SD229
.B7
V.3
Edwin B. Matzke
Library
Products of Philippine
Forests
miliam H. Brown, Ph. D.,
ehief. Division of Investigation, Bureau of Forestiy: Professor of Uotavy
University of the PkiUppines; a»d Plant Physiohiist, ■
:: of Science
VOLUME III
%.
/A';
rfyartment of Agriculture .-<
Bureau of }
i.ra! ResuiifL:
Bulletin No. 22
■thur f
Minor Products of Philippine
Forests
EDITED BY
William H. Brown, Ph. D.,
Chief, Division of Investigation, Bureau of Forestry; Professor of Botany,
University of the Philippines; and Plant Physiologist,
Bureau of Science
Volume III
Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources
Bureau of Forestry
Bulletin No, 22
Arthur F. Fischer, Director of Forestry
177674
MANILA
BUREAU OF PRINTING
1921
LIBRARY
NEW YORK
BOTANICAL
(iARDEN
Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources
Bureau of Forestry
liiilNliii NO. 22, XOIiiiiM- III
Arthur F. Fischer, Director of Forestry
CONTENTS
Page.
^ Ornamental Plants from Philippine Forests. William H.
Bro2vn 7
O Philippine Plants Used as Soap Substitutes or Scouring Mate-
rials. William H. Brotvn .". 49
C Official Philippine Medicinal Plants. William H. Brown 63
f^ Poisonous Philippine Plants. Willia^n H. Broken 79
(j Miscellaneous Useful Wild Philippine Plants. William H.
Broivv 85
«? Philippine Edible Fungi. Otto A. Reinking 97
*0 Medicinal Uses of Philippine Plants. Leon Ma. Guerrero 149
Index 247
3
ORNAMENTAL PLANTS FROM PHILIPPINE
FORESTS
By William H. Brown
MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
FIGURE 1. PLATYCERIUM BIFORME.
ORNAMENTAL PLANTS FROM PHILIPPINE
FORESTS
CONTENTS
Page.
Illustrations ' 9
Introduction 11
Description of Species H
Family Polypodiaceae 11
Asplenium nidus 11
Drynaria quercifolia — 11
Platycerium biforme 12
Family Lycopodiaceae 12
Lycopodium spp 12
Family Cycadaceae 12
Cycas rumphii 12
Family Liliaceae 12
Lilium philippinense 12
Family Orchidaceae 12
Aerides quinquevulnerum 14
Calanthe veratrifolia 14
Cordula argus 14
Cordula philippinensis 18
Dendrobium acuminatum 18
Dendrobium amethystoglossiim 18
Dendrobium anosmum 18
Dendrobium aureum 18
Dendrobium crumenatum 22
Dendrobium dearei 22
Dendrobium lyonii 22
Dendrobium revolutum 22
Dendrobium sanderae 24
Dendrobium schuetzei 24
Dendrobium taurinum 24
Eria merrillii 24
Grammatophyllum measuresianum 30
Grammatophyllum multiflorum 30
Grammatophyllum wallisii 30
Phalaenopsis amabilis 30
7
8 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
Description of species — Continued.
Family Orchidaceae — Continued. Page.
Phalaenopsis lueddemanniana 36
Phalaenopsis schilleriana 36
Renanthera storiei 36
Rhynchostylis retusa 36
Spathoglottis plicata - 40
Vanda lamellata 40
Vanda sanderiana 40
Vandopsis lissochiloides 40
Family Nymphaeaceae 46
Nelumbium nelumho 46
ORNAMENTAL PLANTS FROM PHILIPPIKE
FORESTS
ILLUSTRATIONS
Page.
Fig. 1. Platycerium biforme. From Bureau of Government Labor-
atories Publication No. 28 6
2. Asplenium nidus growing in the forest 10
3. Lilium philippinense 13
4. Aerides quinquevulnerum 15
5.^ Aerides quinquevulnerum 16
6. Dendrobium acuminatum. From Ames, Orchidaceae, II,
Plate 17 17
7. Dendrobium anosmum 19
8. Dendrobium aureum. From Ames, Orchidaceae, II, Plate
176 20
9. Dendrobium crumenatum 21
10. Dendrobium lyonii 23
11. Dendrobium sanderae 25
12. Dendrobium schuetzei 26
13. Dendrobium schuetzei. From Gard. Chron. LII, Fig. 102 27
14. Dendrobium taurinum 28
15. Dendrobium taurinum 29
16. Eria merrillii 31
17. Grammatophyllum multiflorum. From Phil. Agr. Rev., Vol.
5 (1912), No. 9, Plate IV 32
18. Grammatophyllum wallisii 33
19. Phalaenopsis amabilis 34
20. Phalaenopsis lueddemanniana 35
21. Phalaenopsis sp 37
22. Rhynchostylis retusa 38
23. Spathoglottis plicata. From Bot. Register 1838 39
24. Vanda lamellata 41
25. Vanda sanderiana 42
26. Vanda sanderiana 43
27. Vandopsis lissochiloides. From Ames, Orchidaceae, II, page
221 44
28. Nelumbium nelumbo 45
9
10
MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
FIGURE 2. ASPLENIUM NIDUS GROWING IN THE FOREST.
NEW YOR
BOTANIC/^
QARDEP^
ORNAMENTAL PLANTS FROM PHILIPPINE
FORESTS
By William H. Brown
The forests of the Philippines contain a large number of
species which are decidedly ornamental, and are suitable for
cultivation. These usually occur in the forest as very widely
scattered individuals. As the seeds are ripe for only a short
space of time and are usually quickly scattered by animals or
the wind, it is frequently difficult to collect seeds from a given
species. However, when once introduced into cultivation it is
generally easy to obtain material for propagation. This is par-
ticularly true of species which grow high up in the mountains,
and which will not live under lowland conditions, but have been
successfully introduced into Europe and America and grown in
greenhouses. Owing to these circumstances, most of the or-
namental plants in Philippine forests are of little commercial
value. For this reason, it seemed desirable to include in this
section only such wild ornamental plants as are collected in the
forest and sold commercially.
Family POLYPODIACEAE
Genus ASPLENIUM
ASPLENIUM NIDUS L. (Fig. 2). BiRDS'-NEST FERN.
This species is frequently collected in the forest and sold in
Manila, where it is used as a hanging plant. The leaves are 40
to 120 centimeters in length and 6 to 20 centimeters wide, and
radiate in all directions from a common center, from which
habit it gets its name. It is the commonest native fern found
in cultivation in Manila. In the forest it grows in the crotches
of trees or along the trunks. It thrives in cultivation as long
as it is watered at fairly regular intervals, but does best when
somewhat sheltered from the wind and the direct rays of the sun.
Genus DRYNARIA
DRYNARIA QUERCIFOLIA (L.) Bory.
This species is collected in the forest, made into hanging bas-
kets and sold in Manila. It has very stout, somewhat fleshy
11
12 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
stems which are densely covered with narrow, brown scales
about a centimeter in length. The leaves are of two kinds;
small, brown, concave ones which gather humus, and large ones
which are 40 to 90 centimeters long and pinnately lobed, with
lobes 2 to 4 centimeters wide.
Genus PLATYCERIUM
PLATYCERIUM Bl FORME Desv. (Fig. 1). StaG-HORN FERN.
This species is collected in the forest and cultivated in Manila
as a hanging plant. There are two kinds of leaves ; large leaves
which bend upward and cover the mass in which the roots are
growing, and long, branched leaves which hang downward.
Family LYCOPODIACEAE
Genus LYCOPODIUM
The species of this genus are collected in the forest, and
brought to Manila to be sold. They are pendant plants with
slender branches and very small, densely crowded leaves, and
are grown in hanging baskets.
Family CYCADACEAE
Genus CYCAS
CYC AS RUM PHI I Mig. Pit6go.
A description and figure of this species and its local names are
given in the section on food plants.
The young plants are collected and sold in Manila for orna-
mental purposes.
Family LILIACEAE
Genus LILIUM
LILIUM PHILIPPINENSE Baker. (Fig. 3). Benguet LILY.
Local names: Lup-lupak, suia-soi (Benguet).
Lilium philippinense is a plant 50 to 80 centimeters in height.
The leaves are numerous, very narrow, and 8 to 14 centimeters
in length. The flowers are about 20 centimeters long, white, and
very fragrant. Lilium philippinense is cultivated in Baguio
and has been exported.
This species is very common in Benguet and has been collected
in Bontoc and Pangasinan.
Family ORCHIDACEAE
This family is the largest, in number of species, of any in the
Philippines. Most of the species have small and inconspicuous
flowers and are of no value as ornamentals. A large number,
ORNAMENTAL PLANTS
13
FIGURE 3. LILIUM PHILIPPINENSE.
14 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
however, are brought to Manila and sold for cultivation, and
many have been exported to Europe. A description of all the
individual species which are cultivated would require more space
than their value warrants. The following list includes the more
important commercial species.
Genus AERIDES
AERIDES QUINQUEVULNERUM Lindl. (Figs. 4, 5).
Local names: Fracitas (Rizal); ualing-ualing (Tayabas).
Aerides quinquevulnerum is an epiphytic herb with stout stems.
The leaves are 10 to 30 centimeters long and 1.5 to 2.5 centi-
meters wide. The very fragrant flowers occur in considerable
numbers on long, pendulous, flowering branches. They are about
2 centimeters across and white marked with crimson magenta.
This species has been reported from the following provinces:
Bataan, Benguet, Bulact.n, Rizal, Batangas, and Tayabas.
Genus CALANTHE
CALANTHE VERATRIFOLIA R. Br.
Local names: Binunga (Rizal); maraniok (Cagayan, Isabela) ; liriong-
gubat (Tayabas).
Calanthe veratrifolia is a terrestrial orchid with large, green,
prominently nerved leaves, which are pointed at both ends. The
flowers are white, medium in size, and are borne in clusters at
the ends of long, flowering branches.
This species has been reported from the following provinces:
Bataan, Benguet, Mindoro, Misamis, Nueva Vizcaya, Occidental
Negros, Pampanga, Sibutu Island, Tayabas, and Zamboanga.
Genus CORDULA
Members of this genus are known popularly as lady's-slipper
orchids. Two of them are worthy of note.
CORDULA ARGUS (Reichb. f.) Rolfe.
Cordula argus is a terrestrial orchid. The leaves are some-
what elliptical in shape and arranged in two rows. The lower
ones are 12 to 20 centimeters long and pale green variegated with
dark green. The flowering stem is 30 to 40 centimeters high
and madder purple. The flowers are 6 to 8 centimeters in ver-
tical diameter. The petals are whitish at the base and have green
veins ; near the apex they are madder purple and spotted. The
margins of the petals are hairy.
This species has been reported from the following localities:
Benguet, Lepanto-Bontoc, and Tayabas.
ORNAMENTAL PLANTS
15
FIGURE 4. AERIDES QUINQUEVULNERUM.
16
MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
ORNAMENTAL PLANTS
17
■'>i^.
FIGURE 6. DENDROBIUM ACUMINATUM.
177674 2
18 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
CORDULA PHILIPPINENSIS (Reichb. f.) Rolfe.
Cordula philippinensis is a striking orchid with large leaves.
The flowering shoot bears several showy flowers. The upper
sepal is nearly white with prominent, longitudinal, dark-purple
stripes. The lower sepal is nearly white with a yellow tip. The
lateral petals are elongated, spiral, and purple, except near the
base, where they are yellow with three lines of large, purple
dots. The sack is white on the back, and the apex and margin
lemon yellow.
This species has been collected in Palawan.
Genus DENDROBIUM
DENDROBIUM ACUMINATUM Rolfe. (Fig. 6).
Dendvohimn acuminatum is an epiphytic orchid with bulbous
stems. The leaves are thick, firm, smooth, 9 to 12 centimeters
long, and 3 to 4 centimeters wide. The inflorescence often ex-
ceeds 20 centimeters in length, and bears 7 to 20 or more flowers.
These when spread out are 4.5 to 5.5 centimeters across and
white, with a yellow center which is streaked with lavender.
This species has been reported from Abra and Bataan.
DENDROBIUM AM ETH YSTOGLOSSUM Reichb. f.
Dendrobium amethystoglossum is a robust, epiphytic orchid a
meter in height and has 15 to 20 canes. The flowers are milk
white, the lip deeply stained with amethyst purple.
This species has been collected in Benguet.
DENDROBIUM ANOSMUM Lindl. (Fig. 7). SangguMAI.
Dendrobium anosmuTn is an epiphytic orchid with bulbous
stems. The leaves are about 10 centimeters long and 3 centi-
meters wide. The stems make a yearly growth, after which
the leaves drop off and the flowers appear. These are fragrant,
about 8 centimeters across, and light purple with a darker purple
center. After the flowers fade, the stems bearing them dry, and
new ones are produced from the base of the plant.
This species has been reported from Abra, Benguet, Bontoc,
Lepanto, Leyte, Rizal, and Nueva Vizcaya.
DENDROBIUM AUREUM Lindl.
Local name: Nito (Benguet). (Fig. 8).
Dendrobium aureum is an epiphytic orchid with cylindrical
stems which are 30 to 50 centimeters long. The leaves are about
15 centimeters long and 2 centimeters wide. After they have
fallen, the flowers appear on the stems. The flowers are large
and cream colored, with yellow lips.
ORNAMENTAL PLANTS
19
FIGURE 7. DENDROBIUM ANOSMUM (SANGGUMAI).
20
MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
oA ^
FIGURE S. DENDROBIUM AUREUM.
ORNAMENTAL PLANTS
21
FIGURE 9. DEMDROBIUM CRUMENATUM.
22 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
This species has been reported from Benguet, Albay, and
Mindanao.
DENDROBIUM CRUMENATUM Sw. (Fig. 9). Irau.
Local names: Ddpo * (Tayabas) ; irdu (Camarines, Albay, Sorsogon) ;
karamosi (Ilocos Norte) ; karausi (Cagayan) ; karulai (Isabela) ; magimpal,
magimapan (Bohol) ; man'dn (Leyte) ; sanggumai (Laguna).
The stalk of Dendrobium crumenatum is up to a meter in
length and, for a distance of about 20 centimeters from the base,
is bulbous and fluted. The leaves are 5 to 8 centimeters long
and 1.5 to 2.5 centimeters wide. The flowers are 2.5 to 3 centi-
meters in length, white with a pale yellow center, and very
fragrant. All the plants of this species in the same region
flower on the same day, the flowers lasting one day or less.
This species is common and widely distributed in the Philip-
pines and is frequently cultivated for ornamental purposes.
DENDROBIUM DEAREI Reichb. f.
Dendrohium dearei is an epiphytic orchid with cylindrical stems
which may be more than 50 centimeters in length. The leaves
are about 5 centimeters long and 2 centimeters wide. The flow-
ers are white with a lemon-yellow center, and about 7 centimeters
in width when spread out. The stalks of the individual flowers
are about 4 centimeters long so that they project beyond the
leaves. The flowers remain on the stems for a long time.
This species has been reported from Benguet. Mindoro, and
Mindanao.
DENDROBIUM LYONII Ames. (Fig. 10).
Dendrobium Ujonii is an epiphytic orchid with bulbous stems.
The leaves are leathery, about 17 centimeters long and 3.5 to 4
centimeters wide. The flowers are wine red at the base, lighter
colored at the edges, 4 centimeters long and 8 centimeters wide,
and are borne on special leafless branches.
This species has been reported from Bataan Province.
DENDROBIUM REVOLUTUM Lindl.
Local name: Sanggumai (Bataan).
Dendrobium revolutum is an epiphytic orchid with pendant
stems. The leaves are 3 to 4 centimeters long and 1.5 centi-
meters wide. The flowers occur singly along the stems opposite
the leaves. They are 2 centimeters long, odorless, and white.
The lip is pale green.
* The word dapo, which occurs so frequently, alone or in composition, in
the names of orchids and other epiphytic plants, means "to roost," "to perch"
and is commonly and quite properly applied, therefore, to any epiphyte.
ORNAMENTAL PLANTS
23
y?
V
24 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
This species has been reported from the following provinces:
Bataan, Lagima, Negros Occidental, Leyte, Surigao, and Min-
danao.
DENDROBIUM SANDERAE Rolfe. (Fig. 11).
Dendrobium sanderae is an epiphytic orchid with cylindrical
stems which maj^ be nearly a meter in length. The leaves are
from 4 to 8 centimeters long and 1.5 to 2.5 centimeters wide.
The flowers are borne on short branches, which are among the
leaves at the end of the stem. They are white with purple lines
on the throat, and about 6 centimeters long. The petals are 4
centimeters in length and nearly 3 centimeters wide.
This species has been reported from Benguet, Bontoc, and
Lepanto.
DENDROBIUM SCHUETZEI Rolfe. (Figs. 12, 13).
Dendrobium schuetzei is an epiphytic orchid 15 to 40 centi-
meters in height. The stems are erect and somewhat cylindrical.
The leaves are somewhat spreading, leathery, about 8 to 10 centi-
meters long and about 2.5 to 3 centimeters wide. The flowers
are large, showy, white, with a green blotch on the throat and
a few dark spots at the base.
DENDROBIUM TAURINUM Lindl. (F gs. 14, 15).
Dendrobium taurinum is an epiphytic orchid with stems which
are a meter or more in length and about 1.5 centimeters in
diameter. The leaves occur on the upper half of the stalk and
are 6 to 10 centimeters long and about 4 centimeters wide.
Growing near the end of the main stem are special flowering
branches, which are 25 to 50 centimeters long and which have
6 to 20 large flowers. The sepals are cream white, tinged with
green. The petals are twisted and crimson magenta.
This species has been reported from the following localities:
Albay, Batanes Islands, Benguet, Bukidnon, Davao, Laguna, Ri-
zal, Leyte, Mindoro, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Tayabas, Gui-
maras Island, and Zamboanga.
Genus ERIA
ERIA MERRILLII Ames. (Fig. 16).
Eria merrilUi is a terrestrial orchid with a bulbous base about
10 centimeters long. The leaves are 30 to 60 or more centimeters
in length, and about 4 to 7 centimeters wide. The flowering
branch is 30 to 40 centimeters long and bears numerous, large,
nearly white flowers, which are tinged with purple.
This species has been reported from the Provinces of Rizal
and Sorsogon.
ORNAMENTAL PLANTS
25
FIGURE 11. DENDROBIUM SANDERAE.
26
MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
ORNAMENTAL PLANTS
27
28 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
FIGURE 14. DENDROBIUM TAURINUM.
ORNAMENTAL PLANTS
29
FIGURE 15. DENDROBIUM TAURINUM.
30 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
Genus GRAM MATOPHYLLUM
GRAMMATOPHYLLUM M EASURESI AN U M Weathers.
Grammato'phyllum measuresianum has many bulbous stems,
which are slightly compressed and vary in length from 20 to
40 centimeters. When young they are more or less furrowed,
and when old, deeply wrinkled. Each bears at its summit from
4 to 6 deep-green leaves, which are from 45 to 60 centimeters
long. The flowering stalks bear many flowers, which are about
10 centimeters across, yellowish, and marked with dark brown
and purple.
This species has been collected in Mindoro and Palawan.
GRAMMATOPHYLLUM MULTIFLORUM Lindl. (Fig. 17).
Local name: Looi-looi na duko (Sorsogon).
Grammatophyllum rmdtiflorum has many large, bulbous stems
and very numerous roots, the whole sometimes forming an im-
mense mass. The leaves are about 30 to 50 centimeters long and
6 to 10 centimeters wide. The flowers are large, and are borne
in great numbers on long flowering shoots. They are pale green
with large, dull, purplish-brown spots.
This species has been reported from Mindoro, Tayabas, Cama-
rines, Catanduanes Island, Sorsogon, Leyte, and Palawan.
GRAMMATOPHYLLUM WALLISII Reichb. f. (Fig. 18).
Grammatophyllum wallisii is an epiph>i;e and the largest
Philippine orchid. The flowers are borne on large flowering
shoots and are large and pale greenish, with dark purple-brown
blotches.
Genus PHALAENOPSIS
PHALAENOPSIS AMABILIS (Linn.) Blume. (Fig. 19). Butterfly ORCHID.
Phalaenopsis amabilis is an epiphytic orchid with a few green
leaves growing on a short stem. The leaves are somewhat oval-
shaped, wider near the apex than near the base, and 14 to 30
centimeters in length. The flowers are borne in varying num-
bers on flowering branches, are white, and 7 to 10 centimeters
across. The butterfly orchid is very commonly cultivated in
Manila.
This species has been reported from the following localities:
Albay, Bataan, Bohol, Cagayan, Camarines, Davao, Igar Island,
Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Lanao, Lumbucan Island, Mindoro, Negros
Occidental, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Palawan, Pampanga,
Rizal, Tayabas- and Zamboanga.
ORNAMENTAL PLANTS
31
FIGURE 16. ERIA MERRILLII
32
MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
ORNAMENTAL PLANTS
33
FIGURE IS. GRAMMATOPHYLLUM WALLISII.
177674 3
34 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
FIGURE 19. PHALAENOPSIS AMABILIS.
ORNAMENTAL PLANTS
35
FIGURE 20. PHALAENOPSIS LUEDDEMANNIANA.
36 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
PHALAENOPSIS LU EDDEM AN N I AN A Reichb. f. (Fig. 20).
Local names: Flor de la mananu (Spanish); manan-du (Samar, Leyte).
Phalaenopsis lueddemanniana is an epiphytic orchid with
usually two to six oval leaves growing on a short stem. The
flowers are borne on special, branched, flowering shoots, have a
faint odor, and are variable in size and color. They are white
or yellow marked with purple or brown, and are about 6 centi-
meters in diameter.
This species has been reported from the following localities:
Benguet, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Bataan, Bulacan, Rizal,
Laguna, Tayabas, Polillo Island, Leyte, Palawan, Bukidnon, Da-
vao, Lanao, and Zamboanga.
PHALAENOPSIS SCHILLERIANA Reichb. f.
Local name: Ddpong-tigre (Laguna).
Phalaenopsis schilleriana is an epiphytic orchid with a few
somewhat oblong-oval leaves growing on a short stem. The
leaves are mottled above, purple beneath, up to 20 centimeters
long, and 6 centimeters wide. The flowers are borne on large,
branched, flowering shoots, are odorless, large, and pinkish
purple.
This species is found in Tayabas and Laguna Provinces.
Genus RENANTHERA
RENANTHERA STORIEI Reichb. f.
Renanthera storiei is a stout, epiphytic orchid 2 to 3 meters
in height. The leaves are leathery, arranged in two rows, 10
to 14 centimeters long and about 3.5 centimeters wide. The
flowering shoot is very large and bears many flowers, which are
4 to 4.5 centimeters across. They are odorless, dark red, and
remain fresh on the stem for a long period.
This species has been reported from the following localities:
Bataan, Rizal, and Dinagat Island.
Genus RHYNCHOSTYLIS
RHYNCHOSTYLIS RETUSA (Linn.) Blume. (Fig. 22).
Rhynchostylis retusa is an epiphytic orchid with green leaves
which are about 25 centimeters long and about 2.5 centimeters
wide. The flowers are crowded on a flowering shoot about 20
centimeters long. They are pale pink or nearly white and have
a pale-purple lip. The lateral sepals are about 7 millimeters
long and about 6 millimeters wide. The petals are much shorter
and narrower.
ORNAMENTAL PLANTS
37
FIGURE 21. PHALAENCPSIS sp.
38 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
FIGURE 22. RHYNCHOSTYLIS RETUSA.
ORNAMENTAL PLANTS
39
I III
"^ \
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FIGURE 23. SPATHOGLOTTIS PLICATA.
40 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
This species has been reported from Bataan, Nueva Ecija.
and Rizal.
Genus SPATHOGLOTTIS
SPATHOGLOTTIS PLICATA Blume. (Fig. 23).
Local names: Balum-bahim (Bukidnon) ; kanovog (Batanes Islands);
talu-ang (Bukidnon); tabu-dapi (Tayabas).
Spathorjlottis plicata is a teriestrial orchid with a few long,
rather narrow leaves growing from the bulbous base of the stem.
The leaves are 20 to 60 centimeters long and 1.8 to 6 centimeters
wide. The flowering shoots are 30 to 70 centimeters long. The
flowers are purple or deep pink, and about 3.5 centimeters in
dis meter.
This species has been reported from the following localities :
Albay, Batanes Islands, Lepanto, Benguet, Bukidnon, Laguna,
Leyte, Mindoro, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Tayabas, Lanao,
and Zamboanga.
Genus VAN DA
VANDA LAMELLATA Lindl. (Fig. 24).
Vanda lamelkita is an epiphytic orchid. The leaves are about
2 centimeters wide and 25 centimeters long. The flowers are
borne on special branches, which may have 20 or more flowers.
These are about 3 centimeters in vertical diameter, fragrant,
and yellowish with purple-brown markings.
This species has been reported from the following localities:
Cagayan, Bontoc, Benguet, Abra, Zambales, Bataan, Cavite, Ta-
yabas, Mindoro, Babuyanes, Camiguin, Capiz, and Sulu Archi-
pelago.
VANDA SANDERIANA Reichb. f. (Figs. 25, 26).
Vanda sanderiana is a large epiphytic orchid. The leaves are
trough-like and 15 to 30 centimeters long. The flowers grow in
clusters and are 6 to 8 centimeters in transverse by 10 to 11 in
vertical diameter. The upper three petals are lavender with dull-
purple spots in the lower part. The lower two petals are tinged
with yellow and there are very numerous, dull-purple nerves
and reticulations which give a general, dull-purple color. The
lip is dull purple and yellow. This is the showiest orchid found
in the Philippines.
This species is found in Mindanao.
Genus VANDOPSIS
VANDOPSIS LISSOCHILOIDES (Gaudich.) Pfitz. (Fig. 27).
Vandopsis lissochiloid.es is a terrestrial orchid with leafy stems
up to 2 meters in height. The leaves are about 25 to 50 centi-
ORNAMENTAL PLANTS
41
FIGURE 24. VANDA LAMELLATA
42
MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
FIGURE 25. VANDA SANDERIANA
ORNAMENTAL PLANTS
43
44
MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
FIGURE 27. VANDOPSIS LISSOCHILOICES.
ORNAMENTAL PLANTS
45
FIGURE 28. NELUMBIUM NELUMBO.
46 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
meters long and about 5 centimeters wide. The flowering shoot
is 1.5 to 2 meters long, and bears numerous flowers which are
5 to 6 centimeters across. The back of the flower is purple and
the inside yellowish green with purple spots.
This species has been reported from Bukidnon, Panay, Sigaboy
Island, and Zamboanga.
Family NYMPHAEACEAE
Genus NELUMBIUM
NELUMBIUM NELUMBO (L.) Druce. (Fig. 28).
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on food plants.
This plant grows in immense numbers in Laguna de Bay. The
flowers are gathered in considerable quantities and brought to
Manila to be sold.
Nelumbium speciosum grows in shallow water, the leaves and
flowers extending above the surface. It has very large, rounded
leaves and large, pink flowers.
PHILIPPINE PLANTS USED AS SOAP SUBSTI-
TUTES OR SCOURING MATERIALS
By William H. Brown
47
PHILIPPINE PLANTS USED AS SOAP SUBSTI-
TUTES OR SCOURING MATERIALS
CONTENTS
Page.
Introduction 49
Illustrations 51
Description of Species 51
Family Moraceae 51
Ficus ulmifolia , 51
Streblus asper 51
Family Leguminosae 52
Albizzia acle 52
Albizzia saponaria 52
Entada phaseoloides 54
Family Oxalidaceae - 56
Averrhoa bilimbi £6
Family Polygalaceae 56
Securidaca corymbosa 56
Securidaca philippinensis 58
Family Sapindaceae 58
Ganophyllum falcatum -- 58
Harpullia arborea 58
Sapindus saponaria 59
Family Rhamnaceae 59
Gouania tiliaefolia 59
Family Dilleniaceae 59
Tetracera scandens 59
ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure 1. Albizzia acle (akle) 53
2. Albizzia acle (akle) 55
3. Entada phaseoloides (gogo) ■ ^^
177674 4 49
PHILIPPINE PLANTS USED AS SOAP SUBSTI-
TUTES AND SCOURING MATERIALS
By William H. Brown
In the Philippines there are a number of plants which con-
tain saponin and are used as soap substitutes, especially for
cleansing the hair. The most important of these is gogo {En-
tada phaseoloides) which is an important article of commerce.
Other plants have very rough leaves which are used as material
for scouring cooking utensils, etc., and as substitutes for sand-
paper.
Family MORACEAE
Genus FICUS
FICUS ULMIFOLIA Lam. Isfs.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on food plants.
The leaves of this species are very hard and rough, and
are used for cleaning cooking utensils and scouring hardwood
floors, stairs, windowsills, etc. ; and also in place of sandpaper
in polishing wood, when sandpaper is not available.
Genus STREBLUS
STREBLUS ASPER Lour. Kalios.
Local names: Alasiis (Zambales, Mindoro) ; alasis (Surigao) ; ahldig
(Ilocos Sur, Union, Pangasinan, Zambales) ; ampds (Pampanga) ; bugtdl
(Negros Occidental) ; buntatai (Guimaras Island) ; kagasaka (Cagayan) ;
kalios (Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Abra, Bataan, Manila, Rizal, Laguna, Min-
doro) ; lasiis (Bataan); malakddios (Zambales).
The leaves of Sti^ehlus asper are very hard and rough and
are utilized, like those of Fici/s ulmifolia, for cleaning cooking
utensils and as a substitute for sandpaper.
Streblus asper is a tree reaching a height of about 15 meters
and a diameter of about 30 centimeters. The leaves are alter-
nate, 4 to 12 centimeters long, with a narrow base, pointed
tip, and toothed margin. The fruits are ovoid, pale yellow,
8 to 10 millimeters long, fleshy, and with seeds 5 to 6 milli-
meters long.
This species is very common and widely distributed in the
Philippine Islands.
51
52 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
Family LEGUMINOSAE
Genus ALBIZZIA
ALBIZZIA ACLE (Blanco) Merr. (Figs. 1, 2). Akle.
Local names: Akle or dkli (Nueva Ecija, Union, Pampanga, Bataan,
Bulacan, Zambales, Tayabas, Camarines, Laguna, Sorsogon, Mindoro) ; mia-
gep (Ilocos Norte and Sur) ; hcauiyo (Occidental Negros, Tablas) ; kitakita
(Ilocos Sur, Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija, Zambales) ; mabunga (Laguna) ;
langin (Masbate) ; saui-iri, taulili (Palawan) ; tabaldngi (Bisaya) ; tili,
tills (Zambales).
This species is reported to have been employed locally as
a soap substitute, but seems to be inferior to Albizzia saponaria
and is little used.
Albizzia acle is a tree reachmg a height of about 30 meters
and a diameter of about 1 meter. The leaves are twice com-
pound. They usually have two pinnae, each of which bears
three to six pairs of leaflets, the terminal pair being much
larger than the others. The leaflets are inequilateral, pointed
at the tip, usually rounded at the base, 4.5 to 18 centimeters
long, and 2 to 7 centimeters wide. The flowers are yellow and
green, about 1.5 centimeters in length, and are borne in small,
rounded heads. The pod is 4 to 5 centimeters wide and up
to 25 to 30 or more centimeters in length. The seeds cause
a bulging of the pod, while between the seeds the pod is con-
stricted.
This species is fairly common and distributed from Luzon
to Palawan. It is intolerant of shade.
ALBIZZIA SAPONARIA (Lour.) Blume. Salingkugi'.
Local names: Baiogo (Bataan, Agusan) ; banaibdnai (Cagayan) ; banog-
bdnai (Cagayan) ; gogo' or gngo (Isabela, Tayabas, Masbate, Agusan) ;
gogo-kdsai (Tayabas) ; gogong-malatoko, langil (Rizal) ; gogong-toko (Pan-
gasinan, Pampanga, Camarines, Bataan) ; malatoko (Bataan, Pampanga,
Rizal, Laguna) ; maratekkd, maratigd (Ilocos Norte and Sur) ; pipi (Ne-
gros) ; salangkugi', salingkugi' , salungkugi' (Zambales, Bataan, Mindoro,
Catanduanes, Masbate, Ticao, Surigao, Zamboanga) ; salukigi (Samar,
Leyte) ; salunggigi, tagiirarit (Pangasinan) ; sangginggi' (Agusan) ; sian-
kugi, tivagi (Surigao) ; tambing (Benguet) ; tigian (Guimaras Island) ;
unaki (Camarines).
This species is a small or medium-sized tree with a sapona-
ceous bark which is used locally in much the same way as
gogo (Entada phaseoloides) . The fresh wood lathers freely
with water.
Albizzia saponaria reaches a height of 20 meters and a diam-
SOAP SUBSTITUTES
53
FIGURE 1. ALBIZZIA ACLE (AKLE).
54 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
eter of 80 centimeters. The bark is about 5 millimeters thick,
light gray to dark gray, and densely covered with corky pus-
tules. The inner bark is slightly pink colored and somewhat
spongy in texture. The leaves are alternate and doubly com-
pound.
This species is found throughout the Philippines, especially
in second-growth or open forests.
Genus ENTADA
ENTADA PHASEOLOIDES (L.) Merr. {E. scandens L) (Fig. 3). GOGO.
Local names: Ballogo (Ilocos Norte and Sur, Cagayan) ; Balogo (Samar,
Cuyo, Bisaya provinces, parts of Bikol region) ; gogo, gugo, or gugu' (Isa-
bela, Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Pampanga, Bulacan, Rizal,
Manila, Bataan, Laguna, Cavite, Batangas, Tayabas, Camarines, Mindoro,
Marinduque, Leyte, Negros) ; ipol (Zambales) ; kalit (E. Pangasinan) ;
lipai (Ilocos Norte and Sur, Cagayan, Isabela, Union, Bulacan) ; lotog (W.
Pangasinan). In most parts of N. Luzon, the name Upai is given to the
plant and its large, round seeds, and ballogo to the crushed stem used
for washing the hair.
The bark and stems of Entada phaseoloides (gogo) contain
saponin. Gogo is used extensively in the Philippines and other
oriental countries for washing the hair and is on the market
as an ingredient of hair tonics.
The vine is cut in lengths of about one-half to 1 meter and
pounded into thin, flat strips, the width of which depends on the
•diameter of the piece treated. These strips when dried are ready
for market. When soaked in water and rubbed, gogo produces
a lather which cleanses the scalp very effectually. Very large
■quantities of gogo are used in the Philippines, but it is very
difficult to determine the amount. Many people cut and pound
material for their own use, while others prepare a small quantity
and peddle it from house to house. There is no organized trade
in gogo, but it is sold in small stores throughout the Islands.
In Manila it sells at retail at prices ranging from 40 centavos
a kilo upward. A forest charge of 10 per cent, or 2 pesos per
100 kilos, is collected on it.
The chemical composition of gogo has been investigated by
Bacon.*
Gogo is used as a fish poison, the active principle, according
to Bacon, being saponin. The bark is also used for cordage.
The kernels of the seeds are mashed and used by the Filipinos
* Bacon, R. F., The physiological active constituents of certain Philippine
medicinal plants. Philippine Journal of Science, Vol. 1 (1906), page 1021.
Bacon, R. F., and Marshall, H. T., The toxic action of saponin. Philippine
Journal of Science, Vol. 1 (1906), page 1037.
SOAP SUBSTITUTES
55
FIGURE 2. ALBIZZIA ACLE (AKLE).
56 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
for poultices for children having colic. According to Bacon
the seeds contain a fatty oil which is extracted and used in
the Sunda Islands for illuminating purposes. Bacon says that
in some places they are roasted and eaten after the active
principle has been removed by washing.
Gogo has been cultivated for a long time in the highland
towns of Cavite, namely, Silang, Amadeo, Alfonso, Mendez-
Nuiiez, Eailen, and Marigondon. A large proportion of the in-
habitants of Indang, perhaps a majority, cultivate Gogo to
some extent. The vines are propagated partly from seed and
partly by layering, and are trained over trees, coconut palms,
etc. At three years of age, a vine is large enough to be cut.
If not cut too close to the ground, the stump sends up several
sprouts, which are either allowed to grow up, or employed as
layers. The vines very rarely die as the result of cutting.
Entada phaseoloides is a large vine with compound leaves.
The flowers are yellow and borne on slender spikes in simple
or compound inflorescences. Perhaps the most striking features
of the vine are the large seed-pods, which are about 7 to 10
centimeters wide and up to a meter in length. They contain
hard, circular seeds 5 to 6 centimeters in diameter.
This species is common and widely distributed throughout
the Archipelago.
Family OXALIDACEAE
Genus AVERRHOA
AVERRHOA BILIMBI L. KamiaS.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on food plants.
The fruits of this species are used to remove stains from
clothing and also in washing the hands.
Family POLYGALACEAE
Genus SECURIDACA
SECURIDACA CORYMBOSA Turcz. HiNAKI.
Local names: Gogong-bisdya (Tayabas) ; hindki (Negros) ; oyangyd
(Mindoro).
This plant is used as a soap substitute in the same manner
as Entada phaseoloides (gogo) .
Securidaca corymbosa is a woody vine or undershrub. The
leaves are alternate, pointed at the tip, rounded or abruptly
pointed at the base, and from 6 to 9 centimeters in length.
The flowers are small, and red and white. The fruit resembles
a half maple fruit and is about 8 centimeters long.
SOAP SUBSTITUTES
57
FIGURE 3. ENTADA PHASEOLOIDES (GOGO).
58 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
This species has been reported from Luzon, Mindoro, and
Negros.
SECURIDACA PH ILIPPINENSIS Chodat BaluNOS.
Local names: Baldgon, balunos (Sorsogon).
This vine has a thick, white bark containing saponin. The
bark is used locally in certain regions as a soap substitute.
Securidaca phiUppinensis is a large, woody vine. The leaves
are bluntly pointed at the base and taper to a rather sharp
point at the tip. The flowers are small and borne on compound
inflorescences. The fruits are oval and slightly over a centi-
meter in length. At one end there is a long wing about 7 or
more centimeters in length, resembling that of a maple fruit.
This species is distributed from southern Luzon to Mindanao.
Family SAPINDACEAE
Genus GANOPHYLLUM
GANOPHYLLUM FALGATUM Blume. Arangen.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils.
The bark of this tree is used in the same manner as gogo
(Entada phaseoloides) .
Genus HARPULLIA
HARPULLIA ARBOREA (Blanco) Radlk. Uas.
Local names: Amhuyan (Ilocos Sur) ; baydg-kalabdu (Tayabas) ; bun-
salak (Mindoro) ; dulis, magantimus (Cotabato) ; huds (Ticao Island,
Masbate) ; kuds (Rizal) ; mag-alad, ringis (Palawan) ; malalubds (Cama-
rines) ; malapalikpik-hito (Tarlac) ; pods or puds (Nueva Ecija, Bataan,
Rizal, Cavite, Laguna, Mindoro) ; uds (Cagayan, Zambales, Nueva Ecija,
Bataan, Tayabas, Camarines) ; uds na purdu (Ilocos Norte).
The bark is pounded and used as a substitute for that of
gogo (Entada phaseoloides) .
Harpullia arborea is a tree reaching a height of about 20
meters and a diameter of about 60 centimeters. The leaves
are alternate and pinnately compound. The leaflets are
pointed at the tip, oblique at the base, and 7 to 15 centi-
meters in length. The flowers are small and white. The
fruit is red and is divided into two lobes, each of which contains
a few seeds.
This species is common and widely distributed in the forests
from northern Luzon to the southern limits of the Sulu Archi-
pelago.
SOAP SUSTITUTES 59
Genus SARIN DUS
SARIN DUS SARONARIA L. TiKAS-TIKAS.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on fibers.
Tobacco workers in Abra use the crushed leaves for removing
the stain of tobacco leaves from their hands. The bark is used
for cleansing the hair.
Family RHAMNACEAE
Genus GOUANIA
GOUANIA TILIAEFOLIA Lam.
Local names: Literan (Bulacan, Rizal, Lagnna) ; pahampak (Pampanga).
The root of this species is a soap substitute.
Goumiia tiliaefoUa is a woody vine. The leaves are altern-
ate, somewhat hairy, pointed at the tip, rounded or heart-shaped
at the base, and 6 to 10 centimeters in length. The flowers
are small and greenish or whitish.
This species is distributed throughout the Philippines.
Family DILLENIACEAE
Genus TETRACERA
TETRACERA SCANDENS (L.) Merr.
Local names: Malakattnon (Tarlac, Zambales, Bataan, Rizal); ople-bd-
king (Palawan).
The leaves are very rough and are used for cleaning dishes
and various instruments.
Tet7^acera scandetis is a woody vine. The leaves are alter-
nate, pointed at both ends, larger near the apex than near the
base, the margins toothed. The flowers are rather small,
white, and borne on compound inflorescences. The fruits are
small and red.
This species is apparently common and widely distributed
from central Luzon to southern Mindanao.
OFFICIAL PHILIPPINE MEDICINAL PLANTS
By William H. Brown
61
OFFICIAL MEDICINAL PLANTS
CONTENTS
Pa»e.
Illustrations 64
Introduction 65
Description of Species 65
Family Cyatheaceae 65
Cibotium barametz 65
Family Palmae 65
Areca catechu 65
Family Araceae 66
Acorus calamus 66
Family Zingiberaceae 66
Curcuma zedoaria > 66
Family Piperaceae 66
Piper betle 66
Family Chenopodiaceae 67
Chenopodium ambrosioides 67
Family Menispermaceae 67
Archangelisia flava 67
Family Leguminosae 67
Abrus precatorius 67
Caesalpinia sappan 67
Tamarindus indica 67
Family Simarubaceae 68
Brucea amarissima --■ 68
Family Euphorbiaceae 68
Croton tiglium 68
Mallotus philippensis 68
Ricinus communis 69
Family Anacardiaceae 69
Anacardium occidentale 69
Family Myrtaceae 69
Eugenia cumini 69
69
Psidium guajava.
Family Umbelliferae 69
Centella asiatica 69
63
64 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
Description of species — Continued.
Family Sapotaceae "0
Palaquium spp 70
Family Loganiaceae 70
Strychnos ignatii 70
Family Convolvulaceae 70
Operculina turpethum 70
Family Labiatae 70
Ocimum basilicum 70
Orthosiphon aristatus ■--- 72
Family Solanaceae..— 72
Capsicum frutescens 72
Datura fast-josa var. alba 72
Solanum nigrum 74
Family Bignoniaceae 74
Sesamum orientale 74
Family Plantaginaceae 74
Plantago major 74
Family Compositae 75
Artemisia vulgaris 75
Bidens pilosa 75
Blumea balsamifera ^ 75
ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure 1. Fruit of Strychnos ignatii (St. Ignatius bean . From
Twelfth Annual Rep., Bur. of Sci., 1913, Plate XXXVII. 71
2. Datura fastuosa var. alba (talongpunai) 73
OFFICIAL MEDICINAL PLANTS
By William H. Brown
INTRODUCTION
In the Philippines, a great variety of plants furnish material
for medicine. Some of the substances are apparently of little or
no value, while others would seem to be useful. In a separate
section, Dr. Leon Maria Guerrero, of the Bureau of Science, has
given an account of the local medicinal uses of Philippine plants.
For this reason there are included in the following list only
such wild species as are official in twentieth-century pharmaco-
poeias, and one which contains a high percentage of berberine.
Most of such plants found in the Philippines are of little or
doubtful value, so no attempt has been made to discuss their
uses. Gathercoal * has recently prepared a list of botanical
drugs which are official in twentieth-century pharmacopoeias.
The species mentioned in the following discussion are taken
from his list, with the addition of the one containing berberine.
Family CYATHEACEAE
Genus CIBOTIUM
CIBOTIUM BARAMETZ (Linn.) J. Sm. SALAGfSOG.
Local name: Salagisog (Camarines).
This plant is official in the Austrian Pharmacopoeia. The
long hairs are used in preparations for coagulating the blood
to arrest capillary hemorrhages.
Cibotium barametz is a large fern. The lower parts of the
leaf stalks are covered with long golden-yellow hairs.
This species is distributed in the mountains from Luzon to
Mindanao.
Family PALMAE .
Genus ARECA
ARECA CATECHU L. Bui?GA OR Betel nut Palm.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on palms.
* Gathercoal, E. N., Pharmacopoeial botanic drugs of the twentieth
century. Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association for March,
April, and May, 1916.
177674 5 "°
66 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
The seeds are official in the German and Swiss Pharmaco-
poeias. The powdered seeds are used as a vermifuge.
Family ARACEAE
Genus ACORUS
ACORUS CALAMUS L. LUBIGAN OR SWEET FLAG.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on resins, gums, and oils.
The rhizome is official in many pharmacopoeias, and the oil
in the German Pharmacopoeia. According to Greenish * the
rhizome has stimulant and tonic properties, and has been used
for ague and for atonic dyspepsia.
Family ZINGIBERACEAE
Genus CURCUMA
CURCUMA ZEDOARIA (Berg.) Rose. Barak or Zedoary.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on resins, gums, and oils.
The rhizome is known as zedoary and is official in the Aus-
trian, Croatian, French, German, Hungarian, Japanese, Russian,
Serbian, Spanish, and Swiss Pharmacopoeias and in the Ame-
rican National Formulary.
Family PIPERACEAE
Genus PIPER
PIPER BETLE L. BuYO or Betel Pepper.
Local names: Biiyo or buyobuyo (Camarines) ; gaued (Lepanto Sub-
province) ; ikmo itmo (Tagalog) ; ikmong Iloko (Bulacan) ; letlet or litlit
(Bataan, Bulacan, Rizal, Cavite, Tayabas) ; savidt (Pampanga).
The leaves are official in the British Pharmacopoeia. They
are extensively used in the Philippines for chewing with the
seeds of Areca catechu sprinkled with lime.
Piper betle is a smooth, climbing vine reaching a height of
2 to 4 meters. The upper leaves are 10 to 13 centimeters in
length. The apex of the leaf is pointed and the base somewhat
inequilaterally rounded or heart shaped.
This species is extensively cultivated, but is also wild. It is
distributed throughout the Philippines.
* Greenish, H. G., A text book of materia medica, page 453.
OFFICIAL MEDICINAL PLANTS 67
Family CHENOPODIACEAE
Genus CHENOPODIUM
CHENOPODIUM AM BROSIOI DES L. APOSOTIS.
Local names: Alpasotcs (Pampanga, Manila); alpasoti (Bcntoc) ; apa-
sotes (Union) ; aposotis (Pampanga, Tagalog, Bisaya) ; pasotis (Mindoro,
Tagalog) .
The top of the plant is official in the Austrian and Mexican
Pharmacopoeias. The oil is used as a cure for worms.
Chenopodium amhrosioides is a branched herb nearly a meter
in height, with angled stems. It has an aromatic odor when
crushed. The leaves are 3 to 10 centimeters in length and have
lobed margins. The flowers are very small.
This species is widely distributed in the Philippines, both cul-
tivated and wild.
Family MENISPERMACEAE
Genus ARCHANGELISIA
ARCHANGELISIA FLAVA (L.) Merr. AbUTRA.
A description of this species and its local names are given in
the section on dyes.
This plant contains about 5 per cent of berberine.
Family LEGUMINOSAE
Genus ABRUS
A BR US PRECATORIUS L. Kansasaga or Prayer-BEAX.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on fibers.
The seeds of this species are official in the Spanish Pharma-
copoeia, and the leaves in the Netherlandish Pharmacopoeia.
Genus CAESALPINIA
CAESALPINIA SAPPAN L. SiBUKAU.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on dyes.
The heartwood is official in the British Pharmacopoeia.
Genus TAMARINDUS
TAMARINDUS INDICA L. Sampalok or TAMARIND.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on food plants.
68 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
The fruits are official in nearly all the twentieth-century phar-
macopoeias. According to Greenish * the pulp is used as an
acid refrigerant and a gentle laxative.
Family SIMARUBACEAE
Genus BRUCEA
BRUCEA AMARISSIMA (Lour.) Merr.
Local names: Bogobogo (Negros, Surigao) ; magkapdyas (Leyte) ; para-
iso, selte (Basilan).
The flowers are official in the Netherlandish Pharmacopoeia.
Briicea sivniatrana is a somewhat hairy shrub reaching a height
of about 3 meters. The leaves are alternate and pinnate. The
leaflets are pointed at the apex, rounded or pointed at the base,
have prominently toothed margins, and are 4 to 10 centimeters
in length. The flowers are small, reddish, and occur on axil-
lary inflorescences. The fruits are oval and about 0.5 centi-
meter in length.
This species is distributed from central Luzon to southern
Mindanao.
Family EUPHORBIACEAE
Genus CROTON
CROTON TIGLIUM L. CROTON-OIL PlANT.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on resins, gums, and oils.
The oil is official in all the twentieth-century pharmacopoeias.
According to Greenish: *
Croton oil is a powerful irritant, producing, when applied to the skin,
a burning sensation and redness, followed by severe pustules; it is used,
diluted, as a counter-irritant. Internally it is a very rapid drastic cathar-
tic, and is given in certain cases of apoplexy.
Genus M ALLOT US
MALLOTUS PHILIPPENSIS (Lam.) Muell.-Arg. BanAto.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on dyes.
The glands and hairs which cover the fruits are official in
many pharmacopoeias. This substance, known as kamala, is
an efficient remedy for tape-worm.
* Greenish, H. G., A texbook of materia medica, page 122.
OFFICIAL MEDICINAL PLANTS 69
Genus RICINUS
RICINUS COMMUNIS L. Taj?gan-tangan or Castor-oil plant.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on resins, gnms, and oils.
Castor oil, which is obtained from this plant, is official in
all the twentieth-century pharmacopoeias.
Family ANACARDIACEAE
Genus ANACARDIUM
ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE L. Kasui or CASHEW NUT.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on resins, gums, and oils.
The leaves are official in the Mexican and the Netherlandish
Pharmacopoeias.
Family MYRTACEAE
Genus EUGENIA
EUGENIA CUMINI Druce. DtJHAT.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on food plants.
The bark is official in the Netherlandish Pharmacopoeia.
Genus PSIDIUM
PSIDIUM GUAJAVA L. Bayabas or GuAVA.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on food plants.
The leaves of this species are official in the Netherlandish
Pharmacopoeia.
Family UMBELLIFERAE
Genus CENTELLA
CENTELLA ASIATICA (L.) Urban. (Hydrocotyle asiatica L.)
Local names: Tagaditok (Batanes Islands); botbotonis (Bontoc) ; takaip
(Polillo) ; takip-kohol (Tagalog) ; yabong-yabong (Samar).
The leaves are official in the Mexican, Netherlandish, and
Spanish Pharmacopoeias.
Centella asiatica is a prostrate, slightly hairy herb. The stem
produces roots at the nodes. The leaves are rounded at the tip,
kidney-shaped or heart-shaped at the base, and 2 to 5 centimeters
in diameter. The petiole is veiy long. The flowers are dark
purple, with petals about 1 millimeter in length.
This species is distributed in open places from Luzon to Min-
danao and Basilan.
70 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
Family SAPOTACEAE
Genus PALAQUIUM
PALAQUIUM spp.
The Philippine species which yield gutta-percha are described
in the section on resins, gums, and oils.
Gutta-percha is official in many pharmacopoeias.
Family LOGANIACEAE
Genus STRYCHNOS
STRYCHNOS I GNAT 1 1 Berg. (Fig. I). St. IGNATIUS Bean.
Local names: Iganod or igasiid (Samar, Leyte, Surigao) ; kahalonga,
leite, San Ignacio (Surigao).
The seeds are official in the British, Mexican, and Spanish
Pharmacopoeias. They are a source of strychnine. The de-
mand for Saint Ignatius beans is small and the supply irregular.
If there were a greater demand, they could probably be collected
in considerable quantities.
Strychnos ignatii is a large, woody, forest vine. The leaves
are opposite, oval, pointed at the tip, pointed or somewhat
rounded at the base, prominently three-veined, and 8 to 20 cen-
timeters in length. The fruit is rounded, pale yellowish and
brown, and 10 centimeters or more in diameter. It contains a
number of seeds, which are embedded in a soft pulp, having a
squash-like odor. The fresh seeds are greenish straw-color, with
a somewhat satin-like appearance.
This species has been reported from Samar, Leyte, Surigao,
Agusan, and Lanao. It is a native of, and is confined to the
Philippines.
Family CONVOLVULACEAE
Genus OPERCULINA
OPERCULINA TURPETHUM(L.) S. Manso.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on fibers.
The roots and stems are official in the British, French, Mex
ican, and Spanish Pharmacopoeias.
Family LABIATAE
Genus OCIMUM
OCIMUM BASiLICUM L. Balanoi or SwEET BASIL.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on resins, gums, and oils.
The upper part of the plant is official in the French and
OFFICIAL MEDICINAL PLANTS
71
-I — i — I — I — I — i — I — r
lO cm.
FIGURE 1. FRUIT OF STRYCHNOS IGNATIl (ST. IGNATIUS BEAN).
72 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
Mexican Pharmacopoeias. The plant is aromatic and is used
as a condiment.
Genus ORTHOSIPHON
ORTHOSIPHON ARISTATUS (Blume) Miq.
The leaves are official in the Netherlandish Pharmacopoeia.
They are said to be a powerful diuretic.
Orthosiphon stammeus is a tall herb. The leaves are op-
posite, pointed at the tip, widest near the base, and have
toothed margins.
This species has been reported from Luzon.
Family SOLANACEAE
Genus CAPSICUM
CAPSICUM FRUTESCENS L. SiLI or CHILE PEPPER.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on food plants.
This species, frequently known as Capsicum minimum, is a
source of Cayenne pepper, which is official in the British, Jap-
anese, Mexican, and American Pharmacopoeias. According to
Greenish,* Cayenne pepper is used externally as a stimulant and
counter-irritant, and internally to dispel flatulence and rouse the
appetite.
Genus DATURA
DATURA FASTUOSA L. var. ALBA Nees. (Fig. 2). Talong-PUNAI
Local names: Kamkammaulaii (Union) ; katsuhong (Capiz) ; talampu-
nai (Manila, Rizal) ; talong-punai (Bikol, Tagalog).
The leaves are official in the French, Japanese, and Nether-
landish Pharmacopoeias and the seeds in the British Phar-
macopoeia. The alkaloid content has been investigated by Brill. f
Datura fastuosa var. alba is a coarse, erect, branched, smooth
or slightly hairy herb or tree-like shrub 0.5 to 2 meters in height.
The leaves are 9 to 18 centimeters long, the apex pointed, the
base inequilateral, the margins irregularly and shallowly lobed.
The flowers are very large, axillary, and solitary. The calyx is
green and about 6 centimeters long. The corolla is white, about
15 centimeters long, and 8 centimeters in diameter. The fruit is
rounded, green, about 3.5 centimeters in diameter, covered with
short, stout spines, and contains many seeds.
* Greenish, H. G., A text book of materia medica, page 149.
t Brill, H. C, Datura alba. Philippine Journal of Science, Section A,
Volume 11 (1916), page 257.
OFFICIAL MEDICINAL PLANTS
73
FIGURE 2. DATURA FASTUOSA VAR. ALBA (TALONG-PUNAI).
74 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
This species is common and widely distributed in the neighbor-
hood of towns in the Philippines.
Genus SOLAN UM
SOLAN UM NIGRUM L. KONTI OR BLACK NIGHTSHADE.
Local names: Amti (Bontoc) ; bnhtgtdb (Bisaya) ; kaldnga (Misamis) ;
kamakaniatisan (Tagalog) ; konti (Tag-alog) ; lubi-hibi (Tagalog, Bikol,
Bisaya) ; jnalasile (Samar) ; nateng (Batanes Islands, Benguet) ; onti
(Laguna) .
The leaves are official in the French, Mexican, and Spanish
Pharmacopoeias.
Solanum nigrum is an erect, branched, smooth or nearly
smooth herb 1 meter or less in height. The stems are green
and somewhat three-angled. The leaves are 5 to 8 centimeters
long, pointed at both ends, the margins subentire or undulately
toothed or lobed. The corolla is white and about 8 millimeters
in diameter. The fruit is a dark purple or black, smooth,
rounded berry about 5 millimeters in diameter.
This species is widely distributed in waste places from north-
ern Luzon to southern Mindanao.
Family BIGNONIACEAE
Genus SESAMUM
SESAMUM ORIENTALE L. (S. indicwn DC.) LiNGA OR SESAME.
A description of this species and its local names are given in
the section on resins, gums, and oils.
The oil is official in many pharmacopoeias.
Family PLANTAGINACEAE
Genus PLANTAGO
PLANTAGO MAJOR L. PLANTAIN.
Local names: Lanting (Bontoc, Manila) ; Ilanten (Spanish) ; plantain
(English).
The leaves are official in the Mexican and Spanish Pharma-
copoeias. They appear to be of little value.
Plantago major is a perennial herb the leaves of which occur
in a rosette near the ground. They are 5 to 10 centimeters long,
about five-nerved, with a petiole often as long as the leaf -blade.
The spikes are 6 to 12 centimeters long, erect, slender, and have
crowded flowers. The capsules are ovoid and about 3 milli-
meters long.
This species was introduced by the Spaniards and is now
naturalized in some localities in Luzon.
OFFICIAL MEDICINAL PLANTS 75
Family COMPOSITAE
Genus ARTEMISIA
ARTEMISIA VULGARIS L. DamONG-MARIA or MuGWORT.
Local names: Artamisa (Bisaya) ; damong -maria (Manila); kamaria
(Tagalog) ; gilbas (Negros Oriental); herbraka (Bontoc).
The upper portion of the plant is official in the French and
Swiss Pharmacopoeias.
Artemisia vulgaris is an erect, hairy, rank-smelling, often half-
woody herb 50 to 80 centimeters in height. The leaves are
pinnately lobed, 5 to 14 centimeters long, gray beneath, and
nearly smooth above. The flowering heads are numerous, ovoid,
3 to 4 millimeters long, and occur in large numbers on branched
inflorescences.
This species was introduced from Europe into the Philippines.
It is widely distributed in cultivation and is thoroughly natural-
ized in some regions.
Genus BIDENS
BIDENS PILOSA L. PURIKET.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on food plants.
The leaves are official in the Netherlandish Pharmacopoeia.
Genus BLUMEA
BLUMEA BALSAMIFERA (L.) DC. Sambong.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on resins, gums, and oils.
The leaves are official in the Netherlandish Pharmacopoeia.
POISONOUS PHILIPPINE PLANTS
By William H. Brown
77
POISONOUS PHILIPPINE PLANTS
By William H. Brown
A large number of wild Philippine plants have been used for
poisoning fish, others yield arrow poisons, and still others are
used for poisoning dogs. The use of fish poisons is prohibited
by law, so that these plants are of more scientific than practical
interest. The use of arrow poisons is confined to a very few
people belonging to wild tribes, and is also of little practical
importance. For these reasons, local names and descriptions
have not been given for these plants. The following account
is little more than a list of poisonous plants known to have
been used in the Philippines.
Family MENISPERMACEAE
Genus ANAMIRTA
ANAMIRTA COCCULUS (L.) W. & A.
The powdered fruits of this species are put in water to kill
fish. In preparing the poison, the fruit is heated until dry and
then crushed and powdered. The fruits are poisonous not only
to fish, but also to other animals.
Family CONNARACEAE
Genus ROUREA
ROUREA ERECTA (Blanco) Merr.
The wood of Rourea erecta is poisonous. It is pounded, boiled,
and mixed with the food of dogs in order to kill them.
ROUREA VOLUBILIS (Blanco) Merr.
The fruits of this vine are used for poisoning dogs.
Family LEGUMINOSAE
Genus DERRIS
DERRIS ELLIPTICA (Roxb.) Benth.
The roots of this species are used to poison fish. Cattle have
died from eating this plant.
DERRIS PHILIPPINENSIS Merr.
The roots of this plant are used as a fish poison. Cattle have
died from eating this plant.
79
80 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
Family EUPHORBIACEAE
Genus ALCHORNEA
ALCHORNEA SICCA (Blanco) Merr.
The leaves and fruits are used for poisoning fish.
Genus CROTON
CROTON TIGLIUM L.
The crushed leaves are used for poisoning fish.
Genus FLUGEA
FLUGGEA VIROSA (Roxb.) Baill.
The bark is used to poison fish.
Genus HOMALANTHUS
HOMALANTHUS FASTUOSUS (Linden) F.-VilL
The leaves are used for poisoning fish.
Genus JATROPHA
JATROPHA MULTIFIDA L.
This plant is used as a fish poison.
Family BUXACEAE
Genus BUXUS
BUXUS ROLFEI Vid.
The fruits of this species are dried and finely cut, and then
scattered on water as a fish poison.
Family SAPINDACEAE
Genus HARPULLIA
HARPULLIA ARBOREA (Blanco) Radlk.
The bark of this species is chopped fine and put in fresh-
water streams to kill fish.
Family STERCULIACEAE
Genus KLEINHOVIA
KLEINHOVIA HOSPITA L.
In Marinduque the bark and leaves are used to poison eels.
Family THEACEAE
Genus TERNSTROEMIA
TERNSTROEMIA TOQUIAN (Blanco) F.-Vill.
The fruit and bark of this species are used for poisoning fish.
POISONOUS PHILIPPINE PLANTS 81
Family LECYTHIDACEAE
Genus BARRINGTONIA
BARRINGTONIA ASIATICA (L.) Kurz.
The bark and fruits of this tree are used as a fish poison.
BARRINGTONIA ACUTANGULA (L.) Gaertn.
The bark of this tree is used as a fish poison.
BARRINGTONIA RACEMOSA (L.) Blume.
The bark of this species is put in streams to poison fish. The
fruits are used to poison wild pigs.
Family ARALIACEAE
Genus SCHEFFLERA
SCHEFFLERA BLANCOI Merr.
This species is used for poisoning fish.
Family MYRSINACEAE
Genus MAESA
MAESA CUMINGM Mez.
The bark of this species is used for poisoning fish.
MAESA DENTICULATA Mez.
The whole plant is used to stupefy fish, which are afterward
collected from the surface of the water.
MAESA LAXA Mez.
The fruit of this species is used to poison fish.
Family APOCYNACEAE
Genus KICKXIA
KICKXIA BLANCOI Rolfe.
The bark and leaves of this species are used for killing fish.
Genus STROPHANTHUS
STROPHANTHUS CUMINGM A. DC.
The bark is employed as an effective arrow poison.
Genus VOACANGA
VOACANGA GLOBOSA (Blanco) Merr.
The pounded fruits are used to stupefy eels.
Family VERBENACEAE
Genus CALLICARPA
CALLICARPA FORMOSANA Rolfe.
The leaves of this plant are pounded and then used as a fish
177674-^6
82 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
poison. They are also sometimes eaten by cattle with fatal
results.
CALLICARPA CANA L.
The leaves of this species are pounded and then used as a
fish poison.
CALLICARPA ERIOCLONA Sch.
The leaves of this plant are used as a fish poison.
Family COMPOSITAE
Genus BLUMEA
BLUMEA BALSAMIFERA (L.) DC.
The leaves of this plant are used with other plants for poison-
ing fish. Their efficacy is questionable.
MISCELLANEOUS USEFUL WILD PHILIPPINE
PLANTS
By William H. Brown
83
MISCELLANEOUS USEFUL WILD PHILIPPINE
PLANTS
CONTENTS
Page.
Illustrations 85
Introduction 87
description of species.. 87
Firewood 87
Leucaena glauca 87
Ink 90
Phyllanthus reticulatus 90
Lye : 90
Acanthus ilicifolius 90
Paper Substitutes 90
Homalomena philippinensis 90
Musa spp 92
Sphagnum 92
Sphagnum sp 92
Tannins 92
Pinus insularis 92
Weinmannia luzonensis 93
Pithecolobium dulce 93
Canarium luzonicum 94
Calophyllum inophyllum 94
Ardisia serrata..: 95
Tobacco Substitutes 95
Astilbe philippinensis 95
Solanum inaequilaterale 96
Tree-fern Trunks 96
Cyathea spp 96
ILLUSTRATIONS
FIG. 1. Stand of ipil-ipil surrounded by cogon 86
2. Interior of 2-year-old ipil-ipil stand 86
3. Root system of ipil-ipil showing tendency to develop long
taproots 89
4. Ipil-ipil sprouts 1 year old 89
5. Strip 10 by 50 meters in interior of 1-year-old sprout stand
of ipil-ipil from which 4.4 cubic meters (1.2 cords) of
firewood was cut 91
6. Two-year old stand of ipil-ipil. Yeild 125 cubic meters of
firewood per hectare (13i cords per acre) 91
85
86
MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
FIG. 1. STAND OF IPIL-IPIL SURROUNDED BY KOGON.
-lirim k
■' ??M. ', . R I. ''if
FIG. 2. INTERIOR OF 2-YEAR-OLD IPIL-IPIL STAND.
MISCELLANEOUS USEFUL WILD PHILIPPINE
PLANTS
By William H. Brown
In preparing this bulletin, most of the useful forest plants are
included in special sections. There are, however, a few which
do not fit into any of the preceding sections, and which are
brought together here for the sake of completeness.
FIREWOOD
A large number of miscellaneous trees in the Philippines are
used as firewood. The most important species are found in
the mangrove swamps, and have been treated in a separate
section. There is one dry-land species, Leucaena glauca (ipil-
ipil) , which deserves special mention. This species has been the
subject of a special bulletin by Matthews, from which the fol-
lowing information is taken.
Family LEGUMINOSAE
Genus LEUCAENA
LEUCAENA GLAUCA (L.) Benth. (Figs. 1-6). Ipil-IPIL.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on food plants.
Ipil-ipil never attains a large size, and a tree 25 centimeters
in diameter and 10 meters tall would be exceptionally large.
Even in stands which have not been cut for a long period, the
average diameter of the trees would be about 10 centimeters,
the stand as a whole not exceeding 10 meters in height. This
species produces seeds in great abundance, the seeds germinate
quickly, and even under adverse conditions the seedlings grow
rapidly. The result is that the trees are usually found in dense
stands which often contain no other species. The long slender
poles are especially suited for the firewood needs of the Phil-
ippines.
Ipil-ipil is particularly valuable for planting in kogon areas
as it can compete with the grass and, if not disturbed by fires,
drive it out. About 25 liters of seed, if broadcasted, will plant
a hectare. This should be done at the beginning of the rainy
87
88 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
season, and the grass should be burnt at the last possible moment
before the rains begin. As the tree begins to shed seeds at
the end of the first year, any vacant places will be filled; and
by the end of the third year, ipil-ipil should fairly dominate
the area and be well started toward the production of the first
crop of firewood. Much quicker and better results would be
obtained if the area were plowed once, just after the grass is
burned. This would prevent the quick return of the grass and
do away with the competition between the small trees and the
fast-growing kogon, which often sets the crop back a year or
more. Plowing would also give a much better seed bed and
would result in a greater number of young plants at the start.
If the seeds cannot be had in sufficient quantities for broad-
casting, they can be sown in seed spots, drills, or with a corn
planter. If any of these methods are adopted, 5 to 10 liters of
seeds will plant a hectare.
If ipil-ipil is planted in a grass area it should be protected
from fires, as the burning of the surrounding grass would
destroy the crop at any time up to the end of the third year,
at which time the stands should be dense enough to prevent
the entrance of fires.
The management of a closed stand of ipil-ipil is very simple.
It would probably be most profitable to cut the stand every
three years, when the trees should average 10 centimeters in
diameter and 5 to 6 meters in height. The yield should aver-
age from 120 to 130 stacked cubic meters per hectare, which
is equivalent to 13 or 14 cords per acre. The only rule neces-
sary for the successful management of a stand would be to cut
the stems at the lowest practicable height, preferably 10 cen-
timeters or less, and to make the cuts as clean and smooth as
possible so as not to damage the bark. It would appear that the
cutting may extend over as large an area as is desired, as sprouts
are developed at once and grow rapidly enough to preclude the
entrance of undesirable species. Fires can be avoided by har-
vesting the stand during the rainy season.
In 1914, Matthews estimated that after allowing for compound
interest at 5 per cent, a three years' rotation should give 39 per
cent interest on the investment. With the present price of fire-
wood, the rate should be greater.
Leucaeyia glauca has not only been grown successfully as a
firewood crop, but has been of great advantage to the Bureau of
Forestry in its reforestation projects as a nurse crop for
forest trees.
FIREWOOD
89
FIGURE 3. ROOT SYSTEM OF IPIL-IPIL SHOWING TENDENCY TO DEVELOP
LONG TAPROOTS.
FIGURE 4. IPIL-IPIL SPROUTS, 1 YEAR OLD.
90 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS.
INK
Family EUPHORBIACEAE
Genus PHYLLANTHUS
PHYLLANTHUS RETICULATUS Poir. Matang Buyud.
Local names: Baghagutot (Camiguin Island, Union); bubabot (Abra) ;
7natdng-huyiid (Camarines) ; pagbaotot (Ilocos Norte) ; tinatindan (Ma-
nila) ; tologtolog (Laguna, Negros).
Ink is prepared from the ripe fruits of this species.
Phyllanthus 7'eticulatus is a shrub 1.5 to 5 meters in height.
The leaves are alternate and occur on the stems in two rows.
They are 1.5 to 4 centimeters long, rather pale beneath, and have
short petioles. The flowers grow singly or in clusters of a few
in the axils of the leaves. They are green, tinged with purple,
and 2 to 3 millimeters in length. The fruit is rounded and
somewhat flattened, soft, fleshy, smooth, 5 to 12 millimeters in
diameter, and is black when mature.
Phyllanthus reticulatus is very common and widely distributed
in open places and thickets from northern Luzon to southern
Mindanao.
LYE
Family ACANTHACEAE
Genus ACANTHUS
ACANTHUS ILICIFOLIUS L. DiLIUARIU.
A description of this plant and its local names are given in
the section on mangrove swamps.
According to Tavera this plant is used in the soap-making in-
dustry, lye being prepared from the ash.
PAPER SUBSTITUTES
Family ARACEAE
Genus HOMALOM ENA
HOMALOMENA PH ILI PPI N ENSIS Engl. Tahi'g.
Local names: Alupayi (Polillo) ; salet (Pangasinan) ; salet nga nalabaga
(La Union); tahig (Camarines).
The large leaves of this species are used extensively in Cam-
arines for wrapping articles of food.
Homalomena philippinensis is an herb reaching a height of
about 1 meter. The leaves grow in a cluster from the ground
and are large and somewhat heart-shaped. The "flowers" are
green or whitish and about 6 centimeters in length.
FIREWOOD
91
FIGURE 5. STRIP 10 BY 50 METERS IN INTERIOR OF 1-YEAR-OLD SPROUT STAND OF
IPIL-IPIL FROM WHICH 4.4 CUBIC METERS (1.2 CORDS) OF FIREWOOD WAS CUT.
-fe^^''"^
FIGURE 6. TWO-YEAR-OLD STAND OF IPIL-IPIL. YIELD: 125 CUBIC METERS OF
FIREWOOD PER HECTARE (13-i CORDS PER ACRE).
92 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
This species is distributed from Luzon to Mindanao and Pala-
wan.
Family MUSACEAE
Genus MUSA
MUSA spp. Wild banana.
The leaves of a number of wild bananas are used extensively
for polishing floors, for lining pots in which rice is cooked, for
lining baskets and similar articles in which food is stored, and
for wrapping various articles sold in markets and shops.
SPHAGNUM
Family SPHAGNACEAE
Genus SPHAGNUM
This moss, which is extensively used in other countries for
surgical dressings and for packing living plants, fish, eggs, etc.,
is of very little commercial importance in the Philippines. It
occurs only at high altitudes, at and above elevations of 2,000
meters, and generally in inaccessible regions.
The supply of this moss in the Philippines is limited, and it
would probably be cheaper to import the small quantity used
than to attempt to collect it locally.
TANNINS
The most important commercial sources of tannin in the Phil-
ippines are the mangrove swamps, which have been treated in a
separate section. The species which is locally used in greatest
quantities is Pithecolobium dulce (kamachile). According to
Gana, the mangrove swamps and Pithecolobium dulce yield the
only barks used by Philippine tanners. Gana investigated a
number of species and found a few which have commercial pos-
sibilities. These are mentioned in the following discussion.
Family PINACEAE
Genus PIN US
PINUS INSULARIS Endl. Saleng or Benguet PINE.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils.
Gana * examined the bark of this species as a tanning ma-
terial and reported that it contained a very low percentage of
* Gana, V. Q., Some Philippine tanbarks. Philippine Journal of Science,
Section A, Volume 11 (1916), page 262.
TANNINS 93
tannin, 3.8. It gave a satisfactory leather of reddish tan with
firm texture and good grain, but the process of tanning was slow.
Gana believed that owing to the good quality of the leather
produced and the availability of pine trees, the utilization of
this bark as a tanning material was commercially important.
Family CUNONIACEAE
Genus WEINMANNIA
WEINMANNIA LU20NIENSIS Vidal.
It has been found by the St. Louis College at Baguio that
this species furnishes good tanbark.
Weinmannia luzoniensis is a tree reaching a height of 20 me-
ters and a diameter of 50 centimeters. The leaves are opposite,
and compound with three to seven leaflets, which are leathery,
pointed at both ends, 4 to 10 centimeters in length, and with
toothed margins. The flowers are fairly small, white or pinkish,
and borne on racemes.
This species is found in the mountains of Luzon and is ap-
parently fairly common in some localities.
Family LEGUMINOSAE
Genus PITHECOLOBIUM
PITHECOLOBIUM DULCE (Roxb.) Benth. Kamachile.
A description and figure and the local names of this species
are given in the section on food plants.
Gana,* who has made a study of Philippine tanneries, writes
as follows concerning this species :
Camanchile bark is used almost exclusively by Filipino tanners, who
prefer it on account of the light-colored leather it produces. Because
of this demand the price of air-dried camanchile bark has risen as high
as 10 pesos per 100 kilograms. The tree is widely scattered throughout
the Islands, although nowhere systematically or extensively grown. The
present annual consumption of bark amounts to about 1,500 tons. Ex-
haustion of the supply is threatened, as the trees are commonly killed
by too extensive stripping of the bark. The bark is brownish gray and
rough outside and reddish brown inside. It produces dull but light-colored
leather, which reddens on exposure to light. An infusion of it contains
a tannin of the catechol class, which gives a green-black precipitate with
iron salts, a light brown precipitate with bromine water, and crimson
line when in contact with one drop of concentrated sulphuric acid. Upon
analysis a representative sample of the bark gave the following results,
* Gana, V. Q., The leather industry of the Philippine Islands. Philippine
Journal of Science, Section A, Volume 10 (1915). page 353.
