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I
^
m
MILITARY AND NAVAL
RECOGNITION BOOK
A HANDBOOK ON THE ORGANIZATION, INSIGNIA
OF RANK, AND CUSTOMS OF THE SERVICE OF
THE WORLD'S IMPORTANT ARMIES AND NAVIES
BY
Lieut. Comm. J. W. BUNKLEY
U. S. Navy''
60 FULL-PAGE PLATES
20 IN COLORS
SECOND EDfTWN--ii3VISED AND ENLARGED
imm^mimtkimm^i^^^F^
NEW YORK
D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY
25 Park Place
1918
NAVY DEPARTMENT
WASHINGTON
1 " ^ October 5, 1917.
To: Lieutenant J. W. Bunkley, U. S. Navt,
SUBJECT: Publication of Article.
1. You are authorized to publish the manuscript sub-
mitted this day for scrutiny in accordance with Article
1534 (3) Navy Regulations, 1913.
- • _ » •
4 * - . •
• i *
• • - • • • , •
Copyright, 1917, 1918
BY
D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY
L. C.
PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION
The great expansion in the existing corps of our
Army and the organization of new services have
necessitated many changes in insignia and tfie adopt-
ing of new insignia. The present edition has been
revised and enlarged to include the changes. It also
describes . and illustrates the new war medals. A
new chapter with a plate are devoted to the "War
Medals and Decorations of the Allies.''
A chapter on "The Public Health Service/' with
plates illustrating the insignia, is added, and a
colored plate showing the distinctive markings of
the aeroplanes of the world, accompanied by a short
chapter on aeroplanes, is included in this edition.
JOEL WILLIAM BUNKLEY
Nov., 1918
396947
I
f
PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION
The following pages were prepared, not only for
those in the Military and Naval Service, but also
for the laymen who, since the beginning of the war,
have shown such a keen interest in the uniforms,
insignia, and customs of our fighting forces. The
information was all obtained from official sources and
every effort has been put forth to make it as correct
and as complete as possible. Special stress has been
laid on the insignia of rank, which has been shown in
the most minute detail.
It is hoped that every man, both old and new, in
the service will find this volume useful in recognizing
the various insignia and imiforms of his own and
sister services and of the foreign Armies and Navies,
which he meets from day to day.
The chapters on the organization of our Army and
Navy, the duties of the officers and men, as well as
the composition of the various imits, should prove
particularly interesting at this time. Those on the
customs of the service were written especially for men
who have lately entered, or who contemplate entering,
the military or naval life and who wish to become
familiar with the etiquette and customs pecuUar to
such a life
JOEL WILLIAM BUNKLEY
Navy Yard, Washington
December, 1917
^ I
CONTENTS
CHAP. PAGE
I. Organization of the Abmy Bureaus and
Corps '. 1
II. Composition of the Army 7
III. Organization op the ArmIt in the Field 13
IV. Departments and Divisions 15
V. Various Ranks Held in Army 17
VI. United States Army Uniforms 25
VII. Army Etiquette and Customs 48
Salutes — Courtesies in Conversation.
VIII. Calls 60
IX. Composition of the Navy 57
The Fleet Naval Reserve — -The Naval Re-
serve — The Naval Auxiliary Reserve — The
. Naval Coast Defense Reserve — The Naval
Reserve Flying Corps — The Volunteer Naval
Reserve — United States Junior Naval Reserve.
X. Organization of the Navy Ashore 65
XI. Naval Districts '. 70
XII. The Organization of the Navy Afloat 72
XIII. Types op Ships 75
XIV. Duties of Naval Officers and Men Aboard
Ship 78
Duties of Naval OflScers according to Rank
— Titles and Relative Rank of Staff OflScers,
U. S. Navy.
Xy . United States Navy Uniforms 88
XVI. Naval Etiquette and Customs — Salutes . . 103
XVII. United States Marine Corps 113
XVIII. Coast Guard 119
vu
viii CONTENTS
CHAP. PAGE
XIX. Light House Service 125
XX. Coast and Geodetic Survey 127
XXI. Public Health Service 130
XXII. Strength and Organization of Foreign
Armies 139
France — Germany — Austria-Hungary —
Russia — Great Britain — Italy.
XXIII. Great Britain — Army and Navy Uniforms. 144
XXIV. France — Army and Navy Uniforms 159
XXV. Germany — Army and Navy Uniforms 169
XXVI. Italy — Army and Navy Uniforms 177
XXVII. Austria-Hungary — Army and Navy Uni-
forms 186
XXVIII. Japan — Army and Navy Uniforms 195
XXIX. Russia — Army and Navy Uniforms 202
XXX. Belgium — Army Uniforms 207
XXXI. Turkey — Army and Navy Uniforms 213
XXXII. Serbia, Montenegro, Rumania, Portugal
AND Bulgaria 215
XXXIII. United States War Medals : . . 218
XXXIV. Ribbons of Medals and Badges 240
XXXV. Foreign Medals and Decorations 243
Great Britain — France. — Belgium — Italy
— Russia — Serbia — Japan.
XXXVI. Definition of Guns 252
XXXVII. Aircraft 257
J^
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
United States Flags Frontispiece
United States Army
PLATE PAGE
I. Shoulder Marks 23
II. Officers' Overcoat Cuff Designs 24
III. Officers' Collar Ornaments 29
rV. Officers' Collar Ornaments 30
V. Officers' Collar Ornaments 31
VI. Enlisted Men's Cap Device, Chevrons and
Specialty Marks 37
VII. Enlisted Men's Chevrons and Specialty Marks 38
VIII. Enlisted Men's Chevrons and Specialty Marks 39
IX. Enlisted Men's Chevrons and Specialty Marks 40
X. Enlisted Men's Collar Devices 41
XI. Colors of the Branches of the Service: Army
Flags and Signals, Company Flags, Dress
Trouser Stripes 42
XII. Relief Organizations Insignia: American Red
Cross, Sleeve Insignia Y. M. C. A. Secre-
taries, Knights of Columbus Secretaries. .. 47
United States Navy
XIII. Shoulder Marks Worn on White Uniforms and
Overcoats, Line Officers 91
XIV. Shoulder Marks Worn on White Uniforms and
Overcoats, Paymaster Corps .92
ix
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
PLATE PAOB
XV. Shoulder Majks Worn on White Uniforms and
Overcoats, Professor of Mathematics, Chap-
lains, Chief Warrant Officers, Warrant
Officers 03
XVI. Insignia of Rank on Cuffs: Line Officers, Staff
Officers 94
XVII. Insignia of Rank on Cuffs: Paymaster Corps,
Medical Corps, Construction Corps 95
XVIIL Insignia of Rank on Cuffs: Civil Engineer
Corps, Professors of Mathematics, Chap-
lains 96
XIX. Rank and Corps Devices 97
XX. Specialty Marks 98
XXI. Petty Officers' Chevrons, Naval Reserve But-
ton and Collar Device 99
XXII. Hats and Caps Worn by Officers 100
XXIII. United States Naval Militia, Shoulder Straps,
Insignia of Rank on Cuffs 102
XXIV. United States Marine Corps, Insignia of Rank
on Shoulder Loops 115
XXV. United States Marine Corps, Insignia of Rank
on Cuffs 116
«
XXVI. United States Coast Guard, Lighthouse Serv-
ice and Marine Corps 121
XXVII. United States Coast Guard, Shoulder Marks
and Insignia of Rank on Cuffs for Line
Officers and Engineer Officers 122
XXVIII. United States Coast Guard, Officers Collar
Devices and Specialty Marks for Petty
Officers 123
XXIX. United States Coast Guard and Geodetic Sur-
vey, Insignia of Rank on Shoulder Loops
and Cuff Devices 129
XXX. United States Public Health Service, Insignia
of Rank for Officers and Petty Officers 137
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xi
PLATE PAGE
XXXI. British Army — Insignia 145
XXXII. British Army — - Insignia 147
XXXIII. British Navy — Insignia 151
XXXrV. British Navy — Insignia 153
XXXV. British Navy — Insignia. 155
XXXVI. British Navy — Insignia 157
XXXVII. French Army, Insignia of Rank on Cuffs 161
XXXVIII. French Army, Service Insignia 163
XXXIX. French Navy, Insignia of Rank on Cuffs 166
XL. German Army, Grade Insignia 172
XLI. German Navy, Insignia of Rank on Cuff 175
XLII. Italian Army, Insignia of Rank on Cuff and
Cap 179
XLIII. ItaHan Navy, Insignia of Rank on Cuff 183
XLTV. Austro-Hungarian Army, Insignia of Rank on
Collar 189
XLV. Austro-Hungarian Navy 191
XLVI. Japanese Army, Shoulder Marks 197
XLVII. Japanese Navy, Shoulder Straps and Insignia
of Rank on Cuffs 201
XLVIIL Russian Army, Shoulder Straps . 203
XLIX. Russian Navy, Insignia of Rank on Cuffs .... 205
L. Belgian Army, Insignia of Rank on Collar . . . 209
LI. Serbian Army, Shoulder Marks 216
LII. United States War Medals and Decorations. . . 221
LIII. United States War Medals and Decorations . . . 226
LIV. United States War Medals and Decorations . . . 230
LV. United States War Medal Ribbons 241
LVI. United States War Medal Ribbons 242
LVII. Foreign War Medals and Decorations 244
LVin. Distinctive Markings of Aircraft 256
c^
MILIT^ARY AND NAVAL
RECOGNITION BOOK
CHAPTER I
ORGAinZATION OF THE ARMY BUREAUS
AND CORPS
The President of the United States is Commander
in Chief of the Army and Navy.
The Secretary of War is a civilian appointed by the
President, and, as head of the War Department, has
the care and control of the Army.
The Assistant Secretaries of War are civilians, ap-
pointed by the President, who perform the duties
assigned to them by the Secretary and by law.
An Act of Congress, approved February 14, 190?,
estabUshed the General Staff Corps and created a
Chief of Staff.
The Chief of Staff is detailed by the President from
the OflScers of the Army at large not below the grade
of Brigadier General.
The Chief of Staff, imder the direction of the Presi-
dent and the Secretary of War, has supervision of
all troops of the Line, of the Adjutant General's,
" • •
2 MILITARY 'AND- NkVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
•' * • /I •'! • •••
Inspector Genfei^l s/- Judge v^dvocate General's, Quar-
termaster's, Subsistence, Medical, and Ordnance De-s
partments, of the Corps of Engineers, and of the
Signal Corps. He performs such other piUtary duties
as may be assigned to him by the President. The
affairs of the Army are administered through the
various Bureaus or Departments mentioned above
and the General Staff Corps.
The Staff consists of the following:
General Staff Corps
Adjutant General's Department
, Inspector General's Department
Judge Advocate General's Department
Quartermaster's Department
Medical Department
Ordnance Department
Corps of Engineers (except a limited number of
battalions attached to the line)
, Signal Corps
Staff Officers shall not assume conmiand of troops
imless put on duty imder orders which specially so
direct, by authority of the President.
Officers of the Medical Departments cannot exercise
command except in their own departments.
The duties of the departments and corps enimierated
above are as follows:
General Staff Corps. To prepare plans for the
national defense.
To prepare plans for the mobilization of all military
forces in time of war.
ARMY BUREAUS AND CORPS 3
To investigate all questions affecting the efficiency
of the Army and its state of preparedness.
To render professional aid and assistance to the
Secretary of War and to general and other superior
officers.
Adjutant General's Department. To have charge
of orders, correspondence, and records of the Army.
All orders and instructions emanating from the
President, the Secretary of War, the Chief of Staff,
or any officer with a command equal to or greater than
a brigade, are conmnmicated to troops and individuals
in the military service through this department. All
records of the War Department relating to the his-
tory of every officer and soldier of the Army and to
the movements and operations of troops, the records
of all appointments, promotions, resignations, deaths,
and other casualties are kept in this office.
To prepare and distribute commissions.
To have charge of the recruiting of the Army.
To have supervision of the pension of the War
Department.
Inspector General's Department. To exercise a
general observation over all matters pertaining to
the efficiency of the Army, the condition and state of
supplies of all kinds, of the expenditure of public
property and moneys, and the condition of accoimts
of all disbursing officers, of the conduct, discipline, and
efficiency of officers and troops.
Judge Advocate General's Department. To see
that justice is administered. The Judge Advocate
4 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
General is the custodian of the records of all general
courts-martial, courts of inquiry, and military com-
missions.
Quartennaster's Corps. To furnish all the neces-
sary suppUes in the Army with the exception of the
subsistence stores, ordnance stores, medical supplies,
and signal and engineer suppUes.
To provide the Army with transportation animals,
forage, fuel, clothing, camp and garrison equipage,
barracks, storehouses, and other buildings.
To attend to all matters pertaining to military
operations which are not assigned to some other bureau.
To have charge of the supply, distribution of, and
accounting for the payment of the Army.
To subsist the Army.
To expend the funds appropriated for subsisting
the enUsted men and for purchasing articles kept for
sale to officers and enUsted men.
Medical Department. To supervise the sanitary
condition of the Army.
To care for the sick and woimded.
To examine physically all officers and enUsted men.
To manage all miUtary hospitals, etc.
Ordnance Department. To supply the Army, by
purchase or manufacture, with arms, equipments,
ammunition, and, in fact, everything pertaining to
fighting material.
To establish and maintain arsenals and depots for
the manufacture, repairing, and safe-keeping of ord-
nance stores.
ARMY BUREAUS AND CORPS 5
* To provide equipment for horses and field outfits
* for soldiers.
J ^ Engineer Department. To reconnoiter, survey, and
:' make maps for military purposes, including the plan-
ning and superintendence of defensive or offensive
4 works in the field, the construction and repair of for-
tifications, and the construction and repair of military
roads and bridges.
To take charge of river and harbor improvements
and to superintend the erection of important public
buildings.
Signal Corps. To supervise the instruction in mili-
tary signaling and telegraphy prescribed by the War
Department.
To procure, preserve, and distribute the necessary
suppUes for the Signal Corps and for the lake and
seacoast defense.
To construct, repair, and operate all miUtary tele-
graph and telephone lines and cables, field telegraph
trains, balloon trains, etc.
Air Service. To have charge of the construction
and operations of all airships.
# Embarkation Service. To coordinate all shipments
of munitions and supplies of every kind and all troop
movements whose ultimate destination is Europe,
and to advise and assist the Chief of Staff in reference
thereto. To have direct supervision, imder the.
i Chief of Staff, of all movements of supplies from
i# points of origin to ports of embarkation. To super-
vise the operations of the latter, and to control the
/
^
i"
■I
6 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
employment of all Army transports engaged in the
trans-Atlantic service and such conunercial shipping
as may be used to supplement that service. To i
arrange with the Navy for convoy service. This de- ^
partment is created for the period of the war.
The Army War College is located at Washington, ^
D. C, and its purpose is to study Army warfare,
strategy, and tactics, and to formulate methods and
plans to conduct warfare under all conditions and
circumstances.
" >
CHAPTER II
COMPOSITION OF ARMY
The Army of the United States is divided into
three parts, designated as follows:
The Regular Army, the National Guard, and the
National Army.
The Regular Army consists, mainly, of the follow-
ing:
Infantry
Cavalry
Quartermaster's Corps
Ordnance Department
Signal Corps
Adjutant General's Department
Inspector General's Department
Judge Advocate General's Department
Additional Sergeants
Indian Scouts
Porto Rico Regiments
Field Artillery
Coast Artillery
Medical Department
Corps of Engineers
General Staff Corps
Detached Officer's List
8 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
Chaplains
Regular Army Reserve
Retired Officers
Retired enlisted men.
The National Guard is organized by States for in-
terior State protection in times of peace. It is subject
to call for special service, or to draft by the Federal
authorities, under the National Defense Act, of June
3, 1916.
The guard is armed, uniformed, and equipped by
the Federal Government from funds appropriated
by Congress for that purpose, and allotted each year
to the different States on the basis of the number of
men in the National Guard organized in the States
on the 30th day of June.
When drafted into Federal service the guard be-
comes part of the armed forces of the United States,
and while in service is outside the control of States
and receives the same pay and allowances as that of
the officers and enlisted men of similar grade in the
Regular Army, and is subject to the same laws, reg-
ulations, and discipUne as the Regular Army. The
guard is organized on the model of the Regular Army
and maintains all branches of the service save aviation.
The National Army is composed of young men,
strong, alert, competent. It is representative of our
entire citizenship, and in its selection and training
gives to all equal opportunity to serve and to com-
mand. The men who compose it are within the ages
designated by Congress.
t
t
K ■
I
COMPOSITION OF ARMY
9
The regiments, brigades, and divisions of each arm
of the above three groups are numbered in separate
series, the first number to be as indicated in the fol-
lowing table:
Regiment
Brigade
Division
Inf.
1
101
301
F.A
Cav.
E. grs.
Inf.
F.A.
Cav.
Inf.
1
26
76
F.A
Cav.
Regular Army . .
National Guard.
National Army. .
1
101
301
1
101
301
1
101
301
1
51
151
1
51
151
1
51
151
151
Engineer regiments (except Pioneer^) will be num-
bered in the manner already approved and in effect.
The Officers' Reserve Corps is authorized by National
Defense Act, approved June 3, 1916.
Applicants commissioned in the Officers' Reserve
Corps rank in the various sections according to grades
and to length of service in their grades. Commis-
sions are issued for five years.
In time of peace, officers of the Reserve are liable
to service in the field for fifteen days every year,
during which service they will receive the pay and
allowances of their respective grades in the Regular
Army. In time of actual or threatened hostilities
the President may order members of the Officers'
Reserve Corps, subject to physical examination, to
temporary duty with the Regular Army, or as officers
* Cavalry di visions of the Regular Army will start at No. 15 in order to
provide for the organization of other divisions, either mounted or dismounted.
I
10 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
in volunteer or other organizations that may be au-
thorized by law, or as officers at recruit rendezvous
and depots or on other duty. They may be pro-
moted to vacancies in volunteer organizations or in
the Regular Army. While Reserve officers are on
such service they shall be entitled to the pay and
allowances of the corresponding grades in the Regular
Army.
Commissions in the Officers' Reserve Corps are
open to "such citizens as shall be found physically,
mentally, and morally qualified." Enlisted men of
the Regular Army and of the National Guard are
eligible, but not officers.
The Enlisted Reserve Corps is also authorized by the
National Defense Act, approved June 3, 1916, the
purpose or object being to secure an additional reserve
of enlisted men in the following special branches:
Medical Department, Quartermaster Corps, Engineer
Corps, Ordnance Department, and Signal Corps, who
can be brought to the aid of the Government in time
of national crisis.
AppUfcants must be citizens between eighteen and
forty-five years of age, physically and morally fit.
Previous military training is not required.
In time of peace enlistment is for four years. Re-
servists must keep themselves physically fit and are
liable to two weeks' military training a year. In
time of war reservists may be assigned to duty wth
units of the Regular Army or formed into separate
units.
COMPOSITION OF ARMY 11
The officers and enlisted men of the Army are
divided into two major divisions: the Staff and the
Line.
The Staff has charge of the food, clothing, trans-
portation, payment, armament, medical attendance, in-
spection, administration of justice, communication, etc.
A large portion of the duties in connection with the
above, however, devolve, at times, upon officers of
the Line.
.--^he Line does the work in the field such as march-
ing, fighting, campaigning, etc., and furnishes gar-
risons for fortified and unfortified posts.
The Line is divided into what is known as the
Arms of the Service, as follows:
Cavalry (Cav.)
Field Artillery (F. A.)
Coast Artillery (C. A.)
Infantry (Inf-)
Engineers (Eng.)
By Act of Congress a limited number of BattaUons
of Engineers constitute a part of the regular line
of the Army. Their primary duties, however, are
to construct mines, pontoons, miUtary bridges, mili-
tary roads and fortifications, etc., etc.
The Field Artillery accompanies an Army in the
field and includes Ught artillery, horse artillery, siege
artillery, and mountain artillery.
The Coast Artillery is organized upon a geographical
basis and has charge of the fixed and movable ele-
12 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
merits of land and coast fortifications, including
submarine mine defenses.
The Coast Artillery is divided into Artillery Dis-
tricts under the command of an Artillery District
Commander, an officer of rank of Colonel or a General
Officer. Each district incorporates a fortified harbor.
Each district has one or more Battle Commands,
under the command of a Battle Commander, usually
an officer of the rank of Colonel. He conamands all
of the artillery defenses bearing upon a single channel
of approach.
Each Battle Command is divided into two or more
Fire Commands and Mine Commands. Each Fire
Conmiander, usually a Major, conmiands a group of
batteries. Each battery is conmianded by a battery
conmiander (a captain or lieutenant).
The Mine Conmiander commands the mine fields
and the rapid-fire batteries and is coordinate with the
fire commander.
Battery Commanders have other officers under
their command, usually lieutenants, who perform the
duties of Range Officers and Emplacement Officers.
Battle Commanders have also Communication and
Searchlight Officers. Fire Commanders have Com-
munication Officers.
The Coast Artillery Corps is divided into com-
panies, each company comprising a single battery.
CHAPTER III
ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY IN THE FIELD
K^ An Army Corps consists of two or more divisions
organized under one command. A General, Lieutenant
General, or a Major General conmiands a Corps.
I, A Division consists of two or more brigades, usually
including several arms of the service. A Major
General conmiands a division. Although the strength
of a unit is subject to change, 19,000 men, at present,
constitutes a division.
A typical infantry division (subject to changes to
suit varying conditions) at present includes:
1 division headquarters
1 machine-gun battaUon of four companies
2 Infantry brigades of two regiments and one
machine-gun battalion (three companies each)
1 Field Artillery brigade of three regiments and one
trench mortar battery
• 1 Engineer regiment
1 Field signal battaUon
1 train headquarters and miUtary poUce .
1 ammunition train
1 supply train
1 engineer train (less pontoon and searchUght
sections)
1 sanitary train of four ambulance companies.
14 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
A Brigade consists of two or three regiments of
the same or different arms, organized imder one com-
mand. A Brigadier General commands a brigade.
A Regiment consists of three battaUons. A Colonel
commands a regiment and it is the administrative
unit in the Cavalry and Infantry. The strength of a
regiment is about 3600 men.
A Battalion (called Squadron in the Cavp,lry) con-
sists of four companies.
A Major commands a battaUon.
A Company is the smallest constant fundamental
unit. A Captain commands a Company.
A Squad consists of a Corporal and seven privates.
The Corporal is the squad leader.
A Company is divided into Squads, two or three
squads forming a section, two sections forming a
Platoon, and four platoons a Company.
^ Company is the term used for Infantry, Coast
Artillery, and Engineers.
Battery is the relative unit in the Field Artillery
and Troop is the relative unit in the Cavalry.
The strength of a Company is as follows:
Infantry Company. Approximate strength: two
Captains, one 1st Lieutenant, three 2d Lieutenants,
1st Sergeants, Mess Sergeants, Supply Sergeants,
Sergeants, Corporals, Cooks, Buglers, Mechanics,
Privates 1st class. Privates. — Total 250 men, 6
officers.
CHAPTER IV
DEPARTMENTS AND DIVISIONS
All territory occupied by the Army of the United
States in time of peace is divided into geographical
divisions called Divisions and Departments, and
commanded by general officers, generally a Major
General, assigned by direction of the President.
The geographical division of territory for military
purposes includes Divisions, Departments, Districts,
and Subdistricts.
Departments are generally commanded by major
generals or brigadier generals, districts by brigadier
generals, and subdistricts by colonels or lieutenant
colonels.
Coast Artillery Districts
Name
Limits
Head-
quarters
North Atlantic
Coast from northern boundary of
Boston,
Maine to southern boundary of
Mass.
Connecticut.
Middle Atlantic
Coast from southern boundary of
New York,
Connecticut to northern bound-
N. Y.
ary of North Carolina.
South Atlantic
Coast from northern boundary of
Charleston,
North Carolina to southern
S. C.
boundary of Texas.
North Pacific
Coast from northern boundary of
Seattle,
Washington to southern bound-
Wash.
ary of Oregon.
South Pacific
Coast from northern boundary of
San Fran-
California to southern bound-
cisco, Cal.
•
ary of California.
16 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
Departments
Name
Composition
Head-
quarters
Northeastern
Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont,
Boston,
Department
Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
Connecticut.
Mass.
Eastern Depart-
New York, Pennsylvania, New
New York,
ment
Jersey, Delaware, Maryland,
Virginia, Canal Zone, and Porto
Rico.
N. Y.
Southeastern
North CaroUna, South CaroUna,
Charleston,
Department
Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama,
Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisi-
ana, and Florida.
S. C.
Central Depart-
North Dakota, South Dakota,
Chicago,
ment
Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michi-
gan, Nebraska, Iowa, Illinois,
Indiana, Ohio, West Virginia,
Kentucky, Missouri, and Kan-
111.
Southern De-
oaa,
Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma,
San Anto-
partment
and Texas.
nio, Tex.
Western De-
Washington, Montana, Oregon,
San Fran-
partment
Idaho, Wyoming, California,
Nevada, Utah, and Alaska.
cisco, Cal.
Hawaiian De-
Hawaiian Islands.
Honolulu,
partment
Hawaii.
Philippine De-
PhiUppine Islands.
Manila,
partment
P. L
CHAPTER V
VARIOUS RANKS HELD IN ARMY
There are two general classes of men in the Army:
commissioned officers, who exercise a certain author-
ity over others by virtue of a commission issued to
them by the President of the United States; and
enlisted men, who constitute the rank and file of
the Army.
Enlisted Men are divided into two general classes:
Privates and Noncommissioned Officers.
Privates exercise no authority except that given to
them temporarily by an immediate superior.
Noncommissioned Officers, called Sergeants and
Corporals, are given warrants by virtue of which they
exercise a limited authority.
Chaplains are clergymen with military commissions,
by virtue of which they have charge of the spiritual
welfare of soldiers. Retired officers are those who
have been retired from active service but who are
part of the Regular Army, being subject to the rules
and articles of war.
The following are the grades in order of rank of
officers and noncommissioned officers.
1. General
2. Lieutenant General
3. Major General
18 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
4. Brigadier General
5. Colonel
6. Lieutenant Colonel
7. Major
8. Captain
9. First Lieutenant
10. Second Lieutenant
11. Aviator, Signal Corps
12. Cadet
13. Field Clerks: Field Clerks, Q. M. Corps
14. (a) Sergeant major, regimental; sergeant major,
senior grade. Coast Artillery Corps; (b)
quartermaster sergeant, senior grade. Quarter-
master Corps; master hospital sergeant,
Medical Department; master engineer, senior
grade. Corps of Engineers; master electrician,
Coast Artillery Corps; master signal elec-
trician; band leader; (c) hospital sergeant,
Medical Department; master engineer, junior
grade, Corps of Engineers; engineer. Coast
Artillery Corps
15. Ordnance sergeant; quartermaster sergeant.
Quartermaster Corps; supply sergeant, regi-
mental
16. Sergeant major, squadron and battaUon; ser-
geant major, junior grade. Coast Artillery
Corps; supply sergeant, battalion. Corps of
Engineers
17. (a) First Sergeant; (6) sergeant, first class, Medi-
cal Department; sergeant, first class. Quarter-
VARIOUS RANKS HELD IN ARMY 19
master Corps, sergeant first class, Corps of
Engineers; sergeant, first class, Signal Corps;
electrician sergeant, first class. Coast Artillery-
Corps; electrician sergeant. Artillery Detach-
ment, United States Military Academy; assist-
ant engineer, Coast Artillery Corps; (c) master
gunner. Coast Artillery Corps; master gunner.
Artillery Detachment, United States Military
Academy; band sergeant and assistant leader.
United States MiUtary Academy band; assist-
ant band leader; sergeant bugler; electrician
sergeant, second class Coast Artillery Corps;
electrician sergeant, second class, Artillery
Detachment, United States Military Acad-
emy; radio sergeant
18. Color sergeant
19. Sergeant; supply sergeant, company; mess
sergeant; stable sergeant; fireman, Coast
Artillery Corps
20. Corporal.
In each grade and subgrade, date of conamission,
appointment, or warrant determines the order of
precedence.
Generals are the officers in command of an army
or any of its larger units, such as Army Corps, Divi-
sions, and Brigades. Generals also are appointed to
the command and general supervision of the artillery
and engineers of a large force, and the rank of General
is bestowed on senior officers in the Medical Corps and
20 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
other auxiliary services. There are four grades of
the rank — General, Lieutenant General, Major Gen-
eral, and Brigadier General. The General's rank is
the highest among general officers. The rank is
conferred only by special Act of Congress.
Since in regimental rank the major is two grades
above the lieutenant, it seems at first sight strange
that the Lieutenant General should hold a higher
rank than the Major General. The explanation is
that if one takes the historical origin of these titles
the Lieutenant General is the assistant of the full
General; as in a company, the lieutenant comes next
to the captain. In the title Major General, Major
was originally the substantive and General the ad-
jective.
The term "Staff Officer" has two meanings. It is
sometimes used to denote the officers of a regiment
who are not doing duty with companies or squadrons,
but assisting the Colonel in his command. But in
its more correct sense the word "Staff Officer" means
an officer not attached to any regiment, but employed
in connection with the conmiand of an army or one of
its higher units, or on some special duty. The group
of officers who assist a General in his work are de-
scribed as his staff, and the General himself is a Staff
Officer.
Adjutant is a title held only while the officer is
performing his duties. He may be a Captain or
Lieutenant in his regiment, and he acts as a kind of
secretary to the officer commanding the unit, seeing'
VARIOUS RANKS HELD IN ARMY 21
to the general routine of the regiment and the issue
of the orders, which he signs.
All officers from Major to Colonel inclusive, whether
of the line or staff corps, are regarded as Field Officers.
The Field and Staff of a regiment consists of the
Colonel, the Lieutenant Colonel, three Majors, the
regimental adjutant, and the battalion adjutants.
Regimental headquarters consists of a Colonel and
a Lieutenant Colonel. Battalion headquarters con-
sists of a Major and a Battalion Adjutant.
The Supply Officer, Chaplain, and Medical Officers
on duty with a regiment are in practice considered
staff officers of the Colonel.
The Adjutant has charge of all official correspond-
ence. He keeps a complete journal of events, including
a record of all orders given and all reports received.
The Supply Officer supervises all details of trans-
portation animals, forage, fuel, clothing, quarters,
camp equipage, etc., is the purchasing and disbursing
officer, and has charge of the details of subsistence.
The Headquarters Company of a regiment has two
Captains, two 1st Lieutenants, and three 2d Lieu-
tenants. One of the Captains is the regimental
adjutant and the other commands the headquarters
company. One 1st Lieutenant is the regimental
intelUgence officer.
The supply company has one Captain who is the
regimental supply officer and one 1st Lieutenant
who is his assistant.
The machine gun company has one Captain, two
22 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
1st Lieutenants, and three 2d Lieutenants. The Rifle
Company has one Captain, three 1st Lieutenants, and
two 2d Lieutenants.
The Noncommissioned officers of the Headquarters
Company are one Regimental Sergeant Major, three
BattaUon Sergeant Majors, and two Regimental
Color Sergeants.
The supply Company has three Regimental Supply
Sergeants.
CHAPTER VI
UNITED STATES
Army Uniforms
Soldiers' dress has become more somber through-
out the world. Anything which would catch and
reflect the light or distinguish at a distance officers
from men is dispensed with under war conditions.
The question of visibility has transformed the
uniform of not only the British Army, but also that
of the Belgians and of the French, and the enemy's
troops use the well-known "field gray."
The field uniform of the United States Army is
khaki or "olive drab." Puttees, leggins, or boots are
worn.
The imdress cap of the Army officer is the same
for all ranks (see Plate II). General officers in field
hats are distinguished by their gold hat cords, while
other officers wear the gold and black striped hat
cord. EnUsted men wear hat cords of different
colors, depending upon the corps to which they belong.
Stripes of the same colors on trousers denote the
various corps in the blue uniform except in the in-
fantry, the stripes of which are white (see Plate XI).
