Full text of "The mineral conchology of Great Britain; or, Coloured figures and descriptions of those remains of testaceous animals or shells, which have been preserved at various times and depths in the earth"

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THE

MINERAL CONCHOLOGY

GREAT BRITAIN;

COLOURED FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS

OF THOSE

REMAINS OF TESTACEOUS ANIMALS

WHICH HAVE BEEN PRESERVED AT VARIOUS TIMES AND DEPTHS IN
THE EARTH.

By JAMES SOWERBY, F.L.S. G.S. W.S.

HONORARY MEMBER OF THE PHYSICAL SOCIETY OF GOTTINGEN, OF
THE SOCIETY OF JENA, &C.

AUTHOR OF BRITISH MINERALOGY, EXOTIC MINERALOGY, BRI-
TISH MISCELLANY, ENGLISH FUNGI, AND A BOTANICAL
DRAWING BOOK;

DESIGNER OF ENGLISH BOTANY, $c.

Many, O Lord my God, are thy wonderful works which thou hast done;
they cannot be reckoned up in order to thee: if I would declare and speak
of them, they are more than can be numbered.

Psalm xl. 5.

YOL. II.

LONDON:

Printed by ARDING and MERRETT, 21, Old Boswell Court, Carey Street.

And sold by the Author, J. Sowerby, No. 2, Mead Place, Lambeth $
Sherwood and Co. Paternoster Row,

And by all Booksellers in Town and Country.

MDCCCXVIII.

10 3.

AMMONITES splendent
TAB. GUI.

Spec. Char. Involute., depressed, front flat with
crenulated edges ; inner whorls three parts con-
cealed,, few; sides hat; radii alternately one
long and two short ; aperture long.

Corne d’ Ammon fort plate., unie et ornee de
fleurs. Bourguet Traite cles Petrijications
pi. 48. f. 312.

The whorls are in number about three, quickly diminish-
ing*, the aperture being half the diameter of the shell long
at the back, one fourth wide; the front narrower. The
long radii are very prominent near the centre of the
shell, and obscure towards the middle of the whorls ; near
the front they are again prominent, and together with the
short ones form the crenulated margin; they all curve a
little towards the mouth. The middle of the front is nearly
plane. The cast is ornamented in the same way as the
external surface.

This beautiful species is found in a pyritaceous marie at
Folkstone in Kent. I received specimens from Mr. Dill®
wyn, and also from the indefatigable Mr. Gibbs. I do
not yet know of their being found elsewhere, although some
other of the Folkstone species are found in Sussex. The
shell often remains: it is extremely thin, and of a cream
colour, except where it has become partly decomposed^
when it often exhibits the most splendent iridescent lustre^
equal to those Ammonites, &c. envelioped in the Carinthka

Vol, IL

marble, and I think superior to the Broad Marston Am*
monites mentioned by Dr. Maton in his Tour, II. p. 2L
(Ammonites planicosta figured in my plate 73.) Fig. 2.
shows a good specimen; imagination must supply the
figure with lustre, which when the surface is made pellucid
with wet is most perfect, yet if gummed is nearly oblit-
erated. Fig. 1 is a small specimen which is less angular
but contains the centre (which is commonly lost in larger
or older specimens) whole : at the top, near the figure, is
a small vestige of the siphuncle, nearly black, which in
some specimens is preserved very distinctly, while it ap-
pears, from others which are far more perfect, impossible
for a siphuncle to exist: it is in the front as is most com-
mon. Figure 3 is a pyritaceous cast, and exhibits the
foliated sutures which are more or less conspicuous and a
little peculiar in the continuous structure below the higher
risings of the radii, which are rather blunter than in the
upper figure. A species nearly resembling this is, I be*
lieve, found at Westbrook in Wilts.

•r

dLO^

AMMONITES Calloviensis.

TAB, CIY.

Spec. Char. Involute,, subumbilicate, rather de-
pressed; volutions about five, three-fourths
concealed; front fiat; radii small, very numer-
ous, alternately one long and from two to five
short, obscure in the latter whorls of old
shells ; ' aperture orbicular when young, deltoid
with the angles truncated when old.

Age makes a great difference in the form of the whorls of
this shell, the young ones being roundish, and having
numerous sharp radii in sets, composed of one long one
very prominent at the commencement, and from two to five
about two-thirds the length, and all passing over the front*
The outer whorls of full grown shells are triangular, the
two inner angles being truncated, so as to give the shell an
umbilicate appearance; the surface is largely undulated,
wrinkled near the back, and has many irregular striae in
the place of radii: the inner surface differs from the outer
only in the larger whorls being free from striae and losing
the radii sooner.

Found in a more or less mutilated state very abundantly
in the shelly Limestone at Calloways or Kellaways Bridge.
I have received specimens from many kind friends. Fig. 1
in the plate was sent me by my friend Mr. Salmon of De-
vizes, and I picked up the specimen from which Fig. 2 is

drawn envelloped in a rough piece of Limestone on the
road near Chatley; it is much stained with rust of Iron,
but was said to have been brought from Kellaways Bridge.
Much of the shell is sometimes preserved of a dirty or
ochraceously -stained white; it is rather thick, and does not
seem much altered : in the older shells it is generally broken
away, especially in the latter whorl, where perhaps the
chambers have not been formed, as well as lower down,
where the divisions are perhaps not so strong, on account
of the breadth of their construction: the cast in this case
exhibits something of swollen large undulations, but rarely
the costm, and would not, if detached, be known as part of
the same shell. It is composed of sandy Limestone; the
chambers contain crystallized Carbonate of Lime : in some
cases no Yestige of the siphuncle could be perceived, but
Fig. I shows it near the upper edge.

Fig. 3. exhibits a specimen given me by the Rev. H.
Steinhauer: it seems to be a much rarer variety than the
other, and is seldom found so perfect; it has similar bi-
valves, &c. about its matrix as the other has, denoting a
similar locality. This was taken out of a piece about two
inches in diameter; it distinctly shows the siphuncle which
is coloured black, whereas the rest of the shell is nearly
white Carbonate of Lime. Possibly good specimens might
prove this beautiful little shell to be a distinct species : it
differs in having a rather rounded front, the edges of which
are defined by sharpish tubercles just on the bend of the
radii; the radii also are more prominent near the centre,
and the aperture rather lunulate.

AMMONITES excavatus,

TAB. CV,

Spec. Char. Involute, lenticular, subumbilicate;
keel sharpish, crenulated; whorls about six,
those of the young shell exposed ; inner margin
nearly right-angled ; radii curved, obscure in
full grown shells; aperture in adult shells
sagittate; inner angles truncated.

A. slight concavity separates the keel from the remaining
uniformly convex sides ; the radii, which in the last-formed
whorls of full-grown shells are little more than irregular
striae, are in the first whorls very prominent over the inner
angles; these angles in the young shell are rounded, and
have not the flat space which in the old shells forms a
partial umbilicus. The length of the aperture is about half
that of the diameter of the shell, and the width at the back
about one-third. The chambers are rather distinct.

I had the pleasure of picking this up a few years ago on
the productive hill of Shotover near Oxford, and as I saw
no more specimens it may possibly be rare. The shell
which is replaced by Carbonate of Lime is moderately
thick, and appears very exact in most parts. The cham-
bers are commonly hollow, and crystallized within; the
thin septa are also distinctly replaced by Carbonate of Lime,
The finishing chamber, which would add a fourth to the
size of the whole, and which I have separate, is filled with

a granular Limestone, similar to that in which it was founc!?
and which js quarried there for paving, building, &c. The
perpendicular inner margin of the ’vhorls is three-eighths of
an inch on the biggest part; thus the umbilicus is deep,
although commencing rather suddenly at the fourth whorl,
the bottom is consequently nearly flat, composed of four or
live whorls, and very perfect, to the minutest. I was glad
to discover the proper place for the siphuncle, expressed on
the upper edge, by breaking the shell in looking for the
contour of the chambers.

This somewhat resembles Amaltheus margaritatus of De
Montfort, t. 23, p. 91. The place of the siphuncle is of
much consequence in distinguishing them, as his is in the
middle of the inner margin.

■ '

AMMONITES Walcotii.
TAB. CVI.

Spec. Char. Involute,, depressed; volutions four*
three-fourths exposed, with a concentrate fur-
row; lunate undulations over half the sides;
front with a carina between two furrows.

Aperture oblong, its length equal to one-third of the
diameter of the shell; the sides are flatted; each whorl is
divided into two parts by an obtuse furrow ; the inner half
is nearly smooth, the other marked by semi-lunar depressions.

This species is much spread about; I have it in ferru-
ginous marly Limestone from near Bath — from Llantrissant
near Cardiff by favour of Miss Hill — and from White
Lackington Park. I have specimens marked Devonshire
and River Trent. It is abundant in clayey Ironstone or
black marie at Colebrook dale, with blend or black Sul-
phuret of .Zinc, and included in bails in the dark pyrii-
aceous or Alum Clay at Whitby.

The species generally runs from two to four inches in
diameter; the shell is laminated and scaly, composed of
two, three or more coats, and rather deep, yet the sutures
of the septa continue to near the outside, and the form is
the same throughout the cast, differing from the outside
ornament or pattern only in the greater depth of the furrow.
The insides are divided by various crystallizations of Car-
bonate ©f Lime or Iron. or more solid or earthy ? and more

or less distinct in the divisions or chambers, agreeably to
the nature of the stratum in which the specimens are found.
The section figured is from a Bath specimen, and shows
several varieties of compact earthy marie, dendritical, &c.
and the divisions more or less perfect, or obliterated, as it
was cut rather irregularly, and the double line of the siphun-
culus is in some places very unintelligible ; it is, however,
very conspicuous in many specimens just under the thin
shell of the keel, and appears to be nearly continuous.
Walcot’s figure (Bath Petrifactions, fig. 41, p. 32) appears
a worn specimen, the inner whorls being destitute of trans-
verse costae. Its foliated sutures are sometimes more distinct.

jloj.

AMMONITES angulatus.
TAB. CVII— Fig. I.

Spec. Chars Involute; volutions six or more.,
exposed, angular at the back within ; radii
prominent, split over the front, commencing
in the cast from a narrow concave space.

The aperture is rather longer than wide, its width equals
one-fifth the diameter of the shell; around the concentric
angle at the inner part of the whorl is a narrow concave
space, from the outer part of which commence the radii :
this angle and the concave space are indistinct on the out-
side of the shell.

I received this, I think, rare and curious specimen from
the Whitby Alum Clay, by favour of Mr. J. M. Sowerby,
among various other specimens. The line at the inner
part is apparently only in the cast, the small shelly part
remaining on the specimen being destitute of it. The shell
appears to be replaced by a mixture of pyrites, Carbonate
of Iron, and Limey marie, but more stony within. The
sinuated margins of the septa are rather close, but not par-
ticular or very distinct; if any thing they are more acute
than in the A. communis. I have not seen the siphuncle
or plains of the septa, but I presume they bear a close
resemblance to the following. Indeed the resemblance
between this species and communis is so general, that if
the internal angle were not observed, it would, from its
external appearance, be considered as the same, yet I
expect it is always more ovate in the opening, with an
approach to a flattish front. The shell seems somewhat
laminated. The forked divisions in the front of the shell
turn upwards in both *

AMMONITES communis.

TAB. CYII. — Figs. 2 5 and 3.

Spec. Char. Involute; volutions six or more,
exposed; radii annular, prominent, split over
the front; aperture circular.

Svn. Corne d’ Ammon a raies doubiees vers le haut
du dos. Bourguet , $c. pi 42. /. 276.

The aperture about one-fifth the diameter of the shell.
The radii, which in the cast commence quite at the inside
of each whorl, are continued nearly straight to the round
front, over which they are sometimes forked and sometimes
divided and united again on the opposite side.

This species, varyiug a little, is very common in the
Alum Clay at Whitby; it is mostly dark coloured cal-
careous marie, shining with pyrites. The Ammonites are
called in common Snake-stones, and superstition has ac-
counted for their having been found constantly without
heads, saying, the curse of St. Cuthbert was the cause of
it; but as some of the dealers felt it a possible inconvenience,
they were determined to be less barbarous, and compassion-
ately supplied some with heads. I was so curious as to de-
sire to see what sort of heads might be substituted, and Lady
Wilson kindly procured me a specimen when at Whitby.
I have figured that specimen for the information of others ;
see fig. 2. The beatiful Keynsham Ammonites are also
called Snake-stones, having been changed into stone by
some devotee for the benefit of his brethren. Fig. 3 is a
small specimen, showing something of the section and sep-
tum, which is nearly round, exclusive of the space occupied
by the inner whorl.

This species is perhaps among the fossil Ophiopomor*
phites of Plott.

AMMONITES Nutfieldiensis*

TAB. CVIIL

Spec. Char. Involute., volutions four or niore^
nearly concealed; radii numerous., prominent,
with shorter intermediate ones over the round-
ing front. Aperture obcordate.

Septa rather numerous, elegantly lobed and sinuated in
the usual way; the intermediate shorter radii , or rather
undulations , are often in pairs; they extend nearly half
way over the sides: the longer radii are most prominent
near the centre. The mouth is two-fifths of the diameter in
length, and about the same in width; the front rounded.

o '

Plentiful in the green Sandstone, above the greater beds
of Fullers Earth in which the fine-coloured Sulphate of
Barytes, Brit. Min. tab. 237, is imbedded. It is found from
three inches to a foot in diameter, if I may include some
specimens which vary a little in the radii. The present
species has two or three short ones in a set, but some appear
to have radii regularly the whole length all round. Some
also appear to be more compressed, others rounder. The
specimens are chiefly casts in dark Irony clay, ocliraceous
externally, and have sandy Quartz and Chlorite about them.

A specimen which I have lately received from Hythe in
green sand is the same species.

MUREX striate*
TAB* CIX.

Var. a ( carinatjus ) having three or four of the
transverse projections more prominent than
the rest, especially the upper ones.

There have been found recent shells very similar to this,
and bearing the same relation to M. antiquus, Linn . (M»
despectus, Penn.) as this does to my M. striatus, tab. 22,
such appears (o be the M. carinatus, Penn. 1 have a
recent specimen somewhat carinated, and among a number
of Fossil ones a complete series is easily selected. These
Fossils have often been taken for the same species as the
recent M. carinatus, but an attentive view of the propor-
tions of the spire and the last whorl will readily distinguish
all the varieties: the recent one having a longer spire,
more like M. contrarius, tab. 23. which also is liable to
the same carinated variation of form, but in a less degree
and more rarely. I have endeavoured to show some va-
riety with the younger shell, selected by Mrs. Cobbold
from the same pit as M. striatus and M. contrarius, formerly
figured, and with which the least carinated ones had been
arranged in pairs. I have also had great variety from the
Rev. G. R. Leathes and other Suffolk friends.

Fig. 1 is a moderate sized specimen ; fig. 2 shows al-
most all the projections rather broad ; in fig, 3 they ar@
more regular ; and in fig. 4 they are monstrous, and the
beak is elongated : fig. 5 is a young shell.

±10.

BUCCINUM, Linn. &c.

Gen. Char. Univalve; spiral; oval , or elongated ;
aperture nearly longitudinal,, oblong., with a
reflected sinus at the base of the columella,-
Columella plain,, tumid.

BUCCINUM elongatmxu
TAB. CX.—Fig. 1.

Spec. Char. Shell ovate-elongated, transversely
striated; whorls seven, rather convex, longi-
tudinally undulated ; outer lip obscurely ere-
nulated within; mouth oval with a short re-
curved sinus.

A wice as long as wide, the aperture is rather less than
half the length ; the undulations upon the lesser whorls are
tolerably regular and straight ; upon the last whorl they
are less uniform and more curved ; the inner lip is smooth 5
thicker at the base.

Some doubts may be entertained, of this being a trifling
variety ofB. undatum of Linn, with greater regularity in
the undulations, since we know how much the B. undatum
varies in that respect : indeed it is with much uncertainty
I give it here as another species. The length of the spire
may perhaps distinguish it, wherefore I have called it
elongatum. Mr. Herbert brought this shell from Walton le
Soken Crag-pits, Essex, in 1810. I do not at present know of
another specimen, but would recommend further search to
be made after fossils so nearly related to recent shells. It is

a curious circumstance, that not long since, my kind friend,
the Rev. W. Bingley, presented me with a remarkably
distorted recent specimen (perhaps I should call it a mon-
strosity) of Buccinum undatum with a very elongated spire,
twice as Ion'? as the lower whorl, and with a single spiral
j-ounded ridge embossed on the upper part of it.

BUCCINUM rugosum.

TAB. CX* — Fig. 3.

Spec. Char. Shell ovate-elongated, obtuse, trans-
versely striated ; spire with twelve or fourteen
angles; whorls five, prominent ; aperture ob~
ovate, latter whorl rugged.

Aperture about one-third the length of the shell, rather
broadest at the lower part, the sinus in the beak scarcely
recurved; the angles on the spire are large undulations,
something like those on B. undatum, but more elevated
and regular. The apex of the spire is truncated and
thick, showing that the egg must have been rather large.

Received from Holywell, by favour of Mrs. Cobbokl :
specimens are found of various sizes, sometimes quite white,
and often stained with ochre, especially in the hollow parts,
prettily relieving the projections. Its general form bears a
great resemblance to Murex rugosus, tab. 34, but it wants
the canal in the beak.

BUCCINUM reticosum*
TAB. C X.—Fig. 2.

$pec. Char. Shell oblong-ovate, acute,, reticu-
lated ; whorls six, with the upper and lower
parts rounded and sides flattish : outer lip

toothed within.

T H e reticulated surface of this shell very much resembles
the impression of some coarse cloth ; it is prominent, formed
by strong transverse striae, crossing numerous longitudinal,
rather acute undulations; the transverse striae approach
in pairs, and are twice as numerous as the undulations %
the mouth is an oval, pointed at the upper end, and with
a recurved sinus at the lower. The greatest width of the
shell is less than half the length, and equal to the length
of the aperture : the outer lip is toothed and striated within ;
inner lip plane, covering the columella.

Mrs. Cobbold favoured me with this well-preserved sp@®
eimen from Holywell ; it is an hand some- formed shelL

BUCCINUM grarmlatum.
TAB. C X.—Fig. 4.

Spec. Char. Shell ovate, pointed, transversely
striated, and with twenty longitudinal rows of
tubercles; outer lip thickened, many -toothed
within.

This has about four rather swelling whorls ; between the
striae are many little tubercles arranged in longitudinal
ridges, sometimes larger on the upper edge of the whorl ;
at the upper part of the inner lip is a tooth so placed oppo-
site to one in the outer lip, as to form with it an apparent
sinus, corresponding, but smaller, with that at the base of
the columella. The aperture is obovate; edge of the outer
lip rather straightened in the middle ; the sinus at the base
is a little curved.

A pretty little shell, which varies from less than a quarter
to nearly three quarters of an inch in length. I have been
favoured with very perfect specimens by my Ipswich
friend. It closely resembles B. macula, but may be dis-
tinguished ^ by the longitudinal rows of tubercles or granules.

Aid.

• VvwN'v. ,^,1^^'

OSTREA gregarea*
TAB. CXI. — Figs. 1 and 3*

Spec. Char. Clustered, oblong, curved, plaited;
plaits many, rugged, diverging from a longi-
tudinal plait or sulcus ; valves unequally con-
vex, beaks produced and curved.

The lower valve is usually more concave than the other.,
and more or less carinated ; the general form of the shell is
very variable, nevertheless it constantly curves towards
that side in which lies the muscular impression. The
plaits are often branched near their commencement; they
vary in length, several not reaching the central line; those
in the hollow side are smallest. There are no vestiges of
ears by the sides of the hinge, the pit of which has a
central concavity in the lower valve, and a corresponding
convexity iu the other, characters which distinguish this
from the plaited Oyster found in the green Sand. The shell
is rather slender, especially towards the edges.

‘ Immense masses of these shells have been found near
Devizes: they are of a greyish colour, and so much at-
tached to each other, that it is difficult to distinguish the
valves, and pairs nearly detached are rare. Mr. Sheffield
has fine specimens, which 'he was so good as to lend me;
for others I am indebted to Mrs. Gent. A greyish Lime-
stone often fills the insides* and sometimes partially coven
the outsides.

The large upper valve, of which two figures are given
at fig. 3, is filled with a similar stone superficially stained
■with Iron; it seems to correspond in some respects with
Delamarck’s description of O. pectinata : it was sent me
by the Rev. Mr. Steinhauer, from the upper Coral rag, at
Westbrook, near Melksham, Wilts.

All (he species of Oysters are so variable in their contour,
that it is difficult from description to determine them.

OSTREA palmetta,

TAB. CXI. — Fig. 2.

Spec. Char. Ovate-roundish, obscurely one-carcd,
depressed, with a plaited margin; plaits diverg-
ing from a longitudinal space ; beaks straight.

This shell is but slightly curved, it is flatter and the plaits
are few and more irregular than in O. gregarea, but it may
prove to be a variety in a young state.

Found in Marston field, near Oxford, by Mr. Baker,
in a somewhat redder soil than the preceding. The upper
valve easily separated, and allowed the inside of the other
to be properly seen; there was but a small piece of earth
in it.

GRYPMiEA, Delamarck .

Gem. Char. A free (except when very young)
unequal -valved, inequilateral bivalve; larger
valve involutely curved, concave, lesser valve
Saltish, beakless. Hinge a transversely striated
pit, containing an internal ligament, without
teeth or crenatures.

xMESSBBmmmm.

The lamellar structure of the Gryphites and their texture
is much the same as that of the Ostracites, the hinge is
also of the same nature; but the general form has afforded
Delamarck a distinguishing character; how far this is
sufficient, I leave others to judge. The general per-
pendicularity of the hinge, the restriction on the right
side, and the concavity of the smaller valve may assist.

The length of most of the species is greater than the
width ; the larger and lower valve is very concave, gra-
dually curved into a large, more or less involute beak,
along which runs one side of the pit holding the hinge
cartilage: this side is consequently curved. The lesser
valve is flat or convex within, and forms a kind of lid;
the part to which the hinge cartilage is attached in this
valve, is flat and perpendicular. The very young shells are
nearly flat and attached to other bodies, of which they
take the impression, through both valves; when they are
full grown they lose their attachment, and the impression
remains upon the beak of one valve and upon that part of

the other valve which met it when it was young, although now
far removed. I have a specimen, upon the beak of which
is the concave impression of a Cardium, and a convex
impression upon the lid;* their correspondence appears at
first difficult to understand, but they prove, that Gryphasae
are no more free shells than Ostreae. The otherwise independ-
ent appearance of full grown shells, deceived the great and
discerning Delamarck. The right side is often distinguished
by an obscure lobe or sulcus.

These shells seem generally more changed than most pe-
trified Oysters, and the lamina are less tender and less
divided. Fragments, however, are often with difficulty
distinguished from those of Oysters. I do not quite know
at present that I have received Ostreae from the same stra-
tum as the ‘Gryphaeae, yet the former are abundant in many
places. We conceive, that a knowledge of the different spe-
cies of Gryphsea will be of some importance in identifying
formations, as they appear to occur in many places. I
have them in the blue and white Lias ; in the great Oolite,
particularly in the Clay which intersects its beds ; in the
Clunch Clay, the Kellaway Limestone, &c. and from the
following places; Weston, near Bath; Purton Passage-
ferry, in the mud; Frethern ; Weymouth; Radipole ;
Kellaway ; Elveston, near Bedford ; Norton-Disney, in
Lincolnshire; Kettering, in Northamptonshire; Birdbrook,
in Essex; Strontian, in Argylehire; and Belfast.

* I have a recent Oyster adhering to a Pecten, which has the impression
of the ribs of the Pecten through both valves in a similar way, although a
quarter of an inch or more in depth : also some specimens of Anomia ephip-
pium of Linrueus, which are larger, (being always an adherent shell, and
when on the common Oyster not appearing particular) but the ribs or
striffi being thus formed, gives them a sort of specific difference. I had
this long since, through the generosity of Miss Pocock, gathered near
Marazion.

112.

GRYPHAEA ineurva,
TAB* CXIL— Figs. 1 and 2.

Spec. Char, Elongated, very involute, right side *
an obscure lobe, lesser valve oblong, externally
concave,

Svn, Parkinson , Org. Rem . vol. III. p, 209, t. XV.
f. 3. Walcofs Bath Fossils , f. 34, p. 51 N.

So great is the curve of this that the point of the beak is
often concealed ; when visible it is generally sharp, seldom
showing any impression, The curvature is very regular,
extending about one turn and an half. The surface i&
much laminated and rather rugose. The sides are straight,
widening gently towards the round front. The lid is ob-
long, widened towards the front and truncated at the
hinge, where it is very thick. The curvature of the beak
is sometimes, but rarely, oblique at the apex. The upper
specimen, tig. 1, is from the Lias near Fretliern, in
Gloucestershire, by favour of Thomas Meade, Esq. Its
incurvation seems to hide the mark of attachment, which,
however, will be found distinct in many of the genus.
My kind friend, Thomas Walford, Esq. long since
favoured me with the curious gregareous specimen, tig. 2.
from Birdbrook, Essex; it resembles some I have from the
Combrash at Chatley, &c.

GKYPHAEA obliquata.

TAB. CXII. —Fig. 3.

Spec. Char. Oblong, .slightly involute, oblique;
right side an obscure lobe; lesser valfe irregu-
larly ovate, externally concave.

1 —

The curvature of this shell rarely forms one whole circle,
the beak turns to the right side; it is seldom sharp, but
often truncated by the surface of adhesion to other bodies
when it was young : it is a broader shell than the last,
with rounded sides.

This species does not seem to mix with the preceding,
and by a little use will always be discriminated ; it either
belongs to another rock formation or another part of the
same stratum ; information relative to the places they are
found at, and other circumstances, may ripen our know-
ledge as to these particulars.

Most of my specimens of this species are out of blue
Lias ; one of them has minute young ones attached to it,
these are very flat, nearly circular, a quarter of an inch or
less in length, without the least appearance of curvature,
although they show more beak than young Oysters in
general do. Part of the shell of this is replaced by Silex,
with those concentric marks so frequent on the green Sand
Fossils ; it is in blue Lias, from St. Donat’s Castle, Gla-
morganshire, by the Rev. W. Traherne.

P LAG I OSTOM A punctata*
TAB. CXIII. — Figs. 1 and 2.

Spec. Char. Depressed, obliquely ob ovate; with
numerous diverging striae ; anterior side long,
straight * ears nearly equal ; diverging stride
transversely marked with other very fine strife,
or punctums.

w hen young the margin is rather a greater segment of a
circle than half, but older shells approach to an oval, the
greatest length of which is placed obliquely parallel to
the cavity on the anterior side, in which lies one of the
ears; the diverging striae are, fine, becoming obscure in
the older shells ; the transverse ones are hardly to be seen*
except in the hollows of the others, where they appear as
minute punctums; in the young shells they undulate, and
seem like rows of minute punctums across each of the di-
verging stride. The length and breadth, taken at right
angles to each other, are nearly equal ; the depth of one
valve near the beak is about one sixth of the length.

Having given some of the Plagiostomae in tab. 77 and 78,
I now add a few more species of this tribe, which it may
be proper to distinguish, and save some inconvenience to
the inexperienced : different species having their respective
localities, they will be better understood. The present
species has a distinct character in the punctums, as pointed
out by Miss E. Hill. This is from a quarry, at Pickeridge
Hill, of hardish light and dark grey Limestone, called
grey and blue Lias, provincially ; it is a little foetid when
scraped; has faint impressions of shells much pressed, or
flattened volutions of Ammonites, which being rather on
the face of the stone, form a natural resemblance which

the men call u Clocks I have another specimen from
St. Do at’s Castle, Glamorganshire, by fayoui of the Rev*
W. Traherne. Fig. 2 is a young specimen from the mins
of the keep of Cardiff Castle, which was built by Robert
Fitzhmumon, A. D, 1110. Such were found also at Barry
Island, in 1792, by Miss Hill. The stone is very like
the other.

PLAGIOSTOMA cardiiformis*

TAB. CXIII .—Fig. 30

Spec. Char. Gibbous, nearly circular, longitudi-
nally furrowed, smooth; anterior side short,
straight; wings equal.

oo fine are the transverse striae in this shell, that they are
nearly lost, except at the bottoms of the furrows, where
they look like rows of very minute dots ; this is a direct
shell, with nearly equal sides, a little longer than wide ; the
margin is toothed within : it is nearly related to P. spinosa,
tab. 78, having in common with that, much of the general
form of a Cardium. Depth of a single valve about one-
third of the length.

The great Oolite stratum contains also, larger and lighter
or darker coloured specimens of this Plagiostoma, than the
one I have figured. I am indebted to the Rev. H. Stein-
hauer for several specimens from Petty France, in Glouces-
tershire.

'* In a quarry near is the cone-coral Limestone mentioned in British
Mineralogy, vol. 2, tab. 149, passing into striated Limestone or striated
Spar, the local term for which is 44 Charrow-bed.” Pickeridge Hill*
mentioned before at pp. 177, 190, and 228, is in the parish of Corflfe, four
miles S. of Taunton, Somersetshire.

PLAGIOSTOMA rigida.

TAB. CXI Y.—Fig. 1.

Spec. Char. Gibbous, obliquely obovate, with
many diverging sharp thread-like ribs,, and
very minute intervening transverse strise; an-
terior side long, straight, very concave ; ear*
nearly equal .

The ribs are sharp, irregularly waved, a little zigzag,
about three or four times their thickness distant from each
other ; the beaks are rather prominent, the shell entire at
the edge, thin and rigid to the touch, in consequence of the
sharpness of the ribs ; except the greater depth , its proportions
are the same as in P. punctata. The strife upon the space
between the ribs are too fine to be seen without a lense.

I picked this up in one of the quarries at Shotover, other*
wise I have only met with it once, when my friend, Mr.
Sheffield, lent me a specimen marked Oxford. P. ovalis
is like it, except in being a narrower formed shell, and
from the striae of growth the present does not appear to
have been narrower when younger.

PLAGIOSTOMA ovalis.

TAB. CXIY. — Fig. 3.

Spec. Char. Bather gibbous, oblique, elongated*
oval, with many small ribs and minute inter-
vening transverse stride ; anterior side concave*
slightly recurved.

V ery nearly resembling P. rigida, so that at first sight
it might be taken for the young of it, but it is of a nar-
rower oval shape, the ribs are rounded, and at a distance
from each other only equal to once their thickness; the
length exceeds the width, taken at right angles to it.

My specimen is a very neat one from the Fuller Veartla
Rock at Small-Cossall, near Bath. The Rev. H. Stem-
hauer sent it to me in 1813.

PLAGIOSTOMA obscura.

TAB. CXIV.— Fig. 2.

Spec. Char. Rather gibbous, oblique, ovate,
smooth, externally ribbed ? with twenty-five
internal sulci: anterior side flatfish; beaks
prominent.

The width of this shell is greater than the length ; it is elegant
in form, the anterior side not being so straight as in most
Plagiostomae, and the beaks more elevated. I am not cer-
tain, but suppose the margin to be toothed. This specimen
from Kellaway was obligingly presented to me by Mr*
Salmon.

PLAGIOSTOMA pectinoides.

* TAB. CXIV.— Fig. 4.

Spec. Char. Depressed, a little oblique, ob ovate,
rather angular at the back ; beak pointed ; sur-
face with twenty or more carinated ribs, trans-
versely striated; internally plane; margin
toothed.

Between each of the ribs the space is very narrow, a
little elevated and terminated at the margin by a tooth; the
transverse strias are little else than lines of growth, but they
are very numerous and sharp. Both sides are straight, the
anterior o te twice the length of the other; the ears are pro-
minent and the general contour is that of a Pecten.

From a clayey part of the soil at Pickeridge Hill, by
favour of Miss Hill.

US.

VOLUTA^ Linn . Delam.

Gen. Char. Univalve, ovate, subventricose ; apex
papillary; base emarginate; columella pli-
cated^ inferior plicae largest and longest.

YOLUTA luctator.

TAB. C XV.— Fig. 1.

Spec. Char. Shell ovate-acute, crowned with tu-
bercular spines, terminating longitudinal ribs,,
transversely striated or sulcated ; whorls con-
cave above, with a rugged edge; outer lip
plain within ; mouth oblong.

Syn. S trombus luctator. Brand . Hant . 64.

Volutamusicalis. Lamarck . Env. de Paris 26,

The spire is a short cone with rather concave sides ; one
row of short thick spines winds up it, diminishing rapidly
towards the apex ; from the bases of these spines proceed
undulations or ribs which extend to the beak, and are
crossed by numerous linear sulci or plaits, deepest about
the lower part ; the whole surface above and a small
space below the spines is free from transverse striae, but
the whole is longitudinally striated. The last whorl is
about three times the length of the spire, angular above
and but slightly ventricose ; its upper edge is rugged with
obscure tubercles, and sometimes an angular depression.
Aperture oblong, lips nearly parallel and smooth: on the
columella are three or four plaits.

