted from Tom Hood's
" Song of the Shirt," and from scripture, for which, like S. S. Prentiss,
he was noted; closing his speech with a beautiful passage from the Old
Testament. That I have heard Daniel S. Dickinson in a great speech
at the hustings of 1856, is one of the memorable events in my life.
He was a Burke and Sheridan combined as orator.

Hon. Jesse D. Bright of Indiana, president of U. S. senate, was
the next speaker. He spoke with strong, emphatic clearness. Began
with a fine compliment to Gen. Cass; reviewed the political course of
both parties, and dwelt on democracy and its principles as being the
panacea for all the ills of the nation. He is a man of clear, sound
intellect. He closed his speech with an eloquent tribute to the vetefan
statesman at his right, and said — "Democrats, should you fail to carry
your State this fall, and to keep your time-honored statesman in the
senate, I shall enter into a joint resolution with my own state and
give him my place in the senate." The State went republican and Gen.
CasS was not returned to the senate.

Gen. Cass was then introduced. He came forward with trembling

278 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

lips, eyes dewy with tears, amid the loud and repeated shouts of the
crowd. They would not let him speak, he raised his hand and
attempted to address them, but the shout went up in one tumultuous
voice. Once or twice he essayed to speak, but his words were lost
amid the plaudits of the multitude. It finally subsided, and the vast
assemblage hung with breathless attention on every word that he
uttered. He spoke as the Nestor of his party, his words coming to
them as oracles clear of ambiguity. He said the Union was in dan-
ger, we were on the threshold of a revolution. Spoke of our government
as being the best in the world. A man could prosper, grow rich and
live happy under its sway. " Fellow citizens, did this government ever
injure any of you?" Cries of "no, no!" "Then why are you discon-
tented, why would you dissolve the Union?" Thus he continued for
some time dilating on this great and good republic, and closed.

Flavius J. Littlejohn of Allegan, followed Gen. Cass. He said it
seemed out of place for him to attempt to address this vast crowd that
had just been listening to those distinguished Americans who had
already carved out their own imperishable greatness. But he was will-
ing to respond when the people called, he made a short but eloquent
speech, which closed the exercises of the day. Though it had rained
often during the afternoon, yet it did not disturb the progress of the
meeting. This meeting has aroused the spirit of democracy to its old
fervor and enthusiasm, which seem likely to hold past the " Ides " of
next November.

Abraham Lincoln of Illinois, addressed a large meeting of republicans
in Kalamazoo sometime during this month, the last part of it I think.
I did not hear him, but the bare assertion that he addressed a repub-
lican gathering in Kalamazoo, during the campaign, is enough to
convince any one that his speech was a masterly argument for the
republican party and its principles.

His visit here is yet the occasional theme of the old resident of
Kalamazoo, who will still, in his reminiscent mood, grow animated and
glowing in describing this great speech of the famous Illinoisan. He
was then unknown to the nation^ merely known as an able Illinois
lawyer, and an old line whig who had heartily espoused the cause of
the new party. Hon. O. N. Giddings of Kalamazoo thinks that Lin-
coln spoke on the "Omnibus Bill" as connected with Kansas matters.
He spoke from the Indian mound in Bronson Park, which, from its
elevated and conspicuous site, and from its long use as a rostrum for
public speaking, and from the eminent orators who had spoken from
it to the people, all these have made it the "Acropolis" of Kalamazoo.

MICHIGAN IN THE CAMPAIGN OF 1856. 279

And among all the distinguished speakers who have addressed the
public from it, the name of Abraham Lincoln still holds a permanent
place in the memory of those who heard him.

Mr. Lincoln while at Kalamazoo, was the guest of Hon. David S,
Walbridge. Some ten or twelve years after his visit to that place, a
member of Mr. Walbridge's family found a pocket knife that he had
lost at the time of his visit, and it was sent to his son Robert T. Lin-
coln, who most thankfully received it as a relic of his distinguished
father.

REPUBLICAN RALLY AT BATTLE CREEK, SEPT. 18, 1856.

A lady from Kansas had been announced to lecture on the "Troubles"
or border ruffian war in that territory. The lecture was to be delivered
in the old M. E. church in Battle Creek. But when the time came she
failed, from lack of courage, to appear before the dense crowd that had
filled the church, and swarmed about the windows and door. As I
walked up street to the church, Dr. Campbell, a democrat, remarked
to me — "And yet she's spared to tell the tale!" The reply was — "Yes,
an o'er true tale." The lady having failed to come, the crowd grew
restless and called for a speech. It seemed a pity to let such a grand
opportunity pass without a speech. And while some of the leading
republicans were trying to find some one to address the meeting Con-
rad Eberstine, an old settler of Battle Creek, and a ready and witty
speaker was discovered, and almost taken by force to the platform in
the church. As the crowd caught sight of him, they cried out " Coon-
rod" "Coonrod," the familiar name he went by among his friends. The
notice of the lady's speech had called out the Battle Creek ladies in
large numbers; these with the great number of men present, as we
have said, more than filled the church. Conrad Eberstine was a Ger-
man whose native accent had not left his tongue. He was well edu-
cated in German, and had been a . diligent reader of American
history and politics. His quick insight into law as well as politics,
had made him popular in managing the law suits for the old settlers,
till as pettifogger for his client, he was considered better than half the
lawyers. His pithy, off-hand sayings, and his German accent or man-
ner of pronouncing our words, gave additional interest to his speeches
and his ready wit so enlivened whatever he said that even his "broken
English" was made to tell with riant effect upon his hearers. For
over an hour and a half he kept that crowd applauding his blunt
assertions and stubborn facts, or convulsed with his wit, or his droll
illustrations.

He began by saying he was sorry the lady could not deliver her

280 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

lecture; and, he was sorry they had not chosen some one abler to
address them than he was, on such an important occasion. But you
have got me before you, and I am too good a republican to back out
of so good a movement as the one which has called us together today
and more especially so, as I have, looking towards the ladies, the
"flower of Battle Creek" before me. And I only wish I had the gift
to give you a speech worthy of so grand an occasion. But after all,
Mr. Chairman and fellow citizens, it is the thought more than the
style, the principles more than the oratory, that are of most considera-
ation to us. Let the democrats grow eloquent, and flower out into all
the beauties of speech over free trade and the Kansas and Nebraska
act, and more slave territory, but give us the principles that inspire
our party leader, no more slave territory, the spirit of which illumines
the motto on our banner, free soil, free speech, free labor and free
men. And, after giving a glowing description of their gallant leader,
Gen. John C. Fremont, he turned to the chairman, and asked: Who
Mr. Chairman, have the democrats nominated for president? Pausing
a moment he replied, in his German accent, Jeemes IBu-chanan, an old
bachelor! And an old bachelor is enough Oto make a woman wommit
any time! " This was greeted with an outburst of applause. Referring
to the idea that Buchanan if elected would buy Cuba for the United
States, he said " well, if we elect our candidate, we'll buy Cuba. And,
Mr. Chairman, I'll tell you how we will do it. I would appoint a com-
mittee to buy that Island, and I would put on that committee, Ned
Packer, and Chet Buckley (two of the sharpest street brokers in Battle
Creek) and if they would'nt get it at the lowest possible figure, and at
the best bargain for 'Uncle Sam,' then it could'nt be got, that's all.
But the trouble with the democrats is that not one in fifty reads his-
tory, and those that do don't understand it. History says that a nation
that gets rich by conquest is sure to fall. Now if the democrats get
into power instead of buying Cuba, they would go to work and take it
by conquest the old Bourbon way; and that would involve us in a war
with Spain. This will never do. The historian has said that Alexander
fell a drunkard in the midst of his conquest, and Rome got drunk at
the same bowl. But, fellow citizens, there was a little of that liquor
left, Rome didn't drink it all up; and the old democratic party has got
some of it, and Cuba may furnish the occasion for their having 'a high
old time' to use up all that liquor, and this great republic to." Noth-
ing could equal the outburst of applause that followed this and his
other witty expressions. "Bill" McCollum sprang up on his seat, swung
his hat and shouted, others joining him — "Coonrod forever, Coonrod

MICHIGAN IN THE CAMPAIGN OP 1856. 281

forever!" This rousing speech gave a fresh impulse to the republican
movement in Battle Creek.

DEMOCEATIC RALLY IN BATTLE CREEK, SEPT. 13, 1856.

Late in the evening, after the republican meeting in the M. E.
church was over, we went to hear Joe Miller of Kalamazoo, and John
Van Arman of Marshall, address the democrats in Wakely's hall.
Miller had about finished his speech. It was called an able argument
on constitution and party legislation to sustain the democrats in their
present position.

Van Arman gave one of his best speeches on this occasion. In his
happy choice of words, and in their logical arrangement he showed the
rhetorical tactics in which he excels, and by which he carries a crowd
of democrats at the hustings, as he does the stubborn twelve in the
court room. He has that rare gift in addressing a crowd, of saying
his own thoughts, in his own voice, in his own way, and swaying them
at his own will. He said that the republican party was such a novice
in politics, . that they were acting them in most everything, and would
steal their principles if they knew enough. And when they were not
acting the democrats they were singing campaign songs like the old
line whigs. They are beating about the bush, hoping that something
will turn up and something will turn up. Let them and their Path-
finder beware, when they meet the democratic party in full force, at
the coming election. They may have read of battles and defeats in
the history of the past, but the defeat that awaits them this fall,
will be one in which these republican "pretenders," will get such an
awful "whaling," that compared with it, the overwhelming defeat of
the Scotch Pretender at Culloden, will, ever after, seem a small affair.

The republicans got the "whaling" as Van Arman predicted.*

DEMOCRATIC GATHERING IN BATTLE CREEK, SEPT. 28, 1856.

The democrats are making a strong campaign. They, like their foes
are out in full force. The masses throng to the hustings in the old
time spirit and enthusiasm. Political oratory has yet its full power
over them. For interested listeners no gathering surpasses that of the
democrats; and none are more responsive with the plaudits that fire a
speaker or give enthusiasm to a cause. Let the faults of the old party

*John Van Arman died in California, April 6, 1890. In a memorial meeting of the Chicago Bar Associa-
tion held in the latter city, in January '91, Luther Laflin Mills, the orator of the occasion, paid a noble
and eloquent tribute to the distinguished lawyers, members of the association, who had passed away
during the year 1890. He said of Van Arman, "where will yon find a lawyer who possessed the genius of
persuasion more winning than Van Arman. He was unequalled in advocacy in Illinois during this gen-
eration." This, as we have said elsewhere, was true of him in his career as a lawyer in Michigan.

282 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

be what they may, no political organization in this country has ever
" stuck to its text " with such unanimity as the democratic party has
done. Herein lies the secret of their power and success. It is not so
much, once a democrat always a democrat, as, while you claim to be a
democrat, vote with your party, that has made it so famous in American
politics.

The meeting at Battle Creek was held in Peninsula hall, and was
addressed by Hons. Charles E. Stuart, of Kalamazoo, G. V. N. Lothrop
of Detroit, and Robert McClelland, of Monroe. Stuart was first intro-
duced. Always a favorite with the people, he was now in the zenith of
his fame as a political orator. And as he came forward to address one
of Battle Creek's best audiences, which was rendered more attractive by
the large number of ladies present, the occasion seemed to put him at
his best. He caught the inspiration for the hour as he looked upon the
fine gathering of democrats before him. He began, Mr. Chairman, ladies
and gentlemen, this is one of those occasions that fills the heart with
pleasing emotions, one that should encourage every democrat, and nerve
him to do his best towards achieving a glorious victory this fall. The
intelligence and beauty in the audience before him reminded him that

Battle Creek was like—

" Auld Ayr, which ne'er a town surpasses
For honest men and bonnie lasses."

The honest men to battle and vote for our cause, and the intelligence,
worth and beauty of our ladies favoring us we cannot fail of success
in the November contest at the polls. Stuart's speech was worthy of
him and the occasion.

Robert McClelland's speech was a strong and forcible presentation
of the issues of the campaign from a democratic standpoint. He said
that the people would not be misled by the inexperienced and motley
party called republican. It was really the old whig party gone daft on
the abolition question, and with them were allied a few stray demo-
crats won over by the trumped up story of " bleeding Kansas." When
these republicans talked about the principles of their party it made him
think of absent friends. They make their issue on bleeding Kansas,
and they will keep her bleeding till after election.

Hon. G. V. N. Lothrop of Detroit was the last speaker. Those old
democratic orators were well trained in all the subtilties of political
discussion. And, laying aside one's party views, it was always a pleas-
ure to listen to their speeches. They were the orators par excellence
at the hustings thirty and fifty years ago. And among them was

MICHIGAN IN THE CAMPAIGN OF 1856. 283

G. V. N. Lothrop, of Detroit. Nature had bestowed upon
him rare intellectual gifts; this with his classical education, legal train-
ing and attainments, and long practice as a public speaker at the bar
and the hustings, placed him in the front rank as an orator. Like
Stuart his presence was commanding and his oratory captivating. The
advice of a western orator to a young speaker, " Get full of your sub-
ject, and then let nature caper," is nothing more than what the poet,
the sculptor, the painter and the orator have done in all ages. And
this is what has produced all the masterpieces in poetry, painting,
sculpture and oratory that the world admires today. And it was
what the political orators in the old days of which we are now .writing
did. They got full of their subject, felt its full inspiration, and spoke
like men inspired by their cause. And the masses heard, and felt that
wonderful eloquence, that is now only a delightful memory with those
who once enjoyed it in the political days of half a century ago. *
Mr. Lothrop was no exception to this rule. And if we did not get
one of his best speeches, we got a speech which if I could give in
full, would be a fine specimen of the campaign oratory of thirty-five
years ago. Among other good things in his speech, I have a clear
recollection of his description of the two candidates. After giving one
of the Pathfinder, at the head of his forces composed of the political
odds and ends of defeated old line whigs, stray democrats, free-soilers
and fanatical abolitionists, with other nondescript adherents, he then
gave one of the democratic candidates " Buck and Breck," as they
were styled, " Fellow citizens," said he " you have heard that men when
hunting, as they come across a fine large deer in the woods, are apt to
get the " buck fever," and shoot wide of the mark. What do you
think, fellow citizens, these valorous republicans will do this fall, when
they see our " Buck " in all his splendid proportions, with his magnifi-
cent branching horns "the antlered monarch of the waste," when, I
say, in November next, they see him coming — "Mighty God, won't they
get the 'Buck fever!"'

REPUBLICAN BALLY AT LEONIDAS, ST. JOSEPH COUNTY, AUG. 23, '56.

As we drove into the village of Leonidas the republican flag was
floating from a pole erected near the hotel. Wagons and horses ban-
nered and " evergreened," bands playing and men hurrahing, greeted

* This was before the day of political " campaign funds " when the candidate's money, as it does now,
pays for all the expenses of the canvass of a state or entire country. A little money then paid all neces-
sary expenses of the campaign. The cause of the party aroused all the power and enthusiasm of th«
people, all the influence of the voters, all the eloquence of its orators. Almost the reverse of this IB true
now. Elections are too much of a moneyed game to arouse the enthusiasm of the people.

284 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

us from the different roads leading into town. The speeches were
made by Perrin Smith, lawyer of Centreville, and by W. L. Stoughton
of Sturgis. We met here that sterling, old line abolitionist, Chester
Gurney of Centreville. He said to me " We have been waiting, and
waiting for the people, now they have come up to us!"

Still there was a part of the old whigs yet disaffected. Frank
Granger had given the "Roderick Dhu whistle" to call together the
old retired whigs to do political battle again. In his enthusiastic call
he says, "Friends and old time-honored whigs, let us battle 'nom de
guerilla' a while with Fillmore, and then after the contest (we don't
expect to elect our candidate) we can rally under the old whig stand-
ard again." They voted for Fillmore but, as whigs, never rallied
again.

Zach. Chandler, that "stalworth republican," stumped the State for
Fremont and Reform. We heard him at Dowagiac. He evinced in
this campaign that ability and power as a political speaker, for which
he was afterwards to become famous in the nation. Hon. Schuyler
Colfax came over from Indiana to aid the young republican party in
its first presidential campaign. Other eminent speakers from abroad
came into the State, and other prominent speakers in this State aided
the republicans in this political contest; making it one of the memor-
able campaigns in American politics.

Mr. S. D. Bingham of Lansing, informs me that Hon. Daniel L.
Case and Gov. Moses Wisner did most excellent campaign work for
Fremont and Dayton. And we would say that S. D. Bingham did the
same. I heard Wirt Dexter address a large crowd of enthusiastic
republicans one evening in Battle Creek during this campaign. Gen.
Cass had lately spoken in Marshall. And to say that Dexter followed
the general, and made havoc with his Marshall speech, was, to a
republican, putting the case just as it was. Dexter's wit and power of
ridicule were put to the best use. Like a rhetorical "moss-trooper"
he went, cutting and slashing right and left, through Gen. Cass'
speech, and when he got through, there seemed to be nothing left of
it. Wirt Dexter, then in his young manhood, proved himself by this
speech to be a very promising political orator. He made eighty
speeches during this campaign. In after years he obtained, at Chicago,
the front rank as lawyer and orator. To the above list of speakers
in this campaign should be added F. C. Beaman, R. *R. Beecher,
Henry Waldron, Francis W. Kellogg and Austin Blair.

MICHIGAN IN THE CAMPAIGN OP 1856. 285

THE GREAT DEMOCRATIC MASS MEETING AT CENTREVILLE, ST. JOSEPH COUNTY,

SEPTEMBER, 26, 1856.

We find the following in our journal of the above date:

As the republican party is engaged in a presidential campaign with
its democratic foe, we are led to ask what is the situation or character
of American politics today? There are the Garrisons, those American
Jacobins, or disunionists; the radical abolitionists under Gerrit Smith;
the know-nothings under Fillmore; the modern democrats with a
democracy that is squatter sovereignty at both ends, under Buchanan;
and the young republican party, under their gallant chief, Col. John
C.« Fremont. September 26 of this year will be memorable in the annals
of this political campaign as the day when Gen. Cass and John Van
Buren addressed the democracy of Southern Michigan in mass meeting
at Centreville, St. Joseph county. I had gone from Battle Creek, with
my two democratic brothers, especially to hear John Van Buren on this
occasion. We reached the town about noon, and found every road
leading into the village thronged with a long procession of bannered
wagons filled with democrats, and drawn by two, three, and often four
span of horses, that were tricked off with small flags, all moving to
the stirring peals of cornet bands or martial music. A grand stand
had been erected in the public square in the center of the village. To
this we repaired. At the appointed time that old democratic chief,
Gen. Cass, ascended the steps to the platform, amid the loud and pro-
longed applause of an assembled throng of over ten thousand people.

At this time it was asserted that " John Van Buren will not be here
today!" Disappointed, we turned to hear the Nestor of American
democracy, who in his old age had joined his brethren in arms, to aid
by his wisdom, influence and eloquence, the younger democrats in
beating back the uprising of this new and formidable republican party.-
Here he stood at the head of the same redoubtable democrats that had
so lately defeated the famous old whig party in the memorable cam-
paign of 1852, and as the old hero mounted the stage he felt flushed
with the prestige of that victory over that noble old foe.

I will not attempt to describe his hour and a half speech, but will
simply confine myself to some of its incidents and to what I saw in him
as a public speaker that interested me. This speech was the best I
ever heard him deliver. To call him the "old man eloquent" might be
adorning him with borrowed feathers; but yet I thought him, on this
occasion, an eloquent old man, and if that is assuming anybody's else
title, let it be so, he was the "old man eloquent" to me, and thousands
of others that day. The interest was in him, to hear him discuss the

286 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

political questions of the day in his own interesting manner. There
were parts of his speech in which he alluded to the past history of
the democratic party, and which was but the history of his own experi-
ence, which held that vast gathering spell-bound during its narration.
It was getting a most valuable part of our history from the distinguished
statesman who had helped make it. Reminiscences and incidents of the
last fifty years were made doubly interesting by his manner of relating
them. Among them was the narration of his first meeting with a
young lieutenant of the army, as they were crossing the river at San-
dusky, which held us with as much delight as the reading of one of
old Homer's narratives in the Iliad. "I noticed,'" said he, "a young
man with a keen black eye and a manly, soldierly bearing, as he
stepped into the boat at the head of his company. From the first his
appearance impressed me as a young man of mark. I soon formed his
acquaintance, and made up my mind that he had the material in him to
achieve eminence. I saw that he was taking the right course; active,
observing, keenly alive to his duty, without fault in his habits; I
watched with pride and pleasure his course while connected with the
army, and his after life, and I am happy to say here today, that I
have lived to see that young lieutenant attain to places of the highest
distinction in our country. You know him as John J. Crittenden."

As a public speaker Gen. Cass made no attempt to please, to impress
himself on his hearers; to captivate and carry the crowd with stirring
appeals, or "bursts of eloquence;" but you listened to his speech as
you did to a deeply interesting narrator, who held your rapt attention
through his whole story. He was truly the " Pylian Sage," speaking
the words of wisdom and instruction that came as most valuable lessons
to us from him whose life had been given to the service of his country
during a long and faithful public career. And each of those ten thou-
sand listeners, whether democrats or republicans, (as many of the latter
were in the crowd) looked up to him as a venerable and wise states-
man, and listened implicitly to his council and instruction.

One rather amusing incident occurred in his speech. In denouncing
some evil he attempted to quote Pope's well known lines.—

" Vice is a monster of so frightful mein,
That to be hated needs but to be seen," etc.

He began, "Vice is a monster of such — such — such" here hesitating, he
began again — "Vice is a monster of such— such," and stopping short,
in a fit of impatience, he turned around to Gov. Barry, sitting on the
stage behind* him, and exclaimed in a petulant tone — " Governor, what

MICHIGAN IN THE CAMPAIGN OP 1856. 287

is the next word?" "Do tell me!" The governor repeated the forgotten
clause, and the General, catching the clue, gave with unfaltering
emphasis the whole quotation, and went on with his speech, which he
soon after finished. He sustained the measures of the democratic party
in toto, and made a powerful effort to tear in tatters the new repub-
lican organization, and he had nearly got through with his effort, when
the president of the day, Samuel Chipman, stepped forward and
announced that " John Van Buren had just arrived in town, and would
be ready to address the crowd in a few moments!" Instantly a wild
and prolonged shout went up from that vast multitude repeated again
and again. There is fame, thought I in that applause; it must be
music in the ears of the distinguished orator whose coming calls it
forth. The general soon finished speaking, and, as he did so, told
us that " John" would soon be on the stage to address us. And as
he caught sight of him ascending the platform, he hurried forward to
meet him as eagerly as a father would his long alfeent son. It was now
getting late, and many who had come from a distance had "got up"
their teams. Banners were flying, and the music with some, had struck
up. But that announcement — "John Van Buren has come!" went through
that vast assemblage like a galvanic shock, producing an instantaneous
change in their minds. Their weariness, the long distance to their
homes, in some cases thirty to forty miles, and the lateness of the
hour, were all forgotten, and involuntarily they gathered around the
stand eager to see and hear this prince of political orators, and as
he came upon the stage he was greeted with renewed cheering. After
shaking hands with Gen. Cass and other distinguished democrats on the
stage, he was introduced to us by the president of the day. His appear-
ance did not in the least disappoint us. A tall' and commanding
figure; a head and personal bearing that a prince might envy, and a
nobleness of manner and manhood that Americans could be proud of.
He began his speech with an apology for having disappointed us in
not being at Centreville at the time announced. The train he came
on failed to make connections. His speech was of a pacific nature.
He reconciled the democrats with the free-soil episode some had
indulged in, but they were now reunited and as strong as ever. It
was evident as he came forward and began his address, that he was
master of the situation, and when he got through with that vast crowd,
it was evident that he had carried it for Buchanan. The human voice
is a wonderful instrument, and John Van Buren's distinction as prince
of American orators of his day, owed something to the masterly
command and skill he evinced in handling that splendid instrument.

288 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

His voice was clear, strong, though pleasant, which you easily heard
though you were on the border of the vast crowd, and he had the
power to hold you, and to interest you whether you believed him or
not, for it is the true orator's power that you feel ; " that charm in
delivery," " that magical art," that captivates and sways mankind. He
uses plain Saxon words, his diction is terse though vigorous, his mean-
ing forceful and clear. He never quotes a sentence or word from any-
body else; he never makes a blunder, nor utters a superfluous word or
a weak one. His wit comes naturally; 'tis never too severe, nor
misapplied. He has too much of it to be sarcastic especially
with his fund of humor, and a natural vein of drollery, all of which
united, tone down his power of ridicule and make his "on-sets" irre-
sistible. His sallies of wit give additional enjoyment to his speech,
which with his rare gifts as an orator; make the dullest an interested
listener, and a long speech seem a short one. I thought him* on this
occasion, the greatest public speaker, the greatest master of thought
and speech improvised, I ever listened to. I never knew one who had
done what he did that day. That crowd when he began his speech
was weary with two hours' standing, it was late in the day, and many
as we have said had thirty or forty miles yet to go before they reached
home; and yet he made them forget all this, and kept them there listen-
ing to him an hour and a half longer, perfectly oblivious of everything
but the incomparable orator addressing them.

The ladies had been seated close around the stand in front of the
stage, and at one time in his speech the platform where he stood needed
fixing. While this was being done, he leaned over the railing and
addressed himself to them. "The republicans," says he, "have threat-
ened to give us ' Jessie' this fall. Well, we'll take Jessie, she is an
accomplished and beautiful woman, and her old father stands ready to
receive her back with open arms, but ' John,' they can't give away."
At another time alluding to the adjournment of Congress and Presi-
dent Pierce's immediately calling a special session for appropriations
in regard to Kansas, he said: " The boys thought school was out,
and were going home, but the schoolmaster Pierce, called them back
and told them it was only intermission."

"John!'2 some one called out from the crowd, "What about your
free-soil summerset on the Buffalo platform ? " He paused an instant,

* It is said of the great Conde, let him enter a battle at any stage of its progress, and he would
fight his way oat to victory. He was a soldier by natural instinct. John Van Buren has been
known to enter the court room when a trial was in progress, and, not knowing anything about it,
to have taken hold and won the case. The same rare gift attended him on the stump and on the
platform. The occason inspired him. He was an orator by natural instinct.

MICHIGAN IN THE CAMPAIGN OF 1856. 289

and, looking over the crowd towards the one who addressed him, replied
" my friend, I tried to explain to you at that time, my position, and
have given good reasons for my political course, in my public speeches,
since. I have seen woolly-heads, dull-heads and thick-heads, but I have
never found before a head so woolly, so dull, or so thick, that it
took eight years for an idea to work into it." A shout from the crowd
overwhelmed the man, and he asked no more questions. No questions
foiled him, he rather enjoyed it, or as the chairman said " nothing
suited him better, for he was always ready to give a reply."

He said that a republican on the cars as he was coming into Mich-
igan, was confident that Fremont would be elected. He said he told
him that he was not a betting man but he would wager most any
amount that Fremont would be defeated. The reply was that it was
immoral to bet. He thought that might be so, but he knew it was
immoral to lose.

Few speakers possessed the self command, the rare gift to think,
reason and argue on their feet before a crowd, that John Van Buren
had. He carried with him to the platform all the ready wit and humor,
all the repartee, and that happy faculty of making much of a little
thing, that so distinguished him in after-dinner speeches, and made
him the great favorite of social clubs. His intellectual resources
were unbounded, his presence, his " infinite variety" never staled, hence
his great popularity with, and . control over the masses, as a politi-
cal orator. Says a late writer of him " In person tall, symmetrical, grace-
ful. His features wore a look of indolent strength combined with a
genial nature, and a manner that was imposing and impressive, and
marvelously pleasing. His bearing and deportment, finished and ele-
gant, were nevertheless as popular with the crowd as they were attract-
ive in the haunts of refinement. His voice was high-pitched and
penetrating, clear and distinct, reaching to the farthest confines of a
great crowd. As with all genius, the secret of his power eludes analy-
sis. It did not lie in a trick of style or a fascinating mannerism. His
delivery was deliberate, and impressed his hearers with the charm
of its distinctness. And one chief effect of his wonderful and
perennial wit was due to the impressive unconcern with which it was
uttered. He spoke without seeming effort, and with little gesture. His
equanimity was never disturbed, and his blandness never ruffled. His
popularity among the masses of the north at this period of his career
was scarcely equaled by that of any man then in public life."

That there was an old feud between Gen. Cass and «ex-President
Van Buren is a well-known fact. It is said to have originated at the
37

290 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

time of the trial of Gen. Hull at Albany, on which occasion Martin
Van Buren was Judge Advocate and Gen. Cass a witness. Personal
asperities it is believed, at that time, passed between these two gentle-
men, and was the cause of a long estrangement between them. But
now all was reconciled, and John Van Buren had come, like a young
Achilles, subduing his wrath to make common cause with his brother
democrats, and retrieve their fallen fortunes. This was done, and the
great democratic victory of 1856 passed into history.

THE OLD WHIG PARTY IN MICHIGAN, ITS LEADERS AND EDITORS, WITH
INCIDENTS, ANECDOTES AND CAMPAIGN SONGS.

We have said that the old whig party went out of power and ceased
to exist as a party, in 1852. Her career as a party closed then. But
in the presidential campaign of 1856, a portion of the old line whigs,
like the followers of the " chevalier after Culloden, cast their fortunes
with that of another leader; they went into this campaign under the
banner of Millard Fillmore and Andrew J. Donaldson. This was the
American or "know-nothing" party. And just why this remnant of
whigs should make this presidential demonstration has never been
fully determined; probably from the fact that they did not know
themselves; making it, on their part, a genuine know-nothing movement.

The history of the whig party in Michigan began with the history
of the State. In fact it came here with the first appearance of poli-
tics in the territory, and from first to last was controlled by some of
the ablest and best men in the State. Men of national fame were
members of it, leaders in it, and elected by it to some of the highest
positions in the State and nation. The old whig leaders were Gov.
William Woodbridge, Jacob M. Howard, William A. Howard, Zacha-
riah Chandler, Augustus S. Porter, and other prominent whigs of
Detroit; George C. Bates of Monroe; James Wright Gordon and Henry
W. Taylor of Marshall; Dr. Orlando Moffatt and S. B. Thayer of
Battle Creek; Horace Mower, Marsh Giddings and the Mays of
Kalamazoo, and many others.

The whig editors of the early days were men of mark and high
ability. That staunch whig organ, the Detroit Advertiser, was edited
by men of abundant resources, ready, vigorous and trenchant writers.
Its early editors were George L. Whitney, Franklin Sawyer, George
Dawson, Morgan Bates, Gen. A. S. Williams, Geo. W. Wisner, Bufus
Hosmer, the most original of northwestern journalists, and Joseph
Warren whose influence was so potent in the organization of the
republican party at Jackson in 1856, and other able editors.

MICHIGAN IN THE CAMPAIGN OF 1856. 291

The old whig party disappeared and, phoenix-like, the young republican
party sprang from its ashes. Certain it is, that, on the old party's
disbanding, the new party took its place as the political opponent of
the old democratic party. The political orator and editor, as has been
said, had much to do with the management and control of a party.
The old editorials of fifty years ago would be curious and interesting
reading now. The files of the old papers, where in existence, are not
easily got at now-a-days. We give herewith some newspaper recol-
lections of the past.

Some time in the forties, Judge David Webster of Kalamazoo, was
delegate to a whig convention held in Jackson. Being noted as a
whig for his non-committal policy, his course in the convention was
watched by the other party, and his speech in the Jackson convention
is thus reported by Volney Hascall, editor of the Kalamazoo Gazette,
a sterling democratic organ, because edited by a sterling wri'ter and
democrat: "Mr. President, I rise in this convention, on this auspicious
occasion. We are all members of the grand old whig party, whose
history is connected with my early recollections. Mr. President, I was
born in an early period of my life, in one of the New England states,
which I do not choose to name at present; and I was early taught, by
pious parents, to consider doubtful things uncertain." And he took his
seat. The writer remembers hearing Volney Hascall repeat this speech
of Judge Webster's, and which, he said, appeared in the Gazette at
the time of the whig convention at Jackson. It was said by a demo-
crat, at the time, that " the Judge had but one lamp by which his feet
were guided, and that was an old whig lantern that he had had from
; way back,' and that its light was so imperfect it made ' doubtful
things' look very uncertain along his political pathway."

George Torrey, Sr., was then editor of the Kalamazoo Telegraph,
the whig organ of western Michigan. He had a versitile talent, ready
for whatever might turn up, as an editor should be, wielding a trench-
ant pen, with a vein of humor and poetry in him that give life and
spice to his writings.

Bagg, the editor of the Detroit Free Press, had been dilating on
"spoilsmen" in politics, the democratic party being in power, and
the Free Press man was supposed to have a good share of the spoils.
Torrey replied to his article and said in his closing paragraph, "now
all this hue and cry over the spoils is simply misleading, they are all
in one Bagg in Detroit, and the devil is to pay."

Torrey, while at the front composing his editorial, saw from his
window, in the Telegraph office, farmer Fuller, "half seas over," walk-

292 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

ing on the shadow of an ash pole that fell across the muddy street,
thinking it a log. He put the whole incident into type as he saw it,
saying as he closed, " I think he was ' Fuller ' of whiskey than any-
thing else.

When Crum Stimpson in 1843 or '44 introduced the daguerrean art
in Kalamazoo, Torrey said in the Telegraph, "The daguerrean art is
nature's pencil dipped in light."

POLITICAL SONGS.

We are not a singing nation like Germany, Italy and some other
European countries, yet we have made song play a more telling part
in our political history than any other country. France is the only
country in Europe where public opinion can be freely expressed.

Political songs as a means to aid candidates began in 1840 with the
whigs. There are no earlier political songs in our history. The
Washington correspondent of the Baltimore Republican wrote to his
paper th& following sneering allusion to the whig candidate of 1840:
"Give him a barrel of hard cider and settle a pension of two thou-
sand dollars a year on him, and our word for it, he will sit the
remainder of his days contented in a log cabin." This^ sneering
allusion to Gen. Harrison was the cause of using the " log cabin,"
" the hard cider," and the " coon skin," that played so important a
part in starting " the great commotion the country through."

The songs of the campaign of 1856, also played an influential, as
well as amusing, part with the republicans. The most famous of these
songs is the following, which was sung at all the republican gatherings
"the country through."

Buchanan is represented as and old gray horse, and Fremont as a
lusty mustang colt:

There's an old gray horse whose name is Buck,

Du da, du da!
His dam was Folly and his sire Bad Luck,

Du da, du da day!

CHORUS.
We're bound to work all night,

We're bound to work all day,
I'll bet my money on the mustang colt,

Will anybody bet on the gray?

The mustang colt is strong and young.

Du da, du da!
His wind is sound, his knees not sprung,

du da, du da day! — Cho.

MICHIGAN IN THE CAMPAIGN OF 1856. 293

The old gray horse is a well known hack,

Du da, du da!
He's long been fed at the public rack,

Du da, du da day! — Cho.

The mustang is a full-blood colt,

Du da, du da!
He cannot shy, he will not bolt,

Du da, du da day! — Cho.

The old gray horse when he tries to trot,

Du da, du da!
Goes round and round in the same old spot,

Du da, du da day! — Cho.

The mustang colt has a killing pace,

Du da, du da!
He's bound to win in the white house race,

Du da, du da day! — Cho,

Then do your best with the old gray hack,

Du da, du da!
The mustang colt will clear the track,

Du da, du da day! — Cho.

The south was bitter against the north in this campaign, as the
abolition element in the republican party had drawn all its fire anew,
as will appear in the following "Ballad for the Young South," by
Joseph Brenan, an Irish exile of 1848, which I got from the "New
Orleans Delta:"

Hark to the howling demagogues —

A fierce and ravenous pack —
With nostrils prone and howl and bay,

Which run upon our track!
The waddling bull-pup Hale — the cur

Of Massachusetts' breed —
The moping mongrel, sparsely crossed

With Puritanic seed —
The Boston bards which join the chase

With genuine beagle chime;
And Sumner snarling poodle-pet

Of virgin's past their prime;
And even the sluts of Woman's rights-
Tray, Blanche and Sweet-heart all
Are yelping shrill against us still,

And hunger for our fall.

Here follows another short appeal from the southern Irish muse, to
arouse the South:

294 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

" Sons of the brave the time has come

To bow the haughty crest,
Or stand alone, despite the threats,

Of north, or east, or west!
The hour has come for manly deeds

And not for puling words —
The hour is past for platform prate-
It is the time for swords!
And by the fame of John Calhoun,

To honest truth be true;
And by old Jackson's iron will,

Now do what ye can do!
By all ye love and all ye hope,

Be resolute and proud,
And make your flag a symbal high,

Of triumph— or a shroud!

This poetry bubbles right out of Helican. This Irish Southron has
the poetic fire of Erin's muse; one can feel the Irish pulsings as he
reads it over. These poetical selections from the campaign literature
of 1856, would be incomplete without some from Kansas, hence we
give here the "Border Ruffian Rally," from some one of their poets:

"Brother Ruffians! ye who dwell

In your shanties built of logs,
All along the brink of hell,

Chain your "boys!" unleash your dogs!
Don't remain at home for trifles!
Mount your horses! load your rifles!
Children at their a, b, abs!

Hear 'em in the wilderness!
That's a steam-mill sawing slabs —

That's a free-soil printing press!
That's a church bell clanging yonder —
We must stop it — blood and thunder!
They'll destroy our institutions;
They're our Union's dissolution!
Up and at 'em for your lives!

Kill their cattle, burn their sheds!
Stab 'em with your bowie-knives !

With your bludgeons break their heads!
If we let 'em grow much bigger,
They will leave us not a. nigger!"

Thus cries out the Border Ruffian Rally, and echoes throughout the
domain on Kansas. "Come brothers, come —

THE MAKING OF MICHIGAN. 295

Alabama and Carolina!

Our dear sister Arkaneaw!
Send your Ruffians; help to twine a
Rope to throttle freedom's jaw!

For if we don't stop her clamor,

She'll dissolve the Union— d her!"

In giving this history, or these reminiscences of Michigan politics, I
have had no desire but to state the facts and truths in the case, no
other motive than to subserve the purposes of history. And whatever
errors may be found in these recollections of past political events are
those of judgment or memory, for I have written with" "malice towards
none, and charity to all."

THE MAKING OF MICHIGAN.

BY HON. GEORGE WILLAED.

I Read at the annual meeting Jane 12, 1890, having been written for and read at a meeting of the Kala-

mazoo county Pioneer Society.]

Mr. President and members of the Kalamazooo county Pioneer Society :
Though I am not a pioneer of your county, allow me to say that
fifty-three years since, I .came within a half dozen miles of being one,
and have been separated from you only by that interval of distance,
most of the time intervening. For over two years I was a resident of
your county seat, and formed personal acquaintances which I have
always prized, and whose presence here today makes this meeting
peculiarly agreeable to me, and deepens my appreciation of the honor
conferred by the invitation to address you on this pccasion.

The subject upon which I shall attempt to speak this afternoon is
the making of Michigan, and at the outset let me suggest that your
society has nearly outgrown its name; it is a pioneer society, chiefly in
being composed, not of pioneers, but of the children of pioneers. The
surviving Michigan patriarchs, whose presence lends dignity, and a
reverential character to these assemblages, are becoming very few. Not
many here can claim to be the men and women, but only the sons and
daughters of the men and women, who are really entitled to the credit

296 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

of laying the foundation of our great and prosperous commonwealth.
Any tribute, therefore, which we as citizens of Michigan may now pay
to those who made the State, is relieved of the charge of self conceit;
with most of us it is but an obedience to the Divine Command,
" Honor thy father and mother that thy days may be long in the land.''

Two average generations have passed since this part of Michigan
received its first permanent settler. The first pioneer set his stakes at
Kalamazoo sixty years ago. This period extends much more than half
way back to the American Revolution, and brings us within twelve
years of the close of the last war with Great Britian; and the date 1829,
when Titus Bronson pitched his tent on the burr oak plain at your
present county town, was just midway between that war and the war
with Mexico. This was only three years after the death of Thomas
Jefferson and John Adams, who both died on the semi-centennial of
American independence, the one being the author and the other the
foremost champion of that great charter of our liberties; one of the
signers of that instrument then survived, Charles Carroll of Maryland.
That many of the soldiers, however, of the revolution were still living,
is shown by the fact that $5,000,000 had been paid out for their pen-
sions, during the administration of John Quincy Adams just closed. The
United States had then less than one-fifth of its present population, and
the entire territory of Michigan numbered but a little more than the
city of Kalamazoo.

Jackson had been in the presidential chair but a few months, when
Bronson had erected his rude log cabin within your borders, and upon
it the snows of the first winter had not ceased to fall when the nation
was electrified by the memorable speech of Webster in reply to Hayne
in the United States Senate. The counties in this part of the territory
were laid out in that year, 1829, and at the christening of eight of
them, Jackson, Calhoun, Van Buren, Eaton, Barry, Ingham, Branch,
Berrien and Cass, the president of the United States, the vice president,
the entire cabinet, and the territorial governor took occasion to write
their names conspicuously and indelibly upon this part of the map of
Michigan. This county formed an exception to this political nomen-
clature and took a name, I am glad to say entirely and purely Ameri-
can, and as rhythmical as the flow of the limpid stream from which it
was appropriated.

The seven years which elapsed from the date of the first settlement
of this county, until the admission of our State into the union, marks
the actual period of the making of Michigan. For, the real builders of
the goodly fabric of this commonwealth of which we are so proud,

THE MAKING OF MICHIGAN. 297

were not the French explorers, post-traders and missionaries; they were
not the British soldiers and adventurers who followed them; they were
not even the mixed population of Canadian habitants, American fisher-
men and fur-merchants who occupied the territory under the American
flag, during the first quarter of the present century, but the true
founders of Michigan were the men who came within its limits
during the half dozen years which succeeded the first planting of
Kalamazoo county.

But while this is so, it will not do to underrate the importance of
previous events which conspired to create a suitable theatre and to
provide the requisite material for the successful formation of a state.
We are not authorized to break the sequence of the facts of history,
nor to say how much or how little one event is dependent upon
another in the chain of human affairs; but there certainly seems to be
a most natural link of connection between the first American pioneers
who sixty years since occupied this region and the first white men who set
foot on its soil, a hundred and fifty years previous; who at the close
of winter, amid unparalleled hardships, with such constant fear of the
Indians, that they dared neither to make a fire to warm their numbed
limbs, nor to cook their food, lest the light by night or the smoke by
day should attract their enemies; who cautiously and painfully threaded
their way, near this very spot, led by the undaunted La Salle, altogether
the greatest of the world's explorers since Columbus. This great
Frenchman shared more of his career with Michigan than with any
other western state. His name, therefore, might more properly be
commemorated in our State geography, in the names of streets in our
cities, and in civic monuments in our public places than in those of
Illinois, which seems so desirous to monopolize his fame. The services
rendered by this first white man who, with his four comrades, trod
the soil of this county, passing over its prairies, marshes and oak
thickets, in March, 1680, were invaluable. His expeditions to find
where the Mississippi met the sea had much to do in creating the
frame work in which this our Michigan was to be set. For had not
La Salle, with indomitable courage and endurance planted the
lilies of France at the mouth of that river, thereby paving the way for
the extension of the French North American Empire to Louisiana, it
is more than probable that the western half of our continent would
have been consolidated with Mexico and the two Floridas, under the
colonial dominion of Spain. This would have been the result if the
Spaniards, instead of the French, had founded New Orleans and given
to Louisiana an entire Spanish population; as a consequence the United
38

298 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

States would now have the Mississippi river for their western boundary
and the gulf of Mexico would be a mere Spanish or Mexican lake,
and our republic wholly shut out from it, on its southern border, and
with no sea coast but that of the Atlantic from Georgia to Maine.
Spain did hold Louisiana for a short time in subsequent years, when
France had abandoned her North American possessions, but she never
obtained more than a nominal supremacy and the colony went back to
its original possessor, the French government, which ceded it to the
United States in 1803. Thus La Salle's discovery and the claim he
established, in the journeys of which his expeditions through this and
other counties of lower Michigan form a part, led, in the logic of
events to the purchase made by Jefferson, a transfer by which France,
jealous of England, for a mere bagatelle, doubled the territorial domin-
ion of the American republic, and enabled Michigan to become a part
of a national domain whose shores are washed by the Pacific on the
west and by the gulf on the south as well as by the Atlantic on the
east. La Salle, though he had no part in the actual building of Michi-
gan, yet incomparably more than any other foreign pioneer, either
French or British, worked, though unconsciously, for the extension and
grandeur of that vast political community to which Michigan was to
belong.

A circumstance not to be overlooked in the formative period of our
State, is to be found in the pacific character of the Indian tribes which
then occupied the territory, but by recent treaties made with Gov. Cass,
had conveyed most of their lands to the United States government. The
pioneers of this region were not required like many others, to initiate
civilization, under the ordeal of the tomahawk and scalping knife. The
river which divides your county unequally as it runs through it toward
the lake, was the separating line between the Pottawattamies and the
Ottawas, who thus shared between them, the greater part of the Lower
Peninsula at the time of its American settlement. Neither of these
tribes had long possessed this region for their hunting grounds. The
Ottawas, called by the French explorers, the "native of the standing
hair," to which the great Pontiac belonged, occupied early in the seven-
teenth century, the eastern part of Canada; and a century later, the
Pottawattamies immigrated from northern Wisconsin to southern Michigan
and the country adjacent. The Ottawas once warlike had become peace-
ful, while the Pottawattamies were always reckoned among the most docile
and intelligent of the Indian natives of the northwest. The "nitchanob-
bies," as these red men called themselves, were prepared to bid the

THE MAKING OF MICHIGAN. 299

" chemokomon," the white man, a hearty welcome, when the time came
for the building of our State.

A most fortunate antecedent to the making of Michigan, and one
which served to essentially shape its structure, is seen in the funda-
mental law which the founders of the American republic provided for
molding the institutions of the old northwest territory. The Continental
Congress, almost in the closing days of its existence, gave to that ter-
ritory in the ordinance of 1787, a political bible, the two testaments
of which have been an invaluable legacy to every northwestern state.
In the one testament the command was thundered with a voice that
could not have been more impressive if it had come from the top of Mt.
Sinai, " There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, in the
said territory, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes, whereof the
party shall be duly convicted." The other testament embodied the
gospel of political salvation in the golden precept which shines with
all the lustre that gilds the sermon on the Mount: " Religion, morality
and knowledge, being essential to good government and the happiness
of mankind, schools and the means of education shall be forever
encouraged." This ordinance, made just fifty years before Michigan
became a State, secured for its foundation those solid and enduring
corner-stones which no earthquake or revolution can displace, and
which no changes of time can ever crumble or corrode.

There was good fortune in the peculiar juncture in our national
history in which Michigan was made. It was in the fullness of time,
when American institutions had been perfected, when experience had
been made in forming new states, when an almost purely American
population profiting by the example of others and warned by their
errors, were called to the task of adding a new star to the American
constellation. The tide of emigration and civilization during the first
forty years of the republic had set in other directions than toward this
region between the great lakes, and there had been a long rest from
state-building when Michigan was erected. At the close of the last war
with Great Britain five states had been added to the original thirteen
which formed the Union. Kentucky and Vermont, Tennessee and Ohio,
by alternating a slave state with a free, with the addition of Louisiana,
made a sectional equilibrium that was carefully maintained until the
close of the first half of the present century. Within the six years
following the war just mentioned, the admission of Indiana and Mis-
sissippi, Illinois and Alabama, Maine and Missouri, yoked in pairs,
preserved the equilibrium, and brought into the Union all the territory
east of the Mississippi with the exception of Florida, just acquired

300 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

from Spain, and the region now occupied by Michigan and Wisconsin,
and had even added a state beyond that river. Into these new states
the current of emigration steadily flowed from the east for a generation,
leaving Michigan an unsurveyed and almost unknown wilderness. When
this, our state, was admitted into the union, Missouri had been a sov-
ereign state sixteen years, Illinois nineteen years, Indiana twenty-one
years, and Ohio thirty-five years.

During this sweep of population into the great middle states of the
west, there was a long period of suspense in state making; for it is
to be noted that when Arkansas and Michigan were respectively
emblazoned as the twenty-fifth and twenty-sixth stars on the national
flag, they were the first addition which the flag had received in
fifteen years. It seems as if in this extended interval, while Ohio, Indi-
ana, Illinois and Missouri had become leading commonwealths, and
had long been shining conspicuous in the national galaxy, the territory
of Michigan had been preserved a choice portion of the national herit-
age to receive the very best elements of civilization and statehood
that America could confer. Former periods found these elements less
fully developed and less complete. Later periods have found them
subject to an admixture that made them less destinctively and less
purely American.

The political and social institutions which Michigan received at its
formation, were like choice seed wheat which is obtained by the farmer
after many generations of judicious selection, thorough sifting, and
careful culture. These free institutions which had their remote origin
in Germany, which were subsequently transplanted to England and, after
centuries of development under peculiarly favorable conditions, were
again removed and transferred to New England and the colonies adja-
cent, and there improved and developed for their final planting in Mich-
igan, in the decade that followed the settlement of Kalamazoo, were never
so perfect, were never so well fitted for insuring human welfare, as when
they were lodged in this virgin wilderness of Michigan. In no part of
the globe had these institutions, whose growth under the mellowing
influence of the gospel makes modern history, become so thoroughly
developed as the instrument of good society and good government, as
when, in 1829, and the few following years, they were brought by New
Yorkers, New Englanders, Pennsylvanians and other pioneers, to be
incorporated into the commonwealth of Michigan.

When the propitious time arrived for the making of our State, no
one man took a pre-eminent place in this task. There was no chief
builder; but the builders were the pioneers who swarmed into the for-

THE MAKING OF MICHIGAN. 301

ests and upon the prairies, and brought with them the timber for the
edifice, dressed and fitted for its purpose and ready to be at once put
together by their own hands. It was a repeated boast that Rome,
owed its political construction to no single chief. Unlike Sparta which
had her Lycurgas, unlike Crete which had her Minos, unlike Athens
which had her Solon, the city on the Tiber had no one to monoplize
the credit of giving shape to her institutions. In like manner, Michi-
gan has no chief architect, no pre-eminent pioneer whose fame eclipses
that of his associates. The formation period of Michigan is thickly
studded with illustrious names of whom some of the most prominent
are the proud inheritance of this country, but the State has no single
heroic figure to embody the traditions of its creation. Virginia has her
Captain John Smith, New York has her Hendrick Hudson, Rhode
Island has her Roger Williams, Maryland has her Lord Baltimore,
Pennsylvania has her William Penn, Georgia has her Gen. Oglethorpe,
Kentucky has her Daniel Boone, but Michigan has no one to stand
forth in history as the representative of her inauguration. Detroit may
immortalize Cadillac as her local founder, but Cadillac lived and died
more than a century before the first blow was struck for the real making
of our commonwealth.

If Michigan shall ever desire to select an appropriate figure to
symbolize its first pioneer, it will not be a helmeted minion of Louis
the XIV, it will not be a territorial governor, it will not be any
prominent statesman or law giver who shaped its first constitution; it
will not be any of these, nor will it be of classic type; but it will include
a rugged* form habited in the coarse jeans and corduroy of sixty years
ago. It will be a figure whose rustic head-gear is equally fitted for
summer's heat and winter's cold; a figure standing in stout brogans or
in moccasins, rude in workmanship and homely in appearance; a figure
ornamented with no sword or other insignia of official position; but if
you choose to add an emblem significant of the toil which fitted
Michigan for civilized occupation, let it be the hickory goad that
guided the patient ox in his titanic task of turning the first
furrows, let it be the beetle that split the rails for fencing the
first field, let it be the sickle that gathered the first autumn
harvest. Place beside him in corresponding homeliness of costume
his wife, the ready sharer of his every privation and hardship,
their sun-tanned boys and girls who, curtailed in social and educa-
tional privileges, were daily receiving lessons essential to the noblest
manhood and womanhood. Erect this group with the log dwelling and
the log school house in perspective, and place it on a monument to

302 ANNUAL, MEETING, 1890.

be witnessed and admired by mankind in all coming generations as the
typical Michigan pioneer family, the true germ of our social and
political growth, and write beneath, " These are they who laid for this
grand commonwealth amid the great lakes, a foundation as permanent
as the solid granite which underlies its physical structure; these are
they who made Michigan." These will be hailed as our genuine
nobility; and time will see these badges of pioneerhood, in behest to
the demands of fashion, reproduced as household and personal orna-
ments set off with jewels, and wrought with choicest gold, just as the
wealthy Athenians wore golden grasshoppers in their hair and on their
garments to denote the associations of their stalwart origin. Give us
a coat of arms made up of these emblems, rather than one surmounted
with a griffin, a lion or a dragon. The pioneers and their daily
surroundings determined the certain destiny of Michigan and any one
could read its future prophecy, simply in their character.

I need not recount here what an inviting field these builders of
Michigan found in this county of seven prairies and its expanse of oak
openings that rivaled them in fertility and beauty. Daniel B. Eldred
in company with his father, Hiram Moore and a few others, in the early
spring of 1831, explored the east part of the county. Encamped by a
small lake, they built a fire at night which spread and enveloped in
flame a large prairie just at the eastward. All night long this bright
light shone around the pioneer campers. The question arose, "What
shall the prairie be called?" Finally, after his companions had severally
made their suggestions, Daniel B. said: " It seems to me this
'caps the climax' of all we have seen," and forthwith it was agreed
that the prairie should be called Climax, a name it has since borne.
I vividly recall from my boyhoDd a de3criptive expression which my
own vision afterward found to be justified. A gentleman, with a rare
eye for the charm of a lovely landscape, after visiting your Prairie Ronde,
declared, " I have seen beauty's eye ball;" but these prairies, Climax,
Tolland, Gull, Genesee, Grand, Gourdneck, and the chief of them all,
in the midst of which Schoolcraft was early planted as a jewel. These
localities though generally sought as rare prizes by the first settlers
were soon found to contain but a small portion of the treasures which
Kalamazoo county had to offer to her pioneers. These treasures were
appreciated all the more from the peculiar condition of those who
sought them. The pioneers, of whom we speak, came, like the New
England Pilgrims, to secure homes in the wilderness, their only resource
for independence, their only security against the bondage of want and
penury. The hard times that make so conspicuous a feature of the

THE MAKING OF MICHIGAN. 303

financial history of our country and of England, for at least a dozen
years before Michigan was colonized for statehood, had acted upon
many families in every eastern community with all the rigor of a
relentless persecution. The wages of labor were nearly twice as low as
they are now, and the necessities of life were nearly twice as high.
Many who possessed small farms were compelled to surrender them,
and those who were without farms had little hope of obtaining them.
The prevailing distress had a result in enforcing lessons of industry
and economy for the honest and the enterprising, and thus giving a
preparation for thrift and success when the door for their attainment
should be opened. Most of the first settlers of this portion of our
peninsula had been disciplined in a severe and costly school, and by that
discipline had acquired a robustness which their descendants may well
recall and emulate. They came to this inviting paradise, but they
knew from the experience of their predecessors in the middle
western states, that the occupation of the west was no holiday task.
They knew it meant a face to face conflict with privation, with long
and wasting disease, with the chance of the death of some of the dear-
est members of their households, with the loss, for awhile, of school
advantages for their children, and the severance of the ties of kindred
and the probability that the old homestead would never be revisited.
The hardships to be encountered, unfortunately^ did not exist in the
mere imagination. They proved to be a stern reality. The pioneers
came here, most of them, with little more capital than sufficient to
furnish the purchase money for their land, and as Edmund About tells
the workingmen of Paris, " It is less dangerous to walk unarmed
against a tiger than to clear a virgin soil without capital." This
truth was much less understood then than now, after the wide experi-
ence obtained from peopling the portions of our vast national domain
further west. Great, therefore, as were the hardships anticipated by
our early settlers, in many instances still greater ones were found.

Some of us recall the period when this part of Michigan was even more
remote from the average center of emigration to its borders, measured
by the time of travel, than Alaska is from the city of London via New
York. In 1836, the family of which I was a rather unimportant and
inconspicuous member, was one month in removing from Vermont to
Battle Creek, the journey as far as Detroit being made by lake and
canal navigation, and the remainder by the regulation conveyance, the
emigrant ox team. Two weeks were consumed in traversing the one-
hundred and twenty miles from Detroit, including a rest of one day.
When a few years ago I left my home after my usual day's work and

304 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

went to Detroit, attended a public reception, and was again in Battle
Creek about the time people usually retire after attending an evening's
entertainment, the contrast presented with the journey of my boyhood
seemed like some tale of the Arabian nights; and yet we must remem-
ber that 1836 is a comparatively late date in Michigan pioneering, and
that the time of Titus Bronson's first settlement of Kalamazoo county,
carries us seven years further back, to the date of the first steam rail-
road in the United States, when the Erie canal had been completed
but four years. In this early period, the food question often became
the most absorbing one of the day. It takes many months to prepare
even the most fertile untilled ground for seeding, and to bring the
sown or planted crop to its fruitage.

And when the harvest came, the mills to grind the grain were few
and far between. Even by the census taken in October, 1837, the grist
mills throughout all Michigan numbered but 114, so we may judge
how sbattering they were when the State had one-sixth of its then
population. To illustrate the inconvenience arising from the distance
of mills from most of the early settlers and the difficulty of reaching
them when there were no roads and bridges, a former resident of my
own city, Joseph Farnsworth, who settled on Climax prairie in
1831, relates that he was nine days in going and returning from the
nearest grist mill, located at Flowerfield, in St. Joseph county, with a
small grist, and that he was obliged to go to the same place for his
lumber, before Judge Eldred had built his saw mill at Comstock.

Judge Sands McCamly, the pioneer of Battle Creek, was obliged to
use the grit of pounded corn for his family bread supply, but requiring
a change of diet for an invalid son, he made three journeys of fifty
miles each, to John Vicker's mill, at Vicksburg, which was of such
limited capacity that it was called a pepper mill, before his effort
proved successful. As late as July, 1836, I recall a somewhat trying
experience with the flour question. The barrel brought from the east
to the log cabin in Battle Creek township was empty. Not a pound
of flour or meal was to be bought or begged in the neighborhood.
The last short-cake had been baked and eaten, while the head of
the household, like Jacob's sons in Egypt, to ward off famine,
had repaired to the nearest mill, located at Marshall. The place he
found thronged with pioneers on the same errand. No flour was to be
obtained by purchase except what came from the miller's toll, and
this was subdivided among the waiting crowd at intervals, with rigid
impartiality. After waiting until the second day, my father received
his share, for which a liberal price was paid, and returned home, a

THE MAKING OF MICHIGAN. 305

distance of thirteen miles, with just thirteen pounds of flour. Bread
has never in my life, been quite so delicious to the taste as the few
loaves, sparingly made at intervals from that grist.

These facts are but mentioned to indicate some of the severe condi-
tions under which the work of constructing Michigan went forward from
1829 to 1836. An important thing to be done in political architecture
was the complete organization of the township. The European plan of
government is first to organize the nation or state, then to mark the
subdivisions which are in no sense units, but only partitions. The
territorial government of Michigan, both from its imperfection and
from the scattered character of the population, was in its type rather
European than American.

The legislative council of Michigan first formed in 1824, and success-
fully presided over at Detroit, by one who afterward became an hon-
ored citizen of Kalamazoo, Abraham Edwards, until 1831 was made up
of the representatives of a few counties, most of them of large extent.
Up to 1827 even the county of Wayne had no townships. But from that
time forward they began to be multiplied. This institution had come
to be regarded as essential to state building. It had been for a Vir-
ginean, Thomas Jefferson, to record the tersest tribute ever given to
the value of the New England township, as the unit of our political
system, in declaring that the town meeting was " the wisest invention
ever devised by man for the perfect exercise of self government and
for its preservation."

The first township organized in Kalamazoo county, if one may be
pardoned the inconsistent expression, was much larger than the county.
It included Kalamazoo and Barry counties and the regions away north
of Barry. It was created in 1829 and was designated from that heroic
soldier and upright citizen, then the commander of the United States
forces at Detroit, Gen. Hugh Brady, whose name is made familiar in
more recent times by the Brady Guards of that city. The next year,
1830, Kalamazoo township was organized, as Arcadia, not receiving its
present name until 1836 and the village being styled Bronson until a
later date. The other townships whose limits like those of the counties
had been marked in the government survey, became ready for the edifice
one by one, so that the census of 1837 includes the reports from Brady,
Comstock, Cooper, Kalamazoo, Pavilion, Prairie Ronde and Hichland.
Climax was added before the year closed; Alamo, Charleston, Portage
and Texas came in a goodly four in 1838; Oshtemo and Boss in 1839,
and might celebrate their semi-centennial this year; Brady in 1842, by
its appellation, robbing Schoolcraft of its original name; but which how-
39

306 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

ever made a fair exchange in assuming that of its own village, named
after the most renowned Indian scholar of his own, or perhaps of any
age, Henry B. Schoolcraft, who conferred as much lustre upon pioneer
Michigan by his learning, as Gen. Brady did by his sword. Wakeshma,
which had held partnership with Brady, was the Benjamin of the group,
dating its birth in 1846. These townships, though not all completed
when Michigan was admitted into the Union, yet were an essential part
of the original design, and are the hewn stones in the solid mason work
of which our State is constructed. To each of these townships is com-
mitted the duty of protecting the personal and property rights of the
citizen. Neither the State of Michigan, nor the entire government of
the United States, has as much to do with securing justice to the
individual as our local, township and county administration.

By giving perfection to the township organization, and by wisely
adding a county legislature made up of township representatives,
Michigan secured the essential features of the most complete form of
home rule to be found on this planet. It may be said that other
states have adopted this same plan. I do not challenge the assertion,
but I do say that this and the other counties of this portion of Michigan
may be entered in the list of competition in a world's contest for the
best local government, with the sure chance of drawing the prize. If
the contest should be narrowed to one between counties, there might,
possibly, be a stand off between Kalamazoo and Calhoun, but
I am confident it would be some county in Michigan, for the reason
that all the circumstances attending the construction of our State so
emphatically conspired to give it such a perfect system of home
government.

Another essential feature in the Michigan edifice, which its builders
were careful not to reject, was the provision for public education. The
common school system is the counterpart of the township system. The
two are joined together more closely than the Siamese twins, and both
are necessary to the preservation of liberty. In most of the pioneer
communities of this section, the first public meeting was the school-
meeting and the first house erected at the common expense was the
school-house. Mr. Van Buren, the historian of your county, whose
efforts in preserving the early annals of this section of the State from
oblivion are of inestimable value and will insure him the gratitude of
posterity, has told us in his admirable paper today of these first
Michigan school-houses built of logs, in which many of us were pupils
and some were afterward teachers. The Michigan log school-house
pedagogue is even now a somewhat ubiquitous personage and is taking

THE MAKING OF MICHIGAN. 307

a busy part in the activities of the age. But the makers of
Michigan were not content with a mere provision for primary educa-
tion, and Kalamazoo county was one of the first to plant the embryo
of a higher institution, which, first devised by Caleb Eldred and others
as early as 1833, afterward became a branch of the University of
Michigan and when the policy of university branches was abandoned,
became the germ of Kalamazoo college. The " old Branch," located on
the northwest corner of the public park at Kalamazoo, was the Mecca
to which were turned the footsteps of many a youth in western Mich-
igan, who hungered and thirsted after a higher knowledge than was
supplied in the district school. In 1842, a pedestrian journey of
twenty-two miles brought to its revered portals a boy in his teens,
whose previous wilderness associations were in rather sharp contrast
to those of the academic shades which he then entered. The village
of Kalamazoo, though only thirteen years had elapsed from its first
settlement, had to his eyes, as he shyly walked its long street, all the
beauty of Damascus and the culture of Athens, and the " Branch "
princpal, Mr. Dutton, personified nearly all the virtue and wisdom
requisite for mankind. Forty-seven years have passed since then, but
time has not dispelled the illusion, if it be one, as it remains with me
still, and I can never fail to be most vividly impressed with the
efficient share taken by this institution in the development of Michi-
gan's educational system, which now, in its regular gradation from the
primary school to the University, is .the most complete in the United
States, and by consequence the most complete in the world. Foreign
governments for the study of the best model of state education, send
their representatives to Michigan; foreign writers, in discussing the
excellent features of our American school system, select that of
Michigan for a text.

But the builders of our State contributed something more and better
than the mere framework of its political and educational institutions.
They added the impress of their own character. Communities, like
individuals, have traits which we call natural, traits continued from
their birth. The several towns and cities of Michigan have now much
the same local characteristics which they had in their infancy. It is
so with counties; some are staid and conservative; others are more
enterprising, or perhaps adventurous; some are economical, others more
lavish in expenditure; in some, the courts are traditionally conducted
in the interests of justice, in others, the safeguards thrown around
person and property, are less secure; and it is safe to say that if the
characteristics developed in these several localities had been carefully

308 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

noted fifty years ago, they would be found to strikingly resemble those
of the present time. But what is true of a township, city or county,
in this regard, is still more true of a State, which is founded on a
wider basis and charged with the duty of general legislation for the
whole. The pioneers of Michigan embodied in their persons, those
elements of "religion, morality, and knowledge," which our fathers who
had just passed through the fiery trial of the revolution, declared to
be "essential to good government and the happiness of mankind."
They brought with them into the wilderness their family bibles; and
in every village the unpretentious spire of the rural church invited the
wayfarer, on the Sabbath, to a place where the God who had guided
our forefathers across the sea, and who had hitherto sustained our nation
by his succession of marvelous providences, might still be worshiped.
An incident related to me, many years ago, by the late Hon. Wales
Adams, an early pioneer of Branch county, shows that a religious ser-
vice does not of necessity require the aid of artificial ceremonial to give
it impressiveness. The chief personage in the incident was the late
Philander Chase, Episcopal bishop of Ohio, and afterward of Illinois,
who took for his bishop's seal, the motto, "Jehovah Jirah" the Lord
will provide. He was the founder of Kenyon College, Ohio, and in
1831, after irreconcilable differences between himself and his co-workers,
had resigned his bishopric and college presidency, and started west to
begin life anew. He directed his journey to Schoolcraft where a young
acquaintance of his, Judge Wells, 'had just settled, and upon his way,
in a one-horse gig, stopped over night at Fawn river, near the border
of Branch and St. Joseph* counties. Mr. Adams was stopping there,
and falling into conversation with the bishop, suggested that if he was
looking for a place to locate, he would do well to explore some desir-
able lands in the vicinity. It was agreed that the next morning they
should set out together upon the exploration. The morning was beau-
tiful and the sky serene. The two land-lookers were on foot and after
a walk of some miles through the forest, and coming in view of the
fertile plains indicated by his guide, as the bishop saw them expand,
a billowy ocean of verdure in the gorgeous sunlight, and as he sought,
perhaps, a solace for the dejection of spirit caused by his resignation,
thinking of the balm so conspicuously mentioned in holy writ, he
exclaimed, "This is Gilead, I name it Gilead," thus giving to one of the
townships of Branch county a designation which it still bears. At noon
came the time for sharing the lunch, which the two had brought with
them, and Mr. Adams, setting it out of the basket, presented a portion
to his companion and was about to help himseUr to the food before

THE MAKING OP MICHIGAN. 309

him, when he was interrupted by the bishop, in a voice of the deepest
solemnity: "Pause, young man, I make it a strict rule of my life,
never to partake of any food until I have first invoked the blessing of
Almighty God;" and there under the spreading oak, with the silence
of the listless noon resting upon the solitary plains and hills, this
patriarch, like another Abraham before Mamre, asked a blessing upon
the single meal before him, a blessing which Mr. Adams declared to
be altogether the most impressive religious ceremony he ever witnessed.
He did not profess to be a religious man, but the profound sincerity
and the conscientious conviction manifest in this single act, as they
were recalled by him, evoked a tribute of the most profound respect
for his fellow pioneer, who afterward established his Jubilee college in
Gilead, went to England and successfully solicited subscriptions for it,
but in 1835, removed it to Illinois, on being elected bishop of that
state.

Few, I trust none of us, want a state religion; but, on the other
hand, few of us would desire to belong to a state whose people did not
possess a deep vein of religion in their character, and were not endowed
with a religious sentiment that continues to beat in strong pulsation,
giving ceaseless life and vigor to the whole system. If ever the future
of a state may be read in the intelligence and moral elevation of its
founders, it was easy to predict what the first fifty-three years
of our existence as a commonwealth have already realized. We find
ourselves now in the possession of the most perfect local government,
in theory and practice, that now exists, or ever has existed since the
creation of man; we find ourselves in possession of the most thoroughly
elaborated system of public education in the world, freely opening the
treasures of learning obtained in school and college, alike to the rich
and poor, and our University was the first either in America or Europe,
to break down the distinction ef sex in the attainment of the highest
instruction; we find ourselves in the possession of a purer vernacular
tongue, spoken with a better accent and used with a greater correctness
than any other population scattered over an equal extent of territory
on the face of the globe; and we find ourselves in possession of an
ancestral imprint to our institutions, and the rich legacy furnished in
the example of the pioneers who made Michigan, which secures the
transmission of these blessings to a remote future.

My friends, how frequently human expectation fails to be justified
by reality; Florida was discovered only twenty years after the
landing of Columbus. It was heralded to the world as the paradise
whose flowers and fruits outrivaled the garden of Eden.

310 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

It stood at the very portals of the continent and invited a posses-
sion by the rival colonists of two of the foremost European nations,
nearly half a century before any other settlement within our republic.
The praise of 'its soil and climate was on every tongue; and it has
taken almost four centuries to dispel the glamor created by that first
false impression. Michigan, on the other hand, was wholly unknown
for many generations afterward; the date of the settlement of Detroit
stands just midway between the first settlement of Florida and the
admission of Michigan into the Union, and the lapse of time was eight
years longer from the settlement of St. Augustine to that of Detroit,
than from the settlement of Detroit to that of Kalamazoo. Now Florida
has two congressmen and Michigan has eleven, more than five times as
many, though the territorial extent of the two States is not very widely
divergent, Florida being nearly three thousand square miles 'the larger
of the two. This difference of development is, in some measure, to be
attributed to considerations of race, government and the historic con-
ditions under which the two states were inaugurated. Recent efforts to
revive an enthusiasm for Florida have proved fruitless. The physical
resources are wanting. To have a great and prosperous State, soil and
climate and other physicial advantages must concur to furnish a proper
site. The builders of Michigan possessed these advantages in an emi-
nent degree. They possessed them to a much vaster extent than they
even suspected. Many thought it a poor bargain when the Upper
Peninsula, that empire of mineral wealth, was given in exchange for
Toledo and the little strip of the Maumee swamp. But in being allowed
to lay the geographical basis of their structure upon the two peninsu-
las, in this one thing, at least, they builded better than they knew.

They erected a noble edifice, a commonwealth, than which none more
perfect was ever designed by human wisdom. They may be said to
have crowned it with the emblematic figures which stand upon the monu-
ment just dedicated upon Plymouth Rock, the figures of faith, morality,
education, law and freedom; and they placed upon their completed
work, in letters, which were to shine out to the men of all future genera-
ations, as they shall read upon Michigan's coat of arms the legend
slightly changed from Sir Christopher Wren's inscription on St. Paul's
cathedral, "Si Quaeris Peninsulam Amoenam Circumspice" which in
our interpretation today, we may justly expand to the motto: If you
wish a beautiful peninsula, planted with a civilization and with insti-
tutions, political and social, the most complete upon which the sun
ever shone since it parted day and night from the pristine chaos, here
you will find it, in this commonwealth of Michigan.

NEW ENGLAND INFLUENCE IN MICHIGAN. 311

NEW ENGLAND INFLUENCE IN MICHIGAN.

BY REV. WOLCOTT B. WILLIAMS.

It would appear to be a very easy matter to prepare a paper setting
forth adequately the influence of New England in Michigan, but it has
proved to be a very laborious and unsatisfactory task. If these New
England people had all come at once, and settled in the same locality, and
pursued the same kind of business, it would have been comparatively
easy to have measured approximately their influence upon the civiliza-
tion of the State. Had those who came been bound together by any
bond, as were the children of Israel in Egypt, or as one of our great
political parties, it would have been easy to estimate their influence.

But they have been coming one by one for an hundred years. They
settled in all parts of the State; they have been in every profession
and calling. They have been arrayed on all sides of every political and
moral question. So I see no other way to trace the influence of New
England upon the civilization of the State but to study the history of
each individual who has come to the State, and see what he has done,
and see if we can group these workers in any way so as to appreciate
their influence. Here again a difficulty arises. As I read the early
history of the State I find names of men very prominent in public
affairs. Their nativity is not given, and I must gather this from some
other source. I may hunt up the history of a half dozen men only to
find that they were not born in New England. Of many prominent
men no biographical sketch has been found. Then again many who
took a prominent place in public affairs 50 or 75 years ago have long
since passed away, so that their names- are not familiar to any but
historians and the oldest of our citizens. This State is a very large
one, 470 miles long, and at an early day traveling facilities were so limited
that very able men and well known in their own vicinity were almost
wholly unknown in parts more remote. Time is too short to hunt up the
written record of every settler, and how can we number or estimate the
influence of the great mass of rank and file, who have one by one hewn
down the trees, cleared the fields, turnpiked the roads, constructed the

312 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

railroads and built the houses. None of them men of great influence,
biit who can sum up and give in the aggregate the work of these
laborers in the humbler walks of life.

I merely call attention to these things in passing that you may see
how much labor is involved in the fulfillment of your request, and also
to account for the omission of so much that will seem important to
many of you, and the insertion of so much that to others will seem to
be of so little consequence.

Perhaps a more skillful annalist would have discovered a much shorter
and easier way of obtaining the needed information.

New England influence was felt in the State as soon as this peninsula
passed under the control of the United States, about the beginning of
the present century, and that influence has not been altogether of such
a character as to add any lustre to the fame of the states from which
the settlers came.

In 1795, two shrewd Yankees from Vermont, Ebenezer Allen and
Charles Whitney, proposed to buy of the U. S. government the whole
of this Lower Peninsula, for which they were willing to pay $500,000,
or rather than lose a good bargain would even go as high as a million
of dollars. They did not propose to be small about it. In order to
carry out this nice little scheme it was necessary to secure the sanction
of Congress, and they proposed to make it for the interest of
several congressmen to support the bill by giving them a share of the
profits. To this end they approached one of the congressmen from
South Carolina. He waited until the bill came up for action and then
rose in his place and exposed the whole scheme. The result was that
these unprincipled Yankees were arrested, tried, and one served time
in prison, thus affording another illustration of the truth of the old
adage, "The best laid plans of men and mice aft gang agley." By the
patriotism of a Carolinian, our fair heritage was saved from being
gobbled up by rapacious men.

Winthrop Sargent became governor of this territory in 1795. So far
as I can learn he was the first governor and was a native of Gloucester,
Massachusetts.

In 1805, Wm. Hull, a native of Conneticut, became governor and held the
office, eight years. He was said to have been a gallant soldier and officer in
the revolutionary war, and gained great distinction by his services and also
in the suppression of the Shay's rebellion, but he surrendered the
fortifications at Detroit, to an English army outside, numerically no
larger than his own. He was courtmarshaled for cowardice and sen-

NEW ENGLAND INFLUENCE IN MICHIGAN. 313

tenced to be shot, but was finally pardoned on account of the valuable
services he had previously rendered the government.

Johnson's cyclopaedia says he has, in these latter days, been fully
vindicated by Maria Campbell and James Freeman •Clarke.

Gov. Hull was followed soon by Lewis Cass of New Hampshire, a
young officer, who was so indignant at the base surrender of Hull that
when ordered to give up his sword to a British officer, he broke it in
despair and indignation. I must confess that until I began the prepar-
ation of this paper, I was not aware of the great services rendered to
this State and country by Gen. Cass. For 16 years he was governor of
this territory and was remarkably successful in negotiating important
treaties with the Indians. While still governor of the territory Gen.
Jackson gave him a seat in his cabinet as Secretary of War. In 1836
he was sent as minister to France. He became U. S. Senator in '44
and re-elected in '50 and was afterward Secretary of State under
Buchanan.

The census of 1880 gives the entire population of the State as 1,636,937.
Of these 803,306 were born in this State, 229,657 in New York, 77,053
in Ohio, 36,064 in Pennyslvania, 9,699 in Illinois, 10,775 in Wisconsin
and 37,865 were of New England birth, or one forty-third part of our
entire population. Emigration to Michigan seems to have been more
popular in Vermont than in any other of the New England states, as
12.588 of our citizens were born in that State. Massachusetts comes
next with 9,591. Connecticut furnishes us 6,333, citizens. Maine 5,079,
while New Hampshire with a smaller area and a larger population than
Vermont sent us only 3,300 citizens, or about one quarter us many as
came from Vermont, and we had 974 from Rhode Island.

It is interesting to note what parts of the State were specially attrac-
tive to these Yankee immigrants. Kent county was the most attractive
to Vermonters and 724 of them settled there, 648 settled in Wayne,
563 in Kalamazoo, 540 in Calhoun, 482 in Allegan, 462 in Jackson and
443 in Eaton county.

Wayne was the favorite county with Massachusetts men and 1,128
settled there, 602 settled in Kent county, 476 in Lenawee county,
and 382 in Kalamazoo county.

In 1880 Detroit had in her population 936 natives of Massachusetts,
436 natives of Vermont, 377 from Connecticut, 308 from Maine, 190
from New Hampshire and 78 from Rhode Island.

But what sort of people were these 37,865 natives of New England?
In 1878 a large volume was published entitled "Representative Men of
Michigan." It contains biographical sketches of 1,158 of the more
40

314 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

prominent men in the State. I am well aware that some prominent
men are not noticed in this volume, and that some very ordinary men
are eulogized in it, but 288 of those noticed are natives of New England,
and 182 others are sons of parents born in New England, and very
many more belong to this class, but they are not counted because the
birthplace of their parents is not given, but it must needs be that many
of them were born in New England.

So that in 1880, while New England had furnished one forty-third
part of the whole population of the State, she had furnished a fourth
part of our representative men.

Every New England state has furnished a governor for Michigan.
Maine gave us Alpheus Felch, who also served us as senator, Auditor
General and judge of our supreme court. New Hampshire sent us
Gen. Cass, Vermont was represented here by John S. Barry. Massa-
chusetts seems to have been in haste to get in the first governor and
so hustled off to us Gen. Hull, a citizen of Mass., though born in
Corfn., and as though not quite satisfied with his record, after second
thought, tried to retrieve her reputation by giving us Epaphroditus
Ransom and H. H. Crapo. Connecticut was willing to stake her repu-
tation on Wm. Woodbridge. Last of all Rhode Island, dear little
Rhody, determined to have a finger in the pie and concluded to spare us
H. P. Baldwin. Michigan has been governed by men of New England
birth for 38 years, and with the exception of Gen. Hull, I believe the
administration of every one has been a credit to the State.

Our war governor, Austin Blair is of New England parentage, so
also J. J. Bagley.

Men of New England birth have filled the office of Superintendent of
Public Instruction for 28 years, and every New England state but Conn.,
has furnished us a superintendent. First came Rev. John D. Pierce of
New Hampshire, who did more than any other man to organize the
University, and to fashion our system of public schools, which is
deemed one of the best in the Union. Olivet College deems itself
peculiarly favored in securing the only full length life size portrait
of him that is in existence.

In 1843 Oliver C. Comstock of Rhode Island, was chosen Supterinten-
dent of Public Instruction. He seems to have been a man of remarkable
versatility of talent, for at different periods of his life he was physician,
clergyman and member of congress, and achieved a fair measure of success
in every sphere of action. Next in order of New England birth comes
Oramel Hosford of Vermont who held the office eight years — nearly twice
as long as any other man. Then come Daniel B. Briggs and Horace S.

NEW ENGLAND INFLUENCE IN MICHIGAN. 315

Tarbell, both of Massachusetts. Some records state Mr. Tarbell was from
Vermont.

These are followed by Cornelius A. Gower of Maine, who was soon
transferred to the office of superintendent of the Reform School, a position
which he highly honors, being one of the few men born to command,
gentle and abounding in cheerfulness though very firm in exacting
obedience. Last but not least comes our present Superintendent Joseph
Estabrook of New Hampshire.

And here we must not omit the name of Cortland B. Stebbins of
Vermont, who acted as deputy superintendent for twenty years.

Among the other educators who have done good service, we may
name Rev. David Bacon of Connecticut, father of Dr. Leonard Bacon.
David Bacon in 1802 taught school in Detroit. In 1808, we read of a
school taught by Miss Elizabeth Williams, daughter of Thomas Williams.
From 1812 to 1818, a classical school was kept up by Mr. Payne and
Rev. John Montieth, and in 1816 we are told that a common school on
the New England plan, was opened under Mr. Danforth. Now I do
not find any definite record of the birth place of the last named
teachers. The names are very familiar in New England, and the fact
that a school was to be opened on the New England plan, leads me to
conclude that the teachers were Yankees.

Of college presidents John Montieth was the first president of the
University while it was still located in Detroit. I suppose he was
from New England. Pres. E. O. Haven was from Massachusetts and
President Angel from Rhode Island.

Pres. Joscelyn of Albion, was from Connecticut, Kendall Brooks of
Kalamazoo was from Massachusetts, Pres. Durgin of Hillsdale was from
New Hampshire, President Mosher, from Maine, Prests. Morrison and
Butterfield of Olivet, were from New Hampshire and Maine respectively,
Pres. Abbott of Agricultural college, was from Maine. The parents of
Pres. L. R. Fisk were from New England. Among the new England
professors in the University we may name C. K. Adams, Dunster
Friese, Moses Coit Tyler, Geo. P. Williams, Wm. P. Phelps and others.
In Olivet we have had Profs. Hosford, Daniels, Goodwin, Chase and
Bumpus.

In the Normal School there have been Profs. Bellows and Putnam.
Hillsdale has had Profs. Dunn and Butler. These are only a part of the
college professors we have had from New England. Professors Louis
McLouth, Edward Olney, Austin George, and I know not how many
qthers, are of New England parentage. Then there is the great host
of Yankee school maams whom no man can number, that in the log

316 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

school-houses on the four corners have been for many years patiently
developing and fashioning the boys who are now guiding the affairs
of State. Who pan measure their influence?

Among our United States senators have been the following New
Englanders: Lucius Lyon, H. P. Baldwin, Alpheus Felch, F. B.
Stockbridge, Lewis Cass, Zachariah Chandler and Jacob M. Howard.
Surely a noble array of men and talent. Some of them had served in
the lower house. In that house we have been represented by Isaac E.
Crary, Jacob M. Howard, Lucius Lyon, David A. Noble, Wm. A. Howard
F. 0. Beaman, Chas. Upson, F. B. Bradley, George Willard, Alpheus Wil-
liams, C. C. Ellsworth, E. G. Horr, O. L. Spaulding, C. C.' Comstock,
Byron M. Cutcheon and James O'Donnell, all of New England birth, and
John S. Newberry whose parents were from New England. Among
judges of the supreme court we note the names of James Witherell,
Henry Chipman, Wm. Woodbridge, Geo. Morell, Wm. A. Fletcher,
Epaphroditus Ransom and Alpheus Felch. Then Judges T. M.
Cooley and B. F. Grant were sons of New England parents.

Of judges of inferior courts we find such names as these: Henry B.
Brown, Charles Upson, Henry Cooledge, Wm. Jennison, Daniel Pratt,
Chancellor Elon Farnsworth, whose decisions were rarely questioned,
Caleb Eldred, Solomon Withey, Josiah Turner, Louis Lovell, Wm. H.
Woodworth, Claudius B. Grant and Frank A. Hooker.

Rhode Island is the only New England state that has never so far
as I can learn furnished us with a judge of note while Vermont has
sent us five.

Among lawyers of note we have in Detroit, Alfred Russell and S.
M. Cutcheon both of New Hampshire. From Vermont we have Col.
Thomas S. Sprague, who was editor, printer and railroad man, B. F.
H. Witherell, Chandler Richards, Cyrus Lovell and Albert Williams.

From Massachusetts we have Wm. Jennison, Charles Larned, Levi
Bishop, Charles Noble, John M. Edwards, Thomas B. Church and
Charles S. May. From Connecticut we have had Isaac E. Crary, G.
V. N. Lothrop, Geo. E. Hand, Marsh Giddings and James Miller.
Of New England parentage we have E. C. and C. I. Walker, C. C.
Trowbridge, Witter J. Baxter, A. L. Millard, Charles P. Dibble, Don M.
Dickinson and Eugene Pringle.

Of Congregational clergymen we have had Revs. John Monteith,
Orson Parker, H. N. Bissell, David Bacon, Moses Smith, James Ballard,
J. Morgan Smith, James S. Hoyt, Philo Hurd, A. H. Ross, H. D.
Kitchell, Addison Ballard, O. C. Thompson, W. H. Davis, H. P.
DeForest and A. R. Merriam.

NEW ENGLAND INFLUENCE IN MICHIGAN. 317

The Presbyterians have had Rev. Win. M. Ferry, who came to Mich-
igan in 1821, and Rev. Calvin Clark for many years a most devoted
and faithful laborer in the smaller churches of the State. Dr. Ambrose
Wight for a score of years pastor of the Presbyterian church in Bay
City, was the son of New England parents.

The Methodists have had Rev. E. O. Haven, for a time presi-
dent of the University, and W. H. Brockway, who was blacksmith,
clergyman and railroad builder, and I do not know in which line of
work he succeeds best; Marcus Swift and Allen Tibbitts were also of
New England descent.

The Adventists have Revs. Uriah Smith and James White.

The Baptists have had Revs. Samuel Graves and James Hill, also
Robert Powell, one of the original board of trustees of Madison
University. Henry J. Hall and Rev. Oziel Scott who spent 39 years in
work in this State. Jeremiah Hall, a native of New Hampshire, came
to this State in 1835, and aided in the founding of the Kalamazoo
Institute, which has since become Kalamazoo College. He was subse-
quently president of Dennison University, Ohio. James R. Stone of
Massachusetts, was a minister of great ability, who died in Lansing
after a ministry of less than two years. Pres. J. A. B. Stone, born in
New Hampshire, was president of Kalamazoo Institute, and then of
Kalamazoo College, which grew rapidly under his administration.
Henry C. Beale of Vermont, came to Michigan in 1864, was a very
successful pastor and for thirteen years an efficient general missionary.

Henry Stanwood was one of the first class who graduated from the
theological department of Colby University and labored for twerity-eight
years in the Baptist churches of this State. Rev. S. Haskell of Maine
has had a total pastorate of forty years in the churches of Detroit, Kala-
mazoo and Ann Arbor. James R. Boise was for several years a profes-
sor in the University of Michigan. Of course, these are very incomplete
lists of New England clergymen who have done grand service in
Michigan.

Among editors we have had John S. Bagg for a time sole editor of
the Free Press, Jacob Barnes, who edited the Grand Rapids Enquirer
and also Detroit Free Press; Jacob Baxter of the Grand Rapids Eagle,
also William S. George of the Detroit Advertiser and Lansing
Republican. Volney Hascall of the Kalamazoo Gazette, was son of
Connecticut parents.

Among railroad men we have James F. Joy, R. M. Steel, A. W.
Wright, Col. Joseph Fisk, Freeman Godfrey and John L. Shaw. I
notice that several millions of New England capital went into the

318 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

Michigan Central and its branches, but I have been unable to learn
how far it has been concerned in the building of other railroads.

How much New England capital has come to aid in developing our
agricultural, mercantile, lumbering and mining interests I am unable
to say, yet it is certain it has contributed largely to advance these
interests. Early in 1806, Russell Sturgis and other Boston capitalists
made arrangements to organize a bank in Detroit with a capital of
$400,000. I think however that the plan fell through.

Among lumbermen from New England we have A. W. Wright,
Newell Avery, N. Gerrish, Dwight Cutler, David Whitney, George F.
Cross, David Ward and many others.

The work of physicians is not so much in public as in the seclusion
of our homes, and few of them enjoy a state-wide reputation. Among
the great multitude of them we can only name Henry B. Baker, Homer
O. Hitchcock, Edward S. Dunster, Daniel K. Underwood and Joseph
Bagg. Of New England parentage were Drs. John L. Whitney, John
H. Beach of Coldwater, Foster Pratt, Z. E. Bliss, C. C. Turner, Alonzo
Cressey, A. B. Palmer, A. F. Whelan and Lyman Brewer.

Among the legion of business men we name Luther Beecher, Frank-
lin Moore, W. W. Wheaton, William L. Smith, B. O. Williams, E. W.
Giddings, James W. and John P. Sanborn, Luther Westover, Henry
and William Chamberlain, Ezra Convis, Charles Dickey, Charles T.
Gorham, B. F. Hinman, Luther Trask, John Ball, Thomas D. Gilbert,
Henry W. Hinsdale, William Hovey, Ezra and James Nelson, Hamp-
ton Rich, Levi Baxter, J. Webster Childs, John K. Boies, W. A. Burt
the inventor of the solar compass, John J. Jenness, Samuel S. Lacey
and Henry W. Lord.

Among the sons of New Englanders we have in Lansing, O. M.
Barnes and James M Turner; in Detroit, D. M. Ferry, Fred Wetmore,
Gen. G. S. Wormer and Philo Parsons; in Marshall, S. J. Burpee and
Preston Mitchell; in Jackson, Alonzo Bennett and H. H. Hay den; in
Jonesville, E. O. Grosvenor and Gen. Henry Baxter.

There is John P. Cook in Hillsdale, J. G. Parkhurst of Coldwater,
J. G. Waite of Sturgis, William Bogue of Portland and E. I. Judd of
Saginaw, Auditor General Ralph Ely from Ithaca, and L. P. Alden
superintendent of the school for dependent children, Coldwater. But
neither my time nor your patience will allow me to continue the list.

The great tide of westward emigration from New England set toward
Michigan between the years '30 and '37, about the time of our organ-
ization as a State. Since that time it has flowed on to the regions
beyond. There appear to have been 1,191 more natives of Vermont in

DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN MICHIGAN. 319

the State in 1860 than there were in 1880. A few colonies and New
England settlements were formed in the State. One at Vermontville,
another at Three Oaks, one at Romeo, and one at Somerset. There may
be other similar settlements of which I have not heard. Along about
those days New England influence was far more potent in Michigan,
relatively, than it is today. In the last Legislature there were only two
senators of New England birth, and in the House of Representatives
only 10 out of 100 members were born east of the Hudson.

I know that many names will occur to you of Yankees who have
been far more potent factors in the development of the resources of
this State than those I have named. And I have found the names of
many persons of whom I never heard before, who, if their biographies
have been truthfully written have been extremely valuable workers.

But the task you have assigned me would require the labor of a life-
time, and then it would be impossible to gather up and trace out every
golden thread of New England influence that has been woven into all
the warp and woof of our State life.

I have confined myself in this paper chiefly to the influence of men
who were born in New England, but western New York and the west-
ern reserve in Ohio, were settled largely by immigrants from New
England, and their sons came to Michigan. In this class 'are such
men as Sibley, from Marietta, Ohio, Judge Cooley and Gov. Blair. If
we reckon the influence of the sons of native New Englanders as New
England influence, then New England must surely be held largely
responsible for whatever is good or bad in the civilization and civil
institutions of Michigan.

DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN MICHIGAN.

BY THOMAS D. GILBERT.

Mr. President, and Ladies and Gentlemen of the State Pioneer
and Historical Society:

I much regret that I have not had sufficient time to properly con-
sider the subject upon which I was invited to address you at this
meeting.

The "Development of Western Michigan" covers an exceedingly

320 ANNUAL, MEETING, 1890.

interesting period in the history of our State, and anything like a
detailed history of it, would require a large volume, instead of the
brief statements I am compelled to make. What I have to say on this
occasion is the result of my personal observations during a resi-
dence of fifty-five years in the Grand river valley. During the ten
years previous to 1835 the beautiful and fertile prairies in the southern
part of the State, east of Niles, had attracted a few immigrants from
Indiana and Ohio, but the great tide of emigration from the east did
not set in till after the Black Hawk war of 1832, in Illinois, had made
known to the country the unparalleled beauties and natural resources
of the then extreme western territories.

In 1834r-35 and 36, there was a large emigration to the west, but
the fertile prairies of Illinois and Wisconsin absorbed the most of it,
and western Michigan was obliged to wait until its great natural
resources should attract the attention of those who could appreciate,
and had the enterprise and capital to develop them.

At the time of my arrival in this favored region, 55 years ago
yesterday, the western half of Michigan, from the St. Joseph river to
the Straits of Mackinac, was an almost unbroken wilderness.

A small village at Bronson, now Kalamazoo, a few families in and
around Grand Rapids, Ionia, Grand Haven and Saugatuck, constituted
the white population in the territory lying between the Grand and St.
Joseph rivers, while the whole region between Grand river and the
straits a distance of 225 miles belonged to the Indians, and was an
unknown land except to the few Indian traders, like Rix Robinson,
Louis Campau and William Lasley (venerated names in all that
region), who had operated there many years.

The Indian title to the lands lying north of Grand river was not
obtained until 1836, too late to enable western emigrants to avail them-
selves of its advantages before the great financial crisis of 1837
bankrupted all engaged in active business, checked emigration, para-
lyzed enterprise, and threw a pall over the bright hopes of the
pioneers.

Five years of comparative inactivity ensued, and then came a reac-
tion, followed by half a century of substantial development uninter-
rupted except by the vicissitudes of business that effected alike all
parts of the country.

Early in the period of which I have spoken, it was known that salt
could be found in the vicinity of Grand Rapids, and the gypsum beds
in and near that city were developed, and every one knew that there

DEVELOPMENT OP WESTERN MICHIGAN. 321

must ultimately be great wealth in the vast forests of pine and other
timber that covered the whole region.

These great forests proved an insurmountable obstacle to the develop-
ment of an important agricultural interest,* so long as the fertile tim-
berless prairies west of Lake Michigan remained unoccupied. Not
many years elapsed before the occupants of those treeless plains began
to clamor for the timber of Michigan, and then came our innings, result-
ing in princely fortunes for some, prosperity for all who chose to avail
themselves of the golden opportunity, thriving cities filled with the
busy hum of commerce and manufacturing industries, fairly prosperous
farmers, educational institutions of a high order of merit, churches and
benevolent institutions, and all the concomitants of our modern civili-
zation.

The lumber business of western Michigan has been such an impor-
tant factor in its development, that a somewhat detailed statement of its
origin and progress may be interesting.

A glance at a map of the State will show you, that all the large
rivers take their rise east of the meridian line, and after traversing
the central and western portions of the State discharge their waters
into Lake Michigan.

With the exception of the St. Joseph and the Grand, none of these
streams were large enough for steamboat navigation, but all were large
enough to float logs and lumber from their very sources, and without
them the §vast forests of the interior would have been inaccessible.
As early as 1835, there were two small saw mills near Grand Eapids,
that sufficed to meet all demands. The contrast between the primitive
mill of those days, when the sawyer might start his saw and go to
dinner, well assured it would not get through the log before his return,
and the modern circular saw that requires twenty men to feed it and
care for the lumber, forcibly illustrates the progress of the times in
that business.

Chicago, then a village of about 2,000 inhabitants, afforded the only
market for any surplus product of our small mills, there being no com-
munication with the interior except via the heavy prairie roads.

It was not until the opening of the Illinois & Michigan canal late
in the forties, and the construction of the Chicago & Galena railroad,
that the business of making lumber in western Michigan assumed large
proportions. Then it was that the rivers, our natural highways, dem-
onstrated their usefulness. Mills began to multiply at all accessible
ports, the harbors were improved by the general government, and the
hitherto unoccupied wilderness became a hive of industry.
41

822 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

ft
As the natural market for all the products of the forest was Chicago

and other ports on the west side of the lake, it followed that the merchan-
dise needed in western Michigan was bought there, and thus originated
those close commercial relations between the two sections that continue
to the present day, despite the numerous railways from the east that
now penetrate every part of the State.

As before stated, the active development of the western half of the State
dates from about 1850, and was largely dependent on the products,
of the forest. There are no reliable data upon which can be based
anything more than approximate estimates of the amount and value of
the lumber that has been shipped from western Michigan.

I have found in a recent paper a statement of the amount of logs
handled by the boom company in Grand Rapids since 1869, which I
have no doubt is correct. It aggregates 2,000,000,000 feet, and- does
not include the large quantity sawed in the interior for home use, that
did not pass through the boom of that company. Add to this the
lumber produced during the previous thirty years of which no record
was kept, and it is safe to say that fully 4,000,000,000 and perhaps
5,000,000,000 feet of pine lumber have passed down Grand river alone.

Add to this the shipments from Muskegon and Manistee and the
numerous other smaller streams that empty into Lake Michigan, com-
pared with which, the output from Grand river seems trifling, and
you have an aggregate that seems incredible. I do not like to tax
your credulity with a statement of what I believe to have been the
value of the timber taken from the soil of western Michigan during
the last fifty years. It is within my knowledge that there was a time
when the control of all this vast wealth, and I may say, the destiny of
western Michigan was in danger of passing into the hands of a private
corporation, in this way: At the close of the Mexican war, about 1850,
the country was flooded with " Mexican land warrants," so called,
issued to soldiers who served in that war. Each warrant was good for
160 acres of land, and the market price for them was often as low as
$100. Two residents of the Grand river valley tried to enlist sufficient
capital to buy enough of those warrants to locate all the valuable pine
timber in western Michigan, tributary to the streams that flowed
westward.

It was estimated that from $2,000,000 to $3,000,000 would be required.

The disastrous result of the speculation in western lands made some
twelve or fifteen years previous seemed to be yet fresh in the minds
of moneyed men applied to, and the project failed. A few years later,
the money could have been had, but the opportunity for a gigantic

DEVELOPMENT OE WESTERN MICHIGAN. 323

monopoly of the pine timber of western Michigan had passed, a million
acres had been granted by the government to build the G. R. & I.
railroad, another half million to build the Sault Ste. Marie canal, and
these grants had absorbed great blocks of the best timber. The
lumbermen of Muskegon, Manistee and other streams made haste to
secure timbr for their future wants, and speculation soon absorbed
what was left, thus saving western Michigan from a great disaster.

The pine timber once so abundant is rapidly disappearing, and the
last of it that was tributary to Grand river has within the last month
gone past Grand Rapids to the lake. Several mills at Muskegon have
suspended operations, and the lumbermen at Manistee know that the
time is not far distant when their supply of timber will fail, although there
are a few men in each place who have enough to last them several years.
Notwithstanding all this, it has been clearly demonstrated that the
prosperity of western Michigan is not dependent on its pine timber.
The men who made the first rude furniture for incoming settlers are
yet in the prime of life, are now sending splendid specimens of their
handiwork all over the world, and have made the name of Grand
Rapids a synonym for every thing beautiful and artistic in innumerable
homes.

The nourishing city of Muskegon appreciates the importance of
establishing new industries, and many of her citizens who have made
large fortunes out of the pine timber are moving in that direction.

Prosperous Manistee has beneath its soil a mine of wealth but partly
developed.

No doubt you have all heard the more or less mythical stories of
miners, who, after years of unrequited toil, abandoned their claims,
despairing of success, leaving them to be occupied by the first tramp
who chose to take possession, and who, after a little deeper digging
struck the long sought mine and became millionaires. So it was with
the salt industry of Manistee. Geologists assured the people that salt
was there, and they combined to sink a well. At a depth of about
2,000 feet they became discouraged and abandoned the search. One of
their number, more persistent, went a little deeper, and was rewarded
with an abundant supply of brine, and now the flourishing city of
Manistee is one of the great salt producing centers of the country; and
so it is all along the western shore. Hitherto unknown and unexpected
resources are being developed, and are having a great influence on the
prosperity of the people.

The famous " fruit belt," formerly supposed to be limited to the
territory south of Grand Haven now reaches to Traverse City, and

324 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

that part of Oceana county that projects into lake Michigan is fast
becoming the great peach-producing region of the State.

No more interesting part of the State can be found than that occu-
pied almost exclusively by emigrants from Holland in the southern
part of Ottawa and the northern part of Allegan counties. Their per-
sistent industry has made a garden of what was once a very undesira-
ble part of the State.

An important factor in the development of this part of the State has
been the Grand Rapids & Indiana railroad, the construction of which
was made possible by a government grant of 1,000,000 acres of what,
was at the time, unsalable land. From Grand Rapids to the Straits of
Mackinac, a distance of 225 miles, this road was built through a prac-
tically unoccupied wilderness, severely taxing the faith, enterprise and
capital of its promoters, but contributing innumerable benefits on the
country traversed by it. Previous to the advent of this road, and the
Detroit & Milwaukee road built a few years previous, the only means
of communication with the east was via the lakes and a plank road to
Kalamazoo that intersected the Central road. The highways east were
almost impassable and little used. My first trip from Grand Rapids
to Detroit required six days of hard travel.

In the upper part of the lower peninsula, and in the region of
which I am speaking, there is rapidly developing an iron industry of
large proportions, induced by the recently developed facilities for bring-
ing together the ores of Lake Superior and the charcoal produced from
the seemingly inexhaustible forests of hard timber that abound through
all this region, underlaid by the best soil to be found in the State.
With the great command over the forces of nature held by the present
generation, it is not unreasonable to suppose that the next twenty years
will show wonderful progress through all this region.

A noticeable feature in the development of this region is the fact,
that its progress, compared with the booming region along and beyond
the Mississippi has been slow. It has never been especially attractive
to foreign capital, and as a result the whole region has been exempt
from those wild speculations that have been so disastrous to some
parts of the west. Whatever has been done is by the comparatively
slow, but sure, accumulations of the people, and go where you will
through all western Michigan, you will find that an unusual proportion
of all the splendid improvements you see belong to the resident popu-
lation, and the accruing profits are being used in further development.

Whatever may be done hereafter, full credit must be given the

BEGINNINGS IN THE GRAND RIVER VALLEY. 325

pioneers for laying broad and deep foundations of a substantial and
continuous prosperity.

A vast amount of visible wealth has been produced during the past
forty years. The nourishing cities and villages everywhere found, the
innumerable manufacturing establishments, the rapid development of
agriculture, the sound banking institutions with their millions of capital
and deposits, mostly owned by the residents of this favored region, all
indicate a sound and healthy development, unsurpassed by any other
portion of the country.

SOME FRAGMENTS OF BEGINNINGS IN THE GRAND

EIVEE VALLEY*

BY ALBERT BAXTER.

In the days of Indian occupancy there were villages of the red men
at various points along Grand river between Portland and Grand
Haven, the larger ones in the vicinities of Portland, Lyons, Ionia,
Lowell, Ada, Grand Rapids, Grandville, Crockery Creek and Battle Point.
At Grand Rapids were two, one at the head and one at the foot of the
rapids, about two miles apart; each with its chief and sub-chiefs, and
here were the headquarters of 2,000 or 3,000 Indians, though the
steadily resident native population did not probably exceed 500 or 600.
It is not the purpose of this article to go into any details of the
Indian history, which is largely legendary and mythical.

Among these Indians, came French traders, as early as 1806 or therea-
bout. It is related that an agency of the American fur company was
at that time, or soon after, established at Grand Rapids, another near
the mouth of Grand river, and another at Muskegon lake. Rix
Robinson came to the mouth of the Thornapple river in 1821, and for

* These few fragments or scraps of beginnings by white men in the Grand river valley have been
hastily sketched — piecemeal and at intervals — while the writer was busy upon another and more arduous
task. Not finding time, as he had hoped, to dress over, review and arrange them, they are submitted for
whatever they may be worth, in their original, ragged form, without further apology.

ALBERT BAXTER.

Orand Rapids, June 7, 1890.

826 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

some years before that time a trading station near the mouth of Flat
river had been conducted by a French woman, Madame Laframboise.
Daniel Marsac was also a trader with the Indians at Lowell during
several years, beginning in 1829. Louis Campau establised a trading
post at the Rapids of Grand river in the fall of 1826. Robinson and
Campau continued their trade in furs and peltries as long as there
were Indians about to furnish them — in fact as long as they lived,
though in the latter part the traffic dwindled to small proportions.
Campau died in 1871; Robinson in 1875. In so far as concerns the
legitimate trade with the Indians (leaving out the firewater), it does
not appear that they were less upright and honorable than the whites
who have displaced them.

The earliest missionary efforts in western Michigan were those of the
Roman Catholics, or the Jesuit Fathers. But about 1824 a Baptist
mission was planted at Sault Ste. Marie, with the Rev. Abel Bingham
in charge, and nearly at the same time the Thomas Station mission
was established among the Indians at the Grand River rapids, by the
Rev. Isaac McCoy, acting for the Baptist American board of foreign
missions. After McCoy about 1827, came the Rev. Leonard Slater to
this mission and conducted it until its removal to Barry county in 1836
with a considerable number of Indian converts. The headquarters of
the Catholic mission were at Mackinac, and in their cause came the
Rev. Fredric Baraga to Grand Rapids in 1833. His mission was the
inception of the growth of what is now the St. Andrew's Society, with
its fine cathedral, where is enthroned Bishop Richter of the diocese
of Grand Rapids.

The tiers of townships from Kalamazoo county north to the north
line of Kent county, and west of Shiawassee county were surveyed
for the United States government in the years from 1825 to 1838.
Those surveys reached Grand river and to the north line of town-
ship seven in 1831. Town seven north, of range eleven west, now Grand
Rapids, was surveyed by John Mullett in 1831; and in the same
year town seven north, of range twelve west, now Walker, was surveyed by
Lucius Lyon. The first land entry in the Grand river valley below
Portland was probably that of Louis Campau, September 19, 1831,
now in the very heart of the city of Grand Rapids, which is taken
from those two townships. In the following year several other
entries were made at Grand Rapids and also at Ionia. But not
until 1833 did the permanent white settlement of this valley begin.
In volumes three and five of the Michigan Pioneer Collections is given
some account of the coming of the " Dexter colony " to Ionia, in

BEGINNINGS IN THE GRAND RIVER VALLEY. 327

the spring of 1833, from which event may properly be dated the
active pioneering and beginning of settlements along the river at
that point and below. Part of that colony, the Joel Guild and
Winsor families, overflowed into Grand Eapids; the former erecting
in midsummer of that year the first frame house in Grand Eapids,
in fact, the first in the valley, into which they moved on the last
day of August. The inrush of so large a company as the " Dexter
colony" of sixty-three persons, as the first dash for founding a settle-
ment in the wilderness and among the savages, " 150 miles from
anywhere," as some of them expressed it, has been the subject of
much wonderment among later residents, the query being: How
did they learn of this fair valley, and what special incitement
directed them hither? That, the writer has been unable to learn
with exactness. The more probable explanation is that Samuel
Dexter, who organized the emigration from Herkimer county, N.
Y., gained his knowledge, first, from the government surveyors of
this region, and second by personal exploration. Certain it is that
he came in 1832 and purchased considerable tracts of government
land at Ionia and Grand Rapids. Then came his colony, with their
teams and wagons, cutting their own way through the woods and
the swamps from Detroit, camping out nearly three weeks — a toil-
some but yet on the whole not an unpleasant journey, in the month
of May, 1833. When we talk of the "hard times" and "severe
trials" of the early days, such experiences as those are not the
ones usually referred to; the harder times and sorer struggles came
afterward in the work of founding the new homes, and through
temporary privations on account of the long distance from sources
of supply, and the difficulties attending transportation. " But we had
lots of fun, and enjoyed ourselves, in the main, as well as ever in
our lives," is the way the pioneer settlers talk of those days and
their incidents. " Hard work it was, of course, but we had stout
hearts, fast friendships, good cheer, jolly sports and sound sleep,
and did not regard our toilsome experiences as hardships." There
was no actual starvation, and though the settlers were at times
forced to live upon the plainest and coarsest food, it is also true that
many families in the New England States, then as old from settlement
as this valley now is, suffered to an equal extent in that respect, at
about the same time.

Almost simultaneously, within the period from 1833 to 1835 inclusive,
besides those at Ionia and Grand Rapids, settlements began at Lyons,
Lowell, Grandville and Grand Haven, and soon afterward smaller ham-

328 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

lets at Ada and Plainfield. In 1832, before the coming of permanent
settlers, a saw mill had been erected for the Baptist Indian mission at
Grand Rapids. This was a little one, on a little creek, near where
the Grand Rapids & Indiana and the Detroit, Grand Haven & Mil-
waukee railways now cross each other. For a year or more it was
the only mill in the valley, and some of the colonists drew boards
from it all the way to Ionia in June, 1833. But in 1834 was another
mill at the Rapids, propelled by a long undershot wheel in the east
channel of the river; and in the course of the following three years
were not only half a dozen or more saw mills on little streams, near
the river, but gristmills at Ionia, Grand Rapids and Portland. This
was somewhat better for the settlers than going to Battle Creek or
Gull Prairie with an ox team to get a bushel of corn ground for
hominy. Except at the points which immediately grew into villages,
valuable lands along the Grand river, and some not very valuable,
were shortly "gobbled" by non-resident speculators; and the same may
be said of the country along the territorial or State roads. Thus it
happened that for some fifteen or twenty years travelers into Grand
Rapids reached that place in great wonder as to where the farmers
lived from whom supplies were obtained. These had settled away from
the main roads, where they could obtain public lands direct, and avoid
paying two or three prices to the speculators as aforesaid; and the
latter did not all grow rich from their sharpness and foresight. The
better contributors to active and substantial growth were such men as
the Ferry s, the Gilberts and the Whites at Grand Haven; Hewlett,
Ketchum and McCray at Grandville; the Campaus, Guilds, Winsors,
Turners, Sibleys, Potters, Reeds, Lyons, Morrison, Almy, Shepherd,
A. H. Smith, Godfreys and others at Grand Rapids; Dexter, Arnold,
Yeoman s, Roof, Lincoln and their neighbors at Ionia and above — men
of enterprise and energy who pushed things whether they had cash or
not. If they were not all successful, it is certain that from their day
to the present the entire community has reaped harvests from their
planting.

The early means and routes of communication from civilization into
the heart of the wilderness of this valley, were through toilsome, slow,
circuitous and weary ways. From Detroit, the passage by water was
by the lakes and the Straits of Mackinaw around to Grand Haven;
thence the laborious push, push, with shoulders against setting poles,
for the transfer of heavy freights up Grand river to the rapids; or
the use of the flat-bottomed row boats* or the lighter French bateaux,
rowing against the current. Until July, 1837, no steamer plowed the

BEGINNINGS IN THE GRAND RIVER VALLEY. 329

river waters. The overland routes were several, spreading out like a
fan from Detroit northward or westward, by winding ways on Indian
trails, and converging again as they neared Grand river. The Ionia colony
came in by way of Pontiac and through Shiawassee and Clinton counties.
There was a trail by the general course of the river on the north side
from Jackson down, never much used for teams, and through by that
route in 1829 came one N. H. Osborne on horseback, alone, his journey
to the Rapids lasting three or four days. He was an explorer from
Connecticut, and ventured in to see what he could discover. A short
distance above the rapids, on a rainy day, sick and weary, having lost
his pocket compass, he dismounted and laid himself down with his head
upon his saddle at the foot of a tree. Here an Indian discovered him
and conducted him into the Indian village, which was nearer by than
he suspected. That traveler left the country disgusted with its wild
people, its mosquitos and the ague. But he was four years in advance
of the settlers. Other trails, traversed by emigrant wagons, were:
One from the territorial road, branching near Battle Creek and coming
down the east side of the Thornapple river; another west of that river,
with devious turnings, and two or three still further westward, by way
of Green lake or the more circuitous route via Allegan, to Grand
Rapids or to Grandville. It usually happened that the explorer or
emigrant taking either of these routes thought he had chosen the worst
one before reaching the end of his journey. Each of them had its chap-
ter of incidents, accidents and anecdotes most of which have found their
way into print, some ludicrous and laughable, some serious and some
tragic, but very few fatal to life.

In the spring of 1834 four adventurers, one of them a lad of twenty
years, started on foot from Ypsilanti or Ann Arbor, for the Grand
river rapids. Their route lay through where are now Prairieville and
Yankee Springs, and followed the primitive trails or wood-paths. They
carried only such goods and provisions as they could pocket or shoulder.
The boy, Robert M. Barr, carried a fiddle as the chief of his valuable
possessions. Their staples for lunches consisted of raw salt pork and
bread, with perhaps a bottle of something, which did not last them
half way through. The leader of the party was Alvin H. Wansey.
They found shelter one night in a settler's hut. Another night they
stopped at an Indian camp in the woods. The weather was cold, the
boy thinly clad and shivering. After some "palaver," and with
the aid of a few small pieces of silver, they obtained leave to sleep at
a distance from the fire on benches of poles from which the squaws
had removed their blankets. In the 'night time an old, grey headed
42

330 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

squaw stirred up the fire, threw on some sticks of wood, and rolling
herself up in her blanket close by, was soon asleep again. Rob-
ert ventured near the fire to warm himself, and camped, with no cover-
ing, by the side of that squaw. He soon grew drowsy, but was too
cold for sound sleep, and little by little he drew upon the blanket until
it covered them both. He was awakened at daybreak by a great shout
from the whole company of natives. He -had heard that Indians never
laughed, but disbelieved it ever afterward. He was told that they
were laughing at the old lady and the comely addition to her family!
Their provisions were exhausted, not even a slice of the salt pork
remaining, and after noon the next day, Barr lay down, avowing
his inability to walk any farther. It would not do to leave him
there. Wansey roused him, cut a beech switch and whipped him soundly,
and thus by alternate driving and leading they managed to bring him
to the Rapids, which they reached that night. The boy had no sooner
entered the pioneer house of Joel Guild than he threw himself on the
floor, and in a minute was sound asleep. When he waked, Mr. Guild
peered at him quizzically, and, suspecting that he had run away, asked
him, "What are you out here for?" The response was another ques-
tion: "Are all these girls yours?" The host replied, "Yes." "Well
then," said Robert, " I came out to marry that one," pointing to the
one meant. He did marry her two or three years later, and has been
"a lively lad" since to this day.

During a dozen years after settlements were opened in this valley
miscalculations were frequent as to the time required to reach the end
of the journey by emigrants, hence it was not an uncommon experience
to find the bottom of the provision box, come in hungry and be fed.
Perhaps it was this replenishment of the stomach, the organ which has
so much control over the entire body, with the accompanying rest,
inducing a feeling of content and satisfaction, that in many instances
made their new homes so beautiful and attractive to the incomers.
For many years the roads leading hither were but little improved, and
were not much easier for teams than the first wagon tracks made in
winding ways through the woods. But steadily the settlements thick-
ened, neighbors came nearer to each other, and little villages sprang
into life and activity.

The earliest plowing in the valley was at Ionia, Grand Rapids and
Grandville. At Ionia some of the colonists in May, 1833, bought the
Indian corn fields, and at once began work with the plow and the hoe,
thus raising for themselves crops in the first season. At Grandville some
land was broken by Luther Lincoln, inHhe fall of 1832, and the next

BEGINNINGS IN THE GRAND RIVER VALLEY. 331

year he was at the Bapids, with several saw mill building schemes pro-
jected. In 1833 and the following year also, land breaking was done in
and near Grand Rapids, by Barney Burton, Jonathan F. Chubb, Joel
Guild and others. Little . taverns with meager accommodations soon
appeared at each settlement by the river, and at intervals of some ten
to twenty-five miles, or a day's journey with team, along the main
routes of travel by which emigrants came in.

The first dwelling house in Grand Rapids became a resort for new
comers or explorers almost before the roof was on. In 1834 the Eagle
Hotel was built near by, and within two or three years came the erection
of the National Hotel and the Grand River Exchange, on the sites
now occupied by the Morton and the Bridge Street House in Grand
Rapids; also a tavern at Grandville and another at the outlet of Green
lake. Portland, Lyons, Ionia and Grand Haven likewise provided inns
for travelers who were out.

Steamboat building began at Grand Haven and Grand Rapids in
1836-37, and the first steam power for saw mill work was placed at
Grand Haven. The first iron foundries were constructed at Grandville
and Grand Rapids as early as 1838 — the former by George Ketchum
and James McCray, the latter by W. S. Levake. The Grand Rapids
postoffice was established in 1832, when the Indian traders and mission-
aries were the only white people there. Leonard Slater was the first
postmaster.

The first births of white children in the Grand river valley, of
which there are records, were in the family of Leonard Slater, the
Baptist missionary among the Indians at Grand Rapids. The children
were: Sarah E. Slater, born Aug. 12, 1827; George Slater, Feb. 9, 1829;
Francis Slater, Dec. 31, 1832. The first birth among the permanent
settlers was that of Eugene E. Winsor, at Ionia, Oct. 14, 1833; the second,
Therese Carmell at Grand Rapids, June 21, 1834; the third, Lewis S.
Burton, at Grand Rapids, Oct. 5, 1834, now a farmer in Cascade, Kent
county. The first marriage was that of Barney Burton, a pioneer
settler, and Harriet Guild, one of the pioneer family, at Grand
Rapids, April 13, 1834.* The first death from among the settlers is
believed to have been that of George Sizer, in 1835, shot by an Indian
who mistook him for a deer, in the twilight, while hunting, a little
south of Grand Rapids.

* Toussaint Campau and Emily Mareac were married at Grand Rapids in the fall of 1834.

332 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

SOME INCIDENTS OF PIONEEK LIFE IN THE UPPEE
PENINSULA OF MICHIGAN.

JOHN HAKEIS FOKSTEB.

The early history of that part of our State is full of names of
distinguished explorers and geographers. Such men as La Salle, Mar-
quette, Mesnard, Bay field, Henry R. Schoolcraft, Cass and Houghton pre-
sent an imposing array of adventurous spirits. We owe much to the
enterprise of these brave and accomplished men. But of their hardy
followers, of the humble men of the rank and file, of individual
independent pioneer explorers, we do not hear so much. Yet they were
important factors in all organized expeditions; as voyageurs, hunters
and packers, they were an indispensible element of success. And the
independent explorer and settler, who ventured into the forest alone,
unaided by capital or adventitious circumstances, all deserve some
recognition. Common men without the aid of whose brawn and sinew,
sturdy bravery and enduring patience, the world would be much poorer
if not bankrupted in time, find few to sing their praises, and they are
generally too dumb to become their own chroniclers.

The writer, during a long period passed on the frontier became
acquainted with many such men and was fortunate enough to
secure their confidence. He found them for the most part shy and
uncommunicative with strangers. The savage nature of their surround-
ings seemed to have promoted a degree of reticence not found in men
in other places. The Indian is very reserved under the eye of the
white man. But the bravest men are the most quiet, .and this may be
the true reason why they who have faced many perils and dangers in
the wilderness are so hard to draw out. Their modesty does not per-
mit them to see anything particularly meritorious in their deeds. Kit
Carson, Jack Hays and other mountain rangers were among the mildest
mannered men the writer ever met; yet in overcoming natural obstacles,
in fighting savage beasts, in Indian forays, or on the disciplined battle
field they displayed the highest bravery. But they were perhaps above
the common level; inured to "dread alarms" from their youth up.

INCIDENTS OF 'PIONEER LIFE IN UPPER PENINSULA. 383

The men of whom I am to speak though possessed of the same
quality, were of an humbler type. Gathered around the glowing camp
fire at night after a hard day's tramp, a cup of tea and a pipe would
thaw them out and unloose their tongues. Many " stirring incidents by
flood and field " have then come to light, which, if they had been duly
recorded would have formed some interesting chapters of pioneer days.
The writer now regrets that he did not note them down on paper, for
after the passage of years, memory becomes dim and uncertain in recol-
lection. Much escapes the grasp altogether, like the morning mist.
But he doubts if in those days and rude times he could success-
fully have played the role of an interviewer. The sight of pencil and
paper would have closed every month like a clam shell and destroyed
every vestige of sociability.

Under this state of the case the Pioneer Society, Mr. President, may
be deemed poorer or richer as you may find. But this much I beg to
say, that if I had used more care, at an early day, in collecting mate-
rial and preserving, I would be more able now to do my duty as a
member of this historical society.

In this paper the writer will do his best to jot down his recollections
of persons and adventures, living and moving long ago, in the dark
forests or on the wild shores of Lake Superior. He only hopes that the
recital may not be condemned as too trifling for a hearing.

The first character that I purpose to introduce is Edouard Sansavaine
an old voyageur familiarly known as old Edward. He came in his
youth from old France and always spoke the English language brokenly.
He was strong and compactly built, of medium height and possessed
of great vitality and powers of endurance. He drifted down to Lake
Superior in the year 1810. He had spent some time on the shores of
Hudson bay. The cold, and the floods in the rivers emptying into the
bay, he described as something teriffic. The short summers of that
high latitude were excessively hot, the thermometer registering at noon
120°. The sands under the burning rays of the sun became so hot as
to blister his feet though protected by stout shoe-packs. Yet at a
depth of three feet below the surface solid ice could always be found.
When the writer last saw old Edward he was upwards of 90 years old,
still strong and vigorous. On that occasion two men were trying to
lift a barrel of whisky up a step at the entrance of a mining town
saloon. Old Edward looking on at their futile efforts in disgust,
pushed them aside, seized the barrel by the chimes and lifted it up
into the doorway with apparent ease. His regular occupation at this
time was fishing and conveying supplies to distant camps in his Macki-

334 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

naw boat which he rowed and sailed alone. He had never been sick
and even frequent indulgence in too much bad whisky seemed to
have no bad effect upon his iron constitution. A thick mass of iron-
gray hair, which he retained after the storms of many, arctic winters,
only impressed one with the idea of immense strength.

In one of his confidential moods old Edward told the writer how he
once spent a winter down on the Brul6 river south of L'anse. The
time was in the year 1812 during our war with Great Britain. A
French trader and his squaw occupied a rude camp by that river,
surrounded by dense forests. Old Edward was their servant. The
preceding fall had been a poor one for trade. Rumors of war had
excited the Indian tribes. The wariors had gone far away to join
their British allies; the old men, women and children had removed
further south among the rice lakes of Wisconsin. No corn or wild
rice had been stored for winter use. Now the Indians were gone, an
occasional supply of beaver tails would not be looked for. The trader's
only resource was fish, found in the shallow Brul6. These must be
secured before they migrated, for the ice in the stream would freeze
to the bottom. During the mild seasons small suckers from four to six
inches long found a home in the Brul6. These were secured by nets,
and old Edward diligently employed his time in the face of coming
winter, in laying in a supply. The fish were packed in long troughs
hewn out of solid logs. But it proved to be a poor year for fish
too. The supply fell short of the usual amount. Winter came on
sooner than was expected, with great vigor. The cold was intense and
the snow-fall exceeded that of former years.

The three solitary people of that camp were snow-bound and isolated
from all the rest of the world. Nothing but gloomy, lifeless foresfe all
around and stretching far away! The absent hunters would bring in no
juicy porcupine or fat beaver to replenish the larder. Fish was their
sole supply of food. Upon frozen fish they lived more or less content-
edly for a while. But it appearing to the French trader that the
supply was diminishing alarmingly fast he, as a measure of safety, put
old Edward on a ration of two suckers a day. After a time he
reduced him to a short ration of one of those small suckers per day.
This was the closest gauge to starvation point attainable. But it
was unendurable. Said old Edward, "I begin starve. I tink of noting
but fish, fish, all the time. At night I dream about him. I wake up
and oh, my stomac' feel so bad! I go crazee. I say, I moost have
some of dem soockers or I die. I steal sly into the room where
Frenchman and squaw sleep and keep fish so I can't get him.

INCIDENTS OP PIONEER L.IFE IN UPPER PENINSULA. 335

I crawl to trough, tear out fish and eat him raw. The trader he see
me. We make fight. I try kill him, but hees squaw she help him; so
I was whip bad. But dat trader, I s'pose he 'fraid I go crazee, so in
morning he let me have plenty soockers. Den I got better and was
content. But we were most like dead mens when spring come."

SNOW SHOEING.

Snow shoeing at the present day is a fashionable amusement; and
snow shoe clubs, including ladies and gentlemen, are quite the ton in
Marquette and other northern cities. But snow shoeing in the olden
time as the only means of locomotion on the deep snows, was quite a
different thing. Under the most favorable circumstances when the
snow was packed, or crusted over, walking was a laborious effort,
although the gait was rapid and long journeys were made in a day.
But upon new fallen, or wet snow, the labor was multiplied many fold,
as the heavy shoes, sinking into the soft deposit, would Jjecome loaded
and icy, intailing exhausting and irritating fatigue. Men were often
compelled to stop and rest, and if the toes of the feet, as they were apt,
from tightening of the thongs by wet, became sore then traveling became
absolute torture. Woe to the poor fellow who, thus afflicted, had to
keep up with the more fortunate members of the party. Camp must
be reached before night unless the unhappy one chose the alternative of
laying out on the trail alone. Camps were made when the day's march
was ended, preferably in some sheltered spot, under cedar or fir trees.
The preparation consisted in scraping out the snow with snow shoes
so as to reach the ground and make room for a fire and space for
spreading the blankets of the party. Cedar or fir boughs were cut and
filled in for a bed. After a hearty supper and a pipe of " soul sooth-
ing tobacco," the sleep that followed on these extemporized beds was
sound and snoreful. Perhaps on awakening at first gleam of morning
light our travelers would find themselves buried in new-fallen snow.
Thawing out and putting on moccasins and other toggery was a tedious
task while stiffened and sore limbs offered no encouragement for further
action. But the snow-whelmed woods, with the thermometer resting at
10° to 20° below zero, was no place for laggards. Go ahead or perish
was the only alternative. Winter traveling in the northern forests had
this advantage over summer traveling. The thick underbrush and all
fallen timber were buried under the snow, so that in a level country, a
smooth, clean, park-like plain lay before you.

In the absence of beaten roads or trails, snow shoeing was the only
mode of locomotion in that new country. If you wished to visit a

336 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

neighbor, go to the post office 20 miles distant, or undertake a longer
journey, snow shoes were the only things available. The ordinary
traveler, the doctor or the missionary, used the same common means
in calls of mercy or business. The late Bishop Baraga, when a simple
priest, though past his prime, used to travel about in this way, all
through the upper peninsula, with an Indian retainer to pack his pro-
visions and blankets. Many a cold night did this zealous man of God
sleep out in the snow, freely enduring all of the hardships of the great
wilderness. The Methodist minister, Reverend Pitzel, had youth on
his side, but he was equally zealous in the cause of the Master, and
undertook long journeys to preach the gospel to isolated Cornish miners.
These two worthies often begged a night's entertainment in the
cabin of the writer. In those times, to see a strange new face was
like a benediction. For the time being, the stranger was recognized as
an angel. One time it so happened that my ghostly friends rested
with me on the same night. At the breakfast table whereat my people
numbered ten or twelve, there was an evident commotion on the ques-
tion as to which of the reverend gentlemen should say grace. My
people were all Roman Catholics, therefore I decided that Father
Baraga should ask the blessing. My Methodist friend was evidently
grieved, but to comfort him, I whispered in his ear that as I was the
only protestant sinner present, he might pray for me!

SQUATTERS.

In the early days of copper explorations there were not a few exam-
ples of heroic pioneer struggles and adventures. Many so-called
mineral locations were held for several years by squatters. Far back
from the lake in the trackless woods, on the bank of some stream, he
built his rude cabin of poles or shakes and covered it with birch
bark or cedar. During the deep snows of winter this cabin looked
like a white mound with smoke issuing from the top. A rude bed-
stead made of poles and stakes driven in the ground, and deeply cov-
ered with thick, soft, gray moss and fragrant cedar occupied one corner
of the small apartment. Some trap rocks rolled together in a circle,
in the middle of the room, formed the fire place, the smoke escaping
through a hole in the roof, or spread itself throughout the hut as it
listed, smoking the sole inmate a good bronze or ham color. In the
ashes, like a light on a vestal altar, reposed a big iron pot, always
holding a supply of simmering bean porridge. That vessel might be
regarded as the household god, — the charmed penate. In all weathers,
night or day, when the heart was sad or the stomach urgent, that black,

INCIDENTS OF PIONEER LIFE IN UPPER PENINSULA. 337

grimy pot was an unfailing source and resource of felicity. He who
sang the praises of bean-porridge hot, nine days old, unconsciously pealed
forth an anthem which remains the triumphant hymn of the backwoods-
man. A rude table of shakes and a camp-stool made of a big chip, split
from a log, with one leg in it constituted the furnishing. A well-thumbed
book or two composed the library. Current literature or even letters
from the outside world were not thought of. The larder was stored
with the resonant bean, some salt pork, flour, hard bread, tea, coffee,
sugar and salt. Thus situated, with no human companionship, no work
except cutting a little firewood, no recreations except an occasional
snow shoe tramp, this hermit of the woods spent the live-long winter,
eating and sleeping being his chief animal enjoyments. But, unless
very stupid, his social and intellectual nature would often cry out in
solemn protest, but those silent woods sent back no answer. No one
who has not been similarly situated can form any idea of the horrors
of such an isolated life. .Cowper well says of it:

" For solitude, however some may rave.
Seeming a sanctuary, proves a grave.
A sephulchre in which the living die."

COLD QUAETEES.

At Wheel Kate mountain, near Portage lake, a small party of miners
in 1846-7, passed the winter in a canvas tent. No habitation less
suitable, could be devised for that climate; nor one more uncomfortable
and unhealthy. The open fires built in front of the tent caused the
snow that covered it deeply to melt, condense into an unwholesome
vapor and, when the temperature fell at night, congealed into ice. In
the course of time these miners found themselves living in an ice cave
not unlike that of an Esquimau.

One of these miners was severely injured in the head by a premature
blast, in fact his eye was torn out so that it lay exposed upon his
cheek. The nearest surgeon was fifty miles distant, and this poor
wounded wretch had to walk that long distance through the cold and
snow to obtain relief. He stopped with the writer over night, enroute.

A PEEILOUS ADVENTURE.

A party from Ontonagon going to visit Eagle River, a distance of about
80 miles, to avoid the more difficult trail through the woods undertook
the journey on the ice. which at that time covered Lake Superior. All
went well until they came to some high perpendicular sandstone cliffs west
of Grand Portage. Suddenly to their horror, the ice parted at the cliffs
43

338 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

and began to move bodily out into the lake with them on it. They
leaped over the rapidly widening crack and clung desperately to the
shelving ice adhering to the cliffs. The fissure widened, and presently
became a cold, dark stream. This on one side of them, the frowning
rocks on the other. To scale those slippery precipitous heights became
now a stern necessity. Their lives depended upon the success of their
undertaking it. There was no other way out. Fortunately they had
hatchets; with these, with infinite toil, they cut steps in the face of
the cliffs and finally worked their way to the summit. After that
experience they stuck to the woods.

PERILOUS NAVIGATION.

One dreamy October day in the year 1846, when the Indian summer
was in full glory, the writer sailed in his Mackinaw boat down the
shore of the great lake from Ontonagon eastward. A brisk southwest
wind filled his sails and he sped along the coast rapidly, the while
admiring the autumn-tinted woods banked up on the south — a world of
brilliant foliage, without a single break in the continuous outline.
Late in the afternoon the dreaded sandstone cliffs were reached. They
presented a solid wall to the water, excepting where here and there a
little stream poured over in a cascade. Now and then were seen short
beaches where a boat could rest during calm weather. But the whole
line of rocks for six or seven miles, constituted what is termed an iron-
bound coast. Woe to the vessel that should be driven upon them in a
storm; nothing could withstand the thundering waves which hurled the
spray to the very top of the cliffs and which, in course of time, had
shaped them into many fantastic forms, eating holes and caverns into
the very heart of them.

We had nearly reached the eastern terminus of these red rocks, and
while in sight of the long shingle beach at the Grand Portage, when
the southwest wind suddenly died away and we were becalmed.

Our men lowered the sails and took to the oars. Presently happen-
ing to look out upon the lake to the north, to our suprise and terror
we saw a mile or two distant, the bosom of the water white with foam.
The roaring wind and waves came rushing down upon us with great
velocity. Row for your lives was the quick, sharp order, as the boat
running before the gale, headed for the beach. Before the shore could
be reached the waves were rolling high, and the wind lifting the water,
covered us with spray. As the boat touched the land we all jumped
into the surf and seizing her by the gunwales carried her up bodily
beyond the reach of the raging sea. We sat down drenched and
exhausted and thanked the Lord for our narrow escape from drowning.

INCIDENTS OP PIONEER LIFE IN UPPER PENINSULA. 339

We encamped upon the high sand dunes, and all that night the
storm raged fearfully. This was a fortaste of the wild storms which
swept over Lake Superior late in the fall and winter.

GEAND PORTAGE.