Quartennaster's Corps Buff
Corps of Engineers Scarlet and white
Ordnance Department Black and scarlet
26 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
Signal Corps Orange and white
Infantry Light blue
Cavalry Yellow
Artillery Scarlet
Medical Corps Maroon and white
Army Field Clerks 1
Field Clerks, Quartermaster [ Silver and White
Corps
Corps of Intejpreters | Green and White
Corps of Intelligence Pohce J
Air Service Green and black
Tank Service Gray
„, . , ^ . / Cobalt blue and
Chemical Service < , , „
1 golden yellow
*>r t- /-. TT VL J The keeper and
Machine Gun Units < j
[ acorn are red
Caps to be known as "Overseas Caps/' similar to
those worn by the Scottish Highlanders, have been
adopted as part of the uniform for officers, soldiers,
and other uniformed members of the American Ex-
peditionary Forces. There" is no show of color on the
cap. The caps are of the same color as the field
uniforms. General Officers wear a gold edging around
the cap, while other officers wear an edging of the
same color as that of the arm of the service to which
they belong.
Enlisted men wear the device on the cap shown
in Plate VI.
The insignia of corps, department, or arm of service,
or aid, are not worn on the overcoat.
The insignia of rank is indicated on the sleeve of
the overcoat as follows (see Plate II) :
UNIFORMS OF THE UNITED STATES 27
General. Four silver stars, or two silver stars and
coat of arms, in horizontal row, with one broad stripe
of black braid below and one narrow stripe of black
braid above.
Lieutenant-General. Three silver stars in hori-
zontal row, with one broad stripe of black braid below
and one narrow stripe of black braid above.
Major General. Two silver stars in horizontal
row, with one broad stripe of black braid below and
one narrow stripe of black braid above.
Brigadier General. One silver star with one broad
stripe of black braid below and one narrow stripe of
black braid above.
Colonel. An ornamentation of five narrow strands
of black braid forming three knots.
Lieutenant Colonel. An ornamentation of four nar-
row strands of black braid forming three knots.
Major. An ornamentation of three narrow strands
of black braid forming three knots.
Captain. An ornamentation of two narrow strands
of black braid forming three knots.
First Lieutenant. An ornamentation of one narrow
strand of black braid forming three knots.
Second Lieutenant. An ornamentation of one
narrow strand of brown braid forming three knots.
Officers of the General Staff Corps wear under the
black braid ornamentation a broad stripe consisting
of four strands of black braid.
All officers who are assigned by orders of the War
Department to perform the duties of General Staff
General ^
28 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
officers with the headquarters of armies, corps, and
divisions wear the insignia of the General Staff Corps,
including the band of black braid on the sleeve. Simi-
larly adjutants, inspectors, judge advocates, quar-
termasters, signal officers, ordnance officers, and
interpreters of brigades and higher units, and their
assistants, when regularly detailed as such by competent
authority, wear the insignia of the appropriate corps
or department.
The insignia of rank of officers, in service uniforms,
is worn on shoulder loops made of the same material
as the coat (see Plate I).
The coat of arms
between two
silver stars
4 silver stars
Lieutenant General 3 silver stars
Major General 2 silver stars
Brigadier General 1 silver star
Colonel silver eagle
Lieutenant Colonel silver oak leaf
Major gold oak leaf
Captain 2 silver bars
First Lieutenant 1 silver bar
Second Lieutenant 1 gold bar
All officers except those assigned to the general staff
wear a brown stripe around the cuff of the coat. The
officers attached to general staff wear a black stripe.
1 The insignia of rank of a general is left to the discretion of
the wearer, and may be either four stars or the national coat
of arms, head of eagle up, midway between two stars.
PLATE m— UNITED STATES ARMY
Officers' Collar Ornaments
u.
USM, IISM
All Officers of
All Officers of
All Officers of
Regular
the Reserve
Volunteers
Army
Corps
General Staff
Corps
Adjutant
General's
Department
Inspector
General's
Department
Judge
Advocate
General's
Department
Quartermaster Ordnance
Corps Department
Signal
Corps
Air Service
^^^0^
Aids to
Aids to
Aids to
Field Clerk
Lieutenant
Major
Brigadier
Adjutant General's
General
General
General
Department
Corps of
ESni^eera
ill
Corps of
Engineers,
Adjutant
Corps of
Engineers,
Quartermaster
PLATE IV — UNITED STATES ARMY
Officers' Collar Ornaments
«58(»
Chemical
Service
Cavalry
X
Field Artillery
(worn also by officers of
medium trench mortar
units)
Coast Artillery,
Quartermaster
Infantry, Porto Rico
Regiment
Tank
Service
Cavalry, Adjutant
4^^^^
Field Artillery, Adjutant
Coast Artillery
(worn also by officers in
heavy trench mortar
units and in anti-air-
craft artillery units)
Infantry, Philippine
Scouts
Field Clerk
Quartermaster
Corps
Cavalry,
Quartermaster
^^
Field Artillery,
Quartermaster
^^^^^
Coast Artillery,
Adjutant
Infantry
* Numerals are omitted when on detached duty.
t Number of regiment in upper angle when applicable.
PLATE V — UNITED STATES ARMY
Officers' Collar Ornaments
>k >8< :^
Infantry, Adjutant
Medical
Corps
Sanitary
Corpw
^
Senior Military
Aviator
•
Senior Military
Aeronaut
Infantry,
Quartermaster
Ambulance
Service
Machine Gun
Battalion,
including anti-aircraft
TT
Veterinary Dental
Corps Corps
Junior Military
Aviator
Observer
Junior Military
Aeronaut
Corps of
Interpreters
Service
Buttons
Officers not commissioned All Officers
in any particular arm except Engineers
of the service
^Numerals are omitted when on detached duty.
Engineer
Corps Officers
32 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
Wound and War Service chevrons of gold are
worn, when authorized, by oflScers and men. War
Service chevrons are worn on the lower half of the
left sleeve by each officer and enlisted man who has
served six months in the zone of the advance in the
war, and an additional chevi'on for each six months
of similar service thereafter. For service of less than
six months duration the chevron is sky blue in
color.
Wound chevrons are worn on the lower half of the
right sleeve by each officer and enlisted man who has
received a W9und in action with the enemy which
necessitates treatment by a medical officer and an
additional chevron for each additional wound. Not.
more than one chevron is worn for two or more
wounds received at the same time. Disablement by
gas necessitating treatment by a medical officer is con-
sidered to be a wound.
Officers* collar ornaments (Plates II to V) are
made of bronze, for service uniforms, gilt or gold
for dress or white uniforms. Two ornaments are worn
on each side of the collar. The one nearest the frojit
designates the Army. For the regular Army a "U. S."
is worn (Plate III); for the present time for the
National Army, the National Guard and the Volunteer
Army, the letters *^N. A.** are superimposed on the
"U. S.*' (Plate II); in the future all officers will wear
only the letters *^U. S.*' The other ornament signifies
the arm of the service, department or corps, or the
insignia of aids, or chiefs of staff. Chaplains wear the
UNIFORMS OF THE UNITED STATES . 33
silver Latin cross on the cuff of the sleeve of all
uniforms, but not on the collar.
Officers serving by appointment or under com-
mission in another subdivision of the Army than that
in which they hold permanent commissions wear the
monogramic letters of that subdivision of the Army
in which they hold permanent commissions, and the
insignia of the new rank and the insignia of the corps,
department, or arm of service in which commissioned
at the time.
Officers detailed for duty with an organization for
which no officer's insignia is prescribed, wear the
insignia of the arm or corps in which they hold com-
missions. If not commissioned in any particular arm
or corps, they may wear a disc three-quarters of an
inch in diameter, with raised rim, bearing the coat of
arms of the United States.
Officers and enUsted men of the line of the Army
detailed for duty either by organizations or as individ-
uals, with another arm or branch of the Une, wear
the luiiform of the arm or branch with which detailed.
When the shirt is worn without the coat, the in-
signia of rank worn on the collar of the shirt is as
follows:
Regular Service
Major General of the Line. On both sides, in the
middle of the collar, the letters "U. S." and two
stars, points up.
34 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
Brigadier General of the Line. Same as for major
general, but with only one star on each side.
For General Officers of Staff Corps or Departments.
Substitute for the letters "U. S." on the left side the
proper device.
Colonel. On the right side in the middle of the
collar, the letters "U. S." and an eagle, beak to the
front. On the left side, the insignia of corps, depart-
ment, or arm of service.
Lieutenant Colonel. On the right side, the letters
"U. S.'' and a silver oak leaf, point up. On the left
side, the insignia of corps, department, or arm of
service.
Major. Same as Ueutenant colonel (substituting
"a gold oak leaf").
Captain. Same as lieutenant colonel (substituting
"two silver bars").
First Lieutenant. Same as lieutenant colonel (sub-
stituting "one silver bar"). .
Second Lieutenant. Same as heutenant colonel
(substituting "one gold bar").
General Staff Officers, Chiefs of Staff, Aids, and
Chaplains. Substitute on the left side of the collar
the proper device in place of the insignia of corps,
department, or arm of the service.
Volunteers of Officers' Reserve Corps
Same as for officers of the regular service, except
that the letters "U. S. V." or "U. S. R." are substi-
tuted for the letters "U. S."
UNIFORMS OF THE UNITED STATES 35
National Army Service
Officers of the National Guard in federal service
and of the National Army, at present wear the same
as for officers of the regular Army except that the
letters "N. G." or "N. A." are superimposed on the
letters "U. S."
Enlisted Men
Enlisted men wear the button insignia on the
service coat, the button with the letters "U.S."
being worn on the right side of the collar, the number of
the organization below when applicable, and the button
with the corps, department, or regiment and company
on the left side. This button also bears the company
letter for men in troops, batteries, and companies
of the line of the Army. (Plate X.)
The letters "U.S.," and the insignia of corps, de-
partment, or arm of service (all in gilt) are worn on
the dress and the white coats and are placed as in the
case of officers. These devices are "cutouts," not
buttons or discs. Enlisted scouts wear the letters
"U. S. S."
Brassards are bands of cloth worn on the right upper
arms of officers and enlisted men assigned to certain
special duties, as follows: surgeons, members of the
hospital corps, nurses, chaplains, and the personnel
engaged exclusively with the removal and trans-
36 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
portation of the sick and wounded, white with a red
Geneva cross; agents and signalmen, blue; guides
and scouts, green; orderlies and messengers, red;
trench cleaners, white; camping parties, yellow; sal-
vage parties, khaki with the word "Salvage" in red
letters.
When the shirt is worn without the coat the button
insignia is worn on the collar.
The rank of noncommissioned officers ("noncoms")
is shown by the chevron worn on the upper part of
both sleeves of coat, overcoat, or shirt (when worn
without coat) (Plates VI to IX incL). During the pres-
ent emergency chevrons are worn on the right sleeve
only. These chevrons are oKve-drab on the field uni-
form. On other uniforms they are of various colors,
depending on the uniform and the arm of the service
to which they belong. Specialty marks worn with the
chevrons indicate the particular duty the noncom-
missioned officer performs. Distinguishing marks are
worn on both upper sleeves by privates and "non-
coms" to indicate some particular accomplishment, as,
for instance, a cook, or a gun pointer. Chevrons to
denote qualification with the rifle, pistol, and ma-
chine gun, are worn on the cuff of the sleeve of the
service coat. Diagonal "service" stripes, one for each
three year period, are worn on lower part of each
sleeve of dress coat.
Army Field Clerks, and Field Clerks, Quarter-
master Corps wear the same uniform as officers,
omitting all insignia of rank, and the brown braid
PLATE VI— DHITED STATES ARMY
Enlisted Hen's Cap Device, dierroiis and Specialty Harks
CAP DEVICE FOR ALL ENLISTED MEN
Ro^pmeDtHt Sergeant Mnjor aiid Sfrgeant Major, senior grade
Reiiineiltal Supply Sergeant
Battalion and Squadroa Bergeaat Major and Sergeant Major, juniur g
BiittaLioD and Squadroa Supply Sergeant
SerEBaat, first ctass
PLATE Vn — UNITED STATES ARMY
Enlisted Men's Chevrons and Specialty Marks
16 17 18
16 Corporal Bugler 17 Band Corporal
19 Chauffeur, first class
20
18 Lance Corporal
20 Chauffeur
21 22 23 24 25
21 Assistant Chauffeur 22 Bugler, first class 23 Bugler
24 Chief Mechanic 25 Mechanic
26
26 Saddler
29 Wagoner
®
28 29 30
27 Horseshoer 28 Cook
30 Musician, first, second and third class
31 32 33 34 35
31 Master Electrician 32 Engineer 38 Assistant Engineer
34 Electrician Sergeant, first class 35 Electrician Sergeant, second class
86 87 38
36 Fireman 37 Radio Sergeant
39 Casemate Electrician
39 40
38 Master Gunner
40 Observer, first class
PLATE Vra— UNITED STATES ARMY
Enlisted Men's Chevrons and Specialty Marks
41 42
41 Observer, second class
44 Chief Planter
42 Plotter
46
43 Coxswain
46 Chief Loader
m^'
46
46 47 48
Gun Commander 47 Gun Pointers
49 Master Engineer, junior grade
49 60
48 Master Engineer, senior grade
60 Ordnance
61 62 63 64 66
61 Master Signal Electrician 62 Master Hospital Sergeant
63 Hospital Sergeant 64 Quartermaster Sergeaat, senior grade
66 Quartermaster Sergeant
66 Drum Major
Assistant Band Leader
68 69
67 Band Leader
69 Master Engineer, senior grade, tank oorpa
PRIVATES, FIRST CLASS
60 61 62 63 64
60 Artillery, Ammunition Trains, Artillery Parks, Headquarters of Army
Artillery, of Artillery Brigades, of Coast Artillery Districts
61 Cavalry, Headquarters Trooi)s of Divisions, Machine Gun Squadrons,
Headquarters of Cavalry Divisions and Brigades and of Trains
62 Infantry, Pioneer Infantry, Philippine Scouts, Machine Gun Battalions,
Disciplinary Barracks Guard, Umted States Guards, Headquarters of Ter^
ritorial Depietrtments and of Infantry Divisions and Brigades and of Trains
68 Engineers, Engineer Trains 64 Ordnance Department
PLATE IX — UNITED STATES ARMY
Enlisted Men's Chevrons and Specialty Marks
'^^
66 66 67 68 69
66 Signal Corps 66 Medical Department, Sanitary Traina
67 Quartermaster Corps, Supply Trains 68 Tank Corps
69 Chemical Service
'^Tff^^^^^fn
70
70 Enlisted Aviator 71 General Recruiting Service
72 Service Schools and U. S. M. A. Detachment
78 General Headquarters, Headquarters of Armies and Corps
MARKS TO DENOTE SPECIAL QUALIFICATIONS
74 75 76 77 78
74 First Class Gunner (Field Artillery, and Gun and Mortar Company, Coast
ArtUlery) ,
75 Second Class Gunner (Field Artillery, and Gun and Mortar Company,
Coast Artillery)
76 Firrft Class Gunner (Mine Company, Coast Artillery)
77 Second Class Gunner (Mine Company, Coast Artillery)
78 Badge of Excellence in Coast Artillery Target Practice
79 80
79 Expert Rifleman
88 Expert Pistol Shot
81
80 Sharpshooter 81 Marksman
88 First Class Pistol Shot
84
86
86 87
86 Sharpshooter (Machine Gun)
84 Expert Machine Gunner
86 Marksman (Machine Gun) 87 Marksman Special Course "lA**
88 Mechanic (Air Service)
"S^
89 Wound and War Service Chevron worn by officers and men
on outer half of lower part of sleeve, wound chevron worn on
right sleeve, war service chevron on left sleeve
PLATE X — UNITED STATES ARMY
Enlisted Men's Collar Devices
r?EGULAR ARMY NATIONAL ARMY NATIONAL GUARD RESERVES VOLUNTEERS
ARMY DEVICES-WORN ON RIGHT SIDE OF COLLAR
AIR
SERVICE
SIGNAL
CORPS
QUARTERMASTERS
CORPS
CHEMICAL
SERVICE
MEDICAL
DEPT.
ELECTRICIAN
TRENCH
MORTAR
ANTI-AIRCRAFT
ARTILLERY
RECRUITING
SERVICE
TANK
SERVICE
WEST POINT
MILITARY
ACADEMY
AND
SERVICE
SCHOOL
DETACHMENTS
MACHINE 6UN,
BATTALION
ORDNANCE
PORTO RtCO
REGIMENT
PHILLIPINE
SCOUTS
BANDSMAN
CORPS OF
INTERPRETERS
HEADQUARTERS HEADQUARTERS CORPS OF GUARD
OF TRAINS AND COMPANY OF INTELLIGENCE: DISCIPLINARY
AMMUNITION TRAINS ; BRIGADE POLICE BARRACKS
CORPS DEVICES-WORN ON LIFT SIDE OF COLLAR AND OVERSEAS CAP
PLATE XI
GENERAL
OFFICERS
COLORS OF THE BRANCHES
OF THE SERVICE
ARMY FLAGS AND SIGNALS CAVALRY
INFANTRY ''fieloarwy *HHFmfR^T "cavalry d\v. ARTILLERY
HEAOqjJARTCRS HEAOQMARTERS HEAOQUAATERS
'lINrANTPV RPIMO
ENGINEERS '>INFAHTRY 6RI6A0ElicA)/ALRY BRrGAOE
rMMUNiriON
QUARTEHMASTER 'comM^rmi TRA«s*wsTR.a , ^^,,,^^,,, ^ SIGNAL
CORPS _ _ naoAMaoHESsiNGswrn CORPS
+
MEDICALCORPS
(ENLISTED MEN)
CHAPLAINS ^GuiSoS
'■ CAVALRY " ARTILLERV
_ GUIDON ^ GUIDON
o o
SI6NAL CORPS McnTrAi
GUIDON MEDICAL
p
DEPARTMENT
IFEIEGRAPH " FIELD
GUIDON AND rELEPHONE POSTOFFlCE ^
ORDNANCE 5ERVICESCH00L
DEPARTMENT COMPANY .FLAGS DETACHMENT
"WMWNYA. "COMWNY C. HCOMPANY E
COMPANVB. "COMMNY D. COMfVUiiy F.
DRESS
TROUSERS
STRIPES
HCOMPANYG. llCOMPANY I. llCOMPANY L
•COMWNY H. llCOMPANY K. HCOMWNYM
FOR OFFICERS
FOR NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICERS,
TRUMPETERS. ETC.
MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 43
on the cuff of the service coat. Cord for service hat
to be of silver and black silk intermixed.
The collar insignia for Army field clerks consists of
two crossed quill pens, with the Adjutant General's
shield in lower angle. The collar insignia for field
clerks, Quartermaster Corps, consists of two crossed
quill pens, with the insignia of Quartermaster Corps
in lower angle.
Postal Agents, attached to units in the field, wear
the same uniform as Army Field Clerks, omitting
all insignia on the collar. On the left arm, midway
between the elbow and the top of the sleeve is worn
a brassard of gray postal service cloth, bearing in two
lines the legend Posts U. S. A. stenciled in black in
letters three fourths inch high.
The collar ornament of the Air Service is a ver-
tical propellor blade of silver between two bronze
spread wings.
Senior Military Aviators wear on left breast a silver-
embroidered, double-wing shield with U.S. in gold
in center and star above (see Plate V).
Aviator Observers wear on their left breast a single-
wing, white-embroidered, to the left of an "O" of
Gothic design. Junior Military Aviators and Reserve
Military Aviators wear on left breast a silver-em-
broidered, double-wing shield, with U. S. in gold in
center of shield.
Senior Military Aeronauts and Junior Military
Aeronauts wear on their left breasts insignias similar
to those worn by Senior and Jimior Military Aviators
44 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
with a balloon between the wings in Ueu of the
shield. The letters "U. S.," in gold, are embroidered
in the center of the balloon and a basket is suspended
below.
Candidates for commissions on a flying status
at schools of military aeronautics, Signal Corps avi-
ation schools, balloon schools, and observers' schools
wear the uniform' of enlisted men of the Signal
Corps, with the addition of a band of white pique, !
one and a half inches wide, aroimd the cap and I
service hat. |
Dark blue is the color for designating all general '
officers (excepting Quartermaster General, and Brig-
adier Generals of the Quartermaster Department), the
Adjutant GeneraPs Department, Inspector General's
Department, and Judge Advocate General's Depart- i
ment. The colors for the other departments are readily
distinguishable on Plate XI.
During the time of war the full dress and dress
uniforms are not worn. General officers (except chief
of coast artillery, chief of engineers. Quartermaster
General, brigadier generals of the Quartermaster's
Corps); officers below the rank of Brigadier General,
holding permanent appointments in the staff corps and
departments, and Chaplains (except Quartermaster,
Engineer, Medical, and Signal Corps), wear dark blue
dress trousers without stripes.
Chief of the Coast Artillery, Chief of Engineers,
Quartermaster General, brigadier generals of the
Quartermaster Corps, Officers of the Engineer Corps,
UNIFORMS OF THE UNITED STATES 45
Medical Corps, and those holding permanent appoint-
ments in the Quartermaster Corps and Signal Corps
wear dark blue trousers with broad stripes (one
and a half inches) of the color of the branch of the
service.
Officers of the Cavalry, Artillery, and Infantry wear
sky-blue dress trousers with stripes of the color of the
branch of the service, except Infantry, which uses
white.
Stripes of the color designating the branch of the
service are worn by enUsted men on their dress trousers,
again excepting the infantry, which uses a white stripe,
sergeants using a broad stripe (one and one fourth inch),
corporals a narrow stripe (half inch), and musicians
and trumpeters two white stripes.
Flags are used in the Army for various designations,
and Plate XI shows a number that are in common use.
On the flag designating Infantry Brigade Headquarters
the division number is given above and brigade num-
ber below. The same is true of the Cavalry Brigade
Headquarters flag. The flag used to designate a
field hospital is similar in design, although somewhat
larger than that used by field ambulances, hospital
trains, regimental hospitals, and dressing stations.
On the cavalry guidon the regimental number is shown
above and the troop letter below. The regimental
number is also shown above, and battery letter below,
on the artillery guidon; and the signal corps guidon
carries a designation of the corps with the company
letter above.
46 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
When Infantry regiments are in camp the company
flag is usually flown at the head of each street. Com-
panies in the first battalion have a flag which carries
a red field, while for the second battalion the field is
white, and a blue field is used to designate companies
in a third battahon.
PLATE Xn— KELIEP ORGANIZATIONS
+
THE QENEVACnOSS
SLEEVE HSKNUY,
lES, KNBKTS OF a)LUMBU
ni
Of the many jutriotic societies that are coSperatinc with the military torera
to ICBsen the Bofdier'a hardshipe, the Red Crose BtaDds foremiBt. Its purpiffie
teemi. recreation hX.^en'^'rMt'lici^ f™ our^eoldiere™'" " ™^'
The Y. m"c. A-'and^^Kn^U ^ Co°umbu9°are alao doing a nicnt excel-
lent work in looking out (or the welfare of the •oldiers in every manner their
CHAPTER VII
ARMY ETIQUETTE AND CUSTOMS
"Courtesy among military men is indispensable
to discipline; respect to seniors will not be confined
to obedience to duty, but will be extended on all
occasions." (Army Regulations.)
Salutes
As in the daily civil life we see courtesy extended
by the tipping of the hat, so, in military life, this
courtesy is shown in the form of a salute. From the
beginning of time, the custom of saluting has been
foimd wherever there was a military organization.
Thirty paces or less is saluting distance; that is,
salutes are not as a rule given at a greater distance
than about thirty paces.
Six paces is the distance at which the salute should
be given if you are coming that near or nearer. If
not coming within six paces salute when you are at
the nearest distance. To salute with the hand, first
assume the position of a soldier or march at attention.
Look the person you are to salute straight in the eye
when at the proper distance, raise the right hand
smartly till the tip of the forefinger touches the lower
part of the headdress or forehead above the right eye,
ARMY ETIQUETTE AND CUSTOMS 49
thumb and fingers extended and joined, palm to the
left, forearm inclined about 45°, hand and wrist
straight. Maintain the position of salute, looking
the person you are saluting straight in the eye until
he acknowledges the salute or until he has passed,
then drop the hand smartly to the side. The salute
is given with the right hand only.
The rifle and saber salute may be found in the
drill regulations.
Be careful about returning the salute of those under
you. Do not do so with a cigar or pipe in your mouth.
It is both unmilitary and impohte.
The national or regimental color or standard un-
cased, passing a guard or other armed body, will be
saluted, the field music sounding "to the color" or
"to the standard." Officers or enlisted men passing
the imcased color will render the prescribed salute;
with no arms in hand, the salute will be the hand
salute, using the right hand. Use the saber or rifle
salute if armed with the saber or rifle.
The national flag and the regimental flag belonging
to dismounted organizations of the Army are called
colors. Those belonging to mounted organizations
are called standards. These are the only flags a
soldier salutes, except the salute to the flag at retreat
and the salute to the flag aboard ship.
Whenever the National Anthem is played at any
place when persons belonging to the miUtary service
are present, all officers and enlisted men not in for-
mation will stand at attention facing toward the music
50 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
(except at retreat, when they shall face toward the
flag). If in uniform, and covered, they shall salute at
the first note of the anthem, retaining the position of
salute imtil the last note of the anthem. If not in
uniform and covered, they shall imcover at the first
note of the anthem, holding the headdress opposite
the left shoulder, and so remain until its close except
that in inclement weather the headdress may be
slightly raised. The same rules apply when to the
color or to the standard is soimded as when the National
Anthem is played.
At parade, and other ceremonies imder arms, the
command shall render the prescribed salute and shaU
remain in the position of salute while the National
Anthem is being played; also at retreat and dimng
ceremonies when to the color is played, if no band is
present. If not under arms, the organizations shaU
be brought to attention at the first note of the National
Anthem, to the color or to the standard, and the
salute rendered by the officer or noncommissioned
officer in conmiand.
If the conmiand is in line at a halt (not in the field)
and armed with the rifle, or with sabers drawn, it
shall be brought to present arms or present sabers
before its conmiander salutes in the following cases:
When the National Anthem is played or when "to the
color" or "to the standard" is soimded during cere-
monies, or when a person is saluted who is its inmiediate
or higher conmiander or a general officer, or when
the National or regimental color is saluted.
ARMY ETIQUETTE AND CUSTOMS 51
Salutes and honors, as a rule, are not paid by troops
actually engaged in drill, on the march, or in the
field under campaign or simulated campaign conditions.
Troops on the service of secimty pay no compliment
whatever.
K two detachments or other commands meet, their
commanders will exchange salutes, both commands
being at attention.
No salute is rendered when marching in double
time or at a trot or gallop.
A noncommissioned ofl&cer or private in command
of a detachment without arms salutes all oflScers with
the hand, but if the detachment be on foot and armed
with the rifle or carbine, he makes the rifle or carbine
salute, and if armed with a saber he salutes with it.
Salutes shall be exchanged between officers and
enlisted men at all times of the day and night when
meeting, passing near, or being addressed, the jimior
in rank or the enlisted man saluting first, except when
at drill, work, games, or mess or in a miUtary formation.
When an oflScer enters a room where there are
several enlisted men the word "attention" is given
by some one who perceives him, when all rise, uncover,
and remain standing at attention xmtil the ofiicer
leaves the room or directs otherwise. Soldiers at
meals do not rise, but stop eating and remain seated
at attention.
Soldiers actually at work or engaged in athletic
exercises do not salute imless spoken to.
An enlisted man, if seated, rises on the approach
52 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
of an officer, faces toward him^ and salutes. If stand-
ing, he faces the officer for the same purpose. If the
parties remain in the same place or on the same groimd,
such compliments need not be repeated.
An enlisted man makes the prescribed salute with
the weapon he is armed with, or if unarmed, whether
covered or uncovered, with the hand, before addressing
an officer. He also makes the same salute after re-
receiving a reply.
If armed with a saber and out of ranks, salutes
should be made with saber if drawn, otherwise, with
the hand.
If on foot and armed with the rifle or carbine, he
makes the rifle or carbine salute.
When talking with an officer, an enlisted man
always stands at attention. He salutes any officer
who passes, who is senior to the officer with whom he
is talking, but does not salute any officer jimior to
him unless ordered to do so.
An officer addressing a senior should salute and
stand at attention. If a senior remains in your
vicinity, salute him but once.
Prisoners are not allowed to salute; they merely
come to attention if not actually at work.
Sentinels on post salute as prescribed in the Manual
of Guard Duty.
Enlisted men do not salute noncommissioned officers.
In imiform, covered, but not in formation, officers
and enlisted men salute military persons as follows:
With arms in hand, the salute prescribed for that
ARMY ETIQUETTE AND CUSTOMS 53
arm (sentinels on interior guard duty excepted);
without arms, the right-hand salute.
In civilian dress, covered, oflScers and enlisted
men salute miUtary persons with the right-hand
salute.
Officers and enlisted men will render the prescribed
salutes in a miUtary manner, the officer junior in
rank or the enlisted man saluting first. When several
oflScers in company are saluted, all entitled to the salute
shall return it.
Except in the field under campaign or simulated
campaign conditions, a mounted officer (or soldier)
dismoimts before addressing a superior officer not
mounted.
A man in formation shall not salute when directly
addressed, but shall come to attention if at rest or
at ease.
When an officer entitled to the salute passes in
rear of a body of troops, it is brought to attention
while he is opposite the post of the commander.
In public conveyances, such as railway trains,
street cars, etc., and in public places, such as theaters,
honors and personal salutes may be omitted when
inappropriate or apt to annoy civilians present.
In entering an oflSce, knock on the door; when told
to come in, enter, taking off the hat (if unarmed),
close the door, and remain just inside the door until
asked what is wanted; then go within a short dis-
tance of the oflScer and, if he is a senior, stand at
attention, salute, and make known your request in
54 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
as few words as possible. On completion, salute,
face towards the door, and go out, being careful to
close the door.
At all times and in all situations, the same com-
pliments are paid to oflScers of the Army, Navy,
Marine Corps, and Volimteers, and to oflScers of the
National Guard as to officers of your own regiment,
corps, or arm of service.
It is customary for officers and soldiers, whether
with or without sidearms, to remove the cap when
greeting ladies. If the lady be accompanied by an
officer, the soldier would render the miUtary salute.
Courtesies in Conversation
An enUsted man, in speaking to an officer, always
stands at attention, uses the word "Sir," and addresses
him in the third person.
"Sir, the corporal directed me to report to the
Captain."
"Did the Lieutenant wish me to, etc."
One officer, addressing another officer, uses the
second person.
In addressing a noncommissioned officer always
prefix his title. Thus, "Sergeant Jones," etc.
"No, sir," "Yes, sir," "I don't know, sir," etc.,
should always be used in answer to direct questions.
When an enhsted man or jimior is told to do a
thing by an officer, he should acknowledge by saying
"Yes, sir," or by saluting, depending upon circum-
stances.
ARMY ETIQUETTE AND CUSTOMS 55
When not on duty a lieutenant is addressed as
"Mister," but when on duty, the title "Lieutenant"
is usually used. Enlisted men always address lieu-
tenants as "Lieutenant." The miUtary title is gen-
erally used in introducing a heutenant, as it tends
to fix the oflScial identity of the ofl&cer. After the
introduction, however, he is addressed as "Mister."
Ofl&cers with the grade of captain, or above, are
addressed at all times by their titles, as "Captain,"
"Major," etc.
In conversation and in nonofficial correspondence,
brigadier generals, major generals, and heutenant
generals are referred to and addressed as "General"
and are known as general officers. Lieutenant colonels,
under the same conditions, are referred to and ad-
dressed as "Colonels."
When off duty, older officers sometimes address
juniors as "Jones," "Brown," etc., but this does not
give the junior the privilege of addressing his senior
in any other way than by his proper title.
Whenever there is a difference in title, except in
the case of officers that are very intimate and
about the same age and length of service, the junior
addresses the senior by his title.