VOL. II.

The shell here figured agrees with Brander’s from
Barton above quoted. It has generally a coarser appear-
ance than its congeners and is often larger, sometimes,
perhaps, four or more inches long. The spire varies at
the apex, being sometimes very blunt. It is very doubtful
whether Branders fig. 65, ought to have been retained
under the same name by him.

From Barton Cliff, I have also the fragment of a young
one in the blue clay, from a well dug in Richmond Park
some years ago.

Y GLUT A spinosa.

TAB. CXY. Figs. 2 and 4, Var. @ fig. 3.

Spec. Char. Ovate-acute, ventricose, crowned
with large spines extending into the longitu-
dinal ribs, and a row of smaller spines near the
upper edge of the whorl ; whorls concave
above, transversely striated below. Mouth
ovate-elongated; outer lip plain within.

Syn. S trombus luctator. Brand. Hunt. fig. 65.

Voluta spinosa. Lamarck . Env. de Paris 26

Similar to the last in general form, but the last whorl
is ventricose ; the edge of the whorls above the concave
upper part is generally rectangular, with a row of sharp
spines upon its angle. The transverse striae are often
obscure over the upper half or more of the whorl. The
mouth has a very obtuse angle at the upper part. Var.
i3 has a greater number of ribs and is less ventricose, fig. 3.

This is fig* 65 of Brawler, and resembles, or is perhaps
the same as Lamarck’s V. spinosa, although in the French
specimens I possess, the whorls are blended into each
other, and the lesser row of spines is more irregular ; it
is besides shorter in proportion to the width. The neatest,
whitest, and best preserved specimens at Barton Cliff are
generally of this species, but the French specimens are
frequently more perfect still, having the yellow lines of
colour preserved. The variety (3 is more distant from the
French shell ; my figure of it shows the plaited columella,
characteristic of the Genus, but which is mostly hid by
the position of the shells in Brander’s beautiful figures.
Fig. 4. is intermediate in form between fig. 2 and 3. My
specimens of this species, and also of V, luctator, have
all the outer lip so broken as not to show whether it be
striated within or not, I therefore take that character from
Brander’s descriptions.

VOLUTA ambigua var. monstrosa,
TAB. CXV.—Fig' 5.

Spec. Char. Shell elongated ovate, acute, with
longitudinal undulations and sharp transverse
striae ; spire crowned with two rows of obsolete
spines. Aperture acute at the top, expanded
at the base; outer lip dentato-striated within,
Syn. Voluta ambigua. Brand Rant. 69,

A much narrower shell than either of the last; that
part of the whorl above the undulations, or ribs, instead
of being concave as in them, is rounded, and has a trans-

veirse ridge along its middle : the spines are very small,
and only worthy the name on the lesser whorls. The
variety here figured is curious, on account of a deep
groove along the upper part of the whorls around the
whole of the spire ; the species may, however, be dis-
tinguished, by the constantly rounding upper part of the
whorls, and the spines being less prominent. I am fa-
voured with this curiosity from Barton Cliff, by the Rev.
W. Bingley.

:.*v

v%C?

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^p|Hl

NAUTILUS elegans,

TAB. CXVL

Spec. Char. Gibbose, umbilicate, with numerous
linear, reflexed, radiating sulci.

About two thirds as thick as wide ; the septa are rather
numerous, gently waxed ; the aperture is obtusely sagit-
tate, with the posterior angles truncated ; umbilicus small*
perhaps closed.

This fine specimen was found in the chalk marie, at
Ringmer, in Sussex, in 1814, by Mr. Mantell, and from
the remains over the umbilicus it must have been as wide
again. I have had numerous portions ; one of the last
chamber, which not having the siphuncle (in general per-
ceptible) is often less intelligible than when broken so as
to show its place, as in this specimen. I suspect that
this species is not uncommon near Heytesbury and in some
other parts of Wiltshire. I remember Mr. Cunnington had
a fine specimen, which, I think, was the same species, but
as it was purchased among other things by Dr. Parry that
Gentleman only can decide it. It is often found very
much distorted, in Sussex, and other places, having the
curved lines, its particular character, very much worn or
lost, as in the greater part of this specimen.

Mr. Cunnington’s, if I remember right, was very per-
fect in this respect.

AMONITES monife.
TAB. CXVIL

Spec. Char. Sub-umbilicate, with tubercular radii ;
inner whorls exposed ; tubercles hollow, in the
interior deep, externally obsolete on the mar-
gin ; external surface divergingly striated ;
aperture transversely ovate.

In the cast the radii are composed of tubercles gradually
rising higher and becoming elongated towards the front,
where the last one is bifid; this and several others are not
to be seen on the outside, because the shell is so thick
between them as to make the surface level. The inner sur-
face is smooth ; the front rather concave, finely striated
externally. Aperture about one-third the diameter of the
shell in length, and nearly twice as wide. Occasionally
we see the siphuncle just within the front.

I am favoured with this, and other curious productions
of the green sand at 8 and gate, near Folkstone, by a dis-
cerning friend, whose zeal for scientific research could not
resist attention, even to the often refused rejectamenta of
former animation, preserved, I am apt to think, as monu-
ments of the most highly instructive nature, regarding the
lapse of ages ; while they often afford splendid examples
of beauty increased by premature decay.

This Ammonite in many ways baffles description, in
being so various according to its state of preservation;
the shell is thick originally, and rather laminated; its
surface decaying may give much variety as to the protu-
berances, while it occasionally becomes nacreous with ail
indescribable lustre; and often most so when the last

remains of the inner shelly lamina exposes the cast, and
when the moniliform appearance is most prominent, ele-
gantly forming semicircles, like so many necklaces one
above another, not unaptly reminding us of those in
fashion about a century ago.

JXS •

Jf J/Q US 1 6.

TEREBRATULA plicatilis.

TAB. CXVIII.-— jFYg*.

Spec, Char. Gibbose, transversely obovate, finely
and obtusely plaited ; middle elevated by twelve
plaits ; fifteen or more plaits on each side ;
beak slightly projecting.

Length rather greater than the depth; width about one
third greater than the length. The plaits continue to
near the beak. The beaked valve is rather less gibbose
than the other.

I have this species most perfect from the upper Chalk
at Northfleet near Gravesend, and also filled with flint
from Margate: it is sometimes in such a state as to sepa-
rate from the chalk, and show something of the interior
construction, which is very desirable in this division of
shells, as it is often very remarkable. The two upper
figures are the upper and lower valve separated from the
chalk, and showing the construction of the hinge. The
next figure shows both valves closed together.

TEREBRATULA octo-plicata.

TAB. CXVIIL— Fig. 2.

Spec. Char. Gibbose, transversely obovate, ob-
tusely plaited ; middle elevated by eight plaits ;
twelve or fourteen plaits on each side; beak
projecting.

This differs from the last in the number of plaits, having
at most but 9 at the sinus, it is also a rather longer shelf

From the Chalk at Lewes; the two specimens here
figured differ from each other in the number of plaits, and
slightly in shape, but we do not know how to consider
them as distinct species: this and the last are nearly
related to T. concinna t. 83. fig. 6 .

TEREBRATULA WilsonL
TAB. CXVIII. — Fig. 3.

Spec. Char. Circular, plaited ; front cylindri-
cal, margin acutely dentated, elevated in
the middle with seven plaits ; nine or ten
plaits on each side ; valves compressed towards
the beaks.

T he front of this shell is placed at a right angle to the
beaked Yalve, and is nearly of the same length : the re-
maining parts of both valves are slightly convex: the
form of the shell is therefore a cylinder cut off obliquely
at one end, and rounded : the sinus at the front, although
very deep, does not alter the evenness of the surface.

This is from Mordiford, E.S.E. of Hereford, by favour
of Lady Wilson: the structure is curiously different from
any I have otherwise seen. I have the honour of naming
it after her Ladyship, in commemoration of her zeal for
research in this science. The specimens have some of the
shell remaining ; and are filled with a darkish limestone.

MAGAS.

Gen. Char. An equilateral unequalvalved bivalve ;
one valve with an angular sinus along an in«
curved beak ; line of the hinge and back of the
other valve straight,, with two projections near
the middle.

A partial longitudinal septum with appendages
attached to the hinge within.

This new Genus has the general contour of the plain
Terebratulae figured in tab. 15; but attention to the parts
about the hinge soon distinguishes it. The beak has no
circular perforation as in them ; but there is a large qua-
drangular foramen, two sides of which are formed by two
projections from the straight back of the flatter valve, and
the other two run along to the point where they meet; on
each side of it is a flat space extending from the line of
the hinge, which is much longer than the foramen, to the
apex : if the valves be separated the foramen is divided
into two angular sinus’s, that in the beaked valve being
much the largest. In the middle of the shell rises a thin
longitudinal septum reaching from one valve to the other ;
the upper part of it arches over to the hinge, the front of
it is perpendicular, on each side are two shelf-like ap-
pendages, one over the other, the upper ones united by
slender processes to the hinge. I know of but one species,
some variation in these particulars may be expected in
others, but the general structure is sufficiently remarkable
to warrant the establishment of the Genus.* Most

* It is not unlikely that Martin’s Anomites glaber and others resembling
it, the internal structure of which I have not been able to examine, may
belong to this Genus. It were much to be wished that some person would
publish an account of the curious internal appendages of these shells.

of the Terebratula have lines along the beak, in the
same direction as the sinus in this, but the back of the
flatter valve is arched, never straight ; this also wants the
perforation in the beak. The resemblance of the arched
septum to the bridge of a violin has suggested the generic
name : to which valve this septum is attached I have not
been able to ascertain, because I could not open the shell
without breaking it.

MAGAS pumilus.
TAB. CXIX.

Spec. Char.

T- he beaked valve is hemispherical, smooth, with a cir-
cular edge, and small incurved beak; the other valve
nearly flat, with a long transverse straight back.

Mr. Richard Taylor, jun. favoured me with specimens
of this singular shell, found in the Chalk near Maudes-
ley, Norwich. The construction being new to me I was
glad to exhibit it, especially as it appears to be newly
discovered in the chalk; the specimens, he observes, are
sometimes smaller than No. 1, hut seldom larger than No. 2,
3, and 4. The extraordinary interior construction I have
only been able to give an imperfect idea of, not having an
opportunity to examine sufficient specimens. When mag-
nified the shell is found to be curiously punctured in a
minute quincunx order, which appears to depend on the
construction of it, as in most of the tribe related to the
Terebratula; it is generally most apparent within the
substance.

IU).

SPIRIFER.

Gen. Char. An equilateral unequalvalved bivalve ;
valves beaked ; one valve with a large angular
sinus along the inside of the beak ; hinge
transverse, long and straight. Two spirally
coiled linear appendages to the hinge nearly
filling the shell.

The shells of this Genus are in general wider than long,
with a large sinus or fold elevating the front ; unarmed ;
many of them longitudinally furrowed. The sinus in
the beak being met at its open end by the back of the
lesser valve, forms a triangular foramen, with inflected
edges.* The surface of the beak on each side of this fora-
men is flatted and often widely extended, having numerous
parallel longitudinal strise upon it, which gives it much the
appearance of the outside of the hinge of Area. I think this
Genus will comprehend nearly all the shells, retained as
Terebratula by Lamarck, which have a triangular foramen
and not a perforation at the apex of the beak as the cha-
racter of that Genus requires. The several individuals in
which I have discovered the spiral appendages, bear a con-
siderable natural affinity to each other, f from which circum-
stance we may venture to place many analogous species
in the Genus, although their interior has not been ex-

* In some species I have traced these edges quite across the beak, forming
septa, somewhat like those in the flatter valve of the Pentamerus, but
confined to the beak.

f I gave a paper some time since to the Linnean Society, on the con-
struction of this spiral tubular cartilage, which almost fills the shells,
and which I have seen full proof of in Derbyshire and Irish specimens;
and Mr. Brown has some curious specimens from Van Diemens iand.

posed. I conceive that all those in Martin’s division of
Anomitce d. d. (Martins’s outlines, &c. p. 24 3.) which he
describes as having both valves convex, and a large tri-
gonal foramen belong to this Genus, and also, perhaps,
those of his next section with a small foramen, but we
are not sufficiently acquainted with their internal struc-
ture, to decide whether another Genus may not be neces-
sary to render the divisions of the Linnean Genus Ano-
mia quite natural.

SPIRIFER cuspidatus.

Spec. Char. Inversely pyramidal, longitudi-
nally sulcated; back fiat, triangular, equila-
teral; front elevated by a semicircular sinus,
corresponding to a large longitudinal rising in
the upper, and depression in the lower valve.

Syn. Anomia cusp i data. W. Martin in Trans ;

of Linn. Soc. IV. p. 45. t. 3.
and t. 4 .fig. 5. Petrif. Herb,
t. 46. ^47. fig. 3. 4. and 5.

Terebratula. Parkinson Org. Rem. Ill .

234. t. 16. Jig. 17.

Deeper valve nearly flat at the back, because its beak is
but slightly incurved, or is straight, and sometimes even
it is recurved; its depth is equal to its greatest width,
which is occupied by the line of the hinge; the other
valve is about one third the depth : the length is equal to
about one half the width; the edge semicircular; there

120.

are about fifteen sulci on each side of the smooth central
wave. A few lines of growth are marked on its surface,
continuing over the back, which is finely striated longi-
tudinally. The edges of the foramen are inflected. I
have not discovered the spiral appendages to the hinge,
but as they may be seen in Anomia trigonalis of Martin,
t. 29. f. 36. it is probable they might be found in this, if
the specimens were fortunately preserved.

We were obliged to the late Mr. W. Martin for the first
account of this species in 1798, and it had not been a se-
cond time discovered by him or mentioned by any other
author until very lately : he observes it is very rare at
Castleton, and that its structure is truly remarkable,
&c. As species of shells are said to determine the pre-
cise age of the rock they are found in, by degrees we
shall gain much useful instruction.

A few years since my good friend, and friend to
science, W. Danby, Esq. gave me a specimen, gathered
below St. Vincent’s rock, near Bristol, and in May,
1815, the Rev. J. M. Trahernes sent it to me as he ob-
serves, “ from the Mountain Lime with Entrochi, near
St. Hilary, Glamorganshire.” I have also a specimen
from near Cork, by favour of Dr. T. Wood, in 1812.
The two first have a few scaly remains of the shell ; they
are somewhat distorted, with incurved beaks; that from
Bristol has some signs of Entrochi, in a dark reddish
Limestone ; in the other they are very distinct and abun-
dant, the stone is darker with red stains. The specimen
from Ireland has less of the shell, and is remarkably dis-
torted, see fig. 5 ; this distortion appears to imply some
difference in the age, as if a further change had taken
place, which effected a total reduction or more total loss
of the shell, softening the whole mass, the shell previously

interrupting and imposing the distinction and separation
of the rocky matter sufficient to keep its form visible.

The other four figures are from the same specimen as
Martin figured: I cut a piece from it in search of the
spiral cartilage, but it was obliterated : we may still hope
to see it in perfection in some other. The Irish and Der-
byshire specimens are in a much lighter coloured stone
than the others.

121.

NAUTILUS Comptoni.

TAB. CXXI.

Spec. Char. Lenticular,, carinated ; center co-
vered ; surface smooth ; keel obtuse ; aperture
acutely triangular.

The last whorl covers all the others, and has about ten
septa. The centers are covered by a convex crust, more
opaque than the rest of the shell. The mouth is formed
of two arched lips. Siphuncle probably in the keel.
Diameter less than one line.

This is, perhaps, so small a Nautilus, that it is likely
to be overlooked in England. I received it from Lord
Compton (in the same stone with the Turrilites costata,
tab. 36.) who found it at Earl-stoke, seven miles N. E.
of Warminster, Wilts. I beg to record his Lordship’s
penetration, as an honour to himself, and as likely to
prove ultimately useful to society ; for, as the language
of a country (says Lord Moira) may be enriched by a
knowledge of other languages, so a knowledge even of
the minutiae of Natural History must facilitate other
branches of science in any country, for every atom has
its use to infinity. The minuteness and rarity of thi$
specimen made me rather anxious to give it publicity,
lest it should be lost.

It agrees in some respects with the genus Patrocles of
Montfort, but from the imperfection of some of his figures
I do not know how to confide in this, and I think it is a
fault to be hasty in making Genera, before we are ac-
quainted with individuals. Now every observer would

VOL. II.

•consider this as somewhat belonging to the Nautilus, I
therefore retain it in that genus at present, rather than
go farther, beyond the limits of general knowledge.
Nautilus calcar of Fiehtel is quoted by Montfort, but it
appears certainly to differ from either. I am sorry not to
be able to find the siphuncle, but I suspect it is at the
outer extremity. In all my specimens, which is seldomer
the case in Nautili than in Ammonites, it was obscure :
one had a little break where I expected it, but I could
not say it was there ; — it must therefore be left for further
research.

cJiki6.

NAUTILUS simplex*

TAB. CXXIL

Spec, Char. Depressed* sphaeroidal* umbilicate*
plain ; mouth lunate* with the angles truncate*
embracing the preceding whorl ; siphuncle
nearest to the inner edge of the septum.

Thickness about four -fifths of the greatest diameter*
septa numerous, rather flatter than in Nautilus imperial! s,
tab. 1. and narrow in the middle.

This is found rather abundantly in the vicinity of
Boreham, one mile E. S. E, of Warminster, but often so
loosely aggregated in parts as to fall to pieces as a mere
marley green sand, as it is commonly called ; at the same
time some parts are become more or less solid, and com-
pact flinty hornstone, or partially filled with carbonate of
lime in crystals. Under these circumstances it is seldom
that a good specimen is found, and they vary in shape
and size, being compressed or rounded, and from an inch
or two to a foot or more in length. The present spe-
cimen, from Miss Benett, shewing the place of the
siphuncle, helps to distinguish it from species which
might otherwise be confounded with it. It bears a great
resemblance to Nautilus imperialis, (tab. 1.) but is, how-
ever, generally rounder in the curyature, and narrower.
In one massy specimen I found what is deemed an
Alcyonite imbedded ; it is a sort of organic remains, that
has repeatedly forked branches, and bearing many clubbed*
pearshaped* nearly cuplike or folded, apparent tormina-

tlons or heads,* some nearly the shape and size of a
moderate lemon ; the branches about half an inch thick,
with five or more calcedonic tubes filled up with flint,
&c. the rest being chiefly horny looking flint, which with
some difficulty separates from the green sandy and flinty
marly mixture. Pectens, &c. are frequently included
with them.

The green sand in which this is found owes its name to
particles of Chlorite, or earthy Talc, coloured green
by Iron mixed with it,f a colour seldom found in Mica,
and never imparted by it to the sandstone, of which it
may form a part.

* Since my paper on this was read to the Linnean Society, more spe-
cimens have been found in the Warminster green sand, by Miss Benett,
indicating many swelling terminations or heads, hydra-like.

f The Fullers* Earth, near Woburn, is often accompanied by a bright
§re^n sand, whose colour is occasioned by Iron, it is said.

NAUTILUS truncatus.

TAB. CXXIIL

Spec. Char. Thick, flatted, plain, umbilicate ;
back flat,, mouth elongated, four-angled: si-
phuncle nearest to the inner margin of the
septum,

Syn. Lister , 1048.

Thickness rather less than half the diameter ; the sides
are rather conical and even. Mouth above half the dia-
meter of the shell, long, narrowest towards the back,
siphuncle oval. Septa very numerous, not recurved
towards the umbilicus.

A fine specimen of this species is figured by Lister,
measuring ten inches in the longest diameter ; no doubt,
when perfect it is sometimes much larger : mine is eight
inches, I figure a part of it, as sufficient ; the remainder
is a broken continuation of it. I have never seen the last
chamber. This is composed of a mixture of dark lias lime-
stone and pyrites, found at Keynsham, S. E. of Bristol.
It is also said to be found in the blue lias of Bath, &c.
Lister does not say where his specimen was found ; his
figure shows about three whorls, mine did not expose
them ; possibly when the shell is removed the whorls may
be uncovered. Mine has fragments of the shell of consi-
derable thickness about it, indicating that it was smooth
when perfect.

124-

NAUTILUS obcsus0
TAB. CXXIV*

Spec. Char. Gibbose, umbilicate, plain; back
broad, flat ; mouth large, squarish ; septa
very numerous, not recurved ; siphuncle nearly
central.

Thickness about three-fourths the diameter. The
mouth is large, being two-thirds the diameter long. The
septa are very numerous ; their angles not being recurved
gives a very open form to the umbilicus. The siphuncle
is transversely oval.

My kind and discerning friend Mr. Strangewayes sent
me this from the coarse or rather ferruginous limestone, at
Norton-under-ham ; it is often of a large size (a foot or
more long) and clumsy make, but seldom perfect. It is
readily distinguished at first sight by the flat broad back,
and afterwards by the siphuncle being nearly in the
middle of the septa, inclining inwards : both these cha-
racters being taken together will distinguish many species,
yet I expect more may be occasionally necessary. The
shell must have been very thin and without peculiar
markings, as there is no sign betwixt the curve and the
mouth that betrays any. The divisions are sometimes
irregular, hut that happens in the most perfect in mapy
other species.

tsm

fP$#Wi

‘V? . jv - * r„ V.'- v*

ip®

StB&

il§lSi®l

wmmm

NAUTILUS intermedins.

TAB. CXXV.

Spec. Char. Gibbose, umbilicate, concentrically
striated ; back broad, flattened ; mouth squar-
ish ; siphuncle nearest the external edge.

N ot so thick as N. obesus, with flatter sides and a nar-
rower back ; the septa are also less numerous ; it ap-
proaches N. truncatus, (tab. 123.) but is thicker, with a
broader back ; its surface being finely striated, distin-
guishes it from both.

From Keynsham. — This and the last might easily be
confounded with each other ; the siphuncle, however, in
this, is nearest to the outer part of the shell. From the
inner part of the front of a whorl that became exposed in
separating, we find it was longitudinally and finely
striated. Had not this been discovered, we must have
depended more upon the siphuncle, which is round and
not transversely oval. The stone in which this and the
last figured specimen were imbedded, does not seem to
differ much. The shells of either appear to have been
very thin, and are so worn that the numerous and thin
septa are seen conspicuously exposed.

How admirable is it that Nature allows us so much
distinction in specimens that have undergone such vicis-
situdes, while we are often puzzled with very perfect
recent ones l It is truly useful, as we the better discri-
minate their places in the rock and system ; and thus
will the recent species become more easy to our exercised
faculties.

^Thomas Walford, Esq. has nearly similar remains of
shells on his estate at Birdbrook, N. W. of Castle Hed-
ingham, Essex, of which he kindly sent me a specimen,
in the light chalky marl, perhaps alluvial on the London
clay ; but I expect, from what I have, that the siphunele
is placed about one-third of the length of the mouth from
the last whorl ; and although the flatness and width of the
shell nearly corresponds, it is not so angular as in the
Keynsham specimen. It was part of a septarium, which
included the shell, indiscriminately, as a mass of earth.
Such light earthy septaria are found under gravel, near
the Marquis of Cornwallis’s, Culford Hall, near Bury
St. Edmund’s^ Suffolk.

12&

AMONITES giganteus*

TAB* CXXVI.

Sim[ilegades . Montfort, p. 92*

Spec. Char. Depressed, with many radiating,
sometimes furcate undulations ; inner whorls
exposed ; sides straitish ; mouth ohovate.

Var. jS. Mouth nearly circular, sides rounded.

Syn. • — Lister , pi. 1046.

There are about 5 distinct whorls in most specimens,
the interior ones being almost wholly exposed ; the septa
are rather numerous with their margins much sinuated.
Thickness of var. a equal to about one fourth of the
diameter, and rather more in Tar. (2.

I was at a loss how to represent this, which in mag-
nitude and beauty is preserved so many ways lor our
Wonder, instruction, and gratification. It is sometimes
filled with small grained Limestone: sometimes the

chambers are lined or filled with crystallized Carbonate of
Lime; the crystals being commonly equiaxed or inverse
rhombs (see British Mineralogy tab. 12.) Such are found,
I believe, near Keynsham, and cut and polished, thus
shewing the chambers within, and the sinuated margins
of the septa, at various depths externally ; they are often
cut so thin as to be transparent in parts; my late es-
teemed friend, Br. Lettsom, presented me with some
specimens of this kind, which surpass description. The
flint that occurs in the Limestone where these shells
abound, occasionally envelopes some of them, the chain-

bersare then generally filled or lined with quartz crystals.
I have several large fragments of nearly such from the
neighbourhood of Fonthill, Wilts. A specimen from the
last place in flint I have figured in British Mineralogy,
tab. 310.; it is composed of calcedony, which has
formed a thin coat over the shell, septa and all,
when the shell decaying has left the calcedony with its
exact form. It has been said, somewhere, that Mr.
Beckford, of Fonthill, w as in possession of one, holding
Feldspar; upon enquiry I have every reason to think
this to ha ve been a mistake ; if such a one w as at Fonthill,
Mr. Beckford was so kind as to order it to be sent to me,
but no such thing existed. The half of one, how-
ever, the smaller chambers of which are lined with
inverse rhombs of Carbonate of Lime supporting short
prismatic crystals of the same substance, was added
to my collection ; it is from Chicksgrove quarry, one
mile and a quarter E. N. E. of Tisbury, near Hin-
don, Wilts, and measures two feet three inches ill
diameter. When I was at that place some years ago,
the quarry men told me, that they had broken within
that week, one as large as the hinder wheel of a coach l
Lister says his was two feet, and there is in the museum
at Paris, a shell of the same genus four feet in diameter ;
knowing this, Montfort seems ready to give credit to the
assertion, that they are sometimes eight feet. The
Chicksgrove one just mentioned is the largest I have met
with ; it is the var. a and in a compact sandy Limestone ;
there is part of a curiously formed crab’s claw in the stone,
and a number of plain serpulse about the mouth of the
shell ; there is a specimen of this variety a, brought from
Purbeck Isle, as it is called, in Dorsetshire, measuring
21 inches in diameter, to be seen in the basement, in front
«of one of the warehouses in the London Docks.

Of the variety (3 I have several calcareous specimens
from the Chicksgrove quarry, one of them lined with
equiaxed rhombs of calcareous spar, for which I am in-
debted to A. B. Lambert, Esq. of botanical celebrity; in
the stone imbedding this shell there was a large conge-
ries of Serpulse, of a different species from those in the
other specimen var. #, an Oyster shell, impregnated with
Silex, Trigonise, various small Shells, small Vertebra,
and imperfect Crab’s claws. Most of the siliceous speci-
mens are also of the variety (3 . I am indebted to Mr.
Salmon for some masses of Flint, having hollows almost
filled with calcedony, which appear to be nearly oblite-
rated chambers of such a shell, of a very large size : they
were found in Marlborough Downs.

Some years ago I saw on the shore at the foot of the
Cliffs, between Dover and Walrner castle, an impression
in Chalk, of an Ammonite, which measured about three
feet in diameter.

Chicksgrove quarry produces many Ammonites, they
occur in a Limestone, into the composition of which a
small quantity of fine sand enters, and as there are dis-
persed through it many portions of crystallized Carbo-
nate of Lime, that break into lamina?, it has, I am told,
been erroneously called sandstone with mica : the quarry
men term the particular bed which produced my largest
specimen var. a, the spangle bed, (the specimen var. /3 ap-
pears to be from the same bed) from the appearance of
these crystals. Miss Benett who has paid indefatigable
attention to Chicksgrove quarry, and indeed to Geology
In general, has kindly remitted to me the following ac-
count of the section, with the nomenclature of the peo-
ple who work the stone, and a series of specimens which
enable me to mark the mineralogical differences of the
stones.

A corrected Section of Chicksgrove Quarry, S. of the
Village and of the River, in the Parish of Tisbury,
in Wiltshire.

1. Top of the Quarry. — Rubble, fourteen feet. — No
shells in this bed. (Impure chalk.)

2. Stone not good, two feet.— The lower part of this
bed contains the same shells as the chalk below it.

3. Chalk, two feet.— Trigonias three species, Pectens
like those of Thame, Oxfordshire, Ostrea several species,
a thick equivalve, bivalve which is common in the rubble
beds of freestone, a small bivalve, perhaps Unio, two
other small bivalves and a Trochus like those of the flinty
chalk. (Hard chalk.)

4. Flint, four inches, (approaching chert.)

5. Chalk, eleven feet. — A rubbly Chalk without shells.
(Hard chalk.)

6. Spangle bed, five feet six inches. — Contains Am-
monites, Oysters? and various other shells changed into
spar. (Limestone, containing some white, but no green
sand.)

7. Walling Rag, two feet six inches. — Fragments of
shells changed into spar. (Like No. 6, only coarser and
harder.)

8. Devil’s bed, two feet.— Fragments of shell changed
into spar, smaller shells than the Walling Rag. (Like
No. 6.)

9. Great Rag, three feet. — No shells, or only small
fragments. (A compact sandy Limestone, with minute
grains of green sand.)

10. Brown bed, three feet. — Contains Ammonites.
(Less compact than the last, with more green sand, some
parts qf q, loose texture.)

11. Trough stone, three feet four inches .—Trigonias,
the shell changed into spar, and Ammonites. (Similar to
some parts of the last.)

12. White bed, two feet eight inches .—Contains Am-
monites. (Between 10 and 13.)

13. Hard bed, three feet six inches.— Trigonias, the
shell changed into spar and Ammonites. This bed is
very like No. 11. (Rathe? less green sand than No. 10.)

14. Fretting stone, two feet.— A soft stone and no
shells. (A loose sandy Limestone with green sand.)

15. Under bed, two feet. — Fragments of shells
changed into spar. (More compact and finer grained
than the last, and holding less green sand.)

16. Under bed, two feet six inches. — Contains Trigo-
nias, the cast of the outside of the shell a soft stone.
(Like the last, except that it contains no spar.)

The whole depth of Chicksgrove Quarry to the bottom
of the stone is 6 1 feet 4 inches, measured by J ohn Moun-
tague, foreman of the quarry.

The scales of fish, erroneously supposed to have been
found in this quarry, were from a tile-stone quarry on Lady-
Down, in the parish of Tisbury, and about one mile
N. W. from Chicksgrove Quarry.

The above are the names by which the different beds
are known by the people who work the quarry.

Most of the stone contains calcareous spar, in the place
of the fragments of shells dispersed through it, but No.
14 and 16 are without it; the Spangle bed contains most.

The rare stratum called by Geologists “ White Free-
stone” and here called chalk, but from which it differs in
its situation, occurs also at Brill, in Buckinghamshire^
and at Upway, in Dorsetshire

J-2J

CERITHIUM, Bruguiere.

Gen, Char. Shell univalve, spiral, terminated at
the base by a short truncated or recurved canal ;
aperture oblique, with an obscure canal at the
upper part.

T he shells of this Genus are generally seven times the
width of the aperture long, and beautifully ornamented
by tubercles, transverse striae or carinae and longitudinal
costae, variously combined and proportioned. It seems
to be a very natural Genus, containing many species ;
but the canal at the upper part of the mouth is often very
obscure, and sometimes, even entirely wanting. The
size of individuals varies from a quarter of an inch
to two feet in length, limits which are exceeded by
very few Genera of spiral shells. This Genus has
been divided into three by Montfort; how far this di-
vision may be found necessary by those who are con-
versant with foreign shells, I will not pretend to say,
but at present l feel satisfied with Lamarck’s distinctions
and would wish to go no further.

GERXTHIUM pyramidalis.

TAB. C XXVIL— Fig. l.

Spec. Char. Pyramidal, with six projecting tu-
berculated angles; whorls 10 or 11, trans-
versely tri-carinated, carinae tuberculated ; six
compressed tubercles on the upper part of the
last whorl; outer lip expanded.

VOL, II.

Syn, Cerithium hexagonutn. Lamarck Env . dc

Paris , p. 79.

Murex hexagonus. Chemnitz Conch . X^.

261. f. 162. /. 1554.
1555.

Murex angulatus. Brander , p. 24. /. 46,

Although the general form of this is pyramidal with six
sides the spaces between the angles or rather costse are
not flat ; the costae are slightly arched, obtuse, with
about three tubercles on each, corresponding to the
number of obtuse carinae that cross them, and which have
three or four tubercles between each costa : the last
whorl shows seven or eight carinae, and wants the costae
on its lower part, while they are enlarged on the upper
part by an equal number of prominent transversely
flattened tubercles : the whole surface is minutely and
transversely striated. Brander describes seven angles
to his Murex angulatus, but I conceive there is no doubt
of this being the same species, the number of angles
constituting it only a variety. I have two specimens,
both with six angles.