94 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
calculated on water-free material: Total extract, 34.77 per cent; non-tannin,
9.41 per cent; tannin, 25.36 per cent.
Camanchile bark infusion soon ferments and decomposes in this climate,
resulting in the destruction of tannins, the development of a disagreeable
odor, and a thickening of the liquid due to a viscous gelatinous formation
which accumulates and grows on the surface. A few experiments with
phenol as a preservative showed that a concentration of 0.01 per cent does
not check the fermentation appreciably, as in a control infusion the
tannins were destroyed, the color became a deep wine red — at least three
times as intense as the original red orange — a somewhat penetrating smell
was given off, and a gelatinous formation and a slimy sediment developed,
which made the infusion viscous. After four months the loss of tannin
amounted to 15 per cent of the total tannin content. An infusion con-
taining 0.1 per cent phenol at the end of the same period showed a practi-
cally unaltered tannin content and an acidity equal to 0.0714 gram acetic
acid per 100 cubic centimeters. A little fermentation which soon ceased
had produced some slimy sedimentation, but had not altered the appear-
ance or odor of the clear supernatant infusion.
Camanchile bark contains irritating principles, which are believed by
laborers in the tanneries to indicate roughly the stength of infusions. In-
fection of the eyes, producing weakening of the sight, and irritation and
swelling of the lids are attributed to them.
Family BURSERACEAE
Genus CANARIUM
CANARIUM LUZON ICUM (Bl.) A. Gray. PiLI.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils.
According to Gana * the bark of this species contains 7.8 per
cent of tannin and gives a satisfactory leather, which is yel-
lowish tan, with firm texture and good grain. The tanning
process is slow. On account of the value of the nuts and resin
produced by this species, Gana did not believe that the bark
would be available on a commercial scale.
Family GUTTIFERAE
Genus CALOPH YLLUM
CALOPHYLLUM INOPHYLLUM L. BiTAOG or PalOMARIA de LA PLAYA.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils,
Gana * found that the bark of this species contained 11.9
* Gana, V. Q., Some Philippine tanbarks. Philippine Journal of Science,
Section A, Volume 11 (1916), page 262.
TOBACCO SUBSTITUTES 95
per cent of tannin and that it gave a satisfactory leather sim-
ilar to pine-tanned leather in color, texture and grain.
This species is fairly abundant. The trees are, however,
widely scattered, and the collection of bark from those felled
for lumber would be difficult and expensive.
Family MYRSINACEAE
Genus ARDISIA
ARDISIA SERRATA (Cav.) Pers.
Local names: Dapui (Nueva Vizcaya) ; labat, ruknikso (Cagayan) ;
malaputat, panabon (Pampanga).
It has been found by the St. Louis College at Baguio that
this species furnishes good tanbark.
Ardisia serrata is a tree reaching a height of about 10 meters
and a diameter of about 20 centimeters or more. The leaves
are opposite, smooth, 10 to 22 centimeters long, 4 to 8 centi-
meters wide, pointed at both ends, and with rather small, pointed
teeth along the margins. The flowers are fairly small, pinkish,
and borne in considerable numbers on compound inflorescences.
The fruits are round, about a centimeter in diameter, and con-
tain a single round seed. When young the fruits are green,
but as they ripen they turn red and finally black.
This species is distributed from northern Luzon to Mindanao
and is apparently very common.
TOBACCO SUBSTITUTES
Family SAXIFRAGACEAE
Genus ASTILBE
ASTILBE PHILIPPINENSIS Henry. KauaX.
Local names: Kauan (Benguet) ; tugtngi (Bontoc).
This species is used by the Igorots for smoking. They some-
times mix with it a little tobacco.
Astilbe phiUppineusis is a hairy herb, 1 to 2 meters in
height. The leaves are compound, with leaflets which are
pointed at the tip, usually oblique at the base, and prominently
toothed. The flowers are small and white, but are borne on
large, conspicuous inflorescences.
This species has been reported only from the Mountain Prov-
ince.
96 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
Family SOLANACEAE
Genus SOLAN UM
SOLANUM INAEQUILATERALE Merr.
Local names: Tabaco-tabaco (Lanao) ; talantalogan (BukidnonK
The leaves of this shrub are used by the Moro-Subanuns tor
smoking.
Solajium inaequilaterale is a thorny shrub about 2 meters in
height. The leaves are large and hairy, the margins toothed
with large lobes. The fruits are borne in clusters and are bright
scarlet.
TREE-FERN TRUNKS
Family CYATHEACEAE
Genus CYATHEA
CYATHEA spp.
Local names: Atibangddl, marapdko (Benguet) ; manapo (Benguet) ;
palango (Camarines) ; punit (Samar).
The tree ferns are always ornamental; but, on account of
climatic conditions, cannot be successfully planted in cities and
towns at low altitudes.
The trunks of these ferns are very hard and durable, and
for this reason are sometimes used for house posts. Owmg to
the peculiar arrangement of the very large vascular bundles,
their durable qualities, and their hardness, which allows a
rather high polish, sections of the trunk are often prepared
for vases or other objects of utility such as pencil holders and
even umbrella holders. The stems may be split, and the harder
part used for inlaying or for making small ornamental boxes,
frames, etc. In general, however, tree ferns occupy a distinctly
inferior place in the list of Philippine economic plants.
The tree ferns are abundant in many parts of the Philippines,
although they are rarely found at low altitudes except in regions
where there is abundant rainfall.
PHILIPPINE EDIBLE FUNGI
By Otto A. Reinking
177674 7 *' •
PHILIPPINE EDIBLE FUNGI
CONTENTS
Page.
Illustrations 101
Introduction 103
Types of Edible Fungi 109
Family Auriculariaceae 109
Auricularia polytricha 110
Auricularia auricula-judae 112
Auricularia cornea 112
Auricularia tenuis 114
Auricularia brasiliensis 114
Auricularia moellerii 114
Family Tremellaceae 114
Tremella fuciformis 114
Family Hydnaceae 116
Hydnum spp US
Family Polyporaceae 116'
Boletus spp 11®
Family Agaricaceae 116
Coprinus ater 117
Coprinus bryanti 117
Coprinus concolor 117
Coprinus confertus 118
Coprinus deliquescens 118
Coprinus flos-lactus 118
Coprinus ornatus 120
Coprinus plicatilis 120
Coprinus pseudo-plicatus 120
Coprinus revolutus 121
Coprinus rimosus.-. 121
Coprinus stercorarius 121
Coprinus volutus 122
Panaeolus panaiense 122
Panaeolus pseudopapilionaceus 122
Lentinus exilis 124
Marasmius spp ■ 124
Cortinarius spp - 126
Volvaria esculenta 126
Agaricus argyrostectus 132
Agaricus boltoni - 132
Agaricus luzonensis 132
Agaricus manilensis 134
Agaricus merrillii... 134
Agaricus perfuscus 134
99
100 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
Type of Edible Fungi — Continued.
Family Agaricaceae — Continued. Page.
Pleurotus ostreatus 136
Collybia albuminosa 136
Tricholoma tenuis 138
Lepiota Candida 138
Lepiota chlorospora (poisonous) 140
Lepiota elata 140
Lepiota fusco-squamea 140
Family Lycoperdaceae 142
Lycoperdon lilacinum 142
Lycoperdon pusillum 142
Lycoperdon pyriforme 144
Scleroderma verrucosum 144
Precautionary Measures 144
Uses and Methods of Cooking 147
PHILIPPINE EDIBLE FUNGI
ILLUSTRATIONS
Page.
Fig. 1. Auricularia polytricha (Mont.) Sacc. (Taingang-daga.)
Fresh, gelatinous specimen growing on a dead branch of
a Canarium. Natural size , 105
2. Auricularia polytricha (Mont.) Sacc. (Taingang-daga.)
The same specimen as Fig. 1, but dry and hard. Natural
size 105
3. Cortinellus shiitake Schrot. Dried mushrooms from Japan.
Purchased on Manila market. Natural size 107
4. Auricularia polytricha (Mont.) Sacc. (Taingang-daga.)
Upper surface of a large specimen. Natural size Ill
5. Auricularia polytricha (Mont.) Sacc. (Taiiigang-daga.)
Lower surface of a large specimen. Natural size Ill
6. Auricularia auricula-judae (Linn.) Schroet. Dried speci-
mens sent from China and purchased in the markets of
Manila and Los Barios, Philippine Islands 113
7. Auricularia polytricha (Mont.) Sacc. (Taingang-daga.)
Mass of fungi growing on dead branch. Width of largest
specimen is 4 centimeters 115
8. Auricularia polytricha (Mont.) Sacc. (Taingang-daga.)
Group of fungi growing on dead stump. Natural size 115
9. Coprinus confertus Copeland. Deliquescing stage. From
Copeland, E. B., Bureau of Government Laboratories,
Publication No. 28 119
10. Coprinus friesii Quelet. Grows on decaying Cocos nucifera
trunks. Natural size 123
11. Panaeolus. Different stages of growth 123
12. Lentinus exilis Kl. growing on decaying stump of bamboo
(Bambusa spivosa Roxb.). Slightly below natural size... 125
13. Lentinus squarrosulus Mont, growing on dead stump.
Natural size 127
14. Volvaria escidenta Bres. Upper surface. Note volva.
Slightly reduced 128
15. Volvaria esculenta Bres. Under surface. Note volva.
Slightly reduced 129
16. Volvaria esculenta Bres. Sun dried. Slightly reduced 131
17. Agaricus boltoni Copeland. Natural size. From Copeland,
E. B., Bureau of Government Laboratories Publication
No. 28 133
18. Agaricus merrillii. Copeland. Natural size. From Cope-
land, E. B., Bureau of Government Laboratories Publica-
tion No. 28 135
19. Pleurotus ostreatus Jacq. Oyster mushroom. Natural size.. 137
101
102 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
Page.
Fig. 20. Collybia albuminosa (Berk.) Fetch. Upper surface. Grown
from termite nest 139
21. Collybia albmninosa (Berk.) Fetch. Lower surface. Grown
from termite nest 139
22. Lepiota chloroHpora Copel. Poisonous. Various stages of
development. Slightly reduced 141
23. Lycoperdon lilacinum (Mont, et Berk.) Speg. (Giant puff
ball). Old, purpled, dried specimen. Too old to be eaten.
Grows on soil. Reduced 143
24. Scleroderma verrucosum Pers. (Puff ball.) Grows on soil.
Natural size 143
25. Fairy ring of edible fungi growing on lawn 145
PHILIPPINE EDIBLE FUNGI
By Otto A. Reinking *
Mushrooms and other edible fungi are an important forest
by-product of the Philippine Islands. The culture of these useful
fungi is not extensively practiced, but vast numbers are collected
locally as they grow in the wild state. Instead of practicing de-
finite cultural methods, as is done in Japan and China, the people
of the Philippines depend upon imports to supply the general
commercial demand. According to the Insular Collector of Cus-
toms, dried mushrooms in bulk were imported at the port of
Manila during the year 1918 as follows: From China, f*=ll,981,
and from Japan ?=9,097. Canned mushrooms are also consumed
in large quantities. The entire supply for home consumption
could be easily produced in this country, by special methods,
where conditions for growth and development are ideal.
The first grade of the Auricularia type of fungi sells on the
Manila market for "FS a kilo, and the second grade for ?=1.80 a
kilo. The price of the Japanese and Chinese form of Cortinellus
varies from T2 to ^4.40 a kilo according to the season. At these
prices the latter fungi cost in a dried state, about two centavos
each. Local Chinese merchants will pay "PI. 60 a kilo for a good
grade of the Auricularia type of fungi grown in the Islands.
With such prices the mushroom and edible fungus industry could
be easily established to supply the local demand with home grown
products.
Edible fungi grow wild abundantly in the forests on decaying
wood. They are found also in small clearings and on lawns,
where they derive their food from organic matter in the ground.
One excellent form develops from abandoned termite nests. The
common cultivated type, Volvaria escidenta Bres. is grown on
piles of abaca, banana, or rice straw refuse which has been pre-
pared in a shady and damp place such as in abaca and banana
plantations or in old overgrown wood-lots. In China and Japan
a more extensive system of culture is practiced. Shipments
from China consist primarily of the dried Auricularia type.
This fungus grows on decaying wood, everywhere in the Philip-
pines. In the Tagalog regions it is known as taiiigang-daga,
* Professor of Plant Pathologry, Colleg-e of Agi-iculture, Los Banos.
103
1Q4 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
meaning rat's ears, due to the general resemblance of the mush-
room to the rat's ear. It is reddish brown to black, homogeneous,
gelatinous, collapsing when dry and reviving when moistened
(Figs. 1 and 2). The form generally shipped in the dry state
from Japan is the Cortinellus type (Fig. 3) . Similar fungi, just
as good in flavor, can be produced in the Philippines.
Commercial attache Julean Arnold,* of Pekin, writes as fol-
lows in regard to mushrooms as an article of commerce in China.
The Chinese use many varieties of fungi in their dietary. Dried mush-
rooms are popular with Chinese everywhere. They are gradually assum-
ing a position of importance in the export trade. In 1917, China exported
200 tons; it is likely that this amount includes fungi other than mush-
rooms, as the customs authorities probably do not distinguish. Foochow
is the center of this trade. It exported to other ports in China and to
foreign countries a total of 300,000 pounds of dried edible fungi. They
are grown in the mountainous ditrict in the interior of Fukien, on hard-
wood logs felled for the purpose. Incisions are made in the logs, liquid
manure is poured over the incisions, straw is covered over them, and
when this is well rotted the fungi spring forth.
In Japan even more scientific methods of culture are practiced.
Mimura,t forest expert of Japan, comments on mushrooms cul-
ture in, Notes on "Shiitake," {Cortinellus Shiitake Schrot.)
The Shiitake mushroom which is an important forest by product to
this country, is produced to the extent of 2,000,000 kilograms a year, of
which annually over 700,000 kilos valued at $500,000 are exported. The
study of this important product in the forest industry should not be
disregarded.
I. SHIITAKE CULTURE AS HITHERTO KNOWN.
The Shiitake is known to have been used as a nutritious article of
food for over 1,000 years. The people in ancient times seem to have
learned how to grow Shiitake having noticed its occasional appearance
on fallen trunks and rotten woods after fall of rain. They, then, began to
fell trees in autumn, on which the mushroom grows better than the trees
felled in other seasons and lately they learned to grow the mushrooms
by the so-called "soak and strike" methods. The Shiitake is a saprophyte
and the wood on which it is to be grown should become thoroughly
seasoned. The Shiitake can grow on almost any broad-leaved tree trunk,
but it is mostly grown on the wood of oak or birch. In the case of
deciduous trees, they should be felled early in the fall, evergreen oaks
* Arnold, Julean. Mushrooms as an article of commerce. Daily Con-
sular and Trade Reports, No. 299, pages 1117-1118, December., 1918.
Washington, D. C.
t Mimura, Shozab'jro. Notes on "Shiitake" {Cortinellus Shiitake Schrot.)
culture. Extracts from the Bulletin of the Forest Experiment Station,
Meguro, Tokyo, Bureau of Forestry, Department of Agriculture and
Commerce, Tokyo, .Japan, pages 109-^114. 1915.
EDIBLE FUNGI
105
FIGURE 1. AURICULARIA POLYTRICHA (TAINGANG-DAGA) FRESH SPECIMEN.
NATURAL SIZE.
FIGURE 2. AURICULARIA POLYTRICHA (TAINGANG-DAGA) THE SAME SPECIMEN AS
FIG. 1, BUT DRY AND HARD. NATURAL SIZE.
106 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
should he felled in the mid-winter, and hoth cut into sticks 2 meters
lonK- The bark should be cut to accelerate incisions as the "arrangement
of leaf." The well-seasoned wood so prepared is then piled up in shady
places and covered them with leaves and branches of the tree so as to
ensure successful development of spores. In the old method the people
attached much importance to the time of fellinjc trees and the place in
which the billets are piled. The cause of the parasitic fungus, however,
remained little known among the country people and consequently no
artificial inoculation was ever tried prior to 190;5, when the author under-
took for the first time close study of the nature of the mushrooms as
well as of its spores and mycelium. The result is the inoculation of
spores and mycelium on seasoned wood was succe.ssful. The particulars
of the work so effected have appeared in the "Journal of the Forestry
Society of Japan" of April, 1904.
IV. ECONOMICAL METHOD OF SHIITAKE CULTURE.
We have so far described the nature of spore and mycelium of the
Shiitake mushroom and can immediately proceed to set forth a rational
mode of culture. Such the method would not pay if tried as a secondary
industry in the country and we shall here below give the details of the
method found practicable in our own experiment.
{(I) INOCl'LATION WITH BILLKTS ON WHICH MUSHROOMS HAD GROWN.
Tile starch within the leaves of a tree generally moves toward the
roots at the end of autumn, hence, trees felled in the autumn are
naturally richer in starch. Further, the billet.s obtained from trees felled
between the fall and the time of budding in spring firmly kept their
bark. Billets, rich in starch and with a good bark covering are the most
favorable for culture of mushroom. Therefore deciduous trees to be
used in the culture should be felled before the fall of the leaves in
localities, where there is no deep snow while in regions where snow falls
heavily, trees should be felled early before spring buds set in. The
felled trees should be cut into appropriate lengths and well dried. The
dried billets are then taken to a wet shady place, and among them the billets
that already bore mushrooms are inserted. The spores from the mush-
rooms grown on the mother billets disseminate on the fresh billets and
so ensure successful inoculation. The matured billets give ordinarily a
harvest of mushrooms both in spring and autumn. Previous to the season,
however, the billets should be kept in water for 24 hours and then struck
heavy blows on both ends, the practice being termed "soak and strike."
After this operation, mushrooms will appeal" only 1 week.
(/>) DISSEMINATION OF THE SPORE.
Mushrooms grown in spring are generally collected when the fruitbody
has fully developed. They are much used for home consumption and
are termed "Spring mushrooms" ("Haruko"). The "Winter mushrooms"
("Toko") are collected in the late of autumn or early in winter before
the cap (thallus) is fully developed. They are much sought for in the
Chinese market. Both kinds of mushrooms should immediately after
collection be dried either in the sunlight or by fire, any delay in this
work spoiling the flavor of the product. During the drying, spores fall
in quantities from the matured caps and they should of course be col-
lected for use in dissemination. F'or this purpose, rotten wood is ground
EDIBLE FUNGI
107
108 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
into a meal and strewn over the mats on which mushrooms are placed
for drying-. The same meal loaded with spores may be used many
times for this end. The mixture thus obtained is kept and can be used
in inoculation by mixing with water and sprinkling it upon fresh billets.
(c) PROPAGATION BY MEANS OF MYCELIUM.
It is impossible in practice to obtain mycelium as is done in culture.
The most convenient method to obtain them is to remove the outer coating
of old billets that have been used in mushroom growth. The rotten part
of the wood in which mycelium is abundantly found is ground into a
meal. This meal is mixed with water and be spread on fresh Konara
billets. The work is best done in winter when strong mycelium able
to resist the cold can be produced.
The mushroom can be propagated by inoculation, but the method is
of so scientific that is could hardly be comprehended by country people
who remained ignorant of the possibility.
After the results of study of spores and mycelium of the mushroom
made by us became fully known, they gave a great impetus everywhere
to the culture of Shiitake. An increase of over 20% in amount was
obtained by the adoption of the methods. Not only this but in districts
where Shiitake culture had hitherto failed, the success was obtained as
elsewhere by the adoption of our new method. There is no doubt that
the artificial inoculation of the mushroom as now carried on throughout
country redounds to the credit of this discovery and adds to success
of the forest industry.
V. CONCLUSION.
The spore of mushrooms loses its germinative power after a short
interval, so it should be used immediately after collection and this is
best done by inserting "mother billets" among the new billets to be used
in culture.
The spore of the winter mushroom resists the cold well and therefore
spores grown late in winter by the "soak and strike" method may be
used in propagation to advantage.
Mycelium grown on mother billets is also available for propagation.
To this end, old mother billets declining the growth of mushrooms should
be made into meal, and this meal, mixed with water, should be spread
on fresh billets. This is best done late in winter or early in spring.
As the mushroom can be propagated either by the spore or by mycelium,
there is no place where the culture cannot be carried on, contrary to the
belief generally held prior to our investigations.
With culture methods essentially like those practiced in China
and Japan enough mushrooms could be produced not only for
home consumption, but also for export trade.
In the discussion of the edible fungi of the Philippines partic-
ular stress is placed on those forms that can be used commer-
cially. Since a large number of other delicious mushrooms are
commonly found during the rainy season, the most important
of these are also described. The paper takes up the fungi in
their systematic arrangement and not according to their econo-
mic importance.
EDIBLE FUNGI 109
In the Tagalog provinces the general name for all edible mush-
rooms is kabuti. Specific names are applied to particular forms,
often according to the place in which they are produced, Kabii-
teng mamarang is the meadow mushroom; kabuteng ginikan is
the mushroom grown on the rice straw; kabuteng saging is the
one growing on bananas ; kabuteng taingang dagd is the common
rat's ear fungus or the so-called Jew's ear in America. Bukui
and kulat are terms also applied to rather leathery fungi. In
Pampanga the ordinary umbrella like mushroom is called kuat
or payung-paijungan, and the rat's ear type commonly known as
bukui is frequently termed balugbug daguis. In Kalinga Prov-
ince it is called talinga ti otot; in Leyte, ulaping; in Negros and
Iloilo, ohong; in Camarines, tobo; in Zambales, dakaakan; in
Cagayan and Isabela, karulu. — In Pangasinan and Iloko dialects
the word oong is used.
The following fungi are most generally eaten and many could
be grown on a commercial scale.
Family AURICULARIACEAE
Genus AURICULARIA
Hymenium inferior, distantly and vaguely ribbed and plicate,
swollen when moist, and rather tremelloid, collapsing when dry.
Spores oblong, hyaline.*
The genus Auricularia is found generally throughout the Phil-
ippines as well as throughout the entire world. The fungi are
commonly called taingang-daga or rat's ear in the Tagalog dia-
lect and Jew's ear in America. All forms are foliaceous, gelatin-
ous plants when moist and leathery when dry. The spore
bearing body, or hymenium, is normally on the lower side.
The Auricularia types may be purchased in the markets of
almost every large town in the Philippines. Large shipments
are imported each year from China. In many of the famous
Chinese dishes the taingang-daga is always present along with
other vegetables and meat. It is shipped in the dry state, as one
of the characters of the fungus is that it dries into a hard brittle
form, but upon soaking, it again assumes its normal gelatinous
character. These fungi are not very highly esteemed by Euro-
peans, for when cooked they are tough and lack flavor.
While the fungi grow as luxuriantly in the Philippines as
in any other part of the world, little commercial use is made of
* Descriptions of genera have been taken from Cooke, M. C. Hand-
book of Australian Fungi. 1892.
110 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
them. The people seem to prefer to purchase the forms shipped
in from China. The fungus grows readily on any type of rotting
branches. The writer has cultivated them, back of his labora-
tory near a creek, with comparative ease (Figs. 7 and 8). As
will be seen from the following account, the various forms are
not at all particular as to the species of wood upon which they
will grow. In the culture work the primary point to be con-
sidered is that an abundance of moisture must always be
present. A location in a dense jungle near a creek is ideal.
Except for slight variations, all edible forms are distantly
and vaguely ribbed and plicate, swollen, and somewhat tremel-
loid when moist, with a violet brown color, and collapsing and
becoming hard when dry. They may also be cup-shaped. The
following species are edible.
AURICULARIA POLYTRICHA (Mont.) Sacc.
Auricularia polytr'icha is a tropical form of Auricularia auri-
culOr-judae. Frequently the A. pohjtricha assumes a large form,
measuring from five to fifteen centimeters in diameter (Figs.
4, 5, 7, and 8) . The usual forms measure five centimeters in
diameter. They are rather thin, leathery, lobed plants with none,
or a very short stalk. The designation of rat's ear or taingang-
dag^ is rather appropriate as the fungus assumes this general
shape. AuHcidaria polytricha merges into the Auriculana auri-
cula-judae. The former type is, however, usually thicker with
longer hairs and frequently more purplish than the temperate
zone form.
Auricularia polytricha develops in abundance and has been
grown by the writer on the following woods :
Acacia farnesiana (Linn.) Willd., Alayigium longiflorum Merr.,
Aleurites moluccana (Linn.) Willd., Allaeanthus luzonicus (Blan-
co) F.-Vill., Allamanda cathartica Linn., Annona muricata Linn.,
Annona reticidata Linn., Annona squamosa Linn., Antidesma
ghaesembilla Gaertn., Bambusa spp., Bauhinia malabarica Roxb.,
Bixa orellana Linn., Canarium villosum (Miq.) F.-Vill., Castilloa
elastica Cerv., Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. (Citrus decumana
Linn.), Cleidion javanicum Blume, Clerodendron minahassae
Teysm. and Binn., Coffea arahica Linn., Columbia serratifolia
Blanco., Cordia myxa Linn., Diplodisciis paniculatus Turcz.,
Elaeis guineensis Jacq., Ficus angustissima Merr., Ficus benja-
mina Linn., Fluggea virosa (Roxb.) Baill., Garcinia binucao
(Blanco) Choisy, GUricidia maculata HBK., Gliricidia sepium
(Jacq.) Steud., Graptophyllum pictum (Linn.) Griflf., Hevea
brasiliensis (HBK.) Muell.-Arg., Koordersiodendron pinnatum
EDIBLE FUNGI
111
FIGURE 5. AURICULARIA POLYTRICHA. (TAINGANG-DAGA) . LOWER SURFACE OF A
LARGE SPECIMEN. NATURAL SIZE.
FIGURE 4. AURICULARIA POLYTRICHA. (TAINGANG-DAGA.) UPPER SURFACE OF A
LARGE SPECIMEN. NATURAL SIZE.
112 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
(Blanco) Merr., Lagerstroemva speciosa (Linn.) Pers., Leucaena
glauca Benth., Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C. B. Rob., Mangifera
indica Linn., Manihot utUissima Pohl., Pwrkia javanica (Lam.)
Merr. {Parkia timoriensis (DC.) Merr.), Solanum grandi-
florum Ruiz et Pav., Strehlus asper Lour., Sumbavia rottlerroides
Baill., Tamarindus indica Linn., Tecoma stans (Linn.) Juss.,
Tectofia gy^andis Linn, f., and Theobroma cacao Linn.
AURICULARIA AURICULA-JUDAE (Linn.) Schroet.
Auricularia auricula-judae is also found on dead branches.
From a standpoint of edibility, to the ordinary layman, there is
no difference from the other of Auricularia. The A. auricula-
judae type is present in greater abundance in the temperate
regions. It usually does not attain the size of the tropical form
and is lighter in color, being light brown to gray. The ship-
ments of fungi from China are primarily composed of Auri-
cularia auricida-judae. When dry they are hard and brittle
(Fig. 6), but upon being moistened they become soft and rather
gelatinous. The quality is approximately the same as A. poly-
tricha. A. auricula-judae has been successfully grown by the
writer on the following woods :
Alstonia scholaris (Linn.) R. B., Annona muricata Linn.,
Annona reticulata Linn., Artocarpus sp., Bixa orellana Linn.,
Caesalpinia sappan Linn., Capparis sp., Clerodendron mina-
hassae Teysm. et Binn., Diplodiscus paniculatus' Turcz., Evodin
sp., Ficus spp., Fureraea gigantea Vent., Gliricidia sepium
(Jacq.) Steud., Hibiscm sp., Jatropha curcas Linn., Lansium
domesticum Correa, Leucaena glauca Benth., Mangifera indica
Linn., Manihot utilissima Pohl, Melia azedarach Linn., Para-
meria sp., Pterocarpus indicus Willd., Streblus asper Lour.,
Strychnos nux-vomica Linn., Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Poir.,
and Triumfetta bartramia Linn.
AURICULARIA CORNEA Ehrenb.
According to C. G. Lloyd, Auricularia cornea is not distinct
from Auricularia auricula-judae, but is a younger stage, smaller,
and paler colored. This fungus is quite common in the Islands
and from field observations it appears to be the same, only an
immature form of either Auricularia auricula-judae or more
probably Auricularia polytricha. The writer has grown it
successfully on the following woods which were placed in a
damp location near the river in the rear of his laboratory:
Aglaia sp., Alangium chinense (Lour.) Rehd. {Alangium
begoniifolium Baill.), Albizzia acle (Blanco) Merr., Aleurites
EDIBLE FUNGI
113
FIGURE 6. AURICULARIA AURICULA-JUDAE (TAINGANG-DAGA) DRIED SPECIMENS
FROM CHINA. NATURAL SIZE.
177674 8
114 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
moluccana (Linn.) Willd., Allaeanthiis luzonicus (Blanco) F.-
Vill., Annona muricata Linn., Annona reticulata Linn., Clero-
dendron minahassae Teysm. et Binn., Eriobortrya japonica
(Thunb.) Lindl., Erythrina fusca Lour., Ficus hauili Blanco,
Jatropha curca^ Linn., Mallotus moliiccanus Muell.-Arg., Melo-
chia arborea Blanco, Mussaenda philippica Rich., Psidium gua-
java Linn., Pterocarpus echinatus Pers., Pterocarpus indicus
Willd., Sapindus saponaria Blanco, Solanum vei'basci folium Linn.,
Streblus asper Lour., Tecoma statis (Linn.) Juss., Theobroma
cacao Linn., Trema amboinensis (Willd.) Blume, Urcna lobata
Linn., Vitex negundo Linn., and Voacanga globosa (Blanco)
Merr.
AURICULARIA TENUIS Lev.
Auricularia tenuis is rather common and can be used directly
with the other forms. It is thinner, not so cup-shaped, smoother,
and lighter in color than the common Auricularia polytricha. As
to quality it compares favorably with the rest.
The writer has grown this species successfully on the fol-
lowing woods:
Bambusa spp., Columbia serratifolia Blanco., Cratoxylon sp..
Diospyros sp., Diplodiscus panicidatus Turcz., Euphoi'bia hype-
ricifolia Linn., Ficus spp., Leucaoia glauca Benth., Meliaceae
Indet., Parinarium sp., Psidium guajava Linn., Pterocarpus sp.,
Pterospermum obliquum Blanco., and Zea mays Linn.
AURICULARIA BRASILIENSIS Fr.
Auricularia brasiliensis is a rare, smooth, tropical form of
taiiigang-daga. It has been growTi successfully on Prosopis
vidaliana Naves.
AURICULARIA MOELLERII Lloyd.
Auncularia TnoelleHi is also a form of Auricularia auricula-
judae. The former fungus differs primarily in having a
strongly reticulate hymenium. It is not common.
Family TREMELLACEAE
Genus TREMELLA
Pulvinate or affused, brain like; spores, conidia, and spori-
diola, globose or ovoid, always continuous. Gelatinuos, treme-
llous, im^marginate, hymenium not papillate, surrounding the
whole of the fungus.
TREMELLA FUCIFORMIS Berk.
Tremella fuciformis is a common white form of Tremella
found in the tropics. It is characterized by being caespitose.
EDIBLE FUNGI
115
FIGURE 7. AURICULARIA POLYTRICHA (TAINGAN6-DAGA) ON DEAD BRANCH.
NATURAL SIZE.
FIGURE 8. AURICULARIA POLYTRICHA (TAINGANG-DAGA) ON DEAD STUMP.
NATURAL SIZE.
116 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
and may attain a size of about five centimeters high, and the
entire cluster fifteen centimeters in width. The fungus is re-
peatedly lobed or furcate ; with the lobes, except the last, dilated
in a fan-like manner. A cock's comb effect is produced. It
grows readily on dead wood and has been found on dead branches
of Koordersiodendron pinnatum (Blanco) Merr., and Caesal-
phiia pulcherrima (Linn.) Sw. It is homogeneous, gelatinous,
collapsing when dry, reviving when moistened. The fungus is
not abundant enough to be of any commercial importance, but
when found it is highly prized by those who are in the habit of
eating these forms. It is lacking in flavor, otherwise being
rather soft, and ia( frequently used especially by the Chinese in
the preparation of various dishes.
Tremella foliaceae Fr. may also be found growing on dead
wood.
Family HYDNACEAE
Genus HYDNUM
Hymenium inferior, aculeate, spines subulate, separate at
the base. Fle.^hy or woody fungi, stipitate, sessile or resu-
pinate.
A number of species of Hijdnum grow in the Philippines
and the fleshy ones are edible. Usually they are too small to
be of any economic importance.
Family POLYPORACEAE
Genus BOLETUS
Hymenium tubular, distinct from the hymenophore and easily
separable. Tubes crowded in a porose stratum, without tra-
ma, easily separable from each other. Mouth of the tubes round
or angular, except in a subgenus, sinuous. Spores normally
fusiform, rarely oval or subglobose. Terrestrial putrescent
fungi.
The Boletus fungi have a pileus or cap with pores underneath,
and a stem. Few of these forms are found in the Philippines,
but all present are edible.
Family AGARICACEAE
Genus COPRINUS
Hymenophore distinct from the stem, gills membranaceous,
at first crowded, coherent, sessile, at length deliquescing into
a black fluid, trama none. Spores even black.
The inky caps belonging to the Coprinus group are all edible
and found in abundance. The fungi are characterized by their
ovate cap, somewhat expanded, dark gray to brownish, smooth
EDIBLE FUNGI 117
or with scales (Fig. 10). The gills are broad, crowded, white,
later pinkish, finally black and changing into an inky fluid.
The stem is smooth, shining, whitish, and hollow. The annulus
or ring about the stem may disappear. They become liquid
or deliquesce when old and never dry naturally. The members
of this group are frequently found growing in abundance on
decaying vegetative matter and on manure piles. Various forms
have been described and are given below. The descriptions
given have been taken primarily from those by Copeland.*
COPRINUS ATER Copel.
Coprinus ater has a pileus which at first is obtusely conical,
later becoming plane. It is 14 millimeters broad with a tawny
disk, varying from the periphery from dark gray to very black.
Minute, deciduous, dark-brown scales are produced on the top.
The flesh is thick, with gills free, narrow, and black. The
spores are black, 15 by 9 microns, and are exstipitate. The
stipe is fistulose, smooth, white, equal or narrowed upward,
and at most 5 centimeters high, and 1.5 millimeters thick, but
most often 2.5 centimeters high and 0.8 millimeter thick. The
fungus is odorless with a fairly agreeable taste and grows on
horse manure.
COPRINUS BRYANTl Copel.
Coprinus bnjanti has a pileus which passes from white
through brown to black, and is smooth, campanulate, 6 to 8
millimeters high and 5 millimeters wide. Its gills are free,
but touching the stipe, from 1 to 1.5 millimeters deep, dark
brown, and obtuse. The stipe is straight, white and solid, from
2.5 to 3 centimeters high and 1.5 millimeters thick. It is thick,
equal, smooth, substriate at the top, with the base scarcely
thickened and surrounded by white hairs 1.5 millimeters long.
The veil is obsolete. The spores are smooth, brown, 8 by 4.5
microns, with hyaline truncate apexes. The cap is thin, odorless,
and fine flavored. This species may grow on rotted wood, being
collected from a rotted Ficus trunk.
COPRINUS CONCOLOR Copel.
Coprinus concolar is characterized by a conical pileus with
spreading margin, about 2.5 centimeters high and wide. It is
subfleshy, bro\Mi, very smooth, naked, and deliquescing first
at the lacerate margin. The disk is brownish and subumbonate,
* Copeland, Edwin Bingham. II. New species of edible Philippine fungi.
Department of Interior, Bureau of Government Laboratories Publication
No. 28, pages 141-146, July, 1905.
118 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
with gills 2 millimeters deep, free, crowded, obtuse, remaining
a long time pale and then turning dark first at their edges.
The spores are dark brown and 8 by 4.5 microns. Cystidia are
wanting. The stipe is about 9 centimeters high, and 5 millime-
ters thick or a little more at the base. It is white or brownish-
smooth, hollow, and without an annulus. No odor is observed
and the taste is mild. They are eaten by the Bagobos, who call
them ligbuk. The fungi grow terrestrial in the forest.
COPRINUS CONFERTUS Copel.
Coprinus confe^'tus is gregarious and caespitose, varying great-
ly with the weather. The pileus is fleshy, conical, and when
grown in dry weather it is very thick. Oppressed, whitish,
cottony flakes cover the cap, the margin of which is entire or
cleft a few times. During rainy weather, it is thinner and
clothed with an evanescent, silky net, and is grayish black,
striate, with a tawny or stramineous disk, and lacerate margins.
The gills are grayish-black, crowded, lanceolate, free, but close.
The spores are ovate, truncate, black, and measure 14 to 16
by 7.5 to 9 microns. The stipe is white, smooth, hollow,
and in dry weather turbinate, 2.5 centimeters high, 1.5 centi-
meters thick, but when rainy it is as much as 16 centimeters
high, and 6 to 15 millimeters thick. The base may be slightly
subbulbose and has a strong radical cord. The fungus grows
on horse manure. (Fig, 9.)
COPRINUS DELIQUESCENS (Bull.) Fr.
Coprinus deliqiiescejis has a submembranaceous pileus, which
is ovato-campanulate, then expanded, being 8 to 11 centimeters
broad, and 4 to 5 centimeters high. It is subrepand, broadly
striate, smooth, with a top studded with innate papillae. The
stem is hollow, corticate, smooth, and 11 centimeters long, 4
to 8 millimeters thick, at length remote, and linear. The spores
are lurid black and 12 by 8 microns. This species grows on old
stumps.
COPRINUS FLOS-LACTUS Graff.'
Coprinus flos-lactus grows solitary to gregarious. The pileus
is hemispheric, with age becoming flatly expanded. It is 2.5
to 4 centimeters in diameter, a light creamy brown and rem-
nants of a universal veil remain as a few scattered floccose
scales. It is sulcate with the margin entire at first, but later
splitting. While young the cap is crisp and brittle, crumbling
' Graff, Paul W., Philippine Basidiomycetes, II. The Philippine Journal
of Science, Section C, Vol. 9 (1914), pages 235-254.
EDIBLE FUNGI
119
FIGURE 9. COPRINUS CONFERTUS. DELIQUESCING STAGE.
120 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
on being handled, and on becoming mature tends more toward
drying up than deliquescing. The lamellae are pale-gray at
first, but later change through grayish-brown to dark brownish-
black. The darkening begins first at the margin of the pileus
and slowly advances toward the center. The edges of the gills
usually remain conspicuously white even at maturity. They
are slightly adherent to the stipe at first, and then become free
after the pileus has become expanded. It is 3 millimeters
broad at the broadest part, and somewhat obtuse at either end.
The stipe is cylindrical and of an equal diameter throughout,
being 2.5 to 3.5 centimeters long, and 3 to 4 millimeters
thick. It is shining white, hollow, fibrillose, with an unthick-
ened base. The spores are ovoid to pyriform, very dark brown
at maturity, smooth, 3.5 to 5.5 by 7.5 to 11.5 microns, and
are vacuolate usually with a single vacuole. The basidia are
clavate, 9 by 23 microns, and the sterigmata are 4 microns
long. The fungus grows on burned over ground.
COPRINUS ORNATUS Copel.
Coprmus ornatus is characterized by having a pileus which
is campanulate to broadly conical, obtuse, 12 millimeters wide
and sulcate. The disk is tawny, ornately beset with dark
brown granules. The periphery is smooth or pulverulent,
changing from white or tawny to black. The gills are 7 milli-
meters long, 1.2 millimeters deep, and have no cystidia. The
spores are black and 10 by 7 microns. The stipe is straight,
2.5 centimeters or less high, and 1 millimeter thick. It is equal
or slightly contracted upward, smooth, white or hyaline, with a
ferruginous base, and is scarcely hollow. It is odorless and
has a fair flavor. The fungus grows on rotted wood of various
kinds,
COPRINUS PLICATILIS (Curt.) Fr.
Coprmus plicatilis has a pileus that is very thin, oval, cylin-
drical at first, then expanded, and 1 to 2.5 centimeters broad.
The cap has a tendency towards splitting and is sulcato-plicate,
somewhat smooth, with a broad disc which finally is depressed.
The stem is equal, smooth, white, and 2 to 8 centimeters long.
The gills are adnate to a distinct collar, and are distant, and
grayish black. The spores are 12 to 14 by 8 to 10 microns.
This species develops in pastures and on horse dung.
COPRINUS PSEUDO-PLICATUS Copel.
Coprinus pseudo-plicatus has a pileus which is early flattened
out, about 3 centimeters wide, being thin, at first scaly, and
becoming black because of its thinness. It is deeply split down-
EDIBLE FUNGI 121
ward through the gills, making the structurally entire margin
cuspidate-dentate. The disk is brown, subumbonate, or in age
concave. The gills number about sixty, are 3 millimeters deep,
adnate to a narrow collar, and black or pale after the spores
are cast. The spores are obtuse, thickest toward the base,
black, and measure 20 to 22 by 11 to 12 microns. The basidia
are 30 microns high, disposed regularly over the hymenium,
and 15 to 20 microns apart. The stipe is 10 centimeters or
less high and 1 to 4 millimeters thick. It is equal, straight,
smooth, and hollow. The fungus grows on horse manure and
rotted leaves.
COPRINUS REVOLUTUS Copel.
Coprinus revolutus has a pileus 2 centimeters or less wide,
which passes from campanulate through plane to broadly re-
volute. The disk is flat and brown-granulose with a sub-fur-
furaceous and sulcate periphery. The gills number up to
seventy or less and barely touch the stipe. They are narrow,
acute at both ends and black. The spores are black, apical at
the base, and measure 11 to 13 by 8 microns. The stipe is
about 10 centimeters high, 1 to 1.5 millimeters thick at the
top, 2 to 2.5 millimeters toward the base, and is white, hollow,
fragile and velvety below. This species grows on dung.
COPRINUS RIMOSUS Copel.
Coprinus riniosus is characterized by having a pileus 1.5 to
2 centimeters high and wide, being thin, cylindric, campanulate
or conical, truncate, and naked. It splits very early downward
through the gills and consequently is plicate in appearance.
It is tawny-gray outside, turning black in clefts. The tawny
disk is flat or concave. The gills are free and somewhat remote,
cut away towards the stipe, obtuse at the margin, black, becom-
ing pale with age and have no cystidia. The spores are 15 by
13.5 microns, black and tj^pically subangular and broadest to-
ward the apex. The stipe is hollow, white, naked, and equal.
The fungus grows on horse manure.
COPRINUS STERCORARIUS Fr.
Coprinus stercorarius has a pileus that is very thin, ovate at
first, then companulate and covered with a dense white micaceous
meal. Later it is expanded, being 2.5 centimeters broad and
2 centimeters high. The margin is striate. The stem is at
first ovately bulbous, then elongated, attenuated, at first prui-
nate, and white. The gills are adnexed, ventricose, and black.
The spores are 14 to 15 by 8 microns. This species grows on
rich soil and dung.
122 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
COPRINUS VOLUTUS Copel.
CopHnus volutus is characterized by having a pileus from
1 to 1.5 centimeters wide, being thin, naked, early explanate
and later revolute or involute. It turns gray to black and the
flat disk is ferruginous and warty. The gills are free, but very
close and at first obtuse at both ends, soon splitting from the top
of the pileus, but not from the margin. The spores are black,
narrowly ovate and 12 to 13 by 6.5 microns. The stipe is 4
centimeters high, 1 to 1.5 millimeters thick, slightly attenuated
upward, and is white, naked, and hollow. The fungus grows on
rotted leaves.
Coprinus fimbriatus B. et Br., Coprinus friesii Quelet. (Fig.
10) , and Coprinus nebulosus Zoll, may also be found. The first
two are commonly found growing on decaying Cocos nucifera
Linn, trunks.
Genus PANAEOLUS
Gills not deliquescing, not waxy, united above to the hymeno-
phore. Cap fleshy, not striate, with variegated gills exceeding
the margin. Spores globose to elliptic. Stipe not annulate.
The descriptions given have been primarily taken from those
by Copeland.*
PANAEOLUS PANAIENSE CopeL
Panaeoliis panaiense has a pileus which is 7 centimeters or
less wide, conical, tawny, and fleshy. The surface is flocculose
when diT and like blotting paper when wet. It has a fugacious
veil. The gills are deep, adnate, and ashy gray. The spores
are elliptical, 7.5 to 9 by 5.5 to 6.5 microns, and appendiculate.
The stipe is 12 centimeters or less high, 1 centimeter thick,
being equal, solid, and brittle. This species grows on horse
manure.
PANAEOLUS PSEUDOPAPILIONACEUS Copel.
Panaeohis psedopapilionaceus has a pileus 1.5 to 3 centi-
meters wide, hemispherical, without umbo, whitish, not zonate,
dry, naked, and subfleshy. Its gills are narrowly adnate.
The stipe changes from nearly white to black and is 6 to 10
centimeters high, 1.5 to 3 millimeters thick in the middle and
thicker toward both ends. It is white, powderj^ at the top, firm,
with a narrow axial canal. The spores are 6.5 to 8 by 5 to 6
microns. This species grows on manured ground.
* Copeland, Edw:n Bingham. II. New species of edible Philippine fungi.
Department of Interior, Bureau of Government Laboratories Publication
No. 28, pages 141-146, July, 1905.
EDIBLE FUNGI
123
124 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
Panaeolus papilionaceus (Fr.) Graff and Panaeolus veluticeps
Cooke et Mass. are other edible species. (Fig. 11) .
Genus LENTINUS
Pileus fleshy, coriaceus, tough; when old, hard and dry.
Stem hard and often obsolete, when present continuous with
hymenophore. Gills tough, simple, unequal, thin, edge acute,
generally toothed ; trama none.
The Lentinus group of fungi are commonly eaten by the
Filipinos. In general these fungi are rather tough and lacking
in flavor, but a number are more or less tender and are rather
highly prized.
LENTINUS EXILIS KLOTZ.
Lentinus exilis is the best of the edible types. It grows on
putrescent wood and frequently on decaying bamboo roots and
culms. The fungus has been cultivated on the dead roots and
stem of Bambiisa spinosa Roxb. {Bambusa blumeana Schultes.)
(Fig. 12). In this picture Lentinus exilis, from first observa-
tion, resembles a Pleurotus, but this is due to the fungus growing
from one side of the bamboo. Other specimens in the same
group have a distinct stalk and a funnel-shaped pileus. It
is a large white form.
The pileus is papyraceous, rigid, infundibuliform, regular,
and even. It is a radiately striate under a lens, pallid tawny,
7 to 10 centimeters broad. The stem is very short, smooth, 12
to 20 millimeters long, and girt by the vestiges of a ring. The
gills are crowded, very decurrent in lines, nearly equal, tawny,
and not torn.
Besides this species the following are eaten, but are rather
hard and tough: Lentinus connatus Berk., Lentinus leucochrous
Lev., and Lentinus squarrosulus Mont. (Fig. 13).
Genus MARASMIUS
Fungi tough, dry, shrivelling, but not putrescent, and re-
viving when moistened. Hymenophore continuous with the stem,
but homogeneous, descending into the trama. The veil is
absent. Stem cartilaginous or homy. Gills tough, rather
distant, and with acute edges. The fungi dry up instead of
decaying when old.
Some forms of Mm-asmiu^ may be eaten. None are danger-
ous, but most are too small and tough. Marasmius equicrinis
Muell. and Marasmius pilopus Kalch. are two small forms, not
edible, that grow on dead wood. Marasmius capillipes Sacc.
has been found growing on decaying Streblus asper Lour.
EDIBLE FUNGI
125
126 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
Other species of Marasmius found, but which are too small
to be edible, are Marasmius erumpens Mass., Marasmius pa-
touillardi Sacc. et Syd., and Marasmius siccus Schw.
Genus CORTINARIUS
The spores are rusty-ochre, resembling in color peroxide ot
iron. A veil is universal, like a cobweb, distinct from the
cuticle of the pileus, of a different texture to the pileus, and
consisting of arachnoid threads. A similar veil is found in
Agai'icus, but it is there either partial, or continuous with the
cuticle of the pileus. The stem is superficial and confluent
with the hymenophore. The gills are adnate, membranaceous,
persistent, cinnamon-colored and powdery. The trama is
floccose.
Various species of Cortinarius found in the Philippines
are edible.
Genus VOLVARIA
Fleshy, gills free, at first white, and later pink; spores el-
lipsoid, smooth and pink. Annulus none; volva present. It is
easily distinguished from all other pink spored genera by the
volva. The chief characteristics are that the bottom of the
stipe of the mature fungus is borne in a cup or volva and that
no ring or annulus is present.
VOLVARIA ESCULENTA Bres.
Volvaria esculenta is the most important and common edible
species of the Agaricaceae found in the Philippines. It grows
well on the decaying stems of abaka and banana, on rice straw,
and other waste organic matter. The mature fungus is easily
recognized by having pale, pinkish gills and a distinct volva or
cup at the bottom of the stipe. No annulus or ring is present
on the stem (Figs. 14 and 15). A complete description of the
species is as follows.
Pileus fleshy, nearly plane or slightly raised into an umbo, becoming
broadly convex when old, slightly fragile, buckthorn brown, bearing fine,
hair-like scales, flesh white, turning brown when dried; lamellae thin, free,
white, becoming brown after six hours exposure to light; stipe tapering
or slightly narrowed towards the top, white, becoming pale brown when old,
solid and fleshy; volva mummy brown. No part of the volva remains on
the top of the pileus in the form of scales; annulus absent; spore print
pale brown; spores ovate, almost white, size 10 x 5 microns.
Pileus 5-12 cm. broad; stipe 5-13 cm. long; 0.5-1.5 cm. thick; average
weight of each mushroom 25 gm.
Volvaria esculenta is highly prized by all the Filipinos and is
collected during the proper season of growth. It is also culti-
vated in the abaka and the rice regions of the Islands on the de-
EDIBLE FUNGI
127
^^
I
128 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
FIGURE 14. VOLVARIA ESCULENTA. SLIGHTLY REDUCED.
EDIBLE FUNGI
129
FIGURE 15. VOLVARIA ESCULENTA. SLIGHTLY REDUCED.
177674 9
130 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
caying hemp and rice trash. Vicencio,* who carried out pre-
liminary studies on mushroom culture in the Philippines, gives
the following as the local methods of culture.
There are four methods of growing mushrooms in Pampanga; namely
the rice-wash method, common salt method, bagasse method and banana
method. The first two methods consist in piling chopped rice straw in
a favorable place, usually under bamboo trees. The rice straw must be
ten inches thick above the surface of the ground after being tramped by
the feet. Those two are the same in all respects except that the solutions
used for keeping them moist are different; for example, in the rice- wash
method, the solution used is the washings from the rice before cooking.
This liquid looks milky and contains water and starch. For the common
salt method, the liquid is a weak brine, a solution containing one spoonful
of salt to every eight liters of water. The bagasse method consists in
piling together fine pieces of sugar-cane bagasse and heavily watering with
sugar cane juice scum at least daily for one month, afterwards keeping
the bed moist with water. The banana method consists of piling chopped
banana trunks, stumps and leaves to a thickness of about one foot and
a half or sometimes more. It is said by the natives that the thicker it is the
better. As in the other cases, it should be watered to keep it moist.
In all parts of these methods, it is important to note that no previous
spawning is to be done in the bed. The growers have only to attend to the
preparation of the bed, its care and the gathering of the mushrooms.
Volvaria esculenta has an excellent flavor and a strong, pleas-
ant, rice-straw odor. It will dry down well and can be kept
in this condition for a long period (Fig. 16). Its odor and
flavor is not lost in drying. These mushrooms can be success-
fully cultivated in the Philippines and this industry could be
developed to such an extent that it would be unnecessary to im-
port from China and Japan,
Volvaria prumosa Graff, grows on sandy beaches near salt
water.
Genus AGARICUS
Spores of various colors; gills membranaceous, persistent,
with an acute edge; trama floccose, confluent with the inferior
hymenium. Fleshy fungi, putrifying, and not reviving when
once dried, hence differing from such genera as are deliquescent,
coriaceous, or woody. The general characters are the color
of spores and the presence of a ring on the stipe and no cup or
volva at the base of the stem.
The genus is divided into five series according to the color
of the spores. Species of Agai'iciis are found throughout the
world and they comprise the chief edible mushrooms of com-
merce.
* Vicencio, Arsenio Santos. A study of mushroom culture in the Phil-
ippines. The Philippine Agriculturist and Forester, Vol. 5 (1916), pages
119-128.
EDIBLE FUNGI
131
FIGURE 16 VOLVARIA ESCULENTA. DRIED SPECIMEN. SLIGHTLY REDUCED.
132 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
The descriptions of the various species have been taken pri-
marily from those by Copeland.*
AGARICUS ARGYROSTECTUS Copel.
AgaHcus argijrostectus is recognized by a pileus 3.5 centi-
meters wide passing from conical to convex-plane and by
being shiny white, always naked, subfleshy, with unchanging
gray flesh. It is without odor and has an agreeable taste.
The gills are 3 millimeters deep, free, obtuse at both ends,
gray at first, but later turning dark. The spores are 5.5 to
6 by 4 to 4.5 microns and without guttules. The stipe is 3 to 4
centimeters high, 4 to 3 millimeters thick, firmly attached to
the pileus, terete, scarcely enlarged dow^nward, and solid or
nearly so. The annulus is membranous, pendent, and early
breaking up and disappearing. The fungus is not common,
growing in sunny pastures, and described from Davao.
AGARICUS BOLTONI Copel.
Agariciis boltoni has a pileus 10 to 15 centimeters wide,
passing from globose through cylindrical and conical to more
or less plane. It is clothed with brown scales, which are
denser and larger toward the disk. The disk is fissured,
plane, or subumbonate. It is fleshly, white, well flavored, and
about odorless. The gills are numerous, crowded, free, 6
millimeters deep, white when young and ultimately dark brown.
The spores have short basal appendages and are 8 to 9 by 5 to 6
microns. The stipe is 18 to 16 centimeters high, stout with glo-
bose base, and becoming hollow with age. The annulus is fixed,
ample, persistent, declined, and subentire. The species is com-
mon in sunny pastures in Davao. (Fig. 17).
AGARICUS LUZONENSIS Graff.
The fungi of this species t are solitary and have a slight
odor. The pileus is fleshy, convex to expanded, clothed complete-
ly, except for the solid red-brown center, with delicate red
brown fibrils, the outer two-thirds showing the white flesh of the
cap between. It is soft, smooth, with a thin margin, 7 to 9
centimeters in diameter. The flesh is white, 5 millimeters thick.
The margin usually has remnants of the membranaceous veil
attached. The stipe varies in diameter from 9 millimeters just
* Copeland, Edwin Bingham. II. New species of edible Philippine fungi.
Department of Interior, Bureau of Government Laboratories Piiblication
No. 28, pages 141-146, July, 1905.
t Graff, Paul O. Philippine Basidiomycetes, II. Philippine Journal of
Science. Section C, Vol. 9 (1914), pages 235-254.
EDIBLE FUNGI
133
134 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
above the slightly swollen base to 6 millimeters at the insertion
into the pileus. It is long, solid, fibrous throughout, white to
light brown, and smooth except above the annulus, where it is
slightly flocculent. The annulus is well up on the stipe and is
membranaceous and persistent. The lamellae are white, but
appear very dark at maturity of the fungus because of the
color of the ripe spores. The lamellae are 6 millimeters broad,
both ends obtuse with the margins minutely notched and showing
the white color of the gills even at maturity. The basidia are
club-shaped, 5.5 by 19 microns. The spores are dark brown,
small, elliptic, 2.5 to 3 by 5 to 5.5 microns, often uniguttulate.
AGARICUS MANILENSIS Copel.
Agaricus manilensis has a convex, smooth, aquamulose pileus
with a disk that is flat and dark brown. It is subfleshy and
becomes white toward the margin, where the scales are sparse.
The gills are free and rounded toward the stipe, turning from
rose to dark brown. The spores are about 7.5 by 4 microns,
are obtuse and oblique at the base. The stipe is 5 centimeters
high, 2.5 centimeters thick, equal, naked, smooth, and hardly
solid. The annulus is fixed, entire, and convex upward. The
fungus grows in lawns.
AGARICUS MERRILLII Copel.
Agaricus merrillii is a large species, sometimes 10 centimeters
high and wide, almost without taste or odor, the pileus is naked
or scaly, turning from white to brown, shining, subfleshy, and
truncate or with concave apex when young. Sometimes um-
bonate in the middle of the depression, when old it is plane,
with a horizontal, entire, or incised border, 1 to 2 millimeters
broad, derived from the veil. It has about 250 gills that are
crowded, 5 millimeters deep, subacute at the margin, salmon-
colored when the veil ruptures, finally turning black brown.
The spores are minute, uninucleate, 6 by 3.5 microns. The
veil ruptures late. The annulus is high up, white on both sides,
floccose without, very lacerate and pendent. The stipe is some-
what contracted toward the top, abruptly enlarged at the base,
solid or nearly so, and whitish or turning brown outside and
inside. This species grows terrestrial under trees. (Fig. 18).
AGARICUS PERFUSCUS Copel.
Agaricus perfuscus is characterized by the entire fungus
being brown, darkening with age, odorless and with a good
taste. The pileus is early expanded, 3 to 4 centimeters wide,
undulate, squamulose, subfleshy, with disk slightly depressed,
EDIBLE FUNGI
135
136 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
and the margin strongly but deciduously appendaged. The
gills are free, close, obtuse at both ends, and 4 millimeters deep.
The spores are elliptical, 6 to 6.5 by 4.5 microns, and obscurely
1 or 2 guttulate. The stipe is 3 to 4 centimeters high, and 3 to
4 millimeters thick, also equal, firm, naked, and subhollow. The
annulus is high up and fugacious. This species grows on ma-
nured ground.
Agarics growing on the lawn frequently produce "Fairy Rings"
(Fig. 25).
Genus PLEUROTUS
Edge of the gills entire, not canaliculate or split. Fleshy,
putrescent, not reviving when wet. Trama of the pileus not
vesiculose; spores typically smooth, gills more or less fleshy,
readily separable into two layers. Stipe excentric or none.
The general characters of Pleurotits are that it grows like
a shelf fungus with a stalk from one side, instead of a central
typical stalk as with other mushrooms. All species are edible.
PLEUROTUS OSTREATUS Jacq.
This is one of the most sought for forms. (Fig. 19). It
varies in shape according to where it is growing, either on the
side or on top of a log. In some cases the plant may have a
definite lateral stem, but frequently no stem is produced. The
cap is white to gray and varies from 4 to 20 centimeters broad.
It is soft and fleshy, being thicker towards the place of attach-
ment. The gills are broad and white, not crowded and de-
current if a stem is present. The spores are white, or a pale
purple. The stem if present is short, white, and without ring
or volva.
Pleurotus noctilucens (Lev.) Sacc. grows on dead wood, and
Pleurotus striatulus Fries, has been found growing on dead
parts of Urena lobata Linn. var. sinuata (Linn.) Gagnepain.
The latter fungi are rather small. Pleurotus applicatus Fr. var.
cytidiatus Pat. may also be found on dead wood.
Genus COLLYBIA
Pileus between fleshy and tough, at length rather leathery,
sulcate, or corrugated ; margin at first involute. Stem some-
what cartilaginous, mycelium floccose, sometimes not manifest.
The fungi of this genus are commonly found growing from
termite nests.
COLLYBIA ALBUMINOSA (Berk.) Fetch.
Collybia alhuminosa is the common form of Agaric that grows
from termite nests. It is found throughout the tropics (Figs.
20 and 21).
EDIBLE FUNGI
137
138 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
Genus TRICHOLOMA
Edge of the gills entire, not canaliculate or split. Fleshy,
putrescent, not reviving when wet. Edge of gills acute, not fold-
like. Trama of the pileus not dehiscing ; spores typicaly smooth.
Gills more or less fleshy, readily separable into two layers.
Stipe central or nearly so. Hymenophore homogeneous and
confluent with the fleshy or fibrous elastic stipe. Stipe not
annulate or volvate. Gills adnate or sinuate, not decurrent,
stout and fleshy ; stipe and pileus of the same substance.
Tricholoma tenuis Graff grows in lawns.
Genus LEPIOTA
Fleshy putrescent, not reviving when wet. Edge of gills
acute, not fold-like. Trama of the pileus not vesiculose ; spores
typically smooth. Gills more or less fleshy, readily separated
into two layers. Stipe central or nearly so, not volvate, but an-
nulate. Hymenophore discrete from the fleshy stipe.
The general characters are the presence of a ring or annulus
and the absence of a cup or volva on the stipe. Some species
are edible, but others are poisonous, being especially toxic to cer-
tain people. Lepiota chlorospora has been reported as an edible
species. This form, however, is extremely poisonous to certain
individuals and consequently should always be avoided. It can
easily be recognized in the mature stage, by the greenish gills
(Fig. 22).
The descriptions of the species have been primarily taken from
those by Copeland.
LEPIOTA CANDIDA Copel.
Lepiota cariclida has no odor and a mild taste. The pileus
is 7 centimeters wide, flat, strongly umbonate, dry, shining, and
almost naked. The disk is fleshy, the margin thin, substriate,
minutely crenate, and the flesh is unchanging. The gills are
free, close, very crowded, lanceolate, subacute at both ends, thin,
and white. The spores are 9.5 by 6 microns, hyaline, guttulate,
and apiculate. The stipe is 15 centimeters high, 5 millimeters
thick near the top, with a narrow axial hollow, much enlarged,
but not bulbous in the solid lower part. It is naked, shining
white, deeply sunken into the disk, but not confluent with it. The
annulus is high up and deciduous. It is well characterized by
the strongly fusiform lower third of the stipe. The fungus
grows solitary in sunny grass plots.
EDIBLE FUNGI
139
FIGURE 20. COLLYBIA ALBUMINOSA (TERMITE FUNGUS). X 1,2.
FIGURE 21. COLLYBIA ALBUMINOSA (TERMITE FUNGUS). \ 1 2.
140 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
LEPIOTA CHLOROSPORA Copel. (Poisonous).
Lepiota chlorospora has a fleshy pileus, passing from globose
through campanulate to broadly conical. It is 8 centimeters
wide and 4 centimeters high, with the periphery sometimes ex-
planate. The disk is brown, with an entire or fissured cap. The
periphery is sparsely clothed with pale brown scales and fibers.
It is white near the entire or subciliate margin. The gills
are free, remote, 5 centimeters long, 8 millimeters deep, and
are crowded, narrowed toward the stipe, white at first, turning a
greenish blue. Their edges are made of hyaline vesicles, 25 to
35 by 20 microns. The spores are hyaline-green, 8 by 5 microns,
smooth, short stalked, each with a single large globule containing
the green pigment. The stipe is 8 to 10 centimeters high and 6
to 8 millimeters thick. It is straight or crooked, knotted, firmly
attached to the pileus, and brown outside and inside, with a white
pith. The annulus is 1 centimeter broad, conspicuous, fixed,
persistent, split in its own plane, and white above until discolored
by the spores. The fungus grows in lawns.
This species is poisonous to the majority of people. It can
be readily told by the green gills of the mature forms (Fig. 22).
LEPIOTA ELATA Copel.
Lepiota elata has a mild odor and taste. The pileus is coni-
cal at first, but soon flattens. It is 4 to 6 centimeters wide, um-
bonate, fleshy, silky-squamulose about the disk, elsewhere naked.
The margin is substriate, broadly reflexed when old. The disk
is bro^^^lish with white peripherj% but turning dark red. The
gills also turn from white to dark wine colored. They are free,
close, crowded, and ventricose. The spores are hyaline, symme-
trical, from 9 to 10 by 5 to 6 microns. The stipe is 5 to 8 centi-
meters high and 5 millimeters thick at the middle, somewhat
thickened downward, but not bulbous, and is naked, with an axial
canal. The ring is attached midway, and is free, convex, narrow,
entire, brown, fugacious, and sometimes attached to the margin
of the pileus. The fungus grows in manured lawns.
LEPIOTA FUSCO-SQUAMEA Peck. (Leviota manilensis Covel.)
Lepiota fusco-squamea has an excellent flavor and almost no
odor. The pileus is 5 to 9 centimeters wide, campanulate-conical,
later flat, subumbonate, and striate near the margin. The disk
is densely clothed with minute brown scales which become sparse
toward the margin. The flesh is whitish and unchanging. The
gills are free, not attached to a collar, crowded, deep, whitish,
EDIBLE FUNGI
141
142 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
and subacute at both ends. The spores are variable, com-
monly 10 by 7 microns. The largest are 13 to 15 by 7.5 to
9 microns and hyaline. The stipe is 10 centimeters or less high,
1 centimeter thick, firm, equal or somewhat thickened downward,
with an axial canal. It is white or pale brown, and naked.
The ring is movable, or half fixed, entire, with a dark brown mar-
gin. The fungus has been observed growing around Pithecolo-
bium and Terminalia.
Lepiota cepaestipes (Sow.) Quel., Lepiota pulcherrima Graff,
Lepiota revelata B. et Br., and Lepiota sulphopenita Graff are
other edible species. They have the general external characters
of the other described forms.
Family LYCOPERDACEAE
Genus LYCOPERDON
Peridium membranaceous, single, the subpersistent cortex
becoming broken up into warts or spines, dehiscing by a small
apical mouth, or the whole of the upper part evanescent, capil-
litium dense, springing from the more or less developed sterile
basal stratum; spores globose or elliptical, externally rough or
smooth.
The Lycoperdons are commonly called puff balls. All species
are non-poisonous, but some are unsavory.
LYCOPERDON LILACINUM (Mont, et Berk.) Speg.
Lycoperdon lilacinum is broadly obovate or turbinate, 5
to 10 centimeters high, 5 to 8 centimeters broad (Fig. 23). It
is contracted below into a stout, cellular, stem-like base. The
peridium is thin and evanescent above, dehiscing by large irreg-
ular opening. The cortex is white, polished, and breaking
away in papery patches. The threads are thinner than the dia-
meter of the spores. The spores are violet with a tinge of
ochre, echinulate, globose, and measure 6 microns. The fungus
grows on the ground and is the largest edible form.
LYCOPERDON PUSILLUM Batsch. {Lycoperdon todayense Copel.)
Lycoperdon pusillum has a peridium that is obovate, or
pyriform, 1 to 2 centimeters in height, and 1 to 1.5 centimeters
in thickness. It is plicate at the base, entire above, and clothed
when young with deciduous warts or flakes which are hyaline
when moist, later finely and obscurely areolate. They are white
at first, turning yellow, and opening by a small aperture at the
top. The fertile gleba is very distinct from the sterile. The
base is cellular. The spores are globose, smooth, 3.5 to 4 mi-
EDIBLE FUNGI
143
FIGURE 23. LYCOPERDON LILACINUM (GIANT PUFF BALL). OLD SPECIMEN.
REDUCED.
FIGURE 24. SCLERODERMA VERRUCOSUM (PUFF BALL). NATURAL SIZE.
144 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
crons in diameter. The capillitium is rudimentary, irregular and
thick. The fungus grows in tufts about the base of a Mtisa and
is rather small for eating.
LYCOPERDON PYRIFORME Schaeff.
Lijcoperdon pyriforme is pyriform, membranous, 3 to 8 centi-
meters high, and rather umbonate. It is dehiscent by a small,
torn mouth covered with minute pointed warts, but becoming
smooth. The roots are composed of numerous white, long,
branching fibers. The threads are thicker than the spores,
branched, continuous with the slightly cellular, sterile base, and
forming a columella. The spores are olive, smooth, globose, and
4 microns in diameter. This puff ball grows on stumps or on
the soil and is one of the larger forms.
Lycoperdon cepiforme Bull., Lycoperdon furfuraceum Schaeff.,
Lycoperdon polymorphum Vitt., Lycoperdon plicatum Berk, et
Curt., Lycoperdon pratense Schum., Lycoperdon roseum Zoll.,
and Lycoperdon vanderystii Bres. are other forms which are
edible, but which are usually small.
Genus SCLERODERMA
Peridium firm, corticate, dehiscing irregularly ; flocci adhering
everywhere to the peridium and forming minute cells, in which
are produced the glomerules of spores, without peridiola; root-
ing, but without a distinct stem.
SCLERODERMA VERRUCOSUM BuU.
The peridium of Scleroderma vei'rucosum is rounded, at first
rigid, and then fragile. It is dehiscent determinately at the
apex, covered with an adnate persistent cortex, and is smooth,
rather verrucose, areolate, or even, and a dingy yellowish. It is
usually produced downwards into a short stipitiform base, or
it is sometimes sessile. The gleba is dark purple, and the flocci
are lax and a greyish tawny. The spores are at first brownish,
then pale purplish, globose, and rough.
Scleroderma verriicosum is one of the common puff bulls grow-
ing in abundance on the soil (fig. 24).
Scleroderma aurantiacum- Pers., Scleroderma dictyosporum
Pat., and Scleroderma vulgare Fr. are other puff balls that may
be found growing on the soil.
PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES
The edible fungi are not confined to one general group, but
range from low forms, the Auriculariaceae, to the higher
forms in the Agaricaceae and Lycoperdaceae. These groups
include the taingang-dagd or rat's-ear types, the pore fungi,
EDIBLE FUNGI
145
177674 10
X46 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
the gill fungi, and the puff balls. Practically all taingang-
dagci or rat's-ear types are edible and a large majority of the
pore fungi and gill fungi can be eaten with safety. The puff
balls can all be safely eaten. Some of these forms while not
poisonous can not be used as an article of diet on account of
a lack in flavor and a tough texture.
Since a few mushrooms are poisonous, the only safe way to use
particular forms as food is to become acquainted with the
individual species of fungi that can be used as an article of diet.
While a large number of the edible forms have been described
and pictured in the preceding pages, a few practical methods of
determining whether or not the fungi are poisonous may not be
out of place. The physiological test is advocated for persons
who are willing to practice upon themselves. This test consists
in first tasting a small piece of the fungus without swallowing
any of the juice. If after one-half of an hour no discomfort is
noticed, a larger piece, the size of a small pea, may be chewed up
and swallowed. If no poisoning symptoms arise after one-half
hour the fungus may be regarded as edible. All fungi that have
a disagreeable flavor would naturally be discarded in this test,
even though they were not poisonous. Besides the physiological
test, a number of other rules should not be neglected by beginners.
The structure and spore color of the gill mushrooms is often
an indication of their edibility. These mushrooms all have a cap
and stem. Some species may have a volva which is a mem-
branous envelop or sac at the base of the stem; while other
species may have an annulus or ring about the stem just below
the cap. The color of the gills in mature mushrooms depends
upon the color of the spores. Various colors such as white
yellow, brown, purplish, dark brown, or black may be found.
There are mushrooms which have a cup at the base and a ring
on the stem. Fungi having white spores, indicated by white
gills, and both a cup at the base and a ring about the stem should
be discarded as poisonous. Mushrooms with black spores or
gills are generally edible. They frequently have a ring around
the stem, but no cup at the base as is true of the agarics. The
Volvaria edible forms described have pinkish spores and gills,
no ring about the stem, but a distinct cup or volva at base of
the stem. Other precautionary measures that should be observed
by beginners are the following:
Avoid fungi when in the button or unexpanded stage.
Avoid those in which the flesh has begun to decay, even if only
slightly.
EDIBLE FUNGI 147
Avoid those forms which have white spores or gills as well
as a ring and cup on the stem.
Avoid fungi in which the cap, or pileus, is thin in proportion
to the gills, and in which the gills are nearly all of equal length,
especially if the pileus is brightly colored.
Avoid fungi having a milky juice, unless the milk is reddish.
Avoid all tube bearing fungi in which the flesh changes color
when cut or broken or when the mouths of the tubes are reddish,
and in the case of other tube bearing fungi experiment with
caution.
Fungi which have a sort of spider web or flocculent ring
around the upper part of the stalk should in general be avoided.
USES AND METHODS OF COOKING
The AitiHciilariaceae are most generally eaten by the Chinese.
The fungi are first soaked in water and when soft they are
thoroughly cleaned in several changes of water. They are then
commonly cooked with rice and noodles. Another method of
preparation is, after thorough cleaning, to fry with grease in a
pan and then to add to meat, shrimp, rice, and noodles. Fre-
quently they are eaten alone after frying.
Various receipts for cooking mushrooms are used. The gill
fungi and puff balls are best eaten after frying or stewing with
no seasoning except some grease for frying and pepper and salt.
The caps of the agarics should be carefully washed. Peeling is
unnecessary. The stems, unless too tough, should be cooked up
specially in the form of stews. The mushrooms should be
prepared as soon as possible after picking. The time required
for stewing varies from 5 to 40 minutes according to the variety
and tenderness.
Mushrooms may be canned in glass jars, after thorough boil-
ing. They may also be preserved by drying in the sun or in
an oven. After all moisture has been removed, they should
be packed in perfectly tight containers. The Aiwiculariaceae
are generally collected in the fresh state and then dried in the
sun. They remain in perfect condition indefinitely when placed
in proper containers. After a preliminary soaking in water,
during which they assume their normal fresh state, they may be
cooked as if fresh. The common commercial mushroom, Volvaria
esculenta may be dried successfully in the sun and then
stored in a perfectly tight vessel (Fig. 16). Before cooking,
these forms should first be soaked in water and then cooked as
if fresh. Little flavor seems to be lost by this species in drying,
MEDICINAL USES OF PHILIPPINE PLANTS
By Leon Maria Guerrero
149
MEDICINAL USES OF PHILIPPINE PLANTS
CONTENTS
Page.