Officers of the same grade, except where there is
considerable difference in age, or in date of com-
mission, generally address one another by their sur-
name.
Chaplains are addressed as "Chaplain."
Officially, officers of the Medical Corps are ad-
56 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
dressed by their military titles. Socially, surgeons
with the rank of Major, Lieutenant Colonel, and
Colonel are addressed as "Major" or "Colonel."
Captains of the Medical Corps socially are sometimes
addressed as "Captain" and sometimes as "Doctor,"
and lieutenants as "Doctor."
Noncommissioned oflScers are addressed as "Ser-
geant" and "Corporal."
It is customary to address chief musicians as
"Mister."
Enlisted men are addressed by their surname.
There is no uniform custom regarding the use of
titles in the Mihtia, but oflScers of the rank of captain,
or above, are generally addressed by their titles by
other military men.
OflScers take precedence according to rank as laid
down in the Regulations, and this precedence extends
to the social life, to the mess, and to the club. When
a senior enters a club, it is just as much an act of
official courtesy as it is a social one to offer him a
chair, etc.
If you are out drilling your company, never pass
across the front of a company commanded by a senior
so as to cause him to halt or to mark time imtil you
are out of the way.
When in command of your company, and marching,
it is customary to salute any field officers whom you
meet.
CHAPTER VIII
CALLS
Officers arriving at the headquarters of a territorial
department, military command, or miUtary post will
call on the conmianding oflBcer as soon as practicable.
("Army Regulations.")
OflBcers visiting a post should not only call on the
commanding oflScer but should register at the ad-
jutant's oflSce.
If the visiting oflScer is senior to the conrnianding
officer, he may send a card, in which case it becomes
the duty of the comnaanding officer to make the first
call.
If the visiting officer be the junior, he should call
without delay.
If the comjnanding officer is not at his office, the
prevaiUng custom is to call on him at his quarters,
thus making a semi-social call.
It is customary for a civilian visiting an Army
post to pay his respects, accompanied by the officer
whose guest he is, to the commanding officer at his
office before the latter has called on him.
Calls are generally made in the evenings. The
dress imiform is usually worn in making social calls.
58 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
An officer returning from leave or detached service
calls without delay on the commanding officer and on
his Company commander. The uniform of the day,
without sidearms, is worn.
The officer also officially reports his retiu-n to the
adjutant at once.
If for any reason it be impracticable to get into
uniform without delay, the calls are made in civilian
dress, explaining why it was impracticable to report
in uniform.
Uniform in time of war is worn at all times.
Officers who are away on leave or detached service
should upon their return to the post call promptly on any
new officers who may have joined during their absence.
Officers leaving for any length of time call on every
one, in small posts, to say good-by; in large posts,
on their intimate friends only.
Officers, on going aboard ship, use the starboard or
right side and gangway. They should salute the
colors, if they are up, upon reaching the top of the
gangway. The officer of the deck will be there to
receive them. They should then salute the officer
of the deck and say, "I come aboard with your per-
mission, sir." Ask the officer who receives you for
the person you wish to see and your card will be sent
or you will be shown down below.
If your call is made as a welcome to the port, either
from yoiu" post, or personally, it would be polite and
proper to call on the captain as well as on the officers'
mess.
CALLS 59
In Washington it is customary to call on the Sec-
retary of War and other high officials on New Year's
Day. Full dress uniform is worn.
At Army posts it is generally customary to call
on New Year's Day.
A junior walks, rides, or drives on the left of a
senior and always keeps step with him.
One knock before entering a room is considered the
official knock and is a signal for every one within to
come to attention.
It is considered unmilitary for an officer or a soldier
in uniform to use an umbrella.
The uniform is prescribed by the commanding
officer, under the uniform order, to be worn on all
occasions.
In the case of receptions at which officers wear
sidearms, upon reaching the room in which the officers
are to be presented, the cap should be removed and
held in the left hand, top uppermost and visor pointing
left obUque, the forearm being held horizontal and
against the left side of the body until the reception
line has been passed.
At military weddings the bridegroom, best man,
and ushers wear sidearms and the bride cuts the
wedding cake with her husband's sword.
Social etiquette regarding visiting cards is the same
as in civil life.*
CHAPTER IX
COMPOSITION OF THE NAVY
The Navy of the United States comprises the
foUowmg units:
Regular Navy, National Naval Volunteers (Naval
MiUtia), Naval Reserve, Marine Corps, Marine Corps
Reserve, and Coast Guard.
The Naval Militia has the same relation to the
Navy as the National Guard to the Army. Naval
miUtiamen in time of war are known as the National
Naval Volunteers^ and become active members of
the Navy and serve as bluejackets and officers in the
main or reserve fleets, or wherever else they may
be assigned. All matters relating to the Naval Militia
come under the cognizance of the Bureau of Naviga-
tion.
^ By an act of Congress, August 29, 1916, a force was created
for use in an emergency, including that of actual or imminent
war, known as the "National Naval Volunteers" and composed
of officers and enlisted men of the "Naval Militia" who, having
passed the prescribed examinations, are mustered into the Fed-
eral Service.
By a subsequent act of Congress the National Naval Volun-
teers (Naval Militia) have been transferred to the Naval
Reserve Force.
COMPOSITIOJ^ OF THE NAVY 61
The State of Massachusetts was the first to estab-
lish a Naval Militia, doing so on March 29, 1890.
The next was the First BattaUon Naval MiUtia, New
York. It was founded in 1891, using the U.S.S.
Granite State, a "dreadnaughf of one hundred years
ago, as armory.
The Naval Reserve Force was authorized by the
Act of August 29, 1916. It is divided into six classes.
A brief description of each is given below.
Class 1. The Fleet Naval Reserve
A reserve composed entirely of ex-service officers
and men whose last service with the Navy terminated
honorably.
The personnel of this reserve will be ordered to
active duty at sea.
Officers and men are enrolled in the rank or rating
last held in the Navy.
Class 2. The Naval Reserve
A class composed of officers and men qualified for
duty on combatant ships. The former National Naval
Volunteers are included in this class as are men of
previous service in the Navy who are not eligible for
the Fleet Naval Reserve and men of other classes who
qualify for sea duty.
Class 3. The Naval Auxillahy Reserve
This class of the reserve is composed of officers
and men serving on board vessels of the United States
62 MILITARY AND NAVAL .RECGONITION BOOK
Merchant marine listed by the Navy Department as
desirable auxiliaries and to be taken over as such in
time of war.
The personnel of this reserve will serve on vessels
on which they are serving when called into active
service. As a rule they will not be transferred to any
other vessel except in case of emergency.
Class 4. The Naval Coast Defense Reserve
This class of reserve force is composed of citizens
of the United States who might be of special useful
service in the Navy or in connection with the Navy
in the defense of the coast.
Ordinarily these members will perform duty only
in the district in which enrolled. However, mem-
bers may be transferred from one district to another
in the discretion of the Bureau of Navigation.
Men enrolling in this class are now required to
volunteer for general service (liability for any duty)
and when quaUfied are transferred to Class 2.
Class 5. The Naval Reserve Flying Corps
QuaUfied ' aviators or persons skilled in the design
or building of aircraft. In order to be eligible for
enrollment in this class of the Naval Reserve Force
the applicant must be capable of handling aircraft
alone and must be able to navigate the air.
The personnel of this reserve will be ordered to duty
at sea or on shore where aviators are necessary.
COMPOSITION OF THE NAVY 63
Class 6. The Volunteer Naval Reserve
The members of this class of the Naval Reserve
Force must necessarily be eligible for one of the other
classes, the only difference in their status being that
they serve without retainer pay and without uniform
gratuity in time of peace.
All members of the Naval Reserve Force, except
the Naval Auxiliary Reserve, must be citizens of the
United States. Members of the Naval Auxiliary
Reserve must be citizens of the United States or its
insular possessions. All persons applymg for enroll-
ment in the Naval Reserve Force must furnish satis-
factory evidence as to character and ability.
Members of the Naval Reserve Force are not re-
quired to perform any active service in time of peace.
However, they are obligated to serve through a war
or national emergency, and no members of the Naval
Reserve Force will be eligible for confirmation in rank
or rating until the completion of not less than three
months' active service.
All members of the Naval Reserve Force, except
the Fleet NavaJ Reserve, enroll in a provisional rank
or rating.
The maximimi active service in time of peace al-
lowed any member of the Naval Reserve Force is
three months per year. This active service may be
taken at the election of the member, but must be in
periods of not less than three weeks at any one time.
For members of the Fleet Naval Reserve the mini-
64 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
mum amoimt of active service allowed at any one
time is one month.
Members of the Naval Auxiliary Reserve perform
no active service except in time of war.
Owners and operators of power boats suitable for
Government purposes may be enrolled in the Naval
Coast Defense Reserve, and the Secretary of the
Navy is authorized to enter into contract with owners
to take over their boats in time of war upon payment
of a reasonable indemnity.
United States Junior Naval Reserve
This is an organization for the training of American
boys for the American Navy and Merchant Marine.
It is entirely controlled by civilian interests, and is
not oflScially connected with the Navy or Naval
Reserve Force.
CHAPTER X
ORGANIZATION OF THE NAVY ASHORE
The Secretary of the Navy is a civilian appointed
by the President, and, as head of the Navy Depart-
ment, has the care and control of the Navy.
The Assistant Secretary of the Navy is a civiUan,
appointed by the President, who performs such duties
as are assigned to him by the Secretary and by law.
All orders issued by the Assistant Secretary in con-
ducting the duties assigned to him are considered
as emanating from the Secretary. All departmental
estimates for submission to Congress are imder the
supervision of the Assistant Secretary.
An Act of Congress approved March 4, 1915, estab-
lished the office of Chief of Naval Operations, corre-
sponding to that of Chief of Staff of the Army.
The Chief of Naval Operations is appointed by the
President and holds the rank, while so serving, of
Admiral.
The Chief of Naval Operations, imder the direction
of the President and the Secretary of the Navy, has
supervision of the operations of the Fleet, and of the
preparation and readiness of plans for its use in war;
of the Naval War College, the office of Naval Intelli-
gence, the Office of Gunnery Exercises and Engineering
66 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
Performances, the operation of the Communication
Service, the operations of the aeronautic service,
of mines and mining, of the Naval Districts, Naval
MiUtia, and of the Coast Guard when operated with
the Navy; the direction of all strategic and tactical
matters, organization, maneuvers, gunnery exercises,
drills, and of the training of the Fleet for war; the
preparation and enforcement of aU drill books, signal
and cipher codes, Regulations, and General Orders.
The affairs of the Navy are administered by the
following Bureaus, each having its Chief of Bureau,
with the rank of Rear Admiral:
Bureau of Navigation
Bureau of Ordnance
Bureau of Steam Engineering
Bureau of Construction and Repair
Bureau of Yards and Docks
Bureau of SuppUes and Accounts
Bureau of Medicine and Surgery.
In addition to the heads of the Biu-eaus mentioned
above, the Secretary's Advisory Council includes:
The Major General Commandant of the Marine
Corps
The Judge Advocate General of the Navy.
Duties of the Bureau of Navigation. To issue,
record, and enforce all orders of the Secretary to
OflScers of the Navy.
To have charge of the training and education of
line officers and of enlisted men and of the upkeep
and operation of all schools therefor. To have under
ORGANIZATION OF THE NAVY ASHORE 67
its direction the affairs of the Naval MiUtia, and
the Naval Reserve Force, and to provide for their
mobilization.
To keep the records of service of all officers and
men and to provide their transportation.
To establish the complements of all ships in com-
mission.
To have charge of all matters pertaining to appoint-
ments and commissions in the Navy.
To have charge of the preparation, revision, and
enforcement of all regulations governing uniform and
the distribution of all orders and regulations of a
general and circular character.
To have charge of the upkeep and operation of the
Hydrographic Office, the Naval Observatory, Nautical
Almanac, and Compass Offices.
To have charge of all that relates to the supply of
ships with navigational outfits.
The Chief of Bureau is a Une officer holding the
rank of Rear Admiral.
Duties of the Bureau of Ordnance. To have charge
of all that relates to the upkeep, repair, and operation
of the torpedo stations, naval-proving grounds, and
magazines on shore, and of the design, manufacture,
and upkeep of the ordnance equipment of the Navy.
This includes guns, armor, ammunition, torpedoes,
and mines.
The Chief of Bureau is a Une officer holding the
rank of Rear Admiral.
Duties of the Bureau of Steam Engineering. To
68 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
have charge of all that relates to the design, instal-
lation, operation, and upkeep (1) of the motive power
of the ships of the Navy, (2) of the interior commu-
nication system of the ships of the Navy, and (3) of
the radio outfits of the ships and shore stations.
The Chief of Biu-eau is a Une officer holding the
rank of Rear Admiral.
Duties of the Bureau of Construction and Repair.
To have charge of the design, construction, and re-
pair of all ships of the Navy; of the operation of
dry docks, and of the docking of ships.
The Chief of Bureau is a Naval Constructor holding
the rank of Rear Admiral, with the title of Chief
Constructor.
Duties of the Bureau of Yards and Docks. To have
charge of the design, construction, and maintenance
of the shore stations of the Navy.
The Chief of Bureau is a member of the Civil En-
gineers Corps holding the rank of R^ar Admiral.
Duties of the Bureau of Supplies and Accounts.
To have charge of the payment of all officers and
men; the keeping of the money accounts of the naval
estabUshment, the purchasing, storage, care, custody,
and issue of all suppUes for the Naval establishment,
and the food and clothing for the enUsted men.
The Chief of Bureau is an officer of the Paymaster's
Corps holding the rank of Rear Admiral with the
title of Paymaster General.
Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. To have charge
of the upkeep and operation of all hospitals and hos-
ORGANIZATION OF THE NAVY ASHORE 69
pital ships and to be responsible for the health of the
officers and enUsted men of the Navy.
To examine physically all officers and men.
The Chief of Bm*eau is a medical officer with the
rank of Rear Admiral and title of Surgeon General.
Duties of the Judge Advocate General's Office.
To revise and report upon the legal features of and
to have recorded the proceedings of all courts-martial,
courts of inquiry, boards of investigation and inquest,
and board for the examination of officers for retire-
ment and promotion in the naval service; to prepare
orders convening the above mentioned courts and
boards where such courts are ordered by the Secretary
of the Navy; to report upon questions of international
law.
The Judge Advocate General is a line officer and
holds the rank of Captain.
The General Board. The General Board was
established by law to devise measures and plans
for the effective preparation and maintenance of the
fleet for war and to advise the Secretary as to the
distribution and disposition of the fleet.
It is composed of the Admiral of the Navy, the
Chief of Naval Operations, the Major General Com-
mandant of the Marine Corps, the Director of Naval
InteUigence, the President of the Naval War College,
and such additional officers as the Secretary may
designate.
The rank of Admiral of the Navy ceased to exist
with the death of Admiral Dewey.
CHAPTER XI
NAVAL DISTRICTS
For purposes of administration and for military
reasons the country is divided into Naval Districts,
each presided over by the commandant.
There are fourteen of these districts.
Districts
Headquarters
No.
Limits
1
Eastport, Me., to include Chatham, Boston.
Mass.
2
Chatham, to include New London,
Naval station, Narra-
Conn.
gansett Bay.
3
New London, to include Bamegat,
N. J., and Porto Rico.
New York.
4
Bamegat, to include Assateague, Va.
Philadelphia.
5
Aasateague, to include New River
Inlet, N. C.
Norfolk.
6
New River Inlet, to include St. Johns Charleston.
River, Fla.
7
St. Johns River, to include Tampa,
Fla.
Key West.
8
Tampa, to include Rio Grande.
New Orleans.
9
liake Michigan.
] Naval training sta-
10
Lakes Erie and Ontario.
\ tion
11
Lakes Huron and Superior.
Great Lakes.
12
Southern boundary to latitude 42° N.
San Francisco.
13
Latitude 42° N. to northern bound-
ary.
Bremerton.
14
Hawaii and islands of Pacific station.
Pearl Harbor.
NAVAL DISTRICTS 71
The Naval Gun Factory is located at Washington,
D.C.
Naval Proving Grounds at Indian Head, Md.
Naval Observatory at Washington, D. C.
Naval Academy at Annapolis, Md.
The Naval War College is located at Newport, R. I.,
and was founded by the late Admiral S. B. Luce,
U.S. Navy. Its purpose is to study naval warfare,
strategy, and tactics, and to formulate methods and
plans for our ships and fleets to conduct warfare under
all conditions and circumstances. High ranking officers
are sent to the college for a course of instructions.
CHAPTER XII
THE ORGANIZATION OF THE NAVY AFLOAT
The principal naval forces of the United States
afloat are divided into three active fleets, as follows:
(a) United States Atlantic Fleet,
(b) United States Pacific Fleet,
(c) United States Asiatic Fleet.
Each of the above fleets is commanded by a com-
mander in chief; and, in addition, a commander in
chief may be ordered to command a special-service
squadron or other force afloat, at the discretion of
the Navy Department.
Special-service squadrons may be organized at
any time at the discretion of the Navy Department.
The word ** fleet" denotes the aggregation of forces
of various classes of vessels in one organization under
one conmiand.
A ''force" is the major subdivision of a fleet. It
is composed of all the vessels of the fleet that are of
the same type or class or that are assigned to the
same duty.
Forces are named as follows:
Battleship Force
Scout Force (including battle cruisers, armored
cruisers, and scouts)
ORGANIZATION OF THE NAVY AFLOAT 73
Cruiser Force (including gunboats)
. Destroyer Force
Submarine Force
Mine Force
Train.
A Train consists of all necessary auxiliaries, such
as coal ships, ammunition ships, provision ships,
repair ships, etc.
A fleet may consist of the following vessels:
(a) One ship as flagship of commander in chief
(6) Battleship divisions consisting normally of two
sections of two battleships each.
Two divisions normally compose a squadron.
(c) Battle and armored cruiser divisions consist-
ing normally of two sections of two vessels
each.
Two divisions normally compose a squadron.
(d) Scout divisions consisting normally of two sec-
tions of three vessels each.
(e) Cruiser divisions, including gunboats, consisting
normally of two sections of three vessels
each.
Three divisions normally compose a squadron.
(/) Destroyer and submarine divisions consisting
of two sections of three vessels each.
Two or three divisions of these vessels compose
a flotilla.
(g) Mine force and train.
74 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
Vessels of the Navy are classed as follows: •
Battleships, First Line
Battleships, Second Line
Battle Cruisers
Armored Cruisers
Cruisers, First Class
Cruisers, Second Class
Cruisers, Third Class
Gunboats
Monitors
Torpedo-boat Destroyers
Torpedo-boats
Submarines
Mine Sweepers
Mine Layers
Auxiliaries.
CHAPTER XIII
TYPES OF SHIPS
Battleships are vessels supposed to be able to fight
any vessel anywhere. The older type of battleship
varies from 11,000 to 16,000 tons in displacement and
carries four 12- or 13-inch gmis mounted in turrets
forward and aft, from twelve to sixteen guns of inter-
mediate caUber, and from twenty to thirty small
secondary guns.
Dreadnaughts are battleships varying from 20,000
to 32,000 tons in displacement. The "all-big-gun"
feature is the important consideration in this type
of battleship. The vessels carry from eight to twelve
12-inch, 14-inch, or 16-inch guns mounted in turrets
on the centerline, and sixteen or more secondary guns
of 6- or 6-inch caUber for the piu-pose of torpedo
defense. Battleships are heavily armored, have mod-
erate speed (about 21 knots), and considerable coal
capacity or steaming radius.
Battle Cruisers are built along the same general
lines as battleships, but armor and armament are
reduced in weight to allow for greater speed.
Armored Cruisers are vessels not so powerful as
battleships. They have greater speed but lighter
armor and armament.
76 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
Cruisers are vessels of from 2000 to 10,000 tons,
divided into three classes according to their displace-
ment. They have good speed, no armor except on
turrets and barbettes, which are rarely carried on
that class, a complete protective deck, varying coal
capacity, and numerous intermediate and secondary
guns.
Gunboats are Ught unarmored and improtected
vessels of less than 2000 tons. They are so variable
in size and type that they are difficult to describe.
They generally have a fairly good speed, good coal
capacity, moderate battery, and carry sail either for
steady or for auxiliary propulsion.
Torpedo-boats and Destroyers vary in tonnage;
torpedo-boats from 60 to 300 tons; destroyers from
400 to 1200 tons. They are entirely imarmored or
unprotected. They have very high speed and poor
fuel capacity. They carry several torpedo tubes and
a number of secondary guns (usually about 4-inch
guns).
Monitors are vessels of moderate displacement —
3000 to 6000 tons — with very low freeboard, water-
line heavily armored, armored deck, poor coal capacity,
and low speed. The battery generally consists of one
or two pairs of large caUber guns mounted in tiu-rets,
a few intermediate battery guns, and a few second-
ary guns. They are designed for harbor defense.
Submarines are vessels so constructed as to run
on top of the water, partly imder the water, or entirely
submerged. They vary in tonnage from 600 to 1200
TYPES OF SHIPS 77
tons. They have a surface speed from ten to sixteen
knots, a submerged speed from six to twelve knots.
Submarines are not armored and carry disappearing
guns of about 4 inches in caliber and one or more
torpedo tubes.
They are caused to submerge by changing their
specific gravity by means of water ballast and by
change of angularity of horizontal rudders.
Submarine Chasers are light unarmored vessels
capable of maintaining a very high speed for a short
time and carrying a gun of about 4 inches in caliber.
CHAPTER XIV
DUTIES OF NAVAL OFFICERS AND MEN
ABOARD SHIP
The number of men aboard ship, known as the
complement of the shipj varies with the size and class
of ship and for administrative and fighting purposes
is divided into divisions corresponding to companies
of the Army.
The personnel is first divided into two general
forces: (1) the Engineer Force, and (2) the Deck
Force.
(1) The Engineer Force has charge of the motive
power of the ship, including the main engines and
all of its auxiliary machinery, and its maintenance
and upkeep.
(2) The Deck Force has charge of the upkeep of
the ship and the upkeep and firing of the guns.
The Captain of the ship is in general command
of the ship and of all officers and men on board. He
is responsible for the safety and state of efficiency
of the ship and for the lives of the men.
An officer with the rank of Captain is generally in
command of first-rate ships. Officers of lower rank
may command smaller vessels.
The Executive Officer, or aid to the Captain, is the
DUTIES OF NAVAL OFFICERS AND MEN 79
next ranking line officer aboard ship. His duties
correspond more or less to the business manager of
a concern. He is the direct representative of the
Captain and as such all officers and men aboard ship
are imder his orders. The responsibiUty of the per-
sonnel and of the ship's routine, efficiency, and dis-
cipline is largely in his hands.
The First Lieutenant is responsible for the clean-
liness, good order, efficiency, and neat and trim appear-
ance of the ship and is the construction officer of the
ship.
The Navigating Officer is responsible for the safe
piloting and navigation of the ship.
The Gunnery Officer is responsible for and has super-
vision over, the entire ordnance equipment. He is
the head of the ordnance department of the ship and
has charge of the gunnery training of the crew.
The Engineer Officer is responsible for the preser-
vation and efficient working of the motive power of
the ship and of its auxiUary machinery. He is the
head of the engineering department of the ship and
has command of the engineer's division.
The Division Officers are responsible for the control
and fighting efficiency of their divisions, for the care
and preservation of the material and of the part of
the ship allotted to their divisions, and for the in-
struction and the driUing of their men.
The Officer of the Deck is the division officer on
watch in charge of the ship. He represents the Cap-
tain, while on watch, and has authority, in the per-
80 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
formance of his duty, over every person on board,
except the Captain and the executive officer.
Junior Officers are officers below the rank of lieu-
tenant, jimior grade, who are junior division and
deck officers. They correspond to the first and second
Ueutenants of an infantry company.
Chief Warrant Officers, Warrant Officers, and Chief
Petty Officers perform various duties aboard ship.
They are experts in their particular department
on board ship.
Chief Boatswains and Boatswains are thorough
practical seamen. They are charged with the care
and preservBition of boats, anchors, cables, rigging, etc.
Chief Gunners and Gunners, if Ordnance Gimners,
are charged with the care and preservation of the
ordnance material aboard ship under the supervision
of the Ordnance Officer; if electrical gunners, the care
and preservation of electrical material under the
supervision of the electrical officer.
Chief Machinists and Machinists are assigned
duties in connection with the maintenance and repair
of the machinery. They may also be assigned to
duty as Assistant Engineer Officers.
Chief Carpenters and Carpenters are charged with
the care, preservation, and repair of the ship.
Duties of Naval Officers according to Rank
Officers of the Navy are known as (1) Officers of
the Line; (2) Officers of the Staff.
DUTIES OF NAVAL OFFICERS AND MEN 81
The Officers of the Line are as follows:
The Admiral of the Navy.
This rank does not exist at present.
Admiral.
Commands a fleet.
Chief of Naval Operations.
Vice Admiral. Commands a squadron, or a larger
force or detachment on important, independent duty,
or may be second in command of a fleet.
Rear Admiral. Has charge of a squadron, division,
or a force or detachment on independent duty, or a
naval station.
Captain. Commands a division, squadron, destroyer
or submarine flotilla, naval station, battleship, ar-
mored cruiser, or first-rate ship. He may also be
cliief of a flag officer's stafiE.
Commander. Commands a division, squadron,
naval station, battleship, armored cruiser, or a first-,
second-, or third-rate ship. Fmthermore, he may be
placed in charge of a destroyer or submarine flotilla,
or be assigned to serve as chief of stafiE for some flag
officer, as fleet engineer, or as executive officer of an
armored cruiser or battleship.
Lieutenant Commander. Commands a destroyer
or submarine flotilla or group, or commands a third-
or fomth-rate ship, or a destroyer. On battleships
or cruisers in charge of captains, he may act as
navigator, or executive, gunnery, or engineer officer.
Lieutenant commanders also act as flag secretaries
on a commander in chief's stafif, or as gunnery officers
of fleets.
82 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
Lieutenant. May command a fourth-rate ship.
This rank also permits an officer to take charge of
a torpedo boat, a submarine, or a division of them;
to command a destroyer, unrated ship, tender, or tug;
to be navigator, or executive, gunnery, engineer, or
watch officer on a vessel commanded by a superior,
and to act as a flag officer's aide, or be a flag lieutenant.
Lieutenant (J. G.). May command a torpedo
boat, submarine, imrated ship, a tug, or a tender.
He may also be assigned to a ship commanded by a
superior and given such posts as fall to a Ueutenant
imder Uke circumstances.
Ensign. A commissioned officer of the lowest rank
may command the same Ust of vessels, or serve aboard
a superior officer's vessel in about the same capacities
as a Ueutenant, or as a jimior officer under a Ueu-
tenant.
Midshipmen are by law officers in a qualified sense.
When on duty afloat they outrank aU officers who
are not commissioned and may be given watches, or
assigned to division or other duties.
Officers of the Line Exercise Military Command.
Line officers on the retired Ust have the titles of the
rank with which retired.
Commissioned Warrant Officers. These are officers
who have risen from the ranks, having specialized in
some particular branch. They are appointed by
the Secretary of the Navy from among those who
successfully pass certain examinations. Commissions
raising them next to the ensign in rank and prefixing
DUTIES OF NAVAL OFFICERS AND MEN 83
"chief" to their titles are given by the President
after they have spent six years in the service and
qualified themselves for promotion. By passing ex-
aminations and receiving appointments it is possible
for them to obtain commissions as ensigns, which place
them on a footing with graduates of the naval academy
and in Une for proportion to higher ranks.
Commissioned warrant officers include:
Chief Boatswains Pay Clerks
Chief Gunners Sailmakers
Chief Machinists Pharmacists.
Chief Carpenters
Warrant Officers. These are officers who have risen
from the ranks, but who have not been commissioned.
They include:
Boatswains Sailmakers
Gunners Pharmacists
Machinists Marine Gunners
Carpenters Quartermaster Clerks.
Pay Clerks
Warrant officers rank next after Midshipmen and
ahead of Mates.
Mates are rated, by authority of the Secretary of
the Navy, from seamen and ordinary seamen who
have been enlisted in the Naval service for not less
than two years.
Commissioned warrant officers, warrant officers,
mates, and petty officers have, under their superiors,
84 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
all necessary authority for the due performance of
their duties.
Petty Officers are classed as follows:
Chief Petty Officers
Petty Officers, First Class
Petty Officers, Second Class
Petty Officers, Third Class.
They are analogous to the noncommissioned officers
of the Army.
Petty Officers include the following:
Masters-at-arms (who are responsible for the main-
tenance of order)
Boatswains' Mates Yeomen
Turret Captains Pharmacists' Mates
Gim Captains Bandmasters
Quartermasters Musicians
Machinists' Mates Conmiissary Stewards
Electricians Cooks
Carpenters' Mates Bakers
Water Tenders Sergeants Major
Coppersmiths Quartermaster Sergeants
Blacksmiths First Sergeants
Plumbers and Fitters Gunnery Sergeants
Painters Dnmi Majors.
Ship-fitters
DUTIES OF NAVAL OFFICERS AND MEN 85
The Officers of the Staff are as follows:
Medical Officers
Dental Officers
Pay Officers
Chaplains
Professors of Mathematics
Naval Constructors
Civil Engineers.
Titles and Relative Rank of Staff Officers,
U. S. Navy
Title
Pay Director
Pay Inspector
Paymaster
Passed Assistant Paymaster
Assistant Paymaster
Pay Officers
Rank
Rear Admiral
«
Captain
Commander
Lieutenant Commander
Lieutenant
Lieutenant
Lieutenant (junior grade)
Lieutenant (junior grade)
[Ensign
Medical Director
Medical Inspector
Surgeon
Passed Assistant Surgeon
Assistant Surgeon
Medical Officers
f Rear Admiral
I Captain
Commander
Lieutenant Commander
Lieutenant
Lieutenant (junior grade)
86 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
Title
Chaplain
Professor of Mathematics
Chaplain
Rank
Captain
Commander
Lieutenant Commander
Lieutenant
Lieutenant (junior grade)
Professor of Mathematics
Captain
Commander
Lieutenant Commander
Lieutenant
This Corps is to be aboUshed upon the death, resig-
nation, or dismissal of the officers now commissioned
in that Corps.
Naval Constructors
Rear Admiral
Captain
Commander
Lieutenant Commander
Lieutenant
Assistant Naval Constructor Lieutenant (junior grade)
Civil Engineers
Rear Admiral
Captain
Commander
Lieutenant Commander
^ Lieutenant
Naval Constructor
Civil Engineer
DUTIES OF NAVAL OFFICERS AND MEN 87
A • i X r>i- -1 T-. • ( Lieutenant (junior grade)
Assistant Civil Engineer i t^ •
The duties of the staff officers vary according to the
branch to which they belong.
Chief boatswains, chief gunners, chief machinists,
boatswains, gunners, and machinists are classed as
Line Officers of the Navy.
Chief Carpenters, chief pay clerks, chief sailmakers,
chief pharmacists, carpenters, pay clerks, sailmakers,
and pharmacists are classed as Staff Officers.
CHAPTER XV
UNITED STATES
Navy Uniforms
The necessity for "protective coloration" does not
apply to the Navy. Here the ship, and not the man,
is the target. The personnel of the world's navies
still wear blue, or white, depending upon the climatic
conditions. Aviators wear "khaki" or "forestry
green" uniforms with brass button and shoulder
marks, khaki-covered caps, and puttees or leggins.
A gold insignia is worn on left breast, consisting of
a winged foul anchor with a shield on the shank of
the anchor (Plate XIX). Student officers do not
wear the shoulder marks.
Gold "lace," as it is called, is the principal dis-
tinguishing mark of rank for conmiissioned officers
worn upon the sleeves of the blue uniforms and on
shoulder-straps of the white uniform or overcoat.
An arrangement of stripes, varying in width and
number, with either a "star" or colored cloth to
distinguish the various branches, signifies the rank
of an officer.