From Hordle or Barton Cliffs, by favour of my kind
friend, the Rev. Mr. Iremonger; not having the mouth
quite perfect in the authentic specimen, a dotted line
is added from a specimen the same in every res-
pect, except that its ornaments are sharper, and that
it has so recent an appearance, that I cannot answer for
its being a fossilized remains, nor do I know where it
was found, although shells, almost as recent in appear-
ance, are found at Hordle Cliff.

Lamarck’s Cerithium hexagonum comes the nearest
in description to this shell, but is distinguished by the
flatness of its sides and spinose tubercles. See Env. de
Paris , p. 79.

CERITHIUM geminatum*

TAB. CXXVIL— Fig. 2.

Spec. Char. Conical, elongated, smooth, with
seven or eight longitudinally disposed pairs of
acute tubercles on each whorl ; whorls about
twelve; lip even.

There are two obsolete transverse carinae, extending
from one pair of tubercles to the next; the upper tubercle
of each pair is the largest* particularly upon the last
whorl* where it is often bifid; on this whorl are also two
other rows of small tubercles, visible; the aperture is
nearly round, with a very slightly recurved beak,

I believe this is a rare shell, even at Barton Cliff, from
whence I am favoured with it by the Rev. Mr. Iremonger,
who has generously allowed me to take many of the most
rare and perfect of his specimens, for public information
—this is the best specimen I have seen ; but I possess a
smaller one from the same place, by favour of the Rev.
W. Bingley.

CERITHIUM funatum.

TAB. CXXVIIL

Spec. Char, Conical,, elongated, with two obtuse
crenulated transverse ridges upon each whorl ;
upper part of each whorl thickened and tuber-
culated ; mouth squarish ; base smooth.

The tubercles upon the upper part of the whorl form,
in some specimens, a kind of corona : the last whorl
only differs from the others, in exposing two more
transverse ridges ; the mouth has a small canal at the
upper edge ; the beak is rather short. Whorls ten or
eleven.

This elegant species seems to have been common at
Hordle Cliff, when Mr. Iremonger procured it ; the indi-
viduals are sometimes neat and white, with a mixture of
sand and marie, or stained with ochre; sometimes they
are less sharply preserved with a grey or greenish sandy
mixture about them, and occasionally the ornament and
striae are obliterated to so plain an appearance, that the
species can scarcely be recognized without very careful
comparison, the ridges, &c. varying more or less accord-
ing as they are worn, but commonly having the most
distinct appearance about half way from the apex I
have named it from the resemblance of the costa to small
cords.

Fig. 1 from a bed of blue clay on the indurated
marie, Castle-hill, near Newhaven, Sussex, by favour of G.
A. Mantell, Esq. collected in 1802 or *803. Fig. 2
found at Hordle Cliff some years since, and presented to
me by the Rev. Mr. Iremonger.

12B.

YOLUTA Lambert!*

TAB* CXXIX.

Spec. Char. Fuciform, shorty smooth ; base elon-
gated, obscurely truncated ; columella with 3
or 4 plaits ; aperture acute above ; outer lip
sharp, not expanded towards the base.

Syn, Yoluta of Harwich. Park . Org . Rem. V.

III. p. 26. t.b.f. 13.

A Cast. Hist. Lap . Fig.p, 112, t. 33./. 3.

App to Dale's Hist . of Harwich 9
pi 10./ 14. p. 289. (See Parft-
inson) .

The whole surface is smooth ; the aperture occupies
about two-thirds of the length of the shell, it is nearly of
the same form with it, but is acute at the upper part,
whereas the apex of the shell is subglobose ; the width
is considerably less than one-third of the length; the
outer lip has a slight sinus where it approaches the spire
and is rather expanded in the middle : the base is
equally elongated with the spire, and so slightly and
obliquely truncated, as to render the beak but obscurely
emarginate. The lowest plait of the columella is some-
times confounded with the base of it, when there remain
only three plaits.

I retain this as a Voluta,* although the base is,
perhaps, scarcely emarginate, and is more taper than
usual. It is rather curious that about five specimens
have been found in a recent state, much resembling this,
which are in the hands of different cognoscenti; Mr.

* It has some affinity to Murex tulipa, Linn . or Fasciolaria, Lam »

Hall is said to have two, Mr. Jennings one, of which I
have seen drawings, some of which indicate an emargi-
nate base : the shape in other respects is so near that it
might be considered the same : the colour also corres-
ponds ; the recent one, is, however, finely marked with
zigzag or lightening-like stripes, of the colour of
the warmest or darkest line of our figure, and is al-
together to be admired, so that it has got the appella-
tion elegans. It is said to be a native of the Fejee
islands in the south seas. I have seen a recent specimen
approaching it, with a broad expansion of the outer lip,
and emarginate base, without coloured markings.

Fig. 1 is from a young shell by favour of Mrs. Cobbold,
from Crag-marle at Holywell ; fig. 2 from the Rev. Mr.
Lambert’s specimen; it is, perhaps, the most perfect
known, and was found in the Cliff at Bawdsey, Suffolk,
where the Crag lies upon blue Clay. Fig. 3 is the outline
of a cast, by favour of that gentleman, from Aldborough,
Suffolk, full twenty miles distant from Bawdsey where
the other specimen came from.

I have the pleasure of naming it after the Rev. Mr.
Lambert, that his ardour and zeal may be remembered
with gratitude.

Mr. Parkinson’s figure seems to have been taken from
a good specimen, but differs from ours in the contour of
the adherent upper part of the lip.

Having been favoured with a sketch of the general
nature of that part of Suffolk where the Crag-marle, more
or less supplies these, and numerous other vestiges of
beings, formerly organized; I am glad to lay the instruct-
ive detail before the public : — ■“ It is that part of the
county of Suffolk which, from the comparative lightness
of the soil, is expressly called the Sands — it abounds
so much in that species of fossil shell, called Crag shells,

that it is much more difficult to say where they are not,
than where they are to be found. The Crag' at Bawdsey
Cliff, near the mouth of the Deben or Helen River, is partis
cularly deserving attention, not only for the variety of
shells which it produces, but because you may discover
in various parts of it, particularly the southern extremity,
the base on which it rests, and which appears to be blue
Clay, and such is the Anchorage ground in Hollesley
Bay, N. E. of it, visible at ebb tide. On elevated ground,
to the west of Melton, N. N. E. of Woodbridge, is a Crag
pit, just on the confines of the deep soil of High Suffolk,
its produce mixes with the fossils of the blue Clay. At
Shottisham, S. E. of Woodbridge, I found the Mu rex.
despectus ; near Brightwell and Foxall, S. W. of Wood-
bridge, the reverse Murices and Chamee abound ; near
Woodbridge is a vein of imperfect specimens of Venus
Islandica,but I never could extract an entire specimen. At
Sudbourn, N. of Orford, the Crag is of a much paler
colour, and of so concrete a texture, that some wails at
Orford are built with it ; and in sinking wells through
it at Sudbourn no other support is wanted for the sides.
The Crag near Aldborough is very loose.* I believe that
the soil of the country between the rivers Orwell and
Stour, S. and S. W. of Ipswich, is similar to that of the
Sands, and equally abundant in Crag ; but I have
never examined any part of it except the neighbourhood
of Wherstead and Belstead. To the westward of Ipswich,
Crag was formerly seen on high ground, which is now
concealed by plantations ; and about half way down, be-

* It consists of fragments mixed with entire shells of Pectens and some
others, corals, &c. adhering- together around the spaces formerly occu=
pied by other shells, such as Voluta Lamberti, Venus, islandiea, &c.
that have left behind them here nothing but their impressions, while iu
other places they are found entire.

tween this and the river, a tooth and several bones of
an elephant were found in sinking a well, ten or twelve
years ago. Near Harwich, S. S. E. is the Cliff originally
quoted by Lister as the habitat of the inverted Murex,
and copied from him by succeeding Concholo gists,
a Prope Harwich,”

130

Ji/me J id J 6-

AMMONITES Bucklandi.

TAB. CXXX.

Spec. Char. Depressed, inner volutions exposed,
with large obtuse radii ; back carinated, and a
furrow on each side of the keel ; aperture
quadrate.

Volutions about five, their sides wholly exposed, the
back flatfish, with two concentric grooves, and an inter-
mediate keel ; the radii are swelled towards the back,
over which they are suddenly reflected, and gradually
lost, as in several other carinated Ammonites ; the keel
is obtuse and entire.

Found in the Blue Lias of Bath and the neighbour-
hood, measuring from a foot to 21 inches or more in
diameter, and rather remarkable for having frequently
lost the inner whorls ; which circumstance, by a sort of
friendly pun, has given rise to the name given it, in
honour of a meritorious and enlightened Geologist, the
Rev. W. Buckland, who having found a large specimen,
was induced by his ardour to carry it himself, although
of considerable weight, and being on horseback it was
not the less inconvenient ; but the inner whorls being
gone so as to allow his head and shoulder to pass
through, he placed it as a French horn is sometimes
carried, above one shoulder and under the other, and
thus rode with his friendly companions, who amused him
by dubbing him an Ammon Knight ; and thus the speci-
men was secured, by diverting the tedious toil otherwise
hardly to be borne. May his zeal for information always
be rewarded : may his abilities continue to meet that
attention they have hitherto so deservedly gained : may
his horn be exalted with honour.

Mr. B. lately found Ammonites striatus, tab. 53. f. 1.
in the transition slate of Filliagh, near South-molton,
Devonshire.

AMMONITES ConybearL
TAB. CXXXI.

Spec. Char* Depressed, carinated, volutions many,
exposed, with obtuse radii ; keel prominent,
entire ; back flattish, angular ; aperture oblong.

V olutions 8 or 9 ; the radii even, or rather most ele-
vated in the middle of each volution, and lost before
they quite reach the angles of the back : keel large and
prominent, with a slightly concave space on each side
of it.

This species is rather remarkably variable in size,
from 2 to 18 inches and more in width, and always hav-
ing about 8 whorls, generally continuing very perfect to
a small center. It is from near Bath. The composition
it is preserved in varies much, like that of most of the
shells of the Lias strata in general, being Carbonate of
Lime more or less crystallized, Iron Pyrites, or mere casts
of earthy Limestone, or a mixture of the whole, and
shewing the foliated divisions, or nearly plain.

I feel a pleasure in distinguishing this by the name it
bears, after two able Geologists, the learned friends and
companions of the Rev. Mr. Buckland, whose zeal de-
serves to be remembered by posterity. This and the
following species are generally companions in the same
stratum, and are occasionally impressed with each
others type.

132.

AMMONITES Greenoughi.

TAB. CXXXIL

Spec. Char. Depressed, volutions two-thirds con-
cealed, obscurely undulated ; aperture elliptical,
deeply indented by the preceding whorl.

w horls four or live, the last nearly half the diameter
of the shell, the undulations are continued and rather
strongest over the rounding back, they are obscure in
all but the central whorls, and the latter whorls of old
shells are destitute of them. The outline of the aperture
is a very regular ellipsis. The septa are near, very
much and beautifully sinuated at their margins, and
locked into each other.

This rather singular Ammonite is often formed of
pyrites, of rich golden and iridescent tints, and crystal-
lized in the greatest variety of forms, from the oc-
taedron to the icosaedron, following the undulations of
the chambers and the most attenuated ramifications of
the spreading follicuhe, sometimes forming in the place
of the shells, &c. &c. occasionally filled with a great
variety of crystals of Carbonate of Lime an inch or more
in length. Specimens vary in size from 12 to 18 inches
or even more. The outer whorl has generally few or no
undulations, while they are more distinct in the center
which, if seen separated, might be mistaken for an-
other species. The attenuated and ramifying sutures
of the septa are remarkably striking in the present spe-
cimen, and put me in mind of the friendly and attentive

Geologist, Greenough, whose genius spreads and rami-
fies so abundantly, that I could not resist commemo-
rating it with sentiments of friendship, that the suavity
of his manners has stamped on my mind. May he con-
tinue long to enjoy that ardour, which contributes so
much to his happiness, and is so instructive to all around
him.

133.

ORTHOCERA anmilata.

TAB. CXXXIIL

Spec. Char. Slightly tapering, gently compressed,
with strong annular undulations., and minute
transverse undulating striae.

1 he undulations are slightly oblique, at a distance equal
to about one-fourth the diameter from each other; about the
aperture which is oval, there is a considerable space without
a ring : the siph uncle is placed a little way within the
broader side of the shell.

From a Limestone quarry at Colebrook Dale, Shrop-
shire, it was presented to me by the friendly J. Cotton,
esq. Lady Aylesford shewed me, some time since,
a similar, but rather shorter specimen. It appears
to taper so gradually, that we may suppose it 18 inches
or more long when perfect The upper part of the figure
expresses the last chamber, which appears to extend
three-fourths of an inch beyond the preceding septum.
The form of the shell remains, it being replaced by Car-
bonate of Iron, thin, but distinct* thickest at the annula-
tions, which are occasionally dark brown from having been
worn when uncovered, or destitute of the buff Limestone.
The specimen is rather weighty, as if much impregnated
with Iron.

VOL. II.

AMMONITES auritus.
TAB. CXXXIV.

Spec. Char. Compressed, with obscure radiating
undulations tuberculated at their origin ; inner
whorls exposed ; back deeply channelled* bor-
dered by large alternating compressed tubercles.

horls four or five, the last nearly half the diameter*
or twice the thickness of the shell long.

Discovered in the micaceous sand when the Devizes
Canal was digging, by Mrs. Gent, who favoured me
with some other productions from thence some time
since : the stratum to which they belong appears to
require their aid to distinguish it. It is more or less
micaceous, and in most instances there are only casts
remaining of the forms that existed or were enveloped in
it, and which have not yet been recognised in any other
formation that I know of :* they are preserved in a pe-
culiar way, being of so loose and crumbly a texture as
scarcely to hold together, and a little change of wet and
dry would soon fit them to be dispersed by the slightest
wind ; but a certain depth has protected them in a place
where they might have been preserved for ages more
securely than in the most careful hands.

* I have two or three species from Folkstone belonging to the same
section as this, one of which I think is figured by Parkinson. Org. Rem0

tab. 9. f. 8.

±3$.

OSTREA canaliculata,

TAB. C XXXV.— Fig. i.

Spec, Char, Depressed, very long8, curved, two
eared ; a descending sinus or two in the an-
terior margin near the front; sides nearly
parallel.

Generally three times as long as wide ; the ears are
rather large, nearly equal, and distinguishable in both
valves : the posterior or concave side is often open : a
few concentric undulations are observable near the beak
of the lower concave valve : the upper valve is very flat,
without a prominent beak.

This species of oyster was sent me by Mr, Richard
Taylor, from the Chalk Cliff at Mundsley near Cromer,
with Magas pumilus, tab, 119, (where the locality should
have been given as here specified,) and Terebratula
earnea, tab, 15, fig. 5 and 6. It seems pretty well iden-
tified by the ears both in the upper and lower valves, but
most conspicuous on the incurved side : the convex side
is also mostly plaited with two or more canaliculated pro-
jections. I could discover no marks of attachment at
the beak, which is acuminated and apparently in depen-
dant.

The Ostreae, so universally distributed, are very puz-
zling in their varieties. 1 have therefore endeavoured
to distinguish two or three here, that some reference
may be had occasionally, if the characters I have used
will answer the purpose of distinguishing them in the
numerous places where they are found.

OSTREA acuminata.

TAB. C XXXV. —Fig. 2 and 3.

Spec. Char. Depressed, very long, curved, with
large subimbricated transverse waves beneath :
beaks and front acuminated.

Two or three times as long as wide, the upper valve
rather concave, smooth and nearly even, with a beak
almost equal to that of the other valve.

Fig. 2. represents specimens sent me from the clay
under the great Oolite of Bath, by favour of the Rev. H.
Steinhauer in 1813 : they have been parasitical on va-
rious formed things : have little or no auricles ; they
have large undulations, and vary much as to curvature.
Fig. 3. are taken from shells found at Aynho, North-
amptonshire, by Miss Wilson. They appear to be the
same species as the last mentioned, and they vary very
much as to their length, curvature, &e. : yet the undu-
lations may help to distinguish them. I have similar
shells from near Withy am, Sussex.

PECTEN equivalvis.

TAB. CXXXVL —Fig. l.

Spec. Char. Lenticular, with rounded diverging
ribs and many acute concentric striae ; valves
equally convex, the lower one smoothest ; ears
equal.

The ribs vary in proportion ; they sometimes equal the
space between them, but are generally less; they are
rounded and the striae are more or less obliterated over
them : the spaces between them are slightly concave.

Pectens are generically described by Lamarck as in-
equivalve, wherefore, I suppose, he had not seen any
otherwise ; but the present species has both valves nearly,
if not quite, equally gibbous : one valve being simply
convex, the other having a trifling reversed undulation
near the edge, and differing but little in the pattern. The
auricles have not, as I have seen, been found perfect,
they are, however, nearly so, and they then show an
horizontal line on each side of the beak, with nearly per-
pendicular line® or striae. I have one by favour of Dr.
Sutton, which has nearly parallel lines with the hinge on
the dexter auricle of the broader valve, with the broad
costae. This species is commonly found from three to
seven inches in diameter. Mr. S trail gewayes, from whom
I have received several specimens, observes, that they
are characteristic of the coarse Limestone of Ilminster.
I have had other specimens from near Lackington, by
favour of Mr. Strangewayes, also from Farley gateway,
Gloucestershire ; Carrington, Oxfordshire ; and from
Dursley, Gloucestershire. I believe tho species is found
in various other parts of England, and I have a specimen
from France.

PECTEN fibrosus.

TAB. CXXXYI .—Fig. 2.

Spec. Char. Depressed, orbicular, with a rectan-
gular beak, nine or ten broadish diverging
grooves and numerous sharp concentric striae ;
ears equal, rectangular ; margin undulated
internally.

Rather longer than broad ; the back is formed of two
straight lines meeting at an angle, sometimes greater, but
seldom less than a right angle ; the undulations within the
margin are regular and rather deep. The striae are com-
posed of small very prominent sharp ridges that hold the
shell firmly to the stone in which it lies.

This is remarkable at first sight for its broad and few
sulci, and for the fine undulating transverse striae all over
them. I have but seldom seen it in pairs, but Mr.
Strangewayes has a pair from Carrington, Oxfordshire^
and I have an excellent specimen from the Chatley Corn-
brash, by favour of T. Meade ,esq. and a small one showing
the inside from Oxfordshire. These last two are figured.
Mr. Mantell was so kind as to send me one from North
Leach, Gloucestershire, which has only 9 cost®, and
Mrs. Gent has met with something similar, but plainer at
Keliaways ; if these should prove to be distinct specie^
I shall notice them again.

ASTARTE.

VENUS Linn. Lam.

Gen. Char. Suborbicular or transverse. Ligament
external; a lunette in the posterior side ; two
diverging teeth near the beak.

T he shells of this Genus have three muscular impressions ;
the cartilage on one side and the lunette on the other,
together with the general; form, gives them a resemblance
to those of the Linnean Genus, Venus. Their outsides
have transverse undulations or reflected depressed costae,
which give the surface a natural character, by which they
maybe distinguished upon general inspection. Theiredges
are mostly crenulated within. There is one tooth less in
the hinge than in Venus ; the beaks are generally filled
up, not hollow within under the teeth ; there is also com-
monly an obscure elongated tooth at some distance from
the beak under the lunette. Of this Genus there are seve-
ral recent British species and many Foreign ones, all
of which have hitherto been classed under Venus ; of the
former are Venus Scotica, (which may be taken for the
type of the Genus) V. sulcata, Danmoniae, paphia, fas-
ciata, subcordata. It was not until I sought for the proper
place in the system for the fossil species, that I perceived
the necessity of making a new Genus, to which I have
given the name of one of the Heathen Deities, sometimes
styled Venus.

ASTARTE lurida.

TAB. C XXXVII. — Fig. 1.

Spec. Char. Transversely oblong, convex, de-
pressed, with many transverse undulations ;
lunette elliptical, sharp ; margin crenulated
within.

A rather thick shell with a straightish front, and
arched back, half as wide again as it is long.

A blue sandy Clay in the Fox-hill quarries, Gloucester-

shire, afforded Mr. Robert Taylor this perfect specimen,
which he was so obliging as to communicate for general
information. Mr. Taylor has also found it in coarse
Limestone at Taunton.

AST ARTE elegans.

TAB. CXXXVII. —Fig. 3.

Spec. Char. Transversely oblong, convex, de-
pressed, with many small transverse costse ;
lunette cordate ; margin crenulated within.

JMluck resembles the last, but the front is not so straight
and the back not so much arched; the teeth in the hinge
are also more distant.

By favour of Mr. Strangewayes, from Babling-hill,
Yeovil ; it so matches the upper specimen that the oppo-
site shells fit at the hinges ; it differs, however, in
shape a little, having a more graceful turn on the side
from the lunette, more of Hogarth’s line of beauty, the
other being straighter : it is also generally rather longer
for its breadth : it is a cast in Carbonate of Lime.

ASTARTE cuneata.

TAB. CXXXVII.— Fig. 2.

Spec. Char. Subcordate, acuminated, gibbose,
with small transverse costae ; lunette cordate ;
margin entire within.

The back of this is broad and flattened ; anterior side acu-
minated; the general form is a triangle, of which the poste-
rior side is the shortest. I have not seen the margin perfect.

From Chilmark, near Tisbury, Wiltshire, a quarry,
supposed to correspond with that of Chicksgrove ; Mr.
Jackson, some time before his death, brought me speci-
mens, and Miss Benett has since favoured me with
variety. Some specimens are neater and more regular
in their striae than others, being deeper and wider. The
shell is replaced by Carbonate of Lime, which is some-
times crystallized; the stone in which they are imbedded
is an earthy Limestone containing a small portion of green
sand.

TEREBRATULA pectita.

TAB. CXXXVIIL —Fig. l.

Spec. Char. Orbicular, gibbose, plicato -striated ;
with a flatfish space extending from the front
to the beaks ; beak of the lower valve promi-
nent, slightly incurved ; back of the upper
Valve straight, with an incurved beak.

The length and breadth are nearly equal and almost
double the depth : the plicae are small, rounded, and
often furcate, hence they are not much larger at the
margin than at the beaks.

Furnished by the green sand stratum, at Horningsham,
near Longleat, four miles west of Warminster, and may
be considered characteristic of the stratum and is figured
by Townsend and Smith. Mr. Meade has a larger speci-
men from the same place. The figure in the French
Encyclopaedia is ha.rdly satisfactory enough to be de-
termined.

TEREBRATULA Lyra.

TAB. CXXXVIIL — Fig. 2.

Spec. Char. Oblong, convex, with diverging fur-
cated plaits ; beak of the lower valve greatly
elongated, that of the upper valve short, in-
curved.

Length of the upper valve equal to twice its width ;
the beak of the lower valve is probably equal to the
length of the upper valve, it contains two longitudinal

Septa :* the upper surface is smooth, with a slight sul-
cus along the middle and a stria on each side of it ; how
it terminates is at present unknown.

This species is considered in the French Encyclopaedia,
where it is figured, as perfect at the perforated end, and
although Mr. Meade and others have kindly lent me their
best and most complete specimens, I have never seen one
nearly perfect. The larger figure is about the size of Mr,
Meade’s largest specimen. Mr. Cumberland, indeed,
considered it a new Genus and named it Lyra Meadi, in
compliment to our worthy friend, whom I esteem so
much, but the term Lyra is so apt I could not resist
applying it to the specific name. The analogy of many
species of similar construction, although not so much
elongated, show that it cannot, with propriety, at pre-
sent be separated from the perforated and plaited Tere-
bratulaj, for want of distinguishing characters, (although
they may hereafter be divided) till those further removed,
being imperforate, are more settled.

I found some specimens in the green sand at Chute
Farm, near Horningsham, chiefly silicized.

* I have observed indications of similar septa in the beaks of some
Spirifers.

PATELLA. Linn .

Gen. Char. Univalve, not spiral, more or less
conical, concave and simple beneath ; margin
and apex entire.

1 his Genus includes at present only such shells of Lin-
nceus’s Genus Patella as have entire margins and are not
perforated at the apex ; their form varies from nearly flat
with an umbo to obliquely conical, with a curved apex„
and there is a gradual succession of forms from one shape
to the other, therefore, I cannot see the propriety of con-
‘diluting Genera founded upon the form of the cone only.

PATELLA latissima.

TAB. CXXXIX.— Fig. i and 5.

Spec. Char. Nearly orbicular, flat, smooth.

Shell very thin, concentrically undulated ; the umbo is
excentric; the margin forms a very short oval.

Fig. 1 shows a specimen from a slaty Clay impregnated
with vegeto-bituminous matter, approaching the Kim=*
meridge coal, that occurs in Lincolnshire. The foliated
form of the Clay seems to arise from the same pressure
which has flattened the shell so as to crack the margin^
and make it rather doubtful how flat it would be if
perfect : the upper surface is still attached to the 01ay9
it may possibly be roughish, but this f have not been
able to ascertain ; however, there are characters enough

VOL. it.

to distinguish it from most other species. The stratum
it occurs in, may probably be recognized by it in some
other place. There are several places in Somersetshire
where Ammonites are found compressed in a somewhat
similar Clay. It is worth while to examine whether thi&
or any other species of Patella occurs with them.

Fig. 5 is from a shell, or rather the cast of one in a
compact Limestone, found in a rolled mass among lumps
of Chalk, Sandstone, and Gravel, at Pakefield, in Suf-
folk ; the stone has a largely foliated structure ; it con-
tains Tellinas, Ammonites, Vertebra, &c.* all compressed
in the direction of the laminse, but this Patella is not so
much so as in the Clay, therefore, it is but little cracked
at the edges.

PATELLA laevise
TAB. CXXXI X.—Fig. a and 4.

Spec. Char. Depressed, conical, smooth, shining ;
base obo rate; apex excentric.

A very smooth, even-formed shell, about one-third of
its length high and rather slender.

I have two specimens of this. I believe it has hitherto
been overlooked ; the smaller one i& from Whitby, where
it was found in that inexhaustible formation, the Alum
Clay, which, independantly of its value in the formation
of Alum, has attracted notice from the many larger fossil
productions, that in a manner eclipse this minute shell.
The other specimen was found in Clay at Folkstone ; I
suspect it is a rare species.

* The same stone produced a Lingula figured at tab. 19. Mr. Thurtell
sent me nearly the whole of it, and it has turned out very productive.

PATELLA equalis.

TAB. CXXXIX — Fig. 2.

Spec, Char. Conical, smooth ; base obovate ;
back nearly perpendicular.

There are some faint signs of radii upon the surface of
this ; its height is nearly equal to its width ; it is rather
broader towards the front, and the apex, which is rather
obtuse, is so excentric as to be almost perpendicular over
the edge ; the surface is covered with a light brown
epidermis.

Good specimens of this are rarely found in the Suffolk
Craig. Mrs. Cobbold favoured me with this from the
Holy wells estate near Ipswich.

PATELLA rugosa,

TAB. CXXXI X.—Fig. 0 .

Spec. Char. Depressed, obovate, radiated; apex
excentric, depressed, slightly recurved ; back
concave above, with reflected undulations.
Syn. j Park, org . rem, 3.

The radii are rather numerous and strongly marked ;
the lines of growth are too faint to make a distinct decus-
sation, but there are generally two or three large undu-
lations around the shell which approach each other behind

the apex, and rise so much as to give the margin the
appearance of having been rolled or gathered up, as one
might gather lip the edge of a woollen cap while holding
it in the hand : the shell appears to be tolerably thick.

Hampton Common and Amberley Heath, near Minch -
inhampton, Gloucestershire, afford this shell, in Bath
shelly Oolite. I have to thank the Rev. Mr. Newton for
my specimen, a token of some years standing ; it is cha-
racteristic of the bed in which it occurs, where it is not
very rare, and is generally in a very high state of pre-
servation.

PATELLA unguis.

CAPULUS. Mont.

TAB. CXXXI X.—Fig. 7.

Spec. Char. Depressed, suborbicular, obscurely
radiated ; vertex oblique recurved, extended
beyond the base, acute.

A rather flat shell, being about one -third of its width
high ; the whole of the beak is solid ; the other parts
gradually growing thinner to a sharp edge. The recent
Patella ungarica of Linnaeus is so very similar to this
fossil, that I doubt if a distinction can be found ; if there
be any it lies in the radii, which are very obscure in this,
a circumstance that may be attributed to wear; the
beak is, perhaps, less oblique, but in this it is variable.
My specimens came from the Holy wells Craig.

14-0.

PLANORBIS. Lam.

Gen. Char. Univalve, discoid, involute ; without
septa ; spire flat or impressed ; aperture entire.

This Genus has been well separated from Helix of
Linneus, it contains shells composed of a simple tube
curved into a Volute; in many species the latter whorls
partly embrace those preceding, but this is not the case
with several shells which otherwise have a natural
relation to the type of the Genus, so I have omitted that
part of Lamark’s Generic character which relates to it.
The recent shells are inhabitants of fresh water.

PLANORBIS equalis8
TAB, CXL .—Fig. l.

Spec, Char, Equilaterally concave, with one
obscure keel on the right side and two on the
left ; smooth ; volutions exposed ; aperture or-
bieular*

The inside of the tube composing this is perfectly round
but the shell is thicker towards the front, so as to make
the outer edge of the mouth obtusely obovate; the con-*
centric carinae are very obtuse and inconspicuous. There
is a slight impression of the preceding whorl in the sub-
stance of the last,

A specimen of Limestone from Kendal afforded me
this shell, it is replaced or cast in white Carbonate of
Lime or Spathose Limestone, and is filled up with darker
amorphous Limestone* which is somewhat of a redder

brown where exposed: there appear to be fragments of
Entroehi also in the stone. The Planorbis resembles so
much the fresh water Helices of Linmeus, that all the spe-
cies have been considered by some as inhabitants of fresh
water, but this would seem an exception.

PLANORBIS cylindricus.

TAB. CXL.— Fig. 2.

Spec, Char, Cylindrical, left side concentrically
striated ; vclutions three or four, adpressed ;
aperture oblong quadrangular.

The aperture of this shell is transverse, being wider
than long, nearly in the proportion of three to two ; the
angles are obtuse, and it receives no indentation from the
preceding whorl. The shell is about three times its
thickness in diameter, and the left side has six or eight
obscure elevated striae.

Some years since X was for a few hours at Cowes, on
the Isle of Wight, and picked up a piece or two of stone
which contained some of these shells, but as my time and
immediate occupation did not allow me to extend my
researches, i was content with what X had; this was in
the severe frosty and stormy weather of February, 1808.
I soon after visited by kind friend, Mr, X remonger, at
Wherwell vicarage, who gave me specimens he had from
the Isle of Wight, on examining which I found several
species of Planorbis and a Lyrnnaea much resembling
Helix stagnalis of Linnaeus, which I will add to this
work hereafter.

The Planorbis here figured differs from Helix contorta
in the whorls being more equal and angular on each
side and less numerous : the figures are about the natural
size of the best I have seen. The remains are shelly with
a smooth inside: the outside shows the lines of growth.

PLANORBIS obtusus,

TAB. CXL .—Fig. 3.

Spec. Char. Depressed, left side most concave :
volutions embracing, slightly compressed on the
right side ; aperture obliquely and obtusely
ob cordate,

The volutions are very few and much concealed, the
obtuse rounding edge which gives the short obcordate
form to the aperture distinguishes it from the next species ;
its thickness is equal to about one-fourth of its width ; it
is very pellucid and shining.

Found in the same stone as the last.

PLANORBIS lens.

TAB. CXL.— Fig. 4,

Spec. Char. Lenticular, subcarinated, volutions
embracing; aperture very oblique, obcordate.

Altogether much flatter than the last, with the sides
more equally concave; about one -sixth of its width in
thickness ; it much resembles the recent British Planorbis.

From the Isle of Wight, with the above and following
species.

PLANORBIS hemistoma.

TAB* CXL,— Fig. 6.

Spec. Char. Depressed, smooth ; right side con-
vex, umbilicate ; left side flat ; aperture
oblique, subtriangular,

A minute shell, seldom exceeding one line in diameter
and a fourth of one in thickness : the volutions, although
partly concealed by hanging over on the right side, make
no impression on each other : the aperture is triangular*
with the angles and one side rounded.

I picked this up in sand at Plum stead along with Car-
dium plumstediense and various other marine shells,
Sharks’ teeth, &c. The lower figures are magnified* the
upper figure about the natural size.

PLANORBIS radiatus.

TAB. CXL. — Fig. 5 .

Spec. Char. Lenticular, radiated; left side um-
bilicate ; volutions nearly concealed ; aperture
obcordate.

This is a strong shell; the radii are a kind of plaits gra=
dually disappearing towards the margin and very sharp
but not deep in the umbilicus : the mouth adheres, with
swelling edges to the next whorl ; about one fourth of its
diameter in thickness.