Introduction 163
Description of Species 167
Algae 167
Gi'acillaria lichenoides (gulaman) , 167
Family Polypodiaceae 167
Acrostichum aureum (lagolo) 167
Adiantum philippense (kaikai) 167
Asplenium macrophyllum (pakong-giibat) 167
Drynaria quercifolia (pakpak-lauin) 168
Oleandra neriiformis (kaliskis-ahas) 168
Onychium siliculosum (pakong-anuang) 168
Family Schizaeaceae - 168
Lygodium circinnatum (nito) 168
Family Cycadaceae 168
Cycas rumphii (pitogo) - 168
Family Typhaceae 169
Typha angustifolia (cat-tail) 169
Family Pandanaceae 169
Fandanus tectorius (common or beach pandan) 169
Family Hydrocharitaceae 169
Ottelia alismoides (kalaboa) 169
Family Gramineae 169
Andropogon aciculatus (tinlai) 169
Andropogon citratus (tanglad or lemon grass) 169
Andropogon sorghum (batad) 170
Andropogon zizanioides (vetiver or moras) .....,-.. 170
Bambusa spinosa (spiny bamboo) 170
Bambusa vulgaris (kawayan-kiling) 170
Coix lachryma-jobi (tigbi or Job's tears) 170
Cynodon dactylon (bermuda grass) 170
Eleusine indica (palagtiki or yard grass) 170
Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii (kogon) 171
Oryza sativa (rice) 171
Panicum stagninum (uraroi) : 171
Paspalum scrobiculatum 171
Schizostachyum dielsianum 171
Zea mays (corn) 172
Family Cyperaceae 172
Kyllinga monocephala (busikad) 172
Family Palmae 172
Areca catechu (bunga or betel palm) 172
Areca hutchinsoniana (pisa) 172
151
152 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
Description of Species — Continued.
Family Palmae — Continued. Page.
Arenga pinnata (kaong or sugn.r palm) 172
Cocos nucifera (coconut palm) 173
Corypha elata (buri) 173
Family Araceae 173
Acorus calamus (lubigan or sweet flag) 173
Alocasia macrorrhiza (biga) - 173
Amorphophallus campanulatus (pungapung) 173
Cyrtosperma merkusii (palauan) 173
Homalomena philippinensis (tahig) 174
Rhaphidophora merrillii (amlong) 174
Typhonium divaricatum 174
Family Flagellariaceae 174
Flagellaria indica (baling-uai) 174
Family Commelinaceae 174
Commelina benghalensis (sabilau) .-. 174
Family Liliaceae 175
Allium cepa (onion) 175
Allium sativum (bauang or garlic) 175
Sanseviera zeylanica (sinawa) 175
Smilax bracteata (banag) 175
Smilax china (ubi-ubihan) , - 175
Smilax leucophylla (hampas-tigbalang) 175
Family Amaryllidaceae „... 176
Crinum asiaticum (bakong) 176
Curculigo orchioides 176
Eurycles amboinensis (katangal) 176
Hymenocallis littorale 176
Polianthes tuberosa (azucena or tuberose) 177
Family Dioscoreaceae 177
Dioscorea hispida (nami) 177
Family Musaceae 177
Musa errans var. botoan (butiihan) 177
Family Zingiberaceae 177
Alpinia pyramidata (langkauas) 177
Costus speciosus 177
Curcuma longa (dilaii or turmeric) 177
Kaempferia galanga (dosol) 178
Kaempferia rotunda ^ 178
Kolowratia elegans (tagbak) 178
Zingiber zerumbet (barak) » 178
Family Cannaceae 178
Canna indica (canna) 178
Family Marantaceae 179
Donax cannaeformis (bamban) 179
Family Orchidaceae 179
Geodorum nutans 179
Family Casuarinaceae 179
Casuarina equisetifolia (agoho) ., 179
MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 153
Description of Species — Continued. Page.
Family Piperaceae 179
Piper betle (buyo or betel pepper) 179
Piper nigrum 180
Piper retrofractum 180
Family Chloranthaceae 180
Chloranthus brachystachys 180
Family Moraceae 180
Artocarpus communis (antipolo) 180
Artocarpus cumingiana (anubing) 180
Artocarpus Integra (nangka) 180
Fatoua pilosa (sikkir) , 181
Ficus hauili (hauili) 181
Ficus minahassae (hagimit) 181
Ficus payapa (payapa) 181
Malaisia scandens (malaisis) 181
Streblus asper (kalios) 182
Family Urticaceae 182
Fleurya interrupta (lipang-aso) 182
Laportea mej'eniana (lipang-kalabau) 182
Pilea microphylla 182
Pouzolzia zeylanica.... • 182
Family Aristolochiaceae 183
Aristolochia sericea (pang-gisi) 183
Aristolochia tagala (timbaiTgan) 183
Family Polygonaceae 183
Polygonum barbatum (subsuban) 183
Family Chenopodiaceae 183
Chenopodium ambrosioides (alpasotes) 183
Family Amaranthaceae 184
Achyranthes aspera (rag-ragadi) ...^ 184
Aerua lanata (karlakem) 184
Amaranthus spinosus (kalunai) 184
Celosia argentea (kadaiohan) 184
Family Portulacaceae 185
Portulaca oleracea (gulasiman) 185
Family Basellaceae 185
Basella rubra (libato) 185
Family Nymphaeaceae 185
Nelumbium nelumbo (baino or lotus) 185
Family Menispermaceae 185
Anamirta cocculus (ligtang) 185
Arcangelisia flava (abiitra) 185
Arcangelisia flava (abutra) 185
Cissampelos pareira (kalaad) 186
P*>'cnarrhena manillensis (ambal) 186
Stephania japonica (maratugi) 186
Tinomiscium philippinense (baiating) 186
Family Annonaceae 187
Alphonsea arborea (bolon) 187
Goniothalamus amuyon (amuyong) 187
154 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
Description of Species — Continued. Page.
Family Lauraceae 187
Cinnamomum mercadoi (kaliiagag) 187
Cinnamomum mindanaense (Mindanao cinamon) 187
Litsea glutinosa (sablot) 187
Family Capparidaceae 188
Capparis horrida (halubagat-baging) 188
Capparis micracantha (halubagat-kahoi) 188
Crataeva religiosa (balai-lamok) 188
Gynandropsis gynandra (manabo) 188
Family Moringaceae 188
Moringa oleifera (malunggai or horse-radish tree) 188
Family Pittosporaceae -.— -- 189
Pittosporum pentandrum (mamalis) 189
Family Leguminosae 189
Abrus precatorius (kansasaga or prayer-bean) 189
Adenanthera intermedia (tanglin) 189
Bauhinia malabarica (alibangbang) 189
Caesalpinia crista (kalumbibit) 189
Cassia alata (acapulco) 190
Cassia fistula (cafia-fistula) 190
Cassia mimosoides (kalanda) 190
Cassia occidentalis (andadasi) 190
Cassia sophera (tambalisa) 190
Cassia tora 191
Dalbergia cumingiana (tahid-labiiio) 191
Dalbergia ferruginea (kamut-kabag) 191
Entada phaseoloides (gogo) 191
Euchresta horsfieldii 191
Mimosa pudica (makahia) 191
Mucuna nigricans (nipai) 192
Phaseolus aureus (balatong) 192
Pongamia pinnata (bani) 192
Pterocarpus blancoi (Blanco's narra) 192
Sophora tomentosa (sandalaitan) 192
Family Oxalidaceae 193
Averrhoa bilimbi (kamias) 193
Averrhoa carambola (balimbing) 193
Biophytum sensitivum (mahihiyain) 193
Family Rutaceae 193
Chaetospermum glutinosum (tabuyok) 193
Citrus maxima (pomelo or lukban) 193
Clausena anisum-olens (kayumanis) 194
Lunasia amara (lunas) 194
Micromelum minutum 194
Murraya paniculata (kamuning) 194
Toddalia asiatica 194
Zanthoxylum avicennae (kangai) 195
Zanthoxylum rhetsa 195
MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 155
Description of Species — Continued. Page,
family Simarubaceae I95
Brucea amarissima I95
Harrisonia perforata (mamikil) I95
Samadera indica (manunggal) 196
Family Burseraceae 196
Canarium luzonicum (pili) 196
Canarium villosum (pagsahiiigin) 196
Garuga abilo (bogo) 196
Family Meliaceae 196
Chisocheton pentandrus (katong-machin) 196
Dysoxylum decandrum (agaru) 197
Melia azedarach (paraiso) 197
Sandoricum koetjape (santol) 197
Xylocarpus granatum (tabigi) 197
Family Euphorbiaceae 197
Acalypha indica 197
Aleurites moluccana (lumbang) 197
Aleurites trisperma (bagilumbang) 198
Breynia rhamnoides (matang-hipon) 198
Cicca acida (iba) 198
Croton tiglium (croton-oil plant) 198
Euphorbia hirta (gatas-gatas) 198
Euphorbia neriifolia 198
Euphorbia thymifolia 199
Euphorbia tirucalli (consuelda) 199
Excoecaria agallocha (buta-buta) 199
Homonoia riparia (maiigagos) 199
Jatropha curcas (tubang-bakod or physic nut) 200
Jatropha multifida (mana) 200
Macaranga grandifolia (biiigabing) 200
Macaranga tanarius (binuiiga) 200
Mallotus philippensis (banato) 200
Manihot utilissima (kamoteng-kahoi) 201
Melanolepis multiglandulosa (alim) 201
Phyllanthus niruri (talikud) 201
Phyllanthus reticulatus (matang-buyud) 201
Ricinus communis (taiTgan-tang'an or castor-oil plant) 201
Family Anacardiaceae 202
Anacardium occidentals (kasui or cashew nut) 202
Mangifera indica (mango) 202
Semecarpus cuneiformis (ligas) 202
Spondias purpurea (siniguelas) 202
Family Celastraceae 202
Celastrus paniculata (laiigitngit) 202
Lophopetalum toxicum (abiiab) 203
Family Hippocrateaceae 203
Salacia prinoides (matang-ulang) 203
Family Icacinaceae 203
Gonocaryum calleryanum (taingang-babui) * 203
156 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
Description of Species — Continued. ^ae®-
Family Sapindaceae 203
Cardiospermum halicacabum (lagupok) - 203
Dodonaea viscosa (kasirag) 204
Guioa koelreuteria (alahan) 204
Harpullia arborea (uas) 204
Lepidopetalum perrottetii (dapil) 204
Family Balsaminaceae -- 205
Impatiens balsamina (kamantigi) 205
Family Rhamnaceae 205
Colubrina asiatica (kabatiti) 205
Ventilago dichotoma (salapan) 205
Zizyphus jujuba (manzanitas) 205
Family Vitaceae 206
Cissus quadrangularis (sugpon-sugpon) 206
Columella trifolia (ariuat) 206
Leea aculeata (mali-mali) 206
Leea manillensis (amamali) 206
Tetrastigma harmandii (ayo) 207
Family Tiliaceae 207
Corchorus acutangulus (pasau na haba) 207
Corchorus capsularis (pasau na bilog) 207
Corchorus olitorius (pasau or jute) 207
Muntingia calabura (datiles) 207
Triumfetta bartramia (kulot-kulotan) 207
Family Malvaceae 208
Abelmoschus moschatus (kastuli) 208
Abutilon indicum (giling-gilingan) 208
Hibiscus esculentus (okra) 208
Hibiscus mutabilis (mapula) 208
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (guraamela) 208
Hibiscus sabdariffa (roselle) 209
Hibiscus tiliaceus (balibago) 209
Malachra capitata (bakembakes) 209
Malvastrum coromandelinum (salsaluyut) 209
Sida acuta (takim-baka) 209
Sida cordifolia 209
Sida javensis (S. humilis) (igat-igat) 209
Thespesia populnea (banalo) 210
Urena lobata (kollokollot) 210
Family Bombacaceae 210
Bombax ceiba (malabulak) 210
Ceiba pentandra (cotton tree or kapok) 210
Family Sterculiaceae 210
Abroma fastuosa (anabo) 211
Kleinhovia hospita (tan-ag) 210
Pentapetes phoenicea (flores de las doce) 211
Pterocymbium tinctorium (taluto) 211
Pterospermum diversifolium (bayok) 211
Sterculia foetida (kalumpang) 211
MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 157
Description of Species — Continued.
Family Sterculiaceae — Continued. Page.
Theobroma cacao (cacao) 211
Waltheria americana (barubad) 212
Family Dilleniaceae ■'■■■ 212
Dillenia philippinensis (katmon) 212
Family Guttiferae 212
Calophyllum blancoi (bitanhol) 212
Calophyllum inophyllum (bitaog or palomaria de la playa).. 212
Cratoxylon blancoi (guyong-guyong) 212
Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) 213
Family Bixaceae 213
Bixa orellana (achuete or annatto) 213
Family Caricaceae 213
Carica papaya (papaya) 213
Family Thymelaeaceae 213
Gyrinopsis cumingiana (butlo) 213
Wikstroemia ovata (round-leaf salago) 214
Family Lythraceae 214
Ammannia baccifera (apoi-apoian) 214
Lawsonia inermis (henna or cinamomo) 214
Family Lecythidaceae 214
Barringtonia acutangula (kalambuaia) 214
Barringtonia asiatica (botong) , 214
Barringtonia racemosa (putat) 215
Family Combretaceae 215
Lumnitzera racemosa (kulasi) 215
Quisqualis indica (niug-niugan or tangolon) 215
Terminalia calamansanai (malakalumpit) 215
Terminalia catappa (talisai) 215
Terminalia comintana (binggas) 216
Terminalia edulis (kalumpit) 216
Family Myrtaceae 216
Decaspermum fruticosum (patalsik) ■ 216
Eugenia cumini (duhat) 216
Psidium guajava (guava or bayabas) 216
Family Melastomataceae 217
Memecylon ovatum (kulis) .--. 217
Family Araliaceae 217
Nothopanax fruticosum (papua) - -- 217
Schefflera cumingii (kalang-gamat) 217
SchefHera elliptifoliola (galamai-amo) 217
Schefflera odorata (tarangkang) 217
Schefflera piperoidea (himainat) 217
Family Umbelliferae 218
Apium graveolens (celery or apio) 218
Carum copticum (damoro) 218
Centella asiatica 218
Coriandrum sativum (coriander or culantro) 218
Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) 218
158 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
Description of Species — Continued. Page.
Family Ericaceae 218
Rhododendron vidalii 218
Family Myrsinaceae 219
Ardisia boissieri (tagpo) 219
Family Plumbaginaceae 219
Plumbago indica (pamparapit) 219
Plumbago zeylanica (sangdikit) 219
Family Sapotaceae 219
Bassia betis (betis) 219
Mimusops parvifolia (bansalagin) 219
Family Ebenaceae 220
Diospyros ebenaster (zapote) 220
Diospyros multiflora (kanomoi) 220
Family Oleaceae 220
Jasminum sambac (sampaguita) 220
Family Loganiaceae 220
Buddleia asiatica (taliknono) 220
Fagraea cochinchinensis (urung) 220
Fagraea racemosa (bulubuaia) 221
Strychnos ignatii (St. Ignatius bean) 221
Strychnos multiflora (bukuan) 221
Family Gentianaceae 221
Canscora diffusa (chang-bato) 221
Family Apocynaceae 221
Allamanda cathartica (campanero) 221
Alstonia macrophylla (batino) 221
Alstonia scholaris (dita) 222
Cerbera manghas (baraibai) 222
Kibatalia blancoi (pasnit) 222
Lochnera rosea (atai-bia) 222
Nerium indicum (oleander or adelfa) ^ 222
Paralstonia clusiacea (malabatino) 223
Parameria barbata (dugtung-ahas) 223
Plumiera acuminata (kalachuche) 223
Rauwolfia amsoniaefolia (maladita) 223
Tabernaemontana pandacaqui (pandakaki) 223
Thevetia peruviana 224
Family Asclepiadaceae 224
Asclepias curassavica (bulak-damo) 224
Calotropis gigantea (kapal-kapal) 224
Streptocaulon baumii (hinggiu-na-puti) 224
Tylophora brevipes (pasiika) 224
Tylophora perrottetiana (kullafig-em) 225
Family Convolvulaceae 225
Calonyction muricatum 225
Evolvulus alsinoides 225
Ipomoea digitata (kamkamote) 225
Ipomoea hederacea 225
Ipomoea pes-caprae (katang-katang) 225
Ipomoea pes-tigridis (rangraiTgau) 226
MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 159
Description of Species — Continued.
Family Convolvulaceae — Continued. Page.
Ipomoea reptans (kangkong) 226
Merremia emarginata (kupikupit) 226
Operculina turpethum 226
Quamoclit pinnata (cypress vine or cabello de angel) 226
Family Boraginaceae 227
Coldenia procumbens (tabtabokol) 227
Cordia myxa (anonang) 227
Ehretia microphylla (kalamoga) 227
Ehretia navesii (talibunog) 227
Heliotropium indicum (Ikoi-pusa) 227
Rotula aquatica (buntut-buaia) 228
Tournefortia sarmentosa (salsallakapa) i 228
Trichodesma indicum 228
Trichodesma zeylanicum (dilang-usa) 228
Family Verbenaceae 228
Avicennia officinalis (api-api) 228
Callicarpa caudata 229
Callicarpa erioclona (palis) 229
Callicarpa formosana (timbabasi) 229
Clerodendron bethuneanum (guanton) 229
Clerodendron cumingianum (talumpapait) 229
Clerodendron inerme (aiigangri) 229
Clerodendron intermedium (laroan-anito) 230
Clerodendron macrostegium (malapotokan) 230
Clerodendron minahassae (aiam-aiam) 230
Clerodendron quadriloculare (bagauak) 230
Lippia nodiflora (cbachahan) 230
Premna cumingiana (manaba) 231
Premna nauseosa (mulauin-aso) 231
Premna odorata (alagau) 231
Tectona grandis (teak) 231
Vitex negundo (lagundi) 232
Vitex trifolia var. ovata (lagunding-dagat) 232
Family Labiatae 232
Anisomeles indica (taling-harap) 232
Coleus amboinicus 232
Coleus blumei (maiana) 232
Hyptis suaveolens (bangbangslt) 233
Leucas lavandulifolia (pansi-pansi) 233
Mentha arvensis (mint or yerba buena) 233
Ocimum basilicum (balanoi or sweet basil) 233
Ocimum sanctum (sulasi or holy basil) 233
Pogostemon cablin (patchouli or kablin) 233
Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary or romero) 234
Scutellaria luzonica (sidit) 234
Family Solanaceae 234
Datura fastuosa (talong-punai na itim) 234
Datura fastuosa var. alba (talong-punai) 234
Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) 235
160 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
Description of Species — Continued.
Family Solanaceae — Continued. Page.
Solanum cumingii (talongtaloiigan) 235
Solanum melongena (egg plant or talong) 235
Solanum nigrum (konti) 235
Family Scrophulariaceae 235
Bacopa monniera (ulasiman-aso) - 235
Limnophila indica (inata) 235
Scoparia dulcis (malaanis) 236
Family Bignoniaceae 236
Crescentia alata (hoja-cruz) 236
Dolichandrone spathacea (tuwi) 236
Oroxylum indicum (pingkapingkahan) 236
Family Pedaliaceae 236
Sesamum orientale (sesame or liiiga) 236
Family Acanthaceae 237
Acanthus ilicifolius (diliuariu) 237
Barleria prionitis (kukong-manok) 237
Blechum brownei (sapin-sapin) 237
Graptophyllum pictum (atai-atai) 237
Justicia gendarussa 237
Justicia procumbens 238
Pseuderanthemum pulchellum (limang-sugat) 238
Rhinacanthus nasuta (tagak tagak) 238
Family Plantaginaceae 238
Plantago major (plantain) 238
Family Rubiaceae 238
Borreria hispida 238
Gardenia pseudopsidium 239
Hydnophytum formicarium 239
Hymenodictyon excelsum (aligango) 239
Morinda citrifolia 239
Mussaenda philippica (tinuliian-gatas) 239
Nauclea junghuhnii (mambog) 240
Nauclea orientalis (bangkal) 240
Oldenlandia corymbosa 240
Paederia foetida 240
Pavetta indica (lumboi-manuk) 241
Psychotria luzoniensis (alitakbo) 241
Psychotria mindorensis 241
Rubia cordifolia (mangil) 241
Family Cucurbitaceae .- 241
Benincasa hispida (kondol or waxgourd) 241
Lagenaria leucantha (upo) 242
Luffa cylindrica (patola) 242
Momordica charantia (ampalaya) 242
Momordica cochinchinensis (tabog-ok) 242
Trichosanthes quinquangulata (katimbau) 242
Family Goodeniaceae 243
Scaevola frutescens (bokabok) 243
MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 161
Description of Species — Continued. Page.
Family Compositae 243
Ageratum conyzoides (bulak-manuk) 243
Artemisia vulgaris (damong-maria or mugwort) 243
Blumea balsamifera (sambong) 243
Centipeda minima (haraiigan) 244
Chrysanthemum indicum (chrysanthemum) 244
Crossostephium chinense 244
Eclipta alba (tultulisan) 244
Elephantopus scaber (pagbilau) 244
Elephantopus spicatus (supsuput) 245
Emilia sonchifolia (tagulinau) 245
Enhydra fluctuans 245
Eupatorium triplinerve (aiapana) 245
Grangea maderaspatana (pakpako-ti-alog) 245
Pterocaulon redolens (subosub) 245
Siegesbeckia orientalis 245
Sphaeranthus africanus (sambong-damo) 246
Spilanthes acmella (palumai) 246
Tagetes patula (marigold or ahito) 246
Vernonia cinerea (agas-moro) ► 246
Wedelia biflora (hagonoi) 246
177674-.— 11
MEDICINAL USES OF PHILIPPINE PLANTS
By Leon Maria Guerrero *
INTRODUCTION
These notes are the result of several years of investigation
into the use made by the natives, for medicinal purposes, of
certain plants belonging to the rich Philippine flora, as well
as of those of other, foreign species introduced into this country
in a prehistoric period and since.
The list of such plants seems unnecessarily long; neverthe-
less, it does not include all of the species in the list of Philippine
medicinal plants. Many already recorded have been purposely
omitted, as their inclusion here would occupy too much space.
Though it is a long one, it covers only investigations conducted
among the Christianized natives, segregated in towns or villages,
who have for some time enjoyed the advantages of modern
civilization and culture. Similar investigations will be carried
on later among the scattered tribes living in the forested moun-
tains in various regions of the Archipelago.
The Philippine flora comprises not only an astonishingly
large number of timber and other useful species, but also a no
less astonishing wealth of medicinal plants, the great thera-
peutic possibilities of which will become apparent once empiri-
cism gives way to the practice of scientific pharmacology. This
subject has scarcely been touched, so far as native drugs are
concerned, notwithstanding the reasonable demand that our
native products be utilized in preference to those of other coun-
tries which frequently are no better than those of our own land.
To prepare a genuinely Philippine Pharmacopoeia is not a
simple task, for it involves a thorough chemical and pharmacody-
namic study of the most important drugs already known to
medical practitioners. Not only this, but careful selection must
be made from among those tested in order that the formulas
shall not contain several drugs that possess the same or similar
curative virtues, and that the proposed Philippine code shall
include such foreign drugs for which no equivalents have yet
been found here.
* From the Botanical Section of the Biological Laboratory; Bureau of
Science, Manila.
163
164 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
From our present knowledge of this matter it seems ad-
visable to condense the list so as to include only the most
important material; that is, such plants as have proved effica-
cious, either medicinally or toxically, according to the general
conception of these two terms. There is no doubt that much
of folklore has entered into the belief in the great virtues of
plants reputed to be medicinal. This fact portrays clearly the
primitive mentality of a part of our people who have not yet
entirely thrown off the ethological traces which at one time
characterized them. What might at first glance appear to be
of secondary importance or even without value, may often prove
the stepping-stone to chemical investigation ; because a belief
that may appear to be mere opinion without foundation in fa,ct
is, in reality, the result of practical observation. A thing ob-
served may be inexplicable to one of primitive intelligence; but
such observation may develop into superstition, since his mind
is incapable of interpreting correctly the phenomenon he has
observed, and he can only explain it as having occurred through
the mysterious intervention of some deity who possesses the
key to the enigma.
The mediquillos,* not really understanding the causes that
produce disease, simply utilize the plants herein described in
the treatment of symptoms. For this reason, the descriptions
of their curative uses are usually given here in terms of symp-
toms rather than as remedies for the treatment of specific
diseases.
The formulas used by the mediquillos for the administration
of their vegetal drugs are the simplest. Their officinal and
galenic preparations consist of decoctions and infusions that
are more or less concentrated, recently adopted sirups, oily
unguents or embrocations, watery or alcoholic macerations, poul-
tices, plasters that have for their base pure wax or resinous sub-
stances, inhalations, fumigations, empyreumatic products, etc.
Their methods of manipulation are rudimentary and inspired
by false principles or by a faulty understanding of the imme-
diate component parts of the plants. The mediquillo is not
given to mixing many ingredients in one prescription; this
fact makes it easier to detect the effects of the drug employed
by him, and eliminates all doubt as to whether the effect can
be attributed to the principal medicament or to some other one
used in connection with it.
* A word used in the Philippine Islands for one having medical
iencft but no title.
ex-
perience but no title.
MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 165
In conclusion, it may be stated that this list of Philippine
medicinal plants includes many, the curative virtues of which
have been tested by missionaries who for a time exercised their
calling in localities lacking the indispensable means for treat-
ment of their sick parishioners. However, it should be remem-
bered that the missionaries owed their knowledge of these native
remedies largely to the mediquillos. Notwithstanding the
aversion of the missionaries to certain superstitious practices
with which these mediquillos sometimes accompanied the in-
ternal or external administration of some therapeutic remedy,
the former were frequently compelled to request the services
of the latter when the life of a patient became endangered.
DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES
ALGAE
Genus GRACILLARIA
GRACILLARIA LICHENOIDES Grev. GULAMAN.
Local names: Guldman (Tagalog, Sambali, Pangasinan) ; gulamdn
(Bicol) ; gurdman (Ilocos Norte and Sur, Cagayan, Cuyo) ; gurgurdman
(Cagayan).
The gelatine extracted from this seaweed is used as a pectoral
and antidysenteric.
Family POLYPODIACEAE
Genus ACROSTICHUM
ACROSTICHUM AUREUM L. Lag6lo.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on mangrove swamps.
The rhizomes are vulnerary, and are especially used in
healing inveterate ulcers. The leaves used in topicals are
emollient.
Genus ADIANTUM
ADIANTUM PHILIPPENSE L. KAIkAi.
Local names: Culantrillo (Spanish in the vicinity of Manila and Pam-
panga) ; kaikdi (Tagalog).
The fronds either in decoction or a sirup are, in European
therapeutics, utilized for the same purposes as is Adiantum
capillus veneris. In the Philippines they are administered to
women in childbirth in the same manner as are the species of
Aristolochia.
Distribution: Central Luzon to Palawan.
Genus ASPLENIUM
ASPLENIUM MACROPHYLLUM Sw. PakoNG-GUBAT
Local names: Buntot-kapon (Tagalog); culantrillo (Bukidnon) ; pako
(Palawan, Bukidnon, Isabela) ; pakong-gubat (Manila and vicinity).
The fronds in the form of a decoction are a powerful diuretic,
used in the treatment of defective urinary secretion, especially
that induced by beriberi.
Distribution: Northern Luzon to southern Mindanao.
167
168 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
Genus DRYNARIA
DRYNARIA QUERCIFOLIA (L.) J. Sm. PakpAK-LAUIN.
Local names: Baga-haga (Pangasinan) ; gona tibdtib (Pampanga) ;
kabkdb, kabkdbin, kabkdbon (Bisaya) ; kabkdb (Bicol) ; kappa-kappd
(Iloko) ; pako (Tayabas) ; pakpdk-lduin, paipdi-amo (Tagalog) ; saga
(Benguet).
A description of this species is given in the section on orna-
mental plants.
The rhizomes in decoction are used as an astringent. In
concentrated form they are said to be anthelmintic.
Genus OLEANDRA
OLEANDRA NERIIFORMIS Cav. KALISKIS-AHAS.
Local names: Kaliskis-dhas, hlnas (Tagalog).
The stipes in decoction are an efficacious emmenagogue. They
are believed, among the Filipinos, to be a good remedy for ven-
omous snake bites.
Distribution: Benguet, Zamboanga, Basilan.
Genus ONYCHIUM
ONYCHIUM SILICULOSUM (Desv.) C. Chr. PAK6NG-ANtJANG.
Local names: Dila-dila, pakong-aniiajig (Tagalog); pako (Bulacan).
The fronds in decoction are good for dysentery.
Distribution : Apparently confined to the provinces of northern
and central Luzon.
Family SCHIZAEACEAE
Genus LYGODIUM
LYGODIUM CIRCINNATUM (Burm. f.) NlTO.
A description and figure of this species and its local names are
given in the section on fiber plants.
The stipe is chewed and applied to the bites of venomous
reptiles or insects in order to neutralize the poison.
Distribution : Throughout the Philippines from the Batanes
Islands to Zamboanga.
Family CYCADACEAE
Genus CYCAS
CYC AS RUM PHI I Miq. Pit6G0.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on food plants.
The whole seed is roasted, pounded into small pieces, put into
coconut oil, stirred, and applied to wounds, boils, itches, and
other skin diseases.
MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 159
Family TYPHACEAE
Genus TYPHA
TYPHA ANGUSTI FOLIA L. CaT-TAIL.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on fiber plants.
The woolly inflorescence is employed in the healing of wounds,
yet it ought rather to be considered as hemostatic by mechanical
action.
Family PANDANACEAE
Genus PAN DAN US
PAN DAN US TECTORIUS Soland. Common or Beach Pandan.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on fiber plants.
The aerial roots yield a decoction used as a beverage in cases
of blennorrhea. This decoction, together with urethral injec-
tions of the sap of the base of the banana plant, is said to be
a rapid cure for this malady.
Family HYDROCHARITACEAE
Genus OTTELIA
OTTELIA ALISMOIDES (L.) Pars. KalaboA.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on food plants.
The leaves are used in topicals to cure hemorrhoids. It
has been claimed that this plant has rubefacient properties.
Family GRAMINEAE
Genus ANDROPOGON
ANDROPOGON ACICULATUS Retz. TiNLAI.
Local names: Amor-seco (Spanish-Filipino, Tayabas, Bataan) ; tinldi
(Bataan).
The entire plant in decoction is regarded as a diuretic.
Distribution : Common in central provinces of Luzon, but
found also in the Mountain Province of Luzon, and the Islands
of Palawan and Mindanao.
ANDROPOGON CITRATUS DC. TANGLAD or LEMON GRASS.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on resins, gums, and oils.
The roots yield a decoction used as a diuretic. The leaves are
employed for aromatic baths.
170 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
ANDROPOGON SORGHUM (L.) Brot. var. VULGARIS (Pers.) Hack.
BatAD.
Local names: Bdtad (Tagalog, Bikol, Cuyo, Occidental Negros, Davao) ;
bukdkau (Bontoc, Iloko Provinces, Pangasinan).
The fruits yield a decoction much like that of barley and
which is used similarly.
Distribution : Cultivated, on a small scale for local consumption,
from northern Luzon to Mindanao and Palawan.
ANDROPOGON ZIZANIOIDES (L.) Urban. Vetiver or MORAS.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils.
The decoction of the roots is used for tonic baths, and is taken
internally as an efficacious lithotriptic.
Genus BAMBUSA
BAMBUSA SPIN OS A Roxb. Spiny Bamboo.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on bamboos.
A decoction of the roots is administered in cases of anuria.
BAMBUSA VULGARIS Schrad. KawayAN-Kiling.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on bamboos.
The aqueous sap of this plant is much esteemed by the natives
as a remedy for phthisis.
Genus 001 X
COIX LACHRYMA-JOBI L. TiGBi or Job's Tears.
The local names of this species are given in the section on
fibers.
The starch obtained from the fruit is considered as a tonic
which is restorative in convalescence.
Distribution: Widely distributed in the settled areas of the
Philippines.
Genus CYNODON
CYNODON DACTYLON (L.) Pers. BERMUDA GRASS.
Local names: Galot-galot (Pangasinan); grama (Spanish-Filipino).
A decoction of the entire plant is an effective diuretic and is
also considered a pectoral.
Distribution: From northern Luzon to southern Mindanao.
Genus ELEUSINE
ELEUSINE INDICA (L.) Gaertn. Palagtik! or Yard Grass.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on fiber plants.
MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 171
The entire plant, mixed with gogo, is used to cleanse the head
of dandruff, and to prevent loss of hair.
Genus IMPERATA
IMPERATA CYLINDRICA (L.) Beauv. var. KOENIGII Benth. KoGON.
Local names: Buchid (Batanes Islands); gaon (Benguet) ; gogon
(Bikol) ; kogon (Bontoc, Tagalog, Pampanga, Bisaya, etc.) ; pan'du
(Iloko).
The fruiting spikes are regarded as vulnerary in decoction,
and as a sedative when taken internally.
Distribution: Widely distributed from Batanes Islands to
southern Mindanao.
Genus 0RY2A
ORYZA SATIVA L. RiCE.
Local names: Ammai (Ibanak) ; humdi (Cebu, Misamis) ; pdgai (Iloko,
Cagayan) ; pdgoi (Pangasinan) ; pdkii (Igorot) ; pdlai (Tagalog) ; pale
(Pampanga); pdli (Sambali) ; pdroi (Bikol, Bisaya, Cuyo).
The roots and rhizomes yield a decoction employed in cases
of anuria. The lye produced by the burned culms is considered
by the Ilokos to be an abortive. The fruits in decoction or
poultices are emollient.
Genus PANICUM
PANICUM STAGNINUM Retz. Urar6i.
Local names: Lagtom na puld, tiraroi (Camarines) ; timsim (Chinese).
A decoction of the pith is used as a diuretic.
Distribution: Widely distributed from Batanes Islands to
southern Mindanao.
Genus PASPALUM
PASPALUM SCROBICULATUM L.
Local names: Ang-angson (Benguet); balili (Lepanto) ; perag'is (Ta-
galog) .
A decoction of the roots and rhizomes is used as an alterative
in childbirth.
Distribution : Mountain Province of Luzon to Basilan.
Genus SCHIZOSTACHYUM
6CHIZ0STACHYUM DIELSIANUM (Pilger) Merr.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on bamboos.
A decoction of the rhizomes makes a refreshing beverage.
The young shoots are used to dissipate the opacity of the cornea.
Distribution: Very common in the central provinces of
Luzon.
172 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
Genus ZEA
ZEA MAYS L. CORN.
Local name: Mais (Spanish-Filipino).
A decoction of the fresh or dried stalk, as well as that of
the stigmas, is a diuretic much used by the natives of the
Philippines,
Distribution : Cultivated throughout the Philippines.
Family CYPERACEAE
Genus KYLLINGA
KYLLINGA MONOCEPH ALA Rottb. BUSIKAD.
Local names: Aniiang, inuthd (Tagalog) ; bagi-bdgi, piingos (Samar) ;
basikad, botoiicillo (Laguna) ; borsa ulu dadakkel (Union) ; bosbotones,
busikad (Bisaya) ; katutu (Cotabato) ; malaapnUd (Pampanga) ; mustra
(Tayabas) ; ftudsnd (Bisaya).
The rhizome yields a decoction employed as a diuretic. Mixed
with oil, it is externally employed to combat certain forms of
dermatosis.
Distribution : Common and widely distributed throughout the
Philippines.
Family PALMAE
Genus ARECA
ARECA CATECHU L. BUNGA or BETEL PALM.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on palms.
The seeds, besides being chewed, are also much employed
externally as an astringent. The tender seeds are said to be
purgative, and the ripened ones grated are a vermifuge. Some
care must be taken in grating, as the seeds contain poisonous
elements.
ARECA HUTCHINSONIANA Becc. PiSA.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on palms.
The raw terminal bud is given to children to be eaten as a
vermifuge.
Genus ARENGA
ARENGA FINN ATA (Wurmb) Merr. KAoNG or Sugar palm.
A description and figure of this species and its local names are
given in the section on palms.
The unripe fruit is edible, but when ripe is said to be a violent
poison for dogs. The fuzz of the petioles is used as a hemos-
tatic and cicatrizant.
MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 173
Genus COCOS
COCOS NUCIFERA L. CoCONUT PALM
Figures of this species and its local names are given in the
section on palms.
This plant, besides its many medicinal uses, gives an empy-
reumatic product used generally in toothache caused by caries,
and in cutaneous diseases. It is obtained by burning the endo-
carp in a receptacle, and condensing in another the volatile
products which separate.
Distribution : Throughout the Philippines in cultivation.
Genus CORYPHA
CORYPHA ELATA Roxb. BuRl'.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on palms.
The young plants are brewed in decoction and administered
in cases of febrile catarrh.
Family ARACEAE
Genus ACORUS
ACORUS CALAMUS L. LUBIGAN or SWEET FLAG.
A description of this species and its local names are given in
the section on resins, gums, and oils.
The rhizomes are administered as a stimulant and carminative.
They are said to be antirheumatic when used as an embrocation.
Genus ALOCASIA
ALOCASIA MACRORRHIZA (L.) Schott. BlGA.
A description of this species and its local names are given in
the section on food plants.
The petioles, in a nearly decayed state, are ground together,
placed in a piece of cloth with live coals, and used as an applica-
tion to alleviate toothache.
Genus AMORPHOPHALLUS
AMORPHOPHALLUS CAM PANULATUS (Roxb.) Blume. Pungapung.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on food plants.
The corms are caustic, and are employed, in antirheumatic
poultices, as rubefacients.
Genus CYRTOSPERMA
CYRTOSPERMA MERKUSII (Hassk.) Schott. Palauan.
A description of this species and its local names are given in
the section on food plants.
174 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
The spadix is used in decoction as an emmenagogue and
ecbolic.
Genus HOMALOMENA
HOMALOMENA PH I LI PPIN ENSIS Engl. TAHfc.
A description of this species and its local names are given in
the section on miscellaneous plants.
The rhizomes are reputed to be antirheumatic if used in the
form of an embrocation.
Genus RHAPHIDOPHORA
RHAPHIDOPHORA MERRILLII Engl. AMLONa
Local names: Amlong (Camarines) ; amulong (Iloko) ; balamai, mala-
pakpdk^ tampinhanal, tibdtib (Tagalog) ; balikiikup bisano, dibatib, daila,
garban, horag, takoline, tirbdtib (Bisaya) ; diikup (Bontoc).
The sap is employed for the cure of snake bites. The spadix
of this plant is valued among the natives as an emmenagogue.
perhaps on account of its form.
Distribution: Mountain Province of Luzon to southern Min-
danao.
Genus TYPHONIUM
TYPHONIUM DIVARICATUM Decne.
Local name: Gabigabihan (Tagalog).
The corms have a rubefacient quality, but are very rarely used.
Family FLAGELLARIACEAE
Genus FLAGELLARIA
FLAGELLAR I A INDICA L. BaliNG-uAi.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on fiber plants.
The stem and rhizome in decoction are considered diuretic.
Family COMMELINACEAE
Genus COM M ELI N A
COMMELINA BENGHALENSIS L. SABILAu.
Local names: Alikbdngon (Tagalog); bias-bids (Pampanga) ; kuhdsi
(Batanes Islands) ; kulkuldsi (Union) ; olikbdngon (Tagalog) ; sabildu
(Bisaya).
The entire plant, in decoction, is used as an emollient colly-
rium. It is also employed to combat strangury.
Distribution: Batanes Islands to Palawan and Basilan.
MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 175
Family LILIACEAE.
Genus ALiUM
ALLIUM CEPA L. ONION.
Local names: Aldonises, sibihjas (Tagalog).
The bulbs, cooked and mixed with cocoanut oil, are used in the
form of an ointment applied to the abdomen to provoke diuresis.
ALLIUM SATIVUM L. Bauang or Garlic.
Local names: Ajos (Spanish) ; hcinang (Ilocos Norte and Sur, Abra,
Benguet, Nueva Ecija, Union, Zambales, Pangasinan, Tarlac, Pampanga,
Bulacan, Bataan, Cavite, Batangas, Manila, Rizal, Laguna, Tayabas,
Camarines Norte and Sur, Albay, Leyte, Marinduque, Misamis) ; lasond
(Cuyo).
The bulbs, when applied to the temples in the form of a
poultice, are considered to be revulsive in headache. They are
used also to mitigate the pain caused by the bites of insects, scor-
pions, centipedes, etc.
Genus SANSEVIERA
SANSEVIERA 2EYLANICA (L.) Willd. SiNAwA.
A description of this species and its local names are given in the
section on fiber plants.
The leaves when roasted are used as an emollient.
Genus SMI LAX
SMI LAX BRACT EATA PresL BanAg.
Local names: Bandg (Benguet, Union, Abra) ; banal (Benguet) ; hampds-
tigbdlang, kamagsd, sipit-oldng (Rizal) ; kolot-bdbui (Bataan).
The rhizomes and roots are regarded as depurative when
used in the form of a decoction.
Distribution : Benguet, Union, Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija, Bula-
can, Rizal, Laguna, Tayabas, Bataan, Sorsogon, Davao.
SMI LAX CHINA L. UBI-UBfHAN.
Local names: Bnanal (Benguet); ubi-ubihan (Tagalog).
The roots and rhizomes taken in the form of a decoction are
used as depurative in cases of herpetism, syphilis, etc.
Distribution: In the mountains of Benguet, Lepanto, Ifugao,
Bontoc, Mindoro, Zambales, Negros.
SMILAX LEUCOPHYLLA Blume. HampaS-TIGbXlang.
Lacal names: Banal (Benguet) ; hampds-tigbdlang, kdmot-kabdg (Rizal) ;
ronas (Bisaya) ; zarzaparilla-puti (Laguna).
The roots and rhizomes of this species are used as a purifier
176 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
of the blood, as is the case with all species of Smilax. They are
considered as antisyphilitic and antirheumatic, and are gen-
erally effective in cutaneous affection.
Distribution : Benguet, Pangasinan, Bataan, Pampanga, Rizal,
Laguna, Mindoro, Balabac, Palawan, Culion, and Agusan.
Family AMARYLLIDACEAE
Genus CRINUM
CRINUM ASIATICUM L. BakONG.
Local names: Aguhdhan (Bisaya); hakon (Polillo, Mindoro); hdkong
(Bataan, Union, Pangasinan, Camarines) ; kalagukon (Bisaya) ; salibang-
bdng (Bisaya).
The bulbs are prepared as an ointment, and the leaves as
an emollient, both in the form of topicals. The bulbs have
emetic properties.
Distribution : Batanes Islands, Bontoc, Ilocos Sur, Nueva Viz-
caya, Union, Pangasinan, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Mindoro,
Polillo, Palawan, Davao, Zamboanga,
Genus CURCULIGO
CURCULIGO ORCHIOIDES Gaertn.
Local names: Estrella, talangi, tataluangi (Bukidnon) ; kogon-kogon
(Rizal); sulsulitik (Bontoc).
The plant is used as a cure for skin diseases and for head-
ache. The root when powdered and used pure, or mixed with
other tonic or carminative vegetable drugs, is considered tonic,
pectoral, diuretic and aphrodisiac.
Distribution : Bontoc, Pangasinan, Rizal, Mindoro, Sorsogon,
Antique, Semirara Island, Biliran Island, Palawan, Bukidnon.
and Davao.
Genus EURYCLES
EURYCLES AMBOINENSIS (L.) Lindl. Katangal.
Local names: Abud (Bisaya); katdngal (Bisaya); katungal (Tagalog) ;
kosol (Bisaya) ; dausum (Bisaya) ; pandbor (Bisaya) ; talaihnir (Bisaya) ;
taliunud (Bikol) ; tambdl (Tagalog); tanual, tonuar (Bisaya).
The bulbs are employed as emeto-cathartic in small doses;
the leaves are used externally as antirheumatic topicals.
Distribution: Cavite, Laguna, Camarines, Mindoro; often
cultivated as an ornamental pot plant.
Genus HYMENOCALLIS
HYMENOCALLIS LITTORALE (Jacq.) Salisb.
Local names: Ajos-djos iiga mapiiti (Bisaya); bdkong (Tagalog);
lirio (Spanish-Filipino).
The bulbs are used as a vulnerary.
MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 177
Genus POLIANTHES
POLIANTHES TU SEROSA L. AZUCENA or TUBEROSE.
Local name: Azucena (throughout the Philippines).
The bulbs are used in a decoction to cure gonorrhea ; and in
the form of a poultice are employed as a maturative.
Distribution: Cultivated from Luzon to Mindanao.
Family DIOSCOREACEAE
Genus DIOSCOREA
DIOSCOREA HISPIDA Dennst. Nami.
A description of this species and its local names are given in
the section on food plants.
The tubers, raw or cooked, are used as an anodyne and ma-
turative in cases of tumors and buboes, and also against ar-
thritic and rheumatic pains, etc.
Family MUSACEAE
Genus MUSA
MUSA ERRANS (Blanco) Teodoro var. BOTOAN Teodoro. Butuhan.
Local names: Buttian or butuhan (Tagalog, Bikol) ; bui (Iloko) ; pdkol
(Bisaya).
The sap is vulnerary. The sap exuding from the base of the
cut trunk is used for urethral injections in gonorrhea.
Distribution: Widely distributed and occasionally cultivated.
Family ZINGIBERACEAE
Genus ALPINiA
ALPINIA PYRAMIDATA Blume. Langkauas.
A description of this species and its local names are given in
the section on food plants.
The rhizomes are carminative and stimulative. A decoction
of the leaves is used for antirheumatic and stimulant baths.
Genus COSTUS
COSTUS SPECIOSUS (Koenig) Sm. TUBONG-USA.
Local names: Baston de San Jose (Spanish in Iloilo) ; Innas (Bataan) ;
tambdk (Batangas) ; tubong-usd (Camarines).
The rhizome is an aromatic medicine. It is not much used,
though it sometimes replaces the species of Kaempferia.
Distribution: Very widely distributed throughout Luzon, the
Visayas, and Mindanao.
Genus CURCUMA
CURCUMA LONGA L. DiLAU or TURMERIC.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on resins, gums, and oils.
The rhizomes when cooked in oil are stomachic and vulnerary.
177674^—12
178 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
Genus KAEMPFERIA
KAEMPFERIA GALANGA L. DUSOL.
Local names: Disol (Bontoc) ; duso (Tagalog, Rizal) ; dusol, gnsol (Ta-
galog) ; kisol (Bukidnon).
The rhizome is carminative if used in decoction. When
chewed, it is said to be useful in alleviating coughs. The
pounded rhizome is used in curing the irritation produced by
contact with stinging caterpillars.
Distribution : Bondoc, Rizal, Bukidnon.
KAEMPFERIA ROTUNDA L.
The rhizome is used internally in gastric complaints, as are
the species of Galayiga. Used externally, it is a powerful cica-
trizant if mixed with coconut oil.
Distribution: Widely distributed in the Philippines, both cul-
tivated and wild.
Genus KOLOWRATIA
KOLOWRATIA ELEGANS PresL Tagbak.
Local names: Tagbak (Rizal, Laguna, Camarines) ; tagbdk-bdbui (Ba-
tangas) ; talbdk (Pampanga, Bataan, Laguna); tugbdk (Tayabas).
The leaves, after having been pounded and mixed with a little
salt, are rubbed on the affected parts of a paralytic patient.
Distribution : Widely distributed in the Philippines.
Genus ZINGIBER
ZINGIBER ZERUMBET (L.) Sm. BARAK.
Local names: Bangldi (Tagalog); bardk (Tayabas); kalaudg (Albay) ;
langkauds (Polillo) ; tamohilang (Bukidnon); tumbong-dso (Tagalog).
The pulverized rhizome is administered as an antidiarrhetic.
Distribution : Bontoc, Apayao, Bataan, Cavite, Manila, Ba-
tangas, Laguna, Tayabas, Polillo, Camarines, Albay, Bukidnon,
Lanao ; occasionally cultivated.
Family CANNACEAE
Genus CANNA
CANNA INDICA L. CANNA.
Local names: Kakuintdsan, kuintas-kuintdsan (Tagalog); tikas-tikas
(Tagalog, Bisaya) ; lasd (Batanes Islands).
The rhizome in decoction is used as a diuretic, and when
macerated in water is said to alleviate nosebleed.
Distribution : Batanes Islands to Lanao.
MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 179
Family MARANTACEAE
G€nus DONAX
DONAX CANNAEFORMIS (Forst. f.) K. Schum. Bamban.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on fiber plants.
The roots when brewed in decoction are said to act as an
antidote for snake bites, and in blood-poisoning generally.
Family ORCHIDACEAE
Genus GEO DO RUM
GEODORUM NUTANS (Presl) Ames.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on resins, gums, and oils.
The tuberous base is regarded as emollient when utilized
as a poultice.
Family CASUARINACEAE
Genus CASUARINA
CASUARINA EQUISETIFOLIA L. Ag6ho.
Local names: Agoho (Tagalog, Bisaya, Bikol, Pampangan) ; ago (Palaui
Islands, Cagayan) ; agok (Cagayan, Babuyanes Islands) ; agoko (Panga-
sinan) ; agoso (Zambales, Nueva Ecija, Tayabas) ; ak-o (Cagayan) ; aro
(Iloco, Benguet) ; arobo, aroho (Abra) ; aroo (Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Pan-
gasinan, Nueva Ecija, Ilocos Sur) ; karo (Ilocos) ; malahohok (Bisaya) ;
maribuhok (Leyte, Surigao).
The bark, in decoction, is employed as an emmenagogic and
ecbolic when taken in large doses.
Distribution : Very widely distributed from northern Luzon
to Palawan and northern Mindanao, along the coast and sandy
river valleys.
Family PIPERACEAE
Genus PIPER
PIPER BETLE L. BuYO or Betel Pepper.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on official medicinal plants.
The leaves, together with lime and betel nut, constitute a
masticatory in general use among the Filipinos, who consider
it a preservative of the teeth and a prophylactic against certain
complaints of the stomach. The leaves when greased with lard
or sesame oil are much used by Filipinos as a carminative
medicine applied to the abdomen of children suffering from
gastric disorders.
180 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
PIPER NIGRUM L.
Local name: Malisa (Tagalog, Bisaya).
The fruit is used as a condiment by the Filipinos; and also,
when applied externally, as a stimulant and rubefacient.
Distribution: Cavite, Batangas, Surigao.
PIPER RETROFRACTUM Vahl.
Local names: Amaras (Pangasinan) ; huyo-buyo (Bisaya) ; kamara
(Abra, Union) ; kayungo (Manila) ; litlit (Cavite, Pangasinan) ; sabia
(Cavite, Rizal, Laguna) ; saog-machin (Rizal) ; subon-mani'ik (Bataan).
The root i& chewed and the saliva swallowed, or the root is
brewed in decoction as a cure for colic.
Distribution : Babuyanes Islands, Ilocos Norte, Abra, Union,
Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija, Bulacan, Bataan, Cavite, Rizal, Ma-
nila, Laguna, Mindoro, Antique, Palawan.
Family CHLORANTHACEAE
Genus CHLORANTHUS
CHLORANTHUS BRACH YSTACH YS Blume.
Local names: Apot, gapas, umu-um (Benguet) ; gamuk (Bukidnon) ;
tolal (Basilan).
An infusion of this plant is said to be good for headache.
Distribution : Common and widely distributed at medium and
higher altitudes throughout the Archipelago.
Family MORACEAE
Genus ARTOCARPUS
ARTOCARPUS COMMUNIS Forst. Antip6L0.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on fiber plants,
A decoction of the bark is used as a vulnerary.
ARTOCARPUS CUMINGIANA Tree. AnubiNG.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils.
The bark is boiled and used as a remedy for stomachache.
ARTOCARPUS INTEGRA (Thunb.) Merr. Nangka.
A description of this species and its local names are given in
the section on fiber plants.
The leaves, charred, and powdered, are used as an effective
cicatrizant for the wound resulting from a surgical operation
for the removal of congenital phimosis.
MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 181
Genus FATOUA
FATOUA PILOSA Gaudich. Sikki'r.
Local names: Malbas-damo (Batangas) ; poro (Union) ; sarungkdr a ba-
bassit (Uocos Sur) ; sikkir (Union),
This plant is said to be used for swollen gums.
Distribution: Northern Luzon to Mindanao. It occurs in dry
thickets, on walls, cliffs, etc. at low altitudes.
Genus FICUS
FICUS HAUILI Blanco. Haui'li.
Local names: Dmdiu (Benguet) ; hauili (Benguet, Zambales, Bulacan,
Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Batangas, Mindoro) ; kauili (Tayabas, Bataan) ;
labnog (Mindoro, Occidental Negros, Guimaras Island) ; lagneob (Bataan) ;
lagmiit, lamnog (Occidental Negros) ; Idpting (Pangasinan) ; lillau, tuHau
(Cagayan) ; liuliu (Abra, Bontoc, Pangasinan) ; raiya-rdiya (Ilocos Norte
and Sur, Abra); yabnoi (Batanes Islands).
The latex is used to cure certain varieties of herpes. The
leaves applied externally are said to be antirheumatic.
Distribution : Very abundant throughout the Philippines,
from Batanes Islands to Basilan Island.
FICUS MINAHASSAE (Teysm. & De Vr.) Miq. Hagimit.
Local names: Arimit (Abra); ayimit (Polillo) ; aimit, ayilmit (Tayabas
businai (Ilocos Sur) ; hagimit (Laguna, Tayabas, Mindoro, Samar, Leyte,
Capiz) ; hugimit (Bukidnon) ; sabfog (Bontoc) ; tambis-tambis, taisan
(Basilan); tambuyogan (Masbate).
The leaves are used as an antirheumatic topical. The sap is
employed as a beverage.
Distribution : From northern Luzon to Basilan Island.
FICUS PAYAPA Blanco. PayapA.
Local names: Balete or balite (Zambales, Bataan, Rizal Mindoro, Laguna,
Batangas) ; dalagita (Bisaya) ; daldkit (Oriental Negros) ; langaban (Co-
tabato) ; paydpa (Tagalog, Pampangan).
The roots are an effective vulnerary when powdered and
applied to wounds.
Distribution : Common in northern and central Luzon, and also
collected from Mindoro, Leyte, Negros, Cotabato, and Lanao.
Genus MALAISIA
MALAISIA SCAN DENS (Lour.) Planch. Malaisi'S.
A description of this species and its local names are given in
the section on fiber plants.
The leaves are administered in decoction to women after
childbirth.
182 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
Genus STREBLUS
STREBLUS ASPER Lour. Kali6s.
A description of this species and its local names are given in
the section on soap substitutes.
Water in which the bark of this tree has been boiled is used
for disinfecting wounds; also internally for the skin disease
called "culebra." The bark is chewed as an antidote in snake
poisoning. An infusion of the leaves is drunk as a tea.
Family URTICACEAE
Genus FLEURYA
FLEURYA INTERRUPTA (L.) Gaudich. LipAng-ASO.
Local names: Dalamo, damoro (Bisaya) ; langdla, lipdng-dso, lipdng-
kastila (Tagalog) ; lupa (Pampanga).
The leaves, applied locally, are said to be good as a cure
for carbuncles. A decoction of the root is an efficacious
diuretic.
Distribution: Apayao, Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal, Manila, La-
guna, Tayabas, Polillo, Albay, Sorsogon, Antique, Misamis,
Butuan, Camiguin Island, Davao, Palmas Islands.
Genus LAPORTEA
LAPORTEA MEYENIANA (Walp.) Warb. Lipang-KALAbAu.
Local names: Aparigua (Bisaya); lingdtong, lipa, lipdi, lipdng-kalahdu
(Tagalog); lipdng-diitong (Pampanga).
The root and leaves are used in infusion as a diuretic in
cases of urinary retention. The leaves are said to cure car-
buncles if applied locally.
Distribution: Cagayan, Mountain Province, Union, Nueva
Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Pampanga, Bulacan, Cavite, Rizal, La-
guna, Tayabas, Batangas, Mindoro, Guimaras Island.
Genus PI LEA
PILEA MICROPHYLLA (L.) Liebm.
The entire plant in infusion is used as a diuretic.
Distribution: Union, Pampanga, Rizal, Manila, Laguna, Ta-
yabas, Polillo, Albay, Palawan, Malamaui Island, Jolo, Cotabato.
Genus P0U20LZIA
POUZOLZIA ZEYLANICA (L.) Benn.
The leaves are used as a vulnerary, but more especially as a
cicatrizant for gangrenous ulcers.
Distribution : Batanes Islands, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Union,
Bontoc, Apayao, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Pampanga, Rizal,
MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 183
Manila, Laguna, Batangas, Tayabas, Polillo, Camarines, Min-
doro, Samar, Leyte, Negros Oriental, Butuan, Bukidnon, Lanao,
Zamboanga.
Family ARISTOLOCHIACEAE
Genus ARISTOLOCHIA
ARISTOLOCHIA SERICEA Blanco PANG-GUlSf
Local name: Pang-guisV (Iloko).
The entire fresh plant is used as a carminative, emmenagogue,
and febrifuge remedy. In cases of very painful gastralgia,
the root is chewed and the saliva swallowed. The root macer-
ated in native spirituous liquors is administered post partum
as a uterine tonic. It has been asserted that this drug is a
violent abortive.
Distribution : Cagayan, Union, Batangas.
ARISTOLOCHIA TAG A LA Cham. Timbangan.
Lo:al names: Malanbi, timbangan, timh a ng timbangan (Tagalog) ;
kamkamaulau (Benguet) ; nag-erus; (Union) ; parol-parolan (Polillo) ;
tauen-tanen (Iloko).
The roots are said to be tonic, carminative, and emmenagogic ;
and a very eflficient remedy for infantile tympanites if they are
pulverized and applied to the abdomen.
Distribution: Widely distributed from the Mountain Prov-
ince of Luzon to southern Mindanao.
Family POLYGONACEAE
Genus POLYGONUM
POLYGONUM BARBATUM L. SUBSUBAN.
Local names: Kanubsuban, ligan-lupa (Pampanga) ; subsuban (Tagalog).
The sap of the pounded leaves, applied directly to wounds,
is an effective cicatrizant.
Distribution: Mountain Province of Luzon to Basilan.
Family CHENOPODIACEAE
Genus CHENOPODIUM
CHENOPODIUM AMBROSIOIDES L. AlpAS6teS.
Local names: Alpasotes (Spanish-Filipino); alpasoti (Bontoc) ; apasotes
(Union) ; pasotis (Mindoro) ; all corruptions of the scientific name.
The leaves and tops, crushed and mixed with cooked rice are
used as a carminative in poultices applied to the abdomen of
children suffering from dyspepsia. This plant is considered
also to be an emmenagogue.
Distribution: In waste places throughout the Philippines.
184 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
Family AMARANTHACEAE
Genus ACHYRANTHES
ACHYRANTHES ASPERA L. RAG-RAGADI.
Local names: Angud (Pampanga) ; garem (Ilocos Sur) ; gnella (Palaui
Island) ; hdngog (Balabac Island) ; hcingor (Tagalog, Bisaya) ; hdngot
(Tagalog) ; hdngug (Mindoro, Bulacan) ; higad-higad, igad-igad (Ilocos
Norte); libai (Tagalog); rag-ragddi (Pangasinan) ; sardmo (Bisaya).
A decoction of the leaves and roots of this plant is used
locally as a diuretic.
The sap is said to be useful in dissipating the opacity of the
cornea.
Distribution: Throughout the Philippines at low and medium
altitudes, a weed in open waste places.
Genus AERUA
AERUA LAN AT A (L.) Juss. KARLAKEM.
Local names: Karlakem (Union); painainap (Mindoro).
A decoction of this plant is a very efficacious diuretic, and
is said to be useful in catarrh of the bladder and in gonorrhea.
Distribution : Union, Central Luzon provinces, Mindoro, and
the Visayas,
Genus AMARANTHUS
AMARANTHUS SPINOSUS L. KaluNAI.
Local names: Akmn (Cotabato) ; ardi (Batangas) ; ayantoto (P'am-
panga) ; ba'nan (Bontoc) ; bayambdng (Mindoro) ; iting-iting (Davao) ;
kalunai (Iloko) ; karlunoi (Iloko in Bontoc) ; kuantong (Iloko) ; kulitis,
kilitis (Tagalog) ; oori (Polillo) ; siitan (Union) ; urdi (Mindoro, Tayabas).
A decoction of the root is useful in the treatment of gonorrhea.
Distribution: Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Benguet, Bontoc, Nueva
Vizcaya, Union, Nueva Ecija, Manila, Laguna, Tayabas, Min-
doro, Polillo, Palawan, Davao, Cotabato.
Genus CELOSIA
CELOSIA ARGENTEA L. KadAIOHAN.
Local names: Kadaiohan, (Tagalog); sansandok (Ilocos Norte); tagug-
hiig (Occidental Negros).
The seeds when in a decoction, or as fine powder, are con-
sidered antidiarrhetic and aphrodisiac. The leaves are edible;
but are not eaten by women during menstruation.
Distribution: Cagayan, Ilocos Norte and Sur, Benguet,
Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija, Rizal, Manila, Laguna, Tayabas,
Mindoro, Negros, Bohol, Palawan, Lanao, Davao.
MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS . 185
Family PORTULACACEAE
Genus PORTULACA
PORTULACA OLERACEA L. GULASiMAN.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on food plants.
The leaves and tops, in poultices, are used as an antihemorrha-
gic. In the form of an infusion they are taken as a diuretic
beverage. Also they are employed to heal burns and cure
certain skin diseases.
Distribution: Very common in waste places throughout the
Philippines.
Family BASELLACEAE
Genus BASELLA
BASELLA RUBRA L. LiBATO.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on food plants.
The roots are employed as a rubefacient, and in poultices
to reduce local swellings. The sap is used to anoint any part
of the body affected by acne in order to diminish the irritation
produced by that malady.
Family NYMPHAEACEAE
Genus NELUMBIUM
NELUMBIUM NELUMBO (L.) Druce. BAiNO or Lotus.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on food plants.
The roots, rhizomes, and flowers are employed as an astrin-
gent. The leaves and seeds are used in poultices.
Family MENISPERMACEAE
Genus ANAMIRTA
ANAMIRTA COCCULUS (L.) W. et A. LiGTANG.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on fiber plants.
The seeds, which are very poisonous, are used to kill lice in
the hair. They are also employed in fishing.
Genus ARCHANGELISIA
ARCHANGELISIA FLAVA (L.) Merr. Abutra.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on dyes.
186 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
A decoction of the roots and stem is used as a febrifuge, tonic,
emmenagogue, or abortive, according to the quantity adminis-
tered. In Zambales it is also employed as an expectorant in
bronchial affections. This plant contains about 5 per cent of
berberine.
• Genus CISSAMPELOS
CISSAMPELOS PAREIRA L. KalaAD.
Local names: Batang-bdtang (Cebu) ; kaldad, kalkaldad (Tagalog,
Iloko in Union and Cagayan) ; kalakalamdian (Batangas) ; kuskusipa
(Iloko) ; gulagulamdnan (Tagalog) ; ham.'pa'pdre, himpdra' (Bisaya) ; ma-
kabu (Bulacan) ; malarutto (Apayao) ; pare'-pdre' (Laguna) ; pari', sam-
papdre' (Bisaya); sansdu, sansau-sansduan, sinsaii-sinsdnan (Tagalog).
The root when brewed in decoction is considered diuretic,
lithotriptic, pectoral, and febrifugal. The pounded leaves are
used to cure snake bites. They are a good antiscabious remedy.
Distribution: Widely distributed throughout the Philippines.
Genus PYCNARRHENA
PYCNARRHENA M AN ILLENSIS Vidal Ambal.
Local names: Ambal (Tagalog) ; bdgo (Negros) ; halikot, halot (Bisaya) ;
mamoiigol (Tayabas).
The powdered root, taken internally, is used as a tonic
m.edicine. It is very efficacious as a cicatrizant. It is said that
it is also an excellent vulnerary and a remedy for snake bites,
and that the infusion is good for women in parturition.
Distribution: Central Luzon to Zamboanga.
Genus STEPHANIA
STEPHANIA JAPONICA (Thunb.) Miers Maratugi.
Local names: Kuren (Batanes Islands); maratugi (Bontoc).
This plant is said to be of value in the cure of itches.
Distribution : Batanes Islands, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Bontoc,
Lepanto, Benguet, Batangas, Rizal, Laguna, Camiguin Island.
In thickets and forests at low and medium altitudes.
Genus TINOMISCIUM
TINOMISCIUM PHILIPPINENSE Miers Bayating.
Local names: Bayating (Pampanga) ; lagtdng (Laguna); timbang-
timbang ( Tayabas ) .
The white milky sap diluted with water is used as an
eyewash.
Distribution : Pangasinan, Laguna, Tayabas, Biliran Island,
Lanao, Davao. In forests at low and medium altitudes.
MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 187
Family ANNONACEAE
Genus ALPHONSEA
ALPHONSEA ARBOREA (Blanco) Merr. BoLON.
Local names: Bolon (Camarines) ; kaldi (Zambales, Laguna) ; lanutan
(Leyte, Mindoro, Tayabas) ; lanutan-itum (Ticao Island); sapiro (Cebu).
The fruit of this tree is boiled and used locally as a cure for
fever. A decoction of the fruits is a good remedy in amenorrhea.
Distribution: Central Luzon to Davao.
Genus GONIOTHALAMUS
GONIOTHALAMUS AMUYON (Blanco) Merr. Amuyong.
A description of this species and its local names are given in
the section on fiber plants.
The seeds cooked with oil make an effective liniment in rheu-
matic complaints. In decoction they are used in tympanites.
Family LAURACEAE.
Genus CINN AMOM UM
CINNAMOMUM MERCADOI Vidal Kalingag.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils.
The bark has rubefacient properties and is utilized as a re-
medy for headaches and rheumatism. It is also chewed for
stomach troubles, and is used in tuberculosis. It is sometimes
substituted for cinnamon as a condiment.
CINNAMOMUM MINDANAENSE Elm. MINDANAO Cinnamon.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils.
The bark is used in the same manner as is Ceylon cinna-
mon. Filipinos use it in decoction with ginger, star anise
(Illicium anisatum) , and sugar as a stomachic beverage, and
also at breakfast. It is a very agreeable and hygienic drink.
The leaves yield a stimulant and carminative medicine.
Genus LITSEA
LITSEA GLUTINOSA (Lour.) C. B. Rob. Sablot.
Local names: Balangdnan (Mindoro) ; butus (Bataan) ; dalduen (Isabe-
la) ; dungul (Cagayan) ; lauat (Masbate) ; lokblut (Amburayan) ; lomd-
ngog (Guimaras Island) ; malakakdo (Bataan) ; tndrang (Polillo) ;
mipipi (Ticao Island) ; olos-olos (Pangasinan) ; parasablut (Zambales) ;
sablot (Union, Cagayan, Ilocos Sur, Isabela) ; siblot (Cagayan) ; tagu-
tugan (Camarines) ; tayakpok (Agusan) ; tiibjus (Batanes Islands).
The bark is used in decoction for the cure of intestinal catarrh.
Distribution: Cagayan to Cotabato.
188 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
Family CAPPARIDACEAE
Genus CAPPARIS
CAPPARIS HORRIDA L. f. HALUBAGAT-BAGING.
A description of this species and its local names are given in
the section on food plants.
The leaves are employed as a counter-irritant.
CAPPARIS MICRACANTHA DC. HalubagAT-KAHOI.
A description of this species and its local names are given in
the section on food plants.
This plant is said to be used for asthma and for pains in the
breast.
Genus CRATAEVA
GRATA EVA RELIGIOSA Forst. Balai-LAMOK.
Local names: Baldi-lamok (Ilocos Sur, Pangasinan) ; banugan (Masbate) ;
dulingatok (Pampanga) ; leting-pdko (Nueva Ecija).
The leaves of this plant are said to be useful in cases of irreg-
ular menstruation. They are considered stomachic. The root
is employed as an alterative. The sap of the bark is used as a
cure in convulsions and tympanites.
Distribution : Northern Luzon to Masbate and Palawan, prob-
ably also in Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago. Found in
waste places, along streams, and in thickets near the sea, some-
times planted.
Genus GYNANDROPSIS
GYNANDROPSIS GYNANDRA (L.) Merr. Manabo.
Local names: Mandho (Abra) ; tantandok, tantanddk iiga dadakkol
(Union) .
The leaves are used externally, as are the seeds of mustard,
and are taken internally in certain bilious disorders. The seeds
are considered to have properties similar to those of mustard.
Distribution: Cagaj^an, Ilocos Sur, Abra, Union, Pangasinan,
Pampanga, Bataan, Rizal, Manila, Mindoro, Sorsogon, Panay,
Negros Oriental, Davao, Zamboanga.
Family MORINGACEAE.
Genus MORINGA
MORINGA OLEIFERA Lam. Malunggai or Horse-RAdish tree.
A description of this species and its local names are given in
the section on resins, gums, and oils.
The bark is used as a rubefacient remedy. It is said that the
roots of this tree, if chewed and applied to the bite of a snake.
MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 189
will prevent the poison from spreading. A decoction of the
roots is considered antiscorbutic and is also given to delirious
patients.
Family PITTOSPORACEAE
Genus PITTOSPORUM
PITTOSPORUM PENTANDRUM (Blanco) Merr. Mamalis.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on resins, gums, and oils.
An aromatic decoction brewed from the leaves is used by
women in their baths following childbirth. The powdered bark
is employed, in small doses, as a febrifuge. If taken in larger
doses, it is considered a general antidote. It is also effective
in bronchitis.
Family LEGUMINOSAE
Genus ABRUS
ABRUS PRECATORIUS L. KanSASAGA or PrAYER-BEAN.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on fiber plants.
A decoction of the leaves and roots of this plant is used as
a cough cure.
Genus ADENANTHERA
ADENANTHERA INTERMEDIA Merr. Tanglin.
Local names: Bagiroro (Albay) ; bdhai (Antique, Zamboanga) ; bngd-
yong-chitia. (Ilocos Sur) ; butdrik (Cagayan) ; hahop (Samar) ; ipil,
pamiasin (Zambales) ; kinasaikdsai (fide Blanco) ; malasdgad (Rizal) ;
matdng uldng (Laguna, Tayabas) ; kaagdhan (Laguna) ; sagun-sagun
(Masbate) ; tadlangdu (Camarines) ; tanglin (Zambales, Bataan, Laguna) ;
tanglon (Pampanga).
The bark and seeds are employed as a cure for snake bites.
Distribution : Northern Luzon to Mindanao, in thickets and
forests at low and medium altitudes.
Genus BAUHINIA
BAUHINIA MALABAR I CA Roxb. AlibANGBANG.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on food plants.
A decoction of the bark is considered antidysenteric and anti-
diarrhetic. The leaves are used in topicals applied on the head
in fevers which are accompanied by headaches.
Genus CAESALPINIA
CAESALPINIA CRISTA L. KaLUMBIBI'T.
Local names: Banbang (Cebu) ; baydg-kambing, kalnmbibit (Tagalog,
Sambali) ; bebit (Misamis) ; dalogdog (Rizal); dalugdug (Bikol, Bisaya).
190 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
The seeds when administered in the form of a powder are a
febrifuge and are regarded as a tonic.
Distribution : Union, Pangasinan, Tayabas, Bataan, Rizal,
Camarines, Mindoro, Palawan, Cebu, Misamis, Davao.
Genus CASSIA
CASSIA A LATA L. ACAPULCO.
Local names: Acapulco, kapurko (Zamboanga) ; andadasi nga biigbugtong
(Union) ; andadasi nga dakkel (Pangasinan) ; kasitas (Camarines) ; paka-
yonkom (Bataan); polo-china (Negros, Busicanga) ; sunting (Surigao).
The sap of the leaves is an efficient antiherpetic, especially
when the herpes is of the furfuraceous form.
Distribution : Throughout the settled areas of the Philippines
at low and medium altitudes, locally abundant. Occasionally
planted.
CASSIA FISTULA L. CANA-FfSTULA.
Local names: Baldyong (Mindoro) ; cana-fistula or cana-pistula (Ilocos
Norte, Cagayan, Laguna, Rizal, Mindoro) ; fistula (Cebu) ; tindalo (Min-
doro).
The pulp of the fruit is. employed as a cathartic.
Distribution: Ilocos Norte, Cagayan, Rizal, Laguna, Mindoro,
Cebu, Occidental and Oriental Negros, Palawan; in cultivation
only. Not to be confused with the much more widely distributed
native Cassia javanica L., which is almost everywhere known
by similar names.
CASSIA MIMOSOIDES L. KatANdA.
Local name: Katandd (Bukidnon).
The roots are used as a cure for diarrhea.
Distribution: Northern Luzon to Mindanao. In open grass-
lands at low and medium altitudes, in some regions ascending
to 1,500 meters.
CASSIA OCCIDENTALIS L. AndADAsI.
Local names: Andadasi (Union); baldtong-dso (Tagalog) ; sunting
(Samar) ; tambalisa (Zamboanga).
The seeds are used as a febrifuge. The leaves are purgative
and antiherpetic, though not so efficient as those of acapulco
(Cassia alata) .
Distribution: Throughout the Philippines, from Cagayan to
Zamboanga.
CASSIA SOPH ERA L. TAMBALfSA.
Local names: Andadasi (Ilocos Norte, Union) ; tambalisa (Tagalog).
The seeds are used as a febrifuge.
MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 191
Distribution: Babuyanes Islands, Ilocos Norte, Amburayan
subprovince, Union, Rizal, Laguna.
CASSIA TORA L.
Local names: Andadasi nga dadakkol (Union); baho-balw (Bisaya) ;
baldtong (Laguna); baldtong-dso (Tagalog).
The entire plant, in decoction, is taken as a vermifuge and
purgative.
Distribution: Very common in Batanes Islands, Luzon, and
Mindanao, but does not seem to occur in the Visayas except in
Cebu.
Genus DALBERGIA
DALBERGIA CUMINGIANA Benth. TAHID-LABtJYO.
Local names: Bulanini, kanndk (Cagayan) ; kauilan (Camarines) ; tahid-
labuyo (Tayabas).
This vine is employed in curing the stomach pains of small
children.
Distribution : Northern Luzon to Mindanao. In thickets and
secondary forests at low and medium altitudes.
DALBERGIA FERRUGINEA Roxb. Kamut-KABAG.
Local names: Bolidtadhdn (Agusan) ; kdmut-kabdg (Mindoro) ; kipus-
kipus (Zamboanga) ; kulik-nnandr (Pampanga) ; maldsang -salve (Bataan) ;
manaon (Tagalog); malumalunggdyan (Rizal).
A decoction of the wood of the stem or root is an emmena-
gogue, and is an abortive if the administered dose be immoderate
in size.
Distribution: Isabela Province to Zamboanga.
Genus ENTADA
ENTADA PHASEOLOIDES (L.) Merr. GOGO.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on soap substitutes.
The stem macerated in cold water makes a cleansing soap.
It is also used as an emetic.
