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COLUSA COUNTY. d

of which are more or less silicified. It outcrops irregularly and is
irregularly colored. The material is said to carry up to $2 per ton in
gold, and also small values in quicksilver. There are also occasional
small green-colored patches due to associated epidote. It is mined by
open cut.

In the mill there are two gasoline engines (25 h.p. and 4 h.p.) ;
a 10" X 12" jaw crusher, and a Beer roller mill. The rock is crushed
dry in the roller mill, through an 8-mesh screen in the front segment.
The discharge drops in front of a blower. The fines are Uown out
along a **tube'' (a wooden frame covered with cloth, about 3' square
by 2CK long), with cone hoppers set at intervals in the bottom. The
coarser portions from the nearer cones are returned to the mill. At the
time it was visited no commercial production had been made, as they
were still experimenting with the equipment. The plant is intended to
handle fifty tons per day. Practical tests made with experimental lots
of this paint are stated to have been very satisfactory. In fact, the
buildings at the mine which had been painted with it about a year before,
still looked as fresh as if newly coated.

Bibl.: Bull. 50, p. 160; U. S. G. S. Min. Res. 1910, Pt. I, p. 697;
1911, Pt. I, p. 901 ; 1912, Pt. I, p. 939.

Woods & Harlan Prospect, F. C. Woods, Leesville, and H. H.
Harlan, Williams, owners. It is in Sec. 35, T. 18 N., R. 7 W., 4J miles
west from Stonyf ord, on the south fork of Stony Creek ; elevation 1300
feet (bar.). There are masses of both jasper and a highly siliceous
yellow ochre outcropping along the creek. There are two principal out-
crops of the yellow, showing 10 to 15 feet wide. It is undeveloped.

MINERAL WATER.

The mineral springs of Colusa County are all west of the line of con-
tact between the sedimentary and the metamorphic series, thus bringing
them within the area of the latter. Most of them are saline, some of
them markedly so, particularly certain springs on Sulphur Creek.

Blank's Sulphur Spring. A. A. Gibson, Sulphur Creek, owner. This
spring is now included in the Wide Awake quicksilver mining property.
It is on the south side of Sulphur Creek, a short distance west of the
post o£Sce. When the Wide Awake shaft (down 500 feet), which is a few
hundred feet distant, was sunk it cut off this spring. As long as the
shaft was kept open the spring was dry. Now that the shaft is filled
with water to within 56 feet of the collar, the spring is again flowing,

2A— 14450

CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU

FERRY BUILDING, SAN FRANCISCO
FLETCHER HAMILTON Slate Mineralogist

Mines and Mineral Resources

Of the Counties of

Colusa, Glenn, Lake, Marin,
Napa, Solano, Sonoma, Yolo

COMPUMCNTSOr

F. McN Hamilton

STATE MiccriALOOlST

y WALTER W. BRADLEY, Field AMisUnl

Caufukma

State Pbistino Ofkice

1J>15

■A«:«

• « • •

■ • •

« • ' •

•

• •

- • •

• ■ »

'1 )

CONTENTS.

Paob

INTRODUCTION J

Chapter I, Colusa County.

Introduction 3

Araoonitb (see Ontx Marble)

Borax 3

Table of Mineral Production 4

Brick Clay 6

Coal J 6

Copper 6

Chrome 6

Gold and Silver 7

Gypsum 7

Iodine (see under Salt)

Limestone 7

Manganese 8

Mineral Paint 8

Mineral Water 9

Natural Gas 15

Onyx Marble . 16

J^etroleum 16

Quicksilver 17

Salt 19

Sandstone 19

Stone Industry 23

Sulphur 24

Chapter II, Glenn County.

Introduction 25

Table or Mineral Production 25

Brick Clay ^ 25

Coal 25

Copper 25

Chrome 26

Gold — - 26

Granite 26

Manganese 26

Marble 26

Mineral Water 26"

Natural Gas 27

Onyx Marble (see Marble)

Petroleum 27

Quicksilver ' 27

Slate 27

?iOAP8TONE 27

;^tonb Industry , -»««'^>^»k-.«'»«<^^-k 27

IV CONTENTS.

Chapter III, Lake County. Page

Introduction 30

Taele of Mineral Production 31

Barttbs 32

Borax 32

Chromitb 32

Clays 32

Coal 33

Copper 33

Gold and Silver 34

Limestone 34

Mineral Paint 35

Mineral Water 35

Natural Gas . 53

Onyx -^3

Petroleuu 53

Quicksilver 5 (

Stone Industry 68

Sulphur ^^

Chapter IV, Marin County.

Introduction 69

asphaltum and petroleum 69

Table op Mineral Production 70

Brick and Clay 72

Chrome 76

Coal 76

Copper 76

Granite 77

Graphitb 77

Jewelers' Materials 77

Manganese 77

Mineral Water 77

Natural Gas 7S

Petroleum (see under Asphaltum)

Salt 7S

Stone Industry 7S

Chapter V, Napa County.

Introduction 90

Table of Mineral Production j»o

Cement no

Chromitb 96

Coal 97

Copper 97

Gold and Silver 97

INFUSORLAL EaRTH 99

Iron m

Lime and Limestone 9.>

Maqnesite ^ 99

Manganese 104

Mineral Paint 104

Mineral Water 10 1

Onyx Marble 110

CONTENTS. V

Paving Blocks (see Stone Industry) Paob

Petroleum , 110

Quicksilver 111

Sand and Gravel (see Stone Industry)
Sandstone (see Stone Industry)

Stone Industry 120

Volcanic Ash 127

Chapter VI, Solano County.

Introduction 128

Table of Mineral Production 128

Araoonite (see Onyx Marble)
Bituminous Rock (aee Stone Industry)

Brick and Clay 128

Cement 130

Chromite 135

Coal 135

Fuller's Earth 135

Lime and Limestone 137

Marble (aee Onyx Marble)

Mineral Water 137

Onyx Marble 139

Petroleum 139

Quicksilver 139

Salt 140

Stone Industry 141

Chapter VII, Sonoma County.

Introduction 144

Table op Mineral Production 144

Abrasives (aee under Obms)

Brick and Clay 144

Cement Blocks 146

Chrome 1 147

Coal 147

Copper 147

Diatom acbous Earth (aee Infusorial Earth)
Garnets (aee Gems)

Gems 148

Gold 149

Granite 149

Graphite 149

INFUSORLA.L EARTH 150

Iron 150

Kaolin (aee under Brick and Clay)

Limestone 161

Maonesite 152

Manganese 161

Marble 161

Mineral Paint 161

Mineral Water 162

Natural Gas 169

Onyx Marble 169

Opals (aee Gems)

VI CONTENTS.

PavInq Blocks (aee Stone Industry) Paqb

Pbtroubum 169

Quicksilver 170

Stone Industry 179

Sulphur 194

Travertine and Onyx 194

Chapter VIII, Yolo County.

Introduction 195

Brick 195

Coal 195

Gold 195

Table op Mineral Production 196

Limestone 196

Manganese 196

Mineral Water 197

Quicksilver 197

Stone Industry m 198

Index 199

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page

Outcrop of "paint rook" at Ruby King Mineral Paint Mine 8

Hot saJlno-suIphur water flowing from tunnel of Elgin Quicksilver Mine 11

"Geyser" at Jones Hot Sulphur Springs 13

Wilbur Hot Springs 14

Sandstone beds In McGlllivray Quarry 20

St. Francis Hotel, San Francisco 21

In Quarry of Colusa Sandstone Company 22

Fifteen-foot bed of sandstone. McGlllivray Quarry 23

Southern Pacific Company's "Ballast Loader" at Wyo Gravel Pit 28

Side view of concrete bridge under construction over Stony Creek, near Orland 29

Borax Lake from south side 33

"Bartlett" SpHng. at Bartlett Springs 42

"Arsenic" and "Ems" springs at Highland Springs 47

Soda Spring and Grotto at Hough Springs 48

Hotel at Seigler Hot Springs 50

Fifty-ton Scott furnace at the Helen mine 60

Sulphur Bank Mine 63

Sulphur Bank Mine from lake side • 64

Hot Springs in bottom of "Western Cut," Sulphur Bank Mine 65

Ehixbury Point and Reef 71

Asphaltlc residue from oil seepage near Bolinas 71

Plant and furnaces of the McNear Brick Company 73

Drying sheds. McNear Brick Company 73

Top of Hoffman brick kiln 74

Hoffman continuous brick kiln 75

Panoramic view of Daniel Contracting Company's quarry 79

Daniel Contracting Company's loading pier and barges 80

Daniel Contracting Company's pier and quarry 81

Quarry and pier of San Francisco Quarries Company 85

Barge "San Pablo" (self-dumping) of San Francisco Quarries Company 86

Barge "San Pablo" of San Francisco Quarries Company, side view 87

Quarry face, 200 feet high, of San Francisco Quarries Company 88

Clay pit of the Standard Portland Cement Company 91

Steam shovel in limestone quarry of Standard Portland Cement Company 92

Rotary driers in mill of Standard Portland Cement Company 93

Rotary kilns in mill of Standard Portland Cement Company 94

Final tube mills in mill of Standard Portland Cement Company 95

Standard Portland Cement Company, general view of plant from southeast 96

First National Bank Building, Healdsburg 101

At Napa Soda Springs 107

"The Rotunda" at Napa Soda Springs 108

Mill at ^:tna Quicksilver Mine 111

Concentrators in mill at ^tna Quicksilver Mine 112

Plan of water-jet condenser for quicksilver retort at Oat Hill Mine 117

Dumps of low grade ore at Oat Hill Mine 118

"Little Trancas" bridge near Napa 121

VIU ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page

"Big Trancas" bridge near Napa 122

St. Helena High School 123

Crusher and bins at Napa County Rock Plant near Yountville 124

Pacific Portland Cement Company, general view of mills 129

Orange-peel bucket excavator in quarry of Pacific Portland Cement Company 130

Tube mills and hoppers for crushing raw materials 131

Rotary kilns in new mill of Pacific Portland Cement Company 132

Solano County Jail at Fairfield 133

Concrete bridge at Vacaville 134

Rock-crushing plant of E. B. & A. L. Stone Company at Thomasson 141

Circular brick kilns of California Brick and Pottery Company 145

Magneslte from KoUIng deposit, showing shrinkage cracks 151

Small vein of magneslte in serpentine 152

Magneslte from Kolling deposit, showing pitted surface, due to weathering 154

Upper tunnel, Cecilia Claim, Sonoma Magneslte Company 155

Map of properties of Sonoma Magneslte Company 157

Magneslte from **Red Slide" deposit, showing parallel shrinkage cracks 158

Magneslte outcrop on Alfred Claim of Sonoma Magneslte Company 159

The Geysers Canyon from across Big Sulphur Creek 167

Looking down the Geysers Canyon 168

Coutts Bros.' paving block quarry 182

Paving Blocks. Melitta (Wymore) Stone Quarry 187

Plant at Petaluma Rock Quarry 190

Drag-line excavator of Russian River Gravel Company 191

Carnegie Library, Petaluma 193

INTRODUCTION.

The group of counties whose mineral resources are herewith pre-
sented is principally of that section of the State often referred to as
"north of the Bay/* lying adjacent to and immediately north of San
P'rancisco Bay. A portion of the west side of the Sacramento Valley
at its southern end is also included, as well as a portion bordering on
the Pacific Ocean. This area includes the largest and most important
mineral springs district of the State, and was also at one time a large
producer of quicksilver, though to a lesser degree of recent years. Its
yield of structural materials and building stone is also an important
item, and growing.

The following report presents the results of four months of field
work in the area described. But little geological detail was attempted,
as it was desired to bring the economic data down to date without too
much delay. We have listed as far as possible all mineral properties
of whatever nature, their location, ownership, character of the deposit,
method of working, equipment, and other information of interest.

We wish to acknowledge the uniform courtesy of the various opera-
tives and owners in freely giving information as well as access to the
numerous mineral properties visited.

COLUSA COUNTY.

Field Work In October, 1913.

Colusa County, like its neighbors, Glenn on the north and Yolo on
the south, is one of the Sacramento Valley counties, with a portion of
the Coast Range on its western edge. Its mineral resources are con-
fined principally to the Coast Range section. Butte and Sutter counties
bound it on the east, with Lake on the west. It has an area of 1100
square miles, with 65 square miles of the northeast corner lying on the
east side of the Sacramento River. The upper branches of Stony Creek
drain the northwest part of the county and Bear Creek the southwest,
while several smaller streams traverse the eastern two thirds, to the
Sacramento. Snow Mountain is at the northwest corner.

The eastern edge of the Coast Range is here composed of a series of
sedimentary strata, principally sandstones, dipping at 45° to 75° to the
east and under the valley alluvial deposits. Their strike is west of
north. West of these are the metamorphic series. During the course
of the field work i crossed the contact between the sedimentaries and
the metamorphics at four separate points: about ^ of a mile west of
Stonyford; 2^ miles west of Lodoga; 1^ miles east of Cooks Springs;
and about ^ of a mile east of Wilbur Springs. Plotted on the map,
these points are seen to be in a straight line, running about N. 20° W.

The mineral products of Colusa County, in the order of their produc-
tion to date (see Table, page 4) are: Sandstone, mineral water, quick-
silver, gold and silver, stone industry, salt, and brick. The total value
is in excess of $2,600,000. In addition to these, occurrences of the fol-
lowing have been noted: Borax, coal, copper, chrome, gypsum, iron,
limestone, mineral paint, natural gas, onyx marble, petroleum, and sul-
phur.

The actual output is in excess of that shown by the table, as the Man-
zanita mine is known to have been a gold producer as early as 1865.
Also, high grade copper ore was shipped from the county in the early
sixties. There are no available records of these values, nor for the
quicksilver produced between 1877 and 1895.

ARAGONITE (see Onyx Marble).

BORAX.

Borax is an important constituent in some of the hot sulphur sprmgs
on Sulphur Creek, but it has never been extracted commercially from
the waters.

Bibl. : R. Ill, p. 16; Bull. 24, pp. 69, 70.

• • • •

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6 MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

BRICK CLAY.

At one time bricks were made at Colusa, but not of recent years.
Bibl. : R. VIII, p. 159 ; Bull. 38, p. 242.

CHROME.

Chromite is reported in T. 17 N., R. 6 W., by J. T. Rathbun, of Col-
lege City.

Bibl. : Bull. 38, p. 362.

COAL.

Some development work was at one time done on several small lignite
veins near Sulphur Creek, but nothing of consequence was found.

Bibl.: R. VII, p. 190; VIII, p. 158; X, p. 158; XI, p. 188.

COPPER.

Copper ore has been found at several points in the northwestern part
of the county near Stonyford (formerly Smithville), and various
claims have been located at different times. None of these are now
extant except the two groups noted below, and only assessment work
is done on them. About 1861 there was something of a copper excite-
ment in this section and a small tonnage of sorted ore was shipped to
the Selby smelter. A smelter was built at the mouth of Hyphels Creek,
but it proved a failure.

Bibl. : R. V, p. 98 ; VIII, p. 159 ; X, p. 158 ; Bull. 50, pp. 159, 160.

Lion Mine, Prank Pender, Stonyford, owner. This group of two
claims (originally four) is in Sec. 17, T. 17 N., R. 6 W., and was first
located about 1861. The ore carries native copper, cuprite and mala-
chite, with some calcite; and the ore body is said to be 4 feet wide,
strike northwest, dip 45° SW. The country rocks are serpentine and
some basalt. There are two shafts (an incline and a vertical) and
one adit. The depth of the old workings is not known. On the failure
of their smelter built in the valley below, the original operators shipped
hand-picked ore for a time to Selby 's smelter. Only assessment work
has been done of recent years.

Bibl.: R. IV, p. 125; V, p. 97; VI, Pt. I, p. 104; X, pp. 158, 261;
Bull. 50, p. 160.

Ruby King Group (see under Mineral Paint.)

COLUSA COUNTY. 7

GOLD AND SILVER.

Clyde Mine. Geo. and Thomas Moyer, owners. It is in the SE. J See.
12, T. 14 N., R. 6 W., 3 miles northwest of Sulphur Creek post office.
For several vears betw'een 1880 and 1890, it contributed to the county's
gold output; but only assessment work is maintained now. The gold,
with small values in silver, occurs in a shale, there being no defined ledge.

Bibl.: R. XI, p. 183; XIII, p. 126.

Keely Claim, This claim, near the Clyde mine, and from which a
small production at one time resulted, has been abandoned for several
years.

Bibl.: R. XI, p. 184; XIII, p. 126.

Manzanita Mine. (See under Quicksilver.)

Ruby King Paint Mine, (See under Mineral Paint.)

Trout Creek Prospect. Barnett & Drew, locators. It is on the east
side of Snow Mountain, northwest of Poute Springs. A tunnel was
driven in 1907, but no work has been done recently.

GYPSUM.

Gypsum has been noted at several points but not developed com-
mercially,

Bibl. : Bull. 38, p. 283.

IODINE (see under Salt).

LIMESTONE.

Lambert Ranch. J. T. Rathbun, College City! in Sec. 20, T. 16 N.,
R. :5 W., north of Leesville. Lime has been burned from a deposit on
this ranch but not recently.

Bibl. : Bull. 38, p. 66,

Manzanita Mine (see also under Quicksilver). Jones & Ryan, Sul-
phur Creek, owners. There is a belt of crj^talline limestone on the
western part of this property, which has been utilized locally. Idle.

Bibl. : Bull. 27, p. 45 ; Bull. 38, p. 66.

Wide Awake Mine (see also under Quicksilver). A. A. Gibson.
Sulphur Creek, owner. There is a body of limestone composed entirely
of fossil shells, on the Wide Awake quicksilver property. It has been
utilized locally.

Bibl. : R. VIII, p. 188 ; Bull. 3, p. 6 ; U. S, G. S., Mon. XIII, p. 367.

40 MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

and Iron'' (3 springs) 63°: *'Allen" (at club house) 56°. The last
named is the one from which water has been bottled for sale.

Bibl.: R. VI, Pt I, p. 62; VIII, p. 327; XII, p. 334; XIII, p. 511;
R. of M., Lake County, p. 5 ; U. S. G. S. Bull. No. 32, p. 203 ;
Water Sup. 338, p. 198; Anderson (op. cit), pp. 76-78.

Ariderson Springs. These springs which are in Sec. 25, T. 11 N.,
R. 8 W., have been in the possession of the Anderson family since their
location in 1873, the present owner being Miss Barbara Anderson.
They are picturesquely situated in the timbered section of southwestern
Lake County, 6 miles northwest from Middletown and 24 miles north
from the railroad at Calistoga, at an elevation of 1525 feet (bar.).
There are eight springs in active use, besides several others. The
**Cold Sulphur" (white), below the hotel, has a temperature of 63° F.
The others are mostly above the hotel, and have the following temper-
atures: ''Iron," 103° P.; **Sour," 65°; "Bellmer," 65°; ''Magnesia"
or "Father Joseph," 70°; "Hot Sulphur and Iron," 145°; "Iron and
Magnesia," 103°; "Steam Bath," 138°. Around the last two named,
there is considerable sulphuretted hydrogen gas escaping. The hotel
has accommodations for over 100 people.

Besides the detailed analysis shown in the "Table of Analyses," the
"magnesia" or "Father Joseph" spring carries Epsom and Glauber's
salts, also traces of chromium. At the "steam bath," a series of small
rooms has been built against the bank, covering the fissures where the
hot vapors escape from the rock. The steam enters through holes in
the walls and floor. The temperature in these rooms is 138° F. If the
thermometer could have been put into the rock fissure itself, a higher
temperature would probably have been recorded. The "hot sulphur and
iron" spring is about 15 feet from the steam bath; and there is a
deposit of fine flour sulphur around the inside of the barrel enclosing
the spring. The rocks and bank around these springs are encrusted
with deposits of salts from the vapors, resembling the similar but larger
deposits of such materials at The Geysers in Sonoma County which are
but 6 miles in an air-line, northwest of Anderson Springs, on the other
side of the range.

Bibl. : R. VI, Pt. I, p. 62 ; VIII, p. 327 ; XII, p. 335 ; XIII, p. 511 ;
R. of M., Lake County, p. 5 ; U. S. G. S. Bull. 32, p. 203 ; Water
Sup. Pap. 338, pp. 89-91; Anderson (op. cit.), pp. 82-89.

■

Bartlett Springs. Bartlett Springs were discovered in 1869 by Green
Bartlett, while on a camping trip. As he was suffering from rheuma-
tism at the time, and found himself benefited by use of these waters,
he took up the springs and established a resort there. Though the
farthest from the railroad, Bartlett Springs is today the largest and
best equipped in accommodations of any of the Lake County resorts.

LAKE COUNTY. 41

It is in Sec. 2, T. 15 N., R. 8 W., near the head of Bartlett Creek,
a branch of Cache Creek, at an elevation of 2375 (bar.) feet above sea-
level. The present owner is the Bartlett Springs Company, office 634
Third street, San Francisco, C. E. McMahan, president, with G. A.
Otto, manager, at the springs.

There are two main ** roads" to Bartlett Springs: (1) by auto stage,
12 miles from Williams, Colusa County, on the east side ; or (2) by auto
stage from the railroad at Pieta in Mendocino County on the west, to
Lakeport; thence by gasoline launch across Clear Lake to Bartlett.
Landing; finishing by auto stage, up over the mountain ridge (crossing
it an elevation of 4040 feet) to the springs. Leaving San Francisco
it 7.45 a.m. one reaches Bartlett 's at 4.30 p.m. the same day, by
Mther route. The second is by far the more picturesque, particularly
>n the return trip in the morning as the machine winds in and out
iround the many turns of the road. At each turn one gets a new view
)f Clear Lake and its beautiful mountain setting. From the summit
to the level of the lake, a horizontal distance of about 3 miles, is a
irop of 2700 feet in altitude.

There are three springs, the principal one having a good strong flow
Etnd a little excess gas. Its temperature is 56.5*^ F., and it is a delight-
ful water to drink — clear and sparkling. It is walled in with a cement
curbing and surrounded by a pavement of the same. The whole arrange-
ment makes a unique and picturesque setting (see phota^No. 8). For
the bathhouse the water is artificially heated. The ** Soda-magnesia"
spring has a temperature of 59° F. ; but the ** Aperient"* was dry at the
time of our visit. It is said to be intermittent and sometimes *' roars"
»\ith excess gas. Besides these there is a *'gas spring,." higher up on
i;he hill, which emits a considerable volume of moist carbonic acid gas,
3ut no water.

There are several buildings and a large number of cottages, besides
the main hotel, with accommodations for a total of over 500 people.
Additions have been made, each of the last two years ; yet, the manager
reports having had to turn away 200 applicants during the month of
July this year (1913). There is a resident physician at BartletC/t dur-
ing the season, from May 15th to October. The postoffice is in the
lotel, and there is a general merchandise store, drugstore, bakery and
i butcher shop maintained by the company for the accommodation of
cottagers and campers.

The bottling works are below the hotel, the spring being above, giving
i good working hydrostatic pressure at the plant. In bottling Bartlett
vater, it is drawn from the bottom of the spring through a block tin
3ipe, to prevent the escape of the natural gas that the water contains,
ind through a Bergfeld filter. The bottles are filled through a tube
:hat extends to the bottom of the bottle, and when filled are at once

4A— 14456.

^ HtNES AND UTNERAL RESOURCES. I

hermetically closed with crimped caps. Before packing each bottle is
carefully examined and all defective ones emptied. It is adapted for
exportation. It is free from oi^anic matter and is charged only with I
its own natural gas. In addition to the water bottled at the spring, a
small amount is shipped in barrels to the San Francisco office, and then' |
bottled, carbonated — being labeled "sparkling."

The bottling works are equipped with a gasoline engine for power,
a lai^e mechanical bottle washer, labeling machine, belt conveyor (to
carry bottles from labeler to packers) , and other mechanical appliances. |

Photo No. >• "ButlMt" Spring, at BartlMt SpriiiEii Lak* Countr, CaliFornia.

Fifteen men are employed and the plant has a capacity of 10,OI)li
bottles per day of nine hours. The bottles are the usual mineral wattT
size (5 per gallon) and are packed in cases of 50,

Ad ice plant is also installed there. The first two or three ^ ears of '
bottling, two 4-mule teams were required to haul the product to the |
railroad at Williams. Now, there are from eight to twelve, 8, 10, and
12-mule teams on the road during the five months from May to October.

LAKE COUNTY. 43

No water is bottled during the winter and spring months, as the roads
are in bad condition and there are no storage facilities at the springs.

Bibl. : R. VI, Part I, p. 92 ; VIII, p. 327 ; X, p. 253 ; XII, p. 335 ;
XIII, p. 511; R. of M. Lake County, p. 5; U.. S. G. S. Bull.
No. 32, p. 203 ; Water Sup. Pap. 338, p. 201 ; Anderson (op. cit.) ,
pp. 91-94.

Behr Soda Spring. It is in Sec. 10, T. 13 N., R. 8 W., on the edge
of Clear Lake, 5 miles east of Kelseyville, and is owned by John Behr,
of Upper Lake. It is not utilized commercially.

Bibl. : R. of M., Lake County, p. 5.

Blue Lakes, At Blue Lakes (Midlake, P. 0.) in Sec. 6, T. 15 N., R.
10 W., 18 miles east of Ukiah, are two springs, a ''sulphur" and an
**iron," the former of which is said to have a temperature of 60° P.
The Blue Lakes Realty Company owns the property, with H. W. Kemp,
Midlake, manager of the resort, which is located between the upper and
lower lakes.

Bibl. : R. of M., Lake County, p. 5.

Bananza Springs are in Sec. 30, T. 12 N., R. 7 W., between Seigler
and Howard Springs, 5 miles southwest from Lower Lake, and 2 miles
east of Adams Springs. They are on a comparatively flat ridge in a
section of rolling hills, with abundant pine, **fir,'' oak, alder and
manzanita. The elevation is 2400 feet (bar.). These springs have been
in use over twenty-two years, the present owners, C. N. B. Ehret and H.
Penning having bought it in 1910. At one time there was a large
hotel there, but it was destroyed by fire, and at present the springs
are used only as a camping resort. No water is bottled for sale. The
temperatures of the principal springs are: ** white sulphur'' 64° P.;
*'iron and soda'' 59.5°; ''magnesia" (a well) 66°; fresh water (well)
55°; ''borax" and "iron" were dry at the time of our visit, as the
result of a succession of three dry years.

Bibl. : R. VI, Part I, p. 92 ; VIII, p. 327 ; XII, p. 335 ; XIII, p. 511 ;
R. of M., Lake County, p. 5 ; U. S. G. S. Bull. No. 32, p. 204 ;
Water Sup. Pap. 338, p. 190; Anderson (op. cit.), p. 100.

Borax Springs, There are borax springs on the edge of Clear Lake,
near both Borax Lake and Little Borax Lake (Hatchinhama) but they
are not utilized except locally.

Bibl. : R. VI, Part I, p. 63 ; VIII, p. 327 ; X, p. 239 ; R. of M., Lake
County, p. 5 ; Qeol. Surv. op Cal. Geol Vol. I, p. 99 ; U. S. G. S.
Mon. XIII, pp. 26ft-268; Anderson (op. cit.), pp. 101, 168, 176.

44 MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

Bynum Spring is at the head of a small branch of Scott Creek,
which is dry in summer. The surrounding hills are bare except for
chamiso brush. It is 6 miles southwest from Lakeport, in Sec. 9,
T. 13 N., E. 10 W., and is reached by a good wagon road, being 14 miles
east of Hopland, its railroad shipping point. The spring is named for
its locator, who found it about fifty years ago ; but bottling began only
about five years ago. There is no resort there. The present owner is
Geo. W. Crippen, of Richmond. The elevation is 1800 feet. The
spring flows about 10 gallons per hour, the temperature being 60° F.
It is an excellent table and bar water. There is a little excess gas.
The bottling is done by hand, and a hand-operated crowning machine
used.

Bibl. : R. of M., Lake County, p. 5 ; U. S. G. S. Water Sup. Pap.
338, p. 182.

Carlsbad Springs. These springs in Sec. 1, T. 12 N., R. 9 W., 5
miles south of Kelseyville were utilized at one time, but are now aban-
doned. Mrs. E. McGovem of Kelseyville is the owner.

Bibl. : R. of M., Lake County, p. 5 ; U. S. G. S. Water Sup. Pap.
338, p. 187.

Castle Springs (Mills). These springs were formerly known under
the name of Mills, also Noble's Springs. They are in Sec. 26, T. 11 N.,
R. 8 W., 7 miles northwest from Middletown, 1 mile above Anderson
Springs, at an elevation of 2450 feet (bar.). They were located about
thirty years ago, by W. Mills. The property has been in litigation,
but is now owned by Mrs. Campbell- Van Luven, who states that it will
be reopened next season (1914). A fine, cement-lined swimming pool
25 by 60 feet has been built recently. The **Big Hot" sulphur spring
which is in a small canyon above the hotel flows about 40,000 gallons per
twenty-four hours, and has a temperature of 163° P. at the spring.
It is piped to the bath house and swimming tank. Other springs on
the place are: **Sour" 65° P.; *' black sulphur" 67°; ''white sulphur"
66° ; *'Vangas" 66° (much H^S escapes from hank around this sprinc) ;
and a small hot spring, uncurbed, issuing from the bank near the large
one has a temperature of 153° P. The hotel and cottages will accommo-
date 75.

Bibl. : R. VIII, p. 328 ; XII, p. 337 ; XIII, p. 511 ; U. S. G. S. Bull,
No. 32, p. 206; Water Sup. Pap. 338, pp. 91-93; Anderson
(op. cit.), p. 194.

Chambers Ranch, On the ranch of C. M. Chambers, in Sec. 24,
T. 13 N., R. 10 W., 6 miles south of Lakeport, there are several springs,

LAKE COUNTY. 45

one of which has been analyzed. They are at present not utilized,
except privately.

Complexion Springs are on the Williams-Bartlett stage road, near the
eastern boundary of the county, in Sec. 10, T. 15 N., R. 6 W., but
they are not utilized, except by occasional camping parties. As the
name implies, they are claimed to have the property of improving one's
complexion. The water has a milky appearance, similar to some
** arsenic" springs. The principal constituents are sodium chloride
and ammonia.

Bibl. : R. of M., Lake JCounty, p. 5 ; U. S. G. S. Water Sup. Pap.
338, p. 297.

Copley Springs (see Spiers),

Crabtree Springs, in Sec. 25, T. 17 N., R. 9 W., about 12 miles
northwest from Bartlett Springs, are owned by S. T. Packwood of
Upper Lake, who reports that he is planning to build a resort there.

Bibl. : R. of M., Lake County, p. 5 ; R. XI, p. 61 ; U. S. G. S. Water
Sup. Pap. 338, p. 106.

Dennison (see Hazel),

Dollar Springs. These springs, formerly known locally as Warm
Springs, are located on Black Mountain, in Sec. 8, T. 11 N., R. 5 W.,
11 miles northeast from Middle town. They are said to have been used
for many years by Indians. The present owner, B. Norman of Rich-
mond, reports having sent out a trial shipment of bottled water
the past summer.

Grizzly Medical Springs. These springs, at one time called ** Rich-
ardson's" are owned by Samuel Richardson, and are near the eastern
line of the county, 5 miles west of Sulphur Creek (Colusa County)
post office in Sec. 3, T. 13 N., R. 6 W. Their elevation is 1365 feet
(bar.) . They were first used forty-two years ago, and the present owner
has had them since 1908. He has been bottling water, in a small way,
since 1909. Both the '* Grizzly" and the **Bath" springs have a tem-
perature of 70° F. Water from the latter is heated artificially for bath-
ing. There are a few cottages and space for campers. There are several
other springs not at present utilized. Probably one of these is the
** Iodine" spring mentioned in some of the early reports (see Biblio-
graphy), as no iodine is indicated in the analyses of either of the
springs above named.

Bibl. : R. IV, p. 230; VI, Pt. I, p. 63; X, p. 264; U. S. G. S. Bull
No. 32, p. 205 ; Water Sup. Pap. 338, p. 193 ; Anderson (op. cit.),
p. 183.

46 MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

Harbin Hot Springs, This is one of the well known groups of
springs of Lake County ; and is located 20 miles north of Calistoga, 3^
miles northwest of Middletown, at an elevation of 1625 feet (bar.). The
springs were first used by white men about fifty years ago, and by
the Indians previous to that time. The property is owned by Mrs.
Margaret Matthews of Vallejo, and is under lease to Booth, Carr
and Booth. There are accommodations for 300 people. No water has
been bottled of recent years. There are steam baths and two swimming
pools, the larger one being in the open air. One of the steam baths is
a covered pool from the *'hot sulphur" spring.

The following temperatures were taken 'at the point of outflow of
the individual springs: ''hot sulphur," 120.5° P. (stated to flow 1500
gallons per hour) ; **iron," 118*^ (60 gallons per hour) ; ''magnesia,"
66° (small flow) ; "cold white sulphur," 76° (new spring, small flow) ;
"mud foot bath," 101° in water on top and 121° in mud and fine rocks
below. There is also a fresh water spring which fills a 30,000 gallon
tank in two days (used for fire purposes). The "arsenic" spring was
caved in at the time of our visit.

Bibl. : VIII, p. 327 ; X, p. 230 ; XII, p. 336 ; XIII, p. 511 ; R. of
M., Lake Co., p. 6 ; U. S. G. S. Bull. No. 32, p. 205 ; Water Sup.
Pap. 338, pp. 93-95; Anderson (op. cit.), pp. 164-168.

Hachinhama (see Borax Springs).

Hazel Springs were formerly known locally as Dennison Springs.
They are in Sec. 26, T. 16 N., R. 9 W., 6 miles northeast of Upper
Lake, and are owned by Amos Ogden. He reports preparations being
made to develop and utilize the springs, also to bottle the water.

Bibl. : U. S. G. S. Water Sup. Pap. 338, p. 202.

Highland Springs are 14 miles east of Pieta on the main stage road
to Lakeport. The springs are in Sec. 31, T. 13 N., R. 9 W. ; but
there are 2300 acres in the property which is maintained in the nature
of a hunting and fishing preserve in connection with the resort. Craig
& Stephens, Inc., of Woodland, are the owners, with W. I. Allen,
manager. There is a resident physician during the summer season.
There are accommodations for 315 guests. No water is bottled for sale.

There are twelve principal springs in active use, and over twenty
others. All have more or less excess carbonic acid gas bubbling from
them — ^the "Magic" spring being especially vigorous. The temperatures
are: "Neptune," 79° F.; "Iron," 73°; "Diana," 80°; "Seltzer,"
61.5°; "Kidney," 80°; "Magic," 80°; two "Magnesia," 71.5° and 73^
(20 inches apart) ; "Sulphui," 59.5°; "Dutch" or "Ems," 75°, and
"Arsenic," 77°. The fissures from which these last two flow are but

LAKE COUNTY. 47

IS inches apart m the edge of the creek bed, and are unique not only
in situation but in appearance as well (see photo No. 4). The Dutch
is crystal clear, while the Arsenic is milky. The springs at Highland
are principally in serpentine. Gaa is seen bubbling up through the
water in the creek at several points. At places in the serpentine were
observed rounded nodules of the original, unaltered sedimentaries

Phoio No. 4. "Anmic" and "Emi" ■pririEi, at Highlaad SprioEa, Lake
Coontr. Californu.

(sandstone and shale), as noted by Becker in V: S. G. S. Mon. XIII

(pp. 277 and 278).

Bibl.: R. VI, Part I, p. 62; VIII, p. 328; XII, p. 336; XIII, p. 511;
R. of M., Lake County, p. 6; U. 8. G. S. Bull. No. 32, pp. 205,
212; Water Sup. Pap. 338, pp. 183-185; Anderson (op. eit.),
pp. 169, 175.

Hoppin Estate. There are two springs on land owned by the Hoppin
Estate, adjoining the Bartlett Springs property. They are about 100
feet apart, and about 100 yards from Bartlett'a "soda-magnesia."
They are not utilized at present, except locally. These are the two
springs included in Register of Mines of Lake County (p. 5) under
Bartlett, as "Iron, No. 4" and "Magnesia, No. 5." Their temperatures
are: "magnesia," 60° F.; "ii-on," 59°.

Bibl.: U. S. G. S. Water Sup. Pap. 338, p. 201.

48 M1NE8 AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

Hough Springs. These springs are on the main Williams-Bartlett
stage road, 8 miles eaat of the latter, in Sec. 10, T. 15 N., R. 7 W., ele-
vation 1800 feet (bar.). They are on the north fork of Caehe Creek,
at a point where the canyon widens out into a flat of Beveral acres in
extent. The springs are on the hillside near the hotel, the two prin-
cipal ones being: "soda," 60° F. ; and "iron and magnesia," 61°.
Besides these, the well at the hotel is an "iron" water, and there is a
"white sulphur" spring in the creek bank, below, not at present util-
ized. The hotel, cottages, and tents will accommodate about 150. Tho
Goda spring is an excellent "seltzer" water, with plenty of snap due

Photo No. 10. Goda GprioE and Grotto at Housb Sprins*. Lak* County, California.

to the large excess of carbonic acid gas ; and has a picturesque natural
•grotto around it {see photo No. 10). None of the water is bottled.
Bartels Bros, are the owners,

Bibl.: R. VI, Ft. I, p. 63; R. of M., Lake County, p. 6; U. S. C. .S.
Bull. No. 32, p. 206; Water Sup. Pap. 338, p. 197; Andersos
(op. cit.), p. 180.

Howard Springs. Howard Springs owe their name to their first
locator, who took them up about 1871. They are owned by W. J.
Laymance of Oakland, and R. J. Yates is lessee. They are in Sec.
30, T. 12 N., R. 7 W., 7 miles southwest of Lower Lake, and 14 miles

LAKE COUNTY. 49

northwest from Middletown, at an elevation of 2150 feet (bar,)
They are on the edge of a small basin, surrounded by rolling hills
There are something like forty separate flows, but fourteen of them
however, being in active use. The principal ones are: ''Excelsior'
(lithia), 79.5'^ F.; ''Alum," 80^ ; "Alum-Sodium," 82° ; "Borax," 86°
"Twins," 82° and 102° ("Prince and Princess," about 7 feet apart)
"Eureka," 108° ; "Hot Sulphur and Iron," 110° ; "Old Man's Friend"
(Neptune in list of analyses), 87°; "Bohemian," 71°; "Soda," 65°
(about J mile distant from others). Water from the "lithia,"
"Eureka," and "Bohemian" were bottled at one time — previous to
1911. There are accommodations for 80, mostly in cottages. The bath
house utilizes the water from the hot iron and sulphur spring.

Bibl. : R. VI, Part I, p. 63 ; VIII, p. 328 ; XII, p. 337 ; XIII, p. 511 ;
R. of M., Lake County, p. 6 : U. S. G. S. Bull. No. 32, p. 206 ;
Water Sup. Pap. 338, p. 95; Anderson (op. cit.), pp. 180
and 181.

Mills Springs (see Castle Springs).

Newman Spring. This place is known locally as "Soap Creek," o^
account of borax being a prominent constituent in the water. It is
used as a bathing resort, there being a walled-in swimming pool. It is
IJ miles north of Bartlett Springs, in Sec. 35,. T. 16 N., R. 8 W., and
is owned by Geo. Young of Bartlett Springs, being leased to W. W.
Tallman.

Bibl. : R. X, p. 254 ; R. of M., Lake County, p. 6 ; U. S. G. S. Water
Sup. Pap. 338, p. 202.

Pierson Springs (see Saratoga Springs).

Bed Wing Spring (see Spiers Springs).

Richardson (see Grizzly).

Saratoga Springs (Pierson). About twenty years ago these springs
were known under the name of Pierson. The post office at the springs
is called Bachelor. They are in Sec. 4, T. 15 N., R. 10 W.,.22 miles
north of east from Ukiah and 6 miles west of Upper Lake, at an eleva-
tion of 1500 feet (bar.). John Martens Estate is the owner. The
flow of the springs has not been measured, but it is stated that the-
strongest one can not be bailed out completely by hand with a 2-gallon
bucket. No water is bottled for sale. There are 13 springs in use, the
principal ones being: "magnesia" (No. 1), 59° F. and (No. 2) 61.5°;

TiA— 1445G.

50 MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

"arsenic" 60°; "sulphur" 60°; "soda" 61.5°; " iron" 61.5°; "seltzer"
59°.

Bibl.: R. VI, Part I, p. 63; VIII, p. 328; XII, p. 337; XIII, p.

511 ; R. of M., Lake County, p. 7 ; U. S. O. S. Bull. No. 32.

p. 207 ; Water Sup. Pap. 338, p. 179; Anderson (op. cit), pp. 220

and 242.

SeigUr Hot Springs. This resort is owned by the Seigler Springs
Company, with A. J. McOill, president; Robert Forbes, secretary, and
W. H. Roberts, manager. It is in See. 24, T. 12 N., R. 8 W,, 5 miles
southwest from Lower Lake, 30 miles north of Calistoga, and at
an elevation of 2230 feet (bar.). There is quite a variety of springs

Photo No. IT. Hotal at Silglat Hot Springi, Lik« Couatj, CalifonU.

here, both cold and hot. The priacipal ones are: "hot iron" 107° F.;
"hot sulphur" 107°; "small sulphur" 118.5°; "big sulphur" 126°;
"iithia" 67°; "soda" 64° "magnesia" 72°; arsenic" 94°; one not
named 97°; "geyser" was choked up. At the "Big Sulphur" spring
there is considerable excess gas escaping, and there is a large sinter
deposit beside it. This spring is the principal one supplying the
swimming pool (30 feet wide, 2(XI feet long, and 3 to 10 feet deep) made
by damming the small ravine at the upper end of which several springs
issue. Besides this, several of the other springs have stone bathhouses
built over them, lai^e enough for swimming exercise. The hotel is
supplied with farm and dairy products from the ranch maintained as a
part of the resort, comprising a total of 700 acres. There are accom-
modations for 250 people. No water has been bottled for sale, but it
is stated that they contemplate doing so. There is. a body of light

LAKE COUNTY. 51

colored, volcanic tuff a short distance from the hotel, which has been
used for building purposes around the resort, including the main dining
room and a part of the hotel (see photo 17).

Bibl.: R. VI, part I, p. 63; VIII, p. 328; X, p. 230; XII, p. 337;
XIII, p. 511; R. of M., Lake County, p. 7; U. S. G. S. Bull. 32,
p. 207; Water Sup. Pap. 338, pp. 9&-98; Anderson (op. eit.)
p. 243.

Soap Creek (see JVeti;man).

Soda Bay Springs. At Soda Bay on the west shore of Clear Lake,
4 miles northeast of Kelseyrille, are a number of *'soda'' springs, both
on shore and out in the lake. One, particularly of note, out in the lake,
by reason of the large excess of carbonic acid gas escaping raises the
level of the water about a foot over an area of a square yard. These
springs are not utilized except locally.

Bibl. : R. VIII, p. 328 ; X, p. 242 ; R. of M., Lake County, p. 7 ;
Anderson (op. cit.) p. 245; U. S. G. S., Water Sup. Pap. 338,
pp. 191-192.

Spiers or Red Wing Spring (Copsey). This was originally known &s
Copsey's Spring, from the locator. The land adjacent to the spring
and the riparian rights have been in litigation between Joshua Spiers
and M. Hoberg (of Cobb post oflSce) ; and at the time of our visit both
were bottling water from the spring, under the name of ** Spiers" and
*'Red Wing," respectively. The temperature of the water is 80° P.
The hotel is owned and operated by Hoberg. There is a second, smaller
spring near-by not utilized. They are on Seigler Creek, on the opposite
side from the stage road, 8 miles west of north from Middletown, in
Sec. 5, T. 11 N., R. 7 W., elevation 1380 feet (bar.).

Bibl. : R. of M., Lake County, pp. 5 and 7; U. S. G. S., Water Sup.
Pap. 338, p. 190.

Sulphur Bank (see under Quicksilver),

Witter Springs, The first authentic record of use of these springs
by white men in 1862. They are in Sec. 5, T. 15 N., R. 10 W.,
21 miles east of Ukiah and 7 miles west of Upper Lake, at an elevation
of 1800 feet (bar.). The property is owned by Witter Medical Springs
(Inc.), W. P. Detert, president, and W. C. Marsh, secretary, with oflSces
at 311 California street, San Francisco. There are several springs, all
cold, but the principal one, "Witter," is purely a medicinal water,
owing to its high mineral content (1019 grains per gallon), and can
not be used freely. This is the one which has been bottled up to the
present time. The ** Humming Bird'* spring is practically fresh water,
having only 24 grains of mineral per gallon, and it is proposed to

52 MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

blend some of this with the ** Witter*' water and bottle it, carbonated,
for table use. Witter water is put up in a special 24-ounce bottle, and
packed 36 in a case. There is a fine, large hotel here of 113 rooms ; and
there are 15 cottages.

Bibl. ; R. VI, Part I, p. 64 ; VIII, p. 329 ; XII, p. 337 ; XIII, p. 511 ;
R. of M., Lake County, p. 7 ; U. S. G. S. Bull 32, p. 209 ; Water
Sup. Pap. 338, pp. 177-179; Anderson (op. cit.) p. 265.

In addition to the springs described above there are innumerable
mineral springs in the county, both on unlocated ground and on
patented land, which are not utilized at present or at least only
privately. Among these may be mentioned the following :

''Alum'' Springs, in Sec. 11, T. 14 N., R. 7 W., Hiram Kennedy,
Lower Lake, owner.