When describing the Planorbis in general, I could not
help thinking it convenient to describe a shell from the
micaceous green sand formation, and rather mixed with
marine with fresh water products, and which may, per-
haps, hereafter, with further information, lead to the
separation of another Genus. It is remarkable for forming
nearly the whole whorl on one side and having small
indistinct inner whorls. In this green and micaceous
sand we also find inner casts like fig. 8.

PLANORBIS euomphalus*

TAB. CXL. — Fig. 7, 8, and g.

Spec. Char. Depressed,, subcar mated, concern
trically striated ; right side flat ; left side
largely umbilicate ; aperture sub triangular.

hokls five or six, exposed, gibbose and rather an-
gular on the left side, forming a deep umbilicus ; the
aperture receives a slight impression from the preceding
whorl. The striae are fine all over the shell, and here and
there, upon the flat side in particular, are a few larger,
more prominent ones.

This shell has been described as from the Isle of Wight,
by Mr. Webster, in the Geological Transactions : my
spemines are from the mass Mr. Iremonger gave me in
1808, containing several of the preceding species. I
believe it differs sufficiently from the French species.

Fig. 8 and 9 represent casts, apparently of this shell,
they were sent me by Mr. Davies, of Bath, found in the
neighbourhood ; occasionally such types may be useful :
they are Limestone.

CIRRUS*

Gen* Char. Univalve, spiral, conical, without a
columella ; funnel-shaped beneath ; volutions
united*

JVIost of the shells of this genus have round mouths,
not indented by the last whorl, but united to it by an
expansion and thickening of the substance of the shell*
The apex is always elevated much above the base, and
equally so at all ages of the shell ; whereas, in Euom
phalus, the genus nearest united to this, the apex is but
little elevated, except sometimes in old shells, when the
last whorl descends more than usual ; from Scalaria it
differs in the union of the whorls, and the want of ribs*
A shell of this genus is distinguished at once by the
peculiar aspect of the funnel-shaped umbilicus which
exposes the inner parts of the whorls* It is a curious
genus, and would be considered a Turbo till modem
discernment showed the necessity of nicer distinctions :
having no columella it represents the whorl of some
tendrils called Cirri, or a curled lock of hair, I have
therefore named it Cirrus*

CIRRUS acutus.

TAB* CXLL— Fig. l.

Spec* Char* Conical, sharp, with an obscure Ca-
rina near the upper part of each whorl ; aper-
ture round*

horls about eight ; the height and the diameter of the
base are equal : the volutions are united by only a small
part of their surface, as is the case with most of the
genus : the lines of growth are longitudinal, fine and
regular*

This specimen was sent me long ago by Mr* Martin
from Derbyshire ; it is extremely neat : there are crystals
of Carbonate of Lime within it*

CIRRUS nodosus.

TAB. CXLL—Fig. 2.

Spec. Char. Acutely conical, spire reversed, with
two obscure transverse carinae, upon which are
numerous longitudinally extended tubercles ;
aperture orbicular.

1 here are two rows of tubercles on each whorl, formed
by the intersection of transverse and longitudinal ridges,
the upper row is the largest, and the other is inconspi-
cuous : the aperture seems from the cast to have been
somewhat plaited.

Dr. Leach, at present so well known for his extensive
researches into Natural History, some years since pre-
sented me with this specimen, picked up near Yeovil ; it
is a reverse shell, and seems to have been gregarious :
two were here crow ded together : there were signs of
Ammonites in the mass. It has had apparently a very
acuminated spire, seven turns of which remain, and the
space above for as many more, according to the general
proportions.

CIRRUS plicatus.

TAB. CXLL —Fig. 3*

Spec. Char. Conical, transversely striated, base
angular ; sides flattened ; umbilicus plaited or
deeply striated ; aperture oblong.

B ase rather broader than the height ; the aperture is
subquadrangular, and wider thap it is long. The angu-
lar form of the outer edge giving a flatness to the cone
it would form if perfect, will help to distinguish this
species : the lines of growth are indistinct, the creases or
plaits in the umbilicus, which is rather small, and looks
as if formed by the curvature of the shell, are a help to its
name.

From Folkstone, by favour of Mr. Gibbs : it has, like
other productions of that place, some of the original shell
remaining, which is occasionally finely iridescent ; the
present is rather chalky. The inside cast is a mixture of
ironey clay with lime.

JA2

TROCHUS similus,

TAB. CXLIL

Spec. Char. Conical, base rather convex, volu-
tions squarish, with tubercles upon their angles,
transversely earinato-striate, and a round-
ing1 elevation in their centers ; lines of growth
decussating the three central striae

The tubercles are numerous, rather depressed, but
large, the striae are undulated and pass over them ; be-
tween the three central striae which lie upon the elevated
part of the whorls the lines of growth are seen very
sharp, close and regularly arched : the columella is im-
perforate, and the interior of the shell is nearly plain,
retaining but small signs of the tubercles : the aperture
is square with rounded angles, and the inner lip is thick-
ened, two characters not well expressed in the figure,
which was taken from a handsome, but in this respect an
imperfect specimen.

The Blue Lias at Weston near Bath, and in the neigh-
bourhood of Yeovil, Lackington Park, Shotover, &c.
abounds with this Trochus. Lister found it at Bugthorp,
Yorkshire, and has figured it in his Conchology, f. 1036.
It is found of considerable size, and more or less worn
so as to disguise it in a way that makes it often difficult
to distinguish the species. When most perfect it is very
much ornamented with transverse undulating striae, and
often a rather conspicuous sort of belt, which has what
some have occasionally denominated a herring bone
marking. Among my specimens are several casts of the
interior only ; some are included in a mould of the outer
surface, like the lower figure ; and the space between

them contains a few crystals of carbonate of lime ; other
specimens have this space quite filled up, and the sur-
rounding stone broken away ; of such is the upper
figure : some casts are beautified with octohedral crystals
of pyrites*

A Trochus nearly resembling this is found in some
parts of Normandy, but comparison will prove that they
are distinct species0

J^3

CARDITA tubereulata,

TAB. CXLIII.

Spec. Char. Heartshaped, longitudinally radiated,,
radii tuberculated ; valves equal, laterally com-
pressed, longitudinally subcarinate, one side
semilobate, the other nearly flat, beaks much
incurved.

The length, breadth, and depth are in the proportion
of 5, 4. and 3 . ; the radii are not deep,-— they are nume-
rous, and in sets of three or four, with more enlarged
and conspicuous ones intervening.

The micaceous sandy strata dug through to make the
Devizes canal, has afforded some curious casts and im-
pressions of shells. The present was among others col-
lected by the indefatigable and discerning Mrs. Gent,
who has obligingly lent me the rarities of her collection
to draw. The beauty of. this specimen, and the tender
adherence of the sand, infering the probability of time
obliterating the greatest beauty of its ornamental strise,
I considered it a treat to preserve a resemblance of it, as
every touch brings away some grains. It is rather
obliquely compressed, as if by accident, yet it appears
to be a compressed shell with elegant curved beaks.
Should the same occur in greater perfection, we may
possibly discover with certainty all its characters, in the
mean time the utility of publishing it now will be appre
dated by the information, which bids fair to lead the
attention and elicit discovery.

' ’

. ■ -

•

■

■V

■

; ■ y - "■« i*'2

A 4*

CARDIUM gemigranulaturtte
TAB. CXLIV.

Spec. Char. Gibbose, transverse, subtriangular,
longitudinally striated, posterior side straight,
longitudinally sulcated, and largely granulated,

V ery similar to the Cardium edule in general form, but
often twice as large ; it is a slender shell, smooth to the
touch, but is covered with fine longitudinal striae ; upon the
posterior side the striae are enlarged and become sharp
sulci, on the ridges between these sulci are many small
irregularly globose tubercles or granules; the edge is
minutely dentated.

Of this Cardium some large fragments were presented
to me from Barton Cliff, by Miss Benett ; I had pre-
viously received small ones by favour of the Rev. W.
Bingley, and, in 1814, Mr. Bullock was so kind as to
present me with a small, nearly entire specimen, from
the Clay stratum, related to that of Highgate, in the
Regent’s Park, since which, in 1815, the same species
has been found in the continuation of the same stratum,
near the White Conduit House, at Islington. I do not
know that it was ever found at Highgate, although many
shells like the Highgate productions were found with it;
it was accompanied in these places by two or three other
species of shells not found at Highgate and some stems
of Pentacrini, with the appearance of the shelly substance
about them ; none such were found at Highgate, and I
am pretty confident no specimen of Argonauta was found
there, although report has said there was

100

This Car dlum is very distinct from any of the Gleims
that I know, yet its general resemblance to those figured
in tab. 14 would have found it a place near them had I
possessed it at that time, and now I have no British con-
gener to place with it: my best specimen is full of Pyrites^
and may fall to pieces, for which reason it was advisable
to secure a remembrance of it.

101

HELIX GENTIL
TAB. CXLY.

Spec, Char, Discoid, gibbose, smooths with a
spiral band along' the upper part of the whorl ;
aperture large, expanded, elliptical,

Rather less than an inch high, and an inch and a half
wide; the striae of growth are rather obscure, except
near the upper part of the whorl, where they run into a.
narrow sulcus that forms the spiral band.

I am favoured with permission to draw this pretty
cast by Mrs. Gent, whose name I have given it in com-
memoration of that scientific zeal which trusted ap
unique tender micaceous sandy cast to travel so far. I
presume it to be an Helix, as somewhat according with
tab. 10 and the position of the band is probably a good
characteristic distinction : it was gathered in the mica-
ceous sand formation near Devizes,

VOL. II.

103

PLEUROTOMA. Lam.

Gen. Char. An univalve, fusiform or subturreted
shell ; base of the aperture channelled ; a deep
sinus in the upper part of the outer lip,

The form of the mouth ill fossil shells of this Genus is
seldom distinguishable except in the lines of growth ; the
thinness of the outer lip renders it so liable to accidents.
The general form is similar to that of Murex, Fusus,
&c. The beak is straight, and the columella without
plaits.

PLEUROTOMA attenuafa*

TAB. CXLVl.—Fig. 1.

Spec. Char. Fusiform, base attenuated ; longitu-
dinally undulated ; undulations five or six, with
a large compressed tubercle at the upper end
of each ; volutions transversely striated ; aper-
ture narrow, straight.

The upper part of each whorl is nearly even, being only
striated and is bounded by transversely compressed tuber-
cles on the upper part of oblique undulations or costae ;
over these and the remainder of the whorl are numerous
small subtuberculated ridges with stria? between them,,
The aperture equals half the entire length of the shell :
the beak is produced by the gradual tapering of the last
whorl and is of the same length as the spire ; the width
is equal to one fourth of the length ; a rugged aspect is
given by the irregular lines of growth.

This species seems to be rare, I have only yet seen two
pieces, found at Stubbington by Mr. Holloway. Although
many species from that place agree with those found at
Highgate and Barton, and the foreign ones5 yet I believe
this is found no where else.

10#

PLEUROTOMA exorta.

TAB. CXLYL —Fig. 2.

Spec. Char. Turreted, base conical, elongated ;
whorls concave and smooth above, below longi-
tudinally undulated and convex ; with many
elevated subtuberculated lines ; aperture ovate,
elongated, canaliculated,
f Syn. Murex exortus. Brand . f. 32.

liONGiTUDiNAL undulations or costae 12 or 14, rounded
and strongest on the spire ; the smooth concave part of
the whorl is bounded by the commencement of the costai
which is rather sudden $ length of the aperture, including
the beaks, equal to two-fifths of the whole shell ; the
lines of growth are indistinct, but form small tubercles
upon the transverse lines.

From Barton. It appears to be Murex exortus of
Brander, or at any rate a variety approaching his M.
maeilentus. The Pieurotoma dentata of Lamarck,
under which M. exortus is quoted, with a mark of doubt,
is certainly distinct from any Hampshire shell I am ac-
quainted with, as I learn from a French specimen sent
me by Monsieur De France.

PLEUROTOMA rostrata.

TAB. CXLYI. — Fig. 3.

Spec. Char. Fusiform, with many transverse
ridges aud short costag, volutions obscurely de-
cussated, expanded and slightly concave above,
rather ventricose and roughish below : aper-
ture elongated, canaliculated.

Syn. Murex rostratus. Brand . f. 34 .

Costae numerous, obscure on the latter whorls; the de-
cussations oh the upper part of the whorls are very
slight, but most distinct near the edge ; the transverse
ridges are quite free from tubercles, but are roughened
by the lines of growth ; the aperture and beak occupy
half the length of the sheik

105

This species is found at Barton Cliff; it differs a little
from Brander’s excellent figure in the characteristic space
pn the upper part of each whorl, and the less acuminated
beak, but it can only be a variety. I have seen part of
a cast in micaceous sand, from the Devizes Canal, very
like this, but it had not the collar, if I may so term it.

PLEUROTOMA acuminata*

TAB* CXLVI. — Fig. 4 .

Spec. Char. Turreted, acuminated, longitudinally
ribbed, transversely striated; whorls above*
concave, edge fimbriated ; below sulcato-
striated ; aperture elongated, canaliculated*
one third the length of the shell ; beak broad.

The costas are numerous, pretty close and a little waved ;
the edges of the whorls are elegantly marked by the lines
of growth so as to appear fringed ; volutions about nine *
width equal to about one-fifth of the length.

The narrowness of this shell and difference in other
respects, from Brander’s Murex macilentus, or any other
of his shells, seems to confirm it as belonging, exclu-
sively, to some other place ; it was found at High gate*
It is a curious fact that different places, frequently in
the same country and of a similar formation, should hav$
such specific distinctions.

PLEUROTOMA comma,

TAB* CXLVI— Fig. 5.

Spec. Char. Turreted, beaked, with acute trans-
verse rising lines ; volutions smooth in the
middle, with many short curved costas ; aper-
ture ovate, canaliculated ; beak slightly curved.

The costae extend only over the smooth part of the
Whorl, they are swelled at the upper part, curved and
pointed below, something like a comma; the rising lines
are few, sharp, even and most prominent near the mid-
dle of each turn : aperture about two-fifths the length of
the shell

Stubbington has afforded this shell to Mr. Holloway,
and I figure it at present as rare, not knowing that it has
been found elsewhere.

106

PLBUROTOMA semicolon.

TAB. CXLYI.— Fig. 0.

Spec. Char. Turreted, elongated, striated, with
many curved costae ; whorls swelled with a gra-
nulated margin ; base conical, decussated ;
aperture ovate, beaked.

The granulae upon the margin of the whorls correspond
with the costae, which are long, narrow, curved, and
swelled at the top : the beak is rather thick and obtuse ;
aperture one-third the length.

This does not appear to be a young shell although it is
small, and as the characters are distinct and ripe, I was
not willing to overlook it, not knowing of any other spe-
cimen of the same species. Mr. Holloway found it at
Stubbington.

PLED ROTOMA colon.

TAB. CXLVL —Fig. 7 and 8.

Spec. Char. Fusiform, striated; whorls concave
above ; with a crenulated margin, below with
many rugged transverse ridges and small short
longitudinal undulations ; base conical ; aper-
ture elongated.

The transverse ridges alternate with the striae, and in
some specimens divide the undulations into two small
tubercles; the erenulations on the margins are also
sometimes doubled in the same manner: the beak is
obtuse; aperture nearly half the length of the shell ; the
width is about one-third the length.

Probably this is not rare at Barton Cliff, I have
figured two varieties which I at first thought might be
distinct species, but intermediate specimens have led me
to alter my opinion : the chief difference is in the longitu-
dinal undulations, which in fig. 7 are very small and
formed into a double row of minute tubercles or punc-
tilios, while in fig. 8 they are larger and scarcely af-
fected by the transverse ridges, but in it the margin still
retains the double row of punctums or erenulations. Can
these be young individuals of Murex turbidusof Brander ?

I have named the three last species from the resem-
blance of parts of their sculpture to the marks used in
punctuation* as they afford terms easily remembered.

1G7

CERITHIUM funiculatum.

TAB. CXLVIL —Fig. 1 and 2 .

Spec. Char. Pyramidal, sides straight; whorls
with four, nearly equal crenulated carinae on
each ; base with several plain elevated ridges.

Although the carinae are nearly equal, the uppermost
or marginal one is rather the largest and the next the
smallest ; the carinae look like closely knotted cords^,
twisted at equal distances round the spire.

This species was found at Plumstead, in a gravelly
soil, with other shells formerly described. Before com-
parison, it so much resembled those of fig. 3 and 4 from
Charlton, that I thought them the same species. I pre-
sume* however, they are different enough to be consU
dered distinct.

CERITHIUM intermedium.

TAB. CXLVIL— Fig. 3 and 4.

Spec. Char. Pyramidal, sides straight; whorls
with a largely crenulated margin and five or six
unequal carinae on each ; base with several
elevated ridges.

The difference between this and the last lies principally
in the irregularity of the Carinas ; the upper carina is so
near the edge, so large and so deeply crenulated, that
it forms a margin or border to the whorl ; the others are
unequal both in distance and size, and are either plain
or irregularly subtuberculated ; the lines of growth in
both are sharp.

108

I have found these most abundantly at Charlton in &
stratum of Clay above the sand, and rarely, if at all?
elsewhere, although not easily distinguished till compared,
and as difficult to describe ; C. funiculatum from Plum-
stead, andC. funatum, tab. 128 are great resemblances^
especially when more or less worn, asdn fig. 3,

■fr W— I 1

f v

CERITHIUM dubium,

TAB. CXLVII. — Fig. 5 .

Spec. Char. Turreted ; whorls with a row of com-
pressed tubercles near the middle, and two
transverse rows of lesser tubercles below ; base
with one or two rows of tubercles.

1 he tubercles of the upper row are transversely com-
pressed and sharp, they are placed at about one-third the
length of the whorl from its upper edge,

Mr. Holloway found the present specimen at Stub^
bington and he has found Cerithium giganteum there,
from which it would appear to accord with some of the
French formations. This may possibly be a large
variety of Cerithium calcitrapoides of Lamarck, described
in his account of the Fossil shells found in the environs
of Paris, p. 82.

109

CERITHIUM melanioides,

TAB, CXLYIL— F/g*. 6 and 7*

Spec. Char, Turreted, obscurely longitudinally
undulated ; whorls convex, bearing above the
middle a largely tuberculated carina, below
with two or three transverse tuberculated ca-
rinm ; beak very short.

A handsome shell, differing from the last in the blunts
ness of the tubercles, which have ,a less coronated form,
and in the lesser number of volutions ; it is smooth, ge-
nerally shining ; the lesser earinse are about four, con-
stant on the lower part of the whorls, but near the mid-
dle often little better than two elevated striae or even
quite wanting : the mouth is almost round ; the beak is
very short, if any, but I have seen no perfect specimen.

The peculiar abundance of this species at Charlton ap-
pears to claim for it a distinction. Fig. 6 is the whitest
specimen I have seen, which I gathered there. Miss
itaslileigh sent me a fine specimen, gathered at South-
fleet, which is a variety with the smaller bands in conspi-
cuous risings, and according with a specimen found in
Clay above the Chalk, atNewhaven, by G. A. Mantell,
Esq. who also sent me some marked Hamsey. I have
also found it on the banks of the Croydon canal, near
the Kent road, among gravel

A figure of this Cerithium is given in the second plate
of Smith’s 6( Strata, identified by organized Fossils,”

.1^8.

ill

OSTREA deltoidea.

TAB. CXLYIIL

Spec* Char. Equivalved, flat, thin, orbicular,
with a deep sinus on one side, and a produced
straight beak,

Syn. Ostrea deltoidea, Lamarck Env . de Paris ,

p. 265, __ _

So flat is this oyster that there is very little room for an
animal between the shells ; the back part is elongated
with parallel sides for a short space, forming a kind of
neck terminated by the hinge : the pit of the hinge is of
equal width withit: the front is rounded and produced on
one side in a lobe which, together with the beak, forms two
angles of a triangle, and gives the outline the general
form of the letter D or A ; the shell is thin, the edges
extend far beyond the interior surface, especially about
the neck, and make the external outline more orbicular
than the internal.

This oyster is a sort of proof of a characteristic con-
stancy in shape that nothing can contradict, however, we
might suspect otherwise in so variable a Genus ; thus this
species is known to all who have once recognized it,
without any difficulty. The extreme flatness,* even
when the shell is attached to more gibbous species, were
it not constant, might be attributed to some pressure, for
the space that the animal might have occupied seems in-
sufficient to have allowed of its existence, and the shell
possessing the usual characters of its tribe, the tripartite
hinge, the multiplied lateral laminae, &c. we should have

* Connecting the idea of flatness where there is much variety of colour
is sometimes mere difficult than might be expected, m dark tints gene-
rally serve f@r relief.

112

thought could n ot have exhibited them in so flat a form but by
some accidental means, such as growth or pressure betwixt
two rocks : that either should be so constant or so pre-
cisely regular, if admitted, would yet become an insure
mountable circumstance, as they are found in a soft
loose Clay on Shotover hill, which consists for the most
part of an hardish Limestone, where numerous species of
shells and animal remains, not compressed, are found,
but none of these oysters; at least I could not find
any of the same apparent species among the beds of stone.
The species is most commonly known at Oxford, &c. as
Heddington oysters : it is also found near Cambridge,
Mr. Edward Bridgman found it at Lopham, in Norfolk,
specimens of which were brought me by the Rev. Mr,
Lambert. Miss Benett found great variety at Sandfoot
Castle, near Weymouth, and favoured me with specie
mens, some of which are deeper than usual.

M9-

GRYPHJEA dilatata.

TAB. CXLIX. — Fig. 1.

Spec. Char. Orbicular, obscurely lobed; upper
valve flat, lower valve hemispherical,

Var. /3 distinctly lobed. Fig. 2.

Short as the beak of this is, it curves enough in most
specimens tp mark the Genus, besides this, the regular
concavity of the lower valve and its lobed form are suffi-
ciently characteristic ; the back of the flat valve in old
specimens is straight and occupied by the hinge pit,
which is not curved, and consequently diverges from the
curved pit in the other valve; the lateral lobe varies, in
some specimens it is very distinctly defined, in others
obscure; but it may always be traced; the var. /3 has the
lobe very strong and produced in both valves.

This, and the varieties into which it sports, are not
rare, it is, therefore, necessary, if possible, to distinguish
its characters as a species. The hinge, at first sight, and
in a single specimen would appear to be nearly sufficient
to generalize it, and is certainly of much use, although
many varieties of different species of oysters have some
approach to the characters peculiar to Gryphites, such
as the curved beak and the lobe or sulcus : the great
breadth and uniform concavity of the deep valve with the
gaping hinge appear to be the essential characters.

The upper specimen and some larger varieties, mea-
suring eight inches and a half diameter, I have had long
since from Suffolk, by favour of Dr. Sutton, An odd
variety, very broadly aggregated, with the side laminae
more extravagant than the one figured, was brought me
from PakefiekL I have one with many Vermicul© and

114

part of an Ostrea delta attached to it, from Sandfoot
Castle, near Weymouth. The same species is also
found at Born, in Lincolnshire, where it is called the
Sickle oyster : at Brambery hill, Brora, in Scotland, of
a large size; (the latter I have by favour of Mr. Farey ;)
and at the following places : near Broomham, Somerset;
Rude Cliff, near Osmington ; Radipole and Portland,
like fig. 2; Coney Weston; Ilminster; near Woburn;
Farley gate, Gloucestershire ; Bennington, Herts, gene-
rally of a reddish colour ; and with other shells on the
high range of hills bounding Romney Marsh, in Kent.

Caine affords varieties of this species : my friend, Thos.
Meade, Esq. has a fine oval specimen, wide and deeply
hollowed, from the Clunch Clay bed, 200 feet thick,
near Caine. The deeper variety is said to characterize
the Stratum, and is common throughout Somersetshire,
Wiltshire, Oxfordshire, and Bedfordshire, where they
are found waterworn.

115

TEREBRATULA acuta*

TAB. CL . — -JPVg*. l and 2.

Spec. Char, Ovato-triangular, slightly transverse ;
middle elevated by one large acutangular plait ;
sides with one large and several small plaits
each.

The sinus in the front of this is nearly an equilateral
triangle, with slightly rounding sides ; the lateral plaits
are seldom more than two on each side, the first is large,
sharp, and extends almost to the beak, the others are
little else than marginal undulations.

Mr. Richard Taylor, jun. having sent this as found in
the coarse Limestone of Staunton hill, Gloucestershire,
and as it is rarely met with, I thought it desirable to see
a figure, and as I have also received it from my kind
friend, Mr. Strangwayes, from the coarse Limestone at
Xlminster, it became the more convenient to publish a
designation of it, and still further, as I have received the
same species from France. It suggested its own name,
by which it may be easily recognized. The British spe-
cimens that I have seen are much worn. The French
one is a less transverse variety, also more acute in its
* form, with a straighter front and greater elevation of the
middle : fig. 1 is a representation of it for comparison.

116

TEREBRATULA resupinata.

TAB. CL.— Fig. 3 and 4.

Spec. Char. Oblong ovate, front depressed by a
large rounded plaits sides elevated, rounded :
lower valve obtusely carinated, with a sharp
beak and a longitudinal ridge along each side,.

Length about one-fourth greater than the width : the
sinus on the front is rounding in the middle with
straightish sides ; the lower sides of the shell are
rounded anti entire ; the carina of the lower valve is very
broad and rounded.

Mr. Strangwayes sent me this from Ximinster, he
found it in the coarse Limestone : it is remarkable for
being the reverse of the preceding species or resupinate
in comparison with it ; on which account, although a
plainer shell without plaits on the edges, it has so general
a resemblance at first sight, that the two have been laid
together as the same species. I believe neither are yet
commonly known ; all that I have yet seen have as|
pehraeeous tinf.

117

CASSIS bicatenatus.

TAB. CLI.

Spec. Chau. Ovate,, ventricose, with many de-
pressed transverse ridges, decussated by small
longitudinal costae towards the upper parts of
the whorls ; aperture ovate ; left lip obscurely
tuberculated. ______

Between each of the ridges is a flat space rather wider
than the ridge, in the middle of which is an elevated
line : the costae are most distinct upon the central whorls,
they give a chain-like appearance to two or three pairs
of ridges : the aperture is ovate, indented in the upper
part by the body of the shell ; the right lip is thickened
and crenulated within ; the columella plaited and ex-
panded into the left lip, which is flat and extended over
the open umbilicus.

This prize was found by the Rev. J. Lambert, of Trb
nity College, in the Crag at Bawdsey, Suffolk. There
is no doubt of its being a Buccinum of Linn, and a
Cassis of Lam. Morio of Montft . although the colu-
mella is plaited. We prefer Cassis, and use it; we
must confess we have not seen the perfect termination,
but enough of it is preserved to show what genus it
belongs to ; the dotted outline is added from Buccinum
gibbum Linn, which bears a great resemblance to it, as
does also Bucc. bilineatum, see Lister 998 ; it might
indeed deserve that term as it is bilineatedin some parts.

This is a curious proof of the antiquity of the forma-
tion, as it by no means agrees with any of the recent
shells on our shores as the Murex contrarius tab. 23, and
Murex striatus, tab, 22, of the same formation, are sup-
posed by some to do.

VOL. II.

119

LIMA. Lamarck .

Gen. Char. A longitudinal inequilateral eared bi-
valve ; hinge cartilage partly external, attached
to a pit in each valve, placed on diverging
surfaces between the beaks ; beaks distant ;
valves gaping a little laterally.

The peculiar conformation of the hinge of the shells of
this Genus has caused them to be separated from the
Ostreae of Linn, or Pectens of late Authors, which they
resemble in almost every other character, for most of
them are longitudinally ribbed, and have distinct ears ;
the line of the hinge also is straight and the hinge pit
triangular ; it is the distance of the beaks from each other
and the external situation of the cartilage that dis-
tinguishes them : there is also a degree of obliquity in the
valves that forms a natural character. The Generic
name is taken from a specific one of Linnens’s , and is
applicable to most of the species, particularly the known
recent ones, all of which are decorated by deflected
lamina much resembling a rasp to the touch.

LIMA gibbosa.

TAB. CLII.

Spec. Char. Elongated, gibbose, smooth, longi-
tudinally plicated in the middle ; ears undefined.
Syn. Lister 495. ?

Walcot f. 22. ?

rS early twice as long as wide, slightly oblique, in the
middle about 18 small sharp plaits without any scales or
even roughness. The ears are hardly worthy of that
name as they are only expansions of the sides from the
ends of the hinge line: the depth is greatest near the com-
mencement of the beaks, where it almost equals the
width. 1 have some doubts about the propriety of calling
this a Lima; the form of the hinge corresponds, but the
want or imperfection of the ears and the valves not gaping
are objections ; there are, however, some recent species
of the Genus, which nearly resemble it in these parti-
culars.

Cotswold hills, Gloucestershire, and Taunton afforded
this to Mr. Richard Taylor, jun. with a small Isocardia
of Lam. and other shells in coarse Limestone with
granulae like the small Oolite of Bath, &c. and I believe
the species has been found near Bath, but has not been
understood: I presume it will soon be better known.

Some of this Genus, at first sight, appear like Pla-
giostoma, but by careful examination may be distin-
guished by the thickness of the shell in the hinge, and the
presence of the hinge -pit, both of which are readily seen
in my specimen.

453.

121

UNIO crassissimus.

TAB. CLIIL

Spec. Char. Ovate,, transversely undulated or im-
bricated; beak recurved, acute; posterior
side short, round ; anterior side obscurely
subcuneiform ; shell very thick.

The hollow below the beaks is deep in consequence of
the beaks being much incurved towards the posterior side ;
the cartilage slope is rounding and the front nearly
straight: length two-thirds of the width. The shell is
convex outside anti in thickness equal to the internal
depth ; the hinge is particularly massive.

Mr. Wood having figured Mya crassa as a thick shell
in tab. 20 of his General Conchology, I must now
use the superlative degree of the word to this Mya
of Linn, but Unio of later authors, and thus, in some
measure, designate the species. I have had the speci-
mens by me for some years, favoured by Dr. Sutton, of
Norwich, and was pleased to find sufficient of the hinge
to determine the Genus, which has puzzled Mr. Park-
inson, who has, not without doubting, made it a Bonax.
This Gentleman observes they are usual in Gloucester-
shire and Wiltshire, near Bath, sometimes in the Lias
Clay. Dr. Sutton gave me many specimens of Fossil
shells as British, without localities, among which are
several of this species, all formed of Carbonate of Lime :
upon opening one of the pairs the hinge was found con-
cealed among equiaxed crystallizations (British Mine-
ralogy tab 13) beautifully showing the manner of modi-
fication, &c.

123

The imbricated surface and great thickness of this spe-
cies seems at first to place it at a distance from others of
the Genus, but there are many, both recent and fossil,
to associate with it, and perhaps some of the characters
may hereafter become Generic distinctions. I show a
few more of this family on the next plate to make them
more familiar : their external characters are sufficient to
connect them, although we cannot always separate the
valves as we have done in the present specimen.

154.

123

UNIO L isteri.

TAB. CLIV. — Fig. 1, 3, and 4.

Spec. Char. Cordate, transversely imbricated,
beak recurved, acute; posterior side small;
middle flattish ; shell thick.

1 he front of this species is sharper or more wedge-
shaped than is usual in shells of this Genus ; neither the
posterior side nor the cartilage slope are so round as ill
Unio crassissimus : £he breadth is but very little greater
than the length.

This always puts me in mind of Lister’s “ Musculus
fluviatilis e jluvio Thamesi ad Battersea ” tab. 184, and the
varieties of Unio ovata in part corresponding with his fi-
gure and which I find occasionally at the same place,
wherefore I have named it after him. Fig. 1 was sent
me from Durham, as found in that neighbourhood some
years since in Clayey Limestone : it accords much with
some smaller mutilated specimens from Suffolk, by favour
of Dawson Turner, Esq. and from an etching by favour
of Mr, Richard Taylor, it appears to be found in Roydon
gravel pit, near Diss, in Norfolk, rather more perfect and
plentiful : but if the same species they differ a little in the
state of preservation, being apparently less smooth, and
formed of a lighter coloured Carbonate of Lime.
The specimens, fig. 3 and 4, are from Scarborough ;
the smallest is a young shell before it has acquired its
cordate form, from my friend Mr. Strangewayes, who
found several specimens there ; the other I bought of a
dealer from thence. Perhaps this is the “ thick ovate
shell, a little depressed, found at Malton and S earner
quarries, in length two inches and a half, in breadth three
inches;” mentioned in Scarborough Fossils, p. 103,
where it is put under the Genus Tellina,

124

1 figure these ou a presumption that they may lead to
information, should anyone find them and determine that
they belong to the Genus Unio or otherwise ; as far as I
yet know, specimens exposing the inner construction
have not been found.

UNIO hybrids
TAB. CLXV .—Fig 2,

Spec. Char. Oblong, ovate, anterior side sub-
acuminate ; surface imbricated ; beaks re-
curved, acute ; shell thick.