This famous carrying place, well known in history, but now super-
seded by a ship canal, was two miles across, from lake to lake. The
highest point on the line was about 40 feet above water, or lake level.
We dragged our Mackinaw boat over it by main strength using wooden
rollers to move her on. We launched her into a small creek which
emptied into Portage lake. We then returned to the Lake Superior side
and packed our camp equippage on our backs to the boat. A whole
day was consumed in these operations, but in spite of fatigue, we
loaded the boat and continued on in the night many miles down
Portage lake before we went into camp.

A WET ROOSTER.

The old explorer carrying on his back only actual necessaries, took
to the woods with the confidence of an Indian, trusting that the storms
of heaven would visit him lightly. At all events he took the chances,
shelter tents and other impedimenta were out of the question. If storm
came and beat upon his head he must submit, using such philosophy
as he could command.

The writer was once exploring among the rocky ridges found in the
country south of Huron bay when, late one afternoon he heard the distant
bellowing of thunder. Interested in his work he lingered too long in
the rocky highlands. It grew dark rapidly and he hurried down to the
low land, where he had left his pack of blankets and provisions, as it
happened, under a cedar tree in a swamp. The dry cedar had been
selected as good material for a camp-fire. But by the time he got
there the storm burst upon him in all its grandeur and wetness.
He was speadily drenched to the skin. No fire could be built, no
refreshments served. So unrolling his blankets, he wrapped them
around him, as unlike a warrior taking his rest as possible, he sat him
down on the ground with his back to the -big cedar, and took in
the situation. Mem. 1. He was in for it (the swamp) for the night.
Mem. 2. The night is dark enough to be felt, whither could he go.
Mem. 3. The glare of the lightning among these trees, and the crashing
of the thunder is somewhat awful to a lone man. Mem. 4. The down-
pour" of rain is a reminder of Noah's flood. Mem. 5. The swamp water
is evidently rising and inundating his extremities. Mem. 6. What

340 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

shall be done in and for this extremity? The Dryads answer, nothing,
nothing, my saturated mortal, but sit it out till morning.

The dawn of another day did not improve the situation. A barn-
yard fowl would, under no combination of unfavorable drenching, have
looked more draggled and crest-fallen than the writer. How he felt,
"no tongue can tell," as they sometimes say on tombstones. He forti-
fied his courage with raw pork and hardtack. Then he resolved to get
out of this wilderness. The bright, sunny lake shore was only ten
miles distant. He shouldered his wet pack, which weighed somewhat
less than a ton, and started on a section line.

Poets have sung often of the glorious effects of rain upon herbage.
They talk of pearls in the grass, rubies in the hedge and diamonds
sparkling everywhere in the morning sun. Now the dense underbrush
of that obscure section line trail was literally loaded with water jewels.
Every leaf and stem was just glittering with 'em. But they were not
appreciated. Passing through these thickets evolved a continuous
shower bath. More than this, pushing through the wet brush rubbed
the moisture in. So that one became not only drenched, but parboiled,
like a red lobster. Upon reaching the lake shore, after several hours'
travel in the hot, steaming forest, the writer deliberately waded out
mto the lake and took a good honest bath without change of raiment.

EXPLORING IN THE SNOW.

John Reid, a genial, but dry Scotchman, a good surveyor and sweet
singer, and the writer, with a party of Frenchmen late in the fall of
1846, were sent to explore certain tracts of supposed mineral land
lying fifteen or twenty miles west of the mouth of Sturgeon river.
Leaving our Mackinaw in £ike bay, we took to the woods, packs on
backs, and in due time reached the tract to be examined. We built a
wigwam of hemlock boughs and established camp. For several days
Eeid and I made a diligent survey of the ground, looking in vain for
vein of mineral, or even an outcrop of trap rock. The country was level,
well wooded, doubtless good farming land, but the underlying rocks were
covered by a deep drift of sand and clay. The tract was evidently not
on the mineral range and it would be a loss of time to look for
copper there. In short, the parties who had purchased the land, on
the recommendation of certain honest explorers, had been sold.

Before we had finished our survey, as it must be done thoroughly,
so that there could be no mistake as to the value of the purcJMise,
there was a heavy snow-fall of about two feet in one night. There was
something preposterous as well as disagreable in our prospecting in the

INCIDENTS OP PIONEER LIFE IN UPPER PENINSULA. 341

snow, but the work had to be done, so that a map could be made,
complete, otherwise new suspicions would arise.

Our rude hut became a most uncomfortable abiding place. The big
fire in front of it melted the snow on it, and the water ran down
into it, soaking our beds and garments.

As soon as possible we beat a retreat. In our haste^ we did not cal-
culate time or distance and the consequence was, at night we brought
up in a dense cedar swamp, so common in that country. To move on
in the dark was impracticable. So the party camped in the snow with
only our blankets for cover. During the night a thaw came on, and
in the morning we found ourselves saturated with melting snow. Before
moving, the blankets had to be dried before a huge fire of dry cedar
trees; they could not be packed wet. At noon we again set out for
the boat; walking in the sloshy snow was difficult and exhausting.
In a short time the writer gave out and fell behind. His heavy, wet
cowhide boots had chafed his ankles to that degree that walking became
absolute torture. He sat down on a log and after much trouble suc-
ceeded in removing his boots. He then bound his chafed feet in silk
handkerchiefs, which he happened to have, then supplemented these
bandages with strips of his blanket cut on purpose. Throwing
his " Sacra bots" as the French say, over his shoulders, he resumed
his march, following the trail made by the party. Them he only over-
took at the boat. The Frenchmen were debating whether they should
not leave him to his fate in the woods and, but for his friend John
Reid, who combatted the utterly selfish proposition, they would have
sailed away without him.

A few hours boating brought the party to safe and comfortable quar-
ters, where they were received by the late John B. Grout, a pioneer
indeed, and one of the ablest engineers, practical explorers and geolo-
gists who ever visited the Lake Superior country and helped to build
up the extensive copper works and interests that now distinguish that
section of our wealthy State.

SOME TALL TEAMPING.

Late in the fall of 1847,. Mr. 0. C. Douglass, one of the most noted
pioneers of the Lake Superior country, assistant State geologist, explorer,
miner and capitalist, who died in London, England, and the writer,
started on an inspecting tour to the Ontonagon district. We took a
birch bark canoe at the head of Torch lake, where the great Calumet
copper mills now stand, and paddled down that lake through the con-
necting river into Portage lake, down that lake and river of the same

342 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

name into Keweenaw bay, thence up that beautiful sheet of water to
the Catholic mission. Here we hauled our canoe out and hid her in
the bush. Shouldering our packs we took to the woods. It was now
about sundown but we followed an old trail through the pines and
we hoped that the full moon would help us to find our way. We
marched slowly and with some difficulty, keeping the trail in the
obscure light, but a"bout midnight we reached a clearing with two log
houses reposing in the moonlight. A deep hush and stillness brooded
over the place. Except ourselves there was not a living soul near.
The place was utterly deserted. Finding the door of the principal
house locked we pried open a window and burglariously obtained
entrance. We found a large room swept and garnished, with a good
cook stove, table, chairs and a nice wide bed neatly made up and ready
for occupancy. We found candles, struck a light, built a fire in the
stove and proceeded to cook supper, ample material for which we found
in the store room. We enjoyed our supper thoroughly and went to
bed with no compunction as to our burglarious proceedings.

This we set down as an abandoned location. We founci that con-
siderable mining for copper had been done here. A trap knob, stand-
ing out in an otherwise level country was the foundation of the mine.
Of course it was a mistake. A little geological knowledge would
have prevented the undertaking at first. This knob was far removed
from the mineral range. But at that early day miners groped much in
the dark. Much money was expended uselessly from want of knowl-
edge and experience.

This property had evidently been recently abandoned without the
removal of furniture, tools and supplies. It was left to rot or be
stolen as the case might be. Many another mining enterprise has
shared a similar fate since that day.

After carefully washing the dishes and closing the window, we
resumed our march. We traveled all day leisurely, through a pleasant
wooded country enjoying the perfect October day. The fallen leaves
formed a soft footing for our moccasins. But we paid the penalty of
our dilatoriousness; at night we brought up in the inevitable cedar
swamp, failing to reach our destination, the Douglass mine. We lay
down by our fire, but about midnight, the north wind began to sigh
in the trees and the snow to fall. In the morning we were covered
deeply with the "beautiful" but we shook it off and started on. We
reached the mine within ten minutes — all night so near and yet so far.

We tarried two days at the mine and at daylight of the third day
we began our return march. There was no time to loose; winter was

INCIDENTS OF PIONEER LIFE IN UPPER PENINSULA. 343

near and we had much to do. We took to a section or town line,
which led directly east to the mission, 35 miles distant; there was no
trail. We started out on a dog trot and kept it up all day. Reaching
Sturgeon river, we built a raft of cedar logs and ferried across. On
again, first one leading, then the other, for the blazed line was at times
difficult to keep. Some time after dark we would hear the welcome
sound of barking dogs and presently we came to the Indian village.
We secured comfortable quarters with a white friend. We went to bed
in due time, but the writer found that he could not sleep. The long
rapid march had strained the muscles and tendons of his legs to such
a degree that his limbs seemed on fire. He arose, sought the smooth
sand beach on the bay shore and walked for an hour, thus gradually
soothing his overtaxed members.

Next day with canbe and on shore, we accomplished 53 miles,
halting for the night at Eagle River. That night it was decided that
we would leave the country. The last boat of the season was soon to
sail from Copper Harbor. Time short! Pressing! The writer found
it necessary to retrace his steps a distance of 16 miles. He started at
3 p. m. and trotted the whole distance on a trail in the wet snow, in
moccasins, up hills and down. He slept in an abandoned cabin over
night, without fire or blankets and wrapped in some filthy cast-off
mining clothes. At daylight next morning he returned to Eagle River,
took breakfast there and loading all of his worldly effects on his back,
he started for Eagle Harbor. There he learned that the stamboat Julia
Palmer had sailed from Copper Harbor but would touch at Lac La Belle
on the opposite side of the point. By another strong pull he might
catch this forlorn hope vessel. Away over the range he went, follow-
ing obscure trails, and bruising his feet on the sharp rocks. To his
infinite joy about sunset, mounting a high knob, he beheld far off and
below him, the Julia Palmer lying quietly in the offing.

The next morning we sailed away toward the Sault on her; 100 or
more happy men, who had been buried in the northern wilderness for
two years, for the most part rich only in experience.

MINE SPECULATIONS.

In these days of rapid transit, telegraphs and telephones, a retro-
spective view of primitive times in the mines, as far back as 1846
occasions many curious reflections. Mining stocks were even then held
as valuable chattels. So whenever an important discovery of mineral
in some new lode or working mine was made, there was apt to be a
great stir among interested parties. If possible, the discovery was kept

344 ANNUAL, MEETING, 1890.

a profound secret by the local management, from not only the resi-
dents of the district but from mine owners in Boston, New York and
Detroit. Mining stocks were considered as being of more importance
than the mine itself, for a boom in stocks put money in the purse
while the slow waiting for profits from the actual output of the mine
might never be realized. Mine work in those early days was in a
great measure tentative. It was an " infant industry" without the back-
ing of a protective tariff. After the lapse of nearly fifty years, with
most successful results, it is still recognized as an " infant industry"
supported by a high tariff. As before stated, keeping a discovery a
dark secret, the minds of the few enlightened ones were scheming how
to reach the stockholders in the remote east. There was no other way
but by personal visitation. So some trusty member of the party in the
conspiracy was chosen for that purpose. In the dark hours of night
he prepared his outfit, and accompanied by one follower, he departed
before daybreak, seeking the land of civilization on his snow-shoes.
At least 300 miles of wilderness had to be traversed before a railroad
could be reached. Severe cold and deep snows could not dampen his
ardor. Vision of untold wealth, the fruition of successful stock specula-
tions, lured him on and on. If first in the market he generally made
a good thing of it. He was perfectly willing to make money out of
his dearest friend. Sentiment does not generally bother stock specula-
tors. All is fair in war.

But there are reverses in war under the best generals. The clandes-
tine way in which our speculator left the mine where every one is
known and where one is speedily missed, excited suspicion and inquiry.
The truth was soon known. A second party took to the woods by
another route and out-traveled our speculator, thus forestalling
the market. When he, in a leisurely way entered Detroit, great was
his surprise to find himself circumvented, and one dare not even con-
template his profanity as he met the well-known individual whom he
had left at his desk at the mine. But the whole affair wais regarded
as a good joke in mining circles.

The more legitimate and praiseworthy business of entering lands at
the government office was, in those early days, a serious matter. The
land office was at the extreme end of the mineral district, in fact far
beyond it and business centers at Sault Ste. Marie. This place was
several hundred miles distant from the copper mines. To reach it the
traveler had to follow for the most part the winding shores of Lake
Superior, with limitless ice on one hand and a trackless, snow-whelmed
forest on the other. Yet this long, tedious and dangerous journey had

CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION OF 1850. 345

to be undertaken by the man who wished to secure 160 acres of land.

It goes without saying that our common country owes much to the
hardihood and bravery of our pioneers all along the line. But his day
is passed. Perhaps in the " better civilization " now prevailing, he will
not be missed. Yet a philosopher may well question whether this new
civilization will breed better men, more true, patriotic and self-sacrificing
than those who have passed, or are passing off the stage of human
activity.

We call the roll of the venerable silver-haired men and women who
used to sanctify, by their presence, these annual pioneer meetings and
how few there be who answer to their names!

REMINISCENCES OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION

OF 1850.

BY HON. ELIAS S. WOODMAN.

In pursuance of the act, approved March 9, 1850 providing "for
the time, place and manner of holding the convention to revise the
constitution" the delegates assembled at the capitol June 3, 1850. The
Hon. Chas. H. Taylor, Secretary of State appeared in the hall of the
House of Representatives and proceeded to call the list of delegates.
Out of the one hundred delegates elected to the convention, all were
present and answered to their names except John B. Graham of Hills-
dale, Cyrus Lovell of Ionia, Ebenezer Daniels of Lenawee, Hiram
Hathaway of Macomb, Lorenzo W. Mason and Reuben B. Dimond of
St. Clair and James M. Edmunds of Washtenaw. The Hon Isaac E.
Crary of Calhoun was appointed president pro tern. D. P. Bushnell
of Wayne was appointed secretary pro tern, and Diodade Hubbard of
Oakland sergeant-at-arms pro tern. When on motion of James Kingsley
of Washtenaw the convention proceeded to the election of a president,
which resulted in the choice of Daniel Goodwin of Wayne, who received
seventy-five votes. John Swegles, Jr., was appointed secretary of the
convention. Horace S. Koberts and Chas. Hascall assistant secretaries.
Daniel Hubbard sergeant-at-arms. Edwin C. Merrifield doorkeeper.
On motion of Robert McClelland, standing committees were appointed
44

346 ANNUAL MEETING, 1880.

as follows: Seven on the bill of rights; five on the election franchise;
five on the division of the powers of government; nine on the legisla-
tive department; nine on the executive department; nine on the judi-
ciary department; five on State officers except executive; seven on county
officers and county government; seven on town ship officers and the gov-
ernment of townships; five on the organization and government of cities
and villages; five on impeachment and removals from office; seven on
the militia; nine on education; nine on finance and taxation; nine on
banking and corporations other than municipal; seven on salaries; five
on seat of government; seven on exemptions real and personal and the
rights of married women; seven on the punishment of crimes; seven on
miscellaneous provisions; five on the mode of amending and revising
the constitution; seven on Ihe schedule; eleven on the arrangement and
phraseology of the constitution.

By reference to the journal or the debates it will be seen how these
committees were divided up among the members. I will mention the
chairmen of several of the committees: Executive department, Chief
Justice, Chas. Whipple; legislative department, Robert McClelland;
judicial department, Isaac E. Crary; township officers; Chas. P. Bush;
education, DeWitt C. Walker; finance and taxation, Calvin Britain; seat
of government, James Kingsley ; exemption and rights of married women,
Rev. J. D. Pierce; punishment of crimes, B. F. H. Witherell. It will
be remembered that the government of this State at the time of the
assembling of this convention was under the control of the democratic
party, John S. Barry being the Executive of the State and he spent
much of his time in Lansing during the session of the convention.

On the second day of the session Judge Witherell introduced the
following resolution:

Resolved, That his Excellency be invited by the President to take a seat within
the bar of the convention during its session.

The Governor availed himself of the invitation until August the 5th,
when W. F. Storey of Jackson, offered the following:

Resolved, That the resolution adopted by this convention on the 4th day of June
last by which the Governor of the State was invited to take a seat within the bar
of the convention during its sittings be and the same is hereby rescinded.

If any member of our society present is anxious to read the com-
ments of members pro and con on this resolution I »efer them to the
debates, where it will be found that only one member favored the
resolution, to wit; Wm. Norman McLeod. The resolution, after a brief
debate, was laid on the table, where it remained some days. The Gov-

CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION OP 1850. 347

ernor, in the meantime, refusing a seat within the bar. I was not
present when the resolution was offered, but on my return finding by
the journal what had taken place in my absence, on my motion
the resolution of Mr. Storey was taken from the table and
indefinitely postponed. It is proper to state that by this act of mine
I incurred the everlasting displeasure of Messrs. Storey and McLeod.
While Storey and McLeod charged the Executive of the State and
other State officers with attempting to influence members of the con-
vention, it was the almost unanimous opinion of the convention that
the charges were false and malicious. As I purpose in this article to
be brief and give only some reminiscences of that convention, I take
the liberty to refer once more to Governor Barry, whose political his-
tory and integrity is too well known to require any defense by me on
this occasion. The Legislature had omitted to make any provision for
the payment of postage of the members of the convention. After
various propositions the Governor came to our relief by saying there
was five hundred dollars in the treasury appropriated by the Legisla-
ture to pay his private secretary, but he had done his own business
without a secretary, and that he would draw his order for the five
hundred dollars to be used to pay the postage of the members of the
convention. This he did, and this sum and the amount for which the
Governor sold the grass in the capitol yard paid our postage and left
a fraction to go into the State treasury. While President Goodwin
was an eminent jurist and every way a gentlemen, he should not have
been selected, as president of the convention; but the experience of
such men as McClelland, Crary, Hanscom, J. D. Pierce, and
several others I might mention, preeminently qualified them as parlia-
mentarians to have discharged the duties of presiding officer in a more
speedy and satisfactory manner. Again, J . D. Pierce or Isaac E. Crary
should have been chairman 01 the committee on education, as the
debates will show. I say this with due deference to D. C. Walker,
for whom I have the highest respect. Early in the session a discussion
arose as to the employment of a chaplain to open our sessions with
prayer. Various and conflicting opinions were expressed by the members,
but it was plainly evident that a majority of the convention were
opposed to paying a chaplain from the public treasury. The question
was settled by a resolution inviting the resident clergy to officiate
alternately to open the sessions with prayer, and receive no compen-
sation except such as the members might see fit to donate.

This principle was embodied in section 24 of the legislative article of
the constitution which reads as follows: " The Legislature may author-

348 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

ize the employment of a chaplain for the State Prison but no money
shall be appropriated for the payment of any religious services in
either house of the Legislature." This I am free to say received my
cordial support and I have never had cause- to regret it. Section 47 of
the legislative article, after lengthy debate was placed in the constitu-
tion where it remained for sixteen years. It rqads as follows:

" The Legislature shall not pass any act authorizing the granting
of license for the sale of ardent spirits or other intoxicating liquors."

This also received my support, and I will here add parenthetically
that I believe that if this section was now in the constitution it would
remain there as far as the people of this State are concerned, and
Michigan would be a prohibition State the same as Kansas and Iowa.
I believe it is generally conceded that if we had any talent and
ability in this State, it was represented in this constitutional conven-
tion. The bench and the bar and the pulpit certainly furnished some
of the most eminent men of the State in their several professions,
while the farmers and mechanics were equally represented in numbers
and ability according to their avocations and educational advantages.
Of the nine members from Oakland county, all were lawyers, doctors
or ministers except your humble servant who was then a farmer and
a " country pettifogger." It would be a pleasure to me had I the time
and ability to speak of the eminent service of such men as McClelland
of Monroe, Witherell, Fralick and Backus of Wayne, Orary and J. D.
Pierce of Calhoun, Hanscom and Whittemore of Oakland, Bartow and
Leach of Genesee, Lovell of Ionia, Bush of Ingham, Church of Kent,
Britian of Yan Buren, Kingsley and Edmonds of Washtenaw, Walker
of Macomb, Wells of Kalamazoo, and in fact many others whom I might
mention. But any one familiar with the debates will readily see that
these men in particular have left their impress upon the present con-
stitution of our State. To J. D Pierce, Isaac E. Crary and Ira May-
hew we are mainly indebted for our system of education and common
schools, and their names are indelibly fixed with the educational history
of this State.

While in Denver five years ago I spent some time in the office of
"the silver tongued" Geo. C. Bates, deceased. This man was too well
known by the pioneers of this convention to need an introduction
from me. I found Mr. Bates a walking encyclopedia of political
knowledge and that Michigan and her interests were then near and
dear to him. In speaking of our political men he paid a high cempliment
to his political opponents Govs. Barry, Alpheus Felch, Robert McClel-
land, Isaac E. Crary and the Rev. J. D. Pierce. In speaking of Gen.

CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION OP 1850. 349

Crary, Mr. Bates referred to Tom Corwin's speech in congress in
which he took occasion to scathe Gen. Crary in language peculiar to
Tom Corwin only, stating that the only battle Crary ever was engaged
in was the one known in Michigan as " the battle of the watermelon patch."
Mr. Bates remarked that the life and public services of Gen. Crary
would remain a monument to his memory when all that Corwin had
done or said to benefit the world was buried in oblivion. As will be
seen by the debates the principal discussions were had upon the
judiciary, legislative, educational, exemption and married women's rights
articles. The main difference on the judiciary article was in relation
to the establishment of an independent supreme court. A compromise
was' reached by which the Legislature was empowered with authority to
establish an independent supreme court which they in their wisdom
have done. McClelland, chairman of the legislative department, carried
his report through with very few important changes although consid-
erable discussion took place on some of its provisions. The committee
on education reported in favor of free schools, but the method of rais-
ing the tax for the support of the schools, whether by district, township,
county or State, had its advocates, but free schools were provided for.
The committee on exemptions and married women's rights, reported
through their chairman adversely to a homestead exemption but the chair-
man (Rev. J. D. Pierce) subsequently presented a minority report,
which report was presented to the convention and substituted for the
majority report after a lengthy and interesting discussion on the prin-
ciples of exemption, and it now forms Art 16 of the constitution of
this State.

It is probably well known to most of the pioneers of the State that
"Father Pierce" was styled while living the "father of exemptions;"
he having introduced and got passed in the Legislature in Detroit a
bill to exempt a team from execution; but in order to do this the value
of the team was limited to eighty dollars. This caused the eccentric
McLeod to call the bill "Pierce's Pony Bill." A slight opposition
arose in the convention against locating the capital permanently in
Lansing. The principal objection (as will be seen by the debates) to
its remaining in Lansing was "that the mosquitos wer<e too large and
presented their bills too often." It is proper to say that this beautiful
city then contained but a few hundred inhabitants and difficult of access,
the nearest railroad station being Jackson. These sidewalks were
then covered with brush and log heaps; churches were like angels'
visits "few and far between" and cow bells were more numerous far
than church bells. The "Benton House" kept by Wm. Hinman (now

350 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

a resident of this city) the "Lansing house" and the "Seymour
House" were the hotels. These with a few private boarding houses
did all they could to accommodate the delegates and make our stay
pleasant. I say for one I found genuine hospitality and kind treat-
ment from the people of Lansing. Its principal men then were Chas.
P. Bush, E. Danforth, John Thomas, Wm. Hinman, with several others
equally entitled to notice whose names I cannot recall. A separate
resolution was submitted with the constitution to the people for their
adoption or rejection with the constitution in relation to Negro suf-
frage. While the constitution was adopted by a large majority the reso-
lution was defeated receiving but a few thousand votes. And we also
made provision for an agricultural college and a juvenile house of
correction. Fellow pioneers, I have adverted to the constitutional
convention of 1850. Most that I have said is from memory. I have
aimed not to be invidious by the omitting of any names who were
equally entitled to notice as well as those whose names appear in this
article. I believe one and all of the one hundred men who constituted
that convention were actuated by no other motives than those of pat-
riotism and fidelity to their constituents. I am satisfied that not to
exceed twenty-five per cent of our number survive the "pale nation of
the dead." The rest have been "gathered to their fathers" with a
goodly name stamped upon their useful lives. And now that they have
passed away from earth to dwell in heavenly scenes, peace to their
revered ashes, and may their bright exemplars of the past long serve
as beacons of light to their numerous descendants and namesakes!
May their virtuous doings upon earth ever be held in sacred memory.
Their spirits may be hovering over us. Be it so and may we confi-
dently and joyfully anticipate a blest reunion in the spirit world, and may
we each and all exclaim in the language of the poet Bryant:

" So live, that when thy summons comes, to join
The innumerable caravan that moves
To the pale realms of shade, wher§ each shall take
His chamber in the silent halls of death,
Thou go, not like the quarry-slave at night
Scourged to his dungeon, but sustained and soothed
By an unfaltering trust, approach thy grave,
Like one who wraps the drapery of his couch
About him, and lies down to pleasant dreams!"

PRESIDENT AND OTHER OFFICERS AND MEMBERS. 351

THE PRESIDENT

AND SOME OF THE OTHER OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF THE
MICHIGAN PIONEER AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

BY JUDGE ALBEET MILLER, AND BEAD BY BEV. B. C. CBAWFOBD.

A new list of presidents has begun

In the person of Orrin Poppleton;

One of Oakland county's pioneers,

Where he's lived for five and sixty years.

He has resided there, as boy, and man,

A highly honored citizen.

It is now about eight years,

Since with us he first appears;

Since that time, his presence here,

Doth our annual meetings cheer.

He is young, as by his looks you'll see,

(For he is only seventy-three. )

But his best friends now have no fear,

In reference to his future career;

For his judgment's clear, his habits good,

And it is now well understood

That his habit of industry appears

To grow on him, with passing years.

When he attends our annual meetings,

He receives from pioneers kind greetings.

Though some are deaf, his voice is so clear

That when he speaks they all can hear,

And of great interest are all his speeches,

For to early days his memory reaches;

And in his written contributions,

Of mooted points he gives solutions.

His memorial report of pioneers,

Which he prepares with passing years,

Is a record of much worth

To generations coming forth.

Since our president he has been,

352 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

His interest in our work is seen

In the programme for this meeting, ,

Which is with former ones competing.

An active member he has been,

Since on our list his name was seen;

And he is doing what he can,

To show the fame of Michigan.

May he for years continue on

In this good work he has begun.

If words of praise are due to any,

They should be said of Mrs. Tenney;

For since our work was first begun,

That part of it that she has done,

No amount of money could procure;

Naught but deep interest could secure.

She is our recording secretary,

And the responsibility she doth carry,

Of preserving all the facts,

By recording our resolves and acts;

Some of the older pioneers,

Now are troubled with dull ears,

Are slow of hearing, and of comprehension,

But to such, she pays attention,

And always makes them understand

The business that is then in hand.

When the committees are called to work,

They all respond, none care to shirk,

While for the people they're employed,

(Their work by them to be enjoyed,)

Then this great and generous State,

Has always paid for what they ate.

When the bills for expenses are all made,

Then she sees that they are paid,

When gifts for the society she receives,

She places them in our archives;

After what's published in our books,

With the greatest care she always looks,

And the original documents are laid

Where reference to them can be made.

Though she has the recording all in charge,

Her correspondence is very large;

PRESIDENT AND OTHER OFFICERS AND MEMBERS. 353

If information is desired by any

They always write to Mrs. Tenney.

She, with other societies, our books exchanges,

And those received, with care arranges;

She arranges for our annual meetings,

And to those who come, she gives kind greetings,

And in her annual reports, appear

The proceedings of the former year.

Now the work she's doing on these books,

(Into which for a guide, the historian looks),

Will show great value when she's dead,

But now it does not buy her bread.

Our Secretary, George H. Greene,

Is as good a man as need be seen;

There are now about six hundred names

That each from him attention claims,

To notify them of these meetings,
Where pioneers exchange their greetings.
Before the committees for work convene,
A card from him is always seen;
That notifies each one to appear,
And do the work that awaits them here.
With contributors he corresponds,
And in other ways his influence lends,
By exercising judgment great,
In gathering history of the State.
Of the memorial reports, he has the care,
And for their publication doth prepare.
Each county's being in its place,
Where those concerned can the record trace;
He was born upon Wayne county's sod,
For which, just now, he thanks his God.
For no better native State, has man,
Than this, our noble Michigan.
And there's our friend, Van Buren, A. D. P.
A voluminous writer now is he;
Three hundred pages, in our books,
That may be seen, if the reader looks,
That were all written by his hand,
Telling of early Michigan.
Of our noble University,
45

354 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

He has written a history,

Telling of its branches, eight,

Before they did consolidate.

In writing biographical sketches,

A great way back his memory stretches.

And to our notice, now he brings

Some sad, but many funny things,

And if the reader now doth seek,

The history of Battle Creek,

And likes to read pen pictures rare,

Of the early pioneer,

That record now, may all he found

In the fifth volume, that was bound.

You'll read that volume now with care

For much he's written, you'll find there.

He tells us something of their food,

Although 'twas course, it tasted good;

And of a curious chicken pie,

Some parts of which could yelp and fly.

He tells of frolics, long ago,

To let this generation know,

That although hardships were endured,

Great pleasures also, were secured.

He tells of churches and of preachers;

And of early temperance teachers;

And as the question he discusses,

Some noble names he introduces,

Who inaugurate the movement,

Which makes in morals, great improvement.

He tells of patriotism great,

When July the fourth, came one day late;

But then, they had a celebration,

To note the birthday of the nation;

In fact his writings now do show

The very things we wish to know,

The manners, customs, hopes and fears,

And methods of early pioneers.

Then John H. Forster, has much to say

About the Upper Peninsula,

That dreary land of rock and ice,

Which pioneers ne'er thought was nice;

PRESIDENT AND OTHER OFFICERS AND MEMBERS. 355

Who, when they found they must exchange

For it, that pleasant southern grange,

(For which in the Toledo war, they fought,

And all their bloodshed came to nought),

Grumbled about the costly rate,

They had to pay to be a state.

His writings do, the disclosure make,

That the pioneers made a mistake

In their estimation of that land;

For its worth, they could not understand.

Mr. Forster's a civil engineer,

And now his writings make it clear,

That for timber and to cultivate,

Some portions are of value great;

That the mineral wealth, that is in that ground,

Is the greatest that can now be found;

There's iron, copper, silver, gold,

Its value now, cannot be told.

If all the wealth, that's in that ground;

Could on the surface now be found;

(Although its value is so great),

'T would buy the balance of the State.

His biographical sketch, found here,

Of that most honored pioneer,

John Mullett (quite well known of old),

In which his life work, he has told,,

Is read with great interest, very,

By those, who with him, were contemporary.

Of interest great, are all his writings,

And we want more of his inditings,

To tell us of that country north,

Which proves to be of such great worth.

By this record you will see,

He's 011 the historic committee,

Its duties, he is now to share,

With others who have long been there.

He represented on the Senate's floor,

That district which he did explore,

And its features he now portrays,

As they were in those early days.

No better service can be offered,

356 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

Than that of Eeverend R. C. Crawford;

His addresses to the Throne of Grace,

Are appropriate for the time and place.

And when his voice in song is heard,

The patriotic soul is stirred,

By a desire in every man,

To hail with joy, " My Michigan."

He is a pioneer of old,

And many stories has he told,

Of pioneers and of their ways,

When he was in his boyhoods days.

The graphic picture of the ways

That he pursued, in early days,

Brings to our mind, the long time since,

When we had the same experience.

Like trouble on the Pontiac road,

In hauling through the mud, a load,

Was known to almost every man,

That settled in northern Michigan;

At mother Handsome' s little inn

A great many times, we too have been.

The content he had in the loghouse home,

Was enjoyed by others who had come

To Michigan, to spend their days,

In industry and virtue's ways.

His pleasant ways, and voice so clear,

Doth all our meetings greatly cheer.

His contributions of poetry,

(And more of them we ought to see),

Are adjudged to be the very best,

With which our volumes now are blessed.

Such talent for writing and singing songs,

To no other in our set belongs.

None his equal yet appears,

For entertaining pioneers.

His reading is so good, you see,

That this doggerel sounds like poetry.

With his twin cousin, Poppleton,

May he for years, continue on.

May they, at many annual meetings,

Receive from pioneers, kind greetings.

PUBLIC SERVICES OP SANFORD M. GREEN. 357

And may their pleasant voices cheer,

All that shall then be gathered here.

These tedious lines, to a close I'll bring 'em

After mentioning S. D. Bingham.

He is not the oldest pioneer,

But he is very useful here.

While living here, upon the ground,

When he is sought, he's always found.

If for the society a favor is wanted,

When he applies, it's always granted.

When our annual meetings here convene,

In our midst he's always seen.

If what is said, or read, needs a response

He is on his feet at once,

And the right thing will always say,

Be the subject what it may;

The society's business he well knows,

And all its details can disclose.

He's on the committee executive,

And much good service he does give.

With' him, and others who are here,

Now the oldest pioneer

Can leave the work that's to be done

When to his rest he passes on.

THE PUBLIC SERVICES OF HON. SANFORD M. GREEN.

BY THOMAS A. E. WEADOOK, OF BAY CITY.

It is an old and charitable proverb, "Say nothing but good of the
dead," and in our day it is interpreted, "Say good things only of the
dead;" criticise and abuse the living. The writer wholly dissents from
the latter idea, and believes we should speak well of the living who
deserve praise, while they are with us to listen.

The subject of this paper is still at his work. With a sound body
and an active mind, at the age of eighty-three teaching by his example
that honest work and a pure life make the perfect man.

It is not the intention to go into biographical details, for after all
the question is what has a man done, or tried to do; but what differ-

358 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

ence had his life made in the lives of his fellows, or the history of
his country. The man lives in his work.

The offices Judge Green has held since he came into the State in
1837 range from collector of a school district to circuit judge and
judge of the supreme court. He was elected justice of the peace, and
later was appointed by the associate judges of the circuit court pros-
ecuting attorney for Shiawassee county. He held that office while he
remained in Shiawassee — five years. In 1842 he was electd to the State
senate. The 6th senatorial district then consisted of Oakland county
and all north of it. The State was divided into eight senatorial dis-
tricts. He served four years in the senate. There were four senators
elected in each district for two years, and the members of the house
were elected for one year. In the winter of 1842--3 he was a member
of the judiciary committee of which William L. Greenly was chairman,
he was chairman of the committee on State library, also on the commit-
tee on State University and school lands, and during that session there
was no particular matter before the Legislature of any very great
importance that he now recollects. Just the ordinary legislation. In
1844 the senate met Monday, January 1, at the capitol in Detroit, and
sat till March 11. He was chairman of the judiciary committee, and
as chairman of that committee reported, among other things, a bill to
provide for the appointment of one commissioner to act with the chan-
cellor, who was then Judge Manning, to prepare a revision of the
statutes of Michigan. The Legislature of 1846 met January 5, 1846 at
Detroit, and Judge Green was appointed to serve on the joint commit-
tee on revision of the statutes. He also served on conference on titles
3, 5, 6, 7 and 10, also titles 18, 22, 25,. 26, 27, 28 and 30. In this
session he was a colleague of Hon. William M. Fenton, 6th district,
and in addition to the work mentioned he served on the committee
on judiciary, also on State affairs and printing and supplies.

There was one revision before that, but it was very unsatisfactory.
It was called Fletcher's Code, published in 1835 or 1836. Fletcher
was appointed a commissioner to revise the statutes during the first
session of the Legislature after the State was admitted. The bill which
Judge Green reported provided for the appointment by the Governor of
such commissioner. It passed the senate, went to the house, and then
the question as to who should be the commissioner began to be
discussed among the senators, and he was told one day by one of the
senators, a friend of his, that he must prepare that revision. He
said, " No, sir, I cannot act; I am not eligible. Besides I do not
want the responsibility. We have had one revision, and it ruined the

PUBLIC SERVICES OF SANFORD M. GREEN. 359

man that made it." He says " You have got to do it." Says he, " I
am not eligible. A member of tho Legislature cannot perform the
duties of an office created during its session or by the same Legisla-
ture." Well, the question then arose whether that could be changed.
That provision only applied to appointments by the Governor, and the
idea was suggested of conferring the power of appointment upon the
chancellor and judges of the supreme court, and that change was
procured to be made, so that members of either house would be
eligible for the appointment by that appointing power. And the result
was that every senator, but two, without any solicitation on his part
signed a request that he should be appointed and he was appointed.
He was to report to the Legislature, at the session of 1846, which gave
about eighteen months for the revision. His first term had expired of
course, and he was out of the session of 1845 but was elected again in
1845 for 1846-7, and served during those years. He was chairman of
the judiciary committee during those two sessions. January 25, 1844,
Senator Green, from the committee on judiciary reported a bill to
provide for consolidating and revising the general laws of the State of
Michigan. It was read twice, laid on the table and ordered printed.
January 31, he reported it to committee of the whole. The bill, on
motion of Senator Green, was given effect from and after its passage,
and as amended it was read a third time and passed by a vote of 10
to 5. On February 23, the house concurred with amendments. On
February 27, the senate concurred in the house amendments. Febru-
ary 28, the house concurred in the senate amendments. March 1, the
bill was signed and presented to Governor John S. Barry who signed
it March 2, 1844,

He made the report to the Legislature, and it was acted upon in
1846.

The revision was a quarto consisting of 1023 pp., 32 titles, 172
chapters, and the title page was:

Proposed Revision

of the
General Statutes

of the

State of Michigan.
As reported to the Legislature
At its annual session in 1846

By
Sanford M. Green,

Commissioner of Revision.

Detroit,
Bagg & Harmon, Printers to the State.

360 ANNUAL. MEETING, 1890.

He moved to Pontiac the spring after his first term commenced.
After having served one winter in the Legislature, he made an arrange-
ment to go to Pontiac and became a partner there with Lieut. Gov.
Richardson. It was in 1843 when he moved from Owosso to Pontiac.
He lived in Owosso from 1837 to 1843.

There were several very important matters legislated upon during the
time of his service in the Legislature. The two principal lines of rail-
road which were projected and partly built by the State were disposed
of. The Michigan Central and the Michigan Southern were incoporated
and those companies purchased the central and south roads respectively.
In 1847 the capital was removed from Detroit to Lansing. Under the
provision of the revised statutes, an injunction master was to be desig-
nated in each circuit and he was appointed injunction master in the
fourth circuit, and served until the spring of 1848, when he was
appointed to the bench by Gov. Hansom and assigned to the fourth
circuit, to fill a vacancy. It occurred in this way: Judge Ransom
was chief justice and resided at Kalamazoo and had a circuit there;
Judge Wing, Judge Whipple and Judge Miles were the other judges.
Judge Whipple resided in Pontiac. The Governor delayed the appoint-
ment until March during which time it was understood that a new cir-
cuit should be created, which was done- and Judge Mundy, who had
been a candidate to fill the vacancy, was appointed and assigned to the
fourth circuit. He did not apply for the office nor take any steps to
secure the appointment, but his friends persuaded the Governor that it
was best to appoint him and he did so. From 1848 to 1852 the five
judges performed all the duties of circuit judges and judges of the
supreme court in the entire State. At one time there were but three.
About 1840 Judge Whipple was appointed and a new circuit created,
and that fourth circuit embraced all the northern part of the State.

He served as judge of the supreme court under the old constitution
until the new one took effect in 1851, and then the judges were elect-
ive. The election was in April 1851, He had already served from
1848 to 1851, and he had assumed that entire independence which
has always characterized him. He would not be under any obligation
to any member of the bar or to any body else. He would not have
any member of the bar feel that he had any hold upon him whatever.
But there was an attempt .to make him feel that he was under obliga-
tion to some parties who claimed to have been instrumental in procur-
ing his nomination. There was a former senator who resided in Oak-
land county. He was in the senate at the time when Green was there,
or a portion of the time. He happened to have a suit pending in the

PUBLIC SERVICES OF SANFORD M. GREEN. 361

Oakland circuit and he deemed it necessary to have an adjournment,
and his attorney made application and a proper showing and Judge
Green granted the application on the usual terms of payment of costs,
but the court required that as a condition, and he was very highly
offended. He thought that the Judge ought to have remembered his
services and excused him from paying costs. He very soon heard
that this gentleman was very much offended, but he replied that he
could not help it, nor could he consider any man his friend who would
desire favor in any official capacity that he held whatever. If he
felt that way he wished him to understand distinctly that he was
perfectly independent. He had not sought the office and did not care
to hold it for a day, but while he did hold it he should act independ-
ent and treat all suitors alike. Well, as the time for making a nomi-
nation for the next term approached — that was in 1851, the judge was
applied to by one or two of the leading members of the bar and asked
whether he desired the nomination. He said inasmuch as he was act-
ing in that capacity for the last three years he was willing to continue if
the convention should think it best to nominate him, and should he be
elected he would serve another term. It was said to him, now if .you
wish, your friends will go to work and get up a delegation for you, and
two prominent lawyers of that circuit, youngerly men, and personal friends
proposed that if he only said so, they would go to work and secure a
delegation favorable to his nomination. He said " Gentlemen, I cannot
say that. I want you to do just exactly as you think is best; take just
that course that you think will best subserve the public interest."
Gov. Richardson was exceedingly anxious for the nomination, he wanted
to occupy that position, but the members of the bar generally and the
people did not want him. But there was this disaffected man down in
Troy, and he and these others gave their influence and worked for
Gov. Richardson, and got up a delegation for him and when they had
their convention there were twelve delegates from Oakland county, and
twelve from the other portions of the circuit, and they were some
24. to 36 consecutive hours in making a nomination. They stood 12 to
12. No one could get a majority. But there were some three or four
active men residing in Pontiac who were about the convention, and
who determined that Mr Richardson should not be nominated. After
fighting it out in that way for so long a time, they finally persuaded
one of Richardson's delegation to cast one vote for the other man.
They had been scattering around, and they got him to agree to that,
and then they had their forces all trained so that on the next ballot
Copeland got 13 votes. The result was Judge Copeland was nominated
46

362 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

and elected. Mr. John Goodrich was a young attorney living in Gen-
esee county at the time, who had lived in Pontiac and practiced there
a considerable time, and when he was elected in the seventh or Gene-
see circuit, he died before his term commenced. Very soon after this
death Judge Green was approached upon the subject of being a candi-
date there. There were some very strong men there, Fenton, Haskell
of Flint, and a good many others there who knew his reputation as a
judge, and there was no one in the circuit whom the democrats wanted
to nominate. He said to them that he should not seek the office for
he didn't want it, but if they thought proper to nominate and should
elect him he would serve in that circuit. The result was that he was
elected there in 1851. The term commenced in 1852. After the first
year Judge Oopeland's health rather failed, and he talked of resigning.
He was connected with a large lumber business in the Saginaw
valley, and they had large interests, and was understood to be very
well off, financially, and in conversation one day about it he said he
would like very well if he could retain his seat on the supreme bench
and have no circuit duties to perform, but he didn't feel able to per-
form the duties of circuit judge in his circuit, and the duties of judge
of the supreme court at the same time. Judge Green said to him
" You hold on and perform your duties as judge of the supreme court,
take care of your Oakland county circuit courts and divide your salary
with me and I will perform the duties in all your other counties." They
entered into such an arrangement and he paid him $500 for performing
the duties in his circuit out of his salary of $1,500. So for about five
years he was earning $2,000 a year, but he had to pay all his own
expenses. Under the old arrangements the judges of the supreme
court made the appointments of the circuit courts. At that time the
seventh circuit consisted of Genesee, Livingston, Shiawassee, Lapeer,
Tuscola and Midland. There were six counties in the seventh circuit.
Judge Copeland had Macomb, St. Glair, Sanilac and afterwards Huron.
As to the number of terms in all those counties, there were four in
Genesee, four in Livingston, four in Macomb, and four in St. Clair,
and in the other counties two terms each year, which made 28 terms
of the circuit court held during the period aforesaid.

Then we had four terms of the supreme court. The terms of the
supreme court were held, one in Detroit, one in Kalamazoo, one in
Pontiac, and one in Adrian. Judge Copeland had held terms one
year in his circuit, and the business had got very much behind in con-
sequence of his ill-health. After this arrangement Judge Green went
over to St. Clair to hold spring term. Arriving at the proper time

PUBLIC SERVICES OF SANFORD M. GREEN. 363

and on the morning of the day appointed he went to the room pro-
vided for the holding of courts. It was in a business block, up stairs,
sort of a hall fitted up temporarily, and at the proper hour for opening
court he found a deputy sheriff there and some people lounging around
and made inquiry of the deputy sheriff where the clerk was. " Well,
he was out somewhere around, he didn't know where." He asked him
if he would go out and find the clerk, he wanted to organize the court.
He went out, was gone sometime, and after awhile the clerk came in,
but no sheriff. He finally got the sheriff or his deputy in, and set
about to organize the court, had him make proclamation that court
was open for business. He then had the clerk call the names of
jurors. Out of the 24 there were not more than half a dozen answered
to their names. Things looked pretty squally. Making a little speech
to them, he told them he had come there for the purpose of prosecuting
public business, and those whose duty it was to be there were as much
obligated to be present and attend to their duties as the judge, and it
was his business to see that they did so, or to exercise the powers
vested in the court to enforce their attendance. The forenoon was lost
in consequence. There were some motions for continuance and as the
jurors came in he requested that they be kept there and told the
sheriff to say to the jurors as they came in that they must remain
there as they would be needed. Finally at the hour of twelve, the
usual recess, they only took an hour, as they could not spare the time,
he gave notice that the jurors were all expected to be there. And if
any absent ones were seen he wished them to be notified, and unless
they were there at the opening of court in the afternoon it would be
the duty of the court to impose a fine upon them unless they had
some good and satisfactory excuse for not being there. If they had
they better make it. In the afternoon the list was called, and there
were a few more there, but not more than half the number. He
inquired where these men lived and there were half a dozen of them
living right there in town but they did not come in; they were waiting
to be sent for. He then drew up the proper order imposing a fine upon
them, and had it entered upon the journal. This action created quite a
scare. It wasn't long before lots of men were coming in and asking to
be excused. Their excuse was that they had not been required to be in
court at all unless they were sent for. The judge could hardly credit
such a statement. But if it were true they should certainly know that
their duties required them to be there, and he imposed small fines,
and said to them that if he had occasion to impose other fines that
they would be heavier. He gare them a fair opportunity to come in

364 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

after that promptly and attend to their duties, but imposed fines on
seven or eight, and from that time had a very prompt attendance. O.
D. Conger was always in attendance upon the courts there. He resided
in Port Huron, and Conger and Mitchell were the two attorneys who
tried the most of the cases in that part of the circuit and they went
with the court from one county to the other. They used to go to
Macomb and up the shore. Mr. Conger drew a sketch of the position
of things there, these men coming up to the desk, leaning over, two
or three of them at a time, and asking to be excused and have their
fines remitted. He held courts there during that season, and the next
spring went over pretty early in the spring, and the roads were muddy.
He went across from Pontiac in a light buggy, and could not get
through the same day, and had to stop over night at a Mr. Cross' on
the Gratiot turnpike, some 12 or 15 miles from St. Clair, and gives this
account of the affair:

"Mr. Cross, the landlord, was a magistrate, and he was supervisor,
and a pretty prominent man. I did not make myself known to him at
all. Had my horse put up and had supper, and in the evening he
asked if I was going to St. Clair. I said " Yes that is my destination."
" Well," says he, " I have got to go down there. I wonder if I couldn't
ride down with you in the morning?" I said "If you do not find any
better opportunity. I have got a light horse and a light buggy and
if you find any better opportunity you better avail yourself of
it." " Well," he says, " I have got to be there by a certain time.
I have got to be there by ten o'clock promptly." He wanted to know
if I thought I should be there by ten o'clock promptly. I told him I
intended to be there before that time. I wanted to get a good start in
the morning and if no break down occurred I intended to be there,
but," says I, " Is it absolutely necessary that you should be there at that
particular time? " "Yes," says he, " I am going down to attend court, I am
summoned as a grand juror." I said " Is it necessary that you should
be so very prompt?" "O, yes," said he, " I have got to be there or I
will be fined." Says I "Judge Copeland is your circuit judge there
isn't he?" "Yes," says he, "Judge Copeland is our circuit judge, but
he. can't hold the courts. Judge Green holds the courts here now,
and," says he, "I am told that if a juror ain't there promptly he will
slap a fine right straight onto him." During the night a man came
along with a light wagon and two horses, who was going down to St.
Clair, and the landlord made an arrangement with him. He told me at
breakfast that he had an arrangement by which he could go with a
man who was going right down there. I got started first but they

PUBLIC SERVICES OF SANFORD M. GREEN. 365

passed me, drove faster than I could so that they were there some time
before I was, but I was there in time and proceeded at ten o'clock to
the court room, and went up into the desk, and there were 24 good
men and true, in the seats assigned to the grand jurors, and I was very
much pleased to see them there. And amongst others I saw my friend
there. He looked up at me and then turned his face the other way
and I did not see him look up again. He was appointed foreman of
the grand jury and his business was to present the bills, and he was
the medium of communication between the grand jury and the court.
I told the story to Conger and Mitchell. They were full of fun
always and knew 'Squire Cross, so Conger edged up to Cross in the
course of the day, and says, " Mr. Cross, you are acquainted with
Judge Green ain't you?" "No," says Cross, "I never saw him until
I saw him coming up into the desk this morning." After that I
always had a good time at Cross' hotel. I was attended to first rate."

He was on the circuit ' bench from 1848 to 1867. He was on the
the supreme bench from 1848 to 1858, until the new court was organ-
ized. During portions of the time he was presiding judge of that court.
He used to ride on horseback, and had a pair of large saddle bags,
which was the most convenient way of carrying his linen, and they
sometimes afforded no little amusement. He used to meet Elder Smith,
the presiding elder of the district. He was a man full of fun, and they
used to joke about trading horses and one thing or other. Two or
three times he was asked where he was preaching. The rig was that of a
Methodist circuit preacher of the old style. One day he was passing along
by a residence and on an elevation; it was a log house, and a man came
out as he was approaching within a few rods of his house, and ran
down to the road and met him and wanted him to go right up to his
house. Asked what for, he said " My wife is very sick and she wants a
doctor and I want you to go right up and see her." He was told he
didn't believe he could do her any good if he did. He was sorry to
say he didn't know anything about medicine, it was not his profession.

The first edition of Green's Practice was published in 1860. That
was in one volume. That was his first work of authorship after the
revision of the statutes. There was no second edition of that published.
In 1876 he published the first volume of the new work on the practice,
embracing the practice in the supreme court as well as in the circuit
courts, and that was followed by the second volume in 1877. That was
revised and a new edition is now published by Callahan & Co., who own
the copyright.

In 1879 he published the work on townships and the powers and

366 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

duties of township officers, 533 pp. of which two editions have been
published. Of the 2d edition 10,000 copies were purchased by the State
for distribution to township officers. His best work, a treatise on the
nature, causes and treatment of crime, was published in November last,
and has been very favorably noticed by the press generally. This he
esteems to be the most important work he has ever attempted.

The number of terms held in the 6th and 7th circuits from 1853 to
1857 inclusive was 28 as before stated. In order to keep the business
up it was customary to begin at 8 a. m., and sit until 12, take a recess
of one hour for dinner, and then sit until 6 p. m., and frequently to
hold an evening session from 7 to 9 o'clock and sometimes later. No
cases were assigned for particular days, but they were taken up and
disposed of in their order upon the calendar. We had no stenographer}
and the judge had to keep minutes of all the proceedings. It was his
custom, to which he strictly adhered, to dispose of everything that
was ready at each term of court.

Questions of law were frequently reserved for the opinion of the
supreme court, and certified by the judge, and bills of exceptions were
settled from the judge's minutes of the trial. All those labors, with
attendance upon four terms a year of the supreme court were very
fatiguing, and it was sometimes difficult to avoid falling asleep on the
bench. But during the 35 years of service as circuit judge there was
one occasion when he failed to hold a term as appointed, and that
was from a carbuncle that laid him up for a week.

His relations to members of the bar were with very few and slight
exceptions uniformly pleasant and agreeable, and during the long period
of his service as judge he never had occasion to impose a fine upon
or to imprison any member of the bar for contempt of court.

For the facts stated in the earlier work of the subject of this paper
the writer is indebted to Judge Green aided by the legislative journals
of the sessions in which he participated.

The opinions of Judge Green as a member of the supreme court
are found in the first, second, third and fourth volumes of Michigan
reports, in which they cover 288 pages, and embrace almost every
subject in the jurisprudence of the young State. Dower, navigable
streams, riparian rights, (Norris vs. Hill), practicing physicians (Sut-
ton vs. Tracy), pleading (Wales vs. Jones), and many others too
many to enumerate, and possibly uninteresting to the lay reader.
Notably among these were People vs. John Doe, 1 Mich., 451, where
a man was tried and convicted under that common cognomen, and
an important question relating to challenges to the array was settled;

PUBLIC SERVICES OF SANFORD M. GREEN. 367

People vs. Michigan Southern Railroad Company; Weatherwax vs.
Paine, on commercial paper; Hibbard vs. People, where it was held
that section seven of the prohibitory liquor law of 1855 authorizing
the seizure and destruction of liquor was unconstitutional; regents of
the University vs. the Detroit board of education.

He concurred in the People vs. Gallagher, with the majority of
the court holding the prohibitory law of 1855 constitutional so far
as it prohibited the sale of liquor as a beverage, and so the law
remained until 1875. He wrote the opinion in the married women's
cases, in 4th Mich., and he dissented with Judge Pratt P. J. from
the majority of the court in the M. C. R. R. Co., vs. the M. S.
Ry. Co. He wrote the opinion requiring the M. S. Ry., to pay
specific taxes.

In 1871 Judge Green removed to Bay City and began the practice
of the law, in which he was very successful, but the work of the
active practitioner was not suited to him. He would rather endeavor
to ascertain what the law was, than what his client would like to
have it. A vacancy having occurred on the bench of the 18th
circuit composed then of the counties of Bay, Alpena, losco, Otsego,
Roscommon, Presque Isle and Ogemaw, he was on June 14, 1872,
appointed Judge of that circuit.

In 1877 the circuit was reduced to the counties of Bay, Ogemaw,
Roscommon, Crawford and Otsego, and still later to Bay and the
county of Arenac, organized therefrom.

During nearly all the time of his service upon the bench the
salary was only $1,500. Yet at that time we had upon the circuit
bench of Michigan such men as Daniel L. Pratt, Samuel Higby,
Edwin Lawrence, Jno. Moon, Charles Upson, A. C. Baldwin and
others.

Would we had their equals there today!

On March 2, 1875, the democratic State convention was held at
Jackson and Judge Green's name was presented as a candidate for
one of the judges of the supreme court of Michigan. On the first
formal ballot he received 108 votes to 83 for L. D. Norris, 30 for
H. F. Severans and 14 scattering. And on the second ballot he
received 1X1 to 134 for Norris who was thereupon made the unani-
mous nominee. A terrific snowstorm had prevailed for some time
blocking the railways and preventing a great many delegates from
northern Michigan from reaching the convention. More than
enough were thereby detained than would have been necessary to
secure the nomination.

368 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

In the same y^r he was the unanimous choice of all parties
in his circuit, for re-election, and was re-elected accordingly.

In 1881 a test was made of the standing of Judge Green in his
circuit. At a meeting of the Bay City bar, one of its members, now
deceased, was nominated by a majority of four, but the choice did
not commend itself to the people.

A petition numerously signed by the citizens without regard to
party and from every walk in life asking Judge Green to permit
the use of his name as a candidate for the office of circuit judge
and pledging support was presented to him.

In his reply consenting to be a candidate he said: "My sense of
what was due to myself, as one who might be called upon to fill
the position of a judge has always forbidden that I should ask any
man to promote my nomination or vote for me at the polls, or that
I should be present when the subject of my nomination was dis-
cussed or considered."

At the ensuing election his name in obedience to general public
sentiment was upon the ticket of each party, and he received every
vote cast in the circuit except five.

Cases from his circuit in the supreme court are found in forty-
four volumes of the State reports from the 26th to the 70th
Michigan.

Upon the bench he was prompt, impartial and courteous in its
best sense. He saw quickly the decisive point in a case, and if a
lawyer thought the judge was " taking sides " against him, it was
because his case was weak. He had no pride of opinion. He was
willing to change a ruling if convinced he was wrong. He did
what he thought to be right regardless of consequences. He was
not only absolutely incorruptible, but no one ever even suspected
that he was anything else. In criminal cases he was especially
careful of the rights of defendants, and in the imposition of sen-
tences he was justice itself. His 35 years of service as a nisi prius
judge ended Dec. 31, 1887.

On January 3, 1888, the bar of Bay county adopted the following
preamble and resolutions:

WHEKEAS, The Hon. Sanford M. Green has with the close of the
year retired from the bench of this judicial circuit where he so
ably presided for the past fifteen years, and

WHEREAS, We recognize the great debt which the bar, in common
with the people of the State, owe to him for the services rendered
to the State in the many official positions which he has filled

THE PRESS OF KALAMAZOO. 369

beginning as a justice of the peace, following as school assessor,
prosecuting attorney and as a legislator in the senate of the State
of Michigan from 1842 to 1846, for his labors in the revision of
the statutes, which after forty years still stand as a monument to
his industry and learning and for his long judicial service, begin-
ning in 1848 on the bench of the supreme court -and circuit court, for
his contribution to the literature of the law, a valuable work on
practice which has passed through several editions, and for a prac-
tical treatise on the township laws, which has come into general
use throughout the State, and above all for the elevated character
which he has impressed upon the bar and judiciary of the State
by the firmness, ability, impartiality which has always marked his
.administration of the law.

Therefore be it resolved, by the bar of this county that we hereby express our
acknowledgment to Judge Green and assure him that he retires from the bench carry-
ing the esteem and admiration of his professional brethren whose earnest wish and
hope is that in his old age he may reap the harvest of attachment and respect which
ripens from the seed of good works sown through a long life of exceptional industry and
faithful, honest manhood.

With the new year he again resumed practice and has been engaged in
some very important litigation, especially as counsel. Believed from
official duties he gave his attention to his Treatise on Crime, a
subject to which he had given much thought and thorough research
for many years. Now at the age of eighty-three he is still hale
and hearty, attending faithfully to his work.

Such a life work is worthy of study. It is worthy a place in
the history of the State, and no better service can be rendered the
young men and women of today than to point out to them the
achievements of the pioneers of Michigan, and foremost among
them stands the heroic form of Honorable Sanford M. Green.

June 11, 1890.

THE PEESS OF KALAMAZOO.

BY GEOEGE TOEREY.

The history of the press of Kalamazoo abounds in incidents and
vicissitudes. In 1833 Mr. Henry Gilbert, a practical printer, left his
home in Penn Yan, N. Y., for the west, accompanied by his wife,
47

370 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

intending to locate in Chicago, having received a letter from John
Wentworth, telling him he would do what he could for him, though
not holding out very great inducements to the young man. Arriving,
in his long and slow journey, at White Pigeon, Mich., Mr. Gilbert
saw on a little 'building the words, "Printing office" displayed on a
sign over the door. He went in and heard the proprietor, who was no
less a person than John D. De Frees (afterwards so long and so well
known as a printer and publisher at Indianapolis, and under Cleve-
land's administration government printer at Washington), talking with
a man about selling out. The man soon left and Mr. Gilbert inquire^
of Mr. De Frees if he wished to sell out. "Yes," said the proprietor,
"my home is in South Bend and I would like to go back to that place
and am desirous of selling. Mr. Gilbert stepped out and asked his
wife, who was very tired and worn, if she had traveled far enough
west. She replied that she had and favored the idea of the purchase.
Mr. Gilbert had suddenly resolved upon it.

. A bargain was soon made on easy terms, Mr. Gilbert to pay by
installments. He told De Frees he had no money but thought he could
obtain it from friends at the east. It was agreed that Gilbert should
pay $100 at the end of the first month and the balance as he could.
He at once went to work. The newspaper was a small affair and was
called The Statesman. At that time the land office for the western
district of Michigan had but recently been removed from Monroe to
White Pigeon, a little settlement of a few houses. Maj. Abraham
Edwards, register and Thomas C. Sheldon, receiver. They gave the new-
comers a hearty reception. In those days it was the practice for can-
didates for office to announce themselves either through the paper or
by hand-bills, and to procure tickets; besides the land office had need
of many blanks; there was also a good deal of horse stealing going on
in Indiana and the region about White Pigeon, so that with the print-
ing of hand-bills and tickets for candidates, especially in northern
Indiana, tho supplying of blanks for the land office and reward hand-
bills for stolen horses, Mr. Gilbert and his associate, Mr. Albert R.
Chandler who soon joined him, were successful from the start. Before
the month was up he had money enough from the profits of his work
to pay the $100, and money in his pocket. In the spring of 1834, the
land office was removed to Bronson, as Kalamazoo was then called, and
soon after Mr. Gilbert and the Statesman office followed and the paper
began its existence in this place. After coming here Mr. Chandler was
appointed one of the clerks in the territorial legislature and disposed
of his interest to Mr. Gilbert who subsequently changed the name of

THE PRESS OF KALAMAZOO. 371

the newspaper to that of the Kalamazoo Gazette. Orrin S. Case, a
brother-in-law of Gilbert was his foreman. Mr. Chandler, after his
term expired as clerk married a young woman of wealth, Miss Abbott,
and made his home in Coldwater where he has ever since been a prom-
inent citizen and business man. The sales of public lands increased
enormously after its establishment here, and the office was kept busy in
doing printing for the government. In this source of revenue was the
main reliance of the Gazette as its subscription list and advertising
patronage in the infancy of the settlement gave but meagre returns.

The Gazette was a small affair compared with the present appear-
ance of that prosperous journal. It was~a 24-column sheet long primer
and bourgeois type, and not having a sufficient quantity of type for
both sides, one side had to be printed and the type reset for the
other. The press was an old-fashioned " Ramage" (Stanbury, I think),
the platen covering but one-half of a side, that is one page of six col-
umns, so that it required two " pulls" to print one side of the paper
and two " pulls" for the other. Ink balls were used instead of a roller.

The job department consisted of one " case" of full-faced pica for
land office blanks, deeds, mortgages, etc., a little small pica, a few fonts
of display letter from 2-line up to 10-line letter, some partly bruised
border and a quantity of bold-faced long primer for head lines to
newspaper articles; two or three stands; a broken " bank" with a few
quoins; a paper board and a table covered with zinc to serve as an
imposing stone.

Volney Hascall was the first apprentice to the printing business in
Kalamazoo. He was a witness of many funny scenes and incidents
during his service in the office, besides, being at an early age an excel-
lent writer. Henry M. Rice (afterwards a noted politician and United
States Senator from Minnesota) edited and published an occasional
supplement, a sort of " Night hawk," purporting to be issued from
Prospect Hill; freely and sarcastically criticising various people in the
town below, that stirred up a good deal of vexation and even down-
right indignation among the victims. Mutterings of vengeance loud
and deep were threatened against the wicked jokers of the clandes-
tine sheets. But the trouble was to identify the offending parties. The
secret, however, was so safely kept that they were never discovered.
These occasional squibs furnished fun and excitement for the infant
village for a year or two, causing one of the early and much talked of
episodes of the town.

In those early days the> printing of even so humble a sheet as
the Gazette was attended with perplexities, sometimes of a very trying

372 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

nature. For instance, Mr. Gilbert at one time running short of paper
for the regular issue was obliged to send a team to Norwalk, Ohio,
for a supply with instructions to make all haste in return, in order
that no interruption might occur in the usual publication of the sheet.
Ten days elapsed and no news of the man or the paper. A half sheet
had to be issued to economize the stock on hand. The next week
came and still no news. Another half sheet was printed, which
exhausted the stock in hand. Next publication day and no issue. A week
later, after an absence of nearly a month, came the envoy jaded and
desperate, as empty-handed as he went. Snow and bad roads had
caused the delay. Some accident had crippled the paper mill, its
stock of paper had all been disposed of, and the errand of the teamster
was an exasperating failure. The legal advertisements had to be kept
up, notwithstanding, and the coarse wrapping paper used for the next
few issues gave anything but a respectful appearance to the Gazette.
At another time the ink gave out and a substitute was improvised
from lampblack and linseed oil, producing such print that neither
gods nor man could have imagined it to have any connection with
the art discovered by Gutenberg or John Faust. Such experiences
and others of a depressing character, to say nothing of a limited field of
patronage, made the early struggles of the publisher something akin to
martyrdom.

In 1836, the entire material of the office was sold and went to
Indiana, Mr. Gilbert having gone east and purchased an entire new
outfit, no paper being issued for a few weeks during the interval.
The sheet in its new dress was called the Kalamazoo Gazette, the
name it has ever since borne. Samuel Yorke AtLee took editorial
charge of the bright new journal and made it a political power in
western Michigan. He was a facile, pungent and witty writer, and
there are yet a few old residents who still remember telling points he
made for the Jackson democracy. Mr. Hascall in a brief history of
the Gazette, contributed in 1878, says: my first political essay was an
answer to AtLee' s criticisms on Hezekiah G. Wells, whig, who was
candidate for congress against Isaac E. Crary. AtLee contended that
Wells had a lymphatic temperament, a sluggish intellect and would
make no figure in congress, while Crary was bright, highly educated, a
superb lawyer, and would do Michigan distinguished credit in the
national capitol, moreover, said AtLee, Wells was a native of Southern
Ohio, a malarious debilitating climate and was fatally disabled by an
unfortunate birth place. Just think of that in the light of more recent

THE PRESS OF KALAMAZOO. 373

politics when Ohio has furnished presidents and so many brilliant
statesmen of both parties.

The writer (Hascall), then a youth of 17 took up the cudgels in an
anonymous communication of great power, research and invective,
showing that Csesar and Cicero, born near the Pontine marshes in the
warm and weakening climate of Rome had shown the world the true
metal in war and oratory, and that Wells, aroused by the grinding of
the upper and nether mill stones of congressional life would astonish
the miserable Gazette scribbler and the country at large with powers
and faculties that even the great Julius and the eloquent Marcus
might, were they still on earth, look upon with jealousy. But the
youthful vindication failed of its purpose. Crary was elected and soon
after was snuffed out in the house, as all well know, by Tom Corwin.
Other prominent local politicians were food for AtLee's wit. Gen.
Burdick, AtLee represented as resorting to divers "elbow and other
punches to aid his cunning schemes. Dr. Brown during a canvass
when he was a candidate for the legislature being suddenly called to
attend a patient dangerously sick with colic, actually, in his political
abstraction, applied his lighted cigar instead of the clyster-pipe, adding
a new agony to the afflicted man and losing his vote in the bargain. But
it were long to tell, and not greatly edifying to the present genera-
tion, of the manifold cantrips of this ingenious editor in making the
Gazette of those days a terror to whigs."

In 1840 E. D. Burr was put in charge of the office, but did not
remain long, his success being but indifferent. Dr. Lewis F. Starkey
was for a time editor of the Gazette. In 1842 Mr. Gilbert was
elected county treasurer and disposed of half interest to Gen. Bur-
dick, taking as payment for the same a tract of land on Burdick
street, extending from the alley south of the House block to South
street, which was estimated at $500, worth now many thousand dollars.
Of course the Gazette office has greatly increased in value since that
time. But the property exchanged for that half interest has appre-
ciated greatly bey or d the value of many times the worth of the entire
establishment as it is in the heart of the city and occupied by
some of the finest business houses in the city. In 1844 the office
management passed into the hands of Volney Hascall and J. B.
Adams for one year. In 1845 John W. Breese tried his luck for
a few months, but with such unpromising results that he gladly
stepped out and in May, 1846 the establishment, the title, good
will and all fell into the hands of Volney Hascall. The subscrip-
tion list numbered, all told, 350, good, bad and indifferent; of mercan-

374 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

tile advertisements three or four columns, a few legals, and job work
mighty scarce. At this period it was all "dicker," money was rarely
seen. Says Mr Hascall, "merchants exchanged goods for produce,
mechanics took for their work whatever would feed and clothe them
and their families, and all business was done by barter and exchange.
The aew owner of the Gazette was only too glad to take "store pay"
for advertising, and even assumed and felt an affectionate gratitude
to the honest subscriber who proposed to pay for his paper in buck-
wheat straw or saw logs; this was really something to be thank-
ful for, as a goodly number, never, by word or deed, made overtures
of payment of any sort. There was, however, one notable exception
among those hopeless "delinquents." One particularly hard-headed
if not hard-hearted subscriber there was. A sheep having one day
been killed by the falling of a lumber pile, his folks, he said,
"spleened" against the meat and he thought, it would be a good
idea to bring it to the editor and pay up the printer."

For 16 years, from May, 1846, to November, 1862, the Gazette
was owned and conducted by Mr. Hascall, although the field from
which to draw " patronage " was limited, the population of the
village being about 3,000 in 1846, and increasing to 7,000 in 1862.
Yet the establishment under Mr. Hascall began to prosper from the
beginning and continued to the end of his term to enjoy a good
degree of public favor. From a six column page paper, in 1846 he
turned it over in 1862 to J.' R. Mansur, his successor, a nine
column sheet with over 22 columns of paying advertisements; and
Mr. Hascall warmly thanked the public for their generous support. It
will be remembered that Mr. Hascall was elected a member of the
constitutional convention in 1850.

Mr. Mansur's career lasted but a few months and was neither a
political or pecuniary success. After Mansur's exit came the admin-
istrations of Wm. Shakespeare and William Morley, followed soon
by Wm. Shakespeare and Benoni S. Gleason; then B. S. Gleason
alone; then by Joseph Lomax and Elijah J. Clark; then Byron
M. Browne, now of Lansing, took Clark's interest. Soon after Mr.
Lomax took the concern on his own shoulders. Thus in eight years
from Hascall's retirement all these changes took place, presenting
a checkered career.

In September, 1870, Andrew J. Shakespeare became the owner of
the Gazette. He may be said to be a child of the establishment,
having entered the office as apprentice to Mr. Hascall at the age
of thirteen years, and "who was," says Mr. H., "fast promoted to 'jour,'

THE PRESS OF KALAMAZOO. 375

foreman and during Mr. Hascall's absence at various times he had
the entire management of both news and job departments. With the
exception of a few years spent in the newspaper business at Niles,
the Gazette office has been the home of "Shake," as the boys and
his fellow craftsmen throughout the State delight to call him." His
success has been a notable one, and the Gazette, daily and weekly,
stands among the foremost democratic journals of Michigan.

Andrew J. Shakespeare was born in the town of Silver Creek, Porter
county, Ohio, January 12, 1839. When four years old his father with
his family removed to Yorkville, this county. In 1844 his father
bought a farm half a mile east of Hunt's tavern on the Gull prairie
road. The relics of this humble home of young Shakespeare may still
be seen on what is now the farm of Nehemiah Chase. There he
remained till -in 1847, the family removed to Kalamazoo and at the age
of 13 years Andrew entered the Gazette office as an apprentice under
the training of Volney Hascall. After four years as a printer he
became a journeyman and worked for two years more, then went to
Chicago and remained several months.

He returned to Kalamazoo and went back into the Gazette office.
When Mr. Hascall went to Europe in 1859 he left the office in Mr.
Shakespeare's charge. On Mr. Hascall's return Mr. Shakespeare went
to Niles, with $400 purchased the Niles Democrat and published and
edited that paper during nine and a half years, building up a good
business. He paid for the office $1,000 and sold it at the end of his
term for $2,200, besides paying for a comfortable home there. In 1870
he returned to Kalamazoo, purchased the Gazette office and greatly
improved that paper, which he has ever since owned, and conducted with
marked ability. On the 25th of March, 1872, he established the Daily
Gazette which proved a success from the start. Mr. Shakespeare has been
a fearless editor and a prominent politician as well, having been fre-
quently chosen as delegate to the town, county, congressional and State
conventions; being a trusted leader in the democratic party of this
county. On the incoming of the Cleveland administration he was
appointed postmaster of Kalamazoo over a number of local prominent
politicians and held the office till about the 15th of April, 1890,
serving over four years to the general satisfaction of all and especially
to. the general P. O. department. With a liberal and commendable spirit
he retained many or nearly all the republicans engaged in the free
delivery department as appointed by his predecessor, Lyman M. Gates-
Besides owning a beautiful residence on west Main street he is sole
proprietor of the Gazette. His family consists of his wife and a son

376 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

and daughter. This is but a mere outline of the career and position of
a young man who has done everything for himself and by his own
unaided, persistent and intelligent industry.

While Mr. Hascall was absent in Europe Mr Frank Little of this
city was in charge of the editorial department. A portion of the time
while Shakespeare was post-master Ferdinand Peck was political editor
of the paper. For several years George Locke has been local editor,
succeeding E. W. Hurlbut. Charles Hull is the business manager,
George Locke is city editor. The office is a large well equipped
concern.

Mr. Gilbert is still a resident of this place. For years he was a
member of the firm of Clark & Gilbert the leading dry goods house
here for a number of years, subsequently a furniture contractor in the
State Prison; a member afterwards of the firm of Conder and Gil-
bert in the furniture business, and in the same line for a time in
Battle Creek. Has been a member of the village council, a promi-
nent member of the Presbyterian church, and a much esteemed and
useful citizen. He is now upwards of 80 years, but active, appar-
ently, as a man of 60. He has lived here since this place was a mere
hamlet, and about the only survivor of the settlers of 1834^-5. In his old
age he enjoys a lovely home and is prosperous in all respects.

The first whig paper here was " The. Whig," started in a rather
unstable manner by Dowd C. Coleman, in the fall of 1838. Succeeded
by the Western Banner, of which J. Holden McBride was editor.
This gentleman is still living at Bellville, Kansas, aged 82 years. And
in a letter which he wrote me in May of the present year, he says " I
have lost all my files and am not able to recall much from the misty
past that will be of service to you, for since I left Kalainazoo two
generations have come upon the stage of action. It was through the
influence of Johnson Patrick I was induced to come to Kalamazoo and
take charge of a paper devoted to the doctrines of the whig party.
Johnson Patrick, being a brother of my father-in-law, Thomas Patrick,
while in Ohio buying blooded stock for Mr. Dan Arnold (father of
Judge Arnold of Allegan, and Levi Arnold the stock raiser of Plain-
well, and of Mrs. Frank B. Stockbridge of Kalamazoo). Mr. Patrick
called on me at Perrysburg, Ohio, where I then lived, and strongly
urged me to come on to Kalamazoo, which finally resulted in my
change of residence. This was in the fall of 1838, and in April, 1839,
I came on with my wife and one of my apprentices to Kalamazoo,
and soon had the Western Banner in successful operation. Had it not
been for the curse of intemperance it is more than likely I would have

THE PRESS OF KALAMAZOO. 377

spent the remainder of my life in your beautiful city. Every influence
of a financial character was brought to bear upon me to induce my
acquiesence in political measures that I could not tolerate or sanction.

Mr. (here he mentions a name of a former influential and highly

esteemed citizen, no longer living) came to me in my office and offered me
$200 if I would throw my influence for his nomination to congress and
not use it for Jacob M. Howard, who for years afterwards represented
Michigan in the United States Senate. Failing in this, they bribed Joe
Pinch, a bully, to meet me and thresh the life out of me, and in this,
too, there was an equally signal failure, and could I detail the mat-
ter to you orally you would pronounce the fight in a corn field the
most farcical fisty-cuff encounter on record. Sullivan and Kilrain, and
Henan and Sayres were not half as farcical as that which took place
between the editor of the Banner and Joe Finch.

" Well, the next thing I was to be subdued in some way, and my
office was broken into and my cases of type scattered in masses of pie
on the upper floor, and a portion of the press stolen, and then they
had me. This whole matter was engineered by Sheriff Joe Hutchins,
and had it not been for whisky, Joe would have been the best of men.
The result was that we elected John Parker a democrat, in Joe's place
and that sealed my fate so far as the Western Banner was concerned
and making my home for life in your beautiful town (now city).

"My native town is Alton, Alleghany Co., New York, I was born
April 15, 1808, was married October 12, 1837, to Miss Clarrissa S.
Patrick of Ware, Mass., came to Michigan first in 1829 and worked in
Detroit for Geo. S. Whitney for nearly four years. I learned my trade
as printer in Geneseo, N. Y., James Percival, in the Register office.
When I first arrived in Detroit I was told that city had 2, 222 inhab-
itants and that there was something like 13,000 in the territory."

Speaking further about the Banner, Mr. McBride says "The whole
outfit was a small affair compared with a modern equipped newspaper
office, the press a Smith patent. After the incidents narrated in a for-
mer letter I abandoned the concern altogether although I had added
much to the office in the line of new type and new fixtures. As I
understood the matter, before I first went to your town some zealous
whigs got together, formed a club and chipped in and bought the
materials of which I have been speaking and got Dowd Coleman to
run the concern, and from some cause, never made known to me, either
he or they wanted a change and I was assured before I left Ohio and
after I arrived in Kalamazoo that if I would step into the harness the
outfit should not cost me a dime. The establishment as run by
48

378 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

Coleman was turned over to me without cost, but the additions I made
were abandoned with the rest. I left Kalamazoo for Illinois in October,
1841 and have never since that time engaged in the printing business."

A word of explanation as to the trouble with McBride: Hutchins
was a candidate for renomination but there were many who did not
like his ways and there was other dissatisfaction among the whigs at
the wire-pulling that was going on. "Whisky Joe" as Hutchins was
called was a "sharp" politician, not over scrupulous; in fact he could
give ward captains of the present day pointers on conducting cam-
paigns. Now it happened that the whigs in the east and other portions
of the county desired the nomination of O. N. Giddings as sheriff, a
gentleman who stood high then (as he has ever since) in public esti-
mation. In the convention Hntchins and his friends saw they were
outnumbered and resorted to fraud, and on a final ballot Hutchins was
found to have a majority and was declared nominated. It was soon
after discovered that Hutchins and his friends had secured the nomi-
nation by fraud several more votes having been cast than there were dele-
gates; this created a big row. Giddings' friends subsequently held a con-
vention at Galesburg and nominated him for sheriff, but he declined
the nomination. The result was, as Mr. McBride states, the election of
John Parker for sheriff. Mr. Parker was afterwards a prominent repub-
lican and served as State senator, United States marshal and held
other offices. The Banner was first published in a room in the court
house but after the " break " caused by Hutchins' unfair nomination
it was driven out and occupied a room in the basement of the building
known as the old branch of the bank of Michigan.

The next attempt to establish a whig paper in Kalamazoo was suc-
cessful. In September, 1844, Henry B. Miller by the aid of contributions
from prominent whigs in the town and county started the Michigan
Telegraph. The material was all new and the Telegraph was a decided
improvement in appearance and matter, to the Gazette and the other
papers mentioned. It was a four-page six-column paper. Mr. Miller,
like a number of others connected with the press of Kalamazoo,
became widely known in other places and other fields subsequently.
Soon after the Telegraph was started Geo. Torrey, Sr., became associ-
ate editor and afterwards for several years was part owner of the
concern.

I have received from Mrs. Miller a fine photograph of Mr.
Miller, but it would need a very large canvas to portray Henry
B. Miller as he really was in the hard times for whig papers
and publishers during the time he was in Kalamazoo. He was one of

THE PRESS OP KALAMAZOO. 379

the cleverest, genial, witty, care-for-naught, everybody 's-friend sort of
man, a capital story teller aiid boon companion. He was his own com-
positor, pressman, editor and business manager, " setting up" editorials
" out of his head " without copy before him, oftentimes, dashing off edito-
rial matter for other compositors while holding in his hand a " take " of
matter he was in the act of " distributing " when a topic suggested
itself to him, royal companion with the wits and wags of the " Old
Brig," such as Frank March, J. W. Willard, Gid Foster, Lawrence
Yandewalker, H. B. Huston, Edmund Bice, E. B. Ball, Gen. Burdick,
Horace Mower, Geo. W. Bice, Dan Fisher, Geo. Thomas Clark, Luke
Whitcomb, Bill Stuart, Ichabod Weeks, O. S. Case, Tom At Lee and
others, or joining in those wild, uproarious " bonyehs " at a point down
the river at or near the old trading post, which were the events of
the period.

It would require pages to describe the pranks and fun and tricks
these fellows would indulge in, and be it remembered their company
was composed of the leading business men of the place at that time,
but they have all passed away. Withal, Mr. Miller was a kind hus-
band and steadfast friend and never suffered in any way from these
little indulgences. With scarcely sufficient income to feed and clothe
himself and family he was always happy, firmly believing in tomorrow,
and this faith was abundantly confirmed in his after life. Many the
days and weeks the writer has stood behind the press with the hand
roller, with blistered palms, supplying the ink to the small forms that
stood between us while he flew the frisket and rolled to and fro the
forms and plied the lever, working off the token and a half of Tele-
graph sheets — this operation occasionally interrupted by his going out
to see the "boys" in March & Weeks' store (the Old Brig, as it was
called, ir which was the postoffice, dry goods, and wet goods as well)
close by, which visits would sometimes be somewhat prolonged, much
to the satisfaction of the roller boy aforementioned. I much doubt
whether H. B. M. ever after enjoyed life more completely than in his
brief career in Kalamazoo. His office was on Portage street (just
below the present Humphrey block), a little, very little one story
building of the Grecian style of architecture after the form of the
famous Pantheon, a dark, dingy, crowded room. With such beginnings
here this really able man, and first-class journalist and born leader of
men laid the fou-ndaticn of the Telegraph which has grown to such
fine proportions and wide influence.

We give here a brief sketch of the life and career of Henry B.
Miller. Born in Lebanon Co., Penn., April 16, 1819 and became an

380 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

apprentice there. At the age of 18 years he came west, worked a short
time at his trade at Goshen, Ind. From there he went to Cincinnati
in 1836; thence he went to Niles in this State, where he conducted a
whig paper, the Niles Republican, and to which he united the suc-
cessor to Niles' first paper, The Niles Intelligencer, which he purchased
in 1841. He established a paper at Paw Paw. In 1844 he established
the Kalamazoo Telegraph which he run all the fall of 1845, when he
sold out to Milliken & Torrey. He then went of Buffalo, N. Y., and
started the Buffalo Telegraph, a German paper and continued publish-
ing the same for about 20 years. He was appointed superintendent of
lights on the lakes by President Taylor. Having secured a contract on
the Erie canal he made a very large amount of money by his shrewd
business management which it enabled him to begin. It is related of Mr.
Miller that to enable him to obtain the contract he had to borrow
$300. While in Buffalo he served two terms in the State legislature.
In 1865 Mr. Miller again came west to Chicago. He was elected
county treasurer, and served one term in the legislature of Illinois,
his joining forces with A. C. Hesing making him prominent in
republican politics. It was while living in Chicago that he
received the soubriquet of "Buffalo Miller" by having a large buffalo
head placed over the entrance of his brewery and also from his
frequent reference to his old town of Buffalo. He went to Springfield
and Biverton, 111., establishing a large distillery that ultimately
placed him in the position of president of the National Distillers'
Association. From his connection with this association he enjoyed
a large income up to the time of his death. He became, while
connected with the distillers' association mixed up with the "Whisky
ring" and for a day or two was imprisoned, but was immediately
released. In 1884 he removed to South Bend, Ind. Here in his ease
and retirement he proposed to end his days. Much against his wishes
he was brought out in the city campaign of 1888 as the republican
candidate for mayor, but was defeated though no one took his defeat
more philosophically than did Mr. Miller himself. Besides his other
business connections Mr. Miller was a leader in the great telegraph
contracts, that took him through various parts of the United States.
He had visited every part of the United States and observed as an
experienced traveler. He was a man of wide information. When he
had seen his own country in all its phases he went, to Europe and
enjoyed a long tour for pleasure and observation. Mr. Miller was a
man of commanding physique, was the picture of health, enjoying life
with the utmost zest, was an intelligent, companionable gentleman, an

THE PRESS OP KALAMAZOO. 381

earnest, devoted friend. He was known all over the country, and
reckoned among his friends the nation's leading men; as a citizen he
was liberal and progressive, and as a husband and parent possessed
his family's sincerest affection. The needy never appealed to him in
vain. His death occurred at the Grand Pacific hotel in Chicago the
last of November, 1889, from Bright's disease of the kidneys. He had
suffered from this malady for three years but believed he had recov-
ered. He underwent an operation for this but though surrounded by
the best physicians he sank rapidly, but did not seem to realize that
death was so near. He left a property estimated at $200,000. Of Mr.
Miller the Chicago Mail said in a notice of his death:

"Mr. Miller was warm in his friendship but bluff in his manner. He
was a man of great ability. He was the organizer of the first whisky
pool, under the name of the Western Export Association, and from this
idea has sprung all the pools and trusts that now claim the attention
of the law-makers. The Standard Oil Company was the first organiza-
tion to grasp Mr. Miller's ideas, which at that time had not brought
order out of chaos in the whisky business. • The errors of the latter in
drawing up the papers were avoided and the Standard Oil Company
was the first to attain perfection, and shortly after the distillers adopted
the Standard's draft of the papers under_ which the oil trust was already
becoming so rich and powerful."

Mr. Miller was fond of telling newspaper men how he came to get
rich. " When I was young," he would say, " I thought it the highest
calling to teach mankind the true principles of government and to
enlighten the public on all questions generally. That is why I run a
couple of papers — one of them a German daily. For years I grabbed
for honor and my wife and babies hollered for grub. I thought some-
thing must be wrong, and I came to the conclusion that men were like
dogs — they didn't want to be elevated — and then I made up my mind
that the way to serve myself and the public as they really wanted to
be reached was through the belly. I got a little brewery, and for the
first time in years we had something to eat at our house. Pretty soon
I got a piano, and next a distillery, and — you see this paunch — well,
we have had plenty to eat ever since. Young man, quit working for
people's brains and go for their stomachs."

In November, 1845, Mr. Miller disposed of his interest in the Tele-
graph to William Milliken, who came here from South Bend and
Mishawaka, and the paper was published by Milliken and Torrey, in
the basement of the building formerly the Kalamazoo branch of the
bank of Michigan (northeast corner of Main and Rose streets). The fol-

382 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

lowing spring the office was removed to the second story of a building
on the southeast corner of Main and Burdick streets. In the fall of
1847 Mr. Milliken sold or pretended to sell his interest in the paper
to his partner. When Mr. T. supposed everything was all right and
" square," and had moved the press and material to the second story of
a building on the north side of Main street (part of the present site
of the Burdick house), Mr. Milliken came out with a paper of the same
name and claimed that his issue was the original, true and only genuine
Telegraph; this, despite of all the facts in the case and the appearance
of the sheet, which was smaller and different in type, make-up, and
style. The two papers denounced each other as frauds, and a bitter
newspaper war for months was kept up. This squabble while it afforded
amusement (one paper was dubbed the Torrey-graph the other the
Tel-lie-graph) to the citizens, proved profitless to the contestants, and
the game of devouring each other was nearly played to a finish when
in the interest of party peace, harmony and efficiency the two papers
were bought up and the offices re-united in the spring of 1847, by Mr.
Alexander Sheldon, a leading citizen and a writer of much ability
The name Kalamazoo Telegraph was then given to the consolitated
paper.

Mr. Torrey continued as editor with Mr. Sheldon; Mr. Milliken
returned to Indiana. The office, press, and material were re-established
in the old stand, over Goss & Darling's store, then standing on the site
of the present House block.

In 1849 Samuel N. Gantt became the owner of the paper, but before
this time the Telegraph and the Gazette shared the same office together
and the two journals were as much alike as two peas, save in the
political editorials and selections, which were rather limited as one may
imagine — the idea of economy being paramount in the minds of the
managers of both weeklies, and it was lovely to witness the harmony
which prevailed in that little arcanum of usually antagonistic elements.
Volney Hascall was at that time owner of the Gazette, and the office
was in the second story of the Gray and Dennison block, on north side
of Main street. Mr. Gantt, however, preferred to print his paper by
himself, and Mr. Hascall secured other quarters.

About the first of January, 1850, Mr. Gantt sold out to George A.
Fitch & Co. On the 5th of February, following, the office was con-
sumed in a great fire which swept away more than half the business
houses on the north side of Main street west of Burdick street, and
north to Water street. It was a hard blow to Mr. Fitch, then a
young man a little more than of age, who had put all the money he

THE PRESS OP KALAMAZOO. 383

could obtain into the enterprise. But lie had pluck that overcame all
obstacles. For several weeks he kept the paper alive by issuing small
sheets containing the legal advertisements and words to subscribers to
generously hold on and that he would soon obtain a new outfit — in the
meantime using Mr. Hascall's office.

After two months of preparation the Telegraph again came forth,
" like a phoenix," etc., larger, brighter and livelier than ever — the old
name " Michigan," replacing " Kalamazoo" at the mast-head. The office
was on the third floor of the store of S. S. Cobb & Co., now the site
of the Lilienfeld store.

Mr. Fitch retained his ownership and control of the paper for about
16 years, with a few intervals when the establishment was temporarily
in the hands of lessees. Herman E. Hascall was in charge of it from
1858 till November, 1860, while Mr. Fitch was associated with Rufus
Hosmer, State printer, and publisher of the Lansing Republican. In
the fall of 1859, for a brief period this Mr. Hascall published a daily
edition, and from May to November, in the Lincoln campaign the
Daily Telegraph, was successful in every respect.

H. C. Buffington & Co., leased the office in November, 1860, and
continued in charge for about a year. He was succeeded by B. F.
Johnstone, of Detroit (so many years identified with the Michigan
Farmer, before and after this time). Mr. Johnstone retired from the
Telegraph in 1862, Mr. Fitch returning to the helm. In 1864 Mr.
Fitch published for several months a daily edition. He was a vigorous
as well as elegant writer. His connection with the Telegraph covered
one of the most eventful if not the most eventful period in the political
history of our country. He was intimately associated with the leading
men of his party, and enjoyed their friendship and confidence; he was
an organizer, fertile in schemes for success, forceful and persuasive as
a writer. He was among the first to see the new issues that were
arising in this nation, among the first to realize that the old whig
party must go, and one of the first to understand, and make known
through the columns of his paper, the necessity of a union of men
of all parties on a platform of principles to meet the demand that
was rapidly growing, to resist the aggression of the slave power and
to turn the nation from the fateful drift into which it had swung.
He was* one of the prime movers in the formation of the republican
party (which had its birth in Kalamazoo county, months before the
famous convention under the oaks at Jackson), and the Telegraph was
the first journal to advocate it, define its purposes and urge its adop-
tion, predicting it grand, ultimate triumph. While Geo. A. Fitch was

384 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

with Rufus Hosmer, who was engaged at Lansing as State printer R.
F. Johnstone, before and afterwards editor of the Michigan Farmer,
was for a time editor of the Telegraph.

In 1865 Thomas Fitch secured an interest in the property, and Rev.
Dr. James A. B. Stone became editor. In July, 1866, the brothers
Geo. A. and Thomas Fitch sold the Telegraph office to Clement W.
and Horatio H. Stone, sons of Dr. Stone, who remained as political
editor. In April, 1867, the office was removed from the House block
to the postoffice building, which place it has ever since occupied.

During the war, Burdick street, in front of the office was often filled
with crowds of excited people, waiting for the appearance of the printed
news received by telegrams and issued in the daily or in extras when
a battle was in progress or had been fought.

In April, 1868, the Daily Telegraph was established on a firm footing,
by the Stone brothers as above. December 9, 1869, the Kalamazoo
Telegraph Co. was formed, Rev. Geo. W. Harris, formerly of the Michi-
gan Christian Herald, of Detroit, became a member of the firm and
editor. Mrs. L. H. Stone was a frequent contributor, both when at
home and while traveling in Europe. The daily was at first issued as
a morning paper, for about a year, when it became an afternoon paper.
The regular associated press report was received from the first.

On the 4th of March, 1870, occurred the demise of Horatio H. Stone.
In October following, James H. Stone, now of the Detroit Tribune,
and Harry H. Smith, now and for many years past, journal clerk of
the national house of representatives, became the proprietors. Under
the Stone & Smith ownership occurred an unpleasant incident which
caused a great deal of ill-feeling against the publishers — a personal
attack upon Senator Chandler. It led to strained relation between
Messrs. Stone and Smith, and friends of Mr. Chandler, resulting in
Mr. Smith's retirement and the sale of his interest to Herman E. Has-
call November, 1871. On the 25th of that month the office and material
were greatly damaged by fire, which drove them to other quarters for
a short time. Mr. Shakespeare, of the Gazette, gave generously the
use of his office to the sufferers and the Telegraph appeared without
skipping a publication day. Within three weeks the office was re-es-
tablished at its former home which had been remodeled and greatly
improved throughout.

On the second day of February, 1872, Mr. Hascall died. The Tele-
graph continued to be issued under the firm name of Stone & Has-
call till January 1873 when it passed into the hands of James H.
Stone.

THE PRESS OF KALAMAZOO. 385

Dr. Stone was at this time postmaster and James H. Stone deputy,
Mr. Harris, editor, and D. E. Groesbeck business manager. While
connected with the Telegraph, Mr. Jas. H. Stone was secretary in the
State legislature.

The following letter from Jas. H. Stone of the Detroit Tribune tells
of the connection of the Stones with the Telegraph:

Detroit, Mich., April 21, 1890.
Rt. Hon. George Torrey, Kalamazoo, Mich.

The connection of the Stone family with the Telegraph began in
1862, I think in the spring, when father made a contract with George
A. Fitch to edit the paper, all except the local department. Father's
part of the work was done by himself, mother and myself, and that
was the first work that I did on a newspaper. When I began making
selections, writing crude paragraphs and leaders, I was not yet 15 years
old. This arrangement continued something over three years, and my
recollection is that it terminated sometime along in the winter of '65
and '66, when Dr. Fitch, to whom George was indebted, took posses-
sion of things. I was not in Kalamazoo from the fall of '65 till the
summer of '66, and I think there were several months about this time
that father ceased work on the Telegraph.

Late in the spring of '66 my brothers Clement W. and Horatio H.
returned from the south and negotiations began for the purchase of
the property by father and them. I think the firm of Stone brothers, took
possession of the property June 1, or July 1, 1866. I left Detroit, where
I was employed on the Advertiser and Tribune and returned to Kala-
mazoo intending to remain with them in publishing the paper, and
had some small capital invested with them, a few hundred dollars
representing my small savings. I don't remember whether I was
named in the articles of co-partnership as a partner or not, but I soon
found that there was not enough work for us all and I came back to
Detroit and resumed my old work on the Advertiser and Tribune.

My brothers ran -the paper for something over three years, when
Mr. George W. Harris of Battle Creek, came into the firm.

When my brother Horatio died in March, 1870, I was publishing the
Times at Port Huron. The Daily Telegraph had been started in 1868.
After Horatio died, for nearly six months I had practical direction and
control of my newspaper at Port Huron and the Telegraph. I traveled
back and forth between those two places, 200 miles apart, twice a week,
and did a prodigous amount of work for one man to perform. I
remember that it was my custom to work all night two nights in the
week and continue about my work during the day just the same as
49

386 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

usual. As soon as I could turn the management of the Times at Port
Huron over to another person, I abandoned that field, and on Oct. 1,
1870, in connection with Harry H. Smith, bought the interests of
father and Mr. Harris in the paper. The firm of Stone & Smith
conducted the paper for a little over a year, or until Nov. 1, 1871,
when Mr. Herman E. Hascall bought the interest of Mr. Smith and
the firm of Stone & Hascall was organized.

During the summer of 1871, I was absent in Europe four months,
and it was during that time that Mr. Edwin Fleming, was connected
with the paper. I hired him as my substitute to contribute my share
of the work during my absence. I think he was at work there about
five months, which something more than covered my absence. Mr.
Fleming afterward went to Washington as the correspondent of the
New York Journal of Commerce, the Detroit Free Press and the
Buffalo Courier. He is now editor-in-chief of the latter paper.

My recollection is that the firm of Stone & Hascall began business
Nov. 1, 1871. Within a few days after the commencement of our
partnership, Mr. Hascall was married and started east on his wedding
tour. He returned in December, the very day- the Telegraph office was
burned. We were only together for a few weeks when I was suddenly
called by cablegram to Paris. I left the last of Jan., '72, and a few
days after my departure Mr. Hascall committed suicide. On my return
early in March, I found things in a decidedly mixed condition, and after
some negotiations covering several months, I bought out the interest of
Mr. Hascall, and from about Nov. or Dec. 1, '72, until April 5, '74,
conducted the paper alone, James H. Stone officiating as editor, pub-
lisher and proprietor. During that time the paper had begun to
make money, and in the year 1873, the concern was reasonably pros-
perous. April 1, 1874, I sold half the interest in the paper to L. B.
Kendall, and the firm of Stone & Kendall conducted the paper until, I
think, Aug. 4, 1874, when I sold my interest to L. M. Gates, under
circumstances which you will probably remember. Yours sincerely,

J. H. STONE.

Mr. Stone did excellent work on the Telegraph and when he left it
the standing and influence of the paper was high.

A decided change in the Telegraph took place in 1874. In March of
that year, Mr. Lucius B. Kendall became co-partner with Mr. Stone.
Mr. Kendall soon after received the appointment as postmaster. In
August of that year Mr. Lyman M. Gates purchased Mr. Stone's inter-
est. In October was organized the Kalamazoo publishing company,
composed of L. B. Kendall, L. M. Gates, O. & E. Ihling, D wight

THF PRESS OF KALAMAZOO. 387

May, George M. Buck and Arthur Brown. Subsequently John D.
Sumner purchased Gates's share. Other changes occurred in the direc-
tory, but Mr. Kendall continued at the head. Some ten years ago the
company reorganized with L. B. Kendall, W. L. Eaton, E. T. Mills
and Edgar E. Bartlett. Mr. Eaton was editor, Mr. Mills treasurer and
Mr. Bartlett secretary.

Mr. Eaton remained as editor till August, 1888. Edward Fleming
(for many years past a Washington correspondent), Henry A. Ford
now of Detroit, and Henry L. Nelson, now in Washington, were Mr.
Eaton's immediate predecessors on the editorial throne. George Torrey,
Jr., was reporter and local editor from 1854 till November, 1888, and has
been employed in the office from its start. Calvin G. Townsend had
charge of the State news and city department for several years, up
to March last. Mr. Townsend is now clerk in the land department
at Washington.

Mr. Eaton is a graduate of Kalamazoo college, was popular as an
editor and became well known throughout the State. Mr. Townsend
was connected with the Kalamazoo Mail in its best days, and also
with the Times of this city. Fred Britton, now on the staff of the
Detroit Tribune, was a reporter. Mr. Eaton had as associate editors,
Clarence L. Dean (who was subsequently called to the Detroit Free
Press, and is now on the staff of the Kansas City News), Willis A.
Anderson, whose untimely death occurred last winter while he was
completing his course of study in Andover theological college and
Fred W. Stone.

Mr. Kendall began his business career on the Telegraph in 1860,
when a mere boy, he at that time taking charge of the circulation of
the Campaign Daily. From that time we may date his successful career.
He established a newsroom at the breaking out of the war and was
successful in various enterprises. The Telegraph owes much of its suc-
cess to his liberal management and direction.

August 13, 1888, Mr. Kendall and his associates sold the Telegraph
to Hon. Nelson Dingley, Jr., member of congress from Maine
and Edward N. Dingley, the latter becoming its editor and general
manager.

The editorial force at present is as follows: Managing editor E. N.
Dingley; associate editor, Fred W. Stone; city editor, John T. Win-
ship. W. F. Cornell and Lewis Hill house reporters, with a large staff
of county correspondents.

The Telegraph has ever been recognized as a leading republican
journal since that party was organized, is locally popular, and is very

388 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

prosperous. The weekly is a fifty-six column paper, minion type. The
daily is a forty-eight column paper.

There have been since the establishment of the Telegraph numerous-
other papers started here, , but their existence has been brief. E. Porter
Little published The Farmer, an agricultural paper, a few months in
1858. The Home Oracle, a " domestic" journal by Mr. Doty, had a
brief and impecunious existence. Soon after The Michigan Christian
Herald was moved from Detroit to Kalamazoo, and after a year or two-
was returned to its old home, Detroit. Messrs. Lintner & Olney were
its editors, and afterwards Mr. L. H. Trowbridge, its present proprietor,
took charge of it. The Progressive Age, a spiritualist paper, was
started here, and held on to life for a year or two, when it sought a
more profitable field. A Mrs. Fox was its publisher. Then, during the
rise of the greenback party the Kalamazoo Mail made its appearance,
its publishers, Messrs. C. G. Townsend, T. K. Sherwood and others r
entertaining great expectations of its success, which, however, were never
realized, and it died as a greenback organ. The material, or a portion
of it, fell into the hands of a Mr. Lord of unfavorable memory — a
libelous paper, attacking those who were not friendly to it, so that it
deserved both in appearance and character the name often applied to
it of the Black Mail. It lived but a few months. In 1880 the Daily
Times was started by Leonidas Hascall and C. M. W. Earle. C. G.
Townsend was city editor, and Hardwick, who afterwards went to Sag-
inaw, was a reporter and young Hosford who afterward went on the
Detroit Free Press and is now their Washington correspondent, was
connected with it as editor and reporter, and I [think was one of the
owners of the Times. This journal professed to be independent but
was really democratic. Mr. Townsend left that paper and went on the
Telegraph staff. After the Times ceased to exist the Daily Herald was
added to the list of dailies, and was started as a rival of the Gazette
by a joint stock company. The paper was quite a bright daily, but
the sequel proved that there was not room for three papers here, and
in the winter of 1889 the concern was purchased by Mr. Dingley of
the Telegraph. Mr. J. T. Winship, its editor, becoming city editor, which
position he still holds.

There are four other newspapers in this county, viz. : .The Schoolcraft
Express, established by V. C. Smith, in 1874, I think as the Des-
patch now published by Mr. Budrow. The Augusta Chronicle and the
Galesburg " Kalamazoo County Enterprise." The Vicksburg Commer-
cial is a wide-awake journal published and edited by Charles Baldwin,
now postmaster at that place. Before the Commercial was started

THE PRESS OP KALAMAZOO. 389

Yicksburg had the Monitor, published by C. E. Baily & Son. The
latest journal established in this county is the Climax Star.

It will be seen from the foregoing that the Press of Kalamazoo has
had for publishers, editors and writers a number of persons who have
become men of distinction, some of them of national reputation. Fore-
most among them is perhaps Henry M. Rice, U. S. senator from Minne-
sota. Henry B. Miller, Volney Hascall, Geo. A. Fitch, Dr. James, A. B.
Stone and his son James H. Stone, R. F. Johnstone, Lucius B. Kendall,
Edward Fleming, Henry L. Nelson, Rev. Geo. W. Harris, O. W. Powers,
Joseph Lomax, Henry A. Ford, S. Yorke AtLee, Thos. S. AtLee, Geo.
Torrey, Sr., Alex. J. Sheldon, Mrs. L. H. Stone, Frank Little, Dr.
Stocking, Gen. Burdick, J. W. Breese. While as contributors such
names as Hon. Horace Mower, E. Lakin Brown, Dr. Geo. W. Lyon,
Mrs. L. B. Adams, Miss Florence Smith, Miss Guernsey, A. D. P. Van
Buren, Hezekiah G. Wells, Mrs. Fletcher Nicholson, Harry Smith, A.
J. Sheldon, D wight and Chas. S. May. Chas. S. May, Jr., of the
Detroit Tribune learned the printer's trade in the Gazette office.

George Torrey, Sr., whose name is mentioned in this article, a
frequent contributor to the early journals of Kalamazoo, was born in
Salem the famous witchcraft town of old Massachusetts, his progenators
coming from England in 1832. After receiving a liberal education he
embarked in mercantile pursuits in which business he continued with
a good measure of success, till 1833, when he came west and, being
pleased with the country, with prophetic eye seeing the vast capabili-
ties which this land possessed, returned to the east, came on with
his family and settled on Gull prairie. After a trial of farming for a
year or more, on the Porter farm, he removed to Yorkville where he
had bought a farm embracing the island in the lake, built a commodi-
ous house, for those days, and engaged in merchandising. At this
place his wife died, in 1839. Closing his affairs there, in 1840, he
removed to Augusta where he purchased mill property. In none of
these investments did he achieve much success. In 1843 he taught
school in Charleston. In the fall of 1814 he removed to Kalamazoo
and engaged with H. B. Miller in the editorship of the Telegraph.
In 1845, Mr. Torrey purchased Mr. Miller's interest in that journal and
formed a copartnership with Mr. Milliken as heretofore stated.

In 1850 he was appointed lighthouse keeper at Grand Haven. Early
in 1854 he remove to Holland, Ottawa coilnty, where he had an interest
in about 3,000 acres of pine lands; established a saw mill and carried
on the lumber business with the late Jacob B. Baily of Allegan. In
the summer of 1854 he was taken very ill, and while, after a partial

390 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

recovery, he was on his way to Kalamazoo, by way of Chicago, accom-
panied by his physician and personal friend, Dr. Marsh, died in that
city. His remains were brought here and deposited in Mountain Home
cemetery. He died in the fullness of all his mental powers, a ripe
knowledge of human affairs and with the best literature and thoughts
of the 19th century. Mr. Torrey was a member of one of the oldest
and best New England families, a gentleman of fine literary accomplish-
ments, of warm and genial nature, and a useful member of society.
He was editor of the Telegraph from 1844 till 1850; was one of the
early pioneers of the county and in many ways contributed to the
growth and development of western Michigan. He came of a family
which for generations had been noted in literary circles, many members
of which held high rank in theological, political and professional pur-
suits and in State, religious and national councils. His writings both
in prose and verse were marked with an elegance of diction, purity of
expression, and force and clearness of utterance. Socially he was a
favorite with all who knew him, free, open hearted, liberal in his views,
though an ardent whig and a loyal citizen. For years he was organist
of St. Luke's church, serving as a member of the choir in that and
other churches without any other reward than the pleasure of serving
others. No man ever loved Kalamazoo or was ever more ready to da
his utmost for her advancement and prosperity. Three sons and one
daughter survive him. His oldest son, Rev. Charles Cutler Torrey, has
been for many years a prominent clergyman in Massachusetts, and his
youngest son, a resident of Boston, both members of the Congregational
church. On his mother's side he was a direct descendant of the Rev.
Dr. Manasseh Cutler, the leader of the Ohio colony, who settled Ohio,
and was the real author of the immortal ordinance of 1787 — a menfber
of congress, and did more than any other man to procure the passage
of that famous instrument that has contributed so much to the right
growth of the great northwest.

Mr. Torrey was a man of singular (not eccentric) character and
constitution. Hope was the sustaining element of his life which was full
of vicissitudes and many hardships. He was a land speculator pre-emi-
nent, and would have bought up all the land in the western district of
Michigan if he could have commanded the funds to have done so; and
did buy enough to keep him poor all his life here. He dabbled in
inventions and thought himse'lf quite an inventor, but, alas, his name
has not descended as a great success in that line. He was a prey, too,
to patent right attorneys, being one of the most trustful of men. Yet
while he was impracticable ofttimes, visionary in many things, as men

BENCH AND BAR OF BERRIEN COUNTY. 391

of a sanguine and poetic temperament usually are, yet he was soundly
practical in others. He loved the human race and was ever ready to
do what he could for others, looking for the speedy advent of the
" good time coming." But it came not in his day, and somehow that
promised event still delays in making its appearance. He was
especially adapted to the life of an editor, full of resource, versatile,
enterprising, devoted to local general improvements, and, always on the
right side of all moral questions.

The press of Kalamazoo has had, and now has, several representa-
tives in the city of Detroit. Henry Starkey, formerly connected with
the Free Press, as city editor under Storey, and many years city clerk,
and clerk of the water commission, also a veteran of the Mexican
war, and of that of the Union, being a lieutenant on Gen. Ouster's
staff; he was a graduate of the Telegraph. Clarence Dean, Fred
Britton, Chas. F. May, H. A. Ford, L. H. Trowbridge, Jas. H. Stone,
all of the Kalamazoo press; F. W. Fletcher (formerly of the Gazette,
late city editor of the Grand Rapids Democrat). E. W. Barber of
Bellevue, was formerly connected with the Telegraph, afterwards secre-
tary of the State senate, and reading clerk of the national house of
representatives. James Redpath, the famous journalist, eulogist and
personal friend of Osawatomie Brown, learned the printer's trade
in the Telegraph office and contributed some of his first writing to its
columns. Louis A. Cook, for years press agent and world traveler for
Barnum's menagerie, during which he visited all parts of the globe,
began his career in this office. It seems to have been good luck for
many of the Telegraph graduates to rise in the world.

BENCH AND BAE OF BERRIEN COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

BY DAMON A. WINSLOW, SAUGATUCK MICH.

In preparing this brief history of the bench and bar of Berrien
county, where a member of the bar has been elevated to the bench,
I have in the main given his history, in the history of the bar, for the
sake principally of uniformity in speaking of different ones, otherwise
there might seem to be unfair partiality; and in the history of the bar, I
have aimed to write only of those who have attained prominence in the

392 ANNUAL, MEETING, 1890.

profession, or in some other pursuit, or in some manner been brought
prominently before the public; to include all members, would make a
.voluminous and cumbersome paper, and one of no general public interest,
a sort of college catalogue.

In preparing a history of the bar it is impossible to make it as com-
plete as is desired; the first court in the county was held in July, 1832
but the court journal prior to 1836, and for the fall term of 1839, and
for the year 1840 are not to be found. There was no attorneys' roll
kept in the county, and there is no means of ascertaining the names
of lawyers in the county except by reference to the court journals, and
in absence of the journal to the judgment records. We therefore give
the names of those attorneys known to have been residents of the
county during the time for which no journals are found, and we trust
in that respect, the record will be substantially correct.

THE BAE.

Francis B. Murdock was the first lawyer in the county and Thomas
Fitzgerald was the second. Their names appear as the attorneys on the
first judgment records in the county. Mr. Murdock was born in
Cumberland, Maryland, in March, 1804, was admitted to the bar
at Bradford, Pennsylvania, in 1825; came to Berrien county in
1830, and settled at Berrien, and immediately entered into the prac-
tice of his profession. Mr. Murdock was the second probate judge of
the county; he moved from the county in 1835, and was for three years
at Alton, Illinois. He then went to St. Louis, Mo., and remained there
ten years in practice; in 1852 he settled at San Jose, California, where
he remained until his death in 1882. Mr. Murdock many years ago
abandoned the profession of law, and entered the field of journalism, in
which he remained until a short time before his death. Although
Mr. Murdock lived to the age of 78 years, he retained his physical
and mental powers in a remarkable degree to even his last days of life.

Thomas Fitzgerald was born in Herkimer county, New York, in
April, 1796; he moved to the state of Indiana in 1819, and was admit-
ted to the bar of that state in 1821; in 1828 he was a member of the
legislature of Indiana; he afterward came to Berrien county and
settled at St. Joseph in 1832, and in the latter year was appointed
lighthouse keeper at that place. In 1834 he was appointed, by Gov-
ernor Porter, clerk of the county. He was regent of the State University
in 1837, and in 1838 was appointed bank pommissioner and in 1839
was elected a representative to the State legislature. In 1848
Mr. Fitzgerald was appointed United States senator to fill the

BENCH AND BAR OF BERRIEN COUNTY. 393

vacancy caused by the resignation of General Cass, and held the
position two years, until the expiration of Gen. Cass' term. He was
succeeded by Gen Cass, who was re-elected in 1850. Mr. Fitzgerald in
1851 moved to Niles, and in 1852 was elected judge of probate for
Berrien county, and held the office at the time of his death in March,
1855. The colonel's shoulders seemed particularly adapted to the
official cloak, or else he was a special pet of fortune. The title
4t Colonel " was given him as a compliment. In the war of 1812, at
the battle of Lundy's Lane, Col. Fitzgerald was wounded by a British
bullet that shattered his arm. and in a measure crippled him for life,
and he carried the bullet in his shoulder with him to his grave.
As a lawyer Col. Fitzgerald had considerable ability, but soon after
he came to this county he abandoned his profession and entered other
pursuits more congenial to his taste and, we might judge, mostly
political.

E. Egbert, at one time a judge in St. Joseph county, Indiana, appears
as attorney in the judgment records of Berrien county as early as
1832, but he was never a resident of Michigan.

William H. Welch commenced practice here in 1832, and although
never a resident of the county continued to practice here several years.
At the December term of court in 1832, and the spring term of 1833, he
was appointed by the court, district attorney, as the office was then
•called for the respective terms, for which he charged the county the
unprecedented fee of fifteen dollars for both terms.

N. McGaffy and Marcus Lane appeared as attorneys in the judgment
records in the year 1833, they remained in the county but a short
time.

Jerome B. Fitzgerald, son of Col. Thos. Fitzgerald was born at
Boonville, Indiana, in September, 1822, and came to Berrien county with
his father in 1832. He was educated at Middlebury, Connecticut, and
was admitted to the bar of this county in 1844. In 1846 he was elected
to the State senate from Berrien county. With the exception of from
1850 to 1864 when he resided in New York, his residence was almost
continually in Berrien county, he died at Niles, June 5, 1878.
Mr. Fitzgerald had a fine legal mind, was an excellent scholar, and
was a lawyer of more than ordinary ability; litigation was not to his
liking and he chose the more quiet and less exciting parts of law prac-
tice, and hence never acquired a very widespread reputation as an advo-
cate; but among his friends and intimate acquaintances, and the business
men who knew him, he possessed their entire confidence as counsel and
office lawyer. Any special legal matter requiring more than ordinary
50

394 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

care, skill and judgment Mr. Fitzgerald was the one to have charge of
the case.

Edwin Lawrence was admitted to the bar of Berrien county in Oct-
ober, 1836, but he many years ago retired from practice. Mr. Law-
rence was born at Middlebury, Vermont, in 1808, and came to
Michigan in 1834; he finally settled at Ann Arbor, and was at one
time judge of the circuit court of Washtenaw county.

James Y. James lived at St. Joseph at an early day. He was
admitted to the bar at Berrien in Oct., 1837, he remained in the county
but a short time after he was admitted, and then went farther west.

Vincent L. Bradford came from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1835,
and settled at Niles, and immediately entered into law practice. Mr.
Bradford was a ripe scholar, and a lawyer of eminent ability ; he imme-
diately took rank among the first lawyers of the State, and soon
acquired a State reputation. The field of labor, was at that time, too-
limited for him, and in 1843 he returned to Philadelphia, and at once
took a high rank in his profession, and at the time of his death, a few
years ago, he stood at the head of the bar in that city. In 1838 and
1839, Mr. Bradford was a member of the State senate from- Berrien
county. Few men in Michigan in the profession, or out of it, would
outrank Mr. Bradford in learning or ability, or in the qualities that make
the man.

Nathaniel Bacon was born at Ballston Springs, New York, in July,
1802; he graduated at Union college in 1824, was admitted to the bar
at Ballston Springs, and practiced law several years at Bochester
New York; he came to Berrien county, and settled at Niles in the fall
of 1833. Mr. Bacon intended when he came to Michigan to devote his
time wholly to agriculture, and with that purpose, purchased 400 acres
of land a little east of the present city of Niles; he soon thereafter moved
onto the land, and continued to own and occupy it until his death in
1869. The continued calls on him for legal services induced him to
open an office in Niles, in the fall of 1834, and he continued in prac-
tice, except when he was on the bench, until his death. Mr.
Bacon was probate judge in 1837, and in 1855 he was elected cir-
cuit judge to fill a vacancy, and was ex officio a judge of the supreme
court; he was in 1857 again elected to the judgeship for the full term,
again in 1866 he was elected to fill the vacancy caused by the death of
Perrin M. Smith; again in the spring of 1869 he was elected for the
full term, but died the following September. Mr. Bacon had a clear
comprehensive mind, was a close reasoner, and an earnest but
dispassionate speaker. He had great .influence with the court as

BENCH AND BAR OF BERRIEN COUNTY. 395

an advocate, and was remarkably successful before a jury; his
appearance before a jury seemed to say, "gentlemen of the jury, I
expect by a calm and dispassionate statement of the facts and law,
to convince you that I am right in what I may say to you," and his
calm and cool manner before the jury, and apparent confidence that he
was right, always told in a case. In addressing a jury he seemed to
be unconscious that another person than himself and the jury were in
the room.

Charles Jewett was born at Waybridge, Vt., in June, 1810, gradu-
ated at Middlebury college,. Vt., in August, 1834, and read law at Middle-
bury. He came to Niles in the fall of 1836, and in the same year was
appointed district attorney (as the office was then called) for the county
of Berrien; he held the office until he resigned in 1840. In 1848 he
was elected county judge, and held the office four years; in 1860 he
was elected judge of probate. Mr. Jewett never claimed eminence
as a trial lawyer, but for counsel, and as an office lawyer, he ranked
among the first in the county, and was very popular, especially among
farmers and the laboring classes. Mr. Jewett was too independent
minded to make a successful politician.

Joseph N. Chipman was born in September, 1803, at Shoreham, Vt.
He descended from a family in which were some of the most distin-
guished lawyers in that state. He graduated from Middlebury college
with the class of 1828 with marked distinction, and was admitted to
the bar at Middlebury in 1833, and was in practice there several years.
He came to Berrien county and settled at Niles in June, 1836, and
continued to live there in the practice of his profession most of the
time until his death in November, 1870. In 1844 Mr. Chipman was
elected to the State senate.

John S. Chipman was a practicing lawyer in the State of New York;
he settled at Niles in 1838, and was admitted to the bar the same year;
was appointed prosecuting attorney by the court for the April term,
1839. In 1844 he was elected to congress from his district. He
remained at Niles until 1851, when he moved to California, and died
there several years ago. Mr. Chipman was a man of very positive
character and in ability ranked high in his profession. The two Chip-
mans being at Niles at the same time, and both being lawyers, in
order to distinguish them, John S., was almost universally known as
"Black Chip," and is still so referred to; and was thus known through-
out the State; Joseph N., was called "White Chip."

Cyrus Dana was born at Owego, New York, and was a practicing
lawyer there for many years; he came to Niles in 1838, and was admit-

396 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

ted to the bar in November of the same year. He continued to prac-
tice in the county until his death in 1847. Mr. Dana was a man of
considerable ability, and ranked high as a lawyer.

James Sullivan was a practicing lawyer in New Hampshire; he came
to Niles in 1838, and the same year was admitted to the bar at Ber-
rien; he remained at Niles about three years, and then moved to Cass
county, where he continued in the practice of his profession until his
death in August, 1878. Mr. Sullivan was from a family of eminent
lawyers; his father was attorney general for the State of New Hamp-
shire for over twenty years, and his grandfather for a still longer
period, and the credit and character of the family lost nothing in
James. He was acknowledged to be one of the finest lawyers in the
-State; he possessed a legal mind inferior to none, but an unfortunate
deafness denied him the honorable position, to which as a lawyer or
statesman, his learning, ability and sterling honesty and worth entitled
him.

James Brown was born in Saratoga county, N. Y., in September,
1814; he graduated from Union college in 1836, and settled at Niles
in 1838; was admitted to the bar at Berrien in October, 1839. He,
.several years since, retired from practice except in an occasional
special case. Mr. Brown was elected judge of probate in 1844, was
re-elected in 1848, holding the office eight successive years. In 1842
he was elected prosecuting attorney, and re-elected in 1844. He was
again elected to the same office in 1852. Mr. Brown was a fine scholar,
had a remarkable command of language, was a fine speaker, and always
made an efficient officer. As an advocate he was very excitable and at
times rather eccentric. At times when addressing the court with more
than usual earnestness someone would slide a chair in front of him, he
would at once mount into it and continue his argument as if in ordinary
position. I have seen him enter the judge's seat and argue with the
judge with all the earnestness and gesticulations of a pugilist, but as
everybody knew "Jim Brown" no one took exceptions. Mr. Brown
had a heart that always throbbed for the unfortunate and the oppressed.
He died Sept. 16, 1889. He lived and died a bachelor.

Cogswell K. Green was a lawyer from New Hampshire. He came
to Niles at an early day, probably in about 1833. He continued in
practice in the county for several years and afterward returned to New
Hampshire and settled at Exeter and resumed his practice there.

Mr. Green was once judge of probate for Berrien county and held
the office three years.

Thomas Conger was born about 1800. He settled at St. Joseph in

BENCH AND BAR OF BERRIEN COUNTY. 397

May, 1834, and was elected judge of probate in November of the same
year. He remained at St. Joseph until 1849, and then went to Cali-
fornia. In 1879 he was police judge in Sacramento City and held the
office many years.

James Randies came to St. Joseph in 1834; he had but one arm,
and was usually called "one armed Handle" to distinguish him from
James J. Randal who lived at St. Joseph at the same time. He was
elected county clerk in 1834. Mr. Bandies was a man of more than
ordinary ability, and it was universally conceded that had his life been
spared he would have made his mark in the world as a lawyer and
probably statesman. Mr. Randies died at St. Joseph in about 1840.

Ebenezer Mcllvaine was born in Pennsylvania and was admitted to
the bar of that state at Pittsburg; he came to Niles in about 1843, and
was admitted to the Michigan bar in October of that year; he was
elected county clerk in 1848, and was twice re-elected holding the office
six consecutive years. In 1855 he was elected judge of probate to fill
the vacancy caused by the death of Colonel Fitzgerald, and served the
balance of the term. Mr. Mcllvaine made an efficient officer and was
a good lawyer, but law practice was not to his liking and he never
acquired a reputation as a trial lawyer. Mr. Mcllvaine died at Niles
several years ago.

Levi B. Taft was admitted to the bar at Berrien prior to 1850; in
that year he was elected prosecuting attorney. Mr. Taft was a fine
lawyer, and made a very efficient officer. In 1853 he left Niles, and
finally settled at Pontiac, this State, and he was at one time the circuit
judge of Oakland county. Mr. Taft held many positions of trust and
responsibility, and always with entire satisfaction of his constituents.

Hiram F. Mather was born in Onondaga county, N. Y. ; he came to
Niles ia 1844, and remained until 1853, when he went to Chicago; he
died in Chicago in about 1863. Mr. Mather was for four years member
of the New York senate before he came to Michigan. He was an able
lawyer but he never acquired notoriety as an advocate, but with his
acquaintances and especially with business men, his opinion was always,
taken as the settled law; and as a draftsman his work was always con-
sidered as beyond criticism, and as such the State furnished no super-
ior. As a neighbor, a public or private citizen, Mr. Mather was a
man in whom any community might take much pride.

Alonzo Bennett was born in Addison, Vermont in September, 1807; he
came to Berrien county in 1833 and settled at Niles; in 1836 he moved
to New Buffalo, and lived there most of the time until his death some
years ago. He was admitted to the bar in 1843, but he never made the

398 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

practice of law his main business, but soon after he was admitted to
the bar he turned his attention to other pursuits principally merchan-
dising. Mr. Bennett was elected county clerk in 1838 and was twice
re-elected holding the office for six consecutive years. In 1842 he
represented the county in the State legislature. Mr. Bennett was very
popular as a man, a citizen and as an officer; his name was a house-
hold word throughout the county, and any one who did not know
Alonzo Bennett was not up with the times.

John M. Barber came from Chautauqua county, N. Y., and settled at
Niles in 1834, and was admitted to the bar at Berrien in April, 1842,
he remained at Niles about eight years and then moved to the city of
New York. He was for many years judge of the superior court of
that city; every old lawyer feels that he has a personal acquaintance
with Judge Barber.

Thomas W. Frulan lived at Niles and was admitted to the bar at
Berrien in May, 1845; he enlisted in the United States army and served
in the Mexican war. He went to California in 1849 or 1850, and was
at one time a judge of a court of record of that state.

Franklin Muzzy was born in Maine, in 1816, and graduated at Bow-
doin college. He came to Berrien county in 1842; stayed one year at
St. Joseph with the family of Col. Fitzgerald, and in 1843 went to
Niles, and always lived there until his death in 1878. He was admit-
ted to the bar in Maine, and was once a law partner of Hon. Hannibal
Hamlin; he was admitted to the Michigan bar in October, 1846, and
continued in practice to the time of his death. He was elected State
senator in 1858, and was for many years mayor of the city of Niles.
In many respects Mr. Muzzy was a remarkable and peculiar man;
he lived and died a bachelor which fact may account for many of
his eccentricities. Probably no lawyer who ever lived in Berrien county
had as great influence with the court and jury as he. Always ready,
never showing surprise, an opponent not to be courted, but in professional
courtesy always meeting his opponent half way. Before a jury his
appearance seemed to say, " No use, gentlemen of the jury, I am going
to compel you, in spite of yourselves, to view the case as I do," and
he generally succeeded. He was not eloquent as a speaker, but
his earnestness and his apparent conviction that he was right, gave
him great power as an advocate. As a neighbor, Mr. Muzzy was
tever kind and obliging, though not a professing Christian, yet no
man in the county gave more liberally to the church and clergy
than he. Hundreds of poor, did they but know their benefactor,
would rise up and call him blessed; he never gave to be seen of men,

BENCH AND BAR OP BERRIEN COUNTY. 399

but with a basket or package of necessaries, would often go forth
in the dark, and unseen leave it at the door of some poor family,
or would send a delivery wagon loaded with the comforts of life
to be delivered to the needy ones, always with the injunction
to not name the giver. Many a family has been warmed and fed by
Ms kindness as an unknown giver.

John Grove was the first lawyer who settled at Buchanan, he was
admitted to the bar at Berrien, in May, 1848, and was elected to the
State legislature in 1845, and in 1846; he died at Buchanan about
thirty years ago.

George H. Jerome was born at Pompey, Onondaga county, N. Y.,
in October, 1819; he graduated at Hamilton college in 1842; came to
Niles in 1846, and immediately entered into the practice of law; but
he very soon retired from law practice, and entered upon other per-
suits more to his liking. In 1873 Mr. Jerome was appointed commis-
sioner of State fisheries; he held the position many years, and until
his resignation. He in reality made the State fishery what it now is,
and so long as the trout, the whitefish, the bass and the grayling shall
inhabit the waters of the peninsular State, so long his fame as a fish
culturist will not be forgotten. Mr. Jerome is a fine scholar, and
science and literature are more to his taste than law.

Strather M. Beeson was born at Uniontown, Penn., in December,
1816. He came to Niles in 1832, but passed much of his time for
many years in South Bend, Indiana, and read law in that state. He
was for many years a practicing lawyer there, and stood high as a
lawyer. He was admitted to the Michigan bar in 1850. He died at
Niles, December 30, 1878. Mr. Beeson was a sound lawyer and a fine
scholar. He never acquired a wide reputation as an advocate, as he
was not fond of litigation, and confined his practice almost entirely to
the quieter fields of the profession, yet he was not deficient in any of
the fields of practice.

Damon A. Winslow was born in LeRay, Jefferson county, N. Y., in
May, 1819. He was educated at LeBay academy, and at Gouverneur
Wesley an Seminary, in the latter institution under the instruction of
the late Bishop Jesse T. Peck He came to Michigan in 1838, read
law at Tecumseh, was admitted to the law courts in June, 1845, at
Ann Arbor, and in the same month to the court of chancery at Adrian.
After his admission he first settled at Charlotte, Eaton county, and in
1847 was appointed prosecuting attorney for that county, and held the
office two years. He was also master in chancery for the county
several years. In 1851 he settled at St. Joseph, Berrien county, where

400 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

lie continued to reside until 1887, when he moved to Saugatuck,
Allegan county, where he now resides. He was elected circuit court
commissioner for Berrien county in 1852, 1854 and again in 1862.
Mr. Winslow never claimed eminence as a trial lawyer, in fact he had
no fondness for criminal or commercial law practice, but confined
himself almost entirely to chancery practice and to real estate cases,
in which branches and as judge of land titles, we trust his reputation
was not to his discredit. He is not now in general practice but
confines himself to his chosen field, and to chosen cases.

David Bacon was born at Ballston Springs, N. Y., in September,.
1827, graduated at Jefferson college, Penn., in 1852. The same year
he settled at Niles, was admitted to the bar in October, 1854, and was
elected prosecuting attorney the same year. He is still in practice at
Niles. Mr. Bacon served in the war of the rebellion, was commissioned
lieutenant colonel in August, 1862, for meritorious services, and was
severely wounded at the battle of Baton Rouge in April, 1863. He
was never able again to enter the service, as his wound was well nigh
fatal. Col. Bacon knows right well what hospital life is.

Emory M. Plimpton was born in Ohio, in June, 1826, came to Michi-
gan in August, 1849, and settled at Niles. He was admitted to the bar
in September, 1853; he continued in active practice in the county
until his death in March, 1888, at Benton Harbor, where he had resided
for several years. Mr. Plim-pton was elected prosecuting attorney for
the county in 1856, and circuit court commissioner in 1870; he was-
elected representative to the State .legislature in 1868. In the war of
the rebellion Mr. Plimpton was captain of company M., 4th Michigan
Cavalry, from August, 1862, to May 1863, when he resigned on account
of illness, and injuries received by being thrown from his horse.
After his resignation he was, during the war, active in the provo
marshal's department.

Edward Bacon was born at Rochester, N. Y., in April, 1830, came
to Niles with his father, Nathaniel Bacon, in 1833; he graduated from
Michigan State University in 1850, and was admitted to the bar in the
supreme court at Detroit, in 1853, and settled at Niles where he has
ever since continued in active practice. Mr. Bacon is a fine scholar,
a good lawyer, and an indifatigable worker in his profession, and
unlike most of the profession ignores politics, at least so far as
holding office, but he has well-defined political views, and maintains
them with tact and talent. He is in general practice, but seems to
have a special liking for unearthing and treating, to use a medical term,
"chronic cases." Mr. Bacon was in the military service during the

BENCH AND BAB OF BERRIEN COUNTY. 401

late war of the rebellion; in August, 1861, lie was commissioned major,
and in June, 1862, he was commissioned lieutenant colonel. He was
mustered out in 1864. Mr. Bacon is the author of "Among the Cotton
Thieves," a work of two volumes, and any one wanting to learn some
of the history of the inside workings of that war, should read his book.

John M. Albert came to Buchanan in about 1851, was admitted to
the bar in Berrien in 1858, and practiced his profession until he
enlisted m the military service during the late war; he received a cap-
tain's commission October 10, 1861, and resigned April 27, 1862. He
never resumed his practice in Berrien county after he left the army.

William W. Wheeler was born at Niles in about 1836, was admitted
to the bar in September, 1859, and was in practice at St. Joseph until
he entered the army in 1861; after he left the army he settled in
Chicago where he remained until his death in about 1875. Mr.
Wheeler enterd the army as captain company B., 6th Michigan Infantry;
in April, 1863, he was commissioned major 23d Infantry, and received
a lieutenant colonel's commission in the 28th Michigan Infantry in
August, 1864. He was mustered out of service at Detroit, July 12,
1866.

Henry H. Cooledge was born at Leominster, Mass., in August, 1811, and
graduated at Amherst college; he came to Cass county, Michigan, in
1836, was admitted to the bar of that county in 1844, and was elected
prosecuting attorney for that county in 1850. He moved to Niles in
1859, and was elected prosecuting attorney for Berrien county in 1862,
and a delegate to the constitutional convention in 1867. In 1872 he
was appointed judge of the second judicial circuit, to fill the vacancy
caused by the resignation of Judge Blackman, and in 1876 he was
elected for the full term, but resigned in September, 1878; after
his resignation he resumed his law practice at Niles, and continued in
it until his death, May 31, 1884. Mr. Cooledge was a fine scholar
and a good lawyer. ^f

Charles R. Brown was born in Lorain county, Ohio, was educated at
Berea, Ohio, and was admitted to the bar of that state in 1856. He
came to St. Joseph in 1859, was admitted to the Berrien bar in 1860,
and was elected circuit court commissioner the same year, and was in
1866 elected to the State legislature. Mr. Brown moved to Kalamazoo
in' 1867, and in 1869 he was elected circuit judge, and resigned in 1874.
He is now in practice at Marquette. Mr. Brown has a fine legal mind,
is a good lawyer, has a good command of language, is never lacking in
words to express his ideas, and his specialty is in addressing the court
or jury.

402 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

George S. Clapp was born at Columbia, Lorain county, Ohio, in June,
1834, was educated at Berea, Ohio, was admitted to the bar of that
state in 1856, settled at St. Joseph in 1862, and was admitted to the
Berrien bar in October of the same year. In 1864 he was elected
prosecuting attorney, and held the office for six consecutive years.
Mr. Clapp is an industrious, energetic lawyer, and was one of the
most efficient, prosecuting officers Berrien county ever had, and he
ranks among the best lawyers in western Michigan. In 1869, Mr.
Clapp was candidate for circuit judge against Judge Blackman, and
again in 1887, against Judge O'Hara, but Mr. Clapp is a better lawyer
than politician. He is now enjoying a very fine law practice at
Niles.