Genus EUCHRESTA
EUCHRESTA HORSFIELDII (Lesch.) Benn.
Local names: Lagiian (Tayabas); kaidnda, makahilub (Bukidnon).
The roots are chewed as a cure for snakebite.
Distribution: Northern Luzon to Mindanao. Of local oc-
currence on the higher mountains.
G«nus MIMOSA
MIMOSA PUDICA L. MAKAHIA.
Local names: Andibaing (Pangasinan) ; bain-bain (Iloko) ; dikut-mala-
marine (Pampanga) ; dilgun-silsu (Union) ; han'ipai (Leyte) ; hia-hia' (Cu-
192 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
yo) ; huia'-huia' (Bisaya) ; huiag-huiag (Occidental Negros) ; kipi-kipi'
(Bisaya) ; kirom-kirdm (Samar) ; kokol-ddien (Iloko) ; makahia' (Zam-
bales, Pangasinan, all Tagalog provinces) ; tdlo-magdlaa (Rizal) ; torog-
torog (Bikol).
The entire plant in decoction is considered as an alterant and
antiasthmatic.
Distribution : Common throughout the Philippines in open
waste places at low and medium altitudes.
Genus MUCUNA
MUCUNA NIGRICANS (Lour.) Steud. NiPAI.
Local names: Alilipdi (Zamboanga) ; bukitkit, ipdl, lipdi (Tagalog); 6a-
luktot (Polillo) ; danipai (Samar) ; duglo (Bataan) ; nipdi (Alabat Island) ;
nipoi (Bikol); sagapok (Capiz).
When this vine is cut, watery sap exudes freely. This water is
used as a cure for many kinds of fevers.
Distribution : Northern Luzon to Mindanao. In thickets and
secondary forests at low and medium altitudes, locally abundant.
Genus PHASEOLUS
PHASEOLUS AUREUS Roxb. Balatong.
Local names: Balatong (Union, Pangasinan); monggo, munggo^ bala-
tong (Tagalog).
A decoction of the seeds is an effective diuretic in cases of
beriberi. The seeds are employed either raw or cooked in
maturative poultices.
Distribution: Cultivated throughout the Islands.
Genus PONGAMIA
PONGAMIA PINNATA (L.) Merr. Bani.
A description and figure of this species and its local names are
given in the section on resins, gums, and oils.
The bark is used as an abortive by the natives of the Island
of Guimaras.
Genus PTEROCARPUS
PTEROCARPUS BLANCOI Merr. Blanco's Narra.
Local names: Apdlit (Pampanga) ; asand (Bulacan) ; ndrra (Union,
Bulacan).
The resin is used as an astringent in aphtha or thrush.
Distribution: Union, Nueva Ecija, Bulacan, Rizal.
Genus SOPHORA
SOPHORA TOMENTOSA U SandALAI'tAN.
• Local names: Bangil, sambalagisui (Bisaya); sipon (Batanes Island);
sandalaitan (Tayabas, Palawan) ; tabagisa (Negros, Zamboanga) ; tarn-
MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 193
balisa (Mindoro, Masbate, Neg-ros) ; tambaleta (Mindoro) ; tambiligisa
(Negi'os) ;
A decoction of the root, stem, or seeds is considered as anti-
choleric. The seeds are used as a purgative.
Distribution: Along the seashore throughout the Philippines,
abundant in some localities.
Family OXALIDACEAE
Genus AVERRHOA
AVERRHOA BILIMBI L. Kamias.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on food plants.
The fruit is used in the same manner as is that of the following
species.
AVERRHOA CARAMBOLA L. BalIMBI'NG.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on food plants.
The sap of the fruit is prepared as a syrup which is admin-
istered in fevers as a cooling drink.
Genus BIOPHYTUM
BIOPHYTUM SENSITIVUM (L.) DC. MahihIYAIN.
Local names: Damong-bnngkalat (Batangas) ; damong-hiya, macahiya
(Tagalog) ; mahihiydin (Tagalog) ; makahiyang-laldke (Laguna).
The leaves, placed under the pillow, are reputed to act as
a soporific. The seeds, applied in the form of a powder, are
used as a vulnerary. The roots in decoction are administered
in cases of gonorrhea and of stone in the bladder.
Distribution : Cagayan to Cotabato.
Family RUTACEAE
Genus CHAETOSPERM UM
CHAETOSPERMUM GLUTINOSUM (Blanco) Swingle Tabuyok.
Local names: Kabuymi-dso, tabog (Bataan) ; kalatan (Isabela) ; tabuyok
(Pangasinan) .
The juice of the fruit is rubbed into the hide of a dog to
cure itch. It is also used as a hair tonic.
Distribution : Isabela, Pangasinan, Bulacan, Bataan, Manila.
Genus CITRUS
CITRUS MAXIMA (Burm.) Merr. Pomelo or Lukban.
Local names: Arasiigd (Cuyo) ; baorigon (Misamis) ; baranghas (Union) ;
bobanotdn (Zambales) ; kabugau (Iloilo) ; lukbdn (Cagayan, Benguet,
177674 13
194 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
Union, Pangasinan, Rizal, Laguna, Cavite, Batangas, Tayabas, Camarines
Norte and Sur, Albay, Marinduque) ; namnja (Spanish-Filipino) ; sua
(Ilocos Norte and Sur, Abra, Cagayan, Tarlac) ; silha' (Nueva Ecija, Bu-
lacan, Rizal, Manila, Bataan, Batangas, Tarlac, Polillo, Sorsogon, Iloilo).
The leaves, flowers, and pericarps are employed, in the form
of a decoction or infusion, as a sedative in nervous affections.
Distribution: Cultivated in almost all provinces.
Genus CLAUSENA
CLAUSENA ANISUM-OLENS (Blanco) Merr. Kayumanis.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils.
The leaves, stuffed into pillows and placed under the head,
have a soporific effect. They are also used in baths, in cases
of rheumatism.
Genus LUNASIA
LUNASIA AMARA Blanco. LuNAS.
Local names: Apdong-kdhoi (Laguna, Batangas) ; lahau (Masbate) ; luhi-
hibi (Cebu) ; lunan (Pampanga) ; hhias (Bulacan, Bataan, Rizal, Mindoro,
Palawan) ; lunas-bondok (Bataan) ; marmdngga (Cagayan) ; paitan (Ilocos
Sur); papait (Camarines); saltiki (Rizal, Laguna); santiki (Laguna).
The leaves and bark are used for stomach troubles.
Distribution: Northern Luzon to Basilan.
Genus MICROMELUM
MICROMELUM MINUTUM (Forst.) Seem.
Local name: Makabdngon (Camarines).
This plant is said to be used for curing stomachache and
headache.
Distribution: Laguna, Tayabas, Catanduanes Island, Samar,
Leyte, Lanao, Sulu, Basilan.
Genus MURRAYA
MURRAYA PANICULATA (L.) Jack. Kamuning.
Local names: Bandsi, banadsi, bandti, etc. (through almost whole range,
except Tagalog provinces) ; kamdin (Pangasinan) ; kamuning (Tagalog) ;
lukbdn-balit (Pangasinan).
A decoction of the leaves is used as a mouth-wash in cases
of toothache.
Distribution : Widely distributed, from northern Luzon to
southern Mindanao.
Genus TODDALIA
TODDALIA ASIATICA (L.) Lam.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on resins, gums, and oils.
MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 195
A decoction of the root is antidiarrhetic and dynamogenic
during convalescence from fevers. The bark is used in infusion
as a bitter stomachic tonic and febrifuge. The leaves when
chewed fresh are said to be useful in stomach disorders.
Genus 2ANTH0XYLUM
ZANTHOXYLUM AVICENNAE (Lam.) DC. Kangai.
Local names: Bagatamhdl, murbdar (Bisaya) ; biingai (Palawan) ; itiigan
(Benguet) ; kangai (Pampanga) ; kaijutdna (Batangas) ; sdlai, sdlai-kdngai
(Pampanga) .
A decoction of the stem is used as a stomach tonic and as a
counter-poison for snake bite.
Distribution : Benguet, Zai^boanga, Nueva Ecija, Rizal, Ba-
tangas, Misamis, Cotabato,
ZANTHOXYLUM RHETSA (Roxb.) DC. Kasabang.
Local names: Kasdbang (Ilocos Sur, Nueva Ecija, Zambales) ; ivatdna,
kaietdna (Bataan, Batangas, Negros) ; kaitdna (Rizal) ; kaintdna (La-
guna) ; palo-kaitdna (Zambales, Zamboanga) ; sdgai-kdngai, salddai, sdlai
(Bisaya); sdrai (Masbate).
The bark, pounded and mixed with oil, is used externally as
a remedy for stomach pains. A decoction of the bark is taken
internally as a cure for paleness. The bark is also used as a
cure for pains in the chest. "When chewed it is applied to snake
bites.
Distribution: Cagayan to Camarines, Masbate, Negros, Pa-
lawan, Basilan.
Family SIMARUBACEAE
Genus BRUCEA
BRUCEA AMARISSIMA (Lour.) Merr.
Local name: Bago-bdgo (Negi'os).
The fresh fruits are said to be good for stomachache. The
dried fruits are considered by European and Chinese physi-
cians as a very efficacious antidysenteric remedy.
Distribution: Pangasinan, Leyte, Negros, Palawan, Surigao,
Misamis, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Basilan.
Genus HARRISONIA
HARRISON I A PERFORATA (Blanco) Merr. Mamikil.
Local names: Asimuu (Tagalog) ; baguit, baxdt (Pangasinan) ; bokit
(Ilocos Sur); mamikil (Batangas, Rizal) ; sap-sapdng (Ilocos Sur).
The bark of the root in decoction is a very efficacious remedy
for diarrhea and dysentery. It is employed also against chol-
era.
196 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
Distribution: IIocos Sur, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Ben-
g-uet, Zambales, Pampanga, Bulacan, Rizal, Manila, Batangas,
Samar, Butuan, Davao, Zamboanga.
Genus SAM AD ERA
SA MADERA INDICA Gaertn. Manunggal.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on resins, gums, and oils.
The bark and wood are a febrifuge, tonic, stomachic and em-
menagogue when administered in the form of a maceration
or decoction in water, alcohol or wine.
Family BURSERACEAE
Genus CANARIUM
CANARIUM LUZONICUM (Blume) A. Gray PiLI.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils.
The oleo-resin is a stimulant medicine used externally.
CANARIUM VILLOSUM (Blume) F.-Vill. Pagsahi'ngin.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils.
The resin is used medicinally.
Genus GARUGA
GARUGA ABILO (Blanco) Merr. BOGO.
Local names: Abilo (Tagalog) ; bio (IIocos Sur) ; bugo or bogo (Mindoro,
Masbate, Negros Occidental, Cebu, Misamis, Zamboanga, Cotabato) ; bunns
(IIocos Norte); lufnio (Rizal); libds (Tayabas) ; talulgdnaii (Zamboanga).
Blanco says that a decoction of the root is administered to
those suffering from consumption.
Distribution: IIocos Norte and Sur, Union, Pangasinan,
Rizal, Nueva Ecija, Laguna, Batangas, Tayabas, Negros Occi-
dental, Mindoro, Cebu, Misamis, Davao, Cotabato, Zamboanga.
Family MELIACEAE.
Genus CHISOCH ETON
CHISOCHETON PENTANDRUS (Blanco) Merr. Katong-MACHIN.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils.
An oil extracted from the fruit of this species is used as a
hair cosmetic.
MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 197
Genus DYSOXYLUM
DYSOXYLUM DECANDRUM (Blanco) Merr. Agaru.
Local names: Agdru (Pangasinan) ; baguUbds (Basilan) ; bohdue (Mas-
bate) ; buntugan (Camarines) ; igiu (Batangas) ; pamatdgin (Cagayan) ;
Icugyng (Mindoro) ; malaaduds, palndhan (Occidental Negros) ; tadidng-
kalabdu (Laguna) ; taming -tdyning (Basilan Island).
The bark administered as a fine powder is a safe emetic.
Distribution : Cagayan to Basilan Island.
Genus MELIA
MELIA AZEDARACH L. PARAfsO.
Local name: Paraiso (Spanish-Filipino).
The bark is considered a vermifuge.
Distribution : Cultivated in all parts of the Archipelago.
Genus SANDORICUM
SANDORICUM KOETJAPE (Burm. f.) Merr. Santol.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on food plants.
The fresh leaves applied to the skin are sudorific. In decoc-
tion, they are used for baths in cases of fever.
Genus XYLOCARPUS
XYLOCARPUS GRANATUM Koenig. Tabigi.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on mangrove swamps.
The bark is astringent. The fruits and seeds, powdered or
in decoction, are employed as an antidiarrhetic.
Family EUPHORBIACEAE.
Genus ACALYPHA
ACALYPHA INDICA L.
Local names: Bugos (Tagalog) ; maraotovg (Iloko).
The juice of the root and leaves is given to children as an
expectorant and emetic in bronchitis. It is also administered
in decoction.
Distribution : Laguna, Batangas, Mindoro, Palawan, Balabac
Island, Davao, Zamboanga.
Genus ALEURITES
ALEURITES MOLUCCANA (L.) Willd. LUMBANG.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils.
The seeds yield an oil used as a mild purgative.
198 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
ALEURITES TRISPERMA Blanco Bagilumbang.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils.
The oil extracted from the seeds is an effective insecticide.
The sap of the bark is employed as a cure for scurf of the head.
Genus BREYNIA
BREYNIA RHAMNOIDES (Retz.) Muell.-Arg. MATANG-Hl'poN.
Local names: Gimgtimayi (Bontoe) ; matdng-hipon (Bulacan, Manila, and
vicinity) ; matdng-olang (Tayabas) ; matdvg-sdga (Cuyo Island) ; matdng
uldng (Butuan) ; santing (Basilan) ; sintug (Zamboanga) ; si'ingut-oldng
(Bisaya) ; tangisan-hagio (Davao).
The bark is an astringent used to prevent hemorrhage.
Distribution: Very widely scattered throughout the Philip-
pines from northern Luzon to Basilan.
Genus CICCA
CI CCA AC I DA (L.) Merr. Iba.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on food plants.
The bark yields a decoction which is employed in bronchial
catarrh.
Genus CROTON
CROTON TIGLIUM L. CrOTON-OIL PLANT.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils.
The seeds and the oil extracted from them are violently
drastic, and are used as revulsives in cases of rheumatism and
cough. The plant is also used to poison fish.
Genus EUPHORBIA
EUPHORBIA HIRTA L. GataS-GATAS.
Local names: Botobotonis, sayikun (Tagalog) ; bottoms (Bontoe); bu-
gayau (Samar) ; buyaydra, taudiia (Bisaya) ; gatas-gdtas (Tagalog,
Bisaya) ; golondrina (Spanish-Filipino) ; magdtas, malimalis, sisiohan
(Pampanga) ; maragdtas (Union) ; soro-soro (Camarines) ; tairas (Batanes
Islands); taua-tdua (Occidental Negros).
The entire plant is used as an antidote, being considered
haemostatic, sedative, and soporific. In decoction it is very
efficacious for allaying the dyspnoea of asthmatics.
Distribution : Batanes to Basilan.
EUPHORBIA NERIIFOLIA L.
Local names: Bait (Tagalog, Pampangan, Bisaya); karimbudya (Bon-
toe); sorosoro, sorog-sorog (Tagalog, Pampangan).
MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 199
A fluid extracted from the roasted leaves is used in earache.
Distribution : Cultivated in gardens ; apparently nowhere
spontaneous.
EUPHORBIA THYMIFOLIA L.
Local names: Golandrina (corrupted Spanish); makikitot (Bontoc).
The leaves are commonly employed in poultices to counteract
the effects of bites of poisonous snakes ; also as an efficient
vulnerary. The latex is sometimes used to dissipate the opacity
of the cornea.
Distribution : Throughout the Philippines in v^aste placets along
roads and trails, in fallow rice-paddies, etc.
EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLI L. CONSUELDA.*
Local names: Balibali (Iloilo; ; consuelda (Spanish) ; gaton (Benguet) ;
katuit (Tagalog) ; solda-solda (Leyte) ; solsoldong (Pangasinan) ; soro-
soro (Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Rizal, Iloilo) ; sostieldo (Ilocos Norte and Sur,
Abra, Union) ; susuerdo (Zambales) ; suelda-consuelda (Bulacan, Manila,
Cavite, Camarines Sur, Zamboanga) ; sueldo-coiisueldo (Caniarines) ; suer-
do-consuerdo (Cagayan, Bataan, Marinduque).
The stems are used in poultices to aid the healing of frac-
tures of the bones. The latex is said to be an energetic revulsive.
It is also employed as a cure for wounds. If allowed to get into
the eyes, it is said to cause blindness.
Distribution: Northern Luzon to Mindanao. Occasionally
planted in gardens, but apparently nowhere spontaneous.
Genus EXCOECARIA
EXCOECARIA AGALLOCHA L. BUTA-BUTA.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on mangrove swamps.
The latex is known as a caustic ; nevertheless it is used in
healing obstinate ulcers.
Genus HOMONOIA
HOMONOIA RIPARIA Lour. Mangagos.
Local names: Agooi (Bulacan); agoioi (Nueva Ecija, Rizal, Tayabas) ;
agukuk, kagoioi (Rizal) ; dumdnai (Tagalog, Iloko) ; lumdnai (Tagalog) ;
apoioi, mangagos (Tayabas) ; baldnti (Bataan, Zambales; hangdrai
(Samar) ; liuhon (Sambali) ; lumandia (Tagalog) ; malahngos, miagook,
miagits (Occidental Negros) ; mandgos (Mindoro).
* The Spanish name of a European medicinal plant {Symphytum of-
ficinale L.) which, in the original form or various corruptions of it, has
become the almost universal name of Euphorbia tirncalli in the Philip-
pines.
200 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
In the southern part of the Philippine Archipelago it is used,
like sarsaparilla, as an efficient stimulant in the treatment of
certain venereal diseases. A decoction of the roots is used as
an emetic. Water running at the foot of these shrubs is con-
sidered as having depurative properties.
Distribution : From northern Luzon to southern Mindanao,
on banks and in beds of streams.
Genus JATROPHA
JATROPHA CURCAS L. TubaNG-BAKOD OR PHYSIC NUT.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils.
The oil of the seeds is a drastic purgative. A decoction of
the leaves is a good antidiarrhetic. A decoction of the roots is
also used as a cure for diarrhea; while that of the leaves is
employed as a cough remedy. The bark of this plant is pounded
slightly and placed in the mouth as a cure for snake bite. It
is apparently also applied to the bites of various animals.
JATROPHA MULTiFIDA L. ManA.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on resins, gums, and oils.
The seeds are an energetic and dangerous cathartic. Their
use has been almost abandoned in native medicine.
Genus MACARANGA
MACARANGA GRAN Dl FOLIA (Blanco) Merr. Bingabing.
Local names: Biluak (Bataan) ; bingdbmg (Tagalog) ; bimiiTgas (Ba-
tangas) .
The resin is used as an astringent gargle for ulcers in the
mouth.
Distribution: Rizal, Bataan, Batangas, Laguna, Mindoro.
MACARANGA TANARIUS (L.) Muell.-Arg. BiNUNGA.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on food plants.
The powdered root is used as an emetic in fevers. In decoc-
tion, it is administered to cure haemoptysis.
Genus MALLOTUS
MALLOTUS PHILIPPENSIS (Lam.) Muell.-Arg. Banato.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on dyes.
The red glands of the fruit have been used as an antiherpetic.
but are more useful when taken internally as an anthelmintic.
MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 201
Genus MAN I HOT
MANIHOT UTILISSIMA PohL CASSAVA or Kamoteng-KAHoi.
Local names: Baliughoi (Mindoro) ; kamote-kahoi (Moro) ; kamotevg-
kdhoi (Sambali, Tagalog, Bikol, Bisaya) ; kamote-moro (Ilocos Norte and
Sur, Union, Pangasinan) ; kamoti-ti-moro or kamotit-moro (Ilocos Norte
and Sur, Cagayan) ; kamoteng-hisaya (Pangasinan) ; kamoteng-dutong
(Pampanga) ; kamote-sa-moro (Bikol) ; kamoteng-kdui (Cuyo) ; kdnggos
(Bikol); kdong-moro (Sambali).
A decoction of the bark of the trunk is considered antirheu-
matic.
Distribution : Cultivated in almost all provinces.
Genus MELANOLEPIS
MELANOLEPIS M ULTIGLAN DULOSA (Reinw.) Reichb. f. & Zoll. ALIM.
Local names: Alom (Pangasinan, Cuyo); dlim, takip-asin (Tagalog) ;
dlo7n or dlum (Bikol, Bisaya) ; pasalkdl (Pampanga) ; tres pioitos (Spanish-
Filipino) .
The bark and leaves when slightly heated and applied to the
skin are used as a sudorific.
Distribution : In thickets and waste places throughout the
Philippines.
Genus PHYLLANTHUS
PHYLLANTHUS NIRURI L. Talikud.
Local names: Malakirum-kinhn (Samar) ; sampaloksampalokan (Rizal,
Manila) ; Saw Pedro (Occidental Negros) ; sumisavipdlok, turutalikdd (Ca-
marines) ; talikiid (Ilocos Norte) ; taltallikud (Iloko) ; yerba de San Pablo
(Bisaya).
The entire plant is used in decoction as a tonic for the stomach.
It is also an emmenagogue and is considered as a febrifuge
giving positive results in cases of ague.
Distribution : Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Amburayan, Union, Pan-
gasinan, Rizal, Manila, Cavite, Laguna, Tayabas, Pampanga,
Camarines, Batangas, Pana3% Negros, Butuan, Lanao, Davao,
Basilan.
PHYLLANTHUS RETICULATUS Poir. Matang-BUYUD.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on miscellaneous plants.
The bark and the leaves are considered diuretic and alterative
They are also reported to be purifiers of the blood.
Genus RICINUS
RICINUS COMMUNIS L. TANGAN-TANGAN or CasTOR-OIL PLANT.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils.
202 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
The leaves, fresh and whole, are used externally in headache.
The seeds are purgative and are regarded as antirheumatic. The
leaves, cooked with milk, are employed in poultices for certain
varieties of ulcers.
Family ANACARDIACEAE
Genus ANACARDIUM
ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE L. Kasui or CASHEW NUT.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on resins, gums, and oils.
The oil of the pericarp is used as a powerful escharotic.
Genus MANGIFERA
MANGIFERA INDICA L. ManGGA or Mango.
Local names: Mampala (Balabac) ; mampdlang (Basilan) ; nidngga (Ilo-
cos Norte and Sur, Cagayan, Abra, Benguet, Bontoc, Isabela, Vizcaya,
Union, Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Zambales, Pampanga, Bulacan,
Rizal, Bataan, Laguna, Cavite, Batangas, Tayabas, Camarines, Albay,
Marinduque. Masbate, Leyte, Cebu, Iloilo, Agusan, Misamis, Cotabato,
Davao, Basilan); pdho (Iloilo, Capiz) ; pumdngya (Cuyo).
A decoction of the root is considered diuretic. The bark
and seeds are astringent. The leaves are prepared as a tea.
The resin is used as a cure for aphthoes.
Distribution : Cultivated throughout the Philippines.
Genus SEMECARPUS
SEMECARPUS CUN El FORM IS Blanco. LigIs.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on food plants.
The oil of the pericarp is used as a caustic or escharotic, and
sometimes in the treatment of certain indolent ulcers.
Genus SPONDIAS
SPONDIAS PURPUREA L. SiNIGUELAS.
Local names: Ciruelas (Spanish, "plums"); sarguelas (Ilocos Norte and
Sur, Abra, Union, Cagayan, Pangasinan, Zambales) ; sinigiielas (Tagalog
provinces, Marinduque) ; sirigidlas (Bikol provinces, Misamis) ; sirgiielas
(Iloilo, Cuyo).
A decoction of the bark is an efficacious antidysenteric and
is also used in cases of infantile tympanites.
Distribution : Cultivated from northern Luzon to Mindanao
and Palawan.
Family CELASTRACEAE
Genus CELASTRUS
CELASTRUS PAN ICU LATA Willd. LANGITNGfT.
Local names: Laguete, langitngit (Tagalog).
A description of this species is given in the section on resins,
gums, and oils.
MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 203
The seeds when pulverized are administered as an anti-
rheumatic, and are also used in cases of paralysis. The sap of
the leaves is given as an antidote in cases of opium poisoning.
Distribution: Northern Luzon to southern Mindanao.
Genus LOPHOPETALUM
LOPHOPETALUM TOXICUM Loher. Abuab.
Local names: Abuab, bantigi (Tagalog) ; dayanddng (Mindoro) ; ditd
(Tagalog, Bikol) ; aUbambcvngan (Davao) ; piiti-i babdye and Make (La-
nao) ; tando' (Zamboanga) .
The thickened sap of the bark is used by the Negritos and
other hillmen to poison the tips of their arrows.
Distribution : Central Luzon to Zamboanga.
Family HIPPOCRATEACEAE
Genus SALACIA
SALACIA PRINOIDES (Willd.) DC. ' MATANG-ULANG.
Local name: Matdng-uldng (Tagalog).
The roots are used in decoction in cases of amenorrhea and
dysmenorrhea. They are regarded as an abortive.
Distribution : Widely distributed in the Philippines.
Family ICACINACEAE.
Genus GONOCARYUM
GONOCARYUM CALLERYAN U M (Baill.) Becc. Taingang-BABUI.
Local names: Ampdleng, gozzdng-kalinga (Isabela) ; bitotic (Tayabas) ;
busigan (Cagayan) ; diihatduhdtan (Bataan) ; karasoko (Cagayan) ; lunas
(Bataan, Rizal, Laguna) ; malagozzdn (Isabela) ; malaikmo-laldki (Nueva
Ecija) ; malaikmd (Bataan, Bulacan, Batangas, Tayabas) ; malapandakdki
(Zambales, Tayabas) ; malapinggdn (Laguna) ; maragauak, maragaued
(Cagayan) ; malasamdt (Cagayan, Bataan) ; malatapdi (Camarines) ; rog-
rogso (Union) ; taingang-bdbui (Tayabas) ; saling-bato (Laguna) ; uratdn
(Ilocos Norte); ydya (Cagayan).
Hunting-dogs after having been subjected to the smoke of
the burning flowers or fruits of this species are said to be very
good at catching wild hogs or deer. This plant is said to be
used as a cure for stomach troubles.
Distribution: Batanes Islands and all provinces of Luzon.
Common in virgin forests at low and medium altitudes.
Family SAPINDACEAE
Genus CARDIOSPERM UM
CARDIOSPERMUM HALICACABUM L. var. M ICROCARPU M. Lagupok.
Local names: Angelica (Iloilo) ; bangkilong (Tagalog): farol (Spanish-
Filipino); lagupok (Cuyo) ; lobo-lobohan (Batangas); palpaltoog (Ilocos
204 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
Sur) ; paltdk-vdka (Zambales) ; paltuk-paltukan (Pampanga) ; paputukdn
(Cavite) ; parid-dso (Union); parparid (Ilocos Norte); purpurdok (Pan-
gasinan) .
A decoction of the root is regarded as diaphoretic, and is used
for catarrh of the bladder. The leaves are considered anti-
rheumatic whether taken internally in the form of a beverage
or applied externally in oil embrocations.
Distribution: Batanes Islands to Zamboanga.
Genus DODONAEA
DODONAEA VISCOSA (L.) Jacq. Kasi'rag.
Local names: Alipdta (Tagalog) ; dmndnai (Benguet) ; hagui-ui (Taya-
bas) ; kalapivai (Tagalog) ; kasirag (Sambali) ; ligad (Palawan) ; tabdu
(Tayabas) .
The bark employed in decoction is an efficacious astringent in
humid eczema and for healing simple ulcers. It is also consid-
ered a good febrifuge.
Distribution : Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Abra, Bontoc, Benguet,
Ilocos Sur, Pangasinan, Zambales, Bataan, Tayabas, Sorsogon,
Mindoro, Palawan.
Genus GUIOA
GUIOA KOELREUTERIA (Blanco) Merr. { G. Perrottetii Radlk.) Alahan.
Local names: Alahan, aldsan, bilde-viariang-itim, mamdlis, nisi-yiisi (Ba-
taan) ; andngin, malasangi (Rizal) ; angset (Ilocos Sur) ; bdngil, gisi-gisi,
malahdbi (Zambales) ; basai (Guimaras Island) ; busikag (Balabac Island) ;
cha (Cebu) ; imdlis, kaningning (Mindoro) ; kartiutolen^ pamiitolen, vibres
(Pangasinan) ; malauds (Nueva Ecija) ; iTgisi-ngisi (Zambales, Bataan,
Mindoro) ; paksion (Iloilo) sdlab (Laguna, Tayabas, Polillo) ; sdhib (Ba-
taan, Rizal, Polillo); uds, uwds (Ilocos Norte); ulds (Benguet).
An oil extracted from the seed is used in the cure of certain
skin diseases.
Distribution: Northern Luzon to southern Mindanao.
Genus HARPULLIA
HARPULLIA ARBOREA (Blanco) Radlk. UAs.
A description of this species and its local names are given in
the section on soap substitutes.
The bark and fruits are used to prevent leech bites. The
bark is also used as a substitute for Entada phaseoloides as a
hair tonic. It contains an active substance which stupefies and
kills fish. The oil of the seeds is sometimes used as an anti-
rheumatic.
Genus LEPIDOPETALUM
LEPIDOPETALUM PERROTTETII (Camb.) Blume. Dapil.
Local names: Bigds (Occidental Negros) ; ddpil (Nueva Ecija); dila-
dila (Pampanga) ; malakakdo (Zamboanga) ; marinsidno, paga-paga (Cota-
MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 205
bato) ; ualis (Tagalog) ; uas (Pangasinan) ; sagddan (Manobo) ; sdlab
(Tagalog) ; tolotigre (Occidental Negros).
The powdered seeds are used to kill wild hogs.
Distribution: Pampanga, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Tayabas,
Batangas, Camarines, Negros, Biliran, Lanao, Davao, Cotabato,
Zamboanga, Basilan.
Family BALSAMINACEAE
Genus I M RATI ENS
I M RATI ENS BALSAM INA L. KamANTIGI'.
Local name: Kamantigi' (Tagalog).
The leaves are pounded and used in poultices to dissolve felons.
Distribution : Bontoc, Manila, Laguna, Batangas, Tayabas,
Camarines, Bukidnon.
Family RHAMNACEAE
Genus COLUBRINA
COLUBRINA ASIATICA (L.) Brongn. Kabatiti.
Local names: Kabatiti (Tagalog, Palawan, Polillo) ; kayakds (Union) ;
palid-ldut (Tawi-Tawi) ; uatitik (Bisaya).
The leaves are used in decoction to alleviate the irritation of
and to cure certain diseases of the skin. The fruits are used as
a fish poison.
Distribution : Batanes Islands to Tawi-Tawi and Palmas Is-
lands.
Genus VENTILAGO
VENTILAGO DICHOTOMA (Blanco) Merr. Salapau.
Local names: Salapau, silipau (Tagalog); pakpdk-tiitubi (Rizal).
The bark, pulverized, and mixed with oil, is useful in certain
cutaneous diseases.
Distribution: Rizal, Laguna, Polillo, Sorsogon.
Genus ZIZYRHUS
ZIZYPHUS JUJUBA (L.) Lam. Jujube or Manzanitas.
Local names: Manzanas or manzanitas (Spanish-Filipino throughout the
Philippines).
A decoction of the bark and leaves is employed as an effective
astringent in dysentery and diarrhea, and is used in bowel
trouble of all kinds.
Distribution : Pampanga, Tarlac, Bataan, Cavite, Rizal, Ma-
nila, Batangas, Negros Oriental, Zamboanga.
206 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
Family VITACEAE
Genus CISSUS
CISSUS QUADRANGULARIS L. SUGPON-SUGPON.
Local names: Sugpon-sugpon, sulpa-sulpa (Bisaya).
The sap is applied in the form of drops in cases of otorrhea
and epistaxis. It is also used as an alterative in irregularities
of menstruation.
Distribution: Luzon (Cagayan, Batangas, Rizal), Negros,
Cebu, Siquijor. In dry thickets in and about towns at low
altitudes-
Genus COLUMELLA
COLUMELLA TRIFOLIA (L.) Merr. ARfuAT.
Local names: Ariuat (Union); grapokol, kabila^i, kalit-kalit (Tagalog) ;
kagundi, kikindi, lagini, langingi, lupo (Bisaya) ; kalut-pamo (Panga-
sinan).
The leaves yield a decoction which is considered as antiscor-
butic. The sap of the leaves is regarded as having similar
properties.
Distribution : Bontoc, Union, Pampanga, Bulacan, Rizal,
Manila, Laguna, Tayabas, Camarines, Albay, Mindoro, Biliran,
Iloilo, Negros, Cebu, Palawan, Misamis, Lanao, Davao.
Genus LEE A
LEEA ACULEATA Blume. MALI-MALI
Local names: Amamdli (Samar, Agusan) ; balinaundu (Tayabas); hdra
(Laguna) ; kemamdle, meviamdie (Bukidnon) ; mali-mali (Laguna) ; ma-
mdlig (Cotabato) ; sipit-kahig (Tayabas).
The leaves are said to be used for purifying bad blood.
Distribution : Babuyanes Islands and northern Luzon to Min-
danao and Palawan, in most or all the islands and provinces.
Common in thickets and second-growth forests, especially along
streams at low and medium altitudes.
LEEA MANILLENSIS Walp. Amamall
Local names: Ahang-dhang (Laguna); alumani (Union); alumam.dni
(Abra, Ilocos Sur, Lepanto) ; amamdl (Pangasinan) ; amamdli (Bisaya) ;
aydnian-kildt (Zambales) ; kalldkal (Igorot in Benguet) ; kaliantdvg (Ba-
taan) ; kaliantdn (Mindoro) ; kuldtai (Palawan) ; mali-mali (Pampanga,
Laguna) ; mamangal (Palawan) ; taliantdn (Rizal, Bataan, Cavite) ; tum-
bosut (Occidental Negros); vodadin (Batanes Islands).
The roots, branches, and leaves, used in decoction, are con-
sidered vulnerary.
Distribution : Very common throughout the Philippines.
MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 207
Genus TETRASTIGMA
TETRASTIGMA HARMANDII Planch. AYO.
A description of this species and its local jiames are given in
the section on food plants.
A decoction of this plant is taken internally as a powerful
diuretic. Also, it is employed externally as a lotion to cure
scabies.
Family TILIACEAE
Genus CORCHORUS
CORCHORUS ACUTANGULUS Lam. Pasau NA HABA'.
Local names: Pdsau na hdba' (Tagalog) ; salsaluyut (Union).
The seeds are employed in the same manner as are those of
Corchorus capsularis, and for the same affections.
Distribution : Ilocos Norte, Bontoc, Union, Bataan, Rizal, Ma-
nila, Laguna, Mindoro, Palawan, Lanao.
CORCHORUS CAPSULARIS L. PasAU NA BI'loG.
A description of this species and its local names are given in
the section on fiber plants.
The leaves are used as a cure for headache. The seeds, either
as a powder or in decoction, are used as a tonic, carminative and
febrifuge.
CORCHORUS OLITORIUS L. PAsAu or Jute.
A description of this species and its local names are given in
the section on fiber plants.
The seeds are said to be employed as a purgative.
Genus MUNTINGIA
MUNTINGIA CALABURA L. DatiLES.
A description of this species and its local names are given in
the section on fiber plants.
The flowers are used in infusion in the same manner as are
those of Tilia europaea.
Genus TRIUMFETTA
TRIUMFETTA BARTRAMIA L. KULOT-KULOTAN.
A description of this species and its local names are given in
the section on fiber plants.
The roots and leaves are used in decoction as an emollient in
the same manner as are Urena, Abutilon, -etc. It is also em-
ployed as an antiblennorrhagic.
208 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
Family MALVACEAE
Genus ABELMOSCHUS
ABELMOSCHUS MOSCHATUS Medic. Kastuli'.
Local names: Dahipang, kastiokastiogan, kastiiW (Tagalog) ; dukihn,
marikum^ maropoto, sapinit (Bisaya) ; kaliipi (Tayabas, Laguna) ; kasto-
kastoUan ( Pampanga) .
The seeds after being pounded and prepared in decoction are
administered as a diuretic, tonic and carminative. A mucilag-
inous decoction of the root and leaves is used in the treatment
of gonorrhea. The seeds are also employed as an antihysteric.
Distribution : Bataan, Manila, Laguna, Tayabas, Sorsogon,
Catanduanes, Capiz, Camiguin Island, Surigao, Bukidnon, Pal-
mas Islands.
Genus ABUTILON
ABUTILON INDICUM (L.) Sweet Giling-gili'ngan.
Local names: Didupang, rnalvas de castilla, malvts (Bisaya); giling-
gilingan, kuakuakohan, kuako-kuakohan (Tagalog) ; lulupmt (Iloco) ; lup-
luppdu (Union) ; malvas (Cagayan, Manila, Mindoro, Agusan) ; mdrbas
(Tayabas, Polillo, Agusan); taratakiipis (Bisaya); yampong (Bisaya).
The leaves yield an emollient decoction.
Distribution : Northern Luzon to Mindanao.
Genus HIBISCUS
HIBISCUS ESCULENTU8 L. Okra.
A syrup which is useful in sore throat attended with hoarse-
ness is made from the mucilaginous fruit.
HIBISCUS MUTABILIS L. MapulA.
Local names: Amapola (Spanish for "poppy"; so called in Manila) ; ma-
pxdd (Tagalog, Bikol).
The flowers are considered pectoral when employed in decoc-
tion.
Distribution : Reported from Manila, Laguna, Camarines,
Misamis, Surigao, Davao, but probably found cultivated in many
other regions.
HIBISCUS ROSA-SI NENSIS L. GUMAMELA.
Local names: Arogdngan, antoldngan, kayduga, gumamela, tapolonga,
tarakdngan, tanr'dngaii (Tagalog, Pampanga, Bisaya) ; guviamela (Tayabas,
Manila and vicinity, Basilan) ; kaydnga (Bontoe) ; kaydnga-rosa (Iloko).
The roots, bark, leaves and flowers in decoction are used as an
emollient.
Distribution : Cultivated in almost all provinces.
MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 209
HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA L. ROSELLE.
The root is bitter, and is regarded as tonic and aperitive.
Distribution: Bontoc subprovince, Manila and vicinity, La-
guna.
HIBISCUS TILIACEUSL. Malubago.
A description and figure of this species and its local names are
given in the section on fiber plants.
The bark is used as an emetic. The flowers boiled in milk are
employed for the cure of earache.
Distribution : Common throughout the Philippines. Very
easily propagated by means of cuttings.
Genus MALACHRA
MALACHRA CAPITATA L. BakembaKES.
A description of this species and its local names are given in
the section on fiber plants.
The root and leaves, used in decoction, are considered emollient
in enemas and for bathing purposes.
Distribution : Common in waste places throughout the Philip-
pines.
Genus MALVASTRUM
MALVASTRUM COROMANDELINUM (L.) Garcke Salsaluyut.
A description of this species and its local names are given in
the section on fiber plants.
The leaves are employed as a cure for carbuncles.
Genus SI DA
SI DA ACUTA Burm. f. Takling-baka.
A description of this species and its local names are given in
the section on fiber plants.
The roots and leaves are emollient in decoction, which, taken
internally, is considered a specific against hemorrhoids, fever
and impotency, and also as a general tonic. As a demulcent
and diuretic, it is used in gonorrhea and rheumatism.
SIDA CORDIFOLIA L.
A description of this species and its local name are given in
the section on fiber plants.
In decoction, the leaves are regarded as emollient and as
having diuretic properties.
SIDA JAVENSIS Cav. (S. humilis Willd.) iGAT-fCAT.
Local names: Hapunan-niknik (Rizal) ; igat-igat, padda-padddk-pusa,
mar-ma raipns (Union); kolotane-bdging (Tagalog).
177674 14
210 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
The entire plant in decoction is used as a specific for
gonorrhea.
Distribution : Union, Pangasinan, Bataan, Rizal, Manila,
Laguna.
Genus THESPESIA
THESPESIA POPULNEA (L.) Soland. Banalo.
Local names: Bandgo, malibdgo, taha-tnha (Tayabas) ; banctlo (Cavite.i ;
bubui-gi'ibat (Tagalog) ; malobdgo (Zamboanga) ; marabdgo (Ilocos Norte) ;
vdlo (Batanes Islands).
A decoction of the bark is regarded as alterative if adminis-
tered internally. It is used externally as an embrocation. A
decoction of the leaves is reputed to be emollient and a cure for
itches. The juice of the fruit is sometimes used in certain
herpetic diseases.
Distribution : Batanes Islands to Basilan.
Genus URENA
URENA LOB AT A L. ■ KOLLOKOLLOT.
A description and figure of this species and its local names are
given in the section on fiber plants.
The roots and leaves are emollient when prepared as a decoc-
tion.
Family BOMBACACEAE
Genus BOMBAX
BOMBAX CEIBA L. MalABULAK.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on fiber plants.
The roots are considered astringent, restorative, alterative,
and aphrodisiac. They are used as a restorative in pthisis.
The gum is very astringent.
Genus CEIBA
CEIBA PENTANDRA (L.) Gaertn. COTTON TREE or Kapok.
A description and figure of this species and its local names are
given in the section on resins, gums, and oils.
The tender fruit is used as an emollient. The bark is employed
as a vomitive. This bark is preferred to that of the malabulak
(Bombax ceiba) as an aphrodisiac. Brewed into a decoction it
is regarded as a specific in febrile catarrh.
Family STERCULIACEAE
Genus ABROMA
ABROMA FASTUOSA .Jacq. ANABO.
A description of this species and its local names are given in
the section on fiber plants.
MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 211
The root is frequently used as an efficient emmenagogue, espe-
cially in the different forms of dysmenorrhea. Its use usually
gives speedy relief.
Genus KLEINHOVIA
KLEINHOVIA HOSPITA L. Tan-ag.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on fiber plants.
The bark and leaves are poisonous. In Marinduque they
are used to poison eels. A decoction of the leaves is said to be
antiscabious.
Genus PENTAPETES
PENTAPETES PHOENICEA L. FlorES DE LAS DOGE.
Local name: .4 las doce (Union, Tayabas).
The fruit in decoction is used as an emollient.
Distribution: Cagayan, Union, Bataan, Laguna, Tayabas,
Negros, Samar, Surigao, Davao, Cotabato.
Genus PTEROCYM Bl UM
PTEROCYMBIUM TINCTORIUM (Blanco) Merr. Taluto.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on fiber plants.
The bark and the fruit are poisonous.
Genus PTEROSPERM UM
PTEROSPERMUM Dl VERSI FOLI U M Blume. BayoK.
A description of this species and its local names are given in
the section on fiber plants.
The bark and flowers charred and mixed with the glands of
Mallotus philippmensis are employed in smallpox to cause sup-
puration.
Genus STERCULIA
STERCULIA FOETIDA L. Kalumpang.
A description and figure of this species and its local names are
given in the section on resins, gums, and oils.
A decoction of the bark is used in cases of dropsy and rheuma-
tism as an aperient, diaphoretic and diuretic. A decoction of the
fruit is astringent.
Genus THEOBROMA
THEOBROMA CACAO L. CACAO.
A decoction brewed from the root is an emmenagogue and is
regarded as ecbolic.
Distribution : Bontoc, Lepanto, Manila, Mindoro, Polillo Island,
Leyte, Surigao, Lanao, Palawan, Cotabato.
212 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
Genus WALTHERIA
WALTHERIA AMERICANA L. Barubad.
Local names: Barubad (Union); handing -kanding (Occidental Negros).
This plant is considered as a febrifuge and also as an anti-
syphilitic.
Distribution: Ilocos Norte, Nueva Vizcaya, Bontoc, Union,
Bulacan, Bataan, Rizal, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Camarines,
Mindoro, Negros Occidental, Antique, Culion, Palawan.
Family DILLENIACEAE
Genus DILLENIA
DILLENIA PHILIPPINENSIS Rolfe Katmon.
A description and figure of this species and its local names are
given in the section on food plants.
The acid juice of the fruit, when mixed with sugar, is used as a
cough cure. It is also employed for cleansing the hair.
Family GUTTIFFERAE
Genus CALOPHYLLUM
CALOPHYLLUM BLANCOI PI. & Tr. BiTANHOL.
A description of this species and its local names are given in the
section on dyes.
The sap of the bark of this plant, especially when mixed with
sulphur, is used locally as a cure for boils and wounds. A cloth
kept moist with the sap is applied on the breast of a patient suf-
fering from asthma.
CALOPHYLLUM INOPHYLLUM L. BiTAOG or PalOMARIA DE LA PLAYA.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils.
The oil obtained from the seeds and the oleo-resin from the
bark form a very energetic cicatrizant; the latter is used as a
balsamic in affections of the lungs. The leaves are used to cure
affections of the eye. The oleo-resin is employed on wounds.
Water in which the leaves have been pressed is said to be an
efficient astringent against hemorrhoids.
Genus CRATOXYLON
CRATOXYLON BLANCOI (Blume) Mus. GUYUNG-GUYUNG.
Local names: B'ansilai (Surigao) ; baringkokorong (Ilocos Sur, Nueva
Ecija, Pangasinan, Camarines) ; guyimg-guyung (Pangasinan, Cavite,
Rizal, Basilan) ; kansilan (Bisaya) ; kansilai (Pangasinan, Negros Occiden-
tal, Negros Oriental) ; uging (Abra) ; oringon (Masbate) ; pagulingin
MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 213
(Rizal) ; pagnlingon (Negros Oriental) ; salinggogon (Camarines) ; ugingan
(Cagayan).
A decoction of the bark is used as a galactagogue.
Distribution : Cagayan to Basilan.
Genus GARCINIA
GARCINIA MANGOSTANA L. MangoSTEEN,
Local name: Mangostan (All regions where it is known).
The leaves and the bark are used as an astringent for the
cure of aphtha, or thrush, and also as a febrifuge. The peri-
carps are regarded as very efficacious in curing chronic intestinal
catarrh.
Distribution : Sorsogon, northern Negros, Mindanao, Sulu.
Family BIXACEAE
Genus BIXA
BIXA ORELLANA L. ACHUfiTE.
A description of this species and its local names are given in
the section on dyes.
A decoction of the bark is employed in febrile catarrhs. The
red resinous substance of the seeds is considered an efficient
remedy for certain skin diseases.
Family CARICACEAE
Genus CARICA
CARICA PAPAYA L. PAPAYA.
Local name: Papaya (Spanish-Filipino) ; otherwise known as kapdias,
tapdias, papias, and similar corruptions, throughout the Archipelago.
A decoction of the outer part of the roots is digestive and tonic
and is much used in the cure of dyspepsia.
Distribution : Very widely distributed throughout the Phil-
ippines, usually in cultivation.
Family THYMELAEACEAE
Genus GYRINOPSIS
GYRINOPSIS CUMINGIANA Decne. BuTLO.
Local names: Ahihan (Tayabas) ; bdgo (Agusan) ; biyiuko (Capiz) ; butlo
(Tayabas) ; dalakit (Samar) ; lanutan (Sibuyan) ; magadn (Tayabas) ;
malagdpas (Samar).
The bark and roots are used for stopping the flow of blood
from wounds. The bark, wood and fruits are used as a sub-
stitute for quinine.
214 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
Distribution: Laguna, Tayabas, Camarines, Catanduanes, Sa-
mar, Sibuyan, Le>i:e, Panay, Mindanao, Jolo. In primary forests
at low and medium altitudes.
Genus Wl KSTROEM lA
WIKSTROEMIA OVATA C. A. Mey. RoUND-LEAF Salago.
A description of this species and its local names are given in
the section on fiber plants.
The leaves are emeto-cathartic, and are dangerous to admin-
ister. The fresh bark or branches of this plant are tied about
the neck of a patient to relieve bronchial catarrh.
Family LYTHRACEAE
Genus AMMANNIA
AM MANN I A BACCIFERA L. APOI-APOIAN.
Local names: Apoi-apoian (Pangasinan, Rizal) ; par-apit anggit (Pam-
panga) ; bias-piigo' (Tagalog).
This plant is caustic, and is used similarly to cantharides as a
substitute for blistering plaster.
Distribution : In open wet places, old rice fields, etc., through-
out the Philippines.
Genus LAWSONIA
LAWSONIA INERMIS L. HeNNA PLANT Or CiNAMOMO.
Local name: Cinamomo (Spanish-Filipino).
This shrub is said to be antiherpetic, but is rarely used.
Distribution : Cultivated for ornamental purposes in most
towns in the Philippines, but scarcely naturalized.
Family LECYTHIDACEAE
Genus BARRINGTONIA
BARRINGTONIA ACUTANGULA (L.) Gaertn. KalAMBUAIA.
Local names: Kalamhudia (Pangasinan) ; latuba, tilha (Cagayan) ; putad
(Pampanga, Laguna) ; piitat (Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Pampanga, Rizal, La-
guna, Camarines, Mindoro) ; sako (Agusan).
The bark of this species is said to be used on wounds.
Distribution : Widely distributed in the Philippines along
streams, in thickets, etc.
BARRINGTONIA ASIATICA (L.) Kurz BoTONG.
A description of this species and its local names are given in
the section on resins, gums, and oils.
The fruit is employed to stupefy fish. The leaves when fresh
are used in topicals for rheumatism. The seeds are employed
as a vermifuge.
MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 215
BARRINGTONIA RACEMOSA (L.) Blume PUTAT.
A description of this species and its local names are given in
the section on resins, gums, and oils.
The bark is used externally in decoction as an antirheumatic.
Family COMBRETACEAE
Genus LUMNITZERA
LUMNITZERA RACEMOSA Willd. KULASf.
A description of this species and its local names are given in
the section on mangrove swamps.
A fluid substance which is obtained from incisions made in the
stem is employed, mixed with coconut oil, as an antiherpetic and
a cure for itches.
Genus QUISQUALIS
QUISQUALIS INDICA L. TangoLON.
Local names; Babi-bdbe (Pampanga); balitadhdn (Bisaya) ; niugyiiugan
(Tagalog) ; pinones (Bisaya;) talolong, tangalon (Marinduque) ; fangolon
(Tagalog, Bikol, Bisaya); tartardok (Iloko) ; tortordok (Tagalog).
The fruit is used as a vermifuge. The plant is also used as
a cough cure.
Distribution : Common and very widely distributed in the Phil-
ippines.
Genus TERMINALIA
TERMINALIA CALAMANSANAI (Blanco) Rolfe Malakalumpi't.
Local names: A^ndrgo (Ilocos Sur) ; bangkalduag, kalamansdnai (Taga-
log) ; bunlos (Rizal) ; kalamansdli (Zambales, Nueva Ecija) ; kalumpit
(Tayabas, Bataan) ; lankug (Surigao, Agusan) ; magatalisai (Masbate) ;
mabantut (Bataan) ; malakalumpit (Bataan, Laguna, Camarines) ; pa-
ngalussiten (Abra) ; sdkat (Nueva Ecija) ; sdket (Bengiiet) ; salisai (La-
nao) ; sambitrdgat (Palawan); saplid (Surigao); talisai (Cotabato).
The bark is astringent and is used both internally and exter-
nally. It is known to have lithotriptic qualities.
Distribution: Very widely distributed from northern Luzon
to Cotabato.
TERMINALIA CATAPPA L. TALfSAI.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils.
The red leaves are used to expel worms, while the fruit is said
to contain a purgative substance. The leaves are mixed with
oil and rubbed on the breast to cure pain. The bark is
astringent and is used against gastric fevers and bilious diar-
rhea, also as an antidysenteric. The sap of the tender leaves
mixed and cooked with the oil of the kernel is, according to P.
Blanco, a specific against leprosy.
216 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
TERM IN ALIA COMINTANA (Blanco) Merr. BinggAs.
Local names: Bangles (Nueva Ecija) ; bangius, hinabuai (Mindoro) ;
binggds (Bataan, Zamboanga) ; bongds (Leyte, Occidental Negros) ;
dinglds (Tagalog) ; lasila (Cagayan) ; lasilak (Cagayan, Ilocos Sur) ;
lasilat (Apayao) ; maglolopoi (Pangasinan) ; naghubo, saplungan (Rizal) ;
rubian (Laguna) ; tiroron (Camarines) ; yxmu-ywm (Surigao).
The fruit is astringent and is used in decoction to cure thrush
and obstinate diarrhea.
Distribution : In nearly all parts of the Philippines from Ca-
gayan to Zamboanga.
TERM IN ALIA EDULI3 Bt&srj3 KaluMPIT.
A description and figure of^thiB" species and its local names
are given in the section on food plants.
The fruit is used in eye washes in the same manner as the
fruit of aroma {Acasia farnesiaTia) . It is also used in lotions
in cases of humid herpetism or eczema.
Family MYRTACEAE
Genus DECASPERMUM
DECASPERMUM FRUTICOSUM Forst. PATALSfK.
Local names: Agem, dgim a babde (Cagayan); alungkagai (Bisaya) ;
patalsik (Laguna) ; diigayon, salilihan (Dinagat Island) ; guyong-guyong
(Polillo Island) ; kamigrin (Lanao) ; kansilai (Zamboanga) ; kuldsi (Bisa-
ya) ; kiilis, malagiting-giting, tayoni-tdyom (Rizal) ; lardu, salingsingan
(Benguet) ; tarongatingnn (Samar).
The fruit is used as a remedy for stomach pains.
Distribution: Common from the Batanes Islands to Basilan.
Genus EUGENIA
EUGENIA CUM INI (L.) Druce {E. jambolmia Lam.). DuHAT.
A description of this species and its local names are given in
the section on food plants.
The bark in decoction is astringent. The leaves steeped in
alcohol, and the seeds when pulverized, are used as an efficacious
remedy in diabetes. The fruits, cooked to a thick jam, are said
to be an efficient astringent in acute diarrheas.
Genus PSIDIUM
PSIDIUM GUAJAVA L. GUAVA or Bayabas.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on food plants.
The bark and leaves are astringent, vulnerary, and when used
in decoction are antidiarrhetic.
MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 217
Family MELASTOMATACEAE
Genus MEMECYLON
MEMECYLON OVATUM Sm. KULIS.
Local names: Kandon, kandong (Iloko) ; kiUis (Tagalog) ; malabanggi
(Cuyo Island); sagingsing (Bisaya).
The roots in decoction are used in certain irregularities of
menstruation, and the leaves in infusion are employed as an
astringent in ophthalmia.
Distribution : Central Luzon to Basilan.
Family ARALIACEAE
Genus NOTHOPANAX
NOTHOPANAX FRUTICOSUM (L.) Miq. Papua.
Local name: Papua (throughout the Philippines).
The leaves powdered and mixed with salt are vulnerary and
are considered by the natives to be very efficacious.
Distribution : Widely cultivated.
Genus SCHEFFLERA
SCHEFFLERA CUMINGII (Seem.) Harms Kalang-GAMAT.
Local name: Kalang-gdmat (Cagayan).
This plant is said to be useful for stomach troubles.
Distribution : Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Laguna.
SCHEFFLERA ELLIPTI FOLIOLA Merr. Galamai-Am6.
Local names: Balete (Laguna) ; galamdi-amo (Tayabas).
A decoction is used by mothers after childbirth.
Distribution : Tayabas, Laguna, Camarines, Catanduanes.
SCHEFFLERA ODORATA (Blanco) Merr. and Rolfe TarangkAng.
Local names: Galdmai-amo (Rizal, Laguna); taglima (Cebu, Basilan);
tarangkdng (Ticao Island).
The bark is used as a cough cure. The leaves yield an
effective antiscorbutic decoction. The resin is employed as a
vulnerary.
Distribution : Laguna to Basilan.
SCHEFFLERA PIPEROIDEA Elm. HimainAt.
Local name: Himaindt (Tayabas).
This species is used as a tonic for mothers after childbirth.
Distribution : Tayabas, Laguna.
218 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
Family UMBELLIFERAE
Genus APIUM
APIUM GRAVEOLENS L. CELERY or APIO.
Local names: Apio (Spanish); kinintsdi (Chinese-Tagalog) ; kimchdi or
kintsd i ( Chinese) .
The decoction of the entire plant is said to be diuretic and
an emmenagogue.
Distribution : Reported only from Benguet ; also cultivated
by Chinese gardeners about Manila.
Genus CARUM
CARUM COPTICUM ( L.) Benth. DAMORt).
Local names: Damoro (Tagalog) ; lamudio (Batangas).
The fruits are employed with "buyo" for chewing when carmi-
native effects are desired.
Distribution : Manila and Batangas.
Genus CENTELLA
CENTELLA ASIATICA (L.) Urban {Hijdrocotyle asiatica L.)
TAKfP-KOHOL.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on official medicinal plants.
The sap of the leaves is employed as a curative for wounds
of the sclerotic. The decoction is considered a diuretic and is
said to be useful in gonorrhea.
Genus CORIANDRUM
CORIANDRUM SATIVUM L. CORIANDER or CULANTRO.
Local names: Culdntro (Spanish); ongsoi (Chinese).
An infusion of the fruits is used to cure dyspepsia. When
pounded, they are inhaled to dissipate giddiness.
Distribution : Collected only from Union ; commonly cultivated
by Chinese market gardeners of Manila.
Genus FOENICULUM
FOENICULUM VULGARE Gaertn. FENNEL.
Local names: Anis (Manila and vicinity); Jiaras (Tagalog).
The fruit in infusion is carminative.
Distribution: Manila and vicinity, Negros Oriental, Misamis.
Family ERICACEAE
Genus RHODODENDRON
RHODODENDRON VIDALII Rolfe
Local name: Ayalea (Ifugao).
This plant is used as a cure for itches.
Distribution : Isabela, Cagayan, Abra, Ifugao, Bontoc, Bataan,
Laguna, Tayabas.
MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 219
Family MYRSINACEAE
Genus ARDISIA
ARDISIA BOISSIERI A. D. C Tagpo.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on food plants.
The leaves are used on wounds.
Family PLUMBAGINACEAE
Genus PLUMBAGO
PLUMBAGO INDICA L. (P. rosea L.). Pampasapit.
Local names: Hangad iig babde (Bataan) ; laurel (Manila, Camari-
nes) ; panting-panting (Cotabato) ; pampasapit (Tagalog).
The roots are scraped and employed in poultices for headache.
The bark is a very effective blistering plaster, and is applied to
the spine in certain fevers. It is also said to be an antidyspeptic.
Distribution: Bataan, Manila, Camarines, Laguna, Palawan,
Cotabato.
PLUMBAGO ZEYLANICA L. SANGDIKfT.
Local names: Banghdng, talangkdu (Iloko) ; sampdga (Laguna); sang-
dikit, sangdidikit (Tagalog).
The pounded roots are used for blistering. In decoction they
are employed as an antiscabious remedy. They are said also to
be ecbolic.
Distribution: Northern and central Luzon, Palawan, Zam-
boanga.
Family SAPOTACEAE
Genus BASSIA
BASSIA BETIS (Blanco) Merr. BetiS.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils.
The bark and leaves of this plant are said to be useful for
curing the stomach pains of children. The latex applied to
the abdomen is said to expel worms. The powder of the bark
provokes sneezing.
Genus MIMUSOPS
MIMUSOPS PARVIFOLIA R. Br. (.1/. elengi L.) Bansalagin.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on official medicinal plants.
The bark, as well as the unripe fruit, yields a powerful
astringent remedy. Both are used as a gargle to strengthen
the gums. They are further employed in lotions for ulcers, and
in urethral injections for gonorrhea.
220 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
Family EBENACEAE
Genus DIOSPYROS
DIOSPYROS EBENASTER Retz. ZAPOTE.
Local names: Zapote or zapote negro (Mexican, in all regions whene
found) .
The pounded bark and leaves are employed as a blistering
plaster.
Distribution : Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Nueva Ecija,
Pampanga, Bulacan, Bataan, Manila, Cavite.
DIOSPYROS MULTIFLORA Blanco. Kanomoi.
Local names: Dupiiigan, kamomi (Nueva Ecija); kanomai, kanomei
(Ilocos Sur, Union, Pangasinan) ; kanumai, kanomoi (Rizal) ; kanumi
(Bataan).
The bark and leaves are caustic, and are used as a cure for
furfuraceous herpes, ringworm, etc.
Distribution: Luzon, the Visayas, Mindanao.
Family OLEACEAE
Genus J ASM IN UM
JASMIN UM SAM BAG (L.) Ait. SampAGITA.
Local names: Hubar (Balabac) ; kampopot (Pampanga, Manila); kn-
Idtai (Pampanga) ; lumabo, malul (Cotabato) ; mamd (Bisaya) ; sampdga
(Tagalog) ; sampagita (Spanish-Filipino) ; sampagita doble (Spanish-
Filipino).
The flowers are applied as a poultice to the breasts of women
to reduce the secretion of milk.
Distribution : Cagayan, Bontoc, Lepanto, Pangasinan, Pam-
panga, Tarlac, Manila, Laguna, Camarines, Palawan, Misamis,
Davao, Cotabato, Zamboanga, Basilan.
Family LOGANIACEAE
Genus BUDDLEIA
BUDDLEIA ASIATICA Lour. Taliknono.
Local names: Animugin (Benguet) ; lagundi-saldsa (Bisaya); lakien-ti-
subusub (Union) ; malasambong (Tagalog) ; nialigus (Bontoc) ; sambong-
kola (Rizal, Tayabas) ; taliknono (Tagalog) ; tokmdn (Abra) ; tugndng
(Iloko) .
This plant is used locally for abortion. Also it is used in
skin diseases and as a cure for loss of weight.
Distribution : Northern Luzon to southern Mindanao.
Genus FAGRAEA
FAGRAEA COCH INCH IN ENSIS (Lour.) A. Chev. URUNG,
Local names: Dolo, teka (Palawan) ; snsulin (Mindoro) ; urung
(Palawan).
The bark is used as a febrifuge, especially in agues.
Distribution: Mindoro, Palawan.
MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 221
FAGRAEA RACEMOSA Jack. BuLUBUAlA.
Local names: Badgu (Bagobo) ; bago-sala (Samar) ; buhibudia (Negros) ;
haTTibudia, hinibiibudia (Capiz) ; kabdl (Tayabas) ; kibudia (Laguna) ;
kukodmon (Camarines Norte) ; libdkan (Laguna, Polillo) ; magusiak
(Zambales) ; makatibuha (Subanun) ; malabudia (Negros) ; malabago
(Cebu) ; talob-dlok (Tayabas).
The bark and the flowers are used as an antidote for snake
bite.
Distribution : Central Luzon to Basilan.
Genus STRYCHNOS
STRYCHNOS IGNATII Berg. St. Ignatius Bean.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on official medicinal plants.
The bark and seeds, in small doses, are used as a febrifuge,
and are said to be anticholeric and tonic. They are reported
to be effective in some forms of paralysis. They are very
poisonous.
STRYCHNOS MULTI FLORA Benth. BUKUAN.
A description of this species and its local names are given in
the section on fiber plants.
This plant is said to be used for throat troubles.
Family GENTIANACEAE
Genus CANSCORA
CANSCORA DIFFUSA (Vahl) R. Br. Chang-BATO.
Local names: Kubdmba, chang-bato, tsang-batd (Tagalog) ; malenggal
(Rizal).
The entire plant, administered in the form of a decoction,
is tonic and antigastralgic.
Distribution : Ilocos Norte to the central Luzon provinces and
Mindoro.
Family APOCYNACEAE
Genus ALLAMANDA
ALLAMANDA CATHARTICA L. Campanero.
Local names: Campanula, campanero (Spanish).
The whole plant is poisonous. When brewed in decoction ana
administered in small doses, it is used as an antidotal.
Distribution : Rizal, Manila, Laguna, Tayabas, Polillo, Cama-
rines, Albay, Occidental Negros.
Genus ALSTON I A
ALSTON I A MACROPHYLLA Wall. Batino.
Local names: Basikdlang, basikdrang^ daldkan (Ilocos Sur) ; basikdl-
lang, pangolaksien (Cagayan) ; basikdlon (Isabela) ; batikdlang (Panga-
222 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
sinan) ; batino (Tayabas, Laguna, Rizal, Batangas, Mindoro) ; itang-itang
(Guimaras Island) ; kuyau-kiiydu, malatapdi (Camarines) ; pangalisok-
loen (Pangasinan) ; jmngalamutien, pangalanud-dien (Ilocos Norte) ; sulu-
silhiga7i (Palawan); tambal-tungan (Tawi-Tawi) ; tangitang (Capiz).
The bark is used in the same manner as is that of dita
{Alstonia scholaris) .
Distribution : Throughout the Philippines, from Cagayan to
Tawi-Tawi.
ALSTONIA SCHOLARIS (L.) R. Br. DiTA,
Local names: AlipcUiin (Ilocos Norte) ; andardyan, dilnpdo7i (Cagayan) ;
bita (Iloilo) ; dalipdnen, lipduen (Abra, Ilocos Sur, Amburayan subprov-
ince) ; ditd (Zambales, Tarlac, Tayabas, Rizal, Laguna, Bataan, Batangas,
Camarines, Mindoro, Sorsogon, Samar, Leyte, Sibuyan Island, Negros).
A decoction of the bark is used as a tonic and febrifuge and
is said to be an emmenagogue, anticholeric and vulnerary.
Distribution: Very common throughout Luzon and the Vi-
sayan Islands.
Genus CERBERA
CERBERA MANGHAS L. BaraibAi.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on mangrove swamps.
The seeds are toxic, and are used in fishing in small streams.
Genus KIBATALIA
KIBATALIA BLANCOI (Rolfe) Merr. Pasni't.
Local names: Kagpadian (Ilocos Sur) ; laneteng-gubat (Batangas) ;
laniti (Guimaras, Negros); pasnit (Ilocos Sur); tibig (Cavite, Batangas).
The leaves are used to cover the head in case of headache.
Distribution : Cagayan, Ilocos Sur, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas,
Leyte, Guimaras Island, Negros.
Genus LOCH N ERA
LOCH N ERA ROSEA (L.) Reichb. Atai-BIA.
Local names: Chichirica (Spanish-Filipino) ; kumintdng (Bisaya) ; lau-
rel (Cagayan) ; ntai-bid (Rizal, Manila) ; rosas-sa-baibai (Bisaya) ; Sa^i
Pedro (Polillo) ; sanda (Bikol).
The roots in decoction are used as an eff'ective emmenagogue.
It is said that they may produce abortion.
Distribution : Widely distributed from Batanes Islands to
Palawan and northern Mindanao.
Genus NERIUM
NERIUM INDICUM Mill. OLEANDER or Adelfa.
Local names: Adelfa (Spanish); ginatadn (Tagalog).
The bark and leaves are poisonous. With an admixture of
MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 223
oil, they are employed as an external application in skin eruption
or irritations in herpes, etc.
Distribution : Occasionally cultivated for ornament in various
regions.
Genus PARALSTONIA
PARALSTONIA CLUSIACEA Baill. MalABATINO.
Local names: Basikdlang (Ilocos Sur) ; batikoling (Rizal) ; bayag-usd
(Mindoro) ; ditd (Bataan) ; kiiyau-ijdu (Masbate) ; malahatino (Baler);
maladitd (Batangas, Tayabas).
The bark is used on swellings.
Distribution : Cagayan to Camarines, Mindoro, Samar, Mas-
bate, Negros, Palawan, Surigao.
Genus PARAMERIA
PARAMERIA BARBATA (Bl.) K. Schum. (Parameria
philippinensis Radlk.) Dugtung-ahas.
A description of this species and its local names are given in
the section on fiber plants.
The bark macerated in oil is an efficacious vulnerary .and is
also used internally for the cure of tuberculosis.
Genus PLUMIERA
PLUMIERA ACUMINATA Ait. TEMPLE FLOWER or Kalachuche.
Local names: Kalachuche or kalatsiitse (Zambales, most Tagalog prov-
inces; Camarines, most Bisaya provinces) ; kalasuche (Cavite) ; kalatuche
(Tagalog) ; kalunache (Iloko, Cagayan) ; kalisuchu (Pangasinan) ; kard-
karikuchd (Pampanga) ; kidaloche (Iloko); talisocho (Pangasinan).
A decoction of the bark is used as a purgative, emmenagogue
and febrifuge. The latex is also employed for the same effects.
Distribution : Cultivated in the majority of provinces.
Genus RAUWOLFIA
RAUWOLFIA AMSONIAEFOLIA A. DC. Maladita.
Local names: Alibuthut (Masbate); banogan (Masbate); batikoling
(Bukidnon) ; maladitd (Camarines, Bukidnon) ; maraandardijan (Cagayan).
The young buds are used for the stomach disorders of young
babies.
Distribution : Cagayan to Camarines, Lubang Island, Min-
doro, Masbate, Bukidnon.
Genus TABERNAEMONTAN A
TABERNAEMONTANA PANDACAQUI Poir. PandAKAKI.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on dyes.
The milky juice is said to be good for swellings. A decoction
224 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
of the root and the bark is used to cure certain affections of
the stomach and intestines. Women use it also at childbirth.
The leaves are used in bathing.
Genus THEVETIA
THEVETIA PERUVIANA (Pers.) Merr.
Local name: Campanelo or camjmnero (Spanish).
The decoction of the bark, in regulated doses, is employed as an
emetic and febrifuge, said to be effective in intermittent fevers.
Distribution : Isabela, Baguio, Manila, Basilan.
Family ASCLEPIADACEAE
Genus ASCLEPIAS
ASCLEPIAS CURASSAVICA L. BuLAK-DAm6.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on fiber plants.
The roots are employed, both in decoction and pulverized, as
an emetic, having effects similar to those of ipecacuanha.
Genus CALOTROPIS
CALOTROPIS GIGANTEA (L.) Dryand. Kapal-KAPAL.
Local name: Kapal-kapdl (Tagalog).
The bark and thickened latex are used as an alterative in
certain diseases of the skin. They also have vermifugal
properties.
Distribution : Manila, Batangas.
G«nus STREPTOCAULON
STREPTOCAULON BAUMII Decne. HlNCfU-NA-PUTi.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on fiber plants.
The latex is much used as a vulnerary.
Genus TYLOPHORA
TYLOPHORA BREVIPES (Turcz.) F.-Vill. PaSUKA.
Local names: Bugnei (Cagayan) ; sarimgkdd, samngkdr (Ilocos Norte) ;
pasiika (Tagalog in Zambales) ; dail, sayongkdl (Pangasinan) .
A decoction of the roots is used as an emetic. The root is
a substitute for ipecacuanha in all its uses. It is also consid-
ered as an emmenagogue and as a specific for colic.
Distribution : Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Pangasinan, Zambales,
Mindoro.
MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 225
TYLOPHORA PERROTTETIANA Decne. KuL-langem.
Local names: Kul-Jangem (Union); maraipus ti bakes (Iloko).
The leaves are used with wonderful effect as a vulnerary.
Distribution : Union, Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija, Rizal, Laguna.
Family CONVOLVULACEAE
Genus CALONYCTION
CALONYCTION MURICATUM (L.) G. Don
Local name: Tonkin (so called by the friars).
The seeds are vulnerary and are considered a very efficacious
antidotal remedy for poisoning. They are also said to be
purgative, as are those of the Ipomoea nil Roth.
Genus EVOLVULUS
EVOLVULUS ALSINOIDES L.
The entire plant is used in infusion to cure certain irregular-
ities of the bowels. It is also employed as a vermifuge and a
febrifuge.
Distribution: Very common in northern and central Luzon,
but also collected from Semirara Island, Antique, Bukidnon,
Davao, and Cotabato.
Genus IPOMOEA
IPOMOEA DIGITATA L. (/. paniculata R. Br.) Kamkamote.
Local names: Buldkan (Culion) ; kamkamote (Union); piintas-piintas
(Tagalog) .
The fresh, fleshy root, in infusion, is used as a purgative.
It is said that the root dried and pulverized is good for emacia-
tion in children. It is also regarded as alterative, tonic,
aphrodisiac and galactagogic.
Distribution: Union, Bulacan, Bataan, Rizal, Manila, Culion,
Butuan.
IPOMOEA HEDERACEA (L.) Jacq.
Local names: Campanilla azul (Spanish); kamote-kamotehan (Manila
and vicinity).
The pulverized seeds are administered as a purgative and
are said to be anthelmintic.
Distribution: Abra, Lepanto Bontoc, Rizal, Manila.
IPOMOEA PES-CAPRAE (L.) Roth Katang-katang.
Local names: Arodaiddi (Bisaya) ; badino (Batanes) ; balimbahin
(Polillo) ; daripai (Tagalog, Bikol, Bisaya) ; kabaikabdi (Tayabas) ;
177674 15
226 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
kamkamotihan (Bataan) ; kamkmnote (Union) ; katang-kdtang, lagairdi,
lampnyong (Tagalog) ; lagildi (Davao) ; langhdyong (Iloko) ; palang-
pdlang (Iloilo).
The leaves are employed as an escharotic to extirpate the
fungoid growth of ulcers. They are cooked and used as an
antirheumatic topical.
Distribution: Along the beach from Batanes Islands to
Basilan.
IPOMOEA PES-TIGRIDIS L. RANGRANgAu.
Local names: Rangraiigdu ng ahududn, rangrangdii (Union); mala-
sandid, salasandia (Bisaya).
The leaves are employed in the form of poultices as a resolvent
of pimples, boils, etc.
Distribution : Cagayan, Amburayan, Lepanto, Union, Panga-
sinan, Bulacan, Cavite, Rizal, Manila, Laguna, Batangas, Anti-
que, Guimaras Islands, Bukidnon, Zamboanga.
IPOMOEA REPTANS (L.) Poir. KanGKONG.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on fiber plants.
The tops are edible and are mildly laxative.
Genus MERREMIA
MERREMIA E MARGIN ATA (Burm. f.). Hallier f. KuPI-KUrt'T.
Local names: Bato-bato (Tagalog); kupi-kujnt (Iloko).
The leaves and tops in decoction are sometimes employed as
a diuretic.
Distribution : Rizal, Bataan. In dry open grasslands and
waste places at low altitudes.
Genus OPERCULINA
OPERCULINA TURPETHUM (L.) S. Manso
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on fiber plants.
The root, either pulverized or in alcoholic tincture, is employed
as a drastic purgative.
Genus QUAMOCLIT
QUAMOCLIT PINNATA (Descr.) Voigt.