Astorg, near Glenbrook, in Sec. 28, T. 12 N., R. 8 W.

Chalk Mountain, carbonated springs on Chalk Mountain, 11 miles
east of north from Lower Lake, near the Dinsmore and Alum.

Dinsmore (soaa and iron) in Sec. 11, T. 14 N., R. 7 W., R. Dinsmore,
Lower Lake, owner.

Elliott (soda and iron) near Highland Springs, in Sec. 8, T. 12 N.,
R. 9 W., C. C. Hopkins and C. E. Miller, owners.

England (same as Elliott).

Glen Alpine, on west bank of Scott Creek, 6 miles southwest of Lake-
port, on the Hopland road.

Gordon, in Sec. 20 T. 11 N., R. 7 W., Estate of E. A. Hoffman, owner.

HayvUla Sulphur Spring, 5 miles northwest of Upper Lake.

Kelseyville (soda), in Sec. 14, T. 13 N., R. 9 W., Farmers' Savings
Bank, Lakeport, owner.

Lee Soda, in Sec. 33, T. 14 N., R. 10 W., J. P. Lee, Lakeport, owner.

Lyons, Mrs. J. H. Lyons, owner ; 6 miles north of Lakeport.

Mclntyre Ranch, 6 miles from Kelseyville ; an iron spring. Murdock
Mclntjrre, owner.

Morton (See Roaring Soda),

Paramore (soda and iron), near Upper Lake in Sec. 21, T. 17 N.,
R. 9 W., E. R. Smith, owner.

Quigley Soda Springs. On the Quigley ranch at Arabella.

''Roaring Soda'' (also called Morton), near HuUville, in Sec. 15,
T. 18 N., R. 10 W., J. M. Macdonough, owner. Used by occasional
camping parties.

Royal, in Sec. 7, T. 16 N., R. 8 W., Dr. E. S. Holway, Colusa, owner.

LAKE COUNTY. 53

Spring Hill Farm Resort, a small ''iron and magnesia" spring in Sec.
8, T. 10 N., R. 8 W., near Middletown, L. S. Peterson, owner.

Sulphur Spring, near Blue Lakes Resort.

At Upper Lake, water for domestic purposes is obtained from numer-
ous artesian wells. They all carry more or less mineral, principally
iron and soda.

The surface water is stated to stand at about 6 feet depth, and the
artesian stratum at about 50 feet. West of town the two string bean
canneries use artesian wells for irrigating. One of them (Menden-
hall's) has sixteen wells on 100 acres; and it is said that when these
sixteen (about ^ mile distant) are flowing that the flow of the wells
in town is noticeably lowered. A mile south of town on the Taylor
place there is a very vigorous artesian *'soda" well, with considerable
excess gas. It is capped, and not utilized at present.

On the road from Lower Lake to Knoxville, three or four mineral
springs were passed, one of them called Baker Soda Spring, They are
not utilized. Two of them had large calcareous sinter deposits below
them.

Bibl. : R. X., pp. 230 et seq,, R. of M., Lake County, pp. 5-7 ; U. S.
G. S. Bull. 32, pp. 203, 205, 208, 209; Water Sup. Pap. 338,
pp. 93, 181, 182, 186, 188, 196, 197, 202-204, 268, 358 ; Anderson
(op. cit.) pp. 164, 176, 247, 267, 269.

NATURAL GAS.

At Kelseyrille is a gas well, which was used for a time for illuminat-
ing purposes ; but the gas was not dried, and it is stated that acid in the
moisture corroded the supply pipes. The gas flow was struck at a depth
of 158 feet. The buildings connected with it were burned, and have
not been rebuilt. The gas is also said to have been tried in a gas
engine. It is not utilized at present ; and the well is capped.

Bibl. : R. VII, p. 184 ; VIII, p. 326 ; X, pp. 241, 271 ; XI, p. 63 ;
Anderson (op. cit.) pp. 182, 266-269; U. S. G. S., Water Sup.
Pap. 338, p. 181.

ONYX.

There is -3 small undeveloped deposit of *'onyx marble" in Sec. 12,
T. 18 iSh, B. 10 W., near HuUviUe.

Bibli: Reg. of Mines, Lake County, p. 3.

PETROLEUM.

« A r 1

!0 :."•

There are oil seepages reported on the east, southeast and northeast of
Morgaix Yailey^ in the southeastern part of Lake County. The valley has
flat-lying sandstones, and it is thought they ' ' may have oil underneath. ' '

54 MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

Some of the seepages have been prospected, and a small amount of high
grade oil (parafSne base) said to have been obtained. Some light oil
was found a few miles southeast of here, in the Knoxville quicksilver
mine, on the 400-foot level at the sandstone contact, and was used as
a lubricant around the mine machinery.

QUICKSILVER.

Prospecting and exploitation of quicksilver deposits in Lake County
began in the early sixties, and the Abbott mine was a producer as early
as 1870. There was no notable production, however, until 1873. As
will be noted by reference to the Table of Mineral Production, quick-
silver mining was most active in this county from 1875 to 1882. The
high-water mark in the price of quicksilver in California was reached
in 1874 (the highest quotation being $118.55 per flask), with $105.18
the average San Francisco figure for that year. This was preceded by
an average of $80.33 in 1873, and followed by $84.15 in 1875. The
following year it dropped to $44. The low record sales price was
$25.25 in 1879, but 1882 was the lowest year, with average of $28.23.
The average price for 1913 was $40.23.* The variations in the market
price of quicksilver have been decidedly erratic, as will be noted by
reference to the table in Bulletin 27, page 10.

There was a revival of quicksilver mining in Lake County between
the years 1891 and 1896; but beginning with 1905 there has been a
rapid decline, until at the present time it has reached an almost insigr-
nificant figure. There were but two producers in 1913 — the Helen and
the Wall Street, both of them being near Middletown. It may be noted
here that in some of the early reports and press notices the Bjioxville
mines (Manhattan, Lake, Redington, Boston) were erroneously referred
to as being located in Lake County. They are in Napa County.

The principal consumption of quicksilver is in the manufacture of
fulminate for explosive caps, in the recovery of gold and silver from
their ores by amalgamation, the preparation of certain drugs, and the
manufacture of vermilion, of electric lighting apparatus and scientific

*The average price for the first seven months of 1914 was $38.61, the monthly
flSTure varying between $39.26 for January and $37.50 for July. The outbreak of the
war In Europe in Augrust at once changed the aspect of the quicksilver situation, as
it did many other lines. The monthly averages to date since that have been as
follows :

August. 1914 $80 00

September 76 26

October 53 00

November 55 00

December 58 10

January, 1915 51 90

February 60 00

March 78 00

April 77 50

May 76 00

June 90 00

Closing June figure, per flask 90 00

W. W. B., July 1, 1915.

LAKE COUNTY. 55

apparatus. A new and interesting use now coming into vogue is for
'* floating" the revolving lights of lighthouses. About 600 pounds of
quicksilver are required (depending on the size of the light) — ^being
placed in a circular groove or channel. The lighting unit is set on a
pontoon which, in turn, rests and revolves on the mercury. As the
metal is not consumed, the loss after installation is insignificant.

In ''Mineral Resources of the United States for 1912" H. D. McCas-
key says:

Owing to the generaUj low prices prevailing:, the domestic quicksilver industry was
not particularly prosperous in 1912. The great majority of the producers are
operating old mines in which high grade ore is now rarely encountered, and there was
no new rich ore shoots reported for the year. In most cases special skill is required
to prevent the plants running at a loss. • * • Although each well-developed
property is equipped with its own plant and presumably run at lowest costs, the
margin of profit in many cases is so small upon low-grade ores that during periods
of low prices the mining activity is likely to be considerably curtailed. • * *
IX is true that further improvements in metallurgical treatment, particularly in
preventing furnace losses, should result in a better margin of profit. But little
Jiprovement can be made with low market prices and uncertainty of ore supplies.
The domestic market for quicksilver appears to demand from 20,000 to 25,000
flasks for consumption per annum. The foreign market is not profitable to American
producers in competition with lar^e European supplies available at lower prices.
At low prices and normal output there is little importation, but at high prices
importation of foreign supplies reacts to curtail output by cutting prices to a low
margin of profit. It would seem, therefore, that unless rich ore, workable under
favorable conditions at a large profit, be available, or industrial chemistry find new
uses for the metal and an increase in domestic demand results thereby, the present
producers must continue to operate under somewhat unfavorable conditions, and
new producers and small mines must compete with established mines and plants
now operated presumably at minimum costs and with special skill and knowledge
of the art.

The increasing adoption of the cyanide process in place of amalga-
mation in the treatment of gold and silver ores, has materially decreased
the demand for quicksilver of recent years, particularly in the western
United States and in Mexico. The present low tariff, of $5.25 per
flask, also affects domestic prices. (See Min. Res. of U. S., 1911,
Parti, p. 917.)

As to metallurgical improvements in the reduction of quicksilver
ores, besides those looking to the prevention of furnace losses, the
question of concentration will no doubt play an important part in the
ne^r future. Egleston (**The Metallurgy of Silver, Gold and Mercury
in the United States, Vol. II, 1890, p. 804*') says: *'The attempts of
mechanical concentration of quicksilver ores have usually not been suc-
cessful, because cinnabar is so friable that a greater portion floats off
with the water.'* Just there has been the mistake — too fine crushing
or grinding. Orinding should be avoided. In the writer's opinion
rolls are best adapted for crushing cinnabar bearing ores, as they give
a better average product with a minimum of fines. G. V. Northey at
the Manzanita mine at Sulphur Creek, Colusa County (see Bull. 27,
pp. 198-202; also Eng. and Min. Jour. Vol. 96, p. 783), proved conr
elusively that cinnabar can be concentrated successfully and handled

S6 MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

economically, even using so crude a device as the old Gilpin County
bumping table. Also, at the present time, concentration is beincf
practiced at both the ^Etna and the Oat Hill mines in Napa County
(see under Napa County) .

Of course, there are a number of details to be worked out, not only
in the ore dressing end, but in the reduction of the metal from the con-
centrates. This material, because of its high specific gravity and its
finely divided condition, packs in the retort and needs some sort of
rabbling, or shaking up to allow of a complete expelling of the quick-
silver. So far only retorts have been used — both '*D'' and pipe. Pos-
sibly son^ form of a rotary roaster may be evolved; or, a small tile
sh^ft furnace of the Hiittner-Scott type, but with a narrower shaft
arid a narrow ** shelf -slit.''* There are a good many quicksilver prop-
erties in California idle as well as operating, particularly in Napa,
Lake and Sonoma counties, where it would seem worth while to investi-
gate, the feasibility of concentration. Then, too, there are the mines
lik^ the oM Rattlesnake and the Socrates, in Sonoma County, whose
ore9.,contain a large percentage of native quicksilver. Some scheme of
washing and settling, or concentrating would seem to be the solution
of the problem of dressing these ores.

There are four recognized quicksilver districts either wholly or in
part located in Lake County: (1) Mayacmas, the largest, is in south-
western Lake and extends over into northeastern Sonoma, and north-
western Napa; (2) Clear Lake district is around the eastern, southern
and southwestern sides of Clear Lake; (3) Knoxville district is at the
junction of Lake, Yolo, and Napa, being principally in the last named ;
(4) Sulphur Creek district is almost wholly in Colusa but includes the
Abbott mine which is on the eastern edge of Lake County.

. J Bibl.: State Mining Bureau Reports IV, pp. 328-344; V, pp. 95,
96 ; VI, Part II, pp. 72, 73 ; VIII, pp. 324, 325 ; X, pp. 238, 239,
270; XI, pp. 61-65, 239; XII, p. 360; XIII, pp. 595-597; Reg.
of Mines, Lake County, p. 3 ; Bull. 27, pp. 35-42, 46-72, 197-255.
U. S. G. S. Mon. XIII ; Min. Res. of U. S. 1883, pp. 389, 395 ;
1884, pp. 492, 494; 1888, pp. 97-99; 1891, pp. 117-121; 1892,
pp. 138-168; 1902, pp. 251, 252; 1906, p. 497; 1907, Part I,
p. 679 ; 1908, Part I, p. 686 ; 1909, Part I, pp. 552, 553 ; 1910,
Part I, pp. 697, 698; 1911, Part I, p. 901; 1912, Part I, pp. 940-
942 ; An. Rep. XVI, Part III, pp. 598, 599 ; XXI, p. 277.

. Geol. Surv. op Cal., Geology, Vol. I, pp. 96-100 ; Vol. II, pp. 124,
125.

*Sitice th& above ^rs WHtten, the ftuthor hafi seen such a furnace In successful
opjeva-tion at the, New Idr^a oulcksllver mine in San Benito County, for treatInK
soot instead Of Vetortingr )t. The tile aperture is 3-lnch Instead of 6-lnch as in the
larger turnaces. This furnace has a capacity of 9 tons, and 8 tons of fine ore
ar6 'lxll3£«d l^ith «ach ton of dried soot on chargrlng.

LAKE COUNTY. 57

Min. Res. West of Rocky Mts., 1868, p. 266; 1873, p. 11; 1874,
pp. 30 et seq.; 1875, pp. 13-20, 173-178, 493; 1876, pp. 18-21.

Trans. A. I. M. E. XXII, p. 86; XXIII, pp. 225 et seq.; XXXIII,
p. 751 ; Genesis of Ore Deposits, pp. 32, 66, 256.

Richard's '^Ore Dressing,'' Vol. II, p. 1074.

Min. and Sci. Press, May 27, 1905. Eng. and Min. Journal, Vol.
96, pp. 783, 828.

American Jour, of Science, Vol. XXIV, 3d Series, pp. 23 et seq.

An extended bibliography on quicksilver for North America is given
iu Mineral Resources of the United States 1910, Part I, pp. 705-710;
1911, Parti, p. 920.

Abbott Mine. The Abbott mine is on the eastern border of Lake
County, in Sec. 32, T. 14 N., R. 5 W., about 1 mile in an air line and
2 by the road from Sulphur Creek post oflBce, Colusa County. It
was formerly operated by the Empire Consolidated Quicksilver Mining
Company. Jas. H. Boyer, 1106 Merchants' National Bank Building,
San Francisco, R. A. Boggess et al. are owners; but the property has
been in litigation for some time, and apparently is still unsettled. The
plant was shut down in 1906, after having been in operation (th6 last
period) for about sixteen years. The mine was discovered in 1862,
and began production in 1870, continuing to 1879. It was idle from
1879 to 1889. The Disturnell is included with the Abbott in the
property. The mioe. is credited with a total production of 30,465
flasks. The underground workings are quite extensive, the greatest
depth, however, being only 350 feet below the collar of the ** Boggess"
shaft. As the mine and adjacent ground has been fully described in
several reports previously published, and there being no new develop-
ments since, details of the geology will not be entered into here,
except to reqall to notice the occurrence of a light, inflammable hydro-
carbon gas in considerable quantities here, an unusual feature among
metal mines (at least, as regards quantity), though other hydro-
carbons, arid bitumens are not uncommon in quicksilver mines. The
reduction equipment consists of a 48-ton Scott furnace, with an ore,
drier located between the crusher and furnace.

IT' ^

Bibl.: K IV, p. 336 (Table) ; XI, p. 239; XII, p. 360; XIII, p.
595; Bull. 27, pp. 46-48; R. of M., Lake County, p. 3; U. S.
G. S. Mon. XIII, p. 368 ; Min. Res. of U. S. 1902 ; Geol. Surv.
OP Cal. Geology, Vol. II, p. 124; Min. Res. W. op Rocky Mts.
1876, p. 19.

American {see Belen).

58 MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

Anderson Prospects, owned by members of the Anderson family of
Anderson Springs. They are in Sees. 25 and 35, T. 11 N., R. 8 W.,
near Middletown, but have not been developed.

Bibl. : Bull. 27, p. 48.

Bacon, abandoned. R. of M., Lake County, p. 3 ; Rep. IV, table op.
p. 336.

Baker Mine, In Sec. 16, T. 12 N., R. 6 W., 6 miles southeast of
Lower Lake. It is owned by the Baker Quicksilver Mining Company.
No work, except annual assessments has been done for several years.

Bibl. : R. XI, p. 67 ; XII, p. 360 ; XIII, p. 595 ; R. of M., Lake
County, p. 3; U. S. G. S. Mon. XIII, p. 368; Gbol. Surv. of
Cal. Geology, Vol. II, p. 125.

Bear Canyon (see Thorn),

Big Injun Group, the Big lujun of the New Phoenix Mining Com-
pany and the Digger Injun of the Congress Mining Company, have been
idle for several years. They are west of Middletown, and near the
Helen mine.

Bibl. : Bull. 27, p. 50.

Bradford (see Mirabel).

The Bullion mine is 4 miles southwest of Middletown, between the
Mirabel and Great Western, Ralph H. Read, Middletown, owner. It
was formerly worked by the ^lirabel Company, and had been abandoned
for several years, but was relocated in August, 1913.

Bibl. : R. XII, p. 360; XIII, p. 595.

Chicago Mine (Ural). This property is owned by the Chicago Quick-
silver Mining Company, 522 Bank of San Jose Building, San Jose, Cal.
It is in Sec. 1, T. 10 N., R. 8 W., about i mile west of the Wall
Street mine, near Middletown. It has been idle for some time. The
last operations here were in 1911 on the construction of a fine-ore fur-
nace of 15 tons capacity, with concrete walls. The furnace was not
finished, and consequently never operated. It would be interesting to
note the behavior of the concrete when heated. It looks to be an
experiment with rather a doubtful outcome.

Bibl. : R. XIII, p. 595 ; Bull. 27, p. 51 ; R. of M., Lake County, p. 3 ;
U. S. G. S. Min. Res. of U. S. 1909, Part I, p. 552; 1910, Part I,
p. 697; 1911, Part I, p. 901; 1912, Part I, p. 940.

Destinell (see Abbott),

LAKE COUNTY. 59

Digger Injun (see Big Injun Group).

Franklin (see Jewess),

Great Western Mine, The Great Western mine is 4 miles southwest
of Middletown, 2 miles northwest of the Mirabel, at an elevation of
1860 feet. This mine had the longest continuous record as a producer
of any quicksilver mine in Lake County. It was opened up in 1873,
and was a constant producer up to 1909. It is credited with a total
yield of 98,296 flasks. The last quicksilver produced by this mine was
a few flasks recovered in 1912 in cleaning up around the old furnaces.
The company has been disincorporated, the furnaces torn down, and the
mine abandoned as being worked out. As might be expected from its
output record, the Great Western has extensive underground workings,
and to a depth of 750 feet. The mine and its geology are described at
some length in the reports noted under Bibliography. The property
was equipped with a 40-ton Litchfield furnace.

Bibl. : R. X, p. 270; XI, p. 64; XII, p. 361 ; XIII, p. 595 ; Bull. 27,
pp. 52, 53 ; R. of M., Lake County, p. 3 ; U. S. G. S. Mon. XIII, pp.
358-362, 470 ; Min. Res. of U. S. 1883, 1884, 1892, 1902, 1906,
1907, Part I, 1908, Part I; 1909, Part I; 1910, Part I; 1912,
Part I ; Min. Res. West op Rocky Mts., 1874, 1875, 1876.

Helen Mine {American), The Helen mine, owned by Andrew Rocca,
is in Sec. 1, T. 10 N., R. 8 W., 6 miles west of Middletown, at an
elevation of 2675 feet (barometric reading at bottom of furnace). It
consists of two claims, the Helen and the Austin, which were patented
in 1874 by Pushbecker, later sold to the American company and to the
present owner in 1900. The property includes between 600 and 700
acres (partly timbered) besides the mineral claims' area. The timber,
somewhat scattered for the most part, consists of pine, oak, madrone
and *'fir." The mine is at the head of the north branch of Dry Creek.
Its first recorded production was 128 flasks in 1873. The mineralized
ledge is 100 to 200 feet wide, in serpentine, and has a black gouge on
the hanging-wall. The vein outcrop is prominent, and strikes a little
north of west, dipping to the south at 30° to 40°. There are two main
levels at present operated, both being by tunnels, one of which is in
2000 feet giving a depth of 316 feet below the outcrop. They have two
ore-shoots— -one on the footwall side 100 feet long by 40 feet wide on
which they have gone down 90 feet; and one on the hanging, 200 feet
long by 40 feet wide. The ledge has been proven underground by
drifting, for 1000 feet in length. The ore is cinnabar, intermixed with
more or less pyrite, and occurs in seams, sometimes an inch or two
thick, of solid cinnabar. These seams are approximately parallel to the
ledge^ and are crossed at high angles by other and rather minute ore

60 U[NE.S AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

seams. The serpentine is in part siliciSed and carries lenjses of hard,
fine-grained black "jasperoid."

At the time of our visit (August, 1913), both the mine and the
furnace were in operation, with 16 men, all told, at work — 9 under-
ground, 3 on top, and 4 on the furnace. On the outcrop some good ore
was being stoped out to the surface. The furnace is a 50-ton Scott
(see photo No. 19), and has special condenser arrangements designed
by Mr. Rocca, in which the draft is controlled by dampera. It is said

Pbeto No. 19. Fltiy-ion Scolt furnace at th< Helen Mine, near Hiddletown. Lake Countr.
California. Old dunpa of the Wall Strtet Mine in the diitance.

to work satisfactorily. The owner states that the ore being reduced
averages 0.6 per cent quicksilver, and that he can handle at a profit ore
carrying down to 0.25 per cent of the metal. Soot from the con-
densers, and occasional small lots of rich ore arc treated in "D" retorts
of 1000 pounds per day capacity. A small gasoline engine, run inter-
mittently, furnishes power tor the rock breaker. The furnace consumes
IJ cords of firewood per twenty-four hours. The ore is trammed,
horse-drawn, from mine to furnace in trains carrying 3 tons per trip.
As the upper parts of the mine are difficult to work on account of
water in the wet season, only development work on the lower levels is
done in winter. The mine is credited with a total production of some-
thing over 5000 flasks to date.

Bibl.: B. Xir,p. 362;Bull. 27, p. 55;B. ofM., LakeCounty, p-a^i
U. S G. S. Mon. Xlir, p. 375 ; Min. Res. 1902, 1907, Part I ; 1908.

LAKE COUNTY. 61

Part I; 1909, Part I; 1911, Part I; 1912, Part I, pp. 940-942;
MiN. Res. W. op Rocky Mts. 1874, p. 30.

Jewess Prospect (Franklin.) It is near the Helen and Wall Street
mines, but so far as known has never produced any quicksilver. It has
been idle several years.

Bibl. : Bull. 27, p. 157.

Ki7ig of All Group. This group owned by Lem Stanley of Lower
Lake is in Sees. 29 and 32, T. 12 N., R. 7 W., about 10 miles north
of Middletown and 1 mile southeast from Howard Springs. None but
assessment work has been done for several years. The geology is
described in Bulletin 27.

Bibl. : Bull. No. 27, p. 57 ; R. of M., Lake County, p. 3 ; U. S. G. S.
Min. Res. 1912, Part I, p. 940.

Lucitta Mine {Uncle Sam). The Lucitta group of four claims (also
known locally as the Uncle Sam), is owned by the Mount Sam Mining
Company, and is located on the south slope of Mount Konocti (or
Uncle Sam), in Sees. 20 and 21, T. 13 N., R. 8 W., about 7 miles
southeast of Kelse3rsrille. The mine has not been worked recently nor
has it reported any production for several years past. The geology is
described in Bulletin 27.

Bibl. : R. V, p. 96 ; Bull. 27, p. 58 ; R. of M., Lake County, p. 3.

The Maypole prospect, 7 miles west of Middletown has been
abandoned.

Bibl. : R. XIII, p. 596.

The Middletown prospect, half a mile southwest from the Jewess, has
been abandoned.

Bibl. : Bull. 27, p. 59.

Mirabel {Bradford) Mine, This mine was first opened up in 1887,
as the Bradford, and later renamed Mirabel, being owned by the
Standard Quicksilver Company. It is 4 miles south of Middletown.
For ten years it was one of the important producers of Lake County,
but in 1897 was abandoned as worked out ; and the mine has filled with
water. In 1908 a small production was reported as having been made
from a clean-up around the old furnace. The property has yielded a
total production of about 30,600 flasks. Underground, a vertical depth
of 500 feet was reached, with 22,500 linear feet of drifts, and 750 feet

62 MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

of shaft work. More extended descriptions of the mine and its geology
will be found in the references noted under Bibliography.

BibL: R. VIII, p. 325; X, p. 270; XI, p. 64; XII, p. 361; XIII, p.
595 ; K. of M., Lake County, p. 3 ; U. S. G. S. Mon. XIII, p. 375 ;
Min. Res. 1888, p. 97; 1891, p. 117; 1892, p. 160; Trans.
A. I. M. E., XXII, p. 86.

Red Elephant, This prospect, owned by W. G. Tremper of Lower
Lake, is in Sec. 3, T. 11 N., R. 5 W., near the Napa County line,
i mile west of Kjioxville. Only sufficient development, mostly surface
work, has been done to cover annual assessments.

Bibl. : Bull, 27, p. 92 ; R. of M., Lake County, p. 3.

Shamrock Prospect, This group of two claims is on Rocky Creek, a
branch of Cache Creek, in Sec. 23, T. 13 N., R. 6 W., about 10 miles
northeast of Lower Lake. It is owned by the Shamrock Development
Company (Jas. Daly, W. P. Swift et al.), Napa. The property is idle.

Bibl. : Bull. 27, p. 60 ; R. of M., Lake County, p. 3.

Standard {see Mirabel) ,

Sulphur Bank Mine, This mine is one of the notable and much
written about quicksilver mines of the world. It is extremely interest-
ing from many standpoints — those of chemistry, mineralogy and
geology, as well as metallurgy and mining. It was first worked in 1865
for sulphur, and in the four years to and including 1868 produced a
total of nearly 2,000,000 pounds of that mineral, valued at $53,500.
The property was at that time owned by the California Borax Company
which during the same period was also producing borax from Borax
Lake, near-by. The two are still intact, being owned at present by
W. S. Tevis, of San Francisco, and leased out as part of a cattle range.
During the time of working the surface cuts for sulphur, some diflS-
culty was experienced in refining the material because of the presence
of cinnabar, which darkened the product. The proportion of cinnabar
increased with depth. Cost of transportation to the market and a
rapid fall in the price of sulphur caused a cessation of operations, but
the mine was reopened and developed for its quicksilver in 1873, being
a steady and important producer until 1883. After four years of
idleness, work was resumed and continued until 1897, when it was
again shut down. In 1899 the mine was reopened and worked until
December, 1905, the shaft being kept unwatered until June, 1906, since
which time it has been idle. As a producer of quicksilver, the Sulphur
Bank mine is credited with a total output of 92,000 flasks. It is said
that at the time of the last closing down of the mine (due to financial

troubles as well as the increasing difficulties of ventilation and pump-
ing in consequence of the hot waters and deleterious gases) they had
opened up a good body of high grade ore underground from the Empire
shaft.

The Suiphur Bank is a low, rounded hill (see photo No. 22), on the
eastern shore of Clear Lake in Sec. 6, T. 13 N., R. 7 W., about 10
miles north of Lower Lake. It is also reached by launch from Lakeport.
The elevation is 1350 feet at the lake level. The old surface cuts much
resemble those of a placer mine with its tailings piles of boulders, except

Photo No. 11. Sulphur Bulk Hiac from like iMc.

that over it all is a pulverulent, white powdery material, the result
of the continuing decomposition of the rocks by the solfataric vapors
and waters still present (see panoramic photo). The glare is almost
blinding on a sunny day. The rounded boulders due to concentric
decomposition, as described by Becker (IT. S. G. S. Mon. XIII) can be
plainly seen. The evidences of solfataric activity are numerous and
striking. Iron rails, nails, cables, etc., are sulphurized and oxidized.
Wood is blackened and rotted. There are abundant sulphur crystal:.
in crevices and flour sulphur around vents where vapors are issuing.
At the mouth of an abandoned shaft, now caved, near the eastern
edge of the surface workings (either the Hermann shaft or Hermann
air shaft— see map. Bull. 27, p. 63), hot, moist, sulphurous gases
are still escaping, and under a noticeable pressure. The odor of
sulphur dioxide is very strong, so that it was difficult to breathe
while placing a thermometer in one of the openings to observe the
temperature. It showed 108" P. — this being at the surface. Becker
(op. cit., p. 25!)), recorded temperatures up to 176° P. at a depth of

LAKE COUNTY. 65

300 feet. The rocks about the opeaing and protruding sticks of timber
are heavily coated with a deposit of flour sulphur. There is a sound
as of a roaring furnace from below. How any one could breathe in
such an atmosphere, much less work, is a matter for wonderment.
There was a dead rat lying at one of the openings. At the upper end
of the "Western Cut," there are a number of warm springs with con-
siderable excess gas escaping with the water — the whole having the
appearance of a series of boiling cauldrons. (Photo No. 25). The

Photo No. a. Hot ■ptint) In bottom ot "Wcitern Cut," Sulpbui Bank Mine, Lake County,
OliiornU.

appearance is deceiving, however, as the temperatures are much lower
than one would expect. The following temperatures were obtained :
84° P. ; 108° (water inky, with a black deposit forming about it) ; 100° ;
97" (in upper corner). The Empire shaft (the latest sunk), was filled
with water to within 15 feet of the collar at the time of my visit
(August, 1913), and escaping gases were bubbling up through the
water. "The gases escaping from the waters are carbon dioxide,
hydrogen sulphide, sulphur dioxide, and marsh gas. The waters con-
tain chiefly carbonates, borates, and chlorides of sodium, potassium and
ammonium; but alkaline sulphides are also present." (Becker, op.
eit., p. 463.)

66 MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

As to the mode of occurrence of cinnabar at Sulphur Bank, it is well
summarized by Becker (op. cit., p. 257), as follows: ''It does not occur
in sensible quantities at or near the surface, but is foimd to a consider-
able extent mixed with sulphur in the lower portion of the zone of
oxidation. The principal deposits are below this level. They are
foimd in the more or less decomposed basalt, in the underlying recent
lake bottom, and in the Knoxville shales and sandstones. The cinna-
bar is associated chiefly with silica, in part crystalline and in part
amorphous. In the lava it appears as small seams, which commonly
follow either the orij^inal cracks between the blocks or the concentric
surfaces of the decomposed masses. In the lake deposits below the
basalt the cinnabar is found as impregnations or irregular seams. In
the workings from the Hermann shaft the ore occurs exactly as it does
in most of the quicksilver mines of California, more or less completely
filling interstices in shattered rock masses. • • • Dr. Melville has found
small quantities of gold and copper in the marcasite accompanying the
cinnabar. • * * The intimate association of the ore with the sulphur,
opal, quartz, pyrite, and to a smaller extent with calcite, is amply suffi-
cient to show that it has been depasited from water.'* Also (p. 263):
** Excepting for the solfataric springs the underground mine at Sulphur
Bank resembles the other principal quicksilver mines of California.
• • • This fact is an important one, for it proves that deposits indis-
tinguishable from those found in the Redington, New Almaden, and
other mines may be formed in the same manner as those at Sulphur
Bank, by precipitation from hot springs of volcanic origin."

The property was equipped with a Knox-Osborne 25-ton furnace.
3 Hiittner-Scott furnaces of 40, 17 and 30 tons, respectively, and a bat-
tery of 9 ''D'' retorts.

At the "Little Sulphur Bank/' above ^ mile south of Borax Lake,
some prospecting has been done. Here, the same sulphurous odors are
noticeable as at Sulphur Bank.

Bibl. : E. IV, pp. 157, 330, 339 ; V, p. 96 ; VI, Part I, p. 136 ; VIII.
p. 324; X, pp. 238, 239; XI, p. 63; XII, p. 363; XIII, p. 597;
BuU. 27, pp. 61-70; R. of M., Lake County, p. 3; U. S. G. S.
Mon. XIII, p. 251-270, 463; Min. Res., 1883, pp. 394-397; 1884,
p. 492 ; 1892, pp. 146, 148, 160 ; 1902, pp. 251, 252 ; Water Sup^.
Pap. 338, pp. 98-99; Geol.-Surv. of Cal., Geol., Vol. I, p. 99*;
Trans. A. I. M. E., XXIII, pp. 225 et $eq.; XXXIII, p. 751;
Genesis of Ore Dep., pp. 32, 66, 256; Min. Res., W. op Rocky
Mts., 1868, p. 266 ; 1876, p. 20 ; Am. Jour, op Sci., Vol. XXIV,
3d Ser., pp. 23 et seq.

Thorn Mine {Bear Canyon), It is west of Middletown, in Sec. 36.
T. 11 N., R. 8 W., near Anderson Springs. H. W. Herrick of Middle-

LAKE COUNTY. 67

town is the owner. Only assessment work has been done for several
years past, but it is said no ore bodies of any consequence have been
developed. In 1909, a small production was reported from ore taken
out during development work.

Bibl. : Bull. 27, p. 70 ; U. S. G. S. Min. Res. 1909, p. 552.

Uncle Sam Mine (see Lucitta) .

Ural Mine (see Chicago).

Utopia Mine, The Utopia is on the eastern shore of Clear Lake in
Sec. 25, T. 15 N., R. 9 W., near Bartlett Landing, northeast from
Lakeport. It is owned by the Utopia Quicksilver Mining Company of
Lakeport, A. Spurr, secretary. It has not been operated recently, as it
is said they were driven out by water, the ore body running under the
lake.

Bibl. : R. XIII, p. 597 ; Bull. 27, p. 70 ; R. of M., Lake County, p. 3.

Wall Street Mine. This mine was a producer as early as 1875, about
which time it was patented, but abandoned by the original owners in
1878. The present owner, W. H. Parsons, acquired the property in
1898, by purchase of tax title from the state, and has been reporting
an output of a few flasks of quicksilver annually for the past seven
years. It is located in Sec. 1, T. 10 N., R. 8 W., on a branch of
Dry Creek, 6 miles west of Middletown. The elevation is 2275 feet
(bar.) on the road at the retort. The old workings are largely inacces-
sible. The owner works the mine single-handed, assisted by a pack-
horse for handling ore, timbers and firewood. The Wall Street mine is
about i mile down the canyon from the Helen from which it appears
to have been broken by a northeast-southwest fault. Their main
mineralized ledges have several characteristics in common and are
marked by the same prominent outcrop. The Wall Street, however,
has a considerable proportion of native quicksilver which does not
appear at the other. There is a narrow quartz vein in the main ledge
near its hanging-wall side, and parallel to its dip — 30° SW. The vein,
which has a comb structure, carries in its numerous cavities and pores
much native metal. Parsons states that the serpentine from 1 to 3
feet above and below the quartz carries some 4% of both native metal
and cinnabar in about equal proportions. The silicified ore-bearing
serpentine lies above the softer serpentine and carries the quartz vein,
cinnabar, pyrite, and lenses of jasperoid. In the mill there is a 20 h.p.
Westinghouse compressor (being a locomotive air-brake pump, 9J-inch
diameter by 10-inch stroke), steam driven, which furnishes power for
an air hammer drill in underground work. There is also a small Chilian
mill, and two homemade, table concentrators, said to have a capacity of

68 MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

3^ tons per day. Some of the soft ore is concentrated, but the jasperoid
and disseminated ores are retorted direct. One **D'' retort is used —
14 inches high, 30 inches wide and 8 feet long — which consumes 1^ cords
of firewood per flask of quicksilver produced. This retort has a capacity
of 600 pounds of ore per day. The old company is said to have
expended $100,000 and produced 140 flasks. The total output to the
end of 1913 has been about 300 flasks.

Bibl. : R. IV, p. 183 ; V, p. 96 ; VI, Pt. I, p. 110; XII, p. 362 ; XIII,
p. 597; Bull. 27, p. 71; E. of M. Lake County, p. 3; U. S. G. S.
Mon. XIII, p. 375 ; Min. Res. 1907, Part I, p. 679 ; 1908, Part I,
p. 686; 1909, Part I, p. 552; 1910, Part I, p. 698; 1911, Part I.
p. 901 ; 1912, Part I, pp. 940-942.

STONE INDUSTRY.

Except for occasional local uses, there has been no development of the
stone industry in Lake County. The board of supervisors reparte<i
macadam to a value of $10,000 u.sed on road work in 1908, but they have
done nothing but minor repairs since that time. There is said to be a
red volcanic rock near Lower Lake which makes an excellent macadam,
particularly when mixed with some clay.

SULPHUR.

Sulphur Bank Mine, As has already been noted (see under Quick-
silver), the Sulphur Bank mine was originally operated for sulphur, of
which it produced some 2,000,000 pounds (in round numbers), valued at
$53,500, in the four years 1865-1868, inclusive. In the upper portions
of the oxidized zone sulphur was abundant, and the material was taken
out by quarrying. The sulphur was extracted by sublimation in cast
iron retorts, then further refined by treating, while melted, in iron ket-
tles to remove the dark color due to the presence of cinnabar, and finally
poured into moulds. Cost of transportation and the decreasing market
price cdused a cessation of mining for sulphur. There is still much of
this material in evidence at the Sulphur Bank, today, but it is doubtful
if it can be made economically available, in competition with the
Louisiana product and that from Japan (which latter is practically
pure in its natural state, and requires no refining for most commercial
uses), at least not until cheap transportation is established. The same
statement applies to the borax deposits of Borax Lake on the same
property.

Bibl. : R. IV, p. 379 ; V, p. 96 ; VI, Part I, p. 136 ; VIII, p. 324 ; X,
pp. 238, 239; XI, p. 63; XII, p. 410; XIII, p. 646; BulL 38,
p. 372 ; U. S. G. S. Mon. XIII, pp. 254, 463 ; Geol. Surv. op Cal,.,
Geology, Vol. I, p. 99; Min. Res. W. of Rocky Mts. 1867, p.
187 ; 1868, p. 266 ; 1872, pp. 447-450.

HARIN COUNTY. 69

MARIN COUNTY.

Field Work In November, 1913.

Exclusive of San Francisco County, Marin is the smallest county in
California, having a land area of only 529 square miles. The Pacific
Ocean is its western boundary, Sonoma County on the north and east,
San Pablo and San Francisco bays on the east, with the latter and the
Golden Gate on the south. Its topography is quite rugged and pictur-
esque, with occasional small and fertile valleys. Its most prominent
topographic feature is Mount Tamalpais which overlooks both bay and
ocean region from an elevation of 2600 feet. Other notable features are
Tomales, Drakes, Bodega and Bolinas bays, on the ocean side, and
Richardson's Bay on the inland side. Angel and Belvedere islands are
included in Marin County. The areas around San Rafael, Mill Valley,
Sausalito, and intermediate points are popular suburban residence
sections.

The mineral resources of Marin County, while limited numerically,
are none the less important individually. They are mainly structural
and industrial materials. In the order of their production to date
(see table) they are : brick, stone industry, mineral water, granite, salt,
and copper. Their total recorded output is $3,869,799 to the end of
1913.

In addition to the above, occurrences have been noted of asphaltum
and petroleum, chrome, coal, jasper, garnets, manganese, and natural
^as. Attempts have been made to exploit some of these, but without
commercial success so far.

ASPHALTUM AND PETROLEUM.

Along the shore-line cliffs west of Bolinas from Duxbury Point north
for a distance of over 3 miles there are several small occurrences of
asphaltum which appear to be residues from oil seepages. The princi-
pal ones are at Duxbury Point, Bolinas Point and Abalone Beach.
Specimens of the material were collected and have been placed in the
museum of the State Mining Bureau. There are pebbles and rock
fragments imbedded in the asphaltum (see photo No. 165).

At Abalone Beach there is said to be an oil seepage which is
uncovered at extreme low tide, but the tide was not low enough to see
it during my visit. The shales here dip to the south and east at a
rather flat angle (20° to 30°). At the south end of this beach, and
about H miles north of Bolinas Point, is an unconformity between two
series of shales, the upper series being more massive than the other.
The top of the lower series is marked by a thin layer of pebbles
partially stuck together with asphaltum.

MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

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MARIN COUNTY.

Photo No. 172. Duiburr Point ind R«f. Uuia County, CilifornU. lookini Mulhaut.

'in County, Cl
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Photo No. 16S. Aipfailtic

72 MINES AND MINERAL RESOITRCES.

From Bolinas Point to Duxbury Point the shale strata, which are
somewhat indurated, strike southeast and dip to the west at an angle
of 45° to 50°. At the latter place the beds are massive and continue
for some distance into the sea, forming the well-known and dangerous
Duxbury Reef (see photo No. 172). In the cliflfs at this point the
asphaltum appears in thin seams cutting across and nearly normal to
the dip of the strata. There are small dabs of asphaltum sticking on
the washed reef throughout this section from Duxbury Point to Abalone
Beach. On first thought these ** dabs'' might appear to be artificial
(i. e. sea-drift washed from passing vessels), but observation showed
them to occur only in the vicinity of the oil seepages.

At Bolinas, about ^ of a mile west of the entrance to the Lagoon, the
division between the soft, yellow sandstone to the east and the shale
to the west is marked by a vertical fault plane. The dip of the sand-
stone is east, 10° to 15°. In this sandstone at a few feet above the
beach level is a stratum of shells, 6 to 8 inches thick, distinctly marking
the bedding planes.

On the mesa back of Duxbury Point (apparently an old sea terrace)
two wells were drilled for oil about 1902. It is said that in the second
well, which was a few yards from the sea cliff, a small flow of oil
was obtained and several drumsful pumped out; that a charge of
dynamite was exploded in the well to open up the flow more but that
it became choked off entirely instead. Others state that the oil in
the well was some of that hauled out there for fuel for the boilers.
Bibl. : R. XI, p. 249 ; XIII, p. 36.

BRICK AND CLAY.

At the Bottling Home, near Fairfax, pottery is being made on a
small scale by the inmates, from clay obtained nearby.

Kaolin has been found near Duncan Mills. R. V, p. 108.

McNear Brick Compcmy (formerly Portin Brick Company). J. A.
McNear, president, E. B. McNear, manager and superintendent. This
plant is on tidewater at McNear 's Point, 4 miles east of San Rafael.
There is no railroad accommodation nearer than San Rafael, but the
product is shipped by barges to the various bay points (see photo
No. 131). Bricks were first made here about 30 years ago, and the
fires in the present plant have not been out in the past 14 years. The
property is part of the Spanish grant, **Rancho Santa Margarita y
Las Gallinas."

The clay and shale beds which are on the northwest face of the hill
are underlaid by Franciscan metamorphic sandstone. In the quarr}%
blasting is done by battery, and the material is loaded into cars by
a small Bucynis steam shovel (Class 14-B — on turntable like a loco-
motive crane). The cars are horsedrawn in trains to the storage bins.

UARIN COUNTT.

From there the day goes through the crushera, elevators and screens
to the pug-mill. The "dry-pan process" is used. The dampened clay
is mixed in the pug-mill and discharged into an auger, stiff-mud

Fhate No. Ul. Plinl and liuuca of tha IlcNur Brick Company, near San Rafael, Ilarin
County, OiIitorBia.

machine. Prom this it is forced in a alow-moving continuous stream,
rectangular in cross-section and cut into proper lengths by a wire
briek-eutting machine. The belt conveyor leading from the cutter

Pbolo No. 128. Dryini abeda. lIcNear Brick Compaay. Ifarin Coanty, California.

travels slightly faster than the clay stream and so separates the blocks
after they are cut. From there the "green" bricks are taken to the
drying sheds (see photo No. 128).
6A— 14456

74 MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

The brick forming end of the plant has a capacity considerably id
excess of that of the furnaces. The excess is stored in the drying
sheds during the summer months for burning in the winter when out-
side work is curtailed on account of the weather. The yearly capacity-
of the plant is 20,000,000 bricks. About ninety men are employed.
There are two Hoffmann continuous kilns, coal fired (see photo No.
126 and drawing). The draft is from the top of the furnace down
through the charge of bricks to the under-fioor flues that carry it to
the stack.

The Hoffmann kiln consisto of an arched, tunnel-shaped, firing cham-
ber, either circular or oval in plan, or of two parallel tunnels joined
by circular ends. The furnaces at the McNear plant are of the last-
named type. This produces an endless kiln capable of being subdi-
vided into a series of chambers of nearly equal size by means of cross
partitions of a temporary character. From each chamber three flms
lead respectively to: the central stack; the chamber preceding it in
the series ; and the chamber following it. Each of these flues may be
dosed at will by the insertion of a partition of sheet iron. Each com-
partment also has a doorway connected with the outside for ehargiu?
and discharging. Slack or other fine coal is fed in at the top of the
chambers (see photo No. 126) and one chamber is fired. Some plants
use crude oil. The flues leading to the stack are closed escept that
from the newest chamber charged, behind the one fired. The inter-

HABIN COUNTY. 75

chamber flues are left open except the one between the fired chamber
and that behind it in the series. By this arrangement the hot gasea
from the fired chamber pass succeasively through the other charged
chambers, finally passing out from the laat one to the central stack.
When the bricks in the fired chamber are sufficiently burned, it is
allowed to cool by closing its fiues, and the next chamber ahead is
fired. After removing the burned bricks the compartment is recharged
and its flues opened to the stack and from the chamber behind it.

Bibl.: R. VIII, p. 342; XII, p. 382; XIII, p. 615; BuU. 38, p. 249.

HoSmun coDtinuaiH brick kUn. Pten ud vetticU HCCiotu.