This system is closely followed in nearly all foreign
navies, a "curl" instead of the star being used in
most navies.
MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 89
The star above the stripes signifies a line officer.
Staff officers wear the same stripes as those prescribed
for line officers with whom they rank, but not the stars.
The corps to which they respectively belong is indi-
cated by bands of colored cloth around the sleeves,
filling the intervals between the gold-lace stripes, the
colors and materials as follows:
Medical Officers. Dark maroon velvet.
Pay Officers. White cloth.
Professors of Mathematics. Olive green cloth.
Naval Constructors. Dark violet cloth.
Civil Engineers. Light blue velvet.
Medical Reserve Officers. Crimson cloth.
Dental Officers. Orange colored velvet.
Where but one stripe of lace is worn, the colored
cloth shows one fourth inch above and below the stripe.
The shoulder-straps are utilized for displaying the
device indicative of an officer's rank and the branch
of the service to which he belongs, when he has on the
white or simmier uniform, or the winter overcoat
(Plates XIV and XV).
An officer's rank and the branch of the service to
which he belongs is indicated on all other uniforms
by the device worn on the cuffs of the blue blouse
and the collar device (Plates XVI, XVII, and XVIII).
The collar device includes the rank device and the
corps device, the rank device being nearest the front
(Plate XIX). The corps device for all line officers is
the silver foul anchor; for medical officers, a silver
acorn leaf embroidered upon a gold spread oak leaf;
90 UNIFORMS OF THE UNITED STATES
for pay officers, a silver oak sprig of three leaves
and three acorns; for professors of mathematics, a
silver oak leaf and an acorn; for naval constructors
a gold sprig of two Uve-oak leaves and an acorn;
for civil engineers, two crossed silver sprigs, each of
two Uve-oak leaves and an acorn; medical reserve
officers, a gold acorn leaf embroidered upon a silver
spread oak leaf; and for dental officers, a gold spread
oak leaf with a silver acorn on either side of stem.
The rank device is as follows: Admiral of the
Navy, four silver stars, two surcharged on gold foul
anchors; Admiral, four silver stars, but only one
anchor; Vice Admiral, three silver stars; Rear Admiral,
two silver stars; Captain, a silver spread eagle; Com-
mander, a silver oak leaf; Lieutenant Commander,
a gold oak leaf; Lieutenant, two silver bars; Lieu-
tenant (junior grade), one silver bar; Ensign has only
the corps device on the collar; Midshipmen wear a
gold anchor on the collar.
For all commissioned officers, up to and including
Captain, exclusive of Chief Warrant Officers, the
device on the shoulder-straps is a replica of the device
worn on the cuffs of the blue blouse.
The caps worn by the various corps and ranks are
shown in Plate XXII.
The cap worn by Midshipmen and student Aviators
is the same as that for commissioned officers with
the following exceptions: narrow gold chin strap
and a device consisting of a gold foul anchor in a
vertical position. Student aviators wear a khaki or
forestry green cap cover instead of a blue or white cover.
PLATE XIU — UNITED STATES WAVY
C^MMtNDER UEUT COMMIKKD
UEUTEM*m UEUTENAMTU.SJ
PLATE XIV — DMITED STATES MAVY
f
i|
PLATE XV — UHITED STATES NAVY
i
»m
Hi
PLATE XVI — UHITED STATES NAVY
STfcFF OFFICERS LIKE OFFICERS
3
PLATE XVn — UNITED STATES NAVY
— PAYMASTEBS C
— CONSTRUCTORS
lOATE XVm — UNITED STATES HAVY
CIVIL EMGIHCER CORP$
on
PROFESSORS or MkTHEMHTICS
PLATE XIX — UNITED STATES NAVY
Rank and Corps Devices
Admiral of the Navy
Admiral
Vica Admiral
■j^'^;%) ^C 7C
Rear Admiral
Captain
-h -t"^
Commander
Lieutenant Commander
Lieutenant
Lieutenant (Junior Grade)
Ensign
Midshipman
U.S.Navy Button
Civil Engineers
Medical Corps Medical Reserve Pay Corps Professors of Naval Constructors
Mathematics
Dental Corps
Chaplains
Naval Otticer-Aviator
insignia worn on Left BrMst
Chief Pay Clerk
& Pay Clerk
vf* it)
Chief Boatswain Chief Gunner Chief Machinist
Boatitualn, Ouiuitr, and MachinM u/tar oorrttpoitdlng Insignia as
CUt/t bat tha OauleM an In gold th» $unlitifg€d ttiu* l» tUvr.
Chief Carpenter
Chief Sailmaker
fe^r
Mate
Chief Pharmacist
Oorpaatar, Sattmatar, ami ^kmrmaakt moor latigiua
carrttfamdlag (• CUaft 6«( M 9M hmtmd •/ tUaar
PLATE XX
UNITED STATES NAVY AND MARINE CORPS
Specialty Marks
Masterat-Armt Boatswains' Matt Signalman blacksmith, Shlpfitltr. Turret Captain
Coxswain Quartermatlar, MokJar
Shipwright. Palntar, ^ _> *< &_
Carpenters Mate. Plumtar WUnnarS Matt
a Ftttar. PUtam Mahar
Storakaepar
Yaoman
Sallmakar's Mat»
Printer
Ela<>trieian ItacMnist's Mat*. OHar.
biacincian ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^
Spaclal MachaMc. Cnglnainwi
Hospital Corps
WIM^iWMWi
Commissary Saaman Gunnar Radk> Operator
Steward
'mniiim
Gun Captain
Gun Pointer
U. S. Marine Corps
Torpedoman
- Ovar Oun Pobilir ., _
Ex-apprentct Mark, aquaia Navy E « n^. ^
QunPolntarFlntClaaa Gun Pointer
6u£ler
Expert Rifleman
Enlisted Men
Naval Militia
Quartermaster ^viation)
Carpentei^ M«t« (Aviatkmy
Drummer
U. S. Marina Corps-
Machinists Mate (Aviation)
PLATE xs— mnrra) states navt
Cap Device
Cliitf P«l^ OtflMF
Chief Master-at-Arms
Boatswain's Mate First Class
« Ita tfaH •/ n«y
Gunner's Mate- Second Clau
Quartermaster Third Class
This device is worn on the coUar by Class 4 officere onJy.
PLATE XXn— tIMITED STATES NAVY
Hats and Caps Worn by Officers
u
is
ii
d§
ii
III
is°
0.S
i^
3s
S
1
k »
1
is
3ui
u'*
%^
^
9
pi i^iia
ill Nssi
pi yi
UNIFORMS OF THE •UNITE!>'STATEg|- :. 101
_. » > 1 , -
The insignia of rank of the Chief Petty Officer
and petty officers (Plate XXI) is worn on the right
sleeve above the elbow, in the seaman branch, and
on the left sleeve in all other branches. Diagonal
"service" stripes (each stripe representing four years'
service) are worn on the lower part of the left sleeve.
A gold foul anchor, with a silver U. S. N. on shank,
is worn on a blue or white cap similar in shape to the
officers' cap.
As in the Army, the class of petty officers is indi-
cated by the number of chevrons, and his particular
branch by the specialty marks (Plates XX and XXI).
All enlisted men below the rank of Chief Petty
Officer wear a ribbon on the cap with the name of the
ship to which he is attached. If .serving on shore in
foreign service, and on board special War Department
ships or other small ships taken over temporarily,
they wear "U. S. Navy" ribbons.
Distinguishing marks are worn by seamen and
petty officers to indicate some particular accomplish-
ment or knowledge. For instance, a seaman gunner's
mark indicates that a man has graduated at the
Seaman Gunner School; a Navy "E" indicates that
a man is a member of a turret, gun, or torpedo crew
that has made exceptionally high scores on record
target practice.
Naval Militia
The uniforms for officers and enlisted men of the
Naval Militia is the same as for the corresponding
^fOdtTrjOmi — IiAVja RESERVE. CLASS 2
I of Honk on Cuffs
MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 103
grades, ranks, and rates of officers and enlisted men
of the regular Navy, with the following exceptions:
The insignia of rank of line officers has around the
gold star a circle embroidered in gold (Plate XXIII).
The insignia of rank of staff officers has the colored
cloth which designates the corps broken for a distance
of one and one-fourth inches either between the gold
stripes, where there are two or more, or on each side
where there is but one gold stripe.
The insignia of rank of Chief Warrant and Warrant
Officers has around the gold star or corps device a
circle embroidered in gold.
Enlisted men wear below the opening in the center
of the front of the blouse a white-embroidered foul
anchor inside of a white-embroidered diamond shape.
Cap ribbons of the enlisted men bear the name of
the ship assigned the Naval Militia with the Naval
Militia distinguishing mark (foul anchor in diamond
shape) on either side. This uniform is retained for
Class 2, U. S. N. R. F.
Naval Reserves
The uniform for officers and enlisted men of the
Naval Reserve is the same as for the corresponding
grades, ranks, and rates of officers and enlisted men
of the regular Navy, with the following exceptions:
With the white uniforms, officers wear the Naval
Reserve brass buttons (Plate XXI). With the blue
uniforms, the Naval Reserve device, made of metal
(Plate XXI), is worn on the collar in lieu of the corps
device. (Class 4 only.)
104 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
Officers of the Naval Auxiliary Reserve, in time
of war, wear in place of the star on sleeve or shoulder
mark, an anchor to indicate '^deck officer" and a
three bladed propeUor to indicate ^^ engineer."
Officers of Class 4 do not wear the star unless
qualified for duty afloat.
The wearing of uniforms by female reservists is
optional. The xmiform, if worn, consists of a white
waist and a navy blue or white coat and skirt. The
coat is made in the Norfolk style, single breasted, with
a rolling collar and navy gilt buttons. Rating badges
are worn on the upper left sleeves.
War Service and Wound Chevrons
Wound and War Service chevrons consisting of an
inverted V-shaped bar of gold braid for blue uniforms
and of yellow silk lace for white uniforms are worn,
when authorized, by officers and men on the lower
half of the sleeve. On the left sleeve the chevron
indicates the following war service: (a) three months
or more since April 6, 1917, on duty east of the 37th r
meridian west of Greenwich; (6) two months or
more since May 25, 1918 on the high seas of the \
Atlantic Ocean north of the Equator; (c) service on a
vessel that had been torpedoed or fired on by an enemy
ship; (d) aviation duty having made actual flights *
in search of enemy vessels since May 25, 1918. Service f
on transports and convoying ships is counted towards
the chevron. Continued service for three months in
any year entitle the wearer to one additional stripe.
Wound chevrons are worn on the right sleeve by those
wounded in action or as the result of an act of a
enemy.
CHAPTER XVI
NAVAL ETIQUETTE AND CUSTOMS
Salutes
From time immemorial the salute has been a form
of miUtary courtesy that has been strictly and con-
scientiously obsenred by men of every nationaUty
who followed the profession of arms.
The saluting distance, manner of saluting, etc.,
with or without arms, as set forth xmder the heading
of "Salutes in the Army," is the same for the Navy
(see pages 48-49).
The national flag is flown from the main truck or
peak of a ship when under way and from the flagstaff
aft when at anchor.
The Union Jack is flown from the jackstaff forward
when a ship is at anchor.
The salute in the Navy of the National Anthem
is the same as that in the Army (see pages 49-50).
The same marks of respect shall be shown toward
the National Anthem of any other country when
played upon official occasions.
In falling in with ships of foreign nations, or in
entering foreign ports, the National Salute of Twenty-
one Guns is fired, and in turn answered by the
foreign ships or batteries.
106 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
In regard to personal salutes, a junior always salutes
a senior. An enlisted man salutes an officer, and the
very officer saluted is called to account if he fails
to salute another officer, his senior.
If uncertainty exists in regard to the necessity for
saluting, the only rule to follow is to render the salute.
Men who are actually at work salute only when
addressed by an officer or called to attention.
Men who are in Military or Division Formation
do not salute when they are directly addressed, but
if "at rest" they come to attention.
Men who are seated at work, at games, or at rest
are not required to rise when an officer other than
the Captain or the Admiral passes except when they
are called to attention or when it is necessary for
them to rise in order to clear a gangway.
When an officer enters a boat, jimiors are required
to rise and salute, unless awnings are spread, in which
case they salute without rising.
All officers and enlisted men salute the captain
and all officers senior to him on every occasion of
meeting, passing near, or being addressed by them.
On board ship enlisted men salute all officers junior
to the Captain on their first daily meeting or passing
near, and whenever addressed by them or addressing
them. At other times they clear the gangway and
stand at attention, facing the officer until he has
passed.
All men salute the executive officer, or other officer,
when he is making an inspection.
NAVAL ETIQUETTE AND CUSTOMS 107
Juniors always get into a boat ahead of, and leave
it after, their senior, unless the senior officer in the
boat gives orders to the contrary. As a general rule,
the seniors take the seats furthest aft; juniors will
leave such seats for their seniors.
Ashore all salutes in passing or approaching are
begun first by the junior at six paces distance, or at
six paces from the nearest point of passing; no salutes,
except as otherwise prescribed, are made at a greater
distance than thirty paces.
OflBcers in civilian dress are saluted in the same
manner as when in uniform.
OflBcers will at all times acknowledge the salutes
of enlisted men.
When an oflScer enters a room where there are
enlisted men, "attention" is called by _some one
who perceives him; then all rise, remain standing at
attention, uncovered, and preserve silence until the
oflScer leaves the room; if at meals, they will not
rise.
An enlisted man, being seated and without particu-
lar occupation, rises on the approach of an oflScer,
faces toward him, and salutes; if standing, he faces
toward the oflScer for the same purpose. If the parties
remain in the same place or on the same ground, such
compliments need not be repeated.
Men at all times, and in all situations, pay the
same compliments to oflScers of the Army, Navy,
and Marine Corps, to oflBcers of the Volunteers and
Militia in the service of the United States, and to
108 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
officers of foreign service as they do to the officers
of the ship or command to which they belong.
The bugle call "Attention" is a signal for every
man on board ship to stand at attention and face
the person for whom "Attention" is sounded, if he
can be seen; otherwise, stand at attention facing
outboard. However, men inside the ship on covered
decks, if not in sight through gun ports or other open-
ings, are not required to obey the bugle call, but
they must keep silence xmtil "Carry On" is sounded.
The following ceremonies are observed at "Colors"
on board ships in commission: The field music, guard
of the day, and the band, if there be one, are present.
At morning "Colors" the band plays "The Star-
spangled Banner," and, at the first note of the na^-
tional air, the ensign is started up and hoisted smartly
to the peak or truck. All officers and men stand
at attention, facing the ensign, and if in uniform and
covered, salute at the first note of the anthem and
retain the position of salute until the last note of the
anthem. The guard of the day and the sentries
under arms come to the position of "Present" while
the national air is being played. If there is no band
available, the field music sounds the "Colors" call
in place of the national air and the same honors are
rendered as noted above. The same ceremonies are
observed at sunset "Colors," the ensign being started
from the truck or peak at the beginning of the national
air or "Colors." The same ceremonies are observed
at naval stations.
NAVAL ETIQUETTE AND CUSTOMS 109
When the ensign is hoisted at sunrise, the usual
honors and ceremonies are paid, and they are not
repeated at 8 a.m.
The same honors are rendered at "Colors" to for-
eign ensigns, when circumstances warrant, except that
where such honors are rendered simultaneously to
our own and to foreign ensigns, the precedence is
given to our own.
"All officers and men, whenever reaching the quarter-
deck, either from a boat, from a gangway, from the
shore, or from another part of the ship, salute the
national ensign. In making this salute, which is
entirely distinct from the salute to the officer of the
deck, the person making it stops at the top of the
gangway or upon arriving at the quarterdeck, faces
the colors, and renders the salute, after which the
officer of the deck is saluted. In leaving the quarter-
deck, the same salutes are rendered in inverse order.
The officer of the deck returns both salutes in either
case, and requires that they be properly made."
The starboard gangway is used by all commissioned
officers and their visitors; the port gangway by all
other persons. If the construction of the ship, or
other circumstances, make a change in this rule expe-
dient, the change may be made at the discretion of
the conunanding officer.
In heavy weather the lee gangway shall be used by
all.
In going on board a ship after saluting the colors
and then the officer of the deck, report: "I request
110 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
your permission to come aboard, sir"; in leaving the
ship, "I request your permission to leave the ship,
sir/'
Always salute when addressing or being addressed
by the officer of the deck.
At parade and other ceremonies, under arms* the
salutes are the same as those rendered in the Ajmy
(see pages 50-54).
The rendering of salutes in pubUc conveyances
are the same in the Navy as in the Army (see page
53).
Always remove the hat when entering an officers'
stateroom or mess-room.
It is customary for officers and enlisted men, whether
with or without sidearms, to remove the cap when
greeting ladies.^ If the lady is accompanied by an
officer, the sailor would render the miUtary salute.
It is considered unmilitary for officers in imiform to
carry an umbrella or packages.
When an order from a senior is received the proper
reply is "Aye, aye, sir," meaning the order is under-
stood and will be obeyed.
A senior replies or acknowledges a message from
a junior with "Very good, sir."
Officers are addressed officially by the titles pre-
scribed: Officers of the line from Admiral to Ensign;
officers of the staff by the title in the corps to which
they belong (see table, page 138).
^ This custom is rapidly becoming obsolete. It is now be-
coming the custom to salute instead of removing the cap.
NAVAL ETIQUETTE AND CUSTOMS 111
In nonofficial conversation or correspondence, all
officers of the line of or above the rank of Commander
are addressed by their titles. An officer of the rank
of Conmiander is addressed either as Commander
or as Captain. Other officers are addressed as Mr.
The miUtary title is generally used in introducing
officers of all ranks.
Officers of the Medical Corps are generally addressed
socially as Surgeon or Doctor.
When off duty, older officers sometimes address
jimiors by their surnames, as "Smith," but this does
not give the junior the privilege of addressing his senior
in any other way than by his proper title or as Mr.
Officers of the same grade generally address one
another by their surnames.
Chaplains are addressed as "Chaplain."
Commanding officers of ships are addressed as
"Captain."
All petty officers and men are addressed by their
surnames.
Officers take precedence according to rank as laid
down in the Regulations, and this precedence extends
to the social life, to the mess, and to the club.
The executive officer sits at the head of the table
at mess, and, according to rank, from the head to the
foot, the jimior nearest the foot. The mess treasurer
generally sits at the foot of the table.
With the exception of breakfast, it is customary
to wait until the senior officer comes to the table
before being seated.
112 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
Official calls are made in accordance with Navy
Regulations.
An officer when reporting for duty presents his
orders to the commanding officer. He should be
in the miiform prescribed in the Navy Regulations.
An officer should call "socially" upon the com-
manding officer, and all officers' messes aboard ship
within a few days after he reports for duty aboard
ship.
It is customary for representatives of the various
messes aboard ship to call upon correspondent messes
of all foreign ships who anchor in the same port.
It is customary for a conmiittee of officers to make
the round of calls on New Year's Day on all ships
in the same port.
In Washington it is customary to call on the Sec-
retary of the Navy and other high officials on New
Year's Day, full dress uniform being worn.
CHAPTER XVII
UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS
The Marine Corps was first called into existence
by the Act of the Continental Congress of November
10, 1775, and served throughout the Revolutionary-
War. It was disbanded at the close of the war,
but was reorganized and permanently established
July 11, 1798. It has participated in every expe-
dition and action in which the Navy has engaged,
and has cooperated in campaigns with the Army.
The Marines are "Soldiers and Sailors, too'' and are
generally known as the "soldiers of the sea."
They are an independent branch of the miUtary
service of the United States, serving generally under
the direction of the Secretary of the Navy. They
protect Government property at naval stations at
home, and furnish the first line of the mobile defense
at naval bases and naval stations beyond the limits
of the United States. They guard American Uves
and interests abroad and are used as expeditionary
forces and for advance base duty. The marines go
with the warships, do guard duty on board, man
part of the secondary battery, and act as landing
parties ashore.
114 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
The Marine Corps is at all times subject to the
laws and regulations estabUshed for the Government
of the Navy, except when detached for service with
the Army by order of the President; when so detached
they are subject to the rules and articles of war pre-
scribed for the Government of the Army. They are
Uable to do duty in the forts and garrisons of the
United States on the seacoast or any other duty on
shore, as the President, at his discretion, may direct.
The commandant of the Marine Corps, with the
rank of Major General, is stationed at the head-
quarters of the Marine Corps, Washington, D.C.,
and is responsible to the Secretary of the Navy for
the general efficiency and discipline of the Corps.
Officers of the Marine Corps are, in relation to
rank, on the same footing as officers of similar grades
in the Army.
Quartermaster's Clerks and Marine Gimners are War-
rant Officers, corresponding to that rank in the Navy.
The Marine Corps Reserve was authorized by Con-
gress as a reserve force to be trained in time of peace,
and called into active service only when the country
is at war, or when there exists a national emergency
as declared by the President.
Marine Corps Uniforms
The field uniform of the Marine Corps is of forestry
green or khaki.
The insignia of rank of the officers of the Marine
Corps corresponds with the relative rank of the officers
PLATE XXIV — UITITED STATES HASIHE CORPS
TnripijM of Rank on Shoulder Loops
IF OutfiCCiAT ioSiSr
LIEWTEHMfl LIEUTEMftMT
PLATE XXV— imiTED STATES MAKINE CORPS
Insignia of Rank on Cuffs
BRIGADIER GENtRtj,
UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS 117
of the army (Plate XXIV) with the exception of that
of Colonel, and is worn in the same manner on the
shoulder loops.
The cuffs of officers, overcoats are ornamented with
forestry green braid and embroidery to indicate the
rank of the wearer (Plate XXV). On the sleeves of
their fuU dress coats and blue mess jackets, this orna-
mentation is in gold on a backing of colored velvet or
cloth.
The corps device (Plate XXVI) is worn on the front
on the cap and on either side of the collar of the coat.
The field hats are similar to those of the Army.
The hat cord worn by officers is of gold and scarlet,
with ends finished with gold and scarlet acorns. En-
listed men wear no hat cord, but only a band of ribbed
silk ribbon of the same color as the hat. The corps
device of dull finished bronze is worn by officers and
men on the front of the hat. EnUsted men also
wear under the corps device the company numerals.
The departmental devices (Plate XXVI), if worn,
is placed on the collar of the coat to the rear of the
corps device. On field uniforms these devices are of
bronze.
The insignia of rank and departmental and aide-
de-camp devices in dull bronze finish are worn on
the shoulder-straps of the overcoat, the departmental
or aide-de-camp devices, if worn, being nearest the
collar.
Quartermaster Clerks and Gimners are Warrant
Officers. They wear no insignia on shoulder loops
118 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK «
(except on the overcoat). On the collar, in place of
the Marine Corps device, the Quartermaster Clerks
wear the Quartermaster's departmental device and
the Gunners wear a bursting shell.
The rank of the noncommissioned officers is shown '
by the chevron worn on both arms (corresponding to i
the Army) (Plate XXVI).
Service stripes corresponding to those in the Navy
are also worn on both arms. '
CHAPTER XVIII
COAST GUARD
The United States Coast Guard was created by the
act of January 28, 1915, which provides that "There
is hereby estabUshed in Ueu of the existing Revenue
Cutter Service and the Life-saving Service, to be
composed of those two existing organizations, the
Coast Guard, which shall constitute a part of the
military forces of the United States and which shall
operate under the Treasury Department in time of
peace, and operate as a part of the Navy, subject to
the orders of the Secretary of the Navy, in time of
war or when the President shall so direct." The orig-
inal Revenue Cutter Service was organized by Act of
Congress approved August 4, 1790. The Life-saving
Service was originally operated under the Revenue
Cutter Service, but on Jime 20, 1874, Congress created
it a separate service to operate under the Treasury
Department. The Officers of the Coast Guard are
on the same footing in rank and pay as oflScers of the
Army and Navy.
Whenever, in time of war, the Coast Guard oper-
ates as a part of the Navy in accordance with law,
the personnel of that service shall be subject to the
laws prescribed for the government of the Navy.
There are 281 stations, divided into 13 districts.
120 COAST GUARD
Coast Guard Uniforms
The insignia of rank of the Coast Guard is similar to
that of the Navy. Shoulder marks are worn with white
uniforms and sleeve stripes on all other uniforms.
Line officers wear a gold shield in Ueu of the star worn
by officers of the Regular Navy (Plate XXVII).
Engineer officers are not included in the line officers
in this branch of the service and do not wear the
shield above the stripes, nor colored cloth between
the stripes.
The cap device is shown in Plate XXVI.
The collar devices, like the Navy, include the rank
device and the corps device. (Plate XXVIII.)
For Captain Commandant. A silver embroidered
spread eagle, having in the right talon an oUve branch
and in the left a bundle of arrows; an escutcheon on
the breast as represented in the **Arms of the United
States"; and the corps device which is a silver-em-
broidered foul anchor, with a shield embroidered- in
gold on the shank and perpendicular to the crown
of the anchor.
For Senior Captains. A silver oak leaf; corps device
same as for captain commandant.
For Captains. A gold oak leaf; corps device same
as for captain commandant.
For First Lieutenants. Two silver bars; corps device
same as for captain commandant.
For Second Lieutenants. One silver bar; corps
device same as for captain commandant.
PLATB XXVI— IjmTED STATES COAST GUARD,
UGHTHOtFSE SERVICE AlfO UARINE CORPS
uexnwuse servik
PUTE XXVn — CMTED STATES COAST GUAKD
f
t
mat sifs,isk
PLATE XXVm— nNITED STATES COAST G0ARD
COLLMR
tWaWIEBOFFICDtS CONSTRUCTOaS WfBCrjWtMCTEIIJfMIS
anoMTf uma-ftjTtontaa
oncnopDEvia
ewminuN keekr
riKiEAmn riKHmsi
mnCHMEI CMtPCWTER
nmMMm) mi smrm ascmam
tLECTROU YEOMAN VMOLHHH
BUrnflN MACHMBT
uRpamR SflLnAKCii nminm
ccMSimiH MTiRTiuat bmler
124 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
For Third Lieutenants. Corps device only, same
as for captain commandant.
For Engineer Officers. Same rank devices as are
prescribed for line officers with whom they rank, with
a corps device consisting of a silver-embroidered foul
anchor, with four oak leaves embroidered in gold
on the shank.
For Constructors. Same rank device as prescribed
for first lieutenants; corps device, a branch of oak
leaves in gold crossing a silver-embroidered foul anchor
at an angle of forty-five degrees, stem toward the
stock of the anchor, in proportion.
Rating badges similar to those in the Navy are
worn by all petty officers on the sleeve midway be-
tween the shoulder and elbow. (Plate XXVIII.)
The uniforms, rating badges, and specialty marks
of the enlisted men are practically the same as those
worn by the enhsted men of the U. S. Navy. They
wear a black silk cap ribbon on a blue flat cap. The
ribbon for men aboard ship has on it the name of the
ship and after it the letters *'C. G."
CHAPTER XIX
LIGHTHOUSE SERVICE
The Lighthouse Service is under the Bureau of
Commerce and is charged with the estabUshment
and maintanence of Ughthouses, Ught-vessels, buoys,
and other aids to navigation on coasts and rivers of
the United States, as authorized by Congress, and
with the direction of the oflSces, depots, and tenders
required in this work.
The President is authorized, whenever a sufficient
national emergency exists, to transfer to the service
and jurisdiction of the Navy Department, or of the
War Department, such vessels, equipment, stations,
and personnel of the Lighthouse Service as he may
deem to the best interest of the country; the personnel
so transferred, while imder the jurisdiction of the
Navy Department or War Department, is subject to
the laws and regulations of the Army or Navy, as
the case may be.
When the national emergency ceases to exist the
vessels, equipment, stations, and personnel transferred
to the Army or Navy shall be returned to the Light-
house Service. The Secretary of the Navy, the
Secretary of War, and the Secretary of Commerce
jointly prescribe regulations governing the duties to
126 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
be performed by the Lighthouse Service in time of
war, and for the cooperation of that service with the
Navy and War Departments in time of peace in
preparation for its duties in war.
Lighthouse Service Uniforms
In the Lighthouse Service the insignia of rank is
designated by black mohair braid stripes on the blue
coat and white braid stripes on the white coat. A
gold-embroidered anchor is worn on each side of the
collar of the blue coat by deck oflScers, and a gold-
embroidered propeller by engineer officers (Plate
XXVI).
The petty officers consist of quartermasters, with
a steering wheel of white thread as a sleeve ornament;
machinists, with a propeller of red thread as a sleeve
ornament; clerk, with a quill of gold as a sleeve orna-
ment, and radio operator, with a representation of
forked Ughtning, of gold, as a sleeve ornament.
CHAPTER XX
COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY
The Coast Survey was created by the Act of Con-
gress of February 10, 1807. Its designation changed
to Coast and Geodetic Survey by Act of June 20,
1878. It is charged with the siu^ey of the coasts of
the United States and possessions, including rivers to
the head of tide water, and the pubKcation of charts
covering these coasts; also, temperature and current
observations along these coasts and throughout the
Gulf Stream and Japan Current, deep sea soundings,
research in gravity and terrestrial magnetism and the
precise determination of elevations and geographic
positions of points throughout the United States and
possessions.
By an Act of Congress, approved May 22, 1917,
the President is authorized, whenever a sufficient
national emergency exists, to transfer to the service
and jurisdiction of the war department or navy depart-
ment such vessels, equipment, or personnel of the
Coast and Geodetic Siu^ey as he may deem to the
best interest of the country, the personnel so trans-
ferred to have proper military rank. When such
national emergency ceases, the vessels, equipment,
128 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
and personnel shall be returned to the Coast and
Geodetic Survey.
The Secretary of War, the Secretary of the Navy,
and the Secretary of Commerce jointly prescribe
regulations goverSng the duties to he perfonned by
the Coast and Geodetic Survey in time of war, and for
the cooperation of that service with the War and
Navy Departments in time of peace in preparation
for its duties in war.
Coast and Geodetic Survey Uniforms
The insignia of rank for white uniforms is worn
on the shoulder loops similarly to that of the Army.
On all other uniforms it is worn on the sleeve similarly
to the Navy. (Plate XXIX.)
PLATE XXIX — tmiTED STATES COAST AND GEODETIC
SURVEY
COMMISSIONED OFFICER
ULS.iiOSi
Grade!
Grade! Graded Grade 4 Grade 5
®
<5c*/
s5/A«r
^ — ^
hh4droqraphic and Geodetic ^^i^'^^f'^jf^em^g)
hs iqnh of R an k on Cuffs
HQQQ Q
^a ^3 ^3 ^3 r^
SHIPS*OFFICERS
US. A| |ms. Ml IulslTI |yg- •
Chief Marine
en<fineers
ffatch Offfc^^
and Mates
Shoulder Loops
9i\ re
Surqeons Deck Officers
Liqht bkie ^ D<7r/r Aroir/> > Ztor^ maroon
Insigni a of f^nk on Cuffs
CopDevkx
CHAPTER XXI
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
An Act approved July 1, 1902, entitled "An Act to
Increase the Efficiency and Change the Name of the
United States Marine Hospital Service," provides
that the President may, in his discretion, "utilize
the Pubhc Health and Marine Hospital Service in
times of threatened or actual war to such extent and
in such manner as shall in his judgment promote the
pubhc interest without, however, in anywise impair-
ing the efficiency of the Service for the purposes for
which the same was created and is maintained."
In accordance with the provisions of this Act,
the President, on April 3, 1915, issued the following
Executive Order:
"Under the authority of the Act of Congress, ap-
proved July 1, 1902, and subject to the limitations
therein expressed, it is ordered that hereafter in times
of threatened or actual war the Pubhc Health Service
shall constitute a part of the mihtary forces of the
United States, and in times of threatened or actual
war, the Secretary of the Treasury may, upon request
of the Secretary of War or the Secretary of the Navy,
detail officers or employees of said Service for duty
either with the Army or the Navy. All stations of the
Pubhc Health Service are hereby made available for
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE 131
the reception of sick and wounded officers and men, or
for such other purposes as shall promote the public in-
terest in connection with military operations."