Cypress vine or Cabello de angel.
Local names: Cabello de dngel (Spanish-Filipino) ; himpitan (Cotabato) ;
malabohok (Bisaya) ; tnalviardvia (Cebu) ; pabellon de dngel (Panga-
sinan) ; pisos-pisos (Oriental Negros) ; tartardok (Ilocos Norte) ; ten-
tenedor (Union).
The leaves are prepared in poultices and employed as a remedy
for bleeding hemorrhoids.
MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 227
Distribution: Ilocos Norte, Cagayan, Bontoc, Union, Nueva
Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Pampanga, Bulacan, Bataan, Cavite, Rizal,
Laguna, Camarines Norte and Sur, Albay, Sorsogon, Iloilo,
Antique, Oriental Negros, Cebu, Bantayan Island, and Cotabato.
Family BORRAGINACEAE
Genus GOLDEN I A
GOLDEN I A PROGUMBENS L. TabtABOKOL.
Local names: Oregano-laldki (Tagalog) ; papait ti nuang (Union);
tabtabokol (Ilocos, Abra) ; tapiasin (Tagalog).
The leaves are applied in poultices to mature abscesses. The
dried leaves when pulverized provoke sneezing.
Distribution : From Cagayan to Manila, and in Mindoro.
Genus CORDIA
GORDIA MYXA L. AnoNANG.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on fiber plants.
A decoction of the bark is said to be antidyspeptic and a
febrifuge. When reduced to a powder it is used as a cure for
ulcers in the mouth.
Genus EHRETIA
EHRETIA MIGROPHYLLA Lam. KalamogA.
A description of this species and its local names are given in
the section on food plants.
The dried leaves are boiled and the resulting fluid is used
internally as a cure for stomach trouble. A decoction of the
leaves is used as a cough cure.
EHRETIA NAVESII Vidal Talibunog.
Local names: Alimhiingug (Surigao) ; kalambonog (Pangasinan); mala-
tadidng (Nueva Vizcaya) ; maragaued (Ilocos Norte) ; talibunog (Lepanto).
This plant is used in the pure of fever.
Distribution: Throughout the Philippines from Cagayan to
Basilan.
Genus HELIOTROPIUM
HELIOTROPIUM INDIGUM L. IKOI-PUSA.
Local names: Aposdtes (Basilan); buntot-leon (Tayabas, Albay) ; hinla'
laion (Tagalog) ; higad-higdran (Nueva Ecija) ; ikog-ikog-sang-kuti (Bi-
saya) ; ikoi-pusa (Sambali) ; kabra-kdbra, kavibra-kdmbra (Bisaya) ; kw-
ting-kutingan (Tagalog) ; makabra o puntalefante (Negros) ;, malakudku-
ran (Zambales) ; pengngd (Abra) ; peng-nga-peng-iigd (Pangasinan) ;
peiiga-pengd (Union) ; trompa-elefante (Manila, Marinduque) ; trompa-
lipante (Iloilo).
228 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
A tea made from the leaves is used for bathing cuts and sores ;
also for the treatment of cholera. The leaves are applied to
wounds and boils. The leaves in decoction are used as a pectoral
and as antiscabious. The sap of the leaves mixed with salt is
said to be useful for clearing the vision. The plant is said to be
also used for ear and skin diseases.
Distribution : Batanes Islands to Basilan.
Genus ROT U LA
ROTULA AQUATICA Lour. BUNTtJT-BUAIA.
Local names: Aposotes (Basilan); buntiit-biidia (Bulacan) ; kuldtai
(Tagalog) ; makabra, puntalefdnte (Negros) ; tdkad (Rizal) ; trompali-
pdnti (Iloilo).
The stems are used in decoction as a sudorific and diuretic.
Distribution : Cagayan to Basilan.
Genus TOURNEFORTIA
TOURNEFORTIA SARMENTOSA Lam. SalsALLAKAPU.
Local names: Kalaiigungug (Bisaya) ; salsallakdpu (Union).
The leaves are specially employed in destroying the larvae
found in the ulcers of cattle.
Distribution: In most or all islands and provinces from Ba-
buyanes Islands and northern Luzon to Palawan and Mindanao.
Genus TRICHODESMA
TRICHODESMA INDICUM (L.) R. Br.
This species is used in the same manner as is the following.
Distribution: Rizal, Laguna.
TRICHODESMA ZEYLANICUM (Burm. f.) R. Br. DiLANG-USA.
Local names: Dilang-tisd (Tagalog); mabulo (Rizal).
The flowers are employed by natives, instead of those of Bo-
rago officinalis, as a sudorific and pectoral.
Distribution: Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Pampanga, Rizal, Ma-
nila, Laguna.
Family VERBENACEAE
Genus AVICENNIA
AVICENNIA OFFICINALIS L. ApI-API.
A description and figures of this species and its local names
are given in the section on mangrove swamps.
A resin from the sapwood is used locally on snake bites. The
seeds cooked with water are used as maturative poultices, and
as a cicatrizant of ulcers.
MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 229
Genus CALLICARPA
CALLICARPA CAUDATA Maxim.
Local names: Amgup, anayup (Bengnet) ; haraihdi (Palaui Island).
A decoction made from the fresh or dried leaves is used as a
cure for stomach trouble.
Distribution : Northern Luzon to Albay, Misamis.
CALLICARPA ERIOCLONA Schauer PALI'S,
Local names: Alinau (Mindoro) ; malasambong (Lagnna) ; ])alis (La-
guna) ; sulingdsau (Nueva Ecija) ; tambalabdsi (Batangas) ; tigau (Min-
doro, Negros).
This species is said to be used for the cure of itches.
Distribution: Throughout the provinces of Luzon, Mindoro,
Leyte, Negros, Davao, Zamboanga.
CALLICARPA FORMOSANA Rolfe TiMBABASI.
Local names: Anandhin (Bengnet) ; annoyop (Pangasinan) ; tuhai-hdsi
(Laguna) ; palis, tuhang-daldg (Laguna, Tayabas) ; talambdsi (Batangas,
Mindoro) ; tigau (Laguna, Mindoro, Tayabas) ; timbabdsi (Laguna, Ta-
yabas) ; tuba (Bulacan).
The leaves are smoked like stramonium to combat dyspnoea.
Also, when fresh and crushed, they are used to stupefy fish.
Distribution : Cagayan to Davao.
Genus CLERODENDRON
CLERODENDRON BETHUNEANUM Low GUANTON.
Local names: Anor-an (Palawan); guanton (Surigao) ; kalikal (Suri-
gao) matd-kuo (Masbate) ; parida (Zamboanga).
An infusion of the leaves is used by women during preg-
nancy.
Distribution: Isabela in northern Luzon to Basilan.
CLERODENDRON CU M I NGI AN U M Schauer Talumpapait.
Local names: Dakiitung (Jolo) ; talumpapdit (Lanao) ; tanogo (Zam-
boanga).
The leaves of this species are used for stomachache.
Distribution: Ilocos Norte, Capiz, Negros, Camiguin de Min-
danao, Agusan, Butuan, Lanao, Davao, Zamboanga, Basilan.
CLERODENDRON INERME (L.) Gaertn. Ang'AiTgri.
Local names: Ang'angri, busel-biisel (Union); balisin (Bisaya) ; balis-
kug (Bisaya); mangotiigot (Bataan) ; tabangdiigo (Iloilo).
The root is administered in decoction as a febrifuge and
general alterative. The leaves are used in poultices as a re-
solvent.
Distribution : Batanes Islands to Davao.
230 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
CLERODENDRON INTERMEDIUM Cham. Laroan-ANI'to.
Local names: Alokdsok (Bisaya) ; balantaiia, bantdna, bolongtambdl
(Bisaya) ; igiiiga (Tagalog) ; ikap-ani-dni (Sambali) ; kalalanan (Bataan) ;
kasopdngil (Laguna, Tayabas, Batangas) ; katungatum (Cotabato) ; kolo-
koUg (Bisaya) ; laroan-anito (Tagalog) ; libintdno (Occidental Negros) ;
makalaldnang (Tagalog); pakdpis (Bisaya); salingudk (Mindoro).
The root is known to be purgative. The leaves, either whole
or pounded, are applied on the abdomen of a parturient in certain
complications.
Distribution : Babuyanes Islands to Cotabato.
CLERODENDRON MACROSTEGIUM Schauer Malapotokan.
Local names: Agboligan (Iloko) ; bagdtiak, malapotokan (Tagalog);
bagdk, kasopdngil (Mindanao).
The leaves are employed, in decoction and as poultices, to cure
carbuncles.
Distribution: Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal, Tayabas, Mindoro, Sibu-
yan Island.
CLERODENDRON MINAHASSAE Teysm. and Binn. AlAM-AlAM.
Local names: Ain-amboligan (Pangasinan) ; aiam-diam (Iloko); 6a-
gdnak (Bataan) ; bagdnak-itim (Rizal) ; bagduak-p7ild (Rizal) ; bokoboko
(Union).
This plant is used as an external remedy for chest and
stomach pains. The leaves are said to be boiled and applied to
boils.
Distribution: From Cagayan to Basilan.
CLERODENDRON QUADRILOCULARE (Blanco) Merr. Bagauak.
Local names: Bagduak na morado (Tagalog) ;• bagduak na puld (Rizal) ;
baligtanin (Batangas) ; saling-udk (Occidental Negros, Mindoro).
The leaves in topicals are used for healing wounds, ulcers, etc.
They are also employed in tonic baths.
Distribution: Bataan, Rizal, Manila, Laguna, Batangas, Min-
doro, Ticao Island, Capiz, Negros Occidental, Siargao Island,
Bucas Grande Island.
- Genus LIPPIA
LIPPIA NODI FLORA (L.) Rich. Chachahan.
Local names: Busbusi (Union); chachdhan (Manila); lopulopu (Iloilo) ;
nakiilad (Batanes) .
An infusion of the leaves and tops is employed by the natives
as a carminative and diuretic remedy.
Distribution : Batanes Islands, Cagayan to Laguna, and Panay
to Zamboanga.
MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 231
Genus PREMNA
PREMNA CUMINGIANA Schauer Manaba.
Local names: Banabd (Cagayan, Isabela) ; maladpi (Tagalog) ; manahd
(Camarines, Leyte, Bukidnon) ; kilig (Bataan) ; magilik (Rizal) ; palan-
dictnan (Cagayan).
The leaves in infusion are employed as a remedy for dropsy,
and also as a diuretic.
Distribution : Cagayan, Central Luzon provinces, Camarines,
Leyte, Surigao, Lanao, Davao, Basilan.
PREMNA NAUSEOSA Blanco Mulauin-aso.
Local names: Agrdu (Abra) ; alagdu-gubat (Laguna) ; ananghit (Ri-
zal) ; vialamuldnin (Bataan) ; mulduin-dso (Tarlac, Bataan, Zambales, Ba-
tangas, Rizal, Laguna).
The leaves are said to be used as a cure for stomach troubles.
Distribution: Cagayan to Camarines, Capiz.
PREMNA ODORATA Blanco AlagAu.
Local names: Adgdit (Camarines, Guimaras Island); adiyo' (Marin-
duque) ; alagdu (Union, Abra, Bontoc, Zambales, Pampanga, Tarlac, Bul-
acan, Bataan, Manila, Rizal, Tayabas, Laguna, Negros) ; argdu (Negros) ;
atinge (Nueva Vizcaya) ; lagan (Cotabato) ; lassi (Cagayan) ; tangle (Pam-
panga).
A decoction of the roots, leaves, flowers, and fruits is used as
a sudorific and pectoral, and is said to be carminative. The
leaves with coconut or sesame oil are applied to the abdomen of
children to cure tympanites. The leaves are boiled in water and
the water used for bathing babies, and also as a treatment for
beriberi. In the latter case the boiled leaves are applied to the
affected part of the patient's body. The plant is used as a head-
ache cure.
Distribution : From Batanes Islands, throughout the provinces
of Luzon, and southward to Cotabato.
Genus TECTONA
TECTONA GRANDIS L. f. Teak.
Local names: Dalanddng (Occidental Negros); dalondon, kalaydte (Bis-
aya) ; jdte (Zamboanga) ; hadlaydti (Agusan) ; jdti (Jolo) ; teca (Rizal,
Laguna, Zamboanga) ; tikla (Tagalog) ; ydti (Port Banga).
The leaves, either fresh or dried, are used in decoction as an
excellent remedy for haemoptysis. The same decoction taken
as a gargle is said to cure sore throat.
Distribution : Rizal Province to Jolo.
232 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
Genus VITEX
VITEX NEGUNDO L. LagUNDI,
Local names: Agno-casto (Spanish-Filipino) ; ddngla (Ilocos Norte
and Sur, Abra, Zambales, Pangasinan, Laguna) ; lagundi (Cagayan, Zam.-
bales, Bulacan, Manila, Laguna, Camarines, Masbate, Pampanga).
A decoction of the bark, tops, and leaves is said to be anti-
gastralgic. The leaves are used in aromatic baths; also as an
insectifuge. The seeds are boiled in water and eaten, or the
water is taken internally, to prevent the spreading of poison
from the bites of poisonous animals. The infusion is also used
for disinfecting wounds. Wine in which the seeds have been
soaked is said to be good for dropsy. The leaves of the tree
applied to the forehead are said to be good for headache. The
plant is also regarded as a febrifuge.
Distribution: Common and widely distributed in thickets.
VITEX TRI FOLIA L. var. OVATA (Thunb.) Merr. Lagunding-DAGAT.
Local names: Agiibdrati (Bisaya) ; daldallagni (Union); kalapini
(Union); lagiinding-ddgat, Jagimding-gapdng (Tagalog).
The leaves in decoction are used for aromatic baths.
Distribution: Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Amburayan, Isabela,
Union, Batangas, Catanduanes.
Family LABIATAE
Genus ANISOMELES
ANISOMELES INDICA (L.) 0. Kuntze Bangbangsit.
Local names: Pdling-hardp, taling-hardp (Tagalog).
A decoction of the leaves is said to be antirheumatic and
stomachic.
Distribution : Widely distributed in open waste places in the
Philippines.
Genus COLE US
COLEUS AMBOINICUS Lour.
Local names: Oregano (Spanish-Filipino); siigdnda (Tagalog); to-
rongil, Union (Spanish-Filipino).
The leaves in infusion or as a syrup are used as an aromatic
carminative, administered in cases of dyspepsia and also to
cure asthma.
Distribution: Cultivated in many regions.
COLEUS BLUMEI Benth. MaiaNA.
Local names: Badidra, maidna (Tagalog, Bisaya, Pampanga) ; maidnau
(Bikol) ; malidna (Tagalog, Bisaya, Pampanga); lapondia (Bisaya).
The pounded leaves are said to be valuable as a cure for
headaches, and for the healing of bruises.
Distribution: Widely cultivated.
MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 233
Genus HYPTIS
HYPTIS SUAVEOLENS Poir. Bangbangsi't.
Local names: Bangbangsit (Bontoc, Ilocos Sur, Pangasinan) ; kaling-
kabdyo (Dumaran Island); litdlit (Union); suilb-kabdyo (Polillo).
A decoction of the roots is valued as an appetizer. This
plant is also used for affections of the uterus. The root in
decoction is said to be emmenagogic, and a stimulant if
employed in rheumatism.
Distribution: In waste places throughout the Philippines.
Genus LEUCAS
LEUCAS LAVANDULIFOLIA Sm. PANSI-PANSf.
Local names: Kaskasiimba (Pangasinan); langa-Iangd (Camarines) ;
pansi-pansi (Laguna) ; salita (Polillo); sampdran (Bulacan).
The leaves are crushed and used externally in dermatosis.
Distribution: Very abundant throughout Luzon, and col-
lected also from Mindoro, Polillo, and Surigao.
Genus MENTHA
MENTHA ARVENSIS L. MINT or Yerba buena.
Local name: Yerba buena (Spanish).
The tops and leaves are carminative and when bruised are
used as an antidote for the stings of poisonous insects.
Distribution: Reported from Pangasinan, Manila, Batangas,
Tayabas, but known to be commonly cultivated.
Genus OCIMUM
OCIMUM BASILICUM L. Balan6i or Sweet Basil.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on resins, gums, and oils.
The leaves are used in infusion or decoction as a carminative
and stimulant medicine.
OCIMUMSANCTUML. SulAsi or HoLY BASIL.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on resins, gums, and oils.
The leaves in decoction are used for aromatic baths. A decoc-
tion brewed from the roots and leaves is said to be a specific
for gonorrhea. Externally it is used in baths to cure rheumatic
pains and paralysis. A decoction obtained from the seeds is
said to be demulcent.
Genus POGOSTEMON
POGOSTEMON CABLIN (Blanco) Benth. Patchouli or Kabli'n.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils.
234 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
The leaves and tops serve as a preservative against moths.
They are employed also in baths, when they are said to have
antirheumatic action.
Genus ROSMARINUS
ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS L. ROSEMARY or ROMERO.
Local names: Dtimero (corruption of Spanish "romero") ; rosmiro
(Bontoc),
The leaves are used in the Philippines in the same manner
as in European therapeutics.
Distribution: Reported from Bontoc, Rizal, Laguna, Marin-
duque, but widely cultivated.
Genus SCUTELLARIA
SCUTELLARIA LUZONICA Rolfe SiDIT.
Local name: Sidit (Benguet).
The plant is said to be used as a cure for stomach pains.
Distribution : Northern and central Luzon, Mindanao.
Family SOLANACEAE
Genus DATURA
DATURA FASTUOSA L. TalONG-PUNAI NA ITIM.
Local names: Siva (Batanes Islands) ; talampunai (Marinduque) ; ta-
lampiinai na ithn (Batangas).
The species is poisonous, as is the variety alba. It is uti-
lized for the same purposes as stramonium. The leaves and
flowers are smoked for dyspnoea in bronchitis.
Distribution : In open places in and about settlements through-
out the Philippines.
DATURA FASTUOSA L. var. ALBA (Nees) C. B. Clarke. Talong-punai.
Local names: Kamkammaulati (Union) ; katsubong (Capiz) ; taram^
punai, talam-punai, talong-punai (Tagalog, Pampanga, Bikol) ; kachibong
(Bisaya, Marinduque).
The leaves are much used in resolutive and mitigant poultices.
They are also smoked like stramonium in cases of dyspnoea
produced by asthma. The seeds and roots have the same uses.
They are sometimes used for criminal purposes. The Moros
are said to intoxicate themselves with this plant before they
commit their massacres.
Distribution : Throughout the Philippines in waste places in
and about towns. Much more common than the purple-flowered
form.
MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 235
Genus NICOTIANA
N I COT I AN A TABACUM L. TOBACCO.
Local name: Tabaco (Spanish).
The fresh leaves are used in poultices as a sedative and
maturative. A decoction of the dried leaves is used for enemas
for expelling certain intestinal worms.
Distribution : Cultivated, either on a commercial scale, or for
local use, in almost all provinces.
Genus SOLAN UM
SOLAN UM CUM IN Gil Dunal TAL0NGTAL6NfiAN.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on food plants.
The leaves used in poultices are said to be mitigating and
resolvent. The seeds are employed as a sedative, and are some-
times used to cure toothache.
SOLANUM MELONGENA L. EGG Plant or Tal6ng.
Local names: Talchif/ or tanhif/ (wherever cultivated) ; bcroif/cna
(Spanish).
The roots in decoction are taken internally as an antiasthmatic
and as a general stimulant. The leaves are employed to cure
piles.
Distribution : Cultivated in almost all provinces.
SOLANUM NIGRUM L. K6nti.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on official medicinal plants.
The leaves when prepared in poultices are said to have seda-
tive and healing properties. Prepared as an alcoholate, they are
said to alleviate neuralgic pains.
Family SCROPHULARIACEAE
Genus BACOPA
BACOPA MONNIERA (L.) Wettst. ULASfMAN-Aso.
Local names: Alasiman, olasiman (Cebu) ; ulasiman-afso (Taj^aloj?).
The entire plant in decoction is utilized by the natives as
a diuretic.
Distribution : Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Manila, Laguna, Cebu.
Genus LIMNOPHILA
LIMNOPHILA INDICA (L.) Druce Inata.
Local name: Inata (Ta^alog).
An infusion of the leaves is used in the cure of dysentery
and dyspepsia.
236 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
Distribution: Cag-ayan, Ilocos Norte, Bontoc, Benguet, Pan-
gasinan, Nueva Ecija, Rizal Laguna, Leyte, Bukidnon, Davao,
Lanao. In shallow, slow streams at low and medium altitudes,
ascending to 1,500 meters.
Genus SCOPARIA
SCOPARIA DULCIS L. Malaamis.
Local names: Is-isa (Pangasinan) ; kacha-kachdhan, hibi-hibihan (Ta-
galog) ; vialaamis (Pampanga) ; tnalismalisan (Polillo) ; swmpalokan
(Laguna).
An infusion of the leaves and tops is used as a tea in certain
affections of the intestines.
Distribution: From Batanes Islands to southern Mindanao.
Family BIGNONIACEAE
Genus CRESCENTIA
CRESCENTIA ALATA H.B.K. HOJA-CRUZ.
Local names: Krus-krusan (Rizal); hoja-cruz (Spanish-Filipino).
A decoction of the leaves is employed as an astringent and
antihemorrhagic, and is much used in haemoptysis and dy-
sentery.
Distribution : Rizal and Tayabas.
Genus DOLICHANDRONE
DOLICHANDRONE SPATHACEA (L. f.) K. Schum. Tuwf.
Local names: Pata (Union) ; tcnTgds (Palawan) ; tanghds (Mindoro,
Masbate, Negros Occidental) ; tivi (Butuan) ; tiwi (Camarines, Tayabas,
Mindoro, Agusan) ; tue (Tagalog) ; tui (Zambales, Bataan, Mindoro).
The seeds are administered in the form of a powder, gen-
erally for some nervous complaint.
Distribution: Northern Luzon to Basilan Island.
Genus OROXYLUM
OROXYLUM INDICUM (L.) Vent. Pingkapingkahan.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on food plants.
The leaves are used for the cure of female irregularities.
The bark of the root is said to be antirheumatic if used in
decoction, and also antidysenteric and diaphoretic. The leaves
are g-enerally used in antirheumatic baths.
Family PEDALIACEAE
Genus SESAMUM
SESAMUM ORIENTALE L. {S. indicum DC.) Sesame or LiNGA.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on resins, gums, and oils.
MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 237
The oil extracted from the seeds is used as an antirheumatic
in massage treatment.
Family ACANTHACEAE
Genus ACANTHUS
ACANTHUS ILICIFOLIUS L. DiLIuAriu.
A description and figure of this species and its local names
are given in the section on mangrove swamps.
The leaves and roots are used in decoction as an antiasthmatic.
A decoction of the leaves is considered as emollient.
Genus BARLERIA
BARLERIA PRIONITISL. KOKONG-MANUK.
Local names: Kolintd (Manila); korrintd (Mindoro) ; kokong-manuk,
kuldyita (Tagalog) ; kurdnta (Mindoro).
A decoction of the leaves and tops is used for bathing in
cases of febrile catarrh.
Distribution : Bulacan, Bataan, Rizal, Manila, Laguna, Min-
doro, Cuyo Islands.
Genus BLECHUM
BLECHUM BROWN El Juss. SAPIN-SAPIN.
Local names: Bumburrua (Baguio) ; ddiang (Tagalog) ; damong-samhdW
(Bataan) ; garem nga purau (Union) ; karis-busuk (Ilocos Norte) ; sapin-
sapin (Tagalog); tarre-tarre (Pangasinan).
The entire plant in decoction is used as an antiblennorrhagic.
The pounded leaves are employed as a vulnerary.
Distribution: Batanes Islands, throughout the provinces of
Luzon, Polillo, Leyte, Occidental Negros, Cebu, Misamis, Lanao.
Genus GRAPTOPHYLLUM
GRAPTOPHYLLUM PICTUM (L.) Griff. Atai-ATAI.
Local names: Antolang (Tagalog) ; balasbds, pdsau (Bisaya) ; atai-dtai,
balasbds-nialomai, terndte, yovas (Tagalog) ; kalupueng (Laguna) ; morado
(Spanish-Filipino); sardsa (Tagalog).
The leaves are used as an emollient poultice on ulcers of the
hand and for keeping open artificial ulcers made for medicinal
purpose.
Distribution : Batanes Islands, Cagayan, Lepanto, Pampanga,
Bulacan, Rizal, Manila, Laguna, Tayabas, Mindoro, Palawan,
Lanao, Davao.
Genus JUSTICIA
JUSTICIA GENDARUSSA Burm. 1 KapANATULOT.
Local names: Bugndu, bugno-negro (Palawan) ; bunldu (Bisaya) ; huling-
bdngon (Balabac Island); kadpaidn (Union); kapanatiilot (Tagalog);
238 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
malabulak, San Francisco-bundok (Bataan) ; padir (Abra) ; paritulot (Ri-
zal, Cavite, Tayabas) ; pidpulto (Cagayan) ; tuhod-manuk (Cavite).
The fresh leaves are used in topicals to cure the oedema of
beriberi and are said to be useful in rheumatism. In decoction
they are used for bathing during childbirth.
Distribution: Bulacan, Biliran Island, Leyte, Capiz, Bohol,
Palawan, Balabac Island, Butuan, Lanao, Cotabato, Zamboanga.
JUSTICIA PROCUMBENS L.
The leaves are used externally as an astringent in the cure of
certain eruptions of the skin.
Distribution: Batanes Islands and northern Luzon to Min-
danao, in most islands and provinces. In open places at low
and medium altitudes.
Genus PSEUDERANTHEMUM
PSEUDERANTHEMUM PULCHELLUM (Hort.) Merr. LiMANG-SUGAT.
Local names: Aliopiop, mojno, maladosodos, panaptum (Bisaya) ; cinco-
llagas (Spanish-Filipino); kinatuluan, pasioki (Bataan); limdng-sugat,
silisilihan (Tagalog) ; pulpfdto (Ilocos Norte, Union) ; sinkilladas (Pangasi-
nan, Rizal, Tayabas); tuldng-mamik (Negros Occidental and Tagalog).
The roots, stems and leaves in decoction are used against
aphthoes and also as a cicatrizant of wounds, ulcers, etc.
Distribution: Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Mindoro, Western
Visayan Islands, Mindanao.
Genus RHINACANTHUS
RHINACANTHUS NASUTA (L.) Kurz Tagak-TAGAK.
Local names: Cinco-Uagas na puti, silisiWian, tagak-tagdk, taging-tagdk
(Tagalog).
The sap of the root and leaves, or a decoction of the same,
is efficient in certain obstinate forms of dermatosis.
Distribution: Rizal, Manila, Cavite, Laguna.
Family PLANTAGINACEAE
Genus PLANTAGO
PLANT AGO MAJOR L. PLANTAIN.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on official medicinal plants.
A decoction of the leaves is used as an emollient.
Genus BORRERIA
BORRERIA HISPIDA (L.) K. Schum. {Spermacoce hispida L.)
Local name: Landrina (Tagalog).
The leaves brewed in decoction are used as an" astringent in
hemorrhoids.
MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 239
Distribution: Batanes Islands, Cagayan to Batangas and
Laguna, Mindoro, Panay, Basilan. In open dry places at low
and medium altitudes.
Genus GARDENIA
GARDENIA PSEUDOPSI Dl U M (Blanco) F.-Vill.
Local names: Baydg-usd (Masbate) ; butunalaga (Cagayan); kasablan
(Cotabato) ; kasikas (Benguet) ; lamog (Cotabato) ; malabayabas (Taga-
log) ; sulipa (Bataan),
The fruit is used as a cure for smallpox.
Distribution: Northern Luzon to southern Mindanao.
Genus HYDNOPHYTUM
HYDNOPHYTUM FORMICARIUM Jack Banghai.
Local name: Banghai (Bisaya).
The swollen woody bases of the plants are used in the form
of a decoction as an efficient remedy in liver and intestinal
complaints.
Distribution: Laguna, Tayabas, Polillo, Surigao.
Genus HYM ENODICTYON
HYMENODICTYON EXCELSUM (Roxb.) Wall. Aligango.
Local names: Abdr (Abra, Ilocos Sur) ; aligango (Bulacan) ; aligpdgi
(Davao) ; balang-kori (Nueva Ecija) ; Mgdu (Rizal) ; kamataldng (Basilan
Island); matalisai (Guimaras Island); tnbo-bato (Palawan).
The bark is used as a substitute for cinchona bark in its
antiperiodic effects.
Distribution : Abra to Rizal, Palawan, Guimaras Island,
Davao, Basilan.
Genus MORINDA
MORI N DA CITRI FOLIA L. BanGKORO.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on dyes.
The fruit is used as an emmenagogue. The leaves when
fresh are applied on ulcers to effect a rapid cure. The sap of
the leaves is antiarthritic.
Distribution: Widely distributed in thickets and second-
growth forests in the Philippines.
Genus MUSSAENDA
MUSSAENDA PHILIPPICA A. Rich. TiNULUAN-GATAS.
Local names: Agboi (Bisaya); aghoi (Guimaras Island, Negros, Min-
doro); ayaunikilat (Cotabato); balai-lavidk (Iloko) ; balikaran (Tayabas);
bogon (Samar) ; buyon (Samar, Palawan) ; darumabi (Cotabato) ; galas
virgen (Cavite) ; gibuian (Misamis) ; hagbui (Palawan) ; kdhoi-daldga
(Zambales, Bataan) ; malacafe (Camarines) ; matdng-drau (Bisaya) ; mit-
240 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
yon (Agusan) ; taba-tabd (Camarines) ; talik-hardp (Tayabas, Polillo) ;
taua-taud (Camarines, Butuan, Bukidnon) ; tinga-tingd (Tagalog) ; tinu-
luan-gdtas (Rizal).
This plant is said to be used against snake bites and to cure
dysentery. The roots and leaves in decoction are used for cer-
tain affections of the chest and lungs. The root is employed
in cases of jaundice as are also the white, full-grown sepals.
The leaves, employed externally in decoction, are used as an
emollient.
Distribution: Common and widely distributed in the Philip-
pines.
Genus NAUCLEA
NAUCLEA JUNGHUHNII (Miq.) Merr. Mamb6g.
Local names: Bangkdl (Tayabas, Sorsogon, Masbate) ; kabdk (Samar,
Leyte) ; mambog (Camarines); sapaun (Davao) ; tiroron (Camarines).
A decoction of the bark is used in connection with menstrua-
tion.
Distribution: Isabela, Tayabas, Camarines, Sorsogon, Albay,
Masbate, Leyte, Negros, Misamis, Lanao, Davao, Zamboanga.
In primary forests at low altitudes.
NAUCLEA ORIENTALIS L. BANGkAl.
Local names: Balikakak (Cotabato) ; bangkdl (Zambales, Bataan,
Manila, Laguna, Tayabas, Mindoro, Leyte, Iloilo, Butuan, Cotabato,
Palawan) ; buldia (Babuyanes and Batanes Islands, Ilocos Norte, Abra,
Benguet, Union, Pangasinan) ; kabdk (Butuan).
The leaves are applied to boils and tumors. The bark in
decoction is said to be vulnerary, antidiarrhetic, and a cure for
toothache.
Distribution: Northern Luzon to Mindanao and Palawan.
Genus OLDENLANDIA
OLDENLANDIA CORYMBOSA L.
Local name: Ulasiman-dso (Tagalog).
The entire plant in decoction is used as a febrifuge and a
stomachic.
Distribution : Throughout the Philippines. Often common in
and about towns, in waste places and gardens.
Genus PAEDERIA
PAEDERIA FOETIDA L.
Local names: Bangogan (Bikol) ; dikut na buluk (Pampanga) ; kantukai
(Tagalog, Pampanga); kantutak (Tayabas); kantutan (Tagalog); lilitan
(Bisaya) ; matabdng -dikut (Pampanga); taitdi (Bisaya).
A decoction of the bark is taken as an emetic, while that of
the leaves is used in antirheumatic baths.
Distribution : Widely distributed throughout the Islands.
MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 241
Genus PAVETTA
PA V ETTA INDICA L. GUSOKAN.
Local names: Galauan (Bukidnon) ; gesges (Cagayan) ; gusokan (Cebu,
Bataan) ; malakape (Zambales, Bulacan) ; pangapatoten (Cagayan) ; sang-
kilan (Negros Occidental); tamayayi (Negros Oriental).
The bark in decoction, or pulverized, is administered, especially
to children, to correct visceral obstructions. The leaves in
decoction are used externally to alleviate the pains caused by
hemorrhoids.
Distribution : Batanes Islands to Basilan.
Genus PSYCHOTRIA
PSYCHOTRIA LUZONIENSIS (Cham, and Schlecht.) F.-Vill. Takpo.
Local names: Alitakbo, huruhiigndi (Camarines) ; altoko, dumamai
(Nueva Vizcaya) ; kadpadyan (Union) ; kahtbribo-Iabdyo (Zambales) ;
katagpo (Pampanga, Bulacan, Manila, Rizal, Laguna) ; katagpong-gubat
(Rizal) ; kombateo (Tayabas) ; nguspul (Benguet) ; takpo (Tayabas, La-
guna, Batangas, Cavite) .
A decoction of the root is administered as an antidysenteric
remedy.
Distribution: Laguna to northern Mindanao.
PSYCHOTRIA MINDORENSIS Elm.
Local name: Tagulinau (Bikol).
This plant is said to be a cure for certain eye troubles.
Distribution: Tayabas, Camarines, Sorsogon, Mindoro, Leyte,
Panay, Negros, Mindanao. In primary forests at low and me-
dium altitudes.
Genus RUBIA
RUBIA CORDI FOLIA L. Mangil.
Local name: Mangil (Benguet).
The roots in decoction are used to cure certain disorders of
the urinary organs.
Distribution : Abundant in the Mountain Province of Luzon,
and occurring also in Rizal, Laguna, Tayabas, Lanao, Davao.
Family CUCURBITACEAE
Genus BENINCASA
BENINCASA H ISP I DA (Thunb.) Cogn. Waxgourd or KONDOL.
Local names: Gondol (Pangasinan) ; kondol (Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Pam-
panga, Zambales, Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, Tayabas, Camarines Norte
and Sur, Marinduque, Iloilo, Cebu, Misamis, Cuyo) ; maliiigga (Cavite) ;
sekoi (Tagalog) ; tambidok (Tagalog) ; tangkoi (Ilocos Norte and Sur,
Abra, Cagayan, Isabela, Union) ; tangkud (Rizal, Camarines) ; tibaidiong
(Bataan).
177674 16
242 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
The fresh fruit, made into a syrup, is administered generally
in all disorders of the respiratory organs.
Distribution : Cultivated throughout the Islands.
Genus LAGENARIA
LAGENARIA LEUCANTHA (Duch.) Rusby COMMON GoURD or tJPO,
Local names: Barantiong (Albay) ; calabaza blanca (Spanish); goboi
(long variety: Pangasinan) ; kalahdha-majndi (Zambales) ; kcdabdsang-
piiti (Camarines Norte and Sur, Misamis) ; kalubai (Iloilo, Cuyo) ; kondol
(Cagayan) ; iabdiag (round variety: Manila, Camarines Sur, Marinduque) ;
iahidiong (long variety: Pangasinan) ; tubuiigau (both long and round
varieties: Ilocos Norte and Sur, Abra, Cagayan, Union; round variety:
Pangasinan, Zambales) ; opo or upo (Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Bulacan,
Tarlac, Bataan, Rizal, Manila, Cavite, Laguna, Tayabas, Camarines Norte
and Sur, Leyte, Iloilo, Marinduque).
The green fruit, prepared as a syrup, is employed as a pectoral.
Distribution : Cultivated in all provinces.
Genus LUFFA
LUFFA CYLINDRICA (L.) M. Roem. SONGE GoURD or PatOLANG Ligau.
Local names: Batiitang-ndk (Rizal); kabatiti (Ilocos Norte, Ilocos
Sur, Abra, Cagayan, Union, Mountain, Zambales, Pangasinan) ; kabatiti-
ti-dso (Union) ; pepinillo de Sayi Gregorio (Spanish-Filipino) ; patolang
ligdu (Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Bulacan, Rizal, Bataan, Manila, Laguna, Cavite,
Batangas, Tayabas, Mindoro, Marinduque) ; tabobog (Tagalog) ; tabobok
(Tarlac, Bulacan).
The dried fruit is steeped and the resulting liquid used as an
effective emetic.
Distribution: This wild form occurs in many provinces.
Genus MOMORDICA
MOMORDICA CHARANTIA L. AmpALAYA.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on food plants.
The sap of the leaves is used as a parasiticide, and the fruit
when macerated in oil as a vulnerary.
MOMORDICA COCHINCHINENSIS (Lour.) Spreng. TaB0G-6k.
A description of this species and its local names are given in
the section on food plants.
The seeds are used as a pectoral when pulverized or prepared
in the form of a decoction.
Genus TRICHOSANTHES
TRICHOSANTHES QU I NQUANGULATA A. Gray KatimbAu.
Local names: Kabalonga (Laguna); kathnbdu (Benguet) ; patola-ai-
gaidng (Nueva Vizcaya) ; tabau-tabdu (Pangasinan) ; tabugok (Bulacan) ;
timon-timon (Abra).
MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 243
The mature seeds, finely powdered, are cooked with coconut
oil. After cooling, the oil is applied externally to cure itches.
Also, the powdered seeds are put in wine and taken internally for
stomachache.
Distribution : Camiguin Island, Babuyanes Islands, Cagayan
to Laguna, Masbate, Antique, Lanao, Davao.
Family GOODENIACEAE
Genus SCAEVOLA
SCAEVOLA FRUTESCENS (Mill.) Krause Mosbor6n.
Local names: Agusiihin (Zambales) ; balok-bdlok (Polillo) ; bokdbok
(Tagalog, Bisaya) ; bosboron (Tagalog, Bikol, Bisaya) ; bdto (Tagalog,
Bisaya) ; dudukduken (Ilocos Norte) ; liyiog, linu (Zambales) ; 'itialmalu-
kung (Union); mosboron (Tagalog, .Bisaya); panabolong (Tagalog,
Bisaya); tagustus (Bisaya).
The roots yield a decoction used in beriberi and in certain syphi-
litic affections, also in dysentery. The leaves are smoked like
tobacco.
Distribution: Sea coasts throughout the Islands.
Family COMPOSITAE
Genus AGERATUM
AGERATUM CONYZOIDES L. BULAK-MANUK.
Local names: Asipukpiik (Pangasinan) ; bahug-bahug (Negros) ; bulak-
manuk (Bulacan) ; damong-palids (Manila) ; gamot-tulisdn (Tagalog) ;
damong-kambing (Rizal) ; damong-paildya (Laguna) ; kamubuag (Batanes
Island) ; karokanding (Leyte) ; kolong-kogong (Camarines) ; pagpdgai
(Bontoc) ; singilan (Cagayan).
The stem, roots, and flowers of this plant are boiled and the
resulting fluid used for stomach trouble. The leaves pounded
and mixed with salt are a very effective vulnerary.
Distribution: Batanes Islands, throughout Luzon, Mindoro,
Culion, Palawan, Iloilo, Leyte, Antique, Occidental Negros,
Siargao Island, Davao, and Cotabato.
Genus ARTEMISIA
ARTEMISIA VULGARIS L. DAMONG-MARI'a or MUGWORT.
A description of this species and its local names are given
in the section on official medicinal plants.
The leaves are used as a carminative and emmenagogue.
Distribution : Widely distributed in the Philippines.
Genus BLUMEA
BLUMEA BALSAMIFERA (L.) DC. Samb6nG.
A description and figure of this species and its local names are
given in the section on resins, gums, and oils.
244 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
The roots are used locally as a cure for colds. The leaves
are applied to the forehead to relieve headache. An infusion
is used as a bath for women in childbirth. A tea made from the
leaves is used for stomach pains. A decoction of the leaves
is used as antidiarrhetic and antigastralgic. The decoction is
used also for aromatic baths in rheumatism.
Genus CENTIPEDA
CENTIPEDA MINIMA (L.) A. Br. & Aschers. Harangan.
Local names: Harangayi (Tagalog, Bisaya) ; pisik (Bisaya).
The leaves, squeezed between the fingers and inhaled, clear
the head by provoking sneezing.
Distribution: Cagayan, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Rizal,
Manila, Lanao.
Genus CHRYSANTHEMUM
CHRYSANTHEMUM INDICUM L. CHRYSANTHEMUM.
Local names: Mansanilla a babassit (Union); manzanilla (Spanish-
Filipino); dolontas (Tagalog).
The heads, in infusion, are used as a carminative.
Distribution: Lepanto, Bontoc, Union, Manila, Camarines,
Malamaui Island, Occidental Negros.
Genus CROSSOSTEPHIUM
CROSSOSTEPHIUM CHINENSE (L.) Merr. Absinth or Ajenjo.
Local name: Ajenjo (Spanish).
The leaves and tops in infusion are a carminative and are
said to be an emmenagogue.
Distribution: Widely cultivated as a pot-plant.
Genus ECLIPTA
ECLIPTA ALBA (L.) Hassk. TULTULISAN.
Local names: Higis-manuk, tinta-tintdhan (Tagalog) ; karimbudia
(Bontoc) ; salsalida (Mindoro) ; tinta-tinta (Iloko) ; tultulisdn (Fangasi-
nan) ; yayaod (Batanes Islands).
The leaves and tops brewed in decoction are used in cases of
hepatitis. Pounded they are employed for healing wounds.
Distribution: Batanes Islands to Cotabato.
Genus ELEPHANTOPUS
ELEPHANTOPUS SCABER L. Pagbilau.
Local names: Kabkdbon (Union); pagbilau (Tayabas).
A decoction of the roots and leaves is used as a diuretic, febri-
fuge, and emollient.
Distribution: Widely distributed throughout the Islands.
MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS 245
ELEPHANTOPUS SPICATUS Aubl. SUPSUPUT.
Local names: Ardatag (Bisaya) ; dila-dila (Laguna) ; dilang-usd (Ta-
galog) ; supsuput (Bontoc) ; maratabdko (Union).
The leaves are used as a vulnerary.
Distribution : Batanes Islands to Davao, but particularly abun-
dant in northern Luzon.
Genus EMILIA
EMILIA SONCHIFOLIA (L.) DC. Tagulinau.
A description of this species and its local names are given in
the section on food plants.
A decoction of the leaves has proved very efficacious in cases
of fever. It is also used in combating infantile tympanites.
Genus EN HYDRA
ENHYDRA FLUCTUANS Lour.
The leaves are pressed and applied to the skin in the cure of
certain herpetic eruptions.
Distribution : Manila.
Genus EUPATORIUM
EUPATORIUM TRIPLINERVE Vahl AlAPANA.
Local names: Aiapdna (Manila); apdna (Tagalog).
The leaves in infusion are used as a sudorific and tonic, partic-
ularly in fevers.
. Distribution: Manila, Laguna.
Genus GRANGEA
GRANGEA MADERASPATAN A (L.) Poir. PAKPAk6-TI-AL0G.
Local name: Pakpako-ti-dlog (Union).
The leaves in infusion are used as a stomachic and antispas-
modic.
Distribution : Union, Pampanga, Manila.
Genus PTEROCAULON
PTEROCAULON REDOLENS (Forst. f.) F.-Vill. SUBOSUB.
Local names: Samhoyig-gald' (Tagalog); sambung (Mindoro) ; sabosob-
a-bdlang (Pangasinan) ; subosub (Ilocos Norte).
The leaves in decoction are used for stimulant baths.
Distribution : Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Benguet, Bontoc, Le-
panto, Isabela, Pangasinan, Bataan, Rizal, Batangas, Mindoro.
Genus SIEGESBECKIA
SIEGESBECKIA ORIENTALIS L.
Local names: Kaedeo (Batanes Islands); put (Bontoc).
The leaves in decoction are used as an alterative and, when
applied in the form of lotion, as a vulnerary.
Distribution: Batanes Islands, Abra, Benguet, Bontoc, Rizal,
Lanao.
246 MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE FORESTS
Genus SPHAERANTHUS
SPHAERANTHUS AFRICANUS L. Samb6nG-DAM6.
Local names: Botobotoyiis, palpalsuut (Union); malasamhong-damo (Ta-
yabas) ; sambong-gald' (Tagalog) ; talatabdko (Bisaya).
A decoction of the leaves and tops is taken as a stomach tonic
and is also employed as an antiblennorrhagic.
Distribution : Babuyanes Islands, northern and central Luzon,
Mindoro, Biliran, Basilan.
Genus SPILANTHES
SPILANTHES ACM ELLA (L.) Murr. PaluMAI.
Local names: Pilet-pilet (Balabac Island); palumdi (Pampanga).
The roots, leaves, and tops brewed as a decoction are used
as a vulnerary.
Distribution: Cagayan, Benguet, Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal, La-
guna, Mindoro, Balabac Island.
Genus TAGETES
TAGETES PAT U LA L. MARIGOLD or Ahito.
Local names: Ahito, amarillo (Spanish-Filipino).
A decoction of the flowers is used as a carminative and is said
to be refreshing.
Distribution: Cultivated throughout the Islands, naturalized
in parts of the Mountain Province.
Genus VERNONIA
VERNON I A CINEREA (L.) Less. Agas-m6R0.
Local names: Agas-moro (Union); kulong-kugon (Samar) ; magmansi
(Pangasinan) ; sagit (Bontoc) ; tagulinai (Tayabas) ; yayulinau (Polillo).
An infusion of this plant is taken internally as a cough med-
icine. This plant is also said to be used on wounds. The leaves
are used in decoction against humid herpes, eczema, etc.
Distribution : In open waste places throughout the Philippines.
Genus WEDELIA
WEDELIA Bl FLORA (L.) DC. HagONOI.
Local names: Agonoi (Visaya) ; anaoi-6i (Batanes Islands); hagonoi
(Union, Batangas, Tayabas, Polillo, Mindoro, Iloilo, Agusan) ; hago-onoi
(Davao).
The leaves used in decoction are vulnerary and antiscabious.
A tea made from the roots and leaves is said to be a remedy for
stomachache. The plant is also said to be useful in case of
fever.
Distribution : Common in thickets and along the shore through-
out the Philippines.
INDEX
[This index embraces Volumes 1, 2, and 3. The numbers of the volumes are given in
Roman numerals and the numbers of the pages in Arabic. Scientific names are written in
italics and official local names in black-faced type.]
Abak&, see Musa textUis,
Abang-S.bang, see Curculigo recurvata.
Abang-abang, see Leea manillensis.
Abang-abang, see Oroxylum indicum.
Abar, see Hymenodictyon excelsum.
Abelmoschus moschatus:
Distribution, iii, 208.
Local names, iii, 208.
Medicinal, iii, 208.
Abelnwschus multilobatus :
Description and distribution, i, 386.
Local name, i, 386.
Rope, i, 386.
Abiang, see Livistona rotundifolia.
Abigi, see Arenga tremula.
Abigon, see Pterocymbium tinctorium.
Abiki, see Arenga tremula.
Abiki, see Pinanga spp.
Abilo, see Garuga abilo.
Abkel, see Pittosporum resiniferum.
Abkol, see Pittosporum resiniferum.
Abroma, see Abroma fastuosa.
Abroma augusta, see Abroma fastuosa.
Abroma fastuosa:
Description and distribution, i, 396.
Local names, i, 395.
Dimensions of bast fibers, i, 322.
Fiber, i, 395.
Medicinal, iii, 210.
Tensile strength, i, 321.
Abrome, see Abroma fastuosa.
Abrus precatorius:
Description and distribution, i, 378.
Local names, i, 378.
Fiber, i, 378.
Medicinal, iii, 67, 189.
Absinth, see Crossostephium chinense.
Abuab, see Lophopetalum toxicum.
Abud, see Eurycles amboinensis.
Abukai, see Coix lachryma-jobi.
Abukobuko, see Strychnos multiflora.
Abustra, see Archangelisia fiava.
Abutilon indicum:
Distribution, iii, 208.
Local names, iii, 208.
Medicinal, iii, 208.
Ablitra, see Archangelisia fiava.
Acacia farnesiana:
Description and distribution ii, 208.
Figure, ii, 205.
Local name, ii, 204.
Gum, ii, 204.
Perfume, ii, 304.
Acalypha indica:
Distribution, iii, 197.
Local names, iii, 197.
Medicinal, iii, 197.
Acanthaceae :
Dyes, ii, 404.
Lye, iii, 90.
Mangrove swamps, i, 82.
Medicinal plants, iii, 237.
Acanthtis ebracteatus :
Description, i, 84.
Distribution, i, 24.
Local name, i, 84.
Acanthus ilicifolius :
Description, i, 84.
Distribution, i, 24, 101.
Figure, i, 85.
Local names, i, 82.
Lye, iii, 90.
Medicinal, iii, 237.
Acaptilco, see Cassia alata.
Achote, see Bixa orellana.
Achras sapota :
Local name, ii, 73.
Gum chicle, ii, 73.
Achu6te, see Bixa orellana,
Achyranthes aspera:
Distribution, iii, 184.
Local names, iii, 184.
Medicinal, iii, 184.
Acoelorrhaphe wightii:
Recently introduced palm, i, 243.
Acoro, see Acorus calamus.
Acorus calamus:
Description and distribution, ii, 182.
Local names, ii, 181.
Calamus oil, ii, 181.
Condiment, ii, 252.
Medicinal, ii, 66, 173.
Acrostichum aureum:
Description, i, 32.
Distribution, i, 24, 32.
Figure, i, 33.
247
248
INDEX
Acroatichum aureum — ^Continued.
Local names, i, 32.
Medicinal, iii, 167. •
Actinorhytis calapparia:
Description and distribution, i, 139.
Local name, i, 139.
Adang, see Eugenia calubcob.
Adelfa, see Neriuvi indicum.
Adenanthera intermedia:
Distribution, iii, 189.
Local names, iii, 189.
Medicinal, iii. 189.
Adgau, see Premva odorata.
Adiangau, see Agathis alba.
Adiantuin jihilipijenne :
Distribution, iii, 167.
Local names, iii, 167.
Medicinal, iii, 167.
Adiyo, see Premna odorata.
Adlai, see Coix lachryma-jobi.
Adonidia merrillii:
Description and distribution, i, 139.
Figure, i, 141, 142.
Local names, i, 139.
Areca nut substitute, i, 139 ; ii, 252.
Ornamental, i, 139.
Aduas, see Dracontomclutn edule.
Adupong, see Sterculia crassiratnea.
Aegiceras cornicidatum :
Description, i, 72.
Distribution, i, 22, 72.
Figure, 1, 74, 75, 77.
Local names, 1, 72.
Firewood, i, 116.
Aegiceras floridum :
Description, i, 76.
Figure, i, 78.
Local name, i, 76.
Aerides qninquevulnerum :
Description and distribution, iii, 14.
Figure, iii, 15, 16.
Local names, iii, 14.
Ornamental, iii, 14.
Aerua lanata:
Distribution, iii, 184.
Local names, iii, 184.
Medicinal, iii, 184.
Afii, see Dipterocarjjus vernicifluus.
Afulut, see Urena lobata.
Agagai, see Coix lachryma-jobi.
AgagVjulin, see Tabernaemontana pandacaqui.
Agamid, see Ficus palawanensis.
Agamit, see Ficus palawanensis.
Agandung, see Trema orientalis.
Agkru, see Dysoxylum decandrum.
Agas, see Palaquium philippense.
Agas, see Rhynchosi>ora corytnbosa.
Agas, see Scirjjus grossus-
Agas, see Semecarpus cuneiformis.
Agas-as, see Flacourtia rukam.
Agaricaceae :
Edible fungi, iii, 116.
Agaricus argyrostectus:
Description, iii, 132.
Distribution, iii, 132.
Edible fungi, iii, 132.
Agaricus boltoni:
Description, iii, 132.
Distribution, iii, 132.
Figure, iii, 133.
Edible fungi, iii, 132.
Agaricus luzonensis :
Description, iii, 132.
Edible fungi, iii, 132.
Agaricus manilensis :
Description, iii, 134.
Distribution, iii, 134.
Edible fungi, iii, 134.
Agaricus merrillii:
Description, iii, 134.
Figure, iii, 135.
Edible fungi, iii, 134.
Agaricus perjuscus :
Description, iii, 134.
Edible fungi, iii, 134.
Agas-m6ro, see Vernonia cinerea.
Apat, see Zingiber officinale.
Agathis alba :
Description and distribution, ii, 29.
Figures, ii, 19, 21, 23.
Local names, ii, 18.
Analysis of Manila copal, ii, 24.
Distillation of Manila copal, ii, 27.
Export of Manila copal, ii, 20.
Oxidation of Manila copal, ii, 28.
Method of collecting the resin, ii, 22.
Uses, ii, 20.
Varnish, Manila copal in, ii, 26.
Agave cantula :
Distribution, i, 362.
Local name, i, 362.
Fiber, i, 362.
Dimensions of fiber, i, 422.
Paper, i, ' 415.
Tensile strength, i, 322.
Agave sisalana :
Distribution, 1, 362.
Local name, i, 362.
Fiber, i, 362.
Agboi, see Mussaenda philippica.
Agboi, see Pterospermum obliquum.
Agboligan, see Clerodendron macrostegium.
Agdang, see Grewia stylocarpa.
Agelaea everettii:
Description and distribution, i, 376.
Local names, i, 376.
Fiber, i, 376.
Agem, see Decaspermuvi fruticosum.
Ageratum conyzoides:
Distribution, iii, 243.
Local names, iii, 243.
Medicinal, iii, 243.
Agho, see Leucaena glauca.
Agho, see Pithecolobium subacututn.
Aghoi, see Mussaenda i^hilippica.
Agiktik, see Desmodium heterocarpum.
Agim a babae, see Decaspermum fruticosum.
Agkui, see Bauhinia cumingiana.
Aglai, see Coix lachryma-jobi.
Aglaia everettii:
Description and distribution, ii, 302.
« Figure, ii, 303.
INDEX
249
Aglaia everettii — Continued.
Local names, ii, 302.
Food, ii, 302.
Aglaia glomerata:
Description and distribution, ii, 302.
Local names, ii, 302.
Food, ii, 302.
Aglaia harmsiana:
Description and distribution, ii, 304.
Figure, ii, 305.
Local names, ii, 304.
Food, ii, 304.
Agnaia, see Lumnizera littorea.
Agnaya, see Stenochlaena palustris.
Agno-casto, see Vitex ncgundo.
Ago, see Casuarina equisetifolia.
Agoho, see Casuarina equisetifolia.
Agok, see Casuariyia equisetifolia.
Agoko, see Casuarina equisetifolia.
Agonoi, see Wedelia biflora.
Agooi, see Honwnoia riparia.
Agoso, see Casc^iarina equisetifolia.
Agpoi, see Bauhinia cumingiana.
Agpor, see Bauhinia cumingiana.
Agrau, see Preinna nauseosa.
Agsam, see Lygodium circinnatum.
Agsam, see Lygodium japonicum.
Agsam, see Lygodium scandens.
Agtimaloi, see Tahernaemontana pandacaqui.
Agubahan, see Crinum asiaticum.
Agubarau, see Vitex trifolia.
Agukiik, see Homonoia riparia.
Aguriaiiang, see Abrus precatorius.
Agunyanyang, see Abrus precatorius.
Agrusahis, see Payiicum palmaefolium.
Agusais, see Panicum palmaefolium.
Agusiihin, see Scaevola frutescens.
Agu-u, see Pinus v^erkusii.
Ahito, see Tagetes patula.
Aiam-iiam, see Clerodendron minahassae.
Aiapina, see Eupatorium triplinerve.
Aimit, see Ficus minahassae.
Aizoaceae :
Food plants, ii, 276.
Ajenjo, see Crossostephium chinense.
Ajos, see Allium sativum.
AJos-ajos nga maputi, see HymenocaUis lit-
torale.
Akat, see Bruguiera conjugata and Bruguiera
sexangula.
Ak-o, see Casuarina equisetifolia.
Akum, see Amaranthus spinosus.
Alag&si, see Leucosyke capitellata.
Alagau, see Premna nauseosa.
Alag&u, see Premna odorata.
Alagau-blanco, see Premna nauseosa.
Alagau-d&gat, see Premna nauseosa.
Alagau-gubat, see Premna nauseosa.
Alagosi, see Greicia acuminata.
Alahan, see Guioa koelreuteria.
Alahan, see Gyrinopsis cumingiana.
Alai, see Bruguiera sexangula.
AJaka, see Palaquium philippense.
AJakaak, see Palaquium philippense.
Alal, see Piyius insularis.
Al-alinau, see Greivia multiflora.
Alangabun, see Macaranga tanarius.
Alangasi, see Leucosyke capitellata.
Alangigan, see Canangium odoratum.
Alangilan, see Canangium odoratum,.
Alangki, see Canarittm luzonicum.
Alasan, see Guioa koelreuteria.
Alasas, see Pandanus copelandii.
Alasas, see Pandanus liczonensis.
A las doce, see Pentnpetes phoenicea.
Alasiman, see Bacopa monniera.
Alauihau, see Dracontomehim edule.
Albahaca, see Ocimum basili/:u'in.
Albahaca, see Ocimtim sanctum.
Albahaca, see Sida cordifolia.
Albahaca de caballo, see Lantana camara.
Albangbang, see Bauhinia malabarica.
Albizzia acle :
Description and distribution, iii, 52.
Figure, iii, 53, 55.
Local names, iii, 52.
Soap substitute, iii, 52.
Albizzia lebbekoides :
Description and distribution, ii, 288.
Figure, ii, 289.
Local names, ii, 288.
Fermented drink, ii, 288.
Albizzia sai^onaria:
Description and distribution, iii, 52.
Local names, iii, 52.
Soap substitute, iii, 62.
Albutra, see Archangelisia flava.
Alchornea sicca :
Fish poison, iii, 80.
Alcohol :
Areca caliso, i, 147.
Arenga pinnata, i, 150.
Arenga tremula, i, 158.
Caryota cumingii, i, 182.
Caryota majestica, i, 182.
Caryota mistis, i, 182.
Caryota merrilUi, i, 182.
Caryota rumphiana, i, 182.
Cocos nucifera, i, 184.
Corypha elata, i, 192.
Metroxylon sagu, i, 220.
Nipa fruticans, i, 222.
Aldonises, see Allium cepa.
Aleurites fordii:
Distribution, ii, 120.
Extraction of tung oil, ii, 120.
Properties of tung oil, ii, 123.
Uses of tung oil, ii, 120, 122.
Aleurites moluccana :
Description, ii, 133.
Distribution, ii, 124, 133.
Figure, ii, 125, 127, 129.
Local names, ii, 124.
Analysis of kernels and oil, ii, 130-132.
Extraction of oil, ii, 126, 128.
Fertilizer, ii, 128, 132.
Growth, ii, 132.
Lumbang oil, ii, 123, 124.
Medicinal, iii, 197.
Oil cake, ii, 128. 132.
Planting, ii, 132.
Separation of shell from kernel, ii, 126
250
INDEX
Aleurites moluccana — Continued.
Storage of nuts, ii, 128.
Uses of oil, ii, 126.
Aleurites montana, see Aleurites fordii.
Aleurites trisperma:
Description and distribution, ii, 137.
Figure, ii, 135.
Local names, ii, 134.
Analysis of oil, ii, 134, 136.
Baguilumbang oil, ii, 134.
Fertilizer, ii, 137.
Growth, ii, 137.
Medicinal, iii, 198.
Planting, ii, 137.
Uses of oil, ii, 123.
Alibabag, see Allaeanthus glaber.
Alibabai, see Allaeanthus glaber.
Alibambangan, see Lophopetalum toxicuyn.
Alibang, see Bauhinia , malaharica.
Alibang-b&ng, see Bauhinia malaharica.
AJibhon, see Blumea balsamifera.
Alibutbiit, see Rauwolfia amsoniaefolia.
Alibutbut, see Tabernae)iiontana pandacaqui.
Alig&ngo, see Hym^nodictyon excelsurrK
Aligpagi, see Hyxtenodictyon excelsuin.
Aligpagi, see Phaleria perrottetiana.
Alikbangon, see Comnielina benghalensis.
Alilipai, see Mucuna nigricans.
Alim, see Melanolepis multiglandulosa.
Alimbungug, see Ehretia navesii.
Alimon, see Blumea balsamifera.
Alimpuying, see Curcuma zedoaria.
Alimudias, see Coix lachryma-jobi.
Alinang, see Cyperus radiatus.
Alinau, see Callicarpa erioclona.
AlJnau, see Columbia serratifolia.
Alinau, see Cyathocalyx globosus.
Alinau, see Grewia acuminata.
Alinau, see Grewia multijiora.
Alindagon, see Trema orientalis.
Alingaro, see Elaeagnus philippensis.
Alinsago, see Agathis alba.
Aliopiop, see Pseuderanthernuin pulchellum.
Alipata, see Dodonaea viscosa.
Alipata, see Excoecaria agallocha.
Alipauin, see Alstonia scholaris.
Alismaceae :
Food plants, ii, 246.
Alitagtag, see Allaeanthus glaber,
AUa-allagat, see Uvaria sorzogonensis.
Allaeanthus glaber:
Description and distribution, i, 368.
Figure, ii, 263.
Local names, i, 368 ; ii, 262.
Fiber, i, 368.
Food, ii, 262.
Tensile strength, i, 321.
Allaeanthus luzonicus :
Description, ii, 262.
Local names, ii, 262.
Food, ii, 262.
AUagat, see Grewia acurninata.
Al-lagat, see Uvaria rufa.
Allamanda cathartica:
Distribution, iii, 221.
Local names, iii, 221.
Medicinal, iii, 221.
Allium cepa:
Local names, iii, 175.
Medicinal, iii, 175.
Alliuyn sativum :
Local names, iii, 175.
Medicinal, iii, 175.
Alluloi, see Anacolosa luzoniensis.
Alm&ciga, see Agathis alba.
AJmaciga babae, see Agathis alba.
Almendra de Indias, see Terminalia catappa.
Alocasia macrorrhiza:
Description and distribution, ii, 253.
Local names, ii, 253.
Food, ii, 253.
Medicinal, iii, 173.
Ornamental, ii, 253.
Alogbati, see Basella rubra.
Alokasok, see Clerodendron intermedium.
Aloko, see Garcinia dvlcis.
Alokon, see Allaeanthus glaber.
Alolokdo, see Nephrolepis hirsutula.
Alom, see Melanolepis multiglandulosa.
Alpai, see Nephelium mutabUe.
Alpasotes, see Chenopodium ambrosioidea.
Alpasoti, see Chenopodium anibrosioides.
Alphitonia excelsa:
Description and distribution, i, 380.
Local names, i, 380.
Rope, i, 380.
Alphonsea arborea :
Distribution, iii, 187.
Local names, iii, 187.
Medicinal, iii, 187.
Alpinia pyramidata:
Description and distribution, ii, 259.
Local names, ii, 259.
Beverage, ii, 259.
Condiment, ii, 259.
Medicinal, iii, 177.
Alstonia macrophylla:
Distribution, iii, 221.
Local names, iii, 221.
Medicinal, iii, 221.
Alsto7iia scholaris:
Distribution, iii, 222.
Local names, iii, 222.
Medicinal, iii, 222.
Altoko, see Fsychotria luzoniensis.
Aluluan, see Pistia stratiotes.
Alum, see Hibiscus tHiaceus.
Alum, see Melanolepis tnultiglandvlosa.
Alumamani, see Leea manillensis.
Alumani, see Leea inanillensis.
Alungkagai, see Decaspermum fruticosum.
Alupag, see Euphoria didyma.
Alupag-amo, see Euphoria didyma.
Alupai, see Euphoria didyma.
Alupak, see Euphoria didyma.
Alupayi, see Homalomena philippinensia.
INDEX
251
Alupi, see Terminalia edulis.
Amagong, see Thespesia lanums.
Amai-it, see Flacourtia rnkam.
Amamali, see Leea aculeata.
AmamS.li, see Leea manillensis.
Am-amboligan, see Clerodendron minahassae.
Amapola, see Hibiscus mutabilis.
Amaranthaceae :
Food plants, ii, 274.
Medicinal plants, iii, 184.
Amaranthus spinosiis:
Distribution, iii, 184.
Local names, iii, 184.
Medicinal, iii, 184.
Amarayithus viridis :
Description and distribution, ii, 274.
Figure, ii, 277.
Local names, ii, 274.
Food, ii, 274.
Amaras, see Piper retrofractum.
Amargo, see Terminalia calamansanai.
Amargoso, see Momordica charantia.
AmarUlo, see Tagetes patula.
Amaryllidaceae :
Fiber plants, i, 362.
Medicinal plants, iii, 176
Ambal, see Pycnarrhena manillensis.
Ambobanga, see Orania palindan.
Amboi-uan, see Gretvia acuminata.
Ambolong, see Metroxylon sagu.
Ambong, see Abroma fastuosa.
Ambulong, see Metroxylon sagu.
Ambung, see Arenga ambong.
Amgup, see Callicarpa caudata.
Amlong', see Rhaphidophora merrillii.
Ammai, see Oryza sativa.
Ammannia baccifera :
Distribution, iii, 214.
Local names, iii, 214.
Medicinal, iii, 214.
Ammugin, see Buddleia asiatica.
Amominn sp.
Rope, i, 365.
Tensile strength, i, 322.
Amongyang, see Pygeum preslii.
Amora, see Andropogon zizanioides.
Amoras, see Andro2:>ogon zizanioides.
Amor pho phallus campanulatus :
Description and distribution, ii, 253.
Figures, ii, 255.
Local names, ii, 253.
Food, ii, 253.
Medicinal, iii, 173.
Amor-seco, see Andropogon aciculatus.
Ampalaya, see Momordica charantia^
Ampaleng, see Gonocaryum caUeryanum.
Ampaleya, see Momordica charantia.
Ampelocissus martini:
Description and distribution, ii, 328.
Food, ii, 328.
Amug&n, see Pygeum glat^didosum.
Amugan, see Pygeum preslii.
Amugauen, see Sapindus saponaria.
Amugis, see Dracontomelum edule.
Amulong, see Rhaphidophora merriiliL
Amiiyong', see Goniothalamus amuyon.
Amuyong, see Phaeanthus ebracteolatus.
Anaau, see Livistona rotundifolia.
Anabiong, see Melochia umbellata.
Anablong, see Trema orientalis.
Anabling, see Artocarpus rubrovenia.
Anab6, see Abrojna fastuosa.
Anabo, see AUaeanthus luzonicus.
Anabo, see Melochia umbellata.
Anabong, see Abroma fastuosa.
Anabu, see Abroma fastxMsa.
Anabun, see Macaranga tanarius.
Anacardiaceae :
Food plants, ii, 312.
Medicinal plants, iii, 69, 202.
Oils, ii, 146.
Anacardium occidentale :
Description and distribution, ii, 146.
Local names, ii, 146.
Cashew nut oil, ii, 146.
Medicinal, iii, 69, 202.
Anacolosa luzoniensis :
Description and distribution, ii, 274.
Figures, ii, 272. 273.
Local names, ii, 270.
Food, ii, 270.
Anafu, see Abroma fastuosa.
Anagas, see Semecarpus cuneiformis.
Anagas, see Semecarpus gigantifolia.
Anagas, see Stercidia luzonica.
Anagasi, see Leucosyke capitellata.
Anagdung, see Trema orientalis.
Anagep, see Terminalia edulis.
Anagiim, see Trema orientalis.
An&hau, see Livistona rotundifolia.
Anahauon, see Dipterocarpus grandiflorus.
Anahiuan, see Fimbristylis globulosa.
Anakseng, see Greu-ia edulis.
Anamirta cocculus :
Description and distribution, i, 375.
Local names, i, 375.
Fish poison, iii, 79.
Medicinal, iii, 185.
Rope, i, 375.
Tensile strength, i, 322.
Ananas comosus:
Distribution, i, 356.
Local name, ii, 256.
Fiber, i, 360.
Food, ii, 256.
Anandhin, see Callicarpa formosana.
Ananggi, see Canarium ovatuin.
Anangging-puti, see Dracontomelum edule.
Anangilan, see Canangium odoratum.
Anangin, see Guioa koelreuteria.
AnaiTgiran, see Canangium odoratum.
Anaoi-6i, see Wedelia biflora.
Anariong, see Trema orientalis.
Anarong, see Trema orientalis.
Anau, see Livistona rotundifolia.
Anayup, see Callicarpa caudata.
252
INDEX
AndadasI, see Cassia occidentalis.
Andadasi, see Cassia sophera.
Aridadasi nga bugbugtong, see Cassia alata.
Andadasi nga dadakkol, see Cassia tora.
Andadasi nga dakkel, see Cassia alata.
Andang, see Eugenia calubcob.
Andarayan, see Alsto7iia scholaris.
Andibaing, see Mimosa pudica.
Andropogon acicidatus:
Distribution, iii, 169.
Local names, iii, 169.
Medicinal, iii, 169.
Andropogon citratus:
Description and distribution, ii, 176.
Local names, ii, 174.
Condiment, ii, 174.
Distillation, ii, 175.
Medicinal, iii, 169.
Oil, ii, 174.
Paper, ii, 176.
Perfume, ii, 174.
Andropogon halepensis:
Description and distribution, i, 338.
Local names, i, 338.
Fiber, 1, 338.
Andropogon nardus :
Distribution, ii, 177.
Oil, ii, 176.
Andropogon sorghum:
Distribution, iii, 170.
Local names, iii, 170.
Medicinal, iii, 170.
Andropogon zizanioides:
Description and distribution, i, 339 ; ii,
181.
Figure, ii, 179.
Local names, i, 338 ; ii, 177.
Fiber, i, 338.
Medicinal, iii, 170.
Vetiver oil, ii, 177.
Aneg, see Dioscorea esculenta.
Ang'angri, see Clerodendron inerme.
Ang-angson, see Paspalum scrobiculatuvi.
Ange, see Curcuma longa.
Angelica, see Cardiospermum halicacabum.
Aiiggit, see Ammannia baccifera.
Anggu&t, see Bidens chinensis.
Ang-nguad, see Bidens pilosa.
Angset, see Guioa koelreuteria.
Anguar, see Bidens chinensis.
Angud, see Achyran*hes aspera.
Anias, see Andropogon zizanioides.
Anias de moras, see Andropogon zizanioides.
Anibong, see Asclepias curassavica.
Anibong, see Oncosperma fila''>ne'^tos'um.
Anibong, see Typha angustifolia.
Anibung, see Oncosperma filamentosum.
Anilai, see Lumnitzera littorea.
Anilau, see Alphitonia excelsa.
Anilau, see Columbia blancoi.
Anilau, see Columbia lanceolata.
Anil&u, see Colunfibia serratifolia.
Anilau, see Grewia eriocarpa.
Anilau, see Grewia mvltiflora.
Aninga, see Agathis alba.
AniiTgat, see Agathis alba.
Aninguai, see Euphoria didyma.
Anipa, see Nipa fruticans.
Anis, see Foeniculum vulgare.
Anisado :
Clausena anisum-olens, ii, 212.
Anis de moro, see Andropogon zizanioides.
Anisomeles indica:
Distribution, iii, 232.
Local names, iii, 232.
Medicinal, iii, 232.
Anisoptera thurifera:
Description and distribution, ii, 52, 64.
Figure, ii, 53, 55.
Local names, ii, 52.
Dimensions of fibers, i, 423.
Palosapis resin, ii, 52.
Paper, i, 423-425.
Anitap, see Commersonia bartramia.
An-nabo, see Abroma fastuosa.
Annabo, see Malachra capitata.
Annabo, see Malachra fasciata.
Annabo a dadakkel, see Abalmoschus rnultilo-
batus.
Annatto tree, see Bixa orellana.
Annonaceae :
Fiber plants, i, 375.
Food plants, ii, 280.
Medicinal plants, iii, 187.
Oils, ii, 189.
Annoyop, see Calliearpa forviosana.
Annuad, see Flagellaria indica.
An6nang, see Cordia myxa.
Anonang-bakir, see Cordia myxa.
Anonang gum :
Cordia myxa, ii, 88.
Anonang-lalaki, see Cordia cumingiana.
Anonongkot, see Urena lobata.
Anopol, see ConocephaUus violaceus.
Anoran, see Clerodendron bethuneanum.
Anos, see Schizostachyum lima.
Ansa, see Eugenia mananquil.
Antagan, see Pterocarpus spp.
Antel, see Canarium villosum.
Anteng, see Agathis alba.
Anteng, see Canarium luzonicum.
Anteng, see Canarium villosum.
Antiaris toxicaria :
Description and distribution, i.
Local names, i, 368.
Fiber, i, 368.
Antidesma bunius:
Description and distribution, ii,
Figure, ii, 309, 311.
Local names, ii, 308.
Food, ii, 308.
Antip61o, see Artocarpus communis.
Antipole, see Artocarpus elastica.
Antipolong lalaki, see Artocarpus communis.
Anto, see Amorphophallus campanulatus.
Antol, see Garcinia vidalii.
Antolang, see GraptophyUum pictum.
Antolangan, see Hibiscus rosa-sinensis.
Anton, see Lygodium semihastatum.
Anuad, see Flagellaria indica.
369.
308.
INDEX
253
Aniiang, see Kyllinga monocephala.
Anublng, see Artocarpus cutningiana.
Anubing, see Ai'tocarjius rubrovenia.
Anubing' gum :
Artocariiua cutningiana, ii, 70.
Anubing-kadios, see Gymnartocarpus woodii.
Anubing na nangka, see Gymnartocarpus
woodii.
Anubling, see Artocarpus cumingiana.
Anubling, see Artocarpus rubrovenia.
Anugau, see Leucosyke capitellata.
Aniinang, see Cordia myxa.
Anuriga, see Ficus benjamina.
Aniinong, see Cordia myxa.
Aniipol, see Conocephallus violaceus.
Aon-o, see Bambusa spinosa.
Apagi, see Coix lachryma-jobi.
Apakapaka, see Palaquium philippense.
Apalit, see Pterocarpus blancoi,
Apalit, see Pterocarpus spp.
Apalung, see Euphoria didyina.
Apalya, see Momordica charantia.
Apana, see Eupatorium triplinerve.
Aparlgua, see Laportea meyeniana.
Apas, see Ficus ulmifolia.
Apasotes, see Chenopodium ambrosioides.
Apatot, see Morinda citrifolia.
Apatut, see Bixa orellana.
Apdong-kahoi, see Lunasia ainara.