There is clay on the MaUliard Ranch, on Spring Creek near Lagiin-
itas Station, about 8 miles northwest from San Rafael. The Lagunitaa
Development Company, 202 Commercial Building, San Francisco, is
owner. Occurrences of chromite and manganese are also reported on
the same property.

Bibl.: B. XI, p. 253; XII, pp. 329, 382; XIII, p. 506; Bull. 38,

Patent Brick Company. Home ofBce, 1218 Merchants' Exchange
Building, San Francisco. The plant is at Gallinas Station on the
Northwestern Pacific Railroad, 4 miles east of north from San Rafael,
It is also on a tidal canal for barges via Gallinas Creek. The present

76 MINES AND MINERAL BESOURCES.

company began operations here about 1870; but the plant has been
idle the past five years on account of low prices and small demand.
The increasing use of concrete has cut heavily into the demand for
bricks. The company still has some stock on hand which is being dis-
posed of inland at rail connections. It is intended to resume operations
whenever prices and conditions improve.

The plant has a capacity of 1,500,000 per month, and uses the dry-
pan process. There is also a pressed brick department. The equipment
includes: three dry-pan grinders, pug-mill, brick machine, cutters,
press, drying kilns, two Hoflfmann continuous kilns (coal fired), one
circular kiln (oil fired) for pressed, Roman and fancy brick. A third
furnace, now old and abandoned, is said to have been the first Hoff-
mann brick kiln built in America. The clay deposits are on the hill-
sides back of the plant,

BibL: R. XII, p. 382; XIII, p. 615; Bull. 38, p. 250.

Remillard Brick Company, This company for many years operated
a plant at Greenbrae, 2 miles south of San Rafael, but it has now been
idle for s<$ne time and the machinery disposed of.

Bibl: R. VIII, p. 342; XII, p. 382; XIII, p. 615; Bull. 38, p. 250.

CHROME.

(See Mailliard Ranch, under Brick and Clay.)

COAL.

•

(See Escalle under Stone Industry.)

There is a specimen of lignite in the museum of the State Mining
Bureau from the Overton Ranch, on Tomales Bay.

COPPER.

In 1863 two or three companies did some work on a series of copper
prospects about a mile east of Woodville (then Dogtown), north of
Bolinas, and a small tonnage of sorted ore was shipped for treatment.

The Bolinas Copper Mining Company, T. P. H. Whitelaw, manager,
in 1900 shipped some copper ore from the same locality, but nothing
has been done since.

Bibl: R. V., p. 98; XI, p. 253; XIII, p. 59; Bull. 20, p. 14;
Bull. 50, p. 168.

MARIN COUNTY. 77

GRANITE.

There is a specimen of granite in the museum of the State Mining
Bureau from Porter's Point, and the records show a production of
7000 cubic feet valued at $5,000 reported in 1895.

Bibl. : Bull. 8 ; Bull. 38, p. 364.

GRAPHITE.

Graphite has been reported from Marin County, but the locality is
not definitely known.

Bibl. : E. IV, p. 224.

JEWELERS' MATERIALS.

Garnets in mica schist are found near California City on the Tiburon
Peninsula and on the Reed Ranch.

So-called moonstones (principally translucent quartz) are found as
pebbles along the ocean beach, particularly near Bolinas Point.

Jasper is found quite plentifully in Marin County in connection with
the Franciscan cherts. Dr. S. M. Augustine of San Rafael has a large
and beautiful collection of polished specimens of red and yellow jasper
and banded chalcedony from around San Rafael, Sausalito, and other
parts of Marin County. It makes beautiful jewelry but is too expensive
to collect and prepare. It is highly siliceous and very hard, but is
not obtainable in large enough pieces for building decoration. There
is an infinite variety of coloring and figures.

■

Bibl. : Bull. 37, pp. 52, 78 ; Bull. 38, p. 366.

MANGANESE.

(See Mailliard Ranch under Brick and Clay). Manganese has also
been found near Tomales and Sausalito.

Bibl. : R. IV, p. 316 ; BuU. 38, p. 368.

MINERAL WATER.

Aftcha Vista Spring. J. Richards, Sausalito, owner. Dave Davis,
lessee. The spring is on the slope of Red Hill at San Anselmo, elevation
150 feet (U. S. G. S.). It has been known for over thirty years but
utilized medically only the last few years. It is in sandstone. Analy-
sis said to be by the Medical Department, University of California,
shows 21 grains per gallon, principally magnesia and lithia. The flow
is ordinarily about 100 gallons per day and a portion of the output is
shipped in 5-gallon carboys. The hotel and cottages are on the adjoining
property owned by Mr. Davis.

78 MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

El Toro Spring is on the Taylor ranch near Novato. It is not
utilized at present.

Bibl.: E. XI, p. 251; XIII, p. 512; U. S. G. S., Water Sup.
Pap. 338, p. 255.

Rocky Point Hot Sulphur Springs are on the beach at Rocky Point,
8 miles southeast of Bolinas. They are not utilized except locally.

Bibl.: R. XI, p. 250; XIII, p. 512; U. S. G. S., Water Sup.
Pap. 338, p. 80.

Sausalito Spring Water Company., Sausalito. This is plain water,
not mineral.

Tamalpais Mineral Water Spring, Borello Bros., owner. This is
a drilled well at First and Hayes streets, San Rafael, elevation 50 feet
(U. S. G. S.). The well was sunk in 1903, and the water analyzed in
December, 1904, followed immediately by bottling operations. It is
26 feet deep, not artesian, and has no contained gas. It is bottled,
carbonated, and is also used in the manufacture of soda water and
other flavored, soft drinks. Temperature 60° F. A 3 h.p. electric
motor runs the pump and bottling machines.

Bibl. : U. S. G. S., Water Sup. Pap. 338, p. 307.

NATURAL GAS.

An inflammable gas escapes from the reef at Duxbury Point, near
Bolinas. It can be observed only at extreme low tide. It is stated
that natural gas has also been found near Nicasio.

Bibl. : R. VII, p. 184 ; XIII, p. 567.

PETROLEUM.

(See under Asphalt um).

SALT.

Salt was first made from the bay water by evaporation at San Rafael
in 1867. More recently the Golden Gate Salt Company reported an
output for a time but there has been no plant in operation since 1909.

Bibl. : Bull. 24, p. 106.

STONE INDUSTRY.

Angel Island Quarry (see Fort McDowell).

Daniel Contracting Company (Bull Quarry, also McNear). Home
office, 503 Market street, San Francisco. John H. Hopps, consulting

MAIUK COUNTT,

i
I

80 UINEg AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

engineer. This compftny is operating under lease one of the quarries
on land owned by the McNear Company, Inc., at Point San Pedro, 6
miles east of San Rafael. It was known aa the Bull quarry at one time,
and for several yeara was operated by Wetmore Bros. The present
operators have contracts aggregating approximately 1,000,000 tons of
ruhhl& — 600,000 tons to the "Key Route" mole, Emeryville, and
400,000 tons to the San Francisco seawall. They have opened up a
quarry face of 1200 feet in width {see photo No. 125B) , and are ship-
ping (June, 1914) an average of 2500 tons per day.

Pbolo No. 114. Dinlcl CentricliDE Corapanr'i loiding piar uul bir|« ■■ Bid Pedro Poinl,
Marin County, CillfemU.

In advance of the quarry face the thin skin of surface dirt was
hydraulicked off. Machine drills are used and occasionally a short
tunnel is driven into the face about 25 feet, branching right and left
at the end. The tunnel is chat^d with 5 to 10 tons of dynamite,
wired in duplicate, and exploded with a 220-volt current. The rock is
mostly a hard, bluish, Franciscan metamorphic sandstone, though in
part it is yellowish brown where oxidized. The formation is massive
and more or less fractured. Pieces up to 3 or 4 feet across are shipped
—as large as can be handled conveniently by the steam shovel. There
is a small amount of clay on some of the fractures, and there is clay
and shale at the north end of the sandstone. The material is loaded

MARIN COUNTY.

by the steam shovels into side-tipping dump cars and run out onto the
loading pier (see photos Nos. 114 and 115) in trains by small steam
locomotives. There it is dumped onto a grizzly with 2^-inch openings.
The coarse drops into a skip with bottom discharge in which it is
transferred to the barges alongside by an overhead traveling electric
crane of seven tons capacity. The fines are elevated by two belt con-
veyors (each driven by a 15-h.p. motor) to the waste bin from
which they are hauled and dumped along the shore. The company has
in service twelve **skip" barges (see foreground of photo No. 114),

Photo No. 115. Daniel Contracting Company's pier and quarry «t San Pedro Point,

Marin County, California.

two deck barges (for large single stones), two bottom dump (note
barge *'B" in background of photo No. 114) and two side-dump barges.
The first named hold 40 to 50 skips of four cubic yards capacity
each — a barge capacity of 200 to 300 tons. The bottom dump barges
carry 900 tons each, and the side dumps about 700 tons. These last
two classes are used for subaqueous dumping, and the skips when the
fill has reached above the level of the water or for fills ashore.

The equipment, which has a rated capacity to ship 4000 tons per two
ten-hour shifts, besides that already noted, includes: three steam
shovels (with two cubic yard buckets) ; eight "dinky" locomotives (six
in service) ; air compressor, 150 h.p., electric driven. Crude oil fuel is
used. Seventy-five to 90 men are employed. There is also a crushing
and screening plant of 250 cubic yards per day (ten hours) capacity,
which is operated only intermittently.

Bibl. : Bun. 38, p. 318.

Dodge & Croher (see Short Eanch).

7A— 14456

82 MINES AND MINERAL RESOUBCES.

EscaUe Quarry. Jean Escalle, owner. This is a small quarry in a
ravine at Escalle Station. The rock is a blue metamorphic sandstone,
broken up by streaks of black slickensided serpentine. There is also a
small broken vein of coal — ^a shaly lignite. There is considerable over-
burden of soil and oxidized rock. The county at one time had a port-
able crushing plant here getting out road material.

Forbes Quarry. Miss Kate Forbes, San Rafael, owner. This red
chert quarry is in a hill at the north edge of town and has been utilized
for street and concrete work. The material is much foliated and breaks
up small without requiring a crushing plant. There is also some sand-
stone and shale interbedded. Idle in 1913.

Bibl. : R. XII, p. 389 ; XIII, p. 625 ; Bull. 38, p. 318.

Fort Baker Quarry. U. S. Government, owner. Palmer, McBride
& Quayle of San Francisco have a contract to deliver to the Expasition
grounds in San Francisco 75,000 cubic yards or more (but not to exceed
120,000 cubic yards) for road building. They are equipped to handle
1500 tons per day at the quarry, but the unloading facilities at the
Exposition can as yet take care of only 500 tons. A steam shovel, oil
burning, is used and two small locomotives with dump car trains. The
barges carry 250 to 300 cubic yards and a locomotive crane with clam-
shell bucket unloads them. Twenty-three men were employed (Novem-
ber, 1913).

The rock is taken from the hill back of the guardhouse and the bar-
racks. It is a much altered and fractured Franciscan metamorphic
sandstone, dark greenish and brown in color and fine grained. Back of
the hospital there is a small quarry in red chert, which is used occa-
sionally for road repairs around the reservation.

Fort Barry (see Point Bonita quarry).

Fort McDowell Quarry (formerly called Angel Island quarry).
U. S. Government, owner ; under supervision of the constructing quar-
termaster, U. S. Army, Fort McDowell. As the earlier name implies,
this quarry is on Angel Island. It is on a rocky point on the east side
of the island and was first opened up about 1890 by the engineering
corps. The old crushing plant, steam driven, had a capacity of 40
tons per day. This has been displaced in 1913 by a new plant using
electric power and having a capacity of 40 tons per hour. The new
bunkers, with a storage capacity of 800 tons, load direct to barges.

Electric power is brought to the island by submarine cable from
Sausalito. The equipment includes a No. 5 Symons gyratory crusher,
bucket elevator, and a trommel. Three sizes of product are made:
screenings, f-inch and l^-inch. The new plant cost $15,000, but it is
estimated that it will save the government $60,000.

MARIN COUNTY. 83

The rock is a blue-gray metamorphic sandstone in massive beds, with
some partly oxidized material at the surface. Up to October, 1913,
a total of 45,000 cubic yards of clean rock and 40,000 cubic yards
of oxidized have been produced, the latter being used on roads and fills.
It is estimated that there are 150,000 cubic yards yet available for
quarrying, of which 70,000 cubic yards will be used for road work.

This quarry has furnished rock for concrete and other construction
at several of the Bay posts, including Port Mason, the Presidio and
Aleatraz Island. With sand also obtained on the island this rock was
employed in constructing the new buildings of the enlarged recruit
depot of Fort McDowell, just above the quarry. These reenforced con-
crete structures represent an expenditure of $600,000 for materials
alone, as the labor, except skilled civilian foremen, was furnished entirely
by militarj'^ prisoners. There is a barracks building and a mess hall
with a normal capacity for 2000 men each. The upper floor of the
mess hall is a drill hall. There is also a guardhouse, hospital, post
exchange, administration building, and quarters for both commissioned
and non-commissioned staff, all of concrete.

Gray Bros, (see San Francisco Quarries Company).

Hoffnum Quarry, B. H. Hoffman, owner. This is a small quarry
3 miles north of San Rafael, on the Petahuna road, which is used occa-
sionally for road work nearby. Idle in 1913.

Bibl. : Bull. 38, p. 319.

Hotaling Quarry. Hotaling Estate Company, owners. Merchants'
Exchange Building, San Fiancisco. SteflSni-Bartini Company at one
time worked it under lease. It is at the south end of Clark street,
San Rafael, and is operated intermittently on a royalty basis of $1 per
load (about 2 cubic yards). The rock, which is a blue metamorphic
sandstone, is used for curbings and rubble walls. The Presbyterian
Church in San Rafael is built with rubble from this quarry. Produc-
tion to date has been about 10,000 cubic yards. There is no plant.

Bibl.: R. XII, p. 389; Xm, p. 625; Bull. 38, p. 319.

Jordan Quarry (see San Francisco Quarries Company).

Marin Rock Company. S. Brizzolara, president, 119 Jackson street,
San Francisco; C. A. Macomber, superintendent, San Anselmo. This
quarry is on the west edge of San Anselmo, at an elevation of 100 feet
(U. S. G. S.). Work began in 1909. The rock is a metamorphic sand-
stone, in pairts serpentinized. There are also streaks of a soft black
clay gouge, slickensided. The hardest and cleanest of the rock is used
for rubble. A derrick raises the rock in skips to the crusher. A 30
h.p. motor runs the compressor, and a 7^ h.p. the hoist. There are

84 MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

two other motors for the crushing and screening machinery, 10 and
5 h.p. A gasoline engine was formerly used. The coarser breaking
is done with a jaw crusher, and the finer by a Gates ''D" gyratory.
The revolving screens make four sizes of product. The company also
has a Springfield traction road roller for street work. Twelve or fifteen
men are required when in full operation (50 tons per day capacity).
The waste is used for fills about town.

McNear Quarries (see Daniel Contracting Company and San Fran-
cisco Quarries Company).

J. Martin Miller has 5 acres near Schuetzen Park Station, containing
rock suitable for road work. Only small amounts have been used so
far as there is no regular quarry opened up.

The Mount Tamalpais Cemetery Quarry is in the cemetery northeast
of San Rafael. The rock is metamorphic sandstone and has been
employed for curbings and other uses about the grounds. It is worked
only intermittently.

Bibl. : R. XII, p. 389 ; Bull. 38, p. 319.

Northwestern Pacific Railroad Company. General oflSces, Phelan
Building, San Francisco. In extending and regrading its ferry and
train terminal at Sausalito this company is completing (May, 1914) a
fill of 50,000 cubic yards. The rock has been taken from land owned
by the Roys Estate at Roys, above Manor Station. It is mostly a blue
metamorphic sandstone, with some oxidized material. The company
also has quarries at Black Point, Tiburon Point, and at Waldo, used
intermittently for ballast and fills. The material from these cuts is
decomposed and much fractured.

Bibl. : Bull. 38, p. 319.

Poin>t Bonita Quarry (Fort Barry). U. S. Government, owner,
under Engineer Corps, No. 414 Custom House, San Francisco. This
quarry is on the sea cliflP within the Fort Barry reservation, just inside
of the Golden Gate; elevation 50 to 100 feet (U. S. G. S.). The quarry
was opened up in 1900 to provide rock for concrete work in the fortifi-
cations. Since the first large job it has been worked only occasionally.
The plant of 80 tons daily capacity is equipped with a No. 5 Gates
gyratory crusher, 60 h.p. steam boiler (coal fired), 40 h.p. upright
engine for hoist, 25 h.p. Westinghouse ''Junior" engine, wire screen
(for two sizes), and bucket elevator. The rock is a metamorphic sand-
stone with occasional fine limestone streaks. At two or three other
points on the reservation there are small cuts in red Franciscan chert,
utilized for road material.

MARIN COUNTY.

86 MINES AND MINERAL BESOtJBCES.

Baym&nd Land Company (see Short Ranch) . '

San Francisco Quarries Company (one time called Jordan Quarry,
also Sail Francisco Bay Improvenient Company). Anson Blake, presi-
dent; L. A, Wittenmyer, secretary; S. H. Whitney, superintendent.
Home c^ce, Balboa Building, San Francisco. Thia is one of the three
McNear quarries at San Pedro Point, 6 miles east of Sao Rafael.

Photo Ha. 110. Barn "Sid Pablo" (a*lf-<lampiii|) at San FrudKO Qoarrin
Companir at pisr, Marin Counlr. California. Sbowiiig bin anangtment.

Beginning January, 1914, this company also has a lease on the third
quarry which is between its present working face and the McNear
Brick Company plant. This third quarry was at one time operated
by Gray Bros, and later by the Western Development Syndicate, but
has been idle for several years.

The San Francisco Company's main quarry was opened up originally
in 1876 by Dennis Jordan, and this company has been operating it the
past ten years. The quarry is credited with a total output to date of

UABIN COUNTir. 87

about 3,000,000 cubic yards, "Sling" rock (lai^e single pieces), rub-
ble, and crushed rock are supplied. It ia on the bay shore (see paao-
ramie photo). The rock is hauled in skips on cars to the wharf and
loaded onto the barges by a derrick.

The rock is a massive, hard, blue-gray metamorphic sandstone, and
a fine face of up to 200 feet high (see photo No. 122) and about 500
feet wide is now exposed. There are occasional small lime and quartz
seams. Steam operated machine drills are used. There are four der-
ricks, with steam hoists, burning coal. The crushing plant, with a
capacity of 700 tons per day, uses electric power. In addition, 300

^oM No. 111. Birgt "San Piblo" of Sao FrancUco Quanlei Compaay, at pl*r. Slda view.
tons of rubble per day can be handled, making a total daily capacity
for the quarry of 1000 tons, with about 100 men employed. The output
varies with the market demands. Crushed rock is delivered in San
Francisco at $1.20 per cubic yard, or it is sold at the quarry pier at
M cents to $1. These prices are for large tonnages.

The company has sis barges with capacities of 400 to 600 tons each.
The 600.ton barge (see photos No. 120 and No. 121) is self-discharging
and carries a crew of five men. In the hold there is a dynamo run by a
™ h.p. gasoline engine. This furnishes power for the motor driving
the conveyer belt under the pockets and the motor at the head of the
™cket elevator. The bucket elevator can be raised and lowered and
swung sideways on an arc so as to vary the point and height of dis-

88 MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCEB.

charge as required. It is stated that this barge coat $40,000 to build
and equip. From 4 to 5 hours are required to load 500 cabic yards
into it by derrick, but at the San Pablo quarry (Contra Costa
County) of the same company, the same amount is loaded by two con-
veyer belts in 1^ hours.

BiW. : Bull. 38, p. 319.

Photo No. 112. Two hundiad-foDt high quarry faca ot SkD Fnocbeo QauTiM Comnur.
Marin County, Califortiia.

The San Rafael Development Company has a quarry of red rock at
the end of Mission street (Pine Hill), San Rafael, but it has not been
operated recently.

Short Ranch Quarries. Dodge & Croker, San Anselmo, and the Ray-
mond Land Company, 1048 Mills Building, San Francisco, each has
a small quarry on land formerly a part of the Short ranch, I mile
north from San Anselmo. They are both operated intermittently, and
the product is used for eurbB and rubble walls, being sold at $2 to $5

MARIN COUNTY. 89

per load (about 2 cubic yards). The rock is a blue metamorphic sand-
stone.

Siefflni-Bartini Company (see Hotaling).

Tiburon Point Quarry (see Northwestern Pacific Railroad Com-
pany).

Western Development Syndicate (see San Francisco Quarries Com-
pany).

Wetmore Bros, (see Daniel Contracting Company).

90 , ' ' MINES AND MINERAL BESOUKCES.

NAPA COUNTY.

Field Work In September, 1913.

Napa County, with a land area of 783 square miles, is about 50 miles
north and south, by 26 miles in width. It runs nearly to a point at
both extremities, its southern end touching San Francisco Bay. It is
bounded on the east by Yolo and Solano counties and on the west by
Lake and Sonoma counties. The main drainage system of the county
is that of the Napa Valley; in addition to which, Putah Creek flows
across the northeast corner, southeasterly to the Sacramento River.
Mt. St. Helena is in the northwest comer, at the junction with Lake and
Sonoma counties. The principal mineral resources include quicksilver,
cement, mineral water, stone industry and magnesite; with infusorial
earth, limestone, copper, iron, chromite, gold, silver, and mineral paint
also occurring, but of minor importance (at least in their present lack
of development).

The available published records show for Napa County, to the end
of 1913, a total value of quicksilver produced of practically $15,000,000,
and of mineral water nearly $2,000,000. That these values are below
the actual output is known, as there are no segregated figures for min-
eral water previous to 1894; and also as the product of some of the
quicksilver mines was included in the earlier reports of the state's
production, under ** various mines.'* In fact, the Knoxville mines
alone are said to have produced $17,000,000 in quicksilver, while Oat
Hill is credited with another $5,000,000, to say nothing of the Aetna
and others. There being but the one cement plant in the county, the
value of the cement output is included under **unapportioned,'* it
being the policy of the Bureau not to make private business public.
Magnesite production in Napa County began at the Chiles Valley mines
in 1891 ; but the figures for 1892 and 1893 were not segregated, being
combined with those of Alameda County. The value of the materials
included under *' stone industry" is showing a healthy, steady advance.
Mineral water shows considerable fluctuation, but continues an impor-
tant factor.

CEMENT.

Standard Portland Cement Corporation. The manufacture of
cement in Napa County began with the operation of this company's
plant on March 17, 1903, since when it has been a continuous, steady
producer. The capacity has been doubled from its initial figure, being
now 2500 barrels of cement daily. Geo. F. Cameron is president, L. P.
Young, secretary, with A. G. Lang superintendent at the plant; home
office, Crocker Building, San Francisco. The plant is in Sec. 19,
T. 4 N., R. 3 W., I mile from Napa Junction station of the Southern

NAPA COUNTY. 91

aeific Railroad, with which it is connected by spur tracks direct to the
mill. Tidewater is only 1^ miles distant, but not utilized as yet. The
same company also has a 12,000-barrel per day plant at Davenport in
Santa Cruz County.

For the benefit of those who may not be familiar with the process of
making "Portland" cement, a short description is here given:

•"By a Portland cement is meant the product obtained from the
heating or calcining up to incipient fusion of intimate mixtures, either
natural or artificial, of ai^illaceous with calcareous substances, the
calcined product to contain at least 1.7 times as much of lime, by weight,
as of the materials which give the lime its hydraulic properties, and to

Photo No. 44. CU)F pit ot tbe Standard Potdand Cement Comptnjr, N*pa JuDction.
Napa Cailntr.

be finely pulverized after said calcination, and thereafter additions or
substitutions for the purpose only of regulating certain properties of
technical importance to be allowable to not exceeding 2 per cent of the
calcined product."

This definition lacks the requirement of pulverizing or artificial
mixing of the materials prior to burning; and thus permits the inclusion
of some "natural Portlands" under the specifications.

The ideal Portland cement would consist essentially of lime and silica
in the proportions of 73.6 per cent and 26.4 per cent respectively {tri-
caleie silicate, 3CaO, SiOj), but as such a material can not be clink-
ered, except in the oxyhydrogen blowpipe or the electric furnace, it is

•PTofeHalonal Paper No. SS. Corpa ot Bnglneera, V. B. A., p. 30.

92 MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

impossible to produce it commercially at the present time. For this
reason it is neeeaaary in actual practice to have other ingredients
present to act as a flux and thus lower the temperature of fusion, per-
mitting the combination of the lime and the silica. Alumina (AliOj)
and iron oxide (Fe^Oa) All this role. The raw mixture, before burn-
ing, is made up approximately as follows: 75 per cent lime carbonate
(CaCOg) ; 20 per cent silica, alumina and iron oxide together; 5 per
cent impurities, including magnesia, sulphur and alkalies, some of

Photo No. 4S. Slcum ahovtl in 1iin«(onc quarry of Sundird PortUad Ccnent Compuir,
Napa Junction. Napa County.

which are always present. These materials, after being dried, are
ground fine, the grinding accomplishing also the additional purpose of
thoroughly mixing the constituents. Then they are heated to the point
of incipient fusion (2500°-3500'' F. in the hottest zone), thus forming
"clinker" — a bluish black in color, and more or less porous in appear-
ance. The clinker, in turn, is finely ground (up to 2 per cent of
gypsum being added to retard setting), eo that 90 per cent to 95 per
cent will pass 100-mesh screen, and 75 per cent to 85 per cent throagh
200-mesh. This almost impalpable powder ia the Portland cement of
commerce, named "Portland" originally, not from the locality where
it was made, but from its resemblance after setting to the oolitic lime-
stone found at Portland, England.

NAPA COUNTY, 93

Eckel ("Cements, Limes and Plasters," 1905, p. 494) says that nor-
mally a 60- foot kiln, working on a dry mixture will produce from 140
to 180 barrels of cement per day of twenty-four hours. Of coal as kiln
fuel, 120 to 140 poonds are required per barrel of cement. One gallon
of crude oil is e<iuivalent to 10 pounds of eoal, or 11 to 14 gallons of oil
are required per barrel of cement. The capacity of a given kiln is
lower with oil than with coal. Oil is used principally in California and
Colorado. Of natural gas, 20,000 cubic feet are required as the equiva-

lent of one ton of eoal. Gas is used principally in Kansas and Obio.
For Idla linings, bricks of the following materials are used: Cement
clinker, alumina, magnesia (calcined magnesite) and bauxite. The
power and machinery required for grinding the clinker are about the
same as for the raw materials; for, though the tonnage to be handled is
only about two thirds, the material is much harder.

At the plant of the Pacific Portland Cement Corporation limestone
and clay are obtained from pits close by the mill, though at present,
owing to a decrease in the lime content, a portion of high grade lime
rock from near Santa Cruz is added, to "sweeten" the charge, before
passing through the drier. In the quarry the clay is loaded by hand,
and the limestone by a Marion eteam-shovel (li cubic yards dipper),
oil-fired (photos Nos. 44 and 46), The cars are drawn to the foot of
the mill incline by cables and by a small steam locomotive. After pass-

94 MINES AND MINERAL RESOUKCES.

ing through the gyratory crushers (one No, 9, three No. 5, AIIU-
Chalmers), the material goes to bins from which the rotary driers are
fed. There are two rotary driers, oil-fired, 6' x 40', set on a grade
of J inch per foot, and running at 3J r.p.m. (photo No. 47). A steel
"drag conveyer" takes the dried product to the ball mill bins. The
excesa over the ball mill feed, on day shift, goes to storage bins for
the night shift feed, as the quarries are not worked at night. There
are thirteen ball mills, running 24 r.p.m., divided between the raw crush-
ing and the clinker ends of the process, After the ball mills, the

Pbolo No. t». Katam kUu In mill o

mixture is further ground in tube mills (seventeen in entire plant, each
5'x22', running 24 r.p.m.) and then passes to the rotary kilns, where
it is clinkered.

Samples are taken of the raw material after the drier, and again at
the end of the ball mills. The finished product is sampled after the
tube mills. This plant has two rotary kilns (photo No. 49), 7' 6"
diameter x 125' long, and ten, 6' diameter x 60' long. The larger onea
are run at J r.p.m, and the others at 1 revolution per 1^ minutes.
All are set at a grade of 3 inch per foot. The capacity of the two
large kilns is about 1000 barrels per day, while that of the ten small
ones is about 1500 to 1600 barrels. They all use crude oil for fuel.
As the clinker falls from the kiln it is sprayed with water, partly to

NAPA COUNTY. 95

cool it but principally to break it up, and then elevated to the cool-
ing tower (seen in the right edge of the photograph). The cooling
towers have baffle plates to check the fall, and have air circulation.
The desirable average size of the clinker is about that of a hickory
nut. The higher the percentage of lime, the amaller is the clinker;
while with a lower lime content, the mixture haB a tendency to fuse
more and form larger masses. The lime content is kept at about 74.5
per cent CaCO, before entering the kilns, the balance being clay. Qyp-
gam is added to the clinker as it goes to the ball mills, and is repre-
sented by 1.75 per cent SO, in the finished product. As the California

Pboto No. SI. noil tub* mill* it
Jul

plants all bum oil, it is not necessary to take into account the addition
of fuel ash, as in the eastern plants using powdered coal. It is advisa-
ble to carry alumina as low as possible, to give the' cement a slower set
and greater ultimate strength.

As there are times during inclement weather when the quarries can
not be worked, the raw end of the plant has a capacity somewhat in
excess of the finishing, and the surplus clinker is stored. Belt con-
veyers are used both to and from this storage pile. The next step is
grinding the clinker, a repetition of that preceding the burning — first
in ball mills and finishing in tube mills (photo No. 51). From the
discharge end of the tube mill, the finely ground powder is drawn by a
suction blower through a tube to the storage bins. The storage bins

96 MINES AND MINERAL RESOUBCES.

have a capacity of 125,000 barrels of cemeot. Here it is sacked (95
pounds each) ueiiig a mechanical filling device and loaded directly into
the freight cars. Electric power is used throughout the mill, and belt
and other mechanical conveyers wherever possible. About 3500 h.p.
is consumed, there being two 800 h.p. motors besides a large number
of smaller ones. The tubemills are all of the trunnion type. The
company has 200 men at work, with a monthly payroll of $16,000 to
$18,000. The mill is operated continuously throughout the twenty-four
hours. Twenty-five thousand gallons of water are used per day.

As the geology of the deposit is described in Bulletin 38 (pages 180-
182), it will only be summarized here. The limestone occurs in beds,
1 to 4 feet thick, which dip to the north at 40°. It is fossiliferous and

Photo No. si. Standud Parttiod Ccraant Companjr, genertd view of plant from ■outhust.

party crystalline, and is overlaid by a yellow, calcareous clay. "The
clay at the east end of the quarry is very calcareous, but at the extreme
west end it is more argillaceous. Overlaying all is a dark brown
adobe." About i mile south of the main pit, the company is opening
a new quarry in a low, rounded hill, exposing beds of crystalline lime-
stone mised with some clay. Photo No. 54 is a general view of the
plant from the southeast. It shows the clinker storage pile on the
right, and part of the clay pit in the foreground.

Bibl.: Bull. 38, pp. 178-182; U. S. G. S., Bull. 243, p. 121; Bull
522, p. 121 ; Min. Res. 1912, Pt. II, p. 518 ; Cements, Limes and
Pi-ASTEBS, E. C. Eckel, 1905.

CHROMITE.

There are undeveloped deposits of chromite, east of Napa, in Pope
and Chiles valleys and near St. Helena.

Bibl. ; B. IV, p. 136 ; V, p. 102 ; VI, Pt. I, p. 100 ; XIII, p. 49 ; Bull.
38, p. 363.

NAPA COUNTY. 97

COAL.

It is reported that coal was struck at a depth of 30 feet, in digging a
well on the ranch of H. P. Wallace, in Pope Valley.

COPPER

There are a number of copper prospects in Napa County, but noth-
ing of consequence has as yet been developed. The following loca-
tions may be named :

Napa Copper Company, 5 miles north of Calistoga, on Mount St.
Helena, in Sec. 17, T. 10 N., R. 5 W.; T. A. Taylor, secretary, St.
Helena.

Search group, 4 miles west of Yountville, in Sec. 5, T. 6 N., R. 5 W.
E. P. Bossan, Glen Ellen, owner.

There are specimens of copper ore in the Mining Bureau museum
from near Monticello by Koethen and More.

Juniper group, Manhattan (Knoxville), by P. K. McAllister; and

White Rock group, Manhattan, by Thos. A. Pinnell.

Bibl. : Bull. 50, p. 165.

GOLD AND SILVER.

Brown and Smith Consolidated (Mountain View, also Red Cloud).
This claim was located about twenty years ago, in Kings Canyon, near
the Palisade mine, 3 miles north of Calistoga. They found nothing of
value.

Bibl. : R. XIII, p. 234.

Calistoga Mine (see Silverado) .

P. Flynn claims to have found a vein carrying gold values, on his
ranch on the Oat Hill road north of Calistoga, in Sec. 30, T. 9 N.,
R. 6 W.

Oriffith Prospect, on Alta Peak, 17 miles northeast of Napa. Some
development work was done m 1895, but no values found.

Bibl. : R. XIII, p. 234.

Grigsby Mine (see Palisade).

Manuel Prospect. This prospect is located on patented (Mexican
grant) land, 1 mile east of Calistoga, elevation 650 feet (bar.), and
owned by MrS. A. P. Mason. There is a quartz vein, showing about 300
feet of outcrop, striking northerly across a small ridge, and dipping
east at about 50*^. A crosscut adit has been run in about 200 feet, at
a depth of 100 feet below the outcrop, and shows a quartz stringer in

98 MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

the face said to carry values in gold; but the main vein has not yet
been cut. A lease has recently been given, under which development
work will be done.

Palisade Mine, This silver mine (locally called '^Ghngsby'') is in
Sec. 24, T. 9 N., R. 7 W., 3^ miles northeast of Calistoga, elevation
625 feet (bar.). It was opened up in 1876 and the mill ran from 1888
to the spring of 1893. The two principal claims. Old Discovery and
Ida Easley, are patented. R. F. Grigsby is the owner and still lives on
the property, having a small ranch there also. The vein mineral is
quartz carrying antimonial silver sulphide. A depth of 250 feet has
been reached on the vein, and opened up by drifts for 1400 feet. It is
situated on a north-south spur off the ridge which runs southeasterly
from Mount St. Helena. The mill is equipped with 10 stamps (dry
crushing), a 7-ton pulverizer, White revolving roaster, and amalgama-
tion pans (four) and settlers (two) (Washoe process.) It is stated that
90 per cent extraction was obtained. In the four years during which the
mill was operated, Grigsby states that he shipped 7,000 to 10,000 ounces
of bullion per month. The average assay value of the ore waa $24.50
per ton ($1 of which was in gold). The last ore treated assayed $35,
but with silver down to 60 cents per ounce, it was not profitable. The
water system (including water rights) was installed at a cost of $10,000.
There are two pipe lines, each 3 miles in length, supplied by springs.
This is at present in part utilized for running a small dynamo for
lighting the buildings about the place.

Bibl.: R. V, p. 93; VI, Pt. I, p. 77; VIII, pp. 413-415; X, p. 363;
XII, p. 376 ; XIII, p. 606 ; U. S. G. S. Mon. XIII, p. 370.

Silverado Mine (Calistoga). This mine, which is on the southeastern
slope of Mount St. Helena at an elevation of about 2400 feet, in Sec.
2, T. 9 N., R. 7 W., 5 miles north from Calistoga, is owned by Harry
Patten, Calistoga, R. F. D. The mine was opened up in 1872, and the
10-stamp miU operated four months in the latter part of 1874, being
credited with a production of $93,000 from 2300 tons of ore. The vein
which strikes about north with dip 73° W., is from 6 to 12 feet wide
and carries silver sulphide with some values in gold. The ore at present
exposed in the mine is stated to average $14 to $15 per ton in silver. In
1902, there were 34 tons of sorted ore shipped to the Selby smelter; and
the same year, 1000 tons of ore from one of the old dumps were shipped
to the smelter of the Copper King Smelting Company, on Suisun Bay,
for use as flux, on account of its quartz. This ore assayed $1.10 per ton

NAPA COUNTY. 99

in gold and $2.65 in silver. The owner reports a lease under con-
sideration.

Bibl.: R. VI, Pt. I, p. 77; X, p. 363; XII, p. 376; XIII, p. 606;
MiN. Res. W. of Rocky Mts., 1874, pp. 63-65; 1875, p. 178;
U. S. G. S. Mon. XIII, p. 370.

It is stated that on the east side of Conn Creek, placer gold *' pros-
pects'' have been found, consisting of flour gold, and pear seed sized
nuggets ; but no ledge has ever been located there.

INFUSORIAL EARTH.

There is a deposit of infusorial earth on the ranch of Mrs. Kettlewell
in Friends Valley west of Calistoga. It is not utilized. Also, there is
a specimen of this mineral in the Mining Bureau museum, by R. E.
Wood, from a small, undeveloped deposit 4 miles southeast of St.
Helena.

IRON.

There are undeveloped deposits of iron ores at the head of Sulphur
Creek, and in Conn Valley, also west of St. Helena. There is a speci-
men of hematite in the Mining Bureau museum from the ** Stirling Iron
Mine, ' ' by Dr. J. W. Hood of St. Helena.

Bibl. : R. II, p. 200 ; IV, pp. 229, 242, 258 ; XII, p. 327 ; XIII, p.
504 ; Bull. 38, p. 365.

LIME AND LIMESTONE.

In Pope Valley there were at one time two kilns in operation, but
they have been idle for several years.
Bibl. : R. XIII, p. 629.

MAGNESITE.

The first conmiercial production of magnesite in California was from
the deposits near Livermore, in 1886 (see U. S. G. S. Min. Res. 1886,
p. 696), followed by shipments in 1891 from the Snowflake mine in
Napa County. As will be noted by reference to the Table of Mineral
Production, the industry in this county was active for about ten years,
and then dropped off very abruptly. With the exception of a small
tonnage from the Pope Valley deposit in 1912, these properties have
been idle for the past ten years. The main drawback to the develop-
ment and exploitation of these deposits is the lack of transportation.
They are variously situated from 10 to 16 miles from Rutherford,
their railroad shipping point.

The industrial uses for magnesite are many and varied, and the
demand will no doubt increase materially in the next few years, par-
ticularly after the Panama Canal gives the California product a cheaper
entry into the eastern markets. For most purposes magnesite is cal-

100 MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

cined before using. The largest tonnage at the present time is used
in the manufacture of bricks for the lining of basic Bessemer converters
both in steel and copper smelters. It is also employed in copper rever-
beratories and other special metallurgical furnaces such as for handling
bullion; silver slimes; electric smelting; heating, welding and melting
furnaces; calcium carbide kilns; and in the burning zone of rotary
kilns in Portland cement plants. Wide variations of temperature,
exposure, while hot, to currents of cold air or to contact with water or
oil, will cause magnesia bricks to shatter and spall; so that the best
results are obtained in furnaces where continuous heats are used. Not
as high a purity of material is necessary in furnace liners, particularly
for steel, as in some other uses ; for in the case of basic open hearth steel
furnaces, while the magnesite must be free (or at least very low) from
silica, it can carry a noticeable percentage of iron oxide or serpentine
without impairing its eflSciency. In fact, by some it is considered an
advantage, as such impurities permit the sintering of brick at a lower
temperature than is possible with pure magnesite. **Dead-bumed"
magnesite — ^that from which all the COj has been driven off — is hard
to handle, having little or no plasticity. Its plasticity is said to be
improved by adding partly calcined or caustic magnesite; also, heavy
pressure will bind it suflSciently to allow the material to be sintered.
As magnesia can be melted in an electric furnace, it would seem that it
ought to be profitable to sinter such products in an electric furnace
where electric power is as cheap as in California.

Another extensive and expanding field for the employment of mag-
nesite is in the manufacture of artificial stone, flooring, tiles, wain-
scoting, etc. These products are put on the market under various trade
names, among which may be mentioned: idealite, marbleoid, karbolith,
monolith, American art marble, chemolith, artolith, asbestone, etc. The
magnesite floors being put in steel railroad coaches for the Pennsylvania
Railroad Company in the east, and the Southern Pacific Company in
California, are by the Monolith Company of Milwaukee, Wis. ; and those
for the Pullman Company are by the Carbolith Company of Boston,
Mass. The reaction made use of is that a moistened mixture of MgO
and MgClj will form a strong cement (known as oxchloride or Sorel
cement) ; but there should be an absence of lime, as calcium chloride is
hygroscopic and on hydrating swells, destroying the usefulness of the
material. **In using the cement for flooring, wainscoting, etc., it is
mixed with sawdust or sand and coloring matter to give it the desired
tint. It may be laid in a continuous sheet over considerable areas and
is said to crack much less easily than Portland cement. The use of
sawdust makes the material very much lighter in weight than cement,
less hard, and more resilient" (U. S. G. S. Bull. 355, p. 13). Soluble
silicates of the nature of water glass are also used. A similar magnesia

. NAPA COUNTY . _ ... . . 101

cement is used as a paint, but, of course, applied thinner. ' Sucli a
"magneaite paint" was used as a finishing coat on the eonerete build-
ing of the First National Bank at Healdsburg (see photo No. 153),
"Porcelith" and "liquid stone" are two brands prepared by San Fran-
cisco firms from California magnesite. The former has been used on a
number of buildings in San Francisco, notably the Hotel Shasta at
Kearny and Bush streets. It is applied with a brush. The manufae-
turera state that ' ' in using porcelith on brick or concrete walls, a gallon
will cover about 70 square feet (two coats), and for cement plaster or
smooth surfaced concrete walls from 110 to 120 square feet to the gallon

according to the porosity of the walls." For use on wood it may be
mixed thinner and sprayed on. For wood, it acts as a fire retardant.

In paper manufacture, in the "sulphite" process, a milk of lime and
magnesia (calcined magnesite) is used as a carrier for SO,, the gas
being held in the mixture under pressure and thus introduced into the
digester. The sulphurous gas digests the wood, leaviog the fiber which
Ls washed and used in making newspaper stock, wrapping paper, and
the poorer grades of other printing and writing papers. The uses of
the carbonic acid gas derived from ealcinging magnesite are well known :
carbonating beverages, refrigeration, etc. For these purposes it is
liquefied by compression, to facilitate its transportation. CO, from
magnesite is also used in borax refining. At the present time, however,
as lime roek is obtained more cheaply, no magnesite is being used on the
Pacific Coast for the manufacture of carbonic acid gas. Magnesite is
used, mixed with asbestos, in boiler and steam pipe coverings. For
these purposes the dolomitic varieties (containing lime) are serviceable,

102 . . MmES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

as tfiey'are lighter in weigfit. When magnesite is burned at a light red
heat, the resulting magnesia has a low specific gravity (3.0), possesses
sufficient plasticity to be molded into shapes, and will gradually absorb
water and CO2 from the air, similar to quicklime. If, however, the
calcination is at a higher temperature, the resulting magnesia is heavier
(sp. gr. 3.6 to 3.8), has no plasticity and will not recarbonate on
exposure. In making magnesia bricks, a mixture of the two forms is
employed — ^the light magnesia making up 16 per cent to 25 per cent.

Bibl. : R. VI, Pt. I, p. 119 ; XII, p. 328 ; XIII, p. 505 ; Bull. 38, pp.
327-334; U. S. G. S. Bull. 355; Min. ites. 1886, p. 696; 1891,
p. 584; 1903, p. 1134; 1904, p. 1172; 1912, Pt. II, pp. 1072-1077;
Cements, Limes and Plasters, E. C. Eckel, 1905, pp. 149-167.

Berthenia Mine, in Soda Canyon, 12 miles east of Rutherford, S. H.
Delmater, Chiles, owner ; and adjoins the Matthai group. It has been
idle for several years.

Bibl. : R. XII, p. 328 ; XIII, p. 505.

Blanco (see Snow flake).

Cleveland (see Matthai).

Matthai Mines. This group is owned by Frank Matthai, St. Helena,
R. P. D., and located in Sec. 36, T. 8 N., R. 4 W., the **North Mine"
(formerly Cleveland) being in Soda Creek Canyon just above the road,
and the ** South Mine,'' i mile to the southeast and on the north bank of
Greasy Camp Creek. At the former magnesite outcrops in irregular
masses in the serpentine, but at the latter there is a 5-foot vein of
good quality. Several years ago, a fair tonnage was shipped from sur-
face cuts here; but nothing has been done of recent years.

Bibl. : Bull. 38, p. 328 ; U. S. G. S. BuU. 355, p. 31.

Pope Valley Deposit {Walters, also White Bock), There are two
claims White Rock and Fairweather in this group, owned by J. B.
Duvall et al., Pope Valley post office, in Sec. 2, T. 9 N., R. 5 W., 14
miles northeast from St. Helena, and 16 miles from Rutherford, its
shipping point. The older of these two claims — ^" White Rock" — vss
located in the 70s, but no mineral was shipped from it till about 1894.
A total of about 2000 tons is reported to have been shipped during a
period of five years, since which no production has been made except
a small tonnage in 1912. The deposit is about 400 feet above the level
of Pope Creek, on an open hillside, bare except for scattered chamiso
brush, and the bold white outcrop and quarry face can be seen from
the valley below for several miles around. There are three main groups
of veins — two on the east side and one on the west side of a small

NAPA COUNTY. 103

ravine — ^the entire grouping totaling a width of over 300 feet on the
surface. The country rock is a *'serpentinized Iherzolite" (U. S. G. S.
Bull. 355, p. 28). The western vein of the main east group shows up
to 10 feet wide, of which 5 feet on the footwall is solid white magnesite,
the upper 5 feet containing inclusions of serpentine. The veins strike
northwest and dip to the east. The deposit is prospected by 400 feet
of tunnels and a shaft of 90 feet, besides several surface cuts. Most of
the magnesite is high grade and pure white, but in the large cut there
is considerable cream-colored material. The geology of the deposit is
described in detail in the references noted.