The Public Health Service of to-day is the result
of a series of legal enactments extending as far back
as 1798. Various laws passed from time to time have
increased its powers and functions, perfected its organ-
ization, and changed its name, to keep pace with the
progress of medicine aad sanitary science and to
afford protection to the pubUc health of the nation
under changing conditions.
The commissioned corps of the Public Health
Service consists of the Surgeon General, Assistant
Surgeons General, Senior Surgeons, Surgeons, Passed
Assistant Surgeons, and 'Assistant Surgeons.
Appointments in the conmiissioned corps are made
only to the grade of Assistant Surgeon. Candidates
for commission must be between the ages of twenty-
three and thirty-two years, graduates of reputable
medical colleges with one year of hospital experience
or two years of professional practice. A thorough
examination before a board of officers of the Service,
comprising physical, academic, and professional tests,
is required, and the candidate must attain a general
average of 80 per cent.
Other scientffic personnel of the Service includes
professors in charge of the divisions of the Hygienic
Laboratory, acting assistant surgeons, sanitary en-
gineers, bacteriologists, phannacfsts, chemists and
technical assistants.
132 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
The Bureau of the Public Health Service in Wash-
ington comprises seven divisions through which the
following functions of the Service are administered:
Division of Scientific Research. This division con-
ducts the scientific investigations of the Service.
Intensive studies of diseases of man, including hook-
worm disease, malaria, pellagra, trachoma, typhoid
fever, and tuberculosis, together with studies of school
and industrial hygiene and rural sanitation, are carried
on from special headquarters in the field in cooperation
with State and local health authorities. Investi-
gations relating to pubhc health administration, the
pollution of coastal waters, and sewage are also con-
ducted through this division. Technical and purely
laboratory studies are condXicted at the Hygienic
Laboratory in Washington, at special field laboratories,
and at the leprosy investigation station in Hawaii.
Information thus obtained is disseminated through
pubUcations, correspondence, lectures, and conferences
with health authorities. Through this division is
enforced the Act of July 1, 1902, regulating the sale
of viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous products,
by supervising the manufacture of these products in
order that they may meet prescribed standards for
purity and potency.
Division of Foreign and Insular Quarantine and
Immigration. This division is charged with the enforce-
ment of the quarantine laws and regulations under
the supervision of the Surgeon General. Through
this division are directed the operations of sixty-three
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE 133
quarantine stations in the United States, and others
in the Philippines, Hawaii, and Porto Rico. To aid
the home quarantine stations medical officers are also
detailed to American consulates in foreign ports to
prevent the introduction of contagious or infectious
diseases into the United States. This foreign inspec-
tion service also comes within the jurisdiction of this
division. Under section 16 of the Act of February
5, 1917, medical officers of the Public Health Service
are detailed for the purpose of making medical ex-
amination of arriving aliens.
Division of Domestic (Interstate) Quarantine.
Through this division is enforced section 3 of the Act
of February 15, 1893, relating to the prevention of
the spread of contagious or infectious diseases from
one State or Territory into another. This important
work includes the suppression of epidemics and the
sanitation of interstate carriers. Sanitation of the
zones surrounding the various military cantonments
is also supervised through this division of the Bureau.
Division of Sanitary Reports and Statistics. The
successful administration of public health laws depends
essentially upon a knowledge of the existence and
current prevalence of communicable diseases, the
conditions that favor their propagation and spread,
and the measures that are required for their control.
Through this division, therefore, the Service collects
information regarding the prevalence and geographic
distribution of diseases dangerous to the public health
in the United States and foreign countries. The
134 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
information thus collected is published weekly in the
Public Health Reports, together with other information
dealing with medicine and sanitation. This division
also compiles, digests, and publishes court decisions,
laws, regulations, and ordinances pertaining to the
pubUc health.
Division of Marme Hospitals and Relief. The
medical relief furnished to seamen of the merchant
marine and other beneficiaries entitled by law to
the faciUties of the Service is a function which is
supervised by the Division of Marine Hospitals and
ReUef of the Bureau. Through this division sick and
disabled seamen are taken care of at twenty Marine
Hospitals and one hundred and twenty-five other
relief stations. Physical examinations of oflScers and
seamen and keepers and surfmen of the Coast Guard
and the exajninations for the detection of color-
blindness in masters, mates, and pilots are conducted
through this division, and the medical evidence of
disabiUty in claims for benefits against the Coast
Guard are reviewed.
Division of Personnel and Accounts. In this divi-
sion are kept the records of the officers and other
employees of the Service and of expenditm-es of the
various appropriations of the Service.
Miscellaneous Division. Through this division the
various Service publications are issued, including the
annual reports, public health reports, supplements and
reprints, public health bulletins, and bulletins of the
Hygienic Laboratory. The duties of this division also
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE 135
include the supervision of miscellaneous work not
coming within the scope of duties administered by the
other divisions of the Bureau.
In time of war the PubUc Health Service renders
valuable aid to the military forces of the United
States by the detail of a number of its experienced
sanitarians to assist in the solution of sanitary prob-
lems confronting the coimtry by the mobilization of
large forces in the various army cantonments. The
Service concentrates in the vicinity of these camps
a trained corps for the purpose of preventing the
spread of disease from the contiguous civil popu-
lations to the military forces, and from these camps
to the civil populations.
Public Heaxth Service Uniforms
The officers of the PubUc Health Service wear a
full dress and a dress uniform of blue and service uni-
form of olive-drab, khaki, and white.
The rank is indicated on aU uniforms by the insignia
worn on the shoulder loops as follows (Plate XXX) :
Surgeon General silver star
Assistant Surgeon General silver spread eagle
Senior Surgeon silver oak leaf
Surgeon gold oak leaf
Passed Assistant Surgeon two gold bars
Assistant Surgeon one gold bar
The rank is also indicated on the full dress and
evening dress coat by means of gold-lace stripes inter-
spaced with maroon broadcloth (Plate XXX). On
136 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
the sleeve of the overcoat these stripes are of black
braid instead of gold.
The collar device consists of the letters "U.S."
and the Corps device.
Specialty marks of the various employees, worn
midway between the shoulder and elbow on each
arm, and embroidered in maroon silk, are as follows:
Station Engineer. Spread eagle, above two crossed
monkey wrenches, and three open chevrons of maroon
broadcloth.
Pilot. As for station engineer, substituting a steer-
ing wheel for the crossed monkey wrenches.
Marine Engineer. As for pilot, substituting a pro-
peller for the steering wheel.
First Cook. As for pilot, substituting a crescent
for the steering wheel, and with a chevron of two
stripes.
Other Cooks. As for first cook, omitting all marks
except the crescent.
Coachman. A ciu'b bit.
Carpenter. A carpenter's square.
Yardman. Two crossed axes.
Messenger. A single wing.
Laundryman. A flatiron.
Surgical Nurse A spread eagle, Geneva cross,
chevrons with two bars.
Night Watchman. A lantern.
Ship Keeper. Two crossed keys.
Boatswain. Two crossed anchors.
Coxswain. Figure-of-eight knot, two inches long.
PLATE ZZX — UNITED STAINS PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
I 1 1 fl I
SUFIGEON ASSr. SLHO. SENIOflSUBailiwoU B15I0 *SST. ASSISTANT
OEHCRAL ^gHOtU. .SURSEOHrMu} SUBS. SUROCOH
Insignia of Ranh on Sl««vm
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138 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
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CHAPTER XXII
STRENGTH AND ORGANIZATION OF
FOREIGN ARMIES
The basis of the infantry organization of all foreign
armies is the battalion. The typical battalion is
composed of four companies and has a war strength
of some 25 oflScers and 1100 men.
The basis of all foreign cavalry organization is the
squadron. The foreign squadron numbers from 120
to 150 sabers. Regiments contain from three to
six squadrons.
The battery is usually taken as the unit of field
artiUery organization. Leaving aside Russia, there
are two great systems of field artillery organization.
These may be called after their exponents, the French
and the German systems.
The French system takes four guns as the firing
unit, the battery, and assigns all of the ammunition
which should be available upon entry into action to
the battery; batteries coimt 4 or 5 officers and 170
men.
Under the German system the firing unit, battery,
counts six guns and only so much ammunition as is
needed for the immediate service of the piece is as-
signed to the batteries; the remainder of the ammu-
140 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
nition being assembled in an ammunition battery
which forms an integral part of the battalion.
In both systems, the number of firing batteries in
the battalion is three (3) ; the German system, having
an additional battery for ammunition, gives that
system four battery organizations to the battalion.
Under the German system the strength of firing
batteries is about 5 officers and 150 men and that of
ammimition batteries is 4 officers and 188 men.
Therefore, leaving aside battalion staffs, the strength
of which is not dependent upon the particular sys-
tem, imder the French system the battalion counts
about 15 officers, 510 men, and 12 guns, whereas
imder the German system it coimts 19 officers, 638
men, and 18 guns.
France
The French Army proper is known as the Metro-
politan Army, which is divided between France and
Algeria.
The peace strength of the French Army comprises
21 army corps, each army corps having two divisions.
There are 47 divisions, 92 infantry brigades, and
21 field artillery brigades which are distributed among
the 21 corps.
There are also 10 cavalry divisions, each division
containing 20 to 24 squadrons and 2 horse batteries.
The war strength is unknown, but in 1914 about
5,500,000 had had military training and the war
strength was estimated at about 4,000,000.
STRENGTH AND ORGANIZATION OF ARMIES 141
Germany
The Gennan Army as organized in peace consisted
of 25 army corps and 1 cavalry division, besides certain
special troops.
Normally, the Army corps is composed of 2 infantry
divisions and certam train troops and other auxiUaries.
The typical infantry formation is as follows: Four
companies to a battalion, 3 battalions to a regiment,
2 regunents to the brigade, 2 brigades to a division,
with one of the divisions in a corps having an extra
battalion of sharpshooters known as Jagers. The
strength of the battalion in war is about 1000 rifles.
The total peace strength amounted to about 800,000
officers and men. To these should be added from
10,000 to 12,000 "Einjahrig Freiwilliger," or men
who serve for one year, defraying their own expenses.
The sum total of trained men which Germany had
available for war was about 4,610,000.
Austria-Hungary
The dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary in time of
peace maintains three separate armies supported by
the empire, by Austria, and by Hungary, respectively.
These armies are known as the common army,
the Austrian Landwehr, and the Hungarian Land-
wehr, respectively. The two Landwehr armies differ,
however, from the Landwehr of other countries in
that they are maintained with the colors in time of
142 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
peace. The common army is known as the first line,
and the two Landwehr armies as the second line.
The peace strength of the combined armies was
about 473,000, whereas the war strength, 1914, was
approximately 4,320,000.
Russia
Russia maintained in time of peace three separate
armies, namely, the Army of Europe and the Cau-
casus, the Army of Central Asia, the Army of Siberia
and Eastern Asia.
The total peace strength amounted to about
1,284,000.
The total number of trained men subject to call
amounted to about 6,000,000.
Great Britain
The military forces of Great Britain in time of
peace are divided into the regular forces and the
territorial forces.
The regular forces are again divided into British
forces, Indian forces, and colonial forces, and in addi-
tion certain colonial miUtia.
The peace strength amounted to about 700,000.
Italy
The ItaUan forces are composed of the regular
army, the mobile militia, and the territorial militia.
The two latter categories are not constantly under
arms and in reaUty form a kind of reserve (Landwehr)
STRENGTH AND ORGANIZATION OF ARMIES 143
into which men pass after service with the colors.
Both the mobile and the territorial militia are com-
posed of all arms of the service.
The total peace strength of the regular army is
305,000.
Table Showino Higher Oroakization Existing in
TniE OF Peace
(No militia, reserve, or territorial troops are included.)
Country
France.. .
Germany.
Austria .
Russia . .
England
Italy...
Japan. .
Armt
Corps
Divi-
sions
Cavalry
Divi-
sions
Infantry
Brigades
Cavalry
Brigadbs
21
47
10
92
38
25
50
1
112
69
16
33
8
58
19
37
76
27
160
61
6
1
18
4
12
25
3
51
8
21
43
4
FnsLD
Artil-
LBRY
Brigades
21
50
19
61
26
20
3
CHAPTER XXIII
GREAT BRITAIN
Army Uniforms
The new British uniform is of khaki of a little
darker material than our olive-drab. The tunic is
built like a shooting coat with a fold-over collar,
breast pockets, and very capacious side pockets which
are intended to carry things in. A colored khaki
shirt and tie are worn. In the line the insignia of rank
are usually worn on the cuff of each sleeve.
General officers, officers of the household cavalry,
officers of the brigade of guards and some of the colonial
regiments continue to wear the insignia on the shoulder-
straps.
Officers from Colonel down may wear insignia either
on the cuff or on the shoulder strap but never on both
at the same time.
General and staff officers may be distinguished by
the red band around the cap on which is a Uon sur-
mounted by a crown in red and gold, and by the red
tabs on the lapel of the coat. There is also a certain
amount of gold braid and embroidery above the
cap visor, hence the famihar term "Brass Hat."
The cap badges and buttons indicate to which branch
of the service the wearer belongs. In the British
Army the badges are not worn on the gorget — in the
case of noncommissioned officers and privates.
PLATE XXXI — BRITISH ASMY
iD
4^
146 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
In the case of the Royal Flying Corps a pilot wears
a pair of wings on the left breast and an observer wears
one wing.
Since the commencement of the War the British
War Office has authorized to be worn on the left sleeve
of the tunic below the elbow a gold stripe, which
indicates that the wearer has been wounded. One
stripe is given for each wound for which the man has
been admitted to a hospital.
The insignia are as follows (Plates XXXI and
XXXII):
The service chevron for service abroad is worn,
point down, midway between the elbow and the cuflF.
One is given upon reaching the war zone, one for the
first year's service in the war zone, and one for every
six months thereafter. If earned on or before Decem-
ber 31, 1914, the chevron is red; after that date,
blue.
Field MarshaL Crossed batons within a laiu'el
wreath, and crown above.
General. Cross sword and baton, and crown and
star.
Lieutenant General. Crossed sword and baton and
crown.
Major General. Crossed sword and baton and star.
Brigadier General. Crossed swords.
Colonel. Four stripes or rings and a crown and
two stars.
Lieutenant Colonel. Three stripes or rings, a crown,
and a star.
PLATE XXXn — BRITISH ASMT
m m iD ii II
II #1
#
¥1
148 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
Major. Three stripes or rings and a crown.
Captain. Two stripes or rings and three stars.
Lieutenant. One stripe or ring and two stars.
Second Lieutenant. One stripe or ring and one star.
In the Highland and Scottish regiments, the officers
wear the stripes on the cuffs in a curve from the outer
edge of the sleeve to a higher point at the inner edge
of the sleeve. The insignia of rank is worn beneath
these stripes in a horizontal line instead of in a ver-
tical line. The insignia of rank for the Canadian
officers is the same as that for the British officers.
A Canadian designation is worn either on the lapel of
the coat or on the shoulder strap.
In the Australian Army, a shape is worn on the
upper left arm to indicate the division, with different
colors to indicate the regiment to which the wearer
belongs.
Noncoromissioned officers wear chevrons (point
downwards) on the upper right arm.
A Lance Corporal or Acting Bombardier, one;
Corporal, two; Sergeant, three; Color Sergeant,
three chevrons and crossed colors; Staff Sergeant,
four chevrons.
On the lower part of the left arm chevrons are
worn as "good conduct" badges.
A sergeant major is dressed as an officer except
that he has a crown on the lower part of the right
elbow. There are also badges of proficiency, such
as crossed rifles for marksmen, a spur for rough-
riders, etc.
UNIFORMS OF GREAT BRITAIN 149
Corps, deparmental, and regimental badges are
worn on the lapels of the coat.
Spurs are worn by all field officers, including cap-
tains who are double-company commanders, except
undress, when "slacks" (trousers) are worn instead
of breeches and boots or puttees.
The Sam Browne belt is habitually worn except in
quarter or at mess.
These are made of worsted embroidery and are worn
inverted on the right forearm.
The Field Marshal's rank is the highest among
general officers. The rank is conferred for eminent
military services, and the bearer of it remains on the
active list and draws full pay of his rank as long as he
lives.
Generals are the officers in command of an Army
or any of its larger units, such as Army Corps, Divi-
sions, and Brigades. Generals also are appointed to
the conunand and general supervision of the artillery
and engineers of a large force, and the rank of General
is bestowed on senior officers in the auxiliary services.
There are four grades of the rank — General, Lieutenant
General, Major General, and Brigadier General.
A General conmiands an Army, a Lieutenant Gen-
eral an Army Corps, a Major General a Division,
a Brigadier General a Brigade.
In the British Army the rank of Brigadier General
is not a permanent and substantive one. In fact,
Brigadier Generals are in many, perhaps in most cases,
Colonels or Lieutenant Colonels, appointed for the
150 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
time being to the command of a brigade. While in
this position, they wear the badges of this temporary
rank and draw special pay and allowances.
The next rank below the General is that of Colonel.
In the present day the Colonel of a regiment is a title
conferred upon some distinguished officer, often the
General's rank, who is known as the Commander
in Chief of such and such a regiment. The actual
commander is a Lieutenant Colonel — but in the artil-
lery and engineers there are no Colonels holding regi-
mental rank and doing active duty. The rank of
Colonel is conferred upon the holders of various
Staff appointments, or given by brevet to a Lieutenant
Colonel for distinguished service.
The next grade to Colonel and Lieutenant Colonel
is that of Major. An infantry battaUon has two
majors to assist the Lieutenant Colonel commanding,
and the conmiander of a battery of artillery often has
the rank of Major.
The Captain is the conmiander of one of the minor
units of the regiment — the company or squadron,
and in the artillery, the battery. In the new infantry
organization, in which the battaUon is divided into
four companies, each company is commanded by a
senior Captain, with a jimior Captain as a second-
in-coumiand. If there is the full complement of officers
to the company, there are also four subalterns, that
is. Lieutenants and Second Lieutenants. Each . of
these has command of a platoon, which is a fourth
part of a Company.
PLATE XXxm — BRITISH NAVY
ID
EUlllHilM
1110111
152 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
Brevet rank is the rank held by promotion for dis-
tinguished service to a higher grade irrespective of
there being any vacancy. It is Army rank, not regi-
mental rank. Thus, for instance, a Captain promoted
by brevet to the rank of Major acts as a Captain
while with his regiment, but while detached from it for
Staff duty or any special service ranks as a Major.
The higher grades of noncommissioned officers,
such as the Sergeant Major of a regiment, hold war-
rants appointing them to their rank, and are classed
as Warrant Officers. The lower grades are appointed
by their commanding officer naming them as regimental
officers. The lowest nonconmiissioned rank is that of
Lance Corporal, who is practically a private selected
and qualified for fmliher promotion when a vacancy
arises. Generally speaking, the Corporal may be
described as the commander of a squad, and the Ser-
geant as the conmiander of a section or similar small
imit in a regiment. The Color Sergeants are the
senior sergeants of the company. In the new infantry
organization each company has a company sergeant
major, who is its senior nonconmiissioned officer,
and a Company Quartermaster Sergeant, among whose
duties are to keep the records of the company. The
senior sergeant of a platoon is known as the Platoon
Sergeant, and acts as its second-in-command.
The Quartermaster of a regiment is a commissioned
rank, frequently bestowed on one of the senior non-
commissioned officers. His duty is to attend to the
quartering, supply, and transport of the regiment.
PLATE XXXIV— BRITISH NAVY
30 m c
154 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
Etiquette in British Army
The regulations require junior officers to salute
their seniors; when a party of two or more officers
receive a salute, only the senior returns it. However,
all officers acknowledge the salute of officers of an
aUied army. A British officer salutes a foreign alhed
officer of equivalent or senior rank; when there is
doubt about the rank of the latter he is given the
benefit of it. British officers are required to be even
more punctiUous about paying compliments to the
officers of aUied armies than they are to their own
confreres.
There are no regulations as to the position of senior
and junior officers when walking together in pubUc.
An officer newly joinitfg the regiment is not required
or expected to call socially on his colonel but merely
reports officially at the orderly room.
Navy UNiFORBfs
The uniform of the British Navy is very similar to
ours, the "curl" for the line or Executive Branch
being used instead of the "star."
Until 1915 Engineer Officers came imder the Civil
Branch of the Navy. It now forms part of the Military
Arm and is reckoned as equal in importance to the
Executive Branch.
The insignia of rank includes the "curl" above the
stripes, but has also a color band of purple between
the gold stripes.
PLATE XXXV— BRITISH NAVY
11 m c m ID
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Pi
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156 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
The Staff or Civil Branch of the service has, in lieu
of the curl, colors to distinguish the officers of the
various corps.
The British officers wear a tunic or sack coat instead
of a blouse, as worn by our officers. No collar device
is worn to denote the rank and corps.
Red is the distinguishing color of the Medical Branch,
and in addition to the missing curl, the stars, etc.,
worn by the highest ranks, are in gold and silver
(another detail which, as in the case of the anchor
of the cap badge, distinguishes the Non Military
from the Military Branch).
Paymasters who form what is known as the Ac-
countants' Branch are to be recognized by the white
cloth worn with the gold lace, while Naval Instructors
wear pale blue. Since April, 1916, Chief and Head
Navy Schoolmasters are entitled to wear a narrow
stripe of blue cloth on the cuff.
Carpenter Lieutenants (with two and two and
one half stripes) have the dark blue cloth of the
shoulder-strap itself showing between the lace, but
there is no curl, as in the case of Lieutenant Com-
mander and Lieutenant.
The foregoing shoulder-straps are also worn on the
white xmiform, which forms the customary dress in
tropical climates.
When a British Naval officer is wearing the uniform
greatcoat, the distinction lace upon the cuffs of the
frock coat or jacket worn beneath is natiu*ally hidden,
and it is the shoulder-straps which are utiUzed for
PLATE XXXVI — BRITISH NAVY
a I
■ il lO >■
1|ifl ^^
158 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
displaying the device indicative of his rank and the
branch of the service to which he belongs.
If he is an Executive Officer whose rank is between
that of a Commodore, Second Class, and that of a
Gunner or Boatswain, this distinction lace is a replica
of the device worn on the cuff of the jacket beneath,
but in the case of Flag Officers (that is. Admirals
of the Fleet, Admirals, Vice Admirals, and Rear Ad-
mirals), and also Commodores, First Class, the device
is similar to that worn on their epaulettes, and quite
distinct from that worn on the cuffs of the jacket, or
frock coat.
Admiral of the Fleet. Two crossed batons sur-
roimded by a wreath of laurel leaves with a crown
above it.
Admiral. A baton and sword crossed with a crown
above and three stars forming a triangle below.
Vice Admiral. A baton and sword crossed with
a crown above and two stars in a vertical row below.
Rear Admiral. A baton and sword crossed with a
crown above and a star below.
Commodore, First Class, two stars in horizontal
row with a crown above and an anchor in a vertical
position below.
The same exception apphes to Engineer Vice Ad-
mirals, Engineer Rear Admirals, Medical Director
Generals, and Surgeon Generals, and an edging of
purple cloth in the case of the first three distinguishes
them from the corresponding ranks in the Executive
Branch.
CHAPTER XXIV
FRANCE
Army Uniforms
With the exception of the African troops, who wear
khaki, the French Army is dressed in a xmiform of
gray blue, hehnet or kepi, trousers or pants, puttees,
and, in cold weather, a tunic or greatcoat.
The number of regiment is shown on the collar
patch (of the same color as the chevron for the active
Army and white for the territorial Army). The chev-
ron on the collar patch as a rule represents the color
of the collar in the uniform previously worn.
Staff Officers. The arm band is of dark blue for
brigade staff officers, red for division staff officers,
red, blue, and white with thunderbolt for corps staff
officers, and red and white for Army staff officers.
Infantry. The infantry wears the grenade on the
helmet, yellow trousers piping, and dark blue chevron
on a gray blue patch.
Chasseurs (Rifles). The uniform for chasseurs is
the sairie as that for infantry, with the exception
that they wear a bugle on the helmet and are dressed
in iron gray instead of blue gray.
Cavalry. In the cavalry, the piping on the trousers
is dark blue. Yellow leather gaiters are worn and
the collar patch is of dark blue. The patch for the
160 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
chevrons varies — Cuirassiers, red; Dragoons, white;
Chasseurs a cheval, green; Hussars, light blue; Chas-
seurs d'Afrique, yellow shako; Spahis, yellow sheshia.
Artillery. In the artillery the piping is scarlet,
gaiters are worn. On the helmet is a grenade and
crossed guns. The chevron in the field artillery is of
light blue mounted on a scarlet patch; in the colo-
nial artillery, it is violet; mountain artillery, white;
heavy artillery, gray; horse artillery, dark blue; and
fort artillery, green.
Engineers. The engineers wear a piping of scarlet
chevron mounted on a black velvet patch and gaiters.
Train. The train wears a green piping, a red
chevron mounted on a green patch, and gaiters.
Medical. Red piping is worn by the Medical
Corps. The collar patch is of red velvet with a snake
and red badge. The rank bars are of silver.
Veterinary. This service also uses a red piping, a
red velvet collar patch, and rank bars of silver.
Interpreters, Attached to the British Army. The
imiform for this service is of khaki kepi with tunic
and trousers. Officers wear an oUve branch badge
on a dark blue velvet, and the men a sphinx's head
on a gray blue collar patch.
Flying Corps. Orange piping is worn in the flying
corps, with an orange chevron on a black collar patch.
Gendarmerie and Military Police. White piping
is worn with a narrow white band to kepi or helmet
and white grenade on a black collar patch. They
generally wear dark blue.
PLATE ZXXVn — FK£ncH ASUT
iticTgtiia of Rank on Cuff
6EMCBXL0FDIVISI0M BRIGADIER GENERW-
iii
COLONEL LIEUT COLONEL MUOR CAPTAIN
ASPlBfcNT ADJUTANT,
162 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
Zouaves. The Zouaves wear khaki and khaki-
covered sheshia. The chevrons are of dull red.
Tirailleurs. The unifonn for the Tirailleurs is the
same as that for the Zouaves, with the exception of
the chevron, which is light blue.
Colonial Infantry. This branch wears the gray blue
with a chevron of scarlet and an anchor on the kepi.
Foreign Legion. The Foreign Legion also wears
gray blue, but the chevrons are of green.
The insignia of rank is on lower part of sleeve (Plate
XXXVII).
Marechal of France ,
7 small silver stars and
crossed batons
General de Division (General Lieu-
tenant) 3 small silver stars ^
General de Brigade (General Major) 2 small silver stars
Colonel 5 gold bars *
Lieutenant Colonel 3 gold and 2 silver bars
Major 4 gold bars *
Captain 3 gold bars *
Lieutenant 2 gold bars *
Sous Lieutenant 1 gold bar
Adjutant (W. 0.) 1 silver bar, red striped
Sergeant Major 2 broad gold bars »
Sergeant 1 broad gold bar •
Corporal 2 dark blue woolen bars •
Soldat 1 CI 1 dark.blue woolen bar •
Bugler red, white and blue bar '
^ Generals also wear the stars in front of kepi throughout the
Army and a double dark piping to breeches.
* Silver for cavalry and chasseurs.
* Bars are set at an angle of 30'' from the horizontal.
PLATE XXXVin — FRENCH ARMY
Service Insignia
AVIATION OFFICER. PILOT <C>
INTERPRETER (C>
QUARTERMASTER <C>
SAPPCRS, <CAV.RE6T.> <S>
OFnCER, PILOT OF DIRIGIBLE <C>
SHOOTINO PRIZE <S>
^
GRENADIERS <S>
Oi3j3
RAILWAYS < 5» ENOll.CORPS) <S>
RAILWAY OFFICER <S>
GENERAL STAFF <C> SIGNAL CORPS <S)
SEARCH U6HT<S>
MOUNTAIN ARTiaERy<tREGt><C>
RADiOTELEGRAPHY <S> BALLOOH SECTION MAH < S>
HEAVY ARTiaCRY ( Z RE6T^ <C)
AUTOMOBILE <C>
GUNNER OBSERVER <S> NOH-CpMMlSSIOHCO OFFICER
BALLO ^ M geCTlO W <S>
TREASURY <C) ()
^^ AVIATOR (PRTVATE) < S>
FOREIGN LEGION <lRE6r><C> JS^ ^ &m(l^l&
QUARTERMASTER ADMlHtSTWCriOH TT
OFFICER
MILITARY POLICE. UNES OF COMMUHIOnONDePf.
<C>
#
<C)
AVIATOR. NOH-COMMISSIONCO
OFFICER <S>
T
I4E0ICAL SERVICE ADMINISTRATION
OFFICER <C)
MEDICAL SERVICE <C^ ^1^ ROPE* MAKER <SPEaAUSr>
_V_ <c)
(MACHtHC-GUN MAN < S>
MOROCCAN SPAN IS «CAVL><C>
#
MECHANICIAN <S>
*
ALGERIAN SPAHIS <C> COLONIAL tNFANTRY<MARmES> MOUNTED
<C) SCOUT <5>
C insignia v/om on Collar.. S. insignia worn on sleeve.
164 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
Officers wear narrow braid around their caps, corre-
sponding to the braid on their cuffs, but half the width.
Company adjutants and aspirants have caps like second
Ueutenants, but the braid has a red thread woven into
it spirally as on the cuff of the adjutant.
An enlisted man, candidate for a commission, is
called an "Aspirant." He wears a chevron, point up,
at the end of the sleeve. The braid, gold or silver,
has a red thread woven into it spirally.
Chevrons are worn on right sleeve, point up, between
the elbow and the shoulder to indicate woimds — one
for each wound.
On the left sleeve the chevrons indicate the nimiber
of years at the front. The first chevron indicates
the first year and each additional chevron indicates
each additional six months.
These chevrons are of the same material and color
as the insignia of the grade; for privates it is of cloth.
A Fourragdre or Honor Cord is worn by all mem-
bers of units "mentioned" three times. It is an
interlaced cord of green and red if mentioned three
times and of yellow and green if mentioned four times
or more. One end is attached to blouse or tunic over
shoulder, the other end extending to middle of chest.
The service insignia of the French army are indicated
in Plate XXXVIII.
UNIFORMS OF FRANCE 165
Navy Uniforms
From the point of view of official hierarchy, naval
and military officers in France are divided into three
broad classes: Firstly, Flag and General Officers;
secondly, Superior Officers; and thirdly. Subaltern
Officers.
In the iSrst class are included Vice Admirals and
Generals of Divisions, Rear Admirals and Brigadier
Generals (in other words, all officers whose distinctive
marks in uniform consist of two or more stars). In
this category are also included officers of the auxiUary
branches of the Navy and Army whose rank is equal
to that of Flag and General officers; the latter being
designated High Fimctionaries (Hants Fonctionnaires).
. To the lists of Flag and General Officers must be
added "Admirals and Marshals of France," but these
are not ranks properly so called, and officers invested
with such titles are usually spoken of as "Dignitaries,"
as no special employment is provided for officers
holding them. The "Dignity" of Admiral or Marshal
is conferred on officers as a reward of service in war
time.
In the second class (superior officers) are included
all officers of the rank of Captain, Conmiander, and
Lieutenant Conmiander in the Navy and of Colonel,
Lieutenant Colonel, and Chef de BattaUon or Chef
d'Escadron in the Army. Superior officers of the Navy
may always be known by the four or five stripes of
distinguishing lace on their sleeve.
PLATE XXXIX — FRENCH NAVY
Insignia of Rank on Cuff
VICE A.DM^R^L
^ ^
wi p5^
REAR ADMIRAL
CAPTAIN
iiiitiiiniuiiiiiiiiHniiiiijiiiiifi;ii((
1IIHIIII Ulllllllll/IIIIIUIIIIMIIKIII.
iiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
nuiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiii
COMMANDER
LIEUT. COMMANDER
LIEUTENANT SUB LIEUTENANT
ACTING
SUB LIEUTENANT
UNIFORMS OF FRANCE 167
In the third class (subaltern officers) are included
Acting Sub-Lieutenants, Sub-Lieutenants, and Lieu-
tenants in the Navy (with officials of corresponding
rank in the nonexecutive and civilian branches) and
similar ranks in the Army. Naval Cadets are not
classified as officers; they rank below Warrant Officers,
but above Chief Petty Officers.