Jeremiah E. Chamberlain was born on the Sandwich Islands in
about 1830, graduated at Williams college in 1852; after he graduated
he returned to Sandwich Islands, and was for several years judge of the
recorder's court, and was offered a seat on the supreme court bench of
the Islands. He wrote and published some strictures on some of the
prominent officials, and he concluded that the Islands, for a time at
least, was not really the most desirable place of residence for him, and he
returned to the United States, and in 1860 settled at St. Joseph, and
was soon thereafter admitted to the bar. Law practice was not to his
taste and he soon abandoned it entirely. He returned to the Islands
in 1873, and died there in about 1883.

Nathan G. King was born in Rensselaer county, New York, in Feb-
ruary, 1819, and graduated at Williams college; he for several years
practiced law in Albany, New York, subsequently was several years
at St. Paul, Minnesota. He came to St. Joseph early in 1861.
On the breaking out of the rebellion he entered the army and
received a colonel's commission. After the war he settled at Brooklyn,
Jackson county, and gave his principal attention to banking business.

In 1872, Colonel King was elected to the State senate from Jackson
county. He still resides at Brooklyn.

Alexander Walker was from Oneida county, New York, he graduated
from Albany law school, came to Berrien in 1862, and in July of the,
same year was admitted to the bar, he never entered into law practice
in Berrien county. Soon after he was admitted he entered the army
and served during the war. In 1863 he was captain of Co. A, 7th
Mich. Cavalry, was wounded at the battle of Gettysburg, and was
mustered out in 1865. Captain Walker's residence . at present is not
known, even if living.

Jacob J. Van Riper was born at Haverstraw, N. Y., in 1838, received

BENCH AND BAR OP BERRIEN COUNTY. 403

an academic education in New York City, attended law lectures in 1860
and 1861 at Michigan University, and was admitted to the bar in Cass
county in July, 1863. In 1867 he was elected a delegate from Cass
county to the constitutional convention. He settled at Buchanan in
1872, was elected prosecuting attorney in 1876, and re-elected in 1878..
In 1882 he was Sleeted Attorney General and re-elected in 1884. Mr.
Van Eiper still resides in the county.

Worthy Putnam was born October 22, 1811, at Brookfield, Madison
county, N. Y., he was admitted to the New York bar in 1859; settled
at Berrien in 1864, and was admitted to the Berrien bar in December,
of the same year. In 1869 Mr. Putnam was appointed circuit judge
to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Judge Bacon, and held
the office until his successor was elected, in November of the same
year, holding two terms of court. Mr. Putnam could never make law
practice the business of life, and he was seldom seen in court engaged
in the trial of cases. He was a brilliant scholar and a good lawyer,
and a fine, impressive speaker, but the busy years of his life were
devoted to educational and literary pursuits. He died at Berrien in
about 1885 or 1886.

Calvin B. Potter was born in Jefferson county, N. Y., in July, 1837.
and graduated from Albany law school in 1860. At the commence-
ment of the late war he enlisted in the 18th N. Y. Infantry and served
over four years in the army of the Potomac; he was taken prisoner
at the first battle of Bull Bun, and was an inmate of Libby Prison
five months and seventeen days, and was then exchanged and went
back to his regiment. He settled in St. Joseph in June, 1866, and
was admitted to the bar the same year. In .1874, Mr. Potter was
elected to the State legislature. He is still in practice at St. Joseph.

Almon B. Riford was born in Orange county, Vt., in January, 1840;
he graduated from the law department of Michigan State University
in 1864; he came to Benton Harbor in August 1865, and was admitted
to the Berrien bar in 1866. Mr. Riford never made the profession his
exclusive business, but connected other matters with his law practice.
He was Delected to the State- legislature in 1868, and was appointed
postmaster by President Arthur, and held the office until his death in
1883.

Nathaniel A. Hamilton was born in Tompkins county, N. Y., in
1836, was educated at Whitewater Academy, Wisconsin, and admitted
to the Wisconsin bar in 1859; he came to St. Joseph in 1870, and was
admitted to the Michigan bar the same year, and in 1872 was elected
prosecuting attorney and circuit court commissioner. In 1876 Mr.

404 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

Hamilton was elected to the State legislature, was elected speaker
pro tern., and was chairman of the judiciary committee. Mr. Hamilton
is a very fine scholar, and is very fond of the classics, and has a grand
classical education, but he is too modest to make a show of his attain-
ments. He is a good lawyer and is now enjoying a lucrative law
practice at St. Joseph. •

George W. Bridgman, a native of Massachusetts, came to Michigan
with his parents in 1856, he is a graduate from Columbia college law
school, of the class of^ 1868; was admitted to the bar of the district
of Columbia in 1868, and to the Michigan bar in May, 1871; he was
elected prosecuting attorney for Berrien county in 1884, re-elected in
1886, and again in 1888. For six years prior to 1871, Mr. Bridgman
was connected with the treasury department at Washington, holding
first, second and third class clerkships. Mr. Bridgman makes a very
efficient officer.

James H. Caiifield was born in Delaware county, Ohio, graduated at
Williams college in June 1868, was admitted to the Michigan bar at
Mason in June 1872, and came to St. Joseph in September of the
same year. He was elected circuit court commissioner in 1874, wa&
re-elected in 1876. Mr. Canfield is now, and has been for several
years a professer in Kansas State University.

Lawrence C. Fyfe was born at Isle Aux Noix, Canada, was educated
in England and Scotland; he settled at St. Joseph in 1874, was admitted
to the Berrien bar the same year. He is now enjoying a well-earned
and lucrative law practice at St. Joseph. Mr. Fyfe was in 1878, elected
circuit court commissioner and re-elected in 1880. In 1882 he was
elected to the State legislature and re-elected in 1884.

Boscoe D. Dix, was born in "Jefferson county, N. Y., on June 11,.
1839, came to Michigan in 1852, was educated at Albion college. Mr.
Dix enlisted in the army in April, 1861, and entered Co. K. 2d Mich.
Volunteer Infantry and became sergeant. He was severely wounded
in his hip at the battle at Knoxville, Tennessee, and needs not to be told
what hospital life is; he continued in the service until his discharge,.
May 25, 1864. He was admitted to the Berrien bar in June, 1880, but
never entered into general practice. He did not enter the profession
with a view of practicing it, but as an aid to his own business. Mr.
Dix was elected register of deeds for Berrien county in 1864,.
re-elected in 1866, again in 1868, and was again elected to the same
office in in 1874, and in 1886 he was elected Commissioner of the
State Land Office, and re-elected in 1888, and is now our worthy

BENCH AND BAR OP BERKIEN COUNTY. 405

commissioner and "Governor Dix" would be a familiar sound to many
•of us.

THE BENCH OF BEBBIEN COUNTY.

By act of congress of January, 1805, which took effect the 31st of
June following, Michigan was set off into a separate territory.

July 14, 1817, by executive act of Michigan, the county '• of Monroe
was established, and by act of September 10, 1822, the county was
given its present territorial limits, and by the last named act Lenawee
•county was set off and embraced the territory lying between Monroe
•county and the principal meridian, and was organized by act of Decem-
ber 22, 1826, and all of the territory west of the meridian and east and
north of St. Joseph river was attached to it.

October 29, 1829, by act of the legislative council, Berrien, Cass and
other counties were set off, and Berrien county was made to embrace
the same territory as at present. By act of November 4, 1829, the
counties of Berrien and Cass were organized, and Berrien county was
attached to Cass. Berrien was organized into a separate county by
act of March 4, 1831, the act taking effect September following.

By the act organizing the county of Berrien it was provided that the
first courts should be held at Niles, and until a county seat should be
permanently located; the county seat was first located at St. Joseph,
but in 1837 it was removed to Berrien, where it is now.

Deeming it unnecessary, I will not weary your patience by detailing
the history of the organization of the courts of the State, but will
simply say, that for many years prior to 1850, the judges of the supreme
court held the several circuit courts.

By the constitution of 1850, the order of things was entirely changed
— reversed — the State was divided into five circuits, the judges were
elected, and the judges of the several circuits composed the supreme
court — court in bank. In 1857 the supreme court was re-organized and
given a separate and independent organization, and the circuit judges
were confined to circuit court jurisdiction.

I also de0m it unnecessary to speak particularly of those judges exer-
cising jurisdiction over the courts of other counties, to which Berrien
was, for the time being, attached for judicial purposes, as they more
properly belong to the history of those counties to which Berrien was
attached. The county was organized in 1829, but it was not given an
independent jurisdiction until 1831.

The first term of the circuit court was held at Niles in October, 1833.
Wm. A. Fletcher presided, he was never a resident of Berrien county.

406 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

Judge Fletcher was chief justice of the supreme court from 1836 to
1842, and it was as such member of the supreme court that he held
the circuit court terms in Berrien county. He was presiding judge of
the "circuit court for the Territory of Michigan," from its organization
in 1833, until Michigan became a State; he was at one time Attorney
General of the State. Judge Fletcher came from Massachusetts and
settled in Michigan in 1820, and studied law at Detroit. He was also a
member of the territorial legislative council in 1831 and in 1832.

Epaphroditus Ransom succeeded Judge Fletcher, and held his first
term in Berrien county in April, 1837, and continued to preside in that
circuit for eleven years, holding his last term in October, 1847.
Judge Ransom was a native of Hampshire county Massachusetts; he-
graduated from Northampton law school in 1825, and came to Michi-
gan in 1833, and was admitted to the bar at Kalamazoo in 1834. He-
was appointed to .the supreme court bench in 1836, and he became
chief justice in 1843; in 1848, he resigned the judgeship to take the
governship of the State to which he had been elected.

Charles W. Whipple succeeded Judge Ransom holding his first term
in the county in May, 1848, and continuing to preside in that circuit
until his death in October, 1855; he held his last term in July, 1855..
He was the first resident judge in Berrien county. Judge Whipple
led a very active life, and he held many prominent and responsible
positions; the first record we find of him is in 1835, as secre-
tary of the second session of the sixth legislative council; he was
secretary of the constitutional convention of 1835, and a member
from Berrien county to the constitutional convention of 1850. He was
member of the house of representatives of the State in 1835, 1836 and
1837, and was speaker of the house at the session in the latter year.
He was associate justice of the supreme court from 1838 to 1848.
From 1848 to 1852 he was chief justice.

Hon. Warner Wing oi Monroe, as a foreign judge, held the March
and June terms of 1856.

Nathaniel Bacon was elected to fill the vacancy caused by the death
of Judge Whipple, and was ex officio member of the supreme court;
in 1857 he was elected his own successor for the full term. Again in
1866 he was elected to fill a vacancy caused by the death of Perrin
M. Smith, and again in the spring of 1869 he was elected for the full
term, but died the following September. Judge Bacon had a clear,
comprehensive mind and had many of the essential qualities of mind to
make a popular and successful judge. He was a good judge of the law,
but he was a lawyer, not a judge; not that he by any means failed

BENCH AND BAR OP BERRIEN COUNTY. 407

as a judge, for he was in the main popular as such. Judge
Bacon was a man of very strong prejudices, especially politically,
and this peculiar trait seemed to affect him on the bench. It
seemed impossible for him to hear a case without unconsciously taking
sides, and when a person was arraigned before him charged with crime,
he seemed to take it for granted that the respondent was guilty; yet
with these strong traits of mind, Mr. Bacon was never charged with
intentionally prejudicing a case, or of denying a respondent a fair and
impartial trial; the simple fact was that he was too much of an advocate
to be a judge.

Perrin M. Smith was elected on the expiration of Judge Bacon's
first full term in 1863. He served only about two years, but served
until his death which occurred in 1865. Judge Smith was a resident
of St. Joseph county.

Worthy Putnam, in 1869, was appointed circuit judge for the county;
his appointment was to supply an interim. He held two terms of court.
A more detailed history of Judge* Putnam will be found as a mem-
ber of the bar, where it more appropriately belongs.

In the fall of 1869, Daniel Blackman was elected to fill the vacancy
caused by the death of Judge Bacon, and entered upon the duties of
his office in December of the same year. The duties of judge were
not to the taste of Mr.. Blackman; he wanted a more active life; the
excitement of active law practice was more congenial to his taste and
habits, and he resigned in 1871, and soon after moved to Chicago and
resumed his law practice in that city. Judge Blackman was a fair,
unprejudiced and popular judge, but his proper field of labor is at the
bar, and not on the bench.

Henry H. Coolidge was in 1871 appointed for the unexpired term of
Judge Blackman, and on the expiration of the term in 1876, he was
elected for the full term. He resigned in 1878. The then meager
salary of a judge and the fact that he could make more money at the
bar than on the bench, and the bar being more congenial to his taste
and habits, were the principal reasons of his resignation. Judge
Coolidge was a fine scholar, was a graduate of Amherst college;
he was a good lawyer and too much of an advocate for a judge; his
long practice at the bar rendered it difficult for him to take an impar-
tial view of a case when presented to him; when he had once formed
an opinion he was very firm, and he was always very independent, and
not unfrequently in deciding a question, after hearing the case from
both sides, would base his decision on authorities or on points
unnoticed by either side; this was one of his peculiarities. Judge

408 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

Coolidge gave very general satisfaction on the bench. He was an
indefatigable worker, whether acting as a judge or a lawyer; his life
was a life of labor, yet he was noted for his social character, and no
one, better than he, enjoyed a joke, even at his own expense; was
attached to his friends and never deserted one in trouble. After
his resignation Judge Coolidge resumed his law practice at Niles
and continued in it until his death which occurred at Niles. The
vacancy caused by the resignation of Mr. Coolidge, was tempora-
rily filled by the appointment of Hon. Charles W. Clisby of Cass
county. Mr. Clisby was never a resident of Berrien county; he held
but one term of court in Berrien.

Andrew J. Smith of Cass county was elected circuit judge in 1878,
to fill the unexpired term of Judge Coolidge; in 1871 he was elected
for the full term and without opposition; served his term and declined a
re-election. Judge Smith was born in Ohio in Sept., 1818; when he was
quite young he with his father moved to Indiana; his mother died when
he was an infant; his father was a poor man, the country was new and
Andrew J. was virtually denied all advantages of schools, but like
many others in those early times worked on farms summers and went
to such schools as were available in the winter season. After all
the disadvantages with which Mr. Smith had to contend, he seems to
have been in some respects fortune's favorite; he was elected constable
in Valparaiso, Indiana, before he was twenty-one years old, and from
that on he was almost continually in office, in church, school and political.
He moved to Cass county in 1840, and engaged in different occupa-
tions, anything that presented prospects of success, and studied law as
opportunity offered and was admitted to the bar in 1853; in 1854 he
was elected prosecuting attorney for Cass county, and in all held the
office for twelve years. In 1874 he was elected Attorney General and
served one term, and in 1878 was elected circuit judge as before men-
tioned. Judge Smith was emphatically a self made man and he need not
be ashamed of his work for in all positions filled by him, has been with
credit to himself, and to the entire satisfaction of the people. Age and
failing health rendered it necessary for him to retire almost entirely
from active pursuits.

Thomas O'Hara who succeeded Judge Smith was born in Genesee
county, New York, March 9, 1856. Mr. O'Hara though young is old
enough to show what energy and honesty, and well directed efforts will
produce. He is most emphatically a self made man, and his is one
of those cases showing what a young man can do for himself, if
really in earnest, in this country. Mr. O'Hara had the advantages

BENCH AND BAR OF BERRIEN COUNTY. 409

only offered by the common schools of those days; he really com-
menced the business of life at an early age as porter, etc., on a
steamboat in 1870; in 1875, he held the position of steward on a
steamer, and in 1879, he was promoted to full clerkship; this position
he held until he was elected clerk for Berrien county in 1882; he was
re-elected in 1884. He commenced reading law in 1878; sailed summers
and read law winters, he was admitted to the bar in 1880, and elected
circuit judge in April, 1887. Mr. O'Hara was the youngest man ever
elected circuit judge for the Berrien circuit, and there are but two cases
in the State where those younger than he were elected circuit judges;
one was elected in the Upper Peninsula, who was under thirty years
of age; another in the 28th circuit who was but twenty-four. Judge
O'Hara has really had no experience as a lawyer. His four years
as clerk of the circuit court was improved by him as it would have
been by a comparatively few young men. He is a ready, pleasant and
forcible speaker, and a close reasoner, and has every qualification to
make a successful lawyer, and he would have succeeded at the bar, and
he will succeed on the bench; he is honest, earnest and conscientious,
and went uporf the bench free from that peculiar trait of imme-
diately taking sides, engendered by even a few years' practice at the bar.
It was a delicate, and by many considered a very dangerous experiment,
electing a man so young, and one of so little experience, to so impor-
tant and responsible office. Judge O'Hara belonged to the young
Americas and they thought that the young men ought to have a better
chance in the world of politic than was conceded to them by the "old
fitagers," and having great confidence in the learning, ability, honesty,
judgment and discretion of Mr. O'Hara they nominated him against
an old, and one of the best lawyers in that circuit, and against Mr.
O'Hara's protest. The politics of the circuit was against him yet he
was elected by a very handsome majority, and the writer has yet to hear
of the first person questioning the judgment of the people in making
their choice, and we yet expect to hear this same voice say to Judge
O'Hara "go up higher."
52

410 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

EAELY HISTOEY OF CLINTON COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

BY DAVID SCOTT. OF DEWITT.

The first settlement in this county by white people, was made by
Captain David Scott, October 4, 1833. He was a captain in the war
of 1812. He came with his wife and two sons, David and Charles, and
located on north fraction of section eight, southeast quarter, and
east half of southwest quarter of section five, town five north, of range
two west.

Captain David Scott was born December 1, 1779. His parents died
while he was a small boy, and not having any guardian he worked his
own way up in the world. At the age of 22 he was united in mar-
riage to Miss Eunice Forbs, of Shoreham, Vermont, who was born
January 14, 1780, and to them were born eleven children.

Shortly after their marriage they moved into Genesee county, N. Y.r
in 1816, and located on a wild piece of land known as the Holland
Purchase, about ten miles south of Leroy. He made a large improve-
ment on his land but the title proved defective, and he had to
abandon it, and received but little for the improvements he had made.

In the fall of 1825, he moved to Ann Arbor, Michigan, with his
wife and five children, Sylvester, Sally, Lamira, David and Charles.
He there bought a wild piece of timbered land of John Allen, one and a
half miles southeast from where the court house stands now, better known
at present as the Kingsley farm. He remained there about eight years
and improved some forty acres of his land, and in the spring of 1833 sold
out, and in company with Nathaniel Brown, and with surveyor Strat-
ton as guide, started for the Grand river valley. They were mounted
on ponies, and with knapsacks lashed on behind they took a northwest
course from Dexter, following the Indian trail ; passing through Living-
ston and Shiawassee counties they came to some Indian shanties on
the Lookingglass river, and the captain was much pleased with the
place. The company went on by way of Grand Ledge and Portland
to Ionia, and there the captain turned back and came to the Indian
shanties again on north fractional section eight, five north, two west,
looked up the section corners, got the number of the land he wished

EARLY HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY. 411

to locate and started for the land office at White Pigeon by way of
Okemos and Jackson.

On his way from Jackson to White Pigeon he lost his way and
stopped with some Indians all night. As they had been taking plenty of
fire water they were very noisy and all but one old squaw were rather
hostile toward him. She said a few words to them however and they
quieted down, and she spread a blanket for him and motioned him to
lie down, which he did, but not much sleep did he get. He could not
talk with the Indians and as soon as he could see in the morning he
mounted his pony and started, and as he did not know where to find
the trail leading to the settlement he wandered about for some time,
but finally saw an Indian boy catching a pony, and when he came up
to him he said to the boy " Gemoca man — wigwam" he knew that
meant white man's house. The boy said two shillings, which the captain
gave him; the boy then hopped on his pony and away they went,
pretty soon the boy turned out to one side and when he got up to
him the boy said two shillings; the captain gave him the amount asked
again, and on they went for a time, but soon turned out and called
for another two shillings, but as the captain could see a rail fence not
far in advance the boy failed in his last demand and started quickly
back for the Indian camp. Without farther trouble he reached the
land office at White Pigeon.

In June the captain went to Clinton county again, taking with him
his son Sylvester, and he being well pleased with his father's location,
entered at that time the west half of southwest quarter of sec-
tion five, town five north, two west, but he did not move his family till
the fall of 1834.

On the 27th day of September Capt. David Scott, his wife, two sons
David and Charles, and a hired man started for Clinton county with
four yoke of oxen and nine head of other cattle, one horse and two
other ox teams hired by the day, and arrived at their land Oct. 4, 1833.

Captain Scott obtained the consent of the Indians to occupy one of
their wigwams for several weeks till their own house was completed 0to
which he then removed his family. The Indian wigwam in which he
lived for the time mentioned, was constructed of bark, with bunks at
the side and a fire was built in the center the smoke from which
escaped through a hole in the top or remained in the room.

While living there, a party of Englishmen on their way to Grand
River (now Portland) stopped over night with the captain. One of
the party was taken sick, and the captain went to Ionia (about fifty
miles by the trail) for a doctor. The man died soon after the doctor

412 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

-came, and was buried in a coffin made of bark, taken from the wig-
wam. The funeral was attended by Captain Scott's family, the only
white inhabitants of the county, the doctor from Ionia and the hired
man.

The log house Captain Scott built was twenty feet square, and was
begun Oct 5, and completed in seven weeks, and occupied with much
joy. Ground was broken for spring crops in the fall of 1833, and for
wheat in July, 1834, and twenty acres was sown. The captain and two
sons, Sylvester and David, went to Ann Arbor for seed wheat with ox
teams; not having bags to put the wheat in, it was put loose in the
wagon box. On the way home the wagon got mired crossing a swamp,
and we had to spread down our blankets and carry the wheat in pails
from the wagon and put it on the blankets, and when we got the wagon
out, loaded up again. The wheat was harvested the next July — yield-
ing thirty-two bushels to the acre. A piece of ground was leveled and
logs laid around it, making a threshing floor, then floorings of the
wheat were laid, and the grain was tread out by four yoke of oxen.
With the exception of 100 bushels that was sown, and sold to parties
in Ionia county, the whole crop was hauled to Pontiac to be manu-
factured into flour.

The trip to Pontiac with ox teams took about ten days, and as there
were no settlers, save for a short distance northwest of Pontiac, we had
to camp out nights. We put the bells on the oxen and let them feed,
but kept a good lookout for them, or we might be short a team in the
morning. The second pioneers in the county came in February, 1834,
and were Anthony Niles and Stephen B. Groger. They located on sec-
tion twenty- three, town five north of range four west. Then came
SyTvester Scott and wife in July, 1834.

Sylvester Scott, Sr., died in the spring of 1838. His widow is still
living with her son, Sylvester Scott, on the land located by her husband
in 1833. Then came Chauncey S. Ferguson and his father Daniel. The
fifth in order was Wm. W. Webb from Wayne county, Mich. His widow
is at present living with her son-in-law, Geo. W. Scott, just west of the
village of DeWitt. She has two sons living. The next settler was E.
H. Utley from Plymouth who afterwards removed to Newaygo county
where he died in 1860. The seventh in order was Franklin Oliver who
came from Niagara county, New York, in 1835. Mr. Oliver only lived a
few years after he came to the town. Next came Calvin Marvin from
Oakland county, who settled on section twelve, five north, three west.

The ninth to come was Alanson Goodrich from Troy, Oakland county;
he located on section seven, five north, two west Both Goodrich and

EARLY ATLAS— A PIONEER SKETCH. 413

his wife have been dead for a number of years. And the only ones
who were living in the county from October 4, 1833 to February 1,
1836, who are alive at this date February 14, 1890, are Mrs. Win.
Webb, Mrs. Sophrona Scott, Geo. M. Scott, David Scott of DeWitt
and Ezekiel Niles of Eagle Station.

The above land located by Captain and Sylvester Scott in the year
1833, was the terminus of the oak land west in Clinton county. Their
land bordering on the timber land west and north. About half of their
purchase was rose willow plains and with spots of grass. Most of this
land had been cultivated by the Indians, and the corn hills were plainly
visible, and in breaking up the land many relics of earthen ware and
of stone axes, pipes and arrow-heads were found. Later when some of
the streets in the village of DeWitt were graded several skeletons of
Indians were found. In 1835 the county seat was located on the south-
east quarter of section five, in township five north of two west. And a
contract was let to W. H. Utjey to build county offices for treasurer,
clerk and register of deeds, and also a jail and jailor's residence. The
price fixed was $1,517.

They were occupied in 1843. The buildings were erected on the
public square. The county seat was removed to St. Johns 1857.

EAELY ATLAS— A PIONEER SKETCH.

BY ENOS GOODEICH.

The township of Atlas, in the county of Genesee, now embraces one
township of six miles square, according to the government survey, and
is designated as town six north, of range eight east. It is the south
east corner township of Genesee county, being bounded on the south by
Oakland county, and on the east by Lapeer county. By act of the State
legislature, approved March 23, 1836, Atlas township was formed as
follows: "All that portion of the county of Lapeer designated by the
United States survey as township six north, of range number eight
east, and the south half of township number seven north, of range
number eight east, be, and the same is hereby set oft9 and organized
into a separate township by the name of Atlas, and the first township
meeting therein shall be held at Davison's Mills, in said towship."
Afterward in 1840 that part embraced in town seven north was

414 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

detached and became a part of the present town of Davison. The
first township meeting held in the township of Atlas on the 4th
day of April, A. D. 1836, Moses Goodrich was chosen moderator and
Ezra K. Parshall clerk of the day. There were 22 voters present,
and the election for township officers resulted as follows: Ezra
K. Parshall, supervisor; Norman Davison, town clerk; John Brigham,
Asa Farrar and James G. Horton, assessors; James Lobban, collector;
Moses Goodrich and Aaron Brigham, directors of the poor; Moses
Goodrich, Paul G. Davison and Asa Farrar, commissioners of high-
ways; James Lobban, constable; Oliver P. Davison, Levi W. Good-
rich and Ezra K. Parshall, school commissioners; Norman Davison,
Ezra K. Parshall, Moses Goodrich and Alexander Lobban, justices of
the peace; Moses Goodrich, Oliver P. Davison, Alexander Lobban and
Samuel Lason, fence viewers; Norman Davison, pound keeper. Road
district No. 1, Oliver P. Davison, overseer; road district No. 2, John
Brigham, overseer; road district No. 3, Samuel Lason, overseer; road
district No. 4, Moses Goodrich, overseer; Ezra K. Parshall, Oliver P.
Davison, James G. Horton, Paul G. Davison and Levi W. Goodrich,
school inspectors.

"Voted, that all fences be built of logs, poles, rails and boards, and
to be five feet high, and the spaces between the logs, poles, rails and
boards shall not exceed four inches, until it rises two feet above the
.ground, to constitute a lawful fence."

" Voted, that ten dollars be raised on the taxable property of this
township for the purpose of purchasing blank books and stationery for
the use of said township."

"Voted, that the next annual township meeting be held at Davison's
Mills, in said township."

[Signed.] MOSES GOODRICH, Moderator.

EZRA K. PARSHALL, Clerk.
NORMAN DAVISON, Justice of Peace.

This first township meeting was undoubtedly the most harmonious
township meeting ever held in Atlas. There was no political strife, no
party spirit, no local divisions, and no electioneering for offices. Every
one of those 22 voters seemed only intent upon the one sole object of
organizing a township government where they might make for
themselves homes. But such is human nature that such tranquility is
not destined always to last. Before the township meeting of 1837 was
held, Atlas had received wonderful accessions to its population. Fol-
lowing in the wake of the Goodrich family there came from the one town-
ship of Clarence, in Erie county, New York, nearly thirty families,

EARLY ATLAS— A PIONEER SKETCH. 415

almost all of whom settled in the central or southern part of the town-
ship. A saw mill had been erected by the Goodrich brothers, three
miles above "Davison's Mills," on section 22, and there was already
some foreshadowings of a rising village at that point. In all such
<jases local strife is the inevitable result. When it came to the vote
on determining the site for the next town meeting "Davison's Mills"
were overwhelmed, and the majority in favor of "Goodrich's Mills" was
greater than the entire vote of the township in 1836. For quite a
number of years thereafter, however "Davison's Mills" came regularly
up to the conflict with admirable spirit, and sometimes were successful,
but after having suffered many disastrous defeats they gave up the
strife, and for the past 30 years the village of Goodrich has been the
metropolis of Atlas by common consent.

In recording the proceedings of the first township meeting of Atlas
there was one thing omitted, which, in times like these should not be
forgotten. It was on motion of Norman Davison "voted that the public
officers of the township should all serve for 75 cents a day." It was
thus that the principle of economy was at the very beginning placed
on a rock bottom foundation, and. I believe it has generally been held
there from that day till this, not meaning by this, however, that their
officers have always served the public at 75 cents a day, but that the
affairs of the township have been generally conducted upon principles
of commendable economy. It is possible that the afterwards Honorable
Norman Davison had been prompted to this measure of economy by
the seeming extravagance of the parent township of Grand Blanc, from
which Atlas was set off, for it is recorded in the history of that town-
ship that, on March 30, 1835, upon a final settlement of the year's
business "the total amount of expenditures for township purposes" for
the territory embraced in the nine townships then composing the town
of Grand Blanc amounted to $147.63. This territory covered nearly
half of the present county of Genesee.

As a model account for a faithful and efficient public servant I
desire here to present the following, and especially to commend it to
the consideration of our men in high places.

The itemized account of Norman Davison, supervisor and school
commissioner for the year ending April 1, 1834, reads as follows:

TOWN OP GftAND BLANC.
To Norman Damson, Dr.,

To holding election, 1 day $1.00

Returning votes from said township to county clerk's office, 4 days 4.00

" Services as school commissioner, % day 50

" Axeman on road half a day 50

" With town board, I day... 1.00

Total.. $7.00

416 ANNUAL MEETING, 1800.

It may be thought by some that four days' time was a little extrav-
agant for a returning officer; but let the reader remember that Gen-
esee was then a part of Oakland county, and the distance of some 40
miles to Pontiac through the woods had to be doubled, and that too
undoubtedly, on foot, for this was a period long anterior to the epoch
of Boss & Burrill's stages. But those days of primitive simplicity will
never return.

It was at a later period when " Mose" Wisner in defiance of wolves
and wildcats used to meet with our debating society in the old Poplar
boarding house, and there with Honorable Judge Davison, the Honor-
able John L. McNeil, the Honorable Aaron Goodrich, and his brothers,
Honorables John S., Reuben and the writer, and a host of other
pioneers long since passed away, and electrify the very walls and
roof and rafters with his high-sounding eloquence. But the wilderness
of Atlas is now an old country, and the men who mingled in those stir-
ring early scenes are mostly "beneath the clods of the valley." But
who can tell how far-reaching has been their influence in shaping Michi-
gan's destinies, or how much of that influence is due to the training
which they received in that crude debating hall on the banks of Kears-
ley's stream now more than half a century ago?

BEIEF HISTOEY OF PULASKI, JACKSON COUNTY.

BY HON. HIRAM C. HODGE.

In order to obtain a full and succinct account of the settlement of
this township and a partial history of it to the present time, it may
not be inappropriate to give a short account of the organization of
the county which finally culminated in the organization of this the
southwest corner township of the county.

Jackson county was first known in a legal manner by an act of the
territorial legislature in 1829, and by said act was attached to the
county of Washtenaw for judicial purposes. On the 30th day of July,
1830, the territorial legislature passed an act providing that a township
meeting should be held at the home of J. W. Bennett on the 3d
Tuesday of August, of that year, for the purpose of electing township
officers for the township of Jacksonopolis, which then included all the

BRIEF HISTORY OF PULASKI, JACKSON COUNTY. 417

territory of what is now Jackson county. On the 18th day of Febru-
ary, 1831, the territorial legislature changed the name of the township
to Jacksonburg. On the 26th day of June, 1832, the county was by
act of the territorial legislature organized, the act to take effect on the
first day of August, of that year. By act of June 29, 1832, town-
ships one, two, three and four south, and range one and two east, were
set off by themselves and named Grass Lake. On the same date the two
western rows of townships in the county were set off and named the
township of Spring Arbor. On the 6th of March, 1836, the name of
Jacksonburg was changed to Jackson by an act of the legislature. The
township of Concord, which included also the present township of
Pulaski, was organized, and on the 30th day of December, 1837, the
State legislature passed an act organizing the township of Pulaski and
provided for a township meeting to be held at the house of John
Wilbur for the purpose of electing township officers. In pursuance of
said act the first township meeting was held as directed, and James
Cross was elected supervisor; Warner I. Hodge, town clerk; and James
Cross, John M. Chatfield, Sylvester Chesebro and Henry Turner were
elected justices of the peace. This first township meeting was held the
2d day of April, 1838. James Cross, who was elected supervisor, having
removed from the town temporarily, a special election was held Octo-
ber 1, when the Rev. J. B. Burroughs was elected to fiill the vacancy.
The names of the supervisors of the township from its organization to
the present year, 1890, are as follows: John M. Chatfield was elected
and acted as supervisor in 1839; Warner I. Hodge in 1841, 1843, 1844;
Elijah Dixon in 1842; John P. Hitchings in 1845, 1846, 1847, 1848;
Byron L. Harlow in 1849, 1850, 1864, 1865, 1875; Jas. A. McMillen in
1851, 1852, 1858; George W. Tyler in 1853, 1854, 1855, 1856, 1857,
and 1859; Adam Orr in 1860-1-2-3; Luther L. Tyler in 1866; Isaac
P. Wheeler in 1867-8-9, and in 1870-1-2-3-4-6; Thomas Goffe in
1877-8-9 and in 1880-1; Simon King in 1882-3; and Robert C. Brail
in 1884-5-6-7-8-9; and in 1890. The township clerks have been
as follows: Warner I. Hodge in 1838-9 and 1840; Michael Now-
lin in 1842; Byron L. Harlow in 1843-4; Isaac P. Wheeler in
1845-6-7, and 1850-3-4-5 and 1860-1-3-4-5; Luther L. Ward in 1848;
James H. Nowlin in 1849; Alexander G. Bell in 1851; Adam Orr
in 1852; Alem J. Hutchings in 1855-6-8; Levi Nowlin in 1857;
Thomas Lambert in 1862 and 1873-4-5-6; George D. Dixon in 1866-7;
Wm. H. H. Snow in 1868; Lorenzo Nowlin in 1869; James C.
Shaw in 1870-1-2; James A. McNair in 1877-8; Hiram L. Mason
in 1879, 1880-1, Lovel Severance in 1882; Robert C. Brail in 1883;
53

418 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

Samuel Center in 1889 and Newton J. Ackley in 1884-5-6-7-8 and
1890. Of the early residents who have been elected to the legisla-
ture are the following: John P. Hitchings served one term in the
house of representatives of the State legislature; Isaac P. Wheeler one
term, and Hiram C. Hodge one term in the house and one term in the
senate; and was once elected to the house from Clinton and Gratiot
counties, but the seat was given to his contestant.

The township of Pulaski has a sandy, loam soil and was what is
called " oak openings." The soil produces well. The land is mostly
high and rolling, and the surface well covered with boulders large and
small deposited during the drift period, and the same has been well
utilized in the building of stone fences, it being asserted that the
township has more stone wall than any other town in the State.

The first permanent resident of the town was John Howard, who
settled there in 1834. He came from the State of New York, and had
two sons, John B., and Lewis T. Howard. In 1835-6-7, the fol-
lowing named persons settled in the town and took part in the election
of officers at the first township election April 2, 1838, viz.; John Wil-
bur and family, who came from New York. The Wilbur's were form-
erly from Adams, Berkshire county, Mass. Col. Luther L. Ward and
family from New York, Joel Fish and family the same, also W. D. Sever-
ance, Sylvester Chesebro and Daniel Chesebro, with their families from
Springwater, Livingston county, N. Y., both of whom were formerly
from Adams, Berkshire county, Mass. Charles Guiles and family from
Adams, Berkshire county, Mass.; Warner I. Hodge and family from
the same place; Curtis Guiles and Isaac P. Wheeler, single men from
near Boston, Mass.; Isaac N. Swain, from New York; Michael Nowlin,
Jas. H. Nowlin and Harry Nowlin, and their families, from New York;
James Cross, Henry Turner, Rev. Jesse B. Burroughs, Barnet Dixon>
John Lang, Asher Grover, John Thorn, George Williams, W. D. Sev-
erance, Byron L. Harlow, Cyrus Daniels, George Huntington, Joshua
Allen, Reuben Luttenton, Isaiah Green, Henry Wooden and David
Carr with their families, all of whom were from New York; Matthias,
Enoch and Joseph Fisher, were from Penn., also Benjamin Stookey
and family. The first child born in the town was Goodel Wilbur, son
of John and Lucy Wilbur, and the first death in the town was Joseph
Wilbur, a son of John and Lucy Wilbur, who was killed by the acci-
dental discharge of a gun carried by an elder brother on a hunting
excursion; his age was 13. Goodel Wilbur, the child first born in the
town is now over 50 years of age and is a successful farmer in Iowa.
But few of the first residents of the town are now, 1890, left; most of

HISTORY OF TOWNSHIP OF SHELBY, MACOMB COUNTY. 419

the adults of 1835-6-7-8 are dead. Some of the younger are
living. Among those yet living are W. D. Severance, Allen W. Grover,
a son of Asher Grover, Isaac P. Wheeler, Byron L. Harlow, Milton
H. Hodge, son of Warner I. and Sarah Hodge; a number of the descend-
ants of the Luttenton, Fisher, Dixon and Nowlin families; all of whom
reside in Pulaski. George Huntington and Hiram C. Hodge, son of
Warner I. and Sarah Hodge, reside in Concord, Jackson county.
Descendants of other old residents are scattered far and wide, north,
south and west.

The south branch of the Kalamazoo river runs through the western
part of the town and unites with the north branch at Albion, in Calhoun
county. There are quite a number of lakes in the town, the largest
of which are Swains lake, Wilburs lake, Goose lake, etc. There are
quite a number of fine springs in the town, mostly on or near the
Kalamazoo river. The largest and most noted is on section 33, on the
farm first settled by Benjamin Stookey and discharges a large body of
water and makes a permanent brooklet which runs for a quarter of a
mile a westerly course and discharges into the Kalamazoo river. The
citizens of the town have always been noted for their energy and enter-
prise, having good roads, good schools, and one church edifice located
on the southeast corner of section 17. There has never been but one
hotel in the town and that was many years since. The town has never
had a whisky saloon. The town is very healthful and has no physician
living there.

HISTORY OF THE TOWNSHIP OF SHELBY, MACOMB

COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

BY GEO. H. CANNON.

The region of territory known as Michigan was formerly a French
possession, but fell into the power of the English in 1763, and practi-
cally remained in their possession until some time after the close of
the revolutionary war, being surrendered into the hands of the Ameri-
cans, by them in 1796, in which year Detroit was occupied and British
rule came to an end in these United States.

420 ANNUAL, MEETING, 1890.

In the latter portion of that year the county of Wayne was organized,
which comprised a large portion of the northwest territory, and nine
years latter, in 1805, the Territory of Michigan was set off and ii»
boundaries defined.

At that date the beautiful region between Lakes Michigan and Huron
was occupied by several tribes or nations of Indians not very numer-
ous, probably numbering less than 15,000 souls. Treaties were
made with these tribes by the general government, from time to time,
for the purpose of extinguishing the Indian titles to the land and thus
acquiring peaceable possession of the same, so preparing the way for
the settlement and for the linear surveys. The first treaty of import-
ance, affecting this region and northern Ohio, was made with the
Wyandots, Delawares, Shawnees, Senecas and Miamies, on July 22,
1814. Subsequent treaties soon followed, a very important one being
made on the 29th day of September, 1817, with the Wyandots, Dela-
wares, Shawnees, Pottawattamies, Ottawas and Chippewas, and by this
treaty an immense portion of the public domain was surrendered to
the United States. The treaty of September 24, 1819, made with the
Chippewas of Saginaw, completed the extinguishment of the Indian title
to all the lands in this portion of the territory, this treaty alone con-
veying six millions of acres about the Saginaw waters. The region was-
now clear for exploration and occupancy, while enterprising and design-
ing men were already in the field for the main chance, this portion of
the peninsula bordering on Lake St. Clair being especially desirable,
from its location, to the greed and duplicity of adventurers who sought
to acquire large tracts of land from the Indians.

An interesting document, in my possession, gives an account of one
of these transactions. It was gotten up in great form purporting to
be a release by the Indians to certain lands, to be obligatory if con-
firmed by the government, and was dated at River St. Clair, February 4,
1797. The particular tract conveyed is described as follows: "All that
certain tract and parcel of land situate lying and being on the north-
west side of Lake St. Clair, in the county of Wayne, butted and bounded
as follows, to wit: commencing at a stake and stones on the bank of
the lake, seventy Gunter's chains easterly from the entrance of Swan
creek, or river, and running thence a northwest course by a line of
marked trees a distance of twenty-five miles, thence west by a line of
marked trees until six miles west of all the forks of the north branch
of the river Huron that empties itself into Lake St. Clair. Thence
southeasterly by a line of marked trees, keeping in all places the dis-
tance of six miles from the said north branch of said river Huron,.

HISTORY OF TOWNSHIP OF SHELBY, MACOMB COUNTY. 421

until it intersects a line run due east and west from said north branch,
which line is the northerly boundary of a tract of land granted to
John Askin and others, thence east on said line to the north branch
of said river Huron, thence easterly by a line of marked trees to the
southwest corner of a tract of land granted to J. Porlier Banack, thence
northeasterly by a line of marked trees in the rear of said tract and
in the rear of a small tract granted to Henry Tucker, thence easterly
to Lake St. Clair, thence north and easterly along the edge of the lake
to place of commencement." The consideration was to be six thousand
dollars, or bucks, to be paid by James May, Patrick McNeff and Jacob
Harson. This was also signed by six of the principal chiefs of the
Chippewa nation: Nongue Totem, Keask Totem, Pecheekee Totem,
Wetaney Totem, Messkiass Totem, Chachawenepish Totem. The release
being for a term of 990 years for the sum of fifty dollars and other
valuable things and clothing made the day before the sale. A state-
ment was also appended affirming that the chiefs were sober when they
signed the paper. This document was registered by Peter Audrain in
book No. 1, pages 16 and 17, March 17, 1797.

This transaction was followed by another agreement with the Chip-
pewa chief by which the leasers bind themselves as follows: " For and
in consideration of the lease and sale to us made by Nongue, Keask,
Pecheekee, Wetaney and Messkiass, chiefs of the Chippewa nation of
Indians as by their deeds of lease and release to us made,, and bearing
date the 3d and 4th day of February, 1797, of a certain tract of land
situated on the northwest side of Lake St. Clair, in the county of
Wayne, as by said deeds will the more fully appear.

" We for ourselves our heirs and assigns agree and promise to pay or
deliver unto the aforesaid chiefs, or any three of them, or their heirs,
for use of themselves and respective families, or tribes, the sum of one
hundred dollars, or butts, in clothing or other necessaries independent
and clear of what we have already given or advanced to them, yearly
and every year for the term of ten years, commencing on the first day
of January, 1800; provided the said tract and every part thereof con-
formable to said lease and release be confirmed to us by and under the
government of the United States of America, but no payment to be made
before such a confirmation takes place. We also agree and promise to
deliver unto the said chiefs, and their heirs, every year for the term
of thirty years, one-half bushel of Indian corn for every farm of two
hundred acres that may be improved on said tract, and every year
from thence forward to the full end, a term of 960 years to be fully
completed and ended, one quart of corn for every such farm that may

422 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

be on said tract, should the same be lawfully demanded. And secure
to the said chiefs, their heirs and respective tribes, the privilege of
hunting, fishing, fowling, planting corn, building huts and making
sugar on such part of said tract aa may not be within the inclosures
of such settlers as we may place thereon in as full, free, perfect and
ample a manner as they have ever been accustomed to enjoy heretofore.

"In witness whereof we have, unto these presents, set our hands and
seals this 4th day of February, in the year of our Lord one thousand
seven hundren and ninety-seven.

"Signed sealed and delivered in presence of
Joseph May, James May,

Jacob Bogart, Patrick McNeff,

Bernardus Harson, Jacob Harson."

A diligent enquiry elicits nothing farther in reference to this bold
attempt to acquire an extensive and valuable tract of land of the Indi-
ans, for a meager compensation, and there is reason to believe that the
government land commissioners, appointed to settle and adjust private
land claims, paid but little if any attention to it.

Thus the township of Shelby, with many others, escaped the owner-
ship and vexatious claims of a few adventurous individuals. An- ordi-
nance of congress of the 13th day of July, 1787, organized the territory
northwest of the river Ohio. The gradual extinguishment, by treaty,.
of the Indian title, as the settlements advanced, together with the
proclamation of Winthrop Sargent, acting governor of the territory, on
the 15th day of August, 1796, making the whole of Michigan into
one county prepared the way for the extension of the admirable system
of land surveys already adopted by the government over that vast
region, and these were rapidly making their way northward. The office
of surveyor general had been created by congress. Edward Tiffin was
appointed to that important trust, with his office established at Cincin-
nati, the most considerable town in the territory. Samuel Williams, a
man loved and honored by all the deputy surveyors, was the chief
clerk of the office and its real manager.

The field to be surveyed was so extensive, and the settlers so rapidly
crowding into the wilderness, that many surveyors were employed and
kept in the field. Among those who did a large amount of work in
Michigan territory was Joseph Wampler, of Tuscarawas county, Ohio.
It would be of interest to know something of Mr. Wampler's history
but, after much correspondence and search, we find nothing definite in
relation to him except as appears in the report of his survey. It is a
matter commonly understood, among the early settlers, that he was a

HISTORY OF TOWNSHIP OF SHELBY, MACOMB COUNTY. 423

Methodist preacher but the official records of that body do not disclose
his name. However this may be we know that Mr. Wampler was
appointed deputy surveyor general and assigned a contract to survey
in the territory of Michigan. The contract bore date the 18th day o£
October, 1816, and comprised the subdivisional survey of eighteen
townships in eastern Michigan, north of the base line and east of the
meridian, described as towns one, two, three, four, five and six north
of ranges ten, eleven and twelve east. Eighteen miles in width, east
and west, and thirty-six miles in extent, north and south.

It will be of interest to examine the map of Michigan and note what
a valuable tract, of land this contract embraced. Not excelled elsewhere
we think in this State, for the same extent, as a well-watered, rich
agricultural region and desirable location. We find in Oakland county
the towns of Southfield, Bloomfield, Pontiac, Orion, Oxford, Addison,
Oakland, Avon and Royal Oak. In the county of Macomb the towns
of Warren, Sterling, Shelby, Washington and Bruce. In Lapeer
county, Almont, Dryden and Metamora. Incredible as it may now
appear to us, only the year before, November 30, 1815, the surveyor
general had received a letter from some of the deputies who had
abandoned their work and reported the entire country as mostly lake,
swamp and marsh and he at once communicated the information to the
general land office and added "on approaching the eastern part of the
military lands, toward the private claims on the straits and lake, the
country does not contain so many swamps and lakes but the extreme
sterility and barrenness of the soil continues the same. Taking the
country altogether, so far as has been explored, and to all appearances
together with the information received concerning the balance, there
would not be more than one acre out of a hundred if there would be
one out of a thousand that would in any case admit of eultivation."

Shades of the past! What a change would those first surveyors
behold could they now revisit the scenes of their early work? It
appears, however, that the authorities gave but small heed to these
reports and continued making surveys.

Mr. Wampler entered upon his work the February following the
date of his contract. In this it was expressly stipulated that no mem-
ber of congress had any interest in it. The compensation for this
laborious, difficult and important work was only three dollars per mile
and fraction thereof. At that time the winter season was deemed the
best practicable time to make surveys, largely on account of the ease
in crossing marshes and meandering lakes while frozen over. Previous
to entering upon his work his assistants (a marker and two chainmen)

424 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

were sworn in and subscribed to an affidavit that they would faithfully
discharge their respective duties according to the best of their ability
and agreeably to instructions. This was signed by William Johnson
and David Hoorne, as chaimnen, and by Joseph Clark as marker.
These affidavits were recorded in the first field book used and the oaths
were administered by the deputy surveyor who was, by instructions
from the surveyor general, duly authorized. Before the survey of the
district was completed another set of chainmen were sworn in, on Oct.
21, 1817. These were Hatsuld Johnson and Francis Dudley, the latter
signing by making his mark. So far as the official records show Mr.
Clark did the marking for the entire eighteen towns and the survey of
the district was completed within two years* of date of contract. The
survey of township three north, of range twelve east (now Shelby) was
certified to as being correct on Feb. 3, 1818.

In this connection it may not be amiss to say that, taken as a whole,
the survey in Mr. Wampler's district was, for those times, quite fairly
done. And when we take into account the beggarly compensation of
three dollars per mile for so important a work, and the entire want of
oversight on the part of any government official as the work progressed
in the field — all being left entirely to the honor and integrity of the
surveyor — it must be conceded to be a matter worthy of great praise
that the work was done so well that the settlers were enabled to locate
their land without serious difficulty.

We cannot refrain from noticing here, in passing, that subsequently
such was not the case as very many of the surveyors, mainly through
the inadequacy of proper compensation, acquired the habit of return-
ing fraudulent work largely made up of imaginary and fictitious notes,
thus necessitating a re-survey of nearly all the lower peninsula north of
the Saginaws. It would appear that even at that early day the govern-
ment, as well as individuals, had to learn the important lesson that
honest work required honest pay and that both were best assured by
one's knowledge; that fidelity to duty was by no means impaired by
adequate compensation for work faithfully performed. The survey hav-
ing been completed the field notes thereof were returned in due form
to the surveyor general's office, at Cincinnati, and the president of the
United States issued his proclamation announcing the lands for sale.
The way was now open for the settlement of the township. No gen-
eral description, as was afterward required of the surveyor for each
township surveyed, was given by Mr. Wampler in his . field notes of
the survey; however, we may say that the surface of the township was
quite level on its eastern portion, elsewhere gently rolling and nowhere

HISTORY OF TOWNSHIP OF SHELBY, MACOMB COUNTY. 425

Mlly. Undulating, grassy plains, with scarcely any timber, formed its
-central and southwest portions while a broad swell of land comprised
the northwest. The eastern and extreme northern parts were heavily
timbered, the remainder but slightly. The soil was fertile varying
from sandy to clay loam and clay. In such a variety settlers could
find about what they wanted, usually selecting such as reminded them
of their old homes.

The Clinton river entered the town on section eighteen, and flowing
in a southeast direction left it on section thirty-three. Small spring
brooks were abundant and everywhere an ample supply of water was
^easily obtained. It may be readily seen that our six miles square of
land was an inviting field to the home-seeker. The first occupants of
these lands known to us, were the Indians. There are, however, evi-
dences of a pre-historic race of people, who flourished here long before
the Indians, as flint arrows, stone implements and fragments of ancient
pottery have been found in various places in the township. Animals
unknown to us once roamed and lived on our grassy plains and along
the alluvial bottoms of the Clinton river. Remains of these mastodons
have been unearthed on the farm of Hon. P. K. Leech, and specimens
•of the jaw-bone and several well preserved teeth may now be seen in
the cabinet of Hon. W. W. Andrus. All these giants of the forest,
as well as the ancient inhabitants, have become utterly extinct, only
these evidences of immense animal life remaining, Turning now to the
later occupants of the soil we find the settlers following closely upon
the steps of the surveyors. Roads were not then made, but rough trails
through the woods over which, with great difficulty, wagons could be
hauled by oxen, afforded a possible means of reaching our township,
while the Clinton river, our natural highway, afforded canoe naviga-
tion, by which means some of the early settlers moved in. The first
house erected in the township of Shelby was built by Nathaniel Bur-
-gess in the winter of 1816-17 on section 34. Amasa and Jedediah
Messenger, as well as Nathaniel Squires, built houses on section 28
in 1817. Asa Partridge and Ira Andrus came in 1819, settling on
section 34, and Benjamin and Robert Stead settled on the same sec-
tion in 1820. One of the first English schools in Macomb county was
taught by a Mr. Hadsel, in the winter of 1818-19, the school-house
being on the present site of Utica village. The first saw mill was
built by Asa Price on the Clinton river in 1828, and Adam Price
in the same year put up a grist mill. An election for delegate to
-congress was held the same year. July 9; Wing and Bidwell being
the candidates, the latter successful in the canvass. We do not know
54

426 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

by whom, or when, our township received its name of Shelby, but
believe it has never been changed since first adopted. Not so, however,
with our principal village . of Utica, which at first received the uncom-
mon, if not euphonious name of " Macdougalville," changed to the easier
pronounced " Harlow," and finally to the present Utica.

We now come to the first buyer of land from the general govern-
ment in our township, and Blake Curtis has the honor of being the
first purchaser. The records show that on May 24, 1819, he secured
the southwest quarter of section seven, a desirable selection and one of
the best quarter sections in the township.

More than two years passed before another entry was made, as we
find no sales recorded in 1820. On September 24, 1821, Ezra Burgess
bought the southeast quarter and south half of northeast quarter of
section 33, comprising 250 acres. This selection is now in part, the
site of Utica village. November 20, 1821, James Hazard entered the
west half of the northeast quarter of section five; these two entries
being the only land bought in our town 'in that year and, singu-
larly enough, were in opposite parts of the township. In 1822 the buy-
ers were more numerous. Ezra Burgess selecting the west half of
northwest quarter, section seven, May 13. On June 8, George Hans-
corn entered the west half of the northwest quarter, section three.
Joseph Miller, on June 12, bought the west half of northeast quarter
section four, and on June 18, Nathan B. Miller entered the northwest
quarter, section four. Elias Stone on July 27, bought the east half of
the southeast quarter of the same section, while John Stone on the
same date entered the east half of the northeast quarter of section
five. October 3, Oliver Nye bought the east half of northwest quarter
of section three. James Loper entered the west half of the southwest
quarter, section six, October 14. Samuel Axford, on November 2,
selected the southeast quarter of the same section, also the east half of
the northwest quarter, section seven, and the west half of the north-
east quarter. These nine individuals comprise all who made entries
of land in our township during the year 1822.

In 1823 but few entries were made. The tract books show that
Solomon Stone selected the southeast quarter, section three, May 24
of that year. Joel Barber, June 28, entered the east half of southeast
quarter section 17. Samuel Axford, July 5, bought the east half of
northeast quarter, section seven. Thus it appears that but three
buyers of land, from the general government, were of record in 1823.

The numbers were increased somewhat in 1824, but it seems that
settlers came in slowly. February 28, Samuel Axford bought the east

HISTORY OP TOWNSHIP OF SHELBY, MACOMB COUNTY. 427

half of the southwest quarter section six. March 23, George Hanscom
the east half northeast quarter section four. William Woodbridge
entered the northwest quarter, section 34, on April 26. May 17, Eli-
phas J. Ruland selected the southwest quarter, section three, and on
the same date Elias Wilcox the northeast quarter of the same section.
Lemuel Williams, Jr., May 29, entered the east half of the southwest
quarter section four. June 3, Elon Dudley bought the west half south-
east quarter of the same section.

Edward Martin, June 8, selected the east half of the northeast quarter
section six and on the same date Betsey Ann Martin bought the west
half of the northeast quarter of the same section. June 21, John
Hersey entered the northwest quarter of section six. William Arnold,
on July 1, bought the southwest quarter, section five, and on July 2, Abel
Warren selected the west half of the southwest quarter, section four, Russel
Andrus buying on the same date, the east half of the northwest quarter
section eight. July 4, Calvin Davis selected the west half of the north-
west quarter of the same section. August 16, William Arnold entered
the east half of the northwest quarter section five, and on the same date
Peter Daniels bought the west half of southwest quarter, section 34.

Thirteen persons had made their selections and bought their lands
during that year. In the succeeding year, 1825, we have a list of land
buyers up to August 4, at which date Abijah Owen entered the west
half of the southwest quarter of section eight. In the order of entries
previous to this date we find that Jonathan Kearsley bought the east
half of the southeast quarter of section 20, on February 23, and Anson
A. Adams, 011 May 14, the northwest quarter, section two. Elisha Nickolsr
May 27, selected the west half of the northeast quarter, section eight.
July 1, John Gilbert entered the northwest quarter, section 19, and on
July 6, Rufus Wells the east half of the southwest quarter, section 34.

The foregoing list of the earliest land buyers in the township of
Shelby comprises the names of well remembered citizens whose descend-
ants, to a considerable extent, abide with us and occupy homes in the
township but in very few instances on the. land bought by their fore-
fathers from the general government. It would be of interest to par-
ticularize in sketches of these pioneers, but the field is quite too large
for the scope of this paper, and as I have given in detail their names,
dates and selections of land your memory will recall the deeds and acts
of many of these well-remembered toilers who did the pioneer work in
our town and did it well. Those who bought land from the govern-
ment, with but few exceptions, occupied it for homes, but Governor
Woodbridge and Jonathon Kearsley, as well as some others, never settled

428 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

here. From this time on, the remaining lands in the township were
rapidly bought up and settled upon and measures were taken for a
township organization. A legislative enactment of April 12, 1827, gave
authority and the first town meeting was ordered to be held at the
house of Perez Swift, on section 21, the last Monday of the May follow-
ing. This was a double log house which probably accounts for the
selection.

The township of Sterling, adjoining on the south, was for many years
associated with and a part of the township of Shelby. At the first
town meeting held, a few of the familiar names of our early land buyers
appear as among the chosen for town officers. Calvin Davis presided
-at the meeting, Abijah Owen was clerk, and Eussel Andrus, William
Arnold, Elias Wilcox, Elon Dudley and George Hanscom were selected
to fill the various offices for that year.

Our township was now rapidly progressing in material development
and our people continued to keep fully abreast with the advanced prog-
ress of the day in educational and religious improvement. At the
present writing we have in the township six houses of public worship
and many district school buildings, of easy access to all the youth of
the town who desire to attend, while the fine union school at Utica
village meets all the demands made upon it, leading on to a university
•education. The "press" is represented by the weekly "Sentinel," a
local paper of large circulation published at Utica.

The Detroit & Bay City railroad crosses the southeast portion of the
town and the Michigan Air Line division of the Grand Trunk the north-
west part, thereby giving the people excellent railroad facilities. The
Clinton and Kalamazoo canal, of which at one time great things were
expected,' was constructed along the line of the Clinton river. It
proved to be of no material public benefit and is now used as a race-way
affording water power for mills at Utica. As a rural community, quietly
engaged in farming and kindred pursuits we still may entertain a
pardonable pride as having contributed, in an unusual degree, to all
the demands of public requirement. During the civil war our township
furnished its full quota of soldiers and made a most honorable record
in that memorable contest for the preservation of the union.

In the legislative halls of the State we have been largely represented,
-as the following roster of seventeen names and dates of election will
show: In the territorial legislature we find the name of Jacob Sum-
mers, elected 1835. In the house of representatives Isaac Monfort, in
1837; Ephraim Calkins, 1838; Orison Sheldon, 1838; G. C. Leech, 1841;
.Samuel Axford, 1842; Harleigh Carter, 1845-50; Payne K. Leech,

HISTORY OF TOWNSHIP OF SHELBY, MACOMB COUNTY. 429

1846; Laman B. Price, 1847; Oliver Adams, 1853; Philander Ewell,
1855-6; William Brownell, 1857-8; H. D. Kunyan, 1871-2; Alexander
Grant, 1881-2-3-4. In the State senate, Samuel Axford, 1837; Jacob
Summers, 1838-9-40; Ira H. Butterfield, 1861-2; Seymour Brownell,
1872; Wm. W. Andrus, 1881-2. Constitutional convention, Wm. W.
Andrus, 1867.

We would here observe that the desire for political preferment
among our people has undoubtedly kept even pace with our growth
of population and we can furnish as many representatives now, in pro-
portion, as when, fifty-five years ago, we first had a member in the
territorial council.

We may also note that a number of United States deputy surveyors
received their appointment, as residents of Shelby township, to the
important duty of executing the linear surveys in the public domain,
We recall the names of Geo. E. Adair, Geo. H. Cannon, Levi H.
Cannon, James S. Lawson and Walter Warner. These men have done
much pioneer work in the land surveys of this State, Wisconsin,
Minnesota, Dakota, New Mexico and Nevada.

We have thus traced, in a brief way, some features in regard to the
early history and settlement of our township which we hope will be of
interest and of value in its contribution to historical data. We would
here acknowledge the valuable aid rendered us in the preparation of
this paper, by Hon. W. W. Andrus, for much of the statistical informa-
tion as regards the first settlers, and much other material of interest
to our favored township. With a pardonable pride we may well apply
to ourselves the language of the Psalmist when he says: "The lines
have fallen unto me in pleasant places" and we hereby express the
hope that the sons and daughters of Shelby may ever guard, with loving;
care, their goodly heritage.

430 ANNUAL, MEETING, 1890.

EARLY HISTOEY OF ST. CLAIE COUNTY,

WITH SOME ACCOUNT OF THE INDIANS, OKEMOS, MACONCE,

JOHN RILEY AND MOTHERS RODD AND OBEIDIG.

CHIEFLY FROM ORIGINAL SOURCES.

BY MRS. B. C. FAERAND, OF PORT HURON, MICHIGAN.

EARLY DAYS IN ST. CLAIR COUNTY.

It has been my endeavor, in the preparation of this article, not to
re-construct that which has been written, but to preserve from oblivion
facts and incidents in the memory of those now living.

These reminiscences may reveal to those who come after us some
idea of the hardships and privations of pioneer life and lead to a
desire to honor the memory of those who made possible the
development and civilization of the present day.

On the first voyage up the beautiful St. Clair river Father Hennepin
is reported to have observed to his fellow voyager, La Salle, " Those
who will have the good fortune to possess these beautiful and fertile
lands will be under many obligations to us who have cleared the way."

Though two centuries have passed since these words were uttered,
there are those now living who helped clear the way — those whose
parents fled for safety, with their families, to the fort at Detroit, for
fear of massacre by the savage Indians, those who remember when
the Indians seemed to be the proprietors of the soil, when they
roamed over it free as the air and restless as the river on which
floated their canoe.

For the purpose of bringing to mind the condition of this locality,
at the close of the last century I will refer to a chattel mortgage made
19th Sept., 1789, the year of the adoption of the constitution of the
United States. It was dated, "Detroit, Province of Quebec." The
parties were "Wm. Thorn of the river Sinclair" and "Meldrum & Park
of Detroit aforesaid." The amount stated in pounds, shillings and
pence, New York currency.

Also to a deed "recorded in land office in Detroit, 13th January,
1796 of land on the river Sinclair, from Alexander Harrone, Esq., to

EARLY HISTORY OP ST. GLAIR COUNTY. 431

James Cartwright, yeoman, containing six acres in front, and forty
acres in depth, and that there was delivered a piece of soil, on the
said premises in the name of the whole thereof" etc. Consideration
£200, New York currency, and a paper is found dated Sept., 1802, giving
a certified list of taxable property in the St. Clair township. By this list
we learn that sixty-four persons were assessed for 93 horses and 216
-cows, (no real estate) "a true return of taxable property" signed "Louis
Oampau." According to a1 proclamation signed Jan. 10, 1802, by Wm.
Henry Harrison, Governor of Indiana territory, and received Feb. 11,
1802, the township at that time must have been included in the county
of Wayne, in the northeastern part of the territory of Indiana.

Of these times Eev. O. C. Thompson and Hon. Aura P. Stewart
have written full accounts and of the early settlers, which have been
already published in the pioneer collections.

Early in this century there was living on the land now known as
the Sutherland place on the Canada side of St. Clair river one Wm.
Brown, who was born in Detroit in 1784. His wife, Martha Thorn,, a
year younger than himself, was from what is now Cottrellville and a
daughter of the party to the mortgage referred to above. They were
married in 1806 and in this quiet home they traded with the surround-
ing Indians, having bought their land from them. Here were born t«
them their oldest children, Nancy, now Mrs. Peter F. Brakeman of
Marysville, and James D. Brown, living near Marine City. This Wm.
Brown is the same who conveyed a number of fat cattle and other
supplies to the starving soldiers at Ft. Gratiot in the war- of 1812. The
commissary at Detroit had much trouble to find a safe convoy, as a
short time before a U. S. Lieutenant with a squad of troops was
attacked on the river and the officer lost his life. Brown went from
Detroit to Pt. Aux Trembles the first night, and the next night
delivered the supplies at Ft. Gratiot, a distance of 60 miles.

When the British commander, Gen. Proctor, issued his proclamation
requiring " all settlers to take the oath of allegiance to Great Britain,"
Mr. Brown and his family removed to Detroit, and with his brothers
worked in the construction of the stockade fort. After it was com-
pleted he removed to Mt. Clemens (now called) and the next year removed
to a point on the river a mile below Marine City, and bought land for
his farm, being about the first settler in that vicinity. They remained
in this place and cultivated his farm, some of the time keeping hotel,
until his death in 1874, at 90 years old.

Peace was declared in 1815. The families on the river owning farms,
through the intercession of Father Kichard with General Cass, were

432 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

furnished with rations. Most of the time during the war they could
subsist in no other way, for fear of the Indians, who drove off their
cattle and committed depredations, as a means of revenge, because the
older members of the families were in the American army. Were it
not for this fear they would have had abundance. Wild meat was
plenty, with corn and vegetables and white fish. But tea was $1 a
pound, flour $20 a barrel, pork $45 and meals $1 each.

It was much trouble to get their corn ground. There were but twa
mills within reach. One a small wind mill at the mouth of Clin-
ton river, and another on the Canada side ten miles up the Thames
river. Going to mill often occupied eight or ten days. With surround-
ings like these the childhood days of the Browns were passed. Mr.
James D. Brown remembers the first steamboat that was on the river,
and well named "Walk in the Water." Her speed was not much like
the ocean flyers of the present time.

The first schoolmaster on the river was Jacob G. Street, father-in-
law of Folkert C. Folkerts, of Alpena, Mich. Capts. John and Albert
Stewart, Mr. Abraham Smith, of Algonac, and sisters, and Mr. Angus
Smith of Milwaukee, all attended this school. Capt Peer was also a
pupil.

In 1826 and 1827 Mr. Peter F. Brakeman taught school in Algonac;.
there was then no school house, no school director, no school laws, no
school books. Mr. Brakeman was of German descent, his grandparents
coming from Hesse Darmstadt, and at ten years of age, he could
speak no English. He was clerk in the first store opened in Algonac,
and learned the Indian language. The Indians both loved and feared
him. In 1832 he married Miss Nancy Brown, oldest daughter of Wm,
Brown before mentioned, who still survives at an advanced age. Pos-
sessed of a most retentive memory and familiar in her youth with
much that transpired at that early day, and having become acquainted
with the Indians in their friendly visits, and their trade with her
father, and husband, Mrs. Brakeman is able to contribute much from
her rich stores of memory. From Mrs. Brakeman and her daughters^
Misses Anna and Hannah Brakeman, has been gathered some of th&
material for the accompanying short sketches of Indians well known *to
all early settlers in St. Clair county.

FRANCOIS MACONCE,

chief of the Pottawattamies, lived at Swan creek or Salt river, where-
for many years he kept hotel and traded. His father, Maconce, or
Cum-e-kum-a-now, was chief of the tribes on the reservation and was-

EARLY HISTORY OF ST. GLAIR COUNTY. 483

much beloved. His nod was will for the tribes. But this man of
commanding will power was himself held by a greater power, that
of the white man's whisky. And so it came to pass that one evening
after drinking very freely, he hurried down to the water and jumping in
committed suicide. His rapid tread had attracted the attention of Mrs.
Stockton and Mrs. Clemens and they heard the splash in the water. His
body was found the next day and was wrapped in blue broadcloth,
bound together or clasped with silver brooches, his hat ornamented
with bands of silver, a string of sixteen silver crescents and armlets
decorated his body, and he was buried in the orchard of John Tucker,
in the southeast part of Chesterfield. This was in 1816, and Francois
then became chief and lived here till 1830, when he removed to
Kansas with most of his tribe, where he died but a few years ago.
Mrs. Maconce's housekeeping was quite remarkable. The lawyers from
Detroit on their way to the county seat stopped on the way and passed
a night at the Maconces. There were judges Witherell, Sibley and
Whipple and Chancellor O'Keefe. They traveled on horseback. Mrs.
Maconce dressed like a white woman and was neat and tidy in person
and in her housekeeping. Immediately on the arrival of the travelers
they were ready for a meal. Mrs. Me. would be seen washing her
hands preparatory to making the shortcake and frying the venison.
All relished the meal thus prepared and pronounced it most luxurious
and appetizing. The beds also were nice and clean and the blankets
of the purest, cleanest white. Next morning they resumed the journey,
and the next night was passed at Billy Brown's near what is now
Marine City. Chancellor O'Keefe was always very well dressed, and
one night he is remembered to have become so hilarious as to have
danced with his silk stockings fallen down over his slippers much to
the amusement of the children of the family.

The first wife of Maconce was remarkable for the beauty of her
hands— they were handsomely formed and soft as those of gentle-folk —
so I am informed by Judge Albert Miller of Bay City, at whose house
she stopped with her husband, the chief at the time of the sale of the
Saginaw lands. They then went on to London, Ontario, where she died.
A sister of Maconce was the wife of chief Wawanosh of Sarnia, whose
descendants are now on the reservation and many of them are highly
educated. Maconce was a Free Mason. He died in Kansas, whither
he removed with most of his tribe in 1830.

OGEMOS OE OKEMOS,

was a nephew of the great chieftain, Pontiac, and like him was a
55

434 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

bold and daring warrior. He was in person fleshy and short, was full
of life and ambition, and was buried in Ionia county, December 5,
1858, and was not less than one hundred years old. On one occasion,
on his way to Sarnia for the purpose of obtaining his annuity, he,
with his wife and children stayed over night at Mrs. Brakeman's. His
wife at the time was very ill with consumption, and he manifested
toward her much sympathy and kindness, himself dressing her feet and
waiting upon her, much like an attentive white husband, and carried
her in his arms to the canoe in which they were to cross the St.
Clair river. When near the middle of the stream he hoisted the
British flag, but he did not receive the payments for which he made
the trip. He said he had much trouble; his wife died on the way, and
he returned to bury her, taking her body to the Eiley settlement, and
afterward went down to Maiden to straighten out the annuity business.

How he succeeded I do not know, as he had given in his allegiance
to the United States, after the battle of Sandusky, in which he was
engaged, and which was the great event of his life, having been left
on the battlefield as dead, for two or three days.

He with other Indians had enlisted under the British flag and had
formed a scouting party for American scalps. His story as told by
himself is already recorded in the county histories of Saginaw and
of St. Clair, and I will not now repeat. After his recovery from his
wounds he saw he was on the wrong side and took the oath of fealty
to the United States which he faithfully observed. But I have not
satisfied myself of his entire honesty in claiming the protection of the
British flag in 1844. Perhaps his poverty knew no law. At the time
of this visit of Okemos at Mr. Brakeman's, which was Dec. 21, 1844,
they conversed together in Indian the whole evening. Okemos stated
he was well known in Ypsilanti, Ann Arbor, Dexter, Jackson and Pon-
tiac, and pulled his shirt up over his head and showed the scars of the
fearful wounds made by the tomahawks and the indentations of the
bullets in the battle of Sandusky.

A picture of him was taken just before his death which in 1881 was
in possession of O. A. Jenison, of Lansing.*

His totem was the bear.

JOHN EILEY OR RYLEY,

one of the leading spirits among the Indians, was an Ojibway chief
and for many years resided on the south side of Black river, Port

*This picture (photograph) is now the property of The Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society. Mr.
Jenison had it framed and presented it to the society, and it now hangs in the society's room in the
State capitol.— G. H. G., Cor. Sec.

EARLY HISTORY OF ST. CLAIR COUNTY. 435

Huron (now called), near the corner of the present Military and Water
streets. He was a half-breed, a man of commanding appearance, quite
courtly in manner, with very good features, almost white, considerably
educated, and spoke English very well. He was here in 1813, and
may have been earlier. There was only one other house, that of the
Frenchman, Auselm Petit. The father of Byley was James Van Slyck
Byley, incorrectly given by Saginaw county history, son of Philip, born
October 3, 1861, and died January 8, 1848, aged 86. J. B's. mother's
name is mentioned three times in the treaty of Saginaw, 1819, Me-naw-
cam-e-goqua, a Chippewa woman, and his brothers, Peter and James.

Art. 3. Treaty of Saginaw. "There shall be reserved * * * *. For
the use of John Biley * * * six "hundred and forty acres of land,
beginning at the head of the first marsh above the mouth of the Sag-
inaw river on the east side thereof." Also the same number of acres
respectively to Peter and James of same mother.

Signed by Lewis Cass and by the chiefs and warriors of the Chip-
pewa nation of Indians, September 24, 1819.

The location of John Biley's land is now Bay City. Among the
witnesses at signing, I notice the name of James D. S. Biley.

In a letter just received from Isaac D. Toll, one of the vice presi-
dents of the Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society, he writes, " The
Byleys by heritage came from an excellent stock," and also states that
he had several papers concerning Judge James Byley, also one con-
cerning one of the Bileys (John perhaps), guiding Gen. Cass, Judge
Moran and others in repelling hostile Indians in suburbs of Detroit in
1812. And of Biley's shooting a hostile Indian in the advance.

" The Bileys were of great help to us in the war of 1812, aiding
everywhere with loyal fidelity." So wrote Judge Witherell. The
father was a most fearless man of great strength and resolution.

Mr. Toll writes that he knew the father at Schenectady, New York.
His grandmother's half brother, and Judge Thompson the father of the
late Deacon Edwin Thompson of Port Huron, also knew him, as post-
master at that place. Judge Witherell said no man was more honored
and respected, and relates an incident when Byley as a youth, on his
entrance into Detroit refused to work on the King's highway, as
ordered, and the soldiers were drawn up to flog him, but Byley dared
them to do it, and, Major Antrim of the British army was so dazed by
his Herculean mould and courage that he let him go. The assistance
the Bileys had been able to give to the United States Government
was no doubt the cause of the generous reservations of land for their
individual use,- in the Saginaw treaty of 1819. James Biley's grant was

436 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

where East Saginaw now stands, and Peter's was on the west side of
the river.

In 1836 the father revisited Detroit and met John there, whom he
advised to sell his lands for a sum not less than $30,000. They were
bought by Andrew T. McBeynolds and F. H. Stevens as were also the
lands of the other Bileys.

John Biley lived near the mouth of Black river in a block house of
two rooms. The front and larger room was used by the Indians of his
band, of whom there were not less than twelve — often twice that num-
ber— sleeping on the floor in their blankets; their cooking was done
outside in the open air. The chief, and his wife, occupied the
smaller, and rear room. They had a bedstead in one corner; but my
informant, Mrs. Col. Davis, says as a little girl she often peeked into-
the room and the bed was neither nice nor clean looking.

The Biley band of Indians settled the town of Biley, which received
its name from the chief. He engaged in trade there and had a fine
store, the towns people making especial mention of his good qualities.
One morning he visited the house of Mrs. Ezra Hazen of Memphis,
she addressed him in Indian, " Bon-jour," and was much surprised when
she received a most correct salutation " Good morning, madam." He
was not successful as a merchant, trusted the Indians too much, and
failed to make collections. After the sale of the lands in Biley, in
1836, I have not pursued my investigations, except to learn that he
died at Muncie Town, on the Thames river, Canada, and was buried
in 1842 by Eev. H. P. Chase.

Peter Biley married an educated French woman named Delno, and
lived at Belle Biver. After his death she married Mr. Achan Boselle.

Nancy Biley, a sister of Peter, James and John, married an Indian
named Shaw-we-naw-cob-way, who was the grandfather of James Sage
the interpreter fo.r the government and for the missionaries. Nancy's
daughter also married an Indian whose name was Pe-nasche-we-quom,
who again after the death of his first wife married Katicho, the second
daughter of old Mother Bodd. They lived at Swan Creek.

At the age of twenty, Nancy Biley's daughter, Mrs. Pe-nasche-we-
quom, gave birth to her first child and died. Her funeral was wit-
nessed by the Brown children. Their father said to them, " See that
you sit still, you must not act bad when the old man talks." They
sat near by partly hidden in the bush.

A long procession of canoes came up the river bearing the tribe
and the dead body of the young woman, Nancy the grandmother,,
with the new-born son in her arms, wrapped in blanket after blanket..

EARLY HISTORY OP ST. GLAIR COUNTY. 437

The entire company with faces marked on brow and cheek with char-
coal, all clothed with their oldest garments and blankets, a sorry
looking company, in sack cloth and ashes, with not a single ornament.
They surrounded the open grave and before the body was lowered,
the father made a speech. The speech made frequent use of the name
of God, which the children could understand.

The grave was in David Cottrell's orchard. Nancy, the grandmother,
iook the babe and put it to her breast and though for twenty years
the fountain had been dry it now furnished nourishment and sustenance
for the grandson. He grew to manhood, was educated by the mission-
aries and given by them the name of James Sage, and served as
interpreter for the Indian chief at Sarnia, Ontario.

OLD MOTHEB KODD.

In the State Library at Lansing, is hung a portrait made in oil, of
this Indian centennarian. It is a gift of the late Hon. D. B. Harring-
ton, a former vice-president of the State Pioneer Society, and your secre-
tary has invited me to give some description of this quaint character, so
long seen upon the streets of the towns lying upon the banks of the
St. Glair. Her name was by many thought to have been derived from
the long staff or rod she always had with her in her travels, and many
an impertinent or insolent boy has felt its persuasive power, by a
gentle blow upon his head or arm. Mother Bodd was of full Indian
lineage, but I will trace it only to her grandfather, May-zhe-ke-osh or
Falling-Snow. He had four sons. "Wimekee or Thunder; Muck-e-ta-
moosh-na, or Black Kerchief; Che-kin-a-bick or Serpent and Pe-tauch-
ne-nouk or Bunning Brook, the youngest and father of Mother Bodd.
Her husband, Alexander Bodd, was a half-breed, part French, and his
Indian name was She-she-pe-anee or Little Duck. He lost his life near
what is now Port Huron. Several Indian families wore encamped
about five miles up Hauviere deludes or Black river for the purpose of
making maple sugar. One day Bodd went out from the camp for a
hunt and shot a deer, breaking its leg. The next day he went out in
search of it, to bring it in to camp, taking with him a cousin of Mother
Bodd, named Mass-e-nee-ke-zhick, Mixed Clouds, a son of ' her uncle
Serpent. Wapoose, Wawanorh and two other Indians, had talked the
matter over and decided to kill Bodd, and so were on the lookout for
him, one shot him in the side, one in the back and one in the head,
the last killing him. A Sarnia Indian said not long ago that it was a
Saginaw Indian named Shah-ne-schaw-pe-nace or Green Bird, who
was the murderer. They buried him where he fell. His coat and gun

438 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

were brought to Mother Rodd, the coat had a bullet hole in the back.
From that time the poor woman despised the whole tribe of Saginaw
Indians. After this she was twice married, but was always known by
the name Rodd. Her totem was the turtle. Among her possessions
was an oblong wooden dish, made to represent a turtle, given to her
by a friend, who made it, an Indian from Walpole Island. Upon the
corner of her white blanket, which she wrapped around her in cold
weather, could often be seen the figure of a small turtle worked with
red yarn.

Strictly honest in all her dealings, she was also industrious and did
her work well — her brooms, baskets and mats were always well made.
She would often scold about the lazy Indians, saying it was their own
fault, if they were poor and hungry.

In the winter she would camp in the woods, and in the summer on
the bank of the river. She would then gather berries and exchange
them for provisions of which she always had a full supply for herself
and youngest daughter, who remained with her. When she peddled she
was dressed in her best and had her berries in a bright tin pail, saying
she made a more ready sale for them by so doing. She made good
maple sugar and would mold it into cakes to give to the children of
her friends, always expecting some present in return. She was a good
doctress, using herbs and roots. A peculiar application of her skill I
will give as narrated by Miss Anna Brakeman.

"I remember when I was quite young that there was an Indian, a
son of Mrs. Obeidig, and a grand-son of Serpent, Wahn-go-he-zhe-get
by name, who, although he had a wife, had fallen in love with a young
squaw and wished to have her for his wife. Mother Rodd at that time had
her camp on the back of my father's farm, about one mile south of
Military street bridge, Port Huron, and half a mile west of where the tun-
nel is building. My sister and myself visited her camp and found
the Indian above mentioned undergoing treatment, Indian fashion, for
desiring to leave his wife. He looked very sober, sitting on the ground
in her tent, as if in a fit of sickness. A person unacquainted with
the circumstances would have supposed him very ill. His head was
bent over an old fashioned frying pan containing water, and a large
stone, heated, was placed in it to produce a steam. A large Mackinac
blanket was placed around him to keep in the steam. In this way she
was sweating the evil, or devil, out of him. The treatment was
successful, as he continued living with his wife until his death which
occurred after about two years."

Before she became too old and infirm Mother R. made yearly

EARLY HISTORY OF ST. GLAIR COUNTY. 439

to her Indian friends on Walpole island, always traveling in her canoe
and paddling it herself. She would there receive large presents of cornr
always of the white flint variety, which is much the best for hulling
purposes, and she hulled it both for soup and for hominy, pounding it
in a mortar made by hollowing out the trunk of a hardwood tree
about three feet long, using a wooden pestle.

She was always very fond of the Americans, but her home was on
the Sarnia reservation, and her children resided there. She, also,
regularly received an annuity from the British government.

One day she started to cross the river in her canoe, and meeting a
squirrel swimming across the water, she killed it with her paddle,
saying it was a British squirrel and she did not want it to land on
the American side.

Twenty-two years before her death, she lived to be a hundred and
fifteen (some think), she had her grave clothes made and placed them
in care of Mrs. Brakeman. The leggins were of bright red cloth, such
as the British government furnished the Indians at that time, and
were trimmed with ribbons and beads and were very gaudy. During
her last sickness she expressed a wish to be baptized and Rev. Allen
Salt, an Indian preacher, administered to her the ordinance of Christian
baptism. She lies buried in the Indian cemetery at Sarnia. Her
grave is marked by a head board painted white on which in letters of
black paint is inscribed her name. Her death occurred in 1870.

A historian should make only faithful representations, and truth
compels me to write that in her later years, she was often under the
influence of whisky, and roamed around, visiting only at the homes
of her friends, who never refused the hospitality of their kitchen floor.
So sad the influence of fire water. Two of her children are still living,
very aged, blind and infirm, on the Sarnia reserve. They together
lived for twelve years with the Moran family of Detroit, and when
conversing with each other always use the French language. Their
names are Mrs. Charlotte Dupre, and Antoine Rodd.

Andrew Yates, a cousin, who was a son of Serpent, was at the school
of Messrs. Hudson & Hart, missionaries of the American Board, and
has acted as interpreter for the British government, is still living, very
aged. He was present at Washington at the treaty of 1836. His
sister, Mrs. Obeidig, was very gentle, lady-like in every, way — used a
rocking chair — and was well known to many of the best families of
Port Huron and vicinity until quite recently.

Both Mother Rodd and Mrs. Obeidig retained the use of the Indian
blanket and the moccasins as long as they lived.

440 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

[RECOLLECTIONS OF THE SAGINAW VALLEY FIFTY-
TWO YEAES AGO.

BY E. L. WENTZ.

Bay City, Michigan, October 9, 1889.
Judge Albert Miller:

MY DEAR SIB — In compliance with your request, I give you some of
my recollections of the Saginaw valley, about the time you and I first
became acquainted; together with a few of the incidents that occurred
during my residence in the valley fifty-two years ago.

I left Binghamton, New York, my native town, in company with
Alfred Hovey, on the 19th day of June, 1837, with the view of finding
employment in the west. We traveled by stage to Olean, New York,
and there purchased a skiff, and rowed down the Alleghany river to
Warren, Pennsylvania, where we took stage again and went to Dunkirk,
New York where we expected to get a steamer up the lake. But on
our arrival at Dunkirk, we learned that steamboats did not land there,
so we took passage on a schooner to Cleveland, Ohio, and there changed
to a steamboat going to Monroe, Michigan. There we changed to
another steamboat, and finally reached Detroit on the first day of July,
making the journey from Binghamton, New York, to Detroit, Mich.,

in twelve days.

At Detroit we saw some flaming posters, advertising very low fare to

Saginaw City, by the steamer Governor Marcy. On account of the
depleted condition of our finances, the low fare was a temptation, and
we took passage on the Governor Marcy, and arrived at Saginaw City
July 3, 1837. When we saw Saginaw City we were disappointed. We
had not known before, what might constitute a western city. Where
we expected to find a city of at least ten thousand inhabitants, we
found a little hamlet of about fifteen buildings, and not over one
hundred white people. The prospect for finding employment was not
very flattering. I went to an old log tavern and engaged board for us
at two dollars and fifty cents per day each. The sleeping rooms were

RECOLLECTIONS OF THE SAGINAW VALLEY. 441

all in one, and contained about thirty single beds with the numbers
chalked on the logs at their head. The entrance to this bed chamber
was up a ladder through a hole in the floor.

We got our baggage to the hotel and stowed away under our beds,
and then took a walk to the river and up along the bank to an old
saw mill, and sat down on a saw log to talk over the situation. Mr.
Hovey counted his money and found he had just two dollars and fifty
cents. I had no money to count. We were perplexed to know what
to do. I suggested that we could cut wood, as there was plenty of it
in the country. Hovey said, "Yes, but there are no people here to
burn it." While we were canvassing the matter, we saw a large canoe-
like craft coming down the river, propelled by twelve oars, and when
it got nearly opposite us, it turned in and landed directly in front of
where we were sitting, and the first man to step out of it was Charles
F. Smith, the chief engineer of the Saginaw and Grand river canal.
Mr. Smith had come down from the woods at Bad river, bringing his
whole corps of engineers and camp equipage to Saginaw to celebrate
the fourth of July. I had worked with Smith for some time on the
New York and Erie railroad in New York, and knew him intimately.
He soon told me that he had work for both of us, and we took hold
with a will and helped to pitch the tents on the bluff near the north-
east corner of the old government stockade, and the first night in Saginaw
I spent in a tent with the engineer corps of the Saginaw and Grand
river canal. What was projected as the Saginaw and Grand river canal,
is better known at the present time as the "Bad river canal." Smith
held the party in Saginaw several days to allow some of them to sober
up from their celebration, and then sent us to the woods at Bad river,

he remaining in Saginaw City.

SAGINAW CITY.

When I first saw Saginaw City, it contained not over fifteen build-
ings all told. At the extreme south end of the town, on the bank of
the river was a steam saw mill, with one upright saw, that if closely
tended, might have cut one thousand feet of lumber in twenty-four
hours. A short distance from the mill and a hundred yards from the
river, was a red building where Judge Miller and Dr. Miller kept store.
Gardner Williams had a residence about a thousand feet back from
the river at the extreme south end of the town. Near the red store
was two or three small buildings, in one of which was the postofnce,
and many a lark we had at that old postofnce while waiting for the
mail that came to Saginaw but once a week on horseback by way of
56

442 ANNUAL MEETING, 18GO.

Flint and the old Indian trail. About a thousand feet from the post-
office down the river and immediately on the bank was a ware house,,
directly back of which at the foot of the bluff, was a small building,
in which some one kept a stock of Indian goods, and still further back
on the top of the bluff was an old government stockade. Two hundred
feet north of the stockade, was the old log tavern, kept by an English-
man by the name of Maiden. Six to eight hundred feet further north
and a hundred feet further back from the river was a small building
where Henry Pratt kept a shoe shop, and still further north was Rich-
man and Lyon's store, a little north of which and immediately on the
bluff was a dwelling, but I have forgotten the name of the family who
occupied it. At the extreme north end of the town, Mr. Jewett had a
nice residence in which he kept a hotel. There was also a very nice
residence in the southwest part of the town occupied by a Mr. Little.
There might have been two or three other buildings in Saginaw City,
but I think I have named and located all of importance.

When in Saginaw City, I made my home at Maiden's log tavern for
the first year, and then the Webster house was built and opened by
Mr. Harring, after which I made that my stopping place, often assist-
ing Mr. Harring in the hotel office when there. I have a vivid recol-
lection of a high lark that Henry Pratt and I had at the Webster
house a short time after it was opened. There was some doings that
brought all of the people of the country into town, and they all stop-
ped at the Webster house. I was assisting in the office. The country
guests all took off their boots, shoes and stockings in the office and
left them there, going up stairs bare-footed to bed. After all were in
bed and the house quiet, Pratt and I went to his shop, got some shoe
brushes and blacking, returned to the hotel and blacked one of every
pair of boots and shoes Ve could find in the house. We worked at it
until daylight, then blacked one of our own in the same way, and
went to bed for about. an hour. I came into the office early to see
the effect of our night's work. When the people began to come down
the fun commenced. Everyone tried to get a pair of polished boots or
shoes, some didn't know their shoes and looked half an hour for them,
some accepted the joke and laughed, while others cursed a blue
streak, threatening to kill the person who blacked their shoes if they
could find out who did it. During the day nearly every man to be
met on the streets had on one polished boot or shoe, and that was
evidence that they were guests of the Webster house. Pratt and I
kept very still and had our laugh all to ourselves. Saginaw was at

RECOLLECTIONS OF THE SAGINAW VALLEY. 443

that time very dull, and anything that created a little excitement was
enjoyable.

In 1837 Saginaw was quite isolated, there was no communication with
the rest of the world, except by the Saginaw river, the bay and lakes,
or by the old Indian trail to Flint. I have walked the old trail several
times, it was a wet and dreary road, all the way through a dense for-
est, with no improvements of any kind along it. My first journey
over the trail was on the 18th day of September, 1838. I was on my
way home for a visit. On my return I walked by the trail from Flint
to Saginaw, carrying my trunk on my back. Again about the 25th of
December, 1838, I walked over it on my way to Detroit to settle with
the Auditor of the State. Among my duties as assistant engineer was
that of commissary of subsistence, and necessitated my expending some
money for the State. In settling my accounts on the first day of January,
1839, the Auditor disputed an item of six boxes of soap in my bill, and
insisted upon my taking the item out, saying that soap was a "luxury"
that the State could not allow. I told him that we were "allowed
brandy, whisky and stock-ale," and that I thought soap just as neces-
sary as liquors, and then occasionally, when we forgot what was on our
tin dishes last, we washed them, we also washed our own clothing and
required soap for these purposes. He finally audited my account and I
returned by stage to Flint and then walked the old trail to Saginaw.

During the fall of 1837 and the winter of 1837 and 1838, the line of
the canal was located, and early in 1838 the contract for building the
entire work was tet to Smock & Little, and Myron Smock, a son of the
contractor, came from Detroit and went onto the work as superintend-
ent for the contractors. The work of construction went along finely,
until October, 1839, when all of the timber for the locks was out and
on the ground, and about one mile of the earth work completed.
Financial embarrassment of the State stopped the work, the laborers
were discharged without pay, and went to Saginaw City and threatened
to mob all parties connected with the contract. They finally left after
a big scare of the people of Saginaw, which was the end of the
Saginaw and Grand river canal. The canal as projected ^ras twenty
miles long with ninety feet width and nine feet depth of water. In
traveling between Saginaw and our canal work we were compelled to use*
canoes, there being no roads or trails, and the country was low, flat
and wet, with numerous streams and bayous to cross that made it
almost impossible to get there excepting by the rivers.

When I returned to Saginaw after my visit home in the fall of
1838, I found two of our engineering party there, shaking with the

444 ANNUAL, MEETING, 1890.

ague, and the following day I began shaking too. After a few days
we concluded to go to our camp in the woods at Bad river. We
started from Saginaw in a canoe early in the morning, and by noon
got to the mouth of Bad river, where we found the river so full of ice
and snow that we couldn't force the canoe through it. We drew the
canoe out on the bank and started to walk. The bayous forced us back
from the river and it being cloudy and dark, we soon lost our points
•of compass, and traveled until dark without finding our camp. We
lay down on the ground for the night, and to add to our discomforts,
it soon began raining, and rained all night. It was the latter part of
November and quite cold. The next morning, wet, cold, and nearly
^starved, we started at daylight and traveled the whole day until dark,
and found no camp. After an hour's work we succeeded in getting a
fire with flint and punk. We gathered a lot of wood and had a com-
fortable fire through the night. In the morning started again at day-
light and traveled hard until nearly dark, when Winthrop, one of our
party said, "If you can take us back to where we sat down on the log
to rest, I can go to the fire where we stayed last night." I objected,
but they both insisted upon going back. Feeling a little democratic at
the time, I allowed the majority to rule, and soon took the party to
the place Winthrop had designated, and then turned the lead over to
Winthrop, I going some way behind, to see the course he would take.
We traveled for an hour and came to the fire, I went about two hun-
dred feet away from the fire, and found the place where I had given
Winthrop the lead. Our third night out was just before us, we
were wet, cold and hungry, three days had passed since we tasted food.
I didn't sleep any that night, for I began to think that possibly we
were lost, and I felt a little uneasy about the situation. It was the
longest night that I ever experienced. About an hour before daylight
I was standing by the fire trying to dry my clothes and warm myself;
I noticed a red appearance 'in the horizon and thought it was caused
by the sun coming up. I called the other boys and we all felt certain
that it was in the east. We knew that if we could travel east we
would comp to the Shiawassee marshes, and could then find our way
back to Saginaw. I selected three trees in range with the red appear-
ance in the horizon, and ran a line by keeping three trees in range,
determined that we should not stay a third night by that fire. * About
noon we found a thorn-apple tree loaded with fruit. We stripped the
tree, filling our pockets and hats with the fruit, and went on our way
rejoicing. A little before night I discovered that the ground fell off
to our left, and I left the boys to watch our line, and went down about

RECOLLECTIONS OP THE SAGINAW VALLEY. 445-

three hundred feet and came to the bank of Bad river. I called the
boys, and we examined the surrounding closely to be certain that we
were right, for things were rather mixed. There was a large tree
turned up by the roots, laying across the river, that we had drawn a
canoe over a hundred times, and we felt certain that we could not be
mistaken in the tree, but as it now appeared to us the roots were on
the wrong side of the river, and we wondered if some fellew had been
there and changed ends with it. We were about two miles from where
we left our canoe, and seven miles from our camp. There was no cur-
rent in the stream, and we had some discussion as to which way was
up the river and which down. We concluded that the tree was
just as we had always known it, the roots on the north side of the
stream, and knowing that the river flowed easterly, we started up it.
We soon came to a branch of Bad river that we had to cross, and
found it frozen over, the ice about half an inch thick. I took a club
and went in, swimming against the ice, and breaking it with the club.
I got about half way across and the cold water forced me out.
Winthrop then went in and succeeded in getting across. "Jimmie" a
little Irishman of our party could not swim, so I helped him to get
some long poles and we laid them out on the ice and "Jimmie'
crawled out on his hands and knees on the poles. And by hitching
first one pole then the other, he succeeded in getting about two-thirds
of the way over, when his poles slipped apart and "Jimmie" went in
through the ice. Winthrop and I helped him out, and we went on to
another branch of Bad river that we crossed in the same way only that
"Jimmie" got safely over. We now had five miles before us to camp,
with a good dry Indian trail on top of a high sandy ridge all the way.
The joy at getting in satisfied all hunger, and we all went to bed
without eating.

During the winter of 1837 and 1838 I made a survey of the Saginaw
river from deep water in the bay to the head of the Saginaw, thence
up the Shiawassee and Bad river to the canal, cutting holes in the
ice and taking soundings, showing the channel and depth of water at
all points. There were no residences along the Saginaw, Shiawassee or
Bad rivers at that time, excepting at Saginaw City, and one or two
others along the Saginaw, one, an old, dilapidated shanty, located, I think,
where Bay City now is. There was no East Saginaw, or Bay City,
or West Bay City then, and but one saw mill on the river below
Saginaw City, located I think in what is now South Bay City. The
people had hardly learned of the millions of wealth in the pine timber
of the Saginaw valley, and no one thought of the salt that lay only a.

446 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

few feet under the surface, waiting the enterprise and energy of the
people to develop into millions of wealth.

I was never more surprised in my life than on my return to the
Saginaw valley in 1882, after forty-three years' absence, found Sag-
inaw City grown from a little hamlet to a beautiful city; East Saginaw
transformed from a swamp in a wilderness to a large city, and Bay
City built up from nothing to a beautiful and populous city. All of
them with their fine public buildings, substantial business blocks of stone
and brick, their water- works, paved streets and beautiful flagged walks,
their street railways, commodious school buildings and palatial residences,
and the Saginaw river spanned with a score of substantial iron bridges,
and the river's banks lined with mills, piles of lumber, salt blocks and
manufactories, all of this together with the four or five railroads,
taxed to their utmost capacity in transporting to market the lumber,
salt and manufactured goods, together with the products of the rich
and well cultivated farms that abound in and surround the Saginaw
valley. This was beyond my conception, and when I saw it I could
hardly credit my eyes. The clearing up of the wilderness into well
cultivated farms, and a system of drainage tending to the improvement
of health of the country, makes the Saginaw valley of today as
desirable a place to reside in, either for health, pleasure or business,
as America affords.

With high regard, yours very truly,

E. L. WENTZ.

SAGINAW ONE HUNDEED YEAES AGO.

AND THE ORIGIN OP A BAND OP INDIANS, AND OP THE
NAME OP A LOCALITY IN GENESEE COUNTY.

BY ALBERT MILLER.

But few materials can be gathered from which a history of the Sagi-
naw country prior to 1819 can be compiled.

The well known Indian tradition regarding the conquest of the
-country by the Chippewas of the north from the Sauks and their last

SAGINAW ONE HUNDRED YEARS AGO. 447

sanguinary battle at Skull island, near Bay City, has been written by
William R. McCormick, Esq., and published in volume No. 7 of
pioneer collections. In the " Pontiac manuscript," which is published
in the eighth volume of pioneer collections, it is stated that on the last
day of May, 1763, the great chief of the Saulteux of Saginaw, Wasson,
with two hundred Indians of his band, had arrived to reinforce the
besiegers. The subsequent conduct of the chief and his followers as
related in the manuscript confirms the generally received opinion
regarding the savage nature and vindictive character of the Indians of
the Saginaw country. It is stated that a nephew of the great chief of
the Saulteux of Saginaw, Wasson, was killed outside of the fort in a
skirmish with the English, and that Wasson, furious that his nephew
had been killed, went to Pontiac's camp, abused him, and demanded
that Mr. Campbell should be given up to him. Pontiac conceded, and
Wasson took Mr. Campbell to his camp, where he was stripped and
massacred by the young men of Wasson's band, and his body thrown
into the river, when it floated near to the residence of a Frenchman who
buried it. [Mr. Campbell was an English officer who had placed
himself as a hostage in Pontiac's power at the beginning of the siege. ]
When the country was first known to the whites in the early part of
the present century there were found clumps of bearing apple trees at
different points along the Saginaw and Tittabawassee rivers, many of
which indicated an age of fifty or sixty years. The generally received
opinion as to their origin was that they sprung from the seeds of
apples brought from Canada by the Indians on their return from
their annual trips to receive their annuities from the British govern-
ment. But a simple calculation will show that those trees commenced
their growth long before the Indians had occasion to visit Canada for
the purpose above mentioned.

Four or five years ago a stone was found on the banks of the Chip-
peway liver, sixteen miles above Midland City, upon which had been
roughly sketched three faces, two Indians and one white man with a
French inscription and the date 1771 plainly marked/ which is proof
that the country was known to the French prior to that date, and may
account for the origin of those apple trees. But who were the
adventurers, and what became of them ?

The writer has heretofore advanced the theory that an attempt had
oeen made by the Jesuits to establish a mission in that region, but
that the savage character of the Indians had driven them from the
field. Upon sending a letter of inquiry upon the subject to the late
Judge James V. Campbell, a short time previous to his death, the

448 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

answer came that in all his researches he had never found any thing-
written that would show that an attempt had been made by the Jesuits
to establish a mission on the west side of Lake Huron.

But it can hardly be supposed that in the numerous voyages mad&
around the great lakes by the early French explorers and Jesuits that
they should have failed to discover the Saginaw bay and river, and
the surrounding country, and its discovery would surely attract the
attention of such travelers. It was the paradise of the hunter and
trader, the animals from which the choicest of fur is obtained, such
as the beaver, otter, fisher, marten, mink and muskrat were found there
in great abundance, also deer and bears, and elk, and moose were found
at the headwaters of the streams that empty into the Saginaw. Large
flocks of wild geese and ducks resorted to the streams to feed on the
wild rice that grew in great abundance on their borders, and the
waters were all stored with an abundant supply of the choicest varieties
of fish. Aside from all the attractions enumerated above, the fertility
of the soil was such that with slight cultivation bestowed by the
Indians it produced abundant crops of Indian corn, that indispensable
article of food for the red man. As an indication of the extent of the
cultivation of corn at Saginaw one hundred years ago we find a letter
from Major De Peyster commandant at the post of Mackinaw, dated
May 13, 1779, written to General Haldimand commander-in-chief of
the British forces, stating that he, De Peyster, had sent to Saginaw to-
endeavor to procure six hundred bushels of corn to supply the post at
Mackinaw. That the idea should prevail that a. surplus of six hundred
bushels of corn could be found among the Indians at Saginaw, shows
that large tracts of land must have been cultivated there, which corre-
sponds with the indications that were found by the first permanent
white settlers.

It appears from the report of a committee appointed by Lord
Dorchester in December, 1788, for the purpose of bringing to the
knowledge of government the condition of inland commerce, that, of
the four merchant vessels navigating the great lakes in 1789, two
of them were built at the Saginaw bay, to wit: The sloop, Saginaw,
in 1787, registering thirty-six and one-half tons, and the sloop,
Esperance, in 1788, registering twenty and four-tenths tons. The
probability is that the vessels were built on the banks of the Sag-
inaw river, for that whole region was then known as the Saginaw
bay country.

After Major De Peyster had been transferred from the command of
the post at Mackinaw, and had taken that of the post at Detroit,

SAGINAW ONE HUNDRED YEARS AGO. 449

and Captain Sinclair put in command at Mackinaw, there seemed to
have been a prejudice on the part of Sinclair against De Peyster.
In a letter from Sinclair to Brehm, dated July 17, 1780, among
other fault findings with De Peyster he writes "canoes are allowed
to come contrary to orders. They bring tattling letters. The last
canoe brings a Mr. Finchley, known to be ill-disposed to the service.
A Mr. Fisher of Albany is allowed to winter in the Saginaw bay
[country] where there are rebel belts."

The last item throws light upon the name of a locality in Genesee
county and on the origin of a band .of white Indians, who have long
resided there. The idea prevailed among the early settlers of the
locality that the name Grand Blanc (Big White) originated from its
having been the place of residence of a big white savage. But the
writer has been informed by Peter C. Andre, Esq., of Saginaw, but a
native of Detroit, where his ancestors had resided for generations, that
the "Big White," from whom the name of the locality was derived,
was an Indian trader named Fisher, who was well known to his
(Andre's) father in the early years of the present century. Fisher
married an Indian woman or half-breed and raised a family, and some
of his descendants are living in that vicinity at the present time. An
obituary notice of one of them may be found in the memorial report
of Genesee county, published in the seventh volumn of pioneer
collections.

There is but little doubt that the foregoing is a correct statement,
and that the Mr. Fisher from Albany, who was allowed to winter in
the Saginaw bay country, one hundred and ten years ago, was the
progenitor of the Fisher band of Indians who resided at Copenic
Conie lake, and were well known to the writer sixty years ago. They
had light complexions, light hair and blue eyes, but their habits were
wholly Indian. Mr. Andre says Fisher was a large man from which
circumstance the name Grand Blanc (Big White) was given to the
locality. The correspondence between the British officers, during the
time of the revolutionary war, that is published in the pioneer col-
lections has but little to say about the Sagiuaw country, but the state-
ments in reference to transactions in other parts of the northwest,
makes it very interesting reading.
57

450 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

CONDENSED EAELY HISTORY,

OR BEGINNINGS OP THE SEVERAL TOWNS IN WASHTENAW

COUNTY.

BY EZRA D. LAY.

I have been waiting for some abler pen than mine to write the his-
tory of the early settlements of Washtenaw county,, but having
received a circular from our honored corresponding secretary in January
last, requesting me to write out the pioneer history of the county I have
written a history, in a condensed form, of the several towns on the
following plan: When the town was organized. When and who first
settled in the town. When and who were the first elected supervisor
and clerk of the town. The first church organized in the town and
who preached the first sermon. The first school-house in the town and
who taught the first school. The first marriage in the town, the first
child born, and the first death, etc.

In obtaining these statistics I have referred to the pioneer history
of Washtenaw county; the papers read at the meetings of the Washte-
naw county pioneer society, and to my own recollections of events that
have transpired, as nearly all the first settlers in the county have
passed away.

SALEM TOWNSHIP.

The present township of Salem being number one south, of range seven
east, was organized by the legislative council in the winter of 1833, and
named Salem. The first township election was held at the school-house at
Bullock's Corners, April, 1833; George Renwick was chosen supervisor and
Alexis Packard clerk. The first settlers in the town were John Dicker-
son, Joseph Dickerson and Anna Dickerson in 1825, and located on
sections 13 and 14 in said town. Elkanah Pratt came a few days later.
Royal Wheelock was the first justice of the peace and was appointed by
Gov. Cass in 1829. The first child born in the town was Isaac
Peters in 1827. The first church organized in town was the Baptist
church, January 17, 1833, at the house of Wheaton Bullock, at Bui-

CONDENSED EARLY HISTORY, WASHTENAW COUNTY. 451

lock's Corners. The first school-house was built of hewn logs in 1829,
situated at Bullock's Corners. The first school taught was in the
winter of 1829-30 by Charles Dean. The first marriage in town was
of Elisha Comstock and Mary Black in 1828.

NORTHFIELD.

The township of Northfield, being one south, of range six east,
was organized by the legislative council and set off in a separate
town in 1832 and named Northfield. The first election was held in
the spring of 1833. John Renwick was elected supervisor, and George
Sutton clerk. Benjamin Button was the first settler in town in 1824.
Benjamin Sutton was the first justice of the peace appointed by the
governor in 1831. The first school-house built was in 1828, and the
first school was taught by Miss Miranda Leland in 1829. The first
death in town was Nathan Brundage in 1829. The first church built
in town was St Patrick's, built of logs in 1831. The first marriage in
town was in June, 1830, of William Jackson and Joanna Secord.

WEBSTER.

Webster township being number one south, of range five east, was
set off by the legislative council in March, 1833, and given the name of
Webster. The first township meeting was held at the house of John
Williams on the first Monday in April, 1833. John Williams chosen
supervisor and Moses Kingsley clerk. The first land purchased in the
town was by Samuel W. Dexter, in June, 1824. The first house
erected was by Samuel W. Dexter, in August, 1824, built of logs, and
occupied in the fall of 1824, by Charles B. Taylor. The first justice
of the peace was Salmon H. Mathews. The first sermon preached was
by Rev. Wm. Page, at the house of Salmon H. Mathews in 1827. The
first church society formed was the Presbyterian, January 27, 1834.
The first church erected was in 1834 by the Presbyterian society,
afterward changed to the Congregational form of government. The
first school-house built was on Boyden's plains, in 1830, and the first
teacher was Miss Mary Ann Sears. The first marriage was Samuel W
Foster and Miss Ruth Seymour, in 1827. The first child born was
Maria Alexander, June 5, 1827. The first death was the infant child
of Mr. and. Mrs. Mathews, August 14, 1828.

DEXTEK.

The township of Dexter, being number one south, of range four east,
was organized in 1836, and named Dexter, from the first person who
bought lands in that vicinity. The first township officers elected in the

452 ANNUAL, MEETING, 1890,

town were Thomas Lee, supervisor, and Amos Gray, clerk. The first
settlers in town were Sylvanus and Nathaniel Noble, in 1825. The first
saw mill was built in 1827 by Ousterout & Hull, and the first grist
mill built was in 1844. The first religious society formed was in 1836,
called the North Lake Methodist Episcopal church, with nineteen mem-
bers, and met and held services at the house of John Glen, until the year
1846, when Charles and John Glen built a house for church and school
purposes, which was occupied until 1866, when the present church was-
built. Judge Samuel W. Dexter was among the first settlers in the
vicinity of the village of Dexter, about the year 1824. He bought th»
land where the village of Dexter is situated, and other tracts of land
in the vicinity, and settled and lived on lands in the northwest corner
of Scio town, near the village of Dexter, where he died several years-
.since.

LYNDON.

Township of Lyndon being town one south, of range three east, was
organized and set off into a separate township in 1836 and called Lyn-
don. The first township election held after the town was set off as a
separate township, was held at the house of John Glen, in April, 1837.
Horace Leek was chosen supervisor, and Jesse Rose, clerk. The first
school-house erected was in 1837, on section eighteen, and the first
school was taught in the winter following by John Yocum. The first
settlers were Collins brothers in August, 1833, and the first log house
was built by S. B. Collins the same' season. The first marriage was
performed by Horace Leek, justice of the peace, and united Miss-
Harriet Gifford and Azel Turner together for life. The first child
born was Edwin O. Collins, December 11, 1835. The first death was
Abraham Burgitt, in 1837.

SYLVAN.

The township of Sylvan being town two south, of range three east,.
was organized and set off as a separate township in the winter of 1834.
The first township election was held April, 1834, at the house of Sam-
uel Dunham. Nathan Pierce was chosen supervisor and Elisha Cong-
don, clerk. The first person who settled in the town was Cyrus Beck-
with, in 1830, and located the half of section fourteen, and built the
first house of logs. The first death was Mrs. Jesse Smith (date not
known). The first marriage was John C. Winans and Betsey M. Fenn
(date not known). The first postmaster was Calvin Hicox at Sylvan
Center (date of appointment not known). The Baptist society was
the first one formed in town, in 1833. The first meetings were held in

CONDENSED EARLY HISTORY, WASHTENAW COUNTY. 453

a log school-house at Bingham's mills, in 1833, and the first pastor
was Elder Benjamin Danielson. The first school-house built was near
the residence of Stephen J. Chase. Miss Harriet Wines was the first
teacher. The village of Chelsea is situated in section twelve, located
in 1849. Elisha and James M. Congdon first owned the land. The
Congregational society built the first church in 1850. Elisha Congdon
was the first postmaster, also sold the first goods. W. F. Hatch was
the first school teacher, in winter 1850. The first marriages were
Aaron Durand, and May Congdon; N. Robinson and Mattie Beckwith,
both couples at one ceremony, in November, 1850. The first child born,
a son of Elisha Congdon, December, 1850.

scio.

Scio, town two south, of range five east, was set off by the legislative
council, March 25, 1833, and named Scio. The first township election
was in April, 1833, but the records were burned, and no account of
township meetings are found until 1843. The first school-house erected
was in 1829, on section fourteen, built of logs, but I am unable to
state who taught the first school. The first settler in the town was
Alexander Laverty, in October, 1825, and located on section twenty-five.
•Cyril Nichols was the first physician, locating in the village of Dexter
in 1826. The first religious society was in the village of Dexter, and
was the Baptist society, formed in August, 1831, by Elder E. Carpen-
ter, and worshipped in a school-house until 1840, when the present
church was built. The village of Dexter is situated mostly in Scio
township in the northwest corner of the town of Scio. The land where
the village of Dexter is situated was purchased from the government in
1824, but the village plat was not made until 1830. The purchaser of
the land from the government was Samuel W. Dexter.

LIMA.

The township of Lima being town two south, of range four east, was
set off into a separate town and named Lima in 1834. The first elec-
tion of officers was in 1834, held at the house of John Hartford;
Bussel Parker was chosen supervisor and John K. Bingham, clerk.
The first land bought and settled on was by Samuel Clements, being
640 acres on sections twenty-four and twenty-five, in August, 1825.
The first school-house was built at Lima Center, in 1835. The first
school taught in Lima was in 1831 by Abraham Yeomans, in an addi-
tion to the Clement house. The first birth was Susan Clements, in
1826. The first death was that of Charles H. Clements, in 1827. The
first marriage was that of Thomas Nobles and Caroline Lee, in 1828.

454 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

The first sermons preached were by Elder Carpenter, a Baptist minister,,
and by Elder Baughman, a Methodist clergyman, but the first church
built and the first organized society was Presbyterian; but after some
years the society disbanded and the church passed into the possession
of the town and used for town purposes.

ANN ARBOR TOWN.

The township of Ann Arbor, being town two south, of range six
east; and the first election was held at the house of John Allen,
in May, 1827. Henry Rumsey was chosen supervisor and Jonathan
T. Ely clerk. The first settler on the land now comprising the
town of Ann Arbor was Orrin White, who bought the northwest
fractional quarter section twenty-six, July 4, 1823. The present
territory now included in the town of Ann Arbor, elected H. M.
Morey the first supervisor and L. B. Simmons clerk, in 1851. The
first adult person who died in town was Prosper P. Clark, in March,
1828, being a cripple, was killed by a log rolling on his neck while
chopping rail cuts alone in the woods. The first settlers in school
district number eight in said town were Orrin White, who bought
the northwest quarter gf section twenty-six, July 4, 1824; George
Nash settled on the northeast quarter of section twenty-five, in the
fall of 1824; Elnathan Botsford settled in May, 1825, on the north-
west quarter of section thirty-six; John and Robert Geddes, in
June 14, 1825, settled on the south part of northeast fractional
quarter section thirty-six; Amos Hicks came in October, 1825, and
settled on the east half of the southeast quarter section twenty-six;
Elder Moses Clark came in 1825, and settled on the northeast part of
the northeast fractional quarter of section thirty-five; Mr. Clark sold
out to Elnathan Botsford in 1832. Amos Hicks died April 16, 1835.
Elnathan Botsford died January 6, 1853. George Nash died October 9,
1855. Orrin White died February 18, 1864. Robert Geddes died March
11, 1866, and John Geddes died November 4, 1889, aged eighty-eight
years and nine months.

SUPERIOR.

The town of Superior being town two south, of range seven east,
was set off and became a separate township with the name of Superior.
The first purchase of land in town was by Robert Fleming, September
29, 1823, and was the northwest part of northwest fractional quarter
section thirty-one, but he never lived on the land. Fourteen persons
purchased lands in this town in the year 1824., and how many set-
tled on their land I am unable to state. The first church built wa&

CONDENSED EARLY HISTORY, WASHTENAW COUNTY. 455

the free church, built mostly by Parkhurst & Brewer, situated on sec-
tion fourteen, in 1855. The first school-house built was near the free
church built in 1827; and the first school kept was by Parmelia Pat-
tison, soon after the above school-house was completed, and received
one dollar per week and probably boarded around. Dixborough village
was started in 1824 by Captain Dix, on the west one-half southwest
quarter section seven, bought September 28, 1824, but in 1833, he
sold out and removed to Texas, and died there. JThe village disappeared.
Augustus Eoot was the first supervisor, elected in 1829, and Silas
Wheelock, clerk. The first death was Abram Brewer, in 1825, or 1826.
The first marriage probably was David Frost and Parmelia Pattison, iti.
1828.

YPSILANTI TOWN.

Ypsilanti town being town three south, of range seven east, was set
off into a separate township and named Ypsilanti. The first settler in
town was Benjamin J. Woodruff, at Woodruff's Grove on July 6, 1823.
He was also the first purchaser of lands from the government in the
county and the first settler. He built the first house in the county
after th« French claim in Ypsilanti was abandoned, built the first grist
mill in the county in 1825, was the first justipe of the peace, the first
postmaster and the first sheriff in the county. Daniel and Alvin Cross
came to Woodruff's Grove in 1824, and settled on section fifteen, on
lands bought by Daniel Cross, in 1824. Daniel Cross afterward sold
the land to Jacob Emerick, about 1830, and removed to Saline town-
ship and died there February 16, 1875. Alvin Cross claimed to have
raised the first wheat in Washtenaw county. He was married to Elona
Rogers in the fall of 1828, and commenced living on the farm, being
section fourteen, Ypsilanti, where they both died. Mr. Cross died
February 19, 1875, and Mrs. Cross January 20, 1887. Mr. Orenta
Grant came to Woodruff's Grove with his wife and Elona Rogers, and
Jane Johnson, two maiden girls, in the spring of 1824, and afterward
bought the east part of the southeast quarter of section fifteen, and
lived there some eight years, and sold the land to Edward Phelps,
and moved to Indiana where they both died. Hiram Tuttle, wife and
one child came to Ypsilanti at the same time with Mr. Grant, and
came by the Huron river in a flat boat. Mr. Tuttle bought lands on
sections twenty-two and twenty-three where they lived until they both
died. Mr. Tuttle died June 1, 1861, and Mrs. Tuttle died October 15,
1871. At the first election after the city of Ypsilanti became a sepa-
rate government, Samuel B. Reed was chosen supervisor, but refused to

456 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

serve and Adam Yeckley was selected by the township board as super-
visor for 1858 and Frank Wheeler was elected clerk.

That part of Ypsilanti township where Woodruff's grove was once
situated was on the west half of northwest quarter of section fifteen,
where Benjamin J. Woodruff made the purchase of the above land in
April, 1823, and in June following built a log house, situated on the
northeast corner of said land. He removed his family, consisting of a
wife and six children, from Ohio by the way of the Huron river, and
commenced living in this house on the sixth day of July, 1823, and
named the place Woodruff's Grove. Mr. Woodruff built the first grist
mill in Washtenaw county, situated about one and a half miles south-
east on the Huron river from the center of the city of Ypsilanti. The
mill was built of hewn logs, and it has been said the mill stones were
made from boulders found near .Woodruff's Grove. Whether this is
correct or not I am unable to say. The mill was -started in the fall of
1825, with a man by the name of Stevens as miller. But after running
some four or five years was abandoned and the water privilege has not
been used since. Woodruff's Grove was the first village started in
Washtenaw county and had a short existence. When I first saw the
place in 1833, there were some ten or twelve log bouses there, and all,
or nearly all, were deserted, the persons who built them had left and
settled in other parts of the country. Mr. Woodruff, the founder of
the place had removed to Ypsilanti and he and his wife both died
over fifty years since; two of his daughters died in Ypsilanti and the
remainder of the family left Ypsilanti over forty years since, and where
they are now, if alive, I am unable to say. Maj. Woodruff was a
very social, genial person, just the one to assist the early pioneers
in locating their homes, and spent most of his time in that
occupation. The first death at Woodruff's Grove was Walter Oakman
who died in the summer of 1824 The second person who died at the
Grove was David Beverly, in 1825. Previous to Major Woodruff's mill
being built they had corn mills at the Grove by burning a hole in an
oak stump and scraping them clean of coals and ashes and attaching a
mortar to a spring pole and the mill was ready for use. The first
marriage in town was in November, 1825, by Andrew McKinstry and
Eliza Cross uniting their interests together for life.

PITTSFIELD.

Pittsfield township being town three south, of range six east, was set
off as a separate township in 1834 and named Pittsfield. Samuel D.
McDowell was one of the three persons who first located in town on

CONDENSED EARLY HISTORY, WASHTENAW COUNTY. 457

southwest quarter, section two, in J.une, 1824. Ezra Maynard located on
section three, in June, 1824. Oliver Whitmore settled on sections ten
and eleven, in June, 1824. The above persons were the first to settle in
the town. Pittsfield has the honor of erecting the first school-house
in the county, on section ten, and Miss Harriet Parsons taught the first
school in the district in the summer of 1825. Elder J. S. Twiss
settled in the town somewhere between 1827 and 1829, and probably
preached the first sermon. John Allison was the first supervisor,
elected in 1834, and Jared B. Cornish clerk. A son of Charles
Anderson was the first white child born in town in November, 1824.

LODI.

Lodi township was organized by the legislative council, March 7,
1834, being town three south, of range five east. The first township
election was held at the house of Orrin Howe, in April, 1834, but who
were chosen as supervisor and town clerk I am unable to state. Allen
Williams was the first settler in Lodi, on May 9, 1825, and entered
three lots on sections thirteen and fourteen, and built a log house, the
first in town. The first white child born was a daughter of Smith
Lapham, in April, 1827. The first marriage was Polly Gilbert and
Bobert Craig, by Squire Lapham, in May, 1829. The first death was
Miss Betsey Howe, daughter of Orrin Howe, in 1827. The first
school taught was by Miss Polly Stratton, in 1827, and the first school-
house was a log house built in 1829. The Presbyterian church of
Lodi Plains was built in 1837, and the Rev. J. G. Kanouse was the
first pastor. Two saw mills were built, one in 1829 and the other in
1838, and both of them have passed away some years since.

FEEEDOM.

The township of Freedom being town three south, of range four east,
was organized and set off by the legislative council as a separate town-
ship, March 7, 1834. April 7. 1834, a township election was held at
the house of Henry M. Griffin; Henry M. Griffin was chosen super-
visor and David C. Raymond clerk. The first settler was James W.
Hill, in June, 1831, and built a log house on northwest quarter, of
southwest quarter, section twenty-nine. The first death was Jacob
Haas who was killed by a tree falling on him. Rev. Arunah Bennett
was the first ordained minister in town, and the first sermon was
preached at the house of Richard Preston, in June, 1834. The first
religious society was organized in 1842, of German Lutheran, by Rev.
Mr. Schmid. The first marriage of those living in town were John
Lewis and Sarah Ann Miller, in 1832.
58

458 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

8HAEON.

The township of Sharon being town three south, of range three east.
On the 3d day of March, 1834, the legislative council organized the
above township and named it Sharon. The first township election was
held April 7, 1834, at the house of Oliver Kellogg. Lewis Allen was
elected supervisor and Benjamin F. Burnett, clerk. The first land
bought of the government was by Lewis C. Kellam, being the
84 24-160 acres from the northeast quarter, section one, June 22,
1830. David J. Sloat built the first house in Sharon, and moved into
it in May, 1831, situated on section thirty-four, consequently was the
first settler. The first marriage was Loren Keif with a Miss Palmer (date
not known). The first male child born was Virgil Peck, in 1834.
The first female child born was Minerva Bullard, Sept. 3, 1833. The
first school taught was by Miss Myra Winchester, in the Bow school-
house. The first death was David J. Sloat, in 1833, and was buried
on the land that he bought and settled on in 1831. The first religiou&
society formed was the Methodist society by Rev. E. H. Pilcher, at the-
home of Gilbert Row, in June, 1832.

MANCHESTER.

This town was organized as a separate township, March 11, 1837.
by the legislature, and named Manchester, being town four south, of
range three east. The first township election was held at the school
house in Manchester village, in April, 1837. James H. Fargo was-
elected supervisor and Wm. D. Clark, clerk. Major John Gilbert built
the first mills, in 1832, erected by Emanuel Case for Mr. Gilbert. The
first postmaster was Harvey Squires, the office being established in
1833. Major John Gilbert platted the village of Manchester in 1832.
Newman Granger was the first president of the village, in 1868, after
the village was incorporated. The first church society was the Presby-
terian, organized Dec. 27,. 1835. Rev. A. B. Corning, the first pastor,
The Baptist church was organized Feb. 17, 1836. Dr. Bennett F.
Root was the first regular physician in town, in 1834, and in crossing
the Raisin at the village in November, 1834, on the old pole bridge,
fell through the corduroy bridge into the river. The doctor being
seventy-one years old, and a regular physician for fifty years, and
being a believer in the water cure to the period of his immersion,
could never reconcile his ancient faith with his modern experience.

BEIDGEWATEB.

Town four south, of range four east, was organized in 1836 as a

CONDENSED EARLY HISTOKY, WASHTENAW COUNTY. 45$»

separate township. The first township election was at the house of
John Valentine, and George Howe was elected supervisor, and Norman
L. Conklin, clerk. The first settler was Col. Daniel Hixon, in 1829.
The first birth was Henrietta Hixon (date not given). The first mar-
riage was Dennis Lancaster and Harriet Frederic (date not given).
The first death was Mrs. Thomas Bolton (date also not given). The
first school-house was built on section twenty-eight, in 1834, and the
first school was taught by Norman L. Conklin.

SALINE.

The town of Saline covers town four south, of range five east. The
first settler in the town was Leonard Miller, who built the first house
in 1826, and kept a public house. Daniel Cross built the second
house and also furnished entertainment for man and beast. Orange
Bisdon purchased land in 1824, but did not settle on it for some years
after. Orrin and Chester Parsons came to town in 1826, and pur-
chased lands on section twelve and built the first saw mill on Saline
river in 1827, and soon after erected the first grist mill on the same
stream. The first birth was a daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Leonard
Miller (date not given). The first death was Asher Davis, in 1827.
The first marriage was Robert Craig and Miss Polly Gilbert, April 12,

1829. Orange Risdon, Esq., officiating. The first school-house built was
situated about a mile west of the present village of Saline in 1831.
Calvin Lamb taught the first school in 1831. In September, 1832,
Orange Risdon surveyed and platted the village of Saline. The Bap-
tist society was organized in Saline in 1831. The Presbyterian society
organized July 18, 1831. Postoffice established 1830, Orange Risdon,
postmaster. The first township election was in 1830, Alfred Davis
chosen supervisor, and Smith Lapham, clerk.

YOEK.

The present township of York was organized March ,7, 1834. The
first township election was held in April, 1834, at the house of Noah
Wolcott, the Hon. Wm. Moore was chosen supervisor, and Othniel
Gooding, clerk. The first house was built on the farm of Horace
Parsons and the second one by Leander LeBaron, both built of logs.
The first marriage was that of Arby Lamson and Esther Bonner in

1830. The first death was that of Aretus Belding in the fall of 1831.
The first school-house, built of logs, on section eighteen, was in 1831,
and the first school was taught by Washington Morton, the winter of

1831. The first sermon preached was by Rev. John Walworth in the
house of Steven Bonner. The first religious society was the Baptist,

460 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

formed on August 10, 1832, and first church, built of logs, in 1835. I
have been unable to find who purchased the first land in town, but
amongst the first purchasers were Caleb Moore, Thomas Shaw, Henry
Young, Leander LeBaron, Othneil Gooding, Jacob Cook, also Alanson
Snow known as Matchi-agon, the Indian hater. When a lad his
father's family in Ohio were all massacred by the Indians, and from
that time he swore eternal vengeance to the red skins. He spent most
of his time in hunting, and sold his farm to Dea. A. R. Wheeler, and
went where game and Indians were more plenty.

AUGUSTA.

Augusta township was organized in the spring of 1836 as a separate
town and named Augusta. The first township election was held at the
house of Aaron Childs in April, 1835. Stephen Mead was elected
supervisor and Aaron Childs, clerk. James Miller was the first settler
in 182S. Andrew Muir and Henry Albright came about the same time.
The first school-house was built on section three in 1833, and Richard
Gorton taught the first school. The Presbyterian society was organ-
ized in September, 1833, and the Rev. Mr. Boughton was their first
pastor, and this was the first church organized in the township. The
Methodist and Congregational churches have since been added.

Before the present organization of the town in 1836, the following
persons settled here. David Brooks, Prince Bennett, Sr., Daniel Rus-
sell, John Menzie, Asa Markham, Chester Goss, Asa H. Reddin, Stephen
Griffin, James and Win. Wardle, Timothy Crane, Hiram Thompson,
David Hardy, Robert Gardner, Peter Tyler, and Elias Smith.

YPSILANTI CITY.

The first persons to occupy the land where the city of Tpsilanti is
now situated were Gabriel Godfrey, Francis Pepin and Louis LaSham-
bre (three Frenchmen), as a trading post with the Indians as early
as 1809. In the year 1811 twenty-five hundred acres of land was
patented to them by the government where the city of Tpsilanti is
now situated. During the summer of 1825 they sold their claim to
Judge Woodward, John Stewart and Wm. W. Harwood and they plat-
ted a village and called it Ypsilanti. The first village officers elected
on Setember 3, 1832, John Gilbert was chosen president, E. M. Skin-
ner, recorder, and Ario Pardee treasurer. After the French post was
deserted the first goods brought to Ypsilanti was in 1825, by Erastus Bel-
den and Jonathan G. Morton and after a few years they bought and settled
•on farms; Mr. Belden in Saline and Mr. Morton in Ypsilanti town,
where they both died several years since. The first school-house built

CONDENSED EARLY HISTORY, WASHTENAW COUNTY. 461

in the village was the brick school-house on the east side of the river
and is now and has been for a number of years occupied by Charles
Woodruff as a dwelling house, and was built in 1829. The first town-
ship meeting was held at the McKinstry hotel in the village of Ypsi-
lanti, in 1827. Abel Millington was chosen supervisor and Asa Read-
ing clerk. The township then included the four eastern towns of
Washtenaw, viz.: Salem, Superior, Ypsilanti and Augusta, and the
number of votes cast was fifty-nine. As near as can be ascertained
Miss Hope Johnson, at the Grove, and Miss Olive Gorton in the
village of Ypsilanti, taught the first schools, in 1826. John Bryan
and family were the first who came from Detroit to Woodruff's Grove
by land with an ox team, and were four days in getting a distance of
thirty miles, arriving October 23, 1828. Mr. Bryan bought the east half
of southwest quarter section ten, built a house and moved into it
December 31, 1823. On the 27th day of February, 1824, a son was
born and named Alpha Washtenaw Bryan, the first white- child 'born
in the county. Mr. Bryan being a carpenter built the first bridge
across the Huron river, in the fall of 1827, at Ypsilanti. He also built
the court house in Ann Arbor, in 1834; and soon after sold his prop-
erty and moved to Constantine and died there several years since.
The first sermon preached in the county was by the Rev. Elias Pattee,
a Methodist circuit rider, at Woodruff's Grove, in the summer of 1823,
and formed a class of five persons, which was the first religious society
in the county. The Presbyterian society of Ypsilanti was formed in
July, 1829, by the Rev. Wm. Page of Ann Arbor, and in October,
1829, the Rev. Wm. Jones came to Ypsilanti as a missionary, and
stayed until May, 1830, about seven months. Previous to Mr. Jones'
coming to Ypsilanti the leading members of the place thought there
was too much drinking for the good of the place and agreed to have
a grand time on a certain day and then form a temperance society. At
the time of their having that grand time, this missionary came along
on foot and some of them said "there is another man, catch him,'
and trying to catch him some fell headlong, and Mr. Jones' text for
the last sermon he preached in the village was taken from the 19th
chapter of Genesis, and a part of the 14th verse; it was this: "Up,
get ye out of this place, for the Lord will destroy it." In June, 1830,
the Rev. Ira M. Weed came to Ypsilanti and remained pastor of this
church fifteen years and did more t@ reform the morals of the place than
any other person who ever lived there. A charter was approved Feb-
ruary 4, 1858, for the village to become a city. In the spring of 1858

462 ANNUAL, MEETING 1890.

Chauncey Joslin was elected mayor and John McCready, clerk, and
Benjamin Clark, treasurer.

ANN ARBOR CITY.

The village of Ann Arbor was organized by the legislative council
on the 23d day of April, 1833. The first election for village officers
was held July 7, 1834. John Allen was chosen president of the
trustees. The city of Ann Arbor was incorporated as a city April 4,
1851. George Sedge wick, the first mayor, elected in 1851. The first
church organized was the Presbyterian church, on Aug. 26, 1826, by
the Eev. Noah M. Wells. The first sermon preached in the village
was by Elder Moses Clark, a Baptist minister. The first school taught
in the village was in 1825 by Miss Monroe, in a log school-house then
standing on the opposite corner from the present postoffice building.
The postoffice was established in 1825, John Allen, postmaster. John
Hartford was the first merchant in Ann Arbor, in 1824. Elisha W.
E. Smith was the first child born in the village, on Nov. 27, 1825,
and died in April, 1827, the first death in ihe village I have any
account of. The first persons who settled where the present city is
located were John Allen and Elisha W. Bumsey, in February, 1824.
The county seat was established here in 1824. The first court house
was built by John Bryan, in 1834.

MY OLD SCHOOL EOLLS AND SCHOOL MATES OF HALF A

CENTUEY AGO.

BY A. D. P. VAN BUREN.