Bibl. : Bull. 38, p. 330 ; U. S. G. S. Bull. 355, p. 28.

Priest Mine. On the Priest ranch in Chiles Valley, in Sec. 23,
T. 8 N., R. 4 W., 13 miles north of east from Rutherford, there is a
deposit of magnesite, on which some development work was done, but
it has been idle since about 1900. Mrs. D. C. Priest, St. Helena, is
the owner.

Bibl.; BuU. 38, p. 328 fu. S. G. S. Bull, 355, p. 31.

Russell Deposit, In Sec. 24, T. 8 N., R. 4 W., in Chiles Valley,
15 miles from Rutherford, there are several small veins outcropping,
and a small tonnage was shipped at one time, but nothing has been done
of recent years. T. B. Eddington, Napa, agent.

Bibl. : Bull. 38, p. 329 ; U. S. G. S. Bull. 355, p. 31.

Siwwfldke and Blanco Mines, These mines are in Sec. 29, T. 8 N.,
R. 4 W., 11 miles south of east from Rutherford, and about 2 miles
south of the old Chiles mill in Chiles Valley. The present owners are
San Francisco parties; T. B. Eddington, Napa, agent. Operated by
Stanley and Bartlett, these mines, as already noted, began shipments
in 1891, and produced over 1000 tons of magnesite per year for a
period of nine or ten years. The ore was calcined before shipment, in
wood-burning kilns. The country rock is a dark green to black serpen-
tine, and the veins are from 1 to 6 feet in thickness. Some of the veins
are considerably mixed with serpentine, and there is extensive silicifica-
tion along the footwalls of some. In the brecciated portions there is
crystalline magnesite, pale green to yellowish green in color. Analyses
of magnesite from this property are given in U. S. G. S. Bull. 355 (loc.
cit.). No work has been done of recent years.

Bibl. : R. XII, p. 328 ; XIII, p. 505 ; Bull. 38, p. 329 ; U. S. G. S.
Bull. 355, pp. 29-31 ; Mm. Res. 1891, p. 584.

Walters (see Pope Valley).
White Rock (see Pope Valley).

104 MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

MANGANESE.

There are specimens of manganese ore in the Mining Bureau museum
from near St. Helena by J. Graham and by F. W. Keeney; also from
Moore Creek by B. A. Coleman; but the deposits are undeveloped.
The former, which is in Sec. 19 or 20, T. 7 N., R. 5 W., 3 miles west
of Oakville, has recently been located by Thos. P. Bacon, 1446 Pern-
side boulevard, Alameda, and F. W. Keeney.

MINERAL PAINT.

The Carl Browne paint mine is on Benali mountain, 2 miles south
of Calistoga, but has been abandoned for several years.

William Hansen reports that he has mineral paint near the Carl
Browne deposit.

The property formerly known as the Pai7it M. and M, Company, or
the California Paint M. and M. Company, 1^ miles east of Calistoga,
is now owned by Mrs. Ellen M. Knoles. No work has been done on
it for several years. ^

Bibl. : Bull. 38, p. 339.

MINERAL WATER.

As regards mineral springs, Napa County has many of the charac-
teristics noted under this heading in the description of Lake County
(g. v.), Napa, however, is more advantageously situated in the matter
of transportation facilities. The Napa Valley runs northwesterly and
southeasterly along the entire western side of the county, and has two
lines of railroad (the Southern Pacific, and the Napa Valley Electric)
connecting with tidewater at Vallejo and terminating at Calistoga in
the north. Chiles, Pope and Berryessa valleys are in the eastern half
of the county, and are connected with the western part by well kept
county roads.

JEtna Springs. The uEtna Springs, owned by the Len D. Owens
Company, are in Sec. 1, T. 9 N., E. 6 W., on a branch of Pope Creek,
16 miles north of St. Helena. Elevation 1000 feet (barometric read-
ing). Lidell post office is at the springs. This property, now covering
1000 acres, includes the old Valley quicksilver mine, which was a pro-
ducer of that metal in the later '60s and early 70s. It is maintained
as a family pleasure resort, and is now kept open throughout the year.
It is attractively situated and well kept, many improvements having
been made of recent years. There are 5J acres of lawn about the main

NAPA COUNTY. 105

buildings. There are accommodations for 130 guests. Water from
the **^tna" spring is bottled for sale. The following are the tempera-
tures of the principal springs: ** American Ems," 93° Fahrenheit (so-
called from its similarity to the famous Ems of Germany) ; *'Iron,"
77°; ^tna, 68° (also called ''Potassium"); ''Soda," 94°; one other,
4 feet from "Iron," 86°. There are sulphur incrustations around the
iron spring.

Bibl. : R. II, p. 10; IV, p. 330; VI, Pt. I, p. 68; VIII, p. 416; XI,
p. 72; XII, p. 341; XIII, pp. 514, 597; U. S. G. S. Mon. XIII,
pp. 371, 402; Bull. 32, pp. 203, 210; Water Sup. Pap. 338,
pp. 156-159 ; Gbol. Surv. op Cal., Geol. Vol. I, p. 91 ; Min. Res.
W. OP Rocky Mts., 1873, p. 11 ; W. Anderson, ** Mineral Springs
and Health Resorts of California," pp. 69-72.

Calistoga Hot Spri7igs. These springs, among the earliest known in
California, are on the eastern edge of town, hardly five minutes walk
from the railroad stations. This property, covering 108 acres, was
owned for many years by the Leland Stanford Estate and rented for re-
sort purposes; but in August, 1913, it was sold to H. S. White, 650
Brannan street, San Francisco. The new owner is planning to build a
100-room hotel, pipe the hot water to it from the springs, and otherwise
improve the property. The design is so planned that other wings may be
added as future demands may require. Because of the refusal to give a
long-time lease, the place has remained without adequate improvements
heretofore. Being situated on two railroad lines, and within about
three hours ride of San Francisco, these springs have the making of an
excellent resort.

The elevation is 365 feet (Southern Pacific Company). There is a
flat, semimarsh area of 200 acres or more on the eastern side of Napa
Creek, in which the hot sulphur springs occur. It is necessary to dig
down only a foot or two anywhere in this area to get hot water. The
mud is said to yield native quicksilver, on panning. The following
temperatures were observed: 135° F. (well with hand pump); 171°
(curbed with a barrel); 82°; 160° (much H^S) ; 124°; 111°; 153°;
158° and 156°. The odor of sulphuretted hydrogen gas is more or less
noticeable at all of them. It is stated that bathing in these hot waters
has proven efiScacious in the treatment of rheumatism and similar com-
plaints. No water is bottled from these springs.

Bibl.: R. I, p. 8; VI, Pt. I, p. 67; VIII, p. 416; X, pp. 349, 355;
XII, p. 341; XIII, p. 514; U. S. G. S. Bull. 32, pp. 204, 210;
Mon. XIII, p. 403 ; Water Sup. Pap. 338, p. 108 ; Geol. Surv. of
Cal., Geol. Vol. I, p. 87; W. Anderson (op. cit.) pp. 114-116.

8A— 144n«

106 MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

Congress Spring. Jessie W. Hamilton, owner; 3^ miles southwest of
Napa.

Bibl. : U. S. G. S., Water Sup. Pap. 338, p. 156.

OtUllaume's (see Pope),

Hotel Calistoga. The Hotel Calistoga is on Lincoln avenue in the
center of town of Calistoga ; Owen Kenny, owner ; B. F. Hughes, man-
ager. There is a bored well from which hot water is pumped to a large
concrete swimming pool and to a tank for bath service in the hotel.
Water was struck at 2 feet depth, and tapping the same subsurface hot
sulphur water as characterizes the Calistoga Hot Springs. When the
pump is not running the well overflows a small stream. The tempera-
ture is 112° P. at the pump discharge.

Bibl.: W. Anderson (op. cit.), pp. 114-116; U. S. G. S., Water
Sup. Pap. 338, p. 108.

Indian Spring (see Pope).

Jackson's {see Napa Soda) .

Lathrop Hot Sulphur and Mud Spring, 1 mile south of Calistoga.
This is similar to the Calistoga hot springs. There is a small bath
establishment here, used locally.

Myrtledaie Farm. This resort, 2 miles northwest of Calistoga is in
a flat semimarsh area of 50 acres or so, similar in character to that in
which the Calistoga hot springs are located, but is nearly 200 feet
higher above sea level (550 feet bar.). The owner is R. R. Leveira.
There is a bored well on the place which flows a small stream when the
pump is not running; temperature 99® P. at pump discharge. At 300
to 500 feet from this well, are several mud springs which have the fol-
lowing temperatures: 128°, 134°, 112° F. There are accommodations
for thirty in tents.

Napa Rock (see Priest's Soda).

Napa Soda Springs. Familiarly designated for many years "Jack-
son's Napa Soda,'' this is one of the oldest and best known springs of
California, both as a resort and from its bottled water. This water has
been on the market since 1860, the plant at the present time having a
capacity of 1000 dozen splits per day. Contrary to the usual practice,
''splits" (3 per quart) are used here instead of "quart" bottles (5 per
gallon). The bottles have "Napa Soda," etc., blown in them, so that it
is not necessary to use any labels. The spring has an air-tight cap
fitted over it to retain the gas, which is again mixed with the water

}

NAPA COUNTT. 107

hy agitation during pumping to the automatic bottle filling machine.
Electric power is used; and an ice maeluDe is included in the installa-
tion. Ten men are employed, including drivers of two 6-horBe teams,
which haul the product to Napa, 8 miles south. The bottling works are
operated throughout the year.

The springs are in Sec. 2, T. 6 N., R. 4 W., at an elevation of 900
feet (U. S. G. S.) and are owned by Chas. H. Jackson, with Fiege and
Hennii^s, lessees. Napa Soda Springs is the post office. It is said

Photo No. 19. At Nipa Soda SpriOK*. iDOking down lower drive.

that this series of chalybeate springs situated along the hillside over-
looking the Napa Valley, was originally used by the Nah-pah Indians;
and that the Spaniards called them "Soda de Nah-pah," which, previous
to 1850, was shortened to the present form — Napa. Several of the
buildings are of stone (see photos Nos. 39 and 41) — a volcanic tuff from
a quarry on the property. The grounds are well laid out, with flowers,
ferns, palms, trees, etc., and threaded by numerans, broad-cut trials.
There is a swimming pool which, being above the level of the buildings,
serves as an emergency reservoir in case of fire. There are accommo-
dations for 230. The springs showed the following temperatures;
"Lemon," 66° P. (flow, 1 gallon in 5 minutes); old bottling house
spring, 67° (flow 1 gallon in 2 minutes) ; "Napa Soda," 67° (flow, 1
gallon per minute) ; "Pagoda," 66°. The last two have considerable
excess gas (CO,).

Bibl.: R. VI, Pt. I, p. 69; VIII, p. 416; X, p. 362; XII, p. 341;
XIII, p. 514 ; U. S. G. S. Bull. 32, pp. 207, 211 ; Water Sup. Pap.
338, p. 155; W. ANDEaisoN (op. eit.), pp. 201-207.

108 MINES AND MINERAL BESOURCES.

Napa Valley Mineral Water Company (see Priest's Spring).

Napa Vichy Spring. This spriog, situated on the edge of the Napa
Valley, 4 miles northeast of Napa, at an elevation of 90 feet (U. S. G. S),
is owned by John Lepori. This water, which is lightly mineralized,
was first bottled in 1895. Previous to that, the place was maintained as
a resort. The bottled product is artificially carbonated. The bottling
works use electric power. The temperature of the spring is S6° F.

Bibl.: U. S. G. S., Water Sup. Pap. 338, p. 255.

Photo Ko, 41. "Tha Rotundm" mt Napa Sodi Sprinfm. Napi County.

Original White Sulphur Springs (formerly White Sulphur Springs).
These springs are 2 miles south of west from St. Helena, in Sei«. 3
and 4, T. 7 N., R. 6 W., at an elevation of 400 feet (bar.) ; John Sand-
ford, owner. They are picturesquely situated, aa there ie considerable
timber on the property {625 acres), consisting principally of redwood,
"ftr," and oak, with madrone and manzanita. The springs were dis-
covered in 1845, and there have been three separate hotels destroyed by
fire here. At present there are accommodations for 150, but it is
intended to enlarge the capacity. No water is bottled for sale. T!ie
springs are all of the ' ' white sulphur ' ' variety, and sulphuretted hydro-
gen gas is given off from most of them. The following temperatures
were observed; "Tank spring," 81° F. ; back of bathhouse, 85°; "M»ry
Phillips' well," 78"; on road below "Mary Phillips," 83° (seepapp

NAPA COUNTY. 109

from rock wall of canyon, indurated sandstone) ; cold sulphur, 59° (on
bank of creek) ; ^'Mission Father's well,'' 69°.

Bibl.: VI, Pt. I, p. 69; VIII, p. 417; XII, p. 341; XIII, p. 514;
U. S. G. S. Bull. 32, p. 209 ; Water Sup. Pap. 338, p. 254 ; Geol.
SuRv. OP Cal., Geol. Vol. I, p. 87; W. Anderson (op. cit.),
pp.. 263, 264.

Phillips Soda Spri^igs, 15 miles east of St. Helena; Bank of Half moon
Bay, Halfmoon Bay, owner.

Bibl. : U. S. G. S., Water Sup. Pap. 338, p. 161.

Pope Mineral Spring (Indian Spring), This spring, owned by Peter
Guillaume, Yountville, is in Sec. 29, T. 9 N., R. 4 W., 21 miles northeast
from Rutherford, and a mile w^est of Samuels Soda Springs. Bottling
began in July, 1913. A portion of the water is put up at the spring,
but the major part marketed is hauled in barrels to Yountville and
there bottled, carbonated.

Bibl. : U. S. G. S., Water Sup. Pap. 338, p. 162.

Priest's Soda Spring, This property, formerly a part of the Priest
ranch, is now owned by A. Meyer, 3650 Grove street, Oakland, operat-
ing under the corporate name of Napa Valley Mineral Water Company.
The bottling works are at St. Helena. The spring is in Sec. 23,
T. 8 N., R. 4 W., 16 miles east of St. Helena. The present owner was
the first to bottle the water, in 1898. It is hauled in a tank wagon
holding 500 to 600 gallons, and bottled, carbonated, under the name
of ** Priest Soda Water" and **Napa Rock.'' There are two springs,
the one not bottled carrying iron and magnesium. The principal one
is stated to flow 12,000 to 15,000 gallons per day.

Bibl. : U. S. G. S., Water Sup. Pap. 338, p. 161.

Samuel Soda Springs, These springs are in Sec. 28, T. 9 N.,
R. 4 W., at an elevation of 775 feet (bar.) on Trout Creek, a branch
of Pope Creek. They are 10 miles northwest of Monticello, 24 miles
northeast from Rutherford, or 30 miles northwest from Winters. They
have been utilized for about forty years, the present owner being Robert
J. Little. The water is hauled in drums to St. Helena and bottled
by the St. Helena Bottling and Cold Storage Company. There are
accommodations at the spring for sixty boarders, in addition to which
there are camping grounds, also. The following are the principal
springs: ''Samuel Soda,^' 62° P., ''Kidney,'' 64°; others 60°, 62°, 63°,

110 MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

respectively. There is also a "magnesia" spring, J mile from the
hotel, and a "white sulphur" i mile distant.

BibL: B. XII, p. 341; XIII, p. 514; U. S. G. S. Water Sup.
Pap. 338, p. 159.

Sequoia Resort. It is 8 miles northwest of Napa ; elevation, 800 feet.
Owner, Theo. Gier, Oakland. There are two springs — one fresh water,
the other "sulphur," the latter of which is said to show, on analysis,
in parts per million: sodium sulphate, 12.3; sodium chloride, 28.5;
magnesium and calcium carbonates, 10. There are tents and cottages
in addition to the hotel. C. M. Troppman is manager.

8t Helena Bottling and Cold Storage Company (see Samuel Soda).

St. Helena White Sulphur (see Original White Sulphur).

Walters Springs. These springs are in Sec. 12, T. 10 N., R. 5 W.,
16 miles northeast from St. Helena. H. L. Connor, owner ; post office,
Pope Valley. They are in a short side canyon on the north side of
Pope Creek, at an elevation of 1170 feet (bar.), and are reached
by a well graded wagon road. These springs have been known since
about 1869, and in 1909 all of the buildings were destroyed in a forest
fire. There are at present accommodations for fifty people. A small
amount of water is bottled, regularly. There are two mineral springs-
upper, 68° P.; lower, 66°. At both Walters and Samuel springs
(5 miles to southeast) serpentine is the predominating rock. Between
them there are sharp ridges of chert, along the north side of Pope
Creek. Samuel Springs are on the south side of the creek.

Bibl. : U. S. G. S., Water Sup. Pap. 338, p. 159.

White Sulphur (see Original White Sulphur).
Zem Zem Spring (see under Onyx Marble).

ONYX MARBLE.

There are specimens of onyx marble in the museum of the State
Mining Bureau, from a locality formerly called "Zem Zem," near Knox-
ville. The deposit is not developed. There are calcareous springs
near-by.

BibL: Bull. 37, p. Ill; Bull. 38, p. 369; W. Anderson (op. cit),
p. 269 ; U. S. G. S., Water Sup. Pap. 338, p. 268.

PAVING BLOCKS (see Stone Industry).

PETROLEUM.

Petroleum and gas have been found in small quantities in sand-
stone west of Napa and Yountville, but not developed.

The East Napa Mining Company drilled to a depth of between
1000 and 1200 feet at the southern edge of Napa City, and at that

NAPA COUNTY. Ill

depth claim to have found "oil indications," though they did not
expect oil until a depth of 2500 feet was reached. Work stopped for
lack of fonds. A, Zeller owns the property.
Bibl.: R. XIII, p. 582.

QUICKSILVER.

Development work began on the quicksilver tniues of both the Knox-

ville and the Pope Valley sections about 1860. In the former, the

Lake (afterward merged with the Manhattan) was the pioneer, followed

Pboto No. 29. HItl at Xtat QuIcktUvcr Mint, Nipa CooDtr.

closely by the Redington ; and in the latter district, the Valley mine (now
a part of the -.Etna mineral springs property) was the first. Although
the industry bad its ups and downs, Napa County was one of Cali-
fornia's moat important producers from 1864 to 1903, since which
later date the decline has been very rapid. Though the present outlook
is not particularly encouraging,* the success attending concentration
experiments at the .£tna and Oat Hill mines, gives promise of at
least a partial revival. (For more extended remarks regarding con-
centration, see introduction to Quicksilver under Lake County.) As
has already been noted, Napa County's quicksilver mines are credited
tho price of quEcksilver has more than doubled as a

112 MlNEti AND MINERAL HESUURCEK.

officially with a production valued at $15,000,000, but with a reputed
output in excess of $22,000,000.

^tna Quicksilver Mine (formerly Mtna Consolidated). The -Eloa
group is at the southeast end of the Mayaemas district near the head :
of a branch of Pope Creek, on the ridge separating it from James
Creek. It ie in Sees. 2 and 3, T, 9 N., R. 6 W., 2 miles southeast
from the Oat Hill mine and 9 miles northeast of Calistoga, thoiigb '
St. Helena (18 miles) is its railroad shipping point on account of

Photo Ho. 30. CooccntDiton in HiU o[ Ktnt Qaicktilm HiDc, Mipa Coodit.

better roads and easier grades. Post office is Lidell. The group con-
sists of Phoenix, Silver Bow, Red Hill, Washington, Pope, and Star
claims, all patented. Quicksilver ore is said to have been discovered
here in 1854 by Lawley. It was later sold to Haufmeister et al., then
to the JEtua Consolidated Quicksilver Company; then in 1904 the
present owners, Lawley Brothers, Calistoga. Bror Soderhjelm, Lidell.
is lessee. The earliest production was from the Phoenix. The most
important producing periods of the jfitua group were between 1877
and 1887, and for about six years beginning with 1892. As the early '
figures were not segregated the total output can not be statetl esaetlj'.
but it is estimated to be in excess of 36,000 flasks. The last two or i

NAPA COUNTY. 113

three years that the ^Etna Consolidated Company had the mine mainly
prospecting was done. In 1910-1912, a small production was made
from clean-up by leasers around the old furnaces, and the retorting
of small lots of sorted ore. An extended description of the geology
and the underground workings is given in Bulletin 27, pp. 72-76;
and in U. S. G. S. Monograph XIII, pp. 354, 371-374. In the Star
mine, the shaft reaches a depth of 800 feet, and in the Silver Bow the
tunnel (No. 9, in 3557 feet) attains a depth of 900 feet below the out-
crop. No. 7 tunnel (7226 feet long) starts in the Phoenix and goes
into the Silver Bow, while No. 9 (200 feet lower) starts in the Star and
is driven into the Silver Bow. It was in the Silver Bow ground tapped
by these two tunnels that the largest and most important ore body of
the group was found, during the ^tna Consolidated regime. Above
the No. 7 the vein was not over 3 or 4 feet wide, and with a steep dip.
At that depth it flattened out, and widened to 20 feet between walls,
extending to the No. 9 — a veritable bonanza. Of mineralogical interest,
it may be mentioned here that millerite (nickel sulphide) has been
noted in the JEtna, mine associated with cinnabar.

The present lessee has built a concentrating mill (see photos No. 29
and No. 30), which at the time of our visit (September 1, 1913) was
equipped with a Dodge crusher, GriflSn mill and six Gilpin County
bumping tables, the whole being operated by a 40 h.p. distillate
engine. It was observed that the Griffin mill made a considerable pro-
portion of slimes. The Gilpin County bumpers seemed to collect most
of the coarser cinnabar, but lost the fines. As we have already pointed
out (see Lake County, introduction to quicksilver), it is very important
to avoid sliming of cinnabar, as it is extremely friable. The use of a
common power unit for both crushers and concentrators is also objec-
tionable for effective concentration, on account of the variations of
speed caused by the rock breaker. Having discussed these points with
Mr. Soderhjelm at the time above noted he writes, under date of
January 23, 1914, that he has taken out four of the bumpers and put
one New Standard (Llewellyn Iron Works, Los Angeles) table
in their place, **but the Standard table had too much to do; so I have
ordered another, and if that is not enough I will have some more of the
same kind, as the Standard seems to take kindly to the slime.'' Also,
the concentrators are now being driven by a separate 5 h.p. engine.
Ore from the surface cuts is soft and clayey, while that from under-
ground is in part hard and siliceous. The capacity of the mill is
stated to be 64 tons per eight hours. An 18-mesh screen is used on the
Griffin mill. The concentrates are reduced in two **D" retorts,
arranged with both a fan and a water-jet for draught. In the same
letter above quoted: *'I found that lime was not so good as charcoal
with air in the retort, and I have to use lots of it, too, besides shaking

9A— 14456

114 MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

it up two or three times/' He had (September, 1913) seven men at
work in the mine and five in the mill. Only hand drilling is done, and
the ore is trammed by hand.

BibL: R. V, p. 96; XI, p. 72; XII, p. 362; XIII, p. 597; Bull. 27,
pp. 72-76 ; U. S. G. S. Mon. XIII, pp. 354, 371-374 ; Min. Res.
1884, p. 492, 1892, p. 148, 1902, p. 252, 1909, Pt. I, p. 553,
1910, Pt. I, p. 698, 1911, Pt. I, p. 901, 1912, Pt. I, p. 942 ; Min.
Res. W. op Rocky Mts., 1872, p. 523, 1873, p. 11, 1874, p. 30,
1876, p. 20; Geol. Surv. op Cal., Geol. Vol. I, p. 91; Eng. and
Min. Jour., November 1, 1913, p. 828.

Bella Union Quicksilver Company. The Bella Union Company,
W. H. Hamilton, 556 Mills Building, San Francisco, attorney, owns
the Bella Union and Oakville mines in Sec. 20, T. 7 N., R. 5 W.,
H miles west of Oakville. The Oakville was a producer in 1872-73
(about 400 flasks) and the Bella Union is credited with 271 flasks in
1876; but the exact total figures are not available. The ore carries
cinnabar with pyrite and calcite, and ''forms seams in the slates and
irregular bunches connected by stringers of ore" (Becker). In October,
1909, the Bella Union Company gave a working contract for the pur-
chase of the mine, under which contract certain of the old tunnels were
opened up, exposing some good ore. About April, 1910, work under the
contract ceased and the contract forfeited; but the holder brought
suit to have the company deed over the property upon payment of the
agreed purchase price. The company prevailed in the suit. No work
has been done since that time.

Bibl.: R. IV, p. 336, table; X, p. 362; XII, p. 364; XIII, p. 599;
Bull. 27, p. 76 ; U. S. G. S. Mon. XIII, p. 377 ; Min. Res. 1909,
Pt. I, p. 553 ; Min. Res. W. op Rocky Mts., 1873, p. 11 ; 1874,
p. 30.

Boston Mine (see Redington) ,

Calistoga (see Calistoga Hot Springs under Mineral Water) .

Corona Mine. The Corona is owned by the Vallejo Quicksilver
Mining Company, J. B. McCauley, president; E. J. McCauley, 409
Carolina street, Vallejo, secretary. It is in Sees. 32 and 33, T. 10 N.,
R. 6 W., 9 miles southeast of Middletown, between the Oat Hill
on the northeast and Twin Peaks mine on the south; elevation 2200
feet (bar.). The mine is on the contact of the sandstone of the Oat Hill
mine and a serpentine belt. The geology of the deposit is described in
Bulletin 27, page 79. The mine was opened up in 1895, but closed
down in 1906, following a heavy winter, being driven out by water in
excess of the pumping capacity. They also had furnace troubles on

NAPA COUNTY. 115

account of the large amoimt of pyrite occurring with the cinnabar.
The pyrite rendered the ore self-burning, making it difiScult to regulate
the furnace temperatures, and the condensing. A white powder (prob-
ably sulphate of mercury) formed as an incrustation in the condensers,
the result of reaction between the released quicksilver and SO, gas.
This incrustation had to be broken out and retorted. The furnace, of
the Scott type, is of 50 tons capacity. The mine is credited with a
total production valued at $250,000.

Bibl. : R. XIII, p. 597 ; Bull. 27, p. 79 ; U. S. G. S. Min. Res., 1902,
p. 252 ; 1908, Pt. I, p. 686.

Etna Mine (see ^tna),

James Creek prospect (see Philadelphia).

KnoxvUle Mine {Boston, Redington) . This mine, known for years
as the Redington, and later as the Boston, was first called '^ Excelsior"
(Geol. Surv. of Cal., Geol. Vol. I, p. 92), being owned by the X. L. C. R.
Mining Company. It was discovered in cutting a grade for a highway,
and first appears in the producing column with 444 flasks in 1862.
In 1867, the company was reorganized as the Redington Quicksilver
Company. The present owner is P. E. Johnston, 4 Masonic Temple,
Napa. The mine continued an important producer up to 1883. From
that time to 1893 the output was only nominal (126 to 881 flasks
per year), followed by five years of prosperity, since which, with
the exception of 1908, the production has been small. The total has
been 115,933 flasks to the end of 1912, exceeded in California (which
also means the United States) by only two mines — ^New Almaden and
New Idria. It is at Knoxville in the northeast comer of Napa County.

The geology and the underground workings are described in detail
in several of the reports noted under Bibliography. There are three
parallel, principal veins in the mineralized zone, and enclosed in serpen-
tine. The cinnabar is associated with pyrite and quartz, the gangue
mineral being principally a black opaline, in part resembling obsidian.
Sulphurous waters in the mine are said to have caused trouble with
iron pipes and machinery. At the time of our visit, one '*D" retort
was in operation, putting through a little sorted ore with material
from the old Scott fine-ore furnace, which was being torn down. The
ore was from the 150-foot level of the intermediate shaft (west of
a line between the two older shafts), where a small body of fair grade
ore was being blocked out. Three men underground (one miner, single-
hand drilling, and two muckers) with five on top (including foreman
and Chinese cook) were at work. Ore was hauled by wagon to the
retort. Extensive tailings dumps around and below the furnaces indi-
cato the former activity of this mine, which at one time employed over

116 MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

600 men. During the seventies, the Redington Company had a contract
with the Comstock mines for 400 flasks of quicksilver per month.

Bibl.: R. IV, pp. 179, 261, 289, 317, 329, 336 (table), 339, 340;
VI, Pt. I, p. 122 ; X, p. 358 ; XI, pp. 69-71 ; XII, p. 363 ; XIII,
p. 599; Bull. 27, pp. 76-79; U. S. G. S., Mon. XIII, pp. 10,
271-290, 464 ; Min. Res., 1883, pp. 394r-396 ; 1884, p. 492 ; 1892,
pp. 148, 160; 1902, p. 251; 1907-1912 (inc.), Pt. I; Geol. Surv.
OF Cal., Geol. Vol. I, pp. 92 and 99 ; Vol. II, pp. 128-132 ; Min.
Res. W. op Rocky Mts., 1867, p. 178; 1868, p. 264; 1871-1876
(inc.) ; Trans. A. I. M. E., Vol. Ill, pp. 279, 285, 292, 301.

Lake Mine (see Manhattan).

La Joya Mine, Owned by James Rennie, Olympic Club, San
Francisco, is in Sec. 24, T. 7 N., R. 6 W., 3 miles southwest of Ruther-
ford. The property has been idle for several years, only a watchman
being in charge.

Bibl. : Bull. 27, p. 80.

Manhattan Mine. This group, which includes the old Lake mine,
Ij.is owned by the Lake Mining Company; R. B. Knox, Pacific Building,
\ San Francisco, president. Besides the mining claims, the company
'; has 320 acres of land in addition. It is in Sec. 6, T. 11 N., R. 4 W..
and Sec. 1, T. 11 N., R. 5 W., 1 mile northwest of Knoxville and 20
miles southeast from Lower Lake. The mine was first worked in
1863, the place being then known as Johntown, and the ore reduced
in the furnaces of the Redington mine. It was idle from 1877 to 1884,
from which time to about 1907 it was again in the producing list.
Its total production has been 15,933 flasks. No work has been done
recently. As the mine and its geology have been described at con-
siderable length in Bulletin No. 27, and in U. S. G. S. Monograph
XIII, it will not be entered into here.

Bibl. : R. IV, p. 336, Table ; V, p. 95 ; VI, Pt. I, p. 33 ; VIll, p. 412
XI, p. 71, 72 ; XII, p. 363 ; XIII, p. 598 ; Bull. 27, pp. 81-^9
Geol. Surv. of Cal., Geol. Vol. I, p. 92; Vol. II, pp. 126-128;
Min. Res. W. op Rocky Mts., 1867, p. 178; 1871, p. 15; 1874
p. 30; 1876, p. 20; U. S. G. S. Mon. XIII, p. 282; Min. Res.,
1892, pp. 147, 160 ; 1902, p. 252 ; 1908, Pt. I, p. 686.

Mountain View (see Simmons).
Napa Cofisolidated (see Oat Hill).

.VAPA COUNTY.

117

Northern Light prospect about 2^ miles west of Kiioxville, near
Lake County line ; Pr. Josh, Lower Lake, owner. Idle.

BibL: Bull. 27, p. 92.

Oakville Mine (see Bella Union),

Oat Hill Mine {Napa Consolidated), This mine was for many
years one of the important producers of California, having been opened
up in 1867 and operated continuously up to 1909, when it wag closed
by the Napa Consolidated Company as being worked out. The present

waTcr

hushim

/fe/or/
(iTca^T /ro/7
W€i7'cr p/pc)

iC p/pe.

* ca/>

X pipe,
ft
cJltctiyt^ Tonh

Plan of water-jet condenser for quicksilver retort at Oat Hill Mine, Napa County.

owner, E. J. Sittig, Berkeley, took it over in 1910. R. P. New-
comb, Middletown, is lessee. There are 17 claims in the group, all
patented, lying at the junction of Sees. 27, 28, 33 and 34, T. 10 N.,
R. 6 W., between James and Bucksnorter creeks, and 9 miles south-
east of Middletown. The total production is stated to have been
between $5,000,000 and $6,000,000 in value.

The older worked ore shoots were on the Mercury and Manzanita
veins, the later developments being to the southwest and aroimd on
the other side of the ridge, on the Escape, Eureka, Humboldt and
Osceola veins. While the ore was connected with the veins and on
their footwall, there was little cinnabar in the siliceous vein matter

118 MINES AND MINERAL RBSOUBCES.

itself. The values occurred almost entirely as impregnatioDs in the
soft, light gray sandstone. The lenses of ore were all near to the snr-
faee, the deepest one, on the Eureka, reaching only a depth of 400 feet.
In places, the stopes broke through to daylight. The largest single
lensea were opened upon the Humboldt and Osceola veins, in both
cases being stoped for a length of 500 feet. During the last two years
that the Napa Consolidated Company operated, the territory outside
of the zone explored by underground operations was prospected by
boring numerous holes to a depth of 200 to 350 feet from the surface,
with a Davis-Calyx core drill. During their last year, no underground
development was carried on, only the ore then in sight being extracted.

Photo No. IS. Dimipi of low eradt ore at Oat Hill Quicktilvar Uitw, Napa CaaDtr. from
EnrAa. Oactola and Humboldt vdna.

It is estimated from the maps of the property that there are over 21
miles of underground workings in the mine. The elevation is 2250
feet (bar.) at the office, Equipment included two 50-ton Scott fur-
naces, which were dismantled and cleaned up when the mine was closed.
The present lessee, R P. Newcomb, during the summer of 1913, had
in operation one New Standard concentrating table {Llewellyn Iron
Works, Los Angeles,) as a trial plant, screening, sluicing and
concentrating material from the old, low-grade, mine dumps. At the
time of our visit (September Ist) he was shipping in two additional
tables, a revolving screen and another gasoline engine. A 5 h.p. engine
operates the screen and a 1^ h.p. engine the concentrators. He esti-
mates that there are in excess of 250,000 tons of ore on the dumps
(photo No. 28 shows part of them) which can be economically treated
by this method, and that he can handle at a profit material carrying
as low as 0.15 per cent quicksilver (3 pounds per ton). Being a
friable sandstone with impregnated cinnabar, and having Iain out in
the weather for some yeara, it is more or less disintegrated and air-
slaked, requiring no crushing; so that it is particularly favorable for
low-cost concentration treatment. The concentrates are retorted in a

NAPA COUNTY. 119

series of pipe retorts, using a water jet for draught and condensing
purposes (see sketch). From the test plant runs Newcomb estimated
that he could handle the material for about 40 cents per ton, or a cost
of $10 per flask of quicksilver reduced, on a 0.15 per cent Hg basis.
Pour men are required for the 3-table plant to dispose of 50 tons daily.
On the trails and road ways, about the Oat Hill mine, after a rain, cin-
nabar can be seen concentrated among the rocks and small crevices of
the water courses.

Bibl.: R. V., p. 96; VIII, p. 413; X, p. 270; XI, pp. 65, 72; XII,
p. 364; XIII, p. 598; Bull. 27, pp. 89-91; U. S. G. S. Mon. XIII,
pp. 354-358, 469; Min. Res., 1883, pp. 394-397; 1884, p. 492;
1888, p. 97; 1892, pp. 145, 160; 1902, p. 251; 1906, p. 497; 1907,
Pt. I, p. 679 ; 1908, Pt. I, p. 686 ; 1909, Pt. I, p. 553 ; 1910, Pt. I,
p. 698; 1911, Pt. I, p. 902; Eng. & Min. Jour., Nov. 1, 1913,
p. 828.

Philadelphia (James Creek prospect). This prospect is near (south-
east from) the Oat Hill mine. It has been abandoned since the death,
a year or two ago, of the owner, Martin Pluth.

Bibl. : Bull. 27, p. 93.

Phoenix Mine (see ^tna).

Rcdington Mine (see KnoxviUc),

Silver Bow Mine (see ^tna).

R. C. Simmons, Yountville, has a quicksilver prospect in Sec. 2,
T. 6 N., R. 5 W., about IJ miles west of Yountville. It was worked
some years ago, but is idle at present. This is probably the ** Mountain
View'' (Rep. X, p. 362).

Summit Mine. It is 3 miles southwest from Rutherford, and was a
producer in the early seventies. Idle.

Bibl. : R. XII, p. 365 ; XIII, p. 599 ; Bull. 27, p. 92 ; Min. Res. W.
OP Rocky Mts., 1874, p. 30.

Twin Peaks Mine. This mine near Oat HiU joins the Corona mine
on the south, and is in Sec. 33, T. 10 N., R. 6 W., about 10 miles south
of Middletown. It is owned by W. H. and E. L. Herrick, Middletown.
The mine has been closed since 1906, in the two years previous to
which it had produced a total of $40,000 in quicksilver from a lens
of ore. As the surplus is stated to have been all paid out in dividends
and none used for further development, the mine was closed for lack
of funds for development, when the pocket had been worked out.
Assessment work only has been done since.

Bibl: Bull. 27, p. 92; U. S. G. S., An. Rep. XXI, Pt. VI, p. 278;
MiN. Res., 1902, p. 252 ; 1907, Pt. I, p. 679 ; 1911, Pt. I, p. 902.

120 MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

Valley Mine (see JEtna Mineral Springs, under Mineral Water).

Washington Mine (see JEtna).

Whitney Prospect, This prospect is in Sec. 21, T. 10 N., R. 5 W.,
10 miles southeast of Middletown, on agricultural patented land owned
by G. B. "Whitney of Calistoga; Oscar Jacobson, Lidell, lessee. The
property was not visited, but we were shown specimens of the ore,
which is an impregnation of cinnabar in a schistose sandstone. Tlie
country rock is said to be sandstone and serpentine. Development con-
sists of a short drift and winze, and several prospect holes. Jacobson
writes he has '* found ore for 50 feet across the ledge.*'

SAND AND GRAVEL (see Stone Industry).

SANDSTONE (see Stone Industry).

SILVER (sec Gold and Silver).

STONE INDUSTRY.

Under this heading is included building stone, crushed rock, mac-
adam, paving blocks, rubble sand and gravel, and sandstone. In the
hills along the western side of the Napa Valley basalt occurs, which
has been quarried for paving blocks near St. Helena and Napa. At the
surface, it appears mostly in the form of boulders which are the result
of disintegration along cracks and flow lines. The interior of the
boulders is for the most part hard, bluish and compact. There are
occasional vesicles. Along the eastern side of the valley trachytic tuffs
are abundant. There is considerable variation in texture and hardness,
but much of it is suitable for rough work such as bridges, walls, and
rubble construction. Wooden and iron bridges throughout Napa
County have gradually been replaced by stone. The same liberal policy
is also maintained by the county in road construction and repairs; so
that it is a pleasure to ride or drive over its well-kept roads with their
picturesque stone bridges (see photos Nos. 35 and 43). The rock is
taken from the quarry nearest to the point where it is to be utilized.
Napa County is more fortunately situated than many other counties
of the State in thus having close at hand an abundant supply of stone
suitable for such purposes. Even where stone work is more expensive
than in this county, it would still be economical in the long run as it
makes a more permanent structure as well as picturesque, when com-
pared to wood or even steel.

Sandstone is found in the ridges surrounding Berryessa, Pope and
Wooden valleys, which are east of the main Napa Valley.

NAI'A COUNTY. 121

Backclder Quarry, C. S. BaeheWer, Napa, owner. It is on the east-
ern edge of the city, at an elevation of 100 feet (U. S. G. S,), and
jl mile from tidewater. The roek is a reddish rhyolite, in part compact,
fine-grained, felsitic, and in portions of the deposit partly altered by
devitrification and leaching. The quarry was opened up in 1908. The
crushing and screening equipment, driven by gasoline engine, has a,
capacity for handling 125 tons per nine-hour day. No rock was taken
out in 1913. The product is used for road and concrete work.

iridn. neu Nap
Qiurn'. 1908.

StOBc fron Wint

Bieber Quarry, P. P. Bieber, St. Helena, owner. It is 1 mile north-
west from St. Helena post office and J mile from the county road, at an
elevation of about 500 feet. The rock is basalt and was first quarried
in 1911 under lease, for paving blocks. Not operated in 1913.

Brown Quarry, Mrs. M. Myers, Fairfield, owner. It is 2 miles south-
ea.st of Calistoga, and was originally part of the Nettie Brown ranch.
The stone is trachytic tuff and has been used locally for building pur-
poses. No production has been made for several years past.

Bibl.:BuU. 38, p. 155.

Buck Ranch. Rock for county road work was quarried from the
Buck ranch, southwest of Napa, in 1911.
Carver Quarry (see Jursck).

122 MINES AND MINERAL BESOUBCES.

Connors Quarry or "Cement Eock Pit," N. Connors, Calist<^a,
owner. It is in the western part of Calistoga, on the side of a hill
running southeasterly. The material is a tough, elay-like in part,
volcanic aah or tuff, and hae been used locally for a number of years as i
a road dressing. It is said to pack quite hard after wetting. [

Davis Quarry, Dr. C. E. Davis, St. Helena, owner. On the Davis '
ranch, 2 miles from St. Helena on the Sanitarium road, is a hard, red- 1
dish trachytic tuff which has been used locally for building purposes. |
At the time of our visit rock was being taken out for the bridge at the

brides n
Ouir

I, Hapi Couniy. Stone fi

north end of Main street, St. Helena. Dr. Davis also owns a deposit
of softer stone nearer town on the same road, but no quarrying has
been done there.

Bibl. : BuU. 38, p. 155.

Errington Quarry, George E. Errington, Napa, owner. This quarry,
about 1 mile east of the railroad station at Napa, produces crushed rock
for road metal and concrete work. The crushing plant has a capacity
of 100 cubic yards per day, and is driven by a gasoline engine. Four
sizes of product are made. It is operated only about six months per
year, principally in the summer season. Fourteen men are employed
when in full operation. The rock is rhyolite similar to that at the
Bachelder quarry, north of this.

Bibl. : Bull. 38, p. 320.

NAPA COUNTT. 123

Gardner Quarry, W. G. Gardner, Napa, owner. This sandstoae
quarry is in Wooden Valley about 10 miles northeast of Napa. The
atone is a light buff in color, and fine-grained; and has been used
principally for building bridges in the vicinity, though some has also
been used for road metal. Idle in 1913.

Bibl.; R. Xm, p. 636; Bull. 38, p. 131.

Harris Bameh. The comity has contracted for about 15,000 eubie
yards of crushed rock for road work in 1914 to be taken from the
Henry Harris ranch southwest of Napa.

Howell Mtnintain Quarry, H. Overacker, St. Helena, owner. This
quarry of traehytio tuff is on the east side of the ridge, elevation 750
feet, on the Glendale ranch, 3 miles northeast of St. Helena. From

it, stone of fair-sized dimensions has been taken. Stone from this
quarry was employed in the new St. Helena High School building
erected in 1912 (see photo No. 32).

Bibl.: R. IX, p. 291; XIII, p. 640; Bull. 38, p. 156.

Jursch Quarry (formerly Carver), Mrs. Lovella Priest, Sacramento,
owner. This quarry, about 1| miles northeast from St. Helena, has
been idle several years. The stone is trachytie tuff.

Bibl. : Bull. 38, p. 156.

Lem Quarry, S. Lenz, St. Helena, owner. It is on the Calistoga
road, 2 miles north of St. Helena post oEBee. The rock is basalt, and
paving blocks have been made there in the past. It is proposed to
pnt in a crushing plant of 80 cubic yards daily capacity to utilize the
spalls and waste from block operations for road work.

124 MINES AND MINERAL RESOUBCES.

Linscott Quarry, L. C. Martin, Calistoga, owner. This quarry, 2
miles Bontheast of Calistoga, on the St. Helena road, has been idle for
about 10 years. The stone is trachytic tuff.

Bibl. : Bull. 38, p. 156.

Manuel Quarry (see Newman).

Mee Ranch. A little stone (tuff) has been taken recently from the
Mee ranch, 2| miles from St. IIel«ia on the east side near the creamer>-.

Moffatt Quarrif, MofTatt Estate, owner; B. Bnicii, St. Helena, super-
intendent. It is 2 miles northwest from St. Helena, and has not been
worked for several years.

Bibl.: BuU. 38, p. 156.

Photo Ho. 33. Cnubcr and bin (t Napt Countr R«ck Plant, uar YomtvUk.

Napa County Rock Plant. The county owns 3 acres on the hill at
the turn of the county road 1 mile northwest from Tountville. The
crushing and screening plant is driven by a 20 horsepower electric
motor, power being bought from the Napa Valley Electric Railway,
whose tracks as well as those of the Southern Pacific Company, are
within 100 feet distant {see photo No. 33). The quarry was opened
up about 1909, and is worked principally during the summer months.
The capacity of the plant is 100 cubic yards per day, and requires 15
men when in full operation. The rock is a somewhat decomposed
volcanic. The product is used for road metal in the surrounding dis-
trict, and is hauled from the plant in wide-tired, battom-dump wagons
holdiug 6 cubic yard-* each. These wagons are owned by the county,
which pays 50 cents to 65 cents per cubic yard, according to distance,
for the hauling, horses being furnished by the drivers. The total cost

NAPA COUNTY. 125

is stated to be about $1 per cubic yard of rock, laid down at the point
of use.