This differs from the recent Unio ovatus principally in
the largely imbricated surface and thickness of the shell
with the acute beaks; breadth about twice the length.
The specimen figured is from Nottinghamshire.

125

VENUS. Linn ,

Gen. Char. An equivalved rather inequilateral
bivalve with three hinge teeth in each valve,
converging towards the beaks ; ligament ex-
ternal, placed upon the anterior slope.

The shells of this Genus have generally a cordate im-
pression under the beaks, and their form is more or less
orbicular or transversely oblong; their edges are often
crenate ; the shell smooth and ornamented with various
elevations, mostly running in a transverse direction,
while the colours that so frequently enliven their surfaces
are placed longitudinally, zigzag, or irregularly, so to
produce great beauty and much pleasing variety : the
anterior side is generally more or less defined by an angle
or the abrupt termination of the transverse ornaments.

The Genus Venus as defined by Lamarck is dis-
tinguished from other shells which Linneus included
under the same head, by Linneus’s own character, the
number and position of the teeth in the hinge ; in confor-
mity with this I found it necessary to form the Genus
Astarte of such shells as have only two teeth in each valve.
Other shells of the Linnean Genus Venus are arranged
by Lamarck under his new Genus Cytherea, and dis-
tinguished by an additional tooth separated from the rest
and placed under the lunula or posterior slope. But as
there is no other difference, he seems himself to doubt the
propriety of the separation, and I am unwilling to adopt
it because the additional tooth is sometimes very small
and seldom possesses the regularity of the other teeth. I
have figured already two species of genuine Venus, lineolata
and plana tab. 20. I have also figured two others as of this
Genus, V. equalis and angulata , tab. 11 and 65, but they,
together with Venus Islandica, which they much resemble,
differ from Lamarck’s character in the disposition of the
teeth under the beak, and possess in one valve, besides
them, a lamellar elongated tooth within the anterior
side ; these may, perhaps, hereafter form a good Genus.

126

VENXJS incrassata.
CYTHEREA. Lamarck .

TAB. CL V.—Fig. l and 2.

Spec. Char. Orbicular, oblique, subdepressed,
smooth ; posterior slope straightish ; lunula,
large, obscure ; edge entire ; a conical tooth
under the lunula.

Shell very thick, the anterior slope concave, holding the liga-
ment ; the central tooth of the hinge thick and blunt, but not
bifid ; the detached conical tooth which would make it a Cy-
therea, is small, but sharp, opposed to a corresponding hollow
in the opposite valve : the lines of growth are fine, and very
numerous near the edge.

I received this some time since from the Rev. Mr. Iremonger,
from Brackenhurst, in the New Forest, Hampshire 5 it is suffi-
ciently distinct from any other that I know. The specimen is
very entire, and the two shells were so perfectly locked toge-
ther by the narrow hinge tooth, between the two most adjacent
ones in the opposite valve, that it broke in separating them.
The gloss, in some measure, remains both outside and within,
the former was apparently brown when fresh, the latter white ;
both are now stained with grey streaks and blotches. The spe-
cimens seem to have lain in a loose earth. I should suppose if
the place were searched it would afford some well preserved
reliquiae.

VE^™gibbosa.

TAB. CL V.—Fig. 3 and 4.

Spec. Char. Orbicular, gibbous, with many trans-
verse rugae ; lunula large and short ; edge sub-
crenulated ; hinge rather large.

V enus rugosa is something like this, but that is shorter and
less gibbous and has a much smaller lunula : its hinge also is
much smaller : both have rudiments of a tooth under the lunula
in each valve, but without corresponding impressions.

I have only received one specimen of this shell, some few
years since, from Suffolk, and 1 consider it a variety. The
present active spirit of research will in due time prove if it be
more common than I expect. It is in a tender chalky state,
and I conceive it proper to secure it as I think it is sufficiently
distinguished to be recognized by moderate specimens. Its
outer coat, with the rugae, which it seems once to have been
ornamented with, has split away: I cannot, therefore, say
whether they were like those of V. rugosa or not

155.

JSfr

CARDIUM proboscideum.

TAB. CLVL— Fig. 1.

Spec. Char. Suborbicular, gibbous; anterior side
straight, about 20 longitudinal rows of large
canaliculated spines, with two rows of lesser
ones between each cover the surface.

1 his corresponds in form with Cardium ciliatum, but
the disposition of the rows of spines is altogether dif-
ferent and the shell is thicker : a few of the last formed
thorns on the posterior side are very large and clumsy,
and serve to relieve the elegant proportion of the others.

This elegant shell very rarely remains so finely re-
placed and in so extraordinary a manner as this specimen
in semitransparent calcedony, covered by Cachalong,
becoming transparent when wet and more opaque when
dry. I am favoured with it by Miss Hill, from Black-
down, near Cullumpton, Devonshire. The larger
doubled aculei are elegantly cast and with extreme
neatness, as well as the two smaller rows, making
generally three sets of aculei, and distinguishing it
from any recent species : a few of the aculei are
widened in an extraordinary manner, but they appear
as if they were so in the original or recent state of
the shell. It may be expected that the Lime of the shell
has been carried away with the acting fluid that held the
Calcedonie matter in solution to fill the space by some
chemical means, with which we are as yet unacquainted.
What information we may gain on this point by means of
pur new apparatus, we know not. The sand in which

128

this action has taken place is of an hard or harsh gritty
feel, with particles of Mica ; the whole more or less con-
creted. These and other shells I have, and shall occa-
sionally show are very abundant in it, all in a silidzed
state.

CARDITJM nmbonatum,

TAB, CLVI. — Fig. 2, 3, and 4.

Spec. Char. Orbicular, gibbous, nearly equilate-
ral, longitudinally striated and obscurely cos-
tated ; anterior edge concave, and angular
above.

JLength and breadth three-fourths of an inch ; the
cost® are so little elevated that the edge is nearly entire,
hut the margin is strongly toothed within ; the anterior
side is separated by a concavity, so that the upper angle
of it forms a sort of boss ; it was formerly thought to be
the young of our common Cockle, Cardium edule ; the
evenness of the contour and the concavity around the
anterior side will, I trust, always distinguish it, with
very little difficulty.

Also from Blackdown and silicized : very neat speci-
mens frequently occur. Fig. 4 shows an accidental canal
of which there are slight vestiges in several specimens.

129

AMMONITES Duncani.

TAB. CLVIL

Spec. Char. Depressed ; inner whorls partly ex-
posed ; radii numerous, undulated ; edge flat,
bounded by two rows of tubercles in the in-
terior whorls ; a few tubercles occur upon the
sides of the inner whorls : aperture ovato-
sagittate.

The radii are irregularly furcate, and more or less
obscure about the middle of the sides : the tubercles on
the interior whorls extend over the ends of two radii,
but on the external whorls they are little more than
swellings of the ends of the radii : the greatest diameter
is about twice the length of the aperture and four times
the thickness.

There is a peculiar elegance in this species that makes
us regret its rarity, and the little chance we conse-
quently have of seeing the exterior. The double row of
button -like protuberances on either side the flattened
outer edge, shewing the place of the siphuncle in the
center, gives an appearance similar to that of some other
species. The fine sharpness of the sinuated edges of the
septa is beautiful. It has protuberating vermiculas-like
risings about it which interrupt the distinction of the
whorls : — or are they stalagmitical droppings of pyrites ?
It is partly chalky on the outside, perhaps owing to the
decomposition of the calcareous shell ; the rest is pyri-
taceous except a little marie. It is from the forest or
fen clay which runs through England from Weymouth
to the wash of Lincolnshire, and was found by John and
Philip Duncan, Esqrs. after whom I am pleased that it
is named, at St. Neotts, Huntingdonshire.

VOL. II.

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131

FECTEN BeaverL
TAB. CLVIIL

Spec. Char. Depressed, orbicular, smooths with
irregular longitudinal costae ; ears as wide as
the shell, nearly equal.

The costae vary in size and distance in the same shell,
and there are between the principal ones now and then a
small one or two : the shell is thin.

Among many specimens I have not seen so perfect an
example to identify the species as this, lent me fron&
the Oxford Museum, to which Mr. Beaver presented it ;
it is from the Rev. Mr. Beaver’s quarry at Childrey,
near Wantage, Berkshire. I take advantage of the
opportunity thus allowed me of publishing the spe-
cies ; at the same time I beg leave of my friends and
correspondents to say, that I shall still be glad of infor-
mation or specimens, as it is very irregular in some of
its characters, and the outside is as yet but imperfectly
known. I have specimens of the same from Hamsey,
Sussex, which Mr. Mantell kindly sent me, that identify
a similar stratum (Chalk marl), but the shells being more
mutilated and smaller, may indicate something relating
to its age.

The upper figure is from an impression of the shell
taken in clay ; I have been able to seperate a portion of
the shell from a Hamsey specimen, sufficient to shew that
it is smooth : this figure, therefore, exhibits the outside :
the lower figure shews the inside of the shell which
adheres by its outside to the stone, or rather hard marley
chalk, in which it lies. There are a few spots of pyrites
about it.

133

SANGUINOLARIA.

Gen. Char. A transverse equivalved bivalve., su-
perior margin arched, sides slightly gaping ;
hinge with two approximating teeth in each
valve, and an external cartilage.

This genus forms a link connecting Solen with Tellina;
it contains shells whose hinge is analogous to that of
some Solens, but in general form they differ much, re-
sembling Tellina in their flatness and rounded margin,
but are generally wider. They have been happily se-
lected from among the Solens of Linnaeus by Lamarcke.

SANGUINOLARIA Hollowaysii.

TAB. CLIX.

Spec. Char. Depressed, transversely elongate,
ovate, and striated ; anterior side gradually
expanded ; posterior side very small.

Length equal to three and a half times its width ; the
lines of growth form fine sharpish striae ; the beak is
minute, from it a slight depression extends towards the
anterior side : the shell is thin.

This was gathered at Bricklesome Bay by the friendly
Mr. Holloway, whose name I feel pleased to com-
memorate, four or five years since : although it is
rather an abundant species it is rare to find one indivi-
dual at all perfect : the pair figured here are held toge-
ther by green sand ; they are brittle : one shell is perfect,
the other has been partly broken away so as to shew the
hinge, and but little more is seen : it will readily be re-
cognized if found again, and is at any rate a valuable
addition to the catalogue of British fossil shells.

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135

MACTRA.

Gen. Char. An equivalved subequilateral trans-
verse bivalve,, gaping at the sides ; a ligament
placed in a pit between the teeth of the hinge
within the beaks ; two elongated lateral teeth
in each valve.

M ost of the shells of this genus are free from striee or
other ornament ; their form approaches to transversely
oval ; some are very flat, others are gibbose, and many
have but a slight opening at the sides when the valves
are closed : the lamellar lateral teeth of one valve are
inserted into long grooves bounded on the inner side by
plaits or lamellar teeth in the other : in several species
both these teeth and the grooves are finely striated in a
perpendicular direction.

Lamarck has confined his genus Mactra to such spe-
cies of the Linnean Genus as have prominent lateral
teeth ; the remainder form the genera Crassatella and
Lutraria.

MACTRA arcuata.

TAB. CLX. — Fig. 1 and 6.

Spec. Char. Ovate, smooth, back and anterior
margin arched; shell of an uniform thickness;
posterior side smallest ; hinge narrow.

XiENGTH equal to about four-fifths of the width : the lines
of growth are strongly marked : it differs from Mactra
solida in the narrowness of the hinge and the irregularity
of the sides. The lateral teeth are striated.

Mrs. Cobbold sent me these fine specimens from the
Holywell Crag pits in 1813 : they had been compared
with and received the name of Mactra solida of Linn.

136

MACTRA dubia.

TAB. CL X.—Figs. 2, 3, and 4.

Spec. Char. Ovato-triangular, transversely elon-
gated, smooth, thickened towards the margin,
sides equal.

This is between M. solida and stultorum ; it differs from
the last only in being wider and thickened towards the
edge : the lines of growth are conspicuous, and more par-
ticularly so when the surface has been corroded, a cir-
cumstance generally observable in bivalve Crag shells.*

I received a specimen of this species nearly as large as
the last, by favour of Dawson Turner, Esq. but broken ;
I therefore figure smaller but more perfect specimens
received since from the Rev. G. R. Leathes. I have had
the same, smaller still, from Mrs. Cobbold at Ipswich,
and from Woodbridge.

MACTRA oralis.

TAB. CLX.—'Fig. 5.

Spec. Char. Oval, equilateral, smooth ; thickness
uniform.

Length about three-fourths of the width : its regular
oval form distinguishes it : it is also rather deeper than
M. stultorum.

A Crag shell, sent me from Suffolk by Dawson Turner
and W. J. Hooker, Esqrs.

MACTRA cuneala.

TAB. C LX — Fig. 7 .

Spec. Char. Ovate, smooth, depressed towards the
front, anterior margin acutangular.

Length but little more than half the width ; the anterior
side is largest and angular.

These are from Rramerton-hill near Norwich, found
by my late friend Charles Wilkinson, Esq.

* Nothing shews the necessity of nicety in description more than the
difficulty of discriminating the recent from the diluvian or antediluvian
species : the accordance in the outside when worn, in most of these species
and of Pennant’s figures, has conveyed an idea of all being the same.

137

TELLINA.

Gen. Char. An eqnivalved inequilateral bivalve*
more or less transversely ovate* with the ante-
rior side irregularly bent : hinge slender* with
two or three diverging teeth* and one or two
elongated lateral ones.

Lamarck’s principal distinction of this Genus is the
bend or waving of the anterior side of the shell, and the
lateral tooth or teeth. The individuals are mostly slender*
compressed, smooth or striated, and white or elegantly
painted; there is something in their general contour,
partly produced by the above-mentioned bend, although
in some species it is very slight, that indicates the Genus
they belong to, and an inspection of the hinge soon de-
termines it, for there is an apparent nakedness about it
arising from the slenderness and simplicity of its parts,
that makes it easily distinguishable. The cartilage is
external.

TELLINA obliqua.

TAB. CLXI. — Fig. 1.

Spec. Char. Nearly orbicular, convex* oblique*
smooth ; anterior side slightly defined by a
longitudinal wave.

JPhe length and breadth are nearly equal ; the depth of
each valve is about one-sixth of the diameter ; the ante-
rior side is the smallest : the lines of growth are irregular,
but rather sharply marked, and the spaces between them
are rather elevated.

138

This species is common in the Crag of Norfolk, Suf-
folk, &c, ; the large specimen, fig. 1, was among many
by favour of the Rev. G. R. Leathes, from Suffolk : the
smaller one beneath, fromAidborough, sent me by the Rev.
J. Lambert, is of the more usual size. I havehad pairs from
Ipswich, sent me by Mrs. Cobbold, who finds them fine, of
all sizes, and varying in colour. Messrs. Turner and
Hooker have also favoured me with specimens of this
species among some varieties of the following : they vary
a little in general form.

TELLINA ovata.

TAB. CLXI. — Fig. 2.

Spec. Char. Ovate, convex, smooth, equilateral,
with a slight wave upon the anterior.

Breadth one-sixth greater than the length ; the lines of
growth are sharply cut and very irregular; the spaces
between them generally flat.

This is less circular than the last, and is found varying
in size and colour, depending, like the others, on the
quantity of oxyde of Iron in the bed in which they are
situated. They are found at Framlingham and Bramer-
ton3 and in various parts of Suffolk.

162,

139

CYCLAS. Bruguiere .

Gen. Char. An equivalved inequilateral bivalve,
more or less transverse, with the anterior side
even : hinge strong, with two or three di-
verging teeth and one or two elongated ones :
cartilage external.

An intermediate Genus between Venus and Tellina;
it has the general form of Venus, with the lateral tooth
or teeth of Tellina, from which, however, it differs, in
being straight and less slender. The species do not pre-
sent much variety of ornament, either in form or colour,
and in most of them there is no lunula, and the edges are
entire : several of the recent ones have a strong epidermis.

Venus Islandioa of Linn, is a Cyclas of Bruguiere;
this, and one or two analogous fossil shells, which I have
published as of the Genus Venus,* I still suspect may
form a new Genus distinguished by the hinge.

CYCLAS deperdita ?

TAB. CLXII. — Fig. 1.

Spec. Char . Ovato-transverse, rather gibbous,
umbonate ; lines of growth elevated, irre-
gular : central hinge teeth three, lateral ones
two.

Sxn. Cyclas deperdita. Lam . Env. de Paris 252.

Park . Org. rem. 3. 189 ?

The form is a short oval, rarely a little angular towards
the anterior side : two of the central teeth of the hinge
are slightly bifid : the lateral ones sometimes finely
striated perpendicularly, as in several others of the
Genus, f

This is a common species at Charlton, along with the
two following, and two or three species of Cerithia,
forming together a stratum several feet in thickness, in

* See the Generic character of Venus, p. 125.
f I have a large species from China that shews the striae very strongly.

140

which there is a mixture of black Clay : it lies between
strata of ochraceous Clay and gravel, over a bed of white
sand about an hundred feet deep, thatrests upon Chalk.
Some shells contain enough of the animal matter to give
them consistency, and have a shining surface : I have one
pair in which the cartilage of the hinge remains, others
are chalky and moulder between the fingers. The same
species occurs in sand at Plumstead, of all sizes, even to
minute.

I suppose Parkinson considers it the same as the fol-
lowing species, which he figures as C. deperdita of La^
marck, but is too angular to answer Lamarck’s description :
not having seen the French shell I am still in' doubt.

CYCLAS cuneiformis.

TAB. CLXIL— Fig. 2 and 3.

Spec. Char. Transversely cuneato-ovate, gibbous,
lines of growth numerous, fine ; central hinge
teeth three ; lateral ones two.

Syn. C. deperdita. Park. Org. rem. 3. 189. 1. 13./. 5.

The only difference between this and the last is the an-
gular form of the anterior side, and the greater width.

I have many specimens of this, both from Charlton
and Plumstead ; it has also been found at New-cross,
near Deptford. All the specimens agree precisely with
Parkinson’s figure, above quoted.

CYCLAS obovata.

TAB. CLXIL— Fig. 4, 5, and 6.

Spec Char. Obovate, gibbous, anterior side ob-
tuse ; beaks large ; central hinge teeth three ;
lateral ones two.

The equality of the length and breadth distinguish this
shell : the lines of growth are rather strong, but irre-
gular ; it rarely exceeds three quarters of an inchin length.

The Clay of Barton Cliff is plentifully supplied with
this Cyclas : I have received it from thence by favour of
the Rev. W. Bingley, Iremonger, &c. and I have found
a variety, exhibited in the larger figure, at New-cross.

141

AURICULA. Lam.

Gen. Char. An univalve ovate or oblong pyra-
midal shell with an elevated spire; aperture
oblong, entire, contracted above with united
lips ; columella plaited, independently of the
decurrent attachment* of the outer lip

In general, shells that have plaited columelke have
also beaked, or at least notched, apertures. The
Genus Auricula has been established to receive such
as form an exception to this rule, and are not tur-
reted, having entire mouths and plaits on their colu-
mellas; Bruguiere had separated them from the
Volutae of Linn, together with others that had no
plaits, and formed the Genus Bulimus from which
Lamarck has judiciously separated them. The spire
seldom equals in length the last volution ; Lamarck
observes, that the species are mostly inhabitants of
rivers ; they are often decorated with various
colours, are polished and transversely striated.

* In the Genus Lymnaea a plait is formed on the columella by this
part of the outer lip.

VOL. II.

’

143

AURICULA incrassata.

TAB. CLXIIL —Fig. 1, 2> and 3.

Spec. Char. Ovate, ventricose, transversely suL
cated, longitudinally striated ; spire short ;
mouth angular above, with very thick lips ;
columella three plaited.

Syn. A. ringens. Parkinson iii. 84. p. b.f. 4. hut
not of Lamarck.

"VV hen full grown this is about half an inch long, and
two-thirds as wide ; the outer lip is then much thickened
for a considerable way back upon the last whorl, and this
thickened part is marked by numerous lines of growth in
place of the regular sulci ; while the shell is young the
lip is only slightly reflected at the edge. The longitu-
dinal striae only appear within the furrows, where they
are elevated and sharp, dividing them into minute oblong
rectangular cells, see fig. 3.

Miss E. Hill havingpresented me with both young and
old shells of this species from Blackdown, and Mr. De
France having also forwarded to me a valuable collection
of shells from the neighbourhood of Paris, containing
Lamarck’s A. ringens, T am enabled to point out the in-
correctness of Parkinson’s reference ; independently of
the general form and difference of size ; the want of striae
within the outer lip, and the presence of longitudinal
striae upon the surface distinguish the British shell.

AURICULA turgida.

TAB. CLXIIL— Fig*. 4.

Spec. Char. Ovate-acute, turgid, transversely
striated, shining ; spire short, acute ; aper-
ture oblong, with thickened lips; columella
two plaited; outer lip smooth within, thickest
in the middle.

A minute glossy shell, rather more than a line long,
varying in the thickness of its lips with its age. The
spire is not quite so long as the mouth, which is con-.

144

tracted in the middle by the thickened lip and the plaits
upon the columella : the striae are at a small distance from
each other, and hollow without interruption.

So great is the resemblance of this to Lamarck’s A.
ringens that had he not mentioned the striae within the
lip, I might have overlooked the distinguishing character,
although the French shell is double the size — a minute
comparison also shews that A. ringens has rather a
longer and more acute spire. A. turgida is the produce
of the blue Clay of Highgate in which it sometimes ad-
heres to the masses of indurated marl, &c.

AURICULA simulata*

TAB. CLXIIL—Figs. 5 to s.

Spec. Char. Oval, pointed, with close transverse
laterally toothed costae ; whorls slightly ventri-
cose ; mouth angular above ; outer lip sharp,
striated within ; two broad plaits upon the
columella.

Syn. Bulla simulata. Brander 61.

Nearly three-fourths of an inch long. There is a si-
nus in the lower part of the outer lip before it reaches the
columella : the two plaits upon the columella are very
prominent and laterally compressed ; they are more or
less oblique in different individuals. The costae are
small, flattish, and almost close to each other : the teeth
upon the sides are minute, those in one rib being placed
opposite those in the next form a series of elongated ovate
hollows, as is represented at fig. 5.

Several of my friends have presented me with this from
Barton Cliff. I possess also various specimens from
Highgate ; in one of these the outer lip is thickened and
crenulated within, but as the shell had been broken just
at the part, and has grown again, that may have arisen
from the accident. Brander certainly meant the same
shell, but his figure is too long: the name he has given it
implies its resemblance in form to some species of Buc-
cinum.

■V

16 4.

AMMONITES fimbnatus,

TAB. CLXIY.

Spec. Char. Discoid; volutions cylindrical, inter-
nal ones exposed; lines of growth undulated,,
and in some parts fimbriated; mouth orbicular*

It should appear from what remains in the specimen
figured, that the mouth in a full grown shell, is fur-
nished with an undulated reflected lip or ruffle, and the
more or less perfect formation of this at various periods,
produces either undulating lines of growth, some of
which are obtuse and others acute, or thin annular fim-
briae, surrounding the volutions at certain intervals : the
obtuse lines of growth are indented at their backs, but
straight towards the mouth, and indicate that the undu-
lation of the lip is strongest at the back of it. The
whorls do not appear to have been very numerous ; the
shell is thin, and the margins of the septa have rounded
lobes.

I could not refrain from publishing this curious Am-
monite, although the fragment, for the loan of which I am
indebted to the Rev. W. Buckland, is apparently so im-
perfect ; however, it exhibits every essential character :
it is from the Blue Lyas, at Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire.

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147

AMMONITES vertebralis*

TAB. CLXV.

Spec. Char Discoid, radiated,, and carinated ;
inner volutions partly concealed ; radii promi-
nent, numerous, tuberculatedin the middle, then
furcate, with a tubercle upon each branch ;
carina serrato-tuberculate ; aperture orbicular.

A very handsome shell whose radii are a little undu-
lated, and together with the tubercles upon them, are
sharpish and compressed ; they are very regularly fur-
cate, and each branch has a tubercle about its middle,
then passes on in an elegant curve to the carina, where
it forms another somewhat reflected tubercle-— the two
branches again unite on the other side. The thickness
is about equal to one-third of the diameter.

The Rev. W. Buckland has enabled me to exhibit this
with his usual fondness for science ; he informs me that
it is found at Dry Sandford and Marcham, two adjoining
villages on the N. W. of Abingdon, Berkshire, where
it lies in silicious sandy beds, that contain subordinate
Strata of a gritty Limestone, composed of small Quartz
pebbles, sand, and shelly fragments, united by a calca-
reous cement.

I have not seen the outside of the shell, but from the
space between the whorls in the cast, I suppose it must
have been thick. It is named vertebralis from the re-
semblance of the carina to the vertebral processes in some
quadrupeds.

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149

AMMONITES plicatilis.

TAB. CLXVL

Spec. Char. Discoid, radiated ; sides flat ; front
rounds plain in the centre ; volutions exposed;
radii numerous, equal, straight, furcate ;
aperture squarish, with rounded angles.

The radii oh this Ammonite, from their straightness,
closeness, and regularity, have much the appearance of
artificial plaiting or crimping ; they do not branch until
they begin to turn over the front, in the centre of which
they are nearly obliterated; they are sometimes simple
and less frequently trifid. The septa are acutely si-
nuated. The thickness is about one-fourth the diameter :
the aperture is somewhat longer than wide.

A sandy Stratum, containing beds of sandy Limestone,
at Dry Sandford and Marcham, N. W. of Abingdon, pro-
duces this shell ; I am indebted for the use of the speci-
men figured, to the Rev. William Buckland. Several
other Ammonites occur in the same Stratum, among
them is A. concavus of tab. 105*: most of them have
lost the shell ; the present is only a cast of the inside, it
has a few crystals of Carbonate of Lime about it.

* The inside casts of this are so well preserved, with regard to the sinu-
osities, that 1 wets almost induced to add a fresh figure of it from some
elegant specimens lent me by the Rev. W. Buckland.

151

AMMONITES obtusus.

TAB. CLXVIL

Spec. Char. Discoid, radiated; inner whorls ex-
posed ; front with two slight furrows and an
obtuse keel; radii large,, curved, sharpest in
the middle ; aperture oblong.

The large undulations or radii are equal in number to
the septa, each crossing the inner lobes of one septum ;
they are very prominent in the middle, but are lost after
winding towards the front : the keel is rounded, not much
elevated, and the hollows on the sides of it are very
trifling. There are about four whorls ; the aperture is
longer than wide, equalling one-third the diameter of the
shell. I have some suspicion that the external surface of
the shell is concentrically striated, but the specimens I
have seen have only a small portion of it remaining.

I am indebted to the kindness of Miss Philpot, of Lin-
ley, for the use of the larger specimen, which, from the
high polish and rich colour of the crystallized Carbonate
of Iron that has lined its chambers, is truly beautiful.
The one I have taken my section from was sent me by my
friend Strangeways, Esq. They are both from

Lyme, in Dorsetshire.

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153

HAMITES armatus*
TAB. CLXYIIL

Spec. Char. Flatted ; undulations simple, every
second or third armed with a large thick spine
on each side near the front.

Besides the two spines upon every third undulation,
there are two obscure tubercles near the back upon the
same ring, the intermediate undulations are less risen,
and are almost lost upon the back ; the section is ellip-
tical.

This large and remarkable Hamite was found in Chalk
Marl at Roak village, near Benson, Oxfordshire, and
sent me for publication by the Rev. William Buckland
It is extraordinary, more from the spines or thorns it is
beset with than from its size, although this much exceeds
that usually attained by species of the same Genus in
England. The spines are three-eighths of an inch long,
being one-third the length of the section at the largest
end of the shell. The specimen is a cast stained with
iron, it has not preserved any indications of the septa.

The specimens next in size at present known, are
found in the Chalk marl of Sussex, but still more muti-
lated : we hope to give good specimens ere long. It would
be an acquisition to find one perfect at the ends — such not
having been seen.

155

LYMNJSA.

Gen. Char. An oblong subturreted univalve ; the
aperture entire,, longer than wide ; lower part
of the right lip entering the aperture, and
forming a very oblique plait along it.

i he Helix stagnalis of Linneus, is Lamarck’s type of
this Genus, and upon a comparison of this with the
Helix pomatia, the propriety of their separation is im-
mediately visible. The Lymnea is an elongated pointed
shell ; in general it is smooth, tender, and has to boast
of very little variety of colour: the recent species are
known inhabitants of fresh water pools or rivers, and the
few fossil ones hitherto met with belong, exclusively, to
the newest depositions.

The thinness and semi-transparency or horny aspect of
the shells of this, and many other fresh water Genera, is
a great help towards distinguishing the fresh water for-
mations from those of the salt water.

LYMNiEA fusiformis.

TAB. CLXIX.— Fig. 2 and 3.

Spec. Char. Subfusiform, smooth ; sides of the
spire nearly straight ; aperture narrow, half
the length of the sheik

The narrowness of the mouth of this makes the two ends
almost equally taper ; the spire is pointed ; the stri® ©f
growth are tolerably sharp, between them the surface is

VOL. II,

156

smooth and shining, without any transverse striae, such as
are upon Lymnaea stagnalis. It differs from Lamarck’s
Lymnaeus longiscatus, and I believe from all other species
in the flatness of its whorls, or rather the straightness of
the sides of its spire ; it is also shorter than L. longiscatus.

This shell is the produce of one of the fresh water de-
positions on the Isle of Wight ; it was collected by the
Rev. Mr. Iremonger, and sent me along with Planorbis
euomphalus, tab. 140.

LYMNJEA minima.

TAB. CLXIX. — Figs l.

Spec. Char. Elongated, smooth ; volutions rather
convex ; aperture less than half the length of
the shell, ovate ; last whorl not ventricose.

A small shell, only three or four lines lung, nearly
related to L longiscatus but shorter.

It is probable that this may be the young of some other
species ; it occurs with a minute Patella along with the
shell above described.

157

HELIX globosus.

TAB. CLXX.

Spec. Char. Globose, slightly elongated, obscurely
transversely striated ; whorls but gradually
increasing in size; outer lip reflected.

F rom the gradual increase in size of the whorls, the last of
which is not remarkably larger than the preceding, joined
to the slight convexity of their exposed parts, the shell
assumes a globose aspect although it is not strictly sphe-
rical. The young ones are rather depressed, and have
an umbilicus ; the old ones are slightly elongated, and
have the umbilicus concealed by the expansion of the inner
lip. The lines of growth are distinctly marked: the
transverse striae irregular, numerous, hollow, and so su-
perficial, that they are only to be seen in the best pre-
served specimens.

Specimens of this shell were presented to me by John
Holloway, Esq. who found them at Shalcombe, on the
Isle of Wight, where it is of rare occurrence. From its
exact resemblance in generic characters to the Helix
pomatia, it must be considered like it, to be a land snail9
and should seem to have been accidentally imbedded with
the water shells in the calcareous (now stoney accumula-
tion) that has preserved them, and often filled their inte-
riors : the shell has been replaced by crystallized Carbonate
of Lime. I have been favoured with specimens of the
Genus Phasianella in the same state of preservation^
from the same rock. The rock is a compact Limestone^
breaking with a smooth conchoidal fracture, and contains
but a few fragments of shells; it is much harder than
chalk, or even Portland stone, but softer than the Pur ’
beck stone or mountain Limestone.

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159

HELIX? stria tus.

TAB. CLXXI. —Fig. 1.

Spec. Char, Conical,, depressed, subcarinated*
obliquely striated, a rising* band around the
edge, crossed by arched striae ; columella solids
aperture subtriangular.

T here is a great resemblance about the base of this
shell to the genus Trochus, given it by the prominent co-
lumella ; in other respects it strongly resembles Helix
carinatus, (see tab, 10.*) from which it differs in not hav-
ing an umbilicus, in the greater distance and sharpness of
its striae, and the strong arched striae upon the band.

From the Limestone of Derbyshire, collected by Mar-
tin ; the place of the shell is occupied by granular Carbo-
nate of Lime, and the inside filled with grey Limestone.
Had not the general form strongly resembled the
Helix above mentioned, I might have been induced
to have placed this as a Trochus, although it does not
precisely accord with the characters of that genus. I
might have formed a new genus of the two, to which the
following species should have been added, did they not
differ materially from each other in the characters that
should distinguish it. Besides the aperture is very im-
perfect in them all. It is probable that other species may
be found, and that by their help and that of more perfect
specimens, the genera they belong to may be determined,
or the characters of new ones ascertained, and this is the
more desirable as they appear from their localities to be
marine inhabitants, rather than land shells.

* In the description of this the striae are said to be transverse instead
of oblique by mistake, and the striae upon the lower part have escaped
notice.

160

HELIX? Cimformis.

TAB. CLXXI. —Fig. 2.

Spec. Char. Conical, acute, umbilicate, decus-
sato-striated ; with a band around the middle
of the whorl crossed with arched striae ; aper-
ture nearly round.