The history of "my schools and my school masters" in Michigan,
has been given in volume fourteen of these collections; but for some
reason, the lists of the pupils, in most of the schools were left out. I
have endeavored to make amends for this omission by giving here, in
their order those old school rolls, of a quarter to half a century ago.
Some are nearly complete, others where the roll was lost, and mem-
ory was imperfect, are as complete as I could make them. The sur-
viving pupils as they read over those old lists, can, in imagination, no
doubt, yet hear the rap of the cherry ruler, or the back of a book on

SCHOOL ROLLS OF HALF A CENTURY AGO. 463

the school-house window, which was the reveille in the early days, to
call them together, or the ringing of the school bell, which answered
the same purpose in later days. And if in looking over the old
"muster rolls," as I have given them here, any one of those pupils
does not find his name among those of his school mates, he or she can
say with the old soldier "I served in that campaign, and share in all its
glory, though my name does not appear in the reported list of those
engaged in it:"

List of pupils of my first school, 1838, on Goguac prairie, Calhoun
county.

Andrus, George, Stewart, Daniel, Mott , Jane, Miss

Andrus, James, Stewart, Joseph, Stewart, Isabella, "

Andrus, William, Simonds, Newton, Stewart, Mary Ann, "

Eberstine, George, Young, Jacob, Stewart, Saphronia, "

Eberstine, Charles, Young, John, Stewart, Elinor,

Gregory, Myron, Young, Andrew, Stewart, Almira,

Gregory, Justin, VanDenburg, Philander, Stewart, Mary,

Michael, George, VanDenburg, Jerry, Stewart, Elizabeth, "

Mott, Richard, Andrus, Elizabeth, Miss Young, Magdalen, "

Mott, Major, Andrus, Mary, " Young, Catherine, "„

Stewart, Charles, Andrus, Marcia, " Young, Nancy,

Stewart, Lewis, Eberstine, Benah, " VanDenburg, Ann. "

List of pupils who - attended the select school taught by Mr. Smith
Hawkins, in Battle Creek, during the winters of 1839-40:
Phienas Adams, Fanny Newman, Lucy Wheaton,

Jane Adams, Chester Phelps, George Willis,

Abel Hoag, Calista Potts, Milton Willis,

Hastings Hall, Sarah Mallory, Lydia Willis,

John Farnsworth, Nelson Bolfe, Jacob Young,

Jane Farnsworth, Henry Simonds, William Whitcomb,

Richard Newman, Lucy Thurston, A. D. P. Van Buren.

List of pupils in the summer school of 1840, in the Luther Olds'
•district, in Battle Creek township:

Calvin Austin.

Adeline Austin, now Mrs. David Olds in California.
George Austin.
Edward Berger.

Sarah Berger, now Mrs. Simpson Howland of Howlandsburg, Kala-
mazoo county.

Charlotte Berger, now Mrs. A. B. Simpson of Battle Creek.

464

ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

Nancy Martin, now Mrs. John Van Woert of Battle Creek township,

Betsey Martin, now Mrs. B. Larmour of Battle Creek.

William Martin.

Henry McCamly.

Nancy Stewart.

Jane Thornton.

Lydia Thornton, Mrs. Henry Berg.

Mary Olds, afterwards Mrs. N. Hunt, since died.

Harriet Olds, afterwards Mrs. Emory Hunt, since died.

Melissa Olds.

the summer and winter schools in South Battle

List of pupils
Creek, 1842-43:
George Annis,
Darwin Beech,
Daniel Beadle,
William Beadle,
Joseph Beadle,
George Bixby,
Constanius Case,
Thurlow Case,
Velorus Case,
King Case,
James Cronk,
Willis Dennison,
Almon Gore,
Orson Holcomb,
Eichard Kewney,
Ransom Laraway,

Jerome Laraway,

John Mason,

Samuel Mason,

Warren Moorehouse,

Henry Porter,

Charles Stewart,

Lewis Stewart,

James Stewart,

Edwin Stewart,

Miss Juliette Annis,
" Cordelia Beach,
" Mary Beach,
" Betsey Beadle,
" Susanna Beadle,
" Harriet Beadle,
" Pulcheria Case,

Miss Salome Case,

" Silena Dennison,

" Marilda Laraway,

" Mary Ann Mason^

" Louisa Moorehouse

" Antha Moorehouse,

" Amarette Moore-
house,

" Malvina Porter,

" Martha Porter,

" Elinor Stewart,

" Almira Stewart,

" Mary Stewart,

" Eliza Stewart,

" Phoebe Stewart,

" Belief Mallory.

David Laraway,

Partial list of students who attended the Branch University at Kal-
amzoo, during the years from 1843 to 46. Dr. J. A. B. Stone and Mrs.
L. H. Stone in charge of the school:

Arnold, Amelia M.,
Austin, Fannie A.,
Beals, Charlotte,
Bulkley, Delia E.,
Burdick, Laura,
Benedict, Lydia,
Booher, Caroline,
Browne, Refella,
Bowne, Rachel,

Patrick, Betsey,
Prouty, Martha,
Prouty, Loretta,
Prouty, Mary,
Patrick, Caroline,
Ransom, Antoinette,
Rice, Ellen A.,
Rice, Helen,
Rood, Mary,

Everard, J. H.,
Eddy, Edward,
Eddy, Clarence,
Eldred, Andrew J.,
Eldred, Nelson,
Fitch, George,
Farrer, J. L.,
Gray, Dennis,
Goodrich, John,

SCHOOL KOLLS OF HALF A CENTURY AGO.

465

Barrows, Laura,
Clark, Mary,
Clark, Cornelia,
Coe, Esther A.
Clark, Maria H.,
Cornell, Abbie,
Cornell, Minerva C.,
Davis, Anna,
Davis, Mary,
Dolson, Sophia M.,
Drake, Jane,
Drake, Elizabeth,
Eldred, Louisa,
Eldred, Catherine,
Fitch, Mary,
Fitch, Sarah E.,
Foote, Zilpha,
Goodwin, Mary,
Gray, Emily,
Gregg, Mary,
Gibbs, Harriet,

Eood, Delia,
Slater, Sarah Emily,
Swayze, Emily A.,
Swayze, Caroline, M.,
Starkweather, Sarah,
Trask, Hannah L.,
Towne, H. Janette,
West, Mary J.,
Weaver, Sarah C.,
Beckwith, Charles,
Beckwith, Henry,
Beach, Morgan G.,
Babcock, I. J.,
Burrett, Jerome,
Bush, Harvey,
Barrows, Wm.,
Brown, Joe,
Brown, Frank,
Barker, Lyman C.,
Burdick, Edwin.
Booker, Fred A.,

Hydenburk, Minerva W., Booker, Geo. H.,
Hydenburk, Mary, Carter, Chas. H.,

Harrington, Agnes, Clark, George,
Hinsdale, Gene vie ve D., Clapp, Rufus S.,

Harkness, Miss,
Hoyt, Elizabeth,
Hayes, Eliza A.,
Hayes, Lydia,
Kellogg, Amelia S.,
Loomis, Mary O.,
Marsh, Jane,
Marsh, Elia,
May, Cornelia E.,
Patrick, Marcia,

Clark, Lucius L.,
Cooley, Elias,
Cornell, Joseph B.,
Dunham, Edwin,
Dunning, Sidney,
Davidson, Darius L.,
Duncan, James A.,
Dolson, James,
Eddy, Jerome,
Eames, Elisha D.,

Goodwin, Wm. G.,
Hinsdale, Edwin C.,
Hinsdale, Norman,
Hinsdale, Myron,
Hinsdale, George A.,
Hinsdale, John,
Hinsdale, Joseph,
Hoyt, Henry E.,
Hoyt, Seymour,
Howe, Winslow D.,
Lovell, George,
Lovell, Enos T.,
Lovell, Lafayette W.,
May, Dwight,
May, Charles S.,
Mason, James,
Marsh, Fletcher,
Marsh, Well R.,
Marsh, Charles,
Marsh, George,
Nichols, Brownell,
Otis, Alfred,
Prouty, Wells,
Powers, J. E.,
Rawls, Paul, W. H.
Ransom, Willis C.,
Rice, Jeph.,
Rice, -

Starkey, Richard,
Starkey, Henry,
Starkey, Lewis C.,
Trask, George,
Watson, Charles,
Van Buren, A. D. P.

This list includes a few of the older students who only attended the
earlier schools taught by Prof. Dutton and other principals in Kalainazoo.

Winter school of 1845, Antwerp, Van Buren county. List of pupils:

Lurinda Abbey, Sarah A. Hunt, Julia Mills,

Anna Abbey, Harty Hunt, Edward Mills,

466

ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

Einily Abbey,
Elisha Abbey,
Marvin Butler,
Mary Butler,
Clinton Fitch,
Seth Fletcher,
Mary Fletcher,
Sarah Glass,
Merritt Gates,
Lorinda Gates,
Rebecca Gates,
Elinor Erkenbeck,
Kate Erkenbeck,
Wm. Erkenbeck,
Laurentio Hunt,

List of pupils in
ship:

Harriet Crittenden,
Edward Berger,
Sarah Berger,
Charlotte Berger,
Simeon Seamans,
Marie Seamans,
Wm. Weaver,
Monroe Weaver,

King Hunt,
Alvin Holmes,
Narcissa Holmes,
Philemon Holmes,
Phoebe Lawrence,
Horatio Lincoln,
George Lothrbp,
Eliva Lothrop,
Margaret McPherson,
Isabella McPherson, .
Ann McPherson,
Wm. McPherson,
Hugh McPherson,
Henry Mills,
Lyman Mills,

Eli Parsons,
Daniel Rix,
Albert Rix,
George Rix,
Alonzo Stevens,
Monroe Stevens,
George Stevens,
Mary Spankey,
Leonora Sweet,
Jesse Taylor,
Silas Taylor,
William Taylor,
Morris Taylor,
Amos Taylor,
Benjamin Wait.

the winter school of 1846, in Battle Creek town-

Sarah Weaver,
Margarette Weaver,
Samuel Thornton,
Wm. Thornton,
Jane Thornton,
Lydia Thornton,
Nancy Stewart,

Pupils in the school in Athens township,
of 1847:

Charles Clark,
Parker Brownell,
Horace Brownell,
Ben. Brownell,
Levi Chesebrough,
Needham Davis,

David Riley,
Theodore Riley,
Judsoa Rundle,
Charles Rundle,
John Richardson,
Erastus Strong,

Lyman H. Chesebrough,Byron Stimpson,

Ferris,

Ruben Hart,
Frank Knappen,
Edward Knappen,
George Putnam,

George Stimpson,
Elliot Stimpson,
Edgar Stimpson,
Harley Stimpson,
James Self,

Mary Hart,
John Young,
Andrew Young,
Andrew Helmer,
John Helmer,
Standish Spencer,
Edwin Dickinson.

Calhoun county, in winter

Miss Deborah Brownell,

" Frank Brownell,

" Jane Chesebrough,

" Sarah Hart,

" Martha Davis,

" Lydia Davis,

" Laura Putnam,

" Esther Rogers,

- Riley,

" Lydia Riley,

" Nettie Richardson,

" Waity Ann Rundle

SCHOOL ROLLS OF HALF A CENTURY AGO.

467

Ransom Putnam,
Newton Putnam,
James Putnam,
Philip Eogers,
Edward Eogers,
John Rogers,
Elisha Rogers,

John Self,
Henry Winters,
Ozias Wixon,
Eli Wixon,
Joe Wixon,
George Wixon,
Augustus Thompson,

Miss Eliza Rundle,

" Mary Self,

" Sybil Winters,

" Frank Winters,

" Emma Winters,

" Martha Willard,

" Libbie Wixon.

List of pupils in the school of 1848, in the " Sprague Neighborhood,'
East LeRoy, Calhoun county:

Charles Andrews,
Charles Barnum,
William Fish,
LeRoy Fish,
Schuyler Fish,
Fred Gould,
William Kingsnorth,
William Mulholand,
Thomas Moon,
Abram Moon,
James Morris,
Z. N. Robinson,
Freeman Robinson,
John Robinson,
John Rolfe,
Alviron Rolfe,
Adoniram Quick,
Truman Quick,
Eliot Sprague,
Jonathan Sprague,
Myron Sprague,

Silas Sprague,

Edgar Sprague,

Edgar Spencer,

Oscar Spencer,

Ephraim Spencer,

Luther Spencer,

Martin Spencer,

Chester Spencer,

James VanTuyle,

Miss Mary Andrews,
" Jane Barnum,
" Waity Fish,
" Clara Gould,
" Mary Jane Kings

north,
" Sarah Jane Kings

north,

" Ann Moon,
" Jane Morris,
" Hattie Morris,

Miss Verona Quick,

" Orissa Quick,

" Alma Quick,

" Lydia Robinson,

" Adaline Rolfe,

" Elizabeth Robbins,

" Eveline Robbins.

" Jane Sprague,

" Janette Sprague,

" Rebecca Sprague,

" Olive Spencer,

" Mary Smith,

" Laura Smith,

" Percis Smith,

" Lydia A. Sprague,

" Florilla Sprague,

" Camilla Sprague,

" Ellen Thompson,

" Laura YanTuyle,

" Harriet VanTuyle.

List of students in the Battle Creek high school 1849-50. A. D.
P. Van Buren, principal. Miss Mary Brown in charge of botany, music,
painting and drawing. Miss E. M. Palmer succeeded her after the first
term.

Androus, Henry,
Andrus, Samuel,
Brinkerhoff, Parsel,
Brinkerhoff, David,
Burdick, William,

Noble, Warham,
Perry, Jas. M.,
Packer, Joseph,
Perkins, T.,
Pettee, Silas,

Farnsworth, Jane,
FarnBworth, Fanny,
Foote, Emily,
Freeman, Charlotte,
Freeman, Hannah,

468

ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

Burdick, George,
Beach, Cholett,
Brown, Edward,
Brown, Charles,
Bradley, Edward,
Convis, Wallace,
Cantine, Charles,
Campbell, Alonzo,
Coleman, Horton,
Coleman, Merrit,
Conklin, J., '
Dickinson, Edwin,
Dickinson, Albert,
Dickinson, Jesse,
Dake, Charles,
Durfee, Bradford,
Dobbins, Laurance,
Downs, Rinaldo,
Downs, Eugene,
Dodge, Charles,
Daily, Asa,
Dorman,
Foote, Henry,

Farley,

Flint, M. Y. I.,
Flint, Abijah,
Farnsworth, John,
Farnsworth, P. M.,
Goffe, Homer,
Holcomb, Orson,
Knight, Chas.
Lotheridge, Brewster,
Morey, E.,
Nichols, E. C.,
Noble, Alonzo,

Rowley, Manly D.,
Rawson, Edward,
Root, Charles,
Robinson, C.
Stillson, Everard,
Stanley, George,
Smith, Jerome,
Stone, Delos,
Stewart, Henry,
Smith, M. C.,
Simons, S.,
Twitchell, Charles,
Williams, Harmon,
Watts, Alfred,
Watts, Charles,
West, T. J.,
Williams, A.,
Willis, Milton,
Androus, A. Marie,
Adams, Francis,
Burrell, Mary,
Burrell, Sarah Jane,
Beach, Mary,
Beach, Martha,
Burlingham, Delphina,
Burlingham, Sarah M.,
Beadle, M.,
Beadle, E.,

Dickinson, Charlotte D.,
Daily, Eliza,
Daily, Calista,
Downs, Hattie,
Downs, Helen,
Davidson, Rachel,

Flint, Eliza,
Gardiner, E.;
Gilbert, Charlotte,
Hoag, Mary J.,
Hunt, Sarah E.,
Haley, S.,
Keith, M.,
Loder, Rhoda,
Metcalf, H. Marie,
Morgan, Marie L.,
Morgan, Sarah L.,
Marsh, A.,
Marsh, Emma,
Mott, Mary,
McNulty, Marie,
Noble, Helen,
Partridge, Caroline,
Perkins, Frances,
Perine, S.,
Petty, M.,
Packer, Mary R.,
Packer, Yiola,
Pray, Emily,
Rawson, Charlotte,
Roe, Marie,

Roe,

Robinson, Kate,
Smith, Caroline,
Smith, Frances,
Smith, Julia,
Sweet, Phoabe,
Stone, Vernia,
Wolfe, Ann Eliza,
Wolfe, Sophia.

List of students in the Battle Creek union school, 1850-51. A. D.
P. Van Buren, principal; Miss Ann Eliza Wolfe and Miss Adeline
King, assistants, for the first term. After the first term, the principal
with Miss Genevieve D. Hinsdale had charge of the higher department;

SCHOOL ROLLS OF HALF A CENTURY AGO.

469

Prof. Alanson Conkling of the grammar department, and Miss Emma
J. Whitford and Miss A. Marie Metcalf of the primary department.

Avery, Albert,
Burnham, George,
Barton, Joseph,
Beckley, Henry,
Bullis, George,
Cramer, L. F.,
Caldwell, Josiah,
Cramer, C. B.,
Cantine, Chas.,
Copeland, E.,
Cooley, Ashel,
Call, Daniel,
Dickinson, Edwin,
Dickinson, Albert,
Durfee, Bradford,
Dobbins, Lawrance,
Downs, Kinaldo,
Downs, Eugene,
Eldred, Hiram,
Eldred, Eichard,
Everett, C.,
Flint, M. V. L,
Foote, Henry,

Ashley, Henry,
Androus, Henry,
Androus, Samuel,
Barber, Milton,
Barber, Win. H.,
Brooks, Henry S.,
Barber, George,
Bradley, Edward S.,
Babcock, Luther,
Belcher, Edmund,
Belcher, Augustus,
Belcher, Ebinezer,
Brinkerhoff, David,
Clark, Jerome L.,
Con vis, Geo.,

Goodrich, Elias,
Gregory, Jasper,
Hubbard, Henry,
Hubbard, Chauncey,
Hall, Henry C.,
Harrison, A.,
Kewney, Kichard,
Knight, George,
Keeler, B.,
Knight, Chas.,
Knight, Jas.,
Knight, Calvin,
Leggett, Edwin,
Lotheridge, Brewster,
Manchester, Caleb,
Manchester, Stephen,
McCamly, Chauncey,
Morgan, Walter,
Mapes, H. H.,
Noble, Alonzo,
Noble, Warham,
Nichols, E. C.,

Fisher, James,
Fisher, Elijah,
Frey, James,
Foote, Allen,
Foote, Alvan,
Farnsworth, Richard,
Farnsworth, Welcome,
Flint, Bijah,
Green, Asa P.,
Gray, Franklin,
Gill, Geo. L.,
Galpin, Myrenus,
Galpin, Chas.,
Griffith, Chas. H.,
Griffith, James,

Peters, George,
Pitkin, William,
Preston, A. E.,
Bowse, Lyman V.,
Root, Chas.,
Rue, Charles,
Roe, J. E.,
Roe, P.,

Ramsdall, Orson,
Rowley, Manly D.,
Rawson, Edward,
Smith, Jerome,
Simon ds, D.,
Stillson, Everard,
Smith, Asa,
Slater, Geo. W.,
Taft, H. W.,
Thiers, Wm. H.,
Tichenor, A.,
Willis, Milton,
Williams, A.,
Wilbur, P.

Manchester, Perry,
Mapes, Julius,
Martin, Chas. H.,
Moshier, Charles,
Noyes, George W.,
Perry, James,
Perry, Oliver H.,
Pettee, Isaac,
Pettee, Silas,
Rowley, Huntington,
Rogers, Silas,
Rogers, Eugene,
Rogers, Desire,
Roe, J. E.,
Roe, Ephraim,

470

ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

Chandler, Jesse,
Clark, Melville C.,
Copeland, Geo. N.,
Copeland, Wm.,
Curtis, Otis,
Church, Frederick S.,
Copeland, Frederick,
Campbell, Alonzo,
Coleman, Horton,
Coleman, Merrit,
Conley, John,
Conley, Elijah,
Durfee, Chas. M.,
Durfee, Geo. S.,
Daily, Arthur,
Daily, Asa,
Daily, Chas.,
Dirymple, John,
Durfee, Chas.,
Davis, Elbert Y.,
Davis, Isaac G.,
Dake, Theodore,
Edwards, Delos,
Fairchilds, Melville,
Fisher, LeGrand,

Armstrong, Cyntha,
Burrell, Jane,
Burrell, Mary,
Brundage, Eliza, V.,
Brooks, Mary,
Bryant, Mary,
Burlingham, Delphina,
Burlingham, Sarah M.,
Belcher, Emma,
Brown, L.,
Caldwell,' Eliza,
Cantine, Caroline,
Clark, Charlotte E.,
Casey, Mary,
Canfield, Marie,

Griffith, John E.
Hasbrook, Luther,
Harris, Byron D.,
Harris, Stephen L.,
Harris, Frank,
Harris, Julius,
Hicks, Wm.,
Herrick, Geo. H.,
Holmes, George,
Henderson, Thomas J.,
Hunt, Henry W.,
Hutchinson, Lewis,
Irwin, John,
Irwin, James,
Jones, Frederick,
Johnson, Geo. H.,
Jackson, John H.,
Lotheridge, Orson,
Loomis, Russell,
Lillie, Gilbert,
Moseley, Willie,
Moseley, Francis,
Moffatt, Seth C.,
Manchester, Stephen,

Fuller, F. E.,
Grodevant, Helen A.,
Gilbert, Charlotte A.,
Green, Julia,
Green, Cordelia,
Goodwin, Helen A.,
Hill, Gertrude,
Holmes, Sarah J.,
Hewitt, Phebe,
Hutchinson, Helen,
Johnson, Harriet,
Jewell, Elizabeth,
Larchhead, Teressa,
Little, Helen,
Morgan, Marie L.,

Eoe, Wm.,
Rogers, Silas,
Rennick, Hiram,
Stanley, George E.,
Smith, Edward,
Stewart, Wm. A.,
Smith, Charles,
Stevens, Peter,
Shepard, Freedom,
Shepard, Alfred,
Stillson, Roswell, H.,
Stone, Delos,
Stone, James,
Smith, Lewis,
Thomas, Charles,
Thiers, Isaac,
Wattles, Henry,
Wattles, Victor,
Williams, Jerome,
Wood, Henry,
Wheelock, Ira W.,
Whitcomb, Joel,
Yarhams, Wm. W.,
VanNocker, F.

Nichols, Frances,
Pratt, Louisa,
Preston, Fanny,
Packer, Viola,
Palmer, Lucy,
Robinson, Marian S.,
Stillson, Caroline,
Smith, Caroline,
Smith, Frances,
Smith, Julia,
Smith, Frank,
Simmons, Caroline,
Taft, Frances,
Thomas, Helen,
Thiers, Janette,

SCHOOL ROLLS OF HALF A CENTURY AGO.

471

Cook, -

Davis, Angeline,
Durfee, Jane,
Davis, Josephine,
Eldred, Jane,
Everett, S.,
Freeman, Emeline,
Fort, Emily V.,
Flint, Eliza,
Farnsworth, Frances,
Frey, Elizabeth,
Frey, Mary,

List of students in
Alonzo Noble,
Warham Noble,
Andrew Etheridge,
James Etheridge,
Allie Etheridge,
Henry W. Taft,
Charles Dodge,
John Bull,
Thomas Jennings,
Balph Cumings.

Morgan, Sarah L.,
Marsh, Hattie,
Marsh, Mattie,
McCamley, Jane,
McCamley, Margaret,
Mapes, Mary M.,
Moshier, Martha,
Moshier, Margaret,
Nichols, Elizabeth,
Nichols, Amelia,
Nichols, Mary,
Nichols, Emily,
select school in Battle
William Sprague,
Abram Spencer,
Charles Watts,
George Burdick,
Walter Morgan,
Jerome Smith,
Elizabeth West,
Emeline Crocker,
Emma Grover,

Way, Charlotte,
Whitcomb, Lucy,
Whitcomb, Cornelia N.»
Woodard, Matilda,
Woodard, Julia,
Williams, S. A.,
Wright, Lydia C.,
Waters, Mary,
Wheelock, Charlotte,
Waring, Josephine,
Yovey, Dinah.

Creek, 1852:
Frances Smith,
Frances Taft,
Samantha J. Woodard,
Lora M. Woodard,
Julia Woodard,
Sarah Jane Holmes,
Eliza V. Brundage,
Cordelia Spencer,
Susan Bryant.

List of studenis in the Dowagiac union school, 1856.

A. D. P. Van Buren principal, Miss A. Marie Metcalf, assistant.

John Amadon,
Charles Andrews,
Eugene Andrews,
George Amadou,
Aaron Austin,
Alverton Baker,
Wallace Baker,
Hiram D. Bowling,
Enoch Bowling,
Benjamin Bowling,
Samuel Bowling,
Herman Biglow,
Chas. H. Biglow,
Hervey Biglow,
Julius Becraft,

John Muffley,
Warren Palmer,
Corwin Butter,
George Robinson,
Byron Robinson,
Stephen L. Robinson,
Silas Rutter,
Edward M. Smith,
Wm. Snyder.
Joel Smith,
George Sullivan,
John S. Stratton,
John Snyder,
George Salisbury,
Ruben Stratton,

Miss Sophie Huntington,

" Harriet Hale,

" Mary G. Hale,

" Charlotte Huff,

" Elizabeth Huff,

" Mary E. Hamilton,

" Sarah A. Hawks,

" Marie Hazlit,

" Ellen Hungerford,

" Uretta Sail,

" Charlotte Hills,

" Mary Ellen Hull,

". Florilla Harwood,

" Josephine Howard,

" Julia Ann Hall,

472

ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

Wm. R Becraft,
Amos Bacon,
Corydon Brownell,
Chas. H. Brownell,
Chas. F. Bowman,
Clayton Daniels,
Isaac E. Dunning,
Ira Deyo,
Ellery Deyo,
Squire N. Davis,
Stewart W. Davis,
Chas. Denison,
Wm. F. Fosdick,
Jerome Farrow,
Stephen George,
Geo. B. Griffin,
Henry L. Hills,
Frank G. Hull,
Frank Haight,
Hiram Hall,
Amos Huff,
Theo. F. Hall,
Arthur Haight,
Aaron Hills,
Charles Johnson,
James D. Lee,
Chas. Lee,
Frank Lee,
Geo. H. Lisle,
Eugene McNair,
Monroe McNair,
Elmer Moshier,
Geo. Mosier,
Silas Martin,
Laddie Moshier,
Geo. B. Marlett,
Eollin Merrill,
Daniel Muffiey,

Chas. Stebbins, Miss

Allen Scott,

Wm. Scofield,

Morgan Snyder,

Franklin Salisbury,

Loren D. Townsend,

Parson E. Wilbur,

Theo. Wilbur,

Nathan Wilbur,

Chas. Whitford,

John Wagoner,

Miss Mary E. Ardrews, "
" Floretta Allen,
" Mary Amadon,
" Eozilla Bock,
" Adeline Bock. "

" Mary Beckwith, "
" Adel Baker,
" Mary Baker,
"' Cyntha Becraft,
" Catherine Bassett, "
" Dianthe P. Baker, "
" Emma Barnard, "
" Sarah E. Carr,
" Isadore A. Cook,
" Ellen Cook,
" Beattie Dunning, "
" Mary H. Davis,
" Mary A. Fosdick,
" Charlotte Farrow, "
" Sarah J. Foster,
" Louisa J. Frasier, "
" Anna E. Frasier, "

Ellen Fletcher,
" Judith Fosdick,
" Mary Gibbs,
" Kate Ann Hardy, "
'' Lusalia M. Hicks, "

Elizabeth Lee,
Mary Ann Lee,
Melissa Lee,
Eosalia Love,
Elizabeth Muffley,
Mary H. Muffley,
Lydia Muffley,
Elizabeth McNair,
Alice Marlett,
Emma Mosier,
Laura A. Potter,
Mary Patton,
Caroline Potter,
Mary L. Eutter,
Anna L. Eutter,
Eosalia D.Eeshore,
Adessa Eutter,
Ida M. Eeshore,
Sarah Salisbury,
Lucy Salisbury,
Lois L. Stowell,
Helen Spencer,
Margaret Snyder,
Clara Sullivan,
Sophie Scott,
Mary P. Stowell,
Sarah C. Stowell,
Harriet E. Shum-

way, ,

Mary Townsend,
Isabella Turner,
Frances Wilbur,
Charlotte Williams*
Sarah Wagoner,
Margarette Wag-
oner,

HannahVanderhoff,
Emma Vanderhoff,

List of students in "Willow Dale Academy," in Yazoo county, Mis-
sissippi, 1858--59:

SCHOOL ROLLS OF HALF A CENTURY AGO.

473

The academy was established by three wealthy planters, Dr. H. Yandal,
John S. Paul and Harrison Barksdale.

Lycurgus Barksdale, Otho S. Paul, Henry Yandal,

William Barksdale, Thomas Paul, Miss Susie Yandal,

* Jimmy Barksdale, Miss Sallie Paul, Emma Yandal,

Miss Jennie Barksdale, "Willie Yandal, •

There were besides the above five or six, other students whose names
I have forgotten.

Class of young ladies and young men, in the summer school of 1860
in South Battle Creek:

Miss Charlotte D. Dick- Miss Orissa Quick, Miss Belle Van Buren,

inson, " Alma Quick, " Hattie Van Buren,

" Josephine Gregory, " Olive Spencer, William Smith,
" Lucinda Gregory, " Josephine Stewart, Arthur Smith,
" Lina Pugh, " Amelia Stewart, Bolin Gregory.

List of students in
1863^:

Henry Brown,
Johnny Capron,
Alphonso Eldred,
De Laun Eldred,
John Howard,
Clement Gutches,
Adelbert Hunt,
Nathan Le Fever,
Willard G. Lovell.
James Powers,
Preston Lovell,
Heber Reed,
Eli Sheldon,
George Sinclair,
Wilbur Scramling,
Seymour L. Titus,
Fred Sawyer,

the Climax high school, Kalamazoo county, in

Wm. Clark,
- Clark,

Miss Jennie Adams,
" Miranda Adams,
" Mattie Adams,
" Sarah Atwood,
" Orrie Coe,
" Agnes Bellows,
" Cornelia Daniels,
" Sarah Eldred,
" Kittie Eldred,
" Julia Eldred,
" Estella Eldred,
" Leoda Eldred,
" Louisa Brimmer,
" Sarah Flint,
" Jane Pierce,

Miss Lina Pugh,

" Fannie Z. Lovell,

" Helen Reed,

" Elicia Scramling,

" Lilie Sinclair,

" Julia Thompson,

" Emma Scramling,

" Gertrude Sawyer,

" Louise Chapin,

" Aloza Cole,

" Augusta Cole,

" Elsie Seeley,

" Sallie Sherman,

" Elen Walbridge,

" Ann Reasoner,

" Adaline Richards,

" Alice Richards,

Class in English literature, in Galesburg during winter evenings,
of 1881-2:

* He, years after, when a young man, was the James Barksdale who shot Sheriff Dixon, in Yazoo City.

474 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

Miss Ella F. Chadwick, Miss Anna H. Gilson, Miss Nettie C. Carmer,

" Ella C. Proctor, " Mary E. Allerton, Mrs. Elida S. Crissey,

" Ella L. Salisbury, " Minnie A. Eandall,Frank A. Trosley,

" Edna A. Pratt, " Julia K. Qua, Prof. Jas. W. Cupples.

OLD SETTLERS FROM EUROPEAN COUNTRIES.

BY JACOB DEN HEBDEB OF ZEELAND.

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen:

It is my intention to show you that especially that class of old settlers
who came from European countries, certainly had their share, if not the
worst of the struggles and sufferings connected with pioneer life. It
is not my object, however, to rehearse to you the terrible trials, perils
and sufferings of those oldest and noblest of pioneers from European
countries, of the pilgrim fathers who settled in New England, nor of
the Dutch who settled in New York and New Jersey, nor of the Ger-
mans, French and Spaniards who made the first settlements in various
localities of the, till then, unexplored regions of this country. For in
comparison with theirs, the sufferings, dangers and privations of the
old settlers of the present generation, severe though they were cannot
be compared. Still it is proper to remind each other that those of
about two centuries ago, also were old settlers from European coun-
tries, and that from those insignificant colonies of pioneers issued forth in
every direction and with amazing speed a generation of noble and
enterprising colonists of which this American nation will ever be proud.
Even at the present day the emalgamated decendants of those different
nationalities make out the most refined class of the present population
of the United States. Even among those present here, there are
doubtless several who are able to trace their genealogies to different
nationalities of those first settlers from European countries. And is it
not marvelous to notice how constantly, silently and yet most power-
fully those different nationalities have grown and matured into one free
American nation, our blessed Union.

Keeping then those noble foreign-born old settlers of centuries ago

OLD SETTLERS FROM EUROPEAN COUNTRIES. 475

in our holiest memories, let us proceed to trace the experiences of the
old settlers from European countries who colonized in Michigan' during
the first three score years of the present century, for certainly they too,
had their peculiar troubles and difficulties, some facts whereof we can
relate from our own experiences. But I desire to speak in general and
not about any particular person, locality, or nationality, for reason that, no
matter from what country they did come, their trial and experiences
were most all very much alike; and leaving it to your sound judgment
how their difficulties compare with the American-born- pioneers, to whom
America is their national home, no matter where they settle. It is
true, to a certain extent, we had one common lot. Every pioneer had
to pass a hard school, replete of severe lessons, and I dare say that .
but few of us would venture to undertake such a course for a second
time, however sweet the recollections of the past to each of us may
be; for we shall never forget the howling wilderness and the slow, hard
and tiresome process to convert the same into tillable land; nor the
shanties and log huts covered with hemlock, elm or basswood bark to
protect us against the rain, nor the scanty meals for • such hard work.
But at the same time the sweet memories of those past days will
neither be forgotten; how as sisters and brothers of the same family
each settlement lived and associated, helping each other in every possi-
ble way, appreciating one another and with encouraging words inspired
each other with courage for the future, often taking the harps from
the willows to sing praises to the most high, even under the most try-
ing circumstances; or by united prayers seeking solace and help at the
throne of grace, with the happy result of true confidence for the future,
not only but by being in the most trying circumstances sometimes
unexpectedly provided for by that beneficient hand that even feedeth
the ravens when they cry to Him for food. As a result whereof in
those humble dwellings often a satisfaction and peace was enjoyed to
which many dwellers of princely palaces are strangers.

And, Mr. Chairman, allow us to follow in our imaginations those
old settlers from the time of their emigration from Europe, on through
the trials following. First, I desire to state that most of the emi-
grants were not of the poorest class, for they had not at all the means
to defray the expense connected with such a journey, neither were
they of the rich or wealthy class, for such have no need nor desire to
leave country and friends for an uncertain future in a foreign land;
consequently as a rule, most emigrants were of the unfortunate, of the
middle class, who discovered that their means were constantly on the
decline, with no other prospects for the future, than soon to become

476 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

day laborers for others, which in several European countries means
'slave for life.' Therefore many of such decided while they had yet
a small portion of their means left, to try their luck elsewhere, to
move to America, that free and happy country about which they had
heard such glowing (often greatly exaggerated) stories of prosperity,
many expecting ease and plenty on their arrival here; not knowing,
not considering what a struggle it has been for their friends, the old
settlers, before they themselves enjoyed the ease and plenty they grad-
ually attained. But let us not imagine that the decision to leave the
old home, old friends, old country and all old environments is reached
without a severe mental struggle to which, in many instances circum-
stances compel them, but it costs them many sighs and bitter tears; that
rending asunder of dear relatives, separating, likely for all time, parents
from children, brothers from sisters, friends from friends.

Some also, it is true, came hither for various other reasons. But
let us follow them once more from the moment they have resolved to
leave their old homes; the old homestead must be sold, the chattels
and furniture to all of which many a true family are so closely attached;
and with a sad heart they cast a last long glance at their dear old
home and country, and start on a tiresome journey; especially were
they long and tiresome journeys thirty years ago and more; many a
journey lasting from two to four months from the place of departure
of the old home in Europe till their arrival at the new home in the
far west. Sailing vessels to cross the ocean, tugs and canal boats to
make the inland journey, with a taste of a tedious ox team ride to
finish up with.

One might suppose, what a grand chance was that to take in all the
strange and fascinating sceneries on the way; but very few take hardly
any notice of whatever their eyes may meet; in fact they feel them-
selves everywhere as totally lost, everything is strange to them; with
this exception, however, that the sighting of land "of America" and
setting foot on terra fir ma after such a tedious ocean journey will
never be forgotten. But for the rest they travel like a herd of cattle
or sheep, and like them not a few were skinned or fleeced if they
dared to turn off. Consequently the grandest sceneries are passed by
unnoticed, their only longing is to get to their place of destination,
their new home, where at last they arrive. Now they begin to open
their eyes for the strange and wild surroundings. Oh, how different
from the dear old home, instead of finding cultivated fields, nothing but
dense forests on all sides, 5 and instead of the cosy old brick dwellings
covered with tiles, they have to erect and build a log hut covering the

OLD SETTLERS PROM EUROPEAN COUNTRIES. 477

same with the bark of trees, and instead of the lowing of cattle, the bleet-
ing of sheep and the crowing of roosters, they hear the howling of wolves
and the screeching of owls, in fact the whole surroundings more and
better fitted for haunts of wild animals than for civilized human beings.
No wonder they shudder by times at the disappointment they meet,
no wonder that in a fit of disconsolate desperation some one should
curse the God that thus far kept him and led him, or denounce the
America of which they heard and read so much and had such great
expectations, and the friends who had written them such glowing epistles
of this country. Or, if they are God-fearing people they very likely
take their troubles and anxieties on bended knee to the throne of
grace, and there find consolation. Each and every one in his own way
is by times filled with dark forebodings, for it is not alone the wild
and dreary surroundings, but very soon their means give out while
their land is still unfit for cultivation. What shall they, what can
they do as total strangers in a strange country? Oh! how often many
wished they had never undertaken this foolish step; but it has been
done and to return on that long, tiresome journey to their old homes,
and then to arrive there homeless and penniless with poverty and
shame staring them in the face, that they will never do, come what may.
But it is a fact that many suffered intensely, especially of those of
riper age; to them it is much the same as uprooting and transplant-
ing an old tree from its native soil and climate into a foreign soil
under a different climate; no wonder that for a while many wither and
drop many a leaf, and several soon die. Gradually, however, they get
used to the new surroundings, used to their new homes and to the cli-
mate; slowly the forests are cleared away and grain and vegetables to
some extent raised, calves are growing into cows and oxen, pigs and
chickens are raised to supply them with pork and eggs. The axe, saw
and handspike become lighter; fathers, mothers, sons, and even daugh-
ters render a helpful hand in clearing up and improving their new
homestead, and is it not very natural that a home thus reared by the
energetic and united efforts of * each and all becomes to them even more
precious and attractive than their old home, dearer than many a fine
palace to its rich occupants. Consequently their hearts by times are
filled with gratitude and praise, thinking what their desperate lot might,
and very likely would have been, had they stayed in their old country.
Then, also, they gradually begin to breathe and inhale the free and
independent air of the new world; very soon they proclaim that,
though this is not their fatherland, it shall be the land of their chil-
dren, and thank God for it. It is true they notice that they have not

478 ANNUAL MEETING, 1890.

the learned pedagogue of their old country to instruct their children;
they, however, soon perceive that the plain schoolma'am of the back-
woods takes more pains and pride to instruct their little ones than their
old schoolmaster ever did; and besides, practical, common sense lessons,
learned by a variety of scenes and circumstances, furnishes them the
needed higher grade studies for the future. Yes, they freely admit that
for their children especially, if they work diligently, their anxiety has
passed away. But although this may be a better country for themselves
also, as they must admit, yet they are not so very soon fully Ameri-
canized as their children. All is so very different from their old coun-
try; the climate, the soil, the people, the customs, the language and
dress, each and all so different; even the mechanic's tools and farming
implements so strange, though they have sooner or later to admit that
they are the fitting articles for the country. In their old country, gen-
eration after generation used the same old style of tools and implements
and wore the same style of clothing, and as to language, many a one
never heard one different from their mother tongue, and now to change
all this in a short while is for the aged simply an impossibility.

No American-born citizen can imagine the difficulty of the trans-
formation needed for the old settlers who came here at an age of thirty
years and over. But Americanize they must, and do, even more so
than they imagine; for of those who have returned to the old country
again after having lived here even only a few years, most all soon come
back again, admitting that to them the old country can no longer com-
pare with America. •

To Americans it is often ludicrous to hear and see the efforts of
those foreign-born citizens in their attempts to make themselves under-
stood, and to comply to the American ways and customs. But in my
opinion a little bit of respectable foreign blood and foreign brain and
of the best customs and manners retained or mixed up with the Amer-
ican, should not by any means be considered a disgrace, but rather an
honor and virtue, even a sprinkling of the native brogue into the
acquired English cannot, I trust, be offensive to an American cultivated
ear, especially if those who have studied languages, as they know the
difficulty of the task even if studied while young.

Another difficulty to the aged foreign-born old settler is to overcome
his national characteristic and to become fully Americanized in that
respect also. But again in this sense it is also true that there are noble
characteristics in foreign lands which, if properly blended with the
American make America just the country it should be and is, the
amelioration of a variety of noble characters into one grand American
nation.

OLD SETTLERS FROM EUROPEAN COUNTRIES. 479

Pioneer life! where is the home, the town, village or city of nowa-
days on American soil which had not a bitter taste of it? With an
eye on that history of the past, the old settlers of the first half of this
century, as well as those of later date, were encouraged to push along,
and ahead, and the blessed results and rich rewards are enjoyed by us
at the present day, and will be by our children in the future, if by
frugality, honesty, push and patience they proceed in the footsteps of
their pioneer parents.

Once more to the foreign -born pioneer, that life may be the hardest,
but it is at the same time the most fitting, in order that they may in the
future the more appreciate their adopted home and country; such is the
stuff that makes thoroughly peaceable, patriotic citizens. While much
of the foreign emigration settling and remaining as laborers in our
large cities, never taste those happy results of pioneer life but remain
in servitude and consequently more or less dissatisfaction all the rest
of their lifetime. Such pioneers soon become fully Americanized, and
American citizens. Renouncing all faith and allegiance to every for-
eign king and potentate, as well of their own old country as of any
other, they are ready when called upon to defend the stars and stripes
of their adopted country. And lastly my friends, with what thankful
hearts ought we not to take a survey round about us striking a com-
parison with what there was thirty, forty, or fifty years ago! Vast
forests turned into a beautiful paradise of all kinds of grain and fruit;
the haunts of wild animals changed to pastures of grazing cattle, sheep
and horses; the narrow, crooked Indian trails succeeded by spacious
highways and railroads, wigwam encampments by thriving villages and
cities adorned with schools, colleges and churches; the howling, hoot-
ing and screechings of owls and wolves by innumerable steam whistles
of industry.

Truly a strange transformation; not accomplished by the power of
millionaires, nor by a sudden, powerful freak of nature, but mostly by
the nerve, enterprise, and persistence of the old pioneers of this and
of those coming in from foreign countries, whose untiring labors the
Lord was pleased thus to abundantly bless.

And, therefore, why should we not at a moment like this, lifting
ourselves from the busy bustle of life upon memory's holy eminence,
survey with pleasure and gratitude this wonderful change, and the
devious, difficult and dark ways through which we were led from our
earliest memories until the present day; thankful to God that he has
been our constant guide.

480 PIONEER SKETCH OP MOSES GOODRICH.

PIONEEE SKETCH

OF MOSES GOODRICH AND HIS TRIP TO MICHIGAN IN FEB-
RUARY, 1836, WITH HIS BROTHER LEVI.

BY ENDS GOODRICH.

For Pioneer and Historical Collections.

Few subjects are more intensely interesting than those which relate
to the selection and building of an earthly home, and few if any make
deeper and more lasting impressions on the human mind. In the
nomadic times of Abraham and Lot and their compatriots, the
condition of the country and the pursuits of the people involved
frequent changes of location, cutting off those local attachments which
form so surely and take such deep root in the human mind under our
modern civilization. It is true that the introduction of stoves and other
modern appliances of advanced civilization, have taken very much of
the romance out of those classic allusions to the "hearth stones" of
our boyhood's days, but the "roof tree" still remains to spread its
umbrageous shadows over that spot of all the earth which we idolize
and characterize by the endearing appellation of home.

Michigan, like the other states of the west, received the early
impetus and the genius of its institutions, from home-seekers. And in
this, the Empire State was its heaviest and principal contributor.
Western New York was covered with the possessions of the traditional
" Holland Company," who sold its lands on indefinite periods of credit,
and as a natural consequence got itself shamefully abused by its
purchasers. It was very heavily timbered, and a hard country for its
pioneers, besides being, (seventy years ago) as badly afflicted with
mud fevers as was our own Michigan in its " wild cat " days. No
wonder that nine out of ten of those early settlers never paid for their
lands. The company were very indulgent, and very few settlers were
ever driven off their lands, and many a settler, after living out his
third "article" was still peacefully living on. But my father's family
was typical of many others. The old hive had got full, and there
must be a "swarming." Six sons and a daughter, added to the parent
stock, was more than a " Holland purchase " farm of 114 acres could

HIS TRIP TO MICHIGAN IN 1836. 481

sustain. The condition grew ominous, and caused the parents many an
anxious thought. Buffalo was eighteen miles distant, and was our most
convenient trading point, whenever there was any trading to be done.
Often, when rounding the summit of a hill five miles east from Buffalo
harbor, we would look out upon the blue waters of Lake Erie, and as
we contemplated the white canvass of the schooners, "on distant
errands bent," our imaginations, with the fleetness of lightning would
wing its way to the woods and hills and plains of the far-off Michigan.
Once, (it must have been about the year 1831) my father had crossed
Lake Erie and wended his way as far west as Ann Arbor and Detroit,
which were then just sprouting into existence. He had tramped over
Toguish plains, and made the acquaintance of Orange Risdon and
Judge Dexter, and other early pioneers of Washtenaw county; and
nearly sacrificed his life through an attack of pneumonia caught in a
November home passage across Lake Erie. £5till, when he could scarcely
hold his head up he would talk to inquiring neighbors in most
enthusiastic strains of the beauties of the far-off country he had visited,
in " the land of the setting sun."

He had come to Erie county when the infant Buffalo was a smoulder-
ing heap of ashes. He had shook hands with the Indian chief, Bed
Jacket. He had listened, from his woodland home, to the booming of
cannon and the distant rattle of small arms when the brave Van Rens-
selaer captured Queenstown Heights, and that- brilliant British officer,
Gen. Brock, poured out his life blood on a pile of rails upon that
sanguinary battlefield. He had refused the offer of a hundred acres of
land for seventy dollars, in the very heart of the present city of Buffalo.
He had braved the " frosty seasons " of 1815-16, carrying the product
of a six acre corn field, at one load, to mill upon his back. And now
he had contracted the Michigan fever, a disease which was destined
never to relinquish its hold, until his bones were laid in peaceful rest
on the pleasant banks of Kearsley's stream, in the county of Genesee.
But it was not until the summer of 1835 that the Holland purchase
farm was sold and arrangements perfected for a general "hegira" to
the new west. My parents, who had both been born in New England,
in the year 1774, had now attained the age of three score — and fain
would their children have persuaded them to remain with old friends
and avoid the privations of a new country, but they would never con-
sent to see the family divided. Moses, the oldest, and myself, the
fourth brother, were selected to proceed west and select the .spot which
was to become the family's future abode. Accordingly, in September,
1835, (Sept. 13th, I think), we took steamboat from Buffalo to Detroit,
61

482 PIONEER SKETCH OF MOSES GOODRICH.

and thence proceeded on foot in a northwesterly direction, through
Pontiac, and thence onward toward Saginaw. We had taken the pre-
caution to provide an ample supply of township plats at the Detroit
land office, having previously stocked ourselves with general maps at
Buffalo. As we journeyed onward we met land explorers returning
from the woods, weary and foot-sore, and glad of an excuse to sit down
by the roadside and rest. Various and conflicting were the accounts
they gave of the country they had visited. Some were enamored with
the country, and *some would not " take all Michigan as a gift, and be
obliged to live in it." Thus, we became pretty well posted in regard
to interior points, but were very favorably impressed by the accounts
of two or three men who reported to have seen a rich country of very
heavy timbered land along the Kearsley creek, in. the vicinity of
" Davison's mill." Bending our course in that direction we found a
spot meeting all our cardinal requirements, of good soil, good timber,
and an abundance of never failing water, all for sale at the government
price of one dollar and twenty-five cents an acre. Returning to Detroit
as soon as our weary feet could carry us, we at once purchased a thousand
acres of land, all in town six north, of range eight east, then Lapeer,
but now Genesee county. Returning to our old home in Clarence,
New York, the notes of preparation were how sounded for a general
western movement in early spring. But in order to prepare the new
home for the reception of the family, it was decided that Moses and
Levi, the first and third of the six brothers, should proceed in the
winter through Canada by land.

The winter of 1835-6 was long remembered as one of exceptional
severity. But frost and snow had no terrors, when a new home
was to be won. The outfit was duly prepared, consisting, first, of two
substantial yokes of oxen, and an old fashioned sled, twelve feet long,
and heavy in proportion. On this was loaded a substantial lumber
wagon, of the old "crotch skein" and linch pin style. A barrel of
pork, a barrel of flour, a few farm implements • and household goods,
and a pittance of hay and grain for the teams, were provided, not for-
getting the indispensable well stored provision box.

All being prepared they " flung their canvas to the breeze " on the
eleventh day of February, heading first for Lockport, through the
"Tonawanda woods." Thence, under pressure of a "blue beach"
breeze, they plowed through heaped and drifted snow, to Lewiston, at
which place they crossed the river to Queenston, having stayed the
first night at Mullineaux tavern, four miles northwest of Lockport.
Three days of incessant snowing and drifting had rendered the roads

HIS TRIP TO MICHIGAN IN 1836. 483

almost impassable. From Mullineaux to Queenston constituted the second
day's journey (February 12) and supposed to be about twenty-five
miles. The crossing of the Niagara was successfully accomplished, and
emigrants and teams put up the first night on British soil; it being
the first night thai either of the emigrants had ever slept outside of
the protecting aegis of the American Eagle. But cold and fatigue
rendered their slumbers calm and peaceful.

On the third day, being February 13, their course led down
Niagara river in a northerly direction, facing a bitter wind, fresh from
Lake Ontario. Levi, whose health had always been extremely delicate,
was nearly overpowered by the cold. His lungs were seriously affected,
and it was thought it would be necessary to return him to his old
home. That night they put up at Hamilton, a small village almost
the then size of Pontiac.

"On the 4th day, February 14, struck out to the west through the
interior of Canada, passing through some good farm settlements. Along
the Grand river passed some valuable bodies of pine timber. The route
led through Brantford and St. Catharine's, where we crossed the Welland
canal. Both Brantford and St. Catharine's were then quite small towns.
Passed through a hamlet called Westminster. Came through twelve
miles Indian woods. The last stop we made east of the Indian woods,
it was late in the afternoon and was thawing, and we were anxious to
'push forward. Bated teams and took lunch before entering the long
woods. This day fell in with a Canadian emigrant named John Stiles,
who was, like us, traveling with an ox team, and whose place of des-
tination was also Lapeer county. He was from near Toronto, and his
father's family had preceded him, with horses and sleigh. The night
was bright starlight, and grew intensely cold. When we supposed we
were about half way through the woods, we called a halt, and gave hay
to our oxen, and took a lunch, and as we waited to rest our teams and
give them time to eat, we traveled and beat the snow with our boots
to keep from freezing. Renewing our journey through the frozen
woods, we pushed forward to the banks of the river Thames. At this
time, while it was yet dead of night, we entered a clearing. Here the
monotony of our journey was interrupted by an unexpected serenade,
it being the barking, yelping and howling of several hundred Indian
dogs from the opposite side of the river. At this time, while it was yet
dead of night, we had reached Moravian Town, the scene of the Tecum-
seh battle grounds. A little below Moravian Town we came to a tav-
ern, where we turned in and took a morning nap, and at the same time
rested, bated, and refreshed our teams. This brought us to the morn-

484 PIONEER SKETCH OF MOSES GOODRICH.

ing of the 5th day of our journey, being February 15. This day pur-
sued our journey down the Thames, and through a magnificent farming
country, with fine fields, buildings and orchards — some of the finest I
ever saw. That evening crossed the Thames at Chatham and journeyed
down the river some two miles, where we put up for the night. Feb-
ruary 16, being the 6th day of our journey, the weather grew warm,
and thawed freely till sleighing in spots became very poor. By an
early start we reached Lake St. Glair by nine or ten o'clock. Here we
found the shore road blockaded with impassable drifts, and we were
compelled to take the ice on which the water was ankle deep, and
thawing very fast, and many air holes, in the ice. It was dangerous,
but we felt that we must push forward. Levi walked forward to search
out air holes which were discernable far in advance of the teams by
the bubbling up of the water, and he would point them out and signal
us to shun them. We thus made a day's journey of twenty-seven miles,
being the longest yet accomplished, when we brought up at a tavern
on the south shore of Lake St. Clair. February 17, being the 7th day
of our journey, continued our course all day on the ice, leaving it only
at noon, when we went to a tavern on shore to feed our teams. Water
kept rising, and ice weakening. One critical incident occurred. The
ice was cracking and sinking under the weight of our teams and loads.
A sharp yell to the teams put the leaders to their mettle. A bow key
broke and let loose the near ox of the hind team, but without an
instant to be lost the other three oxen bounded forward with the load
to a place of safety on sound ice. That night brought up to a tav-
ern at the foot of the lake, where we put up for the night. February
18th the thaw increased, and sleighing was ruined. The wagons were
now mounted, and the sleighs and cargoes piled on to renew the jour-
ney. The first half day on wheels took us to Windsor, opposite to
Detroit, the distance being about eight miles."

Here our voyageurs reached a climax. It was the culminating
point of the journey. They had surmounted the arctic winds and
heaped up snow-drifts of the Niagara. They had threaded at dead of
night, and through intense cold the long Indian woods. They had
passed the treacherous ice of Lake St. Clair. And now Michigan, the
land of promise lay full in view before them. Its low, level shores
fringed with tall timber, here and there broken with small improve-
ments, stretched far and wide as far as the vision could extend. It
was the Michigan of their future hopes. It was destined to be the
scene of untold struggles and privations, and the receptacle of their
dust, and that of their parents and numerous kindred. The land of

HIS TRIP TO MICHIGAN IN 1836. 485

their birth, with all its past endearments and severed ties was behind
them. What to them was now the noble Empire State, with all its
wealth and grandeur? The ties that bound them to it had been
severed, and henceforward the wild, the rugged, the inhospitable
Michigan was the scene and center of their future hopes. And there
it lay, spread out before them — but the turbid waters of Detroit river
rolled between. The ice of the St. Glair, which but a day or two
before had cracked and heaved and trembled beneath their ox teams,
was now rushing down the river in the most terrific manner. To cross
the river was impossible. Their supply of hay was exhausted, and
grain supply getting low; and not a spear of hay or straw to be bought
in Windsor. The hotel keeper had been promised hay, but roads
had become impassible, and it failed to arrive. Farmhouses and
barns were visited but to no purpose. And still the ice flow con-
tinued irresistable. Col. Davenport owned the ferry, and our emi-
grants, driven to desperation, were hourly importuning him to cross
them over. In vain did he reason with them, and endeavor to con-
vince them of the rashness of the undertaking. Moses was in a
position of double responsibility. He had upon his person money of
his father, himself and eastern neighbors, to be invested in Michigan
lands, also description of lands carefully selected the autumn previous.
The money was liable to be lost or stolen, and the lands might be
bought by other parties. John Stiles, the stalwart young Canadian
from Toronto, who had been their fellow-traveler, was an adept in the
management of water craft. Moses engaged his services, and succeeded
in borrowing or hiring a small skiff, by assuring its reluctant owner
that in case the skiff and its occupants were lost, there remained his
his teams and their loading as indemnity. It was either the 23d or
24th of February, when the perilous crossing the river in a small skiff,
among floating ice fields was svccessfully accomplished by John Stiles
and Moses Goodrich. The land office was reached, the selected lands
were all found intact. Maj. Kearsley and John Biddle were prompt
in making out the papers, and with heart and pockets greatly relieved,
Moses and his faithful companion Stiles safely re-crossed the river;
and the heart of the , owner of the skiff was made glad by the safe
return of his property. That night Moses Goodrich indulged in the
soundest slumber of the whole journey.

Morning dawned upon the seething waters of Detroit river, still
turbid with the crashing and grinding ice of Lake St. Clair. Teams
were suffering for food, and anxiety grew hourly more intense. Col.
Davenport was again interviewed, and still peremtorily refused to

486 PIONEER SKETCH OF MOSES GOODRICH.

assume any responsibility of starting the ferry. He did finally consent
that his boats might be used in case that our voyageurs would assume
all responsibility, and on the further condition, that they could induce
his own ferrymen to go in charge of the boat. The ferrymen were
hunted up, and in appearance would compare with so many "Norse sea
kings of the eleventh century." One captain and four oarsmen, five in
all, comprised the crew. The bargain was duly arranged conditioned
that they should be paid two dollars each, for the day's service, sup-
plemented with "what they could eat and drink." But now they met
an unexpected obstacle, which shows the hoggishness of human nature
in a strong light. Two emigrants, with horse teams had been lying
idle at the hotel. They had not lifted a finger toward all the arrange-
ment, but they demanded from Col. Davenport their right to cross on
the ferry first, and though the ferry was not then being run by Col.
Davenport, he insisted on having their claim allowed. After much
discussion a kind of "Missouri compromise" was effected, which
showed that the cowardice of these two strangers was equal to their
hoggishness. They dare not risk their persons or their teams on the
boat, but would (magnanimously?) waive their right of prior passage,
on condition that their trumpery be ferried over free of charge, and
safely deposited in a warehouse in Detroit. And so their "traps"
constituted the first boat load. The boat was especially well manned,
for besides the five sea kings there were four emigrants, viz.: Moses
Goodrich, Levi W. Goodrich, John Stiles, and a young man from near
Clarence Hollow, by the name of John Johnson, who had arrived with
horse and cutter simultaneously with the others. Thus manned, with
two full sets of oarsmen, the boat was loaded for its first passage.
But as the current of the stream was found to be irresistible, and
huge masses of ice were drifting their dark forms in dizzy whirls along
the angry flood, a direct crossing was found to be simply impossible.
A long and powerful line was procured and attached to the bow of the
boat. Eight men, with strong hands, dragged the boat half a mile up
stream, while the ninth with pike in hand kept it off the shore. And
now for the desperate launch. The rope is coiled, and the bow of the
boat swings into the mad stream. Four men are pulling at the strong
oars with the trusty captain at the helm, while one with pike in hand
was detailed to push off the ice cakes that were constantly lodging
against the up stream gunwale. Steadily did this frail craft push out
into the stream, and steady as clock work was the dip of their strong
oars; and as one set of oarsmen required a breathing time, the others
were instant to take their place. Thus on moved the trembling scow,

HIS TRIP TO MICHIGAN IN 1836. 487

veering and steering to avoid as far as possible the large bodies of
ice. At last the foot of Woodward avenue was reached, when a brief
space sufficed to "discharge cargo." The first trip thus successfully
accomplished, entitled our dauntless navigators to another installment
of "refreshments." It was Byron who blasphemously asserted that
nothing can so embolden the human mind in the hour of danger as
"rum and true religion." The convenient saloon was patronized, and
the work of re-crossing the empty ferry -boat was of short duration.

The ox teams and the merchandise of the Goodrich brothers made
up the second cargo. The same laborious process dragged the heavily
laden ferry boat up stream, as before, to the point of embarkation.
Again the boat trembled and quivered amid surrounding floes, but
guided by consummate skill, and propelled by strong and determined
hands, it shot rapidly toward the American shore. It was interesting
to note the steady stroke of the oars, and the resistless energy with
which those stalwart boatmen bent to their task. Even our green
hands, or " moss-backs," as the modern phrase would have it, bent to
the work with a readiness which astonished themselves. Levi, who had
been an invalid from his birth, had gathered unexpected strength
from exposure to a Canadian winter, and now, drinking in inspiration
from the surroundings, pulled away at the oar with a degree of
energy which would have done credit to an experienced boatman.
Passing the mid-stream, and as the American shore was rapidly draw-
ing near, an immense ice flow was seen to swing out into the channel
above them, and to "bear down," upon the frail ferry boat with
ominous speed and irresistible force. The captain's eye at once com-
prehended the peril of the situation. Pointing to the huge mass as
it momentarily drew nearer he shouted with an earnest energy — " Boys,
if that strikes our boat, saltpetre won't save us." " Strike deep
and pull strong — make every stroke tell!" Hundreds of people attracted
by the peril of the situation were ranged along the dock, regardless
of the February winds, watching with intense and breathless silence
every stroke of the oars. For a brief space a funeral silence prevailed,
every arm pulling at the oar as if each stroke were to be his last.
" Bismilar, now the peril's past" — and as the prow struck American
soil the welkin rang with cheer after cheer from the crowd of anxious
spectators which lined the shore. Our emigrants and their faithful guides
were almost suffocated by the enthusiastic throng which crowded
around them, and many a hearty hand shake was indulged in, between
parties that never met before, and never will till doomsday.
" Refreshments" were once more in order, and swiftly sped the boat

488 PIONEER SKETCH OF MOSES GOODRICH.

back to Canada for the worldly goods of the faithful Stiles and John-
son. And now the wintry sun looked faintly out of the west upon the
dark waters as the last cargo was safely landed on American soil. The
ten dollars was duly counted out to the sturdy boatmen — the last
liquid instalment duly imbibed, and the parties shook hands and sepa-
rated with as much apparent fervency of friendship as if they had
been life-long companions.

That night, being the night of February 25th, they remained in
Detroit — putting up at a hotel, the name of which they fail to record.
Next day, February 26, the ox teams having had a long, hungry rest at
Windsor, proceeded twenty-five miles, through frozen mud, to the
village of Pontiac. The only incident of this day's journey was the
separation from their friend, Stiles, who left the route at Royal Oak,
and proceeded by way of Troy, to Lapeer, his future home. Often
did they afterwards meet, when the friendship of former days was
cordially renewed. John Johnson dropped out of sight, and the
place of his final destination I have never learned. Moses Good-
rich never afterwards spoke of his fortuitous meeting with John
Stiles, at dead of night, in the long Indian woods, without feelings of
manifest emotion; and the culminating point of their acquaintance was
the trip in the skiff, amid fields of ice, to reach the Detroit land office.
Often in after years, as he recalled these scenes, his voice would quiver,
and the tear drops would glisten in his eye.

February 27, 1836, the Goodrich brothers renewed their journey
alone. Here, north of Pontiac, they found passably good sleighing —
but having mounted their wagons, and all snugly loaded, they finished
their journey on wheels. Nightfall, overtook them as they were ready to
leave the Saginaw turnpike near Stony Bun. The remaining five miles
to the home of Ezra K. Parshall, on the Thread Creek, were driven in
the evening. Having reached a point within two miles of their future
home they engaged a few weeks' board and their wearisome journey was
now at an end.

Twenty-five cents would then convey a letter back to their friends
in " York State," and the time occupied in the passage at this season
of the year, was about ten days. They heralded their arrival in the
land of promise back to their old home, and the event marked an

epoch in the family history never to be forgotten.

****** * *

Time rolled on. Parents and brothers, and their one lone sister
came on the following spring. Hope was strong, and there were also
strong hands and stout hearts. In April, 1836, the township was

HIS TRIP TO MICHIGAN IN 1836. 489

organized and christened " Atlas." In two summers the Goodrich
brothers had placed under cultivation one hundred and fifty acres of
" Neshinquak Plains." During that two summers thirty families from
Clarence, Erie county, New York, followed the Goodrich family, and

made for themselves homes in Atlas.

********

Time rolled on, and now oft all the heads of this thirty families but
two remain on earth — Manly Swears, still on the farm he has occupied
fifty-three years, and the Hon. George Kipp, who has gone back to
lay his bones in the bosom of the old Empire state.

It would require volumes to record the adventures and experience
of this band of pioneers, who left their homes on the old " Holland
purchase " to cast their lot in the wilds of Michigan. But as our nar-
rative began with Moses and his pilgrimage to the " promised land,"
let us follow him to the end of his pilgrimage. Of all men that came
to build up our new State, he was the most unassuming, the most
unaspiring. Though he had brothers who sat in the halls of legislation,
and upon the judicial bench, and though he was endowed with talents
which would have qualified him for either station (more especially the
latter), he steadfastly shunned all public position, and tenaciously
adhered to the honorable and independent walks of private life. It
may be safely asserted that he never made a dollar in speculation.
His sole occupation was that of a farmer, and by its diligent pursuit
he accumulated a competence sunicient to satisfy any reasonable man.
Of all the independent fanners of Atlas he was one of the most inde-
pendent. One incident of his farm experience is worthy to be recorded,
as illustrative of his success in his chosen occupation. In the summer
of 1864, when wool advanced to a dollar a pound, he sent in one load
to Flint, his one season's product, it being 2,240 pounds, and sold
it for as many dollars in government greenbacks. His habits of indus-
try had so far become his master, that even in age he found it almost
impossible to stop work. The works of nature were his favorite com-
panions; and at eighty years old he would shoulder his axe at early
morning, and walk, with vigorous step, a mile, to the rear end of his
farm, and there remain as busy and as happy as ever was a bee amid
summer flowers, till the shades of evening drove him reluctantly home.
During the last two years of his life he was compelled to forgo the
pleasure of outdoor labors, and when at last on September 10, 1887,
he composed his weary limbs in their last peaceful slumber, a com-
munity of neighbors and friends and kindred united in mourning their
irreparable loss. Besides his immediate neighbors, the city of Flint
62

490 REUNION OF THE GOODRICH FAMILY.

sent out a delegation of its foremost citizens, headed by such promi-
nent personages as Mayor Dayton, Judge Newton, Mark W. Stevens,
and George Hubbard, to testify their respect for their farmer friend.
The funeral was held at his residence, and in accordance with his last
request, the exercises consisted of an obituary, by his brother (the
writer), and brief feeling addresses from sympathizing friends. Unlike
his namesake of old, he had reached the land of promise, and lived in
its peaceful enjoyment over half a century. He was born in the town
of Sempronius, county of Cayuga, state of New York, and at the time
of his death lacked but a few weeks of having completed his eighty-
fifth year.

EEUNION OF THE GOODEICH FAMILY ON THE FIFTIETH
ANNIVERSARY OF ITS SETTLEMENT IN MICHIGAN.

On Thursday, the 20th day of May, 1886, it being the fiftieth anni-
versary of the settlement of the family in Michigan, the surviving
members of the original Goodrich family, with as many of their descend-
ants and kindred as could conveniently attend, gathered at the mansion
of the oldest brother, Moses, near the village bearing the family name,
and on the farm where the family had settled fifty years before. Par-
ties were there whose homes are now far remote from each other;
kindred met kindred who had never met before, and who in all prob-
ability will never meet again.

There were heartfelt greetings, there were minglings of pleasure and
sadness, of joys and sorrow, of smiles and tears, as the recollections
of by-gone years were called up from the oblivion of the past. The
vicissitudes of pioneer life, the changes of the country — from wilder-
ness to its present condition of advanced improvement — the friends and
neighbors of former times that have passed away, were among the
interesting themes of discussion.

Aaron, the second brother, had come from his home in St. Paul,
Minnesota, bringing fresh intelligence from the wonderful cities of the
upper Mississippi, or reverting in his happy manner to his sojourn in
Belgium, and his travels in Italy or to his heartfelt and sentimental

FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY IN MICHIGAN. 491

visit to " Goodrich Castle," the ancient home of the family on the
banks of the river Wye, in the county of Herfordshire, England.

Enos, the next living brother had come up from Fostoria to tell the
story how the towering pines of Tuscola county had vanished, and
given place to grain fields and orchards and meadows, and to prove by
the grip of his strong calloused hand, that he had not gone there to
play up gentleman, but to repeat his old time Jabors of the county of
Genesee.

Keuben, the youngest and the last, had come from his home beside
the lucid waters of Traverse bay, to take one more look at his old
stamping ground, to tell of the gigantic enterprises of Hannah, Lay &
Company and of Dexter & Noble and of his recent pilgrimage among
the orange groves, the "everglades" and the alligators of Florida. The
four gray-headed, but cheerful hearted brothers met perhaps for the
last time on earth, cheered and consoled by the consciousness of hav-
ing at least tried to do something for the benefit of the world in
which they have been so long permitted to live.

John Brigham, the husband of the departed sister Eliza, had come
up from West Bay City, accompanied by his two sons, John and
Samuel, who are established in the legal profession at that most
enterprising town on the Saginaw.

The two sons of Eeuben, Charles of Traverse City and Frank of
Frankfort, were there to cheer and enliven the kindred gathering with
their presence. Did space permit the insertion of the "rough and
tumble" experiences of Frank Goodrich in Muskegon log driving and
lumber camp life, the recital would rival in interest the adventures of
Daniel Boone of Kentucky, or David Crocket on the head of the Cumber-
land; but the individual experiences of the eventful family must remain
to be recorded in some future legend or swallowed up in that oblivion
which engulfs the past.

The three living sons of Moses; George, Eugene and Nelson, as well
as Aaron C. Brigham, the first son of Eliza, and William and James,
the living sons of Levi, are all comfortably engaged in agricultural
pursuits, and settled and anchored on the free soil of that country
surrounding the old homestead, where their fathers toiled in the wilder-
ness fifty years ago, and laid the solid foundations of their prosperity,
which is now so magnificently rewarding their early labors.

The third generation from manhood and womanhood down to infancy,
were out in force, forming an assemblage of nearly fifty of the kindred,
which made the capacious farm house of Moses and Nelson swarm like
a bee-hive in the days when the fields are white with clover bios-

492 REUNION OF THE GOODRICH FAMILY.

soms. It would be difficult to imagine a more busy and bustling
scene than that comfortable mansion presented. There were busy
women and girls, spreading and loading the ample tables, while gray-
haired and venerable brothers were conversing of early experiences and
privations, or of incidents of countries far remote. Mature mankind
was conversing upon the condition of the crops, the improvement of
lands and the business outlook of their honest and healthful occupa-
tions; while frolicksome urchins were sporting and gamboling under
the ample shadows of the venerable fruit trees, whose towering and
outstretched branches almost hide the mansion from the adjacent road.

Time is frequently represented as fleeing upon wings, and in this
case the wings of the wild fowl could scarce outstrip its movements,
until, when the ample repast was over the sun was far past the zenith.

A call was then made and the kindred gathered together, when, on
motion of Aaron, the second brother, Moses, was made chairman and
Enos chosen secretary of the family council.

Aaron then took the floor and led off with an appropriate and feeling
address, followed by brief remarks from Reuben and John Brigham,
senior. These addresses were appropriately but briefly supplemented
by remarks from Charley and Frank Goodrich, by the two brothers,
John and Samuel Brigham, and also by Mrs. Matilda Goodrich Narrin
and Mrs. Alice Goodrich Sanford.

At this stage of the proceedings Enos, acting as secretary, was called
upon to present a historical address, which he had been previously
requested to prepare for the occasion, and which, after a few extempore
remarks, he proceeded to read as follows:

HISTORIC ADDRESS BY ENOS.

Friends *and Kindred of the Goodrich Family:

As your presiding officer has suggested, we have met here today to
hold in remembrance the settlement of the family in Michigan, the
land of our adoption. Fifty years ago today the pilgrimage of a
united family from their home in the noble Empire State brought the
original Goodriches to this spot in the western wilds, which had been
designated as their future home. We were not then stooped and gray-
headed as you see us today. The vigor of early manhood was in our
forms, and the energy of beaming hope flashed from our eyes.

Volumes have been written to commemorate the landing of our
country's early pilgrims upon Plymouth Rock; but with no deeper
regrets for the severed ties of a former home, with no fonder hopes
for the future, and no sterner resolve to meet their rugged fortunes,

FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY IN MICHIGAN. 493

to combat and to conquer, did they enter upon the scenes of their
untrodden destiny, than the Goodrich brothers struck for their fortunes
in these wilds of Michigan fifty years ago. It is a long and weary
road that we have traveled, and as I look back through the dim vista of
intervening time, and contemplate the vicissitudes of fortune that have
, awaited us, the obstacles and privations that we have been called upon
to encounter, the successes and failures that have attended our efforts,
I feel, that while at times we had hoped to accomplish more, we have,
upon the whole, no good reason to be dissatisfied with the general result;
on the contrary, I feel that in our case, as in case of us all, the words,
"veni, vidi, vici," should, be written upon our shield. "We came, we
saw, we conquered."

In reviewing the past or contemplating the present it is the part of
philosophy that we should pass lightly over our reverses, and contem-
plate with cheerful complacency the bright side of the picture. We,
the survivors of the old guard, have been blest with a goodly measure
of health and somewhat extraordinary physical and mental powers to
combat with the impediments in our path. Though at times prostrated
with sickness, we have been spared and raised up to fulfill our destinies
on earth. We have -been given children "to rise up and call us
blessed." While inspired with a reasonable amount of laudable ambi-
tion we have not been inordinate in our desires, and our efforts have
to a reasonable extent been crowned with success. We have had our
joys and our sorrows, and though a goodly number are still in the land
of living; we have not unfrequently been called to the house of mourn-
ing. Our devoted parents who left their eastern home to share our
fortunes have in the course of events been called from us in mature
old age, with complacent spirits and intellectual powers fully preserved
to the very last. Two of the six brothers passed many years ago from
the scene of their earthly labors.

There were two sisters,, the first of whom passed from the cradle to
the grave years before I was born, but her ashes have been carefully
gathered and brought many hundreds of miles, over land and water, and
placed at rest among her kindred in the Goodrich cemetery. The other
sister, after being spared to fill the place of an estimable and devoted
wife and mother, passed years ago from the scene of her earthly labors,
to join those of her kindred that had gone before. Of the third
generation there have been twenty-seven in all, of which six grandsons
and four granddaughters have passed away, while eleven grandsons
and six granddaughters remain. Of greatgrandchildren there have
been twenty males and seventeen females, of which four males and

494 REUNION OF .THE GOODRICH FAMILY.

three females have passed away, and sixteen males and fourteen females
are still living; thus showing that the genealogy of the family foots
up a total number of seventy-four souls, including the original stock,
of which number fifty-one are still living, and twenty-three are num-
bered among the silent dead. Of the four original sons now surviving,
the ages are:

Moses, born December 5, 1802, aged 83 years, 5 months and 15
days.

Aaron, born July 6, 1807, aged 78 years, 10 months and 14 days.

Enos, born August 11, 1813, aged 72 years, 9 month and 9 days.

Reuben, born June 28, 1819, aged 66 years, 10 months and 22 days.

Total age of four brothers, 302 years.

It is with great brevity that we can allude to a few things that the
Goodrich family have within these fifty years accomplished:

First, then, 1 will point to the general fact, that the natural home
of the Goodriches is on the farm. Generally they have not shrunk
from labor, however arduous. Following in the footsteps of their
illustrious predecessor, Cain, they have generally become " tillers of the
soil." One peculiarity of the family, wherever found, is that they are
" home makers." Barely, if ever, was a decendant of Levi H. Good-
rich known to live even for a single day in a rented house. Turn one
of them loose in the deepest recesses of the wilderness, come back in
three years, and what do you find? No ruined and deserted cabin,
with rough boards over the shattered windows and pathways choked
with weeds higher than the door caps, but a home surrounded with
the comforts of life. Their larders and cellars and granaries are stored
with the necessaries and comforts of life; their cattle are grazing in
the valleys, and their harvest fields are waving on the hillsides.
" Home, Sweet Home," is a sentiment which they appreciate for them-
selves and transmit to their offsprings. It is not strange that their
isolated position, their self reliance and their communion with nature
beget an original way of thinking and an independence of spirit which
so emphatically constitutes and dignifies the man.

Among the results of their labors may be named the making of a
score of farms in the wilderness, involving the improvement of thou-
sands of acres of choice agricultural lands. The number of houses
and barns and sheds we have built I will not attempt to enumerate,
nor -of orchards we have planted and reared to vigorous maturity,
neither will I attempt to compute the number of miles of fences built, or
of blind and open drains sunk to improve the land, nor the number of
wells and fountains opened to supply the families and stock with pure

FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY IN MICHIGAN. 495

water. Some of us have digressed from the pursuits of the farm long
enough to build and operate mills, and to take a hand in the affairs
of the political world. One flouring mill and five saw mills have owed
their existence to the efforts of my brother Reuben and myself. It
would be impossible now to estimate the thousands of bushels of grain,
or the millions of feet of lumber manufactured at these establishments.
In remembering these enterprises we have this consolation today, that
if they have not made us very rich they have materially assisted in
the upbuilding and improvement of the country.

In public, though laying no claim to greatness, the family has not
been entirely obscure.

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES.

MOSES.

Moses, our oldest brother, the man who now stands patriarch of the
Goodrich family, has always strenuously resisted the allurements of
ambition beyond the business of his farm. This field has not been a
narrow one, and to this he has devoted himself with diligence, perse-
verence and success, and when called home, as we all expect ere long
to be, he need not be ashamed of the reputation he leaves behind for,
ah "honest man is the noblest work of God."

Being the oldest of the brothers he was literally the pioneer of the
family. In the month of September, 1835, he and the writer were
sent out by the family to seek out and purchase a western home.
Coming to the then nameless wilderness of Atlas, we secured 1,120
acres, which have since constituted the homes of most of the family,
and the farms today attest the wisdom of the selection and the sound-
ness of his judgment. Late in November we returned to the state of
New York, to settle up the business of the old home; having first
erected a house of tamarack logs on land now owned by William
Goodrich, and roofed it with shingles we made from pine trees cut on
the east bank of the Kearsley. In February following, accompanied
by our brother Levi, he performed the toilsome journey through Canada,
with ox teams, occupying seventeen days of one of the severest
winters within the memory of man. As a farmer his sound judgment,
his frugality, economy and persevering industry have insured success.
One incident in his farming life is worthy of notice: In the summer
of 1864 his wool clip was 2,240 pounds, which was sent to Flint at
one wagon load and sold for a dollar a pound. Many years since he
relinquished the charge of the farm to his son Nelson; since which

496 REUNION OF THE GOODRICH FAMILY.

he has been a deep reader, an intense thinker and a profound student
of the affairs of the country and the world. But during all this time
he has never relinquished his favorite and life-long pursuits of labor;
even since he has passed the age of four score it has been his custom
in the "dead of winter" to shoulder his ax and repair to the rear of
his farm, a mile and a half distant, with no companion but his trusty
dog, and there remain all day long, " making improvements" and
communing with the wild scenes of nature, which he has always loved
so well.

AARON.

Aaron's life has been more varied and eventful. When the rest of us
emigrated to Michigan he was engaged in a business partnership with
the illustrious family of Wilkinsons, of Buffalo, where he served as
alderman of the city, while Judge Wilkinson was its mayor. , Of course
you will all understand that was before Sam Wilkinson became known
to the world as the publisher of "Beecher's Life of Christ."

Soon after we came to Michigan he severed his connection with the
Wilkinsons, and coming here resided but a short time, and then emi-
grated to the state of Tennessee. Settling at Dover, the county seat of
Stewart county, he read and practiced law where he numbered some of
the wealthiest men of the state among his clients, and among his per-
sonal acquaintances and friends some of the most illustrious, not the
least of whom was Andrew Johnson, afterwards president of the United
States. He was elected and became a prominent and active member of
the Tennessee legislature, and finally in the political campaign of 1848
he was nominated on the Whig ticket as a candidate for presidential
elector in opposition to Hon. Jsham G. Harris former governor and
present United States senator of that state. After a spirited canvass,
conducted face to face in regular southern style, he was elected, and in
the electoral college cast his vote for old " Bough and Ready," the
the popular hero of the Mexican war. Soon after this he received the
appointment of chief justice of Minnesota, upon its territorial organ-
ization. After years of service in that capacity, where he saw the city
of St. Paul spring up like magic around him, he retired from the
bench. Afterwards headed a Seward (republican) delegation to the
Chicago convention which nominated Abraham Lincoln for the presi-
dency, afterwards receiving the appointment of secretary of legation
to Belgium. He served in that capacity for eight years, during the full
terms of the Lincoln and Johnson administration, and then returning
home and retiring to private life, he stands today in your midst a

FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY IN MICHIGAN. 497

private citizen, a devoted student, an original thinker, and ripe with
an observation of the world which the rest of us can never have.

During his sojourn in the east he visited most of the public libraries
of the great cities of Europe and gathered much of the material for a
work which produced quite a sensation, "A History of the Character
and Achievements of the So-called Christopher Columbus," a work of
500 pages octavo, published by D. Appleton & Co., in 1874. He is
now preparing a carefully revised edition, which may not, however,
appear for some time. The real name of Columbus is believed to have
been Griego, whom he shows to have been a pirate of forty years'
standing, getting possession of the log book of a dead mariner, and
setting up for a discoverer.

ELIZA.

Eliza comes next in the order of age. Following the example of both
parents she became a school teacher, serving for what now would be
considered a beggarly compensation, and "boarding around" according
to the custom of the times. Small as was her compensation, her frugality
made it more than equal to her wants, and enough was saved to make
her a freeholder of Michigan, locating with her own money in her own
name the land on which half the village of Goodrich now stands. Our
sister enjoyed not the educational privileges of the young ladies of the
present age. No female academies invited her within their umbrageous
shades; no ladies' library associations spread before her their stories of
literature and science, in her early home in the "Niagara Frontier."
Not even a township or school district library was within her reach.
Yet in spite of all these privations she grew to be a woman of intelli-
gence, and one whose memory reflects credit upon the family name.
Subsequently as the consort of John Brigham, she became the mother
of a family over which she exercised the same assiduous care which
characterized her whole life. The spot where she rests in the Goodrich
cemetery will ever be held in sacred remembrance by the family, and
the pioneers of Atlas township.

LEVI.

Levi comes next in the order of age. A dark shadow seemed to
hang over his whole life's history. Feeble in constitution from infancy,
his early years seemed a daily struggle between life and death. All
the circumstances surrounding his advent to life

" Gave the sad prestige of his future years,
A child of misery baptized in tears."

Our mother often remarked that in his early years she never expected
63

498 REUNION OF THE GOODRICH FAMILY.

to rear him to years of maturity. But through the utmost assiduity
of maternal care he survived, not only to manhood years, but to
become the parent of a numerous family, by two different wives.
Feeble as he was he entered upon the life of a pioneer with an ambi-
tion and cheerfulness far surpassing his physical strength. Struggling
with a feeble constitution, bilious miasma and financial embarrassment,
he lived to see his first children attain the age of early manhood.
Gladly would I draw a veil over his tragical end. During his last
years the waning energies of life, diseased as he was and oppressed
with physical and mental toil, he was counseled by his physicians to
resort to the daily use of morphine, under the influeoce of which he
at last put an end to his earthly existence. While we would as a gen-
eral rule depreciate the action of the suicide in the strongest terms,
there are sometimes palliating circumstances which should be allowed
to plead in behalf of the unfortunate, and his case was one of this
number. Let us not blame his memory for his rash act,

"But, sad as angels for the good man's sin,

weep to record and give it in."
He was our brother.

ENDS.

Next in the order of age comes myself, and my life history might
be comprised in this brief statement: I have experienced a fair share
of the world's prosperity, and its adversity, its joys and its sorrows,
have generally taken things by their rough handles, have rejoiced over
the smiles of fortune when they came, have endeavored to buffet the
storms of life with manly fortitude, and submit to the inevitable with-
out whining. While it has been the rule of life to obey the calls of
my own business, I have now and then stepped aside to obey the calls
of my fellowmen. Passing some minor offices I have held, it would
perhaps be abrupt were I not to allude to my humble service in the
legislature of our State. In 1846, after ten years' residence among
this people I was nominated and elected to the popular branch of State
legislature. This too was at a time when our county was overwhelm-
ingly opposed to me in politics. At the memorable session of 1847,
which followed, I labored as best I could for the interest of my adopted
county and State, taking an especially active part in the great ques-
tion of the session — the removal of the capital. Afterwards when
the seat of our State government was fairly domiciled at Lansing,
I was chosen to represent my county and Genesee, in the senate. This
time, as before, the democracy being a small minority, I was elected
by the combined votes of democrats and whigs. I was given the chair-

FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY IN MICHIGAN. 499

manship of the most important committee on incorporations, and
whether in committee or open session, I was generally found at work. If
I failed to render faithful and efficient service to my constituency, it
was not my fault but my misfortune, and I have yet to learn that they
were dissatisfied with my action.

On the advent of the republican party to power and the war and dis-
asters which followed, I bade adieu to public life, since which period I have
endeavored to emulate the example of the man who " got rich by minding
his own business." In this attempt my experiences have been various.
When the memorable crisis of 1857 swept away the hard earned
results of over twenty years of toil, you know that it was not choice
but necessity which impelled me to turn my back upon my old
home, and my face to the northern wilds. In my new home in Tuscola
county, I have generally enjoyed good health, worked hard, ate heartily
and slept soundly, and that is what you may call enjoying life. Hun-
dreds of acres of woods have gone down before me, and the pines
converted into lumber would build a little city. Fire swept away my
mill and with it many thousands of dollars of my hard earned sub-
stance. But I rebuilt and pushed forward. For the past ten years the
labors of the farm have engrossed my attention, and as agriculture was
my first occupation, I have resolved it shall be my last. I have had
some of Job's misfortunes, and a small share of his prosperity; but I
never like him, " cursed the day in which I was born, nor the night
in which it is said there is a man child conceived."

JOHN.

Next in order of age comes our lamented brother John: John was
born in a rude and unfinished log house in the wilderness of the
Niagara frontier. There was not much in the surroundings of his
early years that would seem to inspire to the pursuits of learning or
of science, and yet at a very early period he developed an unconquer-
able desire for knowledge; an extraordinary depth of research and a
power of memory that I have never seen equaled in any other person.
Though originally possessed of a strong constitution (equal to my own,
or that of any other member of the family, until impaired by study),
he never evinced any aptitude for the pursuits of the farm, always
obedient to the mandates of his parents, he tried, mechanically to
make a farmer of himself, but his mind was far away, history, poetry,
in fact everything in books became his favorite theme, the object of his
thoughts and the subject of his daily and hourly conversation and, I
confidentially believe, of his nightly dreams. The sports and pastimes

500 REUNION OF THE GOODRICH FAMILY.

of childhood and youth were scarcely known to his early years, yet he
was always cheerful, never sour or austere. The few books that fell in
his way he devoured with a rapidity that astonished his friends and
his teachers, and before he was thought to have conquered the rudi-
ments of a new book he would be calling for more. The result was
that he almost always found himself without an instructor — for he left
his teachers behind. Seeing the strong bent of his intellect, his
parents, out of their limited patrimony, fitted him out for the Middle-
bury academy, then the principal and almost the only institution of
learning in western New York. Here as at home, he soon left his
teachers in the background. But his extraordinary mental efforts had
been preying upon and undermining his energies of body; he became
pale, and weak at the lungs, and his teachers noticing his declining
condition, earnestly enjoined him to lay aside his studies, divest his
mind and recuperate his health. Reluctantly did he turn away from
the haunts of learning to the rustic surroundings of the new farm.
There, for hours of each fair day he would be seen walking in the
open fields and holding communion with nature. Gradually the
strength returned to his limbs and the bloom to his cheek and I well
remember with what joy he hailed the day when he was permitted to
go and resume his studies at the academy. Mathematics had become
his favorite study, in which he left his teachers far behind, delving
alone through the most intricate problems, as far as the most advanced
books could lead him. A thorough course of historic reading, in which
he repeatedly mastered forty pages at a lesson, by one careful perusal,
closed his labors at Middlebury. He never troubled any languages but
his own plain English. After some months of recreation at the old
home, he went to Buffalo, and entered the office of Hon. John T.
Bush as a student at law. Here he continued until the family removed
to Michigan, fifty years ago, when he soon came on to join us, and was
always ready to lend a helping hand, wherever most needed. Never
having fully conquered his old desire for mathematics, he at length
united himself with a surveying party, engaged in surveying the line
of the old Port Huron & Lake Michigan railroad, a student of civil
engineering. This experiment came very near costing him his life.
They were working west along the marshes of St. Clair county, I
think it was in March, 1838, and water covered the melting ice. Trav-
eling all day with wet feet, and encamping in wet clothing brought
on inflammation of the lungs. He reached home with difficulty — lay
sick for a long time, and narrowly escaped death. This ended his civil
engineering, and he again turned his attention to the study of law,

FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY IN MICHIGAN. 501

entering the office of Hon. Alfred H. Hanscom, of Pontiac, he soon
became a full-fledged lawyer, and a trusted partner of the law firm of
Hanscom & Goodrich; from which Col. Thornton F. Broadhead grad-
uated, to die on a southern battlefield many years after, leaving his
name immortal by those memorable words "The old flag will triumph
yet." Mr. Hanscom's confidence in him was unbounded; as was also
that of Judge Whipple and others of the bar and bench to whom he
was best known. Young as he was he became well known in* the
courts, from Detroit to Saginaw; and in 1851, at our judicial election,
under a new constitution, he was elected judge of his district, which
embraced the counties of Livingston, Genesee, Shiawassee and Clinton,
and about all of eastern Michigan north of Pontiac. I shall never «
forget the last conversation I ever held with him, except that of his
dying hours. It was a bright day of early autumn, on which I drove
an open buggy in which we rode together from Goodrich to Pontiac.
Conversation turned upon our past lives and future hopes. Said he,
I have formed this resolve — that if I live out my term of office I shall
not be excelled in legal knowledge by any of the judges of the 'State,
and continued: "I have imposed some severe. tasks upon my intellect-
ual powers and they have never disappointed me." But the fates had
decreed that he should never sit upon the judicial bench or wear its
ermine. JEow he sickened and died at the Michigan Exchange on the
15th of October, 1851, how he was honored in his last obituary rites
by the bar and bench of Detroit, how the railroad company des-
patched a free train to Pontiac with his remains, and where his
ashes now rest in the Goodrich cemetery, are facts which belong to
our country's history. Wedded to his studies, he alone of all the six
brothers died without matrimony or offspring. When we contemplate
this rising genius, snatched away in the morning of life, with the sun
of hope full-orbed and brilliant before him, how can we avoid revert-
ing t$ the words of Job, in his affliction — "And thou destroyed the
hope of man?"

EEUBEN.

Reuben, the youngest of the six brothers, was born at Clarence, New
York, in June, 1819,- and was consequently scarce seventeen years of
age when he came to the territory of Michigan. Possessed of a
natural aptitude for almost any kind of work to which he might turn
his hand, he early formed those habits of activity which have char-
acterized him in after years. It would have been dificult to find a
place on an old or a new farm where he could not make himself

502 REUNION OF THE GOODRICH FAMILY.

useful. One of his earliest acquirements was the skillful management
of a horse team ; with which he early became an adept, whether before
a plow or wagon. No country, however new and wild, can live without
its commerce. While we were making homes our subsistence must be
transported from the older portions of the State. Wayne, Oakland and
Washtenaw were older counties, and, with some aid from the neighbor-
ing state of Ohio, supplied the wants of our early pioneers. To
exchange the products of the forest for flour, pork and merchandise
was indispensable to the existence of the new settlements. No rail-
roads were here to carry out our lumber and bring back our needful
supplies. All must then be accomplished by the sleigh or wagon, over
the crude and often nearly impassable new country road. In conduct-
ing this traffic Reuben and the horse team became indespensible.
Many was the day when through storm and shine, through sleet and
snow he was seen driving his team to Pontiac, to Birmingham or to
Detroit, carrying the products of the farm or the lumber from the
mill, to trade for merchandise, which the family and neighborhood
must have. Every rod of distance from the banks of the Kearsley to
Detroit river was to him a beaten way, until the most familiar form
along the fifty miles of road, excepting perhaps the venerable Josh
Terry, was that of Reuben Goodrich. Reuben developed a peculiar
aptitude for this kind of commerce; and his journeys became indis-
pensable, not only to the Goodrich family, but to the surrounding
country, until his return was looked for with as much interest as was
the camels of the desert to the denizens of the eastern world. But
time rolled on, the country grew, slowly but steadily did the wilder-
ness become a fruitful field, and the earth, in response to the pioneer's
toil, began to give up her treasures with a bounteous hand. The rail-
road was built to Eoyal Oak. After a breathing time it came on to
Birmingham, and finally to Pontiac. Long ere this, however, we had
seen and felt the wants of the country, and Reuben and I had com-
bined our limited means, our energies and our credits, and had built
the Goodrich flouring mill. It was a gigantic undertaking for two such
chaps as Reuben and myself, and nothing but the rashness of youth
could have tolerated such a scheme. How we toiled in mill and store,
on farm and in workshop, I have not time to tell. How we managed
to establish a credit which was "A, number one" in all the cities from
Detroit to New York and Boston is a problem which I cannot solve
today. But when the names of a thousand customers were found upon
our books whose wants we were making superhuman efforts to supply,
there came an evil day, a day never to be forgotten in the commercial

FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY IN MICHIGAN. 503

history of our country. It was the crisis of '57. Like the cyclones
and tornadoes which leveled the cities of the great northwest, it swept
over the commercial world. Strong men bowed before it, and old
established houses crumbled before its breath. The earnings of twenty
years of such toil of body and mind as no man can duplicate in a life-
time were ruthlessly and irretrievably swept away. It was that which
dissolved the firm of E. & E. Goodrich and consigned Reuben to Grand
Traverse, and me to the wilds of Tuscola county.

" There is a destiny which shapes our ends,
Rough hew them as we will."

Want of time, and want of knowledge would both forbid that I
should follow Reuben to his new home and chronicle the events of his
later history.

POLITICAL HONORS.

In contemplating the exciting scenes of our business career and our
overthrow I had almost forgotten to chronicle the fact, that he, like
myself was twice honored with a seat in the State legislature, first in
the senate and then in the house of representatives; and in his
public life his labors were characterized with the same energy, and
activity that marked his business career in earlier days, and tKe grand
old county of Genesee never had occasion to regret the choice it had
made. At that time one of the most momentous questions our legis-
lature had to deal with was the disposal of the swamp lands. Assum-
ing the ground that these lands were granted by the general government
and accepted by the State on the specific condition that they or their
proceeds should be expended for purposes of drainage, until, in the
language of the grant they were rendered " fit for , cultivation," he
became one of the foremost of that band of northern statesmen, who
battled to the last against the fearful odds of the older counties, who
were determined to disregard the obligations of the grant, and throw
into pet female colleges or some sort of educational projects the whole
bequeath. Such an act would have been a palpable breach of a sacred
trust, and a shameful injustice to the new counties, and yet it was
advocated on the start by overwhelming numbers from the populous
counties of the south, and in spite of the best efforts of the defenders
of northern rights one-half of those lands was taken from one trust
fund, where a sacred compact had placed it, and placed in the school
fund, under the plausible plea of popular education.

In securing the establishment of State roads, the organization of
new townships, and the disposal of munificent bequests of land which

504 REUNION OF THE GOODRICH FAMILY.

congress had granted to the State for railroad purposes, his influence
was always and efficient on the side of the frontier settlers.

The duties of postmaster of Goodrich for twelve years, and of various
other local offices, were discharged by him with fidelity and general
satisfaction. At Traverse City, where he now resides, he enjoyed for
upwards of eight years the honors and emoluments of the responsible
position of receiver of public moneys of the land office, and if current
rumors can be relied on he became a powerful element in Michigan
politics. It is well known that he was the right hand man of Zacha-
riah Chandler and John J. Bagley, and that Senator Ferry secured his
first election largely through his influence, does not admit of a doiibt.
His business career at Traverse City has been varied in its successes,
but always characterized with much of the energy and activity of former
years.

In his retirement from the higher spheres of public life he does not
forget his obligation to make himself useful, but lends an active hand
to the busy world around him, in forwarding its local improvements.
He has for years been an active and leading member of the common
council of Traverse City, and as highway commissioner for sixteen con-
secutive years he has expended a large fund where it could do the most
good, and the rapid improvement of the public highways about Traverse
City bear evidence of the fidelity with which the trust has been dis-
charged. As he stands in our midst today his personal appearance
bears indisputable evidences of failing health, and should admonish
him to guard with care in the future, the portion of life and health
that remains.

I have now briefly and imperfectly given you a hurried history of
the old guard, the band of brothers, who, fifty years ago, stormed the
battlements of Michigan's wilds. It is not for me, it is not for us,
but for the community with which we have been surrounded for these
fifty years, to decide upon the manner, and to pass their judgment
upon the merits or demerits of the record we have made. Our deeds
and doings have now become a chapter in the history of our State that
cannot be changed.

And now for a moment let me turn to the young, to the rising
generations of the Goodriches with which I am surrounded. Gladly
would I chronicle something of your individual histories, but it is
impossible at this time. You are soon to fill the places that we now
occupy. May you do it with credit to yourselves, and honor to the
family name and when, on future occasions like this, you meet together,

FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY IN MICHIGAN. 505

may you find a historian who will discharge his duty better than I
have done today. — Farewell.

The sun was low in the western horizon before the assembled kindred
dispersed, but before breaking up, it was mutually agreed that at nine
in the morning of the day following, they would hold an adjourned
meeting at the cemetery where so many of the kindred have been laid
at rest.

AT THE CEMETERY.

Friday, May 21, 1886.

Just outside of and immediately skirting the northern borders of the
neat and quiet town of Goodrich lies the cemetery, which has now
become the resting place of the majority of the older pioneers of the
neighborhood. It was originally started upon two acres of ground,
donated by Enos and Reuben Goodrich; but has since been enlarged,
by additions, first upon the east side and then upon the west, and is
now ample to meet the growing wants of the place. It is bounded on
the north and east by the Kearsley creek, on the south by the village
and on the west by fields and farm improvements, upon which was
many years ago the home of Nathaniel Fairchild, an early pioneer of
Atlas, who was a neighbor of the Goodrich family in western New
York, and whose remains were the first to be deposited in the ceme-
tery. The soil is a light gravelly loam and was, in the state of nature,
a combination of oak opening and brush land. It was crossing this
piece of ground in June, 1836, that Moses Goodrich and the writer,
Enos, startled an old bear and her three half-grown cubs, upon the
banks of the stream, and by rushing suddenly upon them, treed the
cubs, but the old one escaped. It was a dilemma, as we had no weapon
but an ax, but it was soon settled by agreement that Moses should
go back to the farm house for a gun, while the writer guarded the
bears. There, beneath the elms of the creek flats, armed with the
aforesaid ax, and accompanied by a small dog and several millions of
musquitos the writer stood guard, until Moses returned, accompanied
by brother Levi and two good rifles. A few shots from one of the
rifles soon brought down the young bears, but the mother after hav-
ing been twice beaten back by the writer, with ax in hand, prudently
declined to return to the scene of action, and we went home mortified
that we had not made the victory complete.

Such ar« the present surroundings of the Goodrich cemetery, where
the kindred pensively convene to complete their reunion. There, sur-
rounded by the mossy grave stones of many a veteran pioneer, repose
64

506 REUNION OF THE GOODRICH FAMILY.

the advance guard of the Goodrich family, who have gone before.
Scarcely could a funeral have been more solemn. Indeed it was an
aggregation of many funerals in the past, and a foreshadowing of
many more, that are yet, we know not how soon, to come. It would
have been an impressive scene for the pencil of a Hogarth as a Rem-
brandt, to have pictured the kindred, as they strolled in pensive
groups along the walks, or halted over the green mounds that contain
the dust of those they had loved and lost. Some might have been
seen, arm in arm, along the more sequestered walks, conversing in
deep emotion and with tearful eyes, or a solitary individual resting
his head upon a grave stone wet with tears, as the well-springs of
memory brought back the images of the past. It is not for human
pen to chronicle the deep thought of that sentimental hour. It was
with lingering look and pensive tread, on that bright May morning,
the living finally and reluctantly parted with the dead.

Noon was approaching, when by concerted action the kindred met at
the house of Eugene Goodrich. His comfortable mansion is the pattern
of home industry and domestic comfort as it stands upon an eminence
at the northeastern border of i)he village, fronting the street and afford-
ing a view far down the valley of the Kearsley. Busy hands had pre-
pared a sumptuous repast. All that munificient providers and good
cooks could provide, was bountifully spread before us, table after table
was filled, with the old, the middle aged and the young. One and all
seemed duly impressed with an appreciation of the bounties and the
blessings of the condition under which we had met to hold in com-
memoration the fiftieth year of our settlement in Michigan.

And now we part. The umbrageous shadows of the ample farm
house await the return of the aged Moses; where the trees reared by
his hands, murmur in the passing breeze, and inspire a contemplative
retrospect of his past life, and a grateful tribute of thought, to that
nature which has always been his companion and his friend, and whose
bounties are well stored for the evening of his life.

The winding waters of the Mississippi are murmuring at the foot of
the bustling and opulent city of Saint Paul to welcome Aaron back to
his western home. Here, oblivious of the voice of busy commerce, and
the turmoil of politics and labor strikes around him, his memory will
revert to the stormy Atlantic he has many times crossed; to his sojourn
in Belgium, his journeyings through the eastern world, his musings
upon the battle field of Waterloo, or his visit to Goodrich castle the
feudal home of the Goodrich race.

A small and quiet stream, winding down through its growth of

FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY IN MICHIGAN. 507

overhanging cedars and opening out upon a beautifully undulating
country of grain fields and pastures and meadows, where the flocks
graze on the richest of grass and slake their thirst and lie down by
the coolest and purest of waters, and a white farm house almost hidden
amidst fruit and ornamental trees, are awaiting to welcome the writer
to his home in Tuscola county; whose welcome quiet in his declining
years he would not exchange for the gorgeous mansions of wealth, or
the regal palaces of official power.

And away where the setting sun sinks to rest behind the pure waters
of Lake Michigan, at the head of Traverse bay, nestles the home of
Reuben inviting him to much needed repose, after a long and busy
life, at a time when his failing health loudly admonishes him to much
needed repose.

And as we separate, let me call back to memory a sentiment which
I many years ago, while languishing in low health, wrote to a distant
brother, whom I felt that I might never meet again:

"Let us cherish the memory of all that is kind and gentle and noble,
in the intercourse of our past lives, and if anything of a different nature
has ever occurred, let us blot it forever from our remembrance."

ASSEMBLAGE AT THE ANNIVEESAKY.

Names of relatives present at the Goodrich family reunion, May 20, 1886, at the
house of Moses Goodrich, on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of the set-
tlement of the family in Michigan.

Moses Goodrich Goodrich, Mich.

Aaron Goodrich St. Paul, Minn.

Enos Goodrich Fostoria, Mich.

Reuben Goodrich Traverse City.

John Brigham, Sr West Bay City, Mich

Eugene Goodrich : Goodrich, Mich.

Nelson G^oodrich Goodrich, Mich.

Aaron G. Brigham Goodrich, Mich.

John Brigham, Jr West Bay City, Mich.

Samuel N. Brigham West Bay City, Mich.

Wm. P. Goodrich Goodrich, Mich.

James Goodrich Goodrich, Mich.

Chas. E. Goodrich Traverse City, Mich.

Frank R. Goodrich Frankfort, Mich.

Mrs. R. (Eliza J. Eastman) Goodrich Goodrich, Mich.

Alice (Sanford) Goodrich " "

Julia A. (Marsh) Goodrich.. .__ " "

508 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF

Carrie A. Van Tine Brigham Goodrich, Mich.

Phoebe Ford Goodrich " "

Emily Frost Goodrich " "

Clara Dewstoe Goodrich " "

Jeremiah Narrin " "

Thomas D. Sanford " "

N. A. Strong " "

Edward M. Goodrich "

Matilda L. (Narrin) Goodrich " "

Florence E. Goodrich " "

Archer Goodrich " "

Mary A. Goodrich " "

Frank J. Goodrich " «

Fred E. Goodrich « "

Nettie E. Brigham Delano " "

Will. W. Delano

Myrtie Goodrich " "

Ford Goodrich "

Bert Goodrich " "

Edith Goodrich "

Annie E. Narrin " "

Ella C. Narrin Gale "

Chas. E. Gale "

Minnie Goodrich Fostoria, Mich.

HISTOBICAL SKETCH OF MEDINA TOWNSHIP, LENA WEE

COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

BY Q. W. MOORE.

[Bead at the fiftieth anniversary of the settlement of the township, held at Medina village, Wednes-
day, May 28, 1884.]

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen:

It has been customary in all ages of the world to commemorate
important events in history. The landing of our pilgrim fathers and
their prosperity have been commemorated by a day of thanksgiving; the
22d of February is noticed as the birthday of the father of our country;

MEDINA TOWNSHIP. 609

and the 4th of July as the most important political event in the his-
tory of the United States.

It is proper, after fifty years of hardship and toil, that we meet
here under the shades of Oak Grove with our children and grand-
children, to talk over the events of long, long ago.

The first settler in the town of Medina was Nathaniel W. Upton,
born in Peterboro, N. H., the third day of July, 1812. His farm was
the northeast quarter of section four, the farm now owned by John
Monahan. His partner, Dexter Smith, was born at the same place,
January 20, 1813. Smith's farm was in the town of Hudson, the farm
now owned by I. E. Phelps, but the cabin these men occupied was on
Upton's farm in Medina. The county of Lenawee was surveyed by
Joseph Fletcher during 1819, and that portion of the county containing
the towns eight and nine south, one, two, three, four and five east, was
organized April 12, 1827, and called Blissfield. During the winter of
1834 towns eight and nine south, and one, two and three east were
organized and called Fairfield. March 23, 1836, town eight and frac-
tion town nine south one and two east was organized and called Seneca.
The town meeting that year was at the house of Jacob Baker, and
Cook Hotchkiss was chosen justice of the peace and John Knapp com-
missioner of highways. On the llth day of March, 1837, town eight
south range one east was organized and called Medina, and the 20th of
March fraction town nine south was detached from Seneca and attached
to the town of Medina. Town meeting was held that year at the
house of John Dawes, about one hundred rods east of the present town
house. Rollin R. Hill was chosen supervisor and John Dawes town
clerk. We had about fifty voters at this town meeting.

Fifty-one years ago there was not a solitary inhabitant in the valley
of Bean creek, extending from Devil's lake on the north to the Mau-
mee river on the south, a distance of more than fifty miles. This val-
ley, with but few exceptions, was covered with a heavy growth of
timber. Here and there were tracts of a few hundred acres of timbered
openings, and then again there would be a few acres without timber.
Canandaigua was laid out in timbered openings, but there were a few
acres on Main street without timber. Medina was also laid out in
opening land, and there were about fifteen acres extending from the
district school-house to the Lyon farm, and from the Gaskill farm to
the high bank of the creek, that were without timber but covered with
a heavy growth of tall wild grass. There were eight or ten Indian
mounds in the village of Canandaigua and four times that number in the
village of Medina, extending one half mile from the Hotchkiss farm toward

510 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP

the academy. A portion of the Pottawattomie Indians were here when I
came in 1834. They had numerous camping grounds in this vicinity:
On the south shore of Bear lake, on the north shore of Kelly lake, on
section number six in Medina; but the camp where they spent most
of the summer months, was at Squawfield, in the southwest part of
Pittsford, on the St. Jo river. Here the squaws planted their corn
and raised their vegetables. Metaw and Bawbeese claimed to be the
chiefs of this portion of the tribe. When the tribe was removed from
the vicinity of the Mauinee river, in the spring of 1838, to the Indian ter-
ritory, that portion in Bean creek valley refused to go with them, but
were removed in August, 1839, by a detachment of United States
troops who surrounded their camp at Squawfield -in the night, captured
all of them, and removed them to the Indian Territory. Numerous
Indian trails passed through our State in all directions, among which
the principal is the great Washtenaw trail extending from Detroit to
Chicago, nearly where the Chicago road now is. A trail left this near
Saline, passing in a southwest direction, through Macon and Tecumseh,
crossing the Kidder road two miles west of Adrian, thence near the
center of Dover to the township of Medina near the Canandaigua,
thence to where Morenci now stands and from thence to Defiance, Ohio.
Another trail left the great trail at Ypsilanti, passing on the ridge
through Mooreville and Bidgeway, thence near Lenawee Junction and
joined the Defiance trail at Morenci. A thyxl trail left this last-men-
tioned trail four miles southeast of Adrian, passing through Madison
and Seneca to Canandaigua, thence to Lime lake, Squawfield and
Jonesville. A fourth trail leaving the rapids of the Maumee river near
Maumee city, thence passing through Morenci, Medina and Hudson,
and uniting with the last mentioned trail, to Jonesville a little west of
Pittsford station. These were the Indian thoroughfares and from them
branched many lesser trails, all as well known to an Indian as our
roads are to us at the present time.

In the year 1831 a Mr. Bice was employed by the United States
government to cut and mark a road from Maumee to Jonesville. With
one Indian guide and an ox team, he followed the Indian trail to
Morenci, thence to Canandaigua and Medina, crossing to the south
side of Bean creek on the farm now owned by I. E. Phelps, thence
passing into the town of Medina through sections five and six, thence
into the town of Hudson near the late residence of Daniel O'Neal,
crossing the county line into Hillesdale county about one half mile
south of Lowe's mill, thence in a northwesterly direction to Jonesville;

MEDINA TOWNSHIP. 511

parts of this road are now used from Maumee to Morenci and for
for some miles this side of Jonesville.

In the year 1832 the legislative council of the territory established a
road, commencing at Virtula (Toledo), in the town of Port Lawrence,
running on the most eligible route to the forks of the Ottawa river,
thence westerly in towns nine south, on the most eligible route to the
eastern boundary line of the state of Indiana. But little was done on
this road until 1834 and 1835. In the fall of 1834 Benjamin Hornbeck
and Jacob Baker took a contract to build one mile of this road from
Siver creek, near Morenci, west into the town of Medina, including the
bridge across Bean creek. This bridge was built in January, 1835,
and the first bridge across Bean creek, and where Col. Fletcher run the
present state line between Michigan and Ohio. In the summer of 1835
they crossed Bean creek on this bridge. Levi Thompson settled on
section four, in the town of Eollin, on the first days of June, 1833,
and he must have the honor of being the first settler in Bean creek
valley south of Devil's lake. In August, Erastus Aldrich settled on
section nine in Bollin, and in the month of October, Joseph Beal and
his son Porter, settled on section ten in the same town. October 29,
Hiram Kidder came with his family and made a settlement on section
six in Hudson, the first settler in that town. On the ninth of November,
F. H. Hagerman purchased on section thirty-one in Dover, and at the
same date Gersham Bennett purchased on section six in Seneca. A
house was built by Bennett and his family moved there the same
month. In December Charles Ames settled on section twelve, and
and Alpheus Pratt on section thirteen in Pittsford, and Henry Ames on
section eighteen in Hudson. William Beal settled in Bollin in Decem-
ber, 1833, but these I believe to be all the settlers on the first of Jan-
uary, 1834, in Bean creek valley; but in January, Eeuben Davis pur-
chased the west subdivision of the southwest quarter of section eighteen,
in Hudson, and settled upon it. This, I believe, to be the situation of
the settlement in Bean creek valley when I came here on the first day
of May, 1834.

Some tracts of land had been purchased before this date in Medina.
Samuel Jordan purchased the southeast quarter of section one, Sep-
tember 2, 1833. This land was deeded to William Cavender and is a
part of the Daniel Die and Asa Die farms, and the village plat of
Canandaigua. Gersham Bennett purchased the northeast quarter of the
northeast quarter of section one, and the northeast quarter of section thir-
teen in December, 1833. Horace Garlick purchased on section twenty-five,
March 10, and Cook Hotchkiss and John Knapp on section two, April

512 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF

eighth; but no settlement had been made in Medina before May 28, 1834.
I came with the party who made the first settlement of the town of
Medina. Our party consisted of N. W. Upton, Dexter Smith, Luke Pierce
and myself, and my uncle, William Moore, as a guide. We left Dean's
tavern in Adrian on the morning of May 21. We had an axe, a rifle
and three day's provisions. We camped that night on the northwest
corner of section fourteen in the town of Seneca, and the next day
reached the house of Gersham Bennett, and the third day, with F. H.
Hagerman as a guide, we looked over land on section three and four in
Medina, and on section thirty-three in Hudson. The land suited us and we
started for the land office at Monroe. Before night we reached Adrian,
and on our way we found a man by the name of Cory who, we were
satisfied, wanted a part of the land we had selected. We decided at
once to go on to Monroe that night, and Smith and myself left Adrian
about dark, in the midst of a severe rain storm, and reached Blissfield
about one o'clock next morning. We rested until daylight and reached
Monroe about one o'clock p. m., and entered our land — having traveled
sixty miles on foot in twenty-four hours. Cory arrived next morning
and entered land on section thirty -four in Hudson. Pierce purchased a
farm in the town of Franklin.

I returned to New Hampshire, and Upton and Smith returned to
the land they had purchased, and commenced the first settlement in
the town of Medina on the 28th day of May, 1834, on the farm now
owned by John Monahan. They built a log cabin twelve feet square
of the rudest construction; it was covered with elm bark, and for a
bedstead they placed two poles on one side of the cabin, when the
logs were rolled up about three feet apart and wound withes around
these poles, and on the withes they placed elm bark. This rudely con-
structed bedstead served as a bed at night and a table at meal time.
The first night after these young men occupied their new home, their
fire went out and they were obliged to go three miles to Mr. Bennett's
in the northwest corner of the town of Seneca for fire. We must'
remember that the first settlers of Bean creek valley brought with
them the flint, the steel and the tinder box. The friction match was
not invented until 1833, and was not in general use for two years after.
It was called a lucifer match, and sold at first, three matches for
a penny. Upton and Smith were only two weeks without neighbors.

On the third of June William Walworth purchased the water-power
where the Canandaigua mills now are, and on the sixth of June John
B. Foster purchased the northeast quarter of section three, and about
this time Hotchkiss and Knapp returned to their purchase on the

MEDINA TOWNSHIP. 513

northeast quarter of section two. Walworth, Foster and Knapp built
each a house during the first part of June and moved their families
here. Foster brought his family as far as Bennett's when he came, and
Mrs. Foster must have the honor of being the first white woman in
town.

The house built by Foster stood near the northeast corner of section
three, where Mr. Manning now lives. Knapp's house stood a little
south of where Mr Allen's house now stands in the village of Medina;
and Walworth's house stood on a rise of ground about fifteen rods
southeast of the brickyard in Canandaigua. William Cavender settled
upon his farm in October, 1834, the Asa Die farm and the Daniel Die
farm in Canandaigua. October 5, Charles Prisby and Samuel Fincher
purchased the north one-half of the northwest quarter of section two,
and Presby built a house near the present residence of Phillip Bice in
this village, and in 1836 Fincher built a house near the present res-
idence of Mr. Cleaves. Cook Hotchkiss left his family in Adrian, and
during the summer he built a house and about the first of January,
1835, moved his family here.

The Hotchkiss barn is where his son, Dea. Oliver Hotchkiss, now
lives. Horatio N. Wilson built a log house on section twenty-five in
November, 1834, and kept bachelor's hall during the winter of 1835,
These I believe, to be all the residents of Medina, on the first of Jan-
uary, 1835. Dennis Wakefield, Horace Garlick and Benjamin Hornbeck
had purchased land in this town and perhaps had made some improve-
ments upon their lands, but they lived at this time in the town of
Seneca, or in town eight south, range two east. Towns eight south,
one, two and three east, were then called Fairfield.

In the month of March, Samuel Gregg built a log house on Cav-
ender's purchase, and moved his family here and commenced keeping
tavern, April 16. Gregg's house stood upon the site of the present
public bouse in the village of Canandaigua. This house was headquar-
ters for land-lookers in the north part of Medina, the south part of
Hudson and the town of Wright. F. H. Hagaman, Orrin and Calvin
Pixley, and Burnes Cavender were always ready to show these men
government land at two dollars per day. Simon D. Wilson was always
ready to show men good land if the men were of the right stamp. If
the men were Methodists he could always locate them near him, but
if they were Presbyterians or Congregationalists he would go with them
over into the center of Medina; if they were Baptists he would send
them to Hagaman, but if they were not professors of religion and
used profane language, he would send them down to Jacob Baker who,
65

514 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP

with Horace Garlick and Arnold Coomer as guides, could always find
these men government lands.

My acquaintance with Uncle Simon Wilson, commenced in the land
office at Monroe, about May 14, 1834. Our party were then drawing a
plat of town eight south, ranges one and two east. Mr. "Wilson came
in and entered the farm upon which he now lives, and the farm
owned for almost fifty years by Elias Baldwin. We very naturally
made inquiries in relation to Bean creek country. None of our party
were professors of religion at that time, but we neither chewed tobacco,
drank whisky or used profane language, and Uncle Simon did not know
what to think of us, but thought best to have nothing to do with us,
and we could not get a word out of him. Mr. Wilson has repented of
this act and has apologized to me many times. Said he thonght we
were speculators, and if he had known more of us, he would have set-
tled us right down among the Methodists.

The settlement of 1834 had large additions in 1835; in fact most of
the land in the town was purchased during the summer of 1835. Many
of the settlers came with their families and made immediate settlement.
Among them were Noah R. Green, Lewis Shepardson, John Powers,
William E. Warner, Thomas Williams, Samuel Williams, James
McCrillis, Levi Salsbury, Lysander Johnson, Charles Baldwin, Tyler
Mitchell, Benjamin Rogers, Levi B. Wilder, Benjamin Hornbeck, and
many others. Dr. I. S. Hamilton, the first physician in town, settled
in Canandaigua in October, this year. A larger number settled in 1836,
among whom were Amasa P. Converse, Benjamin Converse, Asa Farley,
R. B. Hill, John Dawes, Newton Dawes, Charles and Naham Stone,
Alonzo S. Hume, Abner Rogers, James Bogers, Orville Woodworth,
Geo. W. Moore, Benjamin Holmes, Eli Upton.

In sections five and six there was a colony came, among whom were
James Campbell, Andrew and Patrick McFarlain, James Burns, Pat-
rick McKenney and Patrick Trainer, and a few years later James
Gahagan, Thomas and Samuel Fitzpatrick, Thomas and Nicholas
McCullin, Michael McFarlain and John Monahan. Of those who came
in 1836, Patrick McKenney, the last of their number died a few
weeks ago. Of those who came later, Samuel Fitzpatrick and Thomas
McCullin are the only ones living. All of these were born in Ireland;
some of them had lived in New York some years, and their children
were born there. They were an industrious, prudent set of inhabitants.
They came with but little property, but left their children and grand-
children with good farms and all the comforts of life about them. They
were full of the genuine Irish wit and never spoiled a good story for

MEDINA TOWNSHIP. 515

relation sake; and if I am not mistaken these American born Irishmen
inherit much of the wit of their fathers. They did not adopt the new
fangled custom of raising a family of one or two children, but followed
the example of our fathers by having families of from ten to twelve.
Ezekel Gallup settled on section eigeteen, in 1837. His family con-
sisted of six sons and three daughters. He was a native of Vermont,
but first settled in Canada, where all his children were born. They
were a good industrious set of inhabitants, but the sons were known
forty years ago as the jolliest, nosiest set of beings that were ever in
Medina. No logging bee or raising for miles was complete without
from three to six of the Gallups. They would allow no one to do
more work than they did, or make more noise.

The commencement of 1836 found us with few roads, no bridges,
no postoffice, no saw or grist mill. We had one public house built in
the fall of 1835 for a school house and church, twenty feet square.
The house was of logs, the floor of split basswood, the roof of
shakes and a stick and clay chimney. The seats were of split basswood
logs, with legs inserted in two-inch auger holes. Two windows, and a
few boards obtained at Adrian for benches and door, completed the
house. In this house the first school was kept by Dr. I. S. Hamilton,
in the winter of 1835-36. The first church was organized in this house,
January 29, 1836. It was styled the First Baptist church of Canandai-
gua. The place of meeting was afterwards changed to Medina, and the
name changed to the first Baptist church of Medina. During the sum-
mer of 1836, meetings were held in William Cavender's barn which
was built during the spring of 1836, the first barn built in Medina. The
first sermon preached in town was preached by Rev. William Woolcot,
September, 1835, and the same month a Presbyterian minister, Rev.
David Smith, came here from Maumee as a Missionary. He was sent
here and supported by the Presbytery of western New York. He moved
his family here a few months after and lived in a log house on the
farm of Simon D. Wilson, in the town of Seneca, and preached in
private houses in Seneca and Medina. He moved to Illinois in the
spring of 1837. The first settled minister in town was Rev. Edward
Hodge, a Baptist, who commenced preaching June 25, 1836. He received
for his services $200 a year. The first Congregational church organized
March 7, 1837; the first minister, Rev. Paul Shepard. He also received
$200 a year. Rev. Lorenzo Davis was the first Methodist minister upon
the circuit. He commenced preaching in September, 1836, in the
first log house built by John R. Foster on the northeast corner of
section three.

516 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP

Rev. Lauren Hotchkiss was among the early settlers of Lenawee
county, having moved to Adrian in 1831 or 1832; moved to Medina in
the summer of 1837; was the first representative in our legislature from
Bean creek country in 1838; was ordained during the summer of 1839,
and was pastor of the Baptist church for many years and did not
receive more than $125 a year. He built the saw mill at Tiffin in
1840, and fourteen years after added the grist mill. He was one of
our most enterprising citizens, and alive to every good work. Rev.
Win. E. Warner settled on the northwest quarter of section four, town
eight, in October, 1835. He came from Orleans county, New York,
where he had been a minister in the M. E. church for many years,
and I hazzard nothing in saying that he was the most gifted minister
and the most extensively known, of any minister in Bean creek valley
forty years ago. He could talk upon any subject at any time or place,
and interest old and young alike. He usually went to his appoint-
ments with his wife, in a wagon drawn by a yoke of oxen, — the same
oxen that moved his family from New York. He was a decided aboli-
tionist, but did not live to see slavery wiped out. He died in 1864,
but he had full faith that when the rebellion was crushed slavery would
die with it. Rev. George Barnum, now of Wauseon, Ohio, was settled
over the first Congregational church nine years. After the second Con-
gregational church was organized in Canandaigua in 1859, the first
church was changed to a Presbyterian church, and a few years later
became extinct; the building was taken down and moved to Prattville^
Hillsdale county, and is now used as a Congregational church. Dr.
I. S. Hamilton came to Canandaigua in October, 1835. He removed to
Adrian about 1844, and from there to Tecumseh, where he now resides.
Dr. Kibber came in 1838 and removed to Coldwater in 1853. Dr.
Chappell came first in 1844, and is still here. The first saw mill was
built in the winter of 1835-36, at Canandaigua. William Cavender
purchased the water-power in Canandaigua of William E. Walworth in
1835, and sold to Laban Merrick, who put up the mill and commenced
sawing April 12, 1836. The second mill was built at Medina during
the winter of 1837, and commenced sawing in April, 1837. The first
mill for grinding grain was built by William E. Walworth on Lime
creek, on, section twenty-one, during the spring of 1836. It was a
small patent mill and used only for grinding coarse grain. Mr. Wal-
worth died in August following, and his mill was but little used. The
first flouring mill was built during the summer of 1837. The old mill
is a part of the present mill in this village. They commenced grind-
ing on Thanksgiving day, in November, 1837. The first frame house

MEDINA TOWNSHIP. 517

was built during the summer of 1836, by Dr. I. S. Hamilton, in Canan-
daigua; this house was purchased by Prisbey and Cassius Warner and
moved to Medina. They were obliged to cut a road two miles through
the woods to move the house. Two plank houses were built during
this year in town, one by Horace Garlick, and one by Asa Farley
Win. Cavender built the first frame barn in town, in 1836.

The first child born in town, was Charles A. Prisbey, son of Charles
Prisbey, born July 14, 1835. He died at Murfresborough, Tennessee,
June 27, 1863, a member of the 24th Wisconsin Infantry. The mother
of this child is now the wife of William Pierce and lives in the town
of Madison in this county, is here today. The second child was Orrin,
son of N. K. Green, born November 14, 1835, is living in town, and is one
of the committee of arrangements of this celebration. The third child
born was Maria Shepherdson, daughter of Lewis Shepherdson, born
February 18, 1836, now living in the State of Ohio.

Our county atlas says that Henry C. Foster was the first child born,
but I must differ with the atlas; he was born August 10, 1836, and
died of wounds received at Athens, Alabama, September 24, 1864, a
member of the 18th Michigan Infantry.

The first death in town was Lauren Knapp, son of John Knapp, died
April 7, 1836, and was buried near a small mound a little north of
where Chauncey Mann's shop now stands in this village. His remains
were afterwards taken up and buried in the cemetery in this village.
The second death was a daughter of Rev. William E. Warner, died in
June, 1836, and was buried on a sandy knob about fifteen rods from
the northwest corner of section four. This grave was enclosed in a
pen of rails for about forty years, but is now in a plowed field and its
location is unknown. The third death was William E. Walworth. died
in August, 1836, and was buried on the banks of Lime creek, on
section twenty-one. The location of this grave is now unknown.

It has been supposed, for the last forty years, that John D. Sutton
and Abigail Knapp were the first couple married in the township of
Medina, but late investigations prove that Horatio N. Wilson and
Phoebe K. Wakefield were married in the town of Fairfield, November
25, 1835, at the house of Dennis Wakefield, town nine south, range
one east, by Eev. David Smith. Mr. and Mrs. Sutton were married
September 18, 1836, in the town of Seneca. Both of these marriages
were within the present limits of the town of Medina.

The first postoffice was established in June, 1837, Artemus Allen,
postmaster. In the spring of 1850, this office was removed to Can-

618 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF

andaigua, and in 1851 a new postoffice was established, with Ebenezer
Daniels, postmaster.

The first shoemaker in the town, was Yankee Robinson. He occupied
the northwest corner of Deacon Hotchkiss' kitchen for about one year.
This room also contained from one to three families; it was also the
place of meeting for the Baptist church for about one year, and the
only justice office in town during 1836.

The first merchant was a Mr. Salisbury. He built a small log store
in Canandaigua in 1835, and sold goods there for one year. Mr. Green
built a frame store in Canandaigua in 1836, the store that was burned
twenty-five years ago. The most extensive store we have ever had in
town was that of Allen, Daniels & Grant. They shipped their goods to
Maumee City in the fall of 1836, and brought them over the old Bice
road to Medina with teams. They continued in business here for
fifteen years and were very successful. In 1841 or 18 12, Franklin Smith
built a distillery at Canandaigua, and for many years manufactured, it
is said, a very poor article of corn whisky. We also had, at that
time, five public houses in town; all of them sold intoxicating drinks
and were actively engaged in manufacturing drunkards. Now we have
a lodge of Good Templars and not a place in town where intoxicating
liquors can be bought or sold.

The first blacksmith in town was Cook Hotchkiss; he was also one
of the first deacons in the Baptist church, the first justice of the peace
in town, and the first superintendent of Sabbath school. Dr. I. S.
Hamilton delivered the first temperance lecture in town, on the fourth
of July, 1836. Miss Caroline Demot introduced the first piano in town
in 1839. The first bricks were made in town on the farm of Charles
Prisbey, a little north of Mr. Gust's house, in this village, by Amos
Knapp and C. P. Warner, in the fall of 1835.

I have in my possession the names of about fifty persons who pur-
chased land in town, and most of them settled upon their land in
1834-5-6, but I find but five individuals who now live upon the
land they purchased from the U. S. government: John L. Hall, Geo. W.
Moore, Amasa P. Converse, Levi B. Wilder and Justus Cooley, all
these, I believe, have the signature of Andrew Jackson on their deeds.
I have now detained you too long. Pioneers of Medina! fifty years ago
seems but yesterday to me, when I was tracing the surveyor's lines
through this wilderness country. But when I take the path of life
and follow it through all its windings, it is a long road. Our compan-
ions and children have fallen by the way and are numbered among the
dead. Our friends and our neighbors are gone, and when our children

MEDINA TOWNSHIP. 519

and our grandchildren shall meet here on the 28th day of May, 1934,
to celebrate the one hundredth anniversary of the settlement of
Medina, not one of us who have borne the heat ancl burden of the
day will be here. May we so live that as we advance in life the
bright future may brighten before us.

FIRST LAND ENTRIES.

Township 8 south, 1 east.
I

LAND ENTERED IN 1833. William Walworth, June 3.

Samuel Jordan for Wm. Cavender, John R. Foster June 6.

Sec. 1 September 2. Dennis Wakefield, Oct. 6, Aug. 24-29.

Gersham Bennett, Nov. 9. Chester Savage, Aug. 4.

LAND ENTERED IN 1834. Hiram Lucas, Oct. 3.

Horace Garlick, March 10. Benjamin Rogers, Sept. 24.

Andrew McFarland, March 10. Samuel Chambers, Dec. 30.

Joseph Hagaman, May 27. Justus Coy, Oct. 11.

Cook Hotchkiss and John Knapp, Amos S. Knapp, Nov. 3.

April 8.

Township 9 south, 1 east — 1834.

Dennis Wakefield, Aug. 29. Justus Cooley, Nov. 1.

Horatio Wilson, Aug. 29. Hiram Farwell, Oct. 25.

Orville Woodworth, Sept. 3. Charles Prisbey, Oct. 4.

Levi Goss, Sept. 3 and 4. Samuel Fincher, Oct. 5.

Township 8 south, 1 east — 1835.

B. C. Durfee, May 25. James A. Rogers, May 1.
Paul Raymond, July 10. Wm. Walworth, May 22.

C. W. Bradish, June 23. A. P. Converse, May 16.
J. D. Sutton and Levi Salsbury, James S. Dawes, Sept. 26.

May 29. Rollin R. Hill, May 7.

Joseph Hagaman, Feb. 10. Lewis Shepherdson, May 15.

John L. Hall, May 20. Noah K. Green, June 1.

Simon D. Wilson, June 2. Alexander Seely, Oct. 6.

John Powers, May 21. George W. Brower, Dec. 3.

Cornelius DeMott, Oct. 13. Justus Cooley, Oct. 20.

Township 9 south, 1 east — 1835.

Dennis Wakefield, Aug. 29. Christopher Bush, Jan. 15.

Levi B. Wilder, March 13. Jacob TenEyck, Jan. 19.

Levi Goss, July 11. Joseph W. Turner, June 8.

E. Barnes, July 7. Adam S. Sobering, Jan. 9.

520 HISTORICAL POEM.

OLDEST DEEDS.

George W. Moore, May 24, 1834. John L. Hall, May 20, 1835.
Justus Cooley, Nov. 1, 1834. Levi B. Wilder, March 13, 1835.

Amasa P. Converse, May 16, 1835.

HISTORICAL POEM.

BY N. C. LOWE.

[Bead at the fiftieth anniversary of the settlement of the to'wnship of Medina, Lenawee county,
held at Medina village. May 28, 1834.]

Tick, tick, tick, the minutes fly away,

And tick, tick, tick, the hours form the day,

While tick, tick, tick, the months come rolling on,

'Till tick, tick, tick, a year has come and gone.

'Tis thus that time, with stately tread,

Moves onward; until now, 'tis said,

That spring, with tearful eye, yet smiling face,

Has come; and from stern winter's cold embrace,

With warming sun and gentle shower,

Has rescued shrub and plant and flower;

Has spread her carpet soft and bright

Beneath our feet; and on our left, and on our right,

Has clothed the trees with garments rare;

While feathered songsters fill the air

With music sweet, from morn 'till night,

That fills each heart with glad delight.

The crystal stream with joyous notes,

Sings ever as it onward floats

In shady wood, or meadows green;

Or laughing, as when first 'tis seen,

A reckless youth, a headstrong thing,

To leave its home, the hillside spring,

And onward dash o'er rocky steep

'Till lost in ocean's mighty deep.

Then summer comes with fruits and flowers,

HISTORICAL POEM. 521

With trailing vines and shady bowers,
With waving fields of golden grain,
Inviting toil with might and main,
While oft beneath the shade is seen
The lowing herd, beside the stream.
All nature warms to active life,
And man springs forward in the strife,
For summer days not long will last,
The reaping time will soon be past.
Now autumn comes, with chilling shower,
With biting frosts and withered flower,
With sighing winds and leafless trees,
With scattering leaves before the breeze,
With ripened fruits, with golden grain,
While joyous hearts, with glad acclaim,
Sing praises to His holy name
Whose loving providence the same
Is seen with each returning year
To scatter blessings far and near.
Stern winter with his icy hand
Comes blustering on through all the land,
And covers with his blanket white
The beauteous earth from out our sight.
His freezing touch, his chilling breath,
Betokens naught but nature's death.
Yet, buried though the form may be
By winter's snow or frozen sea,
Still, sure as seasons come and go,
As sure as falls the winter's snow,
So sure will come again the hour
When winter's chains will lose their power,
And brooks and birds will join to say,
"The earth is ours, flee thou away."
'Tis thus the years have come and gone,
Until their number reaches on
To fifty springs with bleating herds,
To fifty summers' singing birds,
To fifty autumns' garnered grains,
To fifty winters' frozen chains,
Since first this goodly town of ours,
Where sang the birds in native bowers,
66

622 HISTORICAL POEM.

Or stalked the wolf, or crept the bear,

Or bound the deer, or leaped the hare,

Was sought by white man for his home.