Napa Sandstone Company y J. B. Newman, Napa, owner. This sand-
stone quarry, in Clark Canyon, west of Napa, was first opened up in
1873. In 1901 and 1902 some stone was quarried for bridge construc-
tion and for the Behlow Block, Napa ; but none recently. It is suitable
only for rough work, and no large pieces are obtainable.

Bibl. : Bull. 38, p. 132.

Newman Quarries (see also Wing). J. B. Newman, Napa, owns two
quarries of trachytic tuff ; one, on the Berrycssa road, 5 miles northeast
cf Napa, and the other back of the state asylum, 3 miles southeast of
Napa (the latter formerly known as Manuel). Both are at an elevation
of about 700 feet (U. S. G. S.). The stone is only rough, quarry-
dressed, as it is coarse and used only for bridges and foundation work.
The quarry near the asylum has not been operated recently.

Bibl.: R. X, p. 361; XIII, p. 640; Bull. 38, p. 157.

Olsen Quarry (see Zollner).

Phelan Quarry. This sandstone quarry, 4 miles south of Monticello
on the west side of Berryessa Valley, has been idle for several years.

Bibl. : Bull. 38, p. 132.

Pickett Quarry, C. N. Pickett, Calistoga, owner. No stone (tuff)
has been taken from this quarry for about 10 years past. It is IJ
miles east of Calistoga.

Bibl. : Bull. 38, p. 157.

Rose Quarry, D. C. Willis, Calistoga, agent. This was originally a
part of the Brown ranch. It has been idle for about ten years past.
The stone is trachytic tuff.

Bibl. : Bull. 38, p. 157.

Salmina Quarry, Matilda Wilson, Napa, owner. It is 7 miles north
of Napa, and has not been operated recently. The stone is trachytic
tuff.

Bibl, : R. XIII, p. 640 ; Bull. 38, p. 157.

Southern Pacific Company Gravel Pit, The Southern Pacific Rail-
road Company has six acres in the creek bed at the south end of Main
street, St. Helena, and adjoining the Watt gravel pit. A spur track

126 MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

connects with the main line. The material is utilized for ballast, but
none was taken out during the year 1913.

Tychson Quarry, Mrs. J. Tychson, St. Helena, owner. On the Tych-
son place, 2 miles northwest of St. Helena on the Calistoga road, a
paving-block quarry was opened up in 1911. The rock is a fine-grained,
bluish basalt. The spalls and waste will be utilized for crushed rock
for road work around St. Helena, under contract awarded by the county
supervisors in September, 1913.

Watt Oravel Pit. Miss Margaret Watt, St. Helena, owner. About
eight acres of this property at the south end of Main street, St. Helena,
is in the creek bed and available for recovery of gravel. The balance is
in orchard. Operations were begun in 1908, and the excavations show
the gravel bed to be 6 to 10 feet in depth to the clay below. The major
portion of the material sold is taken for ballast by the Napa Valley
Electric Railway, which has a spur track into the pit. It is also used
locally for street and road work. Those taking out the gravel employ
their own labor, and pay a certain price per wagon or car load for the
gravel removed.

Williams. There is a small quarry on the Williams place north of
Calistoga.

Wing Quarry {Newman). H. W. Wing, Napa, owner. The Wing
and the Newman quarries, adjoining, on the Berryessa road about
6 miles northeast of Napa, were originally one, owned by Newman &
Wing. This quarry was first opened up in 1878. Elevation, 600 feet.
The stone is a light, yellowish to gray, trachytic tuflf, showing flow
structure, so that, at a little distance, in part it resembles bedded
sandstone strata. The stone here is of better quality, harder and
more compact than the average of the tuff used in Napa County for
buildings and bridges. The ''Little Trancas" (Milliken Creek,
U. S. G. S.) and the ''Big Trancas" (Napa River, U. S. G. S.) bridges,
north of Napa City were constructed of stone from the Wing quarry,
the latter of which was just being finished when visited in September,
1913 (see photos Nos. 35 and 43) . This bridge required 75,000 cubic
feet of stone, and the average cost was stated to be 27 cents per cubic
foot as laid in cement mortar.

Bibl.: R. XIII, p. 640; Bull. 38, p. 158.

Zollner Quarry (formerly Olsen). Estate of J. P. ZoUner, owner. It
is 2| miles south of Napa, and has both basalt and a hard gray trachyte,
the former of which has been utilized for paving blocks. Idle in 1913.

Bibl. : R. XIII, p. 633 ; Bull. 38, pp. 158, 320, 342.

NAPA COUNTY. 127

In addition to the above quarries, the following occurrences of stone
have been noted, though as yet they are undeveloped :

There is sandstone in Maxwell Canyon, Pope Valley, 15 miles north
of Rutherford, on the Maxwell and Hardin ranches; also in Gordon
Valley, 11 miles east of Napa.

There is columnar basalt in Clark's Canyon, 12 miles west of Napa,
Charles Clark, Napa, owner ; also on the east slope of Mt. St. Helena,
6 miles west of Eellogg.

There is steatite and serpentine in Chiles Valley, northeast of Ruther-
ford. There is a specimen of steatite (soapstone) in the museum of the
State Mining Bureau, from the Fir Hill ranch, 2 miles west of Chiles
post office.

About i mile west of the Corona quicksilver mine, northeast of
Calistoga, is a body of light colored volcanic tuff, some of which was
quarried for building purposes at the Corona. It did not weather
well, as it was too soft.

Bibl.: R. V, p. 107; XII, p. 399; XIII, pp. 612, 639; Bull. 38,
p. 131.

VOLCANIC ASH.

Under the name of **Callustro," and sold for use as a polishing
powder, a deposit of volcanic ash about 3 miles west of Calistoga was
exploited some years ago. There was a small mill on the property,
for grinding and screening the material, but it has been idle since 1898.
W. C. Sharpstein is the present owner.

Bibl. : R. X, p. 362.

128 • MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

SOLANO COUNTY.

Field Work in September, 1913.

Solano, one of the ** north of the baj''* counties, is surrounded by
Yolo County on the north, on the east Yolo and Sacramento, on the
south Sacramento and Contra Costa, and on the west by Napa. San
Pablo and Suisun bays and the Sacramento River are on its south, the
latter forming also a portion of its eastern boundary, while Putah
Creek defines a part of the northern line. The total area of the county
is 900 square miles, of which 822 square miles represents the land sur-
face. It is about 35 miles north and south by 45 miles extreme width
east and west. The main drainage system of the county is tributary
to the Sacramento River, and a portion to the bays. Only the western
section of the county has contributed to its mineral output, as Solano's
principal resources are agricultural. Her mineral products in the
order of their production to date are: cement, stone industry, quick-
silver, mineral water, lime and limestone, brick, natural gas, salt and
fuller's earth. Solano first entered the producing column in 1860 with
a natural hydraulic cement from Benicia, followed in 1873 by the opera-
tion of the St. Johns quicksilver mine, which remained an important
factor for seven years. By far the most important development, how-
ever, has been the most recent one, i. e., Portland cement, which began
in 1900.

As will be noted from the table, the total production for the county,
to the end of 1913, has been $17,205,665.

ARAGONITE (see Onyx Marble).

BITUMINOUS ROCK.

(See Vulcan Rock Quarry under Stone Industry).

BRICK AND CLAY.

High Fire-Pressed Brick Company (see Houze).

Hauze Brick and Cement Company, This property, which has been
variously known under the names of: High Fire Pressed Brick Com-
pany, Pressed Brick and Supply Company, Vallejo Hydraulic Pressed
Brick Company, and the Houze Brick and Cement Company, is about
2 miles north of Vallejo and adjoins the Vallejo Brick and Tile Com-
pany on the south. Christian Hoffmann, of Santa Cruz, is the present
owner. Its area is 52 acres, and the plant includes a Hoffmann furnace
of 10,000 per day capacity. It has been idle since 1909.

Bibl.: R. XIII, p. 619; Bull. 38, p. 258.
Vallejo Brick and Tile Company, Consolidated. J. P. C. Hagens, 343
SansOme street, San Francisco, manager. This plant is 2 miles north of

129

srfront.
)9, and
! latter
lit of a
'. water
'' mains
)-chani-
of each
80 feet
ig mill ;

m per
r (lay).

52%

128

Sola:
Yolo C
south !
Pablo I
latter
Creek {
is 900 I
face. '.
east an
to the i
section
princip
order <
silver,
fuller's
a natur
tion of
factor :
ever, h\
in 1900

As w
to the i

High

Houz
various)
pany, F
Brick C
2 miles
pany or
owner,
of 10,00

Bit

Valle^

Sans<^ —

SOLANO COUNTY. 129

west from Vallejo poHt o6Sce, at tide water on the north waterfront.
Rail connections are 2 miles distant. Operations began in 1909, and
except for four months in winter were continuous up to the latter
part of September, 1913, when the plant was closed as the result of a
combination of circumstances, the principal ones being lack of water
and labor difficulties. Water was obtained from the Vallejo city mains
and cost $75 to $100 per month. The equipment includes one 16-cham-
ber kiln (40,000 capacity per chamber; heated at four comers of each
chamber; down-draft, oil fired) ; one round down-draft kiln 30 feet
diameter; two dry pans (capacity 25,000 per day each) ; one pug mill;

Photo No. ez. Pacific Portland Cement Compinr, Ccmant, Solano Coaat7. Geonal vliw
from (outh of old and new nillt.

one brick machine; one automatic cutting table {capacity 50,000 per
nine hours) ; two represses; one dry press (20,000 capacity per day).
Steam power used with oil as fuel.

The following analysis of yellow shale from the company's clay
beds was made by J. P. Pfleuger & Company, Bremen, Germany :

r.oMi OD ignitioD (moisturf aD<l carbonic acid) 8.03%

Silica 57.83%

Alumina 1!I.S2%

iron oxides 7.4(1%

Calcium oxides 1.24%

MaRTtesiuni oiidps 'ZM%

Alkalies (balance) ».S0%

100.00%
Trial runs have shown that a good vitrified brick for paving purposes
".an be made from this shale.

130 MINES AND MINERAL BES0URCB5.

In addition to the above named plants there were at one time two
others: McKenzy & Reid's pottery at Benicia, which used clay from
lone (Amador County) and from Hoyt's farm near Qoodyear Station;
and the Union Pressed Brick and Terra Cotta Company, with six kikis
at Vallejo, These have both been abandoned for a number of years.
Bibl.: R. VIII, p. 631; XIII, p. 619; BuU. 38, p. 258.

CEMENT.

Benicia Works, This property, at Benicia, owned by Jas. Clyne,

has not been operated of recent years, but previous to the rise of the

Portland cement industry in California was an important producer.

Photo Ho. GJ. Onng(.|i«tl bucket excavator in qiunr oi Pacific Pntland Cement Cos-
pan;, Solano County.

The product is a "hydraulic limestone" or natural cement and was
first put on the market in 1860.

Bibl: K. VIII, p. 632; IX, p. 309; XII, p. 380; XIII, p. 612;

Bull. 38, p. 185; Mm. Res. W. op Rocky Mts., 1868. p. 245;

Geol. Sdev, of Cal., Geol. Vol. I, p. 101.

Pacific Portland Cement Company, Consolidated. F. G. Drum,
president; P. B. Erline, secretary; home office, 832 Pacific Building,
San Francisco. F. D. Wood, superintendent at the plant. This plant
at Cement, northeast of Fairfield, is in two units, as will be noted from
the photograph (No. 62), the new one being on the right, with capaci-
ties of 2500 barrels and 3500 barrels per day respectively. The older

SOLANO COUNir. 131

plant began operatioQB in 1900, and was enlarged in 1903 and 1905,
while the new plant has been producing since 1907.

The original aonrce of both their limestone and clay, and from which
a portion of the supply is still drawn, was the hill immediately above
the works. The limestone here was a series of travertine or tufa
deposits from calcareous springs, and largely superficial. They formed
terraces and cascades on the southwestern slopes of the hill, similar to
the terraced deposits which may be seen forming at the present time
in the Yellowstone Park, Wyoming, In the quarry at the top of the
hill the limestone was found more massive and to a greater depth, but

Photo No. V). Tube railh and hoppm, (ot criublnc nw materUlt in new mill of Pacific
PortUnd Cement Company. Solano Coonty.

over only a limited area. Fossils have been found in this travertine
and also in the clay beds nearby; the latter have been identified by
the Department of Palaeontology, University of California, as "Inoc-
eramus cf. Whitneyi." The old low-grade dumps are now being
reclaimed and sent to the mill along with the fresh material from the
quarry, A Hayward orange-peel excavator (photo No. 63) is used to
load the material. The so-called "Suisun marble" {see under Onjfx
Marble) was at one time quarried from this travertine, and for a num-
ber of years previous to the establishment of cement-making here it
was a source of both lime and limestone production. The remains of
the old lime kiln on the Dickey ranch, part of the property, are still

132 MINES AND MINERAL HBSOURCEy.

to be seen. Shipments were made to the Selby smelter for flnxiog
purposes. It was also used as macadam. As the limestone io these
deposits has diminished both in quantity and quality, the charge is
sweetened by the addition of a clean lime roek from the "Great
Crevice," owned by the company, at Murderer's Bar on the American
Biver, 9 miles from Auburn, Placer County. They have their own
railroad connecting the quarry with the Southern Pacific at Flint Sta-
tion, and ship 1200 to 1500 tons of rock per day. The principal clay
supply is at present obtained from the flat below the mills, using a

Photo No. St. RotuT kilnm in new mill of PiciGc Portland Ccinmit Conpinr,
S«l*no County.

steam shovel. The clay beds are 40 feet in depth. The clay layers on
the hill, which stand more or less vertical, are interstratified with a
shaly sandstone.

In the older mill the lime rock and clay are dumped into separate
bins, then weighed and carried by trolley car to the driers. The mixture
is made of the coarse materials before drying. In the new plant the
mixture is made with the dried ground materials between the ball and
the tube mills, the limestone content being maintained at 76 per cent
CaCO,, before cl inker ing. This new unit embodies a number of
improvements as compared with the older one, not only in the arrange-
ment of the plant itself, but also in the addition and functions of new
appliances and machinery.

There are eemeat-liued tunnels running under the mill, which contain
the oil, water and sewer pipes, the power cables and some of the

SOLANO COUNTY. 133

electrical machinery. This makea thera easy of access and also free
from the excessive dust of the plant.

Just above the mill there are eighteen circular steel bins holding
about 100 tons each, whieh are used for limestone and clay storage.
Each bio is sampled so that the quality of its contents is known before
iteing drawn off into the mill. Following the ball mills are eight Ber-
quist bins of 100 tons capacity each — four each for lime and clay —
which are used for a reserve before the mix. The materials are automat-
ically weighed and dumped into a double-screw mixing machine,
delivering to an elevator which serves the individual bins for the tube-
mill feed.

Pfaolo No. 72. Solano Coiintr Jiil it Fairfield. Built with "Golden Gate" cemant.

The tube mills are 5' 6"x22', trunnion type (see photo No. 67).
Photo No. 69 shows the discharge and fire-box end of a battery of
rotary Mlns in the new unit. They are using for kiln linings a brick
made up of clinker and cement with a small percentage of fire clay.
A temperature of 2700° P. is attained in the kilns. They are set on a
grade of f-inch per foot. Crude oil. topped, of 16° B. gravity and
17,000 B. T. U. is used for fuel at the rotary kilns. The oil is shipped
in barges via Suisun Slough to Fairfield, whence it is pumped to a
tank on the hill above the plant at Cement, a distance of about 5 miles.

The discharged clinker is sprayed with water and handled by McCas-
IJn conveyors to the rotary coolers. These coolers are like an open-
ended tube mill, with longitudinal baffle plates, and a current of cold
air is drawn through them. When sending the clinker to the storage

1S4 MINES AND MINEBAL REBOURCES.

pile in place of the ball mills, instead of going to the rotary coolers it is
put through cooling towers similar to thoee described in the plant of
the Standard Portland Cement Company at Napa Junction (see under
Napa Comity) . Gypsum, 2 to 2^ per cent, is added to the clinker before
grinding. The tube mills designedly do not grind the product in a
single stage to its desired ultimate fineness. The discbarge goes to an
"Emerick Air Separator." This consists of a series of horizontal
revolving discs, from which the fines are drawn up by suction to the
stock house, and the coarse particles which work to the periphery of
the discs are returned to the mills.

Photo Ho. 70. Concrete Bridge at V*cinUe, Solano Count; {1911).

In the stock house automatic sacking machines are used aud a belt
conveyor takes the filled sacks of "Golden Gate Brand" cement to the
waiting railroad cars alongside. The Solano County jail at Fairfield
(see photo No. 72) is of reinforced concrete, in which Golden Gate
cement was used. The Cement, Tolenas and Tidewater Railroad, owned
by the company, connects Cement with Tolenas Station on the main
line of the Southern Pacific, 2 miles to the south.

A large and well equipped laboratory is maintained for ch»nical
analyses and physical testing. It is supplied with natural gas from
the well of the Rochester Oil Company, 5 miles southeast of Cement
Included in the equipment of the two mills are 250 electric motors,
varying from 580 h.p. down to 1 h.p., and there are eight 6'k60',
eleven 7' x 80', and one 8' x 100' rotary kilns. Prom 6000 to 7000 h.p.
per day are consumed, and about 500 men are employed. The water

SOLANO COUNTY. 135

supply comes from wells — one at the works and others at Vacaville,
where the company has a pumping plant.

(For a more detailed description of the general process of cement
manufacture, see Cement under Napa County.)

Bibl.: R. X, p. 670; XII, p. 395; XIII, p. 632; Bull. 38, pp. 185-
189 ; Geol. Survey op Cal., Geol. Vol. I, p. 104; U. S. G. S., Bull.
243, p. 120; Bull. 522, pp. 118, 121.

CHROMITE.

Chromite is reported to occur near Fairfield. There is a specimen
in the museum of the State Mining Bureau, said to have come from
that locality, but the deposit is undeveloped.

Bibl. : R. IV, p. 137 ; VI, Pt. I, p. 101 ; VIII, p. 632 ; Bull. 38,
p. 363.

COAL.

Lignite is reported as occurring in the southwestern part of the
county, but no development work has been done.

Bibl.: R. VI, Pt. I, p. 118; VII, p. 151; Geol. Surv. op Cal., Geol.
Vol. I, p. 106.

FULLER'S EARTH.

Western Fuller's Earth Company (Joice ranch). This is on the
Joice ranch, i mile northeast from the railroad station at Vacaville.
Mrs. Clara I. Hopkins, Fairfield, and the Joice Estate, owners. The
deposit consists of a series of bedded strata in a low rounded ridge
about i mile in length, strike northwest and dip about 40° E. Elevation
200 feet (U. S. G. S.). The open cut has exposed these strata for a
thickness of over 30 feet. The color varies from white to light brown.
There is no plant, the material being simply sacked as broken out, and
shipped.

The typical fuller's earth is a non-plastic clay, which falls to pieces
easily in water, and which has a strong afiinity for grease in cloth and
coloring matter in oils. While it is now well understood that chemical
analyses are no criterion in determining whether or not a particular clay
should be classified as ** fuller's earth," this Vacaville material is not a
clay, but ''Monterey shale. " It has a slight clay odor and adheres to the
tongue, but does not break down readily in water. Under the micro-
scope it is seen to be a fine, angular volcanic ash, with an occasional
circular diatom. But the practical test is a physical one — ^whether
or not it will do the work of a fuller's earth. The Vacaville earth
answers this specification. Charles L. Parsons (U. S. Bureau of Mines,
BulL 71, Mineral Technology No. 3, on "Fuller's Earth," 1913, p. 24),

136

mine:s and mineral resources.

in a table giving ''Bleaching Tests of Fuller's Earth'' on cottonseed
oil, indicates that the Vacaville earth gave only a slight reduction in
color, and notes : * * Indeed, as regards edible oils, several of these clays
should not be classified as fuller's earth at all." In ** Mineral Resources
of the U. S., 1912," Vol. II, p. 1020, it states: ''California had only
two producers of fuller's earth in 1912 — the Eight Oil Company at
Bakersfield, and the Western Fuller's Earth Company at Vacaville.
The fuller's earth in California is reported as having been used in
refining animal fats and vegetable oils."

In verification of this latter statement, the packing-house of the West-
ern Meat Company, at South San Francisco, was visited recently by the
writer. This company is using a considerable tonnage of both English
earth and the Vacaville variety, the latter giving nearly as good results
as the standard English fuller's earth. M. J. Levy, the company's
chemist, in my presence, made a comparative bleaching test on "prime
summer yellow cottonsed oil, ' ' using the English and Vacaville materials
(through 100-mesh screen). Identical 300-gram samples of the oil
were heated to 216° F., 21 grams of the earths severally added, and
agitated for three minutes, then filtered and the colors compared with
the Lovibond color scale. To the unaided eye the difference in color
was but slightly noticeable. The figures were as follows :

Unbleached oil

Through EDgllsh earth.
Through VacavIOe earth

Bed

0.0
2.3
2.8

The following figures are the result of a series of similar tests made
by Levy, October 28, 1912 (samples through 100-mesh screen, except
as noted) :

English

Florida

Vacaville

Vacaville (floated)
Bakersfield

Red

2.1
2.2
S.0
2.7
8.4

In bleaching edible oils, a given charge of fuller's earth is used
but once — 5% to 10% of the weight of the oil to be bleached being the
amount of earth taken. The oil is heated to a little above that of
boiling water, the earth added and the mixture agitated three or four
minutes, then filter-pressed.

SOLANO COUNTY. 137

With mineral oils the earth (through 15 to 80 mesh) is charged into
a taU cylinder about 15 feet in height and the oil is allowed to percolate
through this. The oil may or may not be heated before filtering,
depending on its viscosity. A given charge of earth may be used ten
to sixteen times. After blowing out the percolator with air, then wash-
ing with naphtha, and finally blowing out with steam, the fuller's earth
is revivified by heating to a dull red heat in a rotary kiln similar (but
smaller) to those used in Portland cement manufacture. In pursuance
of experiments for a thesis in the Department of Mineralogy and Oeol-
ogy, University of California, in 1912, one of the students found that
samples of Monterey shale, from a certain locality in Santa Cruz
County, ''possessed the properties of a first class fuller's earth.'* A
sample of similar material from Pinole, Contra Costa County, gave
similar results. These tests were made with mineral oil, a ''heavy
distillate S. G. 0. 95, black in color." No mention is made of having
tested samples of the Vacaville material, so it would seem worthy of
investigation to determine its suitability for decolorizing petroleum.

Bibl. : Bull. 38, p. 273 ; U. S. G. S., Bull. 315, pp. 268, 290 ; Bull.
365 and 475; Min. Res. 1907, 1911, 1912; TJ. S. Bur. op Min.,
Bull. 71.

LIME AND LIMESTONE.

As has been noted under "Cement" the travertine deposits on the
A. A. Dickey ranch, now owned by the Pacific Portland Cement Com-
pany, were at one time quarried, and the material calcined for lime.
There are similar deposits, but smaller in extent, at Tolenas Springs
(see under "Onyx Marble," also "Mineral Water"). The "hydraulic
limestone" at Benicia has been mentioned under "Cement."

Bibl. : R. VIII, p. 631 ; X, pp. 669, 670 ; XII, p. 632 ; Bull. 38, p. 61.

MARBLE (see Onyx Marble).
MINERAL WATER.

Tolenas Springs. Donald Lamont et al., San Francisco, owners;
H. W. Conkle, box 63, Suisun, lessee. The springs are at the head
of Soda Springs Creek, 5J miles north of Fairfield, at an elevation of
800 feet (U. S. Q. S.). The following temperatures were noted:
Tolenas 66° F. ; spring at aragonite deposit on road below house, 76° F.
There was much gas escaping from this latter spring, and it was sur-
rounded by a considerable deposit of calcareous sinter. Water from
the former is bottled for sale. It has a noticeable salty taste from
the sodium chloride it carries — 216 grains per gallon. The escaping
Sas (COj) is caught in a gasometer and pumped into the water in

lOA— 14466

138 MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

bottling. There are no accommodations for guests. There is also a
white sulphur spring about i mile below. Some years ago this ''onyx
marble/' or aragonite, was quarried and sold as "Tolenas onyx/' but
there was too small a body of it. Some beautifully banded pieces could
be obtained, but not in sufficient size. There are several of these
deposits around the springs and in the near-by hills.

Bibl.: R. VI, Pt. I, p. 74, X, pp. 668, 670; XII, p. 346; XIIL
p. 521 ; Bull. 24, p. 138 ; U. S. G. S., Bull. 32, p. 209 ; Water Sup.
Pap. 338, pp. 162-163; "Mineral Springs and Health Resorts
OP Cal./' W. Anderson, p. 255.

VdLlejo White Sulphur Springs (also known as White Sulphur and
Vallejo Sulphur Springs). Manuel Madrid, Vallejo, owner. They are
in Sec. 10, T. 3 N., R. 3 W., 5 miles northeast of Vallejo, elevation
400 feet (U. S. G. S.), at the head of Sulphur Springs Creek. The
springs are at the foot of the sharp ridge of rocks known as Sulphur
Springs Mountain. The main spring is stated to have an average flow
of about 100,000 gallons per twenty-four hours. The temperatures are :
Blue Rock, 67° F.; SmaU Sulphur, 69.5°, Big Sulphur, 68°. Water
from the first named is bottled. There are accommodations for 100
guests.

Bibl: R. XII, p. 347; XIII, p. 520; U. S. G. S., Bull. 32, p. 209;
Water Sup. Pap. 338, p. 255; W. Anderson (op. cit.), p. 260.

NATURAL GAS.

Rochester Oil Company (formerly Hurley's ranch). J. R. Chad-
bourne, president ; Qeo. Trainor, secretary, Suisun. The well is on land
owned by J. L. Preitas, and leased to the company, in Sec. 24, T. 5 N..
R. 1 W., 8 miles north of east from Suisun and 6^ miles south of
Elmira; elevation 50 feet. The well was drilled in 1901 for nil
because of a seepage near-by. Gas was struck at a depth of 1520 feet.
They drilled on to 1820 feet, but nothing further was obtained and
the well was abandoned for three years. Pour other holes were drilled
without result. Salt water comes up with the gas (see under Salt).
The flow of gas is stated to be about 20,000 cubic feet per day, and it
is distributed by its own pressure through pipes to Suisun, Pairfield
and Cement. There is a gasometer of about 20,000 cubic feet capacity
at the well. We were informed by the chemist at the cement works
that it is an efficient gas but contains considerable moisture.

In addition to the above, the following occurrences of natural gas
are noted :

M. Alien Ranch in Sec. 2, T. 4 N., R. 1 W., used for domestic purposes
by the owner.

SOLANO COUNTY. 139

Hitbam Bros. Well in an "anticlinal valley," in the Potrero Hills,
in the northern part of T. 4 N., R. 1 W. Not utilized.

L. A, Lambrecht Ranch in Sec. 12, T. 4 N., R. 1 W., used by owner
for domestic purposes. This one and the Allen well are in the marsh
land at the edge of tidewater, while that of the Rochester Oil Company
is on the low flat land just above the marshes.

Bibl. : R. VIII, p. 185 ; X. pp. 659, 660 ; XIII, p. 569 ; Bull 3, p. 5.

ONYX MARBLE.

Under the name of ^'Suisun marble" some stone was at one time
quarried from the travertine deposits on the Dickey ranch, now owned
by the Pacific Portland Cement Company, near Suisun. Some pieces
showing a beautifully banded and wavy structure were obtained, but
for the most part stone of only small dimension could be cut out. The
same thing is true of the deposits at the Tolenas Springs, 4 miles west
of these. Aragonite has also been found at Vacaville.

Bibl. : R. I, p. 17 ; IV, p. 73 ; V, p. 67 ; VI, Pt. I, pp. 22, 91 ; VIII,
p. 631; X, pp. 668-670; XII, p. 403; XIII, pp. 632, 641;
Bull. 37, p. 112; Bull. 38, p. 114; Geol. Subv. op Cal., Geol.
Vol. 1, p. 104 ; U. S. G. S., Water Sup. Pap. 338, p. 162.

PETROLEUM.

Midas Petroleum Company, C. J. Reeves, secretary ; home office. Call
Building, San Francisco. This company is drilling for oil on the
Ryerson ranch above Glen Cove, southeast of Vallejo. The company
has a well equipped plant and drill rig and were down over 300 feet
in September, 1913, expecting to go to 2000 feet depth. They claim
to have obtained favorable indications and some oil seepage.

Rochester Oil Company (see under Natural Gas).

Vallejo and Napa Oas and Oil Company, .Mrs. Jennie Hartzell,
president; Wallace Rutherford, Napa, attorney and director. The
company has 20 acres back of the cemetery north of Vallejo, where they
propose to drill for oil.

QUICKSILVER.

St. John's Mines Company (formerly St. John's Consolidated Quick-
silver Mining Company). Clifford B. Dennis, Vallejo, manager, C. F.
Colmar, Alaska Commercial Building, San Francisco, secretary. The
surface rights are owned by C. M. Wilson, of Los Angeles. The
St. John's mine is in Sec. 33, T. 4 N., R. 3 W., 6 miles northeast
from Vallejo, with an excellent oiled road to within 1 mile of the
furnaces. It is at the northern end of the ridge called Sulphur Springs

140 MINES AND MINERAL BESOUBOES.

Mountain. Its first period of operation was 1873-1880, when it pro-
duced a total of 11,530 flasks. The St. John's Consolidated Company
reopened the mine in 1899 and continued production up to 1909,
since which time only a small amount of development work and
occasional retimbering to keep the mine open has been done. Total
production to date has been 14,523 flasks of quicksilver.

The country rocks are an indurated shale and metamorphic sand-
stone, the latter of which is in part quartzite. The ore carries cin-
nabar with pyrite, marcasite and some quartz, which has been depos-
ited principally along the fissure planes and jointages in both the
sandstone and schist. Cinnabar also occurs as an impregnation in the
sandstone, resembling the ore of the Oat Hill mine, Napa County,
except that here it is harder. A thick, dark brown mineral oil which
bums readily when a candle is applied to it, is found in the jointages
and fissures in and near the ore bodies.

The shaft is down 400 feet, reaching a depth of about 650 feet verti-
cal, below the outcrop. There are three main levels from the shaft and
five intermediates. The main adit is above the furnace level, connect-
ing with the shaft at the 300, and is in over 1100 feet. There are six
main stopes in the work of later years, the largest of which is 250 feet
long by 20 feet wide and 20 feet high, extending diagonally down
through three levels. There are two coarse ore furnaces of 20 tons
capacity, and one 24-pipe retort, the former of which it is proposed to
replace by a fine-ore furnace with larger capacity.

Since the mine was visited (September, 1913), the newly organized
company noted above has taken over the rights and equities of the older
company under an option to purchase. Development work will be
increased and a furnace built. It is stated that experiments are being
made on concentration of the cinnabar by an oil flotation process, with
satisfactory results.

Bibl.: R. I, p. 26; VIII, p. 631; X, p. 661; XIII, p. 599; Bull. 20,
p. 19; Bull. 27, pp. 93-97; U. S. G. S. Mon. XIII, p. 378; An.
Rep. XXI, Pt. VI, p. 278; Min. Res. 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911,
1912 ; Min. Res. West of Rocky Mts., 1874, p. 20 ; 1875, pp. 14,
178 ; 1876, p. 20. Mining and SciENTrpic Press, Vol. 109, p. 585.

SALT.

Rochester Oil Company (see also under Natural Gas). J. R. Chad-
bourne, president, Geo. Trainor, secretary, Suisun. The company has
a natural gas well in Sec. 24, T. 5 N., R. 1 W., 8 miles north of east
from Suisun. Salt water flows from the well with the gas, and is
run out into a shallow basin of about 10 acres in extent and dried by
solar evaporation. The basin has a hard-pan bottom and the brine

SOl'ANO COUNTY. 141

is run in to a depth of 4 to 5 feet in the spring, the Bait Iwing gathered
in August or September, The excess brine is piped to the slough.
After evaporation the top material is thrown up with forks, then hauled
in wagons to the bank, where it is piled in cones and afterward sacked.
No refining is done. It is sold at $3 per ton at the well, principally
tor stock salt, pickling, etc.

STONE INDUSTRY.

Benicia Rock Crushing Company (see Vulcan Rock Company).
Cordelia Quarry (see Thomasson).

County Macadam Quarry. F. A. Steiger, Vacaville, owner. It is
1 mile north of Vacaville, and the county at one time obtained crushed

lU" Quany), Soluo Caontr.

rock here for road work, but it has been idle for several years. The
rock is basalt. It is stated that there is another and larger body of
basalt a short distance north of this one, on the Oarnet ranch, but unde-
veloped.

McNaughton's Quarry (see Thomasson).

Thomasson Quarry (known locally as the "Cordelia" quarry, also
formerly as McNaughton 'a) , E. B. & A. L. Stone Company, owner,
B. B. Stone, president, B. P. McDonald, secretary, 401 Phelan
Building, San Francisco; T. Qrifliths, superintendent at the plant.
The quarry is in an isolated hill of basalt at the ei^e of the marsh

142 MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

land 1 mile east from Cordelia. It is connected by a spur track with
the Southern Pacific Railroad at Thomasson Station. The quarry was
first opened up* about 1875, and for about twenty years produced
principally paving blocks, for which the rock is well suited, being a com-
pact, olivine basalt, dark blue to gray in color, with a straight, dean
fracture. When visited (September, 1913) there were but three men
making blocks, as the market for such is dull, nearly all of the output
being as crushed rock for road metal, concrete, etc.

Near the surface the basalt shows in the form of rounded boulders,
the result of concentric decomposition. Lower down it is more massive,
but oxidized to yellow and gray along fracture planes. In one part of
the quarry the stone exhibits the hexagonal jointing (vertical here)
common in basaltic masses. In places a vesicular structure is encoun-
tered, and at the south end of the hill there is a tuff.

The plant (photo No. 58) is equipped for a daily capacity of about
1000 tons, but the output varies according to the demands of the market
and the supply of labor. The product is classified into four sizes by
revolving screens. Waste material and dust is taken out through a
tunnel below and utilized by the railroad for filling and ballast. The
quarrying is done by contract at 25 cents per ton and an output of
about 10 tons per man per day is made. Ten quarry faces are at
present worked. Electric power is used throughout the plant, the
equipment of which includes six motors (200 h.p. largest), one No. 9,
two No. 5, one No. 4, and three No. 2 gyratory crushers. Conveyer
belts and bucket elevators are used, and there are 12 bunkers with a
{btal capacity of 2000 tons.

The following is the result of a test on road material from this
quarry by the Division of Tests, U. S. Department of Agriculture,
Bureau of Chemistry, dated February 28, 1905:

Material : Olivine basalt

Specific gravity 2.78

Weight pep cabic foot 174.64 pounds

Water absorbed per cubic foot ! 0.83 pounds

Per cent of wear 2.27

French coefficient of wear 17.65

Hardness 17.5

Toughness 80

Cementing value 14 dry ; 214 wet

**Rbhabk8 — This rock has a fair cementing value when tested dry, but develops
a very high value when ground wet This indicates that plent:^ of water should
be used under the roller when laying the upper course. The resistance to wear is
good and the rock should make an excellent road material."

Bibl.: R. X, p. 659; XII, p. 390; XIII, pp. 627, 634; BuU. 38,
pp. 325, 342.

SOLANO COUNTY. 143

P. Siehe has a small quarry opening opposite the station at Cordelia,
from which a light-colored tuff has been taken for road dressing, but
it has not been worked recently.

Bibl. : Bull. 38, p. 326.

Southern. Pacific Railroad Company. The railroad company has a
quarry for rock ballast abOut 3 miles north of Benicia. Worked inter-
mittently.

Vxdcan Rock Company (formerly Benicia Rock Crushing Company,
also Benicia Crushed Stone Company). Geo. U. Hind, president.
Home office, 153 Sutter street, San Francisco. E. F. Rogers, Benicia,
superintendent. The company has the quarry rights on the ranch of
J. H. Hoyt, 7 miles northeast of Benicia. The shipping point is Hoyt
siding, at the crusher, 1 mile north of Goodyear Station on the
Southern Pacific. The quarry is on the edge of the range of hills
which borders the west side of the Suisun marsh. The rock varies
from a blue-black, fine grained basalt, with an occasional feldspar
phenoeryst, to a tuff. There is some vesicular material, in part oxi-
dized to red. Compressed air drills are used and the rock is hauled
in horse-drawn trains to the crusher, which has a daily capacity of
300 tons. Electric power is used, and the product is screened into
four sizes: '^ screenings, " to 2\ inches. The waste is run to dumps.
Most of the output is used for macadam, but some for concrete. Fif-
teen to thirty-five men are employed, varying with the demand. This
quarry was at one time reported to be producing ** bituminous" rock,
but the deposit is not bituminous.

Bibl.: R. X, p. 669; XII, p. 390; XIII, p. 627; Bull. 38, p. 325.

In addition to the above there are two small quarries of tuff in the
northwest corner of the county, owned by Sacket Bros., of Winters,
and by D. L. Tucker et al., Winters, respectively. The former extends
across Putah Creek north into Yolo County. Also two small sandstone
quarries northwest of Vacaville, owned by F. Frietas and F. B.
Kington, respectively. No stone has been taken from these quarries
of recent years.

Bibl. : R. X. p. 791 ; Bull. 38, pp. 141 , 162.

144 . MINES AND MINERAL BESOUBGES.

SONOMA COUNTY.

Field Work In October and November, 1913.

INTRODUCTION.

Sonoma County is both a coast county and one of the ** North of
the Bay'* group; being bounded on the west by the Pacific Ocean
and Marin County, on the north by Mendocino, on the east by Lake
and Napa, and on the south by San Pablo Bay. It has a land area
of 1577 square miles. The drainage of the northern two thirds of
the county is to the Pacific Ocean, principally by the Russian River,
and its branches; while the southern end drains to San Pablo Bay,
through Petaluma and Sonoma creeks. Though part of two separate
drainage areas, the main valley through the center of the county is
some 60 miles north and south by about 25 miles wide.

The mineral resources of Sonoma County are quite varied, as will
be noted by the Table of Mineral Production. In the order of their
value to date they are: Stone industry, quicksilver, brick and clay
products, mineral water, mineral paint, magnesite, graphite, lime, gems
and infusorial earth. Their total recorded production to date, has
been approximately $7,600,000. The actual output must certainly have
been considerably in excess of this, as there are no figures for stone
industry earlier than 1887, though paving blocks have been made
in Sonoma County since 1864 (Tenth Census Report, Vol. X, Pt. 3,
p. 97) ; nor are there any figures for bricks earlier than 1887, nor
for mineral water earlier than 1895. Though in this latter case some
of the springs are known to have reported sales for at least ten years
previously, the figures are not available.

In addition to the minerals above noted as produced in commercial
quantities, occurrences of the following have been found: Chrome,
coal, copper, gold, iron, manganese, silicified wood, onyx marble, garnets
and sulphur.

ABRASIVES (see Garnets under Gems).
BRICK AND CLAY.

Beltane Clay (see Weise Clay Pit).

California Brick and Pottery Company. This plant at Glen ElleD,
now partly dismantled, has not been operated for some four years
past. C. Hidecker et al., of San Francisco, were operators. Common
bricks burned in field kilns were first made, followed by the manu-
facture of hollow, building tile. For this latter, it is stated that about
one third of their raw material was obtained from lone, Amador

SONOMA COUNTY. 145

County. Steam drying sheds were used. There are five circular brick
and pottery kilns (see photo No. 135), which were oil fired.

Bibl.: B. XII, p. 384; Bull. 38, p. 258.

Healdsburg Brick Company. Vf. Burgett, Healdsburg, owner. Idle
since 1906.

Bibl: Bull. 38, p. 258.

James Henderson on his ranch near Glen Ellen is stated to have
small deposits of high grade pottery clay, but they are not utilized.

Pure Clay Brick and Tile Company (formerly Hilton Brick Co.).
J. H. Stack et al., 103 Ham street, San Francisco, owners. This plant

is at Hilton near Querneville, on the Russian River. No bricks have
been burned here since 1912.

BibL: R. VIII, p. 635; Bull. 38, p. 258.

At Skaggs Springs there is a deposit of yellow clay, which is stated
to be suitable for terra cotta. Peter J. Curtis, owner.

Weise Clay Pit (also known as Beltane Clay). J. H. "Weise, Glen

Ellen, owner; J. T. Stanton, 315 Merchants National Bank Building,

San Francisco, lessee. This deposit of white kaolin is in a hill about

i mile northeast of Beltane station, between Glen Ellen and Kenwood.

IIA— 1M56

146

MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

It is a high grade aluminum silicate, as will be noted from the analyse.
It appears to have been originally a fine grained acid volcanic material,
which has been very thoroughly kaolinized. In the lower part of the
deposit, which has been opened up by several short tunnels, the kaolin
is soft and has a greasy feel; while at the top of the hill it has been
hardened by a subsequent infiltration of silica.

A considerable tonnage of this siliceous material has been employed
by the Gladding, McBean Company, mixed with their Amador County
clay in the manufacture of fire brick. The Beltane clay is stated to
decrease the shrinkage. The Santa Cruz Portland Cement Company
has been using the softer material from the lower levels in the prepara-
tion of a special white cement for decorative and statuary work. The
fusion point of this clay is said to be very high — about 4500° F.

Analysis of "Beltane clay'' by Smith, Emery & Company, Chemists, San

Francis^

No. 1
(hard)

No. 2
(medlam)

No.3fc
(so«)^

SI0«

74.00%

16.87%

.21%

.80%

Trace

.18%

.06%

8.80%

66.29%

81.13%

.81%

.60%

68.10%

Al»Oa

26.79%

TIO« _..

.56%

Ve%Oz

MnO _

• 1.17%
Trace

CaO i

.06%

11.67%

.82%

MgO

Jt.05%

Lobs on ignition

1L68|»

100.82%

100.00%

9d^

There are specimens of clay in the museum of the State Mining
Bureau from Agua Caliente, Guefneville, Healdsburg, Mark West
Springs, Santa Rosa and S6noma, but the deposits are not at present
utilized. ''

CEMENT BLOCKS.

Oeorge Reilly, 300 Olive street, Santa Rosa, has a plant where he
makes concrete building blocks, sewer pipe, culverts and railroad ties.
The equipment includes an electric motor, concrete mixer and a planer
for dressing the artificial stone blocks. California cement is employed
with sand and gravel from local deposits, principally from the bed of
Santa Rosa Creek, near by.

Mr. Reilly has recently obtained patents on a clamp for fastening
railroad rails to concrete ties, and also on a device for forming holes
for new clamp anchorages in concrete or stone (e.g., for placing
switches, turnouts, etc.). He is placing these on the market in connec-
tion with his concrete ties for railroad use.

Sonoma Stone and Constructwn Company, Santa Rosa, Defunct.

Bibl. : Bull. 38, p. 170.

SONOMA COUNTY. 147

CHROME.

Chromite deposits are known at several localities in Sonoma County,
but none of them are at present being utilized commercially, though a
few small shipments have been made in the past. Among these occur-
rences may be noted the following:

Three miles west of Geyserville, south of wagon road.

At Asti Colony, three miles south of Cloverdale.

Dotta ranch near Healdsburg, Mrs. L. H. Dotta and sons, owners.

Chromite float is found along the ridge east of Healdsburg, running
north from Fitch Mountain.

Near Lytton Springs, there is also chromite.

There is a deposit of chromite near the Madeira magnesite property,
5 miles north of Guerneville. George Madeira, Htealdsburg, owner.

Sononia Magnesite Company, adjoining on the east these magnesite
deposits north of Cazadero, chromite is found in T. 9 N., R. 12 W.

Bibl. : R. IV, p. 137 ; XIII, p. 50; U. S. G. S. Bull. 430, p. 168.

COAL.

Some small strata of coal are known at several points in Sonoma
County, but they are not utilized. Some of these are :
At the head of a gulch J mile from the beach near Port Ross.
Eight miles east of Stewart's Point on the road to Skaggs Springs.

Pierson Mine, on the Wrightson ranch, in Sec. 27, T. 6 N., R. 8 W.,
on the road to Mark West Springs; N. E. McGrew, owner. In 1910
and 1911 some development work was done.

On the Taylor ranch, 2 miles south of Santa Rosa, considerable
money was spent in development work about twenty years ago. Though
a fair quality of coal was found, the strata were too much broken up.

Bibl.: R. VII, Pt. I, p. 118; VII, pp. 151, 190; VIII, p. 634; X,
p. 676 ; XI, p. 259 ; XII, p. 61 ; XIII, p. 55.

COPPER.

Altamont Group, in Sec. 17, T. 7 N., R. 10 W., 2 miles southeast
from Monte Rio. Small detached masses and specimens of copper
were found here, and some development work done, but no definite ore
body uncovered.

Bibl. : Bull. 50, p. 167.

Archer Tract Prospect, in Sec. 30, T. 8 N., R. 10 W., east of Guerne-
ville; Geo. K. Thornton, owner. Idle.

Bibl. : Bull. 50, p. 166.

148 MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

Cornucopia Copper Mining Company (formerly Squaw Creek; also
known locally as the Healdsburg Copper)^ W. M. Jacobs, Healdsburg
(president and manager) ; H. A. Jacobs, Healdsburg (secretary). This
group of three claims is in Sees. 33 and 34, T, 12 N., R. 9 W., 14 miles
northeast from Cloverdale. The stage road to the Geysers runs within
two miles of the claims, which are reached by trail. They were first
located about 1902, and the present owners have been working them
since 1912.