The uniform of officers of all grades and corps in
the French Navy is similar in design and cut, ani the
method by which the rank of the officer and the corps
to which he belongs is distinguished as follows:
Officers of the Executive Branch wear gold or silver
lace stripes sewn direct on the sleeve of the coat.
The rank of Admiral is distinguished by two or three
stars. Engineer Officers wear violet velvet facings
on the sleeve, while Medical Officers wear red velvet
facings; Paymasters, brown velvet facings. Officials
of the Constructive and Hydrographic Branches wear
black velvet facings, and officers of the Corps de
Sant6 (Physiciang) wear green velvet facings on the
sleeves of their imiform coats.
The following are the distinguishing marks (Plate
XXXIX):
Admiral of the Fleet. Crossed Admiral's batons.
Vice Admiral. Three silver stars.
Rear Admiral. Two silver stars.
Captain. Five gold stripes.
Commander. Three gold and two silver stripes.
Lieutenant Commander. Four gold stripes.
Lieutenant. Three gold stripes.
168 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
Sub-Lieutenant. Two gold stripes.
Acting Sub-Lieutenant. One gold stripe.
Flag officers of the Engineer, Accountant, Medical,
Construction, Ordnance, Inspection, and Adminis-
tration Branches or Corps wear distinguishing marks
of embroidery, instead of that of. stars and velvet
cuffs on sleeves, of the distinctive color of the Branch
or Corps. In ottier grades of these Branches, the
same insignia as that of officers of the executive branch
are worn, with the addition of the colored velvet facings.
In the Engineer, Accoimtant, Medical, Construc-
tion, Ordnance, and Inspection Branches the highest
ranking officer ranks with that of Vice Admiral of
the Executive Branch; in the Hydrographic and
Administrative Branches with that of Rear Admiral,
and in the Physician Branch with that of Captain.
CHAPTER XXV
GERMANY
Army Uniforms
With a few exceptions stated below all armies are
dressed in gray (feldgrau), a cap or covered helmet,
a tunic, a greatcoat, trousers or pants, long boots
(worn over or under trousers) and shoulder-straps
with regimental number or monogram edged with
various colors or state colors (one-year volunteers).
The greatcoats are sometimes of dark blue.
The new German field uniform has a preeminently
German appearance and is very popular. The pocket
is set diagonally in the skirt of the blouse or tunic
and is placed inside, so that even if bulging full the
appearance is good. The collar is a falling collar which
can be turned up for warmth. The color is of field-
gray and field-green, so as to promote invisibility.
The American system of insignia is unknown to the
Germans, who secure the differentiation by the color
of the buttons, style of caps, color of the facings and
the pipings, etc.
The colored pipings and facings do not destroy the
invisibility, as might be surmised. On the contrary,
the colors retained adapt themselves to the terrain
where the vegetation is never of an entirely uniform
color.
170 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
Cap bands are often gray colored. Staff officers
wear a carmine band to cap and broad carmine trouser
stripe.
Infantry. The imiform of the infantry is as given
above, with an edging according to corps, the cap
band is red or gray colored.
JSger and SchStzen (Rifles). These troops are
dressed in gray green, with a green strap edging, and
wear a shako instead of a helmet. The cap band is
red or gray covered.
Cavalry. Stand-up collars are worn. Lancers
(Uhlans) and Hussars wear special cut tunics and
special headdress. The edging of shoulder-strap varies
in color, but the dragoons have a single and the cuiras-
siers a double edging. The cap bands are of various
colors.
Field Artillery. The field artillery wears a black
piping to the collar; red grenade on shoulder-strap,
brass buttons (white metal in guard corps), and a
black cap band.
Engineers. The engineers wear a black piping to
the collar, no grenade; white metal buttons and a
cap band of black.
Train. For the train the edging to the collar and
tunic is of blue. In the supply department it is
crimson. The cap band is of blue.
Medical. The medical corps wears a red edging
to a blue collar patch and a cap band of black.
Veterinary. The veterinary wears a red edge to
a black collar patch.
UNIFORMS OF GERMANY 171
Guard regiments wear two four-inch tabs of braid on
either side of the collar and white buttons. The
shank of sidearm tassel shows the number of battalion.
On the top and bottom the number of the Company:
1, white; 2, red; 3, yellow; 4, blue; 5, green. Thus,
red abank and yellow remainder signifies the 2d bat-
talion, 3d company.
Landwehr. The Landwehr wear a cross on the
headdress; caps are now mostly all gray.
The cockade on the soft front of cap is of red, white,
and black, while the cockade on the cap band shows
the state. Thus, Prussia is black and white; Bavaria,
blue and white; Saxony, green and white; Wiirttem-
berg, red and black; Hesse, red and white; Mecklen-
burg, red, yellow, and blue, etc.
Grade Insignia
Insignia of rank of conmiissioned officers is on the
shoulder-strap.
Field Marshal General. Shoulder-strap of twisted
gold and silver cord, with two crossed batons.
General. Shoulder-strap of twisted gold and silver
cord with two stars.
Lieutenant General in Command of a Division.
Shoulder-strap of twisted gold and silver cord with
one star.
Major General. Shoulder-strap of twisted gold and
silver cord without star.
Colonel. Shoulder-strap of twisted silver cord with
two stars.
PLATE XL — GERMAN ARMY
Grade Insignia
SHOULDER STRAPS
OFFICERS' GRADE INSISHlfc
SUBALTERN OFnCERS SUPERIOR OFFICERS GEMERAL5
CapJ-ain -Z-Stars Colonel tSfurs Genera! 'Z-Slors
l"Lieut l-Staf LieutColonel l-Stor LieutGen. I-Stor
2'"*Lieut Ho Star Major NoStai- MajocGen. NoStar
UNIFORMS OF GERMANY 173
Lieutenant Colonel. Shoulder-strap of twisted silver
cord with one star.
Major. Shoulder-strap of twisted silver cord.
Captain. Flat shoulder-strap of straight silver cord
with two stars.
Lieutenant. Flat shoulder-strap of straight silver
cord with one star.
Second Lieutenant. Flat shoulder-strap of straight
silver cord.
Sergeant Major. Gold or silver stripe on collar,
double stripes on sleeves, officers' sword cord.
Sergeant. Gold or silver stripe on collar, two
stripes on sleeves, large button on collar.
Noncommissioned Officer. Gold or silver stripe on
collar and sleeve.
First Soldier. Small button on collar.
Navy Uniforms
The insignia of rank on the sleeves is similar to
that of ours. A crown instead of a star is placed
above the stripes to designate executive ranks.
Engineer Officers, Uke the British, although be-
longing to a separate corps, hold executive ranks, and
therefore wear the crown above the stripes.
Torpedo officers and officers of the civilian branches
are without the crown on the sleeve, but wear between
the gold stripes a color designating the corps. Thus,
engineers, black; torpedo officers, brown; doctors,
blue; paymasters, light blue, and constructors, black.
174 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
The color of the branch is also worn on the epaulettes,
full dress and worked into the shoulder-straps.
Paymasters and constructors have silver instead of
gold epaulette fringes and cloth instead of velvet
between xhe stripes.
The ranks of the commissioned officers of the Ger-
man Navy, with their insignias, are as follows:
Grand Admiral. One wide gold stripe below four
narrow gold stripes, with a gold crown above.
Admiral. One wide gold stripe below three narrow
gold stripes, with a gold crown above.
Vice Admiral. One wide gold stripe below two
narrow gold stripes, with a gold crown above.
Rear Admiral. One wide gold stripe below one
narrow gold stripe, with a gold crown above.
Captain. Four narrow gold stripes below a gold
crown.
Commander. Three narrow gold stripes below a
gold crown.
Senior Lieutenant. Two narrow gold stripes below
a gold crown.
Jtmior Lieutenant. One narrow gold stripe below
a gold crown.
Sub-Lieutenant. One very narrow gold stripe below
a gold crown.
The insignia of rank on the shoulder knots is as
follows:
Grand Admiral. An interlacing of cords with gold
trimming on which is mounted two crossed gold
cannons.
PLATE XLI — GERMAN NAVY
Insignia of Rank on Cuff
GRAND
ADMIRAL
REAR
ADMIRAL
A
Hiiiiiiiimiminiiiiiiiiirt
ilimiiiiiiimiiiiiiiimmf
SENIOR
LIEUTENANT
ADMIRAL
CAPTAIN
mmmnnamnnzmniii
JUNIOR
LIEUTENANT
VICE
ADMIRAL
i
"■"""■■■""""""Tnniirt
""""""""""""™W
COMMANDER
&
SUB
LIEUTENANT
176 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
Admiral. An interlacing of cords with gold trimming
on which is mounted three small gold rosettes.
Vice Admiral. An interlacing of cords with gold
trinaming, on which is momited two small gold rosettes.
Rear Admiral. An interlacing of cords with gold
trinaming on which is mounted one small gold rosette.
Captain. Broad interlacing of cords without gold
trinaming on which is mounted two small gold rosettes.
Commander. Broad interlacing of cords without
gold trimming, on which is mounted one small gold
rosette.
Senior Lieutenant. Broad interlacing of cords
without gold trimming.
Junior Lieutenant. Narrow parallel cords, on which
is mounted two gold rosettes.
Sub-Lieutenant. Narrow parallel cords, on which
is mounted one gold rosette.
CHAPTER XXVI
ITALY
Army Uniforms
The field service uniform of the Italian Army is of
a bluish gray color.
The rank of the officers of the Army is designated
by the cap device and by the insignia on the shoulder-
straps. All officers, except general officers who have
gold stars, have a silver star on either side of collar,
and the color and design of the collar patch shows
to which branch of the service and to which regiment
they belong. Thus a green collar patch signifies
the 51 U. 52 Infantry — Regulars; a white collar
patch with black horizontal stripe, the 15 U. 16 In-
fantry — Regulars; a white collar with a black scallop,
Regular Cavalleggeri di Lucca.
The insignia of rank is worn on the shoulder of all
imiforms except the field service uniform. On this
uniform, which is worn almost altogether in time of
war, the insignia is worn on the outer part of cufE of
sleeve. The insignia of rank is as follows:
General. Three gold stars on a shoulder mark of
broad silver braid or three gold stars in a vertical row
on a vertical rectangle of broad silver braid on the
outer cuff of sleeve. On the cap four stripes of braid,
178 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
the lower stripe entwined with a waved stripe. With
field uniforms these stripes are of the same color as
that of the cap. The rank of General is held by
the King only.
Lieutenant General. Two gold stars on a shoulder
mark of broad silver braid or two gold stars in a vertical
row on a vertical rectangle of broad silver braid on the
outer cuff of sleeve. On the cap three stripes of braid,
the lower stripe entwined with a waved stripe.
Major General. One gold star on a shoulder mark
of broad silver braid or one gold star on a vertical
rectangle of broad silver braid on the outer cuff of
sleeve. On the cap two stripes of braid, the lower
stripe entwined with a waved stripe.
Brigadier General. A shoulder mark of broad silver
braid or a vertical rectangle of broad silver braid on
the outer cuff of sleeve. On the cap three narrow
stripes over one broad stripe.
Colonel. Three silver stars on a shoulder-strap
with silver braid edging or three silver stars in a verti-
cal row with a rectangular edging of silver braid on the
outer cuff of sleeve. On the cap three narrow stripes
over one broad stripe.
Lieutenant Colonel Two silver stars on a shoulder-
strap with a silver braid trimming or two silver stars
in a vertical row with a rectangular edging of silver
braid on the outer cuff of sleeve. On the cap two
narrow stripes over one broad stripe.
Major. One silver star on a shoulder-strap of silver
braid edging or one silver star inclosed in a rectangle
PLATE XLH — ITALIAN ARMY
Insignia of Rank on Cuff and Cap
OEHERI^L
^m
iilii
lii
LIEUT GENERAL
MAJOR GENERAL
ill;
!i'|!|!!:
i
BRIGADIER GENERAL
COLOMEL
LIEUT. COLONEL
•
MAJOR
CAPTAINJsTaASS
CAPTAIN
t" LIEUTEMAHT
V° Ll£UTENANT
180 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
of silver braid on the outer cuff of sleeve. On the cap
one narrow stripe over one broad stripe.
Captain, First Class. Three silver stars with a
narrow stripe of silver braid on either side, worn
on the shoulder or on the outer cuff of sleeve. On
the cap one broad stripe.
Captain. Three silver stars on shoulder-strap with-
out trimming or three silver stars in a vertical row
on outer cuff of sleeve. On the cap three narrow
stripes of braid.
First Lieutenant. Two silver stars on shoulder-
strap without trimming or two silver stars in a vertical
row on outer cuff of sleeve. On the cap two narrow
stripes of braid.
Second Lieutenant. One silver star on shoulder-
strap without trimming or one silver star on . outer
cuff of sleeve. On the cap one narrow stripe of braid.
Aspirant. One black star on shoulder-strap or
on outer cuff of sleeve.
Noncommissioned officers wear chevrons, points
up, on the cuffs of sleeves; one, two, three, or four,
according to rank.
The corps is designated by the cap ornament. With
field uniform this ornament is of the same color as
that of the cap.
Thus, Engineers wear a flaming bomb over two
crossed battle-axes (^own on cap of Second Lieu-
tenant in illustration) ; Field Artillery, a flaming bomb
over two crossed cannons (shown on cap of Captain) ;
General Staff Officers, a crown over a spread eagle.
UNIFORMS OF ITALY 181
All General Officers are General Staff Officers.
The cap of a Brigadier General is the same as that of
a Colonel, with the exception of cap ornament, which
in the case of the Brigadier General is the General
Staff device.
Navy Uniforms
The general system of indicating the branch of the
service and the relative ranks of officers of the ItaUan
Navy is the same as in the British Navy, i.e., for
branch of service by colors on the cuffs between the
*- stripes, or by the curl in the case of executive officers;
for seniority by broad and narrow stripes.
The undress coat is a tunic edged with black braid,
the distinction marks being worn on shoulder-straps
instead of on the sleeves.
Plain clothes may be worn on shore except on
public festivals between 8 a.m. and sunset, on gala
nights at the theater, or at pubKc dinners or receptions.
Midshipmen and officers of corresponding rank are only
.. allowed to wear plain clothes when on long leave.
Distinguishing Marks of Branches and Ranks.
5 The distinctive colors on cuffs between stripes of the
■', various branches are:
■
\ Constructors. Crimson velvet.
J Engineer Officers. Black velvet.
J Medical Officers. Light blue cloth.
iPajrmasters. Red cloth.
Pharmacists. Green cloth.
All officers on the active Kst wear a five-pointed
star (stellette) on each side of the coat collar as a
182 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
token that they are on the active Ust, and thus sub-
ject to naval discipUne, with the exception of the fol-
lowing, who wear an eight-pointed star: Pharmacists,
Officials of the Harbor Master's Office, Motor Boat,
Volunteer Corps which may be created. For Flag
Officers and equivalent ranks the star is gold, for
other ranks, silver.
The distinction lace on the cuffs is as follows:
Flag Officers. Fom-, three, or two narrow stripes
for an Admiral, Vice Admiral, or Rear Admiral, and
other officers of corresponding rank. The lower stripe
is entwined with a waved stripe.
Captains and Equivalent Ranks. One broad and
three narrow stripes.
Commander. One broad and two narrow stripes.
Lieutenant Commander. One broad and one nar-
row stripe.
Lieutenant. Three narrow stripes.
Senior Lieutenants have a gold band on shoulder-
strap for twelve years seniority.
Sub-Lieutenant. Two narrow stripes.
Midshipman. One narrow stripe.
The cap worn by all commissioned officers is similar
to the British in shape. The badge of the executive
officer is a foul anchor on a blue ground, siurounded
by gold leaves simnounted by the royal crown.
CiviUan branches wear the following devices in place
of the foul anchor:
Engineer Officers. A screw propeller on a black
ground.
PLATE XLin — ITALIAN NAVY
Insignia of Rank on Cuff
ADMIRAL
CAPTAIN
VICE ADMIRAL
REAR ADMIRAL
Eunmrnrimn */n/irnTimJiimrrnnT
iiwiniiiiiiniiiiiini)|iinii|iiii
COMMANDER ^^ LIEUT.
COMMANDER
^^^QQ]QQ^QQJ^Q[Q^Q[
LIEUTENANT SUB LIEUTENANT MIDSHIPMAN
ENGINEER CONSTRUCTOR SURGEON PAYMASTER
LieUT.COMMANDER LI EUT MAJOR GEIIERAL LIEUTCOLONEL
GENELRAL
184 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
Constructors. A helmet over a crossed hammer
and hatchet on a crimson ground.
Medical Officers. A red cross on a white ground.
Paymasters. A gold star on a red ground.
The peak of the cap is plain in all cases, distinctive
rank and class being indicated by gold stripes sewn
on a band of similar color to that worn with distinction
lace on the cuff, and which takes the place of the
mohair band on our naval officer's cap.
The following devices are worn on epaulettes:
Executive Officers. Monogram of the King —
V.E. — entwined with rope and two foul anchors.
Constructors and Engineers. A helmet over a crossed
hatchet and hammer, inclosed in a bay leaf wreath.
Surgeons. A serpent entwined about a staff.
Paymasters. An oak leaf wreath.
Shoulder-straps:
Flag Officers. Gold royal crown over gold anchor
and three gold stars.
Ufficiali Superiori. Black with a gold edge, royal
crown and two gold stars.
Ufficiali Inferiori. Black with a gold royal crown
and one star.
Officers of other branches wear similar shoulder-
straps edged with the color of the branch, and car-
rying a device similar to that worn on the epaulettes.
A transverse shoulder-strap is worn on full dress
and frock coat as follows:
Flag Officers of the Executive Branch. Black edged
with gold, with a large foul anchor and crown.
UNIFORMS OF ITALY 185
Flag Officers of Other Branches. Black edged with
gold and an outer edge of the color of the branch,
with device similar to that worn on the epaulettes.
Ufficiali Superiori (all branches). Black with gold
edge, a gold rope nmning through the center.
Ufficiali Inferiori (all branches). A plain gold
stripe.
The following badges of rank and class are worn by-
Warrant Officers:
Chief Warrant Officer. One gold stripe with diag-
onal blue Unes on each cuff. The specialty device is
worn on each sleeve just above the elbow.
Warrant Officer. The specialty device, worn on
each sleeve just above the elbow.
Chief Petty Officers. Chief petty officers dress
similarly to warrant officers.
The distinctive marks of rank and branch are two
gold chevrons, one narrow and one broad, worn on
the sleeve just above the elbow, and simnounted by
the device of the branch. Those of three years'
seniority add a narrow chevron.
Petty Officers. Two red chevrons, one narrow" and
one broad, surmounted by the device of the branch
also in red.
Leading and Able Seamen. Leading seamen wear
one narrow red chevron on sleeve just above elbow,
with device of branch also in red.
Able seamen wear the device of branch only.
Ordinary seamen have no distinguishing mark for
branch.
CHAPTER XXVII
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
Army Uniforms
The color of the field uniforms of the Austro-
Hungarian Army is of field-gray and field-green, similar
to that of the German Army.
The principal insignia distinctive of the military
rank of the personnel of the Army are placed on the
stand-up collars of the tunics, the Hussar jackets,
the Lancer jackets, the blouses, etc., and are as fol-
lows:
For officers of the military profession, auditors,
army doctors, military accountants, and other officials:
In the rank of General, embroidery in gold consisting
of golden borders and silver embroidered stars; besides
on the cuffs gold embroidery consistmg of golden
borders. In. the rank of Staff Officer, gold or silver
borders (according to the buttons) and silver or gold
embroidered stars (contrary to the buttons); besides
on the cuffs gold or silver borders. In the rank of
superior officer, gold or silver embroidered stars
(according to the buttons).
Those without order of rank, small silver border
and stars.
UNIFORMS OF AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
187
Sergeant-major, small yellow silk border and white
celluloid stars.
Other noncommissioned officers and lance corporals,
white celluloid stars.
For officials attached to the Army: Like the corre-
sponding rank of the officers; however, instead of
stars, gold or silver embroidered rosettes.
The gold or silver borders of the Generals and
Staff Officers are of different design from those of
the corresponding ranks of the officials.
The ami of the service is indicated by the color of
the facings or decorations on the uniform.
DiSTiNcmrE Marks op Each Rank
Fieldmarshal. General's buttons and a gold acorn worn on the
collar and on the sleeve.
General Officers
General ( Jf^"^*"^
( Cavalry
Master of Ordnance
General of Division or
Fieldmarshal Lieutenant
Major General
General Auditor
Doctor of General Staff,
etc.
\ Three silver stars worn
J on collar
Gold braid
with
• Two silver stars worn on
collar
general's \ One silver star worn on
buttons collar
Colonel
Doctor of Staff
Lieut. Colonel
Major
Staff Officers
Gold or silver braid and 1 Three silver stars
buttons with niuneralsi
on them Two silver stars
One silver star
188 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
Subaltern Officers
Captain
Cavalry Captain
Chief Auditor
Regimental Doctor
Chief Accountant
First Lieutenant
Second Lieutenant
Asst. Surgeon
Color Sergeant
Cadet
Sergeants
Accountant (noncOm. 1st class)
Chief of Guard
Master Gunner, 1st class
Regimental Drmnmer
Regimental Bugler
Battalion Bugler
Regimental Trumpeter
Master of Technical Art, 1st class
Artillery Master, 1st class
Accountant (non-com. 2d class)
Master Gunsmith, 2d class
Artillery Master, 2d class
Battalion Bugler, 2d class
Division and Battalion Trumpeter
Regimental Saddler
Blacksmith
Locksmith
Master of Technical Art, 2d class
Three gold or silver stars
Two gold or silver stars
One gold or silver star
One gold or silver star
One gold border and one
silver plated star
Narrow gold border and
celluloid star
Narrow yellow silk braid
and three celluloid stars
on collar
Three white celluloid stars
on collar
Corporal
Two white celluloid stars
on collar
PLATE XLIV — AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN ARMY
Insignia of Rank on Collar
GENERAL GENERAL o^ DIVISION BRIGADIER GENERAL
COLONEL
LIEUT. COLONEL
MAJOR
^
CAPTAIN
FIRST
LIEUTENANT
^
SECOND
LIEUTENANT
190 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
Navy Uniforms
The general system of indicating the branch of
the service and the relative ranks of officers of the
Austro-Hungarian Navy is the same as in the British
Navy, i.e., for branch of service by colors on the
cuffs and between the stripes, and the cm*! in the case
of executive officers; for seniority, broad and narrow
stripes of gold lace.
Officers of the military branch are always to wear
uniform ashore except when attending a class of
instruction at a high school, hunting, shooting, or
playing games. Other officers may wear plain clothes.
Abroad, plain clothes are always to be worn.
Officers on half-pay and those not on the active
Ust wear plain clothes; uniform may be worn on cere-
monial occasions.
The distinctive colors of the various branches are
as follows:
Military Branch. Same as the cloth.
Medical Branch. Black.
Technical Officers. Crimson.
Engineering Branch. Gray.
Accountant Branch. Light blue.
Teaching Staff and Hydrographic Officials. Dark
blue.
Clerical Staff (Kanzleibeamten). Brown.
Officers in full dress may be distinguished by the
color of the velvet on the cuffs and by silver stars
or rosettes on both sides of the collar; in all other
PLATE XLV — AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN NAVY
*^?v!5*S'' ^^'''P* Insignia of Rank on Cuffs of Frock Goofs ond Monkey Jackets
on Full Dr«»s • . ' '
Coats
REAR ADMIRAL
COMMANDtR
UtUTENANT
6UR«E0N
ADMIRAL
CAPTAIN
COMMANDER
LIEUTENANT
SUB LIEUTENANT
MIDSHIPMAN
CADET
SURGEON GENERAL
SENIOR LIEUTENANT OFFICIAL OF REAR
ADMIRAL'S RANK
OFFICIAL OF REAR ADMlRAlIS RIkMK
insignia of Rank on
Collars of Full Dress
Coats
DEPUTY SURGEON
GENERAL
OFFICIAL OF COM-
MANDERS' RANK
STAFF SURGEON
SURGEON
ASST. PAYMASTER
OFRCIALOr ueUTENANliRAHK
CAPTAIN OR 5URGE0M OF EOUIVkUNf
RANK
8U8 UEUTENANTORSUROCON OF
CQUIVALEMTRANK
192 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
uniforms, by stripes on the sleeve or shoulder-straps
and colored silk between the stripes.
The distinguishing ranks on the uniform are stripes
on the sleeves. The Admiral's broad stripe is two
inches, the medium stripe of the Captains and Com-
mander, one and one fourth inches, and the ordinary-
stripe, three sixteenth inch wide. Stripes are one
fourth inch apart, and the upper stripe of executive
officers is fitted with a curl.
Admiral. One broad stripe and three ordinary
stripes.
Vice Admiral. One broad stripe and two ordinary
stripes.
Rear Admiral. One broad stripe and one ordinary
stripe.
Flag Officers of the military branch wear a gold
crown above the upper stripe; of the medical branch,
a gold star; other branches, a gold rosette.
Captain. One medium and three ordinary stripes.
Commander. One medium and two ordinary stripes.
Lieutenant Commander. One medium and one
ordinary stripe.
Lieutenant. Three ordinary stripes.
Sub-Lieutenant. Two ordinary stripes.
Midshipman. One ordinary stripe.
Cadet. One ordinary stripe half round the sleeves.
The Monkey Jacket is similar to that in use
in the British Navy. Officers of the military and
medical branches wear a small gold stripe on each
shoulder.
UNIFORMS OF AUSTRIA-HUNGARY 193
Epaulette Devices
For the Military Branch. Silver stars according to
rank, and a gold crown for flag officers. Gold crown
and anchor for other officers.
For the Medical Branch. A silver iEsculapius' staff.
In addition, for officers of flag rank, silver stars ac-
cording to rank.
For the Official Branches. A gold rosette for officers
of the equivalent rank of Rear Admiral. No device
for other officers.
Bullions. For officers of rank of Commander and
above, a double row of bright gold bullions one fourth
inch thick.
For officers of rank of Lieutenant Commander and
Lieutenant, a double row of gold buUions one eighth
inch thick.
Sub-Lieutenants and Midshipmen wear no bullions.
Shoulder-straps
Stripes and colored silk similar to those worn on
the sleeve of the coat. The crown, star, or rosette
of flag officers is worn in the center of the broad stripe.
Medical officers have a gold iEsculapius^ staff in ad-
dition to the stripes.
Warrant Officers of the Austro-Hungarian Navy
wear no full dress or cocked hat. On occasions when
these are ordered for officers, shoulder-straps are worn
with the frock coat.
194 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
The Chief Petty Officer wears a frock coat and
sword similar to the Warrant Officer and his uniform
differs only in the distinguishing marks of rank and
branch.
For Rank. Gold-lace stripes worn half round on
the outside part of the sleeve of the monkey jacket
or frock coat with a button in the center of the stripe.
For Chief Warrant Officers. Three stripes, one half
inch broad and one fourth inch apart.
For Warrant Officers. Two stripes, one half inch
broad, one fourth inch apart.
For Chief Petty Officers. One stripe, three sixteenths
inch broad.
For Branch. The distinguishing marks are worn
on the left arm, halfway between shoulder and elbow.
Petty Officers and Men. The distinguishing marks
for rank are stars on the corners of the collar; for
branch, badges on the upper half of the left sleeve.
CHAPTER XXVIII
JAPAN
Abmy Uniforms
The service imiform of both officers and men is of
khaki and of forestry green.
The insignia of rank of the officers are shown, (1)
by the broad trimmings on the kepi, (2) by the inter-
lacings on the sleeves, (3) by the style of the collars,
and (4) by the shoulder-straps.
On the kepi the subalterns and the officers of the
rank of captain have four single cords which run from
the rim to the top. The staff officers have four double
cords. The Generals four triple cords.
A closer distinction of the ranks is furnished by
the number of cords forming a band around the kepi,
which is bound at the top by one cord for all grades.
This cord is not included in the following enumeration:
Sergeant Major. No cord.
Lieutenant. One cord.
First Lieutenant. Two cords.
Captain. Three cords.
Major. Four cords.
Lieutenant Colonel. Five cords.
Colonel. Six cords.
196 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
Major General. Seven cords.
Lieutenant General. Eight cords.
General. Nine cords.
Interlacing on Sleeves
Sergeant Major. Wears no interlacing or braid.
Lieutenant. Wears interlacing of one cord.
First Lieutenant. Wears interlacing of two cords.
Captain. Wears interlacing of three cords.
Major. Wears interlacing of four cords.
Lieutenant Colonel. Wears interlacing of five cords.
Colonel. Wears interlacing of six cords.
Major General. Wears interlacing of five cords,
with a bottom edging.
Lieutenant General. Wears interlacing of six cords,
with a bottom edging.
General. Wears interlacing of seven cords, with
a bottom edging.
The pattern of the collar is of four different kinds,
namely, (1) for color sergeant, (2) for subaltern officers
and captains, (3) for staff officers, and (4) for generals.
Shoulder-straps are divided into three different
groups, namely, (1) color sergeants, lieutenants, and
captains, (2) staff officers, (3) generals.
The shoulder knots for dress luiifonns of general
officers are broad and of interlaced gold cord. A
general has on the shoulder-strap three silver stars;
lieutenant general, two silver stars; and major general,
one silver star. The shoulder knots of the staff officers
is of interlaced gold cord, but of a narrower design.
PLATE XLVI — JAP ANESE ARMY
Shoulder Marks
>>>>J5i»>:S53SSSS>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>^^^
GCIIERAL
^>^55^>>>»>>.3^:s^>>>>>;s2«2>^^
LIEUTENANT
GENERAL
\;ihhhhi>!i^:>^^i>>> >>>>>i^^
:<5&x<<«:<<^:«;5ss«»c««
MAJOR GENERAL
COLONEL
=;^%v-V»i5>iS>X^>>>>^>S!»SS5i
CAPTAIN
LIEUT COLONEL
FIRST LIEUTENAHT
^^•'? r -i." ^?,,' f'^-;.;:;^:^ :>4r^^-^^ "^7^-^^ 5:-,-;^J?^';^.^;^s?;'^i>>
r^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^y^^^^^^^^
MAJOR
SECOND LIEUTENANT
198 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
A colonel has on the shoulder-strap three silver stars;
lieutenant colonel, two silver stars; major, one silver
star. The shoulder knots of subaltern officers are
of a longer and narrower design than that of higher
ranking officers. A captain has on his shoulder knot
three silver stars; a first lieutenant, two silver stars;
a second Ueutenant, one silver star; and a sergeant
major, no star.
The insignia of rank shown on the shoulder-straps is:
General. Three gold stars mounted on a gold
shoulder-strap piped with red with a gold cord edging.
Lieutenant General. Two gold stars mounted on
a gold shoulder-strap, piped with red with a gold cord
edging.
Major General. One gold star mounted on a gold
shoulder-strap, piped with red with a gold cord edging.
Colonel. Three gold stars mounted on a shoulder-
strap, with three red and four gold stripes.
Lieutenant Colonel. Two gold stars mounted on a
shoulder-strap, with three red and four gold stripes.
Major. One gold star mounted on a shoulder-strap,
with three red and four gold stripes.
Captain. Three gold stars mounted on a shoulder-
strap, with two wide red and three gold stripes.
First Lieutenant. Two gold stars mounted on a
shoulder-strap, with two wide red and three gold
stripes.
Second Lieutenant. One gold star mounted on
a shoulder-strap with two wide red and three gold
stripes.