The red man, only, then had come.

In fifty years how changed the scene,

As witnessed by the beauteous Bean,

Whose verdant banks and waters bright

Are lying just beyond our sight.

Then, forests grand stretched all around

Where now the waving grain is found.

Then, giant oaks reared high their heads

Toward heaven; the church tower now instead.

The wigwam theu% on every hand,

Now, cultured homes o'er all the land;

Then, Indian's war-whoop filled the air;

Now, joyous shouts from childhood fair;

Then, hooting owl or eagle's cry;

Now, engines shriek as swift they fly;

Then, woodmen spared not shrub or tree

Where now the mellow fruit we see,

In memory's well filled journal

Are the records of these years

As they came from the Eternal,

So full of hopes and fears,

Which we've kept as precious treasures

To be used with tend e rest care;

Now they bring us purest pleasures,

Which together we will share.

And today with song and gladness,

Let us backward turn the leaves,

And forgetting gloom and sadness

We will look for golden sheaves.

As we glance along the pages

Where our friendships first began,

This thought our mind engages:

That through all our actions ran

Good will and kindly feeling

Toward each, and for all others;

And with fair and honest dealing

All were treated as if brothers;

And in every line there written

HISTORICAL POEM.. 523

Glowed the love of earnest hearts,

Which through years of separation

Bring us nearer, not apart.

To some, life's early morning

With its fresh and fragrant air,

And its golden sun bright dawning,

Spreading glory everywhere,

Was full of hope and promise

For the journey just begun,

And no tinge of gloom or sadness,

Was in the songs they sung.

But with hearts as light and gay

As the songsters in the wood,

They would onward speed their way,

Ever doing what they could.

To some, the morn had older grown,

And the sun had risen higher,

And many of its golden rays had flown,

Like smoke before the fire.

Yet still, with eager hearts they press,

And onward, toiling, pray,

And battled well mankind to bless

Before the close of day.

Nor was their labor spent in vain,

Or vain the prayers they gave

To Him who knows our feeble frame,

And who delights to save.

To others still the morning bright

With all its beauty golden,

Had vanished, save to memory's sight,

And all its scenes were olden;

To them the burning heat of noon

Fell full upon the way,

And o'er the summit, all too soon

Their early pathway lay.

Yet still their hearts were brave and true,

And hope was burning bright,

As onward they the way pursue,

Which ends in earthly night.

Thus met we, when our song begun

Some fifty years ago:

524 HISTORICAL POEM.

A joyous band, some old, some young,
Just Fifty Years Ago!
FIFTY YEAES! "What shall I say
Of those who came that early day
To build the home, to till the land,
That noble, generous-hearted band!
They came from out the Empire State,
With rivers broad, and valleys great;
They came from old New England's soil,
Inured to hardship and to toil;
They came from out the granite hills,
They came from factory and mills;
They came from valleys rich and fair,
They came from cultured homes, to bear
The hardships of those early times,
In this the new, the western clime.
They came from honest folk, and true,
They came from old homes to the new;
They came, the Aliens, Daniels, Browns,
The Lyons, Converses, Hotchkiss, Drowns;
The Stones, the Browers, Hawleys, Dawes;
The Gallups, Hopkins, Ingalls, Shaws;
The Humes, the Osborns, Parleys, Hills;
The Halls, the Greens, the Wilsons, Mills;
The Bennetts, Trumbulls, Perrys, Baldwins;
Hamlin, Shepherdson and Spaulding;
Negus, Jewell, Farnsworth, Crane;
Wirtz, Wilbur, Hamilton and Blain;
Lowe, Worcester, Sutherland and Hale;
Warner, Stockwell, Christopher and Vail;
Harrington, Higby, Moore and Cramer;
Hume, Wiley, Morse and Hanger;
Upton, Wilder, Downer, Willett;
Cooper, Shepherd, Sweeney, Millett;
Coats, Baker, Goss and Blake;
With Bailey, Sutton, Eice and Drake;
All these and many others came,
Which time forbids me here -to name;
These came as many since have come,
To build themselves the future home.
The hardships of those early years,

HISTORICAL, POEM. 526

The hopes, the joys, the struggles, fears,
I cannot, may not, would not tell,
We all remember them too well.
Yet, not in vain has been their life,
Or vain their toil, or vain their strife,
To steer aright till life is o'er,
And make the port — the other shore.
Sometimes the waves have risen high,
And threatening storms have filled the sky,
While hidden bars of treacherous sand,
Or stealthy rocks on every hand
Have filled their way with dangers dire
As seared leaves before the fire.
Yet, still their courage never fails,
With steady hands they furled the sails,
With trusting hearts, the hatchways close,
The while their prayers to God arose
That he would watch, and keep, and guide
Their bark in safety through the tide.
Though sometimes fierce has been the gale,
And rough the waters where they sail;
Yet, most of life, with gentle breeze,
Has sweetly passed on placid seas.
Through all the way which they have been
Their generous hearts are ever seen;
Their open hands for other's good
Have oft provided daily food.
When in these years of early morn,
Where forests waved in place of corn,
They came, with honest hearts and true,
The wrong to shun, the right pursue;
They tried, as best they could to say
"Thy will be done," from day to day.
Thus recognizing on the start,
The God, who claims from every heart,
From rich and poor, from proud and plain,
The homage due His holy name.
These early homes, with humble fare,
Received their first and choicest care;
And oft did midnight's burning oil
Find busy hands in earnest toil

626 HISTORICAL POEM.

For children dear — for girls and boys

Who filled their homes with purest joys;

And, for their good in various ways

They spent their years, their months, their days.

They tilled the farm with rudest tool,

They worked, as well, for church and school,

And thus, in every way they could,

They labored for their children's good.

Then here today, with joy we come,

Bpck to the old Medina home,

Where cluster memories pure and sweet,

That fill our hearts with joy complete;

To look again on fields more green

Than any which we e'er have seen

Since first our feet began to roam,

Away from old Medina home,

And walk in paths we oft have trod

With loved ones, now at home with God.

And stray again beside the stream

Where oft we wander, when we dream

Of home with all its scenes so bright,

Which fill our hearts with glad delight;

And look once more in faces dear,

Made doubly so, as year by year

With busy hand the artist time

Has deepened here and there a line,

And added some with careful trace

Along the brow and on the face,

While locks, once brown, or dark as night,

Are threaded now with silvery white;

And into eyes that once were bright

As stars that shine from out the night.

We look again with joy untold,

And see the heart that ne'er grows old.

But not as then, we meet today,

Oar hearts are young, our forms decay,

And change is seen on every hand,

In all our homes o'er all the laud.

Now here, now there, a vacant chair

Tells of the anguish and despair

Of hearts that then were bright and gay,

HISTORICAL POEM. 527

And full of sunshine all the day.

But now, are sad, and weeping sore

Because their loved ones are no more.

Not so to all, these changes come,

For God has spared full many a home

To whom death's angel has not spoken,

But left their circle still unbroken.

And yet, to all some changes come,

And joy as well, to all our homes.

The music sweet of chilhood's glee,

The croaking cherub oa the knee,

The mother's pet, the father's joy;

The laughing girl, the happy boy,

All tell of homes that God has blest

With peace, and joy, with hope and rest;

Then, while we wait along the way

To greet our friends this festal day,

We'll live again the happy hours

Of early life, among the flowers,

Of hope's bright dreams, which blossomed bright

Along the path of truth and right;

And talk of life as seen by each,

Its flowery paths, its rocky steeps,

Its noonday sun with scorching ray,

Its cooling streams along the way,

Its thorny paths, its mountain heights,

Its hopes, its fears, its joys, delights;

Its valleys green, its deserts bare,

Its music sweet, its flowers fair,

Its smiles, its frowns, its joys, its tears,

Its weary hours, its joyous years;

Its hopes most cherished, friends most dear

Which buried lie; its falling tears,

Its aching hearts, its heaving sighs,

Its clouded brows, its tearful eyes;

All these, and more, before we part,

Are on our tongue or in our heart.

'Tis thus we come this gladsome day,

Our hearts are sad, our hearts are gay,

And bitter tears fill many an eye,

While laugh and song, ring loud and high ;

628 SEMI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION AT

And ever thus this life will be,

The sunshine and the cloud we'll see,

The light and shadow go and come,

Until we reach that better home.

Then tick, tick, tick, the minutes fly away,

And tick, tick, tick, the hours form the day,

While tick, tick, tick, the months go rolling on,

Till tick, tick, tick, and fifty years are gone.

SEMI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION AT DEEEFIELD,
LENAWEE COUNTY, AUG. 25, 1876.

ADDEESS BY L. OEMSBY.

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen:

We congratulate you today that under the blessings of a beneficent
providence we have gathered here in this pleasant grove of native
forest trees where we can clasp the friendly hand of those we knew in
earlier days, and recall to our memories many of those incidents of
early pioneer life with its joys, and its sorrows, its sunhine and its
shadows, as we who have passed life's meridian like so well to do.

But a few years in the past and this was one vast wilderness, and
under the shadow of these branches have roamed the wild beasts of
the desert, unmolested, except parhapa by the stealthy tread of the red
man with his bow and arrow, in the pursuit of his game.

But today, as we pass along this same country, we behold your pros-
perous cities and villages, your church spires and your school houses,
your barns filled with grain and hay, your fields still burdened with
the growing crops, your orchards and vines loaded with the ripening
fruit, and as we pass by your dwellings, whether the stately mansion or
the humble cottage and find them surrounded with beautiful flowers,
with trailing vines and shrubbery, all telling of industry, prosperity
and refinement, we are ready to exclaim in the language of the great
poet of Israel (changing only the future for the present), you have
truly made the wilderness to become a fruitful field, and the desert to
blossom as the rose.

DEERFIELD, LENA WEE COUNTY. 529

Mr. President, I shall ask your indulgence, if, in the few moments
allotted me, I shall deviate from the usual custom on occasions like
this, and give you a few scattering fragments of pre-historic times, of
the early history of this State, of this county, and of this township,
closing with a few way remarks, showing the march of human progress
in the last half century.

We find scattered over this lower peninsula evidences that this
country, sometime in the great past, has been peopled by a race of
human beings, and that they were far in advance of the American
Indians in civilization.

These evidences consist of ancient mounds, forts and the remains of
ancient gardens, which are found in all parts of this State, and espec-
ially along on the banks of large rivers; they frequently contain human
bones, brass and iron, and sometimes brazen vessels; their great antiq-
uity is established by the growth upon them of huge trees, which are
at least five hundred years old.

The forts are not so numerous, and are found principally along our
large rivers, but occur occasionally in all parts of the State; some of
these are built in a semi-circular shape, others elliptical, while many
are square, and still others are rectangular, and some are irregular; to
be sure they are crude when compared to modern forts, but still they
show some of the principles of the modern engineer.

The ancient garden beds are generally found in the rich prairies and
oak openings of the southern part of the State; some of these are said
to be still in a good state of preservation; one of these I will describe:
It is found a short distance from the village of Three Rivers, in St.
Joseph county; it is one hundred and sixty rods in length, and more
than one hundred rods in width, and contains more than one hundred
acres of land, all regularly laid out in beds running north and south,
in the form of parallelograms, five feet wide, one hundred feet long,
and eighteen inches deep, with alleys between them one and a half feet
wide, and one and a half feet deep; at the extremity of each of these
is a semi-circular bed of the same depth, and a diameter corresponding
to the width of the beds, and these beds are, or were but a few years
ago, as distinctly discernible as if but recently made. It has been
estimated that this one garden, with the systematic regularity and order
in which it was laid out, without modern improved implements of gar-
dening, must have required the labor of several hundred men. We
have also evidences that this ancient people worked the iron and cop-
per mines of the Northern Peninsula. A few years ago a mining com-
pany found, eighteen feet below the surface of the ground a mass of
67

530 SEMI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION AT

native copper, ten feet long three feet wide, and two feet thick, resting
on timbers of oak and blocked by other timbers, still beneath these.
These ancient miners after having cleft this enormous mass of ore
from its native bed, for some cause, abandoned their work before its
completion. Mining tools, such as drills, hammers and stone wedges
and sledge hammers were also found, one weighing twenty-four pounds.

Only two years ago, Mr. Davis, in the interest of a Detroit mining
company., while exploring in the Lake Superior region, discovered an
old copper mine that had been worked for twelve miles, in a nearly
straight line, and also found a piece of copper ore weighing three tons
with the tool marks of the miners plainly visible thereon.

The great antiquity of these mining operations, like the ancient
gardens, mounds and forts of. the southern peninsula, are also established
by the growth of old forest trees there, and from the fact that the
native Indian knew nothing of their existence, until his attention was
called to them by the white man.

Nor are these monuments of antiquity confined to our own State.
But they are found all over this vast country, from the Atlantic to
the Pacific ocean, and from Lake Superior to South America. In the
single state of Ohio, the monuments of antiquity number over nine
hundred, and some of them are truly wonderful in the great skill and
ingenuity in their construction and the enormous amount of labor required
for their completion.

From the mounds, we learn that they were very numerous, and must
have been counted by millions; that they were a people accustomed to
labor, is shown by the Herculean labors required to build those
mounds and work those mines. That they were an agricultural people,
is proved by those wonderful gardens, and from the fact that so
numerous a people could never have performed such an amount of
labor without receiving their substance mainly from the soil.

These ancient forts indicate to us that there were more nations or
tribes than one, as they were evidently built for defense.

These antiquities all indicate that this strange people possessed, in some
degree, the elements of civilization.

An old fragment of Mexican history that the Spaniards failed to
destroy after the conquest of Mexico, says that about the seventh
century of the Christian era, there emigrated to that country from the
north, a race of people from the land of Tulian, and that they brought
with them to the valley of Mexico the first elements of civilization.
They were a people of mild, industrious and enterprising habits. They
cultivated the soil, introduced the maize and cotton, made roads,

DEERFIELD, LENA WEE COUNTY. 531

erected monuments of collossal dimensions, built temples and cities.
They could polish the hardest granite rock, make pottery and weave
various fabrics in cloth. They understood something of astronomy,
knew the causes of the eclipses. They constructed sun dials, they
devised a simple system of notation, and measured time by the solar
year of eighteen months, twenty days each, adding five days to make
up the three hundred sixty-five days, and adding the fractional hours,
making twelve and one-half days every fifty-two years, which varies but
a small fraction from our own computation.

Their religion was of a mild and peaceful character, their laws mild
-and humane. Here they lived and prospered till the beginning of
the thirteenth century, when they were overrun by another more bar-
barous nation, and subdued. Evidences of the great antiquity of the
early inhabitants of this country are numerous. I have seen an old
well fourteen feet deep, and walled up with stone laid in mortar, and
the mortar hardened like cement, and the top of this well was twenty-
four feet below the level of the ground. It was not in a valley but
on a rolling prairie.

I have also seen and handled a copper kettle taken from a coal bed
twelve feet below the surface of the ground, at Buffalo Rock, near
Ottawa, 111., a small piece of which I now have in my possession,
and thousands of similar relics are found all through the land. And
though we may never know the exact period in the great cycle of time
when this strange people existed, yet there is some evidence that at
some period in the past their feet have trod this soil and their hands
cultivated these fields, and that they possessed many of the arts of
civilization. Of the American Indians, we have only to say they were
very numerous when this continent was first discovered by the
Europeans. They were indolent in their habits, in their character,
they were kind and generous to their friends, cruel and treacherous to
their enemies; and today the nation mourns the loss of some of her
bravest sons that have fallen by their ruthless hands, and yet they
were defending the homes of their wives and children. But they are
fast receding before the march of human progress and civilization, like
dew before the morning sun, and in a few brief years they too will be
num'bered only in the past.

The territory of Michigan was discovered and partially explored as
early as the year 1610, a full decade before the landing of the Pilgrim
Fathers at Plymouth Bock. In 1641, a number of pioneer missionaries
paddled a bark canoe from the St. Lawrence river, Canada, up through
Ottawa river, thence crossing over Lake Nipissing, thence down the

532 SEMI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION AT

French river to the Georgian Bay, passing the islands of Lake Huron
to the falls of St. Mary, and established the first mission in the terri-
tory, now State of Michigan. The first settlement was made at Detroit,
in 1701, by Antoine DeLamotte Cadillac and others. The first fort
was built at Detroit, in the same year. In 1763 this territory, with
the Canadian provinces, was ceded by France to England, and in 1783
this territory was ceded by England to the United States. The terri-
tory of Michigan was first organized in 1805, and Wm. Hull was its
first governor. On the 12th day of July, 1812, this territory was sur-
rendered by Gen. Hull to the British troops under Gen. Brock. On
the 10th day of September, 1813, Commodore Perry won his great
victory over the British fleet on Lake Erie, and on the 5th of October
following, Gen. Harrison won his great victory over the combined
forces of British and Indians, at the battle of the Thames, and soon
after Detroit was surrendered to the Americans, and at the close of
the war in 1814, the territory passed again into the hands of the United
States, and Gen. Lewis Cass was appointed governor. Detroit haa
passed through many vicissitudes of peace and war, and five times has
the flag that waved over [it been changed; three different sovereigns
have claimed its allegiance; twice has it been besieged by the Indians;
once captured in war, and once burned to the ground; in 1810 its pop-
ulation was only 770; today it numbers 100,000 inhabitants, and i&
rapidly increasing in numbers and prosperity, and is one of the finest
cities in America. In 1835 a dispute arose about the boundary line
between the territory of Michigan and the State of Ohio, which for a
time threatened serious results. At this time the general government
offered to give Michigan 25,000 square miles of territory, and an equal
partnership in the confederation of states in lieu of her disputed
boundary, an offer which was accepted, and; on the 26th day of Jan-
uary, 1837, she was admitted, and was the twenty-sixth state of the
Union, and Stevens T. Mason was the first governor.

In 1830 the territory contained 28,000 inhabitants. In 1870 the State
contained 1,184,000 inhabitants. She has 3,000 miles of railroad and
1,500 miles of lake coast. Her internal resources seem inexhaustible,
with an abundant supply of lumber and salt, and her mines of coal,
iron and copper are among the richest in the world. This State has
also a system of education equal to that of any of the older states.
Here everyone whether rich or poor may have the benefit of a liberal
education. Next in importance to Detroit in the early settlement of
this State is Monroe. It is situated on the river Raisin, near its mouth,
and was first settled by the French in 1784. The first American set-

DEERFIELD, LENAWEE COUNTY. 533

tlement was in 1793. Monroe was for many years the depot of the
northwest Far Trade Company, which made it the central point for
thousands of Indians, and they endured all the horrors of Indian wars
till the close of the war of 1812. The first church was built in Mon-
roe, in 1790, and Rev. Antoine A. Gillott was its pastor, and Calvin
Burnham, late of Summerfield, Monroe county, taught the first English
school. Monroe is now a fine and healthful city, and contains about
6,000 inhabitants.

The first settlement in Lenawee county was made in 1824, by Mus-
grove Evans, at Tecumseh. The first saw mill was built the same year,
and- the first flouring mill the next succeeding year, both at Tecumseh.
In 1826, just fifty years ago, this county was organized, and contained
less than forty persons. Now it numbers more than 40,000 inhabitants.
The pleasant and prosperous city of Adrian, the pride of Lenawee
county, and containing a population of more than 10,000 inhabitants, fifty
years ago contained but one log cabin.

In relation to the intelligence and prosperity of this county, I need
only to tell you that she supports ten regularly published newspapers
within her borders, besides two daily editions.

The township of Blissfield was first settled in 1824, and Harvey and
Nancy Bliss and family were its first inhabitants. Their nearest
neighbor, till Mr. Kedzie came, was ten miles distant, the only road
an Indian trail, their only guide was marks made with an ax upon the
trees; the nearest and only market was Monroe, thirty miles away, all
wilderness. I have heard these old people tell of the toils and priva-
tions, and of the many incidents connected with pioneer life, and some-
times the old lady's eyes would moisten with tears as in her memory
she would recall some striking incident of the past; not tears of
sorrow, for those days of privation were past, and she sat like a queen
in the lap of luxury, loved and respected by all who knew her. You
will pardon me for pausing a moment to pay a tribute of respect to
the memory of these worthy old pioneers, when I tell you that when
I first came into this State, thirty-nine years ago, a stranger in a
strange land, weary and sick, it was under the shelter of their roof I
found a welcome, it was there we ate our first morsel, and it was there
we first laid our weary limbs to rest in this State. And while memory
lasts I shall remember with pleasure, the fact that I have lived in the
first log cabin, with its puncheon floor and its shake and pole roof,
that was built in Blissfield.

The township was organized in 1827. The first school house was

534 SEMI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION AT

built in 1827. The first postoffice was established in 1828. The first
Presbyterian church was organized in 1829.

Mr. President, I shall ask you to excuse me for passing lightly over
the early history of Blissfield. At your gathering last year, our vener-
able friend, Mr. Janies T. Kedzie, gave you a very interesting and
exhaustive history in detail of the township, and I hope he will read
that ducument to you today.

The township of Deerfield was organized by act of legislature in
1867, embracing sections one, two, three, four, nine, ten, eleven,
twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, twenty-three, twenty-four, twenty-five,
twenty-six, thirty-five and thirty-six, from the original township of
Blissfield, and sections twenty-five, twenty-six, twenty-seven, twenty-
eight, thirty-three, thirty-four, thirty-five and thirty-six from the orig-
inal township of Bidgeway. The first supervisor was Hiram T. Fife.

The first settlement made within the limits was by Wm. Kedzie, of
Delhi, New York, in the year 1826. The first land purchased of the
government was purchased by him in 1824, a portion of which we
occupy today.

The next early settlers were Benjamin Clark, Daniel H. Clark, Anthony
McKey and Benjamin Tibbits, Edward Calkins and Jonas Bay in 1827.
In 1828 Abner J. Me Williams and Charles Miller were added to the
number. Daniel H. Clark and Charles Miller are the only surviving
persons of the early settlers.

A postoifice was established in 1828. Wm. Kedzie was appointed the
first postmaster, and died a short time after, and Anthony McKey was
appointed in his place. The mail was carried on horseback from Mon-
roe to Blissfield, the carrier making one trip per week.

The first school house was built of logs, in 1829, and Miss Caroline
Bigsby was the first teacher.

The first meeting house built in the township was by the Catholic
society, in 1843. A Catholic church and society was organized the
same year by Father Lewis Gillott.

The first Methodist Episcopal church and society was organized in
1843, and Rev. William Taylor was the first pastor. Their first church
was built in 1844.

The first Presbyterian church and society was organized in 1848, and
Bev. John Montieth was the first pastor. In 1861 they built their first
church.

In 1873, the village of Deerfield was incorporated, and Jason
Hemenway was the first president.

Fifty years ago today, one solitary log cabin on yonder river bank,

DEERFIELD, LENA WEE COUNTY. 535

the home of those friends through whose invitation you are assembled
here today, was all there was within the limits of the present town-
ship of Deerfield. But today, it is the peaceful, pleasant home o£
1,500 inhabitants.

Mr. President, instead of the one log school house of forty-six years
ago, it is with pride and pleasure that we can point you to yonder
brick edifice with its modern improvements, that will comfortably seat
three hundred students, and also to inform you that we have besides
five commodious school houses within the limits of our little town.

I am also happy to inform you that instead of the post boy and one
mail a week, we now receive five mails a 'day (except Sundays), and
send the same number away.

We have a small newspaper published in our town. The first num-
ber was issued on the first of June, 1875. George W. Grames, pub-
lisher and proprietor, a young man seventeen years of age, already
sends his little sheet into sixteen different states of the Union.

The wonderful development and utility of practical science deserves
a passing notice at our hands. Most of these old pioneers will remem-
ber when the sickle was the only instrument used for harvesting wheat,
and that the man that would go into the harvest field and with his
sickle reap one acre, had done more than an average day's work, but
our friend William, the owner and occupant of this old homestead, can
harness his team in the morning, hitch them to his carriage (he calls
it his reaper), and get into his cushioned seat, go to his field of grain,
cut and rake ready for binding ten acres of grain, which he will tell
you is a fair day's work. The same advantage is gained by the mower
over the scythe, and the horse over the hand rake.

How many of these old veterans have worked hard all day, threshing
with the flail, and at night have less than ten bushels of wheat to show
for their day's work. But with the improved threshing machines of
today^ a man has only to invite a few of his neighbors when he gets
ready to thresh, and if not over five hundred bushels, is but one day's
work. What would the farmer's boys think if they had all the wheat
to thresh either with a flail or by spreading the bundles of grain on
the barn floor or on the bare ground, as these people have had to do,
and drive oxen or horses over it until the grain is separated from the
straw? These are not overdrawn pictures, but are only a few of the
real facts, as these old settlers will tell you. I was conversing with
one of these old pioneers from Napoleon, a day1 or two ago, one of the
very first settlers; he told me he had to go to Ann Arbor, a distance
of forty miles, to mill through the wilderness. It put me in mind of

536 SEMI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION AT

an incident, which I will relate: Mr. Kedzie, the father of these gentle-
men, once took a grist to Monroe to mill, which was thirty miles dis-
tant, and all wilderness. When he got there with his grist, the mill
was out of repair, and he had to bring it back unground. He then
took it to Tecmnseh. The crooked paths he had to travel, made the
traveled distance for that grist about one hundred miles, and not a
good highway, but through an almost unbroken wilderness, with only
marked trees and old Indian paths for his guide. Sometimes when I
have thought of that circumstance, I wanted to ask these gentlemen,
who were boys then, if the bread from that grist did not taste sweeter
than the bread of today. Mr. President, to illustrate the convenience
of traveling now over what it was fifty years ago, I asked our old friend,
Mr. Munson, who came from western New York, how long it took him
to come here with his team. He said he made a remarkably short
trip. He was only twenty-one days on the road, and traveled only
nineteen days. Today, Mr. Munson can take his breakfast at home,
and get into a nice railway coach, with cushioned seats and with all
the conveniences of a nice parlor, and the same evening take his tea at
the old homestead in New York. Equally great has been the change
in the transmission of the mails by railroad over the slow mail coach.
Mr. President, in our little village of Deerfield, here we get every day,
daily papers from Adrain, from Jackson and from Detroit. I can take
up any of these papers and tell you the price of stocks, the market
reports, and of any event of importance that transpired yesterday in
Boston, in New York, in London, in Paris, San Francisco, or any other
place of importance in Europe or America.

The progress of science has brought the very elements under our
control, and today we can literally travel by steam and talk by
lightning.

In all the various departments of human life, similar progress has
been manifested. Fifty years ago human slavery was supposed to be a
divine institution and sanctioned by heaven. But today all civilized
nations of the earth have abandoned the traffic, and in our own
country, within the past few years the chains of slavery have been cleft
from four millions of human beings.

Woman, too, but a few years ago, was supposed to be only capable
of subordinate positions in domestic life. Today she stands side by
side with man struggling for liberty and equality; she is already in
the counting-room, in the laboratory, at the bar, on the rostrum, and
in the pulpit, and is now demanding the ballot at your hands.

DEERFIELD, LENAWEB COUNTY. 537

By the science of phrenology we find that the organs of the brain
determine the capacity of the mind and thought.

Magnetism and psychology, too, have explained to us the mysteries of
human life, with its intermediate relations, all of the way from the
grossest material to the most etherial or angel worlds.

The science of geology has taken us back through the countless ages
of the past, and has taught us that there is a universal law that per-
tains to all matter in motion, and that law is progress.

The science of astronomy, too, has taken us up into the heaven of
heavens, and has proved beyond a reasonable doubt that the myriads
of stars that bespangle the firmament of heaven are suns and systems
of worlds in countless numbers, making their eternal revolutions in
their orbits around their central suns, with the precision of infinite
law, like our solar system.

This planet on which we live (though all the world to us), in its
relation to the great univerclium of the limitless universe, is but a
pebble in the great ocean of matter, and we are led to exclaim, how
infinite is infinity, and how finite is man.

In political economy we witness equal progress. The old doctrine
that " might makes right," and that " kings and potentates governed
and enslaved the people by a divine right," has passed away.
* Just one hundred years ago, when those brave representatives of the
thirteen original colonies of America, declared to the world that all
men were endowed with a divine right to freedom and the pursuit of
happiness. The inspiration of truth gave it power, and a nation was
born in a day.

And instead of thirteen feeble colonies and only three millions of
people, today we number thirty-eight states, and more than forty
millions of inhabitants.

And our flag now floats proudly on every sea and in every harbor in
the world, giving safety and protection to all our people.

Our banner is an emblem of our nation. The stripes of human
experience have spread the wings of the eagle, and the eagle and the
stars indicate our rapidly onward and upward progress to an immortal
destiny.

Before I close, permit me to say to these old pioneers who have by
their labors contributed to the development and prosperity of this
country, we bid you good cheer, we acknowledge our indebtedness to
you for many of the blessings we enjoy. We shall always cherish for
you the kindest regards, we will teach our children and our grand-
children to respect your memories, and as you pass down the declivities
68

538 LAYING CORNER STONE OF THE

of life it will be a consolation to know that every person who has by
his labor contributed to the legitimate wants and necessities of man-
kind, whether physical, moral, intellectual or spiritual, is equally a
benefactor.

LAYING THE CORNER STONE OF THE ALLEGAN COUNTY
COURT HOUSE, AUGUST 29, 1889.

CONTRIBUTED BY A. D. P. VAN BUKEN.

• In npite of the heat and dust an immense crowd began to arrive
in town early in the morning and several of the railroads brought
large excursions. Among the first to arrive were the Monterey, Hop-
kins, Otsego and Plainwell bands, and they all came into town in grand
style, heading large delegations from each of their towns. This was
the first appearance in Allegan of the Plainwell juvenile band and their
appearance and style of playing was fine. They were the feature of
the day. Much praise was also due the other bands for their excellent
music.

Soon after dinner the column for the street parade was formed on
Cutler street, in the following order:

Marshal and assistants.

Plainwell Juvenile Band.

Fire department.

Supervisors.
County officials.
Ex-Supervisors.
Ex-County officials.
President of the day.
Mayor, Orator, and Circuit Judge.

Vice-presidents.

Common Council and city officials.
County Pioneers.
Monterey Band.
Holland and Saugatuck Masonic Lodges.

Dorr Masonic Lodge.
-» Plainwell Masonic Lodge.
Allegan Masonic Lodge.

Otsego Band.
Otsego Masonic Lodge.

ALLEGAN COUNTY COURT HOUSE. 539

Grand Lodge.

Knights of Pythias.

Odd Fellows.

Hopkins Band.

German Workingmen's Society. .

Grand Army.

Sons of Veterans.

Citizens in carriages.

The line of march was on Chestnut to Trowbridge, up Trowbridge
to Locust, on Locust to Brady, thence to State, up State to Water, up
Water to Hubbard and thence to court house square.

The exercises were opened by a piece of music by the Monterey
band, after which Rev. " Father" Bliss — the pioneer minister — invoked
the blessing of God on. the undertaking.

Mayor Hannibal Hart was then introduced and welcomed the assem-
bly as follows:
Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen:

It is my very pleasant duty, as representing the village of
Allegan and speaking in behalf of our citizens, to welcome you
here today, to take part in and witness the ceremonies of laying the
corner stone of this new court house. We would have been glad to
welcome you before; the fact is we have long been waiting
to greet you with the new court house, and I can assure you that
you have today the hearty welcome of every man, woman and child
in the village of Allegan. We are not only happy to meet you for
the social pleasure your presence gives us, but, as well, for the fact
that you are here to assist in an act that you will look back to with
pride; namely, the laying of the corner stone to Allegan county's
court house.

The proud city of Rome welcomed her generals on their victori-
ous return from the conquest of some distant tribe or nation and
heaped upon them honors for their success in war. Yours today is
the welcome of peace for the conquests of peace. "Peace hath her
victories, no less renowned than war." We welcome, as well and as
sincerely today those who voted against the court house as those who
voted for it, for we know you are as glad as any of us that it is
being built. We very much needed a new court house for we had no
decent place to hold court in.

It was once the proudest boast of man, that he could call himself
a Roman citizen. I am proud today to be a citizen of the goodly State
of Michigan, and of the fairest spot in this State — the county of Alle-
gan; but I must say that, heretofore when I have met strangers in

540 LAYING CORNER STONE OP THE

this town, and they have asked me, "Where is your court house?"
and I was compelled to point to that old building over there, I felt
as though I had rather say, " I am a stranger here; I don't live in
this county." I never took any pride in that old court room. I
didn't feel like inviting strangers there to view the liberality and pub-
lic spirit of our people. Why, my friends, when we abandoned that
old building, there was not a farmer in the county that would have
sheltered a mule of his therein. Some may say, "It is safe and will
not tumble down," as the man said about a rotten, leaning old tree.
His friend remarked that it would fall some day. " No," said he, " I
guess not, for it never has fallen." So that old building never has
fallen, but I think it may some day.

Why should we not welcome you today? We have waited some
forty or fifty years to welcome you and to have you bring this new
court house. And now that you have come, some of us members of
the bar have only time to welcome you before we must, perchance,
leave you and the new court house for the courts above.

Once on an occasion like this, when they were building a new court
house in a western county, a malicious editor (they are most all of
them malicious), quoting in his paper the language of the poet,
invited the lawyers in the place to " Come view the place where you
will shortly lie." Now, that was a mean insinuation, citation and
inappropriate application of the language of the poet. The poet
meant the cemetery, not the court house. "No, no, lawyers don't lie,

and I think I can prove it by 1 don't know as I can by Judge

Williams but I can by Phil. Padgham and Capt. Stoughton, "Jake"
Rogers, and by my own partner, Capt. Pope, and I don't know but
I would swear to it myself before a notary public, not perhaps in
court.

But if you say to us lawyers, " Come view this place where we
will shortly lie," we will answer that we are glad to do so and glad
to welcome you to view this new court house, too; glad to have a
decent, comfortable place to lie in, if we must lie somewhere. We
began to think, though, that we should all lie in our grave before we
should ever have a chance to " lie" in the new court house.

Lawyers are a sort of necessary evil, considered by some an unmitigated
evil, but you will never be able to do without them, until the millenium
dawns and that dawn don't appear to be very near. As long as you will
have doctors among you, you will always see the need of ministers of the
gospel to perform the last sad rites of burial and lawyers to settle up and
distribute and divide up the estates of the deceased. Thus you see that

ALLEGAN COUNTY COUKT HOUSE. 541

the existence of doctors makes necessary the other two learned professions
— the ministry and the law. And who in the world are so capable of
dividing up the estates of deceased persons as the lawyers? They may
get the biggest share, but the estate is in most cases divided; in some few
instances they take the whole of it. Lawyers would not fare as well as
they do were it not for the obstinacy and selfishness of men. If clients
only went to law after consulting their own interests, they would not, in
many cases, be clients, but would settle their own business differences
among themselves. "Agree with thine adversary quickly," says the
scriptures. "A soft answer turneth away wrath, but grievious words stir
up anger." It is when they get angry and want revenge, in many cases,
that they become the fly and walk into the parlor of the spider. Almost
always men when caught in crime are like the Irishman, who, when
arraigned in court and asked if he was guilty, replied: "Faith and how
can I tell 'till I hear the ividence." They almost always want to hear the
evidence, and they get a lawyer to help them hear it, and to hold a part of
the contents of their pocketbooks. Court, court houses and lawyers and
judges are a part of the necessary machinery of a civilized government,
and the profession of the law is among the most necessary and useful of
the needs of civilization, and as a rule the members of our profession have
won and proved themselves entitled to l\onor and renown in every civilized
age and nation of the world.

But to return to the matter before us. Permit me to say that you of
this county have made no mistake in resolving to build a new court house,
unless it be that you did not resolve to do so sooner, and that you did not
vote to put more money into it. I think you will soon see the day that
you will regret the latter. We ought to have put into this building at
least one hundred and fifty thousand dollars and bujjt it for the needs of
a hundred years to come. But we were long in getting the vote of forty-
five thousand. We had to convert jury after jury in that old court room,
filled with foul air, and neither warm enough nor cold enough to be com-
fortable, before we could get votes enough to carry even an appropriation
of forty-five thousand dollars, and then we lost many of those who had
been converted, and an appropriate verdict of a coroner's jury would have
been, "died of foul air, in the old court room." All who survived serving
on the jury one term became earnest workers for the new court house.
We are glad the electors of the county have consented to build so good a
building as forty-five thousand dollars will build. All praise to the board
of supervisors for their prompt action and speed in giving us the benefit
of the appropriation by proceeding at once to build. And let me say that
the board have been peculiarly fortunate in the selection of their building

542 LAYING CORNER STONE OP THE

committee, to whom they have entrusted the immediate charge of the con-
striction of this building. The members of that committee are each and
all able, honest and efficient men, and this committee have been equally
fortunate in securing an honest, capable contractor, a man of well-known
character as a builder, and what you see here today thus far of this
building must satisfy you that there has been no mistake in the selection
of either the building committee nor in the builder. As good a building
as can be built for the money is sure to be our new court house.

We ought to take more pride in the erection of public buildings. The
character of buildings, • public and private, show the character of the
people. The state of buildings, public and private, in the State, city*
town and county is a sure index of the condition of the people, both as
to material prosperity and intellectual progress. Beautiful, substantial,
elegant public and private buildings indicate a wealthy, intelligent and
progressive people, while the absence of these show an opposite condition.
If any one doubts this., they have only to look at this country or England
and contrast these two countries, or either of them, with Africa, or you
may see this difference illustrated in only a less degree if you will but
travel from here down through Indiana, Ohio, and into the southern
states.

Every Russian, as he gazes on the white walls and numerous towers and
church spires of the Kremlin at Moscow, feels prouder of his country
because of that most wonderful building or assemblage of buildings, and
every citizen of these United States, when he sees the capitol at Wash-
ington, finds his heart swelling with national pride. Fine public build-
ings are public educators. "A thing of beauty, is a joy forever." You
will, therefore, never regret the building of beautiful school houses, court
houses, and other public buildings. Your only regret will be, as with
this building, that you did not build larger, finer, more elegantly and
expensive.

I will not longer delay these ceremonies, and will only add that
to the Grand Lodge of the Free and Accepted Masons, who have so
kindly consented to come here to day and lay this corner stone in the
beautiful and impressive ceremonies of the order, to the visitors out of
the county who have honored us with their presence on this, to us,
auspicious occasion, and to the people of our own county here today,
the village of Allegan extends a hearty welcome. We cannot tender to
each of you the freedom of our village in a silver box, because the
approprition .for that purpose is exhausted, but the gratitude and joy
of our hearts is not exhausted and we can give you from the heart the

ALLEGAN COUNTY COURT HOUSE. 543

sentiment of old Rip Van Winkle, " May you all live long and be
prosperous."

Hon. W. B. Williams, president of the day, in response spoke as
follows:
Mr. President :

We acknowledge with great satiscfation, your cordial greeting and
thank you for your kind welcome in behalf of the village of Allegan,
you represent, that is being enriched in architectural design and beauty
by the structure that has caused this assemblage today, and we fully
appreciate the fact that your constituency have long desired to see this
day — a day when the foundations should be laid for a suitable building
for the capitol of the great, growing and prosperous county of Allegan.

Standing here in the center of your village, upon this elevated
plateau, near the geographical center of its lower peninsula, we are
reminded by the surroundings to the general conformation, both topo-
graphically and geographically to that of the lower peninsula of our
grand peninsular state, and you can with just pride, apply the motto of
'the State, "Si quaeris peninsulam amoenam circumspice" to the location
that has been adopted for a county court house and say to all standing
here, "If you seek a beautiful peninsula, look about you."

We can well congratulate not only your municipality but the county
that a site, so beautifully located and so well adapted to the purpose
has been selected. The selection however was not the work of an hour,
a day or a week, but was wisely planned in the early pioneer days,
of fifty years ago, by our predecessors and has been kept steadily in
view from that time. While this ground was in the original plat
designated a "public square" before any acceptance of it as such by
the municipal authorities, it was conveyed by the original proprietors
to the county of Allegan for a court house. The first court house,
jail and sheriff's residence was erected upon the southwest corner. It
consisted of a small frame building with a lean-to of logs attached.
The lean-to was the jail, the upper floor of the upright was the
sheriff's residence and the lower floor the court room. The building
was used for a jail and sheriff's residence until condemned by
a grand jury of the county as a nuisance. The jail was low damp and
unhealthy, and some of the prisoners who were fond of quiet and rest
complained "that they did not dare turn over in bed for fear of rolling
out of jail." The county offices were located on the northwest corner
of the square, near the site of the present ones. It was a one story
brick and remained there until the present offices were constructed.
The improvements and general supervision of the grounds have been

544 LAYING CORNER STONE OP THE

since, I think, continuously under the charge of the sheriff or county
treasurer. Thus by original selection, title, deeds and possession has
this ground been dedicated to the purposes and uses to which it has
been applied.

The structure here to be erected, while not grand or magnificent in
its proportions, will be beautiful in design, practical and useful in pur-
pose and standing here it will tower above the busy mart of trade,
commerce and manufactures, flanked on the north and south by the
beautiful Kalamazoo with its eastern front overlooking the business
center and having for a back-ground, the higher elevation to the west
and a large portion of the resident part of your village; no more
imposing or desirable location could have been adopted.

Ladies and gentlemen we have met today under the auspices of an
ancient order that comes down to us from the ages, ladened with secret
and mystic lore, to lay with fitting form and ceremony and by the
square, both level and plumb, the corner stone of a new and suitable
court house for Allegan county.

We are apt to consider a court house as simply the place of holding
the courts of record of the county, but that is far from the true pur-
pose of the structure now in process of erection. It is true, that in
this county, from necessity in the past the court house has been simply
a court room. The old building standing yonder today a " monument
of departed," if not "greatness," at least "usefulness," was simply a
place of holding the circuit courts. It was not adapted or intended in
its original plan and inception for the purposes to which it was usedr
and consequently wanted the characteristics required and was used only
as a court room.

This building will be in fact, the capitol of the county, a court house
indeed and will contain within its walls, all the executive, legislative
and judicial functions of the county. All of these intimately connected
with the proceedings of the courts and proper adjuncts and appendages
to them.

Its walls will hold, and are intended to safely keep, the history of
this county both past, present and future. It will contain the records
of the marriages, births, taxation and deaths, and of the settlement of
estates after death within the county. It will contain the record of the
title deeds to all your lands and the record history thereof. It will
contain the hall, within which the local legislature, the board of super-
visors, will hold its sessions, and a record of all its proceedings. It
will contain all the records of the courts of the county, detailing the

ALLEGAN COUNTY COURT HOUSE. 545

proceedings of every case from its organization, and the rooms within
which the court will hold its sessions.

And within the corner stone this day to be laid, will be deposited,
among others, a brief history of the county from its early settlement
and of all its townships, the latest publications within the county and
proceedings of the day, to be opened only when the needs and demands
of the people shall require in future generations, a larger and more
imposing edifice.

Thus we are not only providing for the safety of history, but making
it as well.

The importance of the uses to which this building is to be dedicated
shows the necessity of great vigilance being exercised in the material
and workmanship, in order that it may, both in architectural design
and solidity of construction, safely perform the duty to which it is to
be assigned.

And now my friends, what is the significance of this gathering?
Why this form and ceremony? Why are so many gathered here today
to witness an act that may be considered so simple, the mere laying of
a corner stone to a building? It is because the building is of more
than ordinary importance. It is an edifice to be dedicated to law and
order. Dedicated to the protection of all the rights of the citizen and
the conservation of those rights. Destroy the record history of title to
your home or your farm, and your property rights are jeopardized and
held only by adverse right or might; overturn and destroy our courts
and title deeds afford you no protection; anarchy and misrule gain the
ascendency and might instead of right, would take control. Then '
indeed would every man's home be required to be "his castle" to be
fortified and held by his own right arm, and that of his adherents, as
in the days of old. Hence this ceremony and this gathering of the
people, and this assembly may be considered as emblematical of the
desire of the people that law and order may and shall be maintained.

I desire to close these few remarks with the earnest hope and prayer
that the courts that may be held within the walls of this building shall
always be courts of ^justice and shall see that the law is enforced and
the rights of the individual, be he rich or poor, are equally protected,
and that neither the power and combination of wealth on the one hand
or of mob law and anarchy on the other be permitted to influence or
awe the majesty of the law, and that justice shall at all times set
enthroned within its walls, holding its scales in equipoise for all. And
thus will be preserved the right of the individual to the full enjoyment
of the fruits of his own industry. And equality with justice. Liberty
69

546 LAYING CORNER STONE OF THE

with law be perpetuated. Equality without justice is misrule. Liberty
without law anarchy and distruction of the very foundation of true lib-
erty. Liberty cannot exist where the rights and equities of the citizen
are not protected by law.

After a piece of vocal music by the male quartette, the orator of the
day, Philip Padgham, was introduced, who gave the following address:

Mr. President, Ladies, Friends, and Fellow Citizens of Allegan

county :

We have met today for the first time in our history, to celebrate in
an appropriate manner the laying of a corner stone and dedicating to
the people of Allegan county this new temple of justice. For upwards
of fifty years the law has been administered in this county, and during
all that time the fair goddess of justice with her traditional scales has
had no permanent abiding place or place worthy to be called her
home. But now the people with one accord unite in rearing this beau-
tiful edifice which shall do honor to themselves and to their posterity as
a justice-loving anl law abiding people. I have been requested on this
occasion to prepare an address, in the nature of a legal history of this
county. In fulfilling my task I shall of necessity speak of some of the
adjoining counties, so far as they were and have been at times, con-
nected with us for legal purposes only.

By an act of the legislative council of the territory of Michigan,
approved March 2, 1831, the present boundaries of Allegan county
were established. The act was in the following words: " That the
country included within the following limits, to wit: north of the base
line and south of the line between townships four and five north, west
of the line between ranges ten and eleven, west of the meridian and
east of the shore of Lake Michigan, be and the same is hereby set off
into a separate county by the name of Allegan."

Afterwards, by an act of the legislative council of the territory of
Michigan, approved on the 29th day of March, 1833, the town of Alle-
gan (which then embraced the whole county of Allegan), was attached to
Kalamazoo county for legal purposes. This act was in the following
words: " Be it enacted by the legislative council of the territory of
Michigan, that all that district of country which has been set off into
a separate county by the name of Allegan, shall be a township by the
name of Allegan, that said township of Allegan shall be attached to
the county of Kalamazoo for all legal purposes whatsoever; anything
contained in any law to the contrary notwithstanding."

On the sixth day of October, 183 A, the governor of the territory
appointed three commissioners (as was the practice at that day) to

ALLEGAN COUNTY COURT HOUSE. 547

locate the 'county seat of Allegan county. Their report of location and
the governor's proclamation confirming the same, is not to be found in
the office of the Secretary of State, but it is well known that the
county seat was located at Allegan village.

In the summer of 1835, a number of persons had located at Allegan
village and the people of the county thought themselves strong enough
to have a separate county organization. Thereupon the matter was
presented to the legislative council, and an act duly passed organizing
the county. This act is not published with the other territorial laws,
and its exact date cannot be given. But it is learned from the Secre-
tary of State that one section of the act provided for its taking effect
on the first day of September, 1835. A meeting was then called to be
held at Otsego on the 12th day of August, 1835, to recommend suitable
persons to the Governor and legislative council to be appointed to the
various offices of the county. And at such meeting the following per-
sons were nominated, namely: Elisha Ely and John Anderson for
associate judges of said county; Alexander Ely, for county clerk; John
L. Shearer for sheriff; Martin L. Barber for county surveyor, and Oka
Town for judge of probate. (This meeting made no nomination for
register of deeds or for county treasurer, but it is believed that Alex-
ander Ely was appointed register as well as clerk, and that Milo
Winslow was appointed treasurer.) A committee of three composed of
the following . gentlemen, viz. : Eber Sherwood, Daniel A. , Plummer
and Joseph Fisk, was appointed at said meeting to forward the pro-
ceedings of the same, to the Governor and legislative council. This
committee performed that duty and on the 25th of August, 1835, the
Governor issued commissions to the persons for the offices to which they
were respectively recommended.

On the second Monday of May, 1835, the people of the territory of
Michigan, by their delegates, met in convention at the city of Detroit,
to ordain and establish a constitution for the government of the State of
Michigan. The work of this convention was completed on the 24th of
June of that year, and was ratified by the people at the election in
October following, and took effect from and after the first Monday in
November of the year 1835. And although this State was not formally
admitted into the union until January 26, 1837, by act of congress of
that date, still the State government was formed and possessed the
powers of State legislation, on the adoption and ratification, by the
people of the territory, of the constitution of the [State, and the
•organization of the State government.

Under the constitution of 1835, the judicial power was vested in the

548 LAYING CORNER STONE OF THE

supreme court and such other courts as the legislature inighf from time
to time establish. The judges of the supreme court were nominated
and appointed by the Governor with the advice and consent of the
senate. The supreme court as thus constituted, was composed of one
chief justice and three associate justices. The court was held at differ-
ent places in the State, as follows: Twice ef.ch year at Detroit, twice
each year at the village of Ann Arbor, once each year at Kalamazoo,
and once in each year at Pontiac. When sitting at Kalamazoo it
exercised appellate jurisdiction in all suits and cases originating in the
counties of Branch, St. Joseph, Cass, Berrien, Van Buren, Kalamazoo,
Calhoun and Allegan.

Under this constitution also, there was a separate court of chancery
and the powers of that court were vested in the chancellor. There
were three chancery circuits in the State, the third circuit being com-
posed of the counties of Branch, St. Joseph. Cass, Berrien, Van Buren,
Kalamazoo, Calhoun, Kent, Ionia and Allegan., The sittings of this
court were held for the third circuit in Kalamazoo twice in each
year.

The State was further divided into four judicial circuits for the pur-
pose of holding circuit courts. Allegan county was in the third circuit*
which was composed of the counties of Branch, St. Joseph, Cass, Ber-
rien, Van Buren, Kalamazoo, Calhoun and Allegan. These circuit
courts were held in the several counties and were presided over by one of
the judges of the supreme court, and two associate judges, residents of
the county.

By an act of the legislature approved April 2, 1848, the supreme
court was made to consist of five judges, and it was by the same act
made their duty to divide the State into five judicial circuits, the fifth
circuit to be made up of counties in the Grand River section of the
State, thus bringing Allegan county into the fifth circuit.

In the year 1851 the State, by an act of the legislature, approved
April 8th, of that year, was again divided into eight judicial circuits,
Allegan county remaining in the fifth circuit, which was composed of
the counties of Calhoun, Kalamazoo, Eaton, Van Buren and Allegan.

Allegan remained in the fifth circuit from 1851 until the year 1858,
when by an act of the legislature of that year, the State was again
divided into ten judicial circuits, Allegan county being set off into the
ninth circuit. This was composed of the following organized counties,
to wit. : Allegan, Ottawa, Newaygo, Oceana, Mason, Manistee, Manitou
and Grand Traverse, and the unorganized counties of Emmet, Charle-
voix, Antrim, Kalkaska, Wexford, Missaukee, Lake, Mecosta and Osceola-

ALLEGAN COUNTY COURT HOUSE. 549

Again in the year 1859, by an act of the legislature, approved Feb-
ruary 10 of that year, the ninth judicial circuit . was changed so as
to take in the county of Muskegon, Allegan county remaining at the
head of the list in the ninth judicial circuit.

In the year 1867, by an act of the legislature, approved February
15, the ninth circuit was again reorganized, and was then composed of
the counties of Allegan, Kalamazoo and Van Buren. These three
counties formed the ninth judicial circuit until the year 1873, when, by
an act of the legislature of that year, Allegan county was joined with
Ottawa county and the two formed into one judicial circuit, known
and designated as the twentieth judicial circuit, and so remains to this
day.

In the year 1846, by an act of the legislature, approved March 18
of that year, county courts were established in each organized county
of the State, and were intermediate courts between courts held by
justices of the peace and the circuit courts. One of those county courts
was established in Allegan county, and Continued to do business until
the year 1853, when the county court system was abolished by an act
of the legislature.

Probate courts were established in each county by an act of the leg-
islative council of the territory of Michigan, approved April 12, 1827,
so that when Allegan county was formed in the year 1831, she was
entitled to a probate court. The jurisdiction and power of the probate
court has always been substantially the same since its first organization
to the present time.

The first judge of probate Allegan county ever had was the Hon.
Oka Town, who is hale and hearty, and is seen on our streets every
<3ay. Although at the advanced age of eighty-four years he is remark-
ably active, and it is the wish of his many friends that he be with us for
many years to come. The firs,t session of a court ever held in Allegan
Bounty was held by him as judge of probate. The first business of
that court was to grant letters of administration upon the estate of
Lebbeus Sherwood. Those letters were granted December 25, 1835.

The first session of the circuit court for Allegan county opened on
the 7th day of November, 1836. Neither of the judges being present
on that day, the sheriff adjourned the court until the next morning at
ten o'clock, at which time, to wit, November 8, 1836, Hon. Epaphrodi-
tus Eansom, circuit judge, and Elisha Ely and John Anderson, associ-
ate judges were present, and court was •opened in due form. The clerk
then called the list of grand jurors and the following persons answered
to their names, viz.; Thomas H. Thomas, Silas F. Littlejohn, Elias

550 LAYING CORNER STONE OP THE

Streeter, Milo Winslow, Ebenezer Parkhurst, Eber Sherwood, James
Preston, William Finn, Dahartus Willard, Royal Sherwood, James
Hawks, Martin W. Howe, Chandler Hollister, Hiram Sabins, William
Dibble, Samuel Weeks, Lloyd FitzGerald, James Bracelin and Alfred
Mann. •

Silas F. Littlejohn was appointed foreman of the grand jury by the
court and, after being sworn and having received their charge from the
court, retired under the charge of Hiram Bassett to consider the busi-
ness before them.

A list of petit jurors then being called, 'the following persons answered
to their names, viz.: L. Wilcox, John Sweezy, David D. Davis, Philip
Davis, Jason Torry, Alanson Weeks, Isaac Dexter, George Hollister,
Benjamin Foster, William C. Jenner, James Nelson, Orsamus Eaton,
Aldrich Atwater, Corydon £Eaton, Daniel Bracelin, James McCormick,
Seneca Peak, John Peabody and Joseph Rogers.

Geo. Y. Warner then made application to the court to be admitted
to the bar, as an attorney and counselor at law. On being examined
by the judges he was duly admitted to practice.

The grand jury then returned into court and announced that no
business had been submitted to them; that none had come to their
knowledge. Whereupon they were discharged from further attendance
upon the court. And, there being no business for the petit jury, they
were also discharged by the court. There was but one case upon the
calendar — the parties being Isaac Aldrich, plaintiff, vs. William Forbes,
defendant. This case was put over the term, and the court
adjourned sine die. This was all the business transacted by the cir-
cuit court, for the county of Allegan, at its'' first session, November,
1836.

The building in which this session of court was held was located in
the western part of the village, near tUe foot of what is now called
Seminary hill, and was built for a school house, and used as a school
house, church and court house. It now stands in plain view of us all,
on the south side of Hubbard street, directly across from this public
square, and is now occupied by James Forward as a salesroom for
agricultural implements. Its age is an excuse for its appearance, and
its size compares with that of its new rival, relatively as the amount
of business to be transacted therein. It has outlived many of the
pioneers who built and used it, and is one of the few landmarks
remaining, that reminds us of* the early history and struggles of the
heroic little band that located the site of our beautiful village.

Several terms of the circuit court were held in that old building and

ALLEGAN COUNTY COURT HOUSE. 551

afterward the circuit court held its session in a building, known as the
Methodist chapel, which was located near the present site of the
Methodist Episcopal church. The chapel was afterward burned down
and the different courts, for a time were held in a basement to the
building occupied by the jailer. This basement was fitted up for
county offices and was used for county and court purposes. It stood
on the north side of Hubbard street, in the southwest corner of this
public square. The courts were afterward held in the basement of the
Baptist church. This church was a brick building, the upper part
being unfinished, and in 1856, the county purchased the building of the
Baptist society for court purposes and the upper part was then finished
off for a court room, and the sessions of the circuit court were held
there until the building was condemned by the village and county
authorities, in the year 1887, and the court then moved its quarters to
the dining room of the Chaffee block, where two sessions of court were
held, and since then, to the present time, the circuit court has occu-
pied the room over DeLano's store on Locust street, known as Grange
hall. The business of the court, instead of being disposed of in one
day as in November 1836, has increased to such an extent, that it now
has, sometimes, a session of three or four weeks with a jury, besides
cases heard and determined by the judge himself. But the present place
of holding the court is not very much in advance of the modest
old building, which, as I before said, has retired to the business
of sheltering agricultural implements.

The first session of the county court held in this county was on the
fifth day' of April, 1847. This court was held in the Methodist chapel
then occupied as a court room in this village, and no business coming
before the court at its first session it was adjourned without day.

The first official act of this county court was the appointment of E.
B. Bassett as county clerk in the place of N. Manson, jr., deceased.
The Hon. Henry H. Booth, was the first judge of the county court,
having been elected to that office in November, 1846, and retiring from
that position on the first day of January, 1851. He was a gentleman
of refinement and learning and although not educated to the law he
discharged the duties of the office with dignity and ability. The Hon.
Abram L. Dedrich was next elected to the position of county judge at
the November election in 1850, taking his seat January 1, 1851, and
presiding over that court until it was abolished by the legislature in
1853. Since that time the business of the county court has been done
in the circuit court of this county.

Since its organization in Allegan county the circuit court has been

552 LAYING CORNER STONE OP THE

presided over by the following named judges: Hon. Epaphroditus
Ransom from the year 1836 to 1848; Hon. Chas. W. Whipple from
1849 to 1851; Hon. Abner Pratt from 1852 to 1856; Hon. F. J. Little-
john from 1858 to the summer of 1869, when he resigned and the Hon.
Chas. E. Brown was appointed to fill his place, and was himself elected
in 1870 and served until Allegan county was, with Ottawa, organized
into the twentieth judicial circuit, when in April, 1873, the Hon. John
W. Stone was elected circuit judge but resigned the position in Novem-
ber, 1874, Hon. Dan J. Arnold being appointed to fill the vacancy,
held the office by appointment until November, 1875, at which time he
was elected for a full term, and has since presided over the circuit
court of this county from that time to the present day.

This sketch would be very imperfect without further reference to
two institutions of the early days, namely, the grand jury and the
associate judges. The grand jury was regularly summoned at each
session of the circuit court to investigate and report to the court all
violations of the criminal statutes. It was a very one-sided investiga-
tion, however, but if sufficient evidence was procured and the jury
found a "true bill," the unlucky respondent had to appear and stand
trial in the court before a petit jury, the same as at the present day.
The business of the grand jury was, many years ago, transferred to
justices of the peace, and the preliminary examinations are now con-
ducted by them. The grand jury system is virtually abolished in this
county and State, and a grand jury can only be summoned on certain
occasions, by special direction of the circuit judge. This has not
happened in this county for perhaps the last twenty-five years.

The associate judges (or side judges, as they are sometimes called),
were two in number and were residents of the county in which they
were elected. They were not required to be lawyers, and in many
instances they were like "necessity" — "they knew no law." Their busi-
ness was to report themselves at each session of the circuit court and
hold down the two ends of the bench, while the presiding judge occupied
the middle. They were undoubtedly elected to add dignity to the
bench, which they very likely did, as they had plenty of time and leisure
to do so. They were living exemplifications of the phrase, "otium cum
dignitate," — "ease with dignity, or dignified leisure." For they were
not required to take any part in the business of the court, or in giving
any legal opinion whatever, the presiding judge taking it for granted
that their understanding of the law was in harmony with his own, and
that his own was right. Therefore there would be a waste of time in
consultation. It is reported however that Judge Hansom did, on one

ALLEGAN COUNTY COURT HOUSE. 553

occasion, consult one of the associate judges while on the bench.
They were engaged in a long and protracted trial of considerable
importance and the court had been in continuous session for about
twelre hours when Judge Hansom turned to one of his associates and
asked him if he did not think the qualities of the bench would be
greatly improved by a cushion. The associate judge agreed that it
would. That opinion was probably technically correct and legally
sound. The constitution of 1850, however, changed this matter in pro-
viding for the election of one circuit judge in each circuit, and since
that time their kind and benevolent old faces were not seen occupying
a place in the legal tribunals. The persons who were chosen to the
position of associate judges in Allegan county were Elisha Ely, John
Anderson and John R. Kellogg. The last election occurred in 1844.
These men were all prominent characters and excellent business men
and had much to do with the financial affairs of Allegan county in its
early days.

The judges who have presided over the courts of Allegan county
from first to last have been men singularly well fitted for the dis-
charge of the delicate and responsible duties devolving upon them,
and they have administered the law impartially and justly to the rich
and the poor alike. They made mistakes undoubtedly, but they have been
errors in judgment, and I think it can be truly said that no suitor in
their court ever had just cause to say that justice was denied him,
through any corrupt or mercenary motive on the part of the judge.

The bar of Allegan county has long enjoyed the reputation of being
more harmonious and united, both among themselves and with the
court, than almost any other bar in the State. There is less of ill-
feeling, bickerings and petty jealousies between the members of the
Allegan county bar, taken as a whole, than any other county bar within
my acquaintance. This is saying a good deal and I trust that I vio-
late no rules of propriety when I say it, because I believe it to be true,
and such a condition of things greatly aids the court in the adminis-
tration of justice, and enables contending parties in court to obtain
substantially their legal rights. There has been among its members
many able and learned advocates, and from the ranks of the Allegan
county bar men have been chosen to fill high and responsible positions
in the state and national councils. I can not single out individuals on
an occasion like this without a seeming injustice to the rest. The men-
tion of many of their names would suggest a fund of incident and
anecdote, which would be pleasant to relate, but I must content myself
by simply giving a list of the members of the bar who have been
70

554 LAYING CORNER STONE OF THE

admitted to practice in this county, and others who settled here for
practice, beginning with the first session of the court in 1836, and in
the order of admission or settlement in the county, viz.:

Geo. Y. Warner, F. J. Little John, Hovey K. Clark, D. W. C. Chapin,
Theodore Chapin, Eobert Goble, Gilbert Moyers, T. H. Marsh, H. C.
Stoughton, W. B. Williams, Joseph Thew, Elisha Belcher, A. A. Harle,
E. B. Bassett, G. H. House, W. C. Edsell, Silas Stafford, J. N. York,
J. F. Stuck, Levi Comstock, B. F. Travis, K. B. Coles, H. C. Briggs,
B. D. Pritchard, F. X. Ward, D. J. Arnold, J. W. Stone, L. L. Crosby,
Alfred Wallin, H. N. Averill, Johnson Parsons, A. H. Chandler, P. A.
Latta, H. H. Pope, Hannibal Hart, J. P. Hoyt, J. B. Humphrey, Frank
Bracelin, E. B. Grover, A. H. Fenn, J. V. Rogers, E. D. Steele, Philip
Padgham, Daniel Earle, M. D. Wilbur, W. W. Warner, Bronson Schoon-
maker, J. H. Padgham, W. A. Wood worth, L. H. Babbitt, Ogden
Tomlinson, J. M. Eaton, R. L. Newnham, E. J. Anderson, F. S. Don-
aldson, J. L. Potts, H. B. Hudson, J. E. Babbitt, G. F. Peck, F. B.
Lay, D. H. Pope, C. T. Bennett, C. L. Bailey, C. B. Brownell, W. B.
Garvin, E. D. Barry, F. H. Williams, C. M. Humphrey, R. M. Par-
lin, Wm. Connell, E. O'Brien, C. R. Wilkes, F. E. Fish and W. E.
Ryan.

Many of the early members of the Allegan county bar have long
since gone to their final rest, summoned to that higher court from
which there is no appeal and where no mistakes occur in its judg-
ments or decrees. Many others moved from the county soon after
their admission, locating in different parts of the State and other
states of the Union, following their profession. But there was never
more than one-third of the entire number who ever became active
practitioners in the courts of this county.

My friends, this beautiful ceremony of laying the corner stone is as old
as the history of man. It comes to us from the dim shadowy past, away
beyond the dark ages, and was the symbol of an idea in ancient as well
as in modern civilization. It embraces the idea of binding together; of
strength, and of unity. It is the principal stone in the edifice, and
hence it has come to symbolize that which is of great importance or
indispensable. The laying of the corner stone, whether of the cathe-
dral in the establishment of religion, or the court house in the estab-
lishment of law, has always embodied as the central idea, the truths
of the bible in the one case, and the fundamental principles of liberty
and justice in the other.

Man has always been governed by law from the time the law was
handed to the people through Moses, the first great law-giver,

ALLEGAN COUNTY COURT HOUSE. 555

to the present time. The safety, happiness and welfare of men and
nations have depended upon the principles of positive law. Despots
have assumed that to themselves belonged the power of making and
enforcing the law. Tyrants of Greece and Rome have ground beneath
their iron heel the servile subject, under the pretense of administering
the law. Monarchs and kings have modified the rigors of laws origi-
nating under despotic tyranny, and have given to their subjects a
liberty and freedom of conscience and action that could not be with-
held from a people growing in intelligence and virtue. But it remained
to the people of our own beloved land, in these latter days, in this
glorious republic, to proclaim and lay the foundation of constitutional
liberty and establish among men a government of law based upon the
universal brotherhood and equality of man. And so at this time, in
the noon-day of universal law and liberty, with all that it implies, we
unite in celebrating the laying of the chief stone in the wall of a
structure that shall be to us the visible emblem of that security and
freedom, which the constitution and laws of our State shall afford us
and those that come after us, through all coming time. The people of
these United States have the best government and code of laws ever
yet devised. They have had the accumulated wisdom and experience
of mankind for ages to select from. They have gathered from the
ashes of the past the embers of the divine principles of truth and jus-
tice, and placing them upon the altar of public conscience, have
fanned them into a living flame. Constitutions and laws are formed
for the protection of the individual. This is the ultimate end of all
good laws, and good government. And where individual liberty and
freedom on the one hand, are so interwoven with proper restraints on
the other, a just and equitable law is evolved whereby the individual,
the state or nation is evenly governed and society enjoys its fullest
protection.

But laws, however humane and wise, do not enforce themselves. As
a consequence, therefore, courts are established, judges chosen, juries
are impaneled, and men, trained and learned in the law, are selected
to vindicate the person whose rights have been violated. To this end
temples of justice have been erected all over this fair land. It is for
this end that the people of Allegan county for, lo, these many years,
have labored, in season and out of season, and today have just begun
to realize the fruits of their labors in beholding the superstructure of
a beautiful edifice, which, when fully completed, will rejoice the heart
of every progressive man and woman in this broad county. An edifice
whose promised beauty, strength and symmetry, shall typify the pur-

556 LAYING CORNER STONE OP THE

poses for which it is constructed. In this edifice will every true citizen
take a lively interest. It belongs to us all. It shall shelter us all.
It marks the progress of a rich and growing county. It is a fair
index of a thriving, prosperous and intelligent people. It shall stand
as a monument, not like the pyramids of Egypt to the aggrandizement
of kings and poutentates whose memories could in no other way be
perpetuated, but as a monument to the united efforts of true manhood,
devoted to the principles of the best government on earth

We dedicate the building which we found today, to the purposes of
the law. And the law includes us all. It surrounds us as the atmos-
phere in which we live. Without it society would crumble and liberty
and government would vanish from the face of the earth. There are
people in this enlightened age, however, who affect to despise law and
those who administer it. Without law what becomes of your property
and your right to hold and enjoy it after you have earned it?
What enables you to hold your lands and houses as against your neigh-
bor who is stronger than you, perhaps, and -could despoil you of them?
What becomes of the family, the church, the school, and all the enjoy-
ments of civilized life, without law? The stength and majesty of the
law lies in the quiet influence which it exerts over the minds of men.
There is no business transaction between yourself and your neighbor,
however slight, but what is governed by some rule or principle of law.
You can neither buy, nor sell, nor give away, without bringing yourself
within some principle of law. Men are apt to forget these things, and
when they see or hear a lawsuit in the courts, are apt to think that
the ills of life are due to the law and the lawyers. "But it is not,
nor is it chiefly, the trial and adjudication in suits at law that work
out the benefits which just constitutions and just laws afford us.
Those are but the actual results of the collision between the law and
its opposing forces. Like accidents in the physical world, which hap-
pen from a falling out with the harmony of those laws which govern
the material universe. Lawsuits are but incidental catastrophies that
mark and emphasize the energy and force of legal principles. It is
the silent potency of established law, recognized in the daily walks of
men and constraining their actions by the mere force of its authority,
which produces order, and through it the golden fruits of peace and
civilized life."

For years to come, around the beautiful building of which we lay
the corner stone today, the hopes of the people will cluster. Here will
be gathered and deposited, year by year, the sums of money contributed
to the support of the beneficent institutions under which we live.

ALLEGAN COUNTY COURT HOUSE. 557

Here will be found the title deeds of the homes of yourselves and
children, and your children's children.

Here will be found in many a volume, the record which tells of man's
mortality, and upon whose pages will appear the record of the accu-
mulations of a lifetime, in evidence of the tender care and solicitude
bestowed by the ancestor upon the dear ones left behind.

Here will open the doors of justice to all who seek the protection
accorded them by the laws of the land. And as, from day to day,
this structure shall rise from its foundation stone, slowly gathering
form, and shape, and beauty, until at last, its finished spire shall stand
in clear and beautiful outline against the azure sky may we each and
all be inspired by that sublime sentiment, so beautifully expressed by
another, " Here rise the walls of the ideal state — Justice, truth, courage,
faith and above them all, based upon all, law, whose seat is the bosom
of God, whose voice is the harmony of the world."

At the close of the oration the male quartet gave another selection.

The following is the article prepared by Col. E. Mix on the pioneers
of Allegan county:

The subject of this historical sketch is the county of Allegan under
territorial and state government, giving a slight history of the county,
townships and villages, from the advent of its first settlers, with its
manufactories, agriculture and works of its hardy pioneers, a list of
early county and township officers, the press, regiments in which the
gallant sons of Allegan county fought in the great rebellion from 1861
to 1865 inclusive, churches, societies and lists of prominent pioneers.

Allegan county's first settlers were Wm. G. Butler, his wife and two
children, who came to the mouth of the Kalamazoo river and located
his homestead in the fall of 1829. His family came on a vessel in the
spring of 1830. He built the first house at what is now the village of
Saugatuck. Lucius A. Barnes, afterwards settling at Wayland, being
clerk for Indian trader Campau, in 1829, assisted Butler in building his
house. Mr. Barnes is still living and with us today at the laying of
the corner stone of this court house. He is eighty-four years old. The
next settlers in the county were Giles Scott, Dr. Samuel Foster, Lucius
Lyon, Hull Sherwood and his sons Eber, Hull Sherwood jr., and
Royal Sherwood and their families. These came to what is now called
Otsego, in Allegan county, in 1830 and 1831. Also Samuel D. Foster
and Dr. Cyrenus Thompson, who erected the first house in Gun Plains.
A few more immigrants came to Otsego and Gun Plains and
erected a Baptist church, the first church in the county. A terri-
torial road was laid out from Barry county to Gun Plains by William

558 LAYING CORNER STONE OF THE

Duncan, Cornelius Northrop and Carlos Barnes. In 1834 the company
known as " the Boston Company," comprised of Massachusetts and New
York capitalists, bought land in Allegan county and sent out Leander
S. Prouty, to the rapids of the Kalamazoo river (now the village of
Allegan), to commence a clearing for a city. The first nail was driven
at Allegan village by Wallace Crittenden. On the 29th day of March
1833, a law was passed and approved which enacted that all that dis-
trict of the country, west of a line running on the west side of Kala-
mazoo county should be known as the township of Allegan, and
attached to Kalamazoo for State and govermental purposes. The first
township meeting was held at the house of Samuel Foster to organize
said township, on October 6, 1834.

The governor of the territory of Michigan appointed Oshea Wilder,
Cyrus Lovell and Isaac E. Crary to select the county seat, which was
duly located at Allegan village. In 1835 . a number of people located
at Allegan village thought themselves strong enough to have a separate
county organization, called a meeting for that purpose the 12th day of
August, 1835, and recommended suitable persons for the county officers,
as follows: Elisha Ely and John Anderson, associate judges; Alexander
L. Ely, county clerk; J. L. Shearer, sheriff; Martin L. Barber, county
surveyor; Oka Town, judge of probate. These were approved by the
acting governor of the territory, Stevens T. Mason, August 25, 1835,
and April, 1836, the treasurer and register of the county were elected by
the people. Milo Winslow treasurer and Joseph Fisk register of deeds.
This covers the complete organization of Allegan county, Elisha Ely
being the first representative to the State legislature.

On the 23d of March, 1836, the legislature divided the county into
four towns as follows: Plainfield, Otsego, Allegan and Newark. Plain-
field township comprised range eleven west, towns one, two, three and
four north; Otsego township comprised range twelve west, and towns
one, two, three and four north; Allegan township comprised ranges
thirteen and fourteen west, towns one, two, three and four north, of
each range; Newark township comprised ranges fifteen, sixteen and
seventeen west, to Lake Michigan, towns one, two, three and four north?
of the ranges. •

The 4th day of October, 1836, being the first Tuesday in the month,
the day appointed by the State for the annual meeting of the board of
supervisors for the county, the following persons convened at the village
of Allegan, known as the county seat. Hull Sherwood, Jr., supervisor
for township of Otsego; Alexander L. Ely, for Allegan; Daniel A.
Plummer, for Newark; John Murphy, for Plainfield. Hull Sherwood

ALLEGAN COUNTY COURT HOUSE. 559

was elected chairman and Hovey K. Clarke was chosen clerk and duly
sworn in. Thus the county and townships were in full working order
by officers elected by actual settlers of the county and towns.

THE FIKST SETTLEMENTS AND ORGANIZATION OF THE TOWNSHIPS.

The first settlement of Allegan county was in the township of Sauga-
tuck, by William Gay Butler, of Hartford, Connecticut, who settled at the
mouth of the Kalamazoo river with his family in 1829. Benjamin Plum-
mer and several others came in 1830. Johonnet and Stephen A. Morrison,
the first tanners, came in 1833. The township was organized in 1836.
The first supervisor was Daniel A. Plummer, the first justices of the peace
were William G. Butler and Stephen A. Morrison. There are two news-
papers published in the township, one in Douglass and one in Saugatuck.
Ship building and fruit raising is the principle business of the townsnip.

The second settlement in the county was at Otsego, in 1830, Giles
Scott, Uri Baker, Sloan Eaton, Hill and Yeomans, Scott's wife and
two children-. In 1831 Dr. Samuel Foster and family, Hull Sherwood,
his sons Eber, Royal and Hull Sherwood, Jr., and their families, also
his unmarried sons Lebbeus and Edmund, all from Rochester, N. T.
The township was organized in 1836. The first supervisor was Hull
Sherwood, Jr. In April, 1836, the first mill erected was by Jabin S.
Higgins, on Pine creek, who sawed the first lumber and Willard Hig-
gins, his son, then twelve years old, hauled said lumber through the
woods to Battle Creek to build the first houses there. Four newspapers
have been started in the township, viz.: Record, Courier, Herald and
Union.

The third settlement in the county was Gun Plains, Dr. Cyrenus
Thompson, Calvin C. White, John Adams and Jonathan Bussell came
in 1830 and 1831. William and John Forbes settled in 1832, coming
direct from Scotland. This township was organized in 1836, John
Murphy being the first supervisor and first sheriff of the county. Four
newspapers have been established, viz.: Express, Republi<f, Independent
and Enterprise, the two latter now being published. The pits for the
first peach trees to bear fruit in Allegan, were brought from Rochester,
N. Y., by Silas Dunham's daughter, afterward Mrs. Duncan A. Mc-
Martin.

The fourth settlement in the county, was Allegan, in 1834 Leander S.
Prouty cutting the first tree. In 1835 Elisha Ely, Joseph Fisk, Alan-
son S. Weeks and Cordyon Weeks, his brother, who drove in the first
team of horses, came to Allegan township. Fisk built the first house
and kept the first hotel. Ira Chaffee ran the Boston company's first

560 LAYING CORNER STONE OF THE

saw mill; a dam, race and mill having been completed this year and
the population of the town had increased from three to nearly twenty.
This town was organized in 1836. The first supervisor was Alexander
Ely. Elias Streeter and W. C. Jenner and their families came in the
year 1835. Five newspapers have been established, viz.: Journal, Tri-
bune, Record, Democrat and Gazette. Two machine shops, three car-
riage shops, paper mill, four flour mills and several small works of
manufactory, good water-works and grand fire department. Alanson S.
Weeks commenced the chair manufactory with a foot lathe, instructing
Wm. Phillips with the use of the same, making the first start for the
great John Phillips furniture factory of Chicago. Rev. W. C. H. Bliss
came to Allegan in 1836 and is with us here today.

The fifth settlement of the county was Trowbridge, by Leander S.
Prouty, in 1835, who went to Otsego in the morning of the day he
settled in his new house, married Miss Harriet Cannon, started on their
wedding tour in a canoe for their home in Trowbridge the same
day. Oka Town (who is with us today) performed the marriage cere-
mony. Sidney Smith settled in the the township the same year. This
township was organized in 1842. Its first supervisor was Richard
Weare; Leander Prouty, justice of the peace.

The sixth settlement in the county was Way land, by Lucius A.
Barnes and Daniel Jackson, in 1835. Col. Isaac Barnes, his sons,
George and Lucius, helped to build the first saw will on Rabbit river
in 1836, calling the town Lumbertown. Lucius A. brought his young
wife, Keziah, to keep house for the mill company. George W. Barnes
was the first postmaster, Joel Batchelor the first mail contractor. Nel-
son Chambers, O. H. Rounds, Bronson and Selkrig came later. The
town was organized in 1843. Joel Bronson was the first supervisor and
justice of the peace.

The seventh settlement in the county was Martin, by Mumford
Eldred in 1836, with his wife, two sons and three daughters, bringing
the first horse "Old Black Hawk " into the township of Martin. Mrs.
Eldred's son, Samuel, was the first child born in the township. Dr.
White, C. M. Kimball and Monteith came the same year. The town-
ship was organized in 1839. Cotton M. Kimball was elected first
supervisor.

The eighth settlement in the county was the township of Watson,
by Daniel Leggett and W. S. Miner, in 1836, Mrs. Miner being the first
and only lady oi the town for some time. Chester A. Miner came in
1837, also Jos. S. Miner, Daniel Bracelin, Eli Watson, Dunning, Allen,
Hicks and Wells Field who is here today. This town was organized

ALLEGAN COUNTY COURT HOUSE. 561

in 1842. The first supervisor was Amos D. Dunning; justice of the
peace, Wells Field.

The ninth settlement in the county was Monterey, by Gil Bias Wil-
cox, in 1836, John Sweezy working for him, also making a permanent
settlement; also Henry and Horace Wilson, following the Indian trail
to Allegan to get to their clearing. Leonard Ross, Noah Briggs,
F. S. Day, S. Rumery and H. Sabin all came in 1839. The town was
organized in 1847. John Chase was supervisor - and Horace Wilson
justice of the peace.

The tenth settlement in the county was Manlius, by Ralph R. Mann
and family, in 1836. He was employed by John Allen to found the
noted city of Richmond, to start a store and boarding house for the
benefit of their workmen who were building a saw mill, race and dam.
James McCormick and John H. Billings came the same year and made
a permanent settlement, also John S. Gidley and the Lamoreaux. The
town was organized in 1839. John Allen was elected supervisor;
Ralph R. Mann justice of the peace.

The eleventh settlement in the county was the township ' of Clyde,
by Jacob and Leonard Bailey, in 1836 and 1837. They built a large
saw mill for a New York company. James Harris, Robert G. Miner,
Charles T. and Walter Billings came the same year; also Marmaduke
Wood on section one. This town was organized in 1849. Ralph
Parish was elected first supervisor, Marmaduke Wood, justice of the
peace.

The twelfth settlement in- the county was Hopkins, by Jonathan O.
Rounds and family, in 1838. The same year came Esek Baker with
wife, two sons and a daughter, who married John J. Lardner. Also
Parsons, Button, Linsley,. the two Hoffmasters and Lane came about
1852. The town was organized in 1852. The first supervisor was Jon-
athan O. Rounds; justice of the peace, Wm. R. Ingerson.

The thirteenth settlement in the county was Pine Plains, by T. M.
West and Daniel Ammerman, in 1838: Also A. Noble, Samuel
Bigsby and Major J. M. Heath. Levi Loomis built a mill on Swan creek
for David B. Stout in 1837. Ira Chaft'ee was assistant foreman. The
town was organized in 1850. Timothy S. Coates was supervisor and
Giles H. Hill, clerk; Eli Hathaway, justice of the peace.

The fourteenth settlement in the county was Ganges, by Harrison

Hutchins, John H. Billings, Levi Loomis and James W. Wadsworth, in

1838. Crawford, Hamlin and Goodeve came in 1843. The town was

organized in 1847. The first supervisor was Amos A. Haile with Samuel

562 LAYING CORNER STONE OF THE

H. Weaver, clerk; Levi Loomis, justice of the peace. Hamlin and Craw-
ford built a saw mill in 1844.

The fifteenth settlement in the county was Cheshire, by Simeon Pike,
Marcus Lane and Jonathan Hinckley came in 1839. Samuel Goodale,
Matthew Merchant, Cyrus and James Lindsley, with their families, came
and built a mill on Eagle lake. This town was organized in 1851.
James G. Lindsley was elected supervisor, Marcus Lane treasurer and
highway commissioner.

The sixteenth settlement in the county was Leighton, by Lucius A.
Barnes in 1837. He was both tavern-keeper and merchant; George W.
Barnes and William Logan engaged in lumbering in 1839. Samuel B.
and William S. Hooker, Boughton, Wilson, Bagnell and Lucas came in
1840. This town was organized in 1848. George Lewis was the first
supervisor and Seth A. Lucas justice of the peace.

The seventeenth settlement in the county was Fillmore, by Smith,
Schorno, Fairbanks and Lamoreaux, in 1841. Kronemeyer and family
came in 1847 with the Dutch colony and settled in this township. The
township was organized in 1849, and named by Mrs. Julietta Mann in
honor of the then president. Isaac Fairbanks was elected supervisor
and George N. Smith justice of the peace. Six votes were cast at this
election.

The eighteenth settlement in the county was Casco, by John Thayer
and Timothy McDowell, in 1843. Mortimer McDowell, William B.
Reynolds, James Donnelly and Hiram J. Cox came in 1844. This town
was organized in 1854. Timothy McDowell was first supervisor; Sylvester
Munger justice of the peace.

The nineteenth settlement in the county was Dorr, by Nathaniel Good-
speed and family, consisting of wife, five sons, Orrin, George, Cyrus,
David and William, in 1845; then came Edward and William R. Moore,
A. M. Hoy, Edward Johnson, Rodney Sessions and James A. Sterling.
This town was organized in 1847. John Parsons was elected supervisor
and Edward Moore justice of the peace.

The twentieth settlement in the county was Laketown, by Aaron Neer-
ken, James Rutgers, Lucas, Tinholt and brother, with their families, in
1847. Henry Brinkman and family and Stephen Lucas, all of the Dutch
colony, under Van Raalte. This township was organized in 1859. John
Rouse was first supervisor, and Geert Rutgers and John Lucas
justices of the peace.

The twenty-first settlement in the county was Overisal, by Rev.
Bolks, Gerrit Veldhuis and Egbert Nykerk, in 1848; Henry Beldman
and family, Wm. Heulsman and family and Gerrit Brouwers, with his

ALLEGAN COUNTY COURT HOUSE. 563

brother Henry and families, came at the same time. This township was
organized in 1857. C. J. Voorhorst was elected first supervisor; G. J.
Wolterink justice of the peace.

The twenty-second settlement in the county was Heath, by Simeon
Howe, John Saddler and his sons, Andrew, Richard and Jonathan, in
1850. Col. John Littlejohn and Howe built a saw mill on Babbit
river. Joseph Shank, Amos S. Judd and Allen Beach came in 1853.
The village of Hamilton is in this township, also Dunningville, a sta-
tion on the C. & W. M. railroad. This township was organized in 1861.
James M. Heath was elected first supervisor and Simeon Howe justice
of the peace.

The twenty-third settlement was Salem, by Michael Sraher and John
Teed, in 1851. William Goodman and Charles Strickfaden and his two
sons, came in 1852. Burnips corners is an important location in this
township. The township was organized in 1855. Its first supervisor
was L. P. Brown and first justice of the peace was Henry Wilson.

The twenty-fourth settlement in the county was Lee, by Thomas
Scott and Thomas Baplee.1 Scott came in 1844 as a hunter but remained
until 1858. The advent of Raplee, Bice, Hoy Matthews, Davison and
others was in 1858. The township was organized in 1859. Thomas
Baplee was first supervisor and justice of the peace. Eight votes were
cast at this election.

The number of men who went from Allegan county to the war of the
Bebellion from 1861 to 1865 was over 2,200. Below is the regiments,
battalions and batteries and mechanics and engineers that they served
in. Also the number of men who went from Allegan to other states.
The recorded number is as follows:

2d Infantry... 8

*3d " r 110

6th " 109

7th " 18

8th " ' 16

19th and 10th Infantry 46

12th Infantry 18

13th
14th

17th
19th
21st
28th
30th

320
24
45

108
10
45
57

Mechanics and Engineers 100

1st Cavalry 38

2d " 15

3d " 160

4th " 135

* In old and new Third.

564 ALLEGAL COUNTY COURT HOUSE.

5th Cavalry _ 90

6th " 25

7th " • 20

8th " 126

10th 15

llth " 10

Merrill's Horse 5

1st Light Artillery and Batteries 13 and 14 50

To fill other Michigan regiments not enumerated 102

Total recorded 1,825

About four hundred went from the county in regiments in other
states, ' making about sixty-six per cent of all men capable of bearing
arms in Allegan county in 1861. Of these there were killed, died of
wounds and diseases brought on by hardships and exposure and as
prisoners of war about twenty-eight per cent of all enlisted men that
went from the county. Population in 1860 was 16,087, at the present
time, 1889, about 40,000.

The laying of the corner stone was in charge of Deputy Grand
Master John S. Cross of Bangor, according to the ritual of the
Masonic order.

A piece of music by the band closed the exercises.

The following is a list of the articles deposited in the corner stone:

Roster of Home Lodge, No. 290, I. O. O. F. ; Hermione lodge, No. 41,
K. of P.; charter members from Otsego lodge, F. & A. M.; C. J. Bas-
sett post, G. A. R.; Harlow Briggs Post, G. A. R.; Jacob Fry post,
G. A. K; Allegan lodge, No, 105, I. O. O. F.

A copy of each of the county papers.

Premium list of Union agricultural society, Plainwell.

View of Allegan in 1840, etched by John Krumbein.

Letter, from Harlow Higinbotham.

Order of exercises to be observed in the laying of the corner stone.

Statistical year book of Seventh day Adventists.

Envelopes from C. H. Adams, J. B. Streeter & Son, Horace B. Peck
and a package from H. P. Dunning.

Abstract of history of the First National bank of Allegan.

Proceedings of the board of supervisors of Allegan county, in regard
to building new court house.

Early history of Allegan county, written by request of the building
committee of the board of supervisors.

List of teachers of Allegan county, Mich. Report of rural schools
by P. A. Latta. Notice of teachers' examinations.

Address of Philip Padgham, on the ceremony. Address of village
President, Hannibal Hart. Response, by Wm. B. Williams.

FROM PHILADELPHIA IN TWO DIVISIONS. 565

EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

THE QUAKERS, THE UNITED STATES COMMISSIONERS, AND THE PRO-
POSED TREATY OF PEACE WITH THE NORTHWESTERN
INDIAN TRIBES.

Contemporary Accounts of the Tour to Detroit, the Sojourn in that
Vicinity and the Return to Philadelphia.

BY JACOB LINDLEY, JOSEPH MOORE AND OLIVER PAXSON.

I Re-printed from the "Friends' Miscellany," Vols. II, VI, and I. Originally Published by Subscription
at Philadelphia between 1830 and 1840. See Michigan Pioneer Collections, Vol. XII, pp. 63 and 71.]

NOTE. — The following is a copy of the title page of the volume from
which the diary of Jacob Lindley, herewith re-printed, is taken.

FEIENDS' MISCELLANY:

BIOGRAPHICAL, RELIGIOUS, EPISTOLARY, NARRATIVE, AND HISTORICAL;

DESIGNED FOB THE PROMOTION OF PIETY AND VIRTUE, TO PRESERVE IN REMEMBRANCE THE CHARACTERS

AND VIEWS OF EXEMPLARY INDIVIDUALS, AND TO RESCUE FROM OBLIVION THOSE MANUSCRIPTS

LEFT BY THEM, WHICH MAY BE USEFUL TO SURVIVORS.

The memory of the just is blessed. — Solomon.

Gather up the fragments that remain, that nothing be lost. John vi. 12.

EDITED BY JOHN AND ISAAC COMLY, BYBERRY.

Vol. II. SECOND EDITION.

PHILADELPHIA:
PRINTED FOR THE EDITORS BY J. RICHARDS,

No. 129 North Third Street.
1836.

566 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

JACOB LJNDLEY'S ACCOUNT

Of a Journey to attend the Indian Treaty, proposed to be held at
Sandusky, in the year 1793; interspersed with various observations,
remarks, and circumstances, that occurred on this interesting

occasion.

INTRODUCTION.

As preliminary information to the reader, it may be proper to state,
that about the year 1791, a misunderstanding existed between the
United States and several of the Indian Tribes. On this occasion, the
Meeting for Sufferings held in Philadelphia addressed a memorial to
Congress, the object of which was, to show the expediency of pursuing
pacific measures towards settling the disputes with the Indians. Their
representation was well received; — but the measures they recommended
were not then adopted; and the calamities of war still continuing to
prevail on the Western frontiers of the States, the Yearly Meeting
held in 1792, appointed a large Committee to unite with the Meeting
for Sufferings in deliberating on this momentous subject, and if practi-
cable, to recommend such measures as would be most likely to promote
peace and friendship with the Indians.

Early in the year 1793, deputies from several Indian Nations visited
Philadelphia, with a view of forwarding an accommodation of differ-
ences with the United States: and, Government having agreed that a
treaty should be held in the Indian country, near Detroit, during the
summer following, — those Indian deputies repeatedly urged that some
Friends should attend the negotiations; stating, that "the Nations they
represented had a special confidence in Friends, as a people who, from
their first settlement in America, had manifested a steady adherence to
the maintenance of peace and friendship with the Natives." In accord-
ance with the desire which Friends had long felt to promote peace,
the proposal was acceded to; and six Friends were deputed to accom-
pany the Commissioners appointed by government, on this occasion,
after having obtained the President's approbation.

The Commissioners appointed on this embassy were, general Benjamin
Lincoln, colonel Timothy Pickering, and Beverly Randolph, esq. The
Friends who accompanied them were, John Parrish, William Savery,
and John Elliott, of Philadelphia, Jacob Lindley, of Chester county,
and Joseph Moore and William Hartshorne, of New Jersey.

See Halliday Jackson's valuable work, lately published, entitled,
"Civilization of the Indian Natives," page 7, 8 — Oliver Paxson's Letter
to John Simpson, page 31, vol. 1 — also the interesting "Narrative of

FROM PHILADELPHIA IN TWO DIVISIONS. 567

the Mission of the United Brethren, among the Delaware and Mohegan
Indians," by John Heckewelder, printed 1820 — page 401-3.

JOURNAL &c.

I left my dear wife and family on first-day morning, the 28th of the
4th month, 1793. It was a close trial to both, and the more so, as
our youngest child was much indisposed. But the resignation and for-
titude with which my beloved companion was supported, helped me to
bear the separation beyond my expectation.

My beloved friend Joshua Pusey, accompanied me from home. The
morning was wet and windy. When we came to Brandy wine it was
high. We ferried over, and got to Concord meeting; which opportunity
tended to stay and quiet my mind. — After meeting we went on to
Darby, and lodged at our kind friend John Hunt's, where, by him and
his beloved Rachel, we were tenderly cared for.

29th. We went to Philadelphia, where I met with John Parrish,
William Savery, John Elliott and Joseph Moore, who were to be my
fellow travellers in the journey. They informed me that Timothy
Pickering and Beverly Randolph proposed to set out on horseback next
day. On which information, it was mutually agreed, that John Parrish,
Joseph Moore and John Elliott, should proceed with them to Niagara
Falls: and William Savery and myself proceed by way of New York
to accompany Benjamin Lincoln, who had gone to New York some
days before.

30th. I felt my mind not quite easy to proceed without having an
interview with the President of the United States, which I suggested
to William Savery, and found he was under a like impression. — Accord-
ingly, James Pemberton, William Savery, John Elliott and myself,
went about nine o'clock; met with a favorable reception, and had a full
opportunity to relieve our minds: which we thought tended to his
satisfaction, as well as ours. About one o'clock, our three friends and
two Commissioners set out on horseback.

1st of 5th mo. William Savery and myself, with five other passen-
gers, set out in the stage for New York. Got to Brunswick about
dark, having rode sixty miles. Next day in the afternoon, we arrived
at New York.

3rd. Waiting for the baggage to come on by water from Amboy,
and providing for our journey. I think I never saw Friends so active
and heartily disposed to comfort and assist, as were a number of our
brethren and sisters of that city.

4th. Went on board the Schenectady sloop, capt. Lansing. Our

568 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

beloved friend, William Hartshorne, one of our companions in this
journey, met us here, and went on board also, at the Albany pier in
the East river. The wind at south-west, we got round the point, and
about five miles up the North river, when the wind shifted, and a vio-
lent gale ensued from the north-east. The tide also leaving us, we were
obliged to cast anchor, and lay tossing all night, just in sight of the
city. The wind increased so much that our vessel dragged her anchor,
and ran almost ashore. About daylight our* captain ran in to the
wharf again. We took the opportunity of going to forenoon and after-
noon meetings. At the last of which, William Savery desired to see
Friends and others, at seven o'clock in the evening. About which
time, the streets being crowded with people going to meeting, the
captain sent a messenger to call us on board. The strait indeed was
great; but William and I agreed, let the consequences be what they
might, we would attend the meeting; we did so, and a favored time it
was. About nine o'clock, several Friends, merchants of the city, accom-
panied us to the vessel, where the passengers and captain were in a
heat; but we kept down, and it blew over. Capt. Lansing told me
afterwards with seriousness, he did believe the storm was permitted in
order to give us time for the meeting.

About midnight they weighed anchor, and stood up the North river.
Our progress was slow and tedious, which gave us opportunity to view
the rugged margin of that great water, which exhibited subjects for
awful contemplation. The rocks and mountains rise from the water
several hundred feet high; on the top of divers of which, are the
remains of fortifications made in the time of the late war; at some of
which places, bloody contests had been held. We passed West Point,
Fort Putnam, and divers others on the tops of the highest hills, com-
manding the prospects of different reaches of the North river.

7th. We passed a stream tumbling over the rocks into the river,
called the Buttermilk Falls — a good seat for a mill. But the barren
appearance of the banks, with the prospect of the divers dark habita-
tions of death and destruction, brought me into a humbling sense of
the excellency of that holy religion, which breathes peace on earth and
good will to men. These strong holds, situated on the tops and peaks
of mountains, perhaps three or four hundred feet high, were associated
with ideas which more strongly confirmed my mind in the • approach
of that day, in which the King of kings will exalt his holy mountain
above them all.

Passed by New Windsor, New Marlborough, and Barnagat. At the
latter are many limekilns, which burn lime for New York. The kilns

VIA NEW YORK AND ALBANY, MAY. 569

are in the bank, close to the river. Poughkeepsie is a village on the
east side of the river. The land appears barren and shrubby, especially
where the limestone mostly abounds.

8th. About six in the morning, arrived at Albany, having sailed one
hundred miles in twelve hours. Last night we passed the city of
Hudson, where a number of Friends reside. At Albany we met with
great civility. The minister of the congregation introduced himself to
us, and said he wished our errand crowned with success; and that he
would make it his care, publicly to offer up his prayers for us, which
would be joined by ten or eleven hundred others, and he hoped would
be available. He appeared a good natured, tender spirited man. His
name was Bassett.

In the afternoon, five Indians passed through this town. I stopped
them at the city tavern, gave them some refreshment, and money to
bear their expenses. Their company consisted of an old woman, a son,
two daughters and a grandson. One of the young women was named
Mehetable, the other Keturah. Our secretary, Story, sent a written
message to captain Hendricks, at the Onedia Lake, by one of the
young men, one hundred and twenty miles distant: which he engaged
to deliver in three days. They all appeared simple, and their counte-
nances innocent. Their name and visage impressed my mind with a
remembrance of good old Abraham, Isaac and Jacob.

The city of Albany is chiefly settled with the descendants of emi-
grants from Holland. They are generally a recluse, busy people:
which bears the appearance of inhospitality, or want of sociability and
attention to strangers. When we arrived at the city tavern, we found
general Lincoln nearly alone. He was very anxious to move forward
that afternoon, for which purpose a horse and chair was sought and
procured: the horse was a poor old gray, such as I have seen turned
out to die. This treatment of the general roused 'my feelings for the
honour of our government, and the regard due to its respectable officers :
of which number I considered him as one — especially on the present
intended peaceful embassy. I then went out and represented the reflec-
tions it must draw upon the reputation of the place, to capt. Lansing
and some others, who had exulted much in the antiquity and reputa-
tion of their city. They pretty soon procured a better horse and sulkey,
and the old friend proceeded that evening to Schenectady. "We stayed
all night at Albany, and observed their manner of burial; where no
women attended: neither do they on any such occasions, attend the
corpse of the nearest relative to the grave. The females assemble at
the house, and immediately after the coffin is borne out, they proceed
72

570 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

to eat cakes, drink wine, and smoke tobacco for a short time; and then
all clear out before the men return. The men resume the feast, made
in consequence of the decease of their neighbor or friend, regale them-
selves, and return home.

9th. We got into a wagon, and rode sixteen miles to Schenectady,
situated near the Mohawk river. — We passed about ten houses on the
road, each a tavern. The land very poor and covered with pines the
whole of the way. The town of Schenectady is supposed to consist of
about three hundred houses, mostly Dutch- built, except some modern
houses of more elegant construction. It appears strange to see the
manners and customs of the people, and the face of the country: yet
my mind is mercifully preserved in great quietude, and every place
looks and feels like a temporary home. Dined at a public house in
Schenectady, where we had the pleasure of general Schuyler's company.
After dinner, we went on board a batteau, accompanied by seven others,
loaded with our baggage and stores, and embarked on the Mohawk
river, in the presence of more than one hundred spectators. Two of
our boats were manned with six men each, the other six boats with
three men each. We proceeded about four miles, and stopped at a
house where the mother and three children were entirely insane. The
three children never learned to speak, being idiots — the mother went
distracted, and was confined in chains. The several circumstances
attending this distressed family, deeply affected my mind, and caused
me secretly to acknowledge, that I was not thankful enough for the
manifold favors and blessings mercifully dispensed to me.

The bed of the Mohawk river I suppose to be about two hundred
yards across, and averaging three feet deep; some places shoal and
rapid, where the poor boatmen had very hard work to make headway
against the current. The river winds across a valley about half a mile
wide; alternately washing the southern and northern hills. The bottoms
in the bends, and on the banks of the river, are rich black sand,
exceeding fertile, and tolerably improved, producing wheat, Indian corn,
peas, flax, &c. in abundance. We had an agreeable prospect of a
range of fine plantations, interspersed with an abundance of fruit trees
in blossom. Vegetation appeared about as forward here as when I left
home. It is an old settled country : the inhabitants mostly the descend-
ants of Low Dutch emigrants, and 'generally speak that language,
also, tolerable English. They say it was settled before Schenectady or
Albany; which must be more than one hundred and twenty years.
One young woman told me her father's great-grandfather was born on
the place where she then lived. The banks of the river, in general,

UP THE MOHAWK RIVER, MAY. 571

rise about twelve or fifteen feet above the surface of the water, and
obscure, in a great measure, the pleasing prospect of its fruitful margin
from travelers who go in boats.

10th. Our little fleet, consisting of eight boats, worked by thirty
men, exclusive of twelve passengers, set out, and with great exertions,
opposed the rapids of the Mohawk for about sixteen miles, thro' a
champaign country. Passed by many banks and points of land, memor-
able for having forts and fortifications in time of war; particularly the
old residence of sir William Johnson, whose mansion house is now in
ruins — the lands confiscated, and in possession of strangers. This estate
was said to have been obtained from the Indians by chicanery. Such
is the uncertainty of the most extensive worldly possessions, more
especially when obtained through unrighteous channels. This day we
passed a rock projecting out of the bank of the river, whereon was
painted, with great ingenuity, in red colors, a canoe with the represen-
tation of seven men in it: which is said to be done annually, by
Indians, coming several hundred miles for that purpose, in order to
commemorate the slaughter of seven Indians, who went off from that
neighborhood in some former wars, and were all destroyed. We passed
the mouth of the Schoharie, and stopped about a mile higher up the
river, on a beautiful bank, where we proposed to lodge. Here I saw
a plough with two wheels, about eighteen inches diameter, just before
the coulter. They are in general use in this neighborhood, and appear
to answer the end well. Their land is level, light and rich near the
river. Their field peas are just coming up, and appear luxuriant and
beautiful.

llth. Had a fine wind, our little fleet hoisted their sails, which
propelled the boats against the current at about four miles an hour
without the help of setting poles or oars. Passed the Canajoharie, and
a mountain called the Nose, where is a remarkable cave, into which one
of our boatmen said he entered about five perches, but found so much
wind issuing out of it, that he was afraid to proceed any further.
The land in this day's route is very good. The settlers here were
greatly distressed about the year 1780, by the Indians and white people
who were opposed to the principles of the revolution, and were
influenced, and, in some instances, commanded, by John Johnson (son
of sir William) who took refuge with the British, and came on with a
party of Indians, &c. into his old neighborhood, burnt their houses,
took off many prisoners, and others they killed. Where we breakfasted,
the man of the house told us his father and father-in-law were both
killed by them on the same morning. Where we dined the woman's

572 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

husband had been killed in like manner. This day we passed several
old fortifications, blockhouses, &c. which appeared a weak defence:
and breathing aspirations were raised, to become an inhabitant of a
city whose walls are salvation, and whose light and glory the Lord of
hosts is. We also passed several places for worship. The whole jour-
ney of this day was about twenty-three miles. The country very fertile,
and capable of abundant improvement which may increase the useful
trade of Schenectady and Albany, keep up the sound of the millstones
near the North river, — largely occupy the merchants of New York, — and
freight their ships with heavy burdens for distant climes. Vegetation
appears nearly the same from day to day, as we proceed to the north-
west, which is the general course of the river thus far.

12th. Which was the first of the week, we set out from esq. Nellis's,
which is about fifteen miles north of Otsego lake, the head source of
the north branch of Susquehanna, and about fifty miles north of the
boat and raft navigation of the Delaware. Proceeding up the river we
found the water very shoal; in many places not more than fifteen
inches deep. The navigation is exceedingly hurt by the river being
divided into many parts by islands, some less, and some larger, from
one to seventy acres in size. We landed and tarried awhile at Fort
Hendricks on the south side of the river. Opposite, on the north side,
conies in a large stream, called Canada creek, about the size of Brandy-
wine. This place was the seat of an old Indian king. We noticed
many large old apple trees, said to have been planted by the Indians.

This day the wind blew very brisk, and directly against us; which
made our progress slow, and the labor of the men exceeding hard.
With considerable difficulty, we stemmed the current ten miles, to the
falls of the river, which are thirty-eight and a half feet in three quar-
ters of a mile. It is a very romantic spot. In one place, the water
pitches down about seven feet. Here is a fine grist-mill, saw-mill, and
fulling-mill. A scotch gentleman, named John Porteous, is the pro-
prietor of the seat. It will, some time, in all probability, become a
great interest. — Here are great preparations making to open a canal,
which I think they will complete, as nature has done abundance toward
facilitating this very important object. The river is contracted by rocks
and hills to one hundred feet wide at the falls, and for some dis-
tance below. At this place, a spacious wooden bridge is erected
across the river. On the north side, are evident marks of nature
having, at some very remote period of time, undergone a great revo-
lution. I think it appears to a demonstration, that the river once
ran among the rocks that are now thirty perches from the present

UP THE MOHAWK RIVER, MAY. 573

bed of the water, and twenty feet above its level. Rocks and stones
are lying in a very irregular position, but so smoothed, and worn
into curves of many shapes, like ovens, large kettles, and some worn
down like a hollow gum, six or seven feet deep, and bear every
appearance of the rocks in the bed and on the sides of the river
at present. This afternoon, we engaged seven wagons to transport
our stores and boats, one mile across these falls. We were
kindly received by our friend Porteous, and the superintendent of
the canal, a very intelligent man, major Frederick Augustus De Zang;
where I drank tea and lodged. He emigrated from Saxony, and
married Caleb Lawrence's daughter, of New York. Though this
place is so rocky and wild, it is said a rattlesnake has not been
found at any time, north of Canada creek. On the east side of
that water, about seven miles distant, they abound to such a degree
that the settlers there are obliged, in their own defence, to keep
large herds of swine, of three or four years old — and such is the
sagacity of the swine, that they will set their foot on the head of the
reptile, and begin at the tail to eat.

Below these falls, for three miles, the water is an amazing depth
—perhaps eighty feet deep. Here our setting poles were of no
account, and our oars and paddles were not sufficient to propel the
boat against the wind; so that at one time I did not know but
we should here have made our beds. But through the abounding
mercy of Him "who holdeth the winds in his fists, and measureth
the waters in the hollow of his hand," we got through to comfort-
able lodgings. The three preceding nights we lay on our mattresses,
except the general, who was accommodated with a bed.

13th. The wagons assembled about sunrise, took our baggage and
boats about one mile, to the still water above the falls. We dined at our
friend Porteous's — embarked in the afternoon — passed the Wolf Riffle
and one other piece of strong water — about six miles, to the German
Flats — on the way, passed several block houses, and one meeting
house. Here we were but six miles north of the head waters of
the Susquehanna. But it felt to me a land of darkness and a
land of blood. Many of the people had had their relations killed
and scalped, whose spirits remain rough, and much exasperated
against the Indians.

14th. Proceeded forward, and that evening reached Fort Schuylerr
where is erected a wooden bridge, whose arch is one hundred and
twenty feet wide, without any support from below. The butments are
of framed timber, without stone in any part of them. The sweep of

574 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

the arch appeared to be about seven feet. The land in this day's prog-
ress, was very rich; and the whole face of the country, as far as I
could see, was flat, and abounding with very large sugar trees, elm,
white walnut, beech, &c. — The water, in this day's journey, which was
about twenty-three miles, was a fine, deep, still run, great part of the
way, without using our oars. This country settles rapidly. I was much
perplexed for miles with the continued smoke from the fires on shore,
where they are clearing the lands, and manufacturing pot and pearl
ash, and maple sugar. The potash is a great article of trade, selling
at from forty-five to fifty pounds per ton. At New York, one merchant,
I was told, procured one thousand tons the last year.

15th. The morning clear, and the air cold. Here the earth is very dry,
having had but little rain for two months. Several of our company
took horse at Whitestown, and rode to Fort Stanwix, at the head of
the boat navigation on the Mohawk river. The Fort stands on the
highest ground between the waters which run to the sea southward,
and those which run into the Oneida lake, and empty into the St.
Lawrence river. Our journey this day by water, was twenty-four miles.
Those who rode by land, about sixteen miles. They passed the ground
where a battle had been fought with the Indians in the last war; in
which many fell on both sides; but the Indians kept the ground. The
skulls of divers remain on the ground, having the marks of the toma-
hawk and scalping knife evidently upon them. One of our party
brought a skull along with him. The land, as we came up the river,
appears rich. The river about one hundred feet wide, and exceedingly
crooked, much resembling a worm fence — the reaches about fifty perches
long. The country very little settled. We dined in the woods, on the
bank of the stream. The timber very large, — sugar trees are here in
abundance — also buttonwood and white walnut of large size. Here, and
for thirty miles below, hills and mountains quite disappear. The land
on the dividing ridge, stony and thin, much covered with pitch pine.
But when the earth shall disclose her blood, and no more cover her
slain, a tremendous account must be settled for the blood shed on the
banks of the Mohawk. One skeleton, and a gun by his side, is said to
have been harrowed up a few days past — the remains of a beaver hat,
decayed stockings, &c.

16th. It took up this day to get the boats and baggage across the
carrying place, one mile, to Wood creek, a small stream, about ten
yards wide, and very shoal. Five of our company, on the morning of
the 17th, took wagon, and proceeded down Wood creek by land. But
such a ride I never had before. Pole bridges, slotches of mud and

BY WATER TO LAKE ONTARIO, MAY. 575

water, and short nob hills, sometimes one side, then another, like to
overset; and the wagon very shackling, made the tour very disagreeable.
However, in about three hours we arrived at captain Ranney's, at the
junction of Canada creek. The whole of the eight miles a dreary hem-
lock and beech wilderness, without inhabitant that I saw, except mos-
quetoes in thousands. It appears well adapted for their existence. At
the mouth of Canada creek we re-embarked, and proceeded down Wood
creek eight miles to the Oak Orchard, where General Amherst's army
encamped on his way to the Canada expedition, in the French war. Here
our little camp pitched their tents. I rested well on the bank of
Wood creek.

Struck our tents early in the morning of the 18th, and proceeded
down the stream about six miles; then kindled up a fire on the bank,
and cooked a breakfast of tea and chocolate. The land continues low,
level, and rich, abounding with sugar trees and white walnut. The
navigation of the creek is abundantly obstructed by vast quantities of
timber. — Here the stream is about fifty feet wide. These waters abound
with fish, of which we caught some with a gig from the bow of our
boat, and some trout with hook and line. About noon we dined at the
Big Bend, four miles from the lake, on the bank of the creek, not
having seen a cabin for twenty-five miles. The banks abound with
lofty timber, sugar trees, elm, some large oaks, and shellbark hickory,
in which the pigeons, innumerable, build their nests. Here and there
a small fox squirrel appears, — a few robins, blackbirds, and jays.
About three o'clock we came to the entrance of Oneida lake, which,
though among the number of inferior lakes, makes an awful appear-
ance, and is doubtless a wonderful display of that infinite Wisdom and
, Power by which the worlds were made. Our course along this little
ocean appeared to be a little north of west; and the wind being brisk
from that point, we raised our tents, as no habitation appeared.

This evening, a number of Indians came to our camp, viz. col. Lewis,
capt. John, and a very old chief, named Beech-tree, or King Doe, and
several young warriors, painted red, with black streaks. — Some had their
ears cut in strings, with trinkets in them; and they mostly had bobs of
wampum, metal, or bright shells, hung in their noses. They had two
of their wives with them — each had a child laced with its back to a
board — the front side made of skins, lined with soft flannel, and a canopy
of curious work, like embroidery, overhead — of like workmanship were
the laces and bandages with which the infant was fastened in — these
they loose with great facility, and take out the babe. The whole has
the appearance of a case, narrow at bottom, and widens upwards — it is

576 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

about two feet in length, and has a bow to the front side of it, to go
over the mother's breast, when she carries the child. There were
about eleven Indians in this company. Kirkland, their missionery, was
with them, and interpreted for us. The old chief said he heard we
were there, and with trembling knees, leaning on his staff, he had
come to see us. As we were on the work of peace, he rejoiced to see
us on that errand, and hoped the Great Spirit would bless our endeav-
ours, with which he united, and did not know what he lived for,
except it was to see it. Captain John spoke to like import, and said
he was glad some of the sons of Onas were along. We imparted some
small tokens of respect to the women and children, who after a visit of
about two hours, went away, with some of the young men. The old
ones stayed and supped with us on the bank of the lake, and then
departed.

About eight in the evening the wind lulled, we struck our tents, and
hurried on board. The lake was smooth, and the moon shining. We
went with our oars, beautifully, about twelve miles. Suddenly there
appeared a cloud rising in the south-west, which soon spread, and
obscured the light of the moon. It began to rain, with a heavy gale
of wind, and the scene was soon changed from serenity and calmness
into a foaming tempest. Our little fleet got scattered — the swells
became so great as to render oars useless. The water being shoal,
and the shore rocky, we durst not attempt to run in. Our boatmen
proposed to raise- the mast, and hoist sail; which, with great difficulty,
from the beating of the waves and the extreme darkness, was effected,
— After which, our little bark ran violently before the wind, rocking
over the swells like a tub on the water. But through the providence
of Almighty power, about break of day we got into the mouth of the
Oneida river, though several of our boats did not arrive for some hours
after. This lake is about thirty miles long and eight wide. In crossing
which, I underwent a close and searching baptism, not only respecting
the present embassy, but all the actions of my life: for eternity appeared
very near.

19th. Being first-day, we resumed our navigation down the Oneida
river about eighteen miles, to the junction of the Seneca or Onondago
river. It is about as large as the Oneida; each perhaps three hundred
feet wide. At this place we met three families of new settlers, who
were glad to see us, as were we to see them. Here also we met several
Indians, mostly young men and women, marvellously trimmed with cut
ears, ear-rings and nose jewels. Amongst them, was a young warrior

WESTWARD VIA LAKE ONTARIO, MAY. 577

grimly painted; even his hair was painted and plaited, and stood out
on each side in opposite directions.

Here we had conversation with a man who lives at the Salt Springs
on the Cayuga Lake, which is about ten miles long and seven broad.
He related that when wood was provided, and two kettles set, of sixty
gallons each, he could make five bushels per day; that the fountain
appeared inexhaustible; that excellent fresh water springs were found
within twelve yards of the salt; and that eighteen miles land carriage
would take it to the Chemung river, a branch of the west fork of the
Susquehanna.

We resumed our voyage — passed about a mile of rapid water — and
afterwards eleven miles of still water, to Oswego Falls. Here the river is
about two hundred yards wide, and the water at one pitch all across the
river, falls eight feet, and forms a strong, foaming rapid for one mile
below. The banks of this river are low, and subject to be overflowed.
The land apparently rich.

20th. Drew our boats across the carrying place about sixty yards,
launched in below, and proceeded to Oswego garrison, held by the British.
They expecting us, we were admitted, and dined with the commandiag
officer, capt. Wickham. After dinner, we pursued our journey on the sea
of Ontario, fifteen miles to a harbour called Little Sodus. Grand
indeed is the prospect of this great lake. About the middle there is no
view of land northward, eastward, or westward, in the clearest day.

21st. "We sailed and rowed, passed the mouth of Great Sodus, to
Apple Boom harbour, twenty-seven miles from Little Sodus. This day
was exceeding warm on the lake, and the journey very lonesome. Day
after day not a face to be seen but our own company. The water of the
lake is clear and cold; much more so than the rivers which empty into it.
Our navigation is along the southern margin of Ontario. The land
appears well timbered and habitable; but I could perceive no springs or
small rivulets emptying into the lake. The shore is composed of high
banks tor miles together; then low vallies in succession, which form bays
and harbours for the boatmen in case of sudden storms of wind, which are
very frequent, and make a surprising commotion in the waters. In these
storms, many adventurers, after enduring amazing difficulties, have
perished, and others have marvellously escaped. We did not venture
more than one mile from shore. The water is from three to ten feet deep
— the bottom appeared as if paved with close jointed flag stones, of seven,
ten, or twenty feet square — or like a street paved with round smooth stones.

22nd. The wind was high and the water rough. We lay in the har-
bour till four in the afternoon, when we journeyed forward, rowing about
73

578 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

eight miles, and after sundown, made the shore ; where also a boat from
Niagara came with several passengers on board — a clergyman, Townsend
Speakman's brother's six orphan children, and a Delaware Indian manr
who could speak some English; he seemed pleased with the prospect of
peace; and said he was at no time for war.

23rd. Set out a little after daylight. The wind being against us, about
eight o'clock we put in to shore a little eastward of the mouth of Genes-
see river; struck up fires and breakfasted; then passed on, and arrived at
the White Oak Orchard harbour about dark. Here we encamped
amongst a number of Indian graves. Here also came a boat with two
families, removing from Genessee to Upper Canada, on account of the
sickly situation of the Genessee country. In this day's journey, the
margin of the lake appeared very low, the timber small and shrubby,
with abundance of bays and swampy ground. Bradoe's bay is the
most beautiful of any I saw on the sides of the lake.

24th. The air sharp and cool, we stood up the lake with a fair
gentle breeze, which gradually increased, and carried us with velocity
past Golden Hill, Gag Inlet, &c. over many a foaming wave, which at
length ran so high, that the boats began to ship water, and we put
into Eighteen Mile Creek harbour. Here I walked out, and met with
what appeared to me to be a piece of antiquity. A mound fifty yards
in circumference, raised to more than six feet high. On the elevation
about two feet above the base, is a white oak tree, of two feet diameter,
which I suppose has originated since the formation of this artificial
mount. But the design remains matter of conjecture. Perhaps some
kind of fortification, or to commemorate some great achievement, or
more probable the sepulchre of ancient kings.

25th. We struck our tents, and journeyed on eighteen miles to the
garrison of Niagara, a strong fortification, but a dark, noisy, confused,
dirty place. We ferried over the river to Navy Hall, in the dominions
of the king of Great Britain.

26th, and first of the week, we visited governor Simcoe, who received
us in a friendly manner. It was now confirmed to us, that the Indians
would not assemble before the 1st of 7th month. It proved a close
trial to be so long separated from the dearest connections in life, and
driven into the sickly season of the year, so that I found a necessity
for the exercise of faith and patience. My mind was turned to the
Lord for counsel, in this proving season. Several things revolved in
my mind — whether to return home, or to try to seek out some of the
scattered sheep in Canada.

27th. Governor Simcoe came to see us at our lodgings. He conversed

DELAY IN UPPER CANADA, MAY. 579

with freedom and candor on the subject of the treaty,— holding the
posts of Niagara, Oswego, Detroit, &c. — as also respecting certain laws
which he wished to take place in the province, where Friends might be
exempted from military requisitions. To which we replied according
to the understanding given. He is a plain man, and much beloved in
the government.

After breakfast, we moved out of our lodge in Newark, embarked on
board the boats, and with a fair wind stood up the river eight miles
to a landing below the great falls, where is a carrying place of eleven
miles to Chipaway creek, three miles above the falls. The river or
outlet of lake Erie, is about half a mile wide to this place; where it is
contracted to half that width. The bank from Niagara up here, is
about forty feet high, and very steep to this place, where the elevation
is greatly increased. On our way, we were hailed from the bank by
our beloved friends, John Parrish, Joseph Moore and John Elliott,
whom we were glad to see. They returned to the landing, and we all
dined together at captain Smith's quarters, in the mess house, with five
or six of the officers of the regiment of Queen's rangers. There being
no house where we could lodge, we pitched our tents in a lot of one
Phelps.

28th. Joseph Moore and myself went four miles to see Jeremiah
Moore's family. They related the dreadful circumstances they were
reduced to in this country, by scarcity of bread and provisions of all
kinds, in the year 1789 — when they came to an allowance of one spoon-
ful of meal per day, for one person — eat strawberry leaves, beech leaves,
flax seed dried, and ground in a coffee mill — catched the blood of a
little pig — bled the almost famished cow and oxen — walked twelve miles
for one shive of bread, paid twelve shillings for twelve pounds of meal.
One of the lads who was hired out, carried his little sister two miles
on his back, to let her eat his breakfast, and they gave him none till
dinner. The children leaped for joy at one robin being caught, out of
which a whole pot of broth was made. They eat mustard, potato tops*
sassafras root, and made tea of the tops. The relation was deeply
affecting. The case being general, one could not help another: which
brought to my mind the many thankless meals enjoyed in the land of
plenty.

This place is situated within four miles of the grand falls; the noise
of which resembles the roaring of the waves of the ocean in the tim«
of a storm. One Indian and a white man have been carried down
this amazing cataract, within two years. The white man tumbled out
of his canoe just at the beginning of the rapids, and was hurled down.

580 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

The poor Indian was asleep in his canoe, which was tied to the bank;
it is supposed some wicked person loosed it, and it glided down into
the rapids, when some person hollowed to him; on which he stood up,
struck a few strokes with his paddle to no effect, then wrapped his
head in his blanket, and laid down in his canoe, to meet his horrid
destiny. He was found two miles below; but none of his bones were
broken.

Here I saw the skin of a porcupine, an animal about as large as a
well grown ground hog, with a bushy tail, and claws like that animal.
His body was interspersed with a vast number of stiff, pointed quills;
which are its defence when attacked. Here is a beautiful odoriferous
little tree, called the balm of Gilead. It resembles the lombardy pop-
lar. Here also the juniper abounds. They are natives of this latitude.
Gooseberries and currants of divers colors and kinds, are found here.

My route in all, thus far, seven hundred and twenty-one miles.

29th. A wet day — which is a blessing to the earth and its inhabit-
ants hereaway, as it has been exceeding dry.

30th. Joseph Moore, John Elliott and myself, went about two and
a half miles, to visit that phenomenon in nature — the great Falls of
Niagara, whose thunders, for several days, had with awfulness reached
mine ears. When I approached this tremendous cataract, it truly
appeared amazing, and with the voice of thunder, proclaimed the
majesty of its sublime Architect. When we came to the margin of the
river below the falls, we descended the almost perpendicular bank by
several windings from one rock to another, and with the aid of several
Indian ladders, at length reached the surface of the water, I suppose
at least one hundred and fifty feet below the summit. The irregular
position of multitudes of huge rocks, which no doubt had tumbled from
their ancient seats, made our progress up toward the pitch, rough and
difficult. We found logs, pieces of canoes, &c. in abundance, twelve or
fifteen feet above the present level of the water — also ducks, loons,
•cormorants, catfish, pickerels, and various kinds of fish and water fowl,
which had been killed by the dashing of the columns of water, tum-
bling off a precipice not less than one hundred and .twenty feet per-
pendicular. The rocks and stones are^ mostly excellent limestone, as are
the stones in the banks for six or seven miles below; where, from every
appearance, I think it is not absurd to suppose the falls once were,
but have worn up to the present barrier, where the river makes a bend,
and the water is divided by an island; though two-thirds of it, or more,
pass on the north side of the island. I think it is not improbable, that
the lands adjoining derive considerable advantage to vegetation from

DELAY IN UPPER CANADA, JUNE. 581

the misty vapours which arise, and are exhaled to the clouds, or blown
by the varying winds on the neighboring farms. Some of these are
exceeding fertile, abounding with grass and grain. After spending an
hour or two, almost lost in admiration, we ascended by the way we
went down, and rode eight miles to the landing, where we dined at
Benjamin Oanby's.

31st. This forenoon capt. Hendricks, Little-man, and three other
Oneida Indians came to our camp, whom we were pleased to see; we
refreshed them, and had friendly conversation, confirming the princi-
ples of peace and good will to all men.

Here we were within the sound of the martial trumpet, where I did
adopt the Israelitish lamentation, "By Babel's streams we sat and wept,
when we remembered Zion, and hung our harps on the willow trees."

This afternoon, capt. Hendricks and myself took boat, and were
rowed eight miles down to Navy Hall to see the commissioners. After
some conversation on Indian affairs, we returned the same evening.

1st of 6th month. Used some endeavours to get our tents and bag-
gage removed to Chipaway creek; but could not get wagons because of
the late rains. This is a place of considerable business, which is prin-
cipally engrossed by Hamilton, Street, and Phelps — the former having
planted five hundred bushels of potatoes this year, to supply the troops.
This morning, an Onondago chief came to our camp and breakfasted
with us.

2nd of the month, and first of the week. A meeting being appointed
about five miles distant, I set out on foot to attend it. On the way,
in the woods, I looked back, and at a few perches distance were two
Indians coming after me, on a trot — one of them frightfully painted
from below one eye to the middle of his forehead, with a vermillion
red; the other side jet black. His cheek and chin under the black,
was painted red, and the other side, under the red, was painted black.
He had a tail of hair, and skins of beasts and birds with the feathers
on, which hung down below the calves of his legs, and were blown out
behind him. He had his scalping knife in his hand. His stature was
middle sized; but his visage was exceedingly fierce and grim. I was
quite alone. I turned sideways, and stood till he came up, I believe
with out visible emotion of fear, and accosted him thus: Which way
in such a hurry? He said, Hooch king, Buffaloe creek! and passed
along. I went on to the meeting, where my companions and divers
Friends, and other settlers in this new country, came, to the number
of about one hundred. The meeting was solid and satisfactory. We

582 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

went to J. Moore's to dine, had a solid opportunity in his family, and
went to our kind friend W. Lundy's, to lodge.

3rd. Walked to squire Birch's mills, on the rapids, above the
unspeakably amazing cataract; where I had a second view of this
standing awful monument of the mighty power of Him who created
the heavens and the earth, the seas and fountains of water. -The rapids
above, are about one mile square; and pleasingly grand is the
prospect — the waves dashing, and tumbling from rock to rock, and
altering their appearance every moment. Here also are seen the misty
vapours from the great falls, rising in curling columns to the clouds,
resembling the smoke of numerous furnaces. Such are the friction of
the particles of water descending, and the inconceivable weight of the
mass of water, dashing on the rocks below, that it more resembles
smoke than mist. — Our kind friend Birch has, perhaps, one of the
grandest situations for water works in the world; and I think, if he
opens his front door, he need never pay the clergy for preaching. He
is kind to Friends, having in early life contracted an esteem for
Samuel Emlen at sea.

Chipaway creek is about as large as Brandywiue, and beatable fifty
miles to the northward. I walked from Birch's to Chipaway. Here is
a block house and picket, garrisoned by a number of soldiers. — Lodged
at a public house, where we paid a shilling for a floor to spread our
mattresses on, and other things equivalent.

4th. Went on board one of our boats, and rowed eighteen miles to
Fort Erie, in sight of the lake. — Here is a store house, garrison, &c.
The water from Chipaway to this place is smooth, and a good run for
boats. Here lay three schooners, waiting a fair wind, bound for Detroit.
We went on board the Dunmore that evening.

Next morning, near sixty Indians came on board, on their way to
Sandusky; among whom were capt. Hendricks, capt. John, and a num-
ber of principal men and warriors, much painted, ears cut, <fec.

5th. Quite becalmed. I felt renewed occasion for the exercise of
faith and patience. Expenses of boarding alone, twelve shillings per day.

The waters of Lake Erie are three hundred feet higher than those of
Ontario, thirty-seven miles below, and are restrained from deluging the
country by the same power which bounds "the sea by a perpetual
decree." Opposite this place, on the side of the United States, comes
in Buffaloe creek, where a council of several Indian nations was held
a few days past, preparatory to the general treaty.

In the afternoon, a gentle breeze sprung up, we hoisted sail, and

VOYAGE UP LAKE ERIE, JUNE. 583

stood out into the lake. Passed Point Ebono, the Sugar Loaf, and
Long Point on the north, and Presque Isle on the south.

6th. Ran all last night under a brisk quarter wind. This morning
several of our passengers were very sick. I felt a little dizzy; but
toward noon it subsided. This lake is, in general, about fourteen
fathoms water. As we navigated the middle, from whence we could
only just discern the opposite shores, we could make no observations
respecting the soil.

7th. Passed the mouth of Cuyahoga river, forty or fifty miles above
Presque Isle. The scene rather dull. No variety appearing, neither
fish, fowl, nor any thing else, save a few gulls flying this morning over
the waters of this formidable ocean, which has a barren prospect.

8th. A gentle breeze from south west made our progress toward
Detroit tedious, yet afforded time for conversation and contemplation.
There were representatives of five different Indian nations on board;
some French, British, German, Scotch, and American United States
men; some soldiers, sailors, merchants, mechanics, and farmers. Yet,
notwithstanding all the variety of prospects and interests, a perfect
harmony and decorum were observed: in the observation of which, my
faith and hope were a little revived in the approach of _that glorious
day, when thousands and tens of thousands, yea, nations and kingdoms
shall repair to Zion's holy and peaceable ensign; notwithstanding the
many opposing strong holds of mystery Babylon, yet held up and
maintained in the strong reasoning part of the natural, fallen wisdom
of man.

9th of 6th month, and first of the week. Last night, was a solemn,
awful season. The preceding day was very warm. The thermometer
at eighty. A little before sunset the wind lulled into a perfect calm.
A dark cloud arose south-westward, and slowly approached us. About
midnight it came on, with terrible wind, thunder and lightning, — to a
humbling degree to me and the rest, more especially as we had fifty
barrels of gunpowder on board, and between eighty and ninety passen-
gers, divers of whom had been fierce warriors, both Indians and white
men. Under every consideration, I felt my own righteousness as filthy
rags, and dare not indulge a secret thought that it would be unjust if
the schooner should be blown up. I had no where to rest my confi-
dence, save in the unspeakable mercy of Israel's mighty God, by whose
power we were preserved. The noise and exertions of the seamen, were
great. Their care and activity was as commendable as it was admir-
able. My spirit visited my habitation, to take a solemn leave of my
dear companion and tenderly beloved children. I felt the peace it

584 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

would be to yield up life at home. I remembered I had been baptised
into death, and brought under great awfulness, even unto tears and
trembling, before I set out on this journey: and upon the whole, I was
favoured with a good degree of quietness and resignation. We now
approached near the islands at the west end of Lake Erie. Our captain
lowered sail, and stood eastward till morning, then put about and
passed the first island about noon. The wind very unstable, frequent
squalls succeeded by little breezes and calms. In the afternoon, came
in sight of nine smaller and some larger beautiful islands. This day
we had a solid, religious opportunity on board. — Capt. John, capt.
Hendricks, and other Indians and passengers, present— I believe to
good satisfaction. The two Indian chiefs dined with us.

10th. A fair wind — stemmed the heavy current of eighteen miles up
Detroit river to the garrison. Many plantations are on both sides of
the river, mostly occupied by French people. On our arrival, I went
with three other Friends to the citadel, to produce our passport from
governor Simcoe to the commanding officer, colonel England, a cheer-
ful, open-countenanced, masculine soldier, who received us like a gentle-
man, and kindly offered civilities to us, — for which we acknowledged
obligations to him.

Here are fine banks, well improved. The oldest orchards appear
luxuriant — apples, peaches, pears, cherries, &c. But no springs of
water, nor streams with falls: being obliged to have recourse to wind-
mills to manufacture their grain. Of these mills they have a number
in sight. The inhabitants are a mixture of French, German, English,
Irish, Scotch, Yankees, Indians, and Negroes.

llth. Held a conference with captain John and several other Indian
chiefs and principal men ; in which our peaceable mission was more fully
explained than heretofore. Notwithstanding our disinterested and uni-
versal principles of love and good will to mankind, we are sensible our
path is narrow and our situation delicate — the eyes of four different
interests being open towards us; — British, United States, Indians, and
the reputation of our religious society.

This afternoon, walked three miles down the west side of Detroit
river, to a spring, at which I was refreshed, not having drank any
other than river water for ten days. On. our route to the spring, we
called at a French house, to keep out of a gust of rain. The family
appeared polite, loving and pleased to see us. On our return we called
to see an old noted Indian trader, Isaac Williams, who -is well
acquainted with the Indian affairs, and their dispositions. He related
many alarming circumstances of Indian cruelty; and said they were at

ARRIVED AT DETROIT, JUNE. 585

present more haughty and insolent than heretofore. He rehearsed an
instance of a riot which happened that day week, with a violent party
of Indians: in which he interfered to prevent murder, but he got
wounded in the arm with a scalping knife. He insinuated doubts of
our ever returning from Sandusky, unless the commissioners submitted
to the Indian demands, which were very high. These were also the
sentiments of divers persons acquainted with Indians, in this place.
All which conspired to our deep humiliaton and dependance on the
omnipotent Arm, having none other to lean to.

We frequently meet Indians here, where they get too much strong
drink; in which state they discover a very alarming and disagreeable
ferocity. Here are divers persons who have been prisoners amongst
them, some of whom recite shocking accounts of their cruelty, in many
instances; others speak more favorably of their treatment. However,
upon the whole, under all the circumstances of the approaching treaty,
it evidently appears a serious business; and little, if any thing, short
of offering up life, by those who attend it. We have hitherto found
very few of the natives who have any knowledge of Friends or their
principles.

This evening we met col. England and a number of the officers on
the bank of the river; with whom we had considerable conversation;
in which, I hope, we acknowledged and supported the peaceable prin-
ciples of the gospel of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. They
treated us on every occasion like gentlemen, in their way, — polite, and
courteous to strangers, at least to us. Col. England told us he had,
with much pains and expense, procured more than fifty prisoners
from the Indians, clothed them, and forwarded them homeward; many
"of whom discovered little sense of gratitude for the kindness; yet he
felt a reward, as being the friend of humanity. At night, returned to
Matthew Dolson's, where we have taken lodgings.