Api-fi,pi, see Avicennia alba.
Api-fi,pi, see Avicennia officinalis.
Api-api, see Avicennia spp.
Apio, see Apium graveolens.
Apiot, see Ardisia boissieri.
Apitan, see Pygeum preslii.
Apitong, see Anisoptera thurifera.
Apitong, see Dipterocarpus grandiflorus.
Apitong, see Dipterocarpus vernicifloruus.
Apium graveolens:
Distribution, iii, 218.
Local names, iii, 218.
Medicinal, iii, 218.
Aplit, see Grewia multiflora.
Apluda mutica:
Description and distribution, i, 339.
Local names, i, 339.
Hats, i, 339.
Apnig, see Eugenia xanthophylla.
Apnit, see ArAsoptera thurifera.
Apocynaceae :
Dyes, ii, 403.
Fiber plants, i, 406.
Food plants, ii, 370.
Mangrove swamps, i, 76.
Medicinal plants, iii, 221.
Oils, ii, 168.
Poisonous plants, iii, 81.
Apoi-apoian, see Amtnannia baccifera.
Apoioi, see Homonoia riparia.
Xpong, see Amorphophallus cajnjJantdatus.
Aposotes, see Heliotropium indicum.
Aposotes, see Rotala aquatica.
Apot, see Chloranthus brachystachys.
Apulas, see Ficus ulmifolia.
Aptilid, see Eleocharis dulcis.
Apung, see Greivia stylocarpa.
Apung-apung, see Kleinhovia hospita.
Aguilaria malaccensis:
Distribution, i, 403.
Fiber, i, 403.
Araceae :
Fiber plants, i, 353.
Food plants, ii, 252.
Medicinal plants, iii, 66, 173.
Oils, ii, 181.
Paper substitute, iii, 90.
Arachis hypogaea:
Distribution, ii, 108.
Local name, ii, 108.
Peanut oil, ii, 108.
Uses, ii, 109.
Aragasi, see Leucosyke capitellata.
Aragau, see Premna nauseosa.
Arai, see Amaranthus spinosus.
Araka, see Palaquium philipiiense.
Araliaceae :
Medicinal plants, iii, 217.
Poisonous plants, iii, 81.
Arandon, see Trema orientalis.
Aririgen, see Ganophyllum falcatum.
Arangen oil;
Ganophyllum falcatum, ii, 147.
Arasnga, see Citrus maxima.
Aratan, see Donax cannaeformis.
Archangelisia jiava :
Description and distribution, ii, 388.
Local names, ii, 388.
Dye, ii, 388.
Medicinal, iii, 67, 185.
Archonto phoenix alexandreae, i, 243.
Ardatag, see Elephantopus spicatxis.
Ardisia boissieri:
Description and distribution, ii, 364.
Local names, ii, 362.
Food flavoring, ii, 364.
Medicinal, iii, 219.
Ardisia serrata :
Description and distribution, iii, 95.
Local names, iii, 95.
Tannin, iii, 95.
Areca caliso :
Description, i, 143, 147.
Local names, i, 147.
Alcoholic drink, ii, 252.
Areca nut substitute, ii, 252.
Beverage, i, 148.
Buyo substitute, i, 148.
Areca camarinensis :
Description, i, 143.
Figure, i, 149.
Areca catechu:
Description, i, 140, 144.
Distribution, i, 144.
Figure, i, 145, 146.
Local names, i, 144.
Buyo chewing, ii, 252.
Medicinal, iii, 172.
VeJTTiifuge, iii, 65.
Areca costulata, i, 143.
254
INDEX
Areca hutchinsoniana :
Description, i, 144, 148.
Local names, i, 148.
Medicinal, iii, 172.
Areca ipot :
Description, i, 143, 148.
Distribution, i, 148.
Figure, i, 149.
Local names, i, 148.
Areca nut substitute, i, 148 ; ii, 252.
Ornamental, i, 148.
Areca macrocarpa:
Description, i, 140.
Figure, i, 149.
Areca parens :
Description, i, 143.
Figure, i, 149.
Areca vidaliana:
Description, i, 144, 148.
Distribution, i, 148.
Local names, i, 148. •
Ornamental, i, 148.
Areca whitfordii:
Description, i, 143, 148.
Distribution, i, 148.
Local names, i, 148.
Arenga nnibong :
Description and distribution, i, 150.
Local names, i, 150.
Blowguns, i, 150.
Food, ii, 252.
Arenga mindorensis, see Arenga tremula.
Arenga pinnata:
Description and distribution, i, 150.
Figure, i, 151. 153.
Local names, i, 150.
Alcoholic drinks, i, 155.
Fiber, i, 152.
Medicinal, iii, 172.
Starch, i, 155.
Sugar, ii, 156.
Uses, i, 150.
Vinegar, i, 156.
Arenga saecharifera, see Arenga pinnata.
Arenga tremula:
Description, i, 150, 158.
Distribution, 1, 158.
Figure, i, 157.
Local names, i, 158.
Alcoholic drink, ii, 252.
Beverage, i, 158.
Fiber, i, 158.
Argau, see Prenma nauseosa.
Argau, see Premna odorata.
Aribu-bu, see Dioscorea luzonenais.
Ariman, see Pothoidiuni lobbianum.
Arimit, see Ficus minahassae.
Arinaya, see Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea.
Aristolochiaceae :
Medicinal plants, iii, 183.
Aristoloch ia sericea :
Distribution, iii, 183.
Local name, iii, 183.
Medicinal, iii, 183.
Aristolochia tagala:
Distribution, iii, 183.
Local names, iii, 183.
Medicinal, iii, 183.
Ariuat, see Columella trifolia.
Ariuat, see Tetrastigma harniandi.
Aro, see Casuarina equisetifolia.
Arobo, see Casuarina eqiiisetifolia.
Arodaidai, see Ipomoea pes-caprae.
Arogangan, see Hibiscus rosa-sinensis.
Arogbati, see Basella rubra.
Aroho, see Casuarina equisetifolia.
Ar6ma, see Acacia farnesiana.
Aroo, see Casuarina eQuiseti folia.
Aroro, see Andropogon halepensis.
Artemisia vulgaris:
Description and distribution, iii, 75, 243.
Local names, iii, 75.
Medicinal, iii, 75, 243.
Artocarpus communis:
Description and distribution, i, 369 ; ii,
262.
Figures, i, 371 ; ii, 264, 265.
Local names, i, 369.
Fiber, i, 369.
Food, ii, 262.
Medicinal iii, 180.
Tensile strength, i, 321.
Artocarpus cumingiana:
Description and distribution, ii, 70.
Figure, ii, 69.
Local names, ii, 70.
Chewing gum, ii, 70.
Medicinal, iii, 180.
Ar^ocar pus elastica :
Description, i, 370 : ii, 72.
Figure, ii, 71.
Local names, i, 369 ; ii, 70.
Bird lime, ii, 70, 72.
Chewing gum, ii, 70.
Fiber, i, 369.
Food, ii, 262.
Artocarpus integra:
Description and distribution, i, 370.
Local names, i, 370.
Figure, ii, 265, 26'7.
Dye, ii, 387.
Fiber, i, 370.
Food, ii, 266.
Medicinal, iii, 180.
Preserves, ii, 266.
Artocarpus odoratissima :
Description and distribution, ii, 266.
Figure, ii, 268.
Local name, ii, 266.
Food, ii, 266.
Artocarpus rubrovenia :
Description and distribution, i, 370.
Local names, i, 370.
Fiber, i, 370.
Arundinaria niitakayamensis :
Description and distribution, i, 258.
Figure, i, 279.
Local names, i, 258.
Pipestems, i, 258.
INDEX
255
Arunggai, see Moringa oleifera.
Arupag, see Euphoria didyma.
Arupai, see Euphoria didyma.
Asam-asam, see Pithecolobiuin subacutum.
Asana, see Pterocarpus blancoi.
Asana, see Pterocarpus spp.
Asclepiddaceae :
Dyes, ii, 404.
Fiber plants, i, 407.
Food plants,, ii, 372.
Medicinal plants, iii, 224.
Asclepias curassai'ica :
Description and distribution, i, 407.
Local names, i, 407.
Medicinal, iii, 224.
Pillows, i, 407.
Asimau, see Harrisonia perforata.
Asipukpiik, see Ageratum conyzoides.
Asis, see Ficus ulmifolia.
Aspe-aspe, see Sansevieria zeylanica.
Asplenium macrophyllum :
Distribution, iii, 167.
Local names, ii, 167.
Medicinal, iii, 167.
Asplenium nidus:
Description and distribution, i, 24 ; iii, 11.
Figure, iii, 10.
Local name, iii, 11.
Ornamental, iii, 11.
Astible phiUppinensis :
Description and distribution, iii, 95.
Local names, iii, 95.
Tobacco substitute, iii, 95.
Asiite, see Bi.ea orellana.
Atai-atai, see Graptophyllum pictum.
Atai-bia, see Lochnera rosea.
Atangen, see Toddalia asiatica.
Athyrium escidentum :
Description and distribution, ii, 241.
Local name, ii, 241.
Figures, ii, 242, 243.
Food, ii, 241.
Atibangdal, see Cyathea, spp.
Atibulnak, see Riibus pectinellus.
Atibutbut, see Tabernaemontana pandacaqui.
Atilang, see Cabilia blancoi.
Atinge, see Premna odorata.
Atsuete, see Bixa oreUana.
Attai-na-baka, see Sida acuta.
Attakai, see Coix lachryma-jobi.
Attalea cohune, i, 243.
Auai, see Flagellaria indica.
Auai si gayang, see Flagellaria indica.
Auricularia auricula- judae :
Description, iii, 112.
Figrure iii, 113.
Local name, iii, 112.
Edible fungi, iii, 112.
Auricularia brasiliensis :
Description, iii, 114.
Local name, iii, 114.
Edible fungi, iii, 114.
Auriculariaceae :
Edible fungi, iii, 109.
Auricularia cornea:
Description, iii, 112.
Edible fungi, iii, 112.
Auricularia rnoeUerii :
Description, iii, 114.
Edible fungi, iii, 114.
Auricularia polytricha :
Description, iii, 110.
Figures, iii, 105, 111, 115.
Local name, iii, 110.
Edible fungi, iii, 110.
Auricularia tenuis:
Description, iii, 114.
Edible fungi, iii, 114.
Ausiman, see Portulaca oleracea.
Averrhoa bUimbi:
Description and distribution, ii, 294.
Figure, ii, 298.
Local names, ii, 294. ,
Food, ii, 294.
Medicinal, iii, 193.
Soap substitute, iii, 56.
Averrhoa carambola :
Description and distribution, ii, 296.
Figure, ii, 298.
Local names, ii, 296.
Food, ii, 296.
Medicinal, iii, 193.
Avicennia alba :
Description, i, 82.
Distribution, i, 22, 82.
Local names, i, 82.
Stands, i, 94-100.
Timber, i, 82.
Avicennia officinalis:
Description, i, 80.
Distribution, i, 22, 80.
Figure, i, 23, 81, 83.
Local names, i, 80.
Medicinal, iii, 228.
Stands, i, 94-100.
Timber, i, 80.
Ayalea, see Rhododendron vidalii.
Ayaman-kilat, see Leea manillensis.
Ayamgilan, see Pithecolobiuin subacutum.
Ayantoto, see Ainaranthus spinosus.
Ayaunikilat, see Mussaenda philippica.
Ayimit, see Ficus minahassae.
Ayo, see Cissus repens.
Ayo, see Tetrastigma harmandii.
Ayumit, see Ficus minahassae.
Ayupag, see Euphoria didyma.
Azafran, see Curcuma longa.
Azucena, see Polianthes tuberosa.
B
Baagu, see Fagraea racemosa.
Baba, see Eugenia mananquil.
Babara, see Malvastrum coromandelinum.
Babayan, see Allaeanthus glaber.
Babayan, see AUaeanthus luzonicus.
Babe-babe, see Quis(iualis itidica.
Babui, see Schizostachyum dielsianum.
Babui, see Schizostachyum diffusum.
256
INDEX
Bacopa monniera:
Distribution, iii, 235.
Local names, iii, 235.
Medicinal, iii, 235.
Badang-badang, see Fimbristylis globulosa.
Badiang, see Alocasia macrorrhiza.
Badiara, see Coleus blumei.
Badino, see Ipomoea pes-caprae.
Baeg, see AUaeanthus glaber.
Bafe nga bunsung, see Kleinhovia hospita.
Baga-as, see Cy perns malaccensis.
Baga-as, see Scirpus yrossus.
Bagabag, see Eiigenia tnananquil.
Baga-baga, see Drynaria quercifoUa.
Bagak, see Clerodendron niacrostegium.
Bagakai, see Schizostachyum brachycladum.
Bagakai, see Schizostachyum lumantpao.
Bagakan, see Schizostachyum brachycladum.
Bagakan, see Schizostachyum lumampao.
Bagambang, see Macaranga tanarius.
Bagang, see Amorphophallus campanulatus.
Bagang, see Phragmites vulgaris.
Bagangga, see Tabernaemontana pandacaqui.
Bagarilau, see Columbia serratifolia.
Bagasantol, see Aglaia everettii.
Bagatai, see Corypha elata.
Bagatambal, see Zanthoxylum avicennae.
Bagatbat, see Arenga pinnata.
Bagauak, see Clerodendron niacrostegium.
Bagauak, see Clerodendron minahassae.
Bagauak, see Clerodendron quadriloculare.
Bagauak, see Conocephallus violaceus.
Bagauak-itim, see Clerodendron minahassae.
Bagauak na morado, see Clerodendron quadri-
loculare.
Bagauak na pula, see Clerodendron quadrilo-
culare.
Bagauak-pula, see Clerodendron minahassae.
Bagbagutot, see Phyllanthus retieulatus.
Bagbalogo, see Kingiodendron alternifolium.
Bagiang, see Alocasia macrorrhiza.
Bagi-bagi, see Kyllinga monocephala.
Bagilumbang, see Aleurites trisi>erma.
Bagiluinbang oil :
Aleurites trisperma, ii, 134.
Baging, see Gnetum indicum.
Bagiod, see Grewia edulis.
Bagiroro, see Adenanthera intermedia.
Bagli, see AUaeanthus luzonicus.
Bago, see Abrorna fastuosa.
B&go, see Gnetum gnemon.
Bago, see Hibiscus tiliaceus.
Bago, see Phaleria perrottetiana.
Bago, see Pycharrhena maniliensis.
Bago-bago, see Brucea amarissima.
Bagobalong, see Anisoptera thurifera.
Bagohon, see Grewia multiflora.
Bagong, see Amorphophallus campanulatus.
Bago-sala, see Fagraea racemosa.
Bags:
Coryjiha elata, i, 192.
Musa textilis, i, 364.
Nipa fruticans, i, 222.
Pandanus radicans, i, 334.
Pandanus simplex, i, 336.
Bags — Continued.
Scirpus grossus, i, 353.
Typha angustifolia, i, 330.
Bagsang, see Livistona rotundifolia.
Bagsang, see Metroxylon sagu.
Bagtik, see Agathis alba.
Bagtoan, see Pinanga spp.
Bagu, see Gnetum gnemon.
Bagu, see Terminalia edxdis.
Bagu-balanak, see Pothos spp.
Baguit, see Harrisonia perforata.
Bagulibas, see Dysoxylum decandrum.
Bagun, see Grewia acuminata.
Bagusalai, see Ganophyllum falcatum.
Bahai, see Abrus precatorius.
Bahai, see Adenanthera intermedia.
Bahai, see Pithecolobium subacutum.
Bahi, see Caryota cumingii.
Bahi, see Livistona rotundifolia.
Baho, see Terminalia edulis.
Baho-baho, see Cassia tor a.
Bahug-bahug, see Ageratum conyzoides.
Bahug-bahug, see Lantana camara.
Bain-bain, see Mimosa j)udica.
B&ino, see Nelumbium nclumbo.
Bainiid, see Columbia serratifolia.
Bait, see Cycas rumphii.
Bait, see Euphoria didyma.
Bait, see Euphorbia neriifolia.
Bakad, see Rhizophora candelaria.
Bakalas, see Nephelium mutabile.
Bakalau, see Euphoria didyma.
Bakalau, see Nephelium mutabile.
Bakan, see Sterculia oblongata.
Bakao, see Bruguiera conjugata.
Bakau, see Bruguiera conjugata.
Bakau, see Rhizophora candelaria.
Bakau, see Rhizopora mucronata.
Bakau, see Sterculia oblongata.
Bakauan, see Bruguiera conjugata.
Bakauan, see Bruguiera cylindrica.
Bakauan, see Ceriops roxburghiana.
Bakauan, see Rhizophora candelaria.
Bakauan, see Rhizophora mucronata.
Bakauan-babae, see Rhizophora candelaria.
Bakiuan-babae, see Rhizophora mucronata.
Bakauan-lalaki, see Bruguiera parviflora-
Bakauan-lalaki, see Bruguiera sexangula.
Bakfi,uan-lal§,ki, see Rhizophora candelaria.
Bakduan-lalaki, see Rhizophora mucronata.
Bakauang-lalaki, see Rhizophora mucronata.
Bakau bankita, see Rhizophora candelaria.
Bakau-laldki, see Rhizophora candelaria.
Bakau taggai, see Rhizophora mucronata.
Bakbak, see Pygeum glandulosum.
Bakeles, see Euphoria didyma.
Bakembikes, see Malachra capitata.
Bakembakes, see Malachra fasciata.
Bakhau, see Rhizophora candelaria.
Bakhau, see Rhizophora mucronata.
Baki-baki, see Scirpus grossus.
Bakkalau, see Euphoria didyma.
Bako, see Rhizophora spp.
Bakon, see Crinum asiaticum.
Bakong, see Crinum asiaticu^n.
Bakong, see Hymenocallis littorale.
INDEX
257
Bakong, see Pandanus dubius.
Bakoog, see Canarium luzonicum.
Bakting, see Lumnitzera littorea.
Bakto, see Cephalostachyuni mindorense.
Baku, see Rhizophora spp.
Bakuit, see Sporobolus elongatus.
Balabalanggutan, see Cyperus radiatus.
Balagan, see Grewia acuminata.
Balai-lain6k, see Crataeva religiosa.
Balai-lamok, see Mussaenda philippica.
Balai-uak, see Oroxyluni indicum.
Balak, see Livistona rotundifolia.
Balakbak, see Eugenia xanthophylla.
Balali, see DiUenia reifferscheidia.
Balamai, see lihaphidophora merrillii.
Balanai, see Ocimum basilicum.
Balanga, see Eugenia calubcob.
Balafiganan, see Litsea glutinosa.
Balanggot, see Cyi>erus iiialaccensis.
Balanggot, see Triumfetta bartrarnia.
Balanggot, see Typha angustifolia.
Balangog, see Ipomoea reptans.
Balang-kori, see Hymenodictyon excelsum.
Balan6i, see Ocimum basilicum.
Balantakan, sec Coix lachryma-jobi.
Balantana, see Clerodendron intermedium.
Balanti, see Homonoia riparia.
Balasbas, see GraptophyUum x>ictum.
Balasiai, see Scynphiphora hydrophyllacea.
Balasugan, see Eugenia polycephaloides.
Balatbat, see Licuala spinosa.
Balatcng, see Cassia tora.
Balatong, see Phaseolus aureus.
Balatong-aso, see Cassia occidentaJ.is.
Balatong-aso, see Cassia tora.
Balau, see Dipterocarpus grandiflorus.
Balau, see Dipterocarpus vernicifluus.
Balau resin :
Dipterocarpus grandiflorus, ii, 56.
Dipterocarpus vernicifluus, ii, 62.
Balaungan, see Rubus fraxinif alius.
Balayong, see Cassia fistula.
Balayong, see Sindora supa.
Bal-bal-lusa, see Solanurn cumingii.
Balbalosa, see Solanurn cumingii.
Baleau, see Pandanus copelandii.
Balebagum-gubat, see Grewia stylocarpa.
Baleo, see Pandanus copelandii.
Baleo, see V/ikstroemia indica.
Balete, see Ficus benjamiria.
Balete, see Ficus forstenii.
Balete, see Ficus pachyphylla,
Balete, see Ficus palaivanensis.
Balete, see Schefflera elliptifoliola.
Balete or balite, see Ficus payapa.
Baleteon, see Ficus benjamina.
Balete-pula, see Ficus benjamina.
Balewe, see Pandanus copelandii.
Baliaro, see Schizostachyum dielsianutn.
Baliaro, see Schizostachyum diffusum.
Balibago, see Grewia eriocarpa.
Balibago, see Helicteres hirsuta.
Balibago, see Hibiscus tiliaceus.
Balibago, see Trema orientalis.
Balibali, see Dracontomelum edule.
Balibali, see Euphorbia tirucalli.
Balibo, see Pinus insidaris.
Bali'gang, see Eugenia polycephaloides.
Baligtanin, see Clerodendron quadriloculare.
Balikaran, see Mussaenda philippica.
Balikau, see Schizostachyum dielsianum.
Balikau, see Schizostachyum diffusum.
Balik-balik, see Pongamia pinnata.
Baliknong, see Melochia umbellata.
Baliku, see Pandanus copelandii.
Balikukup bisano, see Rhaphidophora merri-
llii.
Balilang-uak, see Oroxylum indicum.
Balili, see Eleusine indica.
Balili, see Paspalum scrobiculatum.
Baliliuan, see Grewia eriocarpa.
Balimbahin, see Ipomoea pes-caprae.
Balimbin^, see Averrhoa carambola.
Balimbingan, see Nephelium mutabile.
Balinad, see Sterculia crassiramea.
Balinad, see Sterculia cuneata.
Balinad, see Sterculia luzonica.
Balinad, see Sterculia oblongata.
Balinaunau, see Leea aculeata.
Baling-agta, see Diospyros discolor.
Balinghoi, see Manihot utilissima.
Balingkauayan, see Pittosporum pentandrum.
Baling-uai, see Flagellaria indica.
Balinkangin, see Euphoria didyma.
Balinsarayan, see Bruguiera sexangula.
Balinsiagau, see Aglaia harmsiana.
Balios, see Ceiha pentandra.
Balisayin, see Terminalia edulis.
Balisin, see Clerodendron inerme.
Baliskug, see Clerodendron inerme.
Balit, see Euphoria didyma.
Balit, see Grewia stylocarpa.
Balita, see Chisocheton cumingianus.
Balitadhan, see Quisqualis indica.
Balitagtag, see Allaeanthus glaber.
Balite, see Ficus pachyphylla.
Baliting,-ibon, see Ficus benjamina.
Balitnong, see Grewia eriocarpa.
Balituk, see Capparis micracantha.
Baliu, see Pandanus copelandii.
Baliuan, see Columbia lanceolata.
Balla, see Livistona rotundifolia.
Bal-laayang, see Cyperus radiatus.
Bal-lai, see Piper umbellatum.
Ballang, see Livistona rotundifolia.
Ballast retainers :
Mangrove swamp species, i, 26.
Bal-liba, see Vallisneria gigantea.
Ballok, see Garcinia binucao.
Balobago, see Hibiscus tiliaceus.
Balobalo, see Pongamia pinnata.
Balobayauak, see DiUenia philippinensis.
Balobo, see Diplodiscus paniculatus.
Balobo, see Grewia stylocarpa.
Baloi, see Pandanus copelandii.
Baloi, see Pterospermum diver sifoliuni.
Balok-balok, see Scaevola frutescens.
Baloklok, see Eugenia xanthophylla.
Balonggat, see Cyperus malaccensis.
Balongkahinai, see Pothoidium lobbianum.
177674-
-17
258
INDEX
Balongo dilang-ahas, see Grewia acuminata-
Balongsaging, see Uvaria sorzogonenais.
Balopo, see Greivia stylocarpa.
Balsakan, see Grewia stylocarpa.
Balsatiiinaceae :
Medicinal plants, iii, 205.
Balsbas-malomai, see Graptophyllum pictum.
Baltik, see Agathia alba.
Baliibad, see Anacardiurn occidentale.
Balubar, see Anacardiurn occidentale.
Balubat, see Anacardiurn occidentale.
Balubitoon, see Barringtonia asiatica.
BaliiboK, see Anacardiurn occidentale.
Baluganos, see Uvaria sorzogonensis.
Balukanad, see Aleurites trisperma.
Balukanag, see Aleurites trisperma.
Balukanag, see Chisocheton cumingianua.
Balukanag oil :
Chisocheton cumingianus, ii, 117.
Baluk-baluk, see Ponyamia pinnata.
Balukok, see Grewia edulis.
Baluktot, see Mucuna nigricans.
Balukut, see Garcinia binucao.
Balulau, see Pterocymbium tinctorium.
Balum-balum, see Spathoglottis plicata.
Balunggai, see Morlnga oleifera.
Baluno, see Camptostetnon philippinense.
Baluno, see Mangifera caesia.
Balutbaliit, see Pongamia pinnata.
Bamban, see Donax cannaeformis.
Banibusa bluiiieana, see Bainbusa spinosa.
Bambusa cornuta :
Description and distribution, i, 258.
P'igure, i, 280.
Local names, i, 258.
Bambusa glaucescens:
Description, i, 259.
Distribution, i, 258.
Fishing rods, i, 259.
Ornamental, i, 259.
Bambusa lumampao:
Dimensions of fibers, i, 422.
Bambusa merrillii:
Description, i, 258, 259.
Distribution, i, 259.
Figure, i, 281.
Bambusa spinosa:
Description, i, 258, 259.
Distribution, i, 259.
Figure, i, 282, 283, 284.
Local names, i, 259.
Medicinal, iii, 170.
Paper, i, 419.
Planting, i, 266-278.
Uses, i, 259-260.
Bambusa vulgaris :
Description, i, 258, 260.
Distribution, i, 260.
Figure, 1, 285-287.
Local names, i, 260.
Medicinal, iii, 170.
Planting and growth, i, 266-275.
Uses, i, 260.
Banaasi, see Murraya panicidata.
Ban&g, see SmUax bracteata.
Banago, see Gnetum gnemon.
Banago, see Thespesia populnea.
Banaken, see Elaeagnus philippensis.
Banal, see Smilax bracteata.
Banal, see Smilax leucophylla.
Banalo, see Thespesia populnea.
Banana, see Musa paradisiaca.
Banana (wild), see Musa spp.
Banasi, see Murraya paniculata.
Banati, see Murraya paniculata.
Banato, see Mallotus philippinensis.
Banato-maliit, see Mallotus philippinensis.
Banato oil ;
Mallotus philipjnnensis, ii, 142.
Banban, see Donax cannaeformis.
Banbang, see Caesalpinia crista.
Bandabok, see Geodorum nutans.
BaiTga, see Orania pcUindan.
Bangar, see Sterculia foetida.
Bangat, see Pterocymbium tinctorium.
Bangat, see Sterculia foetida.
Bangbang, see Plumbago zeylanica.
Bangbangsit, see Hyptis suaveolens.
Banghai, see Hydnophytum formicarium.
Bangias, see Tcrminalia comintana.
Bangil, see Guioa koelreuteria.
Bangil, see Sophora tomentosa.
Bangkal, see Nauclea junghuhnii.
Bangkal, see Nauclea orientalis.
Bangkalauag, see Terminalia calatnansanai.
Bangkau, see Rhizophora candelaria.
Bangkau, see Rhizophora mucronata.
Bangkilong, see Cwrdiospermum halicacabum.
Bangkoang, see Pandanus simplex.
Bangkok, see Garcinia binucao.
Bangk6ro, see Morinda citrifolia.
Bangkuang, see Scirpus grossus.
Bangkuit, see Sporobolus elongatus.
Banglai, see Zingiber zerumbet.
Bangles, see Terminalia comintana.
Banglua, see Pygeum preslii.
Bangogan, see Paederia foetida.
Bani, see Pongamia pinnata.
Baniakalau, see Sterculia crassiramea.
Baniakau, see Cyathocalyx globosus.
Banig-banig, see Pluchea indica.
Banikad, see Sterculia crassiramea.
Banikad, see Sterculia philippinensis.
Banilad, see Columbia serratifolia.
Banilad, see Sterculia crassiramea.
Banilad, see Sterculia oblongata.
Banilad, see Sterculia philippinensis.
Banisan, see Arenga tremula.
Banitan, see Mangifera altissima.
Baniti, see Garcinia dulcis.
Baniti, see Palaquium philippense.
Banitis, see Bassia betis.
Bankudo, see Morinda citrifolia.
Banlot, see Columbia serratifolia.
Bannakalau, see Sterculia crassiramea.
Bannakalau, see Sterculia philippinensis.
Banogan, see Rauwolfla amsoniaefolia.
Banot, see Bauhinia cumingiana.
Bansal&gin, see Mimusops parvifoUa.
Bansalagin-mujer, see Mimusops parvifoUa.
INDEX
259
Bansalagon, see Miniosops parvifolia.
Bansilai, see Cratoxylon blancoi.
Bantana, see Clerodendron intermedium.
Bantigi, see Lophopetaluyn toxicum.
Banugan, see Crataeva religiosa.
Banukalag, see Aleurites trisperma.
Banut, see Bauhinia ctimingiana.
Banyat, see Sansevieria zeylanica.
Baobao, see Pongamia jiinnata.
BaoiTgon, see Citrus maxima.
Barabak, see Eugenia calubcob.
Baraibai, see Cerbera manghas.
Baraibai oil :
Cerbera manghas, ii, 168.
Baraies, see Terrninalia edulis.
Barak, see Curcwna longa.
Barak, see Curcuma zedoaria.
Barak, see Zingiber zerunibet.
Barakbak, see Eugenia xanthophyUa.
Baralang, see Rourea volubilis.
Baralauik, see Capparis horrida.
Baralta. see Pothoidiuvi lobbianum.
Barangan, see Eleusine indica.
Barangau, see OroxyluDi indicum.
Baranggoi, see Orania palindan.
Baranggot, see Cyperus malaccensis.
Baranggot, see Urena lobata.
Baranghas, see Citrus maxima.
Baranin, see Andropogon citratus.
Barantiong, see Lagenaria leucantha.
Barasbarasan, see Donax cannaeformis.
Baraybay, see Cerbera manghas.
Bareu, see Pandanus copelandii.
Bari, see Phnleria cumingii.
Baria-an, see Grewia eriocarpa-
Barigaua, see Jussiaea linifolia.
Baringkokorong, see Cratoxylon blancoi.
Barini, see Rubus fraxinifolius.
Baris, see Arenga tremula.
Barit, see Heritiera littoralis.
Bariu. see Pandanus copelandii.
Bariu-S.n, see Grewia eriocarpa.
Bariuatuat, see Tetrastigma loheri.
Bariu-bariu, see Rhynchospora corymbosa.
Barleria ijrionitis :
Distribution, iii, 237.
Local names, iii, 237.
Medicinal, iii, 237.
Barobo, see Diplodiscus jianiculatus.
Barobo, see Grewia stylocarpa.
Baroi, see Pandanus copelandii.
Baroi, see Pandanus tectorius.
Baroi, see Pterospermuni diver sifolium.
Baroi, see Pterospermum nivettm.
Baroi, see Pterospermum obliquum.
Barringtonia acutangula :
Distritbution, iii, 214.
Local names, iii, 214.
Fish poison, iii, 81.
Medicinal, iii, 214.
Barringtonia asiatica :
Description and distribution, ii, 162.
Local names, ii, 161.
Fish poison, iii, 81.
lUuminant, ii, 162.
Medicinal, iii, 214.
Barringtonia racemosa:
Description, ii, 162.
Distribution, i, 26 ; ii, 162.
Local names, ii, 162.
Fish and wild pig poison, iii, 81.
lUuminant, ii, 162.
Medicinal, iii, 215.
Baruan, see Grewia eriocarpa.
Barubad, see Waltheria americana.
Barubo, see Diplodiscus paniculatus.
Basai, see Guioa koelreuteria.
Basakla, see Ficus forstenii.
Basangal, see Calophyllum blancoi.
Basanglai, see Ceiba pentandra.
Basbasot, see Sida acuta.
Basbasot, see Sida rhombifolia.
Basellaceae :
Food plants, ii, 278.
Medicinal plants, iii, 185.
Basella rubra :
Description and distribution, ii, 278.
Local names, ii, 278.
Medicinal, iii, 185.
Spinach substitute, ii, 278.
Basi, see Terrninalia edulis.
Basiad, see Cana'ium ovatum.
Basikad, see KyUinga monocephala.
Basikalang, see Alstonia macrophyUa.
Basikalang, see Paralstonia clusiacea.
Basikalon, see Alstonia macrophylla.
Basikarang, see .Alstonia macrophylla.
Basilalag, see Grewia stylocarpa.
Baskets ;
Agave cantula, i, 362.
Arenga pinnata, i, 150.
A7-enga tremula, i, 158.
Bambusa spinosa, i, 259.
Caryota cumingii, i, 182.
Caryota majestica, i, 182.
Caryota merrillii, i, 182.
Caryota mitis, i, 182.
Caryota rumphiana, i, 182.
Cocos nucifera, i, 184.
Corypha elata, i, 192.
Dendrobium crumenatutti , i, 365.
Donax cannaeformis, i, 365.
Dryopteris pteroides, i, 323.
Epipremnum spp., i, 354.
Flagellaria indica, \, 356.
Gleichenia linearis, i, 326.
Heterospathe elata, i, 210.
Lygodium spp., i, 326.
Metroxylon sagu, i, 220.
Musa textilis, i, 364.
Nephrolepis hirsutula, i, 323.
Pandanus copelandii, i, 332.
Pandanus luzonensis, i, 334.
Pandanus radicans, i, 334.
Pandanus simplex, i, 336.
Pandanus tectorius, i, 336.
Pericaynpylus glaucus, i, 375.
Pathos spp., i, 354.
Raphidophora spp., i, 356.
Rhynchospora corymbosa, i, 352.
Schizostachyum diffusum, i, 264.
Schizostachyum fenixii, i, 265.
260
INDEX
Baskets — Continued.
Schizostachyum lima, i, 264.
Schizostachyum lutnampao, i, 264.
Scirpus grossus, i, 353.
Stenochlaeva palustris, i, 323.
Typha angustifolia, i, 330.
Bassia betw:
Description and distribution, ii, 166.
Figure, ii, 165, 167.
Local names, ii, 166.
Illuminant, ii, 166.
Medicinal, iii, 219.
Bassia ohovati folia:
Description and distribution, ii, 364.
Local name, ii, 364.
Food, ii, 364.
Baston de San Jose, see Costus speciosus.
Basuit, see Pittosporum pentandrum.
Batad, see Andropogon halepensis.
Batad, see Andropogon sorghum.
Batad-batS,ran, see Andropogon halepensis.
BataK-batag, see Aegiceras corniculatum.
Batakan, see Bamhusa spinosa.
Batang-batang. see Cissampelos pareira.
Bat'ano, see Cerbera manghas.
Bat'ano, see Excoecaria agallocha.
Batarau, see CalophyUum inophyUum.
Batbat, see Arenga tremula.
Batete, see Kingiodendron alternifolium.
Batete incense :
Kingiodendron alternifolium, ii, 208.
Batikalang, see Alstonia macrophylla.
Batikoling, see Paralstonia clusiacea.
Batikoling, see Rauwolfia, amsonias folia.
Bating see Castanopsis philippensis.
Bating, see Lumnitzera litter ea.
Batino, see Alstonia macrophylla.
Bato-bato, see Merremia emarginata.
Batuakan, see Chisocheton cumingianus.
Batuan, see Garcinia binucao.
Batiiban, see Anacardium occidentale.
Batukanag, see Aglaia harmsiana.
Batutang-uak, see Luffa cylindrica.
Bauan, see Amaranthus viridis.
Ba'uan, see AnMranthus spinosus.
Bauang, see Allium sativum.
Baugin, see Bambusa spinosa.
Bauhinia cumingiana:
Description, and distribution, i, 379.
Local names, i, 379.
Fiber, i, 379.
Bauhinia malabarica:
Description and distribution, ii, 290.
Figure, ii, 291.
Local names, ii, 288.
Food flavoring, ii, 290.
Medicinal, iii, 189.
Bauing, see Ocitnum basdicum.
Bauit, see Harrisonia perforata.
Baunal, see Smilax china.
Bauno, see Mangifera caesia.
Baut, see Heritiera littoralis.
Bayabas, see Psidium guajava.
Bayabas-uak, see Capparis micracantha.
Bayag-kabayo, see Heritiera littoralis.
Bayag kambing, see Caesalpinia crista.
Bayag-usa, see Cerbera manghas.
Bayag usa, see Gardenia pseud o psidium.
Bayag-Ui-a, see Paralstonia clusiacea.
BayanAang, see Amaranthus si)inosus.
Bay; ngbang, see Nephrolepis hirsutula.
Bayanti, see .Aglaia glomerata.
Bayant'. see .Aglaia harmsiana.
Bayao, see Ptcrocymbium tinctorium.
Bayating, see Tinumisciuvi philippinense.
Bayauas, see Psidium guaja 'a.
Bayayat, see StercuVn cuneata.
Bay it, see Cycas rum, liii.
Bayog, see Aglaia harmsiana.
Bayog, see Bambusa spinosa.
Bay6g, see Dendrocalamus merrillianus.
Bayog, see Pterospermum diversifolium.
Bayog, see Piersopermum niveum.
Bayog, see Pterospermum, obliquum.
Bayog-bayo', see Pterospermum diversifolium.
Bayog-bayog, see Pterospermum obliquum.
Bayok, see Pterospermum diversifolium.
Bayok, see Pterosi>ermurn niveum.
Bayok-bayok see Momordica cochinchinensis.
Bayok-bayokan, see Pterospermum niveum.
Bayong, see Pterospermum diversifolium.
Bayongboi, see Chisocheton cumingianus.
Bayugtin, see Pterospermum niveum.
Bayuk, see Pterospermum diversifolium.
Bayuko, see Artocarpus eurningiana.
Bayuko, see Artocarpus rubrovenia.
Bayuko, see C ymnartocarpus woodii.
Bayuko, see Pterospei mum obliquum,.
Bayuktuan, see Castanopsis philippensis.
Bay-yating, see Anamirta cocculus.
Bayyet, see Euphoria dulyma.
Beach pandan, see Pandanus tectorius.
Beads :
Coryiiha data, i, 192.
I Ocimum sanctum, ii, 218.
Bebit, see Caesalpinia crista.
Begoniaceac :
Food plants, ii, 352.
Begonia spp. :
Food flavoring, ii, 352.
Belis, see Arenga tremula.
Belisan, see Ptychoraphis ehneri.
Belts :
Gleichenia linearis, i, 326.
Musa tcxtilis i, 364.
Benglaling, see Grewia multiflora.
Benglareng, see Grewia bUamellata.
Benguet lily, see Lilium philippinensis.
Benguet pine, see Pinus insvlaria.
Benincasa hispida:
Distribution, iii, 241.
Local names, iii, 241.
Medicinal, iii, 241.
Ben oil :
Moringa oleifera, ii, 104.
Berberidaceae :
Dyes, ii, 388.
Berengena, see Solanum melongena.
Bermuda grass, see Cynodon dactylon.
Betel nut palm, see Areca catechu.
Betel palm, see Areca catechu.
INDEX
261
Betel pepper, see Piper betle.
Betes, see Anisoptera thurifera.
B6tis, see Bassia betis.
Betis-lalaki, see Bassia betis.
Betis oil :
Bassia betis, ii, 166.
B'eus, see Bruguiera parviflora.
Biao, see Aleurites moluccana.
Biaog, see Pterospernium obliquum.
Bias, see Gnetum indicum.
Bias-bias, see Contnielina benghalensis.
Bias-pugo, see Amma-nnia baccifera.
Biatiles, see Leucaena glauca.
Biau, see Miscanthus sinensis.
Biayo, see Agathis alba.
Bidai, see Ocimuni basUicum.
Bidai, see Ocimuni sanctum.
Bidens chinensis :
Description and distribution, ii, 376.
Local names, ii, 376.
Rice wine, ii, 376.
Bidens pilosa :
Description and distribution, ii, 377.
Local names, ii, 377.
Medicinal, iii, 75.
Wine, ii, 377
Bidiangan, see Agathis alba.
Biga, see Alocasia macrorrliiza.
Biga, see Alocasia macrorrhiza.
Biga, see Gymnartocarpus woodii.
Biga-biga, see Alocasia macrorrhiza.
Bigaho, see Miscanthus sinensis.
Bigao, see Miscanthus sinensis.
Bigas, see Lepidopetalum perrottetii.
Big:n&i, see Antidesma bunius.
Bignai-kalabau, see Antidesma bunius.
Bignon, see Melochia umbellata.
Bignoniaceae :
Food plants, ii, 375.
Medicinal plants, iii, 74, 236.
Bi-idu, see Miscanthus sinensis.
Bikal, see Schizostachyum dielsianum.
Bikal, see Schizostachyuw. diffusum.
Bikal-babui, see Schizostachyum dielsianum.
Biknong, see Kleinhovia hospita.
Bilabila, see Eleusine indica.
Bilde-mariang-itim, see Guioa koelreuteria.
Bilis, see Garcinia vidalii.
Bili'ia, see Macaranga tanarius.
Biluak, see Macaranga grandifolia.
Biluan, see Macaranga tanarius.
Biluan, see Macaranga tanarius.
Biluang, see Kleinhovia hospita.
Biluan-lalaki, see Macaranga tanarius.
Bilukau, see Garcinia binucao.
Biliikau, see Garcinia venulosa.
Bilunga, see Macaranga tanarius.
Bing&bing, see Macaranga grandifolia.
Bingabing, see Melochia umbellata.
Binggas, see Terminalia comintana.
Bing-iia, see Macaranga tanarius.
Bi'nong see Kleinhovia hospita.
Bintikai, see Coix lachryma-jobi.
Binuga, see Macaranga tanarius.
Binukau, see Garcinia binucao.
Binukau, see Garcinia venulosa.
Binuko, see Gyrinopsis cuniingiana.
Binunga, see Caianthe veratrifolia.
Binunga, see Macaranga tanarius.
Binunga, see Melochia umbellata.
Binunga gum :
Macaranga tanarius, ii, 73.
Biniingan, see Macaranga tanarius.
Binungas, see Macaranga grandifolia.
Binurok, see Embelia phUippinensis.
Bio, see Garuga abilo.
Biophytum sensitivum :
Distribution, iii, 193.
Local names, iii, 193.
Medicinal, iii, 193.
Biosan, see Bruguiera parviflora.
Bira, see Alocasia macrorrhiza.
Birds'-nest fern, see Asplenium nidus.
Bisal, see Terminalia edulis.
Bisalak, see Embelia phUippinensis.
Bisik, see Lansium dubiuni.
Biskan, see Dillenia phUippinensis.
Bislot, see Eugenia xanthophylla.
Bisong, see Sterculia stipularis.
Bisudak, see Embelia phUippinensis.
Bita, see Alstonia scholaris.
Bitali, see Pterocarpus spp.
Bitanag, see Kleinhovia hospita.
Bitanll61, see Calophyllum blancoi.
Bitanhol, see Garcinia vidalii.
Bitaog, see Calophyllum blancoi.
Bitiog, see Calophyllum inophyUum.
Bitaog oil :
Calophyllum inophyUum, ii, 156.
Bitaoi, see Calophyllum inophyUum.
Bitaoi-bakil, see Calophyllum blancoi.
Bitaong, see Calophyllum blancoi.
Bitnong, see Kleinhovia hospita.
Bitog, see Rourea volubilis.
Bitok, see Palaquium philippense.
Bitong, see Calophyllum inophyUum.
Bitongol, see Flacourtia indica.
Bitongol, see Flacourtia rukam.
Bitonog, see Kleinhovia hospita.
Bitoon, see Barringtonia asiatica.
Bitotu, see Gonocaryum calleryanum.
Bit-taog, see Calophyllum inophyUum.
Bittog, see Calophyllum inophyUum.
Biuas, see Bruguiera cylindrica.
Biuis, see Bruguiera cylindrica.
Bius, see Bruguiera cylindrica.
Bixaceae :
Dyes, ii, 401.
Medicinal plants, iii, 213.
Bixa orellana :
Description and distribution, ii, 401.
Local names, ii, 401.
Dye, ii, 401.
Medicinal, iii, 213.
Biyiig, see Pterospermum diver si folium.
Blanco's narra, see Pterocarpus blancoi.
Blechum brownei:
Distribution, iii, 237.
Local names, iii, 237.
Medicinal, iii, 237.
262
INDEX
Blowguns :
Livistona cochinchinensis, i, 216.
Livistona rotundi folia, i, 216.
Schizostachijum lima, i, 264.
Blumea balsamifera :
Description and distribution, ii, 224.
Figure, ii, 223.
Local names, ii, 222.
Fish poison, iii, 82.
Medicine, ii, 222 ; iii, 75. 243.
Boa, see Areca catechu.
Bobo, see Sterculia foetida.
Boboaya, see Flagellaria indica.
Bobog, see Sterculia foetida.
Boboi, see Ceiba pentandra.
Boboi-gubat, see Sterculia luzonica.
Bobonotan, see Citrus maxima.
Bobor, see Bovtbax ceiba.
B6bor, see Sterculia foetida.
Bodobodo, see Abroma fastuosa.
Boehmeria nivea:
Description and distribution, i, 374.
Local names, i, 373.
Fiber, i, 373.
Boga, see Areca vidaliana.
Boga, see Dioscorea esculenta.
'B6go, see Garuga abilo.
Bogon, see Mussaenda jihRippica.
Bohaue, see Dysoxylum decandrum.
Boho, see Gigantichloa levis.
Boho, see Schizostachyum brachycladum..
Boho, see Schizostachyum lumampao.
Boho-boho, see Lantana camara.
Bohokan, see Cyathocalyx globosus.
Boiboi, see Ceiba pentandra.
Bokabok, see Scaevola frutescens-
Bokaui, see Schizostachyum lumampao.
Bokit, see Harrisonia perforata.
Boko, see Gigantichloa levis.
Bokoboko, see Clerodendron minahassae.
Boletus spp. :
Description, iii, 116.
Edible fungi, iii, 116.
Bolidtadhan, see Dalbergia ferruginea.
Bolo, see Gigantochloa levis.
Bolo, see Schizostachyum lumampao.
Bolon, see Alphonsea arborea.
Bolong, see Flacourtia indica.
Bolongkoyan, see Pittosporum pentandrum.
Bolong-sina, see Dendrocalamus latifiorus.
Bolong- tambal, see Clerodendron intermedium.
Bombacaceae :
Fiber plants, i, 392.
Mangrove swamps, i, 40.
Medicinal plants, iii, 210.
Oils, ii, 150.
Botnba.r ceiba:
Description and distribution, i, 394.
Local names, i, 392.
Fiber, i, 392.
Medicinal, iii, 210.
Tensile strength, i, 321.
Bombycid^ndron vidalianum :
Description and distribution, i, 387.
Local names, i, 386.
Bombycidendron vidalianum — Continued.
Fiber, i, 387.
Tensile strength, i, 321.
Bonbon, see Donax cannaeformis.
Bonga, see Sterculia oblongata.
Bongas, see Terminalia comintana.
Bongbong, see Schizostachyum dielsianum.
Bongbong, see Schizostachyum diffusutn.
Bongog, see Sterculia foetida.
Bongon, see Allaeanthus glaber.
Bonotan, see Sterculia stipularis,
Bo-o, see Ximenia americana.
Booboo, see Pinus instdaris.
Booton, see Barringtonia asiatica.
Borneo tallow :
Shorea balangeran, ii, 160.
Isoptera borneensis, ii, 160.
Borrag inaceae :
Fiber plants, i, 409.
Food plants, ii, 373.
Gums, ii, 88.
Medicinal plants, iii, 227.
Borreria hispida :
Distribution, iii, 238.
Local name, iii, 238.
Medicinal, iii, 238.
Borsa nga dadakkel, see Kyllinga monocephala-
Bosboron, see Scaevola frutescens.
Bosbotones, see Kyllinga monocephala.
Boto, see Scaevola frutescens.
Botobotonis, see Euphorbia hirta.
Botobotonis, see Sphaeravthus africanus.
Boton, see Barringtonia asiatica.
Botoncillo, see Kyllinga monocephala.
Botong, see Barringtonia asiatica.
Botong, see Dendrocalamus laUJiorus.
Botong, see Gigantochloa levis.
Boton oil :
Barringtonia asiatica, ii, 161.
Bottles :
Palaquium ahernianum, ii, 80.
Bottonis, see Euphorbia hirta.
Bows:
Livistona cochinchinensis, i, 216.
Livistona rotundifolia, i, 216.
Boxes :
Lygodium spp., i, 326.
Brea, see Canarium viUosum.
Breadfruit, see Artocarpus commtinis.
Breynia rhamnoides:
Distribution, iii, 198.
Local names, iii, 198.
Medicinal, iii, 198.
Broyneliaceae :
Fiber plants, i, 356.
Food plants, ii, 256.
Brooms :
Andropogon zizanioides, i, 338.
Arenga pinnata, i, 150.
^ Cocos nucifera, i, 184.
Corypha elata, i, 192.
Livistona cochinchinensis, i, 216.
Malvastrum coromandelinum, i, 388.
Nipa fruticans, i, 222.
Oryza sativa, i, 342.
INDEX
263
Brooms — Continued.
Phragmites harka. i, 342.
Phragmites vulgaris, i, 342.
Saceharum spontaneum, i, 344.
Tkysanolaena maxiiua, i, 346.
Brownloiria lanceolate :
Description, i, 40.
Local name, i, 40.
Brucea amarissima:
Description and distribution, iii, 68. 195.
Local names, iii, 68, 195.
Medicinal, iii, 68, 195.
Brugu'era caryophylloides, see Bruguiera
cylindrica.
Bruguiera conjugata :
Description, i, 48, 50, 52.
Distribution, i, 22.
Figure, i, 51, 91.
Local names, i, 52.
Firewood, i, 112-117.
Tannin, i, 119-124
Timber, i, 52.
Stands, i, 86-99.
Bruguiera cylindrica:
Description, i, 48, 50, 54.
Distribution, i, 22, 54.
Figure, i, 56, 57.
Local names, i, 54.
Bruguiera eriopetala, see Bruguiera sexan-
gvla.
Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, see Bruguiera con-
jugata.
Bruguiera parvi flora :
Description, i, 48, 50, 58.
Distribution, i, 22, 58.
Figure, i, 59, 61.
Local names, i, 58.
Firewood, i, 112-116.
Stands, i, 86-99.
Tannin, i, 119-124
Timber, i, 58.
Bruguiera sexringula :
Description, i, 48, 50, 52, 54.
Distribution, i, 22.
Figure, i, 53, 55.
Local names, i, 54.
Stands, i. 96-99.
Tannin, i. 120-124.
Timber, i, 52.
B'rus, see Bruguiera parviflora.
Brushes :
Arenga pinnata, \, 150.
Cocas nueifera, i, 184, 244.
Biia, see Areca catechu.
Bua-bua, see Eugenia mnnanquil.
Bualtik, see Lonicera philippinen.fis.
Buas, see Mallotus philippinen.iis.
Bubabot, see Phyllanthus reticvlatus.
Bubahan, see Lansium dubium.
Bubog. see Stercidia foetida.
Bubua, see .Aglaia everettii.
Bubui, see Ceiba pentandra.
Biibui-gubat, see Bombax ceiba.
Bubiii-gubat, see Thespesia populnea.
Bubunau. see Aglaia everettii.
Bubur, see Sterculia foetida.
Bubutigan, see Bruguiera parviflora.
Bu-buyan, see Asclepias curassavica.
Buchid, see Imperata cylindrica.
Buddleia asiatica :
Distribution, iii, 220.
Local names, iii, 220.
Medicinal, iii, 220.
Bueng, see .Acorus calamus.
Bugalot, see Garcinia vidalii.
Bugang. see Saceharum spontaneum
Bugayau, see Euphorbia hirta.
Bugayong-china, see .Adenanthera intermedia.
Bugayung, see Abrus precatorius.
Bugbugayong, see Abrus precatorius.
Bugkau, see Toddalia asiatica.
Bugnai, see .Antidesma bunius.
Bugnau, see Justic'a gendarussa.
Bugnei, see .Antidesma bunius.
Bugnei, see Tylophora brevipes.
Bugno-negro, see .Justicia gendarussa.
Biigo, see Garuga abilo.
Bugos, see Acalypha indica.
Bugubi, see Thysanolaena maxima-
Bugiibui, see Thysanolaena maxitna.
Buhai-biihai, see Typha angustifolia.
Biiho, see Schizostachyum lumampao.
Bui, see Musa errans.
Buibui, see Thysanolaena maxima.
Buis, see Bruguiera cylindrica.
Bukad, see Diplodiscus paniculatus.
Bukadkad, see Blumea balsamifera.
Bukakau, see Andropogon sorghum.
Bukitkit, see Mucuna nigricans.
Buk-kalau, see Euphoria didyma.
Bukkau, see Toddalia asiatica.
Bukuan, see Strychnos multiflora.
Bulagak, see Ui^aria sorzogonensis.
Bulagun, see Triumfetta bartramia.
Bulai patani, see Phaseolus lunatus.
Bulak. see Ceiba pentandra.
Bulakan, see Ipomoea digitata.
Bulakan, see Merremia nymphaeifolia.
Bulakan, see Sterculia cuneata.
Bulakaui. see Flagellaria indica.
Bulak-bulakan, see Merremia nymphaeifolia.
Bulak-bulakan, see Thespesia lampas.
Biilak-damo, see Asclepias curassavica.
Biilak-dondol, see Ceiba pentandra.
Biilak-kastila, see Asclejjias curassavica.
Bulak-kastila, see Ceiba pentandra.
Bulak-manuk, see .Ageratum conyzoides.
Bulak-sino, see Ceiba pentandra.
Bulala, see Nauclea orientalis.
Bulala, see Nephelium mutabile.
Bulala oil :
Nephelium mutabile, ii, 150.
Bulali, see Aegiceras corniculatum.
Bulanini, see Dalbergia eumingiana.
Bulau, see Canarium luzonicum.
BuJbul, see Pinus insularis.
Bulbulin, see Helicteres hirsuta.
Bulbulin, see Malachra capitata.
Bull, see Corypha elata.
Bulinau. see Bambusa vulgaris.
Bulno, see Livistona rotundifolia.
Bul6g, see .Aglaia everettii.
264
INDEX
Bulog, see Aglaia glomerata.
Buloi, see Dioscorea divaricata.
Bulokbiilok, see Lumnitzera littorea.
Bulu, see Schizostachyuni lumanipao.
Bulubadiang, see Ceriops roxburghiana.
Bulubuaia, see Fagraea racemosa.
Bulubukhon, seeGrewia rtiultiflora.
Bulubuluhan, see Malachra capitata.
Bulugai, see Diplodiscus panictdatus.
Buluhan, see Malachra capitata.
Bumitan, see Mangifera altissiina-
Bunag, see Garcinia venulosa.
Bunayon, see Sonneratia caseolaris.
Buneg, see Garcinia dulcis.
Buneg, see Garcinia venulosa.
Btinga, see Areca catechu,
Bunga, see Areca hutchinsoniana.
Bunga, see Artocarpus rubrovenia.
Banga, see Orania palindan.
Bunga, see Sterculia oblongata.
Bunga de China, see Adonidia merriUii.
Bunga de Jolo, see Adonidia merriUii.
Bungai, see Zanthoxyluni avicennae.
BuiTgalon, see Avicennia officinalis.
Bvngalon, see Camptostemon phUippinense.
Bungalon, see Sonneratia caseolaris.
Bunga-machin, see Pinanga spp.
Bunga na tukayong, see Pinanga spp.
Bungang-gubat, see Areca whitfordii.
Bungang-ipot, see Areca ipot.
Bungat, see Sterculia stipularis.
Bungkalot, see Citrus sp.
Bungkiilan, see Eugenia mananquil.
Bunglas, see Sterculia oblongata.
Bungog, see Sterculia foetida.
Bungon, see Allaeanthus glaber.
Bungon, see Allaeanthus luzonicus.
Bunguas, see .Aglaia everettii.
Bunlau, see Justicia gendarussa.
Bunlos, see Terminalia calamansanai.
Bunnai, see Antidesrna bunius.
Bunog, see Garcinia venidosa.
Bunot-bunot, see Melochia umhellata.
Bunsilak, see Elaeocarpus caloiiiala.
Bunsog, see Agathis alba.
Buntatai, see Ehretia niicrophylla.
Buntot-kapon, see Asplenium macro phyllum.
Buntot-leon, see Heliotropium indicum.
Buntot-usa, see Helicteres hirsuta.
Buntugan, see Dysoxylum decandruni.
Buntlit-buaia, see Rotala aquatica.
Buntut-palos, see Sansevieria zeylanica.
Bunug, see Garcinia vidalii.
Bunus, see Garuga abilo.
Bunut, see Rubus elmeri.
Buragris, see Garcinia binucao.
Biirak, see Canangium odoratum.
Burakan, see Merremia nymphaeifolia.
Burakan, see Operculina turpethum.
Buratu, see Gymnartocarpus woodii.
Buri, see Corypha elata.
Burirau, see Bambusa vulgaris.
Burseraceae :
Food plants, ii, 300.
Medicinal plants, iii, 196.
Burseraceae — Continued.
Oils, ii, 114.
Resins, ii, 40.
Tannins, iii, 94.
Buru, see Diplodiscus paniculatu^.
Burubayoko, see Coix lachryma-jobi.
Burubugnai, see Psychotria luzoniensis.
Buruiu, see Pandanus copelandii.
Busai-ing, see Bruguiera conjugata.
Busain, see Bruguiera conjugata,
Busain, see Bruguiera cylindrica.
Busain, see Bruguiera sexangida.
Busaing, see Bruguiera sexangula.
Busbusi, see Lippia nodiflora-
Busbusilas, see Tabernaetnontana pandacaqui.
Busel-biisel, see Clerodendron inerme.
Busigan, see Gonocaryum calleryanum.
Busi-ing, see Bruguiera eonjvgita.
Busikad, see Kyllinga monocephala.
Busikag, see Guioa koelreuteria.
Businai, see Ficus minahassae.
Busuanga, see Cassia alata.
Buta, see Excoecaria agallocha.
Buta-buta, see Cerbera manghas.
Buta-buta, see Excoecaria agallocha.
Butalau, see Calophyllum inophyllum.
Butarik, see Adenanthera intermedia.
Butigan, see Phaleria cum^'nr/ii.
Butl6, see Gyrinopsis cumingiana.
Butnong, see Kleinhovia hospita.
Butnong, see Pterospermum obliquum.
Butoan-pula, see Uvaria sorzogonensis.
Bi'to-buto, see Cerbera manghas.
Butlihan, see Musa errans.
Butor, see Schizostachyuni dielsianum.
Butor, see Schizostachyuni diffusum.
Butterfly orchid, see Phalaenopsis amabUis.
Butter substitute ;
Cocos nucifera, ii, 93.
Elaeis guineensis, ii, 103.
Sesamum orientale, ii, 168.
Buttons :
Corypha elata, i, 192.
Coelococcus amicarum, i, 192.
Butiin, see Dendrocalamus latiftorus.
Butunalaga, see Gardenia pseudopsidium.
Butus, see Litsea glutinosa.
Buxaceae :
Poisonous plants, iii, 80.
Buxus rolfei:
Fish poison, iii, 80.
Buyayara, see Euphorbia hirta.
Buyo, see Piper betle.
Buyo :
Adonidia merriUii, i, 139.
Areca caliso, i, 147.
Areca catechu, i, 144.
Areca ipot, i, 148.
Heterospathe elata, i, 210.
Oncosperma spp., i, 231, 232.
Pinanga spp., i, 236.
Buyobuyo, see Piper betle.
Buyo-buyo, see Piper retrofractuni.
Buyon, see Mussaenda phUippica.
INDEX
265
Cabello de angel, see Quamoclit pinnata.
Cabo negro, see Arenga pinnata.
Cacao, see Theobroina cacao,
Caesalpinia crista :
Distribution, i, 24 ; iii, 189.
Local names, iii, 189.
Medicinal, iii, 189.
Caesalpinia nuga:
Distribution, i, 24, 101.
Caesalpinia sappan :
Description and distribution, ii, 391.
Local names, ii, 389.
Dye, ii, 389.
Hedge plant, ii, 391.
Medicinal, iii, 67.
Calabaza blanca, see Lagenaria leucantha.
Calamus arugada:
Description, i, 175.
Calamus bicolor :
Description, i, 178.
Calamus blancoi:
Description, i, 173.
Calamus cumingianus :
Description, i, 174.
Cala^nus diephenhorstii :
Description, i, 174.
Calamus diniorphacanthus:
Description, i, 178.
Calamus discolor:
Description, i, 174.
Calamus elmerianus:
Description, i, 176.
Calamus fiUsphadix :
Description, i, 174.
Calamus foxworthyi:
Description, i, 174.
Calamus grandif alius :
Description, i, 175.
Calamus halconensis :
Description, i, 178.
Calamus jenningsianus :
Description, i, 175.
Calamus manillensis:
Description, i, 175.
Calamus maximus :
Description, i, 174.
Calam us megaphyllus :
Description, i, 176.
Cala7nus melanorhynchus :
Description, i, 173.
Calamus merrilii, see Calamus maxima.
Calamus meyenianus :
Description, i, 173.
Calamus microcarims:
Description, i, 178.
Calamus microsphaerion :
Description, i, 177.
Calamus mindorensis:
Description, i, 175.
Calamus mitis:
Description, i, 176.
Calamus mollis, see Calamus usitatus.
Calamus moseleyanus :
Description, i, 175.
Calamus mvltinervis:
Description, i, 175.
Calamus oil .•
Acorus calamus, ii, 181.
Calamus ornatus :
Description, i, 174.
Figure, i, 165.
Calamus ramulosus :
Description, i, 177.
Calamus reyesianus :
Description, i, 176.
Calamus samian :
Description, i, 176.
Calamus simphysipus:
Description, i, 174.
Calamus si phono spathus :
Description, i, 177, 178.
Calamus spinifolius :
Description, i, 176.
Calamus spp.
Conspectus of the species, i, 173.
Description, i, 158, 160.
Distribution, i, 135, 158, 160.
Figure, i, 159, 169.
Uses, i, 160.
Quality and grade, i, 170.
Supply, i, 162.
Utilization and export, i, 168.
Calamus trispermus :
Description, i, 175.
Calamus vidalianus :
Description, i, 177.
Calamus vinosus:
Description, i, 175.
Calamus viridissimus :
Description, i, 176.
Calamus usitatus:
Description, i, 173.
Figure, i, 161, 163.
Calanthe veratrifolia :
Description and distribution, iii, 14.
Local names, iii, 14.
Ornamental, iii, 14.
CaUicarpa cana :
Fish poison, iii, 82.
CaUicarpa caudata :
Distribution, iii, 229.
Local names, iii, 229.
Medicinal, iii, 229.
CaUicarpa erioclona :
Distribution, iii, 229.
Local names, iii, 229.
Fish poison, iii, 82.
Medicinal, iii, 229.
CaUicarpa formosana :
Distribution, iii, 229.
Local names, iii, 229.
Fish poison, iii, 81.
Medicinal, iii, 229.
Calonyction muricatum :
Local name, iii, 225.
Medicinal, iii, 225.
Calophyllum blancoi:
Description and distribution, ii, 400.
Local names, ii, 400.
266
INDEX
CalophyUum blancoi — Continued.
Dye, ii, 40O.
Medicinal, iii, 212.
CalophyUum inophyllum :
Description and distriijution, ii, 159.
Figure, ii, 157.
Local names, ii, 156.
Bitaog oil, ii, 158.
Confection containers, ii, 340.
Medicinal, iii, 212.
Planting, ii, 159.
Tannin, iii, 94.
Calotropis gigantea:
Distribution, iii, 224.
Local name, iii, 224.
Medicinal, iii, 224.
Camagon, see Diospyros discolor.
Campanelo, see Thevetiu peruviana.
Campanero, see AUamanda cathartica.
Campanero, see Thevetia peruviana-
Campanilla, see Allamanda cathartica.
Campanula azul, see Ipomoea hederacea.
Camphor;
Blumea balsamifera, ii, 222.
Camptostemon philippinense :
Description, i, 42.
Figure, i, 41.
Local names, i, 40.
Firewood, i, 42.
Canangium odoratum :
Description and distribution, ii. 200.
Figure, ii, 191, 193.
Local names, ii, 189.
Adulterants of oil, ii, 197.
Classification of oil, ii, 194.
Composition of oil, ii, 198.
Distillation, ii, 192, 196.
Exports of oil, ii, 190.
Extraction with solvents, ii, 196.
Growth, ii, 198.
Ilang-ilang oil, ii, 189.
Manufacture of oil, ii, 190.
Planting, ii, 198.
Canarium luzonicnm :
Description and distribution, ii, 48.
Figure, ii, 41, 43.
Local names, ii, 40.
Analysis and distillation of Manila elemi,
ii, 45-48.
Export of Manila elemi, ii, 42.
Food, ii, 239, 300.
Method of tapping, ii, 44.
Medicinal, iii, 196.
Tannin, iii, 94.
Uses of Manila elemi, ii, 42.
Cnvarium ovatum :
Description and distribution, ii, 117.
Figure, ii, 115.
Local names, ii, 114.
Confection, ii, 302.
Food, ii, 302.
Pili-nut oil, ii, 114.
Canarium villosum :
Description and distribution, ii, 50.
Figure, ii, 51.
Local names, ii, 49.
Canariu7n viUosuin — Continued.
Analysis of resin, ii, 49.
Medicinal, iii, 196.
Uses of resin, ii, 49.
Canar iu »s w iUia m sii :
Description and distribution, ii, 302.
Figure, ii, 301.
Local name, ii, 302.
Food, ii, 302.
Candles ;
Cocas nudfera, ii, 93.
Elaeis guineensis, ii, 103.
Hemandia ovigera, ii, 103.
Jatropha curcas, ii, 140.
Pongamia pinnata, ii, 111.
Shorea balangeran, ii, 160.
Shorea borneensis, ii, 160.
Canela, see Cinnatnomum mercadoi.
Canela. see Cinnamomuiti mindanaense.
Canes, see Walking sticks.
Canna, see Canna indica.
Canna indica:
Distribution, iii, 178.
Local names, iii, 178.
Medicinal, iii, 178.
Cannaceae :
Medicinal plants, iii. 178.
Canscora diffusa:
Distribution, iii, 221.
Local names, iii, 221.
Medicinal, iii, 221.
Cafia-bojo, see Schizosfachyum luttiampao.
Caiia espina, see Bambusa spinosa.
CaSa-fistula, see Cassia fistula.
Cana-pistula, see Cassia fistula.
Capparidaceae :
Food plants, ii, 282.
Medicinal plants, iii. 188.
Capparis horrida:
Description and distribution, ii, 282.
Local names, ii, 282.
Food, ii, 282.
Medicinal, iii, 188.
Capparis micracantha :
Description and distribution, ii, 284.
Local names, ii, 282.
Food, ii, 284.
Medicinal, iii, 188.
Caprifoliaceae :
Fiber plants, i, 409.
Capsicum frutescens :
Description and distribution, ii, 374.
Local names, ii, 373.
Condiment, ii, 374.
Dye, ii, 404.
Medicinal, iii, 72.
Capsicum minimum, see Capsicum frutescens.
Cardlxjard (substitute for) :
Areca catechu, i, 144.
Cardiospermum. halicacabum :
Distribution, iii, 203.
Local names, iii, 203.
Medicinal, iii, 203.
Caricaceae :
Medicinal plants, iii, 213.
INDEX
267
Carica papaya :
Distribution, iii, 213.
Local names, iii, 213.
Medicinal, iii, 213.
Carriers" poles ;
Livistona cochinchinensis, i, 216.
Livistona rotundifoVa, i, 216.
Carum copticum :
Distribution, iii, 218.
Local names, iii, 218.
Medicinal, iii, 218.
Caryota cumingii:
Description, i, 180, 182.
Distribution, i, 182.
Local names, i, 182.
Uses, i, 182.
Caryota majestica, i, 180.
Caryota merrUlii, i, 180.
Caryota mitts:
Description, i, 180.
Distribution, i. 182.
T o'.al names, i. 182.
Ornamental, i, 182.
Caynta rumphtana :
Description, i, 180.
Figure, i, 179, 181, 183.
Local names, i, 182.
Ornamental, i, 182.
Caryota spp. :
Alcoholic drink, ii, 252.
Starch, ii, 252.
Caryota ure-ns, i, 243.
Cashew nut, see Anacarditim occidentale.
Cashew-nut oil :
Avacardium occidentale, ii. 146.
Cassava, see Manihot utilissima.
Canxia alata :
Distribution, iii, 190.
Local names, iii, 190.
Medicinal, iii, 190.
Cassia fistula:
Distribution, iii, 190.
Local names, iii, 190.
Medicinal, iii, 190.
Cassia mimosoides :
Distribution, iii, 190.
Local names, iii, 190.
Medicinal, iii, 190.
Cassia occidentalis:
Distribution, iii, 190.
Local names, iii, 190.
Medicinal, iii, 190.
Cassia sophcra :
Distribution, iii, 190.
Local names, iii, 190.
Medicinal, iii, 190.
Cassia tor a :
Distribution, iii, 191.
Local names, iii, 191.
Medicinal, iii, 191.
Cassie flower, see Acacia jarncbiana.
Cassie-flower oil :
Acacia farnesiana, ii. 204.
Castaiias, see Anacolosa luzoniensis.
Castanopsis philippensis :
Description and distribution, ii, 260.
Figure, ii, 261.
Local names, ii, 260.
Food, ii, 260.
Castor oil :
Ricinus communis, ii, 143.
Castor-oil plant, see Ricimis communis.
Casuarinaceae :
Medicinal plants, iii, 179.
Casuarina eqidsetifolia:
Distribution, iii, 179.
Local names, iii, 179.
Medicinal, iii, 179.
Cat-tail, see Typha angustifolia.
Cattle food:
Ceiba pentandra, ii, 150.
Sesamum orientale, ii, 168.
Caulking :
Arenga pinnata, i, 150.
Caryota cumingii, i, 182.
Caryota majestica, i, 182.
Caryota merrillii, i, 182.
Caryota mitts, i, 182.
Caryota rumphiana, i, 182.
Cocos nucifera, i, 184.
Caulking material :
Agathis alba, ii, 20.
Anisoptera thurifera, ii, 52.
Canarium luzonicum, ii, 42.
Canarium villosU77i, ii, 49.
Dipterocarpus grandiflorus ii. 54.
Dipterocarpus vernicifluus, ii, 62.
Cebollas del monte, see Geodornm nutans.
Ceiba pentandra:
Description and distribution, i, 394 ;
152, 154.
Figure, ii, 151.
Local names, i, 394 : ii, 150.
Fiber, i, 394.
Kapok oil, ii, 152.
Medicinal, iii, 210.
Celastraceae :
Medicinal plants, iii. 202.
Oils, ii, 147.
Celastrus paniculata :
Description and distribution, ii, 147 :
202.
Local names, iii. 202.
Medicinal, iii, 202.
Oil, ii, 147.
Celery, see Apium graveolens.
Celosia argentea :
Distribution, iii, 184.
Local names, iii, 184.
Medicinal, iii, 184.
Centella asiatica:
Description and distribution, iii. 69.
Local names, iii, 69.
Medicinal, iii. 69, 218.
Centipeda minima:
Distribution, iii, 244.
Local names, iii, 244.
Medicinal, iii, 244.
268
INDEX
Cephalostachyum mindorense :
Description and distribution, i, 260.
Figure, i, 288.
Local name, i, 260.
Cerbera manghas:
Description and distribution, i, 76.
Figure, i, 79.
Local names, i, 76.
Illuminant, ii, 168.
Medicinal, iii, 222.
Cerbera odoUam, see Cerbera manghas.
Cereza, see Muntingia calabura.
Ceriops candoUeana, see Ceriops tagal,
Ceriops roxburghiana :
Description, i, 60, 62.
Distribution, i, 22.
Figure, i, 63, 64.
Local names, i, 62.
Dye. i, 122.
Tannin, i, 121-124.
Timber, i, 62.
Ceriops tagal:
Description, i, 60, 62.
Distribution, i, 22.
Local names, i, 60.
Dye, i, 122.
Firewood, i, 112-114.
Stands, i, 86-99.
Tannin, i, 119-124.
Timber, i, 60.
Cha, see Ehretia microphylla.
Cha, see Guioa koelreuteria.
Chachahan, see Lippia nodiflora.
Chaetospermum glutinosum :
Distribution, iii, 193.
Local names, iii, 193.
Medicinal, iii, 193.
Chairs :
Calamus spp., i, 1.58.
Daenwnorops spp., i, 205.
Korthalsia spp., i, 212.
Schizostachyum diffxisum, i, 264.
Champaka, see Michelia ehampaca.
Champaka oil :
Michelia champaka, ii, 185.
Champakang-pula, see Michelia chavipaca.
Champakang-puti, see Michelia longiflora.
Champakang-puti oil :
Michelia longiflora, ii, 188.
Chanang, see Bixa orellana.
Cliang-batd, see Canscora diffusa.
Chang-gubat, see Ehretia microphylla.
Charcoal :
Cocos nucifera, i, 184.
Chengam, see Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea.
Chenopodiaceae :
Medicinal plants, iii, 67, 183.
Chenopodinin am brosioides :
Description and distribution, iii, 67, 183.
Local names, iii, 67, 183.
Medicinal, iii, 67, 183.
Chewing gum ;
Artocarpus cumingiana, ii, 70.
Artocarpus elastica, ii, 70.
Chichirica, see Lochnera rosea.
118.
118.
Chicle gum :
Achras sapota, ii, 73.
Chico, see Achras sapota.
Chile-manuk, see Asclepias curassavica-
Chile pepper, see Capsicum frutescens.
China grass, see Boehmeria nivea.
Chipiihu, see Artocarpus communis.
Chisocheton cumingianus :
Description and distribution, ii,
Figure, ii, 119.
Local names, ii, 117.
Balukanag oil, ii, 117.
Chisocheton pentandrus:
Description and distribution, ii.
Figure, ii, 121.
Local names, ii, 118.
Hair cosmetic, ii, 118.
Medicinal, iii, 196.
Chloranthaceae :
Medicinal plants, iii, 180.
Chloranthus brachystachys :
Distribution, iii, 180.