A small space upon the upper part of each whorl is
flattened, the remainder is very round, bearing upon the
middle of it a broad band, strongly marked with lunate
striae ; the decussating striae upon the other parts are
small, and most distinct above the band. The rounded
volutions which touch each other only in a small part of
their surface, the aperture being nearly round, and rather
wider than long, together with the conical form of the
spire, give this a great resemblance to Cirrus acutus, tab.
141 ; but the umbilicus does not appear large enough to
authorize our placing it under the . same Genus ; I there-
fore leave it for the present along with a shell to which
it has as great an affinity.

I received this along with the last from Mr. Martin ;
it is from the same Limestone ; there is within it part of
an Encrinus.

Jiff 2

161

AMMONITES Henleyi.

TAB. CLXXII.

1 f

Spec. Char. Discoid, gibbose, with many small
radii ; inner volutions exposed ; radii flatted,
with two compressed tubercles upon each ;
aperture large, nearly round.

Between the two concentric rows of tubercles the shell
is slightly flatted, otherwise the form of the mouth would
be round, with a small sinus produced by the preceding
whorl. The whorls are few, and increase rapidly in
thickness as they proceed towards the mouth. The nu-
merous radiating ridges are compressed, so as to be as
wide as the spaces between them, and at the insertion of the
outer tubercle are commonly split into two, that unite
on the opposite side : a few of the radii proceed from the
centre over the front without tubercles.

Lyme Regis, in Dorsetshire, is a place that has pro-
duced many fine petrifactions peculiar to the blue Lyas ;
the present is among the number that have fallen into the
deserving hands of the Rev. Mr. Buckland. It was found
upon an estate belonging to H. H. Henley, Esq. of Sand-
ringham, near Lynn ; in kind remembrance of whom it
has been named by Mr. Buckland. Its external surface,
concamerations, anti siphuncle, have not been preserved ;
the specimen is only a cast in Lyas, with some crystallized
Iron Pyrites in two or three parts.

163

AMMONITES restrains,

TAB. CLXXXIL

Spec. Char. Depressed, carinated, tuberculated ;
tubercles three or four upon each radius,
largest towards the front; volutions exposed ;
aperture elliptical with a compressed reflected
beak.

T he aperture, exclusive of the beak, is somewhat less
than a third of the diameter of the shell long ; the beak
is a little reflected and flattened, the edges of it so pressed
together, as nearly to close it : the tubercles are more
divided upon the inner whorls than upon the outer ones,
where they begin to run into one another, and form
ridges that are curved forwards, towards a prominent in-
sulated keel : volutions about four.

So remarkable is the beaked mouth of this Ammonite,
that I have named it from that character. The figure is
taken from a specimen lent me with a valuable collection
of the same Genus by the Rev. Mr. Buckland ; it was
found in Chalk Marl at Roak Village, near Benson, Ox-
fordshire. The terminal chamber or that in which the
animal is supposed to have resided, being preserved
entire, renders the specimen particularly valuable, as it
is commonly broken off.

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165

CHAMA digitata.

TAB. CLXXIV.

Spec. Char. Palmate,, slightly recurved, gibbose,
with five or six marginal elongated canalicu-
lated processes ; surface smooth*

This is an oblique elongated curved shell, with several
ridges upon the deeper valve, that are drawn out at the
margin into hngerrlike processes, which are concave be-
neath, and some of them slightly expanded towards
their ends. The attached valve is unknown.

We are to thank the zeal of our friend, the Rev. Mr.
Buckland, tor communicating this curious species : casts
of it very neatly formed, are contained in masses of po-
rous flinty Chert ; the space formerly occupied is some-
times partially filled with brown Oxide of Iron or
Cafcedony. The casts of the inside are often hollow, and
lined with quartz crystals.

The texture of the stone, and partial union of the two
sides of the casts to each other, have rendered it impos-
sible to expose the whole outline of the shell. I have
given figures of four specimens that illustrate each other ;
the two upper ones exhibit the claws (if I may so call the
marginal processes) ; one of them (fig 1.) is a cast of the
external surface : the other (fig. 2.) (which has been acci-
dentally reversed by the engraver) shews a greater
elongation of the processes, and a hollow with quartz
crystals ; the lower figures are from two varieties, a
broad shallow one and a narrow very deep one ;* the
claws of these have been completely entangled in the

* Such varieties often occur in shells of this Genus, as well as among
oysters.

166

stone, but they display enough of the hinge to prove that
it has one elongated irregular tooth : one of them (fig.
3.) shews the concentric lines of a single muscular im-
pression very neatly ; but I am unable to trace indications
of two upon either of them to make their generic cha-
racter complete. Three of the specimens have conside-
rable portions of stone attached to them ; as they would
render the shells less conspicuous I have omitted them
in the figures, which, even now, are not so perfect as
might have been desired ; but experience teaches us that
we must depend much upon such specimens for our know-
ledge in geology, and rest satisfied when they are perfect
enough for us to trace the identity of species.

Long Comb Girts, in the parish of Sudbury, near
Sidmouth, where these specimens were found, is the only
spot, I am informed of, that produces this species.

The attached valves have not been met with ; they
have probably been left adhering to the rocks from which
the others were washed, previously to their being depo-
sited in the situation we now find them preserved in.

167

PHASIANELLAo Lamarck , Phasianus^

MontforL

Gen. Char. An oblong subturreted pointed uni-
valve ; aperture entire,, longer than wide ; left
lip sharp ; right lip reflect d over the last
whorl ; a longitudinal ridge upon the columella,

A Genus instituted by Lamarck ; it is distinguished
from his Lymuaea by the thick edge of the right lip not
entering the mouth, but reposing upon the body of the
shell. In general, also, the whorls are more equal than
in that Genus, and the shell is thicker, opaque, and va-
riegated.

The recent species inhabit the shores of islands in the
neighbourhood of New Holland.

PHASIANELLA orbicularis.

TAB. CLXXV. — Fig. 1.

Spec. Char. Conical, acute, smooth ; whorls
about six, ventricose ; aperture nearly round.

This is nearly related to the Genus Vivipara, but the
spire is too much elevated and too acute ; it is marked
with lines of growth, and the smaller whorls have a few
obscure transverse lines upon them. There is apparently
an open umbilicus ; but if the shell were full grown or
perfect, it would probably be covered, as it is, but narrow.

I have referred to this species of Phasianella in the de-
scription of Helix globosus, tab. 170, along with which

VOL. II.

168

it occurs in Limestone, at Shalcomb, on the Isle of
Wight. I am also indebted to the liberality of the same
friend to science John Holloway, Esq. lor the specimens.

PHASIANELLA angulosa.

TAB. CL XXV.— Fig. 2.

Spec. Char. Conical, smooth ; whorls subcari-
nated ; aperture nearly round.

T his differs from the last only in the angular form of the
lower part of each whorl, which makes the sides of the
spire straighter.

From Shalcomb, along with the last.

PHASIANELLA minuta.

TAB. CLXXV.— PYg\ 3.

Spec. Char, Elongated, smooth ; volutions five
or six, obscurely squared ; aperture oblong.

Scarcely two lines long ; the flatness of the upper parts
of the whorls, which separates them from each other, is
not easily overlooked.

From the Isle of Wight. The figure on the left is a
magnified representation.

169

AMMONITES variant
TAB. CLXXVT.

Spec. Char. Depressed, thickish, carinated, with
a row of large tubercles near the front, and
one or two rows of tubercles placed upon fur-
cate radiating undulations ; inner whorls half
concealed ; aperture roundish.

No Ammonite is more variable than this in the strength
of the undulation, and proportion of the tubercles ; still,
however, it may be known by the large turbercles near
the front (these are sometimes flatted obliquely) and two
lesser ones upon each radius near the commencement of
it, the inner of which is generally smallest, and at times
even obscure, or united to the other. The whorls are
seldom more than three : the keel is much relieved, and
entire. The length and breadth of the aperture are about
equal to each other, and one-third the diameter of the
shell.

So frequently are the casts of this handsome shell dis-
torted, as if by the compression of the chalk, while in a
soft state, of which they are composed, that specimens
have often been exhibited in proof of the existence of el-
liptical Ammonites ; but a series may easily be obtained,
some individuals of which are circular ; others com-
pressed obliquely, and in such various directions, as to
evince the effect of accident. The lower or hard chalk
is well characterized by this fossil, as it contains it in

170

abundance. Some of the specimens figured are from
Wiltshire, others from Sussex. I am indebted to
many friends for varieties from the former county :
G. A. Mantell, Esq. has kindly communicated a good
suite from Hamsey, Plumpton, and other parts of the
south of Sussex.

AMMONITES inflatus.

TAB. CLXXVIII.

Spec. Char. Depressed, radiated, carinated ;
sides and front flattish ; inner whorls exposed ;
the latter whorl inflated near the aperture ;
radii commencing with a tubercle, then fur-
cated ; keel distinct, entire ; aperture square.

W hether this is a distorted cast may remain a question,
as it does not appear to be fractured in any part; its ellip-
tical form leads to suspicion. The sudden increase of the
last volution near the end, and subsequent contraction,
is a curious circumstance, if it be constant, and it can
hardly be the effect of pressure in any direction. The
undulations or rather radii are large, commencing with
a compressed tubercle, then furcate, one of the branches
being sometimes divided from the other, ending in elon-
gated compressed knobs upon the front.

A cast in the green sand of the under cliff in the Isle of
Wight, lent me by the Rev. William Buckland ; the
lower figure is a fore-shortened view of the same
specimen.

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AMMONITES rustictis.

TAB. CLXXVIL

Spec. Cha&. Depressed ; whorls few, gibbose,
exposed ; with 6 or 8 conical tubercles upon
the sides of each, and two rows of obtuse tu-
bercles around the front ; aperture wider than
long.

W horls about three : the bases of the larger tubercles
almost touch each other, and they expand nearly across
the whorl ; the front of the whorl is very broad and
flattish; the tubercles upon it are numerous, and but
little elevated. Aperture quadrangular : the inner side
concave, and much shorter than the others.

A heavy clumsy shell, well characterized by its few
large knobs, and broad front : it is a rare production of
the lower chalk, at Comb Pyne, near Lyme, in Dorset-
shire, and was lent me by the Rev, William Buckland

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173

ASTARTE plana.

TAB. CLXXIX. — Fig. 2.

Spec. Char. Nearly orbicular, depressed; sur-
face plain ; lunette elongated, acute, deep ;
margin entire.

V" ery analagous in general form to A. Scotica ; and when
the softer parts between the lamina have been corroded, the
surface presents numerous concentric ridges ; otherwise,
it is only marked with fine lines of growth. The shell is
thick, equilateral, with a pointed beak, and entire mar-
gin ; its length does not always bear the same proportion
to the width, sometimes being equal to it, but oftener less.

Occurs in a sandy alluvial stratum, at Bramerton, near
Norwich, where I collected specimens in August, 1817.

ASTARTE ©bliquata.

TAB. CLXXIX.— Fig. 3.

Spec. Char, Obovate, transverse depressed ; with
many oblique concentric striae upon the sur-
face ; margin crenulated.

T he numerous regular impressed striae which cross the
few lines, or rather waves of growth at a very acute
angle, give rise to the name of this elegant shell; its
width is greater than its length ; it is somewhat depressed
and slenderer than most of the Genus : the spaces between
the striae are rounded and smooth.

My active correspondent, Mrs. Cobbold, discovered
this shell in the Crag pits at Holywells, near Ipswich,
and indulged me with specimens in 1812 : they are in a
good state of preservation.

174

AST ARTE lineata.

TAB. CLXXIX. — Fig. l.

Spec. Char. Obovate,, transvere, depressed,
slightly truncated ; with a few concentric acute
ridges,, and many minute intervening strias
upon the surface ; lunette lanceolate., small ;
margin entire.

Almost lenticular; the anterior side is smallest and
truncated : the slope upon which the cartilage lies is long
and straight ; the shell is thin, about an inch wide, and
has nearly thirty prominent sharp lines or ridges.

It is with some hesitation that I give this as an Astarte,
not having seen the hinge teeth it is probable that it will
prove to be a Lucina. The only specimen known is filled
with granular iron pyrites, and so liable to decompose,
that I would not risk losing the opportunity of figuring it
granted me by the Rev. Mr. Buckland : it was found in
the selenite bed, in the Heddington Clay, near Oxford.

175

TfXLINA obtusa.

TAB. CLXXIX.— Fig. 4.

Spec. Char. Transversely ovate,, convex, con-
centrically striated ; margin obtuse ; sides very
unequal.

The wave upon the anterior side that distinguishes the
Genus Tellina, is very slight in this. The surface is most

rapidly curved near the edge, which being obtusely oval,
the whole has a blunt clumsy appearance; the striae are
concave, wide, and numerous. The anterior side is much
the smallest. Young shells are flatter and less rounded
towards the margin.

My friend, the Rev. P. Lathbury, first sent me this
species of Tellina, from the Crag near Woodbridge,
about twenty years ago : I have since received it from
Roydon, by favour of the Rev. G. R. Loathes, and have
found it at Bramerton in abundance.

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177

NUCULA. Lamarck.

Gen. Char. An equivalved inequilateral bivalve ;
hinge with two interlocking rows of small teeth
in each valve,, diverging from a space within
the beaks ; beaks conniving, turned back.

liiNNEus’s Area nucleus is the type of this Genus, which
is well distinguished from other Areas by the disposition
of the small interlocking teeth ; several of the species have
a concave space or tooth between the two rows of teeth,
but as it is not constant to all the species naturally allied
to the Genus Lamarck has omitted it in the generic cha-
racter given in his Memoire sur les fossiles des environs
de Paris.

NUCULA Cobboldiae.

TAB. CLXXX. — Fig. 2.

Spec. Char. Transverely obovate, convex; sur-
face marked with zigzag furrows, diverging
over the sides ; edge entire.

The posterior side is very short ; the space between the
rows of teeth is elongated, and very concave ; the inner
surface is decorated with a coat of pearl ; the outer sur-
face is ornamented with numerous slight furrows, which
are zigzag over the middle, and thence diverge on each
side towards the front : it varies in gibbosity.

I have met with three varieties of this ; the first a small
gibbose one, was sent me from Holy wells, by Mrs. Cob-
bold ; a second, almost orbicular, was lent me by the

178

Key. G. R. Leathes, who obtained it at Roydon ; the
third, and most regular one, I picked up at Bramerton,
it is the one figured, and is very tender.

Being desirous of commemorating Mrs. Cobbold, whose
copious collection obtained with great industry, in company
with several of the junior branches of her family, whom she
delighted to inspire with a love for the works of Nature,
from the Crag pits of her own estate, evinces a degree of
taste and zeal seldom met with ; 1 have named this rare,
and withal elegant shell after her.

NUCULA lanceolata.

TAB. CLXXX. — Fig. l.

Spec. Char. Transversely ovato -lanceolate, smooth;
posterior side pointed, edge entire ; a concave
deltoid space in the hinge.

Sides nearly equal, the anterior being rather the largest
is most rounded ; the shell is strong, and of almost equal
thickness throughout, the beaks projecting but slightly :
length half the width.

This curious Nucula was discovered by the Rev. G. R.
Leathes, at Bawdsey, Suffolk, in Crag ; the line of the
hinge is broken, but not much bent ; nevertheless it has
the genuine characters of Nucula. It appears to be very

rare.

181

179

TROCHUS laevigatus.

TAB. OLXXXL— Fig. 2.

Spec. Char, Conical, nearly smooth ; sides straight;
base convex, with an obtuse margin ; aperture
rhomboidal, with rounded angles.

Height and width nearly equal ; the sides of the cone
are almost straight, each whorl being very slightly con-
vex : a few concave lines may be traced around the spire,
they are obscure and irregular ; the lines of growth are
very fine, and thus the surface appears smooth. The
base of the columella is oblique, which gives the mouth
a rhomboidal form, there is no umbilicus.

This interesting Trochus nearly resembles T. ziziphi-
nus, but is readily distinguished by its obtuse margin
and plain surface. The specimen figured was presented
me by Mrs. Cobbold, who found it in the Craig pits at
Holy wells : the external coat has peeled olf in some parts,
and exposes the pearly interior, whose pristine beauty
may still be traced through the veil that time has cast
over it in its subterranean cemetery.

TROCHUS similis.

TAB. CLXXXI.---f/g\ 2,

Spec. Char. Conical ; sides straight, ornamented
with many transverse ridges, two or three of
which upon each whorl are granulated ; base
flattish, concentrically striated ; aperture qua-
drangular ; columella direct.

- -V-

T he older shells of this species are rather wider than
high ; the superior whorls overhang the inferior ones a

180

little, else the sides of the cone would be very straight :
the ridges vary in size ; the largest are towards the lower
part of each whorl, with minute Intervening ones ; the
granulated ridges have small plain ones between them.

Specimens from the Holywells estate, from two to six
lines high : it does not appear to be rare. It hears a
general resemblance to several species.

TROCHUS concavus.*
TAB, CLXXXL —Fig. a.

Spec. Char. Conical ; sides of the whorls concave ;
base flatfish ; margin ear floated ; aperture
acutely rhomboidal ; umbilicus none.

A. few obscure transverse sir he decorate the spire ; in
the concave part of each whorl is an indistinct row of
tubercles ; the base is smooth, a little broader than the
height of the spire.

The Rev. H. Steinhaur found this shell in the inferior
Oolite at Little Sodbury. It is distinguished from the
next with which it agrees in general form, by the trans-
verse striae, single carioa, and solid columella.

ftl

TROCHUS duplicatus.

TAB, CLXXXL — Fig. 6.

Spec. Char. Conical * sides of the whorls concave ;
a double deeply drenulated carina round the
base ; umbilicus open, with a tuberctilated
margin ; aperture quadrangular.

The upper edge of each whorl is crenulated as well a^
the carinae : the concave space between the two edges is
plain ; the whole surface is shining. The umbilicus,
which has about seven tubercles around it, forms a strong
and remarkable character.

From Little Sudbury* along with the last.

TROCHUS dimidiatus.

TAB. CLXXXI.--- JYg. 4.

Spec. Char. Conical ; base convex, with a carL
nated margin ; upper part of the whorl con-
cave, with an entire carina in the middle ;
aperture pentangular.

T he smaller whorls are convex ; the last formed
ones only shew the carinae and concave spaces between
them : the carina in the middle of the upper part of the
whorl projects so much as to give the shell a square
clumsy form : the columella is direct and solid.

I have received a single example of this from Little
Sodbury, along with the two latter species : it is dull and
rather rough on the surface.

- f ' '

- .

Y '

182

183

NAUTILUS striatus.

TAB. CLXXXII.

-Spec. Ciiar. Slightly depressed ; umbilicate ; con-
centrically striated ; aperture half the diameter
of the shelly nearly orbicular.

"W horls rather gibbose, they are few, and increase
rapidly ; the umbilicus is large, exposing a small part of
the inner whorls ; the numerous stride which cover the
surface are irregular, elevated, and so strong, that they
might almost be considered as ridges ; the front is a little
compressed, giving the aperture a squarish form.

Found in the blue Lyas at Lyme Regis, Dorset.
The large fragment was lent me by the Rev. W. Ruck-
land.

AMMONITES LoscombL

TAB. CLXXXIIL

Spec. Char. Discoid,, compressed, umbilicated ;
inner whorls concealed ; radii many,, shallow,
waved ; front rounded ; aperture oblong.

The surface is smooth; the umbilicus small, and not
very deep ; the aperture is about two-fifths the diameter
of the shell long, the thickness being only one-third the
length of the aperture,

I was favoured with the loan of the shell here figured,
by C. W. Loscombe, Esq. who obtained it from the blue
Lyas of Lyme in Dorsetshire. It is in a good state of
preservation, but the mouth had been broken in a way
that led some genius to clear the stone from it, so as to
give the appearance of a beaked termination to it : tab.
173, A. rostratus, shews a proper termination. I have
thought fit to figure the present as a caution against de~
ception.

187

AMMONITES Braikenridgii.

TAB. CLXXXIV.

Spec. Char. Depressed ; radiated ; volutions ex-
posed ; front rounded ; crossed by the radii ;
radii furcate ; mouth round ; lip expanded
into two oblong- lobes.

R a dii prominent, numerous, rather sharp, and equal to
the spaces between them : there is a small tubercle upon
each at the base of the branches ; the thickness of the last
whorl is rather less than one-third the diameter of the
shell : there are about three or four volutions. The lip
is very striking, it commences with a square base, and
having been continued a little way from the last radius
it suddenly expands on the sides into two oblong lobes,
on which are distinctly marked the lines of growth : the
edges are sharp, and gradually bent a little inwards.

Perfect terminations of the Ammonites are rare ; I have
however, met with several specimens indicating the form
of the lip, but none of them exhibit any thing much out
of the usual way, excepting some French ones, and those
now before us : in one of the French specimens the aper-
ture is much contracted by the lip ; in another, the lip
forms a single arched lobe slightly bent inwards.*

These remarkable fossils are from Dundry near Bristol :
they are composed of foliated carbonate of lime, and are
imbedded in a compact limestone, replete with rounded
shining grains of yellowish brown oxide of iron, and the
remains of various other shells. They enrich the collec-
tion of George Weare Braikenridge, Esq. of Bristol.

* Of these I have made an engraving for comparison ; they are found
in a similar stone with the British one, at Bayeux in Normandy, and were
presented to me by Mons. de Gerville, to whom I am much indebted for
the fossil produce of the Cotentin.

■

i . ■ ^ . *#: .

■

2 . Jhrimonites constricius , S^CoLombe^ j Min,: Corv:llj.8g .

2 . GervilLiL, Bajyeua; I MTlJDe, Gerville .

3 .A-:Broiufru£crti,-ib. % )

189

AMMONITES constrictus.

TAB. A. — Fig . 1.

Spec. Char. Depressed, radiated, armed with a
row of acute tubercles on each side the front ;
inner volutions concealed ; radii undulated, of
various lengths ; aperture even, oblong, con-
tracted by a blunt-edged inflected lip.

In some varieties there are a few tubercles near the
centre, the same have also larger tubercles near the
front : the tubercles are always largest about the middle
of the last whorl, and gradually diminish towards the
mouth and the inner turns, where they are entirely want-
ing ; on the contrary, the radii are most conspicuous on
the inner whorls. There is a minute, apparently open,
umbilicus. The mouth which is placed at an acute angle
to the radii, is reduced to an oval form by an inflexion of
the edge, and is so much contracted that the shape of its
opening is not affected by the preceding whorl ; the edge of
it is so bent that the closed partis placed nearly at a right
angle to the remainder. The septa, the last of which lies
about half a turn from the mouth, are much sinuated, and
numerous.

Casts only of this shell have as yet occurred, but they
are so perfect, that they exhibit every thing that can be
expected. The termination of the last chamber is a very
striking feature ; it is met with in almost all the speci-
mens. From St. Colombe, in Normandy.

AMMONITES Gervillii.

TAB. A*— -Fig. 3.

Spec. Char. Gibbose, umbilicate, radiated ; a
small portion of the inner whorls exposed ;
radii sharp, bent, furcate ; aperture trans-
verse, oblong, arched ; lip arched, sharp
edged.

—

The thickness of this is rather more than half the dia-
meter : the umbilicus is large, beautifully exposing the

190

ribbed edges of the wliorls : the radii are nearly close
together, and very regular until just before the last whorl
is completed, when their place is supplied by two or
three irregular waves ; the shell is then finished with a
sharp edge.

This species occurs in a marly Limestone, which is
replete with grains of Iron Ochre : the place of the shell
is supplied by foliated carbonate of Lime, It is from
Bayeux, in Normandy.

AMMONITES Brongniarti.

TAB, A .—Fig. 2.

Spec. Char. Gibbose * radiated ; umbilicate ; in-
ner whorls concealed ; umbilicus minute ;
aperture transverse, oblong, arched, with a
thick or inflected lip ; radii furcate, bent.

Thickness about two-thirds the diameter : the radii are
close, waved, and very regular : the umbilicus is minute,
round within, but oblong externally, in consequence of
the last whorl being carried forward in a straight line for
a short distance, after which it turns suddenly towards
the mouth.

This is found in the same state of preservation in the
same stratum with fig. 3 ; and it may be worthy of obser-
vation, that the Rev. Mr. Buckland possesses in his
cabinet, a specimen from Yeovil of the same species with
this, but in a stone very sparingly furnished with the fer-
ruginous grains, and such as there are being in a decom-
posed state.

I have named these two last shells, the one as a testi-
mony of respect to an enlightened and warm friend of
science in general, and of Natural History in particular,
Mons. deGerville, who has laboured with much assiduity
in collecting and arranging the fossils of the Cotentin : —
the other in honor of Brongniart ; its rotundity may be
considered as a type of the orb of knowledge spread
abroad by that luminary, in conjunction with Cuvier,
after whom I have already named the spreading Inoce-
ramus, Cnvieri.

My kind friend M. de Gerville, above named, furnished
me with all three species figured on this plate.

191

UNIO crassiusculuso

TAB, CLXXXV.

Spec. Char. Obion g-elli plica], depressed ; valves
thick ; surface marked by lines of growth ;
hinge strong.

The surface of this shell is regularly curved, without
any hollow or rising : the beaks are sharp, a little re-
curved : the lines of growth are not very prominent^
except two or three of them near the edge : the hinge is
light and elegant in comparison to that of U. crassissh
mus, although thick.

I atn indebted to the Rev. G. R. Leathes for the know-
ledge of this Unio : he has obtained it from the Craig at
Bawdesey, in Suffolk.

The valves have been replaced by carbonate of lime
of a crystalline texture, and are attached to masses of
ochraceous limestone, or lie loose in the craig.

■

• ■

A .

193

PECTEN orbicularis.

TAB. CLXXXVL

Spec. Char. Orbicular, much depressed, concen-
trically striated ; striae elevated, sharp ; one
valve smooth ; ears nearly equal, broadest at
the base.

A thin tender shell ; the stride are many, a line distant
from each other ; the length and breadth are equal ; the
ears rather large.

One of the tender products of the green sand of the
Devizes canal, preserved by Mrs. Gent, ft appears to
he unfrequent, as I have seen but one individuaL

195

MUREX coniferus.

TAB. CLXXXYII. —Fig. l.

Spec. Char. Elongated, with many longitudinal
undulations, crossed by numerous unequal ele-
vated striae ; volutions few, inversely conical,
their upper parts depressed and nearly smooth;
beak open, rather short ; aperture ovate.

The general form of this Murex is that of a series of
cones gradually diminishing in size, and so arranged)
that the points of the smaller ones penetrate the bases of
the larger : a few of the striae upon the smaller whorls
form carinae, which are thicker where they cross the un-
dulations or costae, and give them a tuherculated appear-
ance. The upper part of each whorl is distinguished by
the want of transverse striae. The aperture, including
the beak, occupies half the length of the sheik

Highgate Hill afforded me this species, which I have
not recognized elsewhere.

MUREX regularis.

TAB. CLXXXVTL— Fig. 2.

Spec. Char. Rather elongated, with many longi-
tudinal undulations, crossed by strong elevated
striae ; whorls convex, the last contracted to-
wards the beak ; beak open, rather slender,
aperture obovate.

JL he volutions vary in number, from five to eight ; they
are very regularly convex ; the ribs and striae are also

196

pretty uniform : the beak has a slight bend : within the
lip are a few small plaits, and the striae of the surface are
distinguishable upon the columella. The length of the
inoutli and beak together is half that of the whole shell.

This was sent me from Barton Cliff, by Miss Salis-
bury.

MUREX carinella.

TAB. CLXXXVIL— Fig. a and 4.

Spec. Char. Rather elongated, with many longi-
tudinal undulations, crossed by strong elevated
unequal striae ; whorls convex, subcarinated
in the middle, the last contracted towards the
beak ; beak open, rather slender ; aperture
obovate.

V ery similar to the last ; its difference consists of the
subcarinated form of the volutions, which is chiefly pro-
duced by the slight enlargement of one of the striee.

This was favoured me along with the last : it bears
some resemblance to the M. craticulatus of Brocchi’s,
tab. 7, f. 14 ; but the last whorl is not so ventricose,
neither is the carina so strong.

486

197

CERITHXUM cornucopiae.

TAB. CLXXXYIII.— Figs, i, 3, and 4.

Spec. Char. Turrited, subulate, punctated ; whorls
very numerous, superior ones with 3 or 4 un-
equal tuherculated carinae, central ones tuber-
culated above, undulated below, with 4 or 5
transverse furrows ; lowest whorls crossed by
9 or 10 elongated tubercles ; aperture quad-
rate ; columella plaited ; beak short, curved.

So different are the several parts of an entire adult shell
of this Cerithium, that fragments may be taken for dis-
tinct species. The whorls close to the apex have only
one carina placed a little below the middle, and crenu-
lated : in the succeeding1 whorls the upper edge gradu-
ally becomes tuberculated, a small knotted keel rises
between it and the central one, and the lower edge ap-
pears crenulated : by degrees the tubercles on the upper
edge increase in size, the central carina becomes flatter,
and other carinae arise on each side of it : near the
middle of the shell these carinae all become broader, and
the spaces between them assume the form of furrows ;
the tubercles and crenulations remain in the form of
waves : in the mean while the tubercles upon the upper
edge are elongated, and towards the interior part of the
shell join the waves below them, displacing the furrows
by degrees, till having receded from the edge in the
three or four last turns, they occupy the whole whorl in
the form of blunt, oblong, rather oblique knobs. The
minute hollow punctums that are dispersed over the
whole surface are disposed in lines that diverge as they
rise over the tubercles, and converge again as they de-

198

seend, very elegantly. The aperture in half grown shells
is quadrate ; in full grown individuals the right lip is
semicircular. The beak is a little twisted ; the edge of
it rises upon the columella like a plait ; above this is an
obtuse plait upon the columella ; and a third plait, or
rather ridge, sometimes occurs just above the columella.
Its length often exceeds a foot; the diameter of the last
whorl is one-fourth the length in general, but sometimes
the shell is less taper. The whorls are above 30 in num-
ber.

The clay, mixed with green sand, exposed at low tides
under Stubbington Cliff, has afforded fragments of this,
the most ornamental fossil shell I know ; but these are
in a bad state of preservation, not only in consequence
of their exposure to the ocean, but from having been
much perforated by some worms, that have threatened
the rapid destruction of their usurped habitation before
it was consigned to the earth, to be preserved for ages
yet to come. I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. Hol-
loway for a specimen, which from its situation was diffi-
cult to be obtained : it is represented at fig. 1 : perhaps,
if the stratum could be explored before the sea had acted
upon it, specimens might be procured in a high state of
preservation. My good friend Mr. De Gerville has sent
me from the Cotentin a good series of the same species,
delicately preserved, but not perfect at either extremity ;
several of them are worm-eaten, like the Stubbington
ones : fragments of the upper parts are shewn for illus-
tration at figs. 3 and 4. As it is often filled with minute
shells, Mr. DeGervillehas been in thehabitof calling it by
a name analogous to cornucopias, a name I have thought
sufficiently expressive of its magnitude or capaciousness
to apply : it is also applicable to the giver’s generosity,
whose horn of plenty I hope to have the pleasure of
emptying into the lap of science at no very remote period.

199

CERITHIUM giganteum.

TAB. CLXXXVIII.---F/g\ 2.

Syn. C. giganteum. Lamarck Env. de Paris ,
p. 95. Knorr, HI. tab . 107, /. 1.
Parkinson Org. Pern . ///. 71.

Spec. Char. Turrited, extremely long, transversely
striated, minutely punctated ; upper parts of
the whorls tuberculato-nodose ; columella uni-
plicated.

According to De Lametherie, 30 inches is a length
sometimes attained by this gigantic shell, the diameter
of the last turn being then 1\ inches. Unlike the last,
this Cerithium is nearly uniform throughout its length ;
it differs from every part of it in the position of the tu-
bercles, which are confined to the upper parts of the
whorls : below the tubercles are 6 or 7 transverse strite
at equal distances from each other ; while in those whorls
of the C. cornucopia} which have striae below the tuber-
cles, they are but five, and at unequal distances. This
is also more taper than C. cornucopiae.

It was not until I had described the preceding, that I
discovered, upon comparing two specimens sent me by
Mr. Holloway, very carefully, with an authentic one of
C. giganteum, given me by Mr. Parkinson, that Mr.
Holloway’s were distinct from each other ; and that the
smaller one, although much worn, still retained charac-
ters enough to prove it to be the giganteum. It is ex-
traordinary, that two species, hitherto met with in different
parts of France, should be found together on the English
coast. The worms that have committed such ravages
upon both species, have in the specimen before us been
more limited in their operations, confining them to
straight lines, that branch in a dichotomous manner.

■

201

MUREX fistulosus.

TAB. CLXXXIX.— Fig. l and 2,

Syn. M. fistulosus. Brocchi , JJ. 394 tab. 7,

/ is.