12th. Had a solid conference with David Kennedy, a half Indian, a
man of learning, and a man of influence; having been educated in
Scotland, he visited London, Jamaica, &c. He lives with the Indians,
and professes Christianity; is well versed in the Scriptures, and says he
has initiated divers into the Christian faith, by a medium widely con-
trasted with our mode. He told us some Indians used to mock and
ridicule his going to church; but at a certain time he undertook to
drub them severely, and ordered them and their families to attend
church in future, or he would be under the necessity of dealing more
sharply with them: on which, they appeared the next day of public
worship, and had continued steady ever since. He supposed it the
74

586 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

'most substantial method of making converts, as also of ending quarrels
or disputes. To all which I opposed several texts out of the New
Testament; to the validity of which he assented, and strongly avowed
his friendship for us, and promised to use his influence in order to open
our way amongst the other nations of his acquaintance, which is extensive.

We had to dine with us a religious Dunker and his wife, settlers here-
away, with whom we had fellowship. They felt near to us; which I
believe was reciprocal. In the afternoon, we had a visit from capt. John,
Young Peter, and another Indian; to whom we read Friends' address,
with which they expressed satisfaction, renewed their professions of
friendship, and wanted a copy of our epistle, which we waived, until the
general assemblage at the great Council. In the evening, had a visit
from two respectable, intelligent British officers, who behaved with
politeness and civility.

13th. Had an interview with capt. Elliott, deputy under col. McKee,
the British superintendent of Indian affairs, who has been, for several
weeks, engaged with numerous tribes of Indians in their councils at the
rapids of Miami, preparatory to the great Council. Elliott has great
influence with the middle hostile nations of Indians, and being an intelli-
gent person, and I thought, well disposed, might be extensively useful in
promoting the desirable work of general peace. We suggested to him,
as the supplies for the treaty came through his hands, to guard against
spirituous liquors being furnished. To the propriety of which, as well as
as to divers other remarks, he assented. We received an invitation
to dine with the British officers at the mess house tomorrow. Through
the variety of company and visitors, my mind is preserved in a quiet,
humble hope that the Lord is preparing our way.

Here I met with a Quebec Calendar, wherein was inserted the names,
situation, and supposed number, of such Indian nations as have hitherto
been discovered in North America — being as follows:
The Choctaws or flat-heads, and the Natches— situate on the Mobille

and Mississippi 4500

The Chickasaws 750

The Cherokees— South Carolina 2500

The Catawbas — between N . and S. Carolina 150

The Piantias — a wandering tribe, on both sides the Mississippi 800

The Kasqueasquias, or Illinois — in general on the Illinois river,

and between the Wabash and Mississippi 600

The Peankeshaws — on the Ouabache 250

The Ouachtenons, " " 400

TheKikapous, " 300

KNOWN INDIAN NATIONS, JUNE. 587

The Shawnese — on the Sciota 500

The Delawares — west side Ohio 300

The Miamis — on the Miami river, falling into Lake Erie — and the

Miniamis 350

The Upper Creeks, back of Georgia — the Middle Creeks, behind

West Florida — and the Lower Creeks, in East Florida 4000

The Canitas — on the east of the river Alibamous 700

The Alibamous — west of the Alibamous 600

The Arkansawas — on the Arkansaw river, falling into the Missis-
sippi, on the west side 2000

The Anjoues — north of the Missouri 1000

The Paddoneas — west of the Mississippi 500

The White Panis — south of Mississippi 2000

The Freckled Panis, " " 2000

The Causes, " " » 1600

TheOsages, " " i_ 600

The Grand Eaux, " " . 1000

The Missouri — on the river Missouri 3000

The Sioux of the Woods — towards the heads of the Mississippi 1800

The Sioux of the Meadows, " " 2500

The Blanes Barbus, or White Indians with beards _ _ . 1500

The Assiniboils — far north, near the lake of the same name 1500

The Christaneaux, " " " " 3000

The Ouisconsins — on a river of that name that falls into the Missis-
sippi, on the east side C 550

The Mascoutins — south of the Puans Bay 500

TheSakis, " " " " 400

The Michecouakis " " " " 250

Tolle Awine, or the Wild Oat Indians — near Puans Bay 400

The Puans — near Puans Bay i 700

The Powtowatamis — near St. Joseph's river and Detroit 350

The Messesaques, or River Indians— being wandering tribes on

the Lakes Huron and Superior 2000

The Ottahwas — near the Lakes Superior and Michigan 900

The Chipawas " " " " 5000

The Wyandots — near Lake Erie 300

The Iroquois, or six nations — frontiers of New York 1500

The Round Headed Indians — near the head of Ottahwa river 2500

The Algonquins — near the above • 300

The Nepessins " " " 400

588 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

The Chalas — St. Lawrence Indians, on the back of Nova Scotia. 130

The Amelistes " " " " 550

TheMiemacks " " " 700

The Abenaquis " 350

The Canawayhunas — near the Falls of St. Lewis 200

Total 58,680

This being the number of men fit for bearing arms; to which add
about one-third that number old and superanuated — the amount of
which number multiplied by six, is estimated to be the whole number
of men, women and children, of the native Indians now discovered.

This evening, had a visit from capt. Keasy, brother to capt. Brant,
and brother-in-law to capt. John. He professed Christianity — and spoke
of the flood — also mentioned Noah's name — and said, "Good man build
ship like house — take in two and two pigeons — other things — rain twelve
days first — bad men drink grog — dance — laugh at good man — rain fall,
very heavy — bad men frightened — run up to the top of mountains —
water rise — rise— bad people get canoes — come to ship — Noah say, go
away — ship full — all drown then. Ship fall on top mountain — break —
all come out. Great Spirit say, no more drown all world. Next, make
all gone; fire, rivers come — powder, lakes too — star fall — set fire — pooh!
All come to Great Spirit — to all good people, say, come my right hand
— go up there to the light — bad people, say, go left hand — go down
dark, fire, brimstone — never see candle. Got this big book — come from
old England — King George, good man. Mr. Steward, my father, give
me sacrament — tell me, pray — sing. I sing hundred psalm, you please.
(Then he tuned melodiously.) And I am captain Keasy, captain
Brant's brother — O yes, captain Keasy" — putting his hand on his breast.
Thus our interview ended. I was pleased, nay, thankful, to find his
mind a little cultivated by a sense of right and wrong, and a belief in
future rewards and punishments.

14th. Breakfasted with captain Elliott and captain Cowen, who hos-
pitably entertained us at table, also with agreeable conversation. On
our return, we called to see about twenty Chipawa Indians, just arrived
from Michilimackinack, about three hundred miles north-west of this
post, near the west end of Lake Huron. To which place vessels can
sail from Fort Erie, without interruption of carrying place or falls.
These remote Indians were dressed, and painted with black, red, green,
and blue; having turbans round their heads, with pikes and prongs of
skins, feathers, hair, sticks, &c. projecting eighteen inches out from the
sides of their heads — frightfully painted and cut — the squaws and

INTERVIEWS WITH INDIANS, ETC., JUNE. 589

others, with tails of wild beasts passing over the top of their heads,
and hanging down their backs. But my genius, pen, and even imagin-
ation in its strongest picturesques, must fall short of the shocking,
striking, curious prospect of these northern inhabitants of the wilder-
ness. They had drunk rum to excess, before we reached them. Sev-
eral were much disguised. The more sober shook hands, and appeared
friendly, to whom I gave a small present. Yet two very stout, grim,
middle-aged men, were raised into rage and anger at us, loudly saying —
shemochteman! shemochteman ! I said no; not shemochteman — brothers,
from Philadelphia. At which they rose higher, and more clamorous. We
found they could understand little or none of our conversation. Some
of the young Indians, meanwhile, were singeing the hair off a small
animal over a fire, preparing, for breakfast. We conjectured it to be a
puppy.

My heart felt exceeding sorrowful, and the language of my soul was,
How much owest thou unto thy Lord? The picture of these poor,
degraded animals in human shape, involved many serious considerations
respecting the approaching Council; where would probably be many
hundreds, more wild and ferocious than these. My mind was covered
with lamentation respecting the cause of such degradation, which, at
least in part, appears to arise from abandoned and profligate white
people having the greatest intercourse with them in their trade and
towns; to which, stimulated by the love of money, they resort, at the
risk of their lives — carrying their vices, immoralities, and bad example
with them. These, the poor uncultivated Indians easily imbibe; and,
taking root in a soil adapted to receive evil seed, produce fruits, dread-
ful to behold.

The greatest discouragements attending from day to day respecting
the desired peace, arise from a query or doubt, that a neglect of reli-
gious duty towards these poor people in earlier time, might be rewarded
by a continuance of unrelenting, savage chastisement on our borders,
from the old inhabitants of the land; whose murderous practices and
their cruel instruments of death, and engines of destruction, I tremble
to relate — such as rifles, bayonets, scalping knives, and tomahawks of
brass and steel; and the bodies of some almost covered over with silver,
tin and other plates, broaches, bobs, &c. as hostile ensigns. In all
which, may I not say with sorrow and blushing, they have been
equalled, if not exceeded, by the professed followers of the meek and
humble Jesus, whose holy kingdom and divine law suffer violence and
depression, to a mournful degree.

This day we dined at the mess house, with about sixteen respectable

590 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

British officers; all young gentlemen from Great Britian and Ireland:
several of whom were estated men, to a great amount. They behaved
with a modest civility, far exceeding my expectation from military
characters. The entertainment was luxuriously sumptious, and hospi-
table, as to flesh, fish, fruit, and vegetables, with variety of wines and
excellent London porter. We dined at four o'clock, and spent till near
sunset in agreeable conversation, on various subjects — such as religion,
governments, war, peace, theatrical exhibitions; and, at the conclusion,
they begged leave to drink a toast; which, out of complaisance, they
dispensed with, except the King's health. We told them we could not
encourage the practice, as it frequently proved an inlet to intemperance,
and sometimes intoxication — which they granted; nevertheless they took
the liberty to drink, — Success to the Quakers in the present honorable
and disinterested undertaking.

After night, a lad named Daniel Frazer, came to our lodgings. He
told us he was taken prisoner by the Indians, out of Russell county
in Virginia. Here came also James Henry, a smart young man, a
prisoner with the Blind Chief, near the mouth of the river Boosh,
twelve miles from Detroit. He is adopted; which renders his case
difficult. They have put jewels in his nose and ears, and figured him
like an Indian. He is desirous of returning to his relations near
Georgetown, Eastern Shore of Maryland. In this house is hired a
young woman, whose name is Field, taken from Ohio, below Fort Pitt,
where her father lived when she was taken. We have met with divers
others, whose cases excite sympathy and concern, and to which atten-
tion has been paid; but we thought it most prudent not to make stren-
uous exertions at present, lest it might operate to our disadvantage at
the treaty, in procuring the enlargement of prisoners more generally.

15th. Abiah Park came to see us. He is a trader with the Indians.
He entertains doubts of a peace; yet says, if one can be made, it will
be permanent. This forenoon felt easy to appoint a meeting, to begin
at ten o'clock to-morrow, at a shop in the ship-yard, under the direc-
tion of William Baker, a Friend in principle, and cousin to George
Baker of Philadelphia.

In the evening several Indians of the Wyandot tribe came to our
lodgings to see us. They live about twenty miles from this place, at a
town called Mogogam. One Samuel Sanders, a Scotchman, who lives
with them, interpreted. They told us they had heard their fathers say
the Quakers were honest, and never wronged them ; and they hoped we
would stand for justice, and not see them wronged at the treaty. We
informed them we came in love to see them, and to renew old friend-

INTERVIEWS WITH INDIANS, ETC., JUNE. 591

ship; that the power did not lay with us — but we believed the com-
missioners were sincerely disposed for peace. There also came to our
lodgings, a party of the Chipawas — an old chief and several warriors, one
of whom had a human scalp, with beautiful fair curled hair on it, tied
to his ear. These were some of those, who, a day or two before, had
treated us so roughly. A white man who stood near us at that time,
and understood their language, told us they had a desire to have our
scalps. They appear to be a terrible nation, fierce, insolent and war-
like; and, I believe, exceedingly injured by their intercourse with the
white people, especially the French, many of whom are little more
refined than they. Their almost incessant importunity for rum, made
the interview not so agreeable. We mostly evaded giving them liquor,
and substituted pipes and tobacco, to put them off.

16th. First of the week. Went to meeting, where a large number
of the inhabitants of the town, and military men, assembled. I believe
it was a solid season, and truth's testimony was exalted over all oppo-
sition; notwithstanding rawness and dark insensibility were painfully
prevalent. We came to our lodgings, and dined with two Wyandot
chiefs, who had been to see us the preceding evening. — They behaved
with decency at table, equal to any of us; handled their knife and fork
well, eat moderately, drank two glasses of wine, and through the whole
conducted with a decorum that would do honour to hundreds of white
people. We afterwards went down the river in col. England's boat,
about six miles, to the house of Judge Powell, where we had appointed
a meeting. The Judge and his family being gone to England, his
steward had kindly offered his house. A considerable number convened,
and I was comforted in a belief that the everlasting gospel was
preached in Canada. After which we returned to our lodgings.

17th. This morning there were many unfavourable reports respecting
the hostile dispositions of the Indians, passing on to the treaty. The
circumstances of things appear very critical and alarming. Even our
personal safety is called in question, and much doubted, unless the
commissioners have very extensive powers. As I was writing in the
chamber where I lodged, two Wyandots, much in liquor, came up into
the room, and teased me for rum. I put them off. After some time
they laughed, shook hands and departed — at which I was glad, as I
was alone. Dined with capt. England, capt. Leaburn, maj. Andrews,
and several other military gentlemen, and two of their ladi«s. They
were very courteous and polite.

18th. We wrote a letter two days ago, in order to hasten the com-
missioners to come forward to this place, being more contiguous to

592 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

Sandusky, and more in the way of information. This morning we
wrote a few lines to col. McKee, at the .great preparative council at
Miami rapids, expressive of our peaceable mission.

Ten principal Indians, Senecas and Cayugas, came to see us. Sev-
eral of them old men, with gray hairs, and furrowed brows; evident
marks of a round of years, attended with variety of hardships, exercise,
sorrow, and pain. Their depressed countenances awakened all the
compassionate feelings of my mind towards them. But my agency
seemed so feeble, I could only retire into solemn quietude, and inter-
cede the common Father to be the comfort and prop of their declining
years. The old Fish-carrier was one of the number.

This day my exercise of mind was heavy, and my heart sorrowful,
in a feeling of the sufferings of the pure Seed in this place, and the
cruelty and oppression which reign among the children of men, even
of the most polished nations. What enormous salaries are given to
military officers, both sea and land, as also to officers in civil govern-
ment, who too generally stand opposed, with thousands of others in
more inferior stations, to the spreading and increase of the kingdom
and government of the Prince of Peace. In a little interview with
capt. Munsey, a sprightly British officer, I took the liberty to mention
the possibility, that when the broils in France should subside, the
African slave trade be abolished, and a permanent peace concluded
with our American Indians, all this globe might be at peace; and that
swords (of which he had one by his side) might be beaten into plough-
shares. He quickly replied, he hoped not to see such a time, as it
would also beat up his bread and butter, (meaning his living.) Such
are the views of too many in this day.

A middle aged Indian of the Delaware tribe, dined with us. He
talked a little English, by which we understood he was in possession
of several sheets of ancient writings; that he had heard of Friends, and
just faintly remembered Z. Heston and John Parrish being at their
town. He said there were but Buchongeholas, Pipe, and two other
chiefs belonging to their nation; that we might depend, if they said
peace, it would be peace; but if they said war, it would be war. Also
said we would find the middle tribes more faithful and manly than
the Chipawas and Wyandots; for they were treacherous. I told him
they had called us Shernochteman, or Big Knife, and said they wanted
our scalps; at which he laughed.

19th. Crossed the river, and went down the eastern bank four miles,
to the house of John Missiner, where we had a solemn season, with a

QUAKERS WAIT AT DETROIT, JUNE. 593

number of his neighbors, to the contriting of the hearts of divers
present. Lodged with him that night.

20th. This morning had a religious opportunity in his family, in
which, and the preceding meeting, dear John Parrish was favored in
an extraordinary manner. After parting with them, we walked up the
river about a mile, called at the house of Francis Cornwall, and had
conversation with him and his precious wife Anna, on the subjects of
water baptism, the bread and wine, &c.; which they endeavoured, for
a while, to defend; but at length gave it up. We likewise had a close
conversation with a. French militia captain on the subject of war,
which we held to be incompatible with the purity, spirit, and precepts
of the gospel. To the general scope of which, he assented; but alleged,
that according to the oath of allegiance to his king, when he ordered
martial enterprises, he must obey; and that his king must be respon-
sible for what was done. We silenced his arguments; and proceeded to
Frederick Arnold's. On the way, I went to visit a man who was
deranged. He was chained in a barn. At first, he would neither look
at me, nor speak to me. He was sitting down. I spoke to him in the
fear of the Lord, and desired him not to be discouraged; but trust in
the Lord; for he was come to seek and to save that which was lost.
He then lifted up his eyes, and stared at me very wildly. I said I
hoped he would be better. He said he hoped he would. He then
stood up on his feet, and said, "My trust is in the Lord, and not in
going into the water." I learned he had been pressed by some zealous
Baptists to undergo that operation, which he could not consent to. I
gave him some further council, and left him. I heard next day he
was so rational as to be unchained. — Lodged with Frederick Arnold, a
long bearded Tunker, an inoffensive man; but, like his brethren and
too many others, loves money.

21st. John Elliott and myself walked several miles up the river, and
were ferried over it in a canoe, by a Frenchman. The riv«r is about
three-quarters of a mile wide opposite the town. In this excursion I
made the following observations:

From Lake Erie up to this place, is eighteen miles. Each farm is
laid out about forty perches on the river — mostly improved, with houses,
gardens, and orchards; and extending back, where the land, is level,
and abounds with grass, and where hundreds of cattle thrive exceed-
ingly, producing beef, butter, cheese, veal, &c. in plenty. Their winters
are about four months, in which it is requisite to feed stock. The
country, at present, is excellently adapted for raising live stock. The
soil is mixed, and various, clay, gravel, sand, &c. Here are fine fields
75

594 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

of wheat and peas, but too »wet for corn. The whole country is level,
to a fault, without a stone, except on islands in the mouth of the
river Croeseel, and on the banks of the lake, which are generally lime-
stone. These are monopolized by old Indian traders, and sold to the
inhabitants at a high rate, for the purpose of building their chimnies, &c.

Hog island is in sight, above the garrison. It appears to be well
timbered. I am told it took its. name from th'is circumstance: being
infested with rattlesnakes to such a degree that people were afraid to
enter upon it; and, as the best expedient, they turned on it a large
herd of three or four year old swine. In time, the hogs destroyed the
reptiles so that it became habitable, and thence was called Hog Island.

Large rafts of excellent timber are brought into the king's yard, in
this place, from the river Latrench; and some fine masts and beams
come by water out of lake Huron, quite thro' lake St. Clair. The
changes of weather are great and frequent here. There are no eels
found in the waters, nor rats on the land, west, or above the great
Falls of Niagara. Here is abundance of corn boiled in strong lye, and
made into what we call slut hominy, to go in the north-west trade, as
far as a place called the Black North, said to be eighteen hundred
miles distant, now in the hands of British and Scotch merchants. They
go thither in batteaux. I saw a man who resided there three years;
who says, early in the spring they set out with choice peltry, such as
beaver, otter, minks, martins, &c. come to the great portage, where
they are met by the batteaux from Montreal, exchange their load, and
each returns just as winter sets in. To the north-west posts, Indians
frequently come that never saw a white man before. They are clothed
in buffaloe and bear skins, neatly softened, whitened and dressed.
They are kind and good natured, use bows and arrows, and have no
fire arms. They cover their cabins with large rough skins: as the mer-
chants rarely purchase even deer skins; having such an abundance of
more rich furs that they cannot send the coarse skins forward. This trade
is rich and extensive, and employs the capitals of many merchants,
both in England and Canada. The great channel of this trade is down
the Grand river from Huron lake, to which is but a short carrying
place. An immense quantity of skins pass this way. The whole of the
trade makes way for large numbers of Canadian watermen to get a
living. The wages for them, and also for hands on land, average about
six pounds a month. Cows sell at fifteen pounds a head — sheep, six
dollars a piece — veal calves, twelve dollars each.

The English and German farmers are likely to alter the manner of
living, and customs in this place, for the better. The old French

QUAKERS WAIT AT DETROIT, JUNE. 595

settlers in general are poor economists, and proud withal — live miser-
ably at home, yet appear grand abroad. It is said they live much on
boiled fish, supping the broth without either bread or salt. They are
superstitiously religious, going to mass more than two hundred days in
the year. They have two large worship houses here, and a number of
crosses set up on the banks of the river and other places, to evince their
•Christianity.

22nd. Walked up the river about four miles to a place called Bloody
Bridge, from a contest which happened there between the British, Cana-
dians, and Indians, where many fell. We called at a respectable French
farmer's, who took us into a curious garden of fruit, flowers, &c. ; also
into his house, where were pictures, representing Christ on the cross, old
Saints, <fec. John Elliott talked French to them; they appeared pleased,
and behaved politely. Though much apparent superstition and idolatry
are indulged amongst them, yet I hope many are looking beyond it to the
more substantial parts of true worship: although I have seen them after
mass, frolicking and horse racing in the road passing the worship house,
or as it were, at the door, the remaining part of the day, to their reproach.
The buildings on the banks of the river, though low, being mostly a
story and a half, are beautiful, and the farms fertile — but their fuel
and rails are all to be drawn about four miles. On our return, we fell
in with several Chipawa camps — they had tents of mats curiously
wrought of flags, reeds, rushes, &c. Their canoes were made of bark,
with great skill and ingenuity.

23rd. First-day. Had a meeting in the sail-loft, with a considerable
number of people. It was a time of stripping and heavy exercise; yet
I trust the gospel testimony did not suffer reproach. A number of
Indians came to see us, and behaved civilly. One said he was glad at
his heart to see us.

24th. Taken up in writing home.

25th. Air cold and chilly. This forenoon a wolf was brought to the
wharf, which was shot on Hog Island. It is said to have been floated
there from the main land last winter on a cake of ice. Since which
time he has killed sixty pigs. The owner of the island advertised
twenty dollars for his head. A half Indian shot him. He was higher
than any dog I ever saw, and his teeth larger and stronger than a
mastiff's. He was about six feet long from the end of the nose to the
feet or paws of the hind legs — of a grayish colour, short, broad ears,
and a long, hairy, but not bushy tail.

This morning we received account that a company of Chipawa Indians
who had got too much rum, differed in their tent on the commons.

596 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

Two of them attacked a third, and stabbed him to death with their
knives. A sorrowful instance of the shocking, horrid effects of this
man -bane, (distilled spirits.) This has been the great engine, and
mainspring, which has prepared the way and led to thousands of acts
of hostility, and murders without number. It has evidently appeared
to me to be the greatest obstacle in the way of the civilization and
happiness of the Indian natives — the removal of which, loudly calls for
the united exertions of our government, and that of Great Britian,
together with the unremitting endeavours of all Christians, and lovers
of mankind. I consider this important object of so great magnitude,,
as hardly to be equalled by any terrestrial achievement. Oh! that
legislators would lay it more deeply to heart, and the professed follow-
ers of Jesus lift up a glorious ensign against this mighty destroyer of
mankind! Instead of which sorrow is now added to affliction, until
blood touches blood, by furbished swords, harnessed men and horsesr
glittering spears, sounding drums and trumpets— while elated captains,
colonels, and generals, glorying in their multitude and their pomp,
forget that "Tophet is ordained of old" for those, and that they should
descend into it — forgetting also "the sword that is bathed, and that
shall come upon the mountains of Idumea" — forgetting too the God of
armies, who is able, by the diminutive fly or worm, to lay the glory
and pomp of all nations in the dust — nor considering that it is righ-
teousness which exalteth a nation.

This town is picketted all round. It consists of about one hundred
and fifty houses, crowded together. The fort lays adjoining the town,
on the north side. Watchmen are placed at four gates leading into
the town; sentinels also stand on the ramparts and bastions of the
fortifications, who cry from one to another, every fifteen minutes, from
nine in the evening to three o'clock in the morning, all is well, and
the last cries, all is very well. But it appeared a superficial sound to
me. This day we dined at W. F.'s, which I think nothing could have
induced us to attempt, but the remembrance of our great Example
being a friend of sinners. The old man treated us with generous hos-
pitality, which we requited with plain dealing.

26th. Twenty-eight Indians arrived to-day, from Mackinoi, [Michili-
mackinac] on their way to the Council. Dined at John Askin's, one
of the most respectable merchants in this place. We were entertained
in a pleasing manner. His wife is a French woman, of an amiable,
easy, graceful deportment. We had the company of Dr. Wright, lately
married to commodore Grant's daughter, a discreet young woman, who
was present; also lawyer Smith, a British merchant, John Askin's

INTERVIEWS WITH VARIOUS INDIANS. 597

daughter, an agreeable young girl, and others. Our topics were,
resignation and dependence on Divine support, in the use of prudent
and lawful endeavours, for both spiritual and temporal blessings; — the
origin of the Indians, with remarks on many traces of antiquity found
in the wilderness. From all which, with their sacrifices; observations
of moons; care for the sepulchres and bones of their deceased ancestors;
division into so many tribes, — the probability, and almost certainty,
was inferred, of their being the dispersed tribes of Israel; and there-
fore, from Scripture testimony and prophecy (some part of which was
fulfilled, which strongly corroborated that which yet remained) it was
inferrible that they would be restored, — not to a Jewish, ceremonious
Israel, but to a spiritual Israel of the circumcision, made without
hands. It was also urged, that it was our duty to use endeavours to
promote, and pray for this, in preference to effecting their extermina-
tion. For which purpose, many dark and diabolical machinations are
proposed; one of these I had recently heard of, viz. To take a large
quantity of liquor, of which they are extremely fond, and infuse the
strongest poison therein: take it into an army which should make feint
shows, until the body of them should be collected, then make a sham
battle, and retreat with precipitation, leaving the liquor behind. The
subject was closely combated, and I thought, ended in favour of the
cause of injured humanity.

After our interview closed, three of us walked out to speak to the
Chipawas, lately arrived. We met five or six of them; but they could
not understand us, neither we them, only this much, Chemochteman,
Bostone. I offered my hand to them repeatedly, as also did John
Parrish, which they as often refused. They had come down the lakes
four hundred miles; which shows how wide and deep the prejudice
against our citizens has extended.

27th. Were visited at our lodgings by Dr. Wright, captain Munsey,
Broadhead, Crawford, and several other officers, who continue very
respectful to us.

From this place, many hundreds of bushels of hominy go yearly to
Mackinoi, fropa whence it is forwarded to the Grand Portage; there it
is parceled out at one bushel to a man — who is more prudent than to
use one grain in his north-western route of about eighteen hundred, or
as some say, two thousand miles from the Grand Portage, as it is to
be his main support in case of sickness, accidents, &c. one whole year.
But while health remains, they substitute huckleberries in their season,
which they dry in the smoke to take off the insipid sweet taste,— other
limes, wild rye is gathered and boiled — at others, they catch large fish,

598 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

boil them, select the large bones, which being pounded or beaten, are
packed in the skin of some beast just taken off, to preserve for use.
They kill beasts and birds, eat the flesh and drink the blood, without
either bread or salt. Thus they live.

The trade is principally carried on (that is, the labour,) by Cana-
dians, who are quite as hardy, and almost as savage, as the Indians
themselves. They are not allowed by the merchants at Montreal to
take into the north-west more than one bushel, as their canoes must
be of just such a weight as two men can carry on their shoulders, and
will just hold so much, as is completely filled with goods suitable for
the Indian trade. The company has arrived at great opulence by this
business. They extend it by their accounts so far as to mix, at times,
and meet with merchants of the wilderness like themselves, employed
by the Hudson Bay company. One old man is returned, whom John
Askin says he never knew to deviate from the truth, as too many
travelers do. He says he has explored those high latitudes fifty years,
and that far beyond all buffaloes, bears, and large beasts of any kind;
the country there will produce no kind of grain, nor large trees; but
the most fine furs, the beaver, otter, and martin skins, always selling
at market for a third more than middle furs. Askin says Alexander
Henry frequently tried to raise corn on the banks of Lake Superior,
but never could get one ear in perfection. All which, and abundance
more that might be truly inserted, conspire to give forty degrees north
latitude the preference for human beings to breathe in. This evening,
had a visit from capt. John Drake, an old Guinea trader, now a navi-
gator on these lakes, remarkable for using no kind of drink but water;
yet is a healthy, robust man. He is employed in the north-west trade,
and just arrived from the Falls of St. Mary, at the entrance into Lake
Superior. On this trade, the company has one topsail vessel, and a
larger one on the stocks, ready to launch. They navigate that lake
about four hundred miles, and some distance up a river, to the Grand
Portage — where the goods are taken to canoes, by about one thousand
men. These canoes run, as it is supposed, at least fifteen hundred
miles west-north-west, — which requires them to be exceedingly indus-
trious to make the post before winter — and when winter sets in a week
or two sooner than common, they are frequently caught by the way.

One McKenzie, and ten men, set out last spring was a year from the
Black, or by some called the Grand North Post, to attempt further
discoveries; they have not been heard of since. He had been out once
before, for twelve months; and met with mountains of salt ice. He
now expects to be out three years. Some of these northern adventurers

INTERVIEWS WITH VARIOUS INDIANS. 599

return, and appear as well as those who remain at home feasting on
delicacies. In short, the young men hereaway think themselves no
more accomplished for company or conversation, not having taken this
journey, than our young gentlemen, not having taken the tour of
Europe.

A day or two past, we had the company of five Moravian Indians,
whose sorrowful history deeply affected us. After ninety-six of their
people had been barbarously murdered at Muskingum, they were terri-
fied and driven from one place to another, seven times. Their last move-
ment was to the river Traunch, or Thames. They put in seventy acres of
corn last year, which grew to good size, but being a little too late was
killed by the frost. By which means, about one hundred and forty
men, women, and children, are under great suffering for want of bread.
Government furnished two hundred bushels of corn for their relief,
which was nearly expended. On consideration of their being as the
first fruits of Indian civilization, and are reputed very industrious; as
also on consideration of the concern of our society for the natives of
the land, and the business in which we were embarked, we, on con-
ferring together, were united in prospect, that it would be right,
strangers and pilgrims as we were, to try our credit to supply them
with one hundred dollars worth of corn and flour. Which being pro-
cured from Matthew Dolson, we furnished them with it; for which they
and their missionary, Sensemer, appeared thankful; and I believe it
had a good savour amongst the people here. We wrote a short epistle,
expressive of our good wishes for and kind remembrance of them, and
sent by Sam. White, John Kilbuck, and their companions, to David
Zeisberger, to be read generally among their society at home.

28th. Warm and sultry. Stayed mostly at our lodgings.

29th. Had a visit from a Wyandot chief, who appeared to have
much concern respecting the approaching treaty — also, a remembrance
of former treaties and belts. Some long and broad belts he said they
had, that were intended not only to bind us by the hands, but clasp
us by the arms, so thab no small accidents should in future be able to
make a separation; — and that, notwithstanding all that had happened,
the Wyandots felt some of the old affection to possess their breasts,
and he hoped we would find it so at the general Council: but could
speak for none but themselves. We desired our interpreter, J. Hecke-
welder, to assure him we possessed the same love and friendship for
them, and for all other Indians, that we, or our forefathers ever did — that
our principles had always restrained us from making war against them.
But when we believed the government was disposed to make peace

600 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

with them, on principles of justice, we were willing to leave our homes
and near connexions, and at a great expense, undertake a long and
hazardous journey, to endeavour to promote it, and to be present at the
concluding of so good a work. On delivery of which, he said he knew
long ago we did not fight, but were for peace. He then got up, and shook
hands with Friends, then sat down, and spoke in substance as follows:
That as we had come a long journey, and were all preserved in health, it
was evident the Great Spirit was pleased with our coming; and he hoped
some good would be done, and that the Great Spirit would bring us home
in the same good health, with peace and joy. To which we replied, we
were glad of such an opportunity to talk with him, and if the great and
good work of peace could be effected, we hoped we should return home
with joy and peace; which was all the reward we wanted or looked for.
He asked whether it would be disagreeable, -if he was to come and dine
with us, to which we invited him.

We were also visited this morning by Abram, Katherine his wife,
Kebekah and Mary, his daughters. They live at Miami Rapids, are
Mohickons, and appear much civilized. Also, some Shawnee women, one a
widow, who, because of her situation, had taken off her bobs, jewels, and
trinkets, with which the others shone with splendor, having massy plates of
silver about them, I have no doubt, to an amount that would have clothed
them in silk and velvet. Had it not been for the profuse introduction of
distilled spirits amongst these people, and the frauds in consequence of
it imposed upon them, also the ravages and depredations of war, with
multiplied murders and thefts, they would at this day have been a very
wealthy people in silver and gold, cattle and horses. But the reverse is,
at present, their sorrowful situation, I fear, to our condemnation. The
history of their barbarity, treachery, and breach of faith to the white
people, and to one another, which we have heard rehearsed by people'
well acquainted with facts, since we arrived here, would be painful, tedious,
and indeed too shocking to relate. These circumstances almost stagger
the faith of their best friends. Even one of the Moravian missionaries
said, that even if peace should be concluded, it would not last long, until
they were further chastised. John Parrish asked by what means? Did
he mean the sword? It was answered, "yes — not until they were con-
vinced the United States were too powerful for them, and able to sub-
ject them." These being the sentiments of those who had lived long
among them solely to promote peace, and the principles of the gospel
proved very discouraging to us. They also pronounced it impossible to
instruct them in the principles of justice, equity, and government; which
1 was not willing to admit.

INTERVIEWS WITH VARIOUS INDIANS. 601

We had a visit today from Nathan Williams, an intelligent man, espec-
ially in Indian affairs, which he has been intimately acquainted with. He,
in a friendly manner, suggested fears that we would be either killed, or
kept as hostages, at the ensuing Council. And truly I am not astonished
at their ideas, considering the spectacles of human misery they are almost
-daily presented with, and the rumours they hear — where tribes of Indian
warriors have so frequently passed, with their disconsolate prisoners;
-and with poles stuck up in front of their canoes, some with fifteen, others
with thirty scalps suspended on them, in trophy of their courage and
victory. Though it must be said in honour of British humanity, and
commendation of this government, Upper Canada, and its truly respect-
able and generous officers, they have interfered to the relief of scores of
prisoners, and obtained their redemption at a great price. Divers of
these we have met with, and they appeared as the very outcasts of Eng-
land and Ireland, who, as col. England and other officers told me, hardly
had the manners to acknowledge the kindness, though in some instances
it cost one hundred pounds. But in case of a real American, they never
begrudged it.

This has been a high day at the Koman chapel; being canonized in
honour of St. Peter. They rung the bells, and it is said, carried about
the host. At ten, they assembled at the chapel in great numbers, men,
women, and children. Some kneeled, and many sung aloud. I saw
them through the windows, from our lodging. Many of them appeared
.sincere. But oh! the clouds of lifeless ceremonies, of images, pictures,
water, wine, wafers; schemes of human policy and earthly wisdom,
operating as so many veils which obscure the inshining of the rays of
the Sun of righteousness, darkening counsel to a sorrowful degree,
often amongst men in eminent stations. Indeed, the veil of the cover-
ing spread over all nations, is only destroyed in proportion as we
approach, and ascend the Lord's peaceable, holy mountain, in the
purity of his saints, as little children, — where, without cloud of cere-
mony, or mist of darkness or unbelief, their angels do behold the fac«
or appearance of their Father in heaven, — they behold his universal
love, — in his pure fear, — in the awful attributes of his righteous judg-
ments,— and incomprehensible mercies, — more than heart can think, or
tongue can speak, — and, in abasement, they bow before the name of
the Lord Jehovah, in whom surely is everlasting strength, and to whom
I desire to commit my cause, and commend my soul, with my dear
companion and our tender babes, if we should never more meet in this
vale of tribulation.

Last night, about eleven o'clock, five or six guns went off smartly
76

602 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

one after another. The report sounded unpleasant, especially, antici-
pating if it should so .happen at Sandusky, how it would probably
alarm. I understand it was at some wolves which had destroyed a
neighbour's sheep.

30th. We were visited by a principal man of the Wyandots, called
the Blind Chief, with his nephew,, grand-son, and great-grand-son, a
likely lad of twelve years old. They were well dressed, and appeared
friendly. We informed them, by an interpreter, of our friendly
motives in this visit, and explained our uniform peaceable principles
and practice, for more than one hundred years; and that we wished to
promote peace in our country. He told us, eight of their principal
men were gone to the Council at Miami Rapids, with pacific views
and intentions. They took leare of us in a decent respectable manner.

This day we had two meetings in the king's sail-loft, largely attended
by citizens, officers, and soldiers, of Detroit; which, though deeply
exercising, wading as through mire, and dirt, and rubbish, yet were to
a good degree satisfactory.

1st of 7th mo. Breakfasted at capt. Elliott's: afterwards attended
the burial of Isidore Shone, at the Roman chapel, where the priest in
his pontifical robes was preceded by a man bearing on an ensign like
a halbert, a large cross; and attended by singers, and two little lads,
each with a candle. They, with the priest and singers, were clothed
in black petticoats, and covered over the arms and shoulders with a
white surplice, which reached down to the knee. When the coffin,
which was covered with a black pall with costly fringe, approached
the threshold of the chapel, the bearers made a small halt, the priest
turned round with a brush in his hand, and sprinkled water on the
apparatus about the deceased. I did not go inside of the house, but saw
numbers of lighted candles burning in it; which made but a faint light,
as the sun shone bright, and the day was exceeding warm. Notwith-
standing which, the ecclesiastical part of the procession went bare-headed,
and very slow, muttering or rather growling, a sentence or two of Latin,
over and over, all the way. Indeed the whole of this religious parade
appeared to have more of Jewish ceremony, or Gentile superstition in
it, than Christian simplicity or gravity. — They deposited the poor taber-
nacle under the floor, rung the bells, sung aloud, made their sanctum
sanctorum resound and then departed. Numbers of them come to
mass on first day, eight or ten miles, just step in, and (they say)
rhyme over their paternoster, dip their finger into the font, cross
themselves, and out again, to drink and frolic.

2nd. I went on board the Ottaway, capt. Cowan, just arrived from

QUAKERS WAIT AT DETROIT, JULY. 603

Fort Erie, in hopes of hearing from home; in which I was disappointed.
I found eighteen Oneida Indians on board, with whom I had some
conversation. The captain informed me he had put sixty on shore at
the mouth of the Miami, on their way to the Kapids, where, we are
informed, twelve hundred Indians are assembled. This day we
received a letter from colonel McKee, containing friendly sentiments,
and an assurance that we should have timely notice of the opening
of the treaty. We also received one from a young man on board
the Chipaway, informing that colonel Butler, who was passenger
with his Indians on board capt. Cowan's vessel, came on board
their vessel, and in conversation in a select company where he had
no suspicion, expressed, that if the commissioners should propose,
or even hint any other terms than what were concluded upon by
the Indians, he would noj, think it strange if every person from
the colonies, commissioners, Quakers, and all, should be sacrificed on
the spot; for they know no distinction, but their own people. This,
the young man eommunicated to us out of pure friendship, having
heard it himself: which we treasured up at present. But truly, the
pressure of murdering, dark, blood-thirsty spirits, from day to day,
is exceeding heavy; always requiring us to watch and pray, that
we may be furnished with the whole armour of light.

3rd. Col. England came to visit us. We went to see his garden
—in the interview he showed every mark of respect to Friends,
and desired us as often as we wished to retire into his arbours in
the heat of the day. We acknowledged his kindness, and went to
our lodgings to dine, where we had the company of a young Shaw-
nese chief. He was neatly dressed in Indian style. I computed he
had, at least, one thousand silver broaches stuck on a new silk'
hunting shirt. He behaved at table with great gentility.

4th. Fourteen Indians came to see us. They appeared friendly.
The weather exceeding warm. Although we are well supplied with
provisions, yet, the water being all brought from the river, and
standing in a tierce in the sunshine, makes our drink disagreeable.
This, with a host of flies by day, and fleas and bugs by night,
added to our state pf suspense, required some fortitude and patience
to keep our post without looking back, or meditating an escape.

5th. Had some conversation with an intelligent woman who had been
taken prisoner in Kentucky, and separated from her husband and nine
children. All had been favoured to meet again except one, which she
says is now in Kentucky. She says, three hundred and ninety-five
persons were taken, and scattered through the wilderness at the time

<504 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

they were, fourteen years ago. Such a situation, contrasted with a
land of peace, and the security of life, liberty, and property, may
enable us to make some estimate of the blessings we enjoy, and the
principles which lead to a permanent security of them.

This morning the Ottaway, capt. Cowan, sailed for Fort Erie, to go by
the way of Miami Bay, having provisions on board for McKee and the
Indians at the Rapids. In this vessel captain Elliott, deputy Indian agent
for the British, embarked to join McKee at the council. We acquainted
him repeatedly with our design in coming to this country, and our pros-
pects of the importance of the business in agitation, and engaged him
to use his influence as speedily as possible to open the way for a treaty.
I sent by this vessel some intelligence to Philadelphia, and sailed up
the river past Hog Island and Pearl Island, into the lower end of Lake
St. Clair, which is about thirty-six miles ipng, and eighteen broad.
After taking a prospect of Gross Point, the residence of commodore
Orant, we viewed N. Williams's stone wind mill, dined at his house,
.and returned eight or nine miles to our lodgings.

William Savery and William Hartshorn, in our absence, were visited by
a Shawnese warrior, who announced to them what had before been fre-
quently suggested to us by divers persons, that if the commissioners
did not immediately agree that all the land west of the Ohio should
be evacuated, and given up by the United States, or even hinted any-
thing to the contrary, by offering gifts or money as purchase, of which
they understood they had brought abundance with them, that none of
them, or their company, would ever go off the ground alive — for their
fathers, who are now all gone, had sold lands for knives, broaches, and
rum, till they were now driven almost to the sun-setting, where they
•were determined to make a stand. He complained of the ruinous con-
sequences of the introduction of spirituous liquors amongst their fathers,
saying, at first they called it bitter water, and some, fiery water; but
by repeated offers of it to them, they at length fell in with it to their
hurt in general. He also informed, that four days before he left the
Rapids, a deputation of two chiefs of each nation had embarked to
meet the commissioners at Niagara, to let them know the outlines of
their conclusions, and that if the white people w,ould settle to the
banks of the Ohio, on the east side, and agree that the river should
be the line, they would be glad, and take them by the hand, and call
them brothers. All which intelligence, he said, might be depended on
as true. Our apprehensions that the commissioners were vested with
no such powers, and that the government had no such intentions,
tended to thicken the cloud which seems impending over this land;

QUAKERS WAIT AT DETROIT, JULY. 605>

as the seeds of destruction are sowing in a soil, prepared to pro-
duce shocking scenes.

This same Indian getting raised with strong drink in the after-
noon, made a stroke with his tomahawk at one Sylvester Ash, an
interpreter, who had long resided with the Shawnese; Ash's exer-
tions prevented his killing him: he then knocked off our landlord's hat,
who struck him several hard blows, and turned him out of the house.
Capt. Munsey being present, sent for two soldiers, who put him
out of the garrison. He was much enraged. Upon the whole, all
things conspire to increase the gloom, and assure us that nothing
short of wisdom from on high will do for us to lean to.

6th. My mind was Deeply exercised with a consideration, how the
way may open in this dark land, to lift up our testimony for the
excellency of the government of Christ, our Redeemer, in these
heathen regions of both white and red people. The Felicity is just
arrived from the Miami, and confirms the account of the Indian
deputation being gone to meet the commissioners at Niagara, accom-
panied by col. Butler and Simon Girty.

7th. First of the week. Held a meeting in the sail-loft, which was in
a good degree comfortable and satisfactory. Just 'arrived from the
Rapids, capt. John, David Kennedy, and Mohican Samuel, by whom
we received a letter from capt. Hendricks, importing, that twenty
nations were then assembled; that there were runners sent to bring
forward the Powtowatomie chiefs; that in a few days they should move
to Sandusky, and that a desire for peace was gaining ground amongst
them. This account from a man in whom we had confidence, was
encouraging to us.

In the forenoon, we held a meeting for worship at a mill, at the
river Ruzche, about five miles from Detroit, with a considerable num-
ber of middle aged and young people, to the peace of our minds.
Returned in the evening, they having sent up horses to bring us down
and carry us back.

8th. Had an interview with David Kennedy, a learned, intelligent manr
just returned with captain John from the Rapids. He informs, there
are a numerous host of Indians there, and that the general sentiments
w^re looking towards peace; yet the young Shawnese were high, and
rough in their dispositions, especially the warriors. We also had an
opportunity with about ten or twelve Indians of the Six Nations,
desiring them to use their influence to promote the work of peace;
which they appeared to unite with.

This forenoon we wrote to captain Hendricks by Samuel, also sent

606 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

him some money (five dollars) for which he wrote. We have lately
understood that hostilities have commenced between the Chipawas and
Sioux of the Meadows, and Sioux of the Woods, against each other.
They are powerful nations.

This day was another interment at the Roman chapel, of a man, said to
be one hundred and fifteen years old. It was, as usual, attended with
abundance of Romish pomp and superstition. The house was wonder-
fully replenished with lighted candles, which, in meridian sunshine,
appeared to reflect no light at all; but rather a gloom — which is truly
the case with spiritual sunshine, or gospel light. It all appeared dark.

9th. I went to visit col. England, where I met capt. Blue Jacket, a
chief warrior among the Delawares, who, it is said, was in command
at general St. Glair's defeat. He was dressed in scarlet, with gold
tassels, and a laced hat. A brave, masculine figure of a man. I spoke
to him by an interpreter, letting him know I was one of the people
called Quakers, who were men of peace, and that we were come to try
to heal, and make peace. He replied, he had heard of Quakers, and
that they were harmless people, and did not fight. He was going to
Montreal; but had given his opinion before he came away, and hoped
matters would be settled.

We also had a visit to-day from several Shawnese. One of them was
a middle-aged man, the most solid countenanced I had seen amongst
them. We spoke to him by an interpreter, and let him know who we
were, and what our views were in coming; and also our apprehensions
of the sincerity of the* government, in the present embassy. With
which he appeared pleased, and said he heartily wished we might get
through with the work of peace, that the young and active part of the
Indian nations might know what to do, as it concerned them most, for
the old ones had not long to live. He said he had heard of our people,
that we did justly, and did not fight, and that he was glad to be with
us. After drinking a glass or two of wine he wished us well, and
departed.

In my interview with col. England, I was presented with a sketch
of the great falls, curiously taken by capt. Steel, who is an artist at
such designs. I also had an account to-day, from a man employed at
the Grand Portage. It is nine miles over, and three bundles of seventy
pounds each, is the stipulated burden for each man to carry that dis-
tance. But some will carry more, and ascend and descend two moun-
tains on the way. Two men carry the canoe on their shoulders, until
the blood will run down, on green hands; but at length, the skin
becomes as hard as a bullock's neck accustomed to the yoke. — Thus

QUAKERS WAIT AT DETROIT, JULY. 607

they carry and row, over ninety carrying places, and as many creeks,
puddles, little lakes, and rivers, for more than one thousand miles
beyond the Grand Portage.

10th. Capt. Blue Jacket came to us. We had a friendly interview
with him. He is married to a French merchant's daughter, late of
this place, now deceased. Two Cayugas also visited us. But we pain-
fully feel the need of suitable interpreters. — Many understand their
language; but our sentiments being generally peaceful, serious, and
religious, so opposite to those held by persons qualified to serve us,
that what they delivered appeared to be with shame and reluctance.
This put it out of our power fully to relieve our minds. My
mental powers often centered in secret intercession to the Preparer
of hearts, that the travail of my spirit might be conveyed through
such acqueducts, to their advantage and edification, as may best con-
sist with his wisdom and power. As our minds were bowed and
patiently waded under it, there evidently appeared a seriousness at
times to impress their countenances. — Last evening we received a grate-
ful letter from the Moravian Indians.

We had interviews to-day with several Indians, Munseys, Shawnese,
and Delawares, to some satisfaction. They appeared pleased with our
motives in coming. This afternoon, I visited a young woman educated
at Newport Rhode Island. Her father's name, William Foster. She
went from home, contrary to her father's will, with one Molay, an
officer in St. Glair's army. He was killed in the defeat of 1790, and
she taken prisoner by the Indians, who kept her eleven months. She
then got off, and has since lived in Detroit, and by her conduct
evinced that she was not thankful enough for the many mercies and
great deliverances wrought for her. Latterly she has been taken with
epileptic fits, of which she frequently has divers in a day. The inter-
vals of health are filled with bemoanings and cries for mercy. Not-
withstanding it appeared to me to be the chastening hand of judgment
laid apon her, yet my sympathy was touched, to consider if she was
my child, poor and quite destitute of friends able to comfort her, how
should I feel. Oh! saith my soul, that the multiplied mournful
instances recited in the catalogue of rebellion and disobedience to
parents, might have the happy effect to induce young people early to
seek the kingdom of God, and his righteousness: so would they be
preserved out of snares, temptations, and beds of anguish and sorrow,
the sure rewards of sin and disobedience.

llth, Dined at Abbott's, a Detroit merchant, with all our company,

except Joseph Moore. Indian affairs was the topic. In the course of

608 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

the conversation, I felt some zeal for the testimony to arise; under
which I spoke plainly to divers points, and some persons present urged
the necessity of whipping, or further chastising the Indians, and the
impossibility of effecting ^their reformation without it.

12th. Went down the river four miles, and paid three or four little
visits to some friendly people. This afternoon, • a vessel arrived from
Fort Erie, bringing accounts that the Indian deputation had arrived
there, and the commissioners were returned to Niagara. Which
accounts, with no way opening as yet to see the Indians at the Rapids,
and no letters from Philadelphia, make our situation here singularly
trying.

13th. A small vessel arrived from Fort Erie, which brought letters
from my wife, M. Miller, brother J. L. and Jonathan and Bumford
Dawes, all frought with love, and instructive communication. This was
a joyous feast to my mind, and as marrow to my bones, ministering
much consolation and encouragement, and animating with increasing
fervency and dedication to encounter the difficulties of our wilderness
journey, with the varied conflicts and perils attendant thereon. We
also received three general epistles, one from James Pemberton, one
from John Pemberton, and one from Henry Drinker, all dated about
6th of 6th mo. 1793, which were mutually comforting and strengthen-
ing to our little band. To find and feel the help, sympathy, and
travail of the spirits of our friends at home, was like the consecrating
oil to each of us. This vessel also brought a letter to us from col.
Pickering, announcing the arrival of the Indian deputation, just as they
were about to embrrk, and the commissioners were requested to return to
Navy Hall, to have a short speech in the audience of gov. Simcoe.
As it was to be a short conference, they desired our further patience,
and hoped to see us in a few days. This intelligence, after five weeks
suspense, was not very pleasant.

14th. First of the week. Held a public meeting for worship in the
ship-yard, which was attended by a large number of people, divers of
of whom are nearly attached to us. It was a solid, quiet season. But
through ignorance of the divine principle, or through their inattention
to it, and want of faith in it, truth, in this Babylonish land, does not
rise into that dominion, as I have felt it in some other places.

I had an opportunity of conversing with Simon Girty's wife, who
seems an inoffensive woman. She had been long a prisoner amongst
the Indians. She gave an account of many of their methods of torture
on their enemies. She says they used frequently to speak of the
Quakers in the nations, as a people that did not go to war. Capt-

QUAKERS WAIT AT DETROIT, JULY. 609

Elliott has just arrived from the Kapids, but nothing further has yet
transpired.

15th. Had an interview with Elliott; he appears much reserved. Our
anxious state of suspense continues. Being apprehensive of the Indian
embassy to the commissioners preventing the proposed treaty, we wrote
to col. McKee, also a short epistle to the Indians, to be in readiness
to forward by the first opportunity.

Here we observed a species of Indian slaves, called Pawnees, or
Punins, who are captives, chiefly taken by the Chipawas from the
Suez, (Sioux) or Pawnee nations. But it is sorrowful to think, that
in a British government so famed for liberty, they, and a number
of the African race, are held in bondage during life.

This day I walked out into the woods, a mile and a half; when
my further excursion was prevented by swamps, bogs, and marshes.
In my route, I found stones in divers places, such as are observed
on the margin of the lake. The land in general is almost sunk
under water. My mind was strongly impressed with the belief, that
lakes Huron, St. Glair, Erie, and Michigan were once united, and the
tens of thousands of acres of low adjacent land, were all over-
flowed. By the breaking and wearing away of the great falls as
mentioned before, the water has lowered to the present surface: and
as cultivation increases,. I have no doubt the country will be
improved by a further diminution of the marvelous cataract. The
progress of population, at present, is obstructed, not only by the
wet, unhealthy state of the country, but also by other circumstances:
viz. one-seventh of the whole country is reserved for the crown,
and one-seventh for the episcopal clergy: also by an existing law of
old Canada, all real estates, though sold seven times in seven years,
must be sold at the chapel door, mostly on first-day afternoon, one-
ninth whereof goes to the Roman church. By this means some
congregations, especially in Montreal and Quebec, have become
immensely rich, and enabled to carry on their Idolatrous pomp and
parade of worship, so as to make the world wonder. But as light
is rising a necessary reform is apprehended to be not far distant.

16th. Had a solid interview with Elliott, deputy agent of Indian
affairs for the British. He is preparing to return to the Indian
council at the Rapids. We proposed to him, whether there would be
any impropriety in our going with him. To which he replied, as
his sentiment, that where the Indians were now assembled was their
own council ground, and on a path that was not to be trod in but
by warriors: and therefore, it was his opinion, it would not be
77

610 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

eligible to move that way at present. We let him know our
prospects were, that every assistance from the British government
towards negociating a peace with the Indians, would be afforded.
He gave us to understand, the Indians were generally acquainted
with our being here, and our views towards them, and hoped, 011
the return of the Indian embassy, some way would open for our
relief. Finding no way to have an opportunity with them collectively,
we concluded to write again to the agent, McKee, and also to the
Indians; which Elliott assured us should be fully and fairly inter-
preted to them. With this we were for the present obliged to rest
satisfied in our probationary tribulated allotment. I can truly say,
I travailed with many pangs to be delivered, with breathings .to
Him who alone can help and interpose, when all human aid is
utterly unavailing.

It is wheat harvest; the grain is well filled; but in many places
it is much injured by a kind of smut, or blast. The grain is as
large as good wheat, but appears of a dusky colour; and being
bruised, or cut in two, the contents are like soot, black and dusty;
sometimes ten blasted ears for one sound one. In divers instances,
wheatfields are rendered entirely useless. When one-half, or one-
third, or even one-tenth, is smutted wheat, it spoils the whole. The
farmer is obliged to wash all his wheat through three or four waters,
before it is fit for bread.

17th. No admission being apparent into the Indian country, as the
best expedient, we concluded to send by capt. Elliott, Friends'
Address, accompanied by a short epistle of our own, to the Indians:
also, a letter to col. McKee. We remain daily exercised in a patient,
fervent travail, that the Supreme Controller of events may bring to
pass his hidden purposes, according to his own sacred determination,
to the exaltation of his own great name, in these dark .regions of
violence, murder, and licentiousness of almost every kind. The
awful language of the Most High to a backsliding people formerly,
has frequently impressed my mind, as applicable to the inhabitants
of these countries, with some few exceptions, — " My soul loathed
them, and their souls abhorred me."

This day a cannon was fired, for the direction of a man supposed
to be lost in the woods. It frequently happens that people get
bewildered in this country, and sometimes lost, especially in cloudy
weather. If they go but one mile in the woods, such is the same-
ness of soil, timber, &c. with no mountains, and few streams to
guide them, they frequently take the opposite direction from the
settlement, and get into difficulty.

QUAKERS WAIT AT DETROIT, JULY. 611

We have lately heard of the arrival of a number of Creek and
•Cherokee Indians, in the neighbourhood of the Indian council; we
fear, with views not friendly to a peaceable accommodation of mat-
ters with the western Indians. We have heard hostilities between
them and the whites have been renewed to the southward. Great
is the opposition, at present, in the earth, to the peaceable king-
dom of Christ, our Redeemer: under a sense of which, my spirit bows
with intercession, that Israel may abide in their tents, where they
will be covered as under the hollow of his divine hand, until his
indignation pass over.

18th. I had an interview with capt. George Welbank, who appeared
an intelligent, cool, dispassionate man. He came with a detachment
of Cherokee and Creek Indians, from their towns in the southern
territory, he says, more than a thousand miles from hence in a
straight line ; and that they were ninety days on their journey. His
principal business appeared to be with col. England, who immedi-
ately gave orders for the sloop Felicity to sail, with capt. Welbank
on board, to Fort Erie, on the way to gov. Simcoe. Large rolls of
intelligence were despatched by him, containing, as we supposed,
'matters of importance. Shortly before, col. England, assured our
iriends, the Felicity was detained in the harbour on purpose to
transport us to Sandusky, or Fort Erie, as was most eligible, on
the shortest notice.

In conversation with capt. Welbank, on the situation of Indian
affairs to the southward, with which he discovered extensive knowl-
edge, he asserted as follows: — That in the year 1791, a treaty was
held with the southern Indians, negotiated on behalf of the United
States, by a person who made out the articles of the treaty in
writing, wherein he inserted the free navigation of the Cherokee
river, without their knowledge, and bribed the interpreter to read,
ten miles round Nashville village, where forty was inserted. There*
was a large extent of country, for which the natives required three
thousand dollars per annum, but he assured them his power would
not permit him to go so high; but for the present he would insure
two thousand dollars, and had no doubt of obtaining the whole
«um, by an application to Congress. But in the article it was read,
two thousand dollars, where one thousand only was entered. And
after all, the survey far exceeded the limits of the land agreed on.
Of which grievances, the bloody fellow, Notawasky, Joberson, and Prince
of Eastern Airy, came to Congress for redress; they were politely
received, and assured justice should take place. On the faith of

612 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

which, they returned, and made report to thier people, who rested
satisfied, until their hopes of redress were laid waste, by Spencer
and others coming over the dividing ridge, between Holstein and Ten-
nessee rivers, (which was the boundary prescribed) building mills, and
picketing forts, on the waters of the Tennessee. Capt. Welbank says
the Indians have applied to the Spaniards, and received assurances they
shall be supplied with necessaries. There were some reasons for believ-
ing capt. Welbank was now here to negotiate a friendship with the British.

This afternoon, John Elliott and myself walked three or four miles
to see sixteen Oneida Indians, amongst whom are several principal
men, George Duckwell, Abram, &c. We had some conversation with
them on the advantages of peace, and the blessings consequent on
being redeemed out of the spirit of war. We also entered a little
into the subjects of the existing uneasiness between the Indians and our
government. Duckwell, an old man, said, the dispute was about lands
west of the Ohio — that he was at a treaty, held at ^Fort Stanwix,
twenty-four years ago, which was a general treaty with all the tribes;
and then, the Ohio was agreed to be the boundary. Since which time,
he knew of no treaty, where the chiefs who had a right to sell lands,
were collected. I find the Six Nations claim a kind of sovereignty
over the soil, to a great extent southward. Abram said he married his
wife amongst the Wyandots, and some years ago, they made a visit to
see her relations, "and I say, brothers, what you always go to war —
fight 'mericas? They say — if 'mericas love peace, give us our lands—
stay that side 'hio — shake hands — call brothers; — but if 'mericas come
take our country, where deer plenty, turkeys, wild cows — good land —
then war — always war." We told him we never went to war, nor cnir
friends, for one hundred and fifty years past — that all men, of all nations,
white, red, and black, were our brothers — that one Great Spirit made
us all, and was father of us all. They said " Ouch," that is good, very
good.

19th. Stayed mostly at our lodgings, writing, and conversing with
some intelligent travellers. One of them related a conversation between
one Frobisher, a merchant in the north-west trade, when at the Grand
Portage, west end of Lake Superior, and an old Indian from the north-
west; which so much coincided with my own sentiments, that I note it. —
Frobisher was inquiring after the curiosities of the northern clime, which
the Indian related as far as he had travelled — but added, that younger
Indians, who had travelled further north-west, had seen some things
still more wonderful. Frobisher asked him if he did not think some
parts of their relation untrue? The old Indian replied, " No; it is not

QUAKERS WAIT AT DETROIT, JULY. 613

possible it can be lies, for they had never seen a white man in their
lives!" A severe reflection on Christians, so called!

20th. A woman was interred at the Roman chapel, with the usual
pomp, parade, and superstition. Candles burning in clear sunshine —
host and holy water displayed — black pall surplices. All the males
bare-headed, walking slowly — the sexton going before, the host-bearer
next, with a boy on each side carrying lighted candles. Then the
priest, in his pontifical robes, with a boy before him, with a brass
laver or font, containing the consecrated water, with a brush in it. On
each side of the priest were singers dolefully humming Latin. The
priest held a book in his hand, which he sometimes opened, and then
sung Latin — several times sprinkling the bier and pall with the water.
The singers and boys bearing the candlesticks and laver, as also those
who supported the bier, were clothed outside with black. The bells rung
frequently. Indeed, the whole procession appeared solemnly dark.
When they came to the grave, which was about two and a half feet
deep, in which was much water, the priest took the brush and added a
little more — they laid down the coffin, and for a time dolefully hummed
more Latin. During which, the people generally went on their knees.
When that was over, the people departed, leaving the sexton to fill up
the grave alone. I am told the water rises so near the surface of the
ground in these countries, that it is difficult to bury a corpse so deep
but what the wolves can scratch down to it. As they often bury with-
out coffins, many who are killed in battle in the woods, and others
murdered in cold blood and left above ground, the wolves have devoured
them. It is said, these animals have become so fierce and fond of
.human flesh, that they have attacked, and destroyed people in the
woods. The Indians used to call them brothers, and would not kill
them; but one or two of their people having been killed by those
creatures, the Indians have now proclaimed war against them, killing
all they can.

This low, level country, abounds with sugar trees to such a degree,
that if the manufactory of sugar was promoted extensively in this
place, it might be ranked among the exports of North America. The
Indians who have kettles suitable for the business, make large quanti-
ties in the spring of the year and sell it as low as six-pence per pound,
and under. Some have been so fraudulent as to mix sand with it, and
when detected, endeavour to justify themselves by the example of the
white people mixing water with the rum sold to them. A practice very
common amongst the rum .sellers, who say rum hurts them, and the
less they get the better for them. It is therefore evident, that in pro-

614 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

portion to their intercourse with the whites, they have increased in
treachery, fraud, drunkenness, and licentiousness of every kind; and
appear, at present, not unlikely to be a rod prepared for our close
chastisement.

Being in their nature or by habit, unfeeling and ferocious, I have
often in this journey had iny feelings wounded, by seeing old gray-
headed women carrying heavy burdens of skins, venison, broomsr
matchcoats, &c. with large drops of sweat rolling from their aged
brows; when several sprightly young and middle-aged men, went lightly
on before them, with nothing to carry but their clothes, tomahawk, and
scalping knife dangling by their thigh.

21st. Last evening I had an account from a man who came from the
Glades up the Miami-of-the-lake that the Creek and Cherokee Indiana
passed through the Delaware towns there, and produced a piece of
tobacco died red, which was received as the declaration of war against
the United States — that the white prisoners were very numerous
amongst the Indians — and that, at the Eapids as he came along, he
saw a beautiful woman, well dressed, just brought in.

This morning, a number of Oneida Indians came to our lodgings,
and informed, that two of their number had just come from the Rapids,
and brought tidings, that it was reported there, that Wayne's army
was advancing, and large numbers of the Indians had left the councilr
to go to defend their towns. They sent to the Oneidas to repair to
their assistance, which they were resolved not to comply with. Which
determination, we endeavoured to strengthen, and gave it as our opin-
ion, that the army was not advancing, and would not advance, until
the result of the treaty was known. They were very jealous of some
deception, which it was hard .to remove.

This forenoon, had a solid meeting in the ship yard; after which, a
number of the gentlemen of the town came to see us. In a little
time one came who announced the Dunmore was at the mouth of the
river, with the commissioners on board. Soon after, capt. Gibbonsr
who was a passenger, came and Confirmed the news. We had appointed
a meeting at five o'clock, and thought best to endeavour for stillness at
present. The afternoon meeting was not as large as the former. It
was a season of heavy exercise, through the prevalence of a carnal ,
lukewarm disposition, in many; yet the great Shepherd was mercifully
pleased to baptize a remnant into tenderness of spirit; and the oppor-
tunity concluded with solemn supplication.

In the evening we had a visit from - - Gibbons, an officer in the
regiment of Queen's Rangers. He was present when the Indians

QUAKERS WAIT AT DETROIT, JULY. 615

opened their embassy to the commissioners, at Navy Hall. About
ninety Indians were there. When the governor, Simcoe, was present.,
capt. Brant spoke as follows: "Gentlemen, you say you are commis-
sioners from the United States; have you power to alter the disputed
line between you and us?" They answered, "We have." "Can you
tell us the reason of an armed force advancing at this time into our
country?" The answer was, "We cannot, neither do we believe it; yet
to make all parties satisfied, we will despatch an express immediately
to the war office, to stop every motion of an advance." Then they
said, " Come on, we will treat with you." Jasper Parrish was
despatched to Philadelphia.

The commissioners not being permitted to come here, were landed at
the mouth of the river, and have sent for us.

22nd. Settled with our landlord, Matthew Dolsoii, for six weeks
accommodation, twelve pounds, seven shillings, and six-pence, York
money.

23rd. I visited col. England, in company with John Parrish, to con-
fer with him on the most eligible mode of departure from Detroit.
He, with his wonted politeness, offered his barge; but gave it as his
sentiment, that we had better stay till fifth-day, when the Dunmore
would sail, to be at the commissioners' direction. As it was his orders,
it was also his inclination to accommodate them all in his power, so
we consented to add two days more to our confinement.

We had an interview with several Indians to-day; one of them
acknowledged he had killed a Kuhemocomon, and stole three horses
this spring. He was a warlike creature, and we could do little with
him, for want of an interpreter. I gave him a few hints, a pipe, and
a loaf of bread, and he departed.

24th. A solemn morning; my mind composed, and engaged in men-
tal aspirations to the Supreme Controller of events, that he might be
pleased to bless our endeavours to promote the glory and honour of his
own great name, the advantage of our country, the peace of nations, and
of individuals. — In which I beheld, that so long as we dwell only on
the surface and superficies of important subjects, in a chain of carnal
reasoning, and in the fogs and mists of earthly wisdom and human policy,
we are in danger of making errors in judgment, and of viewing the
agents of distress, as the primary cause of evil. But by tracing effects
to their causes, and weighing actions in the equal and unalterable
scales of justice and truth, I believe we shall centre in prospect with
the inspired penman, "Affliction cometh not forth of the dust, neither
doth trouble spring out of the ground." Is there not a cause? Con-

616 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

sider, yea, awfully contemplate the announced decree of Him "who
weigheth the mountains in scales, and the hills in a balance, and
meteth out the heavens with a span, and measureth the water of
the seas in the hollow of his hand; and before whom, all nations are
but as the drop of a bucket, — " Such measure as ye mete, to you it shall
be measured again."

When I view the dreadful scenes of barbarity attendant on the
African slave trade, and its train of concurrent circumstances, my soul is
almost overwhelmed with discouragement. Judgment is the Lord's,
and he surely will repay. Have the Indians burned houses; murdered
men, women, and children; betrayed their friends, carried away into
captivity and bondage, old and young, male and female; and cruelly
burned and tortured others; lurked privily for prey; shot down men at
their ploughs, and travellers on the road? Yea, they have; until the
rehearsal of many of their horrid scenes of barbarity, has agitated,
shocked, and almost convulsed every nerve.

But what shall I say? How are my feelings wounded, on being
constrained to contrast these reproaches to humanity, with the conduct
of civilized, professing Christian nations! In which I lament, our own
government (in most respects, superlatively excellent) is obliged to
take a share. Vessels fitted out, commanded by men with hearts cal-
lous to the feelings of humanity, and deaf to her cries — which repair
to the African coast, stir up war, burn towns, kill, catch, and carry
captive, indiscriminately, these poor, and, as to them, altogether unof-
fending people — bring them to distant and different cities and towns,
ringing with alarms for worship, sounding with hymns and psalms from
stately temples, where they offer their devotion to the universal Parent,
who hath revealed his will in the language of "do justly, love mercy,
and walk humbly with thy God" — professing to believe in the Divine
Lawgiver, whose statute is, "Whatsoever ye would that men should do
unto you, do ye even so unto them." Instead whereof they are sold
like beasts, at market; separated, husband from wife, children from
parents; without regard to the tenderest ties of natural affection: often
pui under unfeeling whippers, and cruel taskmasters, where they are
frequently starved, or whipt to death — and if they run away, and are
caught, they have been hung up without trial or jury. Some who had
procured their liberty, have been hunted with horses and dogs, and
shot down. While such enormities are in the land, and winked at by
the rulers, shall we not lay our mouths in the dust, with this language
impressed on our minds, " O Lord! just, and true, and righteous are
thy judgments." I cannot omit remarking the joy we feel, at the

INDIAN CONFERENCES BELOW DETROIT, JULY. 617

escape of a captive white from among the Indians; yet, what a stir
when a negro slave attempts his liberty! advertisements printed, and
rewards offered to take him, alive or dead.

This afternoon, had a visit from Fransey Baubee, just returned from
the Assembly of Upper Canada, where the subject of slavery was
closely debated. Gov. Simcoe appeared an advocate on the side of
liberty. But so strong was the opposition from motives of interest,
they could carry the subject no further, than liberty at twenty-five
years of age, to all born after this date. Which account increased my
exercise for the lamentable state of mankind. Blood touching blood,
mingled with tears of the oppressed, whose groans ascend to the ears
of the Lord of Sabaoth. While others live on their labours, in volup-
tuousness, ease, and pride, spending days and nights in revelling, feast-
ing, fiddling, dancing, drunkenness, debauchery, and abominable
conversation. On which account, I ?do believe, the earth and its inhab-
itants will be made to tremble, arid the ears of many be made to
tingle.

25th. Took an affectionate leave of Matthew Dolson and Hannah,
and divers other inhabitants 'of Detroit, and went on board the Duii-
more; col. England, lieut. Henry, ensign Ross, and Edward O' Brian,
accompanying us. Many of the officers of the garrison and inhabit-
ants of the place came to the wharf to take leave of us. Among the
latter is a very respectable family, of the name of Reynolds. They
have an amiable daughter^ Margaret. We proceeded down the river,
and at one o'clock, arrived at capt. Elliotts' house at the mouth of it.
Landed in the colonel's barge, and were gladly received by the com-
missioners, after about eight weeks absence: the joy was mutual. Capt.
Banbury, gen. Cheaping, and lieut. Givenz, were there. They accom-
panied the commissioners from Niagara.

26th. Walked down the river, one mile and a half, to Simon Girty's,
a great white-man-chief among the Wyandots. He was not at home.
Returned, and had some agreeable conversation with general Cheaping,
on Indian affairs; also concerning women's preaching. He appears to
be a judicious man in most respects.

27th. Had a solid conversation with gov. Randolph, capt. Ford, and
lieut. Givenz, of the army, on slavery, war, swearing, and debauchery.
When men are closely pinched, I find their nearest way to get rid of
a difficulty, is a denial of the Scriptures, turn deists, and explain away
the weighty parts of the moral law.

28th. First day. Walked three miles, and were paddled about three
miles more in a canoe, by two Indians, to a meeting we had appointed
78

618 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

on the Island of Grosseel, where fifty or sixty people collected,
who behaved with solid gravity. We were favoured to feel an evidence
of the simplicity, purity, and spirituality of the gospel dispensation,
which I hope was preached to them in the pure disinterested love
thereof. We returned with peaceful minds and thankful hearts. After
meeting, a woman said she blushed to tell me, that the preceding even-
ing she joined with others in condemning us as wolves in sheep's
clothing; but she was now fully convinced that what she had been
seeking abroad amongst forms and shadows, was to be found at home
in her own heart; and hoped to retain a thankful remembrance of the
mercy vouchsafed to her that day: adding, she did not lament her
troubles and exercises, which were great, seeing they had, at length,
brought her to the discovery of the way of life. Many others, I
believe, were reached this day. Yet my joy was not of long contin-
uance; for about eight o'clock in the evening, some of our jolly fellow-
travellers promoted an Indian dance, in which they joined. The Indians
were about twenty in number, with several white men in the ring, and
a candle in the centre. Round and round they danced, with ungrateful
grunting, barking, and at intervals, screaming and hollowing— the war
dance, the peace dance, the scalping dance, &c. which they continued
till near midnight, frequently regaling themselves with spirits. This
conduct, considering the solemn importance of our business, proved
very exercising to my mind, and almost overwhelmed me with
discouragement.

29th. I felt heavy, and sorrowful, on account of the last evening's
conduct, which I suggested to some of our leading gentlemen. I also
testified my disapprobation of such conduct, to the Indians; in which
I was joined by a squaw whose husband, by way of apology, told me
white men promoted it, and joined them in it. This I was constrained
to admit, however degrading. So that upon the whole, contrasting
Indians and whites, of all nations, upon the broad scale, our superior-
ity appears but imaginary, and does not exist.

About five o'clock this afternoon, arrived captain Elliott, capt. McKee,
Simon Girty, and one Smith, with Ocohongehelas, the great Delaware
war chief, and about twenty other Indians from Miami. The Indians
encamped opposite to us on Bay's Long Island. The white men came
over to us and informed, that the Indians were much dissatisfied on
the report of their deputation to the commissioners at Niagara; and
had sent their second embassy, explicity to declare their intentions in
^ writing, signed by ten nations. This is to be presented to-morrow, and
it is apprehended will determine the business.

INDIAN CONFERENCES BELOW DETROIT, JULY. 619

30th. A deputation of twenty-five Indians came over the river abont
nine o'clock; when seated, the commissioners seated before them, and
we forming an angle at the Indians' right hand, after a solemn pause,
an Indian inquired, "Are you ready?" Simon Girty was told to
answer, yes. Then a Wyandot chief arose, took off his hat, and
thanked the Great Spirit they had met; and spoke some time, intro-
ductory to the delivery of a written message: wherein they state, that
matters were not fully explained at Niagara; therefore they explicitly
require an answer, whether the commissioners have power to make
Ohio the boundary; and if so, immediately to remove all the inhabit-
ants off the land, west of the Ohio? To which gen. Lincoln, (after
all three had read it, and consulted together,) answered they would
inform them to-morrow. After this, we had a solid conference with
the commissioners on the obstacles thrown in the way, and they
explained the Niagara conference; which we approved as fair and can-
did. This demand appeared a new matter, probably suggested by some
designing enemy to peace. The letter was signed by ten nations, viz.
Delawares, Shawnese, Miamis, Wyandots, Ottawas, Mingoes,- Munseys.
Chipawas, &c.

31st. About nine o'clock the Indians came over the river, among
whom, Ocohongehelas, the Delaware war chief, his brother, and Little
Jonny, a Shawnese chief, and Carry-all-about, a Wyandot chief were
principal men. We spoke to them, and told them we were their
brothers, the Quakers, come from Philadelphia to see them. They showed
joy in their countenances, and. shook hands very affectionately. They told
us their chiefs who knew us, were almost all dead. We answered them,
our fathers who were acquainted with our Indian brothers, were likewise
mostly fallen asleep; but notwithstanding, we their children possessed
the same love and friendship for the Indians, as our fathers did; and
wished it to continue to the end of time. They were very solid, and
their countenances marked with the weight and importance of the busi-
ness. We smoked with them; but perceiving their minds under such pres-
sure and exercise, we did not talk much. They told us, through Girty,
that they could not now say much; but would, after they got their
answer. They staid about two hours, and received notice from the
commissioners, that about five o'clock in the afternoon they should
have an answer to the embassy. Then they returned to the island.

This forenoon four British officers came down from the garrison;
Crawford, Vandeleur, Boss, and Eddy — also, capt. Thomas, McGee,
Baubee, Bunbury, and Givenz. Capt. Caldwell and Thomas Smith
dined with us, and waited the return of the Indian deputation. About

'620 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

five o'clock the Indians came. About six, the commissioners came out.
— Col. Pickering politely addressed them; then read, and Thomas
•Jones interpreted it into Seneca, in subtance — beginning at the treaty
•of Fort Stanwix, twenty-five years ago, and recited the terms, that
Ohio was then concluded to be the boundary. — Then recited subsequent
treaties, beginning at Fort Stanwix, about nine years ago, and one held
ninety days after, at one place, another at another, until he mentioned
four different places, and the proceedings of each. That in conse-
•quence of these treaties, the United States had sold large tracts of
land which were now settled and largely improved, on the north-west
side of the Ohio, — therefore, impossible now to make it the boundary:
•and that, in order to come to a peace, and to understand each other
perfectly, by writing was not the way: — which new mode they had
adopted, contrary to all former precedents. But he explicitly declared
the United States wished for peace, on the most just and unequivocal
terms, which, as the Indians demanded, and no better way opened,
were inserted — viz. That what the United States wished for, was, to
have all the lands ceded by the treaty at Fort Harmer, confirmed; and
a small piece at ^the Falls of Ohio, for gen. Clarke and his warriors.
And, if all that land could not be given up, they were commissioned
to draw a new boundary, as might be agreed upon in general council,
if that co aid be obtained; for which, they would advance more money
than ever had been advanced at any one treaty as a purchase for
Indian lands, with much goods: in addition to which, they would
engage to pay an annual subsidy in goods, accommodated to their wants,
'equal to what they annually procured off the lands by skins and peltry.
And further, as formerly some improper ideas had been held up, to their
uneasiness, that in consequence of the right of pre-emption, given up
by the king of Great Britain, and lately confirmed by lord Dorchester,
we considered all the lands east and south of the Mississippi and the
Lakes, the property of the United States, without regard to Indian
•claims. Which right, or pretension of right, we publicly disclaimed,
until fair purchase was made of the Indian owners; and this right of
purchase belonged to the United States only. And that these were
the leading traits of their commission. This was read by col. Picker-
ing, and interpreted into the Seneca tongue by Thomas Jones. It con-
cluded about dark; when the paper containing the above sentiments,
was delivered to the old Wyandot chief the English of whose name
s, King of all the Nations, who said they would reply to it
to-morrow afternoon. They then departed to their camp, and we to
•our tents. It was a cool night; but the exercise of my mind,

COMMISSIONERS WAIT BELOW DETROIT, AUGUST. 621

arising from the importance of the business, was such, that I could
hardly forbear trembling. The countenances of the Indians were so
sedate, solid, and determined, that notwithstanding the propositions
held out appeared to be liberal, and well adapted to the happiness
of the Indians, yet, such was their jealousy and want of faith in
our government, that I was afraid they -would not take. Which
apprehensions, with the screams and hollows of an Indian dance
near our tents, interrupted my repose for hours.

1st of 8th mo. I awoke about day-break; soon after, I heard ten
reports of a rifle one after another, in the Indian camp; which was
one for each nation that had signed the written Indian embassy
from the council at the Rapids. About eight o'clock fifteen of them
came over, and informed they were prepared to speak to the com-
missioners; who soon seated themselves: when the old king who
spoke before, said, " Brothers, we want to be at peace with you ;
but you tell us you have had treaties there, and there, and there, and pur-
chased lands on this side the Ohio: but there has been no treaty
since the treaty of Fort 'Stanwix, twenty-five years ago, till now.
We are the owners of these lands, and we never sold the lands,,
and they are ours on this side Ohio, and yours on the other side
Ohio. You may go home and tell Washington what we speak. We
understand all you said to us very well. We expect you understand
us." They had Simon Girty for an interpreter. They then arose
and stepped off a few perches, and spoke together, when one found
he had made a mistake in saying we might go home, and desired
the commissioners to wait till they could go to the council, and
return with an answer; which they supposed might be accomplished
in five days. We felt some willingness to accompany them, but the
Indians not requesting it, and others not appearing desirous for itr
particularly captain Elliott and McKee,* who were going along, we
had +o resign it. However, we forwarded our Address, and a short
epistle to the Indians, which we had intended to send from
Detroit by capt. Elliott some weeks ago; but the commissioners
arriving before he set out, he showed our letters to them, and they
thought proper to detain them, presuming we would have an oppor-
tunity with them at the general Council ourselves. After opening and
reading them, they encouraged us to send them, though at a late
stage of the business. About ten o'clock the Indians embarked in a
boat for the Rapids; and capt. McKee, capt. Elliott, Thomas Smith,

* See Speech of Kekish, a chief of the Pottawotamies, page 25, of Haliday Jackson's Work on Indian
Civilization, lately published in Philadelphia.

622 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

and major Hay, set off in another boat for the same place. Pre-
vious to their setting off, I took an opportunity to impress their
minds with the importance of the present critical juncture; as also,
how deeply the interests of humanity were involved in it. My
mind is often involuntarily impressed with a secret sorrow, and
sense of the want of true sincerity, in this painful business; in
which I see different schemes and opposite interests are engaged;
while the poor natives stand exposed as a mark, to their grevious
injury and suffering, under an undue influence.

2nd. Feeling blank and empty, I took a walk into the woods,
which are marshy and flat in every place I can find, about a mile
from all the lakes and rivers: which space is rich and fertile land.
The inland parts of the country abounding with extensive swamps,
covered with bushes, coarse grass, rushes, and flags, make harbours
for such innumerable flights of blackbirds, as prove very injurious
to the production of the neighbouring farms, taking nearly one-third
of their small grain, notwithstanding the exertions of gunners,
children, &c.

3rd. The Detroit sloop came down the river, bound to Fort Erie,
by which I wrote a letter to my dear H. L.

4th. Last night was wet — our tents did not exclude the mist,
which wet our blankets and clothes considerably. I wrote a letter
to my daughter Mary Miller, and attended a meeting at Simon
Girty's in the afternoon; gen. Lincoln, gen. Cheaping, capti Hamil-
ton, and Givenz, with a number of Indians and Negroes, were
present to our satisfaction.

Many of the officers of the army are very debauched anil
immoral characters, notwithstanding their civility and kindness to us.
There was a captain much addicted to profane swearing in our com-
pany, and who kept a squaw; upon being put in mind of the
odiousness of such a course of life, and the danger he stood in,
replied, he thought no harm would ensue — that we might think, it
very strange that he never lay down, drunk or sober, without say-
ing his prayers. Which, strange as it was, he asserted was the
case.

5th. the Detroit sloop left this place, loaded with skins and peltry,
for Fort Erie. I spent some part of this day on the margin
of the river and bay. — Here once stood the town and garrison of
Detroit. Multitudes of graves, and many foundations of buildings
are yet discoverable. We are told, about seventy years ago the
Indians rose and in one night massacred every person in the place,

COMMISSIONERS WAIT BELOW DETROIT, AUGUST. fi23

except the Roman priest, who was concealed by a squaw; and
also burnt all the* houses. After which, the garrison was built eight-
een miles higher up the river, on the opposite side, where it now
stands. Since the English have been in possession of Canada, some
bold attempts of like nature have been made: one by the noted
Indian, Pontiac, on the present Detroit; which, in all human prob-
ability would have succeeded, but for some intelligence from a
squaw, communicated the evening preceding the intended bloody
enterprise, to the commander, who afterwards attempted to dislodge
them from the suburbs. This brought on the fray from whence
Bloody Bridge took its name, where three officers and seventy
soldiers are reported to have fallen, about a mile and a half above
Detroit. When the veteran saw himself the conqueror, it inspired him
with ambit jon to get upon Fighting Island, and attack one of the king's
ships, laden with stores for the garrison. As the channel obliged
her to come within musket shot of the island, where a large num-
ber of Indians had placed themselves, and the ship lay becalmed,
they poured in bullets, like hail, against her side, hoping to have
sunk her. But finding, after two days experiment, their metal too
light to effect their purpose, they took to their canoes and made
to her with tomahawks in hand. Many got on board, notwithstand-
the efforts of the few mariners; and when all were expecting death
in a few minutes, the captain, a resolute man, gave orders aloud,
"Blow up the ship" — he having powder on board; and one of the
Indians understanding English, terrified with the horrid orders, gave
alarm quickly to his companions, who instantly jumped off the ves-
sel, some into their canoes, and others into the water. Thus the
vessel and many lives were saved.

It is remarkable, that on the same day the before mentioned
attempt was made on Detroit by Pontiac, Michilimackinac, St. Josephs,
and Presque-Isle garrisons were all attacked, and carried by the Indians.

6th. Last night, the musquetoes exceeded anything of the kind I
ever experienced. Universal complaint was murmured through the
<3amp this morning, by both house, tent, and ship lodgers; by which
it appeared the attack was general. This confirmed an account I
heard in this country, of a fortification being erected in New
Spain in the forepart of the year, which, on account of the incredible
number of these insects which infested it, the troops were obliged
to abandon.

This day, about three o'clock, whilst a large company of us were
dining sumptuously and drinking wine in the parlour, among whom

624 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

were James Abbott, Sparkman, and lawyer Roe, from Detroit, the-
awful language of mortality was inscribed in the kitehen, by the
decease of a poor, emaciated Pawnee slave, who had been declining
some time. Our beloved friend, Joseph Moore attended him in his
last moments, travailing with him in Christian sympathy, I trust to
the staying of his mind in the solemn period. Some others, to my
astonishment, treated it with as much indifference as if only a
catterpillar had been bruised. After dinner, I retired about thirty
perches into a garden, where the loud peals of laughter which
could easily have been heard half a mile, were truly distressing.
I mentioned the solemn subject to one of the British officers, who
replied, " One of my brother officers, whom I loved dear as my
life, was departing lately; I went to him and bid him farewell;
poor fellow, God help you: and returned to drink wine." A few
boards being nailed together, about sun-set the same day the corpse
was put in, and attended to the grave on the river bank by about
sixty persons, including Indians and Negroes, where Joseph Moore,
preached his funeral sermon; and there was an end to poor Toby's
pilgrimage.

7th. A day of close inward exercise, on discovering in several of
our company an eye watching for evil, and seeking occasion to vilify
and reproach us: and thereby to undervalue and lay waste our testi-
mony to the requisite purity of the gospel — and if possible, to
render us as abandoned as themselves.

8th. This day the lake is exceeding rough, which must retard the-
return of the Indian chiefs, who have now been gone seven days.

This evening two Mohicons arrived from the Indian council, who
brought us a letter from captain Hendricks Apaumut, who informs,
there is a prospect of a treaty commencing in a very few days. —
The messengers state, that sickness and a great mortality prevails
in the Indian camp — which took off a worthy man of their nation,,
named Sam, with whom I was acquainted.

9th. This morning twelve Chipawas, Delawares, and Munseys,.
called to see us on their return home, having staid till their clothes
were mostly in rags, and I believe they were alarmed at the con-
tagion. They report the decease of seventeen Indians, amongst
whom were three Chipawa chiefs; aud inform, that in consequence of
the sickly situation, they were about to move their camp eight
miles down the river, near the side of the lake; — which is agree-
able to us, as it will be so much nearer, and not so much infested
with musquetoes.

COMMISSIONERS WAIT BELOW DETROIT, AUGUST. 62&

10th. Last evening several of the Indians who arrived in the
morning, came to us much disguised with liquor, and wanted more:
which not being granted, they became rather sulky, rude, and inso-
lent. One of them who called himself capt. Hermaunus, laid hold
of me, partly in jest, and squeezed me hard, and said, you Quaker,
you my brother. One said his heart was bad, and another said, I"
am a devil, and my name is devil. Several of our company, best acquainted
with Indians, appeared alarmed with apprehensions of danger, and
did not go into their tents till near morning. About eight o'clock,
one of them came from the camp, who exhibited a horrid
spectacle — hallooing, I am a man — I am a warrior — dashing
his fist against a tree, drew out his scalping knife, brandished it
through the ai* with uplifted hand, roaring and making a terrible
appearance. At length a sober Indian came and took him away.
However, with the trouble of Indians, and a host of musquetoes, I
dont know that I slept ten minutes during the night.

We dined this day on a masquenungy, which weighed eighteen
pounds; a very delicious fish. It was speared by an Indian. Lake Erie
abounds with sturgeons so plentifully, that a couple of men have taken
more than a ton weight before breakfast. It is said they originated
from four of that species having been put in above the falls, by a
French officer; before which, it is reported, none were to be found
above the great falls ; and when first discovered by the Indians, * they
were much alarmed.

llth. The Ottoway schooner arrived from Fort Erie, in which
came Jasper Parrish, who left Philadelphia 27th of last month. He
brought me letters from my beloved brother and sister Dawes, and
my daughter Mary, which were very cordial and refreshing; also, the
newspapers containing much information.

This afternoon the Chipaway fell down from Detroit, bound for
Fort Erie, in which upwards of twenty Oneida Indians returned,
being tired out with waiting; some had got sick, and all were
ragged and dirty.

This day, had a meeting on Groes-isle, which, on some accounts,
was a trying season, but we returned with peaceful minds.

12th. Wrote by way of Fort Pitt, to my dear H. L. ; also a
letter by lieut. Crawford, to George Dillwyn.

13th. Our commissioners had a visit from capt. Welbank on his
return from Navy Hall; he gave them an account, as I have before
noted, respecting the treaty with the southern Indians; also men-
tioned some of McGillivrey's duplicity in Indian affairs; and that
79

626 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

the Spanish governor of Pensacola told him he was sorry he had
sold off so much land to the United States; and that he could
not serve two masters, he must cleave to the one or the other, and he might
choose which. It appeared that McGillivrey had proposed to sell to the
south branch of the Ocomip river; but the nation at large withstood it,
and would give up no further than the north; to which the Creeks unitedly
agreed. That divers attempts had been made to settle it, and large
clearings were made upon it; but at present, he believed there was not a
standing house on the space of three hundred miles in length, and from
thirty to seventy in breadth, according to the windings of the river: which
space is the bone of contention at present with the Creek nation. Wei-
bank also says, the Spaniards are industriously making interest with the
southern Indians, through the agency of one Oliver, a Frenchman: which
is a subject of a serious nature to our government.

This afternoon the commissioners sent off two Oneida Indians express
to col. McKee; I suppose to let him know that the tedious process of the
business began to feel unpleasant to many of the company. One of the
interpreters, Horatio Jones, had lately heard of the decease of his wife,
since he left home, and several of our company were sick.

I spent this evening with capt. Welbank and captain Bunbury, at capt.
Caldwell's. where captain Welbank talked freely respecting the
southern Indians and their confederates; among whom was the governor
of Pensacola, and the Indian nations quite to the Mississipi, and the
Mountain Leader also, who was considered fully attached to the inter-
est of the United States. All which intelligence, with the present tardy
process of our commission, impressed my mind with ideas of horror
and distress approaching our extensive frontier, with some doubts, that
the speculation in western estates will be disastrous to public tranquillity
and peace.

14th. Col. England wrote to capt. Bunbury, to despatch the Dun-
more to Fort Erie. Bunbury, having gov. Simcoe's orders in writing
to keep her for the convenience and protection of the commissioners,
withstood the colonel's orders.

15th. Three Wyandots came to our camp, and reported they have
received accounts from the Indian council, that they had at length
agreed to invite us to the council. This day my head felt much disor-
dered, occasioned, I suppose, by getting wet in our tent by rain, just
as we lay down . William Savery poorly, Jasper Parrish very ill, also
Horatio Jones and Joseph Moore complaining.

16th. My mind much tossed — looking towards home — then to the
Yearly Meeting. I took a walk down the river, where I erected a seat

RETURN TO NIAGARA RIVER, AUGUST. 627

under the spreading boughs of a buttonwood, of whose branches and
broad leaves I made a carpet, and sat myself down in the native splendor
of one of the aboriginal lords of the land. I contemplated the tran-
quil abode of our first parents in the garden, and felt happy for a
moment, which was succeeded by the reflection on Jonah's gourd which
it most resembled. I felt a necessity to breathe for the approach of that
peaceful and blessed day, when every man shall sit under his own vine
and fig-tree, and none shall make him afraid.

This afternoon two young Wyandots arrived. — They looked wild and
afraid. One of them was introduced to gen. Lincoln, and handed him
a message in writing, importing that the several treaties held at Fort
Mclntosh, Miami, Muskingum, &c. where lands had been ceeded by
two or three nations only, were not valid; as they had no right to dispose
of lands. And as for the large sums of money proposed to be laid
down for the country, they did not want it: and a great many of them
did not know the use of it. Therefore, desired it might be applied,
with the proposed yearly salary, to the indemnification of the settlers north
of the Ohio: and as they supposed they were mostly poor people, or else
they would not have settled on disputed lands, that thereby they might
be induced to move off; and make the Ohio the boundary, — for it was
their land— the country to the westward was filled up — they had no where
else to repair to, and they were determined to lay their bones in it. As
to the concessions the commissioners proposed to make, by giving
money, they did not want it: next, running a new line was but giving
them a part of their own land; and as to disclaiming the right to all
their country, by virtue of the peace made with the king, their father,
they knew they were never conquered, and it could not be; and as to
the right of preemption, that the United States, and they only, had a
right to purchase Indian lands, south and east of the lakes, they denied
the king or the United States ever having any such right. Upon
the whole it was received as a very contemptible speech by the com-
missioners, and strongly marked as British manufacture. The two
Indian messengers had a glass of wine each, and victuals set. They
eat but little, got up and slipped away, I believe conscious that the con-
tents of their messsage would not be pleasing. This soon appeared to
be the case, as the baggage was ordered on board the Dunmore imme-
diately— some for safety proposing to sleep on board.

It felt exceeding gloomy to Friends. We got together to see if
any thing opened further for us to do; which at present does not appear.
Therefore submit the awful subject to the interposition of the Divine
Hand, and turn our eyes towards our respective habitations. This

628 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

evening the two runners despatched three days ago to the Indian
council, returned, with only a verbal message, importing that the five
nations expected us to come forward, and were moving six miles down
the river, to meet us — which appeared a cunning manoeuvre of one
side or the other. I was somewhat put to a consternation, on hearing
gen. Lincoln express, they had received just such an answer as he could
have wished. What his meaning was, I don't know.

17th. Several of our company slept on board the Dunmore last nightr
others hurrying on board this morning. Two runners were despatched
with intelligence to the Six Nations. About 11 o'clock we were all on
board. My mind felt sorrowful in reflecting on the important subject
of our journey. But on turning my mind to consider if we had omitted
anything we might have done, or what might yet remain to be done,
nothing appeared to give uneasiness. I therefore rested satisfied in
leaving it to the Lord, who judgeth righteously; and with joy turned
mine eye homeward, willing to leave a settlement so greatly dissipated
with every species of iniquity, that they appear to live almost without
law, morality., or religion.

18th. Prosecuting our voyage on the lake — in the afternoon, we were
nearly becalmed — had a season of solid retirement in the cabin, to our
comfort and satisfaction, though, held in much contempt by others,
who were wise and good enough already, in their own eyes.

19th. Very little wind. Our vessel thronged, having thirty-one pas-
sengers, exclusive of the ship's crew, and two bears.

20th. Our vessel glided along in the prospect of the Looming Hills,,
the land claimed and held by the Delaware Indians. This day several
little birds came on board our vessel"

21st. This day we could just discover both shores from the middle of
the lake. In the evening, had some religious conversation with capt.
Ford, to satisfaction.

22nd. One of our sailors laid hold of a rope on the boom of our vessel,,
which gave way, and he fell over the stern into the water — being a calm
time, he recovered by laying hold of a rope thrown out to him.

Through the favor of Divine Providence, we came safe to anchor about
one o'clock in the morning of the 23rd at Fort Erie. The surf was so-
high all that day we could not land our baggage.

24th. We settled our accounts with capt. Ford for our passage down
Lake Erie. I agreed with the commissioners for a horse, proposing to
ride home. This afternoon, Randolph, Pickering, and their servants
crossed the river to the mouth of Buffalo creek, on their way home, pro-
posing to take the route of Albany. William Savery and William Harts-

JOURNEY HOMEWARD ON HORSEBACK, SEPTEMBER 629

laorne agreed to return by water with general Lincoln. Joseph Moore
and myself went five miles down the river to lodge at our kind friend,
Benjamin Wilson's. John Elliott and John Parrish went up the lake
about eight miles to look out some Friends, there settled.

Col. Pickering and gen. Lincoln, through the whole of the journey, so
far as I have seen, have conducted as men of religion and sobriety.

25th. Joseph Moore and myself visited the families of Joseph Marsh,
Adam Burrell, and Joseph Havens. Went to Asa Schooley's to lodge,
where we were heartily welcomed and kindly entertained.

26th. Visited the families of John Herrit, John Cutler, and Asa
Schooley. Lodged at John Cutler's, who has a family of hopeful
children.

27th. Appointed a meeting at Joseph Havens. It was a solid, comfort-
able season. After which, John Elliott and myself visited Daniel Pound's
family, and lodged there.

28th. Visited Joseph Havens, Adam Burrell and Joseph Marsh's
families. At the latter we lodged.

29th. Attended an appointed meeting at major Powell's, where many
people assembled. It was attended with a solemnity becoming the
occasion. We lodged at the house of the kind and hospitable major
Powell.

30th. Preparing for my journey through the wilderness. I lodged at
Peter Wintmuts, and Friends at Benjamin Wilson's.

31st. We crossed the river at Windecker's ferry. Waited at Winey's,
on Buffalo creek, for Adam Lane, who was intending for the States.

1st of 9th mo. From Winey's, at Buffalo creek, passed through twenty
miles of good land — some parts swampy — others high and suitable for
wheat — abounding with limestone, sugar trees, bass wood, beech, and
shellbark hickory — and about twenty miles of plains. In which distance,
are three fine streams for mills, with excellent fall. Two as large as one
of the forks of Brandywine, the other as large as Whiteclay creek. In
the swamps and timber lands, the path was rendered difficult by hundreds
of logs across the way. We met one Indian on the plains, he was pleased
to see us — we gave him some refreshments. Came across Red Jacket and
his family in the woods — he was indisposed — John Parrish ministered
unto him. In the afternoon, we met two armed men, who looked grim.
We pressed forward as far as possible, fearing they might covet one of our
horses. A little after sun-set, we turned out our horses at the east end of
the great plains, kindled a fire and began to model a tent; when sable
clouds obscured the azure sky and made an awful appearance, which was
soon succeeded by tremenduous peals of thunder, boisterous wind and

630 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

heavy rain. Many trees were blown down. We stood exposed to the
vehemence of the elements without any shelter, not daring to stand by
trees for fear of lightning. It lasted near three hours, then cleare'd
away.

After this dreadful storm was over, we renewed our fire, which was
almost extinguished by the rain, lay down on the wet ground in our
wet clothes, contemplated the wondrous beauty of our spangled canopy,
and rested some; having rode forty miles the preceding day.

2nd. Resumed our journey through a swampy, dreary wilderness,
for above twenty miles, interspersed with some ridges of very rich
land. Passed over a fine stream for water works, where the water
pitches off a fine limestone rock, six or seven feet at once. The banks are
low and rich. Some time after passed over about ten miles of plains,
in which is a curious spring, covering an acre and a half; the fall
from it is rapid; — the stream as large as Whiteclay creek. Then
passed through an Indian village, on the flats of the Genesee river:
which exceeds any land I have seen for richness; the grass, pea vines,
and thistles, higher than a man's head on horseback. Thousands of
acres fit for mowing, of which a great deal is cut, and makes excellent
fodder, the pods and peas contributing thereto. We forded the river,
now about as large as Brandywine. This place is thirty miles south
of Ontario. Lodged at Berry's, on the bank of the river, having rode
thirty-five miles.

3rd. Here we were refreshed, refitted, and prepared to pursue our
journey. Here many Indians resort — one old woman, supposed to exceed
one hundred years—I admired her gray head. She said she was
always kind and good, and always against quarrels; therefore God
had spared her to see the sun a long time.

The land west of Genesee belongs to the Indians. Robert Morris
purchased the pre-emption right of the Massachusetts State, for one
hundred and twenty thousand pounds.

We persevered up the north-west side of the Genessee river, on the
ridge, above thousands of acres of rich flats along the river below,
abounding with grass as high as a man's head on horseback ; and when
cultivated, has produced fifty bushels of wheat per acre. Took up
lodging with James Miller, at capt. Williamson's, having rode sixteen
miles. The road from Berry's here, is good. We met a number of
Indians this day, who appeared friendly. We spoke to them by an
interpreter.

4th. Set out early— missed our road ten miles, and had to return.
Passed on through the Genessee country about twelve miles, mostly

RETURN TRIP TO PHILADELPHIA, SEPTEMBER. 631

excellent land: then over about twelve miles of mountains, well tim-
bered with chestnut, pine, hemlock, &c. — Then through about seven
miles of piney valley to a cabin of bark, where we struck up a fire
after dark, thankful to have a house of our own: which was all the
comforts we had, having nothing for ourselves or horses to eat.

5th. Collected our horses with some difficulty, — set out soon after
day-light and rode eleven miles to Bath, the seat of captain William-
son, a little village, where about twelve houses have been built this sum-
mer. Called at a public house, and got a breakfast of good coffee.
Set out after breakfast, and rode over and round the ends of several
high, barren mountains, sixteen miles, to the Painted Post; about which,
is abundance of excellent bottom and upland; having mostly kept
down the river Cohocton for thirty miles. After refreshing
ourselves and feeding our horses, rode along some excellent low lands
and crossed the Canistiere river at its junction with the Chemung, or
Tioga river, which we rode up thirteen miles, and got to col.
Lindley's a little after dark.

6th. Set forward up the river, nine miles, to Roberts' s. Then set
forward, along a tolerable road, up Tioga for ten or twelve miles fur-
ther, when we left the river and ascended and descended several rugged
hills, for about nine miles, hoping to have got to the Block-house.
But the night proved very dark, and the pine timber so high and
shady that we could not make out the way. After alighting, and scrab-
bling for some distance through mud, bushes, &c. we were obliged to
give up the idea of reaching the stage. Tied the horses to the bushes,
very hungry, as were ourselves also. John Parrish struck fire, which
with much difficulty we augmented into a blaze — blundered in the dark
for wood, and at length got a comfortable fire. We laid down in our
wet blankets and clothes; it having rained most of the preceding day
the ground was moist.

7th. Rose early, all in health, and rode about two miles to the
Block-house, about thirty-seven miles from col. Lindley's. Breakfasted,
and fed our horses well; then resumed our journey, seventeen miles,
to Kyle's, on Lycoming creek. The road mountainous and rough.
Dined, and rode fourteen miles to Winters's. My mare very lame,
having wrenched off two of her shoes in the mountains, forty miles
back. Here we got our horses shod, and lodged.

8th. Attended Muncy meeting to our comfort. Dined at Samuel
Wallace's, and went to William Ellis's to lodge.

9th. Attended an appointed meeting at Muncy in the forenoon, and
one at Samuel Harris's in the afternoon: both large, — favoured seasons.

632 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

10th. Had a solemn parting opportunity with Samuel Wallace and
William Ellis's families. Left Loyalsock creek behind, crossed
Muncy, and rode thirty miles to Northumberland, a town of about
thirty houses, pleasantly situated between the north and south branches
of Susquehanna, at their junction: near which place we crossed the
Chilisquagus.

llth. Visited Hannah Miller, Richardson and wife, Josiah Haines
and wife, in the forenoon; to the peace of my mind. Afternoon, had
a solid meeting in the Methodists' house.

12th. Set out — crossed the west branch — rode down the west side of
the river to Litle's ferry, where I rode the river: having travelled
thirty-one miles. Lodged at Michael Bowers's, whose wife is a daughter
of Cornelius Lane, and desired her love to Thomas Gibson.

Litle's ferry is twenty miles from Harrisburgh, and about three miles
from Peter's mountain.

Hence the company proceeded to their several homes — having been
absent on this toilsome, exercising journey, about four months and a
half.

JACOB LINDLEY.

JOSEPH MOORE'S JOURNAL

Of a tour to Detroit, in order to attend a Treaty, proposed to be
held with the Indians at Sandusky.

In a second volume of Friends' Miscellany, was published, Jacob Lindley's account of a Journey to
attend this Treaty, with preliminary remarks and a brief history of the circumstances which led to this
measure. The following Journal, while it corroborates Jacob Lindley's account, presents a view of divers
interesting incidents and occurrences, not noted in that narrative. Joseph Moore was a valuable friend
and minister belonging to Kingwood monthly meeting, New Jersey. The place of his residence was near
Flemington.

On the 17th of 4th mo. 1793, I set out for Philadelphia, and
attended the meeting for sufferings, where were divers Friends who had
given up to attend the Indian treaty proposed to be held at Sandusky,
on the waters of Lake Erie — having previously obtained certificates
from our several monthly meetings for that purpose. The commission-
ers appointed by government are, general Lincoln, colonel Pickering,
and Beverly Randolph. Lincoln goes by water to Albany, &c.;
William Savery, Jacob Lindley, and William Hartshorne, go with him:
and John Parrish, John Elliott, and myself, with Timothy Pickering
and Beverly Randolph, go through the country by land. I have some
days past, been very poorly with the ague; but am now bravely.

30th. In the afternoon set out in company with Beverly Randolph,
John Parrish, John Elliott, and Henry Cornplanter, or Obeal — got that

OVERLAND TRIP PROM PHILADELPHIA. 633

•evening to Norristown, where colonel Pickering met us. Next day we
proceeded to Reading — thence to Harrisburgh and over the Broad
Mountain, Mackinoy, and Tuscarora, to Sunbury — thence crossed the
Susquehanna at Northumberland, a town standing in the point where
the east and west branches come together. Here, leaving the commis-
sioners behind, we, in company with Josiah Haines, proceeded to
William Ellis' s, and attended Muncy meeting of Friends. After which,
went to Samuel Wallace's, where we met the commissioners, and were
liberally and friendly entertained.

5th mo. 6th. The forepart of this day, we passed a rapid stream,
called the Loyalsock — and in the afternoon we crossed another large
stream, called Lycoming, seven times — lodged at James Kyle's- Next
day rode forty-three miles without any entertainment on the way,
except what we had with us. — Where we put up, there was no hay
to be had for our horses, so we fed them with oats, and tied them
up for the night — went to bed, or rather lay on the floor with our own
blankets, in a rery small house; but rested well. In the morning the
weather was fine and pleasant — rode to major Samuel Lindley's,
-crossed the Tioga twice, and the Cownisky; then to the Painted Post,
crossing the Cohocton at David Fuller's. On our way here we swam
our horses over the Tioga, and went ourselves in a canoe. The
country from Northumberland to this place, abounds with large streams
of water, and abundance of flat land on their banks, exceedingly rich.
We observed in many places, old Indian fields, with signs of the old
corn hills. On each side of these creeks and flats, are ridges of
mountains. We have now travelled according to the several distances
from place to place, two hundred and forty-seven miles.

9th. Rode about thirty miles, and a little before night, got to an
old Indian cabin, with fire in the middle, where we lodged. We
let our horses browse awhile in the woods, then fed them with oats
we had with us, and tied them up for the night. — This cabin stands
on the bank of the Cohocton. The roads here are new, and of
course rough, which is trying to the poor horses that are rid hard
all day, and at night tied to a tree. Next day, rode thirty-six miles
to Williamsburgh. Some parts of the road very rough. We passed
over some of the steepest hills I ever saw travelled. But the country
is new — and I have no doubt in a few years, the roads will be
much improved, as there is abundance of excellent land that is
settling fast in some places. Stayed this night at captain Charles
Williamson's, where we were kindly entertained.

llth. This morning the commissioners despatched a messenger to
80

634 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

Canandaigua for an interpreter: so we rested here and were finely
refreshed. Set out again next day, and rode to Gilbert Berry's, on
the bank of the Genesee river. Here we found about fifty Indians
collected, amongst whom were some of their chiefs; Farmer's Brother,
Red Jacket, Little Billy, and othersr to all of whom a dinner was
given by the commissioners. They expressed their gladness in seeing
us, and we also in seeing them. In the evening we had some
weighty conversation together, wherein the commissioners imparted a
little of their business concerning the treaty; which appeared to
give general satisfaction. After which, the Indians gave our friend
John parrish a new name, which they in their language called
Suttekutte, and signifies plain or level. This name was given by
Farmer's Brother, at which there was a small shout, in their way,
and they would have given us a song on the occasion; but under-
standing we were a plain people, not accustomed to singing, it
was omitted, and nothing further followed than a little pleasantry.
Near ten o'clock we all retired and rested bravely.

In the morning the Indians showed no inclination to depart while
the commissioners were here. Red Jacket, at the close of one of
his speeches last evening, signified, that when he was in Philadel-
phia, the white people had proposed a method for them to turn
buff aloes into cows, deer into sheep, and bears into hogs; he thought
it now a fit time for the commissioners to show them a piece of
their skill: as they were now on their way to Canandaigua for
some clothing, &c., and that a good buffalo would be very agreeable
for provision on the way. The commissioners used some endeavours
to obtain a fat cow; but as there was none to be had here, they
gave them a quantity of salt beef, pork, and corn, at which they
appeared satisfied.

14th. We prepared to move forward; divers other people fell in
company with us from Schenectady and other places, who were going
into Upper Canada. We swam our horses over the Genesee river
with some difficulty, and we, with our baggage, crossed in a canoe.
In the evening we put up in the woods by the side of Tonna-
wanta creek, where we sheltered for the night with a good fire, and
tied up our horses as before. The following day we travelled hard,
being very desirous to reach some house to lodge in. According to
the account given us, we rode about fifty miles, and truly we thought
them long enough. Arrived at Buffalo creek about sun set, and put
up at landlord Winney's; most of us lodged on the floor and slept
well; also had plenty of grass for the horses. The country we had

QUAKERS TARRY IN CANADA, MAY. 635

passed through the last two days, is Indian lands, and one contin-
ued wilderness. Much of the land appears very good, with a
variety of timber, such as oak, hickory, sugar maple, elm, ash,,
beech, linn, pine. s cherry, butternut, &c.

16th. Bode about three miles to the ferry, nearly opposite Fort
Erie, most of the way along the beach of Lake Erie. Here we
crossed over the outlet of the lake, a large and strong current, landed
in the British dominions, and rode down the banks of the river to
Charles Wilson's near the great falls. The whole distance to this place
is four hundred and twenty-seven miles. In the evening, walked to
the brow of the bank to view the mighty cataract. Next morning went
again, descended a very steep hill and walked to the rock over which the
water falls, which appears tremendous indeed. There are rapids above
the cataract that fall, it is said, fifty feet (and it looks likely to be so)
within the distance of little more than half a mile. After satisfying
our curiosity here, the commissioners went on to governor Simcoe's, at
Navy Hall, sixteen miles. This is nearly opposite the garrison, which
stands on a point of land in the United States. John Parrish, John
Elliott, and myself, went about ; two miles to our friend William Lun-
dy's, where we were kindly entertained, and spent most of the next
day.

19th. Being first of the week, and having appointed a meeting to be
held here at the eleventh hour; about the time there attended a pretty
large collection of people, more than the house could contain. We
thought it a favoured apportunity. After dinner we had a solid oppor-
tunity with the family and divers friends who had / stayed with us.
Then .went about six miles to our friend John Hill's, who, with his
wife, had been at the meeting. Here we were kindly entertained and
lodged. In the morning;, had a solid opportunity with the family, and
set out for Navy Hall, a messenger having been sent to invite us to
dine with the governor. He appears to be a plain man, and remark-
ably easy of access. At table we had the company of the commission-
ers, colonel Butler, majors Little, Hales, &c. The governor, when we
were walking in his garden, said our coming forward at this time, did
our society great honoiir. Toward evening we rode up the lake about
two miles to landlord Peacock's and lodged.

21st. We went up the lake twelve miles to Benjamin Paulin's and
his brother Jesse's — our friend, John Parrish having a letter from their
connexions in Philadelphia. Here we were kindly entertained. In the
woods we came through, we observed the greatest quantity of pigeons,
I think I ever saw; they were fiying up the lake, being chiefly young

636 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

ones, and very fat. The people take abundance of them with clubs,
poles, &c.

22d. The weather has been warm and dry since the time of our
arrival in this country. I continue very poorly, but went three miles
to our friend John Taylor's, though hardly able to travel. Here we
were kindly treated and lodged. I believe many were made glad in
seeing their friends come amongst them, for whom in their wilderness
situation, we often felt near sympathy.

23d. I felt much better in health, and understanding divers Friends
live at a place called the Short Hills, about twelve miles off, we con-
cluded to go there. On the way we dined at Thomas Rice's, and
thence proceeded to Joshua Gillam's. We passed through some land
-where we saw the effects of a hurricane that was on the 1st of the
7th month last, and truly I may say, I never saw so great destruction
of timber. For about two miles in width, and said to be many miles
in length, there was scarce a single tree left that was not torn up by
the roots, or broken off. This tract, as far as we have passed over,
appears excellent land, with a variety of good timber — white and black
oak, hickory, chestnut, poplar, white pine, walnut, cherry, <fec. We,
finding a few Friends settled in this neighborhood, concluded to stay
amongst them over first-day, and have a meeting with them. In the
interval, we visited at James Crawford's, Enoch Scrigley's, and John
Dorling's, where the meeting is proposed to be held.

26th. We had a considerable gathering of people that behaved
orderly, among whom we had a satisfactory opportunity. In the after-
noon, set out on our way to Navy Hall, and lodged at Jeremiah
Moore's. Having heard of the arrival of the other Friends that came
by the way of Albany, we rose early next morning,* and went to our
friend Benjamin Hill's where we took breakfast — then rode to the
landing, and thence to Navy Hall. Spent a little time at the govern-
or's, and went back to the landing, where we met with Jacob Lindley,
William Savery, and William Hartshorne, who had come on by water.
Our stores were landed here, and we all dined at captain Smith's, at
the mess house. In the afternoon we set up our tents on the hill, and
lodged all together. This seemed very pleasant, being all in health,
and they having had a favourable passage from New York to this
place, and very agreeable company with general Lincoln, in their
covered batteaux, two of which they propose taking up to Lake Erie.

28th. Having had a good night's rest in our tents, were in the morn-
ing all bravely. When we shall move forward from this place appears
at present uncertain, as the commissioners sent off an express yesterday

ON BOARD THE DUNMORE, JUNE. 637

to Philadelphia on some important occasion, and expect to wait his
return. Young Cornplanter went some days ago to his father's, about
one hundred and fifty miles from this place. The Indians, we under-
stand, are gathering from many parts to the place appointed. Some of
the Mohawks are now here. We shortly expect a number of the Five
Nations. Jacob Lindley being desirous to see Jeremiah Moore, we
two rode there, spent the afternoon, and lodged. The weather cool and
cloudy, with easterly winds. The next day was rainy. We are now
within about three miles of the great cataract — the noise of which is
much like the roaring of the sea in time of storm. The people gave
us a particular account of their distressed situation, about four years
ago for want of bread, and their loss of cattle and horses; which was
truly alarming; but through the goodness of kind Providence, they
have now plenty of bread and other necessaries; and plenty of good
sugar which they make from the maple tree.

30th. John Elliott came up from our camp at the landing, and we,
with Jeremiah Moore and Benjamin Hill, went to the falls, where
Jacob had not been, and viewed them in a different direction from
what we had done before. In this as well as many other things, the
mighty works of Providence are eminently displayed, being far
beyond the power of human art to form. Some of our company
descended the mighty hill, by the clefts of rocks and the help of
Indian ladders, to the water below, supposed one hundred and ten feet.
Here they saw divers curiosities, and brought up some memorials of
stone, bones, &c. We then returned to our camp, and I lodged at
Benjamin Canby's.

31st. We had at our little camp the company of captain Hendricks
and several other Indians, that fed on our provisions — and a white
man, lately from Pittsburg, informed that the Indians from the south-
ward were coming on.

6th. mo. 1st. The weather wet and little business to be done — though the
article provision meets with a large comsumption — we being all in .pretty
good health, and for the most part a number of Indians and others at
our camp. The commissioners are most of the time at Navy Hall
with governor Simcoe. We expect to move forward in a day or two/
toward Fort Erie, to take passage in a vessel for Detroit — the commis-
sioners not likely to go from this under a week or ten days. We
endeavour to fill up our time in seeing our friends. This afternoon
John Parrish and John Elliott, crossed the river and went to an Indian
settlement of about eighty families, who received them kindly.

2d. and first of the week, we held a meeting about four miles from

638 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

the landing, in a large barn, of which previous notice had been given.
The collection was large, and proved a solid opportunity. I hope it
tended to the advancement of our religious testimony. Divers Friends
•came many miles to attend it. After which William Savery and "William
Hartshorne returned to our camp, in order to send forward our bag-
gage to-morrow to the upper landing above the falls. John Parrish,
Jacob Lindley, John Elliott, and myself, went to Jeremiah Moore's
and dined — thence to William Lundy's and lodged. Esquire Burch
was at the meeting, and kept company with us thus far.

3d. Went on to esquire Burch's, where we dined. Bought three
barrels of flour and sent forward to Chipaway, to be carried 011 with
the rest of our baggage, to Fort Erie. John Parrish, John Elliottt.
and myself, rode up the river about seven miles and lodged at our
friend Eichardson's. Next morning went to Benjamin Willson's, whose
wife is a near relation of mine. Benjamin went with us six miles to
the fort. Here are the king's stores, and a harbour for shipping — sev-
eral topsail vessels were then lying here. We went on board the
Dunmore, captain Ford, bound to Detroit. The cabin passengers
besides ourselves were Robert Inne, - - Newman and servant, Richard
Hilliery and servant, Dr. William M'Casky, John Heckewelder, and
William Willson. These, with the sailors and marines (being a king's
ship) and about sixty Indians of four different tribes bound to the
treaty, made our whole crew about ninety. We left our horses in the
•care of Benjamin Willson — next day set sail and steered up the lake. We
had fine pleasant weather until the 8th, when being near the islands
towards the head of the lake, and dark night coming on us, we stood off
and on till morning — had several squalls of rain, and short blasts of high
wind, with thunder and lightning— which was somewhat alarming, as
our ship had on board a large quantity of powder. But through the
goodness of kind Providence we were preserved from damage.

9th, and first of the week; — fine pleasant morning with light airs of
wind. The islands now appeared in sight. This day we had a small
meeting in the cabin with our fellow passengers and two Indian chiefs.
In the evening entered the mouth of Detroit river, and anchored till
morning; when we ran up the beautiful river a northerly course, with a
fair wind to Detroit. This is a small garrison town, with a variety of
inhabitants. Here is much of the sound of drums and trumpets, but
not much religion. The people here, as well as those on board our
ship, were very respectful to us — and there was great harmony amongst
ourselves. Thanks be to kind Providence for all his unmerited favours.

QUAKERS WAIT AT DETROIT, JUNE. 639

Here we landed our small baggage, and took lodgings at Matthew
Dolson's for the present.

llth. Found our accommodations comfortable and easy. We visited
the commandant, colonel England, and showed him our passport from
governor Simcoe, at Niagara, and are now waiting the commissioners,
coming forward, which we hope may be soon. From the present com-
plexion of things, it looks likely to be some time before the treaty
commences; so that we find patience very necessary to be exercised.
We hear many sentiments expressed, some favourable and some other-
wise. Hope our minds may not be diverted by either from that hum-
ble dependence on the omnipotent Arm of power, under whose banner,
I trust, we have enlisted in the righteous cause of peace-makers.

12th. Took a walk down the bank of the river, about three miles to
a fine spring, of which there are few hereabouts. The inhabitants mostly
use the river water, which is said to be very wholesome. The banks of
this river for many miles above and below the town, are very thickly
settled, mostly with French, who have fine orchards and meadows, and
good wheat growing. Their grain is mostly manufactured by wind-mills,
of which there are many in sight. The inhabitants of the town are as
great a mixture, I think, as I ever knew in any one place. English,
Scotch, Irish, Dutch, French, Americans from different states, with
black and yellow, and seldom clear of Indians of different tribes in
the day time. These are all turned out by nine o'clock at night, and
the gates are shut — sentries are placed constantly in various parts round
the town, which is enclosed with high pickets. There is no place of
worship except one Roman Catholic chapel. There are large ships
employed on these waters, some of which are from one hundred to
two hundred and fifty tons burden; they sail up to Michillimackinac,
several hundred miles from this place, and return with abundance of
peltry — the staple commodity of this country.

13th. John Parrish, John Elliott, and myself, dined with the com-
mandant, colonel Richard England, and a number of other officers, and
were friendly and liberally entertained.

14th. Took passage in a small boat, bound up the river Latrench,
on the east side of Lake St. Clair, with a fair wind— passed through
the lake, more than twenty miles over, and went up the river about
fifteen miles, to Isaac Dolson's, where we lodged. — Next day, with some
Indians in a canoe, proceeded up the river about twenty miles, to
Edward Watson's, son of Thomas, of New York, an intimate acquaint-
ance. The respect I felt for him and his connexions, induced
me to take this tour to see him, and know how he fared here. He

640 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

and his wife received me kindly. They are connected with the
Moravian brethren, and were very civil to me. John Heckewelder.
Indian interpreter and Moravian minister, was passenger with me a&
far as Dolson's, where he took horse and went up the river to visit his
brethren at a settlement of that people. This appears to be a beauti-
ful new country, just settling; fine wheat, corn, peas, &c. now growing,
and grass in abundance; — the timber, white and black oak, cherry,
hickory, black and white walnut, ash, linn, poplar, &c. I am informed
it continues in that way for one hundred1 and fifty miles up this river
— the general course of which runs about east from its mouth,
and the farther up, it is said, the better the land. The inhabitants
here appear to want as much cultivation as the lands they live on. May
the Lord's power so reach their hearts, as to bring them into subjection
to his Divine will.

16th, and first of the week, after breakfast took leave of this family
in a solid manner, and returned to Dolson's: on the way, called at
several houses where divers were collected, being much accustomed to
visit each other on first-days, — among whom I had several opportuni-
ties for religious conversation, and informing them of our principles.

17th. The boat being ready for sailing having on board about twenty-
five bushels of wheat, we got under way, and had a pleasant passage
to the town, where we arrived about ten o'clock in the evening. The
gates being shut, we were obliged to lodge without the pickets.

18th. Went early into the town — found all my dear friends well;
they gave me an account of two public meetings held by them; one
with the inhabitants of the town and soldiers, and a number of the officers,
in the forenoon; and another in the country in the afternoon, both to
pretty good satisfaction. Jacob Lindley, William Savery, and William
Hartshorne, dined with the commandant yesterday. With respect to-
Indian affairs, things look dull and gloomy — the commissioners not yet
come forward; so that we are here in suspense with respect to the
time of the opening of the treaty, and hear many frightful stories
about the conduct of the Indians; but we endeavour to keep our minds
quiet, trusting in the arm of divine power for preservation, and
believing we are engaged in the righteous cause of promoting peace
on earth and good will to men.

19th. William Savery not very well — the rest of our company, to
wit, Friends, went down the river in a small boat, about four miles,
to Frederick Arnold's where we dined — then went on foot about two
to John Messemer's, who is of the religious society called Dunker's,—
with whom and divers of his friends and neighbours we held a meet-

QUAKERS WAIT AT DETROIT, JUNE. 641

ing, which was a solid, satisfactory opportunity, I believe to them and
us. Here we lodged.

20th. After a solid opportunity with the family, we went on toward
our boat — dined at Francis Cornwell's; the weather being wet and the
wind ahead, William Hartshorne and I lodged here — the rest of our
company went to Frederick Arnold's.

21st. In the afternoon, John Elliott and Jacob Lindley went on foot
up the river and crossed over to the town. The others lodged here-
being very kindly entertained.

22d. Set out and rowed up to the town — found William Savery and
the rest of our company all well. We have frequently been visited by
numbers of the Indian chiefs that were on their way to Sandusky, who
mostly called us Shemucteman, or long knives, the term they use to
describe the Americans of the United States; but when informed what
we were, they signified they had heard of our being come, and were
glad. This day, we were visited by several that had just come .to town.
We observed the generality of all the tribes had a remarkable thirst
for rum; and when intoxicated were very troublesome.

23d. First of the week, we held a meeting in a large sail loft in the
shipyard; had a considerable gathering of the town's people, and
a few soldiers, who behaved quietly. The meeting held about two
hours and a half, and I believe ended well. In the afternoon had
some more Indians to visit us, of the Chipaway nation; one of whom,
called a chief, was pretty clean dressed, which is not general among
that nation.

24th. Our landlord's boat set out for the river Rushe, with grain, to
the mill. I took passage therein with William Savery. Matthew Dol-
son met us at the mill, and William returned with him in the evening;
I stayed all night at Jacob Troxler's, a Dutchman who served his time
in Jersey. The people were as kind as it was in their power.

25th. The boat with the cargo being ready, we rowed most of the
way home, being about ten miles. This river is called Bushe, which
signifies red, and the water appears stained with something which
causes it to appear with remarkable redness.

26th. John Heckewelder returned from Latrench river; with him
came a number of the Moravian Indians, who adhere to the religion of
that family of the brethren. We understand they suffered much in
the time of the late war, and since, — having had a number of their
friends killed by the white people, with the loss of most of their sub-
stance, of which they had plenty while in their peaceable habitations
at Muskingum. They were now in the sixth place of their
81

642 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

retreat, in the British government, and on good land. Our commis-
seration was excited by the above account, and we granted some
relief to the amount of one hundred dollars, which they received
thankfully.

27th. The Indians are every day here, on their way to the treaty.
Twenty-eight are just arrived from Michillimackinac, some of whom
I saw this morning; they were well dressed, curiously painted, and
decorated with wampum, and ear and nose bobs; all young, and
the handsomest I think I have as yet seen. They appeared good
humoured and pleasant, having, as I was informed, brought no arms
or warlike instruments with them, except their bows and arrows,
with flutes for music, of their own making, which appeared simple,
but pleasing to themselves. Some of the British officers asked them
to play, which they readily did, by putting the instrument to the
mouth, and sometimes to the nose; as handily to the one as the
other.

This evening had the company of capt. John Drake, a coaster
between this and Mackinaw, distant one hundred and thirty leagues
— sails in a sloop of seventy or eighty tons burthen. He gave us
some account of the north-west fiir trade, and the manner of its
being carried on by the companies concerned, who employ many
hundred men, that stay many years in the country, travelling and
trading with the northern Indians for peltry; an abundance of which,
of the richest kind, is brought from the high northern latitudes,
which netts the companies a very large profit. But among what
people, or in what part of the world, except the Canadian French,
could persons be found for their purpose, I know not. They are
allowed a very small portion of provisions from this to the Grand
Portage, at the head of Lake Superior, which is about eight
hundred miles; there they are allowed about one bushel (forty-two
quarts French measure) of Indian corn per man, for a year, and a
little fat which they may use at their own discretion. The corn is
prepared in a curious manner at Detroit, being first boiled in strong
lye, which takes off the outside hull; afterwards it is spread out
and dried, then packed up for use. With this they set out, and return not
until the end of the year, when a fresh supply of goods is taken
up with canoes, &c. by many hundred men to the Portage, where
they exchange commodities to a very great amount. Thus goes on
the trade from year to year. The men in the north live principally
on fish, and the flesh of beasts of divers kinds, without bread or
salt, and when they return appear as robust and healthy, and even

QUAKERS WAIT AT DETROIT, JUNE. 643

more so than those who live on the greatest delicacies. The princi-
pal fish in Lake Superior are the white fish and salmon trout,
which are fine and delicate; we have eat of them, brought fresh
from the lake to this place in six days.

We understand one M'Kenzie is now out with ten men, exploring
the North-west Territory: he once attempted it before; was out
more than a year, and discovered large frozen waters in the north,
but, whether lakes or ocean, he knew not — supposed the latter, the
water being salt.

Captain Drake, by his own account, had been several voyages to
Africa, in the horrid business of fetching slaves, which he now
very much condemns. He told us many curious tales; — and is cer-
tainly a very temperate man with respect to drink, taking nothing
but water— a rare instance in a seafaring man. Happy would it be
for many thousands in the world, were his example followed in that
respect; families would be preserved from ruin and distress, morality
increase, the poor Indians be saved from many acts of violence, and the
end of our creation be more fully answered by honouring God, our
Creator.

28th. We are frequently visited by the officers of this place, both
civil and military, who appear friendly, and treat us with much
respect, often wishing us success in our laudable undertaking; assur-
ing us, that nothing should be wanting that lay in their power to
render us happy and comfortable. The commandant said, that if he
apprehended danger at any time, he should lay his commands on
us not to depart the place. But, although we sought not the pro-
tection of military power, we were not insensible of his great good
will towards us, which we were not wanting to acknowledge.

Visits from the Indians are almost every day repeated, by
different tribes constantly coming in, this being the thoroughfare
for all the northern Indians. It; would be difficult to. describe the
various appearances they make, and languages they speak. It is
wonderful to find the vast expense the British government is at
with this people. Governor Simcoe said it cost them thirty thou-
sand pounds per annum. Here are agents appointed, that are daily
giving out large quantities of provision, &c.

29th. This day had a visit from a Wyandot chief, who appeared
to have much concern respecting the approaching treaty, arid men-
tioned the remembrance of some long and broad belts that were
given out in former treaties, intended to bind us by the hands and
arms, so that no small accident in future should be able to make

644 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

a separation; and, notwithstanding all that had happened, they (the
Wyandots) felt some of the old affection to remain, and he hoped
we would find it so at the general council; but could speak for
none but themselves. We assured him we had the same love and
friendship for them and all others, as our forefathers had, and that
our principles had always restained us from war; and when we
believed the government was disposed to make peace with them on
principles of justice, we were made willing to leave our homes and
take this long journey to endeavour to promote it, and to be present
at the concluding of so good a work. He said, he knew long
ago, we did not fight, but were for peace, and that, as we had
come a long journey, preserved in health, it was evident the Great
Spirit was pleased with our coming, and he hoped some good would
be done, and that the Great Spirit would bring us home in health
and safety.

We had a visit also this morning from Abram, an Indian chief,
Katharine his wife, and their daughters, richly clad, with plates of
silver, &c.

The introduction of distilled spirits among the people appears to
have been their ruin. The frauds, in consequence of it, imposed upon
them, taking in the ravages and depredations of war made amongst
themselves, with multiplied murders and thefts, seems to have pre-
vented their being a wealthy people. The contrary with many is
sorrowfully their situation, I fear to our condemnation; yet the
history of Indian barbarity, and breach of faith to white people,
and to one another, which we have heard related since we came
here, would be shocking to recite, and is almost at times ready to
stagger the faith of their best friends. One of the Moravian mis-
sionaries signified his sense that if peace should be concluded, it
would not last long, until they were further chastised. John Par-
rish asked, by what means? Did he mean the sword? He was
answered, yes. This sentiment, from one of those who make profes-
sion of the peaceable principles of the gospel, was really
discouraging.

We often hear many frightful things suggested; as, that we shall
be either killed, or kept as hostages at the ensuing council. This,
with the accounts of the Indian warriors in time past, frequently passing
with numbers of scalps and their disconsolate prisoners, seemed
dreadful; yet we are not discouraged from pursuing our first pros-
pect; believing he that put us forth, will go before us, if we are
not wanting on our part.

QUAKERS WAIT AT DETROIT, JULY. (545

It must be said to the honour of British humanity, and in com-
mendation of this government of Upper Canada, and its truly
respectable and generous officers, that they have interfered to the
relief of great numbers of persons, and obtained their redemption
at a great price; divers of whom that we met with appeared as
the outcasts of Europe; some of them, as colonel England and
other officers told us, hardly had manners or gratitude to acknowl-
edge the kindness, though in some instances it cost one hundred
pounds. But in the case of a real American, they never grudged it.

30th. First of the week. This morning we were visited by a
principal man of the Wyandots, caled the Blind Chief, with his
nephew, grand, and great grandson; with whom we had some
friendly conversation. He told us eight of their principal men were
gone on to the council. We held meetings fore and afternoon in
the king's sail loft, to a good degree of satisfaction; being largely
attended by the citizens, officers, and soldiers who behaved quietly.

7th mo. 1st. Took breakfast with captain Elliott, Indian commis-
sioner. After which, went to the burial of Isidore Shone at the
Roman chapel. He was an old Indian interpreter, supposed to have
shortened his days by the immoderate use of strong drink. On this
occasion there was a good deal of form and ceremony, in their
way.