To uncover the ore body, the surface has been ground sluiced. It is
stated there are two main ''veins" (85 feet and 10 feet wide, one being
a brecciated zone), also a third one, smaller, and that they have been
traced for | of a mile on the surface. The strike is northwest and the
dip northeast^ nearly vertical. The country rock is much altered. The
ore carries copper carbonates at the surface, with chalcopyrite below,
the gangue minerals being calcite and some quartz. There is a 40-foot
shaft in the canyon, and a tunnel in 315 feet. In November, 1913, two
men were driving this tunnel, which was expected to cut the ore in
another 50 feet at 200 feet below the outcrop.

Gray Prospect, E. F. Bean, Healdsburg, owner. It is on Devil Creek,
a branch of Austin Creek, north of Guerneville. Idle.

Orizzly Claim and Healdsburg Lode, north of Healdsburg. Idle.

Bibl.: R. V, p. 97; Bull. 50, p. 167.
Copper is also stated to have been found near Skaggs Springs.

Bibl. : R. V, p. 98.

Squaw Creek Copper Mines (see Cornucopia Company).

Wall Prospect. Copper indications were found at the Wall Spring
Quicksilver mine, but nothing developed. H. C. Wall, Hilton, owner.

Bibl. : Bull. 50, p. 166.

Ward Tract, J. W. Ward, Healdsburg, owner. Copper float has
been found on the Ward ranch in Sec. 22, T. 9 N., R. 10 W., but
nothing has been developed.

Bibl. : Bull. 50, p. 167.

DIATOMACEOUS EARTH (see Infusorial earth).
GARNETS (see under Gems).

GEMS.

Oamets, of two varieties, are found in Sonoma County. On the Cox
ranch, Mrs. Nate Cox, owner, 3 miles west of Healdsburg, almandito

SONOMA COUNTY. 14f9

garnets occur abundantly in a chloritic schist. Many of them would
be suitable for watch jewels if they could be separated economically
from the enclosing. schist. Their most likely commercial utilization,
however, will probably be as an abrasive.

Orossularite occurs near Petaluma in association with copper min-
erals.

Bibl. : R. IV, pp. 99, 182 ; VI, Pt. I, p. 91 ; Bull. 37, p. 52.

Opals f of gem quality and a fair play of **fire," have been found in
association with the kaolin deposit on the Weise ranch between Olen
Ellen and Kenwood. Some of these have been cut and sold in San
Francisco. J. H. Weise, Glen Ellen, owner.

GOLD.

Traces of gold have been found at several places in Sonoma County,
but nothing of consequence ever developed.

Bibl. : R. XIII, p. 436.

GRANITE.

Through an error, production of granite from Sonoma County was
reported both to this Bureau and to the United States Geological Sur-
vey, for several years. I found, on visiting the quarries, that the
material so reported from Agua Caliente is a vitrophyre associated with
trachytic tuflf. That classed under ''curbing" from other parts of
the county is the andesite from which most of the paving blocks are
made.

Bibl. : Bull. 38, p. 376.

GRAPHITE.

On the property of the Healdsburg Paint Company (see also under
Mineral Paint), southwest of Healdsburg, a deposit of graphite was
uncovered, but it has not been developed.

Bibl. : Bull. 38, p. 281.

McPhersan Ranch Deposit, L. McPherson, Healdsburg, owner. There
is an undeveloped deposit of graphite of fair quality on this ranch
in Sees. 13, 14, 24 and 25, T. 9 N., R. 10 W., 4 miles west from Healds-
burg. There are specimens from this deposit in the museum of the
State Mining Bureau. The material is suitable for use in paint manu-
facture or for stove polish. By washing and floating it could be used
in lubricating compound.

150 MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

Skinner Oraphite Company, R. M. Skinner et al., Petalnma, owners.
This graphite is on the Skinner ranch, in See. 14, T. 4 N., R. 7 W.,
4 miles sonth of Petaluma on the San Rafael road. It was opened up
in 1894, and the material shipped to San Francisco for paint manu-
facture. The output was valued at $9,000. Idle for several years.

Bibl. : Bull. 38, p. 281.

There is said to be a deposit of graphite 2 miles west of Cazadero.
It is undeveloped. Specimens are also reported from other parts of
the county.

Bibl. : R. VI, Pt. I, p. 111.

INFUSORIAL EARTH.

ColUngs Deposit, A. F. CoUings, 1001 Orchard street, Santa Rosa,
owner; John Prey, Eighth and Hooper streets, San Francisco, lessee.
It is in Sec. 10, T. 8 N., R. 8 W., 1 mile north of Mark West Springs
and 6 miles east of Windsor on the Northwestern Pacific railroad;
elevation 600 feet (bar.). There is a bed of infusorial earth 5 feet
thick, striking east and west, and dipping north at a flat angle. It
is below a layer of soft, coarse-grained volcanic tuff; and has been
worked by a small open cut and drift. A small tonnage was shipped in
1913.

Mt, Pisgah Vineyard Deposit, E. L. Goldstein Company, 333 Kearny
street, San Francisco, owners. This is an undeveloped deposit of
infusorial earth, said to indicate a large available tonnage. It is in
Sec. 30, T. 6 N., R. 5 W., 2 miles northeast of Agua Caliente.

IRON.

There are indications of iron ore along the second ridge back from
the shore line, beginning about 6 miles east of Fort Ross and con-
tinuing northwesterly into Mendocino County. The more important
localities are:

Hooper Ranch, J. W. Hooper, owner, 5 miles north of Nobles.

Lancaster Ranch, W. M. Richardson, Plantation House, owner; east
of Fisk's Mill. Both yellow ocher and hematite occur. Some of it is
siliceous, and suitable for paint.

Fort Ross, a large body six miles east of Fort Ross.
Bibl, : R. IV, p. 182 ; XI, p. 461 ; Bull. 38, pp. 304, 365.

KAOLIN (see under Brick and Clay).

SONOMA COUNTY. 151

LIMESTONE.

Black Ranch Quarry, L. S. Black, Modesto, owoer. This deposit is
6 miles north of Geyserviile on Little Sulphur Creek, The Sonoma
County Lime Company, A. H. Ingram, Santa Rosa, manager, burned
some lime here in 1906-1907 ; but it is stated that they could not market
the product on account of a labor boycott. No work has been done
since.

Bib!.; B. XII, p. 396; XIII, p. 633; Bull. 38, p. 93.

There is a large deposit of limestone in Sees. 1 and 2, T. 9 N., R. 12
W., 15 miles west of north from Cazadero. It is stated to be trace-
able for a mile in length, and in places up to 300 feet in width. It
could be used for building stone or for cement manufacture. It is
a hard, fine-grained, compact limestone, red, white and cream colored.
The deposit was at one time located by the Healdsburg Marble Com-
pany but abandoned on account of being too far from a railroad.

152 MINES AND HINERAL RESOURCES.

HAGNESITE.
There are numerouB depoeitB of magneaite in Sonoma County, both
lar^ and small, as regards surface showings; but, on the whole, there
has been too little development work to state anything definite yet as
to their future productiveness. The largest deposits are handicapped
80 far by a lack of transportation facilities; but this feature will doubts

Photo No. ITT. Sroill

less be improved before long. The total recorded production for the
county has been but 870 tons to the end of 1913.

Por a statement of the properties and uses of magnesite see Magtie-
site under Napa County.

Bibl.: Bull. 38, pp. 331-333; U. S. G. S., Bull. 355, pp. 22-28;
Bull. 540, pp. 490-498.

Ferdinand Alberts has an undeveloped deposit of magneaite on hi»
ranch 1 mile southwest of Cloverdale.

SONOMA COUNTY. 153

Louis R, Ball, of Presidio, San Francisco, Cal., has an undeveloped
deposit of magnesite near the Gilliam Creek deposits north of Gueme-
ville, which are described below.

Brush Deposit, F. W. Brush took out about 250 tons of magnesite
from a pocket on his ranch three miles east of Cloverdale. No further
work has been done since 1909.

Bibl. : Bull. 38, p. 331.

Creon Deposit (see KoUing).

Cummings Ranch, Chas. G. Flick, owner. This deposit of magnesite
in Sec. 23, T. 11 N., B. 11 W., about 2 miles southwest of Clover-
dale, was worked for a short time by the Sotoyopne Magnesite Company
of Healdsburg. It has now been idle several years.

Bibl. : Bull. 38, p. 332 ; U. S- G. S. BuU. 355, p. 24.

Eckert Ranch (see Tordi) .

Gilliam Creek Deposits (see Healdsburg Marble Company, and
Western Carbonic Acid Has Company) .

Healdsburg Marble Company (also known as the Madeira Deposit)^
George Madeira, Healdsburg, manager. It is in the southwest corner
of See. 31, T. 9 N., R. 10 W., 5^ miles north from Guerneville ; eleva-
tion 1700 feet (bar.). There is a series of magnesite veins in serpentine
from a few inches to 10 feet wide, and occurring over a width of about
1400 feet. They strike west of north and dip west at about 70°. The
larger veins are of very good quality. There is a considerable tonnage
in sight at the surface which can be cheaply quarried ; but except for a
couple of short tunnels there has been no development work under-
ground.

At the west end, the veins are narrow and are banded with a green
dolomitic material, chalcedony and quartz, forming a variety of **verde
antique marble." It was for this that the deposit was originally
located (1894), with the intention of putting it on the market as an
ornamental building stone. This is the deposit described by Hess (see
Bibl.) as "un-named."

The property has no transportation outlet as yet, but it is only a half
mile from the claim of the Western Carbonic Acid Gas Company,
which has a wagon road to Guerneville. The claims are patented.

Bibl.: R. XIII, p. 640; Bull. 37, p. 112; Bull. 38, pp. 114, 333, 369;
U. S. G. S. Bull. 355, pp. 25, 26 ; Bull. 540, p. 497.

Rolling Deposit (formerly Creon) y J. KoUing, Preston, owner. This
is in Sec. 32, T. 12 N., R. 10 W., 2 miles north of Cloverdale and 2 miles

154 MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

east of Preston on the Northwestern Pacific Railroad; elevation
1500 feet (bar.). The wagon road to Preston has a heavy grade,
but it is all down hill. It is stated to cost $1.50 per ton to haul the
magnesite to the railroad. There are four small, disconnected deposits
of magnesite, the geology of which has been described by F. L. Hess
(U. S. G. S., Bull. 355, p. 22). The characteristic batryoidal forms and
shrinkage cracks are abundant in parts of these deposits, and the edges
of the veins are more or less mixed with serpentine. (See photos Nos.
176,177).

Photo No. 178. Mmennitc from Rolling depoiit. Sonoma
Counly. CllifomU, (howing piited aurfacc due to

A peculiar pitted weathering effect was also noted (photo No. 178).
Something over SCO tons of magnesite have been shipped from thi*
property, but no work has been done the past five years (tfl January,
1914).

There is some heavy magnesite float on the north bank and in the
bed of Big Sulphur Creek, just above the mouth of the canyon. This is
below and about a mile south of the Rolling ground.

Bibl: Bull. 38, pp. 331, 332; U. S. G. S. Bull. 355, pp. 22, 23.

Madeira (see Healdaburg Marble Company).

Magnesite float was found by the writer in Mark West Creek a short
distance above Mark West Springs, but its source was not located.

SONOMA COUNTY, 155

On land owned by M. C. Meeker, of Camp Meeker, in Sees. 2 and 3,
T. 8 N., R. 11 W,, northwest of Guemeville, are scattered indications of
magnesite, but no development work has been done.

Norton Ranch, E. M. Norton, owner. The Sotoyome Ma^esite Com-
pany, of Healdsburg, took out a small tonnage of magnesite from an
irregular deposit on the Norton ranch on Dry Creek, shout 10 miles
northwest of Healdsbui^ and 4 miles from Qeyserville. No farther
work has been done.

Bibl.: BuU. 38, p. 333; U. S. G. S. Ball 355, p. 28.

W). Sono
, CtJiforsi

Red Slide Deposits (see Sonoma Magnesite Company).

Sonoma Magnesite Company, U. S. Webb, president ; Frank A. Janda,
Chicago, HI., secretary ; H. P. Bee, manager ; John M. Nordheim, 8Ui)er-
intendent. San Francisco office, Humboldt Bank Building.

Since my visit to the property (November, 1913), the control of the
company has been transferred from A. B. Davis et al., of San Fran-
cisco, to the above-named. The new owners are proceeding to patent
the claims and propose to increase development and improve the trans-
portation facilities. The ground was at one time located by Geo.

156

MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

Madeira, of Healdsburg, but lost through litigation. (Bull. 38, p. 333;
Bull. 66, pp. 58, 59.)*

There are 30 claims in this group covering what are known as the
Bed Slide deposits on East Austin Creek.

The claims as indicated on the map are named as follows :

1. Flora

2. Cecilia

3. Marie' '

4. Seymoar

5. Cyril

6. Henrietta

7. Constance

8. Manson

9. Otto

10. James

11. Josef

12. Yard

13. Marquise

14. Peterson

15. Burris

17. Arthur No. 2 25. Henry

2a Charles

27. Phillip

28. Vera

18. Francis

19. Ford

20. Clara No. 2

21. Alfred No. 2 29. Empire

22. Vera No. 2 30. Standard

23. Trent No. 2

16. Bertram No. 2 24. Bertram

They are in Sees. 6, 7, 8, 17 and 20, T. 9 N., R. 11 W., 6 miles north
from Cazadero (see map), but at present reached by road from
Guerneville, 12 miles to the southeast. The company has a wagon grade
about two thirds completed to connect with Watson station on the
Northwestern Pacific Railroad, a distance of 11 miles. At the time of
my visit this was the only work being prosecuted. By reason of
inclement weather and a lack of time, a detailed study of the geology
was not made.

There are three groups of magnesite outcrops with a northwest trend,
in a large belt of serpentine. No work has been done on the northern-
most one, which was not visited. Of the other two the principal work
has been done on the lower group, mainly on the ** Cecilia" claim at a
sharp turn in the creek. Here there are two adits, the lower one of
which is in over 200 feet, starting as a drift on the outcrop of a vein
about 9 feet wide ; but after 50 feet, turning to the northwest and run-
ning as a crosscut for about 180 feet, where a small step-faulted vein of
magnesite was struck.

The upper Cecilia tunnel, which is supposed to cut the same forma-
tions as the lower, also starts on a large outcrop (see photo No. 158),
but is run entirely as a crosscut. It is 50 feet above the lower tunnel
and has cut veins showing widths of 12 feet, 5 feet, 15 inches, 18 inches,
6 inches, and 8 inches, as well as some smaller ones. This magnesite is
of high grade as will be noted from the analyses quoted below. Magne-
site outcrops in the creek bed here, and continues for a short distance

•Since this description of the property was put In type, the new company has
completed its transportation connections, built a calcining: plant, and is now making
re^lar shlpmenta A 24-lnch gaxige railroad was laid on the road grade, and a dis-
tillate enfirine furnishes the motive power. Connection is made with the Northwestern
Pacific at Magnesia station on a spur of about one-half mile from Watsona

The magrnesite is being mined at the lower deposit, where a quarry face has been
opened up. In the calcining plant, a rotary kiln, oil-fired, is in operation, with capacity
of 30 tons per 24 hours. A second kiln is stated to be enroute for installation. The
crude mineral is crushed to pass a 2-inch ring before charging to the kiln ; and the
calcined material is pulverized after cooling in steel bins. Power Is obtained by an oil-
burning steam plant. The kiln consumes \ bbl. of oil per ton of calcined magnesia
obtained, which is reduced to ^% C(X The finished product is packed in paper-
lined duck bags for Pacific Coast consumption, and In 400-pound paper-lined barrels
for the eastern market. Shipments are now being made to New York via the Panama
Canal, an ocean rate of 15.00 per ton from tidewater, San Francisco, to New Torlt
having been secured. Seventy men are at work. — ^W. W. B.. July. 1915.

SONOMA COUNTY.

157

158 MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

up over the hill, but apparently does not eroea the creek to the south.
The general trend of the veins is about N. 25° W., and the dip north-
east. There are a few hundred tons of broken magnesite on the
dumps of these tunnels and as float below. Besides the usual charac-
teristics, specimens were found eshibitiug parallel shrinkage cracks
(see photo No. 179). Almost no drifting has been done so far, so that
the continuity or the extent of these veins underground is as yet un-
certain.

CoQpativ. SoDODU CoDiitj, Cftlifori
Tiro thirdi natUTiI tin.

At the upper claims the principal outcrop is on the Alfred (see
photo No. 159). It appears to be at least 25 feet thick at the center,
dipping at about 40" NE., and is stated to have been traced for a
total length of about 1000 feet. It thins out, however, in both direc-
tions from the center. The only development work on Ibis group is
a crossciiit tunnel started near the creek over 200 feet below the out-
crop, and which is in about 100 feet. It has not yet cut any magnesite.
Vera No. 2 adjoins the Alfred.

SONOMA COUNTY.

159

There is also on the claims a good stand of cypress suitable for mine
timbers, and some **fir'' (Douglas spruce) and redwood.

It is intended when development has proceeded sufficiently to warrant
it, to erect calcining furnaces on the property, a gas plant and possibly
a brick plant, and to convert the wagon grade into a railroad so as to
handle the products direct to tidewater without transshipment.

It is stated that with properly equipped furnaces one barrel of crude
oil will produce one ton of calcined magnesite. Mr. Davis has gone
quite thoroughly into the subject of the uses for magnesite, and its
market, and he estimates that with rail facilities to tidewater the
material can be shipped to Chicago, New York and other eastern
points via Panama Canal at a rate which can compete with the .Grecian
and Austrian product. The market in Japan and China can also be
reached profitably.

ANALYSES.

-Sample from—

SIOs

AltOs

FpsOt

CaO

MgO

COa

48.06
49.20

MgCOs

Unde-
ter-
mined

^Qtfnla tapper tunnel)

7.67
S.66

•2.60

2.50

.74

6.66

7.86

0.26
.75

0.20
.44

0.04
.20

»2.a)

None
.62

43.42
44.90

08.92

0.24

«Cecnia

0.86

•

'Alfred

0.55

2.2
6.06
10.22
.21 4.6S

( .88
1 •.37

^Alfred

46.0
94.21
82.00
87.81

>49.3

''Vera No. 2 (calcined)

^Alfred (calcined)

*Vera (calcined)

^Analysis by A. J. Peter« (U. S. Geological Survey).

3 Analysis by W. C. Wheeler (U. 8. Geological Survey).

■Analysis by StauITer Chemical Company » San Francisco.

« Analysis by Seiby Smelting and Lead Company, Selby, California.

^ Analysis by Booth, Garrett & Blair, Philadelphia, Pa.

'Silicates.

^Calcium carbonate.

•Calculated.

•Moisture.

It appears from these analyses that some of the magnesite from the
upper claims carries more iron than that from the lower group ; also
that the content of silica is variable. As has already been noted (see
introduction to Magnesite under Napa County), in the manufacture
of magnesia brick for basic open-hearth liners in the steel process,
a small percentage of iron (up to say 10 per cent) is not only permissi-
ble but desirable. So, if the eastern market can be reached economically,
it would seem that this lower grade material of the Sonoma Magnesite
Company may be made available some day.

Bibl. : Bull. 38, p. 333 ; Bull. 66, pp. 58, 59 ; U. S. G. S. Bull. 355,
p. 26; Bull. 540, pp. 490-495.

MINES AND JflNEBAL RESOURCES.

D No. 159.

HagnaiM outcrop on Alfred a«m ("R«l Slide") of !
Conpany, Senomi County. CaliiornU.

■ UagBldW

Sotoyome Magnesite and Mineral Paint Company (see Healdshurg
Paint Company, under Mineral Paint).

Sotoyome Magnesite Company (see Norton Ranch).

Western Carbonic Acid 6as Company, Chaa. S. Harker, A«new,
president and manager. This group is at the head of Gilliam
Creek, in Sec. 6, T. 8 N., B. 10 W., 5 miles north from Guerneville,
from which it is reached by wagon road, the last mile having beeu
built by the company. Thia deposit ia similar to that of the Healds-
hurg Marble Company, above it near the top of the ridge and about
a half mile to the north. There are several large outcrops of magnesite
(■ccurring in serpentine. Very little development work has been done —
e few surface cuts.

The following analyses of material from this group are given by
H. S. Gale (U. S. G. S. Bull. 540, p. 497) :

»..,

No.t

1.10%

■mh

l.M%

».ia%

reiOt ....

CaO

M«0

OOi

- --- --_"-:-"-- __ _-_ r

a-vn

<4.M

100.00%

100.«ft

SONOMA COUNTY. 161

Yordi Ranch (formerly Eckert), Mrs. Grace P. Yordi, Cloverdale,
owner. It is 2 miles southeast of Cloverdale, on the east side of the
Russian River; elevation 425 feet (har.). Several years ago about
700 tons of magnesite are reported to have been dug from the soil-
covered hillside above the road, and 400 tons shipped. It was not until
1912 that the balance was 8hipped to San Francisco. The magnesite
was apparently residual boulders in the soil overlying a serpentine
bedrock.

Bibl. : Bull. 38, p. 333 ; U. S. O. S. Bull. 335, p. 23 ; Bull. 540,
p. 498.

MANGANESE.

Shaw Prospect, Estate of I. E. Shaw, Cloverdale, owner. There is
a deposit of high grade manganese ore on the Shaw ranch, 7 miles
northwest of Cloverdale, on which a small amount of development
work has been done.

Bibl.: R. XII, p. 330; XIII, p. 507; Bull. 38, p. 337; U. S. G. S.
Bull. 427, p. 163.

Besides the above, there are specimens of manganese ore in the
museum of the State Mining Bureau from Freestone, Guerneville, Mark
West Springs and Santa Rosa.

Bibl. : R. IV, p. 316 ; Bnll. 38, p. 368.

Healdsburg Marble Company (see under Magnesite; also under
Limestone).

MINERAL PAINT.

Brown's Ochre Mine (see Meeker).

Healdsburg Paint Company, T. S. Merchant et al., Healdsburg,
owners. This property was at one time known as the Indian Metallic
Red Paint Mine, and also under the name of Sotoyome Magnesite
and Mineral Paint Company. It is on Porter Creek in T. 8 N., R. 10 "W.,
about 10 miles by road southwest of Healdsburg. The material is a
low grade hematite, high in silica, and a considerable tonnage was
shipped out some years ago, but none since 1906.

Bibl.: R. XI, p. 462; R. XII, p. 406; XIII, p. 643; Bull. 38,
p. 340.

Lancaster Ranch (see under Iron).

162 MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

Meeker's Ochre Deposit (formerly Brown's) M. C. Meeker, Camp
Meeker, owner. This deposit of ochreous clay is in Sec. 21, T. 7 N.,
R. 10 W., 14 miles north of Camp Meeker. Several years ago there were
four or five carloads of paint shipped from this property, but none
since.

Bibl. : Bull. 38, p. 340.

Occidental Deposit, J. D. Connelly, owner. There is an undeveloped
deposit of ochreous clay, just west of the hotel at Occidental.

There is said to be a small spring deposit of yellow ochre 5 miles north-
east of Cazadergo.

Skinner Graphite Company (see under Graphite).

Sotoyome Magnesite and Mineral Paint Company (see Healdsburg
Paint Company).

MINERAL WATER.

Sonoma County, like its neighbors, Lake, Napa, and Mendocino coun-
ties, has a large number and variety of mineral springs. Some of these
are well known, and have a world-wide reputation. They vary in char-
acter and composition from the cold ** seltzer'* of Lytton*s to the boiling
hot waters and steam vents of The Geysers. Most of them are well
equipped with comfortable hotels and cottages, and are fairly accessible
to transportation lines. Sonoma County is one of the ** playgrounds" of
California and many of her summer resorts are located around these
mineral springs.

Agua Caliente Springs, Theodor Richards, Agua Caliente, owner.
These springs are at Agua Caliente on the Northwestern Pacific Rail-
road, 2^ miles northwest from Sonoma; elevation 131 feet (North-
western Pacific). It is stated that originally the hot spring here was
merely a mud hole used for many years by the Indians. The present
owner has drilled six wells, and put in a large swimming tank, a bath-
house, and a bottling works. The water is pumped, though it is stated
that in the winter the wells have a small artesian flow.

The water pumped to the swinuning tank shows a temperature of
102° F. at the pump (2 wells combined, 1 of which is said to be warmer
than 102°). The well from which water is bottled shows a temperature
of 95° F. at the pump, and is discharged into a tank to cool before
bottling. Electric power is used, and there is an auxiliary gasoline en-
gine for emergency use. There is a capping machine, carbonator, and
mechanical labeler. There are accommodations for 300 guests in the
hotel and cottages.

Bibl. : R. XI, p. 458 ; XIII, p. 521 ; U. S. G. S., Water Sup. Pap.
338, p. 113.

SONOMA COUNTY. 163

Agua Rica Hot Sulphur Spring (see Boyes),

Alder Glen Springs, William Lang, Pioneer Soda Water Company,
Oakland, owner; J. A. Serres, lessee. These springs are in Sec. 3, T.
11 N., R. 11 W., 3 miles northwest of Cloverdale; elevation 525 feet
(bar.) . McCray station on the Northwestern Pacific is the railroad point
during the summer season. The springs are in serpentinized sandstone,
and the four principal ones have the following temperatures : Sulphur,
58"^ P. ; Magnesia, 56° ; Soda, 57° ; Iron, 57°. Water from the soda
springs is bottled *' natural" at the spring. Some is also shipped in
barrels to Oakland and sold in siphons, carbonated. The hotel and cot-
tages are picturesquely situated in a beautiful canyon of alders, red-
woods and oaks.

Bibl.: WiNSLOW Anderson, "Mineral Springs and Health Resorts
of California," p. 76, U. S. G. S. Water Sup. Pap. 338, p. 166.

Altamont Medical Springs, J. D. Connelly, Occidental, owner. This
is a lightly mineralized spring in Sec. 34, T. 7 N., R. 10 W., at Occi-
dental on the Northwestern Pacific Railroad. None is bottled for sale.
There is a hotel in connection.

Barc(d Spring, Barcal Water Company, operators; J. KoUing, Pres-
ton, manager. This calcic-magnesic spring is near the KoUing magne-
site deposit in Sec. 32, T. 12 N., R. 10 W., about 2 miles east of Preston
on the Northwestern Pacific Railroad at an elevation of 1375 feet (bar.).
They have been bottling for about seven years past, originally at
the spring itself, but now the water is piped 9000 feet to the works
at Preston station. Electric power is used and three men are employed.
The product is put up both carbonated and natural. There is no resort
in connection with this spring. Near-by there is also an iron spriilg,
but not utilized.

Boyes Hoi Springs (at one time called Agu^ Bica), Boyes Hot
Springs Company, owners; Henry Trevor, San Francisco, president;
Thos. P. Boyd, Santa Rosa, secretary; R. G. Lichtenberg and Dr. B. L.
Parramore, managers. The post office and railroad station are both
named Boyes Springs. It is 2 miles northwest of Sonoma ; elevation 129
feet (Northwestern Pacific). The property was formerly owned by
Captain Boyes, and has been operated by the present company for
seven years.

Water is obtained from both springs and wells. It is pumped to
tanks to give pressure for the bathhouse use, and also pumped to the
bottling works, where it is cooled before bottling. Electric power is
used. The bottling is done under lease from the company by John W.
Kelly. Most of the production is carbonated, but a few cases per month,
**still.''

164 MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

There is a fine large swimming pool and a well-appointed bathhouse.
The temperature of the water of the principal spring was 112° F., taken
at the pump. There are accommodations for 300 guests in the hotel,
cottages and tents.

BibL: R. XI, p. 458; XII, p. 347; XIII, p. 521 U. S. G. S. Water
Sup. Pap. 338, p. 112.

Burns Springs, P. M. Hathaway, owner. These springs are on the
Hathaway ranch, 3^ miles east of Glen Ellen, but are not utilized except
by the occupants.

BibL : R. XII, p. 347 ; XIII, p. 521.

California Oeysers (see The Geysers),

Camp Rose. There is stated to be a sulphur water spring at the
Camp Rose resort, 1^ miles from Healdsburg.

Chimney Rock Spring, J. A. Watson, Quemeville, owner. This sul-
phur water spring is at the corner of Sees. 26, 27, 34 and 35, T. 8 N.,
R. 11 W., 6 miles west of Guerneville ; and is so called because of its
proximity to a natural topographic feature of the same name. The
elevation is 900 feet (bar.). It is stated that water has been bottled
here in a small way by hand for about twenty-five years.

Eleda (see Fetters).

Fetters Hot Springs (one time called Eleda), George ^Fetters, owner.
This resort at the post office of the same name is between Boyes and
Agua Galiente springs in the warm water belt, extending northwesterly
from Sonoma. Elevation 124 feet (Northwestern Pacific). There are 3
wells, stated to be artesian in winter, the first one of which was drilled
in 1908. The warm water was struck at a depth of 300 feet. It is
pumped, using electric power, to a tank, for swimming and bathing^A
small amount is bottled, carbonated, for use at the hotel. The tem-
peratures of the two principal wells are said to be 114° P. and 90° F.,
respectively, but as they are capped, and the pump was not running,
I was unable to take a thermometer reading at the time.

Bibl. : U. S. G. S. Water Sup. Pap. 338, p. 114.

Oeysers (see ^'The Oeysers'').

Hoods Hot Springs, 0. R. Baldwin, Cloverdale, owner. In the can-
yon of Dry Creek, 15 miles north of west from Cloverdale. Two springs.
Temperature 100° F. Small flow. Used locally for bathing.

Bibl. : U. S. G. S. Water Sup. Pap. 338, p. 82.

SONOMA COUNTY. 165

Kawana Springs (formerly Taylor's White Sulphur Springs) y J. S.
Taylor, Santa Bosa, owner; P. Criblet, lessee. These springs are in
Sec. 36, T. 7 N., R. 8 W., 2^ miles southeast from Santa Rosa ; eleva-
tion 276 feet (bar.). The principal spring has a temperature of 57° P.
The hotel has accommodations for about 100.

BibL: R. VI, Pt. I, p. 75; X, p. 676; U. S. G. S. Bull. 32, p. 209;
Water Sup. Pap. 338, p. 256 : Anderson (op. cit.), p. 264.

Lytion Springs (see Salvation Army).

Mark West Springs, J. 0. Wickham, Santa Rosa, owner. These
well known springs are in Sec. 14, T. 8 N., R. 8 W., 10 miles north
of Santa Rosa, from which city they are reached by automobile stage ;
elevation 450 feet (bar.). The warm springs are on the edge of
Mark West Creek. The following temperatures were observed: Bath
Spring, 93° P. (strong flow); Magnesia, 90°; "Plunge," 92° (has
excess gas) ; Sulphur, 90° ; Arsenic, 65° ; two, iron 58° each; one, iron
54° ; two **iron" across creek from others, 67°. The Bath Spring water,
when a higher temperature is desired, is heated artificially.

The hotels and tents will accommodate about 150 guests. One pic-
turesque feature of this resort is the large wild grape arbor in front of
the hotel. There are eleven trunks up to 8 inches in diameter, which are
twined around the porch posts, and the vines spread out on the arbor
frame over the driveway.

Bibl. : R VI, Pt. I, p. 75; VIII, p. 634; XII, p. 347; XIII, p. 522;
U. S. G. S. Bull. 32, p. 206; Water Sup. Pap. 338, p. 115;
Anderson (op. cit.), p. 192.

On the James O'Brien Ranch, one mile northwest of Sea View, in
Sec. 7, T. 8 N., R. 12 W., there is a cold mineral water well. It is at a
station on the stage road west from Cazadero.

O'DonnelVs Sulphur Spring is near Glen Ellen.

Ohms Springs — ^a drilled well i mile southeast of Boyes Springs. A
small resort. Mrs. F. Shirley, Sonoma, owner.

Bibl. : U. S. G. S. Water Sup. Pap. 338, p. 113.

Salvation Army's Boys and Oirls Industrial Home and Farm (inc.)
(formerly Lytton Springs; also Golden Gate Orphanage), Major C. W.
Bourne, president ; A. E. Marpurg, secretary ; post office, Lytton. These
springs were originally and for many years known as Lytton Springs.
The property is now maintained as an orphans' home by the Salvation
Army. There are two principal springs, with the following tempera-
tures: Soda, 64° P.; Seltzer, 62°. The soda spring is at an elevation
of 425 feet (bar.), or 200 feet higher than the "seltzer" and i mile

166 MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

distant. The latter makes a very pleasant table water. A few cases
of water per month are put on the market, being hauled in barrels
to Healdsburg, and there bottled by a local company. The manage-
ment desires to lease the bottling privilege.

Bibl.: R. VI, Pt. I, p. 74; VIII, p. 634; X, p. 675; XII, p. 347;
XIII, p. 522; U. S. G. S. BuU. 32, pp. 205, 206, 211; Water
Sup. Pap. 338, p. 165; Anderson (op. cit.), pp. 18&-190.

Skaggs Hot Springs, Peter J. Curtis, Skaggs, owner. This group of
well known hot springs is on Warm Spring Creek, in Sees. 23 and 24,
T. 10 N., R. 11 W., 9 miles west of Geyserville, from which it is reached
by a good automobile road. There has been a resort here since previous
to 1875. The present owner bought the property in 1913, having had it
leased for the five years previous.

There are three principal springs, all with good strong flows, and
all have excess carbonic acid gas, especially the third one noted below,
which is very vigorous. While nearly all of the hot springs, which
have been observed by the writer, are more or less sulphurous, these
at Skaggs are noticeably free from sulphuretted hydrogen. The follow-
ing temperatures were recorded: 124° F., 125° and 130°. The last
mentioned is inclosed by a concrete curb, and the others by brick.
There is a cold soda spring about 300 yards above. There are accom-
modations for 200 in the hotel, cottages and tents. When visited
(November, 1913), a swimming tank 30 feet by 60 feet was being
built, and other improvements planned.

Bibl. : R. VI, Pt. I, p. 75 ; VIII, p. 634 ; X, p. 675 ; XII, p. 347 ;
XIII, p. 522; U. S. G. S. Bull. 32, pp. 207, 211; Water Sup.
Pap. 338, pp. 81, 82; Anderson (op. cit.), p. 244.

The State Home at Eldridge has a warm spring similar to the others
in the Sonoma Valley.

Bibl. : U. S. G. S. Water Sup. Pap. 338, p. 114.

Taylor White Sulphur Spring (see Kawana).

''The Oeysers/' D. and H. A. Powell, San Francisco, owners; Chas.
Boldsdorff, 199 Fourth street, San Francisco, lessee; post office, **The
Geysers." These famous hot springs are in the northern comer of
Sonoma County, in Sec. 13, T. 11 N., R. 9 W., 18 miles east of Clover-
dale; elevation 1450 feet (bar.) on the hotel porch. During the sum-
mer months an automobile stage line runs to The Geysers from both
Healdsburg and Cloverdale. From the latter it ira picturesque ride
up the winding and rugged canyon of Big Sulphur Creek, one time
called the Pluton River. Formerly there was also a stage line from
Calistoga on the east.

SONOMA COUNTY. 167

These " geysers " themselves (though there are no true geysers that
spout high in the air, as at the Yellowstone Park, Wyoming) are a
series of boiling hot springs in two short tributary canyons on the
north side of the creek, opposite the hotel {see photo No. 146 and No.
151). The ebullition is so violent in the one called the "Devil's Tea-
pot" that a column of water about a foot across is continually projected
10 to 12 inches above the surface of the small surrounding pool.
Because of this violent bubbling, I was unable to take the temperature
of this particular spring, not having a registering thermometer.
Scalded fingers were the reward o£ attempting -to get it with the ther-

Th( OcvMra Canyon, Sonoma Coun
■croai Big Sulphur Crxk.

mometer carried. Around this pool is a black deposit of iron sulphide.
A small vent near-by gave 206° P., while at the "Devil's Kitchen"
just below, over a space of several feet, temperatures of 130° to 202°
were obtained. At a steam vent above, 210° was obtained and 206°
at another black sulphur spring. Sulphur crystals are continually
forming around the steam vents. Epsomite and other minerals, the
result of deposition from the vapors and of efflorescence, are abundant.
Just over a small ridge from the main group and in another ravine
to the east, is the "Steamboat Geyser." This steam vent roars with
sufficient pressure that a 2-incb rock dropped on it is thrown oflf
violently before it has a chance to cover the aperture. The temperature
is 212° F. In the early days of the resort, this vent was capped

168 MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

with a steam whistle (hence the name) ; but it is stated to have been
blowQ off. Because of the noise it never was replaced.

On the edge of the main creek below these ravines, are a number
of other springs, the principal ones having the following temperatures:
"White Sulphur," 68° F.; "Hot Sulphur," 100°; "Hot Iron," 130°;
"Hot Magnesia," 143°. The last named is the one from which water
is bottled for sale. Formerly the twttlicg was done at The Geysers.
Now, except for a few cases per month for use at the hotel, it is shipped

Photo No. ISI. Looking iom tbc Otjmen Cinron, Sooodu County, Caliloniu.

in barrels to San Francisco and Richmond for bottling. The hotel,
which has accommodations for 150, is usually closed from October to
May first.

Becavise of the neighboring quicksilver distriete, these solfataric
springs have been much described and discussed in relation to the
association of hot sprii^ with the genesis of quicksilver ores. Along
Big Sulphur Creek, both above and below Geyser Canyon, are several
other places of similar deposits but where activity is now extinct
There is a "sulphur bank" a short distance below. The "Little Gey-
sers" are 3 or 4 miles above the main group.

Bibl. : R. IV, p. 182 ; VI, Pt. I, p. 75 ; VIII, p. 635 ; X, pp. 67^-675 ;
XII, p. 347; XIII, p. 521; U. S. G. S. Mon. XIII, p. 377;

SONOMA COUNTY. 169

BuU. 32, pp. 204, 206 ; Water Sup. Pap. 338, pp. 83-88 ; Anderson
(op. cit.), pp. 136-154; Geol. Subv. op Cal., Geology VoL I, pp.
93 et seq.

W(dl Spring, H. C. Wall, Hilton, owner. This is a magnesia spring
in Sec. 30, T. 8 N., R. 9 W., northeast of Hilton. There was formerly
a resort here but it has been closed the past two years.

Bibl. : U. S. G. S. Water Sup. Pap. 338, p. 257.

In addition to the above springs there is a cold magnesia spring on
Mt. Jackson near Guerneville, 0, F. Austin, owner; a cold sulphur
water spring on the J. C. Junker ranch above the Great Eastern
quicksilver mine near Guerneville; a warm sulphur water spring on
land of the Sonoma Magnesite Company, north of Cazadero; Los
Guilicos Warm Springs, 1^ miles southwest of Kenwood ; and McEwan
Ranch, 3 miles southwest of Kenwood. About i mile south of Glen
Ellen, on the edge of the creek, there is a spring ; temperature 76° F. ;
with excess COj, though it has no distinct mineral taste. None of these
Nprings are at present utilized. There are also a number of small,
locally known, cool sulphur springs on Sulphur Creek and Little Sul-
phur Creek, near Cloverdale.

Bibl. : U, S. G. S. Water Sup. Pap. 338, pp. 114, 258.

NATURAL GAS.

At several places, in the vicinity of Geyserville and in the valleys of
Sonoma and Petaluma creeks, an inflammable natural gas has been
encountered in well boring operations, but no commercial supply
developed.

Bibl. : E. VII, p. 181 ; XI, p. 458.

ONYX MARBLE.

(See Healdshurg Marble Company, under Magnesite).

OPALS (see Gems).
PAVING BLOCKS (Sec Stone Industry).

PETROLEUM.

There are some small outcrops of oil-stained sand (asphaltic base) on
the Ducker ranch, three miles due east of Petaluma ; elevation 280 feet
(bar.). The Petaluma Oil and Development Company, M. S. Meeks,
secretary, has a lease on the ground, but no work has been done since the
spring of 1910. Under sublease from this company, the Ramona Oil

12A— 14456

170 MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

Company drilled three shallow holes and the Petaluma Home Oil Com-
pany one.

The log of well No. 1 was as follows :

BuflP sand 65 feet

Blue clay 597 feet

Brown sand 38 feet

Bine clay 100 feet

Total depth 800 feet ; gas struck

It is stated that the gas showed a pressure of 217 pounds and a flow
of 690,000 cubic feet per. 24 hours. It was utilized under the boilers in
sinking the second well until the flow was cut oflf by the well clogging up

The log of well No. 2 shows oil sands at depths of 335 to 340, 346 to
352, 397 to 399 feet, followed by a succession of shale, shell and gumbo
strata to 910-foot depth. The strata exposed in the bed of a small creek
about 300 feet west of the derrick show a strike east and west and a
dip of about 40° to the south.

Oil seepages and gas are reported in Bennett Valley on the Parsons
ranch, 7 miles due north from Petaluma.

Bibl. : Report XI, pp. 453-463 ; Bull. 69, p. 472.

QUICKSILVER

Outside of the New Almaden mine in Santa Clara County, the Sonoma
County quicksilver deposits (particularly those of the Pine Plat dis-
trict) are among the oldest known in the state. They vary in character
from the ordinary, mainly cinnabar-bearing ores, and the less common
meta-cinnabarite, to the purely native mercury type as in the Rattle-
snake and the Socrates. This last named group is found in the Pine Flat
district, southeast of The Geysers; and has proven so far the most
difficult to handle both from a mining and a metallurgical standpoint.

Prospecting and exploitation of the Pine Plat belt of deposits began
in the early sixties and in 1861 some 33,000 feet of claims had been
located on it (Geol. Surv. of Cal., Geology, Vol. I, p. 89). Among the
claims being worked in that year were the Cincinnati, Dead Broke,
Pittsburg, Pioneer (later renamed Socrates), and Denver. Though
small amounts of quicksilver were produced by a retort from
the Pioneer's native mercury ore, the result was not profitable from a
pecuniary standpoint. The first definitely recorded output of quick-
silver in the county was from the Sonoma mine in the same district in
1873 (Min. Res. West of the Rocky Mts., 1874, p. 30).

As will be noted from the table of mineral production (see page 144),
there have been two principal periods of activity in the yield of quick-
silver from Sonoma County mines— 1874 to 1883 and 1888 to 1906.
From 1882 to 1894, the Great Eastern mine was the only producer.

SONOMA COUNTY. 171

The total recorded output for Sonoma County to the end of 1913 was
61,407 flasks valued at $2,533,228. (For further descriptions as to mar-
ket values, also metallurgy, see introduction to Quicksilver under Lake
County.)

Bibl. : E. IV, p. 336; V, pp. 95, 96; VI, Pt I, p. 102; VIII, p. 632;
X, p. 675; XI, p. 460; XII, p. 371; XIII, pp. 602, 603; Bull. 20,
p. 19 ; Bull. 27, pp. 97-117 ; Qeol. Subv. of Cal., Qeol., Vol. 1,
pp. 88-91 ; U. S. G. S., Mon. XIII, pp. 362-364, 369, 376, 377 ;
Min. Res. 1883, 1884, 1888, 1902, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910,
1911, 1912, An. Rep. XVI, Pt. Ill, p. 598; XX, Pt. VI, p. 271;
XXI, Pt. VI, p. 278; Trans. A. I. M. E., Vol. Ill, pp. 273, 275,
276, 290, 300, 304.

Alnuiden, Incandescent and Tunnel Site Ormip, These prospects
near the Socrates mine have been abandoned several years. A 10-pipe
retort was built.

Bibl. : Bull. 27, p. 97.

Aliamont Copper Group. Quicksilver has been reported on these
copper claims north of Camp Meeker, but no definite vein or ore body
has been found.

Bacon Consolidated Group, On Pine Mountain. Abandoned.

Bibl. : Bull. 27, p. 97.

Big Chief Claim (see Squaw),

Black Bear Mine (see Culver-Baer),

Boston Group. These prospects about a mile east of the Pine Flat
schoolhouse have been idle for the past 8 years. It is stated that a
homestead has been lately filed on the land by Charles Acy.

Bibl. : Bull. 27, p. 97.

Bright Hope Mine, F. P. Tiran, Cloverdale, owner. This prospect
is on an 80-acre piece of land held under an agricultural patent. It is
on the Geysers road 15 miles east of Cloverdale, and 2 miles above the
Cloverdale mine on the opposite side of Big Sulphur Creek; elevation
1475 feet (bar.). There are two crosscut tunnels on the stage road level,
one in 180 feet and the other 450 feet. The latter attains a depth of
100 feet below the surface, and has drifts of 75 feet west and 60 feeft
east, also a 50-foot winze. The country rocks are sandstone and serpen-
tine. The ore occurs partly in a ledge and partly as an impregnation
in the sandstone. Both cinnabar and native quicksilver ace present^
with quartz as the principal gangue mineral, mixed with some serpen-

172 MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

tine. No ore has been taken out as yet except that in the course of
development. There is no reduction equipment.

Buckeye Claim. F. Baumeistcr and George Hemenway, Cloverdale,
owners. Elevation 2100 feet (bar.). This was formerly the Mt. Vernon
claim of the Cloverdale group, which it adjoins, and was located by the
present owners in 1910. Subsequent court proceedings confirmed their
title to the ground, which it is intended to patent after this year's (1914)
assessment work is done.