UNIFORMS OF JAPAN 199
Color Distinction Denoting Corps (worn on patch).
Pioneer. Maroon.
Transportation. Light blue.
Veterinary. Dark green.
Commissary. Gray.
Artillery. Yellow.
Cavalry Green (olive).
Infantry. Light red.
Navy Uniforms
Japanese Naval Uniforms are very similar to British
and are worn on similar occasions.
The undress coat, corresponding to the British
Monkey Jacket, is a tunic edged with black braid, the
distinguishing lace being also of black braid.
Generally speaking, where in British devices a
crown occurs, a cherry blossom occm's in the corre-
sponding Japanese device.
Engineer Officers wear the executive curl and purple
cloth between the stripes.
Civil Officers wear no curl and are distinguished
by cloth of the following colors:
Medical Branch. Red.
Accountant Branch. White.
Constructor Branch. Ship, Engine: Brown.
Constructor Branch. Ordnance: Maroon.
Hydrographic Branch. Light blue.
Musicians.^ Indigo blue.
Carpenters.^ Green.
^ Chief Warrant and Warrant Officers.
200 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
TTie distinguishing colors for the Engineering and
Civil Branches are also worn round the cap band.
Lower deck ratings are distinguished by a badge
on the left arm of which the peculiar feature is:
Seamen. Anchor.
Musicians. Lyre.
Carpenters. Axe.
Engineroom Ratings. Double Spanner.
Sick Berth Ratings. Forceps.
Writers. Writing brush.
Cooks. Key.
Naval Reserve (Mercantile Marine)
Executive Officers wear stripes of half the width of
those of the Imperial Navy, with no curl. Engineer
Officers wear the same with purple cloth.
PLATE XLVn-^ JAPANESE NAVY
Shoulder Strops, Summer Dress
WARRANT OFFICER
CNGmtER UEUTEMArtT
i---t---:yC'iyi''jj.,-^trL'.v* ■. i<-"^-^--"^
,-«! *^>>'sjr ■j-vzK^T--'
CHGINEER MIDSHIPMAN
WARRANT OFFICER OF
ENGINEERS
LIEUTENANT COMMANDER
■^rt^Kv,*
UEUTENAHT
SUB -LIEUTENANT
l*T CLASS
SUB- LIEUTENANT
Z-O CLASS
CHIEF WARRANT OFFICER
Insignia of Rank on Cuffs
vice: ADMIRAL
COMMANDER
ADMIRAL VICE ADMIRAL REAR ADMIRAL CAPTAIN COMMANDER
i. ■■■■Illi..;'ter-f...] ...m
" "xnyrsrtr.x jf
UEWICOMMANDER LIEUTENANT SUBLIEUTENANT SUBLIEUTENANT MIDSHtPMAN
1«T CLASS Z'*o CLASS
CHAPTER XXIX
RUSSIA
Army Uniforms
The color of the Russian uniform is a greenish
yellow, of a much lighter shade than that worn by
most armies using the khaki uniform. Field overcoats
are made of a grayish brown material extremely thick
and heavy. Coats and trousers are tight-fitting and
high black boots are worn by officers and men of all
branches of the service.
Unlike the Navy, the insignia of rank has not been
changed since the Revolution, the old shoulder marks
being worn. All medals and decorations are worn
on the service uniforms on all occasions.
Navy Uniforms
The insignia of rank of the Russian uniform has
been changed since the Revolution to correspond with
that of all republican countries. Shoulder-straps
which were formerly worn to designate rank have been
abolished and ranks are now shown by distinctive
braid worn on both arms. On all coats the braid
encircles the sleeve, except the greatcoat (overcoat),
when the braid is only sewn on the outside half of the
sleeve.
PLATE XLVm — RUSSIAN ARHT
Shoulder Maiks
COLONEL LIEUT COLONEL MAJOR
SARSEfcNT CORPORhL SOLDIER
204 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
The following stripes are worn by Executive OflScers
and corresponding noncombatant ranks:
Admiral. One three-fourths-inch stripe with curl,
two one-inch stripes below, and above the curl
three five-pointed stars.
Vice Admiral. The same with two stars instead of
three stars.
Rear Admiral. The same with one star instead of
three stars.
Captain. Three three-fourths-inch stripes, the up-
per one with curl.
Commander. Two three-fourths-inch stripes, the
upper one with curl.
Lieutenant Commander. One three-fourths-inch
stripe, with curl and three one-fourth-inch stripes.
Lieutenant. One three-fourths-inch stripe, with curl
and two one-fourth inch stripes.
Michman (Lieutenant, junior grade). One three-
fourths-inch stripe with curl, with one one-fourth-inch
stripe.
Gold stripes and stars (for flag rank) are worn by
executive officers, engineer officers, "Admiralty" offi-
cers, and hydrographers. There is no distinction
between executive and engineer officers.
Silver stripes and stars (for flag rank) are worn by
surgeons, law branch officers, and constructors.
Further distinction is made as follows, by cloth
sewn beneath the lowest stripe:
Constructors. Red.
Law Branch. Mauve.
PLATE XLIX— RUSSIAN NAVY
Insignia of Rank on Cuff
i^ i> i>
_(q1-
ADMIRAL
^
CAPTAIN
/a
COMMANDER
LIEUT.
COMMANDER
^
LIEUTENANT
^
SUB
LIEUTENANT
,::r5tripes
^
Red hcfrfc^i
./ Stripes
Lower ^--s"
Stripe isWMe
SHTAB-CAPTAIN
(HYDROGRAPHER)
LIEUT COLONEL
(CONSTRUCTOR)
SURGEON
(JUNIOR)
206 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
Hydrographers. Blue.
Surgeons. White.
The caps worn are of the same pattern as those
of the British Navy. The cap badge consists of em-
broidery laurel leaves in gold with foul anchor in
silver. Above the anchor is a five-pointed gold-
embroidered star. Officers wearing gold stripes have
gold embroidery and a silver anchor; others, silver
embroidery and a gold anchor.
CHAPTER XXX
BELGIUM
Army Uniforms
At the beginning of the war the Belgian Army was
clothed in very gaudy and conspicuous uniforms.
This great fault was soon removed, however, after
the German invasion.
The Belgian winter field uniform is made out of
woolen cloth of khaki color, similar to that worn by
the British Army. The mounted troops and those
who are on bicycle wear breeches with fawn-colored
leggins, while the infantry wear trousers with smaller
leggins.
The cut of the uniform is practically the same as
the one of the English uniform, but with a stifif collar.
Privates and N.C.O. wear a leather belt with six
cartridge-boxes, each containing three loaders, i.e.,
ninety cartridges.
The cap has the same shape as the English Army
cap and bears a round enameled escutcheon repre-
senting the Belgian colors.
In simimer time they wear the light khaki cotton
uniform. The winter blouse bears shoulder-straps
on which nimibers and special insignia are embroidered.
Collar and shoulder-straps bear collar facings and
208 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
pipings of various colors as well as numbers and other
insignia by which one can distinguish corps and regi-
ments.
The metaUic insignia are: gold for the commis-
sioned officers, silver for the nonconamissioned officers,
bronze for privates.
The different insignia of the various corps is as
follows:
Infantry. Red vermilion collar facing; Arabic nmn-
ber in metal on the cap and embroidered in red on the
shoulder-straps. Blue piping.
Cavalry. Guides. Amaranth collar facing; Arabic
number in metal with a royal crown on the cap and
embroidered in amaranth on the shoulder-straps.
Green piping.
Lancers, White collar facing; Arabic number in
metal on the cap and embroidered on the shoulder-
straps. Blue piping.
Chasseurs. Yellow collar facing; Arabic number
in metal on the cap and embroidered on the shoulder-
straps. Blue piping.
Artillery. Blue-black collar facing; Roman number
in metal (showing the corps) on the cap and em-
broidered in red on the shoulder-straps. Red piping.
Engineers (pontonniers, aerostation, etc.). Black
collar facing; Roman helmet in metal on the cap and
on the collar. Red piping.
Army Service Corps. Blue collar facing; Roman
number in metal (showing the corps) on the cap.
Blue piping.
PLATE L — BBLGlXn ARHT
Inalgnia of Ttapir OH CtdlOT
LIEUT. GENERW.
LIEUT. COLONEL
ADJUTANT
210 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
Medical Corps. PhysidanSy surgeons. Red Ama-
ranth velvet collar facing; caduceus in metal on the
cap and on the collar facing. Blue piping.
Veterinary Surgeons, Blue velvet collar facings;
caduceus in metal on the cap and on the collar facing.
Chemists, Green velvet collar facing; caduceus in
metal on the cap and on the collar facing.
Administrative Corps. Commissariats j trescrriers, etc.
Blue collar facing; two letters, S. and A. interlaced
on the collar and on the cap. Roman number (show-
ing the corps) on the shoulder-straps. Blue piping.
Gendarmerie. Still wear the old imiform, i.e., blouse
and trousers or breeches in black cloth. Red collar
facing bearing a grenade (ojSicers) and a silver button
(troops). Stiff cap in black cloth with grenade and
an escutcheon representing the Belgian colors.
Noncommissioned Officers
Warrant Officer. One silver star on collar.
Color Sergeant Major. Three rings or stripes of narrow dark
brown braiding around cuff.
Sergeant Major. Two rings or stripes of narrow dark brown
braid around cuff and two stripes of same material above elbow.
First Sergeant. Two rings or stripes of narrow dark brown
braid around cuff.
Quartermaster Sergeant. One ring or stripe of narrow dark
brown braiding around cuff and one stripe of same material
above elbow.
Sergeant. One ring or stripe of narrow dark brown braiding
on arm below elbow.
Corporal. One ring or stripe of broad dark brown or white
braid on arm below elbow. . - . ...
UNIFORMS OF BELGIUM
211
BADGES OF RANK
Officers
Rank
Lieutenant
General
Major Gen-
eral
Colonel
Lieutenant
Colonel
Major
Captain
Com-
mandant
Captain
Lieutenant
2d Lieuten-
ant.
On Each Side of Col-
lar OF Service
Jacket ^
On Cap
2 vertical gold-lace stripes,
3 gold stars, gold thun-
derbolt.*
2 vertical gold-lace stripes,
2 gold stars, gold thun-
derbolt,
vertical gold-lace stripe,
3 gold stars.
vertical gold-lace stripe,
2 gold stars.
vertical gold-lace stripe,
1 gold star.
3 gold stars.
2 gold stars and 1 silver
star.
2 gold stars.
1 gold star.
2 vertical gold-lace stripes
on each side of gold
thimderbolt.
2 vertical gold-lace stripes
on each side of gold
thunderbolt.
1 vertical gold-lace stripe
on each side of gold
regimental number or
general staff badge.
1 vertical gold-lace stripe
on each side of gold
regimental number or
general staff badge.
1 vertical gold-lace stripe
on each side of gold
regimental number or
general staff badge.
1 vertical gold-lace stripe
on each side of gold
regimeiltal number or
general staff badge.
None.
None.
None.
^ The same badges of rank are worn on the greatcoat.
* The thunderbolt, not shown in figures, is on the right of
the stars.
212 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
There are also other inflignia in metal for special corps like
aviators, cyclists, bomb throwers, postal service, naval pon-
tonniers, etc.
The winter cloak is very ample for the cavalry and artillery
and shorter for the infantry.
Navy
Belgium has no Navy.
CHAPTER XXXI
TURKEY
Army Uniforms
With the exception of the red or black fez as a
head-gear, which in the field is protected by covering
of material of the same color as the uniform, the
uniform of the Turkish Army is practically the same
in cut, color, trimmings, etc., as that of the German
field service uniform. Medals and decorations are
worn at all times.
Navy Uniforms
The Turkish Navy is manned partly by German
officers and men. The insignia of rank is similar to
that of the British Navy.
Admiral of the Fleet. Four small stripes above
one broad stripe, the top stripe forming a curi.
Admiral. Three small stripes above one broad
stripe, the top stripe forming a curl.
Vice Admiral. Two small stripes above one broad
stripe, the top stripe forming a curl.
Rear Admiral. One small stripe above one broad
stripe, the top stripe forming a curl.
Commodore. Broad stripe with circle denoting
curl, above.
214 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
Captain. Four narrow stripes, the top stripe form-
ing a curl.
Lieutenant Captain. Same as Captain with the
exception of the stripe next to the top stripe, which
is one half the width of the other three stripes.
Commander. Three narrow stripes, top stripe
forming a curl.
Lieutenant Commander. Same as Conmiander, with
the exception of the middle stripe, which is one half
the width of the other stripes.
Lieutenant. Two narrow stripes, the top stripe
forming a curl.
Sub-Lieutenant. One narrow stripe with curl.
Other branches of the service wear no curl, but
are distinguished by colors between the stripes as
follows: Doctors, crimson; Engineers, scarlet; Con-
structors, blue; Paymasters, white.
CHAPTER XXXII
SERBIA
Army Uniforms
In the reorganization of the Serbian Army, under
the French and ItaUan direction, at the beginning
of the war, a grayish brown colored uniform of a
cut similar to that of the French Army was adopted,
with shrapnel-helmets as a head-gear.
Navy
Serbia has no Navy.
MONTENEGRO
Army Uniforms
The Montenegro Army wears the field service
uniform following the Italian uniform in cut, but the
Russian imiform in color, trimmings, and equipment.
The native, little round cap of the corresponding
color to the rest of the uniform is worn.
Navy
Montenegro has no Navy.
PLATE LI — SERBIAN ASHY
Shoulder Marks
LIEUTEN^NT LIEUTENANT
UNIFORMS OF RUMANIA, PORTUGAL, BULGARIA 217
RUMANIA
Army Uniforms
The Rumanian Army wears a field service uniform
of a light shade of khaki, similar to that of Russia.
The colors of the trimmings, insignia of rank, etc.,
are retained from the old distinctive uniforms.
PORTUGAL
Army Uniforms
The Portuguese Army wears a field uniform Ught
gray in color, of a pattern similar to that of the French
Army. The cap is of a distinctly British type.
BULGARIA
Army Uniforms
The Bulgarian field service uniform is similar to
that of the Russian in material, cut, and equipment.
This similarity was so pronoimced previous to the
present war that unless one was familiar with minor
details, it was almost impossible to distinguish them.
Navy
Bulgaria has no Navy.
CHAPTER XXXIII
UNITED STATES WAR MEDALS
The custom of decorating those who have dis-
tinguished themselves by deeds of valor, with badges
or medals designed for that purpose, goes back a
number of centuries, but until comparatively recent
times these decorations were usually bestowed upon
those of high rank, the conmion soldier receiving
but little recognition.
In our own country medals were awarded by the
government for victories on land and sea, from the
Revolutionary to the Civil War. These were not in-
tended to be worn. They were usually of large size,
the commanding officers received them in gold, and
they were given to subordinate officers in silver.
By an act of Congress, approved December 21, 1861,
the United States Government established its first
decoration:
The Navy Medal of Honor
This medal was formerly given to noncommissioned
officers and enlisted men only, for deeds of extraor-
dinary bravery.
The award of the Navy Medal of Honor to com-
missioned officers of the Navy, Marine Corps and
UNITED STATES WAR MEDALS 219
Coast Guard was authorized by an act of Congress,
March 3, 1915.
It consists of a five-pointed star of bronze, 54 mm.
in diameter, each point containing a branch of oak
and laurel, and terminating in a trefoil. In the center,
encircled by thirty-four stars, America, personified as
Minerva, her helmet bearing an eagle, stands with
her left hand supporting fasces, and her right holding
the United States shield, with which she repulses
Discord, who holds two serpents in each hand; below,
in very small letters, Paquet F. On the reverse is
engraved the name, rank, and ship of the recipient
and the place and date of the deed for which the
medal is given, preceded by the words, "Personal
Valor.''
The star is attached by an anchor to an open clasp
of fasces, bearing a five-pointed star in the center,
suspended by a ribbon one inch wide, which is a
variation of the American flag, consisting of a plain
blue field of the entire width of the ribbon, and thir-
teen red and white stripes, from a clasp pin, similar
to the lower clasp but without the star.
On August 12, 1913, an order was issued by the
Secretary of Navy, making changes in the ribbons of
a number of medals, so that they would be the same
as those worn by the Army for similar service. This
order changed the ribbon to a Ught blue silk, bearing
thirteen white stars, the ribbon worn around the
neck being of the same color, but without white stars.
The Medal of Honor is worn pendant from the neck.
220 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
The Army Medal of Honor
This medal, the new design of which was author-
ized by Act of Congress approved April 23, 1904, is
made of silver, heavily electroplated in gold, this
departure from the use of the gun metal being neces-
sary, as the base metals would not carry enameling.
The chief feature of the old medal, the five-pointed
star, has been retained, and in its center appears the
head of the heroic Minerva, the highest symbol of
wisdom and righteous war. Surroimding this central
feature in circular form are the words United States
of America representing nationality. An open laurel
wreath, enameled in green, encircles the star, and
the oak leaves at the bases of the prongs of the star
are likewise enameled in green to give them promi-
nence.
The medal is suspended from a blue silk ribbon,
spangled with thirteen white stars, representing the
original states, and this ribbon is attached to an
eagle supported upon a horizontal bar. Upon the
bar, which is attached to two points of the star,
appears the word Valor, indicative of the distinguished
service represented by the medal. The reverse of
this bar is engraved with the words The Congress to.
The reverse side of the medal is engraved with the
name of the person honored and the place and date of
the distinguished service for which awarded. The
medal may be suspended from the neck or attached
by pin upon the left breast. The rosette is hexagonal
ELATE m — UNITED STATES WAR MEDALS
Navy Medal of Hoaor
¥
Amy Medsl
ol Honor West India Naval
Campaign Medal For
Speciallj' MeiitorioiK
Conduct Medal
222 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
in form and spangled with thirteen white stars, and
is identical in color with the ribbon.
Formerly it was a five-pointed star of bronze, struck
from the same die as the Navy medal, attached to a
clasp consisting of an eagle with wings spread resting
on two crossed cannons, below which are eight can-
non balls, and suspended, by a ribbon similar to the
ribbon on the Navy medal, from a clasp pin bearing
the United States shield in the center, a laurel branch
and a cornucopia filled with fruit on each side.
The reverse of the star is engraved with the name
and rank of the recipient, the company and regiment
to which he belonged, and the place and date of the
act for which the medal is given. When the medal
is given • on other grounds than an act of gallantry
at some particular time and place, this last is left ofiF,
but in all cases the words The Congress to precede
the name of the recipient. The medal is therefore
known as the Congressional Medal of Honor.
Distinguished Service Cross
A bronze cross which is awarded by the President, or
in the name of the President by the Commanding Gen-
eral of the American Expeditionary Forces in Europe,
to any person who, while serving in any capacity with
the Army, shall hereafter distinguish himself or herself,
or who, since April 6, 1917, has distinguished himself
or herself, by extraordinary heroism in connection with
military operations against an armed enemy of the
United States under circumstances which do not justify
UNITED STATES WAR MEDALS 223
the award of the Medal of Honor. The decoration
consists of a cross of bronze the ends being elaborated.
An eagle on a wreath which is tied with a ribbon bear-
ing the words For Valor are surmounted on the cross.
The reverse bears a panel for appropriate inscription.
The ribbon is blue with red edges and white stripes
close to the ends.
Distinguished Service Medal
A bronze medal which is awarded by the President
to any person who, while serving in any capacity with
the Army, shall hereafter distinguish himself or herself,
or who, since April 6, 1917, has distinguished himself
or herself, by exceptionally meritorious service to the
Government in a duty of great responsibility in time
of war in connection with military operations against
an armed enemy of the United States.
This medal shows on its obverse the American coat
of arms, pierced and mounted on a ribbon, on the upper
part of which are the words For Distinguished Service
and in the lower part, the year MCMXVm. The re-
verse shows the flags of the allies surrounded by vari-
ous devices symbolic of the military activity. The
ribbon is white with red and blue border stripes, the
red being outside.
No individual is entitled to more than one Distin-
guished Service Cross or Distinguished Service Medal,
but each additional citation in War Department orders
for conduct or service that would warrant the award of
either of these decorations will entitle the person so
224 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
cited to wear upon the ribband of the decoration,
and upon the corresponding ribbon, a bronze oak leaf
of approved design, and the right to wear such oak
leaf will be announced as a part of the citation. Other
citations for gallantry in action published in orders
issued from the headquarters of a force commanded by
a general officer will be indicated in each case by a
silver star three sixteenths inch in diameter worn
upon the ribband of the Distinguished Service Cross,
and upon the corresponding ribbon.
Navy Good-conduct Medal
The medal is of bronze, size 32 mm. In the center,
encircled by a rope, a full-rigged ship, sailing to the
right, below the word Constitutioii, the whole resting
upon an anchor, the stock of which appears above
and the flukes below; the chain forms a circle around
the edge, between the rope and the chaiii are the
words United States and on the lower part of the
anchor the word Navy.
Reverse, a plain field encircled by the legend
Fidelity — Zeal — Obedience. In the center are en-
graved the letters c. s. c. for Continuous Service
Certificate, the number of the certificate, the name
of the recipient, ship on which he last served and the
date of the expiration of the enUstment.
The medal is attached to a plain open clasp, and
suspended by a red ribbon.
The additional clasps are plain with round ends,
and rope around the edge, engraved with the name
UNITED STATES WAR MEDALS 225
of the vessel. On the reverse the number, which
corresponds with the number on the medal, and the
date of the expiration of the enUstment for which the
bar is given.
Marine Corps Good-conduct Medal
J
Authorized in 1896.
Obverse. In the center, encircled by a rope, a
gunner standing behind a gun; below, a scroll bearing
the inscription Semper Fidelis. The whole resting
upon an anchor, the stock of which appears above,
sUghtly to the left, and the flukes below, shghtly to
the right, the chain forming a circle around the edge,
between the rope and the chain, the inscription United
States Marine Corps.
Reverse. Legend Fidelity Zeal Obedience encircling
a plain field on which is engraved the number, name
of the recipient, the words First Enlistment, the year
in which the enUstment began, and the year in which
it ended.
Bronze, size 33 mm., attached to a clasp in the
shape of a musket, and suspended by a red ribbon
with a narrow blue stripe in the center, from a pin
edged with rope and inscribed U. S. Marine Corps.
The additional bars are similar to the pin, engraved
2d Enlistment, 3d Enlistment, etc., with the number
corresponding to the number on the medal, and the
years of the beginning and end of the enlistment.
PLATE Un— UNITED STATES WAR MEDALS
Aim DECORATIONS
Army Navy Army Indian War
CIVIL WAR CAMPAIGN BADGE Campaign Badge
CHINA RELIEF EXPEDITION CAMPAIGN
I s:
Navy Campaign Navy Battle of ArmyCampsien Navy West IntUes
Badge Manila Bay Medal Badge Campaign Badg«
WAR WITH SPAIN
UNITED STATES WAR MEDALS 227
Medal for the Battle of Manila Bay
Bust of Commodore Dewey in uniform, facing right.
On truncation of bust, in very small letters, D. C.
French, 1898. In field, to right, an anchor resting
on a laurel wreath with star below. Inscription in
field in ten lines, nine of which are separated by the
bust. The Gift — of the — people of the — United
States — to the ofSicers — and men of the — Asiatic
Squadron — under the command — of Commodore —
George Dewey.
Reverse. A half-nude gunner seated upon a gun,
holding a flag horizontally across his lap, below a
tablet on which is stamped the name of one of the
following ships: U.S.S. Olympia, U.S.S. Boston,
U.S.S. Baltimore, U.S.S. Concord, U.S.S. Petrel,
U.S.S. Raleigh, U.S.R.C. McCuUou^. Legend, In .
Memory . of . the . Victory . of . Manila . Bay . May 1,
1898. Name and rank of recipient stamped on the
edge.
Bronze, size 46 mm. Attached by two rings and
one link, to a clasp pin, bearing in the center an eagle
with wings spread, resting on conventionalized waves;
to right, the hilt of a cross-handled sword, and to the
left an ohve branch; at each end, half of a wheel; the
ribbon which is attached to the pin is one and one half
inches wide, of three stripes, blue, yellow, and blue,
the center stripe twice the width of the others.
228 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
West Indies Naval Campaign Medal
Bust of Admiral Sampson in imiform, facing left.
Legend, U. S. Naval Campaign • West Indies 1898.
In field to left, in three lines, William T. Sampson;
to right, in three lines. Commander in Chief.
Reverse. Officer, gunner, and marine on deck of
battleship, in action; below, tablet bearing the name
of engagement for which the medal is given, and
below that, the month and day.
The medal is of bronze, size 38 mm., suspended by
a watered silk ribbon of three equal stripes, red, blue,
and red, from an oblong clasp pin, edged with rope,
inscribed with the name of the vessel.
West Indies Naval Campaign Medal for
Specially Meritorious Service
Cross patte, in the center a medallion bearing
an anchor encircled by a wreath of oak and laurel.
Legend, IT. S. Naval • Campaign . West • Indies .
The four arms inscribed Specially Meritorious Ser-
vice . 1898.
On the plain reverse is engraved the name of the
recipient, service for which given, and date. Bronze,
diameter of cross, 32 mm. Ribbon, watered silk, red.
The issue of this medal is authorized in the Reso-
lution of Congress (PubUc Resolution, No. 17) pro-
viding for the West Indies Campaign Medal, to be
given to the "officers and men of the Navy and Marine
UNITED STATES WaR MEDALS 1^29
Corps who rendered specially meritorious service
otherwise than in battle," such as the rescue of the
crews from the burning Spanish ships that were de-
stroyed on July 3 off Santiago, Cuba; the sinking of the
Merrimac in the channel of Santiago Harbor by Naval
Constructor Hobson and the men with him; skirting
Santiago Harbor and locating the exact position of
the Spanish fleet by Lieutenant Victor Blue, and other
deeds of like character.
Philippine Congressional Medal
Obverse. Three soldiers marching to left, the
one in the center bearing an American flag. Legend,
Philippine Insurrection 1899.
Reverse. Liscription in five Unes for Patriotism
Fortitude and Loyalty encircled by a wreath composed
of a branch of palm and a branch of pine. Bronze,
size, 33 mm. Numbered on edge.
Ribbon one and one half inches wide, stripe of
blue five eighths inch in center, flanked on each side
by four narrow stripes, white, red, white, and blue.
Certificate of Merit Badge
Obverse. A Roman war eagle facing with head
turned to left and wings partially extended. Legend,
Virtutis et Audaciae Monumentum et Praemium.
Reverse. An oak wreath inclosing the words for
merit, above, United States Army, below, thirteen
stars. Bronze, 33 mm. Numbered on edge.
PLATE LIV — UNITED STATES WAR MEDALS
AND DECORATIONS
Army Campaign
^ Badge
MEXICAN
Navy Campaign
Badge
SERVICE
NstVy Haitian
Campaign Badge
Army Philippine
Congressional
Medal
Army Philippine
Insurrection Cam-
paign Badge
Navy Philippine
Campaign Badge
Army Cuban
Pacification Cam-
paign Badge
Army Cuban Oc-
cupation Campaign
Badge
Navy Cuban
Pacification
Campaign Badge
* Courtesy, Bailey, Banks & Biddle Co.
UNITED STATES WAR MEDALS 231
Ribbon, one and one-half inches wide, very narrow
white stripe in center flanked on each side by three
stripes, red, white, and blue.
These badges were issued by order of the President
to be given to each ofiicer and enUsted man in the
service who has received a Certificate of Merit. The
authorization was pubUshed in General Orders No. 4,
of the War Department, dated January 11, 1905.
Campaign Badges — Army.
Civil War
Draped bust of Lincoln facing three quarters to the
right. Legend, with malice toward none with charity
for. all.
Reverse. Inscription in three Unes, The Civil War
1861-1866. Encircled by a wreath of oak and laurel.
Bronze, size 33 mm.
These, and all other campaign badges, are numbered
on the edge.
First ribbon. Narrow white stripe in center, flanked
by three stripes, blue, white, and red.
Second ribbon. Two equal stripes, blue and gray.
Indian Wars
Indian in war bonnet, on horseback, facing right,
spear in right hand, above, Indian Wars, below, wreath
composed of spearheads about two thirds around the
edge, united in the center by the skull of a bull.
232 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
Reverse. An eagle with wings spread, perched on
a military trophy consisting of a cannon, six rifles,
and four standards, an Indian shield, quiver of arrows
and three spears, a Cuban machete, and a Sulu kris.
Above, United States Army, below, in two lines,
for Servicei and below that, thirteen stars. Bronze,
size 33 mm.
Ribbon. Red with narrow borders of slightly
darker red.
War with Spain
Castle with two small round towers at comers,
said to be a modification of the castle that appears
on the Royal Arms of Spain, the round towers pos-
sibly referring to the two Morro Castles, at Havana
and Santiago de Cuba; above. War with Si%in;
below, 1898| to right and left, separating the legend
and date, a branch of the tobacco plant and a stalk
of sugar cane.
Reverse as last. Bronze, size 33 mm.
First ribbon. Wide stripe of yellow in center, on *
each side a stripe of red bordered by a narrow stripe
of blue.
Second ribbon. In center, three equal stripes,
blue, yellow, and blue, bordered by jiarrow stripe of
yellow.
Philippine Insurrection
Cocoanut palm tree bearing fruit. In field to right,
scales; to left, Roman lamp. Legend, Philippine
Insurrection 1899.
UNITED STATES WAR MEDALS 233
Reverse as last. Bronze, size 33 mm.
Ribbon. Broad stripe of blue in center, stripe of
red on each side and narrow border of blue.
China Relief Expedition
Imperial, five-toed dragon, facing. Legend, China
ReUef Expedition — 1900-1901.
Reverse as last. Bronze, size 33 mm.
Ribbon. YeUow, with narrow blue borders.
Army of Cuban Pacification
Shield bearing the arms of Cuba, resting on fasces,
surmounted by a liberty cap bearing a single star,
branch of oak and laurel below, on each side a soldier
in The service uniform of the United States Army,
rifle at parade rest; above, in two lines, Cuban Paci-
fication, below, 190e-1909.
Reverse as last. Bronze, size 33 mm.
Ribbon. Wide olive stripe in center, flanked by
narrow stripes of blue, white, and red.
Army of Cuban Occupation
Shield bearing the arms of Cuba resting on a fasces
surmounted by a Uberty cap on which is a single
star, to right and left, branches of oak and laurel;
above, the dates 1898-1902; below, ornament con-
sisting of a dot and two spearheads. Legend, Army
of Occupation Military Government of Cuba.
Reverse as last. Bronze, size 33 mm.
234 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
Ribbon, three equal stripes, red, blue, and red,
separated by narrow stripes of yellow, and a narrow
stripe of blue on each edge.
Mexican Service Badge, 1911-1917
Obverse. Mexican Yucca plant in flower with
mountains in the background as suggestive of Mexico.
Above the Yucca plant are the words Mexican
Service in the upper half and in the lower half 191 1
1917, arranged in a circle.
Reverse. Same as that on the Indian wars badge.
The medal is of bronze suspended from a brass bar
by a silken ribbon.
Ribbon. Blue stripe in center, yellow stripe on
either side and narrow borders of green. ^
Obverse: A reproduction of the ancient fort San
Juan d'Ulloa, located on an island at the entrance to
Vera Cruz harbor. Above the castle in the upper half
is the word Mexico with 1911--1917 in the lower half.
Reverse as last. Bronze, size 33 mm.
Ribbon. Blue stripe in center, yellow stripe on
either side, and narrow borders of green.
Campaign Badges — Navy and Marine Corps
Civil War — Navy
Representation of the conflict between the Monitor
and Merrimac. Legend, The Civil War, 1861-1865.
Reverse. Eagle with wings spread resting on an
anchor, below, in two lines. For Servicei and below
UNITED STATES WAR MEDALS 235
that, branches of oak and laurel joined by a ribbon.
Legend, United States Navy. Bronze, size 33 mm.
First ribbon. Watered silk, equal stripes of blue
and gray.
Second ribbon. Plain silk, same colors.