2d. Yesterday arrived the ship Ottoway, captain Cowan, from Fort
Erie. He brought about eighty Indians — more than sixty were
landed at the Miami rapids, with colonel Butler; eighteen of the
Oneidas were on board here. It was said Butler was fearful they
might be hurt by some other Indians that were there, on account
of some dislike they had to one of their chiefs, who had given
his interest in favour of the Americans, in such a manner as to
create jealousies amongst them. They, notwithstanding apprehend
themselves quite safe in the British lines, where the tribes of all
nations from east, west, north, and south, are daily supplied with
provisions, &c. And we hear nothing but wishes for peace among
the people every where.

This day we crossed the river in our landlord's boat, with him-
self, wife, &c. to his farm where we regaled ourselves with fine ripe
cherries, and towards evening returned. The weather very warm, and
for many days past it has been very wet — but through divine favour
we are all preserved in good health.

3d. We had a visit from colonel England, who is constantly
manifesting his regard in a very respectful manner. He invited us

646 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

to walk with him to his garden, and some of our company went.
We had also the company, at our lodgings, of a young Shaw-
neese chief, neatly and richly dressed in Indian style; he
stayed and dined with us, behaving with decency at table. But we
sometimes find great difficulty in conversing with the Indians, in
such manner as we wish, on account of our interpreter's senti-
ments and prospects differing in some respects so widely from ours.

4th. I was this day very poorly with a fever. — We were visited
by fourteen of the Indians that came in the Ottoway, with one
Shawnee, who finding our doctor M'Caskey had been with St. Glair's
army at the time of the defeat, told him, "you're my friend,
though you ran away from me once."

The commissioners are not yet arrived— we are still in suspense,
and weary of our long detention here — though we are well supplied
with provisions, &c., and decently treated by our respectable landlord and
landlady, as well as by the inhabitants in general, being often invited
to dine, &c. In the evening I felt better and slept pretty well.

5th. We are much confined within the narrow limits of this small
garrison town, where, the streets being narrow, there is a want of
air. A favourable opportunity presenting for a small tour on the
water, we, except William Savery and William Hartshorne, went in a
boat, provided by oar friend William Baker, up the river, about
nine miles, to Nathan Williams's, where we were kindly received,
and dined. His place is situate at the entrance of Lake St. Clair.
While here, Nathan gave us an account, that in digging a cave
for a root house, they found, about six feet below the surface of
the ground, large quantities of human bones, that must have been
for a long time there: and at another place on the bank of the lake,
it being washed away when the lake was high, there were seen
great numbers of the same kind, which they gathered up and
buried. The Indians said they must have been from people a great
while ago that they knew nothing of. There is also near this lake,
as we are informed, the appearance of old forts, curiously made in
ancient time, where pieces of earthenware are often found, though
large trees are now standing in the entrenchments, of which the
present Indians can give no account. We seem pretty generally led
to believe, from various circumstances, that the natives of this land
must be the descendants of old Jacob, and are of the scattered
tribes, who probably found their way here through Russia, and
crossed over the narrow strait from Kamschatka to the west side of
America. Be all this as it may, we find them here in great num-

QUAKERS WAIT AT DETROIT, JULY. 647

bers, at present a savage, barbarous people when at war, and more
particularly when intoxicated with strong drink, which has been
introduced by the white people that supposed themselves by far
their superiors in religious and natural understanding. Happy would
it have been for them and us, had we used those superior talents, in mercy
conferred upon us, more to the honour of God, by following the
example of our holy leader, Christ Jesus, who said he came
not to destroy men's lives, but to save them. May all Christendom
more and more labour to experience a renovation of heart and mind
submitting and conforming to the will of heaven in all our conduct
consistent with the design of our creation. Then might we have
reason to hope for a blessing on our labours, tending to stop the
effusion of human blood, and the establishment of Christ's kingdom
on the mountain of love and holiness, where the lion and the lamb
might lie down together, there being nothing to make us afraid.

In the afternoon we re-embarked and returned to town. Wm.
Savery and Wm. Hartshorne in our absence, were visited by a
Shawnese warrior,' who announced to them what had frequently been
suggested to us before, by divers persons, that if the commissioners
did not immediately agree that all the land west of the Ohio should be
given up by the United States, or even hinted anything to the
contrary, by offering gifts or money as purchase, that not one of them
or their company would go off the ground alive; for their fathers,
who were all gone, had sold lands, for knives, rum, &c. till they
were now driven almost to the sun setting, where they were determined
to make a stand. He also pointed out very sensibly, the sad effect
strong drink had on their fathers in general. He then appeared
perfectly sober — informing that four days before he left the Miami
Rapids, a deputation of two chiefs from a tribe, embarked for
Niagara to meet the commissioners, and let them know the outlines
of their conclusions; and that if the white people would settle to
the banks of the Ohio on the east side, and agree that the river
should be the line, they would be glad, and take them by the
hand and call them brothers. But we apprehended no such power
lay- with the commissioners, nor of its being the design of govern-
ment,— the cloud looked dark and heavy, and portended some dread-
ful scenes of desolation, except the Lord should be pleased, in his
abundant mercy, to interpose and spare this wicked generation.

The aforesaid Indian, notwithstanding his sensibility and calmness,
about two hours after, returned much intoxicated with rum — behaved
very rudely, and drew a stroke with his tomahawk at one Sylves-

648 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

ter Ash, an interpreter, who had long resided with the Shawiiese,
and now lives at Fort Pitt. We supposed he had a grudge against
him for leaving them; but Ash prevented his doing him mischief.
This, with other insolent behavior to our landlord, caused captain
Munsey, who was, there, to send for some soldiers to turn him out
of the garrison. These things look gloomy, and tend to confirm us
that nothing short of wisdom from above will do for us to lean to.

6th. The weather is now dry and warm — the wheat is fast ripen-
ing, of which there is an appearance of very fine crops. Vegetables
are plenty, such as new potatoes, peas, beans, &c. The sloop Felic-
ity just arrived from the Miamies, confirms the account of the
Indian deputation being gone to meet the commissioners at Niagara,
accompanied by colonel Butler and Simon Girty. The schooner
Nancy also just arrived from Machillimackinac, with peltry — made
her passage to this place in seventeen days — distance three hundred
and ninety miles.

7th. First of the week. We held a meeting in the forenoon in
the old sail loft: it was to good satisfaction, being large and solid.
In the afternoon we went about five miles to the river Rushe —
held a meeting with the inhabitants there and several who. went
with us from the town. This also we thought was comfortable and
edifying.

8th. The weather hot and sultry — a heavy thunder shower. We
have no account from the commissioners — hope they may come on
with the Indian deputies, if anything is likely to be done. This
is truly a trying scene to us, to be kept in this expensive place so
long in suspense; yet hope it may not be altogether in vain. We
think we have done the best we could in our present circumstances.
Various reports are daily coming in, with respect to the Indians-
disposition. We much desire an opportunity with them in council,
if it could be come at properly, whether the commissioners come
or not. The opinion of many is, there will be no general treaty.
We received a letter from colonel M'Kee in answer to one written
him some time ago; — says he will attend to our request, and
give us every intelligence he apprehends necessary;— and yesterday
one from captain Hendricks,- at the rapids of Miami, requesting
some favours from us, — which were granted. And truly we have
many requests, that in our present circumstances we are not able
to comply with to the full. Hendricks' account is more favourable
than some others we have had. He expresses a hope there will be
a peace. The general cry among the gentlemen and more knowing

QUAKERS WAIT AT DETROIT, JULY. 649

inhabitants of this place is, "for God's. sake, gentlemen, don't vent-
ure yourselves to Sandusky." This we believe is from motives of
entire • friendship and good will to us, and makes it at times very
trying. And though we have not felt any slavish fears — yet hope
to move cautiously, as wisdom, which is profitable to direct,
may point out the way. One of the Indians, a Delaware, that
brought captain Hendricks' letter, says the western Indians keep
their runners constantly out to watch the motion of general Wayne's
army, from whom they have some fearful apprehensions; which we
hope are groundless.

9th. We had a visit from captain Blue Jacket, a principal w#r-
rior among the Shawnese. He was in command at the defeat of St.
Glair's army. He was richly dressed. His appearance is lofty and
masculine. He said he had heard of the Quakers— that they were
a harmless people that did not fight; and was glad now to see us.
We had also a visit from several others of the same tribe. One
of a solid countenance said, he heartily desired we might succeed
in the great work of peace; and appeared much pleased to see us.
We have several capable interpreters with us; but our sentiments
being peaceful, serious and religious, are so opposite to theirs, that
when they do interpret, it is with such reluctance as puts it out
of our power to relieve our minds so fully as we could wish.
This day received a letter from the Moravian Indians and their
minister, expressing their grateful sense of Friends' kindness to
them.

10th. The sloop Detroit, bound to Mackinaw, arrived from Fort
Erie in eight days. We were in hopes of letters but were disap-
pointed. However we understand the commissioners, with a number
of Indians, are coming in the Dunmore which was nearly ready
to sail, and may be soon expected, if not met with by the
Chipaway, and detained by the chiefs who were to have a confer-
ence with them previous to their coming forward to the treaty.

llth. Had the company of several Indians — one of whom, David
Canada, speaks good English, and interprets well. His father was a
white man. He has been in Europe — appears friendly to the Amer-
ican interest, and says he will go with us to the treaty.

12th. We all went over the river to our landlord's farm, where
we dined on provision we took with us. Spent most of the day
there and in visiting some neighbours. Returned in the evening.
The sloop Sagonay is just arrived from Fort Erie. The Dunmore
was waiting for a wind when the deputation of Indians arrived—
82

650 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

and the commissioners returned to Navy Hall to have a conference.
This is an additional disappointment, and further trial of our faith
and patience.

13th. The weather fair and pleasant — the people very busy in hay-
making, and some beginning their wheat harvest. In the afternoon
the sloop Speedwell arrived from Fort Erie, by which we had
letters from our friends at home, and one from the commissioners,
informing of their return to Navy Hall; but that they expect to
come forward in a few days.

14th. First of the week. For some days I have felt rather dull and
heavy — my spirits low. I feel the importance of our embassy with
much weight. — The dark conversation frequently heard respecting
war, is truly distressing and discouraging. I am frequently led to
recur back to the first principles from whence the concern took
its rise; and have, as yet, no cause to doubt of its propriety,
although many discouraging prospects are frequently thrown in our
way. We are comfortably preserved in unity one with another in
the main cause we are engaged in, hoping we shall not be shaken
from the right ground by the enemies of peace, — of which there
are many.

This day we had another meeting in the usual place, which was
large and solid.

15th. Had an interview with captain Elliott, who had just returned
from the rapids where the Indians are collected; but nothing fur-
ther has transpired. He appears somewhat reserved; and our
anxious state of suspense still continues. We are apprehensive
the Indian embassy to the commissioners may prevent the proposed
treaty. We wrote a letter to colonel McKee, and an epistle to the
Indians, to be forwarded the first opportunity.

Here we observe a species of Indian slaves called Pawnees, or
Punins, — who are captives taken by the Chipaways from the Suse;
or Pawnee nations. It is sorrowful to think that a nation so
famed for liberty, should hold them, and a number of the African
race, in a state of bondage during life. The government here, we
understand, has made some essay towards their enlargment, which,
it is hoped, will in time, amount to a total abolition.

16th. Had a solid opportunity with captain Elliott, deputy agent for
Indian affairs, and again expressed our anxious desires to him, that
a solid peace might take place; we also queried if it would be
proper for us, or any of our company, to visit the Indians in their
present council at the Rapids, where he was now about to return.

QUAKERS WAIT AT DETROIT, JULY. 651

He told MB, he thought in the present state of things, it would not
be eligible to move that way. He gave us to understand, that the
Indians were generally acquainted with our being here, and our
views towards them; and hoped on the return of the Indian
embassy, some way would open for our relief. For the present, we
concluded to forward the letters to M'Kee and the Indians, by Elliott,
and as our having a personal interview with the Indians appeared
doubtful, we forwarded Friends' Address to them, to be read by
M'Kee in case we should fail of an opportunity ourselves.

17th. The people are very busy in their harvest, having good
crops: but in some places the grain is injured by a kind of snmt,
supposed to be occasioned by much wet and rapid growth.

We have lately heard of the arrival of. a number of Creeks and
Cherokee Indians, in the neighbourhood of the Indian council — we
fear, with views not friendly to a peaceable accommodation of matters
with the western Indians— as we hear hostilities between them and
the whites have been renewed to the southward. These accounts are
alarming and discouraging. The commissioners are not yet come.
We wait as patiently as we can, until we hear further from
them.

18th. This morning had an interview with captain Wellbank, who
came with the detachment of Cherokee and Creek Indians from the
southern territory, he says, more than a thousand miles, and that
they were ninety days on their journey. His principal business
seemed to be with colonel England, who gave immediate orders for
the sloop Felicity to sail with him on board, to Fort Erie, on his
way to governor Simcoe. We suppose they have some matters of
importance, as colonel England a few days ago assured us the
Felicity was detained on purpose to take us to Sandusky, or Fort
Erie, as was most eligible, on the shortest notice, which looked kind
and friendly to our purpose.

19th. The weather fair and pleasant, and through Divine favour,
we are all in health; but are still in great suspense, with respect
to the event of this intended treaty, which every day looks more
and more discouraging. Yet we think we have been in the line of our
duty in coming forward and labouring thus far; and hope our being
here may be of some use on divers accounts. Some of our company
walked yesterday to the spring about three miles below the town,
where they had a satisfactory opportunity with some Oneida Indians
that were encamped there. They seem jointly concerned with us
for the accomplishment of peace. This day we were all together in

652 EXPEDITION TO DETRIOT, 1793.

the arbour in the colonel's garden, looking over some writings on
Indian affairs. To this place we frequently resort, as it is retired
and pleasant — being indulged with this privilege by ' invitation from
the colonel soon after our arrival here.

20th. The harbour is now clear of shipping. — We are anxiously
waiting the arrival of the Dunmore, by which we expect the
commissioners, or to hear from them, hoping our detention here
will be shortly closed by our going on to Sandusky, or returning
to Fort Erie on our way home: till which we desire humbly to
submit to the wise Disposer of events.

21st. First of the week. We held a meeting in the sail loft at
the tenth hour, which was a favoured time, it being large and
solid. Soon after our return, we heard of the arrival of the Dun-
more at the mouth of the river, by a passenger who came in her,
and that the commissioners are on board, expecting to go forward
soon to Sandusky. In the afternoon we had another comfortable
meeting, crowned as we thought, with the Master's good presence.
And now it looks likely to be a parting one, — the people behaved
with remarkable quietness — manifesting much respect to us. I
believe there are a few tender-hearted ones in this place that will
remember us, and I hope we shall not forget them; — though it is
sorrowful to behold the power and influence that satan has too
generally amongst the inhabitants of these parts. Captain Gibbons,
who came passenger in the Dunmore, gave -us the above intelligence
respecting the commissioners, and further says, the Indian deputies
and they held a very friendly conference together at Navy Hall,
and things appeared in a favourable way respecting the treaty.
This account is more pleasant than any we have had for many
days past. In this fluctuating state of things we find great need to
keep on the right bottom, so that we may not be shaken from that
foundation, and a humble confidence in the Divine power, which I
trust we felt in our embarkation.

22d. John Parrish, John Elliott, and myself, paid a visit to the
Roman Catholic priest, who appeared to take it kind. We also had
a short interview with the commandant, who has manifested much
respect to us during our long stay here, and now told us, that
nothing should be wanting that lay in his power to make our way
easy.

23d and 24th. We now began to prepare for leaving Detroit.
The commandant visited us at our quarters, and informed us he
proposed going with us in the Dunmore to see the commissioners.

CONFERENCE BELOW DETROIT, JULY. 653

It seemed very pleasant to find that respect which it is hoped may
tend to strengthen the unity between them.— We should have been
glad to see the commissioners here, but understanding neither they
nor any others from a foreign state under military characters, are
admitted within the limits of this garrison, which includes the town that
consists of about one hundred houses; under which consideration we
think it cause of thankfulness for the indulgence, remarkable attention,
and kind treatment we have met with during our six weeks stay in
this place. This evening, paid a short visit at commissary Rinold's,
who, with his wife and sensible daughter, appear to have as much
solidity, uprightness, and vital religion, as any in the place. There
are a few others we highly esteem, and towards whom we now feel
a near affection on taking our solemn farewell.

25th. Took leave of most of our acquaintances in town and went
on board the Dunmore, in which were colonel England and several
other officers; fell down to the mouth of the river, about eighteen
miles and landed at captain Elliott's whose house the commissioners
had taken, being large and convenient for their purpose. We were
truly glad to see them, and they us. Here the vessel is ordered
to lay until we are ready to go forward to Sandusky, which
depends on the time the Indians say they are ready. It was pleas-
ant to behold the friendship apparent between the colonel with the
other British officers, and our commissioners. This place is very
agreeable; there being a large farm, with fields well stored with
grain, standing in shock — supposed to be about one thousand bush-
els; a large new barn eighty feet long and about thirty-six
wide; round the house a beautiful green, on which we encamped
with fourteen tents, large and small, containing our little company
and the commissioner's train, with some British officers who
designed to go with us to the grand treaty. The commissioners
gave us the substance of what passed between them and the Indian
deputies at Niagara: all which appeared encouraging, and favourable
towards an accommodation. We dined and supped all together, and
slept quiet and well in our tents.

26th. Spent the day very agreeably together, having one general
table. At night we had a great rain and heavy thunder; our tents
not as well fortified as might have been. Towards day some of us
got very wet by the water coming in; but through Divine favour
we were preserved.

27th. A fine morning. Having an opportunity to go to .Detroit in a
small boat with Gotlieb Sensiman, a Moravian minister from Latrench

654 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

river, and three Indians of their family we embraced it. William Savery
and myself took our passage in order to do some business for the
commissioners, and a little for ourselves. The wind was ahead and
we had to row all the way. Went to our old quarters.

28th. First of the week. I felt weary with yesterday's hard row-
ing, and almost ready to give out the prospect of a meeting. But
towards evening at about an hour's notice, we met at the old sail
loft with many of the inhabitants, who appeared glad of the oppor-
tunity, and it was satisfactory to ourselves.

29th. The colonel's boat going down the river to our camp, with
captains Freeman*" and Broadhead, we were invited to return with
them ; but our business not being completed, I concluded to stay,
and take my passage in the schooner Nancy, bound to Fort Erie,
and William Savery went with the officers.

30th. I went on board the schooner, and near night landed at our
camp, where I was informed a deputation of Indians from the
Rapids had been here, and held a conference with the commissioners.
They appeared uneasy with what had passed at Niagara, asserting
that nothing short of Ohio river being the line, would satisfy them;
they requested the commissioners' answer tomorrow, on that head,
and retired over the river. This unexpected change looked again
discouraging; believing our worthy commissioners had nothing but
upright views in their proceedings, consistent with the trust reposed
in them by the government of the United States. Though what
their views are, is yet unknown to us; but we hope, and expect,
they will be generous and liberal, evincing to the world that the
present proceedings and designs of the United States are founded
on reason, equity, and justice. And so far as this may be the case,
we hope the Lord may be on our side, in this our trying situation.

31st. In the afternoon the Indians came .over, and being seated
on the beautiful green in the shade of some trees, the commission-
ers came forth with their speech in writing, which was interpreted
by Thomas Jones, from the Genesee, in the Seneca language. In
it was contained many candid and generous proposals; but not
coming up so fully to their demands as they seemed to wish,
they declined to make any reply at present. But having the paper
given to them, said they would consider it maturely, and return an
answer to-morrow. On which the council broke up, and the Indians
returned again to Whitewood Island, opposite to our camp. Among
these were the chiefs of ten different nations, who appeared in
council solid and sober.

DELAY BELOW DETROIT, AUGUST. 055

8th mo. 1st. The Indian deputies returned in the morning early,
and being seated, the Wyandot chief called Carry-all-about, whose
name signifies King of all the western nations up the Lakes, — made
a short speech, importing, " That many treaties had been held at
different places from time to time, wherein you say lands have been
purchased; but would acknowledge no legal and permanent convey-
ance since the treaty at Fort Stanwix, twenty-five years ago. So
that the lands on this side the Ohio are ours, and the lands on
the other side are yours. — And you may go home and tell
Washington what we say. We understand all you said to us very
well, and we expect you understand us." Simon Girty was their
interpreter. After rising up and stepping off a few yards, they
found a mistake in expression, and recalled their words, desiring
the commissioners would stay where they are, till they could go to
the council and return with an answer, which, if favoured with wind
and weather, may be accomplished in about five days. We had some
desire to go with them to the Rapids, as captain Elliott, captain
Thomas M'Kee, and others were going to the council. But this was
not approbated; and as our letters sent by captain Elliott had not
been forwarded by him on account of his meeting the commissioners
here, who thought proper to detain them, concluding we' should have
an opportunity shortly to see them ourselves, — after opening and read-
ing them, and adding a short postscript, we were encouraged to eend
them forward, though at a late stage.

2d. Towards evening, several of us in company with our good old
general, took a walk up the river about a mile, and drank tea at
James Col well's. The result of this great business is the cause of
much close exercise at times — our minds being made sensible that
nothing but supernatural wisdom will do for us to lean to.

3d. The sloop Detroit came to, here, on her way to Fort Erie,
from Michillimackinac, loaded with peltry, having on board three hun-
dred and thirty-three packs, the greatest part supposed to be worth
twenty guineas each. So great is the fur trade in this country, that it
is almost beyond description. In the afternoon, John Elliott and
myself took a walk to Simon Girty's, and from thence about half a
mile further down the lake, where we saw some plain traces of one of
the very old forts, among the many that are in divers parts of this
country, of which the present Indians can give no account from tradi-
tion or otherwise.

4th. First of the week. We held a small meeting at Simon Girty's,
we hope to profit: — himself gone to the Indian council with the deputies

656 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

that were here from the Rapids. William Savery and myself being
comrades in a small tent, our bedding got a good deal wet with the
great rain that fell today, and having no opportunity for drying, we
slept on them as they were. In the morning, felt well, which is an
additional cause of thankfulness for the many favours we have
received.

5th. We have frequent visits from the town— and this day came
James Abbott, William Bow and - - Sportsman, in a small sail boat.
Our friend John Parrish, paid a visit to the Wyandot Indian town
about four miles from our camp. This night was the most general
complaint of the musketoes I have yet heard since our encamping here.
Most of us got little sleep either in the house, tents, or on ship board.
Towards day the weather grew colder — wind N. W. which caused an
increase of musketoes in, our tents.

6th. One of the servants of captain Elliott, called Toby, a Pawnee
slave, who has lain nearly a year in a consumption, died about two
o'clock, this afternoon. I was with him for about an hour before he
departed, and speaking with him about fifteen minutes before he
breathed his last, found he was senible of death being upon him. He
said he understood all I said to him, and was glad he was noticed in
his last moments. I think I never saw before so hasty a burial. His
coffin was made immediately, and his interment took place about sun-
set, in a grave near by on the bank of the river, attended by about
twenty people, whites, blacks, and Indians. This was the end of poor
Toby.

7th. I was at captain William Colwell's, and towards evening walked
to -Simon Gerty's. At night the wind came strong from the south,
with much rain. William and I got a little wet again, but are pre-
served in health.

8th. Two Indians came from the Rapids, by whom we received letters
from captain Hendricks, a chief of the Five Nations, announcing his
opinion there will be peace. This was pleasant, indeed, and we sat up
this evening, conversing with the commissioners till past eleven o'clock.
Slept well, being clear of musketoes.

9th. William Savery and myself dined on board the ship that rides
nearly opposite our camp. This evening came in several more Indians
from the Rapids, whose reports agree in substance with ' captain
Hendricks' letters. They were treated with a glass a piece, and
encamped near by; but a canoe coming from Detroit with rum,
they were made very noisy. This, with the musketoes, caiised little
sleep.

DELAY BELOW DETROIT, AUGUST. 657

10th. Great looking out for the boat's return from the council,
for which we are very anxious. The season advancing, and the
great distance we are from home, together with the continued
uncertainty of succeeding, according to our wishes, in the great
business we are engaged in, accompanied with other unpleasant cir-
cumstances, give us at times some very disagreeable sensations. Yet
on the whole, we are preserved in a good degree of patience, siill
believing our coming out was right, be the event as it may.

llth. First of the week. No arrival from the Rapids to alleviate
our strong desires and anxiety to see the Indians. With some
difficulty we got to Grose Isle, where we held a meeting with some
of . its inhabitants and divers from the main, to a good degree of
satisfaction. This morning Jasper Parrish, who had been express to
Philadelphia, the second time, arrived in the ship Ottoway, from
Fort Erie, by whom we received many letters from home.

12th. Our anxiety and great suspense still continue. William
Savery and Jasper Parrish both poorly. At night our rest was
much disturbed by the inusketoes. We have frequent visits from
small parties of Indians, who sometimes find means to get too much
rum, and are then troublesome; otherwise they are quiet and civil.
Fresh provisions are plenty here; but rate very high. Sheep from
four to six dollars, not large.

13th. No remarkable occurrence. We are still looking earnestly
for the boats from the great Indian council.

14th. This day we had the company of captain Wellbaiik, who
returned some days ago from Niagara. He gave the commissioners
much the same account we received from him at Detroit the 18th
ultimo.

15th. Felt dull and heavy in body and mind. — We have a Wyan-
dot Indian, who stays much with us. He often goes out to hunt,
and brings in plenty of ducks, &c. for which he gets well paid.
He appears to be a sensible man, speaks many languages in the
Indian tongue and some English. Two men came from the other
side of the river, and informed the boats were coming from the
council to invite us to the treaty.

16th. In the afternoon came two young Indian men, (Wyandots)
they looked wild and afraid; one of them was introduced to gen-
eral Lincoln, and handed him a message in writing, from the great
council, informing, that the several treaties at Fort M'Intosh, Miami,
•Muskingum, &c., where lands had been ceded by two or three
nations only, were not valid, as they had no right to cede lands. And
83

658 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

as for the large sums of money proposed to be given for their
country, they did not want it, and a great many of them did not know
the use of it: therefore desired it might be applied with the proposed
salary, to the indemnification of the settlers north of the Ohio. And as
they supposed they were mostly poor people, or they would not have
settled on disputed lands, they now proposed that government should give
money to them. It would be a sufficient compensation to those settlers
and might induce them to move quietly somewhere else, out of the
Indian country — and make the Ohio the boundary: for it was their
land. And signified, as the land to the westward was filled up, they had
nowhere to repair to, and were now determined to lay their bones in
that country. As to the concessions the commissioners proposed making,
by giving money, they did not want it; and running a new line was
but giving them a part of their own land. And as to disclaiming the
right to all their country by virtue of the peace made with the king,
their father, they knew they never were conquered, and the pre-emp-
tion right agreed upon by the British and United States, concerning
the purchasing of their country, could not be binding on them; for
they supposed they had a right to sell their lands to whom they
pleased. • Upon the whole, it was received as a very contemptible speech,
by our commissioners — which soon appeared to be the case, as the
baggage was ordered on board, and caused an alarm in our camp. Some
for safety proposed to lodge on board the ship, and divers tents were
struck. Some went on board and others took to the house for safety.
This prospect, all on a sudden, looked gloomy, and Friends got together
to feel if any thing further opened for us to do. We felt much shut
up; — and as we had never been called into council with the commis-
sioners, nor had any public conference with the Indians, we were
obliged to bear our own burthens, and submit the awful subject to the
interposition of the Divine hand, and turn our faces homeward to our
dear friends and connexions, in hopes of reaching our Yearly Meeting.

This evening, two runners who were despatched three days ago,
returned with a verbal message from the Five Nations, who expected
us to come forward, and were moving six miles down the river to meet
us. They having all along appeared very friendly to the United States,
this appeared an artful mano3uvre, on one side or the other. It was
somewhat extraordinary to hear general Lincoln express, that they had
received just such an answer as he could have wished. What his mean-
ing was, is unknown. Friends slept in their tents as heretofore, I
believe with little fear.

17th. We were hurried on board soon after breakfast, with the

RETURN TO UPPER CANADA, AUGUST. 659

remainder of our baggage. Two runners were despatched by the com-
missioners to the Six Nations, the object unknown to us. About eleven
o'clock, we were all on board, and stood down the river into the lake.
My mind felt sorrowful and very heavy, reflecting on the important
subject of our journey; but I could see nothing material omitted on
our part, to give uneasiness: so I endeavoured to rest quiet, leaving the
event to Him who judgeth righteously. In this part of the world, but
little morality, law, or religion, appears to govern the people, though
the climate is blessed with health and there is plenty of the good
things of this life; nothing being wanting but industry and thankful
hearts.

13th. First of the week. We came to anchor among a cluster of
islands in the west end of the lake; of which there is said to be
about thirty, great and small. Some of them produce abundance of
red cedar, much used in ship building — there are also rackoons and
many other wild animals on them. We stood out into the open lake
with pleasant weather. Had a season of solid retirement in the cabin,
with a few of our fellow passengers, to a good degree of satisfaction
and comfort; though held in much contempt by others, who supposed
themselves wise and good enough already.

19th. Light head wind. We have thirty-one passengers on board,
besides the ship's crew and marines. Provisions plenty — poultry, sheep,
hogs — and two Bears belonging to captain Bunbury.

19th. We passed the mouth of Oayahoga river, and in sight of
the Looming-hills on the south shore, land claimed and held by the
Delaware Indians. — The light and trivial conversation on board, accom-
panied with such a degree of profanity in language and behaviour one
to another, at times, was truly distressing, though otherwise we were
as comfortably accommodated as the nature of our situation would
admit.

22d. We anchored at Fort Erie. — 23d. Eainy, no goods or baggage
could be landed, as the lake was rough, which caused a great surf.

24th. Morning fair and calm — a great stir, hoisting out casks,
trunks, &c. The commissioners preparing to set forward, some by
water, others by land. William Savery and William Hartshorne are
to go with general Lincoln, by Ontario. Jacob Lindley is provided
with a horse by the commissioners, and goes by land; so that we
are all busily engaged fixing our baggage each in his own way,
clearing off all expenses for passage, &c. And truly we may say,
by this time, we became pretty much stript of the contents of our
purses, and a great deal of our stock of provisions, &c. John Elliott

660 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

and John Parrish went on shore in the afternoon, to get to some
Friend's house. Jacob Lindley and myself went in the evening to
the house of Benjamin Wilson, who had been on board with us all the
afternoon. I felt myself in some measure, like one let out of prison.
Here we were kindly treated and lodged; proposing to visit a number
of Friends and friendly people, in and about this neighbourhood, before
we set out for home; which seemed annexed to my concern in coming
forth to this country, to attend the proposed treaty with the- Indians.

25th. First of the week. We held a public meeting, and visited a few
families — towards evening, got to Asa Schooley's, where John Parrish
came to us. Here we lodged.

26th. John Elliott came to us this morning — so that we are now all
together again. We went to John Herrit's, son-in-law to Asa Schooleyr
had a sitting there and returned to Asa's — there had a solid opportunity
with his family and the family of John Cutler, together; — after which r
went to Daniel Pound's and lodged.

27th. We held a public meeting at Joseph Haven's, which was large
and favoured; at the close, we had a select opportunity with such as
profess with Friends, a number of them being members, to whom some
interesting matters of advice were communicated. Upon the whole, we
thought it a very solid and profitable opportunity, many hearts being
tendered; for whom, in their lonely situation, we were brought into near
sympathy. We parted from them in much love. John Parrish and
myself went to Ezekiel Dennis's, up the side of Lake Erie about six
miles, to point Ebino, where we were kindly entertained and lodged.
I think when the meeting was select as above mentioned, there was in
the whole, young and old, about forty — many decent looking young
people, with innocent countenances, were present; on account of whom
I felt much concern for their religious and school education.

28th. Set out and rode up the beautiful beach on the lake shore,
about ten miles, to what is called the Sugar Loaf, a point of land
extending out in the lake, with a remarkable round hill, at a distance
resembling a sugar loaf. Here we visited seven families, and returned
in the evening to our friend Asa Schooley's.

29th. With divers other Friends, we went about twelve miles to
esquire Powell's where we had a large public meeting of Friends and
others, to much satisfaction to ourselves, and I believe it was so to the
auditory. They behaved quiet, and with becoming decency. After
which many Friends took leave of as in much love and tenderness, and
departed to their several homes. We dined with the squire, being freely
and liberally entertained. Afterwards I rode about four miles to the

HOMEWARD JOURNEY ON" HORSEBACK, SEPTEMBER. 661

fort, and went on board the Dunmore on a small errand, with our
friend William Lundy, who having heard of our being here, came about
twenty miles to see us, and was at the meeting to-day. In the evening
went to our friend Benjamin Wilson's — leaving the other Friends at
Powell's. John Elliott had been very poorly with the ague and fever —
am fearful he will hardly be able to ride very soon, which is now a
great trial to us, being very desirous to move towards home. — Having
had the two public meetings above mentioned, and visited most of the
families and Friends in this country, to wit, Asa Schooley, Joseph
Havens, Obadiah Dennis, Abraham Webster, John Cutler, John Hill,
Benjamin Hill, Jeremiah Moore, (Abraham Laing, and Benjamin Canby
single men) John Taylor, Joshua Gillam, Joseph Marsh, Adam Bur-
well, Daniel Pound, William Lundy, Thomas Rice, James Crawford,
Enoch Scrigley, Samuel Taylor, Ezekiel Dennis and several others.

30th. We now began to prepare to leave this part of the country.
This morning the other Friends came to me at Benjamin Willson's.
Jasper Parrish we hear is very poorly at the landing, not able to return.
We felt loth to leave him, but understanding general Chapin, with
whom he has his home, is expected to be here in about a week, we
were the more easy to leave him.

31st. John Elliott now bravely, though weak, seems very willing to
move forward. We waited this morning for Abraham Laing, a young
man who is going to the states, and is very desirous of our company.
Then went to Powell's and thence to Windecker's the ferryman, where
Abraham Laing came to us — we crossed over and went three miles to
Cornelius Winney's at Buffalo creek. Here we stayed, as there is no
house between this and the Genesee, which is called seventy-five miles.

9th mo. 1st. First-day. Set out early for Genesee — rode about forty
miles; night came on, and we halted by the side of a small brook, and
began to make preparation for a shelter, but a cloud came on with
heavy thunder and rain. We made out to get a fire kindled,
which was a comfort to us; but we got very wet. The wind being high
several trees fell near us, which was somewhat alarming. The gust held
about two hours, and then cleared up with bright star-light the remainder
of the night. We all lay before the fire, in the best manner we could,
in our wet situation, got some sleep, but were somewhat afflicted with
the musketoes. On the whole we thought ourselves much favoured.

2d. We were up early, looked out for our horses, put on our kettle,
and made a good dish of chocolate, wherein our friend John Parrish,
was principal director — then set out and rode about thirty-five miles to

662 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

the Genesee river, which we crossed by fording, and put up at John
Gilbert Berry's, where "we were comfortably entertained.

3d. After writing letters to general Chapin at Canandaigua, captain
Bunbury at Niagara, and captain Hendricks, a chief among the Five
Nations, we rode sixteen miles to James Miller's, superintendent of
Williamsburgh farm, where we put up for the night, there being no
place for lodging short of forty miles further. Among the many Indians
resorting about Berry's we saw a woman, said to be a hundred years
old. In conversation with her and admiring her grey hair, she assigned
as a reason for her long life, that she was always kind and good, and
against all quarrels; therefore God had spared her to see the sun a long
time; pointing up to it.

4th. This morning we took a wrong road and had to return, by which
we lost about ten miles, so that we were not able to reach Bath, and
lodged at the same old Indian cabin we were at in going up in the
spring, eleven miles short of the place we aimed at. We struck up a
fire and slept pretty comfortably.

5th. We rode to Bath, and late in the evening got to colonel Lindley's
where we put up, having rode about forty miles.

6th. We were up early proposing to reach the Block-house, distant about
forty miles, but having our young friend Abraham Laing in company,
with a poor little horse that tired on the way, oar progress was retarded,
so that we were benighted in very dark thick Woocfo, and were obliged to
alight. There tying up our horses to the trees, with much difficulty
we kindled a fire, and lay on the ground, which, with our clothes were
wet with rain. We kept up our fire, got a little sleep, wishing for day
and were glad when it appeared. We left Abraham Laiiig with his
tired horse about eight miles back, where there is a small cabin in the
woods.

7th. Mounted our horses before sunrise, and rode two miles to the
Block-house, where we took breakfast, and gave our horses as much
oats as we thought would be useful. Being thus refreshed, we set out,
leaving Abraham Laing to come on as well as he could, in hopes that
he may overtake us at Muncy. We rode seventeen miles to James
Kyle's, and dined — thence fourteen miles to our friend Samuel Harris's
at Loyalsock, where John Parrish and myself lodged, leaving Jacob
Lindley and John Elliott five miles back to get their horses shod.—
Here we heard of great sickness in Philadelphia.

8th. First of the week. After breakfast, Jacob Lindley and John
Elliott came up, and we went to Muncy meeting. Here we met with a
number of our dear friends. This seemed very pleasant, and we had a

HOMEWARD JOURNEY ON HORSEBACK, SEPTEMBER. 663

solid favoured time together. After which we went to our friend Samuel
Wallace's and dined, then disposed of ourselves in several places to
lodge. I went to Henry Parker's. We all felt a little of the effects of
lying in the damp woods in our wet clothes, and hard travelling for
two days past, with rough roads, and crossing many creeks; one called
Trout Run, we crossed thirty times, and Lycoming creek seven times —
with several large mountains, one of which was a part of the Alleghany.
The sickness in Philadelphia confirmed in every place.

9th. Not feeling quite clear of this neighbourhood, we held another
meeting at Muncy meeting house, which was larger than yesterday,
and much favoured. After dinner, went back six miles to Samuel
Harris's, over the very large and rapid creek called Loyalsock. Here we
had a large and satisfactory meeting. Most of our company returned,
but I stayed here.

10th. Our friend S. H., an ancient man, has lain poorly for some
time, and not likely to continue long. He seems quiet and calm, and
told me this morning, he felt bravely refreshed, and much satisfied with
the meeting, and the company of his friends. I took a solemn leave of
him and the family, and proceeded to Wallace's. We then all set out
together, and rode to William Ellis's, where we settled the running
accounts we had among ourselves. Our friend Jacob Lindley concluded
here to leave us, and proceed home by way of Harrisburgh. We then
went on, having Joseph Carpenter for a guide, eighteen miles toward
Oatawissa, and put up at our friend John Eves's, at Fishing creek,
where we were kindly entertained.

llth. Here we had a meeting with a few Friends and divers of their
neighbours, in a school house, to a good degree of satisfaction and
comfort. Set out in company with Isaac James, brother to John, in
Philadelphia, and rode about twelve miles to Cattawissa, crossing the
north-east branch of the Susquehanna, and put up at our friend John
Lloyd's. Here is a small town of about thirty buildings. I lodged at
James Watson's, John Parrish at John Lloyd's, poorly, John Elliott
stopped about eight miles short of this, at John Willson's.

12th. John Elliott came to us this morning. On his way he called to
see an ancient Friend, now in the ninety-seventh year of her age. We
had no public meeting here, but visited most of the families of Friends
in town, wherein our friend John Parrish had good service, and was
much favoured. In the afternoon we rode about nine miles to Roaring
creek. This part of the country is hilly and mountainous, — the valleys
interspersed with good farms. Many Friends are settled hereabouts.
Lodged at Moses Starr's.

664 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

13th. Rode twenty-six miles to Cold Run, and put up at Samuel
Webb's having crossed the Little Mountain, Mahony, Broad, Locust
and Tuscarora mountains. Great part of the way very rough and stony.

14th. Set out and rode seven miles to Richard Stephens's — thence
to Harkerstown. We here met with our friend Mordecai Lee, who had
heard of our coming, and came to meet us.' We went home with him.

15th. First of the week. Joseph Wright, living in one part of the
house with his family, has lately been afflicted with the bloody flux,
by which he had lost three children. Divers Friends came here to see
us, viz. John Starr, Thomas Wright, Levi Pilkington, <fec. We all
attended their meeting at Maiden creek — and after dinner proceeded
nine miles to Reading, where we put up at Samuel Jackson's. — The
sickness, and distress in consequence thereof, we still hear confirmed,
and much talked of, as still raging to a great degree in Philadelphia —
which, I expect will be a trying circumstance to many friends in the
country, in getting to our ensuing Yearly Meeting. May the good
hand be near to help us.

18th. Samuel Wallace from Muncy called to see us. He left the city
yesterday, and confirms the accounts of the sickness and mortality to
be quite equal to what we have heard — and that the principal nurses
for the sick, and buriers of the dead, are the blacks, of whom it is
said, very few or none have yet taken the disorder. After breakfast
we set out and rode twenty-three miles to Joseph Potts's, where we
lodged. Here we again heard much of the distressed situation of
Philadelphia. Our friend John Elliott left John Parrish and myself
here, proposing to ride into town this evening to his family.

19th. I have been these two days past, poorly with a cold, and very
hoarse; but through favour, this morning, feel some better. John
Parrish was taken in a carriage by a friend, proposing to go to Darby
where he understands his wife was gone, intending to go by John
Field's, who with many others are out of town. At the same time I
set out with my friend Joseph Potts, and rode nine miles to German-
town. Called at Henry Drinker's, who with his family were here.
From thence went with Henry to John Pemberton's, who was here also
with his family. Having heard that Beverly Randolph was at his
cousin Edmund Randolph's, the attorney general of the United States,
about three miles from this, and being desirous to see him, towards
evening, John Pemberton, Henry Drinker and myself went there in
John's carriage. We were glad to see each other again, and after
spending about an hour and a half together in free conversation,
returned to Germantown, where I lodged at my friend John Johnson's.

YEARLY MEETINGS AT PHILADELPHIA, SEPTEMBER. 665

20th. The weather dry and warm — thought to be rather unfavorable
to the sick in the city, where deaths and burials are frequent through
the day — Here I met with my friend Sarah Lundy, who is on her way
to the Yearly Meeting, and a proposed visit to the Southern States.
Also, again met with my dear friend, William Savery, who came in
last evening, his wife being here, and having taken lodgings at Caspar
Haines's. We were all together at their preparative meeting, where
divers weighty testimonies, were delivered by Sarah Lundy and others;
and solemn supplication by William Savery. Wm. Hartshorne returned
home from New York well.

21st. This being the day for opening our select Yearly Meeting, it
was exceedingly trying to many Friends, on account of the prevailing
and mortal disorder raging in the city, where it is said from a hundred
to a hundred and fifty of a day, have been taken to their graves. I
was much exercised in mind on that account, being yet poorly with my
cold, which I now apprehend to be what is commonly called the influ-
enza;— however on the whole, I thought I felt most easy to go forward,
and rode into Philadelphia, attended the meeting at Fourth street,
which was a solid, favoured time, though very small. There were
some Friends from every quarter, though many of the representatives
were absent. I think from one meeting there was but one answered.
The number on the women's side of the house, in the whole, twenty-
four. I dined at Thomas Wistar's, and towards evening returned to
Oermantown, feeling myself very poorly with great debility. While in
the city, I had occasion to pass by Friend's burial ground, the Potter's
field, and several others. The prospect was awful and alarming, to
behold the many new graves, and others digging, with the hearses
standing, and some coming and going — most of which were attended by
the black people, whom it is said the disorder has not reached. This is
a token of mercy, mixed with judgment, both to them and the whites
they being the principal nurses and carriers of the dead. I am hardly
able to describe my feelings on the present occasion, believing it to be
all in wisdom, and hoping it may have a tendency to bring the lofty
from their seatsr and beget greater humility than has of latter time
appeared in that highly favoured city.

22nd. First of the week. The weather much the same as many
days past. I felt very weak and poorly; did not go out to meeting, but
kept in my quarters, where I was very kindly and tenderly treated,
wanting for nothing the house could afford to make me comfortable.
John Johnson and his wife Rachel, appeared to be tender-hearted,
sympathizing friends, blessed with a plenty of the good things of this
84

666 EXPEDITION TO DETROIT, 1793.

life, and an open disposition to communicate freely to those that are
in need. May the Lord reward them, as good stewards of the manifold
favours received.

23rd. This day our general Yearly Meeting begins, at ten o'clock in
the morning. I much desired to be there; but remaining poorly, con-
cluded to lay by another day for rest. I think I now feel the effects
of hard riding through the wilderness, and lying on the damp ground;
being stiffened, with soreness in my bones. John Elliott, I hear, has
been poorly since his arrival in town. Neither he nor John Parrish
was at meeting on seventh-day. Jacob Lindley, William Savery and
myself were there, and glad to see each other again in that place; and
many friends expressed their gladness at our safe return.

24th. The weather dry and warm, the roads very dusty. This
morning felt better. Leaving my horse here, I rode into town with my
friend John Johnson, in a chair — attended two sittings of our Yearly
Meeting, which was much smaller than ^usual. Our friend Nicholas
Wain, was again chosen /clerk for the present year; and the business
went on in much brotherly love and concord — a good degree of solem-
ity and weight attending. I lodged at Thomas Hough's.

25th. The weather much the same. I continue tolerable well in
health; but weak and some cough. Attended the meeting as yesterday.
Dined at N. Wain's, and lodged at John James's.

26th, and fifth of the week. The meeting assembled again at nine
o'clock and the business concluded before twelve, in solemn quiet, and,
I believe, to the satisfaction of all present. After which I dined with
my friend David Bacon, and returned to Germantown with my kind
friend, John Johnson, who had also attended all the sittings of this
Yearly Meeting. The sickness in town continues as heretofore. Divers
friends in the city are paying constant attention to the sick — providing
necessaries, nurses, coffins and carriers of the dead. At which I felt
glad, and hope they will be rewarded for their labours in so great and
charitable a work.

The following Essay appears to have been the commencement of a
Testimony from Friends of Kingwood monthly meeting, concerning
Joseph Moore,

" Our beloved friend, Joseph Moore, was born at Woodbridge in New
Jersey, in the year 1732, of parents not professing with us; but as he
advanced to manhood, a merciful extension of Divine regard so opened
his understanding in the path of true religion, that he joined in com-

ACCOUNT OF JOSEPH MOORE. fi(>7

munion with Friends. — Soon after his marriage he came to settle within
the limits of our meeting. He had not long resided with us before he
received a gift in the ministry; in the exercise of which he appeared
very much to our edification and comfort. He was well qualified for
the discipline of the church, and diligently laboured therein for the
promotion of peace and good order; nor were his pacific endeavours
altogether confined to the religious society of which he was a member,
but he was also usefully employed in promoting peace and harmony in
his neighbourhood, where very few Friends resided.

He was of an affable disposition, greatly delighting in the company
and conversation of his friends. His upright life and social engaging
manners, together with his exemplary conduct, procured him an exten-
sive acquaintance with people of all denominations, by whom also he
was generally beloved. — His gospel labours in the work of the ministry
were chiefly confined to this and the neighbouring meetings, until the
year 1786, when, he performed a religious visit, in company with his
near and dear friend, Abraham Gibbons, to Friends, and those profes-
sing with us in Nova Scotia. In this journey they travelled in much
harmony, and their gospel labours were to the satisfaction of the visited.
In the following year accompanied by William Wilson, of Philadelphia
he proceeded a second time to Nova Scotia, with a donation from
Friends, to be distributed amongst the poor in that country. This
important trust and service he was enabled diligently to perform, to the
satisfaction of Friends.

This our dear friend was a true sympathizer with the sick and
afflicted, either in body or mind, among the different religious denomi-
nations; and frequent were the calls which he made to this class, when
he not only administered assistance and relief to the maladies of the
body, but also was an instrument of spiritual consolation to the tried
and desponding*' mind."

In addition to the foregoing testimony it may be stated, that Joseph
Moore was educated by his father for a mariner and he made one voyage
to sea in the capacity of supercargo, at the age of sixteen. As he
approached to manhood, it is probable those religious impressions, to
which allusion is made, influenced him to decline a further prosecution
of that design. On the 21st of the 2d month, 1751, when a little over
nineteen years of age, he was married, and not long after, settled on a
farm about three miles from Flemington, and nine from Kingwood
meeting. As his children grew up around him, the difficulties of get-

H68 ACCOUNT OF JOSEPH MOORE.

ting them to meeting at such a distance, must have increased. It is
probable this circumstance, in connection with his desire for the wel-
fare and improvement of his neighbours, induced him, in 1772, to make
application to the monthly meeting, requesting a meeting to be held at
his house. The sympathetic and brotherly feeling of Friends at that
day, induced them to grant his request, and a meeting was accordingly
held there.

Some time previous to this, Joseph had acceptably appeared in the
ministry, but he was not recommended as a minister until the year
1774. Not long after this period, Kingwood monthly meeting had the
following named ministers belonging to it, who frequently travelled
abroad in Truth's service; Joseph Moore, Sarah Lundy, Gabriel Will-
son and Henry Widdifield. It is said when Joseph Moore and Abraham
Gibbons visited Nova Scotia, they travelled on foot; but no reasons
are assigned for this mode of proceeding. In the year 1791, he met
with a close trial in the decease of his wife. .

The preceding account of his journey to attend the Indian treaty, is
the only Journal of his life that we have seen. On his return from
that arduous and deeply exercising travel, he attended the Yearly Meet-
ing held in Philadelphia, during the prevalence of the yellow fever.
He then proceeded on his way toward home, as far as Solebury, in Bucks
county. Here he rested a day or two at his son-in-law, Thomas Carey's
and attended Buckingham meeting. — He was somewhat indisposed at the
time, but proceeded to his own habitation, and thence to the week-day
meeting at Kingwood. His indisposition continued; and though impor-
tuned to stay with his friends at Kingwood, he felt most easy to return
home. The disorder, which was believed to be the yellow fever increased
upon him, and in a few days terminated his course of probation.
He was buried near his own dwelling house.

The following is a copy of a memorandum in the family register,
said to have been written by Henry Cliffton: "Our dear father Joseph
Moore, departed this life, after a short illness, on the 7th of 10th month
1793, and second of the week, in the sixty-second year of his age;
expressing a few days before his departure, that if it was the Lord's
will to remove him at this time he felt an entire resignation thereto."

OLIVER PAXSON'S LETTER. 669

OLIVER PAXSON'S LETTER.

Referred to in Introductory note to Jacob Lindley's Journal in Friend^
Miscellany, Vol. II, p. 50.

[See p. 566 of the present vol. of Mich. Pioneer and Historical Collections.]
TO JOHN SIMPSON, OHIO.

New Hope, 5th of 4th mo. 1811.
Dear Friend, —

I have had a share of thy kind remembrance, with many other friends in
the place of thy nativity, which I have no doubt has been gladly received
by all the friends thou hast written to; and I thought I felt under some
obligations to Answer thee. But alas! what shall I say? When I think of
writing a letter of social friendship, there is a subjest that more or less
for fifty years, hath exercised my mind, and greatly so of latter times: —
that is, the situation of the native Indians, unto whom this great and
populous country once belonged.

Thoti hast often heard and read of the wars in New England and
Virginia, in making conquests over them, and taking their lands. Not so,,
when William Penn came to Pennsylvania; — a man who had learned his
Master's lesson, "to do unto all men as he would they should do unto
him." This made his name honorable among the Indians, and it remains
so to the present time. But, after some time, one of his successors, not
keeping strictly to this rule, overreached them in a purchase, in an
extraordinary (or shall I say extravagant) day's walk; and they revenged
it many years afterward when an opportunity offered, by killing and tak-
ing into captivity many of the white inhabitants. Thou and I can
remember these things. How our very ears were made to tingle !

Well, time passed on, till the revolutionary war began. The poor
Indians hardly knew what part to take, fearing they should lose all their
country in the quarrel between nations of white people; especially if it
should turn in favor of the United States (as it finally did;) and some of
the Seneca chiefs addressed General Washington near the close of the
war, made their submission, and remained peaceably on their reservations
in the state of New York.

What comes next to be considered, is the state of the country thou livest
in. About this time, the white people near the Ohio river went over, and
made settlements on their lands. They complained of their land and game
being taken from them, and found no redress. At length, they took up

670 OLIVER PAXSON'S LETTER.

the hatchet, and skirmishing on both sides of the river ensued. The
president by this time thought it his duty to endeavour to put a stop to it,
and appointed commissioners to treat of peace and purchase their land.
They met; divers Friends attending, viz. John Parrish, Joseph Moore,
Jacob Lindley, and some others. The Indians appeared in a hostile,
angry mood, and told the commissioners they would sell them no land; —
but required them to remove the white people that were already settled
over the river. The treaty broke up without doing anything, and hostili-
ties continued: in consequence of which, the presiden-t ordered an armed
force to defend the frontiers, and bring the Indians to terms; — Sinclair
their general. About this time the meeting for sufferings was sitting, and
a heavy exercise came over the meeting on this account, and a committee
was appointed to wait on the president, to intreathim to stay the sword:—
which they did in a solemn manner, but all in vain. The expedition was
pursued, — Sinclair defeated, and many fell in battle. But it did not stop
here. A greater force was raised, and a general appointed, more skillful
in fighting the Indians, and effectually subdued them; and many of the
rightful owners of the country fell down slain in battle, in defending their
just rights: — terms of peace were offered, which they declare they were
forced to accept, it being a price very inadequate to its value.

I do not mean by this to arraign the government. The United States is
a warlike nation; and conquests made by the sword are commonly
applied to the account of the conquerors. So that in this view of things it
may be considered as an act of generosity in the government, to pay the
Indians twenty thousand dollars for a country worth an hundred times
that sum. But this won't do for thee nor me, who profess to be redeemed
from the spirit of war, so as not even to buy a coat if we know it to
be a prize article. Thou may remember the concern brought on our
Yearly Meeting by a few families of Friends in Virginia, who were
settled on land not fairly bought of the Indians, and a sum of money
was finally raised by Friends in Philadelphia, as a compensation, which
had a good effect among the tribes.

I must close this singular epistle, by just observing, that when thou
wast concerned some years ago to publish the glad tidings of the gos-
pel of peace and salvation to the inhabitants of Ohio, my heart went
with thee. And had that been thy sole concern when thou went last,
I could again have said, Amen. But when I took a view of thy wife
and children going with thee to settle in the country, to buy and sell,
and get gain, I was not able to go thy pace. My heart is, nevertheless,
filled with tender affection and sympathy for thee, thy dear wife, and
her children; and I am pursuaded thou hast not seen the thing in the

OLIVER PAXSON'S LETTER. 671

light I view it, or thou would hardly have taken so much pains to
induce Friends to settle, in such numbers, in a land obtained in the
manner I have mentioned. Naboth must die, because he refused to
sell his inheritance to Ahab; though Ahab offered to give him the
worth of it in money, or give him a better for it; yet he would not sell
it. Mark the sequel. If the province of Pennsylvania must be visited
with the horrors of an Indian war,— many of its inhabitants slain, and
many carried into captivity — for one man's offence in over-reaching the
Indians in the purchase of land from them; — what may we then expect
in the instance before us? The Indians did refuse to sell their inher-
itance, till many of them were slain and they were compelled to it. And
would it be a strange thing, if an opportunity should offer for the
Indians to revenge their wrongs — if the earth that hath opened its
mouth to receive the blood of the rightful owners of the soil, should
again open its mouth to receive the blood of the white inhabitants?
Which judgment may be averted by acts of righteousness, is the sin-
cere desire of my soul. From thy friend,

OLIVER PAXSON.

VOLUME XVII.

GENERAL INDEX.

Address : Page.

By Ex-Mayor Wagner. _ 74

Enos Goodrich 492

L.Ormsby... „'. 528

Hannibal Hart 538

Hon. W. B. Williams. 543

Philip Padgham 546

Adgate, John:

Sketch of • 105

Allegan County:

Memorial report from 25

Laying corner stone of conrt house i 538

First settlement and organization of the

townships of 559

Andrews, James:

Sketch of 157

Ann Arbor:

Short history of the town of... 454

city of 462

Annual meeting, 1890:

Minutesof 1

Armstrong, Mrs. Addiaon:

Sketch of... 84

Atlas, Genesee County:

Early history of 418

Atwood, Mrs. Emily W.:

Sketch of... 192

Augusta, Washtenaw County:

Short history of 460

B.
Bacon, David:

Sketch of 400

Bacon, Edward:

Sketch of 400

Bacon, Nathaniel:

Sketch of... 894, 408

Bagg, Dr. M. Lament:

Sketch of 154

Baird, Mary Ann:

Sketch of 82

Bartworth, Thomas E.:

Tribute to Judge G. Thompson Gridley, by 120
Barnes, Wilsey G. :

Sketch of 59

Barton, John:

Sketch of 171

Bartholomew, Dr. Ira H.:

Sketch of 98

Battle Creek:

Republican rally at, Sept. 13, 1856 ... 279

Battle Creek: Page.

Democrat rally at, Sept. 13, 1856 281

Democratic gathering in, Sept. 23, 1856 281

Baxter, Albert:

Fragments of beginnings in the Grand

river valley, by 325

Bay county:

Memorial report from 29

Beers, Mrs. Loraine:

Sketch of 104

Beeson, Strather M.:

Sketch of 339

Begole, Josiah W.:

Memorial report of Genesee county, by 84

Bennett, Mrs. Abram, Sr.:

Sketch of 45

Bennett, Alonzo:

Sketch of 397

Berrien county:

Bench and bar of 391

Birney, James G.:

Sketch of his career 269

Bishop, Henry:

Memorial report of Kalamazooo county,

by 128

Boland, Patrick:

Sketch of.... 125

Boorn, Mrs. Elizabeth:

Sketch of 80

Borgess, Bishop:

Sketch of 210

Bunco, Judge:

Tribute to 8

Bradford, Vincent L.:

Sketch of 394

Braley, Mrs. Oliv«:

Sketch of 176

Branch county:

Memorial report from 32

Brewer, Chauncey Marble:

Sketch of 50

Bridgewater, Washtenaw county:

Short history of _ 458

Bridgman, George W. :

Sketch of ... 405

Brown, Charles R. :

Sketch of 401

Brown, James:

Sketch of 896

Bruger, Thomas:

Sketch of... 82

676

GENERAL INDEX.

Calhoun county: Page.

Memorial report from 89

Calkins, Jay:

Tribute to Judge G. Thompson Gridley, by 121
Calkins, Wm.S.:

Sketch of 99

Canfield, James H.:

Sketch of 404

Cannon, Geo. H.:

History of Shelby, Macomb county, by 419

Carlisle, Mrs. Polly Croul:

Sketch of 210

Carpenter, Daniel:

Sketch of 83

Carter, George:

Sketch of... - 165

Centre vi lie:

Great democratic mass meeting at, Sept.

26, 1856.... 285

Chadwick, Jonathan:

Sketch of... :. 82

Chadwick, Mrs. Lucia:

Sketch of 82

Chamberlain, Jeremiah:

Sketch of 402

Chamberlain, Mrs. John:

Sketch of 160

Chambers, Mary Cullom:

Sketchof 49

Chicago Historical Society:

Donation by.. 19

Chipman, Joseph N.:

Sketch of 895

Chipman, John S. :

Sketchof 395

Christiancy, Isaac P. :

Letter from to A. D. P. Van Buren 257

Clapp, George S. :

Sketchof 402

Clark. Benj.:

Sketchof 48

Clement, Mrs. Prudence E.:

Sketchof 136

Clinton county:

Early history of 410

Clisbee, Judge Chas. W.:

Sketchof 77

Closser, Mrs. Sally, A. E.:

Sketchof 205

Coffinberry, Salathiel C.:

Sketchof . 189

Coleman, M. L.:

Treasurer's report, by 23

Committee:

Of historians,

report of 24

memorial,

report of 25

Comstock, Dr. Oliver C.:

•Letter from 212

Conant, Hon. Harry A. :

Memoir of Hon. Talcott E. Wing, by 212

Cone, Mrs. Linus:

Sketchof... 150

Conger, Thomas: Page.

Sketchof 898

Constutional Convention of 1850t

Reminiscences of 345

Cooledge, Henry H.:

Sketchof 401,407

Cornell, A.:

Memorial report of Ionia county, by 104

Cornell, Daniel S.:

Sketchof. 33

Cornell, Mrs. Emeline:

Sketchof 105

Corresponding Secretary:

Report of 21

Cowlee, Mrs. Fanny:

Sketchof 101

Crawford, Kev. R. C.:

Reminiscences of pioneer ministers of

Michigan, by 226

Crippen, Mrs. Ruth:

Sketch of 87

Cronin, Henry M. :

Sketchof 70

Grossman, Daniel L. :

Donation by 19

Cumming, William:

Sketchof _ __ 94

D.
Dana, Cyrus:

Sketchof... - - - 395

Davenport, Mrs. Martha:

Sketchof _- 173

Davis, Mrs. Eva Sparrow:

Sketch of... 101

Davis, George W.:

Sketchof... 172

Davis, Mrs. Wm. F.:

Sketchof 102

Den Herder, Jacob:

Old settlers from European countries, by.. 474
Detroit:

Expedition from Philadelphia to, in 1793:
From Jacob Lindsley's journal:

ViaNew York and Albany 569

Upthe Mohawk river 571

By water to Lake Ontario 575

Westward via Lake Ontario 577

Delay in Upper Canada 579

Voyage up Lake Erie 583

Arrival at Detroit 585

Known Indian nations 587

Interviews with Indians 589

Quakers wait at Detroit 593

Indian conferences below Detroit 617

Commissioners wait below Detroit 621

Return to Niagara river 627

Journey homeward on horseback 629

From Joseph Moore's journal:

Overland trip from Philadelphia 633

Quakers tarry in Canada .. 635

On board the Dunmore 687

Arrival at Detroit 638

Conferences below Detroit 655

Delay below Detroit. .. 655

Return to Upper Canada. 659

Homeward journey on horseback 661

GENERAL INDEX.

677

Dewey, Francis A.: Page.

Memorial report of Lenawee county by 182

Dexter, Washtenaw county:

Shorthistory of _ 451

Dildine, Wm. H.:

Sketch of 108

Dix, Boscoe D.:

Sketch of 405

Donations:

Listof -. 19

Doughty, Chas.:

Sketch of 165

Datton, Chauncey S.:

Sketch of — -- 166

Baton county:

Memorial report from 80

Eddy, Mrs. Charles K.:

Sketch of - 175

Edget, Judge:

Tribute to John J. Wheeler, by 170

Edwards, Henry E. :

Tribute to Judge G. Thompson Gridley, by 121
Eggleston, Mrs. Dr. Charles H.:

Sketch of 45

Eldridge, Mrs. Dr. I. N.:

Sketch of 98

Elliott, Mrs. Elvira Laylin:

Sketch of 103

European countries:

Old settlers from . 474

Everett, Ransom :

Sketch of -. .- 102

Expedition:

To Detroit in 1793, from Philadelphia 565

Falkner, Thomas:

Sketch of ... 53

Farrand, Mrs. B. C.:

Early history of St. Clair county, by . . 430

Farrand, Mrs. Helen W. :

Memorial report of St. Clair county, by... 184
Felch, Alpheus:

Remarks by 15

Donation by 19

Fellows, Jo! n A.:

Sketch of 126

Fish, Mrs. Mary E. Gurney:

Sketch of 138

Fitzgerald, Jerome B. :

Sketch of.. 398

Fitzgerald, Thomas:

Sketch of : 392

Folsom, Alexander:

Sketch of 29

Forster, John H.:

Tribute to Talcott E. Wing, by 8

Incidents of pioneer life in the Upper

Peninsula, by 332

Fralick, Henry:

Tribute to Talcott E. Wing, by 8

Freedom, Washtenaw county:

Short history of. -. 457

French, John M. : Page.

Sketch of 99

Frink, Col. Norris J.:

Sketch of .. 71

Resolutions on the death of, by school

board 73

Resolutions on the death of, by Colgate

Post, G. A. B 1 78

Resolutions on the death of, by Common

Council of Marshall 73

Frost, Josiah B.:

Tribute to Ezra D. Lay, by 7

Judge Bunco, by 8

Memorial report of Jackson county, by ... 110
Fyfe, Lawrence C.:

Sketch of 404

Gage Judge:

Tribute to- John J. Wheeler, by.. 169

Garratt, Isaac:

Sketch of 68

Gates, Samuel K.:

Sketch of 1 107

Geddes, John:

Sketch of 202

Genesee county:

Memorial report from 84

History of Atlas 413

Gillett, Mrs. Mary Ann:

Sketch of 81

Gibson, W. K.:

Tribute to Judge G. Thompson Gridley, by 118
Gilbert, Thomas D.:

Remarks by 1

Memorial report of Kent county, by 131

Development of Western Michigan, by 319

Gironard, Desire:

Donation by : 19

Goodrich, Aaron :

Sketch of 496

Goodrich, Eliza:

Sketch of 497

Goodrich, Enos:

Memorial report of Tuscola county, by 189

Early Atlas, a pioneer sketch, by 418

Pioneer sketch of Moses Goodrich and his

trip to Michigan in 1836, by 480

Address by 492

Sketch of. ^ 498

Goodrich, Mrs. Enos:

Sketch of •. 194

Goodrich family :

Reunion of 490

Goodrich, John:

Sketch of 499

Goodrich, Levi:

Sketch of 497

Goodrich, Moses:

Sketch of 49s

Goodrich, Reuben:

Sketch of 501

Goodrich reunion:

At the cemetery... • 505

List of names in attendance, at 507

678

GENERAL INDEX.

Gould, Mrs. Adelia L.: Page.

Sketch of - ---- 82

Gould, James:

Sketch of - 128

Gould, Moses M.:

Sketch of ^ 109

Grand Blanc, Genesee connty:

Origin of its name 449

Grand River Talley:

Fragments of beginnings in 825

Grant, Chas.W.:

Memorial report of Saginaw county, by._. 162
Gray, Josiah:

Sketch of 66

Green, Hon. Sanford M.:

Public services of 357

Green, Theodoras:

Sketch of 81

Greene, Mrs. Champlin:

Sketch of 156

Greene, Geo. H.:

Corresponding [secretary's report, by 21

Greenman, Mrs.^Edward:

Sketch of 65

Greves, James P.:

Sketch of 58

Gridley, Judge George Thompson :

Sketch of... 115

Resolutions 'on the death {of, by Jackson

connty bar 117

Tributes to, by members of the Jackson

county bar 118, 119, 120, 121, 122

Haack, Bernhard:

Sketch of 177

Hale, D. B.:

Memorial report of Eaton country, by 80

Hamilton, Nathaniel A. :

Sketch of 403

Hart, Hannibal:

Address at laying corner stone of Allegan

county court house, by 588

Hascall, Jeremiah H,:

Sketch of... 183

Haynes, Harvey:

Memorial report of Branch county by 82

Henderson, Don C.:

Memorial report of Allegan county by 25

Hendryx, Josiah R.:

Sketch of 47.

Hewitt, Hon. William F.:

Sketch of 56

Hill, Richard:

Sketch of 109

Hill, Hon. Samuel Worth:

Sketch of 51

Hinman, Banjamin:

Sketch of. 48

Hinson, Mrs. Sally:

Sketch of 191

Hodge, Hon Hiram C. :

History of Pulaski, Jackson county,' by 416

Hoknee, James L. :

Sketch of... 124

Holmes, John F.: Page.

Sketch of 92

Holt, H. H.:

Memorial report of Mnskegon county, by.. 140
Hoi Islander, Mrs. John:

Sketch of 90

Hnbbard, William R.:

Sketch of 92

Hubbard, Deacon Daniel:

Sketch of.... 154

Hnrd, Ansel M.:

Sketch of 91

Huston, Robert:

Sketch of 62

I.
Ingraham, Mrs. Dwight:

Sketch of 124

Resolutions on the death of.. 124

Ionia county:

Memorial report from.. 104

Ingham county:

Memorial report from 95

Iowa Historical Society:

Donation by 19

J.
Jackson:

Republican party organized at 253

Jackson connty:

Memorial report from „ 110

History of Pulaeki.. 418

Jenison, Hiram:

Sketch of 161

Jenkins, James:

Sketch of . 123

Jenks, Luther R.:

Sketch of 138

Jerome, George H. :

Sketch of 399

Jewett, Charles:

Sketch of 395

Jones, Rev. Ezra:

Sketch of I 97

K.
Kalamazoo:

Democratic mass meeting, Sept. 5, 1856 275

The press of 369

Kalamazoo connty:

Memorial report from 128

Kedzie, Rev. A. 8. :

Memorial report of Ottawa county, by 161

Kent county:

Memorial report from 181

King, Nathan G.:

Sketch of _._ 402

Kinion, John:

Sketch of... __ 189

Knaggs, James:

Memoir of... 1 217

Knaggs, Mrs. May:

Memoir of James Knaggs, by 217

L.
Lambie, Wm.:

Poem by, on the death of Ezra D. Lay 201

GENERAL INDEX.

679

Laraway, Mrs. Andrew J.: Page.

Sketch of 61

Lawrence, Edwin:

Sketch of - 394

Lay, Ezra D.

Tribute to 6

Memorial report of Washtenaw county by. 195

Sketch of -. 198

Poem on the death of 201

Early history of the towns of Washtenaw

county, by 459

Lee, Rev. Dr. Luther:

Sketch of 86

Lenawee county:

Memorial report from 182

Historical sketch of Medina 508

poem on Medina 520

Address by L. Ormsby at Semi-Centennial

atDeerfield :.. 558

Lent, Mrs. John:

Sketch of 173

Leonidas:

Republican rally at, Aug. 23, 1856 288

Lester, Zaccheus Mead:

Sketch of .- 63

Lewis, George F. :

Sketch of 179

Lima, Washtenaw county:

Short history of 453

Lindley, Jacob:

Journal of expedition to Detroit in 1793 567

Little, Henry:

Sketch of 129

Lockwood, Nathan 8.:

Sketch of 181

Lodge, Joseph G. :

Sketch of 75

Lodi, Washtenaw county:

Short history of 457

Lovejoy, Elijah Parish:

Sketch of his carreer 272

Lowe, N. C.:

Historical poem on Medina 520

Lundy, Benjamin :

Sketch of his career 268

Lyndon, Washtenaw county:

Short history of.. 452

McCall, Mrs. Wm. R.:

Sketchof 60

McCormick, James W. :

Sketchof 27

McEntree, Patrick:

Sketchof.- 174

McGregor, James:

Sketchof 164

Mcllvaine, Ebenezer:

Sketchof 397

Mclntosh, Mrs. John:

Sketchof 176

Mclntyre, Dougald:

Sketchof. __ 167

Macomb county:

History of Shelby 419

Maconce, Francois:

Sketchof 432

Maken, Mrs. John:

Sketchof... - - 90

Manchester, Washtenaw county:

Short history of 458

Marks, Henry:

Sketchof -.-. 171

Marshall, Dr. Orville:

Sketchof — 100

Mather, Hiram F.:

Sketchof - 397

Medina, Lenawee county:

Historical sfcetch of 508

First land entries in 519

Historical poem on -.. 520

Memorial report:

Of Allegan county - 25

Bay county 29

Branch county - 32

Calhonn county 89

Cass county 77

Eaton county 80

Genesee county. - -. 84

Ingham county 95

Ionia county 104

Jackson county 110

Kalamazoo county 128

Kent county 131

Lenawee county.- 182

Montcalm county.. 188

Muskegon county 140

Oakland county -- 143

Ottawa county 161

Saginaw county -- 162

Shiawassee county 188

St. Glair county 184

St. Joseph county 187

Tuscola county 189

Washtenaw county 195

Wayne county ... 203

Michigan:

In her pioneer politics 238

our national politics 247

presidential campaign of 1856 272

Oldwhigparty in 290

The making of 295

New England influence in.. 311

Development of western 819

Miller, Judge Albert:

Tribute to Talcott E. Wing, by 5

Poem on some of the officers and members

of the Society, by 351

Saginaw one hundred years ago, by 446

Miller, Henry B.:

Sketchof 379

Miller, Hezekiah:

Sketchof 182

Miller, Hiram L.:

Sketchof 163

Miller, John:

Sketchof 192

Mills, Mrs. Louis:

Sketchof 81

Minutes:

Of annual meeting, 1890 1

680

GENERAL INDEX.

Mitchell, Curtis: Pa«e-

Sketch of —

Montague. Charles:

Sketch of -

Montcalm county:

Memorial report of

Montgomery, James M.:

Donation by

Moon, Mrs. Louisa:

Sketch of

Moore, G. W.:

Historical Sketch of Medina

Moore, J. Wilkie:

Memorial report of Wayne county, by...
Moore, Joseph:

Journal of Expedition to Detroit in 1793..

Sketch of

Morse, Allan:

Sketch of --

Murdock, Francis:

Sketch of

Murphy, Eliza:

Sketch of -

Murray, Alexander:

Sketch of —

Muskegon county :

Memorial report from

Muzzy, Franklin:

Sketch of... - -

Nagle, John:

Sketch of

Newberry Library Association:

Donation by

New England:

Influence in Michigan

New England Historic Geneological Society:

Donation by -

New York Historical Society: .

Donation by...

North, Mrs. Almira:

Sketch of .-

North, Townsend:

Sketch of -

Northfield, Washtenaw county:

Short history of 451

Oakland county:

Memorial report from

Oakley, Phebe G.:

Sketch of

O'Hara, Thomas:

Sketch of....

Okemos:

Sketch of -

Oliver, Mrs, John:

Sketch of...

Ormsby, L. :

Address by, at Semi-centennial atDeerfield 528
Ottawa county:

Memorial report from. _

Owens, A. H.:

Memorial report of Shiawassee county, by . 183

Paddock, Mrs. David: Page.

Sketch of 152

Padgham, Phillip:

Address at laying corner stone of Allegan

county courthouse, by 546

Paine, Asa:

Sketch of... -

Parker, David:

Sketch of

Parkinson, Prosecuting Attorney:

Tribute to Judge G. Thompson Gridley, by 120
Paxson, Oliver:

Letter from, to John Simpson in 1811.... - . 669
Pearl, Wm. M.:

Sketch of 56

Peck, Edward W.:

Sketch of 157

Peck, Judge:

Tribute to Judge G. Thompson Gridley, by 122
Perry, Joab:

Sketch of

Philadelphia:

Expedition from, to Detroit in 1798 ...
Pittsfield, Washtenaw county:

Short history of

Plimpton, Emory M.:

Sketch of._.-

Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association:

Donation by ---

Poppleton, O.:

Tribute to Talcott E. Wing by...

Memorial report of Oakland county, by...
Political campaign of 1856:

Democratic mass meeting in Kalamazoo.-

Bepublican rally at Battle Creek ...

Democratic rally at Battle Creek

Republican rally at Leonidas...

Democratic mass meeting at Centreville .. 285
Politics in Michigan:

noo

Pioneer

National -

Organization of the Republican party. ..

Campaign of 1856._ -

Old Whig party ...

Campaign songs

Potter, CalvinB.:

Sketch of

Pringle, Eugene:

Tribute to Judge G. Thompson Gridley, by
Pulaski, Jackson county:

History of..

Putnam, Mrs. Mary J.:

Sketch of

Putnam, Worthy:

Sketch of - 403

120

Randies, James:

Sketch of

Ransom, Epaphroditus:

Sketch of...

Recollections:

Of the Saginaw valley fifty-two years ago 440

GENERAL INDEX.

681

Recording secretary: Page.

Report of 19

Remarks:

By Thomas D. Gilbert 1

M. Shoemaker >. 2, 16

E. S. Woodman 10,11

C. B. Stebbins 11

Alpheus Felch 16

Reminiscences:

Of pioneer ministers of Michigan. 226

the constitutional convention of 1850 _. 345
Report:

Of Recording secretary 19

Corresponding secretary 21

Treasurer 23

Committee of historians... 24

Memorial committee 25

Resolutions:

On the death of Col. Morris J. Frink 73

Judge G. Thompson Grid-
ley 117

Mrs. Dwight Ingraharn ... 124
Rennion :

Of the Goodrich family.. 490

Rhode Island Historical Society:

Donation by 20

Riford, Almon B:

Sketch of , 403

Riley or Ryley, John:

Sketch of 434

Rodd, Old Mother:

Sketch of 487

Rogers, Elsey:

Sketch of.... 81

Root, Putnam:

Sketch of 67

Root, Mrs. Putnam:

Sketch of 70

Rnddiman, George:

Sketch of 141

Rush, William:

Sketch of 67

S.
Sage, Michael:

Sketch of 211

Saginaw:

One hundred yearslago. 446

Saginaw county:

Memorial report from 162

St. Clair county :

Memorial report from... 184

Early history of 430

St. Joseph county:

Memorial report from 187

Salem, Washtenaw county:

Short history of 450

Saline, Washtenaw county:

Short history of 459

Scammon, Mrs. Minerva:

Sketch of 104

Schools:

My old rolls and schoolmates of half a

century ago... _ 462

Lists of pupils:

Gognac prairie, 1888 463

Battle Creek select school , 1839-40 463

Schools :

Lists of pupils: Page.

Lather Olds' district, Battle Creek,

1840.... 463

South Battle Creek, 1842-43 464

Branch University at Kalamazoo, 1843

to 1846 464

Antwerp, Van Buren county, 1845 465

Battle Creek township, 1846 _ _ 466

Athens township, Calhoun Co., 1847.. . 466
Sprague neighborhood, East LeRoy,

1848 467

Battle Creek high school, 1849-50 467

union school, 1850-51 468

select school, 1852 471

Dowagiac union school , 1856 471

Willow Dale Academy, Yazoo, Miss.,

1858-59 472

South Battle Creek, 1860 473

Climax high school, 1868-4 478

Galesburg, 1881-2 473

Schwan, Conrad:

Sketch of .-- 178

Scio, Washtenaw county :

Short history of.._ 453

Scott, David:

Early htstory of Clinton county, by 410

Simons, David Curtis:

Sketch of 67

Shakespeare, Andrew J. :

Sketch of 375

Sharon, Washtenaw county:

Short history of. 458

Shelby, Macomb county:

•History of 419

Sheldon, George:

Donation by 20

Shiawassee county:

Memorial report from 183

Shoemaker, M.:

Remarks by . 2,16

Tribute to Talcott E. Wing, by 4

Shoemaker, J. P.:

Memorial report of Montcalm county by. . 138
Smith, Andrew J.:

Sketch of... 408

Smith, H. H.:

Memorial of James Gould, by 126

Jmith, Joseph:

Sketch of - 48

Spalding, Mrs. Harmon L. :

Sketch of 69

Sullivan, James:

Sketch of... 396

Superior, Washtenaw county:

Short history of 45 1

Sutton, George:

Sketch of. , - 201

Starks, William Y.:

Sketch of - 188

Starr, Calvin H.:

Memorial report of St. Joseph county, by. 187

Stebbins, C. B.:

Remarks by _ 11

Memorial report of Ingham county by 95

682

GENERAL INDEX.

Stevenson, John: Page.

Sketch of - 107

Stewart, Mrs. Panl H.:

Sketch of - 91

Stimson, Mrs. Cynthia M. :

Sketch of.. 96

Stockwell, Parley:

Sketch of 86

Stone James H.:

Letter from, to George Torrey 385

Storrs, Hon. Wales F.:

Sketch of 161

Stringham, Mrs. Deborah:

Sketch of.._ 68

Swartwout, James N.:

Sketch of -.. 171

Sylvan, Washtenaw county:

Short histroy of 452

Taylor, Mrs. Prudence:

Sketch of „ 93

Tenney, Harriet A.:

Recording secretary's report, by 19

Thompson, Capt. Isaac:

Sketch of 162

Toll, Isaac D.:

Donation by _. 20

Torrey, George:

The press of Kalamazoo 369

Torrey, George, Sr.:

Sketch of 389

Tracy, Prof. Calvin:

Sketch of 96

Treasurer:

Report of 23

Tribute:

To Talcott E. Wing 3, 4, 5, 6, 8

Ezra D. Lay . 6, 7

Judge Bunco 8

Judge G. Thompson Gridley 118, 120, 121

John J. Wheeler... 169,170

Tripp, George:

Sketch of 32

Tuscola county:

Memorial report from — 189

TJ.
Upper Peninsula of Michigan:

Incidents in pioneer life in 332

Snowshoeing... 835

Squatters 386

Cold squatters.,. 337

Perilous adventure 837

navigation 338

Grand Portage 889

Exploring in the snow 340

Some tall tramping 841

Mine speculation 343

V.
VanBuren, A. D. P.:

Tribute to Talcott E. Wing, by 6

EzraD. Lay, by 6

Michigan politics 288

My old school rolls and school mates of

half a century ago, by 462

Van Geisen, John: Page.

Sketch of i 108

Van Riper, Jacob J.:

Sketch of 403

Van Valkenbnrg, Mrs. Lemon:

Sketch of 64

Wagner, ex-mayor:

Address by 74

Walker, D. C.:

Tribute to Talcott E. Wing, by 4

Remarks by . 13

Warner, William H.:

Sketch of T 174

Washtenaw county:

Memorial report from _ 195

Early history of the towns of 450

Waugh, Nelson:

Sketch of 188

Wayne county:

Memorial report from 203

Weadock, Thomas A. E.:

Public services of Hon. Sanford M. Greene,

by 357

Weaver, J. A.:

Sketch of 176

Webster, Washtenaw county:

Short history of 451

Wentz, E. L.:

Recollections of the Saginaw valley fifty-
two years ago, by 440

Westover, Mrs. Amanda:

Sketch of I 32

Wheeler, John J. :

Sketch of __ 167

Wheeler, William W.:

Sketch of 401

Whipple. Charles W.:

Sketch of 406

White, Asa:

Sketch of 193

Whitney, Joseph B. :

Sketch of... ._ 56

Wickham, William W.:

Sketch of 69

Wilcox, Erastus:

Sketch of 140

Willard, Hon. George:

Making of Michigan, by 295

Williams, Josiah:

Sketch of 81

Williams, Margaret:

Sketch of 80

Williams, Hon. W. B.:

Address at laying corner stone of Allegan

county court house, by 543

Williams, Rev. Wolcott B. :

New England influence in Michigan, by... 311
Wilmarth, Lewis:

Sketch of 46

Wilson, Daniel N.:

Sketch of 35

Wilson, Mrs. Mary W.:

Sketch of... 91

GENERAL INDEX.

683

Wilson, Thomas A.: Page.

Tribute to Judge G. Thompson, Gridley, by 119
Windiate, Mrs. Richard:

Sketch of - 153

Wing, Hon. Talcott E.:

Tributes to 3,4,5,6,8

Memoir of -- 212

Winslow, Damon A.:

Bench and bar of Berrien county, by 891

Sketch of — 399

Winner, EzraG.:

Sketch of 85

Withee, Benjamin F.:

Sketch of -- 55

Wixson, Levi L.:

Sketch of .... - 191

Wolverton, Asa:

, Sketchof.. 85

Wood, Nelson:

Sketchof... 81

Woodman, E. S.: Page.

Tribute to Talcott Wing, by 3

Remarks by 10, 11

Reminiscence of the constitutional con-
vention of 1850, by 345

Woolsey, Mrs. Geo. 8.:

sketch of... - 65

Wright, Ebenezer J.:

Sketch of-- - 29

York, Washtenaw county:

Short history of 459

Young, Frank:

Sketchof -- 140

Young, George:

Sketchof 31

Ypsilanti:

Short history of the town of 455

city of 460

INDEX OF NAMES.

Abbey, Anna - 465

Abbey, Elisha.... 466

Abbey, Emily.. 468

Abbey, Lnrinda 465

Abbey, S.M.... 65

Abbey, Mrs. S. M 65

Abbott, 'James 210, 624,656

Abbott, Mrs. James M 186

Abbott, Miss 371

Abbott, Orlando 40

Abbott, Pres 315

Abbott, Thomas .' 186

Abbott, Threse 210

Abbotts, 607

Abram 600, 612, 644

Abeel, Mary 91

Ackley, Newton J 417

Adair, Geo. E. 429

Adams, Anson A 427

Adams, Mrs. Asa 143

Adama, Charles Francis 252

Adams, C. H 564

Adams, C. K 315

Adams, Francis 468

Adams, Geo 54, 123

Adams, Jane 463

Adams, Jennie 473

Adams, John Q... 230,296,559

Adams, John Quincy 269, 296

Adams, J. K 373

Adams, Mrs. L. B 389

Adams, Mattie 473

Adams, Miranda . 473

Adams, Oliver 429

Adams, Phineas 463

Adams, Wales 303, 309

Addison, Joseph 6

Adgate, Chester 105

Adgate, John ...104,105,106

Adgate, Milo 105

Adgate, Philo... 105

Adgate, Wm. D._ 105

Adrian, Mrs. Charles 91

Ager, Charles 78

Alban, George 201

Albert, John M 401

Albertson, Mrs. D. H 40

Albright, Henry.. 460

Aldrich, Erastus 511

Aldrich, Isaac 550

Aldrich, Mrs. JamesA 109

Aldrich, Jefferson 143

Aldrich, Mrs. S. A 109

Aldrich, William 135

Alexander, Maria 451

Alden, L. P 318

Alderton, George A 173

Alferink, Berend Jan 27

Allard, Lncia 82

Allen 560

Allen Mr _ 513

Allen, Mrs. Alfred _ 143

Allen, Artemus 517

Allen, Daniels and Grant 518

Allen, Ebenezer 312

Allen, Ethan 44

Allen, Floretta 472

Allen, HiramH 132

Allen, Mrs. H. M 58

Allen, John 410, 454, 462, 562

Allen, Joshua 418

Allen, Lewis _ 458

Allen, Perry '. 135

Allen, Reuben 28

Allen, Sarah 128

Allen, Wm. F 185

Allerton, Mary E 474

Allhouse, Maryam 133

Allison, John 457

Almy 328

Alpin, Mrs. James - 186

Alterbraand, Frank 208

Alvord, John C „ 269

Amadon, George 471

Amadon, John '471

Amadon, Mary 472

Ames, Charles.. 511

Ames, Henry _ 511

Amherst, Gen 575

Ammerman, Daniel j- 561

Anderson, Alfred C 197

Anderson, Charles 457

Anderson, E. J 554

Anderson, John 547,549,553,558

Anderson, John E. 111

Anderson, Willis A 387

Andigier, Magdlen ..- 27

Andre, John : 43

Andre, Peter C.... 449

688

INDEX OF NAMES.

Page.

Andrews, Andrew

Andrews, Charles.. 467,471

Andrews, Eugene -- 471

Andrews, Mrs.George -- 93

Andrews, Harriet -.

Andrews, James ..143,157,206

Andrews, John 157

Andrews, Maj 591

Andrews, Mary 467

Andrews, Mary H. 472

Androns, A. Marie 468

Androus, Harry 467,469

Androns, Samuel 469

Andrus, C. A 23

Andrus, Elizabeth 463

Andrns, George 468

Andrus, Ira 425

Andrus, James. __ 463

Andrus, Marcia 468

Andrus, Mary... 468

Andrus, Russel - ....427, 428

Andrns, Samuel.. .. 467

Andrus, William 463

Andrus, W. W - 425, 429

Angell, President '.... 815

Angevine, Maria H... 184

Annis, George... 464

Annis, Juliette 464

Anscomb, Mary 143

Antrim, Major 485

Apaumnt, Hendricks 624

Appleton, D. & Co 497

Archer, Mrs. George 91

Armstrong, Mrs. Addison 84

Armstrong, Arthur B — 85

Armstrong, Cynthia : 470

Armstrong, Nancy J. 41

Armstrong, Wm 229

Arnold.. 828

Arnold, Amelia M 464

Arnold, B. W 30

Arnold, Dan 876

Arnold, Dan J. 552

Arnold, D. J 554

Arnold, Frederick ...593, 640, 641

Arnold, Judge 876

Arnold, Levi 376

Arnold, Oliver P. ix

Arnold, Mrs. Thos 143

Arnold, William 427, 428

Arthur, President 403

Artz, Christina 112

Ash, Mrs.... 154

Ash, Sylvester 605,648

Ashley, Henry 469

Askin, John 421, 596, 598

Aten, Garret 184

Atkins, Ralph C 194

Atkins, Wealthy.. 194

Atkinson, Mr 9

AtLee, Samuel York 872, 373, 389

AtLee, Tom.. 379

Atwater, Aldrich 550

At wood, Emily W. . . . ... 189, 192, 198

Page.

Atwood, Henry P 192, 193

Atwood, Lydia 193

Atwood Nettie 193

Atwood, Sarah 473

Atwood, Theron W 193

Audrain, Peter 421

Austin, Aaron... 471

Austin, Adeline. 468

Austin, Calvin — 463

Austin, Mrs. Christopher 187

Austin, C.M 167

Austin, Fannie A 464

Austin, George • 463

Averill, H. N .." 554

Avery, Albert 469

Avery, Newell 818

Axford, Samuel... 426, 428, 429

Ayers, David 133

Ayers, Harriet O 118

Babbitt, J. E 554

Babbitt, L. H 554

Babcock, I. J 465

Babcock, Luther... 469

Babley, Freeman 114

Baby, Mrs. Alexus 207

Bacon, Amos... 472

Bacon, David.... 315,316,400,666

Bacon, Edward... 400,401

Bacon, Henry 143

Bacon, Judge 408

Bacon, Leonard.. 815

Bacon, Nathaniel ..394, 400, 406, 407

Backus , _. 848

Badgley, Samuel L 43

Baer, Mrs. Charles 187

291

Bagg, John S... 317

, Joseph 318

, M. L 143

', M. Lamont 154

Bagg & Harmon 359

Bagley, Jndge _.. 158

Bagley, J. J.... 314

Bagley, John J 504

Bagnell 562

Bailey, C. E. & Son... 389

Bailey, Gamaliel 268,270

Bailey, J. B 25

Bailey, Jacob B 389,561

Bailey, Julia 61

Bailey, MissL 10

Bailey, Leonard 561

Bailey, L. C... 554

Baird, James 82

Baird, Mary Ann 80, 82

Baker, Adel 472

Baker, Alverton 471

Baker, Charles 135

Baker, DiantheP... 472

Baker, Elisha.... 134

Baker, Esek 561

Baker, George. .. 590

INDEX OF NAMES.

689

Page.

Baker, Henry B 818

Baker, Jacob ..509, 511, 513

Baker, Mrs. J. C 148

Baker, L. A 18

Baker, Mary 472

Baker, S. A . 253

Baker, Uri._ 559

Baker, Wallace.... „ 471

Baker, William 590, 646

Balch, N. A . 274

Balcom, Mrs. Eli... 39

Balcomb, B. B 117

Baldwin, A. C 867

Baldwin, Charles 388, 514

Baldwin, Elias - 514

Baldwin, H. P 314, 316

Baldwin, Mrs — 134

Ball, E. R 379

Ball, John 318

Ballard, Addison 816

Ballard, James. 316

Ballentine, George .- 39

Baltimore, Lord 301

Banack, J. Porlier 421

Banbee. Fransey. •_ 617,619

Banbury, Capt 617,619,626

Bangs, Mrs. Alanson ,. 184

Bangs, John 87

Baraga, Bishop __ 336

Baraga, Fredric 326

Barber, E. W 391

Barber, Gardner 143

Barber, George 469

Barber, Joel ' _ 426

Barber, John C 43

Barber, John M, 398

Barker, Lyman C 465

Barber, Martin L..' 547,558

Barber, Milton . 469

Barber, Thomas 133

Barber, Wm. H. 469

Barksdale, Harrison 473

Barksdale, James... 473

Barksdale, Jennie 473

Barksdale, Jimmy 473

Barksdale, Lycurgus.. 472

Barksdale, William 473

Barkworth, Thomas E... _. 120

Barnard, Emma. 472

Barnes, Carlos 558

Barnes, Charles E 59

Barnes, E 519

Barneb, Eleazer __ 260

Barnes, Freelove 134

Barnes, George 60, 560

Barnes Geo. 8 59

Barnes, Geo. W _ 560, 562

Barnes, Hattie E. 59

Barnes.Isaac 560

Barnes, Jacob 817

Barnes, Lucius 560

Barnes, Lucius A 557, 560, 562

Barnes, Mary E 105

Barnes, O. M 318

Barnes, P. H _ 59

Page.

Barnes, Wilsey G 40, 59

Barnnm, Charles ..t 467

Barnum, George 516

Barnum, Jane 467

Barr, Robert M 329,330

Barr, William. 112

Barrenger, Harriet E 43

Barrett, Clarissa D 175

Barrett, Cornelius S._ ix.

Barrows, Laura 465

Barrows, William.. 465

Barry, E. D 554

Barry, Gov 286

Barry, John S 11, 248, 261, 346, 848, 359

Barstow, Samnel 264

Barter, Annie... 172

Barter, Belinda 172

Barter, James 172

Barter, John.. 163,171,172

Barter, Leah 172

Bartholomew, Ira H 98

Bartlett, A. F. & Co 175

Bartlett, A. R... 108

Bartlett, Catherine 108

Bartlett, Edgar E 387

Bartley, Mrs. Hamilton.. _.. 164

Barton, Joseph 469

Bartow, — — 348

Bashford, Louise — 40

it, Catherine 472

Bassett, 569

Bassett, E. B - -..551, 554

Bassett, Hiram.... 550

Bates, George C.... .290, 348, 349

Batchelor, Joel.. 560

Bates, Morgan... .- 290

Baughman, Elder ...'. 454

Baughman, John A ....228, 229

Bawbeese -- -. 510

Baxter, Albert „ .... vi., 325

Baxter, Henry 318

Baxter, Jacob - 817

Baxter, Levi 318

Baxter, Witter J .16, 816

Bayfield 332

Bayley, Mrs. James 148

Beach, Allen 563

Beach, Cholett 468

Beach, Cordelia 464

Beach, DavidS 43

Beach, John H 318

Beach, Martha 468

Beach, Mary 464, 468

Beach, Morgan G 465

Beach, Nancy.. 184

Beach, William A Ill

Beadle, Betsey - 464

Beadle, Daniel 464

Beadle, E 468

Beadle, Harriet 464

Beadle, Joseph 464

Beadle, M 468

Beadle, Susanna __, 464

Beadle, William 464

Beal, Elizabeth ... 186

690

INDEX OF NAMES.

Page.

Beal, Joseph - -- 511

Beal, William 511

Beale, Henry C 317

Beals, Charlotte.. 464

Beaman, F. C 267, 284, 316

Beard, Geo 207

Beard, Hannah 186

Beardslee, Morris .. 143

Beardsley, Mary 161

Beckley, Henry . 469

Beckwith, Charles 465

Beckwith, Cyrus 452

Beckwith, Henry 465

Beckwith, Mary. 472

Beckwith, Mattie 453

Beckwith, Mrs. Sidney 188

Becraft, Cyntha 472

Becraft, Julius ... 471

Becraft, Wm. F 472

Beech, Darwin 464

Beecher, Luther , 318

Beecher, B. K 284

Beech-tree 575

Beedle, filsey 81

Beers, Loraine 104

Beers, M. B.... 104

Beeson, Lewis H... ix, 19

Beeson, Strather M 399

Begole, Josiah W v, vii, 84

Behlow, Mary 208

Belamy, Rev. Dr 87

Belcher, Augustus 469

Belcher, Ebenezer 469

Belcher, Edmund 469

Belcher, Elisha 554

Belcher, Emma 470

Belden, Erastus 460

Belding, Aretus 459

Beldman, Henry 562

Belford, James M 184

Belknap, J. K 185

Bell, Alexander G. 417

Bell, Digby V 209

Bell, Eliza 173

Bell, Mrs. John 197

Bellows, Agnes... 478

Bellows, Prof 315

Benedict, Daniel 135

Benedict, Lydia... 464

Bender, Anthony 26

Bennett, Abram.. 45

Bennett, Abram, Jr — ._ 45

Bennett, Mrs. Abram, Sr 45

Bennett, Alonzo 116,318,397,398

Bennett, Arunah 457

Bennett, Carrie.. 45

Bennett, C. T 554

Bennett, Ellen — . 45

Bennett, Gersham.. 511, 512, 513, 519

Bennett, Mrs.G. W 176

Bennett, Johnston _. ix

Bennett. J. W 416

Bennett, Maria 45

Bennett, Prince, Sr 460

Bennett, William 135

Page.

Benson, Alice... 225

Benson, Mary 86, 90

Benson, William 138

Bentley, Lucinda 196

Benton, Mrs 69

Benton, Eli 195

Berg, Mrs. Henry.. 464

Berger, Charlotte 463, 466

Berger, Edward 463, 466

Berger, Sarah 463, 466

Berry,— — - ---- 630

Berry, Mr 227

Berry, Elizabeth 112

Berry, Gilbert 634

Berry, John Gilbert. 662

Berry, Nancy Ann 112

Berry, Thomas M... 179

Bertram, Kate.. 76

Bessley, John .. 197

Betts, Anthony. 186

Beverly, David... 456

Beze^nah, Mrs. S. W..-_ 187

Bickel, Christian.... 136

Biddle, John 485

Bidwell 425

Bidwell, Charles 184

Bidwell, George L 133

Biglow, Chas. H.... 471

Biglow, Hermon 471

Biglow, Hervey.. 471

Bigsby, Caroline 534

Bigsby, Samuel 561

Billings, Alvan 230

Billings, Charles T 561

Billings, John H 561

Billings, Katharine.. 114

Billings, Richard Ill

Billings, Walter 561

Bills, Mrs. George 49

Bills, Mrs. Perly 185

Bingham, Abel 326

Bingham, JohnK. ... 458

Bingham, K. S 263

Bingham, Kinsley S 253, 267

Bingham, S. D... 1, 284,357

Bingham, Stephen D... viii

Birch, . 582

Bird, Samuel ..! 143

Birney, James G 247, 248, 249, 252, 257, 268, 269, 270

Bisbee, Mrs 69

Bishop, Hannah 148

Bishop, Henry ...v, viii, 20, 128

Bishop, Levi --- 316

Bishop, Mary Ann 210

Bissell, H. N..-. -- 816

Bissell, Sophia 47

Bixby, George.. 464

Black, George... 195

Black, Kerchief 437

Blackman, Daniel 407

Blackman, Judge 401

Blanchard, Mary J. _ 114

Blank, Francis - 187

Blair, Alexander 83

Blair, Austin 118, 267, 274, 284, 314, 319

INDEX OF NAMES.

691

Page.

Blair, Gov - 116, 117

Blair, Thomas 112

Blakely, William I 132

Blind Chief - 602, 645

Bliss. Rev. Father.. - 539

Bliss, Harvey - 583

Bliss, LoraT Ill

Bliss, Nancy 533

Bliss, W. C. H._ 560

Bliss, Z. E... - 318

Blom, Cornelius.. - 28

Blowers, James 133

Blue Jacket, Capt 606,607,649

Bock, Adeline 472

Bock, Rozilla 472

Bogart, Jacob 422

Bogey, Saxey .- 158

Bogue, William 318

Boise, tlames R. -- 317

Boies, John K..._ .1.,.. 318

Boland, Christopher 125

Boland, Patrick 125

Boland, W. J 125

Bolks, Rev 562

Hollas, Sarah - 135

Bolles, Sylvia 39

Bolles, Mrs. S. A.. •. 197

Bolton, Mrs. Thomas 459

Bonham, Asher — ix, 19

Bonner, Esther 459

Bonner, Steven.. 459

Bonner, Thomas . 196

Bonney, Phebe „ — . 133

Booker, Caroline 464

Booker, Fred A 465

Booker, Geo. H 465

Boone, Daniel ...301,491

Boom, Elizabeth... J 80

Boom, Harvey L. „. 80

Booth, Elder.... 234

Booth, Harvey 8 - 128

Booth, Henry H 551

Booth, Sarah E 43

Borradaile, Charles H..._ . 46

Borradaile, Charles R 46

Borradaile, Jnliet 46

Borgees, Bishop 210

Bosley, Major 73

Boss&Burrill 416

Bostwicki V. M 127

Botsford, Elnathan 454

Boaghton, 562

Bonghton, Rev. Mr 460

Boughton, Mrs.. 286

Boughton, Maria • 42

Bovay, Alvan E 266

Bovay, A. S 265

Bow, William 656

Bowen, Henry.. 134

Bower, Frederick 185

Bower, Michael 632

Bowerman, Mrs. Daniel 206

Bowerman, Esther 84

Bowers, David. 187

Bowling, Benjamin 471

Page.

Bowling, Enoch 471

Bowling, Hiram D 471

Bowling, Samuel 471

Bowman, Chas. F 472

Bowman, Mrs. Justin 60

Boyd, David L — 28

Boyd, Erasmus J 216

Boyd, HerveyC 196

Boyd, Nancy 136

Boyce, Phebe 135

Bracelin, Daniel. 550, 560

Bracelin, Frank 554

Bracelin, James a. 550

Brackett, R. E 9

Braddock, Gen 87

Bradford, Emily 112

Bradford, James S - 143

Bradford, Vincent L ___ 394

Bradish, C. W - 519

Bradley, Edward 244, 273, 468

Bradley, Edward S - 469

Bradley, F. B 316

Bradley, N. B 180

Bradley, R. I. — - 135

Brady, 250

Brady, Hugh 305, 806

Brail, Robert C.. 417

Brainard, Daniel Ill

Brakeman,Anna..- 482,438

Brakeman, Hannah 432

Brakeman, Peter F... 482

Brakeman, Mrs. Peter F ..481,432

Brakeman, Mr 484

Brakeman, Mrs ...434, 439

Bralon, Caroline 113

Braley, Fred. J 176

Braley, Olive ....168, 176

Braley, Phinoas D... _ 176

Braley, Phineas J 176

Brant, Capt . 588, 615

Brewer, Abram.. .-. 455

Brewer, Charles D.... _.. 50

Brewer, Chauncey M 39

Brewer, Chauncey Marble 50

Brewer, Edgar G .- 50

Brewer, Emma 50

Brewer, Emma (Marble) _ 50

Brewer, George 50

Brewer, Lyman 318

Brewer, Mark B . 50

Brewer, Mary Eliza 50

Brewer, Peter .-. 50

Breckinridge, John C 274, 275. 276

Breese, J. W 389

Breese, JohnW 378

Breeze, Lewis 134

Breg, George E 26

Brehm, 449

Brenan, Joseph 293

Brenckmann, Jacob 204

Bridgman, George W 404

Briggs, Daniel B 314

Briggs, H. C 1 554

Briggs, Noah 561

Briggs, Rosetta 105

692

INDEX OF NAMES.

Brigham, Aaron - --- 414

Brigham, Aaron C 491

Brigham, Aaron G 507

Brigham, Carrie A. Van Tine. -. .. 508

Brigham, Eliza 491

Brigham, John 414,491,492,497

Brigham, John, Jr 507

Brigham, John, Sr. 507

Brigham, Samuel 491, 492, 507

Bright, Jesse D 274, 275, 277

Brimmer, Louisa.. 473

Brinkerhoff, David 467,469

Brinkerhoff, Parsel 467

Brinkman, Henry 562

Bristol, Mrs. Dr 66

Britain, Calvin 846,348

Britton, Fred 387, 391

Broadhead, Capt 654

Broadhead, 597

Broadhead, Thornton F 501

Brock, Gen.. 481, 532

Brockway, W. H 9,53,280,317

Brogan, Barney 41

Brokaw, Mrs. William 187

Bromley, Koswell 143

Bronson, Joel 560

Bronson, Titus... 296

Brooks, David 460

Brooks, E. H 208

Brooks, Henry S 469

Brooks, John A 142

Brooks, Kendall 815

Brooks, Mary 470

Brotherton, Francis 143

Brouwers, Gerrit 562

Bronwers, Henry 563

Brower, George W 519

Brown, Dr 373

Brown, Amanda 60

Brown, Arthur.. 387

Brown, Arzy 280

Brown, Billy _ 433

Brown, Charles.. ...111,468

Brown, Charles E ...401, 552

Brown, Edward 468

Brown, Electa .. 112

Brown, E.G 59

Brown, E. Lakin 389

Brown, Frank 465

Brown, GeorgeD 111

Brown, Henry 473

Brown, Henry B 316

Brown, James 896

Brown, James D 481, 482

Brown, Jean . 107

Brown, Joe 465

Brown, John ...89, 143

Brown, L 470

Brown, L. P.... 563

Brown, Mary 467

Brown, Maud 2

Brown, Nancy 206,481,432

Brown, Nathaniel 410

Brown, Osawatomie 391

Brown, Wm 431, 432

Page.

Brown, William (Albion) 43:

Brown, William (Pennfield) 43

Brown & Britton 161

Brown, Lockwood & Brown 181

Browne, Byron M. 374

Browne, Rachel 464

Browne, Refella 464

Brownell. Ben _ 466

BrowneU, Charles H 472

Brownell, C. R..._ 554

Brownell, Corydon 472

Brownell, Deborah 466-

Brownell, Frank _ 466

Brownell, Horace 466

Brownell, Parker 466

Erownell, Seymour 429

Brownell, William : 429

Brnndage, Eliza V 470,471

Brundage, Nathan... 9. 451

Brundage, Samuel Ill

Brnnger, Thomas, 8r 80, 82

Branson, Mary Ann 82

Bryan, Mr 461

Bryan, Alpha Washtenaw 461

Bryan, John.. 462

Bryant, Mary 470

Bryant, Roswell W 112

Bryant, Susan 471

Bryant, Wm. Cullen 249

Buchanan, James ...267, 280, 287

Buchfink, Mrs. M 110

Buchongeholas 592

Buck, D. W ^ 103

Buck, George M 387

Buckhout, B. B 168

Buckhout, Mrs. B. B 159

Buckhout, Joseph 128

Buckland, Mrs. D. C 152

Buckley, Chet 280

Bucknell, Mrs. Wm. 143

Budrow, Mr... 388

BueJl, Cyrus R 187

Buffum, Arnold ___ 270

Buffingham & Co 383

Bugbee, Sarah.. 164

Buhl, Frank 209

Bulkley, Delia E 464

Bull, John 471

Bullard, Mrs. E. A 17S

Bnllard, Minerva 458

Bullis, George 469

Bullock, Wheaton 450

Bumpus, Prof 315

Bunce, Judge 8

Bunco, Zephaniah W 185

Bundy, Deborah 87

Bunker, John 102

Bunker, Phoebe 102

Bunbury, Capt 659,662

Burch, Esquire 638

Burdick, Edwin 465

Bardick, Gen. 378, 879, 389

Burdick, George 468,471

Burdick, Laura 464

Burdick, William... •. 467>

INDEX OF NAMES.

693

Page.

Burell, Miner S — - 42

Burgess, Ezra ---

Burgess, Nathaniel 425

Burgitt, Abraham 452

Burke, - - -- 277

Burke, Elizabeth..... -.". 135

Bnrker, - - 250

Bnrleigh, C. C - --- 255

Burlingham, Delphina 468,470

Burlingham, Sarah M 468, 470

Burnett, Averil — - 196

Burnett, Benjamin F 458

Burnett, Florentine H 189, 194

Bnrnham, Gfeorge 469

Burnham, Calvin 533

Bnrnham, Ezra M 184

Burns, James. 514

Burpee, Mary A

Burpee, S. J..— 318

Burr, Daniel H 87

Burr, E. D 373

Burrell, Adam.. 629

Burrell, Jane.. --- 470

Burrell, Mary... 468,470

Burrell, Sarah Jane 468

Bnrrett, Jerome 465

Burroughs, J. B. ...^ 417

Burroughs, Jesse B... 418

Burroughs, John 243

Burrows, Montague 20

Burrows & Rust — 181

Burt, Phebe T._ 204

Bnrt, W. A - 318

Burt & Bros 59

Burton, Barney 831

Burton, Elizabeth 184

Burton, Lewis S 381

Burwell, Adam 661

Bush, C. B 116

Bush, Charles P 102, 346, 348, 850

Bush, Christopher 519

Bush, George 92

Bush, Harvey 465

Bush, John T _ 500

Bush, Lnsabra.. 194

Bushe, Cynthia : .. 26

BushneW D. P 845

Butler, Col —603, 605, 685, 645, 648

Butler, Benjamin F 249

Butler, Edward 50

Butler, Emily L 50

Butler, Jane... 184

Butler, Marvin 466

Butler, Mary 466

Butler, Prof. 315

Butler, Thomas 184

Butler, W. G 55'

Butler, William Guy 559

Bntterfield, IraH 429

Bntterfield, Pres 315

Button 561

Button, Geo. W 148

Buttolph, Elder 234

Bnyse, Father 126

Byington , Delia ...

Page.

adillac 301

ladillac, Antoine DeLamotte 532

Cadle, Richard 226, 227

Caesar, Julius

iain, Almon

bairns, James 183

Caldwell, Capt.; 619

Jaldwell, Eliza... 470

Caldwell, Josiah - 469

Jalhoun, John --- 294

Jalkins, Edward . 534

Calkins, Ephriam - 428

Jalkins, Jay 121

Calkins, Wm. H — 99, 144

Calkins, Wm.S 22,99

Dall, Daniel -- 469

Callahan&Co 365

iallen, M. M 10

Cambrelling, 250

lamburn, Joseph 135

Campau, 557

Campan, Lewis 320, 326,431

Campan, Toussaint ,. 331

Campans, ^ - — - 328

Campbell, Dr... - 279

Campbell, Mr. 447

Campbell, Alonzo. -468, 470

Campbell, James 514

Campbell, James V —22, 208, 447

Campbell, Judge- 205,227

Campbell, Lucia. 26

Campbell, Maria 313

Campbell, Mary „ 205

Campbell, Phineaa 188

Campbell, Mrs. Richard 188

Campbell, Sarah 113

Campbell, William 128

Canada, David.. 649

Canby, Benjamin 637, 661

Canfield, James H 404

Canfield, Marie.. 470

Cannon, Charles 136

Cannon, Geo. H ...vi., 17, 419, 429

Cannon, Harriet 560

Cannon, Howard B 17

Cannon, Levi H. ' ... 429

Cantine, Caroline 470

Cantine, Charles 468,469

Capron, Johnny 478

Carey, Peter 196

Carey, Thomas 668

Carlisle, Mrs. David 186

Carlisle, Fred 210, 211

Carlisle, Lewis 210

Carlisle, Polly Croul -210, 211

Carlisle, William 210

Carlton, Chester. 101

Carlton, Moses F 19

Carman, Esther — . 68

Carman, Mrs. Jacob 144

Carmell, Therese - 331

Carmer, Nettie C .- 474

Carpenter, Ann 196

Carpenter, Charles.. 188

694

INDEX OF NAMES.

Page.

Carpenter, Daniel - W), 83

Carpenter, Elder ... 454

Carpenter, Elder E 453

Carpenter, George M 20

Carpenter, John W 42

Carpenter, Joseph _ 663

Carpenter, Mrs. W. W.._. 63

Carr, David 418

Carr, Sarah E 472

Carroll, Charles 296

Carron, Mr 94, 95

Carron, Agnes. _. 94

Carry-all-about 619, 655

Carscadin, Mrs. 40

Carson, Kit .. .. 382

Carter, Chas. H 465

Carter, George 162, 164, 165

Carter, Harleigh 428

Carter, Jacob 187

Carter, Mrs. Jacob 187

Cartright, James . 431

Cary, Mary J 70

Gary, Mary Jerusha 68

Caesady, Rose A . 144

Case, Abrara 188

Case, Charles 134

Case, Constantino 464

Case, DanielL 284

Case, Emanuel .. 458

Case, King 464

Case, Lois P 110

Case, O. S 1. 379

Case, Orrin S 371

Case, Pnlcheria 464

Case, Salome 464

Case, Thurlow 464

Case, Velorus 464

Casey, Mary 470

Cass, Gen 223, 224, 258, 259, 260, 261, 274, 277,

278, 284, 285, 286, 287, 289, 290, 393, 431.

Cass, (-iov '. 450

Cass, Lewis ...251, 813, 814, 316, 382, 435, 532

Castle, Allen H 144

Ctmsley, Mary 186

Cavalry, Mrs. Geo. W 211

Cavender, Burnes 513

Cavender, William 511, 513, 515, 516, 517,519

Caywood, Ann 42

Center, Samuel 418

Chachawenepish 421

Chadwick, Ella F 474

Chadwick, Jonathan... 80,82

Chadwick, Lucia 80,82

Chaffee, Ira.. 25,559,561

Chafee Wilson 112

Chamberlain, Desire 206

Chamberlain, Henry 818

Chamberlain, Jeremiah E. 402

Chamberlain, Mrs. John.. 144,160

Chamberlain, William 318

Chamberlin, Deacon 230

Chamberlin, John 160

Chambers, Ann 49

Chambers, John G. 49

Chambers, Mary 49

Page.

Chambers, Mary Cullom 49

Chambers, Nelson 560

Chambers, Samuel 519

Chambers, Thomas 49

Chambers, William Thomas 49

Chandler, A. H 554

Chandler, Albert R 370, 371

Chandler, Jesse 470

Chandler, Senator 384

Chandler, Zachariah 265, 274, 284, 290, 316, 504

Chapin, Gen... 662

Chapin, D. W. C . 554

Chapin, Louise 473

Chapin, Theodore.. 554

Chapel, Oliver 112

Chappell, Dr. 516

Charles, William _ 92

Chase, Prof.... 815

Chase, Carrie 185

Chase, H. P 436

Chase, John 561

Chase, Jonathan 234

Chase, Joseph ..234, 235

Chase, Mary 40

Chase, Nemiah.. _ 875

Chase, Philander 808

Chase, Salmon P 268

Chase, Stephen J ...197,453

Chatfield, Daniel B. 144

Chatfield, John M 417

Cheaping, Gen 617,622

Che-kin-a-bick. 437

Cheney, J. L.._. 201

Chesebro, Daniel.. 418

Chesebro, Sylvester 417,418

Chesebrough, Jane 466

Chesebrough, Levi 466

Chesebrough, Lyman H 466

Childs, Aaron... 460

Childs, J. W... 253

Childs. J. Webster 318

Chipman, Henry 316

Chipman, John S 395

Chipman, Joseph N 395

Chipman, Samuel 287

Christiancy, Judge 251

Christiancy, I. P 257, 265

Christiancy, Isaac P... 249, 267, 268

Chronkhite, Lusina 26

Chubb, Jonathan F 831

Church, 348

Church, Judge... 61

Church, Anice 25

Church, C.C 61

Church, Eliza Ann 113

Church, Frederick S 470

Church, Jesse E 61

Church, Mrs. Jesse E 61

Church, Julia B 41

Church, Julia Bailey 61

Church, Mary A 210

Church, Wm. B 61, 244, 245, 316

Churman, Aleyda S 26

Cicotte, Lewis 207

Clapp, George S 402

INDEX OF NAMES.

695

Page.

Clapp, Rufns 8 - 465

Clark, - 473

Clark, Mrs 185

Clark, Benjamin.. 40,48,534

Clark, Calvin 817

Clark, Mrs. Calvin 59

Clark, Charles 46"6

Clark, Charlotte E 470

Clark, Cornelia 465

Clark, Daniel H 584

Clark, D. W 134

Clark, Miss E. J 49

Clark, Elijah J 374

Clark, George 465

Clark, Geo. Thomas 879

Clark, Jerome L 469

Clark, Joseph 25, 424

Clark, LuciasL 465

Clark, Maria H 465

Clark, Mary 465

Clark, Melville C 470

Clark. Moses 454, 462

Clark, Oliver R . 113

Clark, Prosper P 454

Clark, William 187,473

Clark, Wm. D 458

Clark & Gilbert 376

Clarke, Hovey K 205, 253, 257, 260, 267, 554, 559

Clarke, James Freeman _ 254,255,313

Clarkstone, Rath A 209

Clay, John 112, 200, 258, 271, 273, 276

Cleaves, Mr 513

Clemens, Mrs 433

Clemens, Mary Elizabeth 210

Clement, John B 137

Clement, Prudence E .... 136, 137

Clements, Charles H 453

Clements, Samuel 453

Clements, Susan. 453

Cleveland, Mrs. Oliver 58

Clifton, Rhoda 144

Cliffton, Henry 668

Clinton, Dewitt 126

Clisbee, Charles W 77, 78, 79, 408

Clisbee, Hannah.. 77

Clisbee, Lewis.. 77

Closser, John.. '_ 205

Closser, Sally A. E 205

Coates, Dr 76

Coates, Timothy S 561

Coats, Mrs. Francis '. 132

Cobb, S. 8.. & Co..._ 883

Cochran, Jane 85

Cockburn, Susan.. 111

Coddington, Ada Russell 60

Coe, Esther A 465

Coe. Geo. A... 254

Coe, Orrie 473

Coffin, Levi 270

Coflmbury, S. C 22

Coffinbury, Salathiel C 187, 188, 189

Coffinbury, Wright L 181

Colby, Alvin 144

Colclazer, Henry 280

Cole, Aloza... .... 473

Page.

Cole, Augusta 473

Cole, Raman 234

Coiegrove, Jane '. 188

Coleman, Dowd 377

Coleman, Dowd C 376

Coleman, Horton 468, 470

Coleman, John.. 185

Coleman, Merritt 468, 470

Coleman, Merritt L vii, 19, 23

Coles, R. B 554

Colfax, Schnyler ....254, 284

Colligan, Christy 110

Collier, G. X. M 153

Collins, Mrs 69

Collins, Edwin O 452

Collins, 8. B 452

Collins, Wm 40

Collins, Mrs. Wm 164

Collins Brothers.. 452

Colson, Mr 28

Colt, Maria L...^ 129

Columbus 297

Columbus, Christopher 497

Colvin, C. P. ._ 167

Colvin Lon 136

Colwell, Emily.. 183

Colwell, James 655

Colwell, William 656

Comor, William 26

Comly, Isaac 565

Comly, John 565

Common, Richard 207

Compton. Mrs 134

Comstock, C. C. 816

Comstock, Elias *. 284

Comstock, Elder 284

Comstock, Elisha 451

Comstock, Harriet J 187

Comstock, John 144

Comstock, Levi.. 554

Comstock, O. C 16

Comstock, Oliver C v, 212, 814

Conant, Harry A v» viii, 2,5, 212

Conder& Gilbert 876

Cone, Fred... 152

Cone, Linus 151

Cone, Mrs. Linus „_. 150, 151

Cone, Mary Crooks , 144,150

Cone, Lorenzo 152

Cone, Riley. 152

Conely, E. F 116

Conely, J. D 116

Congdon, Elisha s. 452, 453

Congdon, James M. 453

Congdon, May 453

Congdon, Wm 207

Conger, O. D 364,365

Conger, Phoebe 103

Conger, Thomas 896

Conklin, Alanson. 469-

Conklin, J 468

Conklin, Mary N - 197

Conklin, Nancy .-. 136

Conklin, Norman L 459

Conklin, OrvilleN.... 196

696

INDEX OF NAMES.

Page.

Conley, Baldwin D... 208

Conley, Elijah 470

Conley, John 470

Connell, Wm 554

Conner, Alderman 73, 75

Conner, George - 108

Conner, Jane 108

Conner, Maria.. 69

Conover, J. F 258

Considine, Mrs. Sylvester 40

Converse, A. P. 519

Converse, Amasa P 514, 518, 520

Converse, Benjamin 514

Converse, James 185

Convis, Ezra... 318

Convis, Geo 469

Convis, Wallace — 468

Conway, John C 128

Cook, --- 471

Cook, AddisonP. 110

Cook, Asa B 47

Cook, Ellen 472

Cook, D. B ix

Cook, Isadore A. 472

Cook, Jacob 460

Cook, John P „ 318

Cook, Lilly 22

Cook, Louis A .— 391

Cook, Wm. N..._ ;. vii, ix

Cook & Swift 168

Cook& Wilmarth 47

Cooledge, Henry 316

Cooledge, Henry H. 401, 407, 408

Cooley, Ashel 469

Cooley, Elias 46, 56, 465

Cooley, Justus.. . 518, 519,520

Cooley, T. M..___ ..— 316, 819

Cooley, Thomas M. 20

Coomer, Arnold 514

Coonley, Baldwin D 144

Cooper, Henry 41

Copeland, Judge 361, 362,364

Copeland, E 469

Copeland, Frederick 470

Copeland, Geo. N 470

Copeland, Wm 470

Copley, A. B... . 24

Cornell, A

Cornell, Abbie 465

Cornell, Alanson 105

Cornell, Daniel 83

Cornell, Daniel S 32, 83, 34

Cornell, Edwin,. 105

Cornell, Emeline 104,105

Cornell, Henry A 105

Cornell, Job 34

Cornell, Joseph B 465

Cornell, Lewis

Cornell, Lucian A 105

Cornell, Minerva C 465

Cornell, Orlando... 34

Cornell, Reuben 34

Cornell, W. V 387

Corning, A. B 458

Cornish, Jared B 457

Jornplanter,

Page.
637

. 632
593

Jornplanter, Henry

Uornwall, Anna

Cornwall, Francis 593

Cornwell, Ira 196

Cornwell, Francis 641

(Jorrigan, Georgians 186

"orwin, 273

3orwin,Tom ..349, 373

k>ry, ._ 512

Coston, Zerah 229

ottrell, David _ 487

ouch, George 185

Courts, Elizabeth 186

Couture, Alice 225

Cover, T. W 59

Covert, Hiram JU 144

Covert, Isaac 144

Cowan, Capt 602, 603,604,645

Cowell, Mrs. Amasa 133

Cowen, Capt 588

Cowles,A. E 101

Cowles, Fanny 101

Cox, Gen. 71

Cox, Mrs. Chas. L 40

Cox, Hiram J 562

Cox, S. S. 278

Coy, Justus 519

Coyl, Jane Bell „., 208

Coyl, W. K 208

Crable, Tompkins 26

Cradit, Hannah 114

Craig, Robert 457,459

Cramer, C. B 469

Cramer, L. F 469

Crane, Lewis D 41

Crane, Timothy _ 460

Cranmon, Peter ... 112

Cramer, Mrs. John C 186

Crapo, H. H 314

Crary, Isaac E 2i, 241, 244, 245, 316, 345, 346, 347,

348, 349, 358, 372, 873

Crawford, 597, 619

Crawford, Lieut... 625

Crawford, James.. 636,661

Crawford, Jane 76

Crawford, R. C... vi, viii, 1, 10, 11, 12, 17, 226, 351, 356

Crego, John A 42

Cressey, Alonzo.... 318

Crippen, Aurelia — . 35

Crippen, James B. ._ 38

Crippen, Jay D -.. 39

Crippin, Lorenzo D. 38

Crippen, Philo H 39

Crippin, Ruth 82, 37, 38, 39

Crispell, Miranda.. 113

Cressey, Elida S.. 474

Crissy, Maria 47

Crittenden, Harriet.. 466

Crittendon, Wallace *. 558

Crocker, Emeline.. 471

Crocker, Stephen.. ... 95

Crocket, David 491

Cronin, Henry M 42, 70

Cronin, Jeremiah, Jr 70

INDEX OF NAMES.

697

Page.

•Cronin, Thomas L 70

-Cronk, James 464

Cronk, Martha — - 173

Crooks, David 150

Crooks, Eli 151

Crooks, Eunice Knox... 150

Crooks, Riley 151

Crosby, L. L 554

Cross, Mr 864,865

Cross, Alvin 455

Cross, Mrs. Alvin '455

Cross, Daniel 455,459

Cross, Eliza.. ,. 456

Cross, Geo. F -... 318

Cross, James 417,418

Cross, JohnS 564

Cross, Squire — 365

Grossman, Alanson 130

Grossman, Daniel L.... 19, 25

Grossman, John A .. ix

Croswell, Gov 191

Crouch, Isabella S 1- 206

Croul, Jerome - 210

Crowder, Mrs. Marion... 47

Crowe, Horatio N... 135

Crozier, James A viii

Cruger, Dorathy 135

Culver, Amanda „ 32

Culver, Andrew J 144

Cullom, Mary.. "... 49

Cullum, Mary.-- - 40

Cum-€-kum-a-now 432

Gumming, William 84, 94

Gumming and Carron 94

Cummings, Ralph... 471

Cunningham, Mary M. 208

Gupples, James W 474

Cnrlis, Mrs. A. A. __ ... 67

Currie, Jane E. 186

Curtis, Blake 426

•Curtis, Mrs. Lyman A 182

Curtis, Matilda .-. 26

Curtis, Otis... 470

Gushing, Martha 206

Cnster.Gen 391

Gutcheon, ByronM 316

Cntcheon, Otis E. M vii

Cutcheon, S. M 316

Cutler, Dwight 318

Cutler, John 629, 660, 661

Cutler, Manasseh 390

Cutler, Nancy M. A.... 129

Daggett, William 25

Dahlman, Fred... .. 144

Daily, Arthur 470

Daily, Asa 468,470

Daily, Calista 468

Daily, Chas.... 470

Daily, Eliza 468

Dake, Charles 468

Dake, Theodore 470

Dakin, Mrs. Dr 61

Dana, Cyrus 395, 398

Page.

Danforth, Mr 815

Danforth, E 350

Daniels, Prof .. 315

Daniels, Clayton 472

Daniels, Cornelia ._ 473

Daniels, Cyrus .- — 418

Daniels, Ebenezer 345,518

Daniels, Joseph B..._ 128

Daniels, Peter 427

Danielson, Benjamin 458

Daphne, Mrs 144

Darrow, Francis 158

Davenport, Col 485, 436

Davenport, Elijah N .. 173

Davenport, George 173

Davenport, Julia.. 173

Davenport, Martha 168,178

Davenport, Porter 173

Davidson, Darius L 465

Davidson, Rachel. 468

Davis, 466

Davis, Mrs. Col 486

Davis, Mr 530

Davis, Abner 155

Davis, Abram 173

Davis, Alfred 459

Davis, Angeline 471

Davis, Anna 465

Davis, Anna R 210

Davis, Asher 459

Davis, Benjamin F..... 101, 103

Davis, Calvin. - —.427,438

Davis, David D 550

Davis, Elbert Y 470

Davis, Emily W 178

Davis, Eva Sparrow 101

Davis, Geo. W.._. 145, 163, 172, 173

Davis, Isaac G 470

Davis, Jeff.... 262

Davis, Josephine 471

Davis, Josie 178

Davis, Julia 136

Davis, L. 0.— 173

Davis, Lewis R 128

Davis, Lorenzo 515

Davis, Louis L 178

Davis, Lydia 466

Davis, Martha 466

Davis, Mary 465

Davis, Mary E „ 173

Davis, MaryH 472

Davis, Nancy 158

Davis, Nathan G 110

Davis, Mrs. Noah 91

Davis, Peter 173

Davis, Philip 550

Davis, Reuben ./ 511-

Davis, Mrs. Reuben., 131

Davis, Seeman 173

Davis, Squire N 472

Davis, Stewart W 472

Davis, Thomas W... 136

Davis, William C... 165

Davis, Wm. F .' 102

Davis, W. H 316

698

INDEX OF NAMES.

Page.

Davis, Clark & Hillier „ 172

Davison, 563

Davison, Judge 416

Davison, Norman 414, 415

Davison, Oliver P. 414

Davison, Paul G ... 414

Dawes, James 8 - 519

Dawes, John 509, 514

Dawes, Rumford 608

Dawson, E. M 25

Daweon, George _ 290

Day, Clara M 57

Day, E. H... 24

Day, F. S „ 561

Day, Hiram 195

Dayton, Drucilla 207

Oayton, Major 490

Dayton, Mrs. R. P 186

Dayton, William L 253

Deake, Levi 197

Deaks, Levi 144

Dean, Mrs. B 145

Dean, Charles. 451

Dean, Clarence 891

Dean, ClarenceL... 887

Dean, Clarissa M. 114

Decker. Caroline 42

Decker, Freeman 144

Deemer, Peter 27

Dedrich, Abram L. 551

DeForest, H. P 816

DeForest, Mrs. T. J.___ 202

DeFrees, John D. ._ 370

DeGraw, Mrs. William 164

Deitz, John 50

DeLand, Sally Baker 183

DeLano — 551

Delano, Nettie E. Brigham 508

Delano, Sarah 186

Delano, Will W 508

Delno, 436

DeLong, James 108

DeLong, Orissa W 108

Deloyer, Mrs. Judge 185

Doming, J 136

Deming, Polly 135

Demot, Caroline 518

DeMott, Cornelius 519

Demnnd, Harrison 144

Den Herder, Jacob.. vi, ix, 18, 474

Denison, Chas . £72

Dennis, Ezekiel 660, 661

Dennis, Obadiah 661

Dennison, Silena 464

Dennison, Willis 464

Dequindre, Ann _ 208

Dent,Col 5

Depew, Channcey 240

DePeyster, 449

De Peyster, Major 448

Depue, David ._ 22, 196

Devereanx, Lizzie v 70

Dewey, Mr 1 160

Dewey, Mrs. E. J 197

Dewey, F. A 1

Page.

Dewey, Francis A v, viii

De Wolff, AlmonD 114

Dexter, 328

Dexter, Judge 481

Dexter, Isaac 550

Dexter, Samuel 827

Dexter, Samuel W 451, 452, 453

Dexter, Wirt 210, 284

DexterA Noble 491

Dey, Alexander 205

Deyo, Ellery.. 472

Deyo, Ira 472

DeZang, Frederick Augustus 57S

Dibble, Charles P 816

Dibble, Mrs. Philo.. 39

Dibble, William.. 550

Dickey, Charles > 818

Dickey, Joseph F 26

Dickerson, Anna 450

Dickerson, John 450

Dickerson, Joseph 450

Dickinson, Mrs 40

Dickinson, Albert 468, 469

Dickinson, Charlotte D... 468, 473

Dickinson, Daniel 8... 274, 275, 276, 277

Dickinson, Don M 816

Dickinson, Edwin 466,468, 469

Dickinson, Jesse 468.

Die, Asa . 513

Die, Daniel 511, 518

Dildine, Daniel... 108

Dildine, James 108

Dildine, Silas... 108

Dildine, William 108

Dildine, Wm. H 104, 108, 109

Dillwyn, George 625

Dilno, Mrs. Henry 77

Dimond, Reuben B 345

Dingley, Mr 388

Dingley, Edward N 387

Dingley, Nelson, Jr. 387

Dines, Margaret.. _ 69

Dingman, William 145

Dirymple, John 470

Dix, Captain 455

Dix, John A 249

Dix, RoscoeD 404

Dixon, Barnet 418

Dixon, Elijah 417

Dixon, Geo. D 417

Dixon, Susannah 206

Doake, Mrs. Joseph 186

Dobbins, Laurance 468,469

Dodge, Mrs. B. F 186

Dodge, Charles 468, 471

Dodge, Silas 248

Doge, Geo. W 132

Dolan, Mr.... 116

Dolbier, John 133

Dole, Thomas 26

Dollivar, Cordelia 175

Dolson, Isaac. 639

Dolson, James 465

Dolson, Matthew 585, 599, 615, 617, 639

Dolson, Sophia M . . . . 465

INDEX OF NAMES.

699

Page.

Donald, Robert M 26

Donaldson, Andrew J... 253,290

Donaldson, F. S _ 554

Donnelly, Mrs 76

Donnelly, James 562

.Donner, Fredinca 206

Doran, Michael 206

Dorchester, Lord 448

Dorling, John 686

Dorman, 468

Dorr, Samuel W. 196

Dorrance, Mr .. 37

Doty, Mr 387

Doty, Melinda... 132

Double, Mrs. William 196

Doughty, Charles.... 162,165

Doughty, John 166

Doughty, T. E 166

Doughty, Thomas E 165

Doughty & Reynolds. „. 165

Douglas, Stephen A.... ..273, 274

Douglass, C.C.... 341

Donner, Frank. 185

Doven, Mrs. Joseph 144

Dow, Augustus.. 40

Dowling, Thomas... 208

Downs, Eugene... ,. 468, 469

Downs, Eveline 47

Downs, Hattie 468

Downs, Helen 468

Downs, Lemuel... 47

Downs, Rinaldo .468,469

Downs, Mrs. W. H 175

Doyle, Mrs 176

Doyle, E. J 185

Drake, Elizabeth 465

Drake, Jane . 465

Drake, John ....598,642, 643

Drake, Thomas 194

Draper, Charles 152

Draper, Hiram ix, 19

Draper, Mrs. Wm 152

Drinker, _ 608

Drinker, Henry.. 664

Drulard, Mrs. Henry 186

Duboys, Jacob.. 88

Dnckwell, George 612

Dudley, Eion 427, 428

Dudley, Francis ' 424

Duncan, James A 465

Duncan, William 558

Dunham, Edwin ^ 465

Dunham, Samuel. 452

Dunham, Silas _ 559

Dunkin, Mrs. William 187

Dunn, Prof 315

Dunn, Bridget 208

Dunning :... 560

Dunning, Amos D... 561

Dunning, Beattie 472

Dunning, H. P 564

Dunning, Isaac R. 472

Dunning, John ... 175

Dunning, Sidney 465

Dunning, Zopher __. 175

Page.