The ore-bearing zone is stated to be 100 feet wide and is made up of
chert, impregnated sandstone, and stock-works, carrying cinnabar. This
zone, wTiich strikes northwest and southeast in the Cloverdale, turns
abruptly to the south at the Squaw and Buckeye, crossing to the opposite
side of Big Sulphur Creek; then turning again runs south of east
through the Bright Hope, passing to the south of The Oeysers and con-
tinuing southeasterly through the Socrates in the Pine Flat section. In
the Cloverdale the dip is northeast at about 70°, east at the Buckeye, and
southwest at the Socrates. While native mercury is a characteristic in
the southern part of this zone, none is found in it north of Big Sulphur
Creek. The Buckeye is being developed on three levels by an open cut
and two tunnels, the lowest of which will give 200 feet of backs. There
is a shaft of 50 feet and a tunnel of 300 feet, which were driven by the
original locators. There are 200 tons of ore said to average 5 per cent,
broken in the open cut.

Bibl. : Bull. 27, p. 99.

Cinnabar King Oraup, Cinnabar Mining Company, owners. Eli
Bush, Healdsburg, treasurer. This group of 5 patented claims in Sec.
11, T. 10 N., R. 8 W., has been idle the past five years. The occur-
rence of ozocerite has been noted in this mine, associated with quick-
silver.

Bibl. : R. XI, p. 461 ; XII, p. 371 ; XIII, p. 602 ; Bull. 27, p. 98 ;
U. S. G. S. Min. Res., 1910, Pt. I, p. 701.

Cloverdale Mine. F. E. Johnston, Napa, and Harry Patten, Calistoga,
owners. This group consists of the Cloverdale, already patented, and
5 other claims and a millsite which the owners are preparing to patent.
The mine has had a somewhat intermittent history, having first been
opened up in 1872. Its total production to the end of 1912 has been
5077 flasks, valued at $250,000. It is in Sec. 4, T. 11 N., R. 9 W.,
12 miles east from Cloverdale, on the ridge between Big Sulphur and
Squaw creeks, at their junction, the mine workings and reduction plant
being on the slopie toward the former. The topography is very steep.

SONOMA COUNTY. 173

the elevation being 1000 feet at the furnace and 2200 feet (bar.) at the
top of the ridge.

The ore body is characterized by "ledges of thinly stratified chert,
inclosed by sandstone." The cinnabar occurs as "face metal" and
incrustations in the fissures of the more compact chert beds, and as
richer seams and bunches in the crushed portions. The chert is highly
siliceous. The deposit has been opened up at several different levels,
by both open cuts and tunnels. The earthquake of 1906 is stated to
have disclosed the edge of an ore shoot in the "Glory Hole" cut, from
which about $40,000 in quicksilver was produced. As a whole the
underground workings are not very extensive, the major portion of the
output having come from the open cuts. With topography decidedly in
their favor, the ore is handled a surprisingly unnecessary number of
times between the mine and the furnace. The latter, which is of 25 tons
capacity, is an incline, tile furnace with reverberatoiy hearth.

The property has been idle the past two years except for a small
tonnage of ore retorted, to "sample" the ore body. Mr. Johnston states
they are not operating on account of the unsatisfactory labor situation
and the low price of quicksilver.*

Bibl. : R. X, p. 675 ; Bull. 27, pp. 98-102, 215, 217 ; U. S. G. S. An.
Rep. XXI, Pt. VI, p. 278; Min. Res. 1902, p. 253; 1907, R. I,
p. 554; 1910, Pt. I, p. 701; 1911, Pt. I, p. 904; 1912, Pt. I, p. 944;
Min. Res. W. op Rocky Mts., 1875, pp. 14, 177 ; 1876, p. 20.

Clyde Mine (see Culver-Boer).

Crown Point Quicksilver Mining Company (see Sonoma),

Culver-Bcter Mine, Culver-Baer Mining Company, owners; C. E.
Humbert, president ; J. P. Menihan, secretary ; home office, Cloverdale.
The holdings of this company now include, besides the Culver-Baer
group, proper, the Black Bear, Clyde, Kentucky, Missouri and Sonoma
groups. The last named group was bought about three years ago and
its 24-ton Scott fine ore furnace removed to the Culver-Baer. With the
exception of the Sonoma, these claims are at the head of Devil's Den, a
branch of Little Sulphur Creek, in Sec. 23, T. 11 N., R. 9 W., 20 miles
south of east from Cloverdale. The Culver-Baer group proper includes
the old Geyser and Oakland mines, of early days, which were producers
for several years previous to 1880. In 1875 the Oakland mine was
producing 100 fiasks per month with six retorts. The property is
credited with a total production to the end of 1912 of 8154 flasks.

The topography is rugged; elevation 2200 feet (bar.) at the stable.
The ledge is characterized by a bold outcrop of silicified sandstone with
abundant yellow ochre, and is traceable on the surface for a mile in

* Since the above was written, we are Informed that a concentration plant is beinff
installed ; also, the price of quicksilver has gone up on account of the Ehiropean war.

174 MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

length. The vein filling is moptly quartz with some lime and chal-
cedony. The ore carries cinnabar, meta-cinnabarite and some native
mercury. The ledge averages 100 feet in width but only 35 feet on the
footwall is stoped. It strikes northwest, dips northeast on an average
of 60° and has been drifted on, all told, for a length of 1200 feet. The
hanging-wall is serpentine.

The three main levels are the upper tunnel of 700 feet in length, the
lower tunnel in 2000 feet, and 300 feet below, and an intermediate level
which does not come to the surface. These two tunnels are connected
by a raise from the 1200-foot point in the lower one. At the time the
mine was visited (October, 1913) it was idle, only a watchman being
retained; but since then a few men have been put on to drive a new
raise, starting at 1960 feet in the lower tunnel. One stope from the
No. 1 raise is 25 feet wide by 90 feet long and has 400 feet of backs.
They have not yet reached the ground worked by the old company.

The equipment includes an air compressor driven by a 25 horsepower
Fairbanks-Morse gasoline engine ; also Cleveland stopers and an 8-inch
by 10-inch jaw crusher. There is a 16-ton Knox Osborne coarse ore
furnace, a 24-ton, Scott fine ore furnace and a retort. A small steam
engine drives the furnace blower. A field kiln of 118,000 bricks for
furnace work was burned three or four years ago from clay near the
mine.

Bibl.: R. IV, p. 336 (table) ; V, p. 96; XI, p. 461; XII, p. 371;
XIII, pp. 602, 603 ; Bull. 27, pp. 102-105, 113, 215 ; U. S. G. S.
Mon. XIII, p. 377; Min. Res. 1902, p. 253; 1907, Pt. I, p. 680;
1908, Pt. I, p. 690; 1909, Pt. I, p. 554; 1910, Pt. I, p. 701; 1911,
Pt. I, p. 904 ; 1912, Pt. I, p. 944 ; MiN. Res. W. of Rocky Mts.,
1875, pp. 14, 175, 177, 493 ; Trans. A. I. M. E. Vol. Ill, pp. 276,
304.

Crystal (see Pacific),

Double Star, near Pine Flat. Abandoned. No ore was found after
considerable development.

Bibl. : Bull. 27, p. 105.

Eureka Mine (originally Flagstaff) j Eureka Quicksilver Mining Com-
pany, owner; James B. Barber, 1421 High street, Oakland, president.
This group of four claims and three millsites, part of which is patented,
is in the Pine Flat district, in Sec. 32, T. 11 N., R. 8 W., about 25
miles by road northeast from Healdsburg and the same distance north-
west from CalLstoga. Outside of a small amount of prospecting work
done as assessments to hold the unpatented claims, the property has

SONOMA COUNTY. 175

been idle the past ten years. It is northwest of and adjoins the
Socrates.

The ore body is on the contact between a serpentine hanging-wall
and sandstone footwall, being in part altered and gouge material from
both. Values occur as cinnabar, meta-cinnabarite and native mercury,
about 50 per cent being native. There is one tunnel in about 1000 feet,
giving 300-foot backs, and several other shorter ones above. The lowest
tunnel has drifts of 250 feet and 100 feet, respectively. Another tunnel
has been started at a still lower level. There is a 10-ton, modified Liver-
more-Fitzgerald furnace, a gasoline engine and a small compressor in-
eluded in the equipment. A few flasks of quicksilver were produced
in 1904.

Bibl. : Bull. 27, pp. lOe-108 ; U. S. G. S. Mon. XIII, p. 376 ; Min.
Res. W. op Rocky Mts., 1875, pp. 14, 176.

Great Eastern Mine, Great Eastern Quicksilver Mining Company,
owner ; George Roeth, 125 Market street, Oakland, president. This mine
is in Sec. 16, T. 8 N., R. 10 W., 4 miles northeast of Guerneville by
a good road; elevation 360 feet (bar.). Production of quicksilver
began here with an output of 412 flasks in 1875; and the mine is
credited with a total output to date of 40,923 flasks, or about two thirds
of the total output of Sonoma County to the end of 1912. This
includes the yield of the Mt. Jackson mine adjoining, as the two were
operated in conjunction for a number of years, and their individual
figures are not separable. As has already been noted (see introduction
to Quicksilver), from 1882 to 1894, the Great Eastern mine was the
only producer in Sonoma County.

This Great Eastern-Mt. Jackson lode is peculiar because of its isola-
tion from other workable quicksilver deposits and from any known
eruptives. It resembles somewhat the Culver-Baer ledge with its bold,
ochreoas outcrop between a serpentine hanging-wall and sandstone
footwall. The strike is north of west and dips north at 50° to 60°,
being steeper at the surface. The Great Eastern vertical shaft is down
550 feet, with two winzes of 160 feet each sunk from the 500-foot level.
There is also a 400-foot drift on the 500. The collar of the shaft is
about 200 feet below the upper outcrop, and at that level there is a
timnel in 1100 feet, with connecting drifts and stopes in the ledge
abQve. From the shaft there are levels at 150, 220, 360 and 500 feet,
respectively.

The ore shoot is enclosed within the ledge of opalized rock which
was originally probably mostly serpentine. Becker (U. S. G. S. Mon.
XIII, p. 364) considers that this silicification ** preceded the deposition
of ore, though somewhat closely connected with it." Occasionally a

176 MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

little pyrite accompanies the cinnabar. There are also small seams of a
hard bitumen associated with the ore body.

The geology is discussed in detail by Becker (op. cit.), and in Bull. 27
of the State Mining Bureau (pp. 108-112).

For several years previous to 1905 (in which year it expired), the
Great Eastern Company had a lease on the Mt. Jackson ground adjoin-
ing and worked it through the Great Eastern levels. The earthquake
of April 18, 1906, shook from the outcrop cliflE near-by a large rock
which rolled into the shaft, killing three men coming up in the cage.
It also partially wrecked the shaft. The damage to the shaft has been
repaired, but the mine has not been operated since. At the present
time (January, 1914) they are investigating the practicability of con-
centrating the ore. There is an abundant water supply from several
springs on the property.

The hoist is operated by a wood-burning steam plant. The crusher
is at the hoist, and a gravity tram conveyed the ore to the furnaces.
The reduction equipment includes a 4-ton coarse-ore furnace, a 16-ton
Hiittner-Scott fine ore furnace and a **D" retort.

Bibl.: B. IV, p. 336 (Table) ; V, p. 95; VIII, p. 633; XI, p. 460;
XII, 371; XIII, p. 602; Bull. 27, pp. 108-112, 226, 239, 246;
U. S. G. S. Mon. XIII, pp. 362-364 ; An. Rep. XX, Pt. VI, p. 271 ;
Mm. Res. 1883, pp. 394, 396, 397; 1902, pp. 251, 253; 1907,
Pt. I, p. 680 ; 1908, Pt. I, p. 690 ; Min. Res. W. op Rocky Mts.,
1875, p. 14 ; 1876, p. 20 ; Mining and Scientific Press, Vol. 89,
p. 391.

Oreat Northern. Abandoned.
Bibl. : Bull. 27, p. 112.

Hope Claims (see Sonoma Consolidated).
Hurley Prospect. Abandoned.

Bibl. : BuU. 27, p. 112.

Lookout Oroup. Abandoned.
Bibl. : Bull. 27, p. 113.

Lucky Stone Group. Abandoned.
Bibl. : Bull. 27, p. 113.

Maricoma Prospect {Santa Rita). Abandoned.
Bibl. : Bull. 27, p. 113.

ft..

SONOMA COUNTY. 177

Mercury Mining Company. F. A. Huntington et al., San Francisco,
owners. For several years nothing but a small amount of assessment
work has been done on these prospects in Sees. 32 and 33, T. 11 N.,
R. 8 W., near the Socrates mine.

Bibl.: Bull. 27, p. 113, U. S. G. S., Min. Res. 1902, p. 252; Min.
Res. W. op Rocky Mts., 1875, p. 14.

Missouri Mine (see Culver-Boer),

Mt. Jackson Quicksilver Mining Company, 0. T. Hassett, Geyserville,
R. F. D., president. This mine adjoins the Great Eastern mine (g. v,)
near Guemeville on the northwest, but has no plant of its own, having
been worked for a number of years through the Great Eastern levels.
It has been idle since 1905.

Bibl. : R. VIII, p. 633; XII, p. 371 ; XIII, p. 602; Bull. 27, pp. 108-
112.

Napa Prospect. Abandoned.
Bibl: Bull. 27, p. 113.

Occidental and Healdsburg Group. Abandoned.
Bibl. : Bull. 27, p. 114.

Old Chapman Prospect. Abandoned.
Bibl. : Bull. 27, p. 114.

Pacific Oroup {Crystal or Red Cloud) y A. Abbey, George Roeth et al.,
Oakland, owners. They consist of four patented claims in Sees. 5
and 6, T. 10 N., R. 8 W., near the Sonoma group in the Pine Flat sec-
tion. No work has been done for several years. A watchman only
is employed.

Bibl. : R. XIII, p. 603 ; Bull. 27, p. 114 ; U. S. G. S., Min. Res.
1902, p. 253.

Pontiac Oroup (see Socrates).

Rattlesnake Mine. Parrott Estate et al., San Francisco, owners.
This mine is in Sec. 31, T. 11 N., R. 8 W., on the road between the
Culver-Baer and the Sonoma mines. It is credited with a production of
65 flasks in 1875, entirely from native quicksilver. Not only was the
metal entirely in the native state, but it is claimed that there was so
much mercurial vapor in the underground workings that if a lunch
bucket were left in over a day or two, the solder would become amal-
gamated and the bottom drop out. The mine has been idle for years,

178 MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

and is now inaccessible. Like the Socrates, the difficulty here was to
handle the native metal economically. If the underground situation
could be handled successfully and safely, it would seem that the ore-
dressing end might be solved by some system of concentrators or
hydraulic settlers.

Bibl.: R. IV, p. 336 (table); XIII, p. 603; Bull. 27, p. 115;
U. S. G. S., Mon. XIII, p. 377 ; Min. Res. W. of Rocky Mts.,
1874, p. 37; 1875, pp. 14, 176; Trans. A. I. M. E., Vol. Ill,
p. 273.

Red Cloud Claim (see Pacific),

Santa Rita Claim (see Maricom^) .

Socrates Mine (originally Pioneer). Socrates Consolidated Mining
Company, owner; L. T. Carr, 412 Montgomery street, San Francisco.
This group of patented claims is at the junction of Sees. 32 and 33,
T. 11 N., R. 8 W., and Sees. 4 and 5, T. 10 N., R. 8 W., on the divide
between Big Sulphur and Little Sulphur creeks, 6 miles southeast of
The Geysers. The Pioneer of this group was the first quicksilver claim
located in Sonoma County. It is in the Pine Plat section. Owing to
the difficulty of handling the native metal which makes up the major
portion of the values here, the mine was idle for many years. The
occurrence of selenide of mercury has also been noted in the Socrates.
During its last period of operation attempts were made to recover the
quicksilver with a rotary roasting furnace. Their surface plant was
destroyed by a forest fire in the fall of 1907. During 1908 and 1909,
the Socrates Development Company, operating the property under bond,
made a small output of quicksilver, employing a Huntington mill and a
Woodbury concentrator. The concentrates were retorted. Since that
time the mine has been closed, only a watchman being employed.

Bibl. : Bull. 27, p. 115 ; U. S. G. S., Mon. XIII, p. 376 ; Min. Res.
1902, p. 253; 1906, pp. 493, 497; 1907, Pt. I, p. 680; 1908, Pt. I,
p. 690 ; 1909, Pt. I, p. 554 ; 1910, Pt. I, p. 701 ; Geol. Subv. of
Cal. Geol., Vol. I, pp. 88-91 ; Min. Res. W. of Rocky Mts., 1875,
pp. 14, 177 ; Mining and Scientific Press, Vol. XC, p. 22.

Sonoma Consolidated Group (Crown Point and Hope). This group
in Sees. 4 and 5, T. 10 N., R. 8 W., Pine Plat district, is now owned
by the Culver-Baer Company (g. v.). This company bought the
property particularly for its surface equipment, which has been trans-
ferred to the Culver-Baer mine 5 miles to the northwest. The Sonoma

SONOMA COUNTY. 179

was last operated by the Crown Point Company. Production began
with an output of 50 flasks in 1873.

Bibl. : R. XIII, p. 503 ; Bull. 27, pp. 102, 112 ; U. S. G. S. Mon.
XIII, p. 377; Min. Res. 1902, p. 253; Mm. Res. W. op Rocky
Mts., 1874, p. 30; 1875, p. 14; Trans. A. I. M. E., Vol. Ill,
p. 290.

Squaw and Big Chief Claims. L. D. Kissack and John June, Clover-
dale, owners. These claims are in Sec. 4, T. 11 N., R. 9 W., adjoining
the Cloverdale mine, 12 miles east from Cloverdale ; elevation 2200 feet
(bar.). The ore is similar to that of the Cloverdale. A tunnel and a
short incline from it have been driven in about 60 feet, and a few sacks
of high grade ore sorted from the material taken out. It is intended to
patent the Squaw soon.

Walker Prospect, On patented ground near Guerneville, owned by
M. C. Meeker, of Camp Meeker. A few stringers carrying cinnabar are
said to have been found, but nothing of consequence developed.

Bibl. : Bull. 27, p. 116.

Wall Spring Prospect, H. C. Wall, Hilton, owner. Idle.
Bibl. : Bull. 27, p. 117.

STONE INDUSTRY.

The stone quarries' products have been one of Sonoma County's
most important assets for many years. The majority of the paving
blocks employed in street work in the cities of the state have come
from the quarries of this county. For a considerable period this
particular branch was much more prominent than it is at the present
time, and gave employment to several thousand men. Following the
San Francisco fire of 1906, the demand for paving blocks was good for
a time and the year 1912 was a prosperous one; but the Block Makers'
Union demanded raises in the contract price successively from $25 to
$30, then to $35 per 1000. This, coupled with the increasing number of
motor driven vehicles and their demand for a smoother pavement, caused
a heavy slump in the business. As a consequence, the year 1913 saw
operations at many of the quarries shut down altogether, while others
were curtailed to the output of only a few men. It is stated that one
man will make an average of 100 to 150 blocks per day. At the time
they were visited (October, 1913) there were approximately 1,600,000
blocks piled up at the various quarries and at the railroad shipping
points, awaiting a market.

In addition to the $35 per 1000 for making, those operators who are
leasing pay $3 to $3.50 per 1000 royalty to the owners. It costs from
$2 to $5 per 1000, depending on the distance, to haul them to the rail-

180

MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

road. In case they can not be loaded directly onto the cars but have
to be temporarily piled beside the track, it costs an additional $1.50 per
1000 to put them on the cars. The blocks sell at $45 to $50 per 1000,
f . 0. b. the rail shipping point.

Though they are loosely designated by the trade as ''basalt blocks,"
the rock for the most part is andesite. Particularly is this the case
along the ridge which starts above Rincon Valley, northeast of Santa
Bosa, and trends southeasterly to near Kenwood. Locally, in places, it
grades to basalt, and at others to trachyte. This stone is also employed
for making curbing, and as such was erroneously reported for a number
of years under the head of "granite" (as has already been noted. See
under Oranite),

The following table gives the production of paving blocks for Sonoma
County, from 1887, though the Petaluma quarry was worked as early
as 1864 :i

Table of Paving Block Production.

Tear

TbouAand

Value

1887

10,000

10,600

•7,308

»7,000

•5,000

8,000

2,900

2,217

2,1S6

8,079

1,295

200

1,042

1,690

2,806

8,879

2,16S

2,145

8,071

2.008

6,226

8,006

8,429

8,278

5,781

2,761

$S6O,O0O
867,900

1888

1880 _

297,236

iBoa _

245,000

18W

1882

150,000
06,000

1808 __

92,800

18M

56,881

1896 _

67,808

1886

61,092

1887

28,065

1866

18,310

ja»

8,780

MOO _

1901

20,275
82,675

1902

82.227

1906

80,492

190i ,

65,197

1906

66,785

1906

128.444

1907 ..-

112,797

1006

228,690

1909

1910 -^

134,22S
153.810

1911

162,302

1912 - _

264.677

1918 ^

126.747

Totals _ - —

98,960

13.488,813

^Teotii V. S. Census Report, Vol. X, Pt. 8. pp. 97, 279.
•Eleventh U. S. Census, Report on Mineral Industries, p. 006.
•Estimated.

' At a number of the quarries the spalls and waste from block-making
operations are utilized for crushed rock for macadam and concrete
work. In addition to the igneous rocks already mentioned, there is
a tuflf east of Freestone and sandstone along the coast from Fort
Ross to Stewart's Point. The latter are undeveloped (R. X, p. 678;
XI, p. 462; XII, p. 400; XIII, p. 638; BuU. 38, p. 141).

SONOMA COUNTY. 181

AguUlon Quarry, C. Aguillon, owner. It is J mile north of Sonoma,
adjoining the Vallejo Estate. Idle.

Bibl. : Bull. 38, p. 162.

Annadel Quarry (see Hutchinson).

BacigoLupi Ra^ich {Norris; also Roy Bert), N. Bacigalupi, Santa
Rosa, owner. On this place in Rincon Valley northeast of Santa Rosa,
are several quarry pits (one formerly known as Norris quarry) from
which paving blocks were made for several years. A few were made
in the spring of 1913, but none shipped during the year.

Bibl. : Bull. 38, pp. 343, 344, 345.

Barbera Quarry, Antonio Barbera, R. R. No. 6, box 89, Santa
Rosa, owner. This is a small quarry on the Rincon Valley road near
its junction with the Santa Rosa-Sonoma road, 2^ miles east of Santa
Rosa. It is on land adjoining the vineyard of the same owner, who
makes a few paving blocks a day, working at odd hours.

Barnes Quarry (see Craig).

Season Quarry (see Lichau).

Boca Quarry. F. Boca et al.. Glen Ellen, owners. This quarry, IJ
miles east of Glen Ellen, has been idle the past two years.
Bibl.: R. XII, p. 396; XIII, p. 634; Bull. 38, p. 343.

Borg Quarry (see Hutchinson ranch).

On the H. Calleaud place at Buena Vista, 2 miles east of Sonoma,
some stone was being taken out in 1913 by J. Newman, of Napa, for
the new county bridge at Shellville.

Carpenter Quarry (see Clough).

John Cassaretto, of 345 Berry street, San Francisco, takes gravel
from Sonoma Slough below Sonoma by means of a suction dredge,
working mainly during high tides. The gravel is loaded into barges
or scow schooners and carried to San Francisco, where it is screened.
The dredge has a capacity of 200 to 300 cubic yards per day.

City Improvement Company (see Violetti).

City Street Improvement Company (see McDonald).

Claasen Quarry. Mrs. J. P. Claasen, R. F. D., Petaluma, owner.
This quarry, south of town and adjoining the Petaluma Rock Quarry,
has been idle for several years.

Bibl. : Bull. 38, p. 326.

Clough Quarry (Carpenter). M. S. Clough and Mrs. Young, Peta-
liima, owners ; L. Green, manager. It is on the west edge of Petaluma,

182 MINES AMD MINERAL RESOURCES.

and is operated intermittently by the county under lease for road metal.
The rock is principally andesite, in part grading to basalt, and vary-
ing in color from red to bluck. There are two faces, at the newer
one of which the leasers have a No. 3 Austin gyratory crusher and
a 25 h.p. gasoline engine, both on portable frames. There is a bucket
elevator to the bin, but no screens.

Clute Quarry (see Titania).

Cooney Quarry. J. Cooney, Petaluma, owner. It is 2 miles east of
Penn Grove. Idle for several years past.

Bibl.: R. XII, p. 396; XIII, 634; Bull. 38, p. 343.

Pholo No. 139. Coutti Broi.- paving block quarr;. Kenwood. Sonoma County, CaUforaia.

Coults Bros. Quarry (one time called Maroni), Sonoma Farms Com-
pany (Grace Bros.), Santa Rosa, owners; J. L. Coutts & Company,
Kenwood, lessees. This paving block quarry is IJ miles northeast from
Kenwood station; elevation 800 feet (bar.). It is near the top of and
partly encircles a steep hill, being visible from the valley for several
miles around. (See photo No. 139,) The present portion of the
quarry was opened up by Coutts Brothers in January, 1910, though
Maroni had operated here some years previously. The rock, which is
a hornblende andesite grading in places to a basalt, is mostly massive
breaking into blocks 10 feet to 15 feet through. The quarry extends
for about a quarter of a mile around the hill with faces up to 50 feet
high. Up to July, 1913, they had 40 to 50 men at work, since when
but 6 have been kept on.

Bibl.: R. XII, p. 397; XIII, p. 635.

SONOMA COUNTY. 183

Craig Quarry (formerly Barnes), D. N. Craig, Penn Grove, owner.
The quarry is on a low rounded ridge IJ miles northeast from Penn
Grove; elevation 150 feet. The stone is a dark gray, medium grained
basalt, with hornblende phenocrysts. There is considerable vesicular
material. Principally curbing is made, though formerly a large num-
ber of paving blocks were turned out. The curbing blocks are 10 inches
deep by 5 inches wide and 11 inches long (requiring 92 per running
foot). The men are paid 9 cents per running foot for the making, and
the blocks sell for lOJ cents per foot. The output is all sold in Petaluma.
Two men were employed during 1913.

In addition to curbing, Craig also sells gravel to the county for road
work, from Petaluma Creek on another part of the same ranch.

Bibl. : R. X, p. 678 ; XII, p. 396 ; XIII, p. 634 ; Bull 38, p. 343.

Croiiin Quarry (see Petaluma Rock),

Davis Quarry, Henry Davis et al,, Penn Grove, owners. Two miles
east of Penn Grove. Idle for 12 or 13 years.

Bibl.: R. XII, p. 397; XIII, p. 634; Bull. 38, p. 343.

Dickinson Quarry, northeast of Petaluma. Idle for some years.
Bibl. : R. XII, p. 397 ; XIII, p. 634; Bull. 38, p. 343.

Elliott Quarry (see McDonald).

Fairville Quarry and Gravel Company, A. W. Foster, Jr., Flood
Building, San Francisco, manager. This quarry at Quarries post
office on the Northwestern Pacific Railroad, near Fairville, was opened
up in 1907, and for a time produced at the rate of 5000 cubic yards of
crushed rock per month ; but it has been idle since 1910 owing to high
freight rates. The product sold for 75 cents per ton f . o. b. Quarries,
either on cars or barges (via Sonoma Creek). The equipment includes
a No. 5 McCuUy crusher and a No. 2 Austin, with an oil burning steam
plant.

Flinn & Treacy (see Hutchinson Ranch),

Frugoli Quarry, G. Frugoli, owner. It is on the Rincon Valley road,
6 miles northeast of Santa Rosa. Paving blocks. Idle.

Bibl. : BuU. 38, p. 343.

Gravel for road work throughout the county is obtained at the most
convenient nearby point, and is under the direction of each supervisor
in his district. Along the Russian River it is taken out free, while on
the creeks the land owners are paid 10 cents to 25 cents per load (about
2 cubic yards) .

184 MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

Qray Quarry y J. W. Gray, 208 Lincoln street, Santa Eosa, owner.
This paving block quarry is on the Rincon Valley road, in Sec. 6, T.
7 N.y R 7 W., 3 miles northeast from Santa Bosa. Block making began
here in 1908, and in the spring of 1913 there were 12 to 15 men at
work. Later, however, the quarry was idle, but it is intended to resume
with a few men.

Hardin Quarry, J. M. Hardin, Petaluma, owner. This paving block
quarry east of Penn Grove has been idle 10 years.

Bibl. : R. XIII, p. 634 ; Bull. 38, p. 344.

Harney Quarry (see Melitta).

Hill Quarry, Mrs. Josephine Hill, and E. B. Hill, Petaluma, owners.
There is a crushing plant at this quarry near Petaluma. Idle since
1911.

John Hugert, of Agua Caliente, has been working a small paving
block quarry on the J. Bower ranch 3 miles east of Melitta. Idle in
1913.

Bibl. : BuU. 38, p. 344.

Hutchinson Ranch Quarries (Borg, Oleson, Annadel, Flinn &
Treacy), Thomas Hutchinson, Santa Rosa, owner. There are several
quarries on this property east of Santa Rosa. E. and J. B. Laurent, of
Kenwood, are operators on the Annadel group, shipping via Annadel
siding on the Southern Pacific Railroad; while Flinn & Treacy, of
San Francisco, have the Borg or Oleson quarries, shipping from Oleson
siding. The quarries are at an elevation of about 800 feet. There are
3850 acres in the property, of which about 1000 acres have stone suit-
able for quarrying. The rock is principally a dark gray andesite ; but
grading in part to a black, fine-grained basalt. There is also some
vesicular material.

Borg first opened up the Oleson quarry about 1893. Flinn &
Treacy bought 15 acres of this which they worked out and they are
now operating on a royalty basis on the west end of the ranch. They
made an average of over 250,000 blocks per year, for 12 years up to the
beginning of 1913; but when visited (October, 1913) there were only
three men employed.

Laurent Brothers have been working the Annadel quarries for about
seven years, previous to which they were about 15 years on the Wymore
property at Melitta. During 1912 they shipped 200,000 blocks per
month for several months, but were idle in 1913.

Bibl. : R. X, p. 376 ; XI, p. 463 ; XII, p. 396 ; XIII, p. 634 ; Bull. 38,
pp. 343, 344.

SONOMA COUNTY. 185

KelUis Quarry (see McNeill).

Laurent Brothers (see Hutchinso7i Ranch),

Lawndale Quarry (formerly Stacy), Lawndale Forward Movement
S>T3dicate, owner; T. S. Fritz, president; M. B. Sheehan, secretary;
home office, 346 Monadnock Building, San Francisco; post office, Ken-
wood. There are several quarry openings on this ranch, 3 miles north-
west from Kenwood, some of which have been worked by leasers, and
some by the company. Except for one lease with two men employed,
they were idle the last half of 1913. Both andesite and basalt occur, the
latter showing a little olivine. The present company took over the
property in 1909, principally for the purpose of growing eucalyptus
trees for wood and lumber. It is stated that up to 1913 they had
planted 110,000 trees. The shipping point is Lawndale switch on the
Southern Pacific Railroad.

Bibl. : R. XI, p. 463 ; XII, p. 397 ; XIII, p. 635 ; Bull. 38, p. 345.

Lichau Quarry (Season), A. C. Lichau, owner; 4 miles northeast
of Penn Grove. Idle for years.

Bibl. : Bull. 38, p. 344.

Lounibos Quarry (one time Cady), W. C. Booth, 2220 Ashby avenue,
Berkeley, owner; John Newman, Napa, lessee. This quarry of
trachytic tuff in Sec. 36, T. 6 N., R. 5 W., about a mile east of
Agua Caliente, is operated intermittently. The lessee was taking out
stone (October, 1913) for the new county bridge at Shellville south
of Sonoma. Stone from this quarry is also employed for curbings and
other uses in the cemetery at Sonoma. There is a black vitrophyre
associated with this tuff. They are apparently from the same magma,
but cooled at different rates. One large boulder was found showing
both phases, and grading into each other. This vitrophyre is the
** granite" referred to in Bull. 38, p. 376.

Bibl. : BuU. 38, p. 162.

Lynch Quarry, John Lynch, Petaluma, owner; 6 miles east of Peta-
luma near the Hardin ranch. Idle for years.

Bibl. : R. XIII, p. 634 ; Bull. 38, p. 344.

Madison Quarry, Hans Madison, R. R. No. 5, Box 196, Santa Rosa,
owner. This is a small paving block quarry, 2 miles east of Santa
Rosa, across the road from the Titania quarry; elevation 300 feet
(bar.). The owner works it single-handed intermittently.

186 MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

On the Mahoney Brothers place on the Two Rock road west of Peta-
luma small amounts of rock are taken out occasionally for road work.
It is a partly disintegrated material.

n. C Manuel formerly operated a paving block quarry under lease
on the English and Burnett ranch at Kenwood, but is now leasing on
the Vallejo Estate (q. v.) at Sonoma.

Bibl. : R. XII, p. 397 ; XIII, p. 634.

Maroni Quarry (see Coutts; also Titania),

McDonald Ranch Quarries, C. D. Barnett et al., 629 Fourth street,
Santa Rosa, owners. These quarries are at and south of Baku switch,
2 miles east from Santa Rosa. They are among the oldest in the county,
having been opened up by McDonald in 1880. Until the railroad w^as
built down the Sonoma Valley, the blocks were hauled to Santa Rosa
for shipment. The ** Elliott^' quarry is included in this group. The
City Street Improvement Company operated these quarries from 1891
to 1913, when their lease expired. In October, 1913, they still had
about half a million blocks at Baku siding waiting shipment. In 1906
they had 100 men at work, and in earlier years a greater number. C.
Lawrence and J. Percy each have leases on small areas of the property
and are making a few blocks (October, 1913). All told many millions
of paving blocks have come from this property.

The quarry pits are in a low, flat-topped ridge, elevation 350 to 400
feet (bar,) ; and the rock is a dark gray andesite. Matthews & Com-
pany, under a lease, have put up a rock crushing plant of about 30 tons
per day capacity to utilize the spalls and waste for macadam and con-
crete work. They have a 20 h.p. electric motor, 16" x 24" jaw crusher,
revolving screen and bins for three sizes of product. Stone from this
place was used in the following buildings in Santa Rosa : Northwestern
Pacific Depot, St. Rose Church (1900), Carnegie Library (1903).

Bibl: R. VIII, p. 635; X. p. 675; XII, p. 396; XIII, pp. 634, 635;
Bull. 38, pp. 163, 34.'], . 344, 345.

McN ear's Quarry, ^IcNear Company, Petaluma, o>\Tier. This is a
small quarry at the north end of Main street. The rock is basalt, in
part weathered and disintegrated, and a few loads are occasionally
taken out for road work.

Bibl. : Bull. 38, p. 326.

McNeil Ranch Qunrry {Kellas; also Wilkinson), P. Riebli et al.,
lessees. It is near Penn Grove. Idle in 1913.

Bibl.: R. XII, p. 397; XIII, p. 635; BuU. 38, p. 345.

SONOMA COIINTV. 187

On the F. Meacham Ranch on the Se))astopol road northwest of Peta-
luma, rock is ocoasionally ontained for road work. It is a somewhat
soft aod broken up material

Bibl.: Bull. 38, p. 327.

Melani Quarry, Melanl Estate, owner. It is a small quarry adjoin-
ing the Schocken quarries at Sonoma. Idle past ten years.

Bibl. : BuU. 38, p. 344.
Melitta Stone Quarries {Wymore; also Harney), C, C, Wymore,
R. P. D. No. 5, Santa Rosa, owner; "W. W. and G. H. Wymore, Anglo
Building, San FraDciaco, lessees. This group of quarries is 1 mile

Photo Ko. 141. P*vliif block*. Hclitta (Wrmori) «diw qiurry, HdltU, SoaoDU County.
CdUotnia.

south from Melitta, 6 miles oRst of Santa Rosa, at an elevation of 900
feet (bar.). These large cuts (see photo No. 142) are visible from Santa
Rosa. Operations were first begun here about 1888 by the Laurent
Brothers, who continued for 15 years, and the present lessees since then.
During the 9 years to 1913 production was at an average rate of 100,000
blocks per month. Idle since April, 1913.

There is a gravity tramway of 3200 feet which delivers the paving
blocks in side-tipping cars to bunkers at the railroad. The rock, which
is a medium -grained, gray olivine basalt, occurs principally in the form
of boulders, the result of concentric decomposition. On a field examina-
tion only it might be mistaken for a trachyte or an andesite, because

188 MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

of its light color and the fact that the olivines are largely altered ; but
the microscope shows it to be a basalt.

Bibl.: R. X, p. 676; XI, p. 463; XII, p. 397; XIII, p. 634; Bull,
38, p. 345.

Mt, Pisgah Quarry (see Petaluma Bock).

Natomas Consolidated of California (formerly Schocken), Natomas
Consolidated of California, Alaska Commercial Building, San Fran-
cisco, owner. This quarry (or rather series of quarries) is on a steep
hill i mile north of Sonoma; elevation 400-500 feet (U. S. G. S.) ; and
was first opened up in 1876. In 1880 it was bought by S. Schocken
who operated it up to 1909, when the present owners took it over.
About 1888, an average of 100,000 paving blocks per month were shipped
from here, with 60 men at work. Some curbing and small dimension
building stone have also been produced. Only two men were working,
October, 1913.

The rock is a gray andesite, some of it having abundant, white
feldspar phenocrysts. The surface of the hill near the summit is
extensively potholed, with openings from a few square feet to one over
an acre in extent and with a 100-foot bank. It is stated that the Natomas
bought the property as a source of supply for crushed rock, as the
spall piles are numerous and extensive. This feature has not yet been
developed. In the early days of this quarry before the advent of the
railroad, the paving blocks were hauled in wagons to the Embarcadero
on Sonoma Creek, where they were loaded on barges.

Bibl.: R. VIII, p. 635; XI, p. 463; XII, p. 397; XIII, p. 635;
Bull. 38, p. 345.

Norris Quarry (see Bacigalupi),

The Northwestern Pacific Railroad Company, has a gravel pit on the
Russian River at McCray station north of Cloverdale. Some gravel
for ballast was taken out in 1913.

Oleson Quarry (see Hutchinson Ranch).

Pedroncelli Quarry, P. Pedroncelli, owner. It is near Kenwood, but
has not been worked for a numl)er of years.

Bibl. : Bull. 38, p. 344.

Petaluma and Santa Rosa Electric Railway Company (see Sto^iy
Point).

Petaluma Municipal Rock Crusher, Conway Brothers, Petaluma, own-,
ers; City of Petaluma, lessee. This quarry near the west end of B
street, was opened up and equipped by the city in January, 1910, under

SONOMA COUNTY. 189

a lease, with privilege of removing plant at termination of lease. The
rock, which is a black, close-grained basalt with some olivine and augite
phenocrysts, occurs somewhat fractured, producing angular blocks
up to three feet across. The quarry is worked only during the summer
months. The product is screened to No. 1, No. 2, and No. 3 sizes and
'*dust." Electric power is used.

The following is an extract from the report of F. B. Singley, city
auditor of Petaluma, for the fiscal year 1912-1913:

•*The rock crusher account from the beginning (January, 1910) to June 30, 1913.
Summary as follows:

DEBFT.

Plant and tools to June 30, 1913 $11,458 75

Operating expenses to June 30, 1913 —

Labor 16,637 25

Supplies 3,398 32

Power 1492 05

Royalty 1,654 21

Sundries 599 64

Total $23,481 47

CBEDIT.

Crushed rock sold to June 30, 1913, 22,387.4
cubic yards for ^22,124 96

$1,356 51

"Against this adverse balance of $1,356.51 in the operating expenses: The city
hr.s used on her streets 5,009.2 yards ; and there were in the bunkers June 30, 1913,
480 yards ; a total of rock crushed, 27,876.6 yards ; which cost exclusive of the plant,
84^ cents per yard.

"The 22,387.4 yards sold brought 98f cents per yard ; and the total used by the
city and on hand of 5,489.2 yards, cost the city $1,356.51, or 24} cents per yard,
exclusive of the plant.

"Previous to the installing of city crusher, the city and contractors paid $1.25 per
yard for rock."

Petaluma Rock Quarry {Cronin; also Mt. Pisgah), P. Cronin, Peta-
luma, owner ; E. B. & A. L. Stone, 401 Phelan Building, San Francisco,
lessees; F. L. Marty, sui>erintendent at quarry. One time leased to
Union Construction Company. This quarry in Sec. 3, T. 4 N., R. 7
W., IJ miles south of Petaluma, was opened up in 1864 (10th U. S.
Census Report, Vol. X, Pt. 3, p. 279). It is at tidewater on Petaluma
Creek (one time called Rudesill's landing), and at McNear's spur on
the Northwestern Pacific. The rock is basalt with fine, white feldspar
phenocrysts.

Previous to 1890 this quarry was worked for paving blocks, but at
present solely for crushed rock. In the quarry face the material is
shoveled to cars and trammed to the screen which takes out the clay;
then by gravity tram (in balance) to crushers (see photo No. 164).
From this point a belt conveyor carries it to the revolving screen, four
sizes being made : A, 3, li, 2 inches. A 3'0 h.p. electric motor dump-

190 MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCE.".

car of 4 cubic yards capacity transfers the product to the various
storage bins. The plant has a capacity of 7000 tons per month, and the
himkera will hold 2000 tons of rock.

A new quarry face was being started (October, 1913), at the crusher
level, which will do away with the gravity tram above. Nine men were
at work, but 28 are required when in full operation. This quarry in
1913 supplied rock for the State Highway near Ukiah.

Bibl.: R. V, p. 108; VI, Pt. I, p. 27; X, p. 678; XI, p. 463 j XII,
p. 397; XIII, p. 634; Bull. 38, p. 345; 10th U. S. Census Rep.
Vol. X, Pt. Ill, pp. 97, 279.

Pboto No. 164. Plant u Peulunu Rock Quarry (E. B. A A. L. Stone Company), near
Pnaluna. Sonoma County, California.

Loreitz Pietzoli has a small paving block quarry near Gray's on the
Rincon Valley road northeast of Santa Rosa, which he works single-
handed.

Purrington Quarry, If miles southwest of Petaluma. Idle several
years, except for an occasional load.

Bibl.: Bull. 38, p. 327.

On the W. D. Reynolds property, 2 miles east of Santa Rosa is a
quarry equipped with a crushing plant, for a time leased by D. C.
Albers. Idle past two years.

SONOMA COlINTr. 191

A, Rigoni has a small paving block quarry, adjoining Frugoli, on the
Rincon Valley road northeast of Santa Ro.<a.

Ruherts Quarry, Mary E. Boberts, Penn Grove, owner. This is 2
miles east of Penn Grove, but has been idle since 1910, When last
operated, two men worked about three years on curbing and paving
blocks.

Bibl.: R. XII, p. 397; XIII, p. 635; Bull. 38. p. 345.

Roblar Mining Company, J. A. Ronshelmer, Petaluma, president.
Garrett Hyatt, R. F. D., Petaluma, secretary. It is at Roblar station
on the Petaluma and Santa Rosa Electric Railway, 11 miles north of

CriTcl Company, He4ld(burt.

Petaluma; elevation 175 feet (bar.). There is a quartz vein here 12
to 15 feet wide, in serpentine ; strike south of west, and dip north nearly
vertical. It has been worked by open-cut and mill hole and by cham-
bering. A cross-cut adit has been run in 300 feet, then drifts 300 feet
west and 100 feet east. To the west, the vein appears to be cut off
by a fault, and to the cast it splits up into several small stringers. The
quartz is crushed with rolb, then sized with shaking screens to four
sizes: No. 5 mesh to No. 6; No. 6 to Na 10; No. 10 to No. 22; through
No. 22. The three larger sizes are sold for chicken grit, and the fines
for plaster work and to painters for sanding. This quartz is said to
carry some small values in gold and copper.

Roy Bert Quarry (see Bacigalupi).

Russian River Gravel Company, J. D. Grant, Williams Building, San
Francisco, owner; J. F. Bailache, Healdsburg, superintendent. This
plant is on a gravel bar on the Russian River ^ mile east from Healds-

192 MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

burg station with which it is connected by a Northwestern Pacific spur
track. The first plant was built in 1906 and the present enlarged
one in October, 1911. A 3-cubic-yard drag-line scraper (see photo
No. 155) raises the gravel to a revolving screen (1^-inch aperture), and
the oversize is crushed.

The material is then hauled by cable in side-tipping cars to the upper
plant where it is screened to *'sand," '* roofing'' (f-inch ring) and
*'rock'' (J-inchtol^-inch). Electric power is used. The *' roofing'' sells
for $1 per ton at the plant, and the **rock" at 35 cents. Railroad cars
can be run directly to the lower bins as well as the upper plant. In 1913,
they were supplying gravel for the State Highway between Healds-
burg and Santa Sosa. The screening plant has a capacity to load eight
railroad ballast cars per day. The gravel is made up of Coast Range
rocks, principally quartz, chert and hard sandstone.

Santa Rosa Bank Quarry (see Titania),

Santa Rosa Basalt Rock Quarry (see McDonald) .

Schocken Quarry (see Natomas).

Sonoma City Rock Crusher, The city of Sonoma owns this plant,
which is situated on land leased for quarrying purposes from the Vallejo
Estate, i mile north of Sonoma. It was built in 1910, There is a
30 h.p. electric motor, bucket elevator, jaw crusher and screen (3 sizes) ;
capacity 50 to 75 yards per day. The plant is subleased to R. E.
Murphy, who furnishes rock to the city for 85 cents per cubic yard.
A royalty of 5 cents per cubic yard is paid the owner.