M. pungens. Brander , f. 82.

Spec. Char. Oblong, varicose ; each varix foli-
ated, and produced above in a recurved tube ;
aperture obovate, entire ; beak nearly straight,
closed.

By no means a handsome shell, although remarkable ;
the varices, or ribs, are thick and clumsy ; each has a
sinuated thin appendage at the back of it, and a large
arched tube at the upper part : the aperture is perfectly
entire, the lips being joined all round : outside the right
lip are four or five sinuated fimbriae, more or less distinct
in different individuals : the beak is broad, and in old
shells is often double or triple, the earlier formed ones
remaining uncovered. The width of the shell in the
middle is about half the length.

I have met w ith two specimens of this found in Bar-
ton Cliff ; they were presented to me by Mr. Bullock : in
one of them the fimbriae near the aperture are very
obscure : allowing that they may sometimes be entirely
wanting, there would not remain a shadow of difference
between these shells and Brocchi’s figure : Brocchi ob-
serves, that his shell is variable. Brander’s fig. 82,
seems to have been intended for this also, although in
Dr. Solander’s description it is not distinguished from
M. pungens, fig. 81.

MUREX tubifer.

TAB* CXXXIX.— Figs. 3 to 8.

Syn. Murex pungens. Brander , p. 35, /. 81.
Mur ex tubifer. Lamarck Env. de Paris,
p . 54. Park . Org , Rem, Vol . III.
p . 65. t. 5. /. 15.

Murex horridus. Brocchi , II, 405. t. 7 .
/• 17.

202

Spec. Char. Ovate ; with four rows of erect tubes
alternating with four solitary tubes upon each
whorl ; aperture obovate, entire ; beak arched,,
closed.

"V olution s convex and smooth, each furnished with four
or five longitudinal rows of tubular spines, generally
three in a row ; between each row is a solitary erect
slightly arched tube, placed upon the upper part of the
whorl. The beak is rather pointed, closed at the front,
but open at the end.

It is remarkable that Brocchi should have mentioned
Lamarck’s M. pungens as related to his M. fistulosus ;
while he has described M. pungens under the new name
of horridus, in nearly the same terms as those used by
Lamarck, without referring to him. Brocchi seems to
have had finer specimens than are found in Hampshire,
although it is probable that they come from a distant part
of the same stratum, and consequently may have been
buried at nearly the same period : is it not likely that one
part of a stratum may have been in a situation more con-
genial to the growth of the individuals it has enveloped
than others ? The more perfect state of preservation in
which many of the foreign fossils are now obtained,
probably arises from the climate in which they are ex-
posed : that of England, especially by the sea-side,
being more calculated for the destruction than the pre-
servation of tender calcareous reliques.

The specimens numbered 3, 4, and 5, are from Bar-
ton ; the two former through the kindness of Miss Salis-
bury ; the latter, which is a young one, before the beak
is closed, was sent me by the Rev. Mr. Bingley.

Figs. 6, 7, and 8, are from young shells found at
Highgate : although they are nearly as large as fig. 5,
the rows of tubes are not formed, but the solitary tubes
are commenced : in fig. 8, which is the smallest, there
are several indications of the first tube upon the varices.
Had a larger extent of ground been opened, it is possible
we might have come to the bed where this species had
attained its full growth.

■)

SOS

AMMONITES Brooki*.

TAB. CXC.

Spec. Char. Depressed, carinated, with a sulcus
on each side of the keel ; radiated ; radii
strong, simple, arched ; inner volutions ex-
posed ; aperture oblong.

A. boldly marked shell, with four or five whorls, of
which the inner ones are more than half exposed ; the
radii are large and prominent, equally broad with the
spaces between them ; each is composed of a single arch
bent forwards ; the keel is round and entire, with a deep
furrow on each side of it. The surface of the shell is
finely marked with lines of growth. The length of the
aperture is about one-third the longest diameter.

From the Blue Lyas of Lyme Regis, Dorset, favoured
me by the Rev. W. Buckland. I have named this after
H. J. Brooke, Esq. M.G.S. a gentleman well versed in
Geology and Mineralogy.

•V r,

;

205

AMMONITES Stokesi.

TAB. CXClo

Spec. Char. Lenticular, depressed, radiated ; ra-
dii broad, slightly elevated ; inner whorls half
exposed ; edge crenated ; aperture sagittate.

XiENGTH of the aperture two-fifths the diameter of the
last whorl : the radii are little else than almost straight
radiating undulations ; they are lost near the edge : the
cast shews some signs of concentric striae upon the surface
of the shell : the inner edge of the whorl is strongly de-
fined.

Of this species I have only seen a cast ; it was lent me
by the Rev. W. Buckland, who obtained it from a Marie-
bed, connected with the inferior Oolite, near Bridport in
Dorset.

I have the honour of naming this after Charles Stokes,
Esq. M. G. S. whose acquaintance I have long valued,
and whose abilities deserve our warm remembrances.

;

l :

; ’ *

. . , .

J :i-;r \l ■ v f J I r:.* »>:}«.{ > >■ • ty . ' .C * :I

j-gz.

207

NUCULA laevigata.

TAB. CXCIL— Figs. 1 and 2.

Spec. Char. Transversely elliptical, convex,,
smooth ; posterior side truncated ; edge en-
tire.

Nearly related to N. Cobboldiee, but wider and per-
fectly smooth : it has not even the striae beneath the
surface, so usual in other species. The lunette is im-
pressed, convex, oblong, and occupies the truncated
part of the posterior side ; it has a pit or compressed
tooth in the hinge, similar to several other species^

Of this I have received fragments from Mrs. Cobbold,
which were very pearly, although found in the Crag of
Holywells. The perfect specimens represented are from
Woodbridge ; they are of the usual colour of the Crag,
but still betray the once more pearly internal coat. They
are nearly as perfect as living specimens ; I was glad
to see them ; they were favoured by Mr. Parkinson.

NUCULA similis.

TAB. CXCIL— Figs. 3, 4, and io.

Syn. Area Nucleus. Brander , p. 40. /. 101.

Brocchi , II. 480 ?

Nucula margaritacea. Lamarck Env . de
Paris, 193 ?

Spec. Char. Transversely obovate, depressed, ob-
scurely striated longitudinally ; posterior side
straight ; lunette imbedded ; concave in the
middle, oblong ; edge crenulated.

This differs from the recent British Nucula (Area nu-
cleus | Linn.) in the angle formed by the two lines of hinge

208

teeth ; — in that it is a right angle,— -in this it is greater.
The lunette of the recent one is regularly convex ; in
the fossil it is depressed in the middle, and also lies
deeper. The fossil is generally less convex than the
recent, and a trifle wider. The striae in both are beneath
the surface, except near the crenulated edge : in the fos-
sil they are most conspicuous in old shells.

Found in Barton Cliff : the small specimens (figs. 3
and 4), are from High gate : whether the latter, (fig. 4)
should be considered as a distinct species, or only a va-
riety, it is not perfect enough to determine : the striae
upon it are elevated over nearly the whole surface not
confined to the margin.

Lamarck and Brocchi having declared their shells to
be identical with the Linnean A. nucleus, in conformity
with the general opinion respecting these fossils, I have
added a query to their synonima, for I have not seen
foreign specimens, and they may prove to be different
from either of the Hampshire ones, (N. similis and tri-*
gona,) which have also been confounded together.

NUCULA trigona.

TAEL CXCIL---jF/g\ 5.

Spec. Char. Ovato-deltoid, compressed, smooth;
edge crenulated ; hinge-pit short ; lunette
concave.

Distinguished from N, similis by its triangular form,
flatted valves, and concave lunette, which also distin-
guishes it from A. nucleus of Linnaeus.

Sent me along with N. similis from Barton, by Miss
Salisbury : it appears to be quite new. I would propose
to call the A. nucleus of Linn. Nucula intermedia, be-
cause it comes between this and N. similis in form, as
the hinge of this is more acute than a right angle.

209

NUCULA pectinata.

TAR CXCII. — Figs. 0 and 7.

Spec. Char. Transversely elliptical, elongated,,
convex ; posterior side truncated ; longitudi-
nally furrowed; lunette imbedded, flat, cor-
date ; edge crenulated.

This is a large species of Nucula; its surface is co-
vered by small diverging furrows, which are crossed by
line transverse striae : the lunette is very conspicuous and
broad. The specimens are not so opened as to shew the
hinge pit, but I think it may be traced in the casts.

I am indebted to W. Borrer, Esq. an enlightened Bo-
tanist, for specimens found in clay in Sussex, long since.

I have also received several from Folkstone and Dover,
where they are abundant in various states. The shell is
tender, and filled either with argillaceous Ironstone, or
Pyrites : when the shell is decayed there remain neat
casts of the inside, shewing the teeth and the two mus-
cular impressions of each valve, which must have been
deep in the shell, as the casts of them are much elevated.
The shell is pearly within. The two figures 7 are diffe-
rent views of a cast in Ironstone of a similar but wider
shell, in which the anterior side is more acuminated ;
probably this form is produced by the compression of the
two valves together.

NUCULA minima.

TAB. CXCII.-— Figs. 8 and

Spec. Char. Transversely ovate, convex, trans-
versely striated ; posterior side acuminated ;
edge entire ; lunette defined, elongated.

N early twice as wide as long ; the lunette is straight, it
reaches from the beak to the angle of the posterior side :

210

the row of teeth swelling into the cavity of the shell be-
neath the lunette, give the inside a beaked appearance :
the hinge pit is minute.

A small, though not unworthy present, from Miss
Salisbury. I suppose it to be rare at Barton, as I have
only seen a single valve. Figure 9 is the sketch of a
cast from among a cluster that was found at Highgate :
they appear to belong to a more gibbose, and perhaps
curved species, but are not sufficient to decide from : the
shell remains in part upon some of them in a very soft
and friable state.

N. minima may possibly be young of Area minuta of
Brocclii, Vol. II. p. 482 ; but it is only striated, not
sulcated ; and it differs from his A. nitida, in being ra-»
ther gibbose than depressed, and not truncated.

211

TROCHUS punctatus.

TAR. CXCIIL —Fig. 1.

Spec. Char, Conical, with straight sides, trans-
versely striated ; upper striae upon each whorl
crossed by oblique undulations, lower ones
minutely granulated, a narrow band between
the two sets,

Very little higher than wide : the surface is tolerably
even : the striae are numerous ; they are most prominent
towards the upper parts of the whorls, where they are
granulated by small oblique undulations : towards the
apex the band is crossed by fine stria?.

From the inferior Oolite of Dundry, near Bristol.

TROCHUS elongatus.

TAB. CXCIIL — Figs. 2, 3 and 4.

Spec. Char. Conical, elongated, transversely stri-
ated ; striae near the apex granulated ; each
whorl slightly undulated near the upper edge,
with an obscure band below the middle ; the
inferior margin prominent.

Breadth of the base two-thirds the height; the strias
are less numerous, and the undulations larger but shorter
than in the preceding : the sides of the whorls are
slightly concave.

Very nearly allied to the preceding, but distinguished
by the prominent margins of the whorls, and longer form.
Found in the same stratum at Dundry. Mr. Braiken-
ridge has in his cabinet a specimen 2f inches high, and
two inches wide, being rather a broad variety.

212

TROCHUS abbreviates.

TAB. CXCIII.— Fig. 5.

Spec. Char. Conical, shortened, transversely stri-
ated; striae obscurely decussated by oblique
lines of growth ; inferior margin of each whorl
very prominent, obtuse, with an obscure band
above it.

Breadth greater than the height ; the prominent mar-
gins of the whorls are marked by semicircular lines; but
they are not regular, being only lines of growth. The base
is sharply striated.

This Trochus, and the two species above described,
were sent me by George Weare Braikenridge, esq. who
collected them at Dundry. I understand that they are not
such perfect specimens as might perhaps be obtained at
some future period, but I am anxious to make them public
on acount of their near resemblance to some Trochi found
in a similar stratum in Normandy, of which I have given
one or two of the products in illustration of Ammonites
Braikenridgii. The Trochi I allude to have largely cre-
nulated margins, which at once distinguish them; but one
ofthem is characterized by sharp numerous elevated stride,
which cross the whorls obliquely on their upper parts, and
in semicircles over the band anti prominent inferior mar-
gin ; there are vestiges of such striae in the species before
us, but the French shell differs also in having a greater
number of transverse striae, and being of a longer form,
it is most like Trochus elongatus. They all have solid co-
lumella'. It appears very remarkable to me, that strata
agreeing together in their composition so closely should
produce several shells resembling each other, but, as far
as I have hitherto learnt, none are precisely the same. I
wish to instigate further research. It is a circumstance
corresponding with provincial differences among man-
kind ; whether such differences among shells should be
considered as specific, may remain a question.

213

NAUTILUS sinuatus.

TAB. CXCIV.

Spec. Char. Thicks umbilicate, concentrically
striated ; side depressed,, conical ; front con-
vex ; aperture obtusely sagittate, truncated ;
the septa have a large sinus on each side.

The most remarkable character of this Nautilus is, the
large marginal rounded sinus or lobe on each side the
septum : the septum is also much elevated towards the
front. The striae are nearly close together, moderately
fine, and elevated : they gradually disappear towards the
mouth. The inner whorls are wholly concealed, and
few. The greatest diameter is equal to twice the thick-
ness.

For the use of the only specimen I have seen of this,
I suppose rare as well as remarkable shell, I am indebted
to the well known author, Mr. Parkinson. It was found
somewhere near Yeovil, but Mr. Parkinson is not ac-
quainted with the exact locality. It appears to belong
to the inferior Oolite : its chambers are lined with car-
bonate of lime stained with iron, and partly crystallized
in acute rhombs. It is not broken so as to shew the
situation of the siphunculus.

4P5.

215

AMMONITES Herveyi.

TAB. CXCV.

Spec. Char. Gibbose, umbilicated, radiated ;
margin of the umbilicus squareish ; radii nu-
merous, sha rp bi or tri-furcate ; aperture
lunate, with obtuse angles.

The inner volutions are almost concealed; the small
portion that is exposed is seen within a deep umbilicus,
the sides of which are nearly straight from one whorl to
another : the radii commence within the umbilicus, and
having proceeded a small distance over the edge of it,
and increased in thickness, they divide into two branches,
and pass over the front, uniting again on the other side :
it frequently happens, that the branches from one radius,
instead of uniting again with each other, join the conti-
guous branches of two radii on the other side : sometimes
there is a third branch which is free at one end. The
thickness nearly equals half the diameter.

The larger specimen was found on the estate of the
Earl of Bristol, near Spalden, in Lincolnshire : I have
named if to commemorate the present enquiring and
penetrating spirit of that noble family. The smaller is
from Bradford : it has more of the structure of the shell
remaining : they both appear to be from the lower Oolite.
The outline is a section of the last whorl. Mr. Cumber-
land has sent me the same from Knowles Hill, in Somer-
setshire.

217

VENUS rustica.

TAB. CXCVI.

Spec, Char. Sub-orbicular, gibbose, smooth ; an-
terior side obscurely defined, convex ; a thick
lateral tooth within the anterior slope.

V oung shells of this species are nearly orbicular, if we
may judge from the strong lines of growth, with a slight
depression to distinguish the anterior side : as they ad-
vance in age they become rather more transverse. The
hinge of the right valve is furnished with two thick teeth,
which are united at their upper parts, and one elongated
lamellar tooth ; these three are placed near the beak : at
a distance from the beak on the anterior side is another
tooth ; it is short, thick, and blunt. The lunette is cor-
date, obtuse, and not distinctly marked out.

The above description is taken from a single valve :
it appears to be a full grown shell, and has been distorted
in the latter part of its growth, as old shells frequently
are, so as to make it oblong, and give it a tumid edge.
There are marks of a Flustra that once covered its
surface still remaining upon it. Its being strong and
rather clumsy in its form has suggested its name.
I am indebted to the Rev. Mr. Lambert, whose
name I have had occasion formerly to mention, for the
use of the specimen ; he obtained it from the Crag pits

of — Woolnough, Esq. at Hollesley, Suffolk. I do not

consider it properly arranged as a Venus; but until some
necessary divisions are made in that Genus, and in Lu-
cina, to which it belongs more properly, it must remain
there.

■

219

CARDITA ? producta.

TAB. CXCVIL— Fig. i.

Spec. Char. Transversely oblong, gibbose, with
six or seven angular longitudinal ridges ; an-
terior side produced, plain.

T he length is about two-thirds the width : the ridges
are highest towards the posterior half, and I suspect in
the young shells they are tuberculated. The beaks are
rather prominent. A cast from the inferior Oolite, near
Bath, the Rev. H. Steinhauer. I have it young in Piso-
lite, from Chapel House, near Chipping Norton, given
me by Mr. B. Clark ; and also from Peterborough, in
compact limestone, by favour of Mr. H. Jenkins,

CARDITA? obtusa.

TAB. CXCVII.— Fig. 2.

Spec. Char. Transversely obovate, recurved, gib-
bose, with from 7 to 10 longitudinal, nearly
equal, tuberculated ridges.

The anterior side is largest, obtuse, and plain; the
slope above it is concave ; the length is but little less than
the width.

From the inferior Oolite, near Bath, and at Dundry,
both casts : it was brought me from the latter place by
Lady Wilson, whose zeal for collecting has seldom been
equalled.

220

CARD IT A ? lirata.

TAB CXCVIL— Fig. 3.

Spec. Char. Transversely oblong gibbose, with
9 or 10 longitudinal tuberculated ridges ; the
ridge separating the posterior side is much the
highest.

■T he posterior side is well defined by a large ridge ; it is
convex, and has two or three tuberculated ridges pass-
ing over it ; the anterior side is not so plain as in either
of the other species upon this plate ; the length is twice
the width.

Occurs in the Lyas near Bath, from whence it was
sent me by the Rev. H. Steinhauer, and also in the Corn-
brash, as I learn from a mutilated specimen. On the
Lyas specimen, part of the surface, formerly occupied by
the shelf, is now covered with a coat of calcarious spar,
which shews that the shell was very thin.

CARDITA? deltoidea.

TAB. CXCVIL— Fig. 4.

Spec. Char. Very gibbose, obtusely triangular,
with 8 or 9 longitudinal rugged ridges ; ante-
rior side pointed.

The ridges are largest near the posterior part ; they
are very irregularly tuberculated: the beaks being promi-
nent, and the anterior side pointed, give the triangular
contour.

221

I have figured a specimen from Peterborough, cast in
blue Lyas, and encrusted with Pyrites. I have another
specimen in Cornbrash limestone, from Lechlade, in
Gloucestershire. I have also a specimen nearly resem-
bling it, but which may hereafter prove to be a distinct
species, as it is flatter upon the posterior side, and is
wider ; it is in a ferruginous sandy limestone, from Kel-
loways Bridge; a portion of the shell remains upon it :
it is thick, and is pearly beneath the outer coat.

These four species of Cardita have been long known by
the appellation of Heart Cockles, and have been distin-
guished by their form, and the number of their ridges ;
both characters are liable to variation, but yet, the four
species above described, may readily be recognized : it
would have been fortunate had each been confined to a
separate stratum. It is impossible to be certain of the
Genus.

In Smith’s Stratigraphical System of organized fos-
sils mention is made of them under the generic name of
Cardium, first in the Cornbrash, on p. 65, he describes
the obtusa, and at letter c the lirata ; and refers to them as
the same that are found in the under Oolite, see p. 104.
The Cardita producta is refered by him to the Fuller’s
earth rock. I have seen in Miss Benett’s hands a spe-
cimen of the C. producta, from the inferior Oolite near
Bayeux.

223

PHOLAS. Linn.

Gen. Char. A transverse bivalve, gaping at both
extremities, with one or more accessory valves
upon the back ; no shelly tube.

oKE or more accessory valves, an elongated tooth
within each beak, and a more or less muricated surface,
are characters that belong to a family of shells, the ani-
mals of which bore holes in stone or wood for protection :

the Pholas of Linneus is the head of it : his Teredo also
belongs to it : the first is extremely scarce in a fossil
state, the latter very abundant : they are both confined
to the newer strata. The recent Pholades may probably
be divided into several genera, characterized by the form
of the valves, or number of accessory plates : the shelly
tube will always distinguish the Teredo.

PHOLAS cylindricus.

TAB. CXCVIII.

Spec. Char. Transversely elongated, nearly cylin-
drical ; posterior sides muricated, pointed, with
a sinus in the edge ; beaks concealed by a re-
flexion of the edges of the back.

The general form of this is a slightly compressed cy-
linder : the valves are transversely striated, and have
many longitudinal elevations ; where these cross on the
posterior half, are formed many sharp flat spines, but the
other side is nearly smooth ; accessory valves have not
been met with, but from the analogy it bears to P. parva,
it should seem to be furnished only with one. It differs

224

from P. parva in its greater width, and the less degree
of curvature of the posterior sinus ; it is also smoother,
and in some respects resembles P. Candida.

The P. Campechiensis, referred to by Parkinson, at
p. 198, Yol. III. is probably distinct.

I am indebted to Mr. Parkinson for the use of the spe-
cimens of this tender shell, found, rarely perfect, in
Crag.

225

MUREX rugosus, var. (£.).

TAB. CXCIX— Figs, l and 2.

Spec. Char. Elongated, subfusiform, transversely
and uniformly striated ; spire pointed, with
about 12 longitudinal costae ; volutions ventri-
cose ; beak short, open.

Syn. Murex rugosus. Parkinson , III . 64. £. 5.

/ 16.

Above twice as long as wide : in this variety the last
whorl is nearly free from costae or undulations, it is
drawn out into a short straight beak ; the outer lip is
thickened, but appears to have no striae within its edge ;
aperture elliptical.

The larger specimen (fig. 1) is in Mr. Parkinson’s col-
lection ; it is from the Crag, near Malden : the smaller
one (fig. 2) I picked up at Plumstead from among sandy
gravel.

MUREX costellifer.

TAB. CXCIX. — Fig. 3.

Spec. Char. Subturrited, transversely striated,
longitudinally costated ; whorls rather ventri-
cose ; aperture ovate, expanded towards the
beak ; beak very short, spreading ; costm nu-
merous, slender.

There are about 18 costae or undulations around the
spire : the striae are sharp and numerous : the aperture
is about as long as the shell is wide, that is, a little more

226

than a third of its length : the slightly expanded lip is
characteristic, it is entire.

A Crag shell from Malden, in Mr. Parkinson’s col-
lection.

MUREX echinatus.

TAB. CXC1X.— Fig. 4.

Spec. Char. Turrited ; whorls round, reticulated,
with acute tubercles upon the angles of the
meshes ; outer lip striated within ; beak short.
Syn. Murex echinatus. Brocchi , 2, 423. t. 8.

f.3.

rl he reticulated surface is produced by a number of
longitudinal sharp ridges, crossed by transverse chords
placed at about the same distance from each other, and
equally elevated with the ridges ; at the points of their
intersection they are raised into short angular spines ;
the whorls are very round, the last one suddenly
drawn out into the beak, which, though not long, ap-
pears to be more taper in the individuals before us than
in those Brocchi described. The lip is thickened and
furrowed internally. Length three times the width.

These specimens, which are smaller than the Italia
ones, are from the Crag at Malden ; they are in Mr.
Parkinson’s cabinet. It is remarkable that the columella
is wanted, or eaten out, a circumstance I have observed
in some recent shells.

221

MUREX curtus.

TAR. CXCIX.— -F/g*. 5.

Spec. Char. Ovate, pointed, subventricose, lon-
gitudinally ribbed, transversely striated ; aper-
ture oval ; beak short, recurved ; whorls inter-
nally striated with elevated lines.

About twice as long as wide, with 12 rounded undu-
lations or costae upon each whorl ; the striae are sharp
and rather distant, they are stronger upon the base ; the
beak is a little curved and open ; the substance is thin,
therefore the costae appear as concave undulations within
the whorl.

An interesting unique shell from the blue clay of High-
gate Hill.

MUREX gradatus.

TAB. CXCIX.— Fig. 0.

Spec. Char. Yentricose, longitudinally ribbed,
transversely striated ; spire short, acute ; costae
varicose above ; aperture oval, with a short
expanded beak.

The enlargement of the costas, which are about 10 in
each round, produces a square appearance on the upper
parts of the whorls, which seem to rise above each other
like steps : the spire is small, and almost slender enough
to be called mucronate. Width about two-thirds the
length: the inner lip is smooth.

From Plumstead. I believe rare, as I have seen but

one.

• ; ;

- - . .

. ; y s\ * ; e ?

■

• .

200.

229

AMMONITES Banksii.

TAB. CC.

Spec. Char. Discoid, very thick ; inner turns ex-
posed ; sides concave, largely tuberculated ;
front fluted, slightly convex ; aperture trans-
verse, almost three times as long as wide.

A very bold formed shell ; the narrow sides of the
whorls are much relieved from each other, they are con-
vex, and occupied by about 10 large obtuse tubercles :
the great width of the convex margin, which is obtusely
fluted, gives the whole a very massive appearance. There
are about five turns, the last but one is in diameter equal
to the thickness of the whole.

In a valuable packet of fossils belonging to the inferior
Oolite, sent by some disinterested friend at present un-
known to me, from the west of England, was the pon-
derous mass represented in this plate ; it contains the
ferruginous grains peculiar to that rock, with Belemnites,
fragments of other shells, and also a piece of wood,
changed almost into charcoal. I hope my friend will
make himself known, and communicate the locality.

I have indulged my feelings of esteem and friendship,
by giving this magnificent Ammonite the name of that
staunch supporter of science in general, and of natural
history in particular, who has presided so long and so
ably over the Royal Society.

TOZ

231

AMMONITES Blagdeni.

TAB. CCL

Spec. Char. Subcylindrical, obtusely fluted,, urn-
bilicate ; umbilicus reaching* to the margin,
conical, with large radii terminating upon the
edge in a tubercle ; aperture transverse, qua-
drangular, three times as wide as long.

The umbilicus is deep; it occupies the whole side ; the
tubercles round its edges, about 22 in each turn, are ob-
tuse in the cast of the inside, but where there are some
remains of the outer surface they appear to be spiniform,
there are four or five furrows on the front to each ; the
frorif is very slightly convex.

A massive specimen from the lower Oolite, containing
Belemnites, other Ammonites, &c. : it was given me by
my lamented friend. Dr. J. C. Lettsom. I have named
it after the highly discerning, meritorious, yet most un~
assuming Sir Charles Blagden. The analogy between
this and the preceding, may remind conchologists of the
long cordial friendship, subsisting between Sir Charles
and Sir Joseph Banks.

233

AMMONITES Brocchii.

TAB. CCIL

Spec. Char. Compressed; sides hollow, radiated;
inner whorls half concealed; front circular,
with many obtuse ridges ; aperture lunate.

V olutions three or four, very round ; twenty radii ex -
tend nearly half over them, the rest of their surface is
covered by nearly six times as many obtuse, arched, not
very prominent ridges. Were the hollow sides consi-
dered as umbilicate, the umbilicus would be conical but
would have no defined edge ; the aperture is lunate, in-
clining to transversely elliptical. Thickness half the dia-
meter. The septa are remarkably numerous, and finely
sinuated.

From the same friend, and probably from the same
place, although of a greyer colour, as A. Banksii, I
received the large specimen; it seems to have been ex-
posed to the weather.

The small specimen is from Dundry, by favour of
G. W. Braikenridge, Esq.

The name is to commemorate the author of a recent
valuable work upon the fossil shells of his own country.

■

•

203.

23 5

VENUS lentiformis.

Cytherea, Lam.

TAB, CCIIL

Spec. Char. Orbicular, depressed, with concen-
tric, reflected, minute, imbricated, ridges ;
anterior slope depressed, terminated by an
angle in the margin.

Svn , Venus exoleta, Parkinson III . 189.

n- Iimg^^

A shell that at first sight might be taken for the Venus
exoleta, from which it is distinguished by the flat space
upon the anterior slope, and the angle upon the margin.
The strise are few and much elevated near the anterior
slope, but soon are doubled, or even trebled, as they pro-
ceed : upon comparison it is found to be thinner, flatter,
more closely striated, and rounder on the posterior side.
The lunette is also more pointed with straight sides.

From the Crag of Essex and Suffolk, Mr, Parkinson’s
cabinet

A A AAAAA7

• A ,i\y\z >\S -A3 .

' . .

. • , A A . ; A ;

' . • ... ■ , .. V„ r ^ - >> '

- ■ - * : A; ■ : .• ; . ' _ •. A. A m: A.."'

"• ' : AAA ' .

: "r i ' :: A I::?. a '• A : : A) /'

” > ; : " ■ . ' ■' ... ’■ " : . ' h ”'■■■ t: . t. ■ ; A A:: : ' ..."

:• A A- ■ ,!; A rr . - A 'A " : . - r :,o;: hA - • A

t‘. . . - .A'A oAo j ; ■: • . A A ::-;:A •* j:k) tn * ; : A- *

<AA i'A::Ao : AA;r: •: ;<n Arr AaAA^ flwolo Gio;n

■ • -. A ■: A A , ■ A * . ' - ■ { [ A . ''

INDEX TO VOL. II.

Tab.

Page.

Tab. Page.

Ammonites angulatus 107/. 1

Cerithium dubium...

147 / 5

108

auritus

134

funatum ...

128

Banksii ......

200

229

funiculatum 147 /.1&2 107

Blagdeni......

201

231

geminatum

127 /. 2

Braikenridgii

184

187

giganteum

188 / 2

199

Brocchii ......

202

233

intermediuml47 f. 3&4 107

Brongniarti

A/. 2

190

meianioides

ib. /.6Sc7 109

Brooki ......

190

203

pyramidale

127 /. 1

Bueklandi ...

130

Chama digitata ......

174

165

Calloviensis

104

Cirrus acutus

141 /. 1

communis ...

107/ 2& 3 10

nodosus

ib. / 2

Conybeari ...

131

plicatus ......

ib. f. 3

ib.

constrictus...

A/. I

189

Cyclas cuneiformis

162 /'.2&3 140

Duncani

157

129

deperdita ?...

ib. f. 1

139

excavatus ...

105

obovata ......

ib.fi, 5, )

140

fimbnatus ...

164

145

&6S

Gervillii ......

A/. 3

189

Gryphcea. dilatata ...

149 /. 1

113

giganteus ...

126

dilatata /3...

ib. f. 2

ib.

Greenoughi

132

incurva

112/.1&2

Henleyi

172

161

obliquata...

ib. f. 3

Herveyi

195

215

Hamites armatus

168

153

inflatus ......

178

170

Helix cirriformis

171 / 2

160

Loscombi ...

183

185

Gentii

145

101

monile ......

117

globosus

170

157

Nutfieldiensis 108

striatus

171 / 1

159

obtusus

167

151

Lima gibhosa

152

120

plicatilis

166

149

Lymnaea fuciformis...

169/.2&3 155

rostratus......

173

163

minima

ib. / 1

156

rusticus ......

177

171

Mactra arcuata ......

160 f.l &6 135

splendens ...

103

cuneata

ib. f. 7

136

Stokesi

191

205

dubia. ........

ib.f. 2,3,1

ib.

varians ......

176

169

& 4 J

vertebralis ...

165

147

ovalis

ib. / 5

ib.

Walcotii ...

106

Magas pumilus

119

Astarte cuneata

137 f. 2

Murex carinella

187 f. 3&4 196

elegans

ib. f. 3

ib.

coniferus

ib. /. 1

195

lineata .........

179 / 1

174

costellifer ...

199 / 3

225

lurida

137 / 1

curtus

ib. f. 5

227

obliquata.

179 / 3

173

echinatus

ib. / 4

226

plana .........

ib. f. 2

ib.

fistulosus

189 /.1&2 201

Auricula incrassata

163/1,2,1

L 143

gradatus

199 / 6

227

& 3 1

regularis

187 / 2

195

simulata...

ib. f. 5&8 144

rugosus (/3) ...

199/.1&2 225

turgida......

ib. / 4

143

tubifer

189/3—8 201

Buccinum elongatum

110/ 1

striatus /3(carinatus)109

granulatum

ib. / 4

Nautilus Comptoni...

121

reticosum

ib. f. 2

elegans......

116

rugosum ...

ib. /. 3

mtermedius

125

Cardita deltoidea ...

197 /. 4

220

obesus ......

124

lirata .........

ib. f. 3

ib.

simplex.

122

obtusa ......

ib. f. 2

219

sinuatus ...

194

213

producta ...

ib. f. 1

ib.

striatus

182

183

tuberculata

143

truncatus ...

123

Cardium proboscideum!56 /. 1

127

Nucula Cobboldiae...

180 /. 2.

177

semigranulatum

144

laevigata

192/1&2 207

umbonatum ...

156/2,3 1

128

lanceolata ...

180 / 1

178

Sc 4j

minima ....

192 / 8&9 209

Cascis bicatenatus ...