Local names, iii, 180.
Medicinal iii, 180.
Chocolate, adulterant:
Anacardium occidentaie, ii, 146.
Canarium ovatum, ii, 114.
Chonenwrpha elastica :
Description and distribution, ii, 84.
Figure, ii, 85, 86.
Local names, ii, 84.
Analysis of rubber, ii, 84.
Collection of rubber, ii, 84.
Chrysalidocarpus lutescens, i, 243.
Chrysanthemum, see Chrysanthemum indi-
cum.
Chrysanthemum indicum :
Distribution, iii, 244.
Local names, iii, 244.
Medicinal, iii, 244.
Cibotium barametz :
Description and distribution, iii. 65.
Local name, iii, 65.
Medicinal, iii, 65.
Cicca acida :
Description and distribution, ii, 310.
Figure, ii, 311.
Local names, ii, 310.
Food, ii, 310.
Medicinal, iii, 198.
Cinamomo, see Lawsonia inerinis.
Cinco-llagas, see Pseuderanthemum pulchellum.
Cinco-llagas na puti, see Rhinacanthus nasuta.
Cinnamomum iners:
Description and distribution, ii, 200.
Figure, ii, 199.
Local names ii, 200.
Cinnamon, ii, 200.
Cinnamon substitute, ii, 282.
Cinnamovium mercadoi:
Description and distribution, ii, 202.
Figure, ii, 201,
Local names, ii, 200.
KaliiTgag oil, ii, 202.
Medicinal, iii, 187.
INDEX
269
Cinnamomum mindanaense :
Medicinal, iii, 187.
Cipres, see Leucaena glauca.
Ciruelas, see Spondia purpurea.
Cissampelos pareira:
Distribution, iii, 186.
Local names, iii, 186.
Medicinal, iii, 186.
Cissus quadrangularis :
Distribution, iii, 206.
Local names, iii, 206.
Medicinal, iii, 206.
Cissus repens:
Description and distribution, 1, 379.
Local names, i, 379.
Fiber, i, 379.
Citronella oil :
Andropogon nardus, ii, 176.
Citrus hystrix:
Description and distribution, ii, 210.
Figure, ii, 211.
Local names, ii, 208.
Food, ii, 296.
Oil, ii, 210.
Citrus maxima:
Distribution, iii, 193.
Local names, iii, 193.
Medicinal, iii, 193.
Citrus in icrantha :
Description and distribution, ii, 212.
Figure, ii, 213.
Local name, ii, 210.
Samuyan oil, ii, 210.
Shampoo, ii, 212.
Citrus sp. ;
Description, ii, 212.
Local names, ii, 212.
Shampoo, ii, 212.
Clausena anisu^n-olens :
Description and distribution, ii, 214.
Figure, ii, 215.
Local names, ii, 212.
Anisado ingredient, ii, 214.
Medicinal, iii, 194.
Oil, i, 214.
Clerodendron bethuneanum :
Distribution, iii, 229.
Local names, iii, 229.
Medicinal, iii, 229.
Clerodevdron cumingianum :
Distribution, iii, 229.
Local names, iii, 229.
Medicinal, iii, 229.
Clerodendron inerme :
Distribution, iii, 229.
Local names, iii, 229.
Medicinal, iii, 229.
Clerodendron intermedium :
Distribution, iii, 230.
Local names, iii, 230.
Medicinal, iii, 230.
Clerodendron macrostegium :
Distribution, iii, 230.
Local names, iii, 230.
Medicinal, iii, 230.
Clerodendron ininahassac :
Distribution, iii, 230.
Local names, iii, 230.
Medicinal, iii, 230.
Clerodendron quadriloculare :
Distribution, iii, 230.
Local names, iii, 230.
Medicinal, iii, 230.
Coccothrinax garberi, i, 243.
Coco, see Cocos nucifera.
Coconut oil :
Cocos nucifera, ii, 93.
Coconut palm, see Cocos nucifera.
Cocos nucifera:
Distribution, i, 184 ; iii, 173.
Figure, i, 128, 185, 186, 187, 189, 191,
193 ; ii, 95, 97, 99, 101.
Local names, i, 184.
Age of nuts, ii, 96.
Alcoholic drink, i, 188.
Analysis of copra and copra cake, ii, 102,
Charcoal, i, 188.
Constants of oil, ii, 102.
Demand for oil, ii, 94.
Deterioration of oil, ii, 98.
Export of oil, ii, 96.
Fiber, i, 190, 192.
Food, ii, 252.
Medicinal, iii, 173.
Method of obtaining oil, ii, 93.
Moulds of copra, ii, 93.
Oil cake, i, 184, 188.
Sugar, i, 190.
Tensile strength, i, 322.
Uses, i, 184.
Uses of oil, ii, 93.
Vinegar, i, 190.
Cocos plumosa, i, 184.
Cocotero, see Cocos nucifera.
Coelococcus amicarum, i, 192.
Coix lachryma-jobi:
Distribution, i, 339 ; iii, 170.
Local names, i, 339.
Beads, i, 339.
Medicinal, iii, 170.
Coix lachryma-jobi var. ma-yuen:
Description and distribution, ii, 248.
Local name, ii, 248.
Fermented drink, ii, 250.
Food, ii, 250.
Coldenia procumbens :
Distribution, iii, 227.
Local names, iii, 227.
Medicinal, iii, 227.
Coleus amboinicus:
Distribution, iii, 232.
Local names, iii, 232.
Medicinal, iii, 232.
Coleus blumei:
Distribution, iii, 232.
Local names, iii, 232.
Medicinal, iii, 232.
Collybia albuminosa :
Description, iii, 136.
Distribution, iii, 136.
270
INDEX
Collybia albuminosa — Continued.
Figure, iii, 139.
Edible fungi, iii, 136.
Colubrina asiatica :
Distribution, iii, 205.
Local names, iii, 205.
Medicinal, iii, 205.
Coluvibia blancoi :
Description and distribution, i, 381.
Local names, i, 381.
Rope, i, 381.
Tensile strength, i, 321.
Columbia lanceolata:
Description and distribution, i, 381.
Local names, i, 381.
Rope, i, 381.
Columbia mollis:
Description and distribution, i, 382.
Local names, i, 382.
Roi5e, i, 382.
Columbia serratifolia :
Description and distribution, i, 382.
Local names, i, 382.
Dimensions of bast fibers, i, 322.
Dye, i, 382 ; ii, 399.
Fiber, i, 382.
Columella tri folia:
Distribution, iii, 206.
Local names, iii, 206.
Medicinal, iii, 206.
Combretaceae :
Dyes, ii, 402.
Food plants, ii, 352.
Mangrove swamps, i, 68.
Medicinal plants, iii, 215.
Oils, ii, 162.
Commelina benghalensis :
Distribution, iii, 174.
Local names, iii, 174.
Medicinal, iii, 174.
Commelinaceae :
Medicinal plants, iii, 174.
Cummersonia bartramia :
Description and distribution, i, 396.
Local names, i, 396.
Rope, i, 396.
Tensile strength, i, 321.
Common gourd, see Lagenaria leucantha.
Common pandan, see Pandanus tectorius.
Conipositae:
Food plants, ii, 376.
Mangrove swamps, i, 84.
Medicinal plants, iii, 75, 243.
Oils, iii, 222.
Poisonous plants, iii, 82.
Condiment :
Androiiogon citratus, ii, 174.
Curcuma longa, ii, 182.
Zingiber officinale, ii, 184.
Confection ;
Canarium ovatum, ii, 114.
Zingiber officinale, ii, 184.
Connaraceae :
Fiber plants, i, 376.
Poisonous plants, iii, 79.
ConocephaXus violaceus :
Description, ii, 266.
Local names, ii, 266.
Drinking water, ii, 2i'6.
Consuelda, see Euphorbia tirucaUi.
Convolvulaceae :
Fiber plants, 1, 408.
Food plants, ii, 372.
Medicinal plants, iii, 70, 225.
Cooking oil :
Artocarpus elastica, ii, 70, 72.
Canarium ovatum, ii, 114.
Cocos nucifera, ii, 93.
Isoptera borneensis, ii, 160.
Moringa oleifera, ii, 104.
Ocimum basiUcum, ii, 217.
Shorea balangeran, ii, 160.
Terminalia catappa, ii, 164.
Sterculia foetida, ii, 154.
Tamarindus indica, ii, 112.
Coprinus ater :
Description, iii, 117.
Edible fungi, iii, 117.
Coprinus bryan ti :
Description, iii, 117.
Edible fungi, iii, 117.
Coprinus concolor :
Description, iii, 117.
Local name, iii, 118.
Edible fungi, iii, 117.
Coprinus confertus :
Description, iii, 118.
Figure, iii, 119.
Edible fungi, iii, 118.
Coprinus deliquescens :
Description, iii, 118.
Edible fungi, iii, 118.
Coprinus fimbriatus:
Figure, iii, 123.
Coprinus flos-lactus:
Description, iii, 118.
Edible fungi, iii, 118.
Coprinus friesii :
Figure, iii, 123.
Edible fungi, iii, 122.
Coprinus nebidosus:
Edible fungi, iii, 122.
Coprinus ornatus:
Description, iii, 120.
Edible fungi, iii, 120.
Coprinus jAicatilis:
Description, iii, 120.
Edible fungi, iii, 120.
Coprinus pseudo-plicatus :
Description, iii, 121.
Edible fungi, iii, 121.
Coprinus revolutus :
Description, iii, 121.
Edible fungi, iii, 121.
Coprinus rimosus :
Description, iii, 121.
Edible fungi, iii, 121.
Coprinus stercorarius :
Description, iii, 121.
Edible fungi, iii, 121.
INDEX
271
Coprinus volutus:
Description, iii, 122.
Edible fungi, iii, 122.
Cor chorus acutangulus:
Distribution, iii, 207.
Local names, iii, 207.
Medicinal, iii, 207.
Corchorus capsularis:
Description and distribution, i, 382.
Local names, i, 382.
Fiber, 1, 382.
Medicinal, iii, 207.
Corchorus olitorius :
Description and distribution, i, 383.
Local names, i, 383.
Fiber, i, 383.
Food, ii, 332.
Medicinal, iii, 207.
Tensile strength, i, 321.
Corda.s:e ;
Abroma fastuosa, i, 395.
Abrii^ precatorius, i, 378.
Agelaea everettii, i, 376.
Allaeanthtis glaber, i, 368.
Alphitonia excelsa, i, 380
Amonium sp., i, 365.
Anamirta cocculus, i, 375.
Artocarpiis communis, i, 369.
Artocarpus Integra, i, 370.
Bauhinia cumingiana, i, 379.
Boehmeria nivea, i, 373.
Bombax ceiba, i, 392.
Bombycidendron vidaUanum, i, 386.
Columbia blancoi, i, 381.
Columbia lanceolata, i, 381
Columbia mollis, i, 382.
Comniersonia bartramia, i, 396.
Corchorus capsularis, i, 382.
Corchorus olitorius, i, 383.
Cordia cumingiana, i, 409.
Cordia myxa, i, 409.
Cyperus malaccensis, i, 346.
Donax cannaeformis, i, 365.
Elaeocarpus calomala, i, 381.
Ficus benjamina, i, 372.
Ficus forstenii, i, 372.
Ficus pachyphylla, i, 372.
Ficus palawanensis, i, 373.
Flagellaria indica, i, 356.
Gnetum gneynon, i, 328.
Gnetum indicum. i, 328.
Gnetum sp., i, 330.
Goniothalamus amuyon, i, 375.
Grewia acuminata, i, 384.
Grewia bilamellata, i, 384.
Grewia eriocarpa, i, 384.
Grewia multiflora, i, 385.
Helicteres hirsuta, i, 396.
Hibiscus tiliaceus, i, 387.
Ichnocarpus ovatifolius, i, 406.
Ischaemum angustifolium, i, 340.
Kleinhovia hospita, i, 397.
Lonicera philippinensis, i, 409.
Maeaa cumingii, i, 406.
Malachra capitata, i, 387.
Cordage — Continued.
Malachra fasciata, i, 388.
Malaisia scandens, i, 373.
Melochia umbellata, i, 397.
Muntingia calabura, i, 385.
Parameria philippinensis, i, 407.
Phaeanthus ebracteolatus, i, 376.
Phaleria cumingii, \, 403.
Phaleria perrottetiana, i, 403.
Polyalthia flava, i, 376.
Pongamia piniiata, i, 379.
Pterocymbium tinctorium, i, 398.
Pterospermum diver sifolium, 1, 398.
Pterospermum niveum, i, 400.
Raphidophora spp., i, 356.
Roiira volubilis, i, 378.
Sapindus saponaria, i, 380.
Sida acuta, i, 390.
Sida cordifolia, i, 390.
Sida mysorensi^, i, 390.
Sida rhombifolia, i, 391.
Stenochlaena palustris, i, 323.
Sterculia crassiramea, i, 400.
Sterculia cuneata, i, 400.
Sterculia joetida, i, 401.
Sterculia luzonica, i, 401.
Stercidia oblongata, i. 401.
Sterculia philippinensis, i, 402.
Stercidia stipularis, i, 402.
Streptocaulon baumii, i, 408.
Strychnos multiflora, i, 406.
Thespesia lampas, i, 391.
Trema orientalis, i, 366.
Triumfetta bartramia, i, 386.
Typha angustifolia, i, 330.
Urceola iniberbis, i, 407.
Urena lobata, i, 391.
Wikstroemia si^p., i, 403.
Cordia cumingiana:
Description and distribution, i, 409.
Local names, i, 409.
Rope, i, 409.
Tensile strength, i, 321.
Cordia myxa:
Description and distribution, i, 409.
Local names, i, 409.
Medicinal, iii, 227.
Paste, i, 88.
Rope, i, 409.
Tensile strength, i, 321.
Cordula argua:
Description and distribution, iii, 14.
Ornamental, iii, 14.
Cordula philippinensis :
Description and distribution, iii. 18.
Ornamental, iii, 18.
Coriander, see Coriandrum, sativum.
Coriandrum sativum :
Distribution, iii, 218.
Local names, iii, 218.
Medicinal, iii, 218.
Cork substitute .-
Sonneratia caseolaris, i, 48.
Corn, see Zea mays.
Coronitas, see Asclepias curassavica.
Coronitas, see Lantana camara.
272
INDEX
Cortitiarius spp. :
Description, iii, 126.
Edible fungi, iii, 126.
Cortinellus shiitake :
Figure, iii, 107.
Cultivation, iii, 104.
Importation, iii, 104.
Corypha elata:
Description, i, 192.
Distribution, i, 135, 196.
Figure i, 195, 197, 199, 201, 203.
Local names, i, 192.
Alcoholic drink, i, 202.
Beads, i, 194.
Buttons, i, 194.
Dimensions of fiber, i, 422.
Fiber i, 198.
Food, ii, 252.
Medicinal, iii, 173.
Paper, i, 421.
Stand, i, 194, 196.
Starch, i, 205.
Sugar, i, 204.
Sweetmeat, i, 194.
Syrup, i, 194.
Tensile strength, i, 322.
Uses, i, 194.
Vinegar, ii, 252.
Costus speeiosus :
Distribution, iii, 177.
Local names, iii, 177.
Medicinal, iii, 177.
Cotton-seed oil substitute :
Ceiba pentandra, ii, 150.
Cotton tree, see Ceiba pentandra.
Cradles:
Khaphidophora spp., i, 356.
Crataeva religiosa :
Distribution, iii, 188.
Local names, iii, 188.
Medicinal, iii, 188.
Cratoxylon blancoi :
Distribution, iii, 212.
Local names, iii, 212.
Medicinal, iii, 212.
Crescentia alata :
Distribution, iii, 236.
Local names, iii, 236.
Medicinal, iii, 236.
Crinunt asiaticum :
Distribution, iii, 176.
Local names, iii, 176.
Medicinal, iii, 176.
Crossostephium chinense :
Distribution, iii, 244.
Local name, iii, 244.
Medicinal, iii, 244.
Croton oil;
Croton tiglium, ii, 138.
Croton-oil plant, see Croton tiglium.
Croton tiglium :
Description and distribution, ii, 138.
Figure, ii, 139.
Local names, ii, 138.
Croton oil, ii, 138.
Croton tiglium — Continued.
Fish poison, iii, 80.
Medicinal, iii, 68, 198.
Cubilia blancoi:
Description and distribution, ii, 322.
Local names, ii, 322.
Food, ii, 322.
Cucurbitaceae :
Food plants, ii, 375.
Medicinal plants, iii, 241.
Culantrillo, see Adiantum philippense.
Culantrillo, see Asplenium macophyllutn.
Culantro, see Coriandrum sativum.
Cunoniaccae :
Tannins, iii, 93.
Curculigo recurvata :
Description and distribution, i, 364.
Local name, i, 362.
Fiber, i, 362.
Curculigo orchioides:
Distribution, iii, 176.
Local names, iii, 176.
Medicinal, iii, 176.
Curcuma longa :
Description and distribution, ii, 183.
Local names, ii, 182.
Condiment, ii, 259.
Dye, ii, 385.
Food, ii, 182.
Food coloring, ii, 259.
Medicinal, iii, 177.
Oil, ii, 182.
Curcuma zedoaria:
Description and distribution, ii, 184.
Local names, ii, 183.
Medicinal, ii, 183 ; iii, 66.
Oil, ii, 183.
Perfume, ii, 183.
Zedoary, ii, 183.
Cushions ;
Schizostachyu))! lima, i, 264.
Cyatheaceae :
Medicinal plants, iii, 65.
Tree fern trunks, iii, 96.
Cyathea spp.
Distribution, iii, 96.
Local names, iii, 96.
Uses, iii, 96.
Cyathocalyx globosus:
Description, ii, 280.
Figure, ii, 279.
Local names, ii, 280.
Areca nut substitute, ii, 280.
Cycadaceae :
Food plants, ii, 241.
Medicinal plants, iii, 168.
Ornamental plants, iii, 12.
Cycas rumphii:
Description and distribution, ii, 244.
Figure, ii, 245.
Local names, ii.
Food, ii, 241.
Medicinal, iii, 16
Ornamental, iii,
Cymbidium :
Distribution, i, 24.
241.
12.
INDEX
273
Cynodon dactylon :
Distribution, iii, 170.
Local names, iii, 170.
Medicinal, iii, 170.
Cyperaceae :
Fiber plants, i, 346.
Food plants, ii, 250.
Cyperus malaccensis :
Description and distribution, i, 26, 348.
Figure, i, 349, 350.
Local names, i, 346.
Fiber, i, 346.
Cyperus radiatus :
Description and distribution, i, 348.
Local names, i, 348.
Fiber, i, 348.
Cypress vine, see Quamoclit pinnata.
Cyrtosperma merkiisii :
Description and distribution, ii, 254.
Local names, ii, 254.
Food, ii, 254.
Medicinal, iii, 173.
Cyrtostachys lakka, i, 243.
D
Dadayem, see Bidens pilosa.
Dadiangau, see Agathis alba,
Dadiingoi, see Agathis alba.
Dcemonorops affinis, i, 208.
Daemonorops clemensianus, i, 206.
Daemonorops curranii, i, 208.
Daemonorops gaudichaudii, see Daemonorops
mollis.
Daemonorops gracilis, i, 208.
Daemonorops loherianus, i, 206.
Daemonorops margaritae, i, 206.
Daemonoroiys mollis :
Description, i, 208.
Figure, i, 207.
Daemonorops ochrolepis:
Description, i, 206.
Daemonorops oligolepis:
Description, i, 206.
Daemonorops pannosus:
Description, i, 206.
Daemonorops pedicellaris:
Description, i, 206.
Daemonorops spp. :
Conspectus of the species, i, 206.
Description, i, 205.
Distribution, i, 135.
Daemonorops virescens:
Description, i, 206.
Daemonorops urdanetanus:
Description, i, 206.
Dagailo, see Pistia stratiotes.
Dagang, see Anisoptera thurifera.
Dagingdingan, see Euphoria didyma.
Dagkalan, see Calophyllum inophyllum.
Dagko, see Cyperus radiatus.
Dagudri, see Acanthus ilicifolius.
Dagum, see Anisoptera thurifera.
Daiamiras, see Aglaia harmsiana.
Daiang, see Blcchum brownei.
Dail, see Tylophora brevipes.
Daila, see Rhaphidophora merrillii.
177674 18
Dakutung, see Clerodendron cumingianum.
Dalagita, see Ficus payapa.
Dalakan, see Alstonia macrophylla.
Dalakit, see Ficus forstenii.
Dalakit, see Ficus payapa.
Dalakit, see Gyrinopsis cumingiana.
Dalamo, see Fleurya interrupta.
Dalandang, see Tectona grandis.
Dalau, see Acorus calamus.
Dalau, see Curcuma longa-
Dalauen, see Litsea glutinosa.
Dalbergia candenatensis :
Distribution, i, 24.
Dalbergia cumingiana:
Distribution, iii, 191.
Local names, iii, 191.
Medicinal, iii, 191.
Dalbergia ferruginea :
Distribution, iii, 191.
Local names, iii, 191.
Medicinal, iii, 191.
Daldal, see Asdepias curassavica.
Daldallagni, see Vitex trifolia.
Daldallupang, see Thespesia lampas.
Daligan, see Averrhoa carambola.
Dalihan, see Averrhoa carambola-
Dalinas, see Cyathocalyx globosus.
Dalinas, see Phaeanthus ebracteolatus.
Dalinsi, see Terminalia edulis.
Dalipauen, see Alstonia scholaris.
Dalisai, see Terminalia catappa.
Dalit, see Antiaris toxicaria.
Dalit, see Canarium villosum.
Dallag, see Greivia multiflora.
Dalogdog, see Caesalpinia crista.
Dalondon, see Tectona grandis.
Daluari, see Acanthus ilicifolius.
Dalugdug, see Caesalpinia crista.
Dalunet, see Mallotus philippinensis.
Dalunit, see Trema orientalis.
Daliinot, see Trema orientalis.
Dalupan, see Urena lobata.
Dalupang, see Abelmoschus moschatus.
Daliiru-babae, see Lumnitzera littorea.
Damarau, see Cyathocalyx globosus.
Dambohala, see Eugenia mananquil.
Damo, see Eleusine indica.
Damong-bungkalat, see Biophytum sensitivum.
Damong-hiya, see Biophytum sensitivum.
Damong-kambing, see Ageratum conyzoides.
Damong-mabaho, see Sida mysorensis.
Bamdng-maria, see Artemisia vulgaris.
Damong-pailaya, see Ageratum conyzoides.
Damong-palias, see Ageratum conyzoides.
Damong-sambali, see Blechum brownei.
Damdro, see Carum copticum.
Damoro, see Fleurya interrupta.
Damortis, see Pithecolobium dulce.
Dampalit, see Sesuvium partulacastrum.
Dampol, see Pygeum glandulosuni
Dandiilit, see Camptostemon philippinense.
Danggai, see Kingiodendron alternif olium.
Dangkaan, see Calophyllum inophyllum.
Dangkalan, see Calophyllum inophyllum.
Dangla, see Vitex negundo.
Dangli, see Grewia tnultifiora.
274
INDEX
Danglin, see Greivia multiflora.
Danglin-aso, see Helicteres hirsuta.
Danglin-kalabau, see Helicteres hirsuta.
Dangliw, see Hibiscus tiliaceus.
Danglog, see Grewia multiflora.
Danglog, see Hibiscus tiliaceus.
Danipai, see Mucuna niyricans.
Danli, see Grewia eriocarpa.
Danlog, see Dipterocarpus grandiflorus.
Danu, see Ischaemum angustifolium.
Da6, see Dracontomelum dao.
Dapiau, see Areca catechu.
Dapiau, see Pinanga spp.
S^pil, see LepidopetcUum perrottetiu
Dapnit, see Wikstroemia ovata.
Dapo, see Dendrobium crumenatuin.
Dapong-tigre, see Phalaenopsis schilleriana.
Dapui, see Ardisia serrata.
Darahiro, see Pistia stratiotes.
Daraido, see Pistia stratiotes.
Darairo, see Pistia stratiotes.
Darau, see Acorus calamus.
Darayau, see Pittosporum pentandrum-
Daripai, see Ipomoea pes-caprae.
Darumabi, see Mussaenda, philippica.
Darumaka, see Donax cannaeformis.
Dasa, see Pamdanus luzonensis.
Dasigan, see Pinanga spp.
Datiles, see Leucaena glauca.
Datiles, see Muntingia calabura.
Datura fastuosa :
Distribution, iii, 234.
Local names, iii, 234.
Medicinal, iii, 234.
Datura fastuosa var. alba:
Description and distribution, iii, 72.
Figure, iii, 73.
Local names, iii, 72.
Medicinal, iii, 72.
Dauag, see Capparis horrida.
Dauag, see Capparis micracantha.
Dauag, see Toddalia asiatica.
Dausa, see Peristrophe bivalvis.
Daiisum, see Eurycles amboinenais.
Dayandang, see Triphopetalum. toxicum..
Dayap, see Triphasia trifoliata.
Dayap-dayapan, see Clausena anisuvi-olens.
Dayumaka, see Arenga tremula.
Dayumaka, see Heterospathe elata.
Decaspermum jruticosum :
Distribution, iii, 216.
Local names, iii, 216.
Medicinal, iii, 216.
Dekai-dekaiang, see Embelia philippinensis.
Demopa, see Euphoria didyma.
Dendrobium :
Distribution, i, 24.
Dendrobium acuminatum :
Description and distribution, iii, 18.
Figure, iii, 17.
Ornamental, iii, 18.
Dendrobium amethystoglossum :
Description and distribution, iii, 18.
Ornamental, iii, 18.
Dendrobium anosmuyn :
Description and distribution,, iii, 18.
Figure, iii, 19.
Ornamental, iii, 18.
Dendrobium aureum :
Description and distribution, iii, 18.
Figure, iii, 20.
Local name, iii, 18.
Ornamental, iii, 18.
Dendrobium crumenatum:
Description and distribution, i, 36
iii, 22.
Figure, i, 367 ; iii, 21.
Local names, i, 365 ; iii, 22.
Fiber, i, 365.
Ornamental, iii, 22.
Dendrobium dearei :
Description and distribution, iii, 22.
Ornamental, iii, 22.
Dendrobium lyonii:
Description and distribution, iii, 22.
Figure, iii, 23.
Ornamental, iii, 22.
Dendrobium revolutum:
Description and distribution, iii, 22.
Local name, iii, 22.
Ornamental, iii, 22.
Dendrobium sanderae :
Description and distribution, iii, 24.
Figure, iii, 25.
Ornamental, iii, 24.
Dendrobium schuetzei:
Description, iii, 24.
Figure, iii, 26, 27.
Ornamental, iii, 24.
Dendrobium taurinum:
Description and distribution, iii, 24.
Figure, iii, 28, 29.
Ornamental, iii, 24.
Dendrocalamus curranii:
Description and distribution, i, 261
Dendrocalamus giganteus:
Growth, i, 277.
Dendrocalamus latiflorus :
Description and distribution, i, 261.
Local names, i, 261.
Dendrocalamus merrillianus :
Description and distribution, i, 261.
Figure, i, 289, 290.
Local names, i, 261.
Tensile strength, i, 322.
Uses, i, 261.
Dengau, see Acorus calamus.
Dental mould preparations :
Agathis alba, ii, 29.
Dental surgery :
Achras sapota, ii, 74.
Deora, see Peristrophe bivalvis.
Deora, see Peristrophe tinctoria.
Derris eUiptica :
Cattle and fish poison, iii, 79.
Derris philippinensis :
Cattle and fish poison, iii, 79
Derris trifoliata:
Distribution, i, 24.
INDEX
275
Derris uliginosa :
Distribution, i, 24.
Desinodium heterocarpum :
Description and distribution, ii, 391.
Local names, ii, 391.
Dye, ii, 391.
Devil's cotton, see Abronia fastuosa.
Diana, see Sesbania grandiflora.
Dibatib. see Rhaphidophora merrillii.
Dibual, see Pterospermum diversifolium.
Dictyosperma alba:
Recently introduced palm, i, 243.
Dikut-malamarine, see Mimosa pudica.
Dikut iTga buluk, see Paederia foetida.
Dila-dila, see Elephanthopus spicatus.
Dila-dila, see Lepidopetalum perrottetii-
Dila-dila, see Onychium siliculos^im.
Dilang-usa, see Elephantopus spicatus.
Dilang-usa, see Trichodesjna zeylanicum.
Bilau, see Curcuma longa.
Dilau oil :
Curcuma longa, ii, 182.
Dilau-pula, see Curcutiia longa.
Dilgun-susu, see Mimosa pudica-
Dili, see Pittosporutn pentandruvi.
Biliman, see Stenochlaena pahistris.
Diliuariu, see Acanthus ilicif alius.
Oilleniaceae :
Dyes, ii, 400.
Food plants, ii, 338.
Medicinal plants, iii, 212.
Scouring material, iii, 59.
Dillenia niegalantha :
Description and distribution, ii, 338.
Local names, ii, 338.
Food, ii, 338.
Dillenia philippinensis :
Description and distribution, ii, 338.
Figure, ii, 339, 341.
Local names, ii, 338.
Dye, ii, 338, 400.
Food, ii, 338.
Medicinal, iii, 212.
Dillenia r eiff erscheidia :
Description and distribution, ii, 340.
Local names, ii, 340.
Food, ii, 340.
Dilupaon, see Alstonia scholaris.
Dingin, see Dillenia philippinensis.
Dinglas, see Terminalia comintana.
Dingo, see Pitttosporum resiniferum.
Dinochloa ciliata:
Description and distribution, i, 261, 262.
Figure, i, 291.
Dinochloa elmeri:
Description, i, 261, 262.
Distribution, i, 262.
Figure, i, 292.
Dinochloa luconiae :
Description, i, 261, 262.
Distribution, i, 262.
Figure, i, 293.
Local names, i, 262.
Dinochloa pubiramea:
Description, i, 261, 262.
Distribution, i, 262.
Figure, i, 294.
Local names, i, 262.
Dinochloa scandens :
Description, i, 261, 262.
Distribution, i, 262.
Figure, i, 295.
Uses, i, 262.
Dioscoreaceae :
Food plants, ii, 257.
Medicinal plants, iii, 177.
Dioscorea divaricata:
Description and distribution, ii, 257.
Local names, ii, 257.
Food, ii, 257.
Dioscorea esculenta :
Description and distribution, ii, 257.
Local names, ii, 257.
Food, ii, 257.
Dioscorea hispida :
Description and distribution, ii, 258.
Local names, ii, 257.
Food, ii, 258.
Medicinal, iii, 177.
Dioscorea luzonensis :
Desci-iption and distribution, ii, 258.
Local names, ii, 258.
Food, ii, 258.
Dioscorea pentaphylla:
Description and distribution, ii, 258.
Local names, ii, 258.
Food, ii, 258.
Diospyros discolor:
Description and distribution, ii, 370.
Figure, ii 369, 371.
Local names, ii, 370.
Food, ii, 370.
Diospyros ebenaster :
Distribution, iii, 220.
Local names, iii, 220.
Medicinal, iii, 220.
Diospyros multiflora :
Distribution, iii, 220.
Local names, iii, 220.
Medicinal, iii, 220.
Diplodiscus paniculatus :
Description and distribution, i, 383.
Figure, ii, 331.
Local names, i, 383.
Food, ii, 332.
Rope, i, 383.
Dipterocarpaceae :
Oils, ii, 160.
Paper, i, 423.
Resins, ii, 50.
Dipterocarpus grandiflorus:
Description, ii, 60.
Distribution, ii, 62.
Figure, ii, 57, 58, 59, 61.
Local names, ii, 54.
Resin, ii, 56.
Dipterocar pus vernicifluus :
Description and distribution, ii, 64.
Figure, ii, 63, 65, 66.
276
INDEX
Dipterocarpus vernicifluus — Continued.
Local names, ii, 62.
Resin, ii, 62.
Diran, see Grewia eriocarpa.
Dischidia saccata :
Description and distribution, i, 24.
Disi, see Terminalia edtdis.
Disol, see Kaeinpfera galanga-
Dit&, see Alstonia scholaris.
Dita, see Antiaris toxicaria.
Dita, see Cerbera tnanghas.
Dita, see Lophopetalum toxicum.
Dita, see Paralstonia clusiacea.
Diualat, see Chisocheton cumingianus.
Diudiii, see Ficus hauili.
Djoeroedjoe, see Acanthus ilicifoUus.
Do don (tea v isco sa :
Distribution, iii, 204.
Local names, iii, 204.
Medicinal, iii, 204.
Dogdol, see Ceiba pentandra.
Doldol, see Ceiba pentandra.
Dolichandrmie spathacea :
Distribution, iii, 236.
Local names, iii, 236.
Medicinal, iii, 236.
Dolo, see Fagraea cochinchinensis.
Dolontas, see Chrysanthemum indicum.
Donax cannaeformis :
Description and distribution, i, 365.
Figure, i, 367.
Local names, i, 365.
Fiber, i, 365.
Medicinal, iii, 179.
Dondol, see Ceiba pentandra.
Dongrareng, see Grewia bilamellatu.
Dracontomelum dao :
Description and distribution, ii, 316.
Figure, ii, 314, 315.
Local names, ii, 312.
Food, ii, 312.
Dracontomelum edule:
Description and distribution, ii, 316.
Figure, ii, 317.
Local names, ii, 316.
Food, ii, 316.
Druce, see Nelumbiuiti nelumho.
Drynaria quercifolia :
Description, iii, 11.
Distribution, i, 24; iii, 11.
Local names, iii, 168.
Medicinal, iii, 168.
Ornamental, iii, 11.
Dryopteris pteroides :
Distribution, i, 323.
Local name, i, 323.
Baskets, i, 323.
Dudos, see Chisocheton cumingianus.
Dudukduken, see Scaevola frutescens.
Diien, see Dipterocarpus grandiflorus.
Duen, see Dipterocarpus vernicifluus.
Dugayon, see Decaspermum fruticosum.
Dugian, see Bambusa spinosa.
Duglo, see Mucuna nigricans.
Duhat, see Eugenia cumini.
Duhatduhatan, see Gonocaryum calleryanum.
Duidui, see Pterocymbium tinctoriuin.
Duka, see Kingiodendron alternifoliuni.
Dukep, see Telosma procumbens.
Duko, see Dipterocarpus grandiflorus.
Duktung-ahas, see Streptocaulon baumii.
Dukiim, see Abelmoschtis moschatus.
Dukup, see Rhaphidophora merrillii.
Dulau, see Curciima longa.
Dulingatok, see Crataeva religiosa.
Dulitan, see Calophyllum blancoi.
Dulitan-takloban, see Falaquiiim phUippense.
Dulokdiilok, see Lumnitzera littorea.
Duluariu, see Acanthus ilicifolius.
Duluk-duluk, see Osbornia octodonta.
Dulupang, see Abutilon indicum.
Dumamai, see Psychotria luzoniensis.
Dumanai, see Aegiceras corniculatum.
Dumanai, see Dodonaea viscosa.
Dumanai, see Homonoia riparia.
Dumau, see Coix lachryma-jobi-
Dumayaka, see Arenga tremula.
Dumero, see Rosmarinus officinalis.
Dumon, see Heritiera littoralis.
Duiigas, see Cerbera tnanghas.
Dunglu, see Alphitonia excelsa.
Diingon, see Heritiera littoralis.
Diingon, see Pterocarpus spp.
Dungon-lalao, see Heritiera littoralis.
Dungon-late, see Heritiera littoralis.
Dungul, see Litsea ghitinosa.
Dungun, see Heritiera littoralis.
Dungurungut, see Citrus hystrix.
Dupdupan, see Diplodiscus paniculattts.
Dupingan, see Diospyros multiflora.
Duran, see Grewia eriocarpa.
Durareng, see Grewia bilamellata.
Durarong, see Grewia multiflora.
Duso, see Kaempfera galanga-
Dus61, see Kaempfera galanga.
Duung, see Anisoptera thurifera.
Duyan, see Dioscorea divaricata.
Duyong, see Anisoptera thurifera.
Dyes :
Areca catechu, i, 144.
Ceriops roxburghiana, i, 122.
Ceriops tagal, i, 122.
Dyes, ii, 385.
Xylocarpus granatum. i, 122.
Dypsis madaguscariensis :
Recently introduced palm, i, 243.
Dysoxylum decandrwm :
Distribution, iii, 197.
Local names, iii, 197.
Medicinal, iii, 197.
Ehenaceae :
Dyes, ii, 403.
Food plants, ii, 370.
Medicinal plants, iii, 220.
Ebiok, see Arenga pinnata.
6bus, see Corypha elata.
Echa-ti-bakir, see Ehretia microphylla.
Eclipta alba :
Distribution, iii, 244.
Local names, iii, 244.
Medicinal, iii, 244.
INDEX
277
Eggplant, see Solamtm melongena.
figot, see Eugenia curranii.
Ehretia microphylla:
Description and distribution, ii, 373.
Local names, ii, 373.
Medicinal, iii, 227.
Tea substitute, ii, 373.
Ehretia navesii:
Distribution, iii, 227.
Local names, iii, 227.
Medicinal, iii, 227.
Elaeagnaceae :
Food plants, ii, 352.
Elaeagnus philippensis :
Description and distribution, ii, 352.
Local names, ii, 352.
Food, ii, 352.
Elaeis guineensia:
Description, i, 208.
Distribution, i, 208 ; ii, 103.
Figures, i, 209, 211.
Local names, i, 208 ; ii, 103.
Composition of oil, ii, 103.
Oil, i, 208.
Ornamental, i, 208.
Uses, ii, 103.
Wine, i, 208.
Elaeocarjjaceae :
Fiber plants, i, 381.
Food plants, ii, 330.
Elaeocarpus calomala:
Description and distribution, i, 381.
Local names, i, 381.
Food, ii, 330.
Rope, i, 381.
Elatostenia spp. :
Description and distribution, ii, 270.
Food, ii, 270.
Eleocharis dulcis :
Description and distribution, ii, 250.
Figure, ii, 251.
Local name, ii, 250.
Food, ii, 250.
Elephantopus scaber:
Distribution, iii, 244.
Local names, iii, 244.
Medicinal, iii, 244.
Elephantopus spicatus :
Disti-ibution, iii, 245.
Local names, iii, 245.
Medicinal, iii, 245.
Eleusine indica :
Description and distribution, i, 340.
Local names, i, 340.
Hats, i, 340.
Medicinal, iii, 170.
Embelia philip pinensis :
Description and distribution, ii, 364.
Local names, ii, 364.
Food, ii, 364.
Emilia sonchifolia :
Description and distribution, ii, 377.
Local names, ii, 377.
Food, ii, 377.
Medicinal, iii, 245.
Enhalus acoroides:
Description and distribution, ii, 246.
Local names, ii, 246.
Food, ii, 246.
Enhydra fluctuans :
Distribution, iii, 245.
Medicinal, iii, 245.
Entada phaseoloides :
Description and distribution, iii, 56.
Figure, iii, 57.
Local names, iii, 54.
Medicinal, iii, 191.
Uses, iii, 54
E piprernnuni spp. :
Description and distribution, i, 354.
Baskets, i, 353, 354.
Eria nierrillii:
Description and distribution, iii, 24.
Figure, iii, 31.
Ornamental, iii, 24.
Ericaceae :
Food plants, ii, 362.
Medicinal plants, iii, 218.
Escobilla, see Sida acuta.
Espada, see Ottelia alismoides.
Estrella, see Curculigo orchioides.
Euchresta, horsfieldii ;
Distribution, iii, 191.
Local names, iii, 191.
Medicinal, iii, 191.
Eugenia aherniana :
Description and distribution, ii, 354.
Local names, ii, 354.
Food, ii, 354.
Eugenia aquea :
Description and distribution, ii, 356.
Local names, ii, 356.
Food, ii, 356.
Eugenia calubcob :
Description and distribution, ii, 356
Figure, ii, 355.
Local names, ii, 356.
Food, ii, 356.
Eugenia cumini :
Description and distribution, ii, 356.
Local names, ii, 356.
Food, ii, 239, 356.
Medicinal, iii, 69, 216.
Eugenia curranii :
Description and distribution, ii, 358.
Local names, ii, 358.
Figure, ii, 357.
Food, iii, 358.
Eugenia mananquil :
Description and distribution, ii, 358.
Figures, ii, 226, 359.
Local names, ii, 358.
Food, ii, 358.
Eugenia polycephaloides :
Description and distribution, ii, 360.
Local names, ii, 358.
Food, ii, 360.
Eugenia xanthophylla:
Description and distribution, ii, 360.
Figure, ii, 361.
278
INDEX
Eugenia xanthophylla—Continviedi.
Local names, ii, 360.
Food, ii, 360.
Eupatorium friplinerve:
Distribution, iii, 245.
Local names, iii, 245.
Medicinal, iii, 245.
Euphorbiaceae :
Dyes, ii, 396.
Food plants, ii, 308.
Gums, ii, 73.
Ink, iii, 90.
Mangrove swamps, i, 40.
Medicinal plants, iii, 68, 197.
Oils, ii, 120.
Poisonous plants, iii, 80.
Euphorbia hirta :
Distribution, iii, 198.
Local names, iii, 198.
Medicinal, iii, 198.
Euphorbia neriifoUa :
Distribution, iii, 198.
Local names, iii, 198.
Medicinal, iii, 198.
Euphorbia thymifolia:
Distribution, iii, 199.
Local names, iii, 199.
Medicinal, iii, 199.
Euphorbia tirucaUi :
Distribution, iii, 199.
Local names, iii, 199.
Medicinal, iii, 199.
Euphoria didyma :
Description and distribution, ii, 326.
Figure, ii, 325.
Local names, ii, 326.
Food, ii, 326.
Euphoria nephelioides :
Description and distribution, ii, 326.
Food, ii, 326.
Eurycles amboinensis :
Distribution, iii, 176.
Local names, iii, 176.
Medicinal, iii, 176.
Evolvulus alsinoides :
Distribution, iii, 225.
Medicinal, iii, 225.
Excoecaria agallocha:
Description and distribution, i, 40.
Figure, i, 41.
Local names, i, 40.
Fuel, i, 40.
Medicinal, iii, 199.
F
Fabrics :
Agave cantula, i, 362.
Ananas comosus, i, 356.
Boehnieria nivea, i, 373.
Corchorus capsularis, i, 382.
Corchorus olitorius, i, 383.
Malachra capitata, i, 387.
Musa sp., i, 411.
Musa textUis, i, 364.
Sida rhombifolia, i, 391.
Urena lobata, i, 391.
Fafalong, see Vaccinhim whitfordii.
Fagaceae :
Food plants, ii, 260
Fagraea cochinchinensis:
Distribution, ii, 220.
Local names, iii, 220.
Medicinal,' iii, 220.
Fagraea racemosa :
Distribution, iii, 221.
Local names, iii, 221.
Medicinal, iii, 221.
Fancy articles ;
Abroma fastuosa, i, 395.
Fimbristylis diphylla, i, 348.
Fimbriatylis globulosa, i, 348.
Lygodium spp., i, 326.
Musa textUis, i, 364.
Pandanus simplex, i, 336.
Saccharum spontaneum, i, 344.
Fans:
Andropogon zizanioides, i, 338 ; ii, 177.
Schizostachyum lima, i, 264.
Far61, see Cardiospermum halicacabuin .
Fatoua pilosa :
Distribution, iii, 181.
Local names, iii, 181.
Medicinal, iiii, 181.
Fencing:
Schizostachyum lumampao, i, 264.
Fennel, see Foeniculum vulgare.
P'ertilizer :
Aleurites moluccana, ii, 132.
Aleurites trisperma, ii, 137.
Andropogon citratus, ii, 174.
Cocos nucifera, i, 184.
Sesamum orientale, ii, 168.
Fibers :
Areea catechu, i, 144.
Arenga pinnata, i, 150.
Arenga tremula, i, 158.
Bamboos, i, 251.
Calamus spp., i, 158.
Caryota cumingii, i, 182.
Cocus nucifera, i, 184.
Corypha data, i, 192.
Daemonorops spp., i, 205.
Fiber plants, i, 313.
Heterospathe elata, i, 210.
Korthalsia spp., i, 212.
Livistosa spp., i, 214.
Metroxylon sagu, i, 220.
Nipa fruticans, i, 222.
Paper, i, 415.
Ficus benjamina:
Description and distribution, i, 372.
Local names, i, 372.
Rope, i, 372.
Tensile strength, i, 321.
Ficus forstenii :
Description and distribution, i, 372.
Local names, i, 372.
Rope, i, 372.
Tensile strength, i, 321.
Ficus hauUi:
Distribution, iii, 181.
Local names, iii, 181.
Medicinal, iii, 181.
INDEX
279
Ficus in inahassae :
Distribution, iii, 181.
Local names, iii, 181.
Medicinal, iii, 181.
Ficus pachyphylla:
Description and distribution, i, 373.
Local names, i, 372.
Rope, i, 372.
Tensile strength, i, 321.
Ficus palawanensis :
Description and distribution, i, 373.
Local names, i. 373.
Rope, i, 373.
Tensile strength, i, 321.
Ficus payapa :
Distribution, iii, 181.
Local names, iii, 181.
Medicinal, iii 181.
Ficus ulmifolia:
Description, ii, 266.
Distribution, ii, 270.
Figure, ii, 269.
Local names, iii, 266.
Food, ii, 266.
Scouring materials, iii, 51
Fide, see Elaeocarpus calomala.
FimbristyUs diphylla:
Description and distribution, i, 348.
Local names, i, 348.
Fiber, i, 348.
FimbristyUs ferruginea :
Distribution, i, 26.
FimbristyUs globulosa:
Description and distribution, i, 352.
Figure, i, 351.
Local names, i, 348.
Fiber, i, 352.
Finlaysonia obovata:
Distribution, i, 24.
Firewood :
Bruguiera parviflora, i, 112-116.
Camptostevion phiUppinense, i, 42.
Ceriops tagal, i, 112-114.
Cultivation of Rhizophora, 1, 100.
Leucaena glauca, iii, 87.
Rhizophora candelaria, i, 112-114.
Rhizophora imicronata, i, 112-117.
Sonneratia alba, i. 44.
Sonneratia caseolaris, i, 112-116.
Stands in mangrove swamps, i, 86.
Xylocarpus violticcensis, i, 112-117.
Fish corrals :
Schizostachyum lumampao, i, 264.
Fishing rods :
Bambusa glaucescens, i, 258.
Livistona cochinchinensis, i, 216.
Livistona rotundifoUa, i, 216.
Schizostachyum lumampao, i, 264.
Fish-tail palm, see Caryota cuwmgii.
Fish traps :
Calamus spp., i, 158.
Daemonorops spp., i, 205.
Gigantochloa Icvis, i, 262.
Korthalsia, i, 212.
Fish traps, tying:
Malaisia scandens, i, 373.
Pothoidiuin lobbianum, i, 354.
Fish traps, tying— Continued.
Rourea volubilis, i, 378.
Stenochlaena palustris, i, 328.
Fistula, see Cassia fistula.
Flacourtiaceae :
Fo6d plants, ii, 346.
Oils, ii, 161.
Flacourtia euphlebia :
Description and distribution, ii, 348.
Local name, ii, 346.
Food, ii, 346.
Flacourtia indica:
Description and distribution, ii, 348.
Local names, ii, 348.
Food, ii, 348.
Flacourtia rukam:
Description and distribution, ii, 348.
Figure, ii, 349.
Local names, ii, 348.
Food, ii, 348.
Flacourtia sepiaria :
Figure, ii, 350.
Flagellariaceae :
Fiber plants, i, 356.
Medicinal plants, iii, 174.
Flagellaria indica :
Description and distribution, i, 356.
Figure, i, 359.
Local names, i, 359.
Fiber plants, i, 356.
Medicinal, iii, 174.
Flavoring :
Acorus calamus, ii, 181.
Andropogon citratus, ii, 174.
Andropogon zizanioides, ii, 177.
Zingiber officinale, ii, 184.
Floors :
Livistona cochinchinensis, i, 216.
Livistona rotundifoUa, i, 216.
Oncosperma spp., i, 231, 232.
Flor de la mariana, see Phalaenopsis luedde-
manniana.
Floras de las doce, see Pentapetes phoenicea,
Fluggea virosa:
Fish poison, iii, 80.
Flutes :
Schizostachum lumampao, i, 264.
Foeniculum vtdgare :
Distribution, iii, 218.
Local names, iii, 218.
Medicinal, iii, 218.
Food :
Arachis hypogaea, ii, 108.
Areca catechu, i, 144.
Arenga amhong, i, 150.
Arenga pinnata, i, 150.
Calamus spp., i, 158.
Cocos nucifera, i, 184.
Corypha elata, i, 192.
Food plants, ii, 225.
Heterospathe elata, i, 210.
Livistona rotundifoUa, i, 216.
Metroxylon sagu, i, 220.
Moringa oleifera, ii, 104.
Oncosperma filamentosum, i, 36, 232.
280
INDEX
Food coloring :
Curcuma longa, ii, 182.
Food oil :
Arachis hypogaea, ii, 108.
Anacardium occidentale, ii, 146.
Cocos. nucifera, ii, 93.
Elaeis guineensis, ii, 103.
Palaquium philippense, ii, 168.
Terminalia catappa, ii, 162.
Fracitas, see Aerides quinquevulnerum.
Fuel:
Canarium viUosum, ii, 49.
Cocos nucifera, i, 184.
Fugayong, see Pithecolobium subacutum.
Fungi, edible, iii. 97.
Funnels :
Palaquium ahernianum, ii, 82.
Furniture :
Bavibusa vulgaris, i, 260.
Calamus spp., i, 158.
Daevionorops spp., i, 205.
Korthalsia spp., i, 212.
6
Gaas, see Scirpiodendron ghaeri.
Gabi, see Alocasia macrorrhiza.
Gabigabihan, see Typhonium divaricatum.
Gagabiitan, see Eleusine indica.
Gagabiiten, see Malvastrum coromandelinuni.
Gagalang, see Sonchus oleraceus.
Gaho, see Miscan'hus sinensis.
Galagala, see Agathis alba.
Galamai-amd, see Schefflera elliptifoliola.
Galamai-amo, see Schefflera odorata.
Galatgat, see Ipomoea reptans.
Galauan, see Pavetta indica.
Galiang, see Alocasia macrorrhiza.
Galiang, see Cyrtosperrna merkusii.
Galluran, see .4verrhoa carambola.
Galo, see Anacolosa luzoniensis.
Galot-galot, see Cynodon dactylon.
Galumbang, see Jatropha curcas.
Galura, see Acanthus ilicifolius.
Gamboge :
Garcinia venulosa, ii, 18.
Gamot-tulisan, see Ageratuin conyzoides.
Gamu, see Macaranga tanarius.
Gan-an, see Dipterocarpus vernicifluus.
Ganda, see Curcuma zedoaria.
Gandus, see Alocasia macrorrhiza.
Ganophyllum. falcatum :
Description and distribution, ii, 148.
Figure, ii, 149.
Local names, ii, 147.
Illuminant, ii, 148.
Soap, ii, 148.
Soap substitute, iii, 58.
Gaon, see Imperata cylindrica.
Gapas, see Ceiba pentandra.
Gapas, see Chloranthus brachystachys.
Gapas-gapas, see Camptostemon phiUppin-
ense.
Gapingoi, see Gleichenia linearis.
Garban, see Rhaphidophora merriUii.
Garcinia binucao:
Description and distribution, ii, 340.
Figure, ii, 342.
Local names, ii, 340.
Food, ii, 340.
Garcinia dulcis :
Description and distribution, ii, 344.
Figure, ii, 343.
Local names, ii, 344.
Food, ii, 344.
Garcinia mangostana :
Distribution, iii, 213.
Local name, iii, 213.
Medicinal, iii, 213.
Garcinia mi^idayiaensis :
Description and distribution, ii, 344.
Local names, ii, 344.
Food, ii, 344.
Garcinia rubra :
Description and distribution, ii, 344.
Figure, ii, 345.
Local names, ii, 344.
Food, ii, 344.
Garcinia venulosa :
Description and distribution, ii, 346.
Figure, ii, 347.
Local names, ii, 346.
Food, ii, 346.
Garcinia vidalii:
Description and distribution, ii, 346.
Local names, ii, 346.
Food, ii, 346.
Gardenia pseudopsidium:
Distribution, iii, 239.
Local names, iii, 239.
Medicinal, iii, 239.
Garem, see Achyranthes aspera.
C^arem nga piirau, see Blechum brownei.
Garlic, see Allium sativum,.
Garomaka, see Donax cannaeformis.
Garuga abilo :
Distribution, iii, 196.
Local names, iii, 196.
Medicinal, iii, 196.
Garulan, see Averrhoa carambola.
Gasatan-mulato, see Mimusops parvifoUa.
Gasi, see Croton tiglium.
Gatasan, see Garcinia dulcis.
Gatasan, see Garcinia venulosa.
Gatasan, see Mimusops parvifoUa-
Gatas-gatas, see Euphorbia hirta.
Gatas-virgen, see Mussaenda philippica.
Gatbo, see Thysanolaena maxima.
Gatmo, see Vaccinium myrtoides.
Gaton, see Eiiphorbia tirucalli.
Gauai-gauai, see Sagittaria sagittifolia.
Gauai-gauai, see Sesbania grandiflora.
Gaued, see Piper betle.
Gaui-gaui, see Sesbania grandiflora.
Gayumahin, see Terminalia edulis.
Gengibre, see Zingiber officinale.
Gentianaceae :
Medicinal plants, iii, 221.
Geodorum nutans:
Description and distribution, ii, 68, 7
Local names, ii, 68.
INDEX
281
Geodorum nutans — Continued.
Glue, ii, 68.
Medicinal, iii, 179.
Geron, see Andropogon zizanioides.
Gesges, see Pavetta indica.
Gibuian, see Mussaenda philippica.
Gigantochloa attcr, see Gigantochloa levis.
Gigantochloa levis :
Description and distribution, i, 262.
Figure, i, 296.
Local names, i, 262.
Planting and growth, i, 266-267.
Uses, i, 262.
Gigantochloa robuata, see Gigantochloa levis.
Giliman, see Stenochlaena palustris.
Giling-gilingan, see Abutilon indicum.
Ginabang, see Macaranga tanarius.
Ginataan, see Nerium indicum.
Ginger, see Zingiber officinale.
Ginlin, see Ochrosia, oppositifolia.
Giragara, see Cocos nucifera.
Giret, see Canarium villosum.
Giron, see Andropogon zizanioides.
Gisa, see Miscan'hus sinensis.
Gis&u, see Canarium williamsii.
Gisi, see Ficus benjamina.
Gisi-gisi, see Guioa koelreuteria.
Gisihan, see Euphoria didyma.
Gisit, see Terminalia edulis.
Gleicheniaceae :
Fiber plants, i, 326.
Gieichenia linearis:
Description and distribution, i, 326.
Figure, i, 325. 327.
Local names, i, 326.
Fiber, i, 326.
Glochidion littorale :
Distribution, i, 26.
Glue;
Cordia my.ra, ii, 88.
Geodorum nutans, ii, 68.
Macaranga tanarius, ii, 73.
Gnetaceae :
Fiber plants, i, 328.
Food plants, ii, 244.
Gnetum gnemon:
Description, i, 328.
Local names, i, 328.
Food, ii, 244.
Rope, i, 328.
Gnetum indicum :
Description, i, 328.
Distribution, i, 330.
Figure, ii, 247.
Local names, i, 328.
Drinking water, ii, 246.
Food, ii, 246.
Rope, i, 329.
Gnetum sp. :
Description, i, 330.
Local names, i, 330.
Rope, i, 330.
Tensile strength, i, 321.
Goboi, see Lagenaria leucantha.
Gdg'O, see Entada phaseoloides.
Gogolingin, see Ganophyllum falcatum.
Gogon, see Imperata cylindrica.
Gogong-langil, see Ganophyllum falcatum.
Golandrina, see Euphorbia thymifolia.
Golondrina, see Euphorbia hirta.
Goma, see Chonemorpha elastica.
Gona tibatib, see Drynaria quercifoUa.
Gondol, see Benincasa hisinda.
Goniothalamus amuyon:
Description and distribution, i, 376.
Local names, i, 375.
Medicinal, iii, 187.
Rope, i, 375.
Tensile strength, i, 321.
Gonocaryum calleryanuin :
Distribution, iii, 203.
Local names, iii, 203.
Medicinal, iii, 203.
Goodeniaceae :
Medicinal plants, iii, 243.
Gorong-gong, see Eugenia viananquil.
Gouania tiliaefolia:
Description and distribution, iii, 59.
Local names, iii, 59.
Soap substitute, iii, 59.
Gozzang-kalinga, see Gonocaryum calleryanum
GraciUaria lichenoides:
Local names, iii, 167.
Medicinal, iii, 167.
Grama, see Cynodon dactylon.
Graviineae :
Bamboos, i, 253.
Fiber plants, i, 338.
Food plants, ii, 248.
Medicinal, iii, 169.
Oils, ii, 174.
Paper, i, 416, 422.
Grammatophyllum' measuresianuni :
Description and distribution, iii, 30.
Ornamental, iii, 30.
Granimatophyllum m ult iflorum :
Description and distribution, iii, 30.
Figure, iii, 32.
Local name, iii, 30.
Ornamental, iii, 30.
Gram mat ophyllum wallisii:
Description, iii, 30.
Figure, iii, 33.
Ornamental, iii, 30.
Grangea maderaspatana :
Distribution, iii, 245.
Local name, iii, 245.
Medicinal, iii, 245.
Grapokol, see Columella tri folia.
Grap* ophyllum pictum :
Distribution, iii, 237.
Local names, iii, 237.
Medicinal, iii, 237.
Gregorio, see Acanthus ilicifoUus.
Grewia acuminata :
Description and distribution, i, 384.
Local names, i, 384.
Fiber, i, 384.
Grewia bilamellata :
Local names, i, 384.
Rope, i, 384.
Tensile strength, i, 321.
282
INDEX
Grewia ec
Description and distribution, ii, 332.
Figure, ii, 333.
Local names, ii, 332.
Food, ii, 332.
Grewia eriocarpa :
Description, i, 384.
Figure, ii, 334.
Local names, i, 384.
Fiber, i, 384.
Food, ii, 332.
Tensile strength, i, 321.
Grewia multiflora :
Description and distribution, i, 385.
Local names, i, 385.
Dimensions of bast fibers, i, 322.
Rope, i, 385.
Tensile strength, i, 321.
Grewia stylocarpa :
Description and distribution, ii, 336.
Figure, i, 335.
Local names, ii, 332.
Food, ii, 336.
Griting, see Lumnitzera littorea.
Guadua philippinensis :
Description and distribution, i, 262.
Figure, i, 297.
Guanton, see Clerodendron bethuneanum.
Guava, see Psidium guajava.
Guayabas, see Psidium guajava.
Guella, see Achyranthes aspera.
Giigo, see Ganophyllum falcatum.
Guioa koelreuteria :
Distribution, iii, 204.
Local names, iii, 204.
Medicinal, iii, 204.
Gulagulamanan, see Cissainpelos pareira.
Gulaman, see GraciUaria lichenoides.
Gulasiman, see Portulaca oleraeea.
Guma, see Cordia myxa.
Gumaka, see Arenga tremula.
Gumamela, see Hibiscus rosa-sinensis.
Gum arable substitute :
Sesbania grandiflora, ii, 72.
Gumayaka, see Arenga tremula.
Gum, chewing :
Achras sapota, ii, 73.
Artocarpus curningiana, ii, 70.
Artocarpus elastica, ii, 70.
Gumihan, see Artocarpus elastica.
Gumihan gum:
Artocarpus elastica, ii, 70.
Gumuk, see Chloranthus brachystachys.
Gungumayi, see Breynia rhavmoides.
Gunhun, see Osbomia octodonta.
Gupit, see Pygeum glandulosum.
Gupit, see Pygeum preslii.
Guraman, see Gracillaria lichenoides.
Gurguraman, see Gracillaria lichenoides.
Gurong:-gur6, see Citrus sp.
Gusokan, see Pavetta indica.
Gusol, see Kaempfera galanga.
Gutta-percha ;
PalaQuium ahernianum, ii, 76.
Payena leerii, ii, 82.
Guttijerae :
Dyes, ii, 400.
Food plants, iii, 340.
Medicinal plants, iii, 212.
Oils, ii, 156.
Tannins, iii, 94.
Guyabas, see Psidium guajava.
Guyong-guyong, see Decaspermum frutico-
suni.
Guyung-gflyung, see Cratoxylon blancoi.
Gymnartocarpus woodii :
Description and distribution, ii, 270.
Figure, ii, 271.
Local names, ii, 270.
Food, ii 270.
Gynandropsis gynandra :
Distribution, iii, 188.
Local names, iii, 188.
Medicinal, iii, 188.
Gyrinopsis curningiana :
Distribution, iii, 213.
Local names, iii, 213.
Medicinal, iii, 213.
H
Habagat-baging, see Capparis horrida.
Habas, see Dracontomelum dao.
Habika, see Pinanga spp.
Habiki, see Pinanga spp.
Habiok, see Arenga pinnata.
Hadlayati, see Tectona grandis.
Hagad, see Pterocarpus spp.
Hagakhak, see Dipterocarpus grandiflorus.
Hagason, see Aglaia harmsiana.
Hagbiii, see Mussaenda philippica.
Hagimit, see Ficus minahassae.
Hagnaya, see Nephrolepis hirsutula.
Hagnaya, see Stenochlaena palustris.
Hagod, see Trema orientalis.
Hagol, see Caryota cumingii.
Hagonoi, see Wedelia biflora.
Hago-onoi, see Wedelia biflora.
Hagui-ui, see Dodonaea viscosa.
Hagiipit, see Ficus ulmifolia.
Hagusahis, see Panicum palmaefolium.
Hahop, see Adenanthera intermedia.
Hahun, see Pericampylus glaucus.
Hair cosmetic:
Chisocheton pentandrus, ii, 118.
Cocos nucifera, ii, 93.
Hair oil :
Artocarpus elastica, ii, 70.
Citrus sp., ii, 212.
Halas, see Ganophyllum falcatum.
Halauihau, see Dracontomelum edule.
Halikot, see Pycnarrhena manillensis.
Halot, see Pycnarrhena manillensis.
Halubagat, see Capparis micracantha.
Halubagat-baging, see Capparis horrida.
Halubagat-kahoi, see Capparis micracantha.
Halupag, see Euiihoria didyma.
Hambuaia, see Fagraea racemosa.
Hambuding, see Pinanga spp.
Hamitanago, see Kleinhovia hospita.
Hammocks :
Rhaphidophora spp., i, 356.
INDEX
283
Hampapare, see Cissampelos i>areira.
Hampas-tigbalang, see Smilax bracteata.
Hampis-tigbalang, see Smilax leucophyUa.
Hamugi, see Ai'tocarpus rubrovenia.
Hanadgong, see Trema orientalis.
Hanadiong, see Trema orientalis.
Hanagdong, see Columbia serratifolia.
Hanagdong, see Trevia orientalis
Hanagdiing, see Trema orientalis.
Hanbulali, see Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea.
Hangalai, see Bruguiera parviftora.
Hangarai, see Bruguiera parviflora.
Haiigarai, see Hoiionoia riparia.
Hangad nang babae, see Plumbago indica.
Hangog, see Achyranthes aspera.
Hangor, see Achyranthes aspera.
Hangos, see Eugenia aherniana.
Hangot, see Achyranthes aspera.
Hangug, see Achyranthes aspera.
Hanlagasi, see Leucosyke capitellata.
Hanopol, see Conocephallus violacetis.
Hanopol. see Maesa cumingii.
Hanot, see Hibiscus tHiaceus.
Hantak, see Sterulia oblongata.
Hapong, see Nipa fruticans.
Hapunan-niknik, see Sida javensis.
Hard, see Lea aculeata.
Haraihai, see Callicarpa caudata.
Harangran, see Centipeda minima.
Haras, see Foeniculum vulgare.
Haras, see Garcinia binucao.
Harpullia arbor ea:
Description and distribution, iii, 58.
Local nanaes, iii, 58.
Fish poison, iii, 80.
Medicinal, iii, 204.
Soap substitute, iii, 58.
Harrisonia perfoi-ata:
Distribution, iii, 195.
Local names, iii, 195.
Medicinal, iii, 195.
Harupai, see Mimosa pudica.
Hats:
Andropogon halepensis, i, 338.
Andropogon zizanioides, i, 338 : ii, 177.
Areca catechu, i, 144.
Bambusa spinosa, i, 259.
Cocos nucifera, i, 184.
Corypha elata, i, 192.
Cyperus vialaccensis, i, 346.
Donax canneaformis, i, 365.
Fimbristylis globulosa, i, 348.
Heterospathe elata, i, 210.
Imperata exaltata, i, 340.
Livistona cochinchinensis, i, 216.
Livistona rotundifolia, i, 216.
Lygodium spp., i, 326.
Musa textilis, i, 364.
Nephrolepis hirsutula, i, 323.
Nipa fruticans, \, 222.
Oryza saliva, i, 342.
Pandanus radicans, i, 334.
Pandanus sabotan, i, 334.
Pandanus simplex, i, 336.
Pandanus tectorius, i, 336.
Hats — Continued.
Phragmites vulgaris, i, 342.
Saccharum spontaneum, i, 344.
Schizostachyum lima, i, 264.
Scirpiodendron ghaeri, i, 352.
Sporobolus elongatus, i, 344.
Hauill, see Ficus hauili.
Hedge plants :
Bambusa glaucescens, 1, 258.
Jatropha curcas, ii, 140.
Hedyachras philippinensis :
Description and distribution, ii, 326.
Food, ii, 326.
Hclicteres hirs2ita:
Description and distribution, i, 397.
Local names, i, 396.
Rope, i, 396.
Tensile strength, i, 321.
Heliotropium indicum :
Distribution, iii, 227.
Local names, iii, 227.
Medicinal, iii, 227.
helminthostachys zeylanica :
Description and distribution, ii, 241.
Local names, ii, 241.
Food, ii, 241.
Henna plant, see Lawsonia inermis.
Herbara, see Sida acuta.
Heritiera littoralis:
Description, i, 42.
Distribution, i, 22, 42.
Figure, i, 43.
Local namies, i, 42.
Stands, i, 98-100.
Timber, i, 44.
Hermandiaceae :
Oils, ii, 103.
Hernandia ovigera:
Description and distribution, ii, 103, 104.
Local names, ii, 103.
Illuminant, ii, 103.
Heterospathe elata:
Description and distribution, i, 210.
Figure, i, 213.
Local names, i, 210.
Areca-nut substitute, ii, 252.
Food, ii, 262.
Uses, i, 210.
Heterospathe negrosensis :
Description, i, 210.
Local name, i, 212.
Heterospathe philippinensis, i, 210.
Heterospathe sibuyanensis :
Description, i, 210.
Local name, i, 212.
Hevea braziliensis :
Analysis of latex, ii, 67.
Method of collecting latex, ii, 67.
Hia-hia, see Mimosa j>udica.
Hibau, see Hymenodictyon excelsum.
Hibi-hibihan, see Scoparia dulcis.
Hibiok, see Arenga pinnata.
Hibiscus escvlentus:
Medicinal, iii, 208.
284
INDEX
Hibiscus mutabilis :
Distribution, iii, 208.
Local names, iii, 208.
Medicinal, iii, 208.
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis :
Distribution, iii, 208.
Local names, iii, 208.
Medicinal, iii, 208.
Hibiscus sabdariffa:
Medicinal, iii, 209.
Hibiscus surattensis:
Description and distribution, ii, 336.
Local names, ii, 336.
Condiment, ii, 336.
Hibiscus tiliaceus:
Description, i, 387.
Distribution, i, 26, 387 ; iii, 209.
Figure, i, 389.
Local names, i, 387.
Fiber, i, 387.
Medicinal, iii, 209.
Hidiok, see Arenga pinnata.
Hipad-higad, see Achyranthes aspera.
HJgad-higaran, see Heliotropium indicum.
Higis-manuk, see Eclipta alba.
Hikau-hikauan, see Sonneratia alba.
Hilagasi, see Leucosyke capitellata.
Hilalagat-saging, see Uvaria sorzogonensis.
Himainat, see Schefflera piperoidea.
Himbaba-6, see Allaeanthus luzonicus.
Hiiiibubuaia, see Fagraea racemosa.
Himpagtan, see Dipterocarpus grandiflorus.
Himpara, see Cissampelos pareira.
Hinabuai, see Terminalia comintana.
Hinagasi, see Leucosyke capitellata.
Hinagdung, see Trema orientalis.
Hinalagak-saging, see Uvaria sorzogonensis.
Hindi, see Schizostachyum dielsianum.
Hindi, see Schizostachyum di^usum.
Hingalai, see Bruguiera parviftora.
Hingali, see Bruguiera cylindrica.
Hinggiu, see Ichnocarpus ovatifolius.
Hinggiu, see Malaisia scandens.
Hinggiu-kalabau, see Streptocaulon baumii.
Hinggiu-kalabau, see Urceola iinberbis.
Hingglu-na-puti, see Streptocaulon baumii.
Hingkamas, see Pachyrrhizus erosus.
Hinlalagak, see Uvaria rufa.
Hinlalaion, see Heliotropiuni indicum.
Hinlalaong, see Trema orientalis.
Hippocrateaceae :
Medicinal plants, iii, 203.
Hoag, see Flagellaria indica.
Hoag-uai, see Flagellaria indica.
Hoja-cruz, see Crescentia alata.
Holy basil, see Ocimum sanctum.
Holy basil oil :
Ocimum sanctum, ii, 218.
Homalanthus fastuosus :
Fish poison, iii, 80.
Homalomena philippinensis :
Description and distribution, iii, 90.
Local names, iii, 90.
Medicinal, iii, 174.
Paper substitute, iii, 90.
Homonoia riparia :
Distribution, iii, 199.
Local names, iii, 199.
Medicinal, iii, 199.
Hopea acuminata:
Resin, ii, 52.
Hopea spp. :
Borneo tallow, ii, 160.
Horag, see Rhaphidophora merrillii.
Horse-radish tree, see Moringa oleifera.
Household utensils :
I Cocos nucifera, i, 184.
Howea belmoreana, i, 243.
Hoya :
Distribution, i, 24.
Huani, see Mangifera odorata.
Hubar, see Jasminuin sanibac.
Hubulos, see Trema orientalis.
Hugimit, see Ficus minahassae.
Huiag-hviiag, see Mimosa pudica.
Huia'-huia", see Mimosa pudica.
Huligano, see Fterocymbium tinctorium.
Huling-bangon, see Justicia gendarussa.
Hulit-tengah, see Ceriops spp.
Humai, see Oryza sativa.
Hungo, see Elaeocarpus calomala.
Hunug, see Pygeum preslii.
Hunung, see Kleinhovia hospita.
Hydnaceae :
Edible fungi, iii, 116.
Hydnophytum :
Distribution, i, 24.
Figure, i, 27.
Hydnophytum formicarium :
Distribution, iii, 239.
Local name, iii, 239.
Medicinal, iii, 239.
Hydnum spp. :
Description, iii, 116.
Edible fungi, iii, 116.
Hydrocharitaceae :
Food plants, ii, 246.
Medicinal plants, iii, 169.
Hydrocotyle asiatica, see Centella asiatica.
Hynienocalis littorale :
Local names, iii, 176.
Medicinal, iii, 176.
Hymenodictyon excelsum:
Distribution, iii, 239.
Local names, iii, 239.
Medicinal, iii, 239.
Hyophorbe amaricaulis, i, 243.
Hyophorbe verschaffeltii, i, 243.
Hyptis suaveolens :
Distribution, iii, 233.
Local names, iii, 233.
Medicinal, iii, 233.
fba, see Averrhoa bilitnbi.
rba, see Cicca acida.
Ibiok, see Arenga pinnata.
fbus, see Corypha elata.
INDEX
285
Icacinaceae :
Medicinal plants, iii, 203.
Ichnocarpus ovatifolius :
Description and distribution, i, 406.
Local names, i, 406.
Fiber, i, 406.
Igad-igad, see Achyranthes aspera.
Igat-Igat, see Sida javensis.
Iginga, see Clerodendron interniediuni.
Igiu, see Chisocheton pentandrus.
Igiu, see Dysoxylum decandrum.
Igok, see Arenga pinnata.
fgot, see Eugenia curranii.
fgot, see Eugenia polycephaloides.
ikap-ani-ani, see Clerodendron intermedium.
Ikmo, see Piper betle.
Ikmong Iloko, see Piper betle.
Ikog-ikog-sang-kuti, see Heliotropiutn indicum.
fkoi-pusa, see Heliotropiuni indicum.
Ilang-Ilang-, see Canangium odoratum.
Hang-ilang-giibat, see Cyathocalyx globosus.
Ilang-ilang-oil :
Canangium odoratum, ii, 189.
Il&s, see Coix lachryma-jobi.
Ilib, see Andropogon zizanioides.
Illuminant :
Aleiirites moluccana, ii, 126.
Aleiirites trisperma, ii, 134.
Anisoptera thurifera, ii, 52.
Arachia hypogaea, ii, 109.
BarringtoTiia asiatica, ii, 161.
Barringtonia racemosa, ii, 162.
Bassia betis, ii, 166.
Calophyllum inophyllum, ii, 158.
Canarium luzonicum, ii, 42.
Canariuin ovatum, ii, 114.
Canarium villosum, ii, 49.
Celastrua paniculata, ii, 147.
Cerbera manghas, ii, 168.
Chisocheton cumingianus, ii, 117.
Cocoa nucifera, ii, 93.
Dipterocarpus grandiflorus, i, 54.
Dipterocarpua vernicifluus, ii, 62.
Ganophyllum falcatum, ii, 148.
Hernandia ovigera, ii, 103.
Jatropha curcas, ii, 140.
Jatropha midtifida, ii, 142.
Moringa oleifera, ii, 104.
Nephelium mutabUe, ii, 150.
Palaguium philippense, ii, 168.
Pangiuyn edule, ii, 161.
Pittosporum resiniferum, ii, 106.
Pongamia pinnata, ii. 111.
Sesa^num orientate, ii, 168.
Shorea balangeran, ii, 160.
Shorea borneenais, ii, 160.
Sindora inermis, ii, 38.
Sindora aupa, ii, 38.
Sterculia foetida, ii, 154.