Stacy Quarry (see Lawndale),

Stone, E, B. and A, L. (see Petaluma Rock),

Stony Point Quarry, Petaluma and Santa Rasa Electric Railway
Company, owner; E. M. Van Frank, president; E. T. McMurray, secre-
tary ; operating office, Petaluma. It is at Quarry Station, about halfway
between Sebastopol and Petaluma; elevation 220 feet (bar.). The
earliest settlers used this rock for fireplace construction, but it is now
used only for ballast and road metal. The waste is used for fills. The
rock is a light, greenish to yellow trachytic tuff. A 70 h.p. electric
motor runs the plant and a No. 5 AUis-Chalmers gyratory crusher
is used. There are no screens. It is operated principally in the summer,
with 18 to 20 men. Capacity 200 cubic yards per day.

Stone from this quarry was employed in the bank at Sebastopol and
the Carnegie Library (1904) at Petaluma (see photo No. 163) ; also the
front of the Phoenix Block on Main street, Petaluma, built in 1858.
The copings of this oldest building still have sharp edges, and the
structure has survived two earthquakes and a fire on both sides of it.

Bibl.: R. XII, p. 405; Bull. 38, p. 163.

SONOMA COUNTY. 193

Swank Quarry (see Titanta).

Titania Quarry (Clute; Swank; al«o "Sanla Rosa Bank"). P.
Maroni, 925 Ripley street, Santa Rosa, owner. This quarry, 2 miles
east of Santa Rosa, was first opened up in 1885 by Clute and, up to seven
years ago when the present owner took it over, prodiieed only paving
blocks and building stone. At present, besides crushed rock, some curb-
ing and small dimension stone for buildings are turned out. Stone for
the La Rose Hotel in Santa Rosa came from this quarry. The rock is a
dark gray andesite. A 25 h.p. gasoline engine is used and fourteen
men are employed. The crushing plant has a daily capacity of 10

Photo No. 163. CiriMiic Libriiy, Peulumi. Soooma Countr- Stone (rem Stonr Poiot

cubic yards. The crushed rock is sold at $1.60 per cubic yard in Santa
Rosa and $1.10 at the plant. Qravel from Santa Rosa Creek on the same
property is also sold by Maroni.

Bibl: R. XII, p. 396; XIII, p. 634; Bull. 38, pp. 163, 345.

Union Construction Comjiany (see Petaluvia Rock).

Vallejo Estate Quarries. Mrs. L. V. Emparon, Sonoma, owner; H. C.
Manuel, lessee. There are .several quarry openings on this property \
mile north of Sonoma. The series of rocks here shows all gradation
stages from a fine-grained black basalt through andesite and vitrophyre
to tuff. Paving blocks are made from the basalt by Manuel, who had
(October, 1913) seven men at work (previously 15 to 20); while the
other rocks have been used locaUy for building stone. As has already

194 MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

been noted, the city of Sonoma has a small rock crushing plant here
to utilize the spalls from block-making.

Bibl. : B. XI, p. 462 ; XII, p. 405 ; Bull. 38, p. 164.

Violetti Quarry (City Improvement Company), Andrew Nelson,
Sonoma avenue, Santa Rosa, owner. This paving block quarry near
Melitta has been idle several years.

Bibl. : R. XII, p. 397 ; XIII, p. 635 ; Bull. 38, p. 343.

Weyl Quarry. Weyl Estate, owner. This is a small paving block
quarry adjoining the Schocken property. Idle the past ten years.

Bibl. : R. XII, p. 397 ; XIII, p. 635 ; Bull. 38, p. 345.

Wilkinson Quarry {see McNeill),

Wymore Quarry (see Melitta).

SULPHUR.

Native sulphur occurs at The Geysers and near-by, but no commercial
production has been made.

TRAVERTINE AND ONYX.

(See Healdshurg Marble Company , under Magnesite) .

YOLO COUNTY. 195

YOLO COUNTY.

Field Work In September, 1913.

Yolo County is one of the central California counties, with Colusa
on its north, Sutter and Sacramento on the east, Solano on the south,
Lake and Napa on the west. Its area is 1017 square miles. The
Sacramento River is its eastern boundary line, and Putah Creek forms
most of the southern line. Cache Creek enters the county at the
northwestern comer, flowing across to the center of the eastern side
where it joins the Sacramento River. Being one of the Sacramento
Valley counties, Yolo's resources are principally agricultural. Like
Colusa, Glenn and Solano, its mineral resources are largely confined
to its western, hilly section. As will be noted from the Table of
Mineral Production (see page 196), but two substances up to the
present time have been subject to commercial development: quicksilver
and sandstone. Their total value to date has been a little in excess
of $600,000.

In addition to these minerals there are in the museum of the State
Mining Bureau, from Yolo County, specimens of asbestos from the
California quicksilver mine west of Rumsey ; basalt from near Winters ;
iron from near Capay. There are also mineral springs, whose loca-
tions are noted under that head.

Yolo is one of only two counties of California's fifty-eight which
reported no mineral production in 1912 and 1913.

Bibl. : R. X., pp. 773-794 ; Bull. 38, pp. 264, 360, 365.

BRICK.

To supply a local demand, bricks were for several years made in
this county, utilizing clay from beds near Woodland, Winters and
Capay, but not for over ten years past.

Bibl. : R. X., p. 791 ; Bull. 38, p. 259.

COAL.

Some small veins of coal have been found in the western part of
T. 9 N,, R. 2 W., and also farther north, but no commercial production
has ever resulted.

Bibl. : R. X., p. 790.

GOLD.

At one time placer mining in a small way was carried on along
both Cache and Putah creeks. Some low grade quartz is also reported
to have been found, but no development of any consequence made.

Bibl. : R. X., p. 790.

196

MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

YOLO COUNTY— Table of Mineral Production.

Year

QutcksllTer

Sandstone

MlscellaiMouB and

Flasks

Value

Cubic feet

Value

unapportloiied

1878

•996
8,000

966
1,516
1,640
1,110

422

$79,928
815,640

42,460
56,547
63,956
38,134
18,062

1874

1875

[

1876 _ _.

2,500
542
252

264
264
908
1,540
828
280
180
175
160
260
140

11,000

1,873

878

884

1,760

2,800

450

144

720

200

204

890

1,160

1877 _.

1878

3879 -

1880

1881 -^

1882

1888

1884

1885

1888

1887 _

1888

1889

1890

18W _

1892

1896

1894

1896 .-

1896 '

1897

1898

1899

^ ^ ^l

1900

1901

1902 _._

1908 _

1906 _

1908 _

1907 _

1908 _

1909

IfflO -_ _

1911

1912

1918 — _

. Totals

9,648

1594,647

7,783

111,297

•Flasks of 7(Q pounds.

Totals.

QnickBilver
Sandstone

Total to end of 1913.

$594,617
11.297

$006,914

LIMESTONE.

A deposit of limestone is reported in Sees. 30 and 31, T. 10 N.,
R. 2 W., 3 miles south of Cadenassa Station, on land owned by
E. M. Nash, of Saratoga,

MANGANESE.

Manganese is reported on the Nash ranch, 3 miles south of Cadenassa
Station. E. M. Nash, Saratoga, owner.

YOLO COUNTY. 197

MINERAL WATER.

There are a number of mineral springs in the hills of the western
part of the county, but none of them have so far been utilized except
locally. Among them the following may be noted:

A saline spring on the line between Sees. 25 and 26, T. 12 N.,
R. 5 W., near Reed mine, now owned by F. A. Kauffman, of San
Francisco, as a cattle range.

On the Smith Raiwh, 4 miles west of Guinda, is an excellent sulphur-
iron-magnesia spring which is used privately; also two white sulphur
springs not utilized. Dr. R. E. Smith, Sacramento, owner.

A soda spring on the Scrihner lianch near the Reed mine west of
Rumsey.

A sulphur spring above Fiske Creek, on the Rumsey-Reed mine road.

Several sulphur springs on Putah Creek near Devil's Gate, west of
Winters.

Bibl. : R. X., p. 793.

QUICKSILVER.

California Mine (see Reed).

Harrison Mine (see Ruby),

New England Mine (see Ruby),

Reed Mine (formerly the California). F. A. Kauflfman, 110 Market
street, San Francisco, owner. This mine at the junction of Sees. 23,
24, 25 and 26, T. 12 N., R. 5 W., was in its early history known
as the California. It is first mentioned as operating in 1870, and
appears in the producing list in 1873, with an output of 995 flasks of
quicksilver. The J. B. Randol table (Report of State Mineralogist,
Vol. IV, p. 336) credits the mine with a production of 5,653 flasks
between 1876 and 1880. It has not been operated since that time, and
the buildings have been destroyed by fire.* The ore carried is prin-
cipally metacinnabarite. The property is now owned as part of a
cattle range.

Bibl.: R. IV, pp. 261, 289, 336 (table) ; V, p. 95; VI, pt. I, pp.
122, 336; X, pp. 358, 793; XI, p. 68; XIII, p. 604; Bull. 27,
p. 117; Qeol. Surv. of Cal., Geol. Vol. II, p. 133; Min. Res.
W. OP Rocky Mts., 1873, p. 10; 1874, p. 30; 1875, pp. 14,
174, 493.

Ruby Mine (also known as Harrison and New England). Mrs.
Madge Harrison, Georgetown, owner. In Sees. 26 and 35, T. 12 N.,
R. 5 W., south of west from Rumsey. Idle for years.

Bibl. : R. XII, p. 363 ; XIII, p. 598 ; Bull. 27, p. 117 ; U. S. Q. S.
Mon. XIII, p. 283

_._— _A-.1 ^— _

198 MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES.

STONE INDUSTRY.

Sandstone beds occur along the ridge near the western boundary of
the county, but they have so far been developed commercially at only
one point — at Devil's Gate on Putah Creek, west of Winters. Qravel
for road work is obtained from the creek beds throughout the county,
the owners of the land being paid a per load rate for the privilege.
The Southern Pacific Railroad Company formerly took considerable
gravel for ballast from Cache Creek near Capay.

Putah Creek Quarry. E. P. . Searles, San Francisco, owner, in
Sec. 29, T. 8 N., R. 2 W., 9 miles west of Winters. The Michael Build-
ing (1895) Woodland, and several in Winters, are constructed of stone
from this quarry, but it has now been idle for some years. The rock
is a blue-gray sandstone similar in appearance to the well-known Colusa
sandstone found to the north of here, but a shade lighter in color.

Bibl. : R. X., pp. 791, 793 ; XIII, p. 638 ; Bull. 38, p. 146.

Sackett Quarry, Sackett Bros, owners. On the Sackett ranch, 5
miles west of Winters, there is a body of light-colored volcanic tuff
which has been utilized locally for building purposes, but not recently.

Bibl. : R. X., p. 791 ; XIIT, p. 640 ; Bull. 38, p. 164.

INDEX.

Page
Abbott mine 17, 30, 54, 57

limestone near 34

natural gas In 57

Adams springs 35, 3J

^Ktna Consolidated {see J&tna, mine)

quicksilver mine 56, 90

concentration at 66, 111, 112

springs 104

Agua Caliente springs 162

Agua Rica hot sulphur spring {see
Boyes )

Agulllon quarry 181

Alameda County magnesite produc-
tion 90, 99

Albert N. group 34

Alberts magnesite deposit 152

Alder Glen springs 168

Alder springs 26

Allen ranch gas well 138

springs 39

Almaden, incandescent and tunnel

site group 171

Almandite 148

Altamont copper gn*oup 147, 171

medical springs 163

"Alum" springs 62

American mine (see Helen)

Ammonia In mineral water. 11, 13, 15, 45

Analysis of

Beltane clay 146

magnesite from Sonoma County

159, 160

shale of Vallejo Brick Co 129

Anoha Vista spring 77

Anderson, Dr. Wlnslow 36

Anderson prospects (quicksilver) 58

springs 40

Angel Island quarry (aee Fort McDowell)
Annadel quarry (see Hutchinson)

Antelope Crystal Salt Co 19

Aragonlte (see also Onyx marble)

3, 16, 138, 13*)

Archer tract prospect (copper) 147

Artesian wells at Upper Lake 53

Asphaltum In Marin County 69, 71, 72

Astorg spring 52

Austin ranch spring 169

Bachelder quarry 121

Bacigalupi ranch quarry 181

Bacon Consolidated group 171

mine 58

B:iker mine (quicksilver) 58

soda spring 53

Ball magnesite deposit 153

Barbera quarry 181

Barcal spring 163

Barges for rock transportation

80. 81, 86, 87

Barnes quarry (see Craig)

Bartels Bros, paint deposit 35

Pagd
Bartlett springs 31, 35, 40-43

Barytes In Lake County 32

"Basalt" blocks 180

Basalt, in Napa County 127

In Solano County 141

in Sonoma County 180

Bear Canyon mine (aee Thorn).

Bear Valley Oil A Development Co. 16

Beason quarry (aee Lichau)

Becker, G. F 47, 64, 66, 175

Behr soda spring 43

Bella Union Quicksilver Co 114

Beltane clay (see Welse)

Benicia, a natural hydraulic cement

at 128

cement works 130

Rock Crushing Co. (aee Vulcan)

Bennett Valley, oil seepages in 170

Berthenia mine 102

Bleber quarry 121

Big Chief claim (aee Squaw)

Injun grroup 58

Bitumen in quicksilver mines 172, 176

Bituminous rock (aee Vulcan quarry)
Black Bear mine (aee Culver-Baer)

diamond mine (chrome) 26

ranch limestone quarry 151

Blanco (aee Snowflake)

Blank's sulphur spring 9

Bleaching oils by fuller's earth__136, 137

Blue Lakes, springs at 43

Boca quarry 181

Bolinas Copper Co 76

Bonanza springs 43

Borax, In Colusa County 3, 15

in Lake County 31. 32, 43. 62, 68

in mineral water 3, 15. 82, 43, 49

lake 31, 32. 33 •

springs 43

Borg quarry (aee Hutchinson)

Boston group 171

mine (aee Knoxvllle)

Bothing Home pottery 72

Boyes hot springs 163

Bradford mine (aee Mirabel)

Brick, in Colusa County 3, 6

In Marin County 70, 72-76

In Solano County 128-130

in Sonoma County 144-146

in Yolo County 195

Bridges, stone. In Napa County

120. 121. 122

Bright Hope mine 171, 172

Brown A Smith Cons 97

Brown, marble deposit 26

ochre (aee Meeker)

quarry 121

Browne paint mine 104

Brush magnesite deposit 153

Buckeye mine (Colusa Co.) 17, 18

claim (Sonoma Co.) * 172

200

INDEX.

Pago
Buck ranch quarry 121

Building stone at Selgler springs 51

Bullion mine 58

Bull quarry (aee Daniels Cont Co.)

Burns springs 164

Bynum spring 44

California Borax Co 32, 62

Brick and Pottery Co 144

Geysers {see The Geysers)
mine («ee Reed)

Paint M. & M. Co aU4

Calistoga hot springs 105

quicksilver at 105

mine (see Silverado)

Calleaud quarry 181

"Callustro" 127

Camp Rose spring 164

Carlsbad springs 44

Carpenter quarry (.see Clough)
Carver quarry (see Jursch)

Cassaretto, John (gravel) 181

Castle springs 44

Cazadero, limestone near 151

Cement 90-96, 130-135

blocks 146

Davenport plant, Santa Crui

County 91

definition of 91

in Napa County 90-96

in Solano County 128, 130-135

natural hydraulic, at Benicia 128

"Portland" 91

process of manufacture of 91

rotary driers for 93

rotary kilns for 93, 94, 132

tube mills for 95, 131

white, use of kaolin in 146

"Cement rock" pit 122

Chalk Mountain springs 52

Chambers ranch springs 44

Chehalls Oil A Mining Co 16

Chicago mine 58

concrete furnace at 58

Chicken grit 191

Chiles Valley mines 90

(see also under Magnesite)

Chimney Rock spring 164

Chrlstlanson ranch (copper) 33

Chrome (see also Chromite)

in Colusa County 6

in Glenn County 25

In Lake County 32

in Sonoma County 147

Chromite (see also Chrome) 32, 96

In Napa County 96

In Solano County 135

in Sonoma County 147

Cinnabar (see Quicksilver mines)

King group 172

Mining Co 172

Pago
City Improvement Co. quarry (see

Vlolettl)

of Colusa, sand and gravel for 28

Street Improvement Co. quarry
(see McDonald)

Claason quarry 181

Clamps for concrete ties 146

Clays 6, 25, 32, 72, 128. 144, 195

Clear Lake 30, 35

quicksilver district . 56

Cleveland (see Mat thai)

Clough quarry i81

Cloverdale mine 172, 173

Clute quarry (see Titania)

Clyde mine (gold) 7

mine (quicksilver; see Culver-Baer)

Coal, in Colusa County 6

in Lake County 33

in Marin County 76

in Napa County 97

in Solano County 135

in Sonoma County 147

in Yolo County 195

Collings deposit 150

Colusa County 3-24

aragonite in (see Onyx marble)

borax in 3

brick clay in o

chrome in , 6

coal in 6

copper in 6

gold and silver In 7

gravel in 23, 24, 27

gypsum In 7

iodine in 19

limestone In 7

manganese in 8

mineral paint in 8

mineral products of 3. 4

mineral water in 9

natural gas in 15

onyx marble in 16

petroleum in 16

quicksilver In 17

salt In 19

sand and gravel In 23, 24

sandstone in 19

stone Industry in 23

Colusa sandstone 19

rubble -from 23

tests on 20

Colusa Sandstone Co 20-22, 23

Complexion springs 45

Concentration of quicksilver ores

17, 18, 55, 66, 68, 118, 119, 140

by oil flotation 140

Concrete, furnace at Chicago quick-
silver mine 58

ties, clamp for 146

Congress Mining Co 58

spring 106

INDEX.

201

Page
Conn Creek, gold on 99

Connors quarry 122

Cook's mineral springs 10

Cooney quarry 182

Copper, in Colusa County 6

in Lake County 33, 34

in Marin County 76

in Napa County 97

In Sonoma County 147, 148

Copper King Smelting Co 99

Prince mine 34

Copscy paint deposit 35 !

springs (see Spiers)

Cordelia quarry (see Thoraasson)

Cornucopia Copper Mining Co 148

Corona mine 104

Corwin Oil Co 16

County gravel pit (Glenn) 28

macadam quarry (Solano) 141

Coutts Bros, quarry 182

Crabtree springs 45

Craig quarry 183

Creon magnesite (see Rolling)

Cronin quarry (see Petaluma Rock)

Crown Point Quicksilver Mining Co.

(see Sonoma)

Crystal mine (see Pacific)

Culver-Baer mine 173, 174

meta-cinnabarite in 174

Cummings ranch magnesite 153

Daniels Contracting Co 78-81

marble deposit '. 26

Davis quarry 122, 183

Deadshot springs 15

Decolorizing oils by fuller's earth

136, 137

Dennison springs (see Hazel)
Destineli mine (see Abbott)
Diatomaceous earth (see Infusorial)

Dickey ranch travertine 139

Dickinson quarry l{f3

Digger Injun claim 58

Dinsraore springs 52

Disturnell mine (see Abbott)
Dodge & Croker quarry (see Short

ranch )

Dollar springs 45

Dotta ranch chromite 147

Double Star claim 174

Duxbury Point 69, 71, 72, 78

Earthquake of 1906, quicksilver ore

revealed by 173

shaft damaged by, at Great East-
ern mine 176

East Napa Mining Co 110

Eckert ranch magnesite (see Yordi)

Egleston, T 55

Eight Oil Co.. fuller's earth from__- 136
Eleda springs (see Fetter's)

Page
Elgin mine, ammonia In water of 11

mineral water in 10

natural gas at 16

quicksilver concentration at 17

sulphur In 17, 24

Elliott quarry (see McDonald)

springs 52

El Toro spring 78

Empire Consolidated Quicksilver

Mining Co 17, 57

group , 17

England springs (see Elliott)

Errington quarry 122

E.scalle quarry 82

Etna mine (see ^^tna)

Eureka mine 174

E.xcelslor mine (see Knoxville)

FalrvIUe Quarry & Gravel Co 183

Farris mine (quicksilver) 15, 17

Fender's ranch, mineral spring on 10

Fetter's hot springs 164

FiagstafT mine (see Eureka)

Flinn & Treacy quarry (see Hutchinson)

Flynn claims (gold) 97

Forbes quarry 83

Forney Glen gravel pit 28

Fort

Baker quarry 82

Barry (see Point Bonita)

McDowell quarry 82, 83

Ross, iron deposit near 150

Fortin Brick Co. (see McNear)

Fouts Springs 12

gold prospects at 12

Franklin mine (see Jewess)

Freitas quarry 143

Frugoli quarry 183

Fuller's earth

bleaching tests on 136

in Solano County 135-137

Lovibond color scale tests on 136

Gale, H. S 160

Gardner quarry 123

Garnets 77, 148

in Marin County 77

in Sonoma County 148, 149

Gas (see Natural gas)

Gems (see also Jewelers' materials)

148, 149

"Geyser" at Jones hot springs 13

Geysers (see The Geysers)
"Gibson Gusher" (oil) Colusa

County 16

Gibson Oil Co 16

Gilliam Creek magnesite (see Ball ;
Healdsburg; Western Carbonic)

Gladding, McBean & Co 146

Glen Alpine spring 52

14 A— 14456

202

IND£X.

Pa«e

Glenn County 25-29

brick clay in 25

coal in 25

copper in 25

chrome in 26

Kold in 26

grranite in 26

^avel in 27

manganese in 26

marble in 26

mineral products of 25

mineral water in 26

natural gas in 27

onyx marble (see Marble)

petroleum in 27

quicksilver in 27

salt springs in 27

sand in 27

sandstone in 29

slate in 27

soapstone in 27

stone Industry in 27-29

Glenn County Oil & Coal Co 25

Gold and silver, in Colusa County

3, 7, 9, 12. 17

In Glenn County 26

in Lake County 34

In Napa County 90, 97-99

in Sonoma County 149

in Yolo County 195

Golden Gate Orphanage springs
isee Salvation Army)

Golden Gate Salt Co 78

Gordon springs 52

Gorrill & Smith Oil Co 16

Granite in Glenn County 26

in Marin County 70. 77

In Sonoma County 149, 180, 185

Grfiphite. in Marin County 77

In Sonoma County 149, 150

Gravel (see also under Stone In-
dustry) 23, 27, 181, 183

Gray Bros, quarry (see San Fran-
cisco Quarries Co.)

Gray prospect 148

quarry 184

Great Eastern mine 170, 175, 176

Northern claim 176

Western mine 30, 59

Griffith prospect (gold) 97

Grlgsby mine (see Palisade)

Grizzly claim (copper) 148

Grizzly medical springs 45

iodine at 45

Grossularite 149

Gulllaume's spring (see Pope)

Gypsum In Colusa County 7

Hachlnhama Lake (see Borax and
borax springs)

Hansen mineral paint 104

Harbin hot springs 35, 46

Hardin quarry 184

Harney quarry (see Melitta)
HarrHon mine (see Ruby)

Page

Harris ranch quarry 123

HayviUa sulphur spring 62

Hazel springs 46

Healdsburg Brick Co 145

Copper Co. (see Cornucopia)

Lode mine 148

Marble Co 151, 153

Paint Co 119. 161

Helen mine S4, 59, 60

Henderson ranch clay deposit 145

Herron OH Co 16

Hess, P. L. 163, 154

High Fire Pressed Brick Co.
(see Houie)

Highland springs 46

Hilborn Bros, gas well 139

Hill quarry 184

Hoffman continuous brick kiln .7 4, 75, 76

qua-rry 83

Hood's hot curings 164

Hooper ranch (iron) 150

Hope claims (see Sonoma Cons.)

Hoppin estate springs 47

Hotaling quarry 83

Hotel Callstoga hot spring 106

Hough springs 48

mineral paint near 35

House Brick A Cement Co 128

Howard springs 48

Howell Mountain quarry 123

Hugert quarry 184

Hurley prospect 176

Hurley's ranch gas (see Rochester
OH Co.)

Hutchinson ranch quarries 184

Hydraulic limestone 130

Indian Metallic Red Paint mine 161

spring (see Pope)
Infusorial earth. In Napa County_90, 99

In Sonoma Ck>unty 150

I|ioceramu8 131

Iodine in Colusa County 19

in Lake County 45

Iron in Napa County 99

in Sonoma County 160

Jackson's soda springs (see Napa

soda)
James Creek prospect (see Philadel-
phia)

Jasper 77

Jewelers' materials 77. 148, 149

in Marin County 77

Jewess prospect 61

Jones hot sulphur springs 12

ammonia In 13

"geyser" at 13

Jordan quarry (see San Francisco
Quarries Co.)

Juniper group (copper) 97

Junker ranch spring 169

Jursch quarry 123

Koalln (see also under Clays)

32. 72. 145, 146

mvmx.

203

Pag«
Kawana springs 165"

Keeley claim (sold) 7

Kellas quarry (aee McNeill)

Kelseyville soda spring 52

••Key Route" mole, rock for 80

King of All group 61

Kington quarry 143

Knoxville mine 54, 115

mines 111

mines, production of 90

petroleum In 54

quicksilver district 56

Kolling magnesite 151, 152. 15», 154

Lake County 30-69

barytes In 3^

borax in 30, 31, 32, 62, 68

chromite in 32

clays in . . 32

coal in 33

copper in 33

gold and silver in 34

limestone in 34

macadam In 68

mineral paint in 25

mineral products of 31

mineral water In 35-53

natural gas in ^ 53

onyx in 53

petroleum 53

quicksilver in 54-68

stone industry in 68

sulphur In 30, 31, 62, 68

Lake mine (see also Manhattan) 111

Mining Co. 116

La Joya mine 116

Lambert ranch, limestone on 7

Lambrecht ranch gas well . 139

liancaster ranch (iron) 150

Langtry ranch (copper) 34

Lathrop hot sulphur spring 106

Laurent Bros, quarry (see Hutchin-
son)

Lawndale quarry 185

I^e soda spring 52

Lenz quarry 123

Levy, M. J 136

LIchau quarry 185

Lignite (see Coal)

Limestone, in Colusa County 7

In Lake County 84

In Napa County 99

in Solano County 137

In Sonoma County 151

in Yolo County 196

Linscott quarry . 124

Lion mine (copper) 6

Little Borax lake 32

"Little Sulphur Bank" 66

Lookout group 176

Los Gulllcos warm springs 169

Lounlbos quarry 185

Lovelady ranch, mineral springs on 15
Lovibond color scale for oil bleach-
ing tests 136

Page
Lucitta mine 32, 61

kaolin at 32

Lucky Stone group 176

Lynch quarry 185

Lyons spring 52

Lytton springs (aee also Salvation
Army) 162

Macadam (aee also under Stone In-
dustry) 68

in Lake County 31, 68

In Sonoma County 180

Madeira deposit (aee under Chrome,
also Magnesite)

Madison quarry 185

Magnesite, analysis of 159. 160

in Napa County 90, 99-103

in Sonoma County 152-161

iron in, for steel furnaces 100-159

paint 101

products of 100

rotary kiln for calcining 156

shrinkage cracks in-151, 152, 154, 158

uses of 100-102

Mahoney ranch quarry 186

Mailliard ranch, deposits 75

Manganese, in Colusa County 8

in Glenn County 26

in Marin County 77

in Napa County 104

in Sonoma County 161

in Yolo County 196

Manhattan mine 111, 116

Manuel prospect (gold) 97

quarry (aee alao Newman) 186

Manzanlta mine 7, 17

concentration of quicksilver at__

17. 18, 55

gold in 7

limestone at 7

quicksilver In 17

sulphur In 24

Marble (aee alao Onyx marble)

In Glenn County 26

In Sonoma County 161

"verde antique" 153

Marlcoma prospect 176

Marin County 69-89

asphaltum and petroleum in 69-72

brick and clay in 70, 72-76

chrome in 75, 76

coal in 76

copper in 76

garnets In 77

granite in 70, 77

graphite in 77

Jasper in 77

Jewelers' materials in 77

manganese in 75, 77

mineral products of 69, 70

mineral water In 70, 77, 78

moonstones In 77

natural gas 78

petroleum (aee asphaltum)

salt 70, 78

stone Industry 70, 78-89

204

INDEX.

Pase
Marin Rock Co 83

Mark West springs 165

MaronI quarry (see Coutts ; also

Titania)

Matthal mines 102

Mayacmas quicksilver district 56

Maypole prospect 61

McGlIvray sandstone quarry 19, 22, 23

mineral springs at 15

Stone Co 22, 23

McCaskey. H. D 55

McDonald ranch quarries 186

McEwan ranch spring 169

Mclntj're i*anch spring 52

McNaughton's quarry (see Thomas-
son)

McNear Brick Co 72-75

McNear quarries 78, 84, 86-88. 186

McNeill ranch quarry 186

McPherson ranch deposit (graphite) 149

Meacham ranch quarry 187

Medicinal properties of mineral

waters 36-38

Meeker deposit (magneslte) 155

(ochre) 162

Mee ranch quarry 124

MelanI quarry 187

Melitta stone quarries . 187

Mercury Mining Co. 177

Metacinnabarlte ^ 174, 175. 197

Midas Petroleum Co 139

MIddletown prospect 61

Miller rock quarry 84

Mills springs 44, 49

Mineral paint In Colusa County 8, 9

in Lake County 35

In Napa County 104

in Sonoma County 161, 162

Mineral production of

Colusa County 3, 4, 5

Glenn County 25

Lake County 30, 31

Marin County 69. 70

Napa County 90

Solano County 128

Sonoma County 144

Yolo County 195, 196

Mineral water in Colusa County 3, 9-15

In Glenn County 26

In Lake County 30, 31, 35-63

In Marin County 70. 77, 78

in Napa County 90, 104, 110

in Solano County 137, 138

In Sonoma County 162-169

In Yolo County 197

borax In 3, 15, 32, 43. 49

Iodine In 19, 45

medicinal properties of 36-38

radioactivity of 12, 38

Mirabel mine 30. 61

Missouri mine (see Culver-Baer)
Moffatt quarry 124

Page
Monterey shale 135

Moonstones 77

Morton spring (.see Roaring soda). 52

Mountain View gold iaee Brown &

Smith Cons.)

quicksilver (see Simmons)

Mt. Jackson mine 175, 177

Mt. Pisgah quarry (see Petaluma
Rock)

vineyard deposit 150

Mt. Sam mine (see also Lucltta)

kaolin at 32

Mt. St. Helena 90

Mt. Tamalpals 70

cemetery quarry 84

Mt. Vernon claim 172

Myrtledale farm spring 106

Napa Consolidated (see Oat Hill)

Copper Co'. 97

Napa County 90-127

basalt in 127

bridges of 120, 121. 122

cement In _90-96

chromlte in 96

coal In 97

copper In 97

gold and silver in 90, 97-99

Infusorial earth In 90-99

iron in 99

lime and limestone In 90, 99

magneslte in 90, 99-103

manganese in 104

mineral paint in 104

mineral products of 90

mineral water In 90, 104-110

onyx marble In 110

paving blocks (see stone Industry)

petroleum in 110

quicksilver in 90, 111-120

rock plant 124

sand and gravel in (see stone

Industry)
sandstone in (see also stone in-
dustry) 90

serpentine in 127

silver in (see gold and silver)

steatite In 127

stone industry in 90, 120-127

volcanic ash in 127

volcanic tuff In (see also various
quarries under stone Industry) 127

Napa prospect 177

Rock spring (see Priest's)

Sandstone Co 125

• Soda springs 90. 106-108

Valley Mineral Water Co. (see
Priest's spring)

Vichy spring 108

Native quicksilver (see under Quick-
silver)
In Abbott mine , 57

INDEX.

205

Page

Natomas Consolidated of California 188

Natural gas, in Colusa County 15

In Lake County 53

In Marin County 78

In Solano County 138, 139

in Sonoma County 169

use of In cement works labora-
tory 134, 138

New Elgin Quicksilver Mining Co.-» 17
New England mine (aee Ruby)

Newman quarries 125, 126

spring 49

New Phoenix Mining Co 58

Noble's springs 44

Norrls quarry {see Bacigalupi)

NortlH»rn Light prospect 117

Northey, G. V 18, 55

Nortli Star claim (manganese) 26

Northwestern Pacific R. R. Co.

rubber for 84

sand and gravel pits of 188

Norton ranch magneslte 155

Nye ranch, marble on 26

quicksilver on 27

sandstone on 29

Oakland mine (sec Culver-Baer)
Oakville mine {see Bella Union)

Oat Hill mine 56, 90, 117-119. 140

concentration at 56, 118, 119

retorting concentrates at 117, 118

O'Brien ranch spring 165

Occidental and Healdsburg group 177

ochre deposit 162

O'Donnell's sulphur spring 165

Ohms springs 165

Oil (»pc Petroleum)

In quicksilver mines 54, 140

Oils, bleaching of, by fuller's earth

136, 137

"Oil spring" 15

Old Chapman prospect 177

Oleson quarry {see Hutchinson)
Olsen quarry iaee Jollner)

O'Neill & Abbott quarry 20

Opals 149

Onyx marble. In Colusa County 16

in Lake County 53

In Napa County 110

In Solano County 138, 139

Orange peel bucket excavator 130

Oriental mine (quicksilver) 15, 17

Original white sulphur springs 108

Overton ranch coal 76

Ozocerite, associated with quicksil-
ver 172

Pacific group 177

Pacific Portland Cement Co

129, 130-135, 137

crude oil used In plant of 133

use of natural gas In laboratory

of 134, 138

Paint M. & M. Co 104

Palisade mine 98

Paramore springs 52

Parsons. Charles L 135

Page

Patent Brick Co 75

Paving blocks iaee also under Stone

Industry) 179, 180

production of in Sonoma County 75

Pedroncelll quarry 188

Petaluma, and Santa Rosa Klectric
Ry. Co. (see Stony Point)

Home Oil Co 170

municipal rock crusher 188, 189

costs at 189

Oil and Development Co 169

rock quarry 189, 190

Petroleum, in Colusa County 16

In Glenn County 27

in Knoxville quicksilver mine 54

In Lake County 53

in Marin County 69, 71, 72

In Napa County 110

in quicksilver mines 64, 140

In Solano County 139

In Sonoma County 169, 170

Phelan <iuarry 125

Philadelphia prospect 119

Phillips soda spring 109

Phoenix mine (see ^tna)

Pickett quarry 126

Plerson mine (coal) 147

Pierson springs (see Saratoga)

Pietzoll, Lorenz, quarry 190

Pine Flat quicksilver district 170

Pioneer mine (see also Socrates) 170

Poe claim (copper) 34

Point Bonlta quarry 84

Pontlac group {aee Socrates)

Pope mineral spring 109

Pope Valley deposit 102

mines 111

Potter clay (see dlao under Clays). 145

Priest's mine 103

Priest's soda spring 109

Purrin.'Tton quarry 190

Putah Creek quarrj' . 198

Quicksilver

bibliography on 57

bitumen with 172, 176

concentrates, use of air In retort-
ing 113, 117

concentration of 17,

18. 55, 56, 68, 111, 112, 113, 118, 140

gold with 17

In Colusa County 4, 17, 18, 19

In Lake County 30, 31, 54-68

In Napa County 90, 111, 120

In Solano County 128, 139, 140

In Sonoma County 144, 170-179

in Yolo County 196, 197

native, at Calistoga hot springs. 105

native In Sonoma County

170, 172. 174, 176, 177, 178

ozocerite with 172

petroleum with 54, 140

prices 54

tariff on Imports of 55

us^s of 64, 55

Quigley soda springs 52

206

IXDEX.

Page
Rtimona Oil Co 169, 170

Rathbun prospect 18

Rattlesnake mine 56, 177

native quicksilver in 56, 170, 177

Raymond Land Co. {set Short ranch)

Red Cloud, gold (aee Brown & Smith

Cons.) 97

quicksilver (see Pacific)

Red Elephant prospect 62

Red Slide deposits (tee Sonoma liag-

nesite Co.)
Redington mine (tee also Knoxville)
Red Wing spring {see Spiers)

Reed mine 197

Reilly cement blocks 146

Remillard Brick Co 76

Reynolds ranch quarry 190

Richardson springs {see Orixsly)

Rigoni quarry 191

"Roaring Soda" spring 52

Roberts quarry 191

Roblar Mining Co 191

Rochester Oil Co 138, 140

Rocky Point hot sulphur springs 78

Rose quarry 125

Royal springs 52

Roy Bert quarry {see Baclgalupi)

Ruby King mine 6, 8

Ruby King Mineral Paint Co 8

Ruby mine 197

Russell deposit 103

Russian River Grave! Co 191, 192

Sackett Bros, quarry 143, 198

Salmina quarry 125

Salt, in Colusa County 3, 19

In Marin County 70, 78

In Solano County 140

springs in Colusa County 14, 19

in Yolo County 197

Salvation Army's B. & G. I. Home

&. Farm springs 166

Samuel soda springs 109

Sand and gravel {see Stone industry)

Sandstone, in Colusa County 3. 19-23

in Glenn County 29

in Napa County 120, 123. 125, 127

San Francisco Quarries Co 85-88

San Francisco Seawall, rock for 80

San Rafael Development Co 88

Santa Cruz Portland Cement Co 146

Santa Rita (see Maricoma)
Santa Rosa Bank quarry {see Tl-
tania)
basalt rock quarry (see McDon-
ald)

Saratoga Springs 49

Sausalito Spring Water Co 78

Schocken quarry (see Natomas)

Scribner ranch spring 197

Search group (copper) 97

Setgler hot springs 85, 50

Self-dumping rock barge 76, 77

Sequoia resort 110

Serpentine, magneslte In 152

Pace

Shamrock prospect 62

Shaw prospect (manganese) 161

Short ranch quarries 88

Siebe quarry i43

Silver {see also under Gold 7, 34

Silverado mine 98

Silver Bow mine (see ^Stna)

Simmons prospect 119

Sites Sandstone Co 2d

Skaggs springs 166

clay deposit at 145

Skinner Graphite Co 150

Smith ranch spring 197

Snowflake mine 99, IDS

"Soap Creek" (see Newman spring)

Socrates mine 56. 170, 172. 178

native quicksilver In 56, 170, 178

Soda Bay springs 51

Solano County 128-113

aragonite in {see onyx marble)

basalt in 142

bituminous rock in (see Vulcan
quarry )

brick and clay in 128-130

cement in 128, 130-135

chromlte in 135

coal In 135

fuller's earth in 135-137

lime and limestone In 128, 137

marble in (see onyx marble)

mineral products of 128

mineral water In 128, 137, 138

natural' gas In 128, 138

onyx marble in 139

petroleum in 139

pottery in 128

quicksilver in 128, 139, 146

salt in 128, 140

sandstone in 143

stone industry In 128. 141-143

tuff in 143

Solfatarica action at Sulphur Bank

mine 64

at The Geysers 167, 168

Sonoma City rock crusher 192

Consolidated group 178

Sonoma County 144-194

abrasives In (see garnets)

brick and clay in 144-146

cement blocks in 146

chrome in 147

coal m 147

copper In 147, 148

dlatomaceous earth in {see In-
fusorial )
garnets in (see gems)

gems In 148, 149

gold In 149

"granite" in 149. 180, 185

graphite In 144. 149. 150

infusorial earth In 150

Iron in 150

kaolin in (see clay)

limestone in 144. 151

magneslte In 144. 152.161

IXDEX.

207

PaK«
Sonoma County — Continued.

manganese in 161

marble in isee Healdsburg Mar-
ble Co.)

metacinnabarite in 174, 175

mineral paint In 144, 161, 162

mineral products of 144

mineral water in 144, 162-169

natural gas In 169

native quicksilver In

170. 172. 174. 175. 177, 178

onyx marble in (see Healdsburg

Marble Co.)
opals in (see gems)
paving blocks in (see also under

stone Industry) 144. 179. 180

petroleum in 169. 170

quicksilver in 144, 170-179

stone industry In 144. 179-194

sulphur In 194

travertine in (see Healdsburg
Marble Co.)

"Verde antique" marble In 153

Sonoma Magneslte Co._147, 155-160, 169
mine (quicksilver — see also So-
noma Cons.) 170

Stone & Construction Co 146

Sotoyome Magneslte and Mineral
Paint Co. (see Healdsburg Paint
Co.)
Magneslte Co. (see Norton ranch)
Southern Pacific R. R. Co. gravel

pits 28, 125

rock quarry for ballast 143

Spiers spring 51

Spring Hill farm resort 53

Springs, mineral (see Mineral Water).

Squaw and Big Chief claims 179

Squaw Creek mine (copper) 148

Stacy quarrj' (see Lawndale)
Standard Portland Cement Corpora-
tion 90

Quicksilver Co 61

Steflflnl-Bartini quarry (see Hotallng)
St. Francis Hotel, San Francisco

Colusa sandstone in 21

St. Helena Bottling A Cold Storage
Co. (see Samuel springs)

high school 123

wliite sulphur springs (see orig-
inal)

St Johns quicksilver mine-128. 139, 140
experiments on oil flotation at— 140

State Home, warm spring at 166

Stone, E. B. & A. L. Co 141, 192

Stone Industrj'. in Colusa County__3, 23

In Glenn County 25, 27-29

in Lake County 68

In Marin County 70, 78-89

in Napa County 90, 120-127

In Solano County 128, 141-143

in Sonoma County 144, 179-194

In Yolo County 196, 198

Page

Stony Creek gravel pit 28

Point quarry 192, 193

Stuparich copper claims 34

"Sulsun marble" 139

Sulphur Bank mine 30, 62-66

borax near 32

mineral water In 61, 65

sulphur in 24, 62

thermal waters of 38, 65

Sulphur Creek, Colusa CJounty, ara-

gonite on 16

gold on 7

quicksilver district 56

quicksilver mines on 17, 18

Sonoma County, springs on 169

thermal waters of 38

Sulphur, in Colusa County 24

In Lake County 30, 31, 68

in Sononna County 168, 194

Spring (see also under Mineral

water) 53

Summit mine 119

Swank quarry (see Titania)

Table of mineral production of

Colusa County 4

Glenn County 25

Lake County 31

Marin County 70

Napa County 90

Solano County 128

Sonoma County 144

Yolo County 196

Table of paving block production In

Sonoma County 180

Tamalpals mineral water spring 78

Taylor ranch (coal) 147

white sulphur spring (see Kawana)

The Geysers 40, 162. 166-169

sulphur at 168, 194

Thomasson quarry 141, 142

test of road material from 142

TIburon Point quarry (see N. W. P.
Railroad Co.)

Titania quarry 193

"Tolenas onyx" 138, 139

Tolenas springs 137

onyx marble at 138, 139

Travertine (see also Onyx marble) _ 131

Trout Creek prospect 7

Tucker quarry — 143

Tuflf (see Stone Industry)

Twin Peaks mine 119

Tychson quarry 126

Uncle Sam mine (see Lucitta)

Union Construction Co. (see Petaluma
rock)

Ural mine (see Chicago)

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, bulletin

on mineral waters 36

test of road material by 142

U. S. Geological Survey, investiga-
tions of radioactivity by 38

Utopia mine 67

208

INDEX.

Pace
Vacaville fuller's earth 135

Vallejo and Napa Gas & Oil Co 139

Vallejo, Brick & Tile Co 128

Estate quarries 193

Quicksilver Mining Co 114

sulphur springs -*: 138

white sulphur springs 138

Valley quicksilver mine 104, 111

Veatch. Dr. John A 32

"Verde antique" marble 153

VIoletti quarry 194

Volcanic ash 127

Vulcan Rock Co 143

rock of, not "bituminous" 143

Walker prospect 179

Wall prospect (copper) 148

spring 169

spring prospect (quiclcsllver) 179

Wall street mine 54, -60, 67

concentration at 68

Walters magneslte (see Pope Valley)

springs 110

Ward tract deposit (copper) 148

Washington mine (sec -lEtna)

Water jet condenser for quicksilver

retort 117, 119

Watt gravel pit 126

Weise clay pit 145, 146

analysis of kaolin from 146

kaolin in 145

opals at 149

Western, Carbonic Acid Gas Co. .153. 160
Development Syndicate (.see San
Francisco Quarries Co.)

Fuller's Earth Co 135, 136

Meat Co. use of fuller's earth by 136

Wetmore Bros, quarry (see Daniel
Contracting Co.)

Page

Weyle quarry 194

White cement 146

\^Tiite Rock group (copper) 97

magnesite i»ee Pope Valley)
White sulphur springs (see Original.
also Vallejo)

Whitney prospect 120

Wide Awake mine 18

limestone at 7

Wilbur hot sulphur springs 12, 14

ammonia In 15

borax In 15

Wilkinson quarry (see McNeill)

Williams Oil Co 16

Williams quarry 126

Willows city gravel pit 29

Wing quarry 126

Witter springs 31, 35, 61

Woods & Harlan prospect 9

Wymore quarry (see alao Melitta). 184

Wyo gravel pit 28

X. L. C. R. Mining Co 115

Yellowstone Park, Wj'omIng 38, 167

Yolo County 195-198

brick in 195

coal in 195

gold in 195

limestone In 196

manganese In 196

mineral products of 195, 196

mineral water in 197

quicksilver in 196, 197

sandstone in 196, 198

stone industry in 198

Yordl ranch magnesite 161

Zem Zem spring 110

Zoliner quarry 126

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