Dunstan, Thomas B._ vii

Dunster, EdwardS.-- - 318

Dupark, Lucia .__• 41

Dupre, Charlotte 439

Dnrand, Aaron 453

Dnrand Silence 111

Durfee, Bradford 468, 469

Durfee, B. C 519

Dnrfee, Chas 470

Dnrfee, Chas. M 470

Durfee, Geo. S...., 470

Durfee, Jane 471

Dnrgin, Pres 315

Dnrheim, Frederic... 197

Durkee, Delight 136

Dusenbnry, John 50

Dutcher, George N ._ 28

Dutcher, T. B 28

Dutton, Mr 307

Dutton, Prof.... 465

Dutton, Albert B 144

Dntton, Benj 144

Dntton, Chauncey S 162, 166, 167

Dutton & Townsend 166

Dwelle, Michael... 113

Dyer, Orville P 41

Eagle, Solomon 145

Eames, Elisha 465

Earle, Albert G 97

Earle, C. M. W — 388

Earle, Daniel. 554

Earle, Elijah........:.. 134

Eastman, Sandford 59

Eastman, Mrs. Sandford.. 59

Eastman, Eliza J 507

Eastman, Loton H 175

Eaton, Corydon 550

Eaton, Eliza.. 135

Eaton, J. M 554

Eaton, Orasmns 550

Eaton, Sloan 559

Eaton, W. L.... - 387

Eberstine, Benah _. ~ 463

Eberstine, Charles 463

Eberstine, Conrad 279

Eberstine, George 463

Eberstine, Henry 242

Eddy, 619

Eddy, Arthur D 175

Eddy, Charles K 175

Eddy, Mrs. Charles K 163, 174

Eddy, Charles Kirke - 175

Eddy, Clarence -- 464

Eddy, Edward 464

Eddy, Mrs. George 94

Eddy, Jerome 465

Eddy, Lila 175

Eddy, Mary N Ill

Eddy, Walter S - - 175

Ederson, John... 131

Edget, Judge 170

Edmond, L. M . 83

Edmonds, ... 348

700

INDEX OF NAMES.

Page.

Edmonds, John W. 249

Edmonds, L. M 77

Edmunds, Freenelia 129

Edmunds, James M. 190, 345

Edsell, W. C — .. 554

Edson, Clara A 96

Edwards, Abraham 305, 370

Edwards, Byron 201

Edwards, Delos 470

Edwards, Henry E.... _ 121

Edwards, John M _... 316

Egbert, E 393

Eggleston 223

Eggleston, Mrs. C. H I. 89

Eggleston, Chas. H 46

Eggleston, Mrs. Chas. H _'.__ 45

Eggleston, Kittie •.... 46

Eggleston, Nina 46

Eldred, Andrew J. 464

Eldred, Alphonso 478

Eldred, Caleb 307,816

Eldred, Catherine 465

Eldred, Daniel B 302

Eldred, DeLaun 478

Eldred, Elizabeth 175

Eldred, Estella.... 473

Eldred Hiram .1. 469

Eldred, Jane 471

Eldred, Julia 478

Eldred, Kittie 478

Eldred, Leoda _ 473

Eldred, Louisa 465

Eldred Mary Ann.... ._ 81

Eldred, Mumford 560

Eldred, Mrs. Mumford 560

Eldred, Nelson 464

Eldred Richard 469

Eldred. Samuel 560

Eldred, Sarah 473

Eleveld, Koor 27

Eldridge, C. S. 93

Eldridge, Mrs. E. T 93

Eldridge, Fred 93

Eldridge, Mrs. I. N.._ 84, 93

Eldridge, John

Eldridge, Kate

Eldridge, Mary Louisa.. 93

Eldridge, Monte 93

Ellis, William... 631,682,633,663

Ellis, Wm. M 14

Elliott, Capt....586, 588, 591, 602, 604, 609, 610, 617, 618
621, 645, 650, 651, 658, 655, 656

Elliott, Elvira Laylin 103

Elliott, John Ill, 566, 567, 579, 580, 598, 595

612, 629, 632, 635, 637, 638, 639, 641, 652, 655, 659
660, 661, 662, 663, 664, 666

Elliott, Margaret F... 204

Elliott, Mary 11

Ellsworth, C. C._. 316

Elwell, E 54

Ely, Alexander... 547, 558, 560

Ely, Elisha 547,549,553,558,559

Ely, Jonathan T 45

Ely, Ralph 818

Emerson, Philip 7(

Page.

merson, Philip H. 57

Emmons, Mrs. C. M 187

Smmons, Mary E ....' 89

msley, Mrs. Thomas G 61

England, Col 585, 601, 603, 606, 611, 615, 617

626, 645, 658

England, Richard 689

Enoch, Matthias 418

Erkenbeck, Kate 466

Erkenbeck, Elinor., 466

Erkenbeck, Wm... 466

Esselstyne, Harry 204

Estabrook, Joseph ix, 18, 315

Etheridge, Allie 471

Etheridge, Andrew.. 471 .

Etheridge, James 471

Evans, James 118

Evans, Mahala 43

Evans, Mnsgrove 533

Everard, J. H 464

Everett, C 469

Everett, Banson 102

Everett, Roswell 102

Everett, Mrs. Roswell 102

Everett, S 471

Eversteen, Conrad 128

Eves, John 663

Ewell, Philander 429

Fabrigue, Andrew 134

Fair, James 197

Fairbanks, 562

Fairbanks, Dr 86

Fairbanks, Isaac 562

Fairbanks, Messrs. E. and T 129

Fairchild, Fred E 19

Fairchilds, Melville 470

Fairchild, Nathaniel 505

Fairfield, John A ix

Falihee, Mary 114

Falling-snow... 487

Falvy, Dennis 209

Fargo, Dan. T 108

Fargo, James H 458

Farley,^ 468

Farley, Asa 514, 517

Farmer, Mrs. F. A.... 176

Farmer, John _ ._-. 209

Farmer, Roxanna 209

Farmer, Silas 209

Farnum, W. L ^ 91

Farnsworth, Elon 316

Farnsworth, Fanny 467

Farnsworth, Frances 471

Farnsworth, Jane 1 463, 467

Farnsworth, John 468,468

Farnsworth, Joseph... 304

Farnsworth, P. M... 468

Farnsworth, Richard 469

Farnsworth, Welcome 469

Farrand, Mrs. B. C vi, 430

Farrand, Helen W .v, viii, 1, 10, 184

Farrer, Asa 414

Farrer, J.L 464

INDEX OF NAMES.

701

Page.

Farrow, Charlotte 472

Farrow, Jerome - 472

Farwell Hiram 519

Farwell, William 128

Faulkner, Frank W. 54

Faulkner, Fred L 54

Faulkner, Jane 53

Faulkner, James F... 54

Faulkner, John 54

Faulkner, Joseph 54

Faulkner, Samuel A. 54

Faulkner, 8. Jennie , 54

Faulkner, Thomas 40,58,54

Fanlkner, Thomas C 54

Faulkner, William 53

Fanlkner, Wm. H 54

Felch, Alphens ..15, 19, 249, 814, 316, 348

Fellows, Abial.... 128

Fellows, Asa 42

Fellows, John A 114, 126

Felsham, Millard S 112

Fenn, A. H 554

Feun, Betsey M 452

Fenton 362

Fenton, William M 858

Ferguson, Chauncey S 412

Ferguson, Daniel : 412

Ferguson, Esther 185

Ferris, 466

Ferry, Senator 504

Ferry, D. M. 818

Ferry, Wm. M 317

Ferrys, 328

Field, 590

Field, David Dudley ...249,250

Field, F. G 116

Field, John 664

Field, Shubel 136

Field, Wells 560, 561

Fields, MyraL 108

Fife, Hiram T 584

Fillon, Caroline 128

Fillon, James 128

Fillmore, Millard. ...258, 284, 285, 290

Finch, Electa 26

Finch, Joe 377

Fincher, Samuel 513,519

Finchley, Mr... 449

Finn, William 550

Firth, Eliz... 145

Fischer, Regina 207

Fish, Elias 188, 139

Fish, Eunice 166

Fish, F. E 554

Fish, James 145

Fish, Joel 418

Fish Le Boy 467

Fish, Mary 113

Fish, MaryE. Gurney ...138, 139

Fish, Schuyler 467

Fish, Waity.. 467

Fish, William 467

Fisher, Mr 449

Fisher, Dan 879

Fisher, Elijah... 469

Page.

Fisher, Jacob 136

Fisher, James 489

Fisher. Joseph... 418

Fisher, LeGrand 470

Fisher, Wm. 145

Fisk, Gen. C. B 87

Fisk, Mrs. Clinton B 39

Fisk, D. M 116, 117

Fisk, Joseph 317, 547, 558, 559

Fisk, L. R 315

Fisk, Pauline 114

Fitch, Dr 385

Fitch, Clinton 466

Fitch, George 464

Fitch, Geo. A 383, 885, 389

Fitch, Mary 465

Fitch, Sarah E 465-

Fitch, Thomas 384

Fitch, George A. & Co 382

Fitzgerald, Col 397,398

Fitzgerald, Jerome B 393

FitzGerald, Lloyd 550.

Fitzgerald, Richard 145

Fitzgerald, Thomas 892, 393

Fitzpatrick, Samuel 514

Fitzpatrick, Thomas... 514

Fitzsimmons, Wm 189

Flagg, Azariah C 249-

Fleming, Edward 387, 389

Fleming, Edwin 38ft

Fleming, Nancy 118

Fleming, Robert 454

Fleming, Thos. B 145

Fletcher, 358-

Fletcher, Col.... 511

Fletcher, Ellen „_ 472

Fletcher, F. W. '._ 391

Fletcher, JohnW 22

Fletcher, Joseph 509

Fletcher, Mary 486

Fletcher, Seth 466-

Fletcher, Wm. A 816, 405,406

Flint, Abijah 468

Flint, Bijah 469

Flint, Eliza.. 468,471

Flint, Emily 114

Flint, Minerva 196

Flint, M. V. I 468, 469

Flint, Sarah. 473

Flowers, Abraham B 113

Flower, Frank A.... 268, 266, 271

Flynn 233

Foikerts, Folkert C 432

Folsom, Alexander 29,80,31

Folsom John 2fr

Folsom, John Jr. 29

Foot, Henry __ 153-

Foot, Mrs. Obed H 131

Foot, Solomon 44

Foote, Allen . 469

Foote, Alvan 469

Foote, Emily 467

Foote, Henry 468,469

Foote, Zilphia... 465-

Forbs, Eunice... 410-

702

INDEX OF NAMES.

Forbes, John.. - 559

Forbes, William... — > 550,559

Ford, Capt - 617

Ford, Albert L - 110

Ford, Daniel - 208

Ford, Jonathan H - 1*2

Ford, Henry A. 387,389,391

Ford, Richard 182

Forrest, Herbert A - 168

Forster, John H vii, 1, 8, 17, 18, 20, 24, 45, 854, 355

Forster, John Harris vi,382

Fort, Emily V - - 471

Forward, James. 550

Fosdick, Judith '..- - 472

Fosdick, Mary A - — - 472

Fosdick, Wm. F 472

Foster, Abbey Kelley - 255

Foster, Benjamin 550

Foster, Gid 379

Foster, Henry C 517

Foster, John R 512, 513, 515, 519

Foster, Mrs. JohnE 518

Foster, J. W 52

Foster, Mary E viii

Foster, Samuel 557, 558, 559

Foster, Samuel D 557

Foster, Samuel W 451

Foster, Sarah J 472

Foster, Stephen S — 255, 256

Foster, Theodore 101

Foster, Walter S 187

Foster, William 607

Fountain, Cyrus H 110

Fowler, Mrs. Aseneth 187

Fox, Mrs - 388

Fox, D. S. 91

Fox, Joseph 210

Fox, Margaret 210

Fox, Mary-- - HO

Fox, Morris 136

Fralick, Henry 1, 3, 8, 11, 348

Frank, Fred .. 25

Frank, Stephen W 128

Fraser, James 177

Frasier, Anna E 472

Frasier, Louisa J. 472

Frazee, Bradford 230

Frazer, Daniel .590

Frederic, Harriet 459

Freeman, Capt „. 654

Freeman, Charlotte 467

Freeman, Emeline 471

Freeman, Hannah- 467

Fremont, John C... 253, 274, 280, 284, 285, 289, 292

French, John M..__ 99

French, Margaret. 208

Frey, Elizabeth 471

Frey Jacob 112

Frey, James 469

Frey, Mary 114,471

Friese, Dunster 315

Frieze, Henry S 196

Frink, Amelia Norris 71

Frink, Harry 145

Frink, Joseph Colton 71

Page.

Frink, Norris J 42, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75

Fritz, Jabez S. 248

Frobisher, 612

Frost, David 455

Frost, AnnaD 43

Frost, Josiah B -V., vii., 7, 8, 110

Frulan, Thomas W 398

Fuller,- 291

Fuller, Abraham 129

Furness, Ann Elizabeth 91

Fuller, David 688

Fuller, F. E - 470

Fuller, Kate - 115

Fuller, PhiloC.... .'. 248

Fuller, Euth 129

Fyfe, Lawrence C 404

Gafengy, Mary 134

Gaffield, Adam 185

Gage, Judge - 169

Gahagan, James 514

Gale, Ella C. Narrin '.. 508

Gale, Chas. E.... 508

Gale, George.. 145

Gales, Jeanette 110

Gallagher, Ann 197

Gallup, Ezekiel - 515

Galfin, Chas ....: - - 469

Galfin, Myrenus 469

Gambell, Mrs 134

Gamble, Charles 136

Ganiard, Almond M 113

Gantt, Samuel N. 382

Garfield, James A 138

Gardner, Harry... 207

Gardner, Jeremiah H._ ix, 19

Gardner, Robert 460

Gardiner, E -.- 468

Gardiner, Henry 145

Gardiner, Margaret 197

Garland, John 158

Garlrick, Horace _. 511, 513, 514, 517, 519

Garry, Annie 186

Garratt, Caleb — 63

Garratt, Isaac 41, fi3

Garrison, — — 89

Garrison, William Lloyd 255, 257, 258, 267

268, 269, 272

Garvin, W. B __ 554

Gates, Lorinda 466

Gates, Lyman M 375, 886, 887

Gates, Merritt 466

Gates, Rebecca 466

Gates, Samuel K 104, 107

Gates, SethM 269

Gay, Sarah 168

Geddes, John 22, 196, 198, 202, 203, 454

Geddes, Robert 198, 199, 203, 454

Geddes, William 202

Gee, Eliza Ann 112

Gelston, J. M 160

Gemein, Margreth 206

Gentry, 273

George, Austin 315

INDEX OF NAMES.

703

Page.

George, John 189

George, Stephen... 472

George, William S... 317

Girardin, Mrs. C. E.. 64

Gerow, Diana 89

Gerrish, N 818

Gibson, James 210

Gibson, Mrs. James 210

Gibson, Sarah. 26

Gibson, Thomas 632

Gibson, W. K 118, 119

Gibbons, Capt 614,652

Gibbons, Abraham 667, 668

Gibbons, Joseph 19

Gibbs, Harriet : 465

Gibbs, Mary 472

Giddings, 268

Giddings, E. W. 318

Giddings, J. B 269, 270

Giddings, Marsh 246, 274, 290, 316

Giddings, O. N ...278, 378

Gidley, John S 561

Gidley, TownsendE... .'. 24

Gies, Geo. B; 205

Gifford, Harriet... 452

Gifford, Helen.. 47

Gilbert, Charlotte. „_, 468, 470

Gilbert, John 427,458,460

Gilbert, Henry ....389, 370, 371, 372, 373, 376

Gilbert, Polly ..457, 459

Gilbert, Thomas D v, vi, 1, 9, 131, 318, 319

Gilberts, 328

Gill, Geo. L 469,

Gillam, Joshua 636,661

Gillespie, 245

Gillett, Harriet N 145

Gillett, Mary Ann. _'_ 80,81

Gillett, Matthew 81

Gilligan, Ellen 208

GilJott, Antoine A 533

Gillott, Lewis 534

Gilruth, James 280

Gilson, Anna H _. 474

Gironard, Desire 19

Girty, Simon 605, 608, 617, 618, 619

621,622,648,655,656

Girvin, Margaret 208

Givenz, Lieut __J 617, 619, 622

Glass, Sarah... 466

Glazier, Elisha.. 230

Gleason, Father 76

Gleason, Benoni S 374

Glen, Charles 452

Glen, John... ,. 452

Goble, Robert 554

Goddard, Curtis 280

Godfrey, Freeman 817

Godfrey, Gabriel 460

Godfreys, 328

Godley.John C 165

Goffe, Homer 468

Goffe, Thomas 417

Golden, Mrs. William 176

Good, Andrew . 187

•Goodale, Samuel — 562

Page.

Goodall, Charles 118

Gooding, Mrs. D. W 173

Gooding, Othniel.. 459,460

Goodman, William. 568

Goodrich, Aaron 416, 490, 492, 494, 496, 506, 507

Goodrich, Alanson___ 412

Goodrich, Alice 507

Goodrich, Archer 508

Goodrich, Bert 508

Goodrich, Charles 491, 507

Goodrich, Charley 492

Goodrich, Clara Dewstoe 508

Goodrich, Edith 508

Goodrich, Edward M 508

Goodrich, Elias 469

Goodrich, Eliza... .491,497

Goodrich, Emily Frost 508

Goodrich, Enos v, vi, 189, 194, 413,480

491, 494, 498, 505, 507

Goodrich, Mrs. Enos ..189, 194

Goodrich, Enos H 195

Goodrich, Eugene 491, 506, 507

Goodrich, Florence E 508

Goodrich, Ford 508

Goodrich, Frank 491,492

Goodrich, Frank J 508

Goodrich, Frank R... 507

Goodrich, Fred E...J 508

Goodrich, George 491

Goodrich, James ...491, 507

Goodrich, John 362, 464, 499

Goodrich, JohnS 416

Goodrich, Julia A ... 507

Goodrich, Levi 480, 482, 483, 484, 487

491, 495, 497, 505

Goodrich, Levi H. 494

Goodrich.Levi W ...414, 486

Goodrich, Luther B 187

Goodrich, Matilda L 508

Goodrich, Mary A.. 508

Goodrich, M. H 1

Goodrich, Minnie 508

Goodrich, Moses. ... 414, 480, 481, 482, 485, 486, 488, 489
491, 492, 494, 495, 505, 506, 507

Goodrich, Myrtie 508

Goodrich, Nelson 491, 495, 507

Goodrich, Phoebe Ford 508

Goodrich, Reuben vii, 19, 194, 416, 491, 492, 494

501, 502, 503, 50^, 507

Goodrich, Mrs. R 507

Goodrich, William ..491, 495

Goodrich, Wm. P 507

Goodrich, E. and R ...194, 503

Goodspeed, Cyrus 562

Goodspeed, David 562

Goodspeed, George.. 562

Goodspeed, Nathaniel 562

Goodspeed, Orrin 562

Goodspeed, William 562

Goodwin, Prof 315

Goodwin, Ann.. 31

Goodwin, DanieL 345, 847

Goodwin, Helen A , _ 470

Goodwin, Mary. 465

Goodwin, Wm. G. . . . 465

704

INDEX OF NAMES.

Page.

Goodwin, Wm. R..._ 186

Gore, Almon - , 464

Gore, Mary.. 185

Gordon, Betsey > - 185

Gordon, James Wright 246, 290

Gordon & Woodruff 245

Gorham, Charles T 50, 71, 318

Gorham, Isabella W 71

Gorton, Olive 461

Gorton, Richard. 460

Goss, Chester 460

Goss, Levi - 519

Goss & Darling 382

Gouin, Francis 208

Gonld, Adelia L ....80, 82, 83

Gould, A. M 108

Gould, Clara 467

Gould, Fred 467

Gonld, James 22, 126, 127

Gould, James J. _ 82

Gould, John T 109

Gould, Harriet 192

Gonld. Moses M 104, 109

Gould, Nathan F 109

Goulder, William 113

Gower, Cornelius A 315

Graham, Ellen.. 65

Graham, James '._• 184

Graham, John B 345

Grames, George W 535

Grandine, Mary J. 44

Granger, Frank 284

Granger, Newman 458

Grant, Commodore 596,604

Grant, President •_._ 191

Grant, Alexander . 429

Grant, B. F 316

Grant, Chas. W v, viii, 162

Grant, Claudius B. 316

Grant, Orienta 455

Grant, Sarah E 102

Grant, U. S 78

Graves, B. F... 43

Graves, Samuel 317

Graves, William 133

Gravican, J. B. R 208

Gray, Amos 452

Gray, Arthur 66

Gray, Dennis 464

Gray, Emily 465

Gray, Frank 66

Gray, Franklin 469

Gray, Horace 145

Gray, Jonathan 136

Gray, Josiah _ 42, 66

Gray, Sallie 136

Gray & Dennison 882

Greehy, F. M 160

Greeley, 89

Greely, Horace 179, 265, 274

Green, Mr. 518

Green, Asa P. 469

Green, Bird _. 437

Green, B. W 145

Green, Cogswell K. . . . 396

Page-
Green, Cordelia.. 470

Green, Eliz. W 145

Green, Isaiah... 418

Green, Jane.. 111

Green, Julia 470

Green, Noah K. 514, 517, 51£

Green, Orrin 517

Green, Sabrina 136

Green, Sanford M vi, 9, 857, 358, 359, 361, 362

36.4, 365, 366, 367, 368, 369

Green, Theodoras D..._ 80, 81

Greene, Almira L... 196

Greene, Champlin 156

Greene, Mrs. Champlain W. ...145, 156

Greene, Geo. H vii, 1, 2, 16, 22, 212, 353

Greenly, William L 358

Greenman, Mrs. Daniel 65

Greenman, Mrs. Edward 65

Greenman, Mrs. Edwin 65

Gregg, James 184

Gregg, Mary 465

Gregg, Robert... 133

Gregg, Samuel 513

Gregory, Jasper 469

Gregory, Jofcephine •_. 473

Gregory, Justin 463

Gregory, Lucinda 473

Gregory, Lydia J 26

Gregory, Myron.. 463

Gregory, Rolin 473

Greves, James P 40, 59

Greves, James S 59

Greves, Lewis S — 59

Grtves, Samuel P 58,59

Grinnell, Eliza 145

Grinnell, Eliza J 111

Gridley, Geo. T 116

Gridley, George Thompson. _110, 115, 117, 119, 120,122

Gridley, Nora.. 116-

Gridley, Norman 115

Gridley, Philo 115

Griego 497

Griffeth, Alden 114

Griffith, Chas. H 469

Griffith, James 469

Griffith, John E... 470

Griffin, George B 472

Griffin, Henry M 457

Griffin, Jemima 218

Griffin, Stephen. 460

Grob, J 208

Groesbeck, D. E. 385

Grodevant, Helen A 470

Groff, Calvin 111

Groger, Stephen B 412

Grosvenor, E. O 318

Grosvenor, Ira R. 214

Grout. Jacob __ 176

Grout, John B 841

Grove, John. 399

Grover, 250

Grover, Allen W v 41»

Grover, Asher 418,419

Grover, Emma 471

Grover, E. B.... 554

INDEX OF NAMES.

705

t Page.

Grow, Abel P 145

Gnenther, Emil 76

Guernsey, Miss 389

Guernsey, Julia Norton -_. 208

(iuild, Harriet — - 331

Guild, Joel 327, 330, 331

Guilds, 328

Guiles, Charles 418

Guiles, Curtis .— 418

Gurney, Chester j -_..249, 284

Gurney, Hannah 41

Gurney, Mary 138

Guro, Mrs. Antoine 185

Gust, Mr 518

Gustin, Fred K 166

Gutchee, Clement 478

Haack, Bernhard 163, 177, 178

Haas, Jacob 457

Hadrick, Mrs. H. R 173

Hadsell, Mr. 160, 425

Hagaman, Joseph 519

Hagerman, F.H 511,512,513

Hague, MaryM.... 102

Hahn, August W Ill

Haight, Arthur 472

Haight, Frank 472

Haile, Amos A . 561

Haines, Casper 665

Haines, Josiah 632, 633

Haines, Mrs. W. C , 96

Hakes, Mrs. Martin... 39

Haldimand, General 448

Hale, D. B..._ 80

Hale,.David B. v, viii

Hale, John P 252, 269, 273

Hale, Harriet 471

Hale, Mary G. 471

Hales, Maj. „ 635

Haley, S 468

Hall, Hastings 463

Hall, Fannie 134

Hall, Henry 54

Hall, Henry C 469

Hall, Henry J 317

Hall, Hiram 472

Hall, Jeremiah 317

Hall, John L 518, 519, 520

Hall, Joseph E 132

Hall, Julia Ann 471

Hall, M. M 208

Hall, Otis 196

Hall, Rachel Y ___- 112

Hall, Reuben H _. 42

Hall, Richard 196

Hall, Sarah.... i 133

Hall, Theo. F 472

Hall,Uretta 471

Hamblin, Sarah L '... ,. 42

Hamer, — — ... 278

Hamilton, _ 581

Hamilton, Capt 622

Hamilton, I. S ...511, 515, 516, 517, 518

Hamilton, Mary E 471

Page.

Hamilton, Nathaniel A. 403,404

Hand, Geo. E „..'. 206, 316

Handsome, Mother 356

Hanford, Emily E 62

Hanford. Susan 132

Hannaford, Jane 110

Hannah, Lay & Company 491

Hansom, Mother 17

Hanscom _., 347, 348

Hanscom, Alfred H. 501

Hanscom, George 426, 427, 428

Hanscom & Goodrich 501

Hamlin, Hannibal 398

Hamlin, Margarette _ 25

Hamlin & Crawford 562

Hammon, J. F. 19

Hardwick 388

Hardy, David.. 460

Hardy, Mrs. George... 187

Hardy, Kate Ann .... 472

Harford, A. B 167

Harger, Fannie i 156

Harkness, Miss 465

Harle,A.A _ 554

Harlow, Byron L 417, 418, 419

Barring, Mr 442

Harrington, Agnes 465

Harrington, D. B . 437

Harrington, Ellen.. 114

Harrington, Henry 172

Harrington, Mrs. Jeremiah _.:. 185

Harris, Mr 385,386

Harris, Mrs 154

Harris, Barbara ; 185

Harris, Burlington.. 114

Harris, Byron D . 470

Harris, C. H 116

Harris, Delia M._.. 124

Harris, Frank... 470

Harris, George W 384, 385, 3b9

Harris, Isham G ..-.. 496

Harris, James .• 561

Harris, John... 248

Harris, Julius 470

Harris, Samuel... 631, 662, 663

Harris, Stephen L 470

Harris, Thomas 189

Harrison, Gen ..141, 218, 292, 532

Harrison, A. 469

Harrison, Benjamin... 200

Harrison, Samuel ..., 209

Harrison, Wm. Henry... 431

Harrone, Alexander 430

Harson, Bernardus 422

Harson, Jacob 421,422

Hart, Hannibal 539, 554, 564

Hart, Isaac 206

Hart, James 185

Hart, Mary.... 466

Hart, Ruben 466

Hart, Sarah. 466

Hart, Susanna 40

Hartford, John 453

Hartley, Sarah A 42

Hartman, John... 50

706

INDEX OF NAMES.

Page.

Hartshorne, William... 566, 568, 604, 628, 632, 636, 638,
640, 641. 646, 647, 659, 665

Hartsuff, Mrs. Wm... - 185

Hartwell, Ruf us G - 49

Harvey, Addison.. 187

Harwood, Edward .'. 270

Harwood, Florilla...." 471

Harwood, Lnany... 105

Harwood, Riley.. - 105

Harwood, Wm. W 460

Hasbrook, Lather . 470

Hascall, Chas 345

Hascall, Jeremiah H..._ 183

Hascall, Herman E. ...383,884,386

Hascall, Leonidas 888

Hascall, Volney 291, 317, 371, 373, 374, 375, 376,

382, 389

Haskell, 362

Haekell, S 317

Hasler, Nellie — 2

Hastings, Noah 113

Hatch, Wm __ 19

Hatch, W. F ." 453

Hathaway, Abram 134

Hathaway, Eli 561

Hathaway, Hiram 345

Hathaway, Richmond. __ 135

Haven, E. O 315, 317

Havens, Joseph 629, 660, 661

Havens, Rebecca 197

Hawk, Elizabeth 134

Hawkins, Col 274

Hawkins, Smith 463

Hawks, James 550

Hawks, Sarah A 471

Hawley, G.G... 29

Hawley, Joseph 20

Hawley, Maggie.. 165

Hay, Maj 622

Hayden.H.H 318

Hayes, Eliza A 465

Hayes, Lydia.l...- 465

Hayes, Mary J . 111

Hayne, 296

Haynes, Harvey.. v, vii, 32, 37

Hays, Jack 332

Hayward, Thos 54

Hazard, James 426

Hazen, Mrs. Ezra 436

Hazlit, Marie _ 471

Head, Joseph 133

Healy, Mrs. Azro 128

Heartt, William A ...viii, ix, 19

Heath, Samuel. .... 54

Heath, J. M 561

Heath, James M 568

Heath, Daniel W... 146

Heckewelder, J 599

Heckewelder, John 567, 538, 640, 641

Hecock, Hamden A. viii, 19

Hedges, Eliza 152

Hedges, Mariette 152

Heisrodt, Jane M 171

Heisrodt, Mrs. P. S 173

Helmer , Andrew ... 466

Page.

Helmer, John. 666

Hemenway, Jason 53

Henan, 377

Hendershot, Caroline 134

Hendershot, Mike 135

Hendeshot, William S 197

Henderson, Rev. Mr. 53

Henderson, Don 20

Henderson, Don C v, vii, 25, 28

Henderson, Thomas J 470

Henderson, Wm. 8 - 146

Hendricks, Capt 569, 581, 582, 584, 605,

635,648, 649, 656, 662

Hendricks, Jennie 201

Hendrix, Jeremiah 138

Hendryx, Horatio J 48

Hendryx, Josiah B 22,39,47,48

Henica, Charlotte.... _. 132

Hennepin, Father 430

Hennepin, Mrs. Alfred 196

Henry, Lieut 617

Henry, Alexander 598

Henry, James 590

Henry, Mrs. H. H.' 39

Hermaunus, Capt. 625

Herrick, Geo. H.. 470

Herring, Caroline 186

Herrit, Joh»..._ 629, 660

Hersey, John 427

Hesing, A.C 380

Heston, Z 1 592

Heulsman, Wm 562

Hewitt, Eliza Jenison - 57

Hewitt, Joseph S 57

Hewitt, Mrs. O. W 146

Hewitt, Phebe 470

Hewitt, William F 40, 56, 57

Heydenburk, Mrs. Henry 96

Hickey, Mrs. John 185

Hickman, Barbara 185

Hicks, 560

Hicks, Amos 454

Hicks, LusaliaM 472

Hicks, Sullivan B... 185

Hicks, Wm.... _. 470

Hicox, Calvin.. 452

Higby, Samuel 867

Higgins, JabinS.. 559

Higgins, Willard 559

Highinbotham, Ann... 206

Highinbotham, Harlow 564

Highland, Thomas 145

Hill, 559

Hill, Andrew J 145

Hill, Benjamin 636,637,661

Hill, Betsey 51

Hill, Emily G — - 136

Hill, Gertrude. 470

Hill, Giles H 561

Hill, James 817

Hill, James W 457

Hill, John 635, 661

Hill, Lewis , 387

Hill, Richard 51, 104, 109

Hill, R. R..._ 514

INDEX OF NAMES.

707

Page.

Hill, Bollin E „ 509, 519

Hill, Samuel W * 22,89

Hill, Samuel Worth 51, 52, 53

Killer, Mrs.L. C 146

Hilliery, Richard „ 688

Hills, Aaron 472

Hills, Charlotte 471

Hills, Henry L 472

Hinckley, Jonathan 562

Himnan, Abijah ._• 48, 45

Hinman, Adoniram 43

Hinman, B. F 318

Hinman, Benj. F.. .. 22,40,43, 44

Hinman, Charles H 44

Hinman, Edward ._ 43

Hinman, Frank 45

Hinman. Henry T 44

Hinman, J. F _• 44

Hinman, John F. v, vii, 39

Hinman, Julia 44

Hinman, Truman H 44

Hinman, Wait 43, 45

Hinman, Wm..__ 849, 850

Hinman & Co.... . 44

Hinsdale, Edwin C viii, 465

Hinsdale, Genevieve D 465,468

Hinsdale, George A , 465

Hinsdale, Henry W 318

Hinsdale, John 465

Hinsdale, Joseph 465

Hinsdale, Myron 465

Hinsdale, Norman 465

Hinsdill, Mitchell 130

Hinson, David... 191

Hinson, Sally ..189, 191

Hitchcock, Homer 0 818

Hitchcock, Linns C... 97

Hitchings, John P 417, 418

Hixon, Daniel 459

Hixon, Henrietta 459

Hoag, Abel 463

Hoag, Caroline.. 112

Hoag, Mrs. E. A. B ..'. 40

Hoag, Levi 133

Hoag, Mary 134

Hoag, Mary J 468

Hoag, Sophronia.. 114

Hoagland, Israel 110

Hobbs, MissC ... 153

Hobbs, Mrs. Thomas L 42

Hock, Johannes 27

Hodge, Edward. 515

Hodge, Harriet B 62

Hodge, Hiram C vi, ix, 10, 416, 418, 419

Hodge, Milton H 419

Hodge, Sarah '. 419

Hodge, Warner I 417,418,419

Hodges, Elizabeth 26

Hoffmaster, 561

Hogan, EdwardD.... Ill

Hogenhost, Jacob.. 26

Hogle, Alanson J 19

Holcomb, Orson.. 464, 468

Holland, John 113

Hollister, Chandler... 550

Page.

Hollister, George 550

Holloway, F. M. vii

Holmes, Alta 125

Holmes, Alvin 466

Holmes, Benjamin... 514

Holmes, Charles H 42

Holmes, George ' 470

Holmes, J. C.. 16,28,199

Holmes, J.Frederic 84

Holmes, John F. 92

Holmes, James L 114, 124, 125

Holmes, Narcissa 466

Holmes, Philemon 466

Holmes, Sarah J.. 470

Holmes, Sarah Jane 471

Holmes, Silas M ...253, 254

Holt; H. H ...20, 140

Holt, Henry H. ...v, viii

Holton, Eliza 107

Holtslander, John 90

Holtslander, Mrs. John 84, 90

Hood, Tom 277

Hooker, Frank A 316

Hooker, Samuel B 562

Hooker, William S._._ 562

Hoorne, David 424

Hopkins, Polly 98

Hopkins, Mrs. Wm 34

Hornbeck, Benjamin 511, 518, 514

Horaell, Mr 233

Horr, R.G 316

Horrington, James C 197

Horton, Benjamin 99

Horton, Elmer C 206

Horton, James G 414

Holly, Samuel J 260

Hosford 388

Hosford, Prof 315

Hosford, Oromel 314

Hosmer, Rufus 290,383,884

Hotchkiss, Deacon . 518

Hotchkiss, Cook...... 509, 511, 512, 513, 518, 519

Hotchkiss, Lauren. 516

Hotchkiss, Oliver 513

Hough, Mary 136

Hough, Thomas 666

Houghton, Dr 52

Honghton, Douglas .382

Houghton, Mary 110

Honghton, Richard _. 186

House, G. H 554

House, Mrs. Peter 133

Hovey, Alfred.. 440, 441

Hovey, A. W 152

Hovey, Mrs. A. W 152

Hovey, P. R 145

Hovey, William 318

Howard, Jacob M 254, 264, 265, 274, 290, 316, 877

Howard, John .„: 418,473

Howard, John B.. 418

Howard, Josephine 471

Howard, Lewis T 418

Howard, Lidia , 120

Howard, Lucy.. 114

Howard, Wm. A.... ... 274, 290, 316

708

INDEX OF NAMES.

Page.

Howe, Betsey - 457

Howe, George - -- 459

Howe,Orrin .-- --- 457

Howe, Simeon - 563

Howe, W.Tracy.. 258

Howe, Winslow D - 465

Ho wee, George E _ 43

Howland, Luthan.. 112

Howland, Mrs. Simpson.. 463

Howlet, Mary.. 196

Hoy, 563

Hoy, A. M 562

Hoyt, Elizabeth. 465

Hoyt, Henry E - 465

Hoyt, James M 24

Hoyt, J. P — 554

Hoyt, James 8 316

Hoyt, Ralph... 98

Hoyt, Seymour 465

Hubbard, 490

Hubbard, Chauncey 469

Hubbard, Diodade . 845

Hubbard, Eli 176

Hubbard, Henry.. 469

Hubbard, Knowlton H ...- 92

Hubbard, Olive 176

Hubbard, William... 92

Hnbbard, William R 84, 92

Hnbbell, Daniel 146,154,155

Hubbell, Mrs. Stephen 145

Hudson, H. B 554

Hudson, Hendriok 301

Hudson & Hart 439

Huff, Amos 472

Huff, Charlotte 471

Huff, Elizabeth 471

Huff, James 8 207,208

Hughes, Catherine D '41

Hughes, Michael 90

Hughes, Mrs. Michael 90

Hulick, Daniel 145

Hull, Gen.... 290

Hull, Charles.. — 376

Hull, Frank G „•;.. 472

Hull, John... 22

Hull, Laura 12

Hull, Mary Ellen.... 471

Hull, William ...218, 312, 318, 314, 532

Hume, AlonzoS -- 514

Humphrey, Judge 116

Humphrey, C. M. 554

Humphrey, Fannie 17

Humphrey, Mrs. F. H — 93

Humphrey, J. B... 554

Humphrey, Wm 11

Hungerford, Ellen.. 471

Hungerford, Maria A 192

Hunsberger, W. A. 36

Hunt, Adelbert 473

Hunt, Edward 185

Hunt, Mrs. Emory, __ 464

Hunt, Hartz 465

Hunt, Henry W 1 470

Hunt, John 567

Hunt, King... 466

Page.

Hunt, Lanrentio _fc. 466

Hunt, Mrs. N 464

Hunt, Rachel 567

Hunt, Sarah A 465

Hunt, Sarah E 468

Hunter, Mrs. Andrew 185

Hunter, Mrs. James 136

Huntington, George 418, 419

Huntington, Nathaniel 114

Huntington, Sophie 471

Huntley, Lentulus 188

Hnntly, Emons R 132

Kurd, Ansel M 84, 91

Hurd, Artemns 91

Hard, Byron 91

Hurd, Daniel 91

Hurd, Emmet 91

Hurd, Hugh 91

Hurd, Jesse 111

Hurd, Nettie 91

Hurd, Philo _ 316

Hurlbnt, E. W. ._ 376

Hurley, Hannah 114

Hnssey, Erastus 22, 248, 253, 256, 257, 258

Husted, Henry 8 .-.. 145

Hasted, Mrs. Lewis H — 145

Huston, Dr 201

Huston, H. B 379

Huston, John 63

Huston, Mary.... .-. 62

Huston, Robert 41, 62

Huston, William 62

Hutchings, Alem J 417

Hutchins, Harrison 561

Hutchins, Joe 377, 378

Hutchinson, Helen .. 470

Hutchinson, Jane W. 166

Hutchinson, Lewis.. 470

Hutchison, Philip 187

Hyatt.Mrs.C, B 2

Hyde, Mr 44

Hydenburg, Dea 248

Hydenburk, Mary.. 465

Hydenbnrk, Minerva W 465

Hyslop, Elizabeth, Sr 185

Ide, Mary 176

Ihling, O. & R 386

Ingals, Christian 135

Ingersoll, Col

Ingersoll, Bob.... 237

Ingersoll, John N.... 179

Ingerson, Wm. R 561

Ingraham, Mrs. Dwight 114, 124

Inne, Robert --- 638

Innis, Henry 113

Irwin, James 470

Irwin, John 470

Irwin, Samuel V... 41

Irham, Maria Wells . 204

Jackson, Gen... 313

Jackson, Alpha 25

INDEX OF NAMES.

709

Page.

Jackson, Andrew. 294, 296, 518

Jackson, Daniel 560

Jackson, Mrs. E. M 67

Jackson, Halliday 566,621

Jackson, John H 470

Jackson, John L 164

Jackson, Samuel 664

Jackson, Sarah 205

Jackson, William 111, 184, 208, 451

Jacobs, 219

Jager, Mary 207

James, Isaac 663

James, James V 394

James, John 668,666

James, Sarah 48

James, William V 204

Janes, John 229

Jefferson, Thomas 126,296,298,305

Jenison, Hiram 161

Jenison, Lucius 161

Jenison, Luman 161

Jenison, O. A 434

Jenkins, James 113, 123

Jenkins, Timothy 115

Jenkins, William _.. Ill

Jenks, Amy 146

Jenks, Luther B . 138

Jenner, W.C... 560

Jenner, William C 550

•Jenness, John J... 318

Jennings, Edmund L 146

Jennings, Edwin S.._ 146

Jennings, Jane 146

Jennings, Stephen 146

Jennings, Thomas 471

Jennison, Wm 316

Jerome, David 159

Jerome, D. H... 168

Jerome, George H... 899

Jerome, W. S 160

Jewell. Elizabeth 470

Jewett, Mr 442

Jewett, Charles 395

Joberson 611

John, Capt ...575, 576, 582, 584, 586, 588, 605

Johnson, President 116

Johnson, Amelia ^ 181

Johnson, Andrew .. 496

Johnson, Charles 472

Johnson, Mrs.Chas 146

Johnson, Charles G. 214

Johnson, Chas. P 76

Johnson, Mrs. Collins H _ 220

Johnson, Edward :__. 562

Johnson, Elizabeth 114

Johnson, Elizabeth P 214

Johnson, Geo. H 470

Johnson, Harriet 470

Johnson, Hatsuld 424

Johnson, Hope 461

Johnson, James 188

Johnson, Mrs. James 188, 191

Johnson, Jane 455

Johnson, John. 486, 488, 571, 664, 665, 666

Johnson, John D 76

Johnson, Lysander 514

Johnson, Martin 43

Johnson, Oliver... 214

Johnson, Rachel 665

Johnson, R. M. 223, 224

Johnson, William 136, 424, 571

Johnstone, R. F 383, 384, 389

Jones, Arthur 88

Jones, Mrs. A. S 86

Jones, Carrie 98

Jones, Cynthia 42

Jones, Elizabeth 80

Jones, Ezra 97, 98

Jones, Frederick 470

Jones, Horatio 626

Jones, Mrs. H. 41

Jones, Margaret, 80. 81

Jones, M. Louise 98

Jones, Thomas _ 620,654

Jones, Thomas B 112

Jones, Whitney 98, 254

Jones, Wm. 461

Jordan, Samuel 511, 519

Joscelyn, Pres 315

Joslin, Chauncey.. 22,462

Joslyn, Chauncey 196

Joy, James F. 317

Jndd, AmosS. 563

Judd, E. 1 318

Jnett, Mrs. Joseph 187

Julian, G.W 270

Julian, Geo. W 252

Kaiher, John 205

Kane, Thomas 187

Kanouse, John 196

Kanouse, J. G 457

Kappler, Michael 197

Karstaedt, Frederick 43

Katherine _ 600, 644

Katicho 436

Kearsley, Maj. 485

Kearsley, Jonathan 427

Keask.. 421

Keasy, Capt 588

Keating, Thomas E.... 196

Keaton, Mary 183

Kedish 621

Kedzie, Mr 538, 536

Kedzie, A. S v, viii, 161

Kedzie, James T 534

Kedzie, William 534

Keeler, B 469

Keeler, Danitl 114

Keeler, Mrs. Wm. N 60

Keif, Loren. '. 458

Keif, Lucian B 197

Keith, Dr.. i 76

Keith, M 468

Keith, S 54

Kellam, Lewis C ^.... 458

Kelley, Mrs. Foster....... 181

Kelley, Libni 183

Kelley, Patrick J.... 114

710

INDEX OF NAMES.

Page.

Kellogg, Mrs. A 53

Kellogg, Amelia S 465

Kellogg, Francis W 284

Kellogg, John R 254,553

Kellogg, Oliver 458

Kelly, Cornelia M. B 101

Kelly, Edward 146

Kelly, William... 110

Kelsey, James M 195

Kelsy, Susan B 112

Kendall, Lucius B 886,387,389

Kennedy. David 585,605

Kennedy, Mrs. M. J 96

Kerwin, James.. 187

Kesler, Mary J 42

Ketchum, Daniel P 146

Ketcham, George 831

Ketchem, Hewlett 328

Kewney, Richard 464, 469

Kibber.Dr 516

Kidder, Hiram.. 511

Kies, Mary Ann -... 185

Kilborn, Mrs. George.. 173

Kilbuck, John _ 599

Kilrain, 377

Kimball,€. M 560

Kimble, Mr 160

Kimble, Mrs. Daniel _.. 160

King, 250

King, Adeline 468

King, Doe. 575

King, Harvey... 204

King, Julia ...- 112

King, Mary Hull 146

King, Nathan G 402

King, Samuel 133

King, Simon 417

Kingsbury, Otis 54

Kingsley, James 345, 346, 348

Kingsley, Moses 451

Kingsnorth, Mary Jane 467

Kingsnorth. Sarah Jane 467

Kingsnorth, William 467

Kinne, J 200

Kinne, Melinda 200

Kinyon, Alzina... 186

Kinyon, John. 189

Kipp, George 489

Kirkland, ... 576

Kitchell, H. D.___ 316

Kitson, James :•_._. 207

Klemmer, Nicholas 185

Knaggs, Caroline 225

Knaggs, Eliza 225

Knaggs, Elizabeth 218

Knaggs, George 218, 219, 220,221, 225

Knagge, James.. .vi., 9, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223,

224, 225

Knaggs, James W 219,223

Knaggs, Jemima.. 225

Knaggs, Johnson 223, 224, 225

Knaggs, May Stocking ...vi., 9, 217

Knaggs, Pelagie.. 225

Knaggs, Rachel 222, 223

Knaggs, Rebecca 218, 222, 225

Page.

Knaggs, Robert _. 225

Knaggs, Thomas... 218, 219, 222

Knaggs, Whitmore 218, 219, 222, 225

Knaggs, William 218, 219

Knapp, Abigail 517

Knapp, Amos 518

Knapp, Amos 8 519

Knapp, Andrew 189

Knapp, John 509, 511, 512, 513, 514, 517, 519

Knapp, Lauren 517

Knappen, Edward 466

Knappen, Frank 466

Knickerbocker, C. R 116

Knight, Calvin 469

Knight, Chas ..468,469

Knight, Florence ...115, 116

Knight, George 469

Knight, Jas 469

Knight, Sophie H 9, 18

Knox, Jane 146

Knowland, William. ^ 204

Knowles, Maria. 112

Knowles, Miriam 112

Krieriem, Mrs. Adam 103

Kring (Murder). 76

Kronemeyer 562

Krumbein, John 564

Kulick, Francisca... 210

Kyes, Henrietta 125

Kyle, James 662

Kyle, John 633

Kyle, Joseph 146

Labadie, Medard 219, 223

Lacey, Samuel S. 318

Laframboise, Madame _. 326

Laing, Abraham 661,662

Lamb, Calvin 459

Lambert, Thomas 417

Lambert, Wm 209

Lambie, Wm 201

Lammers, Frances.. 113

Lamoreaux 561, 562

Lamphier, MarthaA, 65

Lamson, Arley 459

Lamson, Mrs. Nathan 85, 86

Lancaster, Dennis — 459

Lancaster, Harriet 134

Lane, 561

Lane, Cornelius... 633

Lane, Jesse. 197

Lane, Leland 130

Lane, Marcus ..».. 398, 562

Lang, John 418

Lang, Rudolph 111

Langam, Katie ~ 134

Langdon, Chauncey 44

Lanigan, William 114

Lansiff. Peter ..-. 140

Lansing, Capt 568, 569

Lansing, Edward 208

Lapham, Abram 148

Lapham, Smith.. 457, 459

Laraway, A. J. 61

INDEX OF NAMES.

711

Laraway, Mrs. A. J 40

Laraway, Mrs. Andrew J 61

Laraway, David 464

Laraway, Jerome. 464

Laraway, Marilda 464

Laraway, Ransom. _. 464

Laraway, Sarah McCormick 61

Larchhead, Teressa 470

Lardner, John J. 561

Larmour, Mrs. B. 464

Larned, Asa 186

Larned, Charles ... 213, 316

Larned, Mrs. Sylvester 207

Larzelere, Betsy : 188

LaSalle, 222, 297,298,832,430

LaShambra, Louis.. 460

Lasley, William 320

Lason, Samuel 414

Lassing, — '— 222

Lathrop, Henry L 54

Latimer, Almira 114

Latta, P. A 554, 564

Laudiman, Mary 185

Laaghlin, Mary 112

Laverty, Alexander 458

Lawrence, Caleb 578

Lawrence, Edwin 367,394

Lawrence, Hiram... 134

Lawrence, Phoebe 466

Lawson, James S. ' 429

Lawton, U. W 116

Lay, Ezra D v, vi, 3, 4, 6, 7, 12, 20, 22,

195, 197, 198, 199, 200, 450

Lay, E. D., Jr .' 200

Lay, F. B 554

Lay, Wm. H 200

Lay, Z. K 199

Leaburn, Capt 591

Leach, 848

LeBaron, Leander 459,460

Lee, Caroline 453

Lee, Charles 472

Lee, Mrs. Charles A 176

Lee, Elijah 146

Lee, Eliza 205

Lee, Elizabeth 472

Lee, Frank. 472

Lee, Isaac 218

Lee, Mrs. J.... 136

Lee, James D 472

Lee, John _. 209

Lee, Lather... 84, 86, 88, 89, 90

Lee, Mary Ann 472

Lee, Melissa 472

Lee, Mordecai... 664

Lee, Moses.. 87

Lee Samuel 87

Lee, Thomas 452

Leech, G. C 428

Leech, P. K 425

Leech, Payne K. 428

Leeds, Samuel 136

Leek, Horace 452

Leeland, Louis A 188

LeFeber, Nathan... 473

Page.

Leggett, Edwin _ 46!>

Leggett, Cornelia.. 42

Leggett, Daniel.. : 560

Leland, Elizabeth . 164

Leland, Mrs. J. D 183

Leland, Miranda 451

Lemoyne, Francis, J. 252

Lennon, Hannah 146

Lent, John 163

Lent, Mrs. John 173

Lester, Chas. E 207

Lester, Facheas M 41

Lester, Stephen W 63

Lester, Z. Alton 63

Lester, Zaccheus Mead 68

Levake, W.S 331

Levy, Abram 111

Lewis, Col 575

Lewis, Fred 181

Lewis, George 562

Lewis, George F ...163,179,180

Lewis, John 457

Lewis, Halsey 188

Lewis, Samuel 260, 270

Lewis, Mrs-Thomas 206

Liasering, Mrs. D 135

Lilley, Amos 128

Lillie, Gilbert 470

Lincoln, 268, 328

Lincoln, Gen.... ....619, 622, 627, 628, 629,

632, 636, 657, 658, 659

Lincoln, President ...77,191

Lincoln, Abraham 200, 248, 249, 253, 273

274, 275, 278, 279, 496

Lincoln, Benjamin 566,567

Lincoln, Horatio 466

Lincoln, Luther . 380

Lindley,Col 631,662

Lindley, Jacob... 565, 566, 632, 636, 637, 638, 640,

641, 659, 662, 663, 666, 669, 670

Lindley, Samuel , 633

Lindsley, Cyrus 562

Lindsley. James 562

Lindsley, James G. 562

Linsley, ._ 561

Linslow, Mrs. Louis. 1 _ 177

Lintner & Olney 388

Lisle, George H. 472

Litchfield 250

Little Duck 487

Little-man 581

Little, Mr 442

Little, Maj. 635

Little, Albert 180

Little, Billy 634

Little, Charles 163, 164, 178

Little, Eliza A 164

Little, Ellen.. 130

Little, E. Porter... 888

Little, Frank 130,181,376,389

Little, Jonny... 619

Little, Mrs. J. G. 216

Little, Henry-- 20, 22, 129, 130, 131, 470

Little, Phoebe (Marchant) 129

Little, William.... 129

712

INDEX OP NAMES.

Page.

Little, Wm. Henry 130

Littlejohn, 261

Littlejohn, Judge.. 141

Littlejohn, F. J 273, 274, 552, 554

Littlejohn, Flavins J 275,278

Littlejohn, John 568

Littlejohn, P. O , - 25

Littlejohn, Silas F..... ...- ...549, 550

Lloyd, John 663

Lloyd & Place - 1*1

Lobban, Alexander 414

Lobban, James... 414

Locke, George - 376

Lockwood, Nathan 8 163, 181

Loder, Rhoda 468

Lodge, James M 75

Lodge, Joseph G 75,76

Lofthouse, William 42

Logan, William.. .. 562

Lomax, Joseph.. 874, 389

Long, Mrs. W. H ... . 94

Lougyear, Ephraim 24

Loomis, Esther 26

Loomis, Levi 561, 562

Loomis, Mary O 465

Loomis, Russell 470

Loomis, Sally A. 26

Loper, James 426

Lord, Mr.... 388

Lord, Henry W 318

Lotheridge, Brewster 468,469

Lotheridge, Orson. 470

Lothridge, Harriet 40

Lothrop, Eliva , 466

Lothrop, George 466

Lothrop, Geo. V. N ..... 273, 274, 282, 283, 816

Love, Rosalia -- 472

Lovejoy, — — 89, 252,,257

Loveioy, Elijah P 247, 268, 271, 272

Lovejoy, Owen 270

Lovell, Cyrus... 316, 345, 348, 558

Lovell, EnosT 465

Lovell, Fannie Z 473

Lovell, George 465

Lovell, Lafayette W ...» 465

Lovell, Louis .... 316

Lovell, Preston 478

Lovell, Willard G 473

Lowe. N. C vi, 520

Lowe, Sarah 53

Lowell, Cyrus B. 210

Lowrie, James 206

Lowrie, Helen 206

Luanenbush, Mrs 135

Lucas, 562

Lucas, Hiram 519

Lucas, John 562

Lucas, Seth A. 562

Lucas, Stephen 562

Luce, Gov --178, 215

Luce, Cyras G 28

Lull, Mrs. A. A... 146

Lnndy, Benjamin 247, 248, 252, 257, 268

Lundy, Sarah 665,668

Lundy, W 582

Lundy, William 635,838, 661

Lufk, Thomas 41

Lute, George 133

Lnttenton, Reuben 418

Lynch, John M 26

Lyon, Chlorinda 112

Lyon, Emerson 111

Lyon, E. W 180

Lyon, Geo. W 389

Lyon, Lucius ....241, 816, 326, 557

Lyon, Theodatus T viii

Lyons, 328

Lyons, Cynthia E 25

Lyons, Ellen 204

Lyons, Millie M 207

Mabean, Charles 186

Mack, Theodore * 39

Macken, Mrs. John 84, 90

Maconce, 10, 430

Maconce, Mrs... 438

Maconce, Francois 432, 433

McArthur.Col 219

Me Bride, J. Holden ...376, 377, 378

McCall,Wm. R 60

McCall, Mrs. Wm. R.... 41, 60

McCamley, Jane... ._ 471

McCamley, Margaret. _.. 471

McCamly, Chauncey 469

McCamly, Henry 464

McCamly, Sands - 304

McCarthy, Mary. 197

McCarty, Mary 209

M'Caskey 646

M'Casky, William 638

McCave, J. C — -- 26

McClellan, Mrs. John 171

McClelland, Robert 214, 249, 262, 274, 282, 345,

346, 347, 348, 349

McCollam, Bill.. 280

McColum, John Ed 134

McConnell, Mrs. W. M... 152

McCormick, James 550, 561

McCormick, James W 26, 27

McCormick, Mrs. J. W 28

McCormick, Magdalen Ann 31

McCormick, Wm. R.._. _.v, vii, 29, 447

McCoy, Isaac 826

McCray, 328

McCray, James _. 331

McCready, John 462

McCrillis, James 514

McCullin, Nicholas 514

McCullin, Thomas 514

McCullum, Mrs. A. G.... •",'.)

McCurdy, John 54

McCutcheon, James 185

McDonald, Margaret 208

McDougal, Malcom - 197

McDowell, Judge 270

McDowell, Agatha.. -- 270

McDowell, Mortimer • 562

McDowell, Samuel D 456

McDowell, Timothy... - 562

INDEX OP NAMES.

718

Page.

McDuff, Andrew 209

McEntee, Fannie B 174

McEntee, Patrick 163, 174

McFarlain, Patrick 514

McFarlain, Michael --- M4

McFarland, Andrew 519

McGaffey, N. - - 398

McGahen, Benj 18

McGee, 619

McGillivrey.--. 625,626

McGoffery, George... 189

McGraw, John 110

McGregor, Col. 219, 220

McGregor, Alex 164

McGregor, Donald 164

McGregor, James 162,164

McGregor, James Jr 164

McGregor. James and Sons 164

McGregor, John 164

McGregor, Moses 164

McGregor, Thomas 164

McGregor & Jackson 164

McGuyre, Margaret 147

McGark, Mrs .... 186

McHose, B. F 190

Mcllvaine, Bishop 227

Mcllvaine, Ebenezer 397

Mclntosh, John 177

Mclntosh, Mrs. John 168, 176

Mclntyre, Dougald 162,167

McKay, George B ^.. 42

McKee, Capt 618,621

McKee, Col 586, 592, 603, 604, 609.

610, 626, 648, 650, 651

M'Kee, Thomas 655

McKenney, Patrick 514

McKenzie, 598, 643

McKey, Anthony 534

McKibben, Miss G 1 10

McKinney, John 254

McKinstry, Andrew 456

McKnight, Robert B 168

McLaughlin, Patrick 186

McLeod, Wm. Norman . 346, 847, 349

McLouth, Louis 315

McMillan, Mr 224

McMillan., A 224

McMillan, Archibald 224

McMillan, George. 205

McMillan, Geo. & R 205

McMillen, Geo. H 108

McMillen, James A..1.. 417

McMartin, Mrs. Duncan A 559

McMath, J. M 25

McNair, Elizabeth... 472

McNair, Eugene _._.* 472

McNttir, James A 417

McNair, Monroe 472

McNeff, Patrick 421, 422

McNeil, Annie 10,11,12

McNeil, JohnL. 416

McNiff.R. B... .__ 186

McNulty, Marie 468

McPherson, Ann 466

McPherson, Mrs. John 205

McPherson, Hugh.... 466

McPherson, Isabella.. 466

McPherson, Margaret 466

McPherson, Wm 466

McBeynolds. Andrew T 486

McTarish, Hugh 185

McVarie, Mrs... 133

McVarie, Hugh.. 133

McWilliams, Abner J. 534

Madison, James 223

Mahaffey, Dr. 79

Maitland, Elizabeth 110

Major, Mrs. Wm 188

Malcolm, George 146

Malcolm, Harriet 118

Malicka, Mananna 205

Mallett, Jennie 47

Mallory, John.. 188

Mallory, Belief 1 ..". 464

Mallory, Sarah 463

Manchester, Caleb _ 469

Manchester, Perry 469

Manchester, Stephen.... 469, 470

Maniattes, Martha 111

Mann, Alfred 550

Mann, Channcey 517

Mann, Juliette 562

Mann, Loomis 108

Mann, Ralph R._ 561

Manning, Mr 513

Manning, Randolph 24

Mansfield, Joel 186

Mansfield, Mrs. W 175

Manson, Gen. 71

Manson, N., Jr 551

Mansur, J. B 374

Manwaring, Joshua... vii

Mapes, H. H 469

Mapes, Julius 469

Mapes, Mary M. , 471

Marble, William 112

March, Frank 379

March & Weeks 379

Marinane, Rebecka 113

Markham, Asa 460

Markie, Edward 207

Marks, Henry 162, 171

•Marlett, Alice 472

Marlett, Geo. B 472

Marlott, Mrs 135

Marrell, Rev... _ 46

Marriatt, Mary Ann 197

Mars, Thos vii

Marsac, Daniel. 326

Marsac, Emily 331

Marsh, Dr 390

Marsh, A 468

Marsh, Amasa W 114

Marsh, Charles 465

Marsh, Elia.. 465

Marsh, Emma 468

Marsh, Fletcher 465

Marsh, George „ 465

Marsh, Harriet 42

Marsh, Hattie... 471

714

INDEX OF NAMES.

Page.

Marsh, Jane 465

Marsh, Joseph 629,661

Marsh, Julia A 507

Marsh, Mattie 471

Marsh, T. H 554

Marsh, Well K 465

Marshall, Judge -. 15

Marshall, Elvira. - 186

Marshall, Orville 100

Martin, 1... 172

Martin, Betsey _ 464

Martin, Betsey Ann 427

Martin, Chas. H 469

Martin, Edward 427

Martin, Ellen .. 41

Martin, Grace . 208

Martin, Nancy 464

Martin, Patrick 196

Martin, Silas... 472

Martin, Stephen _ 210

Martin, William _ 464

Marvin, Calvin 233,412

Marvin, John 244

Mary, 600

Mason, Hiram L 417

Mason, Isaac 248

Mason, James.. 465

Mason, John j 464

Mason, Lorenzo W. 345

Mason, Luther 42

Mason, Mary Ann 464

Mason, Samuel. 464

Mason, StevensT .13, 241, 532,558

Mason, Kathbun & Co 67

Mass-e-nee-ke-zhich 487

Mather, George . 91

Mather, Hiram F 397

Matheson, Loretta 90

Mathews, Salmon H 451

Mathews, Mrs. Salmon H. 451

Matthews, 563

Maumee, Mrs. Jos. 147

May, Charles F 891

May, Charles S 316, 389, 465

May, Charles S. Jr 389

May, Cornelia E — 4*65

May, Dwight.. 274, 387, 389, 465

May, James ...421, 422

May, Joseph 422

May, Mrs. Rockwell _ 128

Mayette, Olive R '. 113

Mayhew, Mrs. Anthony _ 186

Mayhew, Ira 254, 348

Maynard. Ezra 457

May-zhe-ke-osh, 487

Mead, Josiah 128

Mead, Samuel P.. 253

Mead, Stephen 460

Mears, Chas. 142

Melcher, Sylvia 103

Meldrum & Park__ 430

Mellen, Harvey viii

M%nzie, John 460

Merchant, Mathew . 6S2

Merker , Catherine . . . 206

Page.

Merrell, Henry 186

Merriam, A. R 816

Merrick, Laban 516

Merrifield, Edwin C 845

Merrill, J. D 140

Merrill, Rollin 472

Merrill & Ring 181

Merritt, Mattison 206

Merritt, Paul H. . _ 206

Merritt, William 206

Merwin, Mrs. Mindwell 147

Merwin, Smith C 110

Mesnard, ... 332

ir, Amasa... 425

ir, Jedediah 425

Messemer, John 640

Messkiass, 421

Metaw, 510

Metcalf, A. Marie __ 469, 471

Metcalf, H. Marie 468

Metlen, Sarah... 100

Miakin, Margaret 205

Mikim, William 205

Michael, George 463

Mickel, Mrs. Joseph... 65

Miles, Judge 360

Miles, Nancy 113

Millard, A. L 316

Millard, Mrs. James 147

Millarv), Joseph B 129

Miller, Col 151

Miller, Dr 441

Miller, Judge 286

Miller, Mrs 94, 378

Miller, Adaline 163

Miller, Albert vi, viii, 1, 5, 9, 17, 20, 25,

211, 351, 488, 440, 441, 446

Miller, Bennett 182

Miller, Catherine 26

Miller, Charles 534

Miller, C. C 156

Miller, Charles E 182

Miller, Elizabeth ....... 27

Miller. Georgia 182

Miller, James 316,460, 630

Miller, John 189, 192

Miller, Joe 281

Miller, Joseph 426,274

Miller, Hannah 682

Miller, Henry B 378, 379, 380, 381, 389

Miller, Herbert 186

Miller, Hezekiah 163, 182

Miller, Hiram 254

Miller, Mrs. Hiram 163

Miller, Hiram L .- - 163

Miller, Mrs. Hiram L 162

Miller, Leonard. 459

Miller, Mrs. Leonard 459

Miller, M 608

Miller, Mary 88,622

Miller, Nathan B 426

Miller, Norman L 163

Miller, Sarah Ann 457

Milliken, William 881,382

Milliken & Torrey - 880,381

INDEX OF NAMES.

715

Page.

Millington, Abel '161

Mills, Benjamin F 81

Mills, Edward 465

Mills, E.T 387

Mills, Heary 466

Mills, Julia 465

Mills, Lois .- 80, 81

Mills, Lather Laflin 281

Skills, Lyman - 466

Mills, Philo -- 184

Mills, Simeon 248

Miner, John 8 209

Miner, Joseph 8 560

Miner, Lester 101, 114

Miner, Robert G.. — 561

Miner, W. S --.- 560

Miner, Mrs. W. 8 — 560

Minier, Solomon ....228,229

Missiner, John 592

Mitchell ...864, 365

Mitchell, Curtis B 104,106, 107

Mitchell, Preston 318

Mitchell, Tyler 514

Mix.E A 557

Mixed Clouds 437

Moffatt, Orlando 248,290

Moffatt, Seth C 470

Moiles, Mrs. Henry ;. 173

Molay --- 607

Monahan, John 512, 514

Monfort, Isaac 428

Monnahan, Anna - 207

Montague, Charles 189, 192

Montague, Mrs. Charles 189

Monterman, Paul 205

Monro, George 127

Monroe, Miss 462

Monroe, James.. 218,223

Montgomery, Augustus 182

Montgomery, Eliza A — 147

Montgomery, James M 20

Montgomery, Martin V 15

Montgomery, Champaigne & Co. 140, 141, 142

Montieth, 1 560

Montieth, John 315, 316, 534

Moody, Judge.. 115

Moon, Abram 467

Moon, Ann 467

Moon, Hiram -- 128

Moon, Jno 367

Moon, Louisa _ 84, 94

Moon, Thomas '467

Moon, William 94

Moor, Armitage G 187

Moore, Adelia M. Davis 110

Moore, Caleb 460

Moore, Caroline 26

Moore, Edward. 562

Moore, Franklin 818

Moore, G. W vi, 508

Moore, Geo. W 514,518,520

Moore, Hiram 302

Moore, Jeremiah 579, 582, 636, 637, 638, 661

Moore, Joseph 565, 566, 567, 579, 580, 607, 624,

626, 629, 632, 666, 667, 668

Page.

Moore, J. Wilkie ..v, viii, 1, 3, 9, 24, 203, 205, 210

Moore, Lovell... _.. 130

Moore, Wm. 459, 512

Moore, Wm. R 562

Moorehouse, Amarette 464

Moorehouse. Antha ._ 464

Moorehouse, Louisa. 464

Moorehouse, Warren 464

Morehouse, A. F _. vii

Moran, Judge 135

Morden, Mrs. Wealthy..' 42

Morey, E.._ v 468

Morey, H. M . 51, 201, 454

Morell, Geo... 316

Morgan, Marie L _..468, 470

Morgan, Sarah L 468, 471

Morgan, Walker 469, 471

Morganthaler, Louis 104

Morley, William 374

Morrall, Wm 55

Morris, Andrew 185

Morris, Benj. B... . 147

Morris, Hattie 467

Morris, James.. _ 467

Morris, Jane. __147, 467

Morris, Robert.. _ 630

Morris, Thomas 252

Morrisey. James _. 110

Morrison, 328

Morrison, Pres 315

Morrison, Hamilton 208

Morrison, Mrs. James Hamilton 208

Morrison, Johonnet.. 559

Morrison, Stephen A. 559

Morrison, Zelda._ 26

Morse, Allan 41, 64

Morse, Dr. D 113

Morse, Frank 64

Morse, George 64

Morse, Harriet., _. 135

Morse, Henry ._ 132

Morse, James 64

Morton, E. G 261

Morton, Jonathan G 460

Morton, Washington 459

Moseley, Francis 470

Moseley, Willie.. ..1 470

Mosher, Pres. 315

Mosher, Phil _ _ 135

Mosher, Thomas H 196

Moshier, Charles 469

Moshier, Elm§r 472

Moshier, Laddie 472

Moshier, Margaret 471

Moshier, Marsha 471

Mosier, Emma 472

Mosier, George 472

Mott, Major.. 463

Mott, Jane 464

Mott, Lucretia • 270

Mott, Mary 468

Mott, Richard 463

Moulton, L. V... 107

Moulton, Reuben 44

Mower, Horace ..-. ... 246, 290, 379, 889

716

INDEX OF NAMES.

Page.

Moyers, Gilbert -- 554

Muck-e-ta-Moosh-na - 437

Maffley, Daniel 472

Muffley, Elizabeth...* 472

Maffley, Lydia _ --- 472

Maffley, Mary H._. - 472

Mufflin, John - - 471

Mair, Andrew - 460

Muir, James ._ -

Mullett, John ...- - 45.326,355

Mulholand, William 467

Mullett, James... 45

Muma, George 25

Mundy, Judge

Manger, Col 179

Manger, Sylvester .* 562

Manger & Pattison .— 179

Munsey, Capt 592,597,605,648

Munson, 210

Munson, Mr 536

Murdock, Francis B 392

Murphy, Rev. Father 90

Murphy, Eliza 40, 49

Murphy, John 558, 559

Murphy, Simon 49

Murphy, W. M 263

Murray, Alexander - 42, 69

Murray, Mary M 197

Muzzy, Franklin -- 398

Nagle, John 101

Napoleon, r - --• - 213

Narrin, Annie E... ... 508

Narrin, Jeremiah 508

Narrin, Mrs. Jeremiah . .. 195

Narrin, John L.._- 147

Narrin, Matilda Goodrich .. 492

Narrin, Matilda L 508

Nash, Abner D 129

Nash, George -. 454

Natawasky 611

Nearpass, Eliza - 112

Neerken, Aaron 562

Nellis, 572

Nelson, Ezra 318

Nelson, Henry L 387,889

Nelson, James .-. 318 550

Nelson, Magdalena 41

Nester, Thomas 110,209

Neuman, Joseph 206

Newberry, John S .. 316

Newell, Theodora 140,142

Newell, Mrs. Wm. P. 89

Newham, R. L 554

Newman, 688

Newman, Fanny 468

Newman, Richard 463

Newman, William 48

Newton, Judge 490

Newton, Mrs. Sheffield 196

Nichols, Mrs 184

Nichols, Amelia.. -- 471

Nichols, Benj. F 147

Nichols, Brownell... 465

Page.

Nichols, Cyril 453

Nichols, Elizabeth.. 471

Nichols, Emily 471

Nichols, E. C 468,469

Nichols, Fanny 196

Nichols, Jacob 40

Nichols, Mrs. J.E... 98

Nichols, John W 42

Nichols, Maria 26

Nichols, Mary „ 471

Nichols, Volinia 196

Nicholson, Ann 147

Nicholson, Mrs. Fletcher 389

Nickols, Elisha 427

Nickols,SabenM..__ 128

Niles, Anthony. 412

Niles, EdnaL 161

Niles, Ezekiel 413

Noble, A 561

Noble, Alonzo 468, 469 471

Noble, Charles 316

Noble, David A... 316

Noble, Helen 468

Noble, Nathaniel. 452

Noble, Sylvanus. 452

Noble, Warham 467, 469, 471

Nobles, Thomas 453

Nongue, 421

Norcross, Mrs. I. B 175

Norris, Amelia Caroline... 71

Norris, L. D.... '— 367

North, Alma.... - 191

North, Almira ...22,103

North, A.E. 103

North,E. D 103

North, Frank 191

North, H. E ____ 103

North, Henry H 103

North, J. S 103

North, J. W 58, 59

North, Lena .--. 191

North, Louisa 103

North, Theron C 103

North, Townsend 22, 189, 190, 191, 193

North, Ula 191

Northrop, Cornelius.. 558

Norton, Captain 198

Norton, Anson, N. 132

Nover, John 41

Nowlin, Harry... 418

Nowlin, James H 417, 418

Nowlin, Levi 417

Nowlin, Lorenzo 417

Nowlin, Michael 417,418

Noyes, George Vf. 469

Noyse, Samuel -- 147

Nye, 273

Nye, Oliver.. 426

Nye, Rachel --.. '.'. 218

Nykerk, Egbert „ 562

Oakley, Benjamin.- -. 58

Oakley, Phebe G 40,53

Oakman, Walter... 456

INDEX OF NAMES.

717

Page.

Obeidig, Mother 10, 430

Obeidig, Mrs -.438, 439

O' Brian, Edward 617

O'Brien, John... - 26

O'Brien, E... . 554

Ocohongehelas 618

O'Donnell, James 316

Odrien, Alex 19

Oglethorpe, Gen 301

O'Hara, Judge 402

O'Hara, Thomas 408, 409

O'Keefe, Chancellor 433

Okemos 10, 430, 433, 434

Older, Smith __ 135

Olds, Mrs. David 463

Olds, Harriet 464

Olds, Mary 464

Olds, Melissa 464

Oliver, 626

Oliver, Franklin 412

Oliver, John 207

Oliver, Mrs. John 29,31

Oliver, John F : 128

Oliver, Simeon 133

Olney, Edward 315

Onas, 576

O'Neal, Daniel 510

Ormsby, L _ .vi, 528

Orr, Adam 417

Orr, Martha E 193

Osband, M. D 1,9

Osband, Melvin D 25

Oeborn, Alice D 133

Osborn, Benjamin D. 184

Osborn, Mrs. John 166

Osborne, Chas ; 270

Osborne, N. H 329

Osterhont, Peter 132

Otis, Alfred 465

O'Toole, Margaret - 43

Ousterout & Hall , 452

Owen, Obijah ...427, 428

Owens, A. H v, 1, 183

Owens, Alonzo H. • viii

Oyer, John 112

Packard, Alexis 450

Packer, Joseph 467

Packer, Mary R . 468

Packer, Ned 280

Packer, Viola 468

Paddack, David . 152, 153

Paddack, Mrs. David 147, 152

Paddack, Jerome P. 152

Padgham, J. H.._ 554

Padgham, Philip 540,546,554,564

Page, Ann 196

Page, Mrs. L.P 40

Page, William... 111,451,461

Paine, Asa i 162, 166

Paine, DeForest 166

Paine, George H 166

Paine, James L. 166

Paine, Valonis, A..'.. 166

Page.

Paine, VederW 166

Palmer, Miss 458

Palmer, Amy A 166

Palmer, A. B 818

Palmer, E. M 467

Palmer, Jane 40

Palmer, J. R 113

Palmer, Oscar vii

Palmer, S. R 53

Palmer, E. P... 42

Palmer, Warten 471

Palmiera, Elizabeth 205

Pardee, Ario . 460

Park, Abiah... 590

Parker, A 154,157

Parker, Mrs. A 157

Parker, David _ 183,184

Parker, Henry 663

Parker, John.. „ 377,378

Parker, Miles 184

Parker, Orson. 316

Parker, Rnssell 453

Parkhorst, Ebenezer.. 550

Parkhurst, J. G 318

Parkhnrst & firewater 455

Parkill, C. P 12

Parkinson, ... 120

Parks, Mrs. Ashley 196

Parish, Ralph 561

Parlin, R. M 554

Parmeter, Lucretia H 118

Parr, Henry P 113

Parrish, Jasper 615, 625, 626, 657, 661

Parrish, John 566, 567, 579, 592, 593, 597, 600, 615,

629, 631, 682, 685, 637, 638, 639, 652,
656, 660, 661, 662, 663, 664, 666, 770

Parshall, Ezra K 414,488

Parsons, 561

Parsons, Chester 459

Parsons, Eli , 466

Parsons, Harriet... 457

Parsons, Horace 459

Parsons, John... 562

Parsons, Johnson.. 554

Parsons, Mary Z 101

Parsons, Orrin 459

Parsons, Philo... 197, 318

ParsonH, Samnel L. 41

Partridge, Anna... 92

Partridge, Asa 425

Partridge, Caroline 468

Partridge, C. W 92

Partridge, John j 95

Partridge Brothers 92

Patch, Benjamin _ 114

Patrick, Betsy 1 464

Patrick, Caroline 464

Patrick, Clarrissa S 377

Patrick, Johnson 37&

Patrick, Marcia .» 465

Patrick, Thomas 376

Pattee, Elias 228,461

Pattison, George W ^ 179

Pattison, Parmelia 455

Pattison, Susan M. ... 200

718

INDEX OF NAMES.

Page.

Pattison, Wm. - 200

Pattern, Mary 472

Patton, Mary Jane *- 92

Panil, Gideon 210

Paul, George 196

Paul, JohnS 473

Paul, Otho S -— 478

Paul, Sallie 478

Paul, Thomas 473

Pauley, Catharine . 185

Panlin, Benjamin 635

Paulin, Jesse.. - 635

Paxson, Oliver 565,566,669,671

Payne, Mr... . - 315

Peabody, John 550

Peacock, _ .. 685

Peak, Peter M Ill

Peak, Seneca 550

Pearl, Wm. M 40, 56

Pearson, Mrs. George.. 124

Pease, Rebecca 41

Pease, William 40

Pecheekee.. 421

Peck, Father ..234,435

Peck, A. H 155

Peck, Edward I .' 159

Peck, Edward W _ 147, 157, 158, 159

Peck, Egbert. 197

Peck, Erastus.- 118, 121,122

Peck, Ferdinand 376

Peck, G. F 554

Peck, Horace B 564

Peck, J. Franklin 160

Peck, Jesse T. 399

Peck, John S..__ 160

Peck, Virgil 458

Peck, William : 158

Peckham, 250

Peer, Capt... 432

Peet, Marcia 98

Pegram, Gen 71

Pelham, Mrs. Richard 138

Peltier, Hannah 206

Pemberton, James 567, 608

Pemberton, John 608, 664

Pe-nasche-we-quom 436

Penn, William 301, 669

Pennell, Mariah P 114

Penoyer, Henry 142

Penoyer, Mrs. Lewis 85

Pepin, Francis 460

Percival, James... 877

Ferine, S 468

Perkins, Frances 468

Perkins, Lucina 205

Perkins, Minda ..^ 25

Perkins, T.... _ 467

Perkins, William 205

Perrin, Mrs.... 91

Pen-in, Calvin _ 227, 228

Perry, Commodore ,. 532

Perry, Edward C.r 147

Perry, James t 469

Perry, James M 467

Perry, Joab... ...42,76

Page.

Perry, Oliver H .__ 469

Perry, Seymour 85

Persons, Alvan 82

Persons, Lucia 82

Pester, William. 197

Pe-tanch-ne-nouk, 437

Peter, William 31

Peter, Young... 586

Peters, George 469

Peters, Isaac 450

Petit, Auselm _ 435

Pettee, Isaac 469

Pettee, Silas 467,469

Pettis, Stephen 112

Pettitt, Mrs. William 184

Petty, M 468

Phelps, 581

Phelps, Chester 463

Phelps, Edward 455

Phelps, Fitch 20

Phelps, I. E 509, 510

Phelps, Wm. P 315

Phelps, Dodge & Co 179

Phillips, 89

Phillips, Betsey 186

Phillips, Caroline DeHobe 155

Phillips, Charles W..- 186

Phillips, John 560

Phillips, Harriet... 147

Phillips, Olive. 196

Phillips, Wendell 2S5, 267

Phillips, Wm 560

Phillips, W. A 20

Pickering, Col 620, 828, 629, 632, 633

Pickering, Timothy 566, 567, 632

Pickett. Benjamin.. - 114

Pierce, President 180, 288

Pierce, Franklin 262

Pierce, Jane 478

Pierce, J. D._ ...245, 346, 347, 348, 349

Pierce, John D 314

Pierce, John' M 25

Pierce, Luke 512

Pierce, Nathan 452

Pierce, William 517

Pifer.Fred.... 204

Pike, Simeon 562

Pilcher.E. H. 458

Pilcher, Elijah H.. 280

Pilkinton, Levi 664

Pilsbnry, Parker 255, 256

Pinckney, Margaret.. Ill

Pine, Nathan D 110

Pipe, 592

Piper, Julia 81

Piper, Lois 81

Pitkin, William 469

Pitzel, Rev 336

Pixley, Calvin 513

Pixley, Orrin 518

Place, Josiah. _ 104

Plant, Mary 185

Platt, Adams 206

Platt, Mrs. Alonzo 131

Playform, J.E .... 204

INDEX OF NAMES.

719

Page.

Pletherick, Jane .. 210

Plimpton, Billings O. 228

Plimpton, Emory M 400

Plummer, Benjamin 559

Plommer, Daniel A 547, 558, 559

Plumstead, Mrs. Ransom 210

Pomeroy Bros 63

Pontiac, 298,433,447,624

Pool, John R _.. 128

Pope, Capt 540

Pope, D.H.... 554

Pope.H. H 554

Poppleton, O v, viii, 1, 2, 4, 9, 12,228, 356

Poppleton, Orrin 851

Poppleton, William 151

Porteons, John 572

Porter, Gov.... 892

Porter, Augustus S 290

Porter, E. H 96

Porter, Henry 464

Porter, J. B 96

Porter, Malvina 464

Porter, Martha 464

Porter, R. D.. 208

Porter, Seth J 96

Potter, Caroline 472

Potter, Calvin B 403

Potter, Laura A 472

Potters 328

Potts, Calista .'.... 463

Potts, Francis 147

Potts, Joseph 664

Potts, J. L 554

Pound, Daniel 629, 660, 661

Powell, 661

Powell, Judge... 591

Powell, Maj 629

Powell, Eunice. 113

Powell, Milo 188

Powell, Robert 817

Powers, James 478

Powers, John 514, 519

Powers, J. E 465

Powers, O. W 389

Pratt, Abner.. 552

Pratt, Alpheus 511

Pratt, Daniel... .-. 316

Pratt, Daniel L 367

Pratt, Edna A 474

Pratt, Elkanah 450

Pratt, Foster 818

Pratt, Henry 442

Pray, Catherine O 202

Pray.Emily 468

Prentiss 278

Prentiss, S. 8 277

Preston, Col 274, 275, 276, 277

Preston, A. E.. 469

Preston, James 550

Preston, Richard 457

Preston, Wm. C 276

Price, Aaron 133

Price, Adam... 425

Price, Asa 425

Price, Lanian B. . . . 429

Page.

Prince, Mr 233

Prince of Eastern Airy 611

Pringle, Eugene 118,120,316

Prisbey, Charles 513, 517, 518, 519

Prisbey, Charles A 517

Pritchard, B. D 554

Proctor, Gen 222, 431

Proctor, EUaC 474

Prouty, Leander S - 558, 559, 560

Prouty, Loretta... 464

Prouty, Martha 464

Prouty, Mary 464

Pronty, Wells 465

Provost, 44

Pruden, Newton A 196

Pugh, Lina 473

Purdy, Catharine 110

Purdy, Henry ... 114

Pnrdy, Mary __ 114

Pusey, Joshua '.. 567

Putnam, Prof 315

Putnam, David 108

Putnam, D. C 28

Putnam, Edward J 85

Putnam, George 466

Putnam, H.W.F... 147

Putnam, James 467

Putnam, Laura 466

Putnam, Mary J.... 84, 85

Patnam, Newton 487

Putnam, Ransom 467

Putnam, Mrs. Remain 86

Putnam, Worthy 403,407

Putnam, W. H 85

Qua, Julia K... 474

Qnaritch, Barnard 19, 20

Quick, Adoniram 467

Quick, Alma 467,473

Quick, Orissa 467,473

Quick, Truman 467

Quick, Verona 467

Quimby, Ichabod L. 131

Ramsdale, Abram 113

Ramsdall, Orson _ 469

RamsdeU, T, J viii

Randall, James J 397

Randall, Mrs. James T 166

Randall, Minnie A 474

Randies, James 897

Randolph, 628

Randolph, Gov.... 617

Randolph, Beverly 566, 567, 632, 664

Randolph, Edmund. ... 664

Rankin, 268

Ransom, Gov 360

Ransom, Antoinette 464

Ransom, Epaphroditns..249, 314, 316, 406, 549, 552, 553

Ransom, Nancy J 186

Ransom, Willis C v 465

Ransom, Wyllys C '.. 9

Raplee, Thomas 563

720

INDEX OP NAMES.

Page.

Bathbun, - 250

Rawls, PanlW. H._. 465

Baweon, Angenette .. - - 47

Rawson, Charlotte... 468

Rawson, Edward . 468, 469

Ray, Jonas 584

Ray, William 135

Raymond, Betsey - 196

Raymond, David C. .- 457

Raymond, Jane 133

Raymond, Paul - -- 183,519

Raymond, William 250

Reading, Asa 460

Reardon, Thomas 42

Reasoner, Ann 473

Rebekah, ..-. 600

Beddin, Asa H 460

Red Jacket. 481,629,634

Redpath, James 391

Redpath, William 110

Reed, Jadge 108

Reed, Mrs 188

Reed, Mrs. Azubel Coots 147

Reed, Helen 473

Reed, James.. _ 41

Reed, Samuel B u. 455

Reese, Mary G... 196

Reid, Mrs. Edwy C. 46

Reid, John 340

Rennick, Hiram 470

Renwick, George.. 450

Renwick, John 451

Reshore, IdaM.— 472

Reshore, Rosalia D 472

Reynolds, 185

Reynolds, Catherine 108

Reynolds, Charles E .: 209

Reynolds, Margaret « 617

Reynolds, S.J ". 165

Reynolds, William B 562

Rhines, Eleanor 124

Rice, 465,563

Rice, Mr. 510

Bice, Mrs. B. A _. 154

Bice, Edmund 379

Rice, Ellen A 464

Rice, Geo. W 379

Rice, Helen 4fi4

Bice, Henry M 371,389

Rice, Jeph 465

Rice, Phillip 513

Bice, Thomas 636, 661

Rice, Versel, widow of Dr. Bice 185

Bice, Hampton 318

Richards, Adeline 473

Richards, Alice 473

Richards, Chandler 316

Richards, J 565

Richards, Mary A 173

Richards, B 135

Richardson, _. ...632,638

Richardson, Gov 361

Richardson, Lieut. Gov. 360

Richardson, John ..: 466

Richardson, J. M..._ 136

Page.

Richardson, Nettie 466

Richman & Lyon.. 442

Richmond, Aronet.. 210

Richmond, Betsey 40

Riddle, Frank 186

Riford, Almon B 403

Riker, John 147

Riley, 466

Riley, David 466

Riley, James 485

Riley, James D. 8 485

Riley, John 10,430,434,435

Riley, Lydia 466

Riley, Mary 114

Riley, Nancy 436

Riley. Philip 435, 436

Biley, Theodore... 466

Rimes, Mrs. James 147

Rinold, 653

Riopelle, Josiah , . 206

Risdon, Orange.. 459, 481

Ritcher, Bishop 326

Rix, Albert 466

Rix, Daniel 466

Rix, George 466

Bobbins, Elizabeth... 467

Bobbins, Eveline 467

Bobert, Pelagie 225

Boberts, Horace S 345

Robertson, Armenia 186

Robertson, Sallie 136

Robertson, Mrs. Wm 147

Robey.Geo. J Ill

Robinson, N. 453

Robinson, Arzah 47

•Robinson, Bissell 147

'Robinson, Byron 471

•Robinson, C... - — 468

Robinson, David G vii

Robinson, Emily.. 55-

Robinson, Freeman 467

Robinson, George.. 471

Robinson, John 467

Robinson, Kate -- 468

Robinson, Liydia 467

Robinson, Phebe -•-

Robinson, Rix... 320,326

Robinson, Stephen L. 471

Robinson, W. D L 54

Robinson, Yankee 518

Robinson, Z.N - 467

Roby, Henry M... 211

Rockford, Catherine.. HO

Rochen, Christiana ... 210

Rodd, Mother.. 10, 430, 436, 437, 438, 439

Rodgers, Jane 147

Koe, 624, 468

Roe, Ephriam 469

Roe, J. E 469

Roe, Marie 468

Roe, P 469

Roe, Wm .-- 470

Rogers, Mrs 69

Rogers, Misses.. 101

Rogers, Abner 514

INDEX OP NAMES.

721

Page.

Rogers, Benjamin 1 514, 519

Rogers, Desire 469

Rogers, Edward .'. 467

Rogers, Elisha 467

Rogers, Elizabeth 166

Rogers, Elona 455

Rogers, Elsey 80, 81

Rogers, Esther.. 466

Rogers, Eugene 469

Rogers, Jake 540

Rogers, James A 519

Rogers, John 467

Rogers, Joseph 550

Rogers, J. V 554

Rogers, Philip 467

Rogers, Orrin 81

Rogers, Silas.. 469, 470

Rolfe, Adaline..... 467

Rolfe, Alviron 467

Rolfe, John 46

Rolfe, Nelson _%_ 463

Rood, Delia 465

Rood, Mary 464

Roof, 1 328

Rooney, Mary Ill

Root, Amy J 110

Root, Augustus 455

Root, Bennett F 458

Root, Charles 468, 469

Root, Putnam 42, 67, 68, 70

Root, Mrs. Putnam 42, 70

Rosa, Aldirt J 118

Rose, Abigail 26

Rose, Jesse 452

Rose, Minerva 104

Roselle, Achan.. 436

Rosier, Emily 88

Rosier, Mrs. George 196

Ross, 619

Ross, A. H..__ 316

Ross, Ensign 617

Ross, Leonard. 561

Rounds, Jonathan O. 561

Rounds, O. H 560

Rouse, John... 562

Row, Gilbert 458

Rowe, Asa 199

Rowe, Martin W. 550

Rowell, Maria 97

Rowland, William D 118

Rowley, Huntington 469

Rowley, Jane W.... 101

Rowley, Keziah i 104

Rowley, Manly D 468, 469

Rowse, Lyman V 469

Ruchner, John 204

Rue, Charles 469

Ruddiman, George „ 140,141

Ruggles, 233

Ruland, Eliphas J.... 427

Rumery, S 561

Rumsey, Elisha W 462

Rnmsey, Henry 454

Rundle, Charles... 466

Rundle, Eliza 467

Page.

Rundle, Jndson 466

Rundle, Waity Ann 466

Runnels, Wm 229

Running Brook 487

Runyan, H. D 429

Russell, Alfred 816

Russell, Cyrus... 60

Russell, Daniel 460

Russell, Henry C 60

Russell, Mrs. H. R 186

Russell, John B 60

Russell, John V 167

Russell, Jonathan 559

Russell, Joseph ix, 19

Rush, Dennis 67

Rush, Sadie 67

Rush, Thomas 67

Rush, William 41, 67

Rust, Sarah M 184

Rutgers, Geert 562

Rutgers, James 562

Rutter, Adessa 472

Rntter, Anna L 472

Rntter, Corwin 471

Rntter, Mary L -472

Rutter, Silas 471

Ryan, Hiram.. 113

Ryan, Patrick 185

Ryan, Thomas.. 41

Ryan, W. E 554

Ryerson, Hills & Co .- 142

Ryley, James Van Slyck 435

Sabin, Mrs. Calista 41

Sabin. H... 561

Sabin, Hiram 26

Sabins, Hiram 550

Saddler, Andrew 568

Saddler, John 563

Saddler, Jonathan 568

Saddler, Richard 563

Sage, James 436, 487

Sage, Michael 211

Sager George 128

St. Glair, 649

Saitor, MaryS... 76

Salisbury, Mr 518

Salisbury, EllaL 474

Salisbury, Franklin 472

Salisbury, George 471

Salisbury Lucy 472

Salisbury, Sarah 472

Salsbnry, Joseph 188

Salsbury, Levi '.... 514,519

Salt, Allen 489

Samuel, Mohican 605

Sanborn, James W 318

Sanborn, John P 318

Sanborn, Peter 187

Sanders, Fayette 196

Sanders, Josiah F 197

Sanders, Samuel 590

Sanderson, Mrs. Henry 94

Sanford, Alice ... 507

722

INDEX OF XAMES.

Page.

Sanford, Alice Goodrich . .. 492

Sandford, Helen _. 58

Sanford, Thomas D 508

Sansavaine, Edooard 833,334

Sargent, Winthrop 312,422

Satterlee, Mrs. Wm 147

Savage, Chester 519

Savage, Fannie 203

Savage, Juliette 203

Savage, Nicholas .'.. 207

Savery, William 566, 567, 568, 604, 626, 628, 682,

636, 638, 640, 641, 646, 647, 654,
656, 657, 659, 665, 666

Sawyer, Benjamin 85

Sawyer, Fred 473

Sawyer, Franklyn 290

Sawyer, Gertrude 478

Sawyer, Lorenzo.. 197

Sawyer, Sarah J.. 85

Sayree, • 377

Scammon, Mr 104

Scammon, Minerva 104

Schmid, Rev. Mr 457

Schmiddler, Catherine.. 184

Schofield, Julia F _. 29

Schoolcraft, Henry B 306, 832

Schooley, Asa ...629,680,661

Schoonmaker, Bronson 554

Schrono, 562

Schulte, Anthony 207

Schnte, Casper 208

Schnyler, Nelson 8 148

Schwan, Conrad 163,178,179

Schwartz, Mrs 179

Scofield, Wm 472

Scott, Gen.... 11, 253

Scott, Allen 472

Scott, Charles 410, 411

Scott, David vi, 410, 411, 412, 413

Scott, George W 412

Scott, Giles 557, 559

Scott, Jane 184

Scott, Lamira 410

Scott, Lucius 8 41

Scott, Oziel 817

Scott, Paul 110

Scott, Sally 410

Scott, Sophie 472

Scott, Mrs. Sophronia 413

Scott, Sylvester 410,411,412,413

Scott, Thomas 568

Scoville, Daniel 207

Scramling, Elicia 473

Scramling, Emma 473

Scramling, Wilbur... 473

Scrigley, Enoch 636, 661

Scump, Maria 184

Seamans, Marie 466

Seamans, Simeon 466

Searle, Mr 227, 229

Sears, Mary Ann 451

Seaver, W. R 157

Sobering, Adam 8 519

Sebum, W. D. 185

Secord, Joanna ... 451

Page.

Sedgewick, George ,. 462

Segar, Catherine 42

Seeley, Elsie 478

Seely Alexander 519

Sensemer 599

Sensiman, Gotlieb 653

Self, James 466

Self, John 487

Self, Mary ,_ 467

Selkrig, 560

Serpent 487,438, 439

Sessions, Harriet A 97

Sessions, Rodney 562

Severance, Lovel 417

Severance, W. D 418,419

Severans, H. F 867

Seymour, 250

Seymour, Macon.. 40

Seymour, Ruth 451

Shah-ne-schaw-pe-nance 487

Shakespeare, Mr 384

Shakespeare, Andrew J. 374, 375

Shakespeare, Wm 874

Shandy, Elizabeth 178

Shank, Ella W. .' 1, 2

Shank, Garner 26

Shank, Joseph 568

Shaw, Dr 59

Shaw, Brackley 19

Shaw, Daniel L 207

Shaw, Henry W 112

Shaw, James C 417

Shaw, John L.... 317

Shaw, Phebe Candler 207

Shaw, Thomas 460

Shaw-we-naw-cob-way 436

Shearer, J. L 558

Shearer, John L. 547

Sheehan, Michael 207

Sheldon, Alex. J 889

Sheldon, Eli ... 473

Sheldon, Orison... 428

Sheldon, Thomas 870

Shelp, Tryphena 41

Shendon, Alexander 382

Shepard, Alfred 470

Shepard, Cornelius 98

Shepard, Mrs. Eber 41

Shepard, E. H 93

Shepard, Freedom 470

Shepard, Ira 41

Shepard, Paul 515

Shepard, Warren B 240, 241

Shepardson, Lewis 514, 517, 519

Sheperd, 328

Shepherd, Mrs. David 186

Sheperdson, Maria.
Sheridan, —

517
277
fife
71

Sheridan, Gen

Sherman, Gen.

Sherman, M. L 133

Sherman, Sallie 473

Sherwood, A. W 28

Sherwood, Eber... 547, 550,557,559

Sherwood, Edmund ... 559

INDEX OF NAMES.

723

Page.

Sherwood, Hull 557, 558, 559

Sherwood, Hull, Jr 557, 558, 559

Sherwood, Lebbeue.... 549, 559

Sherwood, Royal 550, 557,559

Sherwood, T.R _ - 388

Sherwood & Co. 4

She-8he-pe-ance . 487

Shield, Anne - 308

Shipp, Louisa .. 26

Shockran, John 209

Shoemaker, M 1, 2, 4, 9, 16, 20, 25

Shoemaker, Michael viii

Shoemaker, J. P viii, 138

Shoemaker, Joseph P v

Sholes, Mrs — 135

Shone, Isadore ..•„ 602,645

Shook, D 179

Shotwell. Julia A- 40

Showerman, Maryette 81

Shuart, Phebe 112

Shultes, Simon .. »., 136

Shumway, Harriet E 472

Shraher, Mjchael 563

Siblay, Judge '. 433

Sibley, Solomon...- 319

Sibley, W. A 155

Sibleys, 328

Silvernail, John... .-. 136

Simcoe, Gov 578, 584, 608, 611, 617, 637, 639, 643

Simmons, L. B 454

Simonds, D 469

Simonds, Henry 463

Simonds, Newton 468

Simonds, W. D 43

Simons, David C 42

Simons, David Curtis 67

Simons, Mary 41

Simons, Wm 40

Simons, S 468

Simpson, Mrs. A. 6 468

Simpson, John 566, 669

Sinclair Captain 449

Sinclair George 473

Sinclair, Lilie 473

Sinklater, John 186

Sipley, Mae 17

Sizer, George < 331

Skinner, E. M. 460

Slade, William 269

Slater, Francis 381

Slater, George.... 831

Slater, Geo. W 469

Slater, Leonard 326, 381

Slater, Sarah E _. 831

Slater, Sarah Emily 465

Slauson, Pick &Co... „ 59

Sloat, David J 458

Smart, J. S 281

Smith, 562,596,618

Smith, Capt 579, 636

Smith, Elder .». 865

Smith, Mr 228, 229, 441

Smith, Abraham 482

Smith, Angus n 482

Smith, A. H. ... 328

Page.

Smith, Andrew, J. 408

Smith, Arthur 473

Smith, Asa 469

Smith, Caroline.- — 468

Smith, Charles... 470

Smith, Charles O 113

Smith, Christopher 135

Smith, David - 515, 517

Smith, Dexter 509, 512

Smith, Edward 470

Smith, Edward M 471

Smith, Edwin S 24

Smith, Elias 460

Smith, Elvira. 185

Smith, Enseba 118

Smith, E. J. 48

Smith, E. Stanley 148

Smith, Elisha W. R 462

Smith, Florence 389

Smith, Foster H 128

Smith, Frances... 468

Smith, Franklin 518

Smith, Garrit 255, 258, 267, 268, 270, 272, 278, 285

Smith, George N 562

Smith, Harry 889

Smith, Harry H 384, 386

Smith, Mrs. Humphrey 185

Smith, Ira.. 128

Smith, Mrs. James 134

Smith, Jerome 468,469,471

Smith, Jesse... 452

Smith, Joel 471

Smith, John 40, 301

Smith, John D 25

Smith, John M 114

Smith, JohnT... 48

Smith, Joseph 25,48,132

Smith, Josephus 148

Smith, Julia 465

Smith, J. A 189

Smith, J. Morgan 316

Smith, Laban 147

Smith, Laura 467

Smith, Lewis 470

Smith, Lydia 136

Smith, LydiaB 136

Smith, Mary .... 467

Smith, Moses... 816

Smith, M. C 468

Smith, Percis 467

Smith, Perrin 284

Smith, Perrin M 394, 406, 407

Smith, Polly 147

Smith, Robert 186

Smith, Thomas 131,619,621

Smith, Uriah 817

Smith, V. C 388

Smith, William..! 478

Smith, William L 318

Smith, W. H 108

Smock, Myron 448

Smock & Little 448

Smoots, John 206

Snashall, J '. 84

Snider, Mrs. Henry ... 176

724

INDEX OF NAMES.

Page.

Snover, William H 205

Snow, Alanson 460

Snow, C. E - -- 115

Snow, James T 113

Snow, Wra. H. H 417

Snow, Wm. I .. 229

Snyder, John 471

Snyder, Mrs. Joseph 41

Snyder, Margaret 472

Snyder, Morgan 472

Snyder, Wm 471

Soule, Mrs. Joseph... 156

Spafford, L. E 48

Spalding, Harmon L 69

Spalding, Mrs. Harmon L. 69

Spalding, Jane F 42

Spalding, Jane Fort 69

Spalding, Mary 172

Spankey, Mary- - 466

Sparkman, . 624

Spanlding, Dr 183

Spaulding, O. L 316

Speakman, Townsend 578

Spencer, 612

Spencer, Abram 471

Spencer, Chester 467

Spencer, Cordelia . 471

Spencer, David E 20

Spencer, Edgar ._ 467

Spencer, Ephraim 467

Spencer, Grove 115

Spencer, Helen : 472

Spencer, Luther 467

Spencer, Martin 467

Spencer, Olive 467, 473

Spencer, Oscar 467

Spencer, Standish 466

Spencer, Thankful 87

Sportsman, 656

Sprague, Camilla _ 467

Sprague, Edgar 467

Spragae, Eliot 467

Sprague, Florilla 467

Sprague, Jane .. 467

Sprague, Janette 467

Sprague, Jonathan 467

Sprague, LydiaA... 467

Sprague, Mabel 193

Sprague, Michael 208

Sprague, Myron 467

Sprague, Rebecca 7 467

Spragne, Silas .. 467

Sprague, ThomasS 316

Sprague, William.. 230

Sprague, Mrs. W. L 211

Spurr, Samuel 112

Squires, Harvey 45S

Squires, Nathaniel.. 425

Squires, Rosil W.... 113

Stace, Mary A 4]

Stacey, Consider A 24

Stafford, Mrs. AbeL 148

Stafford, Silas 554

Stage, Eliza Ill

Stanbro, Ira... 197

Page.

Stanbro, Mrs. Ira 197

Stanley, George 468

Stanley, George E 470

Stanly, Isaac.. 134

Stanton, Benjamin... 270

Stanwood, Henry S17

Stark, General 48,45

Starkey, Henry 391,465

Starkey, Lewis F._ 873

Starkey, Lewis C.._. 465

Starkey, Richard 465

Starkey, William B 26

Starks, William Y 188

Starkweather, Erastus 241

Starkweather, Leonard.. 241

Starkweather, Samuel 241

Starkweather, Sarah 465

Starr, Calvin H v, 187, 189

Starr, John 664

Starr, Moses 663

Stead, Benjamin 425

Stead, Robert... 425

Steadman, Martha.. 99

Stealy, Genevieve 18

Stearns, Laura 26

Stears, Thomas 19

Stears, Edmund 22

Stebbins, Chas 472

Stebbins, C. B v, vii, 1, 11, 95

Stebbins, Cortland B 815

Stebbins, F. R. 1

Stebbins, Julia 201

Steel, R. M 817

Steele, E. D 554

Steen, Mary 114

Stephens, Richard 664

Stephenson, Marie 2

Sterling, James A 562

Sterling, J. M. viii

Stevens, 456

Stevens, Agnes B 107,108

Stevens, Alonzo 466

Stevejis, Mrs. Charles 138

Stevens, F. H 436

Stevens, George 466

Stevens, Mrs. John V 148

Stevens, Mark W 490

Stevens, Monroe f 466

Stevens, Peter... .' 470

Stevens, Philander 197

Stevenson, Frank W 108

Stevenson, Geo.l 108

Stevenson, John 104, 107

Stevenson, John P. 108

Stevenson, Thomas G — - 108

Steward, Mr 588

Stewart, 273

Stewart, Adeline 91

Stewart, Albert 482

Stewart, Almira .". 468, 464

Stewart, Amelia. .* 473

Stewart, Aura P 431

Stewart, Charles 468,464

Stewart, Daniel 463

Stewart, Edwin 464

INDEX OF NAMES.

725

Page.

Stewart, Elinor 463, 464

Stewart, Eliza „_. 464

Stewart, Elizabeth 463

Stewart, Henry 468

Stewart, Isabella 463

Stewart, James 464

Stewart, John 432, 460

Stewart, Joseph... 468

Stewart, Josephine 473

Stewart, Lewis 463

Stewart, Mary 463, 464

Stewart, Mary Ann 468

Stewart, Nancy.. 464, 466

Stewart, Paul H 91

Stewart, Mrs. Paul H 84, 91

Stewart, Phoebe 464

Stewart, Saphronia 468

Stewart, Wm. A 470

Stigman, Charlotte 204

Stiles, John 488, 485, 486, 488

Stillson, Everard ..468, 469

Stillson, Roswell H 470

Stillwell, Wm. T... 128

Stimpson, Byron 466

Stimpson, Edgar 466

Stimpson, Elliot 466

Stimpson, George ^ 466

Stimpson, Harley 466

Stimson, Albert S 96

Stimson, Cram 292

Stimson, Cynthia M... 96

Stimson, F. D. 96

Stimson, Homer 96

Stimson, Marion _ 96

Stock, Mr 28

Stockbridge, F. B 316

Stockbridge, Mrs. Frank B 876

Stocking, Dr 889

Stockton, Mrs. 433

Stockton, Henry P 206

Stockton, John 179

Stockwell, Parley.... 82, 86, 37

Stoddard, Willard D Ill

Stolp, Wm .' 185

Stone, Charles 514

Stone, Charles S 114

Stone, Clement W.._. 884, 385

Stone, Deios 468,470

Stone, Elias 426

Stone.FredW 387

Stone, Horatio H 384, 385

Stone, James 470

Stone, J. A. B 317,464

Stone, James A. B 384, 385, 389

Stone, James H. 384, 385, 386, 389, 391

Stone, James R. j. 817

Stone, John 426

Stone, J. W 554

Stone, John W 552

Stone, Lucy 270

Stone, Mrs. L. H 884, 889, 464

Stone, Naham 514

Stone, Solomon 426

Stone, Vernia 468

Stone & Hascall 384,

Page.

Stone & Kendall 386

Stone & Smith 384,386

Stookey, Benjamin 418, 419

Storey, W. F.... 346, 347

Story, 569

Storrs, Wales, F._._ 161, 162

Stoughton, Capt. 540

Stoughton, H. C 554

Stoughton, W. L 284

Stout, Alvira 40

Stout, David B 561

Stout, Rhoda 134

Stowe, Harriet Beecher 270

Stowell, Mrs. Joseph 188

Stowell, Lois L 472

Stowell, Mary P 472

Stowell, Sarah C 472

Stracke, Maria Catherine 208

Strassburg, Herman A 209

Stratton, John S 471

Stratton, Polly 457

Stratton, Ruben 471

Strawn, Mrs. James 67

Street, 581

Street, Jacob 482

Streeter, Elias 550,560

Streeter, Samantha 112

Streeter, J. B., & Son 564

Strickfaden, Charles 563

Striker, Daniel ix

Striker, Sarah E. ix

Stringham, Deborah P 42, 68

Stringham, John 68

Strong, Erastus 466

Strong, N. A 508

Stryker, 250

Stuart. Bill 379

Stuart, Charles E 274, 282

Stuart, Minerva 148

Stuck, J. F 554

Sturges, Elizabeth 26

Sturgis, Russell 818

Sullivan, 376

Sullivan, Clara 472

Sullivan, George 471

Sullivan, James 396

Sullivan, Mary 209

Summers, Jacob .'. 429

Sumner, John D 387

Sutfin, Aaron B 114

Sutfin, Charles 110

Sutton, Benjamin

Sutton, George 22, 201, 202, 451

Sutton, J. D 519

Sutton, John D _» 517

Sntton, Mrs. John D 517

Sutton, Nathan 202

Sutton, Nathan E 202

Swain, Isaac N 418

Swallow, Nahum 44

Swallow, Olivia 44

Swan, White* Smith 141

Swarthout, Arthur H 171

Swarthout, A. R 171

Swarthout, James N.... ...162,171

726

INDEX OF NAMES.

Page.

Swarthout, Mary 171

Swarthont, William J 171

Swayze, Cornelia M 465

Swayze, Emily A. 465

Swears, Manly 489

Sweet, Leonora 466

Sweet, Phoebe... 468

Sweezy, John 550, 561

Swegles, John, Jr 345

Swift, Alexander 181

Swift, Marcus... 11, 817

Swift, Perez 428

Swift & Lockwood 181

Taft, Catherine 105

Taft, Frances.. 471

Taft.H. W _ 469

Taft, Henry W 471

Taft, LeviB 397

Tallman, Katie 133

Talty, John A 76

Tamer, Tilden 135

Taney, Chief Justice 259

Tanner, J. H 60

Tarbell, Horace S 315

Taylor, Amos 466

Taylor, Andrew 135

Taylor, Charles B.. 151

Taylor, Chas. H.... 345

Taylor, Geo. W 208

Taylor, Henry W ....246, 290

Taylor, James 188

Taylor, Jesse 466

Taylor, John.. 636,661

Taylor, Morris 466

Taylor, Mrs. M. A.. 67

Taylor, Nathan 98

Taylor, Prudence 84, 93

Taylor, P. H 108

Taylor, Samuel ^__ 661

Taylor, Silas 466

Taylor, William 466,584

Taylor Wm. E._._ 155

Taylor, Zachary.. 179

Tebo, Peter B 186

Tecumseh 223

Teed, John 568

Ten Eyck, Jacob 519

Tennant, Benj 148

Tenney, Harriet A vii, viii, 1, 18, 20, 212, 352, 353

Tenney, Jesse Eugene ix

TerBnsh, Alexander 148

Terry, Caleb .... 108

Thayer, John 562

Thayer, Lucy 99

Thayer, Reuben 186

Thayer, S. B 248, 253, 290

Thenene, Ernest.. 210

Thew, Joseph 554

Thiers, Ellen 43

Thiers, Isaac.. 470

Thiere, Wm. H 469

Thomas, Capt 619

Thomas, Casper 26

Page.

Thomas, Charles 470

Thomas, Ira 40

Thomas John 350

Thomas, H. F _.. 2&

Thomas, N. M 248

Thomas, Thomas H. 549

Thompson, Judge.. 435

Thompson, Augustus 467

Thompson, Bezaliel 113

Thompson, B. M 180

Thompson, Cyrenua 557, 559

Thompson, C. Oscar 108

Thompson, Edwin _• 435

Thompson, Ellen 467

Thompson, Hiram 460.

Thompson, Isaac 161,162

Thompson, John 196

Thompson, Julia 473

Thompson, J. C 54

Thompson, Levi 511

Thompson, O. C 316, 431

Thompson, Stephen 26

Thompson, T. M 25

Thompson, W.H 18

Thorn, Jacob 112

Thorn, John 418

Thorn, Martha ., 431

Thorn, Wm 430

Thorne, Benj. A 148

Thornton, Jane ..464,466

Thornton, Lydia 464,466

Thornton, Samuel 466

Thornton, Wm. 466

Thorp, Isaac.^ 118

Thorp, William .„_ 134

Thunder, 437

Thnrber, Eliza D.___ 148

Thnrber, Elizabeth 214

Thnrber, Elsie D 204

Thurber, Jefferson G....- 214

Thurston, Lucy 463

Tibbits, Allen 38, 317

Tibbits, 'Benjamin , 534

Tichenor, A 469

Tiedman, Alberts 28

Tiffany, Louise 112

Tiffin, Edward... 422

Tilden, Jnnius 260

Tilden, S. J 251

Tillman, J.M 148

Tillinghast, Harry 208-

Tillinghast, Mary Ann 208

Tillotson, Edward J 41

Tilton, William.. 133

Tingly. John 135

Tinholt, — — 582

Titus, Seymour L._ 478

Toan, William 19

Toby, - 656

Todd, Caroline W 116

Todd, Henry 197

Todd, Juna - 2, 9

Todd, Margaretta -.. 112

Todd, William L... Ill

Toll, Isaac D. .. vii, 29. 435.

INDEX OF NAMES.

727

Page.

Tomlineon, Ogden 554

Tompkins, Eunice 125

Tompkins, Nathaniel -- 188

Toms, R. R -.- 76

Toomey, Thomas 205

Tootwilder, Joseph 187

Topgood, A. J 59

Torrey, Charles Cutler ... - 390

Torrey, George vi, 12, 382, 385

Torrey, George, Jr.... 387

Torrey, George, Sr 291, 292, 378, 389, 390

Torry, Jason .. 550

Tower, Samuel 148

Tower, Sarah E 97

Town, George F... 185

Town, Nora 10, 18

Town, Oka _ 547, 549, 558, 560

Towne, H. Janette 465

Townsend, Anna __ 42

Townsend, C. G 388

Townsend, Calvin G ., 887

Townsend, Lewis 62

Townsend, Loren D ^ 472

Townsend, Mary 472

Trnmboll, David D 112

Tracy, Calvin 96,97

Tracy, Maria R 97

Tracy, N. U 135

Trainer, Patrick 514

Trask, George .'. 465

Trask, Hannah L... 465

Trask, Lnther 318

Travis, B.F 554

Travis, Ellen 180

Travis, Mrs. Wm. C _ 180

Treadwell, Seymour B 254

Tripp, George ...» 32

Trosley, Frank A , 474

Trowbridge, Mrs. A. C 148

Trowbridge, C. O 316

Trowbridge, L. H 888,391

Troxler, Jacob... 641

True, C. K 88

Tryon, Gov 1 129

Tubbs, Willard 114

Tuck, George 148

Tucker, Chester S 32, 35

Tucker, Henry 421

Tucker, T.W _. 207

Turck, Wm. S _ __._. ix

Turner, Azel 452

Turner, A. B 253

Turner, C. C . 818

Turner, Henry 417,418

Turner, Isabella.. 472

Turner, James 99,318

Turner, Joseph W 519

Turner, Josiah. 316

Turner, Laura 138

Turner, Sally 197

Turner, William 196

Turners, 328

Tnttle, Hiram 455

Tnttle, Mrs.'Hiram 455

Twiss, J. W.._. 457

Page.

Twitchell, Charles.... ..- 488

Twogood, Mary 41

Tyler, Columbus V.... 22

Tyler, George W 417

Tyler, Luther L 417

Tyler, Moses Coit 815

Tyler, Peter 460

Underwood, Daniel K 818

Upjohn, Uriah 248

Upson, Charles 316, 367

Upton, Eli : 514

Upton, N. W. 512

Upton, Nathaniel W 509

Utley, E. H 412

Utley, W. H .• 41S

Valentine, John 459

Valmon, Geo. E. 205

Valmon, Gertrude Eliza 205

Van, John 206

Van Antwerp, Fraacis... 207

Van Antwerp, Mrs. Francis 208

Van Annan, John.. 273, 274, 281

Van Armon, Elizabeth File.. 29

Van Buren, A. D. P vi, viii, 1, 6, 12, 17, 18, 20, 24,

238,f257, 306, 353, 389, 462,
463, 465, 467, 468, 471, 538

Van Buren, Belle 478

Van Buren, Ephraim 242

Van Buren, Hattie.... 478

Van Buren, Mrs. Henry 188

Van Bnren, John 249, 250, 251, 273, 285,

287, 288, 289, 290

Van Buren, Lawrence •... 250

Van Bnren, Martin 241, 250, 251, 252, 259,

260, 267, 289, 290

Van Campen, Sarah 148

Vandelenr, 619

Van Denburg, Ann.. 468

Van Denburg, Jerry . 468

Van Denburg, Philander 463

Vanderhoff, Emma 472

Vanderhoff, Hannah.. 472

Van Deusen, William... 111

Vandewalker, Lawrence 379

Van Doren, Francis 136

Van Driele, Mrs. Frank 181

Vandyne, James J. 195

Van Every, Peter.. 148

Van Geison, John.. 104, 106

Van Geison, Orson 106

VanHanten, Harriet R... 173

Van Hoven, Mrs. Henry 148

Van Nocker, F 470

VanRaalte, 562

Van Rensselaer, 253, 481

Van Riper, Jacob J 402,403

VanSchelven, Gerrett 28

Van Sickles, William T 40

Van Tine, Mrs. John 85

VanTnyle, James 467

Van Tuyle, Harriet... 467

728

INDEX OF NAMES.

Page.

VanTuyle, Laura ..„ 467

Van Valkenbnrg, Albert .. 65

Van Valkenburg, Mrs. Leman 41,64

Van Volkenburg, Samantha 186

Van Voorhees, Abraham... 45

Van Voorhees, John C 207

Van Voorhees. Lutitia... 45

Van Voorhees, Rachel 39

Van Wagner, Mrs. K 148

Van Woert, Mrs. John 464

Vary.Abiel T 41

VeldhuisGerrit.. 562

Venner, Benj 204

Vicker, John 804

Voght, Peter H 204

Voorhorst, C. J 563

Vought, Eliza 196

Wade, Benjamin 269,270

Wadsworth, James W 561

Wadeworth, Jane 136

Wagger, Phillip 118

Wagner, Ex-Mayor. 74, 75

Wagner, Henry 26

Wagner, M. V 50

Wagoner, John 472

Wagoner, Margarette 472

Wagoner, Sarah 472

Wahn-go-he-zhe-get ._. •. 438

Wait, Benjamin__. 466

Waite, J. Q 318

Wakefield, Dennis.. 513,517,519

Wakefield, Phoebe If. 517

Walbridge, Daniel T 91

Walbridge, D. 8 253

Walbridge, David S 279

Walbridge, Ellen 473

Waldron, Henry _ 284

Walker, Mr 255

Walker, Alexander. 402

Walker, D. C ix, 4, 11, 18, 316

Walker, De Witt C 346, 347, 348

Walker, E. C 816

Walker, Jane 210

Walker. Mary Russell 60

Walker. Samuel S vii

Walkinshaw, David 42

Wallace, LachlanW.... 185

Wallace, Samuel.. __ 631, 682, 633, 663, 664

Wallaster, Abby 209

Wallin, Alfred 554

Wallingford, Mary D 41

Walls, James 148

Wain, Nicholas 666

Walter, Mark 152

Walworth, John 459

Walworth, William 512, 513, 519

Walworth, William E 516,517

Wampler, Joseph 422, 428,424

Wansey, Alvin H ..329, 330

Wapoose 437

Ward, David.. 318

Ward, F. X 554

Ward, Isaiah B.__. 149

Page.

Ward, Joseph M 43

Ward, Luther L 417,418

Ward, Rebecca 148

Warden, Mary 114

Wardle, James 460

Wardle, Wm -. 460

Waring, Mrs. Joshua 136

Warner, Ambrose S 149

Warner, Cassius 517

Warner, C. P 518

Warner, E. R 116

Warner, George C. & Co. 175

Warner, George Y 550, 554

Warner, Harvey.. 35, 38

Warner, Henry 188

Warner, Penelope Ill

Warner, Prisbey 517

Warner, Seth 44

Warner, Walter 42»

Warner, William E 514,516,517

Warner, William H , 163, 174, 175

Warner, W. W 554

Warner & Eastman.: 175

Warren, Abel 231, 232, 427

Warren, Joseph 265, 290

Warren, Mary 231,232

Warren, P. S 58

Warren, Susan A 58

Warren, Thomas 135

Warring, Josephine 471

Warwick, Thomas 187

Washburn, 268

Washington, 655

Washington, Gen, 669

Washington, George 213

Wasson, 447

Waters, James 205

Waters, Mary 471

Watka, Johanna 206

Watkins, Josephine 110

Watkins, L. W. 25

Watling, Fanny J 197

Watrous, Geo. C.... 54

Watson, Charles 465

Watson, Edward.. 689

Watson, Eli 560

Watson, George., 108

Watson, Isabella — 208

Watson, James 663

Wattles, Henry 470

Wattles, Victor 470

Watts, Alfred.. 468

Watts, Charles 468,471

Waugh, Nelson.. r 188, 184

Wangh, Ora C. 183

Wawanosh 488, 437

Way, Mrs. Charles 76

Way, Charlotte 471

Weadock, Thomas A. E vi, 9, 357

Weare, Richard 560

Weaver, Elmira E 110

Weaver, Emmer K 187

Weaver, J. A 168, 176

Weaver, Maggie 176

Weaver, Margarette 466

INDEX OF NAMES.

729

Page.

Weaver, Monroe 466

Weaver, Samuel 562

Weaver, Sarah 466

Weaver, Sarah C 465

Weaver, Wm 466

Webb, George 111

Webb, Samuel 664

Webb, Mrs. Wm 413

Webb, Wm. W 412

Webber, Elijah.. ._ 110

Webber, Jane W 149

Webber, William L.. 168, 169

Webber & Wheeler 168, 169

Weber, Mrs. A. E 43

Webster, Abraham 661

Webster, Daniel 261, 296

Webster, David 291

Webster, J. D 52

Weed, 89

Weed, I. M 200

Weed, Ira M 461

Weeks, Alanson 550,557

Weeks, Alanson 8 560

Weeks, Corydon 559

Weeks, Ichabod 379

Weeks, Samuel 550

Weitzman, Mrs _ 185

Welbank, George 611, 612, 625, 626, 657

Welch, William H.. 398

Welch, Zeke 109

Wellever, Michael 187

Wells, Judge 308

Wells, HezekiahG 348, 372, 378, 389

Wells, Mrs. J. E 173

Wells, Noah 286

Wells, Noah M 462

Wells, Bufus 427

Wells, Wm. P 205

Wentworth, John.. 370

Wentz, E. L vi, 12, 440, 446

West, Elizabeth. 471

West, JohnC 26

West, Mary J _ 465

West, T. J._. 468

West, T. M _ __ 561

Westcott, Mrs. J 185

Weetover, Amanda 29, 82

Westover, Luther 82, 318

Wetaney, 421

Wetmore, Fred___ __ _ 318

Whalen, John _ 75

Whaly, Wallace ^ 138

Wheaton, Lucy 468

Wheaton, W.W 318

Wheeler, A. B __ 480

Wheeler, Chesley __ 172

Wheeler, Mrs. Crandall _ 148

Wheeler, Daniel... 40

Wheeler, Frank 456

Wheeler, Isaac P. ..417, 418, 419

Wheeler, John J. 162, 167, 168, 169, 170

Wheeler, Mary Eliza 50

Wheeler, William W 401

Wheelock, Charlotte... 471

Page.

Wheelock, Ira W 470

Wheelock, Royal 450

Wheelock, Silas 455

Whelan, A. F..__ 818

Whipple, Judge.... ...360, 433, 501

Whipple, Charles _ 346

Whipple, Charles W ...406, 552

Whipple, George W.... 134

Whitbeck, Abram. 149

Whitcomb, 470

Whitcomb, Cornelia N 471

Whitcomb, James L.._ 48

Whitcomb Lucy 471

Whitcomb, Luke...,. 379

Whitcomb, William.. 463

Whitcomb, W.W 66

White, Dr 560

White, Asa.... .y 189, 193

White, Calvin C 559

White, Caroline N. 131

White, Christina 40

White, James 317

White, James H ix

White, Mrs. James M 131

White, Oliver K viii

White, Orrin 454

White, Peter .-_ viii

White, Samuel... 128, 599

Whiteneck, John 184

Whites, 328

Whitford Chas 472

Whitford, Emma J 469

Whiting, Clara.... 107

Whitmore, Oliver.. 457

Whitney Abel 19

Whitney, Charles 812

Whitney, David 318

Whitney, George L 290

Whitney, Geo. S 377

Whitney, James 8 Ill

Whitney, John L 318

Whitney, Joseph B 40 56

Whitney, J. D 52

Whitney, L. D 230

Whitney, Sarah Ann 19

Whittemore, 848

Wickham, Capt 577

Wickham, Clara 69

Wickham, Fred 69

Wickham, Herbert 69

Wickham, Nellie 69

Wickham, Wm. W 42, 69

Wickham, Wirt 69

Wickman, Adolphus 113

Widdifield, Henry 668

Wier, George.. 135

Wight, Ambrose 317

Wilbur, Frances 472

Wilbur, Goodel 418

Wilbur, John 417, 418

Wilbur, Joseph 418

Wilbur, Lucy 418

Wilbur, M. D.. 1 554

Wilbur, Nathan... 472

730

INDEX OF NAMES.

Page.

Wilbur, P _ .. 469

Wilbur, Parson E _ 472

Wilbur, Theo 472

Wilbur, True Laura 114

Wilcox, Albert.. 138

Wilcox. Elias 427,428

Wilcox, Erastus.. 140

Wilcox, Gil Bias.. 560

Wilcox, Hattie B 103

Wilcox, Horace - 140

Wilcox, L 550

Wilder, Miss C. 136

Wilder, Levi B...._ 514, 518, 519, 520

Wilder, Oshea 558

Wildey, Betsey ...*. 112

Wildey, Elizabeth 110

Wiley, D. W. 28

Wiley, Thomas 230

Wilkerson, Nancy 111

Wilkes, C. R 554

Wilkinson, Judge - 496

Wilkinson, Sam 496

Willard, Dahartns '.. .. 550

Willard, George vi, 18, 295, 316

Willard, J.W 379

WilJard, Martha 467

Williams, Judge ~>40

Williams, A 468,469

Williams, Albert 316

Williams, Allen 457

Williams, Alpheus 316

Williams, A. 8 290

Williams, B. O. 318

Williams, Charles... 18

Williams, Charlotte .., 472

Williams, Elizabeth 315

Williams, F. H 554

Williams, Gardner 441

Williams, George 418

Williams, Geo. P 315

Williams, Hannah 87

Williams, Harmon.. lj 468

Williams, Isaac 584

Williams, Jerome 470

Williams, John 451

Williams, Josiah _ 80, 81

Williams, Julia D 17

Williams, Lemuel 427

Williams, Margaret 80

Williams, N 604

Williams, Nathan 601,646

Williams, Roger 301

Williams, Samuel 422,514

Williams, S. A 471

Williams, Sarah A... 112

Williams, Stephen .. 20

Williams, Thomas 315,514

Williams, W. B „ 18,543; 554

Williams, Wm. B 564

Williams, Wolcott B vi, 311

Williamson, Capt 630, 631

Williamson, Charles 633

Willis, George 463

Willis, Henry... 248

Page.

Willis, Lydia.. 463

Willis, Milton _ 468.468,469

Willoughby, Geo. 186

Wills, Henry • 187

Willson, Benjamin 638,660,661

Willson, Gabriel 668

Willson, John 663

Willson, Sarah... Ill

Willson, William 638

Wilmarth, Lewis 89,46,47

Wilmarth, Oscar R 47

Wilmarth & Son ._ 47

Wilmot, David 250-

Wilson, 562

Wilson, Benjamin 629

Wilson, Charles 149,635

Wilson, Daniel N 35, 86

Wilson, Emily '... 192

Wilson, F. A 94

Wilson, Mrs. G. A... 182

Wilson. Henry 254,561,563

Wilson, Horace 560

Wilson, Horatio 519

Wilson, Horatio, N. 518,517

Wilson, Lucius.. 192

Wilson, Lydia... 132

Wilson, Mary W 84,94

Wilson, Nahnm N 94

Wilson, N. T. 94

Wilson, Rebecca 160

Wilson, Simon D. 513, 514, 515, 519

Wilson, 8. J 94

Wilson, Thomas.. 26

Wilson, Thomas A... 117,118,119

Wilson, William 667

Wilson, W. H 94

Wimekee, 437

Winans, John C , 452

Winchester Myra 458

Windecker, 661

Windiate, Charles 154

Windiate, Charlotte 149,152

Windiate, David 154

Windiate, Jesse 154

Windiate, Mrs. R 154

Windiate, Kichard 158

Windiate, Mrs. Richard 153

Windiate, Sarah__ 154

Windiate, Thomas 154

Windiate, Walter 154

Wines, Harriet 453

Wines, William W * 196

Wing, 425

Wing, Judge 360

Wing, Austin E. .._ 216

Wing, Austin Eli 218,214

Wing, Charles R.... 216

Wing, Harriet Skinner 213

Wing, Jane . 108

Wing, Jefferson, T .' 216

Wing, Orissa 108

Wing, Tallcot E v, 2, 8, 4, 5, 6, 8, 22, 212,

213, 214, 215, 223, 266
Wing, Talcott J._-_ 216.

INDEX OF NAMES.

731

Page.

Wing, Warner 214, 406

Wing & Johnson 214

Winney, 684

Winney, Cornelius 661

Winship, J.£ 388

Winship, John T , 387

Winslow, Damon A vi, 391, 399, 400

Winslow, Milo.... ....547, 550, 558

Winslow, Philo C -... 114

Winsor, Engene B 331

Winsors 328

Winters, Emma 467

Winters, Frank 467

Winters, Henry 467

Winters, Sybil 467

Winthrop, 444,445

Wintmuts, Peter.. 629

Wise, 273

Wise, Mrs. Daniel.. : ., 80,88

Wise, Mrs. 8. L 10

Wisner, Channcey W 85

Wisner, Ezra G 84,85

Wisner, Geo. W 290

Wisner, Moses 284, 416

Wistar, Thomas.. __ 665

Withee, Benjamin F 55,56

Withee, John . 55,56

Withee, John R 55

Withee, Polly Sha 55

Witherell, Judge ....483,435

Witherell, B. F. H 316, 346, 348

Witherell, James _. 316

Withey, Benjamin F. . _. 40

Withey, Solomon 316

Withington, W. H 116

Wixon, Eli 467

Wixon, George '. 467

Wixon, Joe 467

Wixon, Libbie 467

Wixon, Ozias 467

Wixson, Amos 191

Wixson.LeviL .....189,191

Wolcott, Noah 459

Wolf, John 19

Wolfe, Ann Eliza ____ 468

Wolfe, Sophia 468

Wollenw^bber, Anthony 209

Wolterink, G. J._ 568

Wolverton, Asa 84,85

Wood, Carolina D 25

Wood, Charles W... viii

Wood, Davis H 41

Wood, Henry 470

Wood, Marmadnke 561

Wood, Nelson.. 80,81

Wood, Rebecca 207

Wood, Wm 136

Woodard, Julia 471

Woodard, Lora M 471

Woodard, Matilda 471

Woodard, Samantha J 471

Woodbridge, Wm... ...224, 290, 314, 316, 427

Wooden, Henry 418

Woodman, E. 8 ....3, 10, 11, 13

Page.

Woodman, Elias S vi, 847

Woodruff, Benjamin J. 455,456

Woodruff, Charles. - 461

Woodruff, Henry vii

Woodruff, Lydia 27

Woodruff, Norman 148

Woodsum, William M 111

Woodward, Judge 460

Woodworth, H. A.... 19

Woodworth, Mrs. Lewie.. 206

Woodworth, Nelson 186

Woodworth, Orville 514, 519

Woodworth, W. A 554

Woodworth, Wm. H 316

Woolcot, William 515

Woolsey, Edgar 66

Woolsey, George S 65

Woolsey, Mrs. Geo. S 42,65

Woolsey, Mary 66

Woolsey, Rnthie 66

Worden, Mrs. 8. H 99

Wormer, G. S 318

Worster, Margaret.. 197

Worthington, Wm. L._ ix, 19

Wren, Christopher 810

Wren, James 207

Wright, Dr 596, 597

Wright, A. W. 30, 317, 318

Wright, Ebenezer J 29

Wright, Henry C 255, 256

Wright, Joseph.. 664

Wright, Lydia C.._ 471

Wright, Silas 249

Wright, Thomas „ ,... 664

Wylie, Maggie. 26

Yager, Peter 188

Yandal, Emma 473

Yandal, H 473

Yandal, Henry •-. 473

Yandal, Susie 478

Yandal, Willie 478

Yanger, Mahala Lowell 133

Yanney, James 19

Yarhams, Wm. W 470

Yates, Andrew 489

Yeamons, C. C. 204

Yeamans, Mrs. C.C 204

Yeckley, Adam 456

Yeiter, Frederick 99

Yeomans, ... 328, 559

Yeomans, Abraham 453

Yocnm, John 452

Youmans & Gallager 171

Young, Andrew.. 463,466

Young, Cassins 113

Young, Catharine 468

Young, Charles E..... „ 31

Young, George 29,31,32

Young, George H 31

Young, Henry „ 460

Young, Jacob. • --- 463

Young, John 463

732

INDEX OF NAMES.

Page.

Young, J.A _ 62

Young, Magdalen _, 468

Young, Nancy.. 463

Young, Mrs. Nelson 187

Young, Walter D... 31

Young, William A... . 31

Page.

York, J. N 554

Yovey. Dinah _ 471

Zeisberger, David 599

Zug, Samuel .. ... •_ 207, £53

F Michigan. Historical

5 61 C omnii s s ion
MA7 Michigan historical

v. 17 collections

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