Civil War — Marine Corps
The same as for the Navy, except the legend on
the reverse. United States Marine Corps.
All of the following were issued for the two branches
of the service, the respective obverses being from the
same dies and the reverses differing only in legend —
United States Navy or United States Marine Corps.
West Indies Campaign
View of Morro Castle, Harbor of Havana. Legend,
West Indies Campaign 1898.
Reverse as last. Bronze, size 33 mm.
First ribbon. Watered silk, yellow with red stripe
one eighth inch from each edge.
Second ribbon. Plain silk, in center three equal
stripes, blue, yellow, and blue, bordered by narrow
stripe of yellow.
Spanish Campaign
The same as the West Indies Campaign, except the
legend on the obverse, which reads Spanish Cam-
paign 1898. Navy, obverse, first ribbon. Marine
Corps, obverse, second ribbon.
236 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
Philippine Campaign
View of the gate to the old walled city of Manila.
Legend, Philippine Campaigni 1899-1903, the dates
and inscription being separated by palm branches.
Reverse as last. Bronze, size 33 mm.
First ribbon. Watered silk, three equal stripes,
red, yellow, and red.
Second ribbon. Plain silk, broad stripe of blue in
center, stripe of red on each side, and narrow border
of blue. Marine Corps obverse.
China Relief Expedition
Gate to the Forbidden City, Peking, dragon in the
foreground. Legend, China Relief Expeditioni 1900.
Reverse as last.
First ribbon. Watered silk, yellow with narrow
black stripe, one eighth inch from edge. Navy,
obverse.
Second ribbon. Plain silk, yellow with narrow blue
borders. Marine Corps, obverse.
As in the case of the Army campaign badges,. those
of the Navy and Marine Corps were authorized by
order of the President.
Cuban Pacification
Figure representing America, with sword suspended
from girdle, in her left hand an American flag, her
right arm extended, offering an ohve branch to a
UNITED STATES WaA MEDALS 237
Cuban, tropical scene in background, dove of peace
above. Legend, Cuban Pacification, 1908.
Reverse as last. Bronze, size 33 mm.
Ribbon. Plain silk, wide olive stripe in center,
flanked by narrow stripes of blue, white, and red.
Navy, obverse. Marine Corps, obverse.
NiCAKAGUAN CAMPAIGN
Tropical scene with Mount Momotombo in the
middle distance. Legend, Nicaraguan Campaign,
1912. Branch of laurel to right and branch of oak
to left of date.
Reverse as last. Bronze, size 33 mm.
Ribbon. Plain silk, broad stripe of red in center,
stripe of blue on each side and narrow red borders.
Navy, obverse. Marine Corps, obverse.
Haitian Campaign
Awarded to ofiELcers and enlisted men of the Navy
and Marine Corps who participated in the operations
in Haiti between July 9, 1915, and December 6, 1915,
which resulted in the defeat of the revolutionists and
the estabUshment of a strong government.
A design representing a portion of the coast line of
the island with the sea in the foreground. To the
left is a palm tree and aroimd the upper edge of the
medal is the inscription Haitian Campaign, while below
the design is the date 1915.
238 MILITARY AND NAVAL BECOGNITION BOOK
Ribbon. Plain silk, narrow blue stripe flanked by
two stripes of red of a little greater width and broad
blue borders.
Gold and Silver Life-saving Medals
By Act of Congress on June 20, 1874, gold and silver
life-saving medals were established. The gold medal
is awarded to "those only who by extreme and heroic
daring have endangered their Uves in saving or en-
deavoring to save Uves from the perils of the sea."
The medal is made of soUd gold.
Obverse. A design representing a boat's crew
rescuing a man from a stormy sea, the design being
surrounded by the inscription United States of
America. Act of Congress, June 20, 1874.
Reverse. A scroll upon which is engraved the name
of the recipient, the deed for which the medal is
awarded, and the date, the scroll being surmounted
by a spread eagle and having on one side of it the
figure of a woman and on the other side an anchor
and the sails of a ship, the design being surrounded
by the inscription In testimony of heroic deeds
in saving life from the perils of the sea. The medal
is suspended from a clasp of gold representing the
head of an eagle, the clasp being suspended by a
scarlet silk ribbon.
The silver medal is awarded to "those who have
endangered their Uves in saving Uves from the perils
of the sea or in succoring the shipwrecked." The
medal is made of soUd silver.
UNITED STATES WAR MEDALS 239
Obverse. An allegorical figure of a woman rescuing
another from the sea, the design being surrounded by
the inscription United States of America. Act of
Congress . June 20, 1874.
Reverse. A wreath surrounded by the inscription
In testimony of heroic deeds in saving life from the
perils of the sea. The name of the recipient and
the deed for which the medal was granted is engraved
within the wreath. The medal is suspended from a
silver clasp representing the head of an eagle, the
clasp being suspended by a Ught blue silk ribbon.
Medals and Badges of various designs are awarded
for excellence in small arms firing in the Army, Navy,
and Marine Corps.
CHAPTER XXXIV
RIBBONS OF MEDALS AND BADGES
Nothing is more puzzling to the average citizen
than these little ribbons.
The fact is that each little ribbon and each vertical
stripe of color therein has a deep and honorable sig-
nificance. Every one and three eighths inches of the
stripe denotes that the bearer is the possessor of a
medal awarded for valor, or the possessor of a badge
for service in some campaign.
As the various medals are too cumbersome to wear
at all times, the ribbons of the medals and badges are
authorized to be worn in their stead with prescribed
uniform.
Medals and badges are worn by the OflBcers only
on the full dress uniform and by the enUsted men
only on the dress uniform on occasions of ceremony.
The ribbons of medals and badges are worn on various
other imiforms on occasions of ceremonies prescribed
by the regulations and on all uniforms in time of war.
Plates LVI and LVII show the colors and arrange-
ment of these various ribbons.^
* Courtesy of the American Numismatic Society, from whose
monograph "United States War Medals," by B. L. Belden,
most of these are reproduced.
PLATE LV — UMITED STATES WAR HEDALS I
I I
f
PLATE LVI — UNITED STATES WAR MEDALS I
\
1!
I
i
CHAPTER XXXV
FOREIGN MEDALS AND DECORATIONS
In foreign countries, which for centuries have had
their royalty and nobility, the custom of decorating
celebrities as well as those who have been of service
to the crown had its origin. In order to preserve the
distinctions of. rank and service the decorations be-
stowed were of different orders. Nearly all of the
older foreign medals and decorations are divided into
a number of grades.* In some orders the recipient
starts 'in the lowest grade and passes to the highest,
while in others the grades were estabUshed for various
classes of nobility.
The Victobia Cboss
great britain
The Victoria Cross was instituted by Queen Victoria
in 1856. The decoration consists of a bronze cross,
patt6e, one and a half inches across, with raised edges.
On the obverse, in the center, is a lion passant gardant
standing upon the royal crown, while below the crown
are the words. For Valour, on a semicircular scroll.
The reverse has raised edges Uke the obverse, while
the date of the act for which the decoration is be-
244 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
stowed is engraved in a circle in the center. The
cross is suspended by means of a plain Unk from a V,
which is part of the clasp, ornamented with laurel
leaves, through which the ribbon passes, and on the
back of this clasp is engraved the name, rank, and
ship or regiment of the recipient. The ribbon, one
and a half inches wide, is blue for the Royal Navy
and crimson for the Army.
The Distinguished Service Order
great britain
The distinguished service order was* established in
1886. The badge consists of a gold cross, patt6e, con-
vexed, enameled white, edged with gold, having on one
side in the center, within a wreath of laurel enameled
green, the imperial crown in gold, upon a red-enam-
eled ground, and on the reverse, within a similar
wreath, and on a similar red ground, the royal cipher.
The badge hangs from the ribbon by a gold clasp
ornamented with laurel, while another similar clasp
is worn at the top of the ribbon, which has a wide red
center and narrow blue edges.
The Distinguished Service Medal
great britain
This medal was established October 14, 1914, to
be awarded petty officers and men of the Royal Navy,
and noncommissioned officers and men of the Royal
PLATE LVn— FOREIGN WAS MEDAL ASD DECORATIONS
TT
Victoria Crass DietinEuished Se> Distinawebed Ss> Militarv Crosa
vioeOrder vice C -
GREAT BRITAIN
I
Military Medal Croii de Guens Order of Leopold
in
246 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
Marines, and all other persons holding corresponding
positions in the naval forces. The medal bears on
one side the effigy of King George V in naval uniform,
with the legend Georgius V Britt: Omn: Rex et Ind:
Imp. and on the reverse the inscription For Distin-
guished Service, surmounted by a crown and encircled
by a wreath of laurel. It hangs from its ribbon (wide
blue edges with a narrow blue stripe between two
narrow white stripes) by means of a straight silver
clasp.
MiLiTABY Cross
GREAT BRITAIN
This decoration, instituted on December 31, 1914,
is entirely an Army decoration, and no person is eligi-
ble to receive it unless he is a captain, a commissioned
oflBcer of a lower grade, or a warrant officer in the
Army, Indian Army, or Colonial Forces. The medal
consists of an ornamental silver cross, on each arm of
which is an imperial crown. In the center is the
imperial cipher G.R.I. and the cross hangs by its
top arm from the plain silver clasp through which the
ribbon passes. The white ribbon has a purple cen-
tral stripe, thus showing three stripes of equal width.
The Legion of Honor
FRANCE
The Legion d'Honneur was instituted by Napoleon
Bonaparte, on May 19, 1802, for rewarding distin-
guished miUtary and civil services.
FOREIGN MEDALS AND DECORATIONS 247
The original cross of the Legion of Honor was a
white-enameled gold badge, with five double-pointed
rays, each point being tipped with a silver ball. Be-
tween the arms of the cross appeared a green-enameled
wreath of oak and laurel, while in the center of the
obverse, on a silver gilt ground, was the effigy of
Napoleon, surroimded by a riband of blue enamel,
with the inscription Napoleon Empereur des Frangais,
in gold lettering. The reverse was similar, but bore
the imperial eagle in the center, with the words Hon-
neur et Patrie on the blue riband. The badge itself
was surmounted by an imperial crown for suspen-
sion. The present badge is much the same, but has
on the obverse the female head, symboUc of the Re-
pubUc, surrounded by the blue riband bearing the
words: Rgpublique Frangaise, 1870. The reverse
has two crossed tricolored flags, with the wording
Honneur et Patrie. A green-enameled wreath is
also provided for suspension in place of the crown.
The ribbon is red.
Mi^DAILLE MiLITAIRB
FRANCE
This medal, established in 1852, is awarded only to
general officers in command of armies and to non-
commissioned officers and men of the Navy and Army
who especially distinguish themselves in action. It
is the highest decoration an enlisted man can receive.
The decoration has a silver rim formed of a wreath of
248 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
laurel leaves tied at top and bottom with narrow
silver-gilt ribbons. In the center of the obverse is
a gilt female head, sjmabolic of the RepubUc, on a
roughened gilt groimd, the whole being surrounded
by a narrow riband of blue enamel, bearing the words
R^ublique Frangaise 1870 in gilt letters. The center
of the reverse is inscribed with the words Valeur et
Discipline. Above the medal is a trophy of arms
consisting of crossed cannons, a cuirass, anchor, swords
and muskets, and above this is the ring through which
the orange, green-edged ribbon passes.
Croix de Guerre
FRANCE
This bronze cross was established by the French
Government in a law of April 8, 1915. It is awarded
for gallantry in action to soldiers or sailors of all
ranks, officers included. The decoration consists of
a cross with the point or hilt of a sword jutting from
its innermost angles, surmounted by a round placque
showing the female head, sjmaboUc of the RepubUc,
surrounded by a riband bearing the words R^publique
Frangaise. The medal is suspended by a ring from
a red-edged green ribbon, through which run five
narrow red stripes. A bronze star on the ribbon
indicates a mention in division orders; a gold star,
mention in corps orders; a bronze, gold-plated palm
leaf, mention in orders published to the whole army.
A solid gold palm leaf replaces seven bronze ones.
FOREIGN MEDALS AND DECORATIONS 249
Order of St. George
RUSSIA
This Order was founded in 1769 by the Empress
Catherine II. The badge consists of a gold, white-
enameled cross, pattfe, with, in the center, a repre-
sentation of St. George fighting the dragon. A similar
silver cross is given to nonconmiissioned officers and
men of the Army and Navy for gallantry in action.
The ribbon is orange colored and has three black bars
nmning through it.
Order of Leopold
BELGIUM
This Order was instituted in 1832 by King Leopold
I. The badge consists of a gold, white-enameled,
Maltese cross with V-shaped extremities to its arms,
resting upon a wreath of oak and laurel enameled
green. In the center, on a circular black ground, is
the rampant lion of Belgium in gold, surrounded by
a circular crimson riband, bearing the words L'Union
fait la force. The badge is surmounted by a gold
crown, at the top of which is a ring through which
the purple ribbon passes. The decorations awarded
to miUtary officers for services in the field have crossed
swords between the cross and the crown, while those
bestowed upon civilians in time of peace are without
the swords.
250 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
Order of the Rising Sun
JAPAN
This order was founded in 1875, and comprises
eight different classes, various of which are conferred
upon civilian celebrities and officers, noncommis-
sioned officers, or men of the Army or Navy for gallant
service in war or for distinguished services in peace.
The medal has a red-enameled center representing the
sun, from which radiate thirty-two double-pointed rays
of gold and white enamel. It is suspended from three
blossoms and a leaf of Paulonia. The lowest class of
the order wears the Kini leaf in place of the Paulonia.
The ribbon is white with red borders.
Order of St. Sava
SERBIA
The Order of St. Sava was founded on January 23,
1883. The medal is a gold maltese cross, enameled
white, with gold knobs on the points. On the center
of the obverse is an oval red-enameled medallion,
with the effigy of St. Sava surroimded by a blue band,
bearing the motto By his labors he acquired all in old
Serbian characters. The reverse consists of a gold
embossed medalUon bearing the cipher MI, with the
crown above; between the limbs of the cross a gold
double-headed crowned eagle, wings displayed and
inverted; on the breast, a shield charged with the
arms of Serbia. In the upper Umb of the cross is a
FOREIGN MEDALS AND DECORATIONS 251
gold fleur-de-lys attached to the royal crown. The
ribbon, which varies in width for the various classes, is
white moire with pale blue border.
Order of the White Eagle •
SERBIA
The Order of the White Eagle was instituted by
King Milan I, in February, 1883. The medal is a
crowned white-enameled, double-headed eagle, with
wings displayed and inverted, aU traced in gold and
surmounted by the royal crown suspended from a
ring, attached to a pale red ribbon, with borders of
steel blue. On the breast of the eagle is an oval
shield, displaying the arms of Serbia. The reverse
shows an oval shield of gold with the cipher MI be-
neath the crown.
Order of the Crown
ITALY
King Victor Emanuel II instituted the Order of the
Crown on February 20, 1868. Its emblem is a plain
expanding cross, enameled white, edged with gold,
embeUished in the quarters with golden love-knots.
In the center is a round escutcheon, enameled azure,
gold-edged, charged with the iron crown. The ribbon
is red, with a narrow white central stripe. There are
several other designs for the center escutcheon having
varied significance, but the iron crown is that more
generally used.
CHAPTER XXXVI
DEFmiTIONS OF GUNS
A GUN is a metallic tube from which projectiles are
thrown by the explosive force of a given charge of
gunpowder with a given muzzle velocity, or by the
expansion of some highly compressed gas.
A mortar is a short, heavy metalUc tube using a
high angle of fire.
A rifle is a gun whose bore has cut on its surface
a number of spiral "grooves," into which the soft
metal of the rotating band on the projectile is forced,
thus imparting to the projectile a motion of rotation.
The raised portions between the grooves are called
"lands."
The object in rifling a gun is to impart to the shell
a rapid rotation about its axis, and thus give it the
powers of a gyroscope. These powers resist any
deflection of the shell's longitudinal axis and prevent
the shell from "txmibUng." If it were not thus given
gyroscopic properties, with great power to resist de-
flecting influences, inaccuracies would result.
A built-up gun is a term appUed to all guns made
up of different parts, the idea being to get an assem-
blage of parts best able to resist the pressures of the
powder gas. The gim may be built up of different
DEFINITIONS OF GUNS 253
metals. The most usual forms are: (1) the built-up
gun with initial pressure obtained by shrinkage, the
exterior parts being heated to go over the interior
parts (used in our Navy); and (2) the "wire-wound"
gun (used to some extent in our Army).
The bore of a gun is the hole in the gun extending
from the breech face to the muzzle face of the tube.
It forms a path for the projectile, and also serves
to contain the powder charge before firing, as well as
to confine the powder gases after firing.
The cahber of a gun is the diameter of a cyhnder
which touches the highest points of all the lands.
The word "cahber" is also used in connection
with the length of the gun, meaning the length of the
tube or bore divided by the diameter of the bore.
A 50-caUber 12-inch B. L. R. is 50 cahbers in length
from the breech face to the muzzle face of the tube
or bore, i.e., 50 X 12" = 600".
Designation of Gtms. Guns are usually named
or designated either by (1) cahber in inches, followed
by the length of bore in calibers and the mark of the
gun, or (2) weight of projectile expressed in pounds
for small cahber guns (1 to 6 poimders), followed by
the mark of the guns; thus, 14-inch 45 cal., Mark I,
mod. 1.
Gtms Classed Aboard Ship. The following is the
classification for battleships and armored cruisers:
(1) main battery; (2) secondary battery; (3) minor-
cahber guns; (4) landing guns; . (5) field guns; and
(6) small arms.
254 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
Main-battery Gtms. All guns of and above eight
inches in cahber constitute the "main battery."
Secondary-battery Guns. All guns of and above
four inches in caliber up to and including seven inches
in cahber constitute the secondary-battery guns.
Torpedo-defense battery constitutes all guns desig-
nated to repel torpedo attacks. It generally consists
of all secondary-battery guns, but may include main-
battery guns.
On small vessels, such as destroyers, the guns car-
ried constitute the "battery," without any prefixed
designation.
Minor-caUber guns include all guns of a caliber
greater than small arms and less than fom: inches in
cahber.
Field guns are of three-inch cahber and are suppUed
with field carriages for use on shore. They are Ughter
in weight and shorter than torpedo-defense guns of
the same cahber.
Both guns are supphed with moimts for use in
small boats, such as laimches and cutters.
Semi-automatic guns are those in which the force
of explosion ejects the fired cartridge case and leaves
the breech so that it clears automatically when another
cartridge is properly inserted.
Automatic guns are those in which the force of
explosion is used to eject the fired cartridge case and
load another cartridge. When ammunition is properly
supphed no force but .pressure on the trigger is required
for continuous fire.
DEFINITIONS OF GUNS 255
Machine guns are those which, with proper ammuni-
tion supply, fire continuously when a crank or lever
is turned. UnUke an automatic gun, the machine
gun must have its mechanism operated by outside
power.
Small arms are rifles fired from the shoulder, and
pistols.
Subcaliber Gtms. A gun is called a subcaliber
gun when it is used, moimted inside or outside a larger
gun, for. short-range gunnery practice. One-pounders
and small-arm rifles are used for this purpose.
A breech mechanism, or fermeture, is a mechanical
device for closing the rear end of the chamber or
bore of a breech-loading gun. The term includes the
breechblock or plug, all mechanism contained in or
with it, and the necessary operating gear.
The muzzle velocity of a gun is the speed at which
the projectile leaves the gun and is measured in feet
per second. The higher the muzzle velocity of a gun
of given size, the more powerful the gun, the longer
the range, and the straighter the trajectory. The
trajectory is the path of the projectile through the
air.
A torpedo is a weapon carrying a head filled with
gun cotton and so fitted with motive gear that after
firing it nms by its own machinery beneath the water
and explodes when it comes in contact with some
sohd object.
PLATE LVm — DISTINCTIVE MARKINGS OF
AIRCRAFT
o
UNITED STATES GREAT BRITAIN
o
FRANCE BELGIUM
italy russia
germanyand alistria turkey
CHAPTER XXXVII
AIRCRAFT
It is extremely rare to find a lajnnan who is familiar
with the general types of aircraft now in use, or their
purposes. The word aircraft applies to both "Hghter-
than-air" and "heavier-than-air" craft. In the former
class is included what is commonly called the free or
spherical balloons, sausage or &ite balloons, and the
tjrpe of machine known as the dirigible, BUmp, or
Zeppelin. The spherical balloons are called "free
balloons" for the reason that they are generally used
in cross-country flights for the purpose of taking
observations of both geographical and meteorological
natures. The kite balloon is a long sausage-shaped
affair, generally moored to the ground for land ob-
servations, or to a battleship or merchantman for
sea-work. This type renders invaluable assistance in
war, both on the battle-front and in the naval service.
The great class of dirigibles, developments and modi-
fications of the Zeppelins, are a combination of the
gas bag, which affords the necessary lift to coimteract
gravity, and the gas engines, which furnish the means
of propulsion. There are innumerable types and sizes
of the dirigible, one well-known model being the
English Blimp. The great things expected of the
258 AIRCRAFT
dirigible have not so far been realized, to any material
extent, owing to its unmanageability in rough weather
and to the greater speed of its natural foe, the airplane.
It has, nevertheless, many real advantages for scout-
ing and patrol work, such as great range of speed
and ability to remain in the air for long periods of
time.
When one speaks of the airplane, it creates in the
mind of the average listener a vague impression of a
machine with an engine and wings. There are, how-
ever, many distinct types and varieties of the airplane,
each adapted to some particular form of service.
We have also the seaplane and hydroplane and the
flying boat. The airplane commonly consists of one,
two, or three wings or planes; a fuselage, or body;
and one or more engines, with a structure below the
body known as the landing chassis. Locomotion is
afiforded by propellers, driven through the mediimi
of gasoline engines. If the propellers are ahead of
the machine, as is now generally the case, the machine
is known as a tractor. If, on the other hand, the pro-
pellers are placed in the rear, in the manner of the
screw on a boat, the craft is known as a pusher. Again,
the airplane is conmionly known as a monoplane,
biplane, or triplane, depending upon the number of
wings.
If we take one of the various land machines, remove
the landing chassis, and put in its stead one or two
floats or pontoons, shaped like small decked-over
boats, we will have the seaplane or hydroplane. This
AIRCRAFT 259
type of machine is used in training naval air pilots,
and, to some extent, for reconnoitering and convo3dng.
It IS not, however, as seaworthy as it should be when
it becomes necessary to land in rough water, nor
does it possess the carrying capacity desirable for anti-
submarine and similar work which necessitates the
carrying of large quantities of bombs. The flying
boat is, to all intents and purposes, a light, well-built
boat with wings attached, which may carry anywhere
from one to four or five engines, and from one to five
or more pilots and passengers.
Our Navy is composed of various types, with their
own distinctive qualifications.
The aerial service is divided into special branches,
such as the scouting service, the photographic service,
the bombarding service, the direction of artillery fire,
and the fighting service.
The r61e of the scouting plane is to give the Gen-
eral Staff information regarding the situations of the
enemy and to transmit orders from one point of the
front to the other.
Artillery fire is directed by airplanes, generally
biplanes fitted with wireless sets. Each group of
artillery has aviation squadrons or balloons for the
spotting of the fall of shots, the observance of move-
ments of troops, and the directing of the fire. These
planes are of moderate speed and carry two or three
passengers.
The photographic service plays its unique and im-
portant part. Specialists on aerial photography are
260 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK
constantly taking pictures of the enemy's lines, and
the ever-changing map of the battlefield is thus kept
up to date.
The bombarding airplanes, whose r61e is to destroy
the enemy's ammimition stations, railroads, canton-
ments, and factories, is generally large, heavy, and
comparatively slow, and operates mainly at night.
The r61e of the fighting machine is very complex.
It must protect the observing and photography air-
planes and must destroy the enemy airplanes. It is
exceedingly fast.
The technical elements to be considered in aerial
combat are based upon the qualities of the airplanes
engaged, such as armament, speed, facihty in handling,
and climbing. If the machine possesses these four
technical superiorities of the ideal fighting airplane,
then its pilot has all the tactical advantages on his
side.
The technical elements are identical in all airplanes
of the same type, but their employment in combat,
i.e., their tactical application, varies with the ability
of the individual pilot in each particular case. The
utilization of the tactical elements is so dependent
upon the intelhgent application by the pilot that it
often occurs that airplanes technically inferior in all
points obtain tactical advantages by reason of the
courage and skill of their pilots, and even absolute
victories, over adversaries better armed, faster, and
more easily handled.
AIRCRAFT 261
The distinguishing marks for the aircraft of the
pnncipal nations are shown on Plate LVIII These
marks are painted on the upper side of each upper
wing and on the lower side of each lower wing of aero-
= planes and on the upper and lower sides of the gas
f ^gs of . dmgible airships and of balloons. They are
! abo pamted on the sides of the fuselage near the
tx)w and m many cases on the sides of the vertical
rudders.
HOW TO REMEMBER RANK INSIGNIA
A golden seed (Bar) {il!^it?usA} was planted,
from which grew the silver trunk (Ba^*)
{fsiii^tV.ulA} of a maple tree. From this tnmk
sprung two silver lunbs (Bars) {^^^rusA^^'K
on which grew golden leaves {Mtjor.'usA "'''"• ''^''} •
In the fall these leaves turned to silver
{LuTcl^ie^ usa} . Over the tree one night
hovered an eagle {co^'uIa}, and above all
twinkled the sUver stars {^SS/uIa }•
INDEX
PAGE
Aircraft 257
Distinguishing Marks for Aircraft 256
American Red Cross Insignia of Rank 47
Armored cruiser, definition of 75
Armies, Foreign 139
Army, United States:
Battalion 14
Chief of Staff 1
Classes of men 17
Company 14
Composition of the 7
Corps 13
Customs of the 48
Division 13
Etiquette of 48
General Staff of 2
Grades in order of rank of officers and enlisted men 17
Insignia of rank 23
Non-Commissioned Officers 17
Officers 17
Organization of the 13
Regiment 14
Relative rank of officers of the 138
Secretary of the 1
Staff Officers of the 2
Uniform of the 26
War Medals of the 218
Assistant Secretary, United States Army 1
Assistant Secretary, United States Navy 65
263
264 INDEX
PAOB
Battle cruiser, definition of 75
Battleship, definition of 75
Bureaus of U. S. Navy Department, duties of; 66
Bureaus of U. S. War Department, duties of 2
•
Chief of Naval Operations, U. S. Navy 65
Chief Petty Officers, U. S. Navy 80
Chief of Staff, U. S. Army 1
Coast Artillery, U. S. Army 12
Coast and Geodetic Survey, United States:
(1) duties of 127
(2) insignia of rank of officers of 129
(3) relative rank of officers of 138
Coast Guard, United States:
(1) Organization 119
(2) Insignia of rank 122
(3) Relative rank 138
Customs, United States Army 48
United States Navy 105
Destroyer, definition of 76
Dreadnaught, definition of 75
Duties of officers aboard ship, U. S. Navy 78
Etiquette, United States Army 48
United States Navy 105
British Army 154
Field Artillery, United States Army 11
Fleet, United States, Composition of 72
Foreign Armies, Peace strength and Organization of 139
Foreign War Medals and Decorations 243
General Board of the U. S. Navy, The 69
General Staff of the U. S. Army, The 2
INDEX 265
PAGE
Geographical Division of the U. S. Army, The 15
Guns, definition of 252
Insignia of rank of officers of:
Foreign Armieaand Navies:
Austria-Hungary. 186
Belgium * 209
Bulgaria 215
France 159
Germany 169
Great Britain 144
Italy 177
Japan 195
Montenegro 215
Portugal 217
Rumania 217
Russia 202
Serbia 216
Turkey 213
United States Army 23
Coast and Geodetic Survey 129
Coast Guard 122
light House Service 121
Marine Corps 115
Naval Militia 102
Naval Reserve 102
Navy 88
PubUc Health Service 137
Junior Naval Reserve, United States, The 64
Knights of Columbus Secretaries' Insignia 47
light House Service:
Duties of 125
Insignia of rank 121, 126
266 INDEX
PAGE
Line Officers, United States Army 11
United States Navy 80
Marine Corps, United States 113
Commandant 114
Marine Corps, United States:
Insignia of rank ; 115
Organization 113
Relative rank 138
Reserve 114
Monitor, definition of . . . : 76
Naval Districts, United States 70
Naval Militia, United States:
Composition 60
Insignia of rank 102
Naval Reserve, United States:
Composition 61
Insignia of rank 102
Junior 64
Naval War College 71
Navy, United States:
Bureaus 66
Chief of Operations 65
Chief Petty Officers 80
Classes of men 80
Composition 60
Customs 105
Districts 70
Duti^ of Officers of 78
Etiquette 103
Grades in order of rank 138
line officers 80
Officers 79
INDEX 267
PAGE
Navy, United States:
Organization of:
(1) Afloat 72
(2) Ashore 65
Personnel of ships of 78
Petty officers 80
Secretary of the 65
Ships of the, definition of 75
Staff Officers of the 85
War Medals of the 218
Warrant Officers of the 83
Officers, United States Army, Duties of 14
United States Navy, Duties of 78
Personnel of Army, United States 17
Personnel of Navy, United States 78
Ships, United States 75
Public Health Service:
Duties of Divisions 130, 132
Insignia of Rank 136
Rank, How to Remember Insignia 262
Relief Organizations, Insignia 47
Ribbons of Medals and Badges 240
Secretfitfy of United States Army 1
Secretary of United States Navy 65
Staff, United States Army:
(1) Organization of 2
(2) Duties of officers of •. . 2
Staff Officers, United States Navy:
(1) Composition of 85
(2) Relative rank of 85
Submarine, definition of 76
268 INDEX
PAGE
Submarine chaser, definition of 76
Table of relative ranks, United States Military Forces .... 138
Uniforms:
Foreign Armies and Navies:
Austria-Hungary 186
Belgium 207
Bulgaria 217
France 159
Germany 169
Great Britain 144
Italy 177
Japan 195
Montenegro 215
Portugal 217
Rumania 217
Russia 202
Serbia '. 215
Turkey 213
United States Army 25
Coast and Geodetic Siurvey 128
Coast Guard 120'
Light House Service 125
Marine Corps 113
Naval MiUtia 101
Naval Reserve 103
Navy 88
Public Health Service 130
War Medals, Foreign 243
War Medals, United States Army and Navy 218
Warrant Ofl&cers, United States Navy 80
Y. M. C. A. Secretaries' Insignia 47
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tics of the attack in trench warfare, one of the important features
of which is a study of the methods of training infantry units for
this class of military operations. General Joffre was so impress^
with the value of this book that he had it published to the Fr^ich
Army before giving it out for general pubhcation.
VAN NOSTBAND'S NAUTICAL MANUALS
175 Pasres 9x7^ Illustrated Postpaid $2.00
The Whys and Wherefores of
Navigation
By
GERSHOM BRADFORD, 2d
Navigratinfi: Officer and Senior Instructor
New York State Nautical Schoolship Newport
Late Nautical Expert
Hydrographic Office. U. S. N.
An American book, of intimate and interesting informa-
tion on the subject of Navigation. If you want to know
'*why," own and study Bradford, it is a book for the man
who hkes to understand his subject thoroughly— simple,
clear, complete.
350 Pages 5 X 7K Postpaid $3.00
THE MEN ON DECK
MASTER, MATES AND CREW
Their Duties and Responsibilities
A manual for the American Merchant Service.
By
FELIX RIESENBERG
Commanding Schoolship Newport
New York State Nautical School
Points out the things the various members of the deck de-
partment of an ocean or Great Lakes steam vessel may
reasonably be expected to know, and the things they may
be required to do. The book does not pretend to tell
HOW, but shows WHAT a modern American Seaman
ought to know, and to do.
I
^^
1
14 DAY USE
RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED
LOAN DEPT.
This book is due on the last date stamped below, or
on the date to which renewed.
Renewed books are subject to immediate recall.
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(F7763b10)476B
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