151

117

pectinata ......

ib.f. 6&7

ib.

Cerithium cornucopiael88/.l,3"
& 4^

\l97

similis. ........

ibf S, 4,7

& 105

207

INDEX TO VOL. II.

Nucula trigona ......

Tab. ]

Page.

192 /. 5

208

Orthoceraannulata...

133

Ostrea accuminata...

135 /.2&3

: 78

canaliculata

ib. /. 1

deltoidea ...

148

111

gregarea......

111 /.1&3

palmetta ...

111/2

Patella equalis

139 /. 2

Isevis

i&./.3&4

latissima ......

i&./.l&5

rugosa

ib. f. 6

unguis

i6./.7&8

Pecten Beaveri .......

158

131

equivaivis ...

136 /. 1

fibrosus ......

ib. f. 2

orbicularis ...

186

193

Phasianella angulosa

175 /. 2

168

minuta ...

ib. / 3

ib.

orbicularis

ib. f. 1

167

Pholas cylindricus ...

198

223

Plagiostoma car- ?

diiformis £

113/3

obscura......

114/2

ovalis ......

ib. f. 3

pectinoides

ib. f 4

punctata ...

113/.1&2

rigida ......

114/ 1

PJanorbis cylindricus

140 / 2

equalis ......

ib. / 1

enomphalus

ib.f. 1,8, l
& 9S

bemistoma

ib. / 6

lens .........

ib. / 4

ib.

obtusus ......

ib. f. 3

ib.

radiatus......

ib. / 5

Pleurotoma acuminatal46 /. 4

105

attenuata

ib. f. 1

103

colon......

ib.f. 7&8

106

comma...

ib. / 5

105

exorta ...

146 / 2

104

Tab.

Pleurotoma rostrata 146 / 3
— — semicolon ib. f. 6
Sanguinoaria Hoi-"

511/

159

120

Page.

104

106

133

137
175

138

lowaysii

Spirifer cuspidatus...

Tellina obliqua 161 / 1

obtusa ......... 179 / 4

ovata ......... 161 / 2

Terebratula acuta ... 150/.1&2115

Lyra. 138/ 2 83

octo-plicata 1 18 /. 2 37

pectita 138/. I 83

plicatilis ... 118/. 1 37

resupinata ,. 150/.3&4 116
Wilsoni ... 118/ 3
Trochus abbreviatus 193 / 5
anglicws ... 142
concavus ... 181 / 3
dimidiates ib. / 4
duplicates, ib. f. 5
elongates . 193/.2,

212

180

181

ib.

1, 3,1

&4J

laevigatus ... 181 /.l
punctatus... 193 /.I

similis 181 /. 2

Unio erassissimus ... 153
crassiusculus ... 185
hybridus......... 154 / 2

Listeri ......... ib.f. 1,3,

Sc 4

Venus gibbosa ...... 155/.3&4 126

incrassata...... ib.f.\Sc2 ib.

211

179

211

179

121

191

124

123

lentiformis 203 235

rustica ......... 196 217

Voluta ambigua, var. 115 /. 5 31

Lamberti...... 129 65

iuctator ...... 115/. 1 29

spinosa ...... t&./.2&4 30

spinosa $ ... ib. f. 3 ib.

CORRIGENDA.

Page 13, line 3, for “ a” read (3.

42, line 10, add TAB. CXX.

61, “ CER1THIUM pyramidalis” read CER1THJ UM pyra-
midale .

Pages 77, 79, and 81 to 88 descriptive of tabs. 133 to 138 read
73, 75 and 77 to 84.

Page 88, line 14, add and 8.

95, “TROCHUS similus” read TROCHUS anglicus; so named
to distinguish it from a French shell extremely like it, and to
avoid a repetition of the name similis.

124, “ UNIO hybrida” read UNIO hybridus .

126, line 27, dele “ and 4.”

129, last line, “ Neotts” read Neots.

179, line 2, “ Fig. 2” read Fig. 1.

201, line 7 from the bottom “ CXXX1X” read CLXXXIX .

I am informed by Miss Benett that it is the Chalk marl, and not the
lower or hard Chalk that is characterized by the AMMONITES various ,
Tab. 176 $ it has, however, been found in the hard Chalk, see page 169.

ADDITIONAL LOCALITIES TO SHELLS
DESCRIBED IN VOLS. I. AND II.

For the following localities I am indebted to Mr
Holloway. I trust that I shall be enabled to extend
a list so important to Geologists^ at some future
period.

Card i am Plumsteadiense, Tab . 14, fragments are found at
Stubbington.

Cassis carinatus, Tab. 6, Stubbington.

Dentalium cylindricum, Tab . 79, Sand pits, Emsworth
Common.

Dentalium entalis, Tab. 70, Stubbington, filled with pyrites,

Fusus longasvus, Tab . 63, ditto, small.

Melania sulcata, Tab. 39, Bricklesham Bay, Sussex.

Natica depressa. Tab. 5, East Cowes, Isle of Wight.

Pecten quinquecostata. Tab. 56, Emsworth, in Flint.

Pectunculus costatus. Tab. 27, Stubbington, worn,

Rostellaria P lucida. Tab. 91, ditto.

Scalaria acuta. Tab. 16, ditto.

Trochus Benettiae, Tab. 98, ditto.

Turritella conoidea. Tab. 51, Bricklesham Bay,

Venericardia planicosta. Tab. 50, Stubbington.

Voluta spinosa. Tab. 115, ditto.

The Chama digitata. Tab. 174, has been found by Prof.
Hailstone, at Huntcliffe, near Redcar, N. of Whitby, Yorkshire,

■ ' •' > r. '-u u

3iO*)irJ oS i.' qaK n .: >

■

■ v:;'. 1 1 Ml . ...4 - •; ■*)

•*‘‘0A-: ^ M . ' ■ ' , <: jj ) 4

: — <37 -4; t ,v.rr -

■

;

240

A SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX TO YOL. II.

Arranging the Shells described therein according
to the several Strata in which they were found
imbedded , from the newest towards the oldest
in the British Series.

Instead of any prefatory remarks of iny own, I will
insert the following Letter, received from my kind friend
Mr. Farey, viz.

Sir, j beg to apologize to your numerous and

highly respectable Correspondents and Readers, for my
delay in furnishing the Stratigraphical Index, sent here-
with. I had foreseen, since the perusal of my friend Mr*
Smith’s “ Stratigraphical System,” Part I. and the three
first numbers of his u Strata Identified,” that a great
deal of care and pains were necessary, (for which I could
not until lately spare the time,) in collating these works
of his, with the whole of the stratigraphical information
contained in all your published numbers of u Mineral
Conchology,” before Indexes, at all satisfactory, could
be made out, for you and Mr. Tilloch, such as I had
imperfectly done at the conclusion of your first volume,
in September, 1815.

I was in hopes, that by some delay, my labour in
hunting through maps for the situations of a considerable
portion of the places mentioned in your’s and Mr. Smith’s
works, might ere this have been greatly shortened, by a
reference to the manuscript Index which my valued
friend, the able and indefatigable Mr. Arrowsmith , of
Soho Square, has for near two years been preparing ;
and which is intended to contain every Name , of towns,
villages, farms and cottages, mills, mines, collieries and
quarries, rivers} streams, and water-falls, bays, head-
lands, cliffs, and light-houses, mountains, hills and val-
leys, parks, forests and woods, &c. &c. ; together with
the district names, &c. which are to be found, not only

241

SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX TO VOL. II,

in his own large and unparalleled Map of England and
Wales , but also in all the largest county maps, local
maps of canals, roads, mining districts, & c. &c. which
either his own large collection contains, or to which he
can have access, through the kindness of the friends of
science : unfortunately, however, for me, this great Index
to Localities, although all the names from printed maps
were collected out, (and ascertained by bearings and
distances,) and it is now rapidly proceeding towards its
final revision and completion, it has not been in a state
for me to consult it, as otherwise the kindness and libe-
rality of Mr. A. would have permitted, prior to its
publication, which now will soon take place, with the
addition of the population, and a blank column for future
corrections and additions, and to enable this volume to
be made by scientific, curious, or travelling persons, into
an Universal Index to Localities in South Britain !

In my Stratigraphical Index to Vol. I., I took the
liberty of placing 33 notes of interrogation ( ?, see Phil.
Mag. Vol. XLVI. p. 212, note,) after as many species
of shells, which had (by the places mentioned in that
volume) been referred to other strata, besides that parti-
cular stratum, in which I concluded, from your descrip-
tions, that the specimen drawn and actually described,
had been found entombed. I could not hope, at the
time of making these first stratigraphical arrangements
of the shells and localities which you had described and
mentioned, that I could escape errors : I regret, however,
to find, now that further information is afforded, that
they are so numerous as I find them to be ; and more
so, that the means do not at present exist of correcting
many errors, which doubtless yet must remain, in that
and the present Supplementary Index, after all that I
can at present do ; or, until your kind and generous
friends and contributors send you up, either as gifts or

SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX TO VOL. II. 2d2

loans, a far greater number of individual shells , diversified
as much as possible as to their localities , and not forgetting
in any instances to name and precisely describe these localities;
without which additions, fossil shells are of no real value
for improving the present infant state of geological
knowledge.

In the extended comparison of shells, named by you or
Mr. Smith, with their places and strata , to which I have
already alluded, 1 have been concerned to find, according
to the best opinion I can form, from the local facts men-
tioned by you and Mr. Smith regarding them, and what
I know of the ranges of the several strata, and of the
distribution of fossil shells in their peculiar beds, from
the experience I have gained in such quarries, banks,
pits, canals, wells, &c. which produce them, almost
throughout Great Britain, that no less than 104 of the
shells (including some varieties) already named or
described in the three works mentioned, should, for
useful geological purposes, be made to form 279 species,
each with its own compound name ; or at least, that these
279 shells of as many distinct beds* of the strata (excepting
here any errors in the recorded facts) should be distin-
guished, by the usual addition of Greek letters, as distinct
varieties . This latter plan I have adopted in the Strati-
graphical Index to Yol. II. instead of merely adding ?’s,
as I did in the former Index ; and for the information of
your Readers hereon, I beg the favour of you to insert
as follows, the names of all the described shells, &c.
which as far as I can yet judge, require these marks, to
distinguish the varieties of different strata, viz.

* It may be proper to keep in view, that I mean by this term, (as
all practical men do) the thinnest natural divisions of Strata ; and not
in any case thick masses, or whole mountains, although of one mineral
species, as some writers imply by its use.

243

SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX TO VOL. II.

Varieties

Species ?

^MMONn'fisXalloviensis 2

communis 4

concavus.. 2

elegans..... 2

elliptic.us 2

Herveyi 2

modioiaris 2

Nutfieldiensis 2

plauicosta 3

splendens ..... 2

stratus 2

iuberculatus 2

Walcotii — 5

(SS p. 58, &c.) 2

(HI) ^

(HI) 2

Astarte ovata 4

Avicula costata 7

Cardita? deltoidea 2

lirata 2

obtusa 2

prod ucta.. 3

Cerithium cornucopiae 2

melanioides 2

Chama digitata 2

(45) 2

Cidaris diadema 2

MCA 9.

.(33) 3
,.(53) 2
. (69) 3

Clavicnla cucumerina 2

Clypeus sinuatus 2

(54) 5

Conulus ........ (70) 3

Ellipsolites funatus...... 2

Euomphalus catillus 2

Gryphaea dilatata 7

incurva 3

(117) 2

Helix (49) 2

Lima gibbosa 2

Mactra gibbosa * 2

(91) 2

Madrepora flexunsa? 3

porpites 3

Melania Heddingtonensis 2

striata 3

Modiola bipartita 2

depressa 2

Mu rex latus

Murex rugosus A

Mya

Natica glaucinoides

Nautilus intermedius

lineatus

Ostraea acuminata

crista-galli

deltoidea ..........

giegarea

Marshii

rugosa

Patella latissima

Pecten arcuatus

fibrosus,..,..!....,

quinquecbstatus,

Perna aviciiloides.

Plagiostoma gigantea...,
spinosa ....

Planorbis euomphalus

Pleurotoma rostra ta

Productus aeiileatus ....

Rostellaria

Scaphites obliquus

Serpula crassa

Spatangus subglobosus?

Terebratula biplicata ......

carnea

crumena

digona

intermedia ....

lateralis

obsoleta

ornithocepbala

subrotunda

subundata ....

Trigonia clavellata

costata

curvirostra

Trochus

Turbo

Turrilites costatus

Turritella conoidea

Unio aoutus

Listeri

Venus equalis

Vivipara fluviorum

Varieties

(92)

(73)

(8)

(58)

(41)

(20)

..(3)

(41)

(89)

(61)

SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX TO YOL. II. 244

Where dots are used in the above list, in the place of
the specific or trivial name, reference is intended, to those
species, which, although not named by Mr. Smith in his
Strat. Syst. are by his references therein, described, as
being of the same species , in two or more strata ; and in
parenthesis I have added, the first of his pages, in which
each of such shells occur.

For an early number of the “ Philosophical Magazine,”
it is my intention to communicate to Mr. Tilloch, the
particulars of the strata and places , of each of the above
279 shells, with references to Min. Conch, and to Mr.
Smith’s two works on fossil shells ; and I intend to ac-
company the same by a few general remarks, as to the
great use and importance of fossil shells, in untheoretical
and useful geology. I am extremely desirous of calling
the attention of your Readers, and of requesting them
to contribute all they can, in the way of additional speci-
mens, and more precise localities, &c.* from the former
and from new places of the shells in the above list,
particularly the Ammonites, Terebratula, Ostrea and
Gryphites, Cardita? Trigonia, Plagiostoma, Unio, Pec-
ten, &c.

I have prepared, and shall in a few days send to Mr.
Tilloch, (as I did on the conclusion of your first volume,)
a List of the Places, alphabetically arranged, and their
situations , from whence the shells described in Vol. II.
are mentioned to have been obtained, the stratum at each

* Where several species or varieties of shells occur in the sinking of any
particular quarry, well, pit, &,c. or in the face of any cliff or bank, it
would be of vast importance to know, their relative places and heights
above each other ; because this order will be found invariable, in different
places, after making allowance for those particular species, which were the
cotemporaries of one or more shorter lived species.

245

SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX TO VOL. II.

place, as shewn by Mr. Smith’s “ Map of the Strata/*
published by Mr. Cary, (as correctly as the want of
bearings and distances, &c. in so many instances would
now permit of being done,) and the species and varieties
of shells at each place* with references to the plates and
figures in Min. Conch.

Conceiving your excellent work, to be contributing in
a very eminent degree to the solid advancement of
geological knowledge, I am very desirous to see it pro-
ceed more rapidly, by appearing Monthly ; and I hope,
not only that your present subscribers would approve
this change, but that many new subscribers from amongst
liberal and well-informed land-owners, and country
Gentlemen and Ladies, would be attracted, by such an
announcement of more speedy publication.— Wishing
every success to your useful undertakings, for promoting
a more intimate acquaintance with the works of the
all- wise and beneficent Creator,

I remain.

Your obedient humble servant,
JOHN FAHEY, Sen**

37, Howland Street, Fitzroy Square ,

26th September, 1818.

A SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX TO YOL. II.

246

A Stratigraphical List of Strata, Shells, and
Places, by Mr . John Farey, Sen .

Alluvia, or moved ruins of Strata

Gryphaea dilatata var s, tab 149, Pakefield Gravel Pit
Patella latissima /3, t 139, f 5, Pakefield ditto
Cowes Rock of Limestone; or pretended fresh-water Formation! of
some Writers.

Helix globosus, t 170, Shalcomb ?

Lymneea fusiformis, 1 169, f 2 and 3, Cowes
minima, t 169, f 1, Cowes
Phasianella angulosa, t 175, f 2, Shalcomb?
minuta, t 175, f 3, ditto
orbicularis, t 175, f 1, ditto
Planorbis cylindricus, t 140, f 2, Cowes
euomphalus, «, t 140, f 7, ditto
lens, t 140, f 4, ditto

obtusus, 1 140, f3, ditto

London Clay, upper part, with Ludus Helmontii (dun blue in Mr. Smith’s
Map.)

Auricula simulata, t 163, f 5 to 8, Barton and Highgate
turgida, t 163, f 4, Highgate

Cardium semigranulatum, t 144, Barton, Regent’s Park, and

[White Conduit House
Cerithium cornucopise a, 1 188, f 1, 3, and 4, Stubbington (beach)
dubium, t 147, f5, Stubbington
funatum, t 128, Hordle, and Newhaven Castle-hill
geminatum, t 127, f 2, Barton
giganteum, t 188, f2, Stubbington, and Grignon
pyramydale, t 127, f 1, Barton, Hordle, and near

[Paris

Murex carinella, t 187, f 3 and 4, Barton
coniferus, 1 187, fl, Highgate
curtus, t 199, f5, ditto
fistulosus, t 189, f 1 and 2, Barton
regularis, t 187, f 2, ditto

tubifer, t 189, f 3 to 8, ditto, Grignon, and Highgate
Nucula minima, t 192, f 8 and 9, ditto, ditto

similis, t 192, f 3, 4, and 10, Barton, Highgate, and

[near Paris.

trigona, t 192, f 5, Barton
Pleurotoma acuminata, t 146, f 4, Highgate
attenuata, t 146, f 1, Stubbington
colon, t 146, f 7 and 8, Barton
comma, t 146, f 5, Stubbington
exorta, t 146, f 2, Barton
rostrata a, t 146, f3, ditto
semicolon, 1 146, f 6, Stubbington
Sanguinolaria Hollowaysii, t 159, Bracklesham Bay
Venus incrassata, t 155, f 1 and 2, Brockenhurst
Voluta ambigua (monstrosa) 1 115, f5, Barton

luctator, t 115, f 1, Barton, near Paris, and Richmond

[Well

spinosa «, t 115, f 2 and 4, Barton

— — 0, t 1 15, f 3, Barton, near Paris, and Stubbington

247

SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX TO VOL. 1U

Crag Marl,* or soft Limestone, in or on ? the London Clay (light brown ).
Astarte obliquata, t. 1 79, f 3, Holywell

plana, t 179, f 2, Bramerton, perhaps Alluvial?
Buccinum elongatum, t 110. f 1, Walton le Soken
granulatum, t 110, f 4, Ho ywell
reiicnsurn, t 110, f 2, ditto
rngosum, t 110, f 3, ditto
Cassis bicatenatus, t 151, Bawdsey Cliff
Gryphaea incurva /3, t 1 12, f 2, at Birdbrook, Alluvial ?

Mactra arcuata, t 1 60, f I and 6, Holywell
cuneata, t 160, f7, Bramerton
dubia, t 60, f 2 to 4, Holywell and Woodbridge
ovalis, t 160. f 5, Suffolk
Murex costellCer, t 199, f3, near Malden
echinatuS, t 199, f 4, ditto
rugosus /3, t 199, f 1, ditto
striatus a, and /3, t 109, Holywell (I. p. 61)

Nautilus intermedius /3, t 125, Birdbrook, and Culford Hall
Nucula Cobboldiae, t 180, f 2, Bramerton, Holywell, and

[Roy don Green

laneeolata, t 180, f 1, Bawdsey

laevigata, t 192, f 1 and 2, Holywell, and Woodbridge
Patella equalis, t 139, f 2, Holywell
unguis, t 139, f 7 and 8, ditto
Pholas cylindricus, t 198, Walton le Soken
Tellina obliqua, t 161, f 1, and m, Aldborough, Holywell, Nor-

[folk, and Suffolk

obtusa, t 179, f 4, Bramerton, Roydon Green, and

[Woodbridge

ovata, t 161, f2, Bramerton, Framlingham, and Suffolk
Trochus Isev igatus, t 181, f 1, Holywell
similis, t 181, f 2, ditto
Unio crassiusculus, 1 185, Bawdsey Cliff

Listeri y, t 154, f 1, Roydon Green, and Suffolk
Venus gibbosa, t 155, f 3, in Suffolk

lentiformis, t 203, Suffolk, and Walton, (Essex Cliff)
rustica, t 196, Hollesley

Voluta Lamberti, t 129, Aldborough, Bawdsey, Harwich, and

[Holywiell

London Clay, lower part, with Woolwich Loam and chert nodulesf Pot-
ter’s Clay, &, c. (brown).

Cerithium funiculatum, t 147, f 1 and 2, Plumstead, (with cherts)
intermedium, t 147, f 3 and 4, Charlton
melanioides a, t 147, f 6 and 7, ditto, New Cross,
[Newhaven, Castle hill, and Southfleet
Cyclas cuneiformis, t 162, f 2 and 3, Charlton, New Cross, Plum-

[stead, and Wight Isle
deperdita ?, t 162, f 1, Charlton, near Paris, Plumstead,

[and Woolwich

obovata, t 162, f 4 to 6, Barton, Charlton, New Cross,

[and Plumstead

Gryphaea dilatataa, t 149, f 1, Bennington, Coney Weston, and

[Suffolk

* In page 67 a sketch of the “ District of Crag Pits” is given, and the following places
mentioned, besides those already enumerated in these-two volumes, as localities of the
Crag shells described, viz. Balstead, Brightwell, Foxhall, Melton, Shotisham, Sudbourn,
and Wherstead heath.

SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX TO VOL. II.

248

London Clay, &c.

Murex gradatus, t 199, f 6, Plumstead
rugosus <y, t 199, f 2, ditto
Ostrea deltoidea /2, t 148, Lopham, and near Paris
Planorbis hemistoma, t 140, f 6, Plumstead

Chalk, upper, soft, flinty (green, mostly light).

Magas pumilus, t 119. Mundesley
Ostrea canaliculata, t 135, f 1, ditto
Terebratula octo-plicata, tll8, f 2, Lewes

plicatilis, t 118, f 1, Margate, and Northfleet

Chalk, lower, hard, flintless, but containing fine silicious grains, and
Totternhoe, Ryegate or Fire Stone, (green, mostly deep).
Ammonites rustieus, t 177, Comb Pyne

Chalk Marl, loamy or earthy Chalk, with chalky hard beds, or Clunch,
red Cawk, &e. (white, No. 2.)

Ammonites rostratus, t 173, Roak

splendens a, t 103, f 1 and 2, Folkstone N E
varians, t 176, Hamsey, Plumptou, and Wilts
Cerithium melanioides /3, t 147, Hamsey
Cirrus plicatus, t 1 4 1 , f 3, Folkstone, NE
Hamites armatus, t 168, Roak, and Sussex
Nautilus Comptoni, t 121, Earl Stoke

elegans, t 116, Norton-Bavant and Ringmer
Nucula pectinata, t 192, f 6 and 7, Dover SW, Folkstone NE,

[and Sussex

Patella lsevis, t 139, f 3, Folkstone NE
Pecten Beaveri, t 158, Childrey, and Hamsey

Green Sand, chloritic, micaceous sometimes, loamy (sometimes yellow,
brown, or red) with Fuller’s Earth, and Sulphate of Barytes,
(white. No. 2.)

Ammonites auritus, t 134, Devizes in the Canal
inflatus, t 178, Under Cliff
monile, t 117, Sandgate
Nutfieldiensis «, t 108, Hythe, and Nutfield
Auricula incrassata, t 163, f 1 to 3, Blackdown
Cardita ? tuberculata, t 143, Devizes in the Canal
Cardium proboscideum, t 156, f 1, Blackdown
umbonatum, t 156, f 2 to 4, ditto
Chama digitata a, t 174, Long-Comb Girts
Helix gentii, t 145, Devized in the Canal
Nautilus simplex, t 122, Boreham
Ostrea gregarea a, t 111, f 1, near Devizes
Pecten orbicularis, t 186, Devizes in the Canal
Planorbis euomphalus y, 1 140, f8, Haldon Hills
radiatus, t 140, f 5, ditto

Pleurotoma rostrata /3, t 146, f 3, Devizes in the Canal
Terebratula Lyra, t 138, f 2, Chute Farm
pectita t 138, f 1, Horningsham

Brick Earth, or Blue Marl Clay, on Woburn Sand (blue green, No 3).
Ostrea acuminata /3, t 135, f 2, Withyham ?

2*9

SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX TO VOL. II.

Portland Rock, Aylesbury, Swindon, Purbeck, Kentish Rag, &c. Lime-
stone ; sometimes it has beds as white as Chalk, see pp. 58
and 59, (bright blue.)

Ammonites excavatus, t 105, Dry-Sandford, Marcham, and

[Shotover Hill

giganteus «, 1 126, Chicksgrove Quarry, Fonthiil SE,

[and Purbeck

— /3, 1 126, Chicksgrove Quarry

plicatilis, t 166, Dry-Sandford, and Marcham
vertebralis, t 165, ditto, ditto

Astarte cuneata, 1 137, f 2, Chicksg rove Quarry, and Chilmark
Giyphaea dilatata /3, t 149, f 2, Adlington Hills?, Bromham
(Wilts), Portland Isle, Radipole, and Rude Cliff
Plagiostoma rigida, t 114, f 1, Shotover-Hill Quarry
Unio Listen «, t 154, f 3 and 4, New Malton, and Seamer

Oak-tree Clay, of Thame, &c. hard, blue, with nodules of stoney Marl^%‘
and with Selenites, and Pyritic Fossils, bitumenized Woo^f
&c. Sussex Marble in its lower part? (blue.)

Astarte lineata, t 179, f 1, Headington Common

Ostrea deltoidea a, t 148, Cambridge N, and Headington Com-

[mon or Shotover Hill

Coral Rag, and Pisolite under it ; perhaps sometimes wanting, in or on the
Woburn Sand? (orange.)

Ammonites splendens (l, t 103, f 3, Westbrook
Ostrea gregarea /3, till, f 3, ditto

Crunch Clay, with beds near its top of Chalk-like Clunch, "or Dogger
Stone, on^Alum Shale (dun purple.)

Ammonites Duncani, t 157, St. Neots

Gryphaea dilatata y, t 149, Bourn, Caine W, Ilminster S, Sand-

[foot Castle, and Woburn N
Ostrea deltoidea y, t 148, Sandfoot Castle
palmetta, t 111, f 2, Marston Field
Patella latissima «, t 139, f 1 Bolingbroke

Alum Shale of Whitby, &c, imbedding Cement Balls, Jet, &c.

Ammonites angulatus, t 107, f 1, Lyth, near Whitby
communis «, 1 107, 2 and 3, near Whitby
Walcotii /3, t 106, ditto

Patella laevis, t 139, f 4, ditto

Kelloway Stone, at Staitbs, &c. with blue hard Cores, under Selenitic
Clay (deep purple.)

Ammonites Calloviensis «, t 104, Kelloway’s Bridge
Cardita? deltoidea (i, t 197, f 4, ditto

Chama digitata /3, t 174, Huntcliffe
Gryphaea incurva y, t 112, f 2? Chatley
Pecten fibrosus y, t 136, Kelloway’s Bridge
Plagiostoma obscura, t 114, f2, ditto

Cornbrash, or Bedford Limestone (brown. )

Ammonites Herveyi a, t 195, u, near Aswarby (not Spalden)
Cardita ? deltoidea a, 1 197, f 4, Lechlade N, and Peterborough
lirata/3, t 197, f 3

producta /3, t, 197, f 1, Peterborough
Pecten fibrosus 1 136, f 2, Chatley

SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX TO VOL. II.

250

Forest Marble (of Whichwood) Stunsfield and Colly weston grey Slate, or
Tilestones, with Bones, and Vegetable Impressions ! (light
blucy No 6.)

Patella rugosa, t 139, f 6, Amberley Heath, and Hampton

[Common

Clay upon Upper Oolite, (white, or light yellow.)

Ostrea acuminata a, 1 135, f 2, near Bath E

Upper Oolite, great or superior Oolite, Bath Free Stone ( yellow , No. 7.)
Pecten fibrosus 0, 1 136, f 2, Northleaeh
Plagiostoma cardiiformis, t 113, f 3, Petty-France

Fuller’s Earth Rock, lead-coloured, dark and purple Clay, occasioning
great land Slips (white. No. 8, 9, and 10.)

Ostrea acuminata y, t 135, f3, Aynhoe
Plagiostoma ovalis, t 114, f3, Small-Cossall

Under Oolite, inferior or lower Oolite (reddish orange , No. 12.)
Ammonites Banksii, 1 200, Sherborne*

Blagdeni, t 201, ditto*

Braikenridgii, t 184, Dundry Hill
Brocchii, t202, Dundry, and Sherborne*

Brongniarti, t A, f 2, p 190, Bayeux, and Yeovil
Gervillii, t A, f 3, p 189, Bayeux
Herveyi/3, t 195, lo. Bradford, and Knowles Hill
Stokesi, t 191, near Bridport ? (in Marl)

Walcotii y, t 106, Mitford, and White Lackington
Astarte elegans, t 137, f3, Babling Hill?

lurida, t 137, f 1, Fox Hill?, and Taunton
Cardita? obtusa «, t 197, f 2, Bath, and Dundry §

producta «, t 197, f 1, Bath, near Bayeux, and Chapel-

[house

Cirrus nodosus, 1 141, f2, Yeovil
Gryphsea dilatata £, t 149, f 1, Farley Gate
Lima gibbosa «, t 152, near Bath, Cotswold Hills, and Taunton
Nautilus obesus, 1 124, Norton under Hamdon
sinuatus, t 194, near Yeovil

Pecten equivalvis, t 136, f 1, Carrington, Dursley, Farley Gate,
[Ilminster, and White Lackington
fibrosus *j, t 136, f2, Carrington
Planorbis euomphalus /3, t 140, f 8 and 9, near Bath
Terebratula acuta, t 150, f 1 and 2, France, Ilminster, and Stan-

[ton Hill

resupinata, t 150, f3and4, Ilminster
Trochus abbreviatus, t 193, f5, Dundry

concavus, t 181, f3, Little Sodbury
dimidiatus, t 181, f 1 and 4, ditto
duplicatus, 1 181, f 5, M ditto
elongatus, t 193, f2to4, Dundry
punctatus, t 193, f 1, ditto

Marlstone, in blue Marl, or upper Clay of the Lias, producing a district
of Ant-hilly pastures, (faint blue, No. 14.)

Ammonites Walcotii t 106, near Bath

* The Rev. Mr. RACKET kindly and disinterestedly sent these three
species of Ammonites to Mr. Sowerby, from Sherborne.

251

SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX TO VOL. II.

Blue Lias, water-setting, beddy Limestone, with Bones of large Fish (often
mentioned as Crocodiles,) &c. &c. (deep blue , No. 15.)
Ammonites Brookii, t 190, Lyme Regis N E
Bucklandi, t 130, near Bath W
Conybeari, t 131, Bath W
fimbriatus, t 164, Lyme Regis N E
Greenoughi, t 132, Bath W
Henleyi, t 172, Lyme Regis N E
Loscombi, t 183, Lyme Regis NE
obtusus, t 167, Lyme Regis N E
Cardita ? lirata a, t. 197, f 3, Bath W

Gryphaea incurva at 1 12, f l, Bath W, Framilode, and Frethern
ohliquata, t 1 12, f 3, Donat’s Castle
Nautilus intermedius «, t 125, Keynsham
striatus, t 182, Lyme Regis NE
truncatus, t 123, Bath W, and Keynsham
Plagiostoma pectinoides, t 114, f 4, Pickeridge Hill (in Clay)

punctata, t 113, f 1 and 2, Barry Island, Cardiff
[Castle, Donat’s Castle, and Pickeridge Hill
Trochus Anglicus, t 142, Bugthorp, Weston, White Lackington,

[and Yeovil

Unio crassissimus, t 153, Bath W (in Clay)

Yellow Limestone, buff or magnesian Limestone, with blue mild beds
near the bottom ? (Derby Rep. 1. 157,11. 409) (bright blue.)
Unio hybridus, t 144, f 2, Nottinghamshire
Listeri /3, t 154, f l, 3 and 4, Durham.

Coal Measures, Carboniferous Strata (India Ink.)

Ammonites Walcotii 2, t 106, Colebrook Dale, (in Shale or Blae)
and Trent River?

Derbyshire Peak Limestone, mountain or metaliferous Limestone, some-
times interlaid with Basaltic strata, and sometimes with poor
or barren Coal Measures (purple blue.)

Ammonites Walcotii $, t 106, Llantrissent, and Devonshire.
Cirrus acutus, t 141, fl, Derbyshire
Gryphaea dilatata t 149, Bramberry Hill
Helix? cirriformis, t 171, f 2, Derbyshire
striatus, t 171, f 1, Derbyshire
Orthocera annulata, t 133, Colebrook Dale
Planorbis equaiis, t 140, f 1, Kendal

Spirifer cuspidatus, t 120, Castleton, Cork, near St. Hilary, and

[St. Vincent’s Rook

Terebratula Wilsoni, t 118, f3, Mordiford.

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Full text of "The mineral conchology of Great Britain; or, Coloured figures and descriptions of those remains of testaceous animals or shells, which have been preserved at various times and depths in the earth"

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