Tamarindus indica, ii, 112.
Ilukabban, see Sonneratia alba.
Ilukabban, see Sonneratia caseolaris.
Imalis, see Guioa keolreuteria.
Imbubuiukan, see Grewia multiflora.
Imkabao, see Allaeanthua glaber.
Impatiens baJsamina :
Distribution, iii, 205.
Local name, iii, 205.
Medicinal, iii, 205.
Imperata cylindrica :
Distribution, iii, 171.
Local names, iii, 171.
Medicinal, iii, 171.
Imperata exaltata :
Dimensions of fiber, i, 422.
Fiber, i, 340.
Paper, i, 419-422.
Impid, see Bauhinia cumingiana-
Impig, see Bauhinia cumingiana.
Inangdon, see Trema orientalis.
Inata, see Limnophila indica.
Incense :
Agathis alba, ii, 20.
Kingiodendron alternifolium, ii, 208.
Indai luging, see Trema orientalis.
Indi, see Schizoatachxjum dielsianum.
Indi, see Schizostachyum diffuaum.
Indian almond oil:
I Terminalia catappa, ii, 162.
I Indigo f era suffruticosa:
Description and distribution, ii, 392.
I Local names, ii, 392.
Dye, ii, 392.
Indigofera tinctoria :
Description and distribution, ii, 392.
Local names, ii, 392.
Dye, ii, 392.
Inep, see Pithecolobium subacutum.
Inggiiu na puti, see Parameria philippinengis.
InIt, see Rubus rosaefolius.
Iniu, see Uvaria rufa.
Ink:
Phyllanthus reticulatus, iii, 90.
Inri, see Schizostachyum dielsianum.
Inri, see Schizostachyum diffuaum-
Insulator :
Palaguium ahernianum. ii, 82.
Intsia bijuga:
Description and distribution, ii, 394-
Figure, ii, 393.
Local names, ii, 392.
Dye, ii, 394.
Inuad, see Flagellaria indica.
Inual, see Flagellaria indica.
Ipal, see Mucuna nigricans.
fpil, see Adenanthera intermedia.
Ipil, see Intsia bijuga.
fpil, see Leucaena glauca.
Ipil-ipil, see Leucaena glauca.
ipod, see Areca ipot.
Ipomoea digitata:
Distribution, iii, 225.
Local names, iii, 225.
Medicinal, iii, 225.
Ipomoea hederaceae :
Distribution, iii, 225.
Local names, iii, 225.
Medicinal plants, iii. 225.
286
INDEX
Iponioea pes-caprae :
Distribution, iii, 225.
Local names, iii, 225.
Medicinal plants, iii, 225.
Ipomoea pes-tigridis:
EHstribution, iii, 226.
Local names, iii, 226.
Medicinal, iii, 226.
Ipomoea reptans:
Description and distribution, ii, 372.
Local names, ii, 372.
Food, ii, 372.
Medicinal, iii, 226.
fpot, see Areca ipot.
Irar, see Pinanga spp.
Ir&u, see Dendrobium crumenatuvi.
Irok, see Arenga pinnata.
Ischaemum angustifoUum :
Description, i, 340.
Distribution, i, 342.
Figure, i, 341.
Local names, i, 34 L
Fiber, i, 340.
Isip, see Antidesma bunius.
Isis, see Artocarpus cumingiana.
Isis, see Ficus ulniifolia.
Is-isa, see Scoparia dideis.
Isismaya, see Leucosyke capitellata.
Isis-iTgipin, see Leucosyke capitellata.
Isoptera borneensis :
Distribution, ii, 160.
Bormeo tallow, ii, 160.
Resin, ii, 52.
Itang-itang, see Alstonia macrophyUa.
ftil, see Intsia bijuga.
Iting-iting, see Amaranthus spinosus.
Itmo, see Piper betle.
Itngan, see Zanthoxylum amcennae.
Itom-itom, see Diospyros discolor.
Itsa, see Ehretia microphyUa.
Itiiman, see Diospyros discolor.
lyo, see Tetrastigma harmandi.
Jantak, see Sterculia oblongata.
Jasminuin saynbac :
Distribution, iii, 220.
Local names, iii, 220.
Medicinal, iii, 220.
Jate, see Tectona grandis.
Jati, see Tectona grandis.
Jatropha curcas:
Description and distribution, ii, 142.
Figure, ii, 141.
Local names, ii, 140.
Medicinal, iii, 200.
Physic-nut oil, ii, 140.
Jatropha multifida:
Description and distribution, ii, 142.
Local name, ii, 142.
Fish poison, iii, 80.
Illuminant, ii, 142.
Medicinal, iii, 200.
Jeruju, see Acanthus ilicifolius.
Jerusalem, see Leucaena glauca.
Job's tears, see Coix lachryma-jobi.
Jujube, see Zizyphus jujuba.
Juncaceae :
Fiber plants, i, 360.
Juncus effitsus:
Description and distribution, i, 360.
Figure, i, 361.
Local name, i, 360.
Fiber, i, 360.
Jussiaea linifolia:
Description and distribution, ii, 403.
Local names, ii, 403.
Dye, ii, 403.
Justicia gendarussa:
Distribution, iii, 237.
Local names, iii, 237.
Medicinal, iii, 237.
Justicia procumbens:
Distribution, iii, 238.
Medicinal, iii, 238.
Jute, see Corch(/rus olitorius.
K
Kaagahan, see Adenanthera intermedia.
Kabaero, see Leucaena glauca.
Kabag, see Allaeanthus glaher.
Kabahero, see Leucaena glauca.
Kabaikabai, see Ipomoea pes-caprae.
Kabak, see Nauclea junghuhnii.
Kabak, see Nauclea orientalis.
Kabal, see Fagraea raceniosa.
Kabalonga, see Trichosanthes quinquangulata,
Eabatiti, see Colubrina asiatica.
Kabatiti, see Luffa cylindrica.
Kabilan, see Columella trifolia.
Kabiling, see Pogostemon, cablin.
Kabislak, see Pterospermum diversifolium.
Kabit-kabit, see Eleusine indica.
Kabkab, see Drynaria quercifolia.
Kabkabin, see Drynaria quercifolia.
Kabkabon, see Drynaria quercifolia.
Kabkabon, see Elephantopus scaber.
Kablin, see Pogostemon cablin.
Kabling, see Pogostemon cablin.
Kaboloan, see Bambusa vulgaris.
Ksboloan, see Dendrocalamus latiflorus.
Kabra-kabra, see Heliotropium indicum.
Kabiigau, see Citrus hystrix.
Kabiigau, see Citrus maxima.
Kabugawan, see Bambusa spinosa.
Kaburau, see Citrus sp.
Kabuyao oil :
Citrus hystrix, ii, 208.
Kabtiyau, see Citrus hystrix.
Kabuyau-aso, see Chaetospermum glutinosum.
Kacha-kachahan, see Scoparia dulcis.
Kachang-kachang, see Aegiceras corniculatum.
Kachuchis, see Avicennia alba.
Kachui, see Anacardiuyn occidentale.
Kadaiohan, see Celosia argentea^
Kadel, see Pongamia pinnata.
Kadiapa, see Amaranthus viridis.
Kadiat, see Gnetum sp.
Kadiin, see Columbia lanceolata.
Kadlihan, see Sterculia luzonica.
Kadlin. see Pogostemon cablin.
INDEX
287
Kadlingr, see Pogostenion cablis.
Kadlom, see Pogostenion cablin.
Kadlum, see Pogostemon cablin.
Kadpaayan, see Psychotria luzoniensis.
Kadpaian, see Justicia gendarussa.
Kaedeo, see Siegesbeckia orientalis.
Kaempferia galanga :
Distribution, iii, 178.
Local names, iii, 178.
Medicinal, iii, 178.
Kaempferia rotunda:
Distribution, iii, 178.
Medicinal, iii, 178.
Kagatongan, see Aglaia harmsiana.
Kagatongan, see Pygeum glandulosum.
Kagoioi, see Homonoia riparia.
Kagoko, see Eugenia mananquil.
Kagpaaian, see Kibatalia blancoi.
Kaguku, see Eugenia mananquil.
Kagukug, see Eugenia mananquil.
Kagundi, see Columella trifolia.
Kahoi-dalaga, see Mussaenda philippica.
Kaietana, see Zanthoxylum rhetsa.
Kaikai, see Adiantum phUippense.
Kaitana, see Zanthoxylum rhetsa.
Kaiutana, see Zanthoxylum rhetsa.
Kakaab, see Helicteres hirsuta.
Kakaagr, see ComDiersonia bartraxiia.
Kakaag. see Helicteres hirsuta.
Kakampilan, see Oroxylum indicum.
Kakao-kakao, see Nephelium mutabile.
Kakao-kakao, see Sterculia cuneata.
Kakaomalve, see Abronm fastuosa.
Kakarohai, see Sansevieria zeylanica.
Kakindi, see Columella trifolia.
Kakuintasan, see Canna indica.
Kalaad, see Cissampelos pareira.
Kalabclha-maputi, see Lagenaria leucantha.
Kalabasang-puti, see Lagenaria leucantha.
Kalabayuan, see Bruguiera sexangula.
Kalabda, see Ottelia alismoides.
Kalabiia, see Ottelia alismoides.
Kalabubo-labayo, see Psychotria lur:onicnsis.
Kalabugau, see Coix laehrynia-jobi.
Kalachuche, see Plumiera acuminata.
Kalagimai, see Pandaniis simplex.
Kalagiikon, see Crinum asiaticum.
Kalai, see Alphonsea arborea.
Kalakalamaian, see Cissa7ni}elos pareira.
Kalalauan, see Asclepias curassavica.
Kalalauan, see Clerodendron intermedium.
Kalamansali, see Terminalia calamansanai.
Kalamansanai, see Flacourtia rukam.
Kalamansanai, see Terminalia calamansanai.
Kalamansanai, see Terminalia edulis.
Kalamansito, see Triphasia trifoliata.
Kalambonog, see Ehretia navesii.
Kalambu&ia, see Barringtonia acutangula.
Kalumbugi, see Dillenia philippinensis.
Kalamias, see Averrhoa biliinbi.
Kalamoga, see Ehretia microphylla.
Kalamunggai, see Moringa oleifera.
Kalang-gamat, see Schefflcra cumingii.
Kalangungug, see Tournefortia sarmentosa.
Kala6o, see Limnophila roxburghii.
Kalapia, see Palaquiiim ahernianum.
Kalapinai, see Bruguiera cylindrica.
Kalapinai, see Dodonaea viscosa.
Ka'.apini", see Avicennia officinalis.
Kalapini', see Lumnitzera Uttorea.
Kalapini, see Pluchea indica.
Kalapini, see Vitex trifolia.
Kalapini mangitit, see Avicennia officinalis.
Kalarora, see Peristrophe tinctoria.
Kalarosa, see Peristrophe bivalvis.
Kalatan, see Chaetospermum glutinosum.
Kalatsuche, see Plumiera acuminata.
Kalatuche, see Plumiera acuminata.
Kalauag, see Curcuma longa.
Kalauag, see Zingiber zerumbet.
Kalauahan, see Artocarpiis cumingiana.
Kalaiitit, see Terminalia edulis.
Kalayate, see Tectona grandis.
Kalbang, see Schizostachyum textorium.
Kaliantan, see Leea manillensis.
Kaliantang, see Leea manillensis.
Kaliat, see Gnetum indicum.
Kaliat, see Gnetum sp.
Kalibambang, see Bauhinia malabarica.
Kalibon, see Blumea balsamifera.
Kalibura, see Blumea balsamifera.
Kalikal, see Clerodendron bethuneanum.
Kalikit, see Kingiodendron alternifolium.
Kalimatas, see Phaeanthus ebracteolatus.
Kalimotain, see Chisocheton cumingianus.
Kalimumug, see Ehretia microphylla.
Kalingad, see Cinnamomum mercadoi.
Kalingag, see Cinnamomum mercadoi.
Kalingag, see Cinnamomum mindanaense.
Kalingag oil :
Cinnamovium mercadoi, ii, 200.
Kaling-kabayo, see Hyptis suaveolens.
K&lios, see Streblus asper.
Kaliot, see Sansevieria zeylanica.
Kalipaya, see Palaquium ahernianum.
Kaliskis-ahas, see Oleandra neriiformis.
Kaliso, see Areca caliso.
Kalisiichu, see Plumiera acuminata.
Kalit, see Tetrastigma harmandi.
Kaliti, see Helminthostachys zeylanica.
Kalitkalit, see Cissus repens.
Kalit-kalit, see Columella trifolia.
Kalit-kalit, see Grewia multiflora.
Kalitoitoi, see Hibiscus surattensis.
Kaliuauai, see Flagellaria indica.
Kalkalaad, see Cissampelos pareira.
Kallakal, see Leea manillensis.
Kalogkog, see Eugenia calubcob.
Kalokog, see Garcinia venulosa.
Kalomagon, see Terminalia eduUs.
Kalomala, see Elaeocarpus calomala.
Kalomanog, see Terminalia edulis.
Kalubai, see Lagenaria leucantha.
Kalubkub, see Eugenia calubcob.
Kalui, see Oci'iiiMW sanctum.
Kalukalumpangan, ' see Sterculia crassiramea.
Kalukalumpangan, see Sterculia cuneata.
Kalul6t, see Artocarpus rubrovenia.
Kalulung, see Lygodium fiexuosum.
Kalumala, see Pygeum glandulosum.
Kalumangon, see Terminalia edulis.
288
INDEX
Kalumbibit, see Caesalinnia crista.
Kalumpang, see Sterculia cuneata.
Kalumpang, see Sterculia foetida.
Kalumpang oil :
Sterculia foetida, ii, 154.
Kalumpit, see Terminalia calamansanai.
Kalumpit, see Terminalia edulis.
Kalumpit-puti, see Grewia stylocarpa.
Kaluiiache, see Plumiera acuminata.
Kalunai, see Amaranthus spinosus.
Kalunai, see Am-aranthus viridis.
Kalunga, see Flacourtia rukavi.
Kalunggai, see Moringa oleifera.
Kalupai, see Euphoria didyma-
Kalupang, see Sterculia luzonica.
Kalupe, see Terminalia edulis.
Kaliipi. see Abelmoschus moschatus.
Kalupi, see Terminalia edulis.
Kalupueng, see GraptophijUum pictuni.
Kalurig, see Terminalia edulis.
Kalusi, see Terminalia edulis.
Kalusit, see Terminalia edulis.
KalusuVian, see Dipterocarpus vernicifluus.
Kalut, see Dioscorea hispida.
Kalut-kalutan, see Urena lobata.
Kaluuiiuai, see Flagellaria indica.
Kalu-ui, see Ocimum basilicum.
Kamachile, see Pithecohbium dulce.
Kamachile oil :
Pithecolobium dulce, ii, 110.
Kamagdng, see Diospyros discolor.
Kamagsa, see Agelaea everettii.
Kamagsa, see Elaeagnus philippensis.
KamajTsa, see Synilax bract eata.
Kamah, see Pachyrrhizus erosus.
Kamain, see Murraya paniculata.
Kamaisa, see Croton tiglium.
Kamakamsilihan, see Pithecolobium subacuttan.
Kamaksa, see Agelaea everettii.
Kamaksa, see Rourea volubUis.
Kamalitos, see Triphasia trifoliata.
Kamalunggai, see Moringa oleifera.
Kamalunggi, see Moringa oleifera.
Kamamba, see Piper timbellatum.
Kamanchile, see Pithecolobium dulce.
Kamandag, see Artocarpus cumingiana.
Kamandiis, see Garcinia rubra.
Kamangi, see Ocimum basilicum,.
Kamangkau, see Ocimum sanctum.
Kamarigog, see Dioscorea luzonensis.
Kamangsi, see Garcinia binucao.
Kamanngi, see Ocimum .'<anctum.
Kamansi, see Artocarpus communis.
Ki.mantigi, see Heliotr opium indicum .
Kamantlgi, see Impatiens balsamina.
Kamantiging-linau, see Asclepias curassavica.
Kamantiis, see Garcinia rubra.
Kamara, see Piper retrofractum.
Kamarag, see Dracontomelum dao.
Kama rag, see Pterocarpus spp.
Kamarak, see Dracontomelum dao.
Kamaris, see Terminalia edulis.
Kamas, see Pachyrrhizus erosus.
Kamatalong, see Hymenodictyon excelsum.
Kamatamata, see Aglaia harmsiana.
Kamatatalina, see Cubilia blancoi.
Kamates, see Lycopersicum escidentum.
Kamates-bondok, see Lycopersicum esculentum.
Kamausa, see Croton tiglium.
Kamaya, see Diospyros discolor.
Kambal, see Pygeum glandulosum.
Kambot, see Coix lachryma-jobi.
Kambra-kambra, see Heliotropium indicum.
Kambug, see Dillenia phUippinensis.
Kamias, see Averrhoa bilimbi.
Kamiging, see Dioscorea esculenta.
Kamigrin, see Decaspermum fruticosum.
Kamiing, see Semecarpus cuneiformis.
Kamiring, see Semecarpus cuneiformis-
Kamkamaulau, see Aristolochia tagala.
Kamkamote, see Ipomoea digitata.
Kamkamote, see Ipomoea pes-caprae.
Kamkamotihan, see Ipomoea pes-carprae.
Kamkampilan, see Oroxylum indicum.
Kamokamotehan, see Operculina turpethum,
Kamote-kamotehan, see Ipomoea hederacea.
Kamote-moro, see Manihot utilissima.
Kamoteng-bisaya, see Manihot utilissima.
Kamoteng-dutong, see Manihot utilissima.
Kamoteng-kahoi, see Manihot utilissima.
Kamoteng-kaui, see Manihot utilissima.
Kamote-sa-moro, see Manihot utilissima.
Kamoti-ti-moro, see Manihot utilissima.
Kamotit-moro, see Manihot utilissima.
Kamot-kabag, see Smilax leucophyUa.
Kampilan, see Oroxylum indicum.
Kampopot, see -Jasminum sambac.
Kampupot, see Tabernaemontana pandacaqui.
Kamubuag, see Ageratum conyzoides.
Kamulau, see Citrus hystrix.
Kamuling, see Grewia stylocarpa.
Kamuning, see Murraya paniculata.
Kamuntai, see Citrus hystrix.
Kamut-abiig, see Dalbergia ferruginea.
Kamut-kabag, see Dalbergia ferruginea.
Kamutolen, see Guioa koelreuteria.
Kamuyau, see Citrus hystrix.
Kamiiyau, see Dipterocarpus grandifiorus.
Kamuyau, see Dipterocarpus vernicifluus.
Kanai, see Ardisia boissieri.
Kanaroset, see Grewia multiflora.
Kanas-kanas, see Grewia eriocarpa.
Kandaroma, see Cinnamomum mercadoi.
Kandiis, see Garcinia rubra.
Kanding-kanding, see Waltheria americana.
Kandis, see Garcinia binucao.
Kandon, see Memecylon ovatum.
Kandong, see Memecylon ovatum.
Kandongisol, see Euphoria didyma.
Kangai, see Zanthoxylum avicennae.
Kanggos, see Manihot utilissima.
Kangk6ng, see Ipomoea reptans.
Kanila. see Cinnamomum mercadoi.
Kanilao, see Cinnamomum mercadoi.
Kaningai, see Cinnamomum mercadoi.
Kaningning, see Guioa koelreuteria.
Kaniuing-puti, see Aglaia glomerata.
Kaniui-puti, see Aglaia harmsiana.
Kannak, see Dalbergia cumingiana.
Kanomai, see Diospyros multiflora.
INDEX
289
Kanomei, see Dtospyros multiftora.
Kanomi, see Diospyros multiftora.
Kandmoi, see Diospyros multiftora.
Kanovog. see Spathoglottis plicata.
Kansasaga, see Abrus precatorius.
Kansilai, see Cratoxylon blancoi.
Kansilai, see Decaspermuni fruticosum.
Kansilan. see Cratoxylon blancoi.
Kantingan, see Pterospermum niveum.
Kantiitai, see Paederia foetida.
Kantutak, see Paederia foetida.
Kantutan. see Paederia foetida.
Kanublinjr, see Artocarpus cumingiana.
Kanubsuban. see Polygonum barbatum.
Kanumai, see Diospyros multiftora.
Kanumi, see Diospyros multiftora.
Kanumai, see Garcinia biiiucao.
Kanumog, see Pygeunt glandulosum.
Kanupul, see Conocephallus violaceus.
Kkong, see Arenga pinnata.
Kaong-moro, see Manihot utilissima.
Kapah, see Ceiba pentandra.
Kapak, see Ceiba pentandra.
Kapal-kapal, see Calotropis gigantea.
Kapanattilot, see Justicia gendarussa.
Kapas, see Ceiba pentandra.
Kapas de Francia, see Ascleiiias curassavica.
Kapas-kapas, see Thespesia lampaa.
Kapas-sanglai, see Ceiba pentandra*
Kapitan, see Citrus hystrix.
K&pok, see Ceiba pentandra.
Kapok oil :
Ceiba pentandra, ii, 150.
Kapos, see Ceiba pentandra.
Kappa-kappa, see Drynaria Quercifolia.
Kapurko, see Cassia alata.
Karagomoi, see Pandanus simplex.
Karaiap, see Aglaia glomerata.
Kara-karikuchd, see Plumiera acuminata.
Karamai, see Cicca acida,
Karamiras, see Aglaia glomerata.
Karamosi, see Dendrobium crumenatum..
Karasoko, see Gonocaryum calleryanunu
Karausi, see Dendrobium, crumenatum.
Karayo, see Nephelium mutabUe.
Karekai, see Lygodium japonicum.
Karifurtig, see Lunvnitzera littorea.
Kariis, see Garcinia mindanaensis.
Karikasin, see Leucosyke capitellata,
Karimbuaia, see EcUpta alba.
Karimbuaya, see Euphorbia neriifolia.
Karis-busuk, see Blechum brownei.
Kariskis, see Albizzia lebbekoides.
Kariskis, see Leucaena glauca.
Kariskis, see Pithecolobiutn subacutum.
Karlilei, see Pinanga spp.
Karmai, see Cicca acida.
Karo, see Casuarina equisetifolia.
Karokanding, see Ageratuni conyzoides.
Karokob, see Eugenia calubcob.
Karote, see Dioscorea hiapida.
Kanid, see Allaeanthus glaber.
Karulai, see Dendrobium. cruinenatum
Kas&bang, see Zanthoxylum. rhetsa,
Kasablan, see Gardenia pseudopsidium.
1T7674 19
Kasai, see Pithecolobium subacutum.
Kasanglai, see Ceiba pentandra.
Kasasaga, see Abrus precatorius.
Kasibai, see Sapindus saponaria.
Kasiboen, see Sapindus saponaria.
Kasikas, see Gardenia pseudopsidium.
Kasira, see Capsicum frutescens.
Kasirag, see Dodonaea viscosa.
Kasitas, see Cassia alata.
Kasiu, see Cinnamomum mercadoi.
Kaskasumba, see Leucas lavandulifolia.
Kasla, see Croton tiglium.
Kasoi, see Anacardium oecidentale.
Kasopangi], see Clerodendron intermedium.
Kasopangil, see Clerodendron macrostegium.
Kastilde, see Pinanga spp.
Kastiokastiogan, see Abelmoschus moschatus.
Kasto-kastolian, see Abelmoschus moschatus.
Kasttile, see Sida acuta.
Kastiile, see Thespesia lam pas.
Kastlili', see Abelmoschus moschatus.
Kastii, see Anacardium oecidentale.
Kasuit, see Capparis micracantha.
Katagpo, see Ardisia boissieri.
Katagpo, see Psychotria luzoniensis.
Katagpong-gubat, see Psychotria luzoniensis.
Katak, see Lygodium ftexuosum.
Katakut, see Phaseolus lunatus.
Katana, see Ricinus communis.
Katana, see Zanthoxylum rhetsa.
Kat&nda', see Cassia mimosoides.
Katanda, see Euchresta horsfieldii.
Kat&ngal, see Eurycles amboinensis.
Katang-k&tang-, see Ipomoea pes-caprae.
Katapang, see Garcinia vidalii.
Katatbum, see Ardisia boissieri.
Katiddei, see Pinanga spp.
Katigau, see Ocimum sanctum.
Katigbi, see Coix lachryma-jobi.
Katikis, see Sapindus saponaria.
Katimb&u, see Trichosanthes quinquangu-
lata.
Eatiput, see Maesa cumingii.
Eatmo, see Vaccinium ivhitfordii.
Katmon, see Dillenia megalantha.
Eatm6n, see Dillenia philippinensis.
Katmon, see Dillenia reifferscheidia.
Katm6n-bayani, see Dillenia megalantha.
Katmon-kadlagan, see Dillenia reifferscheidia.
Kato, see Chisocheton cumingianus.
Katong-bakalau, see Chisocheton pentandrus.
ES.tong-machin, see Chisocheton pentandrus.
Kdtong-machin oil :
Chisocheton pentandrus, ii, 118.
Katudai, see Sesbania grandiftora.
Katuit, see Euphorbia tirucalli.
Katumbal, see Capsicum frutescens.
Katiingal, see Eurycles amboinensis.
Katungatum, see Clerodendron intermedium.
Kattirai, see Sesbania grandiftora.
Katiirai gum :
Sesbania grandiftora, ii, 72.
Katuri, see Garcinia venulosa.
Katuri, see Sesbania grandiftora.
290
INDEX
Katutu, see Kyllinga vionocephala.
Kauakauayan, see Apluda mutica.
Kauan, see AstUbe philippinensis.
Kauayan-songsong, see Schizostachyum lu-
■niatnpao.
Kauilan, see Dalbergia cumingiana-
Kauili, see Ficus hauili.
Kauing, see Arenga pinnata.
Kaupkiip, see Eugenia calubcob.
Kawayan, see Bambusa spinosa-
Kawayan-bayog, see Dendrocalamus inerri-
llianus.
Kawayan bayugin, see Bambusa vulgaris.
Kawayan-boo, see Gigantochloa levis.
Kaw&yan-China, see Bambusa glauceacens.
Kawayan-gid, see BamMisa spinosa.
Kawayan hobero, see Bo/mbusa vulgaris.
Kawayan-kiling, see Bambusa vulgaris.
Kawayan-puti, see Gigantochloa levis.
Kawayan si-itan, see Bambusa spinosa.
Kawayan-sina, see Bambusa glaucescens.
Kawayan-sina, see Dendrocalamus latiflorvs.
Kawayan-sina, see Giganthochloa levis.
Kawayantinik, see Bambusa spinosa.
Kawayantotoo, see Bambusa spinosa.
Kayakas, see Colubrina asiatica.
Kayanga, see Hibiscus rosa-sinensis.
Kayanga-rosa, see Hibiscus rosa-sinensis.
Kayapo, see Pistia stratiotes.
Kayo, see Ceiba pentandra.
Kayogpog, see Eugenia xayithophylla.
Kayokog, see Eugenia calubcob.
Kayokos, see Eugenia xantliophyUa.
Kayos, see Dioscorea hispida.
Kayu-g&lu, see Sindora inermis.
Kayu-galu oil :
Sindora inermis, ii, 38.
Kayugkok, see Eugenia xanthophylla.
Kayumanis, see Clausena anisum-olens
Kayumayen, see Terininalia edulis.
Kayungo, see Piper retrofractum.
Kayutana, see Zanthoxylum avicennae.
Keddeng, see Columbia blancoi.
Kedd6ng, see Columbia mollis.
Keddeng, see Grewia eriocarpa.
Kemamale, see Leea aculeata.
Kiapo, see Pistia scratiotes.
Kibatalia blancoi :
Distribution, iii, 222.
Local names, iii, 222.
Medicinal, iii, 222.
Ribuaia, see Fagraea racemosa.
Kickxia blancoi:
Fish poison, iii, 81.
Kideng, see Diplodiscus paniculatus.
Kikkig, see Ficus uhnifolia.
Killg, see Prevuna cumingiana.
Kili-kili, see Artocarptis rubrovenia.
Kilitis, see Amaranthus spinosus.
Kilitis, see Amaranthus viridis.
Kil6b, see Gleichenia linearis.
Kilog, see Gleichenia linearis.
Kimchai, see Apium graveolens.
Kinasaikasai, see Adenanthera intermedia.
Kinatuluan, see Pseuderanthemum pulchellum.
Kindaiohan, see Celosia argentea.
Kindug-kindug, see Aegiceras cornictdatum.
Kingiodendron alternifolium :
Description and distribution, ii, 208, 209.
Figure, ii, 207.
Local names, ii, 208.
Incense, ii, 208.
Kinintsai, see Apium graveolens.
Kintsai, see Apium graveolens.
Kinubot, see Rubus moluccanus.
Kipi-kipi', see Mimosa pudica.
Kipot-kipot, see Emilia sonchifolia.
Kipus-kipus, see Dalbergia ferruginea.
Kirini, see Dioscorea luzonensis.
Kirisol, see Jatropha curcas.
Kir6i, see Dioscorea divanricata.
Kirom-kirom, see Mimosa pudica.
Kisol, see Kaempferia galanga.
Kleinhovia hospita:
Description and distribution, i, 397.
Local names, i, 397.
Dimensions of bast fibers, i, 322.
Fiber, i, 397.
Fish poison, iii, 80.
Medicinal, iii, 211.
Tensile strength, i, 321.
Kobb6ot, see Ischaemum angustifolium.
K6gon, see Imperata cylindrica.
Kdgon, see Imperata exaltata.
Kogcn-kogon, see Curculigo orchoides.
Kokol-daien, see Mimosa pudica.
Kokong-manuk, see Barleria prionitis.
Kolagpung-pula, see Ardisia boissieri.
Kolasiman, see Lumnitzera littorea.
Koldasan, see Coix lachryma-jobi.
Kolinta, see Barleria prionitis.
Kolis, see Ficus benjamina.
Kolison, see Citrus sp.
Koliung, see Artocarpus cumingiana.
Kollokollot, see Urena lobata.
Kollokollot ti bao, see Helicteres hirsuta.
KoUolot, see Urena lobata.
Kolobot, see Citrus hystrix.
Kolokauayan, see Apluda mutica.
Kolokogo, see Ocimuni sanctum.
Kolokolog, see Clerodendron intermedium,.
Kolo-kolot, see Triumfetta bartramia.
Kolonanas, see Averrhoa billTtibi.
Kolong-kogong, see Ageratum eonyzoidea.
Kolotang-baging, see Sida javensis.
Kolot-babui, see SmUax bracteata.
Kolot-kolotan, see Urena lobata.
Kolowratia elegans:
Distribution, iii, 178.
Local names, iii, 178.
Medicinal, iii, 178.
Kombateo, see Psychotria luzoniensis.
Komkompitis, see Leucaena glauca.
Komontres, see Pithecolobium dulce.
Kond61, see Benincasa hispida.
Kondol, see Lagenaria leucantha.
Koniko, see Curcuma zedoaria.
K6nti, see Solanum nigrum.
Kopakopa, see Eugenia manangwl.
Koribo, see Canarium vUlosum.
Korlunoi, see Amaranthus spinosus.
Korokalasag, see Nephrolepis hirsutula.
INDEX
291
Koron-k6ron, see Hernandia ovigera.
Korot, see Dioscorea hispida.
Korrinta, see Barleria prionitis.
Korthalsia laciniosa :
Description, i, 212.
Korthalsia mei-riUii :
Description, i, 212.
Korthalsia sacaphigeroides :
Description, i, 212.
Korthalsia squarrosa:
Description, i, 212.
Kosing, see Anacardium occidentale.
Kosol, see Eurycles amboinensis.
Kotmok, see Terminalia edulia.
Krus-kriisan, see Crescentia alata.
Kuako-kuakohan, see Abutilon indicum.
Kuakuakohan, see Abutilon indicum.
Kuantong-, see Amaranthus spinosus.
Kubamba, see Canscora diffusa.
Kubimba, see Piper umbeUatum.
Kubi, see Artocarpus cumingiana.
T',-.i,; p.p Arfririirpiis ruhrovenia.
Kubi, see Cerbera manghas.
Kubill, see Cubilia blancoi.
Kudlasan, see Coix lachnjmO'jobi.
Kugitas, see Gnetuni gnemon.
Kugyug, see Dysoxylum decandrum.
Kuhasi, see Comtnelina benghalensia.
Kuintas-kuintasan, see Canna indica.
Kukodmon, see Fagraea racemosa.
Kukuris, see Euphoria didyina.
Kula, see Geodorum nutans.
Kulakatingan, see Pterospermum obliquum.
Kulalau, see Curcuma longa.
Kulaloche, see Plumiera acuminata.
Kulanta, see Barleria prionitis.
Kulasi, see Avicennia officinalis.
Kulasi, see Decaspermum fruticosum.
Kulasi, see Excoecaria agallocha.
Kulasi, see Ltannitzera littorea.
Kul&si', see Ltimnitzera racemosa.
Kulasi", see Osbornia octodonta.
Kulasi', see Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea,
Kulat, see Urena lobata.
Kulatai, see Jasminuin, sambac.
Kulatai, see Leea manillensis.
Kulatai, see Rotala aquatica.
Kulatingan, see Pterospermum obliquum.
Kulet, see Urena lobata.
Kuliad, see Gnetuni indicum.
Kuliamot, see Ficus benjamina.
Kuliat, see Gnetum indicum.
Kulibutbiit. see Tabernaemontana pandacaqui.
Kulik-manar. see Dalbergia ferruginea.
Kulilem, see Garcinia binucao.
Kulimbaning, see Xylocarpus granatum.
KulinK-manok, see Aglaia glomerata.
Kulis, see Decaspermum fruticosum.
Kfilis, see Memecylon edule.
Kfllis, see Memecylon ovatum.
Kulitis, see Amaranthus spinosus.
KuUtis, see Amaranthus viridis.
KuHuan. see Cinnamomum, mercadoi.
Kulkul&si, see Commelina benghalensis.
Kul-langgm, see Tylophora perrottetiana.
KuUukulluk, see Urena lobata.
] Kulong-kugon, see Vernonia cinerea.
KuJot, see Dioscorea hispida.
Kulot, see Lygodium japonicum.
Kulot-kul6tan, see Triumfetta bartramia.
KulukatiiTgal, see Pterospermum obliquum.
Kulukatingan, see Pterospermum obliquum,
Kulutkulutan, see Urena lobata.
Kulut-pamo, see Columella trifolia.
Kumagasaka, see Kingiodendron alternifolium,
Kuman, see Gnetum gnemon.
Kumintang, see Lochnera rosea.
Kunakun, see Elaeocarpus calomala.
Kiinig, see Curcuma longa.
Klinig, see Mahonia philippinensis.
Kuplikupit, see Merremia emarginata.
Kupi-kupit, see Merremia emarginata.
Kupkiip, see Eugenia calubcob.
Kuplas, see Ficus idmifolia.
Kuranta, see Barleria prionitis.
Kuren, see Stephania japonica.
Kurimau, see Dipterocarpus vernicifluua.
Kurukau&yan, see Apluda mutica.
Kurumpang, see Sterculia foetida.
Kusibeng, see Sapindus saponaria.
Kuskusipa, see Cissampelos pareira.
Kutingkutingan, see Heliotropium indicum.
Kutipi, see Cyathocalyx globosus.
Kutkut timbalong, see Barringtonia racemosa.
Kuyau-kuyau, see Alstonia macrophylla.
Kuyau-yau, see Paralstonia clusiacea.
Kuyo, see Piper umbellatum.
Kyllinga monocephala :
Distribution, iii, 172.
Local names, iii, 172.
Medicinal, iii, 172.
Labat, see Ardisia serrata.
Labau, see Lunasia amara.
Labauel, see Macaranga tanarius.
Lab&yo, see Melochia umbcUata.
Labiatae :
Medicinal plants, iii, 70, 232.
OOs, ii, 217.
Labig, see Livistona rotundifolia.
Labnai, see Sterculia stipularis.
Labnog, see Ficus hauili.
Labon, see Abroma fastuosa.
Labtang, see Anamirta cocculus.
Labuag, see Hibiscus surattensis.
Labug-labug, see Malachra capitata,
Lada, see Capsicum frutescens.
Ladiangau, see Agathis alba.
Lagairai, see Ipomoea pes-caprae.
Lagan, see Prem/na odorata.
Lagaon, see Macaranga tanarius.
Lagasak, see Bruguiera sexangvla.
Lagasi, see Leucosyke capitellata.
Lagau, see Macaranga tanarius.
Lagenaria leucantha:
Distribution, iii, 242.
Local names, iii, 242.
Medicinal, iii, 242.
Lagiauat, see Rtibtis rosaefolius.
Lagilai, see Ipomoea pes-caprae.
Lagini, see Columella trifolia.
292
INDEX
Lagkitan, see Sida mysorensis.
Liagmut, see Ficus hauUi.
Lagneob, see Ficus hauili.
Lago, see Abrus precatorius.
L&go, see Pygeum glandulosum.
L&go, see Pygeum preslii.
Lagod, see Trema orientalis.
Lagoiloi, see Acanthus ilicifoUus.
Lag61o, see Acrostichum aureum.
Lagtal, see Archangelisia flava.
Lagtang, see Anamirta cocculus.
Lagt&ng, see Archangelisia flava.
Lagtang, see Tinoniisciuiii jihilippinense.
Lagtom na pula, see Panicuni stagninum.
Laguan, see Euchresta horsfieldii.
Laguan, see Nepheliuni mutabUe.
Laguete, see Celastrus paniculata.
Lagukanata, see Rubus fraxinifoUus.
Lagfindi, see Vitex negundo.
Lagundi-late, see Pluchea indica.
Xagfinding-d&gat, see Vitex trifolia.
Lagunding-gapang, see Vitex trifolia.
Lagunrti-salasa, see Buddleia asiatica.
Lagunton, see Nephrolepis hirsutvla.
Lagup6k, see Cardiospermum halicacabum,
Lagutlut, see Pandanus copelandii.
Lagut-iit, see Xylocarpus nioluccensis.
Laho, see Columbia serratifolia.
Laiasin, see Columbia serratifolia.
Lailaiginan, see Helicteres hirsuta.
Laioan, see Cicca acida.
Lakadbulan, see Blumea balsamifera.
Lakamas. see Pachyrrhizus erosus.
Lakaubi, see Zalacca clemensiana.
Lakien-tisubusub, see Buddleia asiatica.
Lakkaiigan, see Eugenia aherniana.
Lamai, see Trema orientalis.
Lambug, see Eugenia calubcob.
Lamilan, see Dipterocarpus vernicdfluua.
Lamio, see Dracontomelum edvle.
Lamio, see Garuga abilo.
Lamnog, see Ficus hauili.
Lam-nuan, see Bambusa spinosa.
Lamog, see Gardenia pseuAopsidium,.
Lam6n, see Enhalus acoroides.
Lampakanai, see Typha angustifolia.
Lampayong, see Ipomoea pes-caprae.
Lamp oil, see Illuminant.
Lampoyang, see Curcuma zedoaria.
Lamudias, see Coix lachryma-jobi.
Lamudio, see Carum copticum,.
Lanagon, see Flacourtia euiihlebia.
Lanas, see Stenochlaena palustris.
Landing, see Scyphiphora hydrophyUacea.
Landrina, see Borrcria hispida.
Lanete, see Allaeanthus luzonicus.
Laneteng-gubat, see Kibatalia blancoi.
Langa, see Sesarnum orientale.
Langaban, see Ficus forstenii.
Langaban, see Ficus payapa.
Langala, see Fleurya interrupta.
Langa-langa, see Leucas lavandtUi folia.
Langarai, see Bruguiera eylindrica.
Lang&rai, see Bruguiera parviflora.
Langari, see Bruguiera sexangula.
Langari, see Bruguiera sexangula.
Langbayong, see Ipom,oea pes-caprae.
Langdang, see Metroxylon sagu.
Langingi, see Columella trifolia.
Langis, see Pittosporum resiniferum.
Laiigis, see Sesarnum orientale.
Langitngit, see Celastrus paniculata.
Langka, see Artocarpus integra.
Langkauls, see Alpinia pyramidata.
Langkauas, see Zingiber zeru^nbet.
Langkuas, see Alpinia pyramidata.
Langkuas, see Donax cannaeformis.
Langlangas, see Phaeanthus ebracteolatus.
Langosig, see Grewia multiflora.
Laniti, see Kibatalia blancoi.
Lankug, see Terminalia calainansanai.
Lannu, see Spondias pinnata.
Lano, see Spondias pinnata.
Lansina, see Ricinus communis.
Lansium, dubium:
Description and distribution, ii, 304.
Figure, ii, 306.
Local names, ii, 304.
Food, ii, 304.
Iianti.na, see Lantana camara.
Lantana camara:
Description and distribution, ii, 217.
Local names, ii, 216.
Oil, ii, 216.
Lantana oil:
Lantana camara, ii, 216.
Lanten-sapa, see Ottelia alismoides.
Lanting, see Ottelia alismoides.
Lanut, see Grewia multiflora.
Lanutan, see Alphonsea arborea.
LanHtan, see Bombycidendron vidalianum,
Lanutan, see Cyathocalyx globosus.
Lanutan, see Goniothalamu^ amuyon.
Lanutan, see Gyrinopsis cumingiana.
Lanutan, see Phaeanthus ebracteolatus.
Lanutan, see Polyalthia flava.
Lanutan, see Pygeum preslii.
Lanutan-itum, see Alphonsea arborea.
Lanutan-puti, see Grewia stylocarpa.
Lapi, see Grewia eriocarpa.
Lapinig, see Eugenia xanthophylla,
Lapni, see Grewia eriocarpa.
Lapnis, see Grewia multiflora.
Lapnis, see Kleinhovia hospita.
Lapnis, see Melochia umbellata.
Lapnisan, see Grewia stylocarpa.
Lapnit, see Columbia lanceolata.
Lapnit, see Grewia eriocarj)a.
Lapnit, see Sterculia luzonica.
Lapnit, see Sterculia oblongata.
Lapole, see Acrostichum aureum.
Laponaia, see Coleus blumei.
Laportea meyeniana:
Distribution, iii, 182.
Local names, iii, 182.
Medicinal, iii, 182.
Lapting, see Ficus hauili.
Lara, see Capsicum frutescens.
Lardu, see Decaspermum fruticosum.
Lar6an-anIto, see Clerodendron intermedium.
Lasa, see Abrus precatorius.
Lasa, see Canna indica.
INDEX
293
Lasa, see Nipa fruticans.
Lasa, see Nipa fruticans.
L&sa, see Thysanolaena maxima.
LasUa, see Terminalia comintana.
Lasilak, see Terminalia comintana.
Lasilat, see Terminalia comintana.
Lasona, see Allium sativum.
Lassi, see Premna odorata.
Lasuit, see Pittosyjorum pentandrum.
Lat&, see Antiaris toxicaria.
Latania commersonii:
Recently introduced palm, i, 243.
Latania loddigesii :
Recently introduced palm, i, 243.
Latauan, see Cyathocalyx globosus.
Latok, see Telosma procumbens.
Latris, see Muntingia calabura.
Latuba, see Barringtonia acutangula.
Lauan, see Anisoptera thurifera.
Lauan, see Dipterocarpus vernicifluus.
Lauan puti, see .Anisoptera thurifera.
Lauas, see Nymphea pubescens.
Lauat, see Litsea glutinosa.
Lauraceae :
Food plants, ii, 282.
Medicinal plants, iii, 187.
Oils, ii, 200.
Laurel, see Lochnera rosea.
Laurel, see Plumbago indica.
Lawson ia iner m i^ :
Distribution, iii, 214.
Local name, iii, 214.
Medicinal, iii, 214.
Laya, see Zingiber officinale.
La-ya, see Zingiber officinale.
Lay-a, see Zingiber officinale.
Layasin, see Leucosyke capiteUata.
Leather, patent :
Agathis alba, ii, 20.
Lecythidaceae :
Medicinal plants, iii, 214.
Oils, ii, 161.
Poisonous plants, iii, 81.
Leea actdeata :
Distribution, iii, 206.
Local names, iii, 206.
Medicinal, iii, 206.
Leea 7nanille7isis :
Distribution, iii, 206.
Local names, iii, 206.
Medicinal, iii, 206.
Leguminosae :
Dyes, ii, 389.
Fiber plants, i, 378.
Fire wood, iii, 87.
Food plants, ii, 288.
Gums, ii, 72.
Medicinal plants, iii, 67, 189.
Oils, ii, 108, 204.
Paper, i, 423.
Poisonous plants, iii, 79.
Resins, ii, 38.
Soap substitutes, iii, 52.
Tannins, iii, 93.
Lemon grass, see .4ndropogon citratus.
Lemon-grass oil :
Andropogon citratus, ii, 174.
Lenggadai, see Bruguiera parviflora.
Lenggadi, see Bruguiera conjugata.
Lenggadi, see Bruguiera sexangula.
Lengnga, see Sesamum orientate,
Lengua de leon, see Sansevieria zeylanica.
Lentinus connatus :
Description, iii, 124.
Edible fungi, iii, 124.
Lentinus exUis:
Description, iii, 124.
Figure, iii, 125.
Edible fungi, iii, 124.
Lentinus leucochrous:
Description, iii, 124.
Edible fungi, iii, 124.
Lentinus squarrosulu^ :
Description, iii, 124.
Figure, iii, 127.
Edible fungi, iii, 124.
Lepidopetahim perrottetii:
Distribution, iii, 204.
Local names, iii, 204.
Medicinal, iii, 204.
Lepiota Candida :
Description, iii, 138.
Distribution, iii, 138.
Edible fungi, iii, 138.
Lepiota cepaestipes:
Edible fungi, iii, 142.
Lepiota chlorospora :
Description, iii, 140.
Distribution, iii, 140.
Figure, iii, 141.
Poisonous fungus, iii, 140.
Lepiota elata :
Description, iii, 140.
Distribution, iii, 140.
Edible fungi, iii, 140.
Lepiota fusco-squamea:
Description, iii, 140.
Edible fungi, iii, 140.
Lepiota pulckerriina :
Edible fungi, iii, 142.
Lepiota revelata:
Edible fungi, iii, 142.
Lepiota sulphopenita :
Edible fungi, iii, 142.
Leting-pako, see Crataeva religiosa.
Letis, see Anisoptera thurifera.
Letis, see Dipterocarpus grandifiorus.
Letlet, see Piper betle.
Leucaena glauca :
Description and distribution, ii, 290.
Figure, ii, 293 ; iii, 86, 89, 91.
Local names, ii, 290.
Coffee substitute, ii, 290.
Firewood, iii, 88.
Firewood crop, ii, 290.
Planting, iii, 88.
Leucas lavandulifolia:
Distribution, iii, 233.
Local names, iii, 233.
Medicinal, iii, 233.
294
INDEX
Leiicosyke capitellata:
Description and distribution, i, 374.
Local names, i, 374.
Fiber, i, 374.
Li-a-sin, see Leueosyke capitdiata.
Liba, see Allaeanthus glaber.
Libai, see Achyranthes aspera.
Libakan, see Fagraea raceviosa.
Libang-bang, see Bauhinia cumingiana.
Libas, see Garuga ahito.
Libas, see Momordica cochinchinensis.
Lib&s, see Spondias pinnata.
Lib&to, see Basella rubra.
Libato, see Lwnnitzera littorea.
Libatcputi, see Camptostemon philippinense.
Libintano, see Clerodendron intermedium.
Libtiik, see Pterooymhium tinctorium.
Licnala spinosa:
Description and distribution, i, 212.
Figure, i, 215.
Local names, i, 212.
Ornamental, i, 212.
Ligaa, see Greivia mvltiflora.
Ligabon, see Macaranga tanarius.
Ligad, see Dodovaea viscosa.
Lrigan-lupa, see Polygonum barbatum.
Lig&s, see Semecarpus cuneiformis.
Ligas, see Semecarpus gigantifolia.
Ligayan, see Mimu^ops parvifolia.
Ligt&ng, see Ananiirta cocculus.
Liliaceae :
Fiber plants, i, 360.
Medicinal plants, iii, 175.
Ornamental plants, iii, 12.
Lilitan, see Paederia foetida.
Lilium philippinensis :
Description and distribution, iii, 12.
Figure, iii, 13.
Local names, iii, 12.
Ornamental iii, 12.
Lillau, see Ficus hauili.
Lima bean, see Phaseolus lunatus.
Lima-lima, see Dioscorea pentaphylla.
Lim&ng-stigat, see P sender anthejnum pvlehe-
llum.
Lime, bird :
Artocarpus elastica, ii, 70.
Limnophila indica:
Distribution, iii, 235.
Local name, iii, 235.
Medicinal, iii, 235.
Limnophila rugosa:
Description and distribution, ii, 376.
Local name, ii, 375.
Food, ii, 375.
Hair perfume, ii, 375.
Limon see Coleus amboinicus.
Limoncito, see Triphasia trifoliata.
Limoncitong-kastila, see Triphasia trifoliata.
Limon-karabau, see Citrus hystrix.
Lingi, see Sesamum orientale.
Linga-ling, see Nelumbium nelumbo.
Lingaro, see Elaeagnus philippensis.
Lingatan, see Laportea meyeniana.
Lingnga, see Sesamum orientale.
LiiTgog, see Avicennia officinalis.
Lingo-liiigo, see Mimusops parvifolia.
Lino, see Morinda citrifolia.
Linog, see Scaevola frutesccns.
Linoleum :
Aluerites moluccana, ii, 124.
Linu, see Scaevola frutescens.
Lipa, see Laportea meyeniana.
Lipai, see Laportea meyeniana.
Lipai, see Miicuna nigricans.
Lipang-aso, see Boehmeria nivea.
LIpang-&so, see Fleurya interrupta.
Lipang-dvitong, see Laportea meyeniana.
Llpang-kalabiu, see Laportea meyeniana.
Lipang-kastila, see Fleurya interrupta.
Lipata, see Cerbera manghas.
Lipata, see Excoecaria agallocha.
Lipatang-buhai, see Excoecaria agallocha,
Lipauen, see Alstonia scholaris.
Lipot, see Dipterocarpus vernicifiuus.
Lipote, see Eugenia curranii.
Lipote, see Eugenia polycephaloides.
Lippia nodi flora :
Distribution, iii, 230.
Local names, iii, 230.
Medicinal, iii, 230.
Lipus, see Dipterocarpus vernicifiuus.
Lipiite, see Eugenia polycephaloides.
Liputi, see Canarium ovatum,.
Liputing-gubat, see Ardisia boissieri.
Lirio, see Hynvenocallis Uttorale.
Liriong-gubat, see Calanthe veratrifolia.
Iiisid, see Chonemorpha elastica.
Litalit, see Hyptis suaveolens.
Litlit, see Piper betle.
Litlit, see Piper retrofractuni.
Litsea glutinosa:
Disti-ibution, iii, 187.
Local names, iii, 187.
Medicinal, iii, 187.
Liuhon, see Homonoia riparia.
Liuliu, see Ficus hauili.
Livistona australis :
Recently introduced palm, i, 243.
Livistona chinensis:
Recently introduced palm, i, 243.
Livistona cochinchinensis:
Description, 1, 214, 216.
Distribution, i, 135, 216.
Figure, i, 218.
Local name, i, 216.
Uses, i, 216.
Livistona merrillii:
Description, i, 214.
Livistona robinsoniana :
Description, i, 214.
Livistona rotundifolia:
Description, i, 214.
Distribution, i, 216.
Figure, i, 219.
Local names, i, 216.
Uses, i, 216.
Livistona spp. :
Food, ii, 252.
Lobi, see Cocos nucifera.
Lobo-lobohan, see Cardiospermum halicacabum.
INDEX
295
Lochnera rosea :
Distribution, iii, 222.
Local names, iii, 222.
Medicinal, iii, 222.
Loganiaceae :
Fiber plants, i, 406.
Medicinal plants, iii, 70, 220.
Logo, see Terminalia catappa.
Loiloi, see Leucaena glaiica.
Lokblut, see Litsea glutinosa.
Lokd6, see Dryopteris pteroides.
Lokdo, see Nephrolepis hirsutula.
Lokoloko, see Ocimutn sanctum.
Loloan, see Pistia stratiotes.
Lomangog, see Litsea glutinosa.
Longbayau, see Kingiodendron alternifolium.
Longboi, see Eugenia ctimini.
Lonicera phRippinensis :
Description and distribution, i, 409.
Local names, i, 409.
Fiber, i, 409.
Lontong, see Sterculia hizonica.
Lo-ob, see Schizostachyitm dielsianum.
Lo-ob, see Schizostachyuin diffusuni.
Loomoi, see Scindapsus spp.
Looms ;
Schizostachyuin textorium, i, 265.
Lopa, see Bamhusa cornuta.
Lophopetalum toxicum:
Distribution, iii, 203.
Local names, iii, 203.
Medicinal, iii, 203.
Lopulopii, see Lippia nodiflora.
Losuban, see Bombycidendron vidalianum.
Lotion:
Cocos nucife-ra, ii, 93.
Lotus, see Nehtynbium nelumbo.
Lubanayong, see Xylocarpus granatum.
Lubas, see Spandias pinnata.
Liibi, see Cocos nticifera.
Lubia, see Pinanga spp.
Lubigr&n, see Acorus calamus.
Lubilubi, see Cubilia blancoi.
Lubi-lubi, see Geodorum nutans.
Lubilubi, see Ltiyiasia amara.
Lubricant :
Isoptera bomeensis. ii, 160.
Jatropha curcas, ii, 140.
Ricinits conmuiiis, ii, 143.
Sesamum orientale, ii, 168.
Shorea balangeran, ii, 160.
Luffa cylindrica :
Distribution, iii, 242.
Local names, iii, 242.
Medicinal, iii, 242.
Lugis, see Eugenia tuananguil.
Lugo, see Barringtonia asiatica.
Liigos, see Areca catechu.
Lukabbaan, see Sonneratia caseolaris.
Lukabban, see Sonneratia alba.
Lukabban, see Sonneratia caseolaris.
Lukb&n, see Citrus maxima.
Lukban-balit, see Murraya paniculata.
Lulupaw, see AbtUilon indicum.
Lumabo, see Jasminum- sambas.
Lumampau, see Schizostachyum lumampao.
Lumanai, see Homonoia riparia.
Lumanaia, see Homonoia- riparia.
Lumbai, see Metroxylon sagu.
Lumbanau, see Aglaia everettU.
Lumbing, see Aleurites moluccana.
Lumbang, see Aleurites trisperma.
Lumbang-banukalad, see Aleurites trisperma.
Lumbang-bato, see Aleurites moluccana.
Lumbang-gubat, see .Aleurites trisperma.
Lumbang oil :
Aleurites moluccaiia, ii, 124.
Lumbii, see Metroxylon sagu.
Lumbiag: see Metroxylon sagu.
Lumboi, see Eugenia cumini.
Lumnitzera littorea:
Description, i, 68.
Distribution, i, 22, 68.
Figure, i, 71.
Local names, i, 68.
Forest charge, i, 125.
Stands, 1, 96, 97.
Timber, i, 70.
Lumnitzera racemosa:
Description and distribution, i, 70.
Local names, i, TO.
Forest chai-ge, i, 125.
Medicinal, iii, 215.
Lumpitan, see Quamoclit pinnata.
Lunan, see Lunasia amara.
Liinas, see Bambusa vulgaris.
Lunas, see Costus speciosus.
Lunas, see Gonocaryum caUeryanum.
Lunas, see Lunasia amara.
Liinas, see Oleandra neriiformis.
Lunas-bondok, see Lunasia amara.
Lunasia amara:
Distribution, iii, 194.
Local names, iii, 194.
Medicinal, iii, 194.
Lunga, see Sesamum orientale.
Lungakan, see Macaranga tanarius.
Lunug, see Ficus pachyphylla.
Luoi-luoi na dako, see Grammatophyllum mvl-
tiflorum.
Lupa, see Fleurya interrupta.
Lupak, see Euphoria didyma.
Lupi, see Phragmites karka.
Lupi, see Phragmites vidgaris.
Lupig, see Bauhinia cumiyxgiana.
Lupigi, see Dracontomelum dao.
Lup-lupak, see Lilium- philippinensis.
Lupluppan, see Abutilon indicum.
Lupo, see Columella trifolia.
Lusong, see Vaccinium whitfordii.
Lusunan, see Eugenia aherniana.
Luting, see Rtibtis fraxinifolius.
Liiya, see Zingiber officinale.
Luy-a. see Zingiber officinale.
Luyaluyahan, see Curcuma zedoaria.
Luyang-dilau, see Curcuma tonga.
Luyong, see Livistona rotundifolia.
Luyos, see .Areca catechu.
Lycoperdaceae :
Edible fungi, iii, 142.
Lycoperdon cepiforme :
Edible fungi, iii, 144.
296
INDEX
Lycoperdon furfuracewn:
Edible fungi, iii, 144.
Lycoperdon lilacivniin :
Description, iii, 142.
Figure, iii, 143.
Edible fungi, iii, 142.
Lycoperdon plicatum :
Edible fungi, iii, 144.
Lycoperdon polymorphum :
Edible fungi, iii, 144.
Lycoperdon pratense :
Description, iii, 144.
Edible fungi, iii, 144.
Lycoperdon pusillum :
Description, iii, 142.
Edible fungi, iii, 142.
Lycoperdon pyriforme :
Description, iii, 144.
Edible fungi, iii, 144.
Lycoperdon roseum :
Edible fungi, iii, 144.
Lycoperdon vanderystii :
Edible fungi, iii, 144.
Lycopersicum esculentum :
Description and distribution, ii, 374.
Local names, ii, 374.
Food, ii, 374.
Lycopodiaceae :
Ornamental plants, iii, 12.
Lycopodiuyn spp. :
Description and distribution, iii, 12.
Ornamental, iii, 12.
Lye:
Acanthus ilirifolius, iii, 90.
Lyffodium circinnatum:
Description, i, 328.
Distribution, iii, 168.
Figure, i, 329.
Local names, i, 326, 328.
Fiber, i, 328.
Medicinal, iii, 168.
Lygodium flexuosum:
Description, i, 328.
Local names, i, 326, 328.
Fiber, i, 328.
Lygodium japonicum:
Description, i, 328.
Local names, i, 326, 328.
Fiber, i, 328.
Lygodium scandens :
Description, i, 328.
Local names, i, 326, 328.
Fiber, i, 328.
Lygodium semihastatum :
Description, i, 328.
Fiber, i, 326, 328.
Local names, i, 326, 328.
Lythraceae :
Medicinal plants, iii, 214.
M
Ma-asim, see Macaranga tanarius.
Mabantut, see Terminalia calamansanai.
Mabiilo, see Diospyros discolor.
Mabulo, see Trichodesma zeylanicum.
Macahiya, see Biophytum sensitivum.
Macaranga grandifolia:
Distribution, iii, 200.
Local names, iii, 200.
Medicinal, iii, 200.
Macaranga tanarius:
Description and distribution, ii, 73, 312.
Figure, ii, 313.
Local names, ii, 73, 310.
Fermented drink, ii, 312.
Glue, ii, 73.
Medicinal, iii, 200.
Macsa ciimingii:
Description and distribution, i, 406.
Local names, i, 406.
Fiber, i, 406.
Fish poison, iii, 81.
Maesa denticulata :
Fish poison, iii, 81.
Maesa laxa:
Fish poison, iii, 81.
Magaan, see Gyrinopsis cumingiana.
Magabalogo, see Kingiodendron alter nifoliurru.
Magalolo, see Lumnitzera littorea.
Maganhop sa bukid, see Albizzia lebheko-
ides.
Magatalisai, see Terminalia calamansanai.
Magatas, see Euphorbia hirta.
Magatungal, see Gnetum gnemon.
Magau, see Ocinium sanctum.
Magayao, see Heritiera Uttoralis.
Magilik, see Premna cumingiana.
Magimapau, see Dendrobium crumenatum.
Magimpal, see Dendrobium crumenatuyn.
Magit, see Pongamia pinnata.
Magkauayan, see Apluda mutica.
Magkono, see Eugenia aherniana.
Maglolopoi, see Terminalia comintana.
Maglumboi, see Elaeocarpus calomala.
Magmansi, see Vernonia cinerea.
Magnoliaceae :
Oils, ii, 185,
Magtalisai, see Terminalia edulis.
Magtalulong, see Eugenia polycephaloides.
MagtaTigud, see Bruguiera cylindrica.
Magtongod, see Ceriops tagal.
Magtongog, see Bruguiera cylindrica.
Maguey, see Agave cantala.
Magusiak, see Fagraea raccmosa.
Magutapilak, see Pothoidium lobbianum.
Mahihiyain, see Biophytum sensitivum.
Mahonia philippinensis :
Description and distribution, ii, 388.
Local name, ii, 388.
Dye, ii, 388.
MaiS,na, see Coleus blumei.
Maianau, see Coleus blumei.
Maidbaid, see Oroxylum indicutn.
Maigang, see Eugenia polycephaloides.
Mais, see Zeamays.
Maismaisan, see Asclepias curassavica.
Makaasim, see Eugenia mananquil.
MakabarTgon, see Micromelum compressum.
Makabra, see Rotala aquatica.
Makabu, see Cissampelos pareira.
Makadaeg, see Dracontomelum dao.
Makahla, see Mimosa pudica.
INDEX
297
Makahilub, see Euchresta horsfieldii.
Makahiyang-lalake, see Biophytum sensitivum,
Makalalanang, see Clerodendron intermedium,
Makalsa, see Chisocheton cumingianus.
Makasla, see Croton tiglium.
Makatba, see Citrus hystrix.
Makatibuha, see Fagraea racemosa,
Makau, see Agathis alba.
Makau, see Dracontomelum dao.
Makaya, see Greivia stylocarpa.
Makitkitot, see Euphorbia thymifolia.
Makopa, see Eugenia calubcob.
Malaachuete, see Melochia uinbellata.
Malaaduas, see Dysoxylum decandrum.
Malaamis, see Scoparia dulcis.
Mala-an,? lako lakop, see Pothos spp.
Mala-anonas, see Pygeum preslii.
Malaapi, see Premna cumingiana.
Malaapulid, see Kyllinga monocephala.
Mala-atis, see Anisoptera thurifera.
Malabago, see Fagraea racemosa.
Malabago, see Hibiscus tUiaceus.
Malabanggi, see Memecylon ovatum.
Malabanilad, see Sterculia oblongata.
Malabatino, see Paralstonia clusiacea.
Malabayabas, see Eugenia aherniana.
Malabayabas, see Gardenia pseudopsidium.
Malabiga, see Alocasia macrorrhiza.
Malabignai, see Anacolosa luzoniensis.
Malabitis-papa, see Malachra fasciata.
Malaboho, see Sterculia oblongata.
Malabohok, see Casuarina eguisetifolia.
Malabohok, see QuamocUt pinnata.
Malabokbok. see Gymnartocarpns woodii.
Malabonot, see Sterculia cuneata.
Malabuaia, see Fagraea racemosa.
Malabugos, see Homonoia riparia.
Malabulak, see Bombax ceiba.
Malabulak, see Justicia gendarussa.
Malaburiga, see Macaranga tanarius.
Malaburga, see Sterculia oblongata.
Malacafe, see Mussaenda philippica.
Malachra fasciata:
Description and distribution, i, 388.
Local names, i, 388.
Dimensions of bast fibers, i, 322.
Rope, i, 388.
Tensile strength, i, 321.
Malachra capitata:
Description and distribution, i, 388.
Distribution, iii, 209.
Local names, i, 387.
Dimensions of bast fibers, i, 322.
Fiber, i, 387.
Medicinal, iii, 209.
Maladayap, see Capparis micracantha.
Maladayap, see Lansium dubium.
Maladita, see Paralstonia clusiacea.
Maladita, see Rauwolfia awsoniaefolia.
Maladosodos, see Pseuderanthemum pulcheU
lum.
Malagabi, see Terminalia edulis.
Malaganep, see Pithecolobium subacutum.
Malaganit, see Albizzia lebbekoidea.
Malaganit, see Leucaena glauca.
Malagapas, see Gyrinopsis cumingiana.
Malagasaha, see Sterculia phUippin'ensis.
MaJagasaha, see Sterculia stipularis.
Malagayaman, see Pothoidium lobbianum.
Malagayaman, see Pothos spp.
Malaghanip, see Albizzia lebbekoides.
Malaghanit, see Albizzia lebbekoides.
Malagiting-giting, see Decaspermum frutico-
sum.
Malagmat, see Pygeum preslii.
Malagozzan, see Gonocaryum caUeryanuin.
Malahabi, see Guioa koelreuteria.
Malahagis, see Eugenia mananquU.
Malahito, see Sapindus saponaria.
Malaigang, see Eugenia calubcob.
Malaigang, see Eugenia mananquU.
Malaikmo, see Gonocarytim calleryanum.
Malaikmo-lalaki, see Gonocaryum calleryanum.
Mala-imus, see Elaeagnus philippensis.
Malaisia scandens :
Description and distribution, i, 373.
Local names, i, 373.
Fiber, i, 373.
Medicinal, iii, 181.
Malaisis, see Malaisia scandens.
Malaiyau, see Dracontotiieliim dao.
Malakadios, see Allaeanthus glaber.
Malakakao, see Lepidopetaluni perrottetii.
Malakakao, see Litsea glutinosa.
Malakakao, see Phaleria cumingii.
Malakakao, see Sterculia cuneata.
Malakakao, see Sterculia oblongata.
Malakakao, see Uvaria sorzogonensis.
Malakalad, see Chisocheton cumingianus.
HalakalumpS.ng', see Sterculia luzonica.
Malakalumpit, see Terminalia calo/man-
sanai.
Malakanasi, see Lansium dubium.
Malakapai, see Sterculia crassiramea.
Malakirum-kirum, see Phyllanthu^ niruri.
Malakmalak, see Palaquium philippense.
Malakmalak oil :
Palaquium philippense, ii, 168.
Malakopa, see Eugenia calubcob.
Malakudkiiran, see Heliotropiutn indicum.
Malalapi, see Maesa cumingii.
Malamansanita, see Helicteres hirsuta.
Malambingan, see Allaeanthus glaber.
Malamputian, see Nephelium mutabile.
Malamulauin, see Pronna nauseosa.
MalanangkS,, see Gymnartocarpus woodii.
Malanbanilad, see Sterculia oblongata,
Malangbuyud, see Phyllanfhus reticulatus,
Malanopit, see Elaeocarpus calomala.
Malapaho, see Dipterocarpus grandiflorus,
Malapaho, see Dipterocarpus vernicifluus.
Malapaho, see Mangifera altissima.
Malapakpak, see Rhaphidophora merrillii.
Malapandakaki, see Gonocaryum calleryanum.
Malapaiigi, see Pangium edule.
Malapapaya, see Sterculia crassiramea.
Malapi, see Croton tiglium.
Malapili, see Canariuin luzonicuni.
Malapinggan, see Gonocaryum calleryanum,.
Malapot6kan, see Clerodendrom macroatS'
gium.
Malaputat, see Ardisia serrata.
298
INDEX
Malaputat, see Palaqumm philippense.
Malaraniim, see Ardisia boissieri.
Malaruhat, see Eugenia calubcob.
Malaruhat, see Eugenia niananquU.
Malarungon, see Heritiera littoralis.
Malariirang', see Trema orientalis.
Malarurung, see Trema orientalis.
Malarutto, see Cissampelos pareira.
Malasaga, see Pi^hecolobium subacutum.
Malasagad, see Adenanthera interm-edia.
Malasaging, see Aglaia harmsiana.
Malasaging, see Cubilia, blancoi.
Malasamat, see Gonocaryum calieryanum.
Malasambong, see Buddleia asiatica.
Malasambong, see Callicarpa erioclona.
Malasambong-damo, see Sphaeranthus afri-
canus.
Malasampalok, see Albizzia lebbekoides.
Malasandia, see Ipomoea pes-tigridis.
Malasangi, see Guioa koelreuteria.
Malasang-salve, see Dalbergia ferruginea.
Malasantol, see Aglaia everettii.
Malasantol, see Diospyros discolor.
Malasapsap, see Pterocymbium tinctorium.
Malasapiiti, see Palaquium philippense.
Malasikongdoron, see Trema orientalis.
Malatadiang, see Ehretia navesii.
Malatakon, see Helicteres hirsuta.
Malatampui, see Eugenia xanthophylla.
Malatapai, see .4lstonia macro iihyUa.
Malatapai, see Cyathocalyx globosiis.
Malatapai, see Gonocaryum calieryanum..
Malatuba. see Mallotus philippinensis.
Malatumbaga, see Aglaia harmsiana.
Malatumbaga, see Chisocheton pentandrus.
MaJatumbaga, see Ganophyllum falcatum.
Malauas, see Guioa koelreuteria.
Malaubi, see Aristolochia tagala.
Malayambo, see Ardisia boissieri.
Malayambo, see Eugenia xanthophylla.
Malbas-damo, see Fatoua pilosa.
Malenggal, see Canscora diffusa.
Maliana, see Coletis blinnei.
Malibago, see Hibiscus tUiaceus.
Malibago, see Kleinhovia hospita.
Malibago, see Thespesia populnea.
Maligang, see Osbornia octodonta.
Maligus, see Buddleia asiatica.
Mali-mali, see Leea aculeata.
Mali-mali, see Leea manillensis.
Malimalis, see Euphorbia hirta.
Malingga, see Benincasa hispida.
Malisa, see Piper nigrum.
Malismalisan, see Scoparia dulcis.
Mallets, polo :
Bambusa spinosa, i, 259.
Mallotus philippinensis:
Description and distribution, ii, 398.
Local names, ii, 396.
Banato oil, ii, 142.
Dye, ii, 398.
Medicinal, iii, 200.
Tape-worm remedy, iii, 68.
Malobago, see Kleinhovia hospita.
Malobago, see Thespesia populnea.
Malubigo, see Hibiscus tiliaeeua.
Malugai, see Moringa oleifera.
Malul, see Jasminum sambac.
Malumalunggayan, see Dalbergia ferruginea.
Malunggai, see Moringa oleifera.
Malunggal, see Samudera indica.
Malvaceae :
Dyes, ii, 399.
Fiber plants, i, 386.
Food plants, ii, 336.
Medicinal plants, iii, 208.
Malvaliisa, see Solanum cumingii.
Malvas, see Abutilon indicum.
I Malvas de castilla, see Abutilon indicum.
Malvastrum coromandelinum :
\ Description and distribution, i, 388.
Local names, i, 388.
Brooms, i, 388.
Medicinal, iii, 209.
Malvis, see Abutilon indicum,.
Mama, see Pinanga spp.
I Mamadling, see Columbia blancoi.
\ Mamakau, see Dracontomelum dao.
Mamales, see Pittosporum pentandrum.
Mamalig, see Leea aculeata.
Mamalis, see Guioa koelreuteria.
Mamalis, see Pittosporum pentandrum.
Mamalis, see Sapindus saponaria.
I Mamalis oil:
Pittosporum, pentandrum,, ii, 105.
I Mamangal, see Leea numUlensis.
I Mamata, see Euphoria didyma.
MamatS.-babae, see Lansium dubium.
Mamaued, see Columbia blancoi.
Mamaued, see Columbia serratifolia.
Mamb6g, see Nauclea junghuhnii.
Mamogen, see Uvaria sorzogonensis.
Mamonak, see .Aglaia harmsiana.
Mamongol, see Pycnarrhena manillensis.
Mampala, see Mangifera indica.
Mampalang, see Mangifera indica.
Mamued, see Columbia blancoi.
Mana, see Jatropha multifida.
Manaba, see Premna cumingiana.
Manabo, see Gynandropsis gynandra.
Managos, see Homonoia riparia.
Manalu, see Semecarpus gigantifolia.
Manan-aw, see Phalaeno psis lueddemanniana.
Manankil, see Eugenia mananquil.
Mana oil :
Jatropha multifida, ii, 142.
Manaon, see Dalbergia ferruginea.
Manapo, see Cyathea spp.
Manapo, see Sindora supa.
Manaring, see Diplodiscus paniculatus.
Manau, see Dendrobium crumenatum.
Manban, see Donax cannaeformis.
Mangagos, see Homonoia riparia.
Mangala, see Garcinia venulosa.
Mangalri, see Diplodiscus paniculatus.
Mangga, see Mangifera indica.
Manggapole, see Mangifera altissima.
Manggasinoro, see Phaeanthus ebracieolatus.
Manggating, see Caniptostemon philippinense.
Mangifera altissima :
Description and distribution, ii, 316.
Figure, ii, 318.
INDEX
299
Mangifera altissima — Continued.
Local names, ii, 316.
Food, ii, 316.
Mangifera caesia:
Description and distribution, ii, 320.
Figure, ii, 319.
Local names, ii, 320.
Food, ii, 239, 320.
Mangifera indica:
Distribution, iii, 202.
Local names, iii, 202.
Medicinal, iii, 202.
Mangifera odorata:
Description and distribution, ii, 320.
Local names, ii, 320.
Food, ii, 320.
Mangil, see Rubia cordifolia.
Mangipod, see Areca ipot.
Mangkit, see Urena lobata.
Mangkit-parang, see Desmodiutn heterocar-
pum.
Mango, see Mangifera indica.
Mangostan, see Garcinia mangostana.
Mangosteen, see Garcinia niangostana.
Mangotngot, see Clerodendron inerme.
Mani, see Arachis hypogaea.
Manihot utilissima :
Distribution, iii, 201.
Local names, iii, 201.
Medicinal, iii, 201.
Maniknik, see Bassia obovatifolia.
Manila copal :
Agathis alba, ii, 20.
Manila elemi :
Canarium luzonicum. ii, 42.
Manila hemp, see Musa textilis.
Manilig, see Bassia betis.
Mani-mani, see Desmodium heterocarpum.
Manimanihan, see Desmodium heterocarpum.
Manimparog, see Palaquium philippense.
Maninila, see Garcinia binucao.
Manogbayo, see Kingiodendron alternifolium.
Manogtalisai, see Palagiiium philippense.
Manul, see Jasminum sambac.
Manungg&l, see Samadera indica.
Manunggal oil :
Samadera indica, ii, 114.
Manzanas, see Zizyphus jujuba.
Manzanilla, see Chrysanthemum indicum.
Manzanilla, see Pluchea indica.
Manzanitas, see Muntingia calabura.
Manzanitas, see Zizyphus jujuba.
Maobo, see Diplodiscus paniculatus.
Maoro, see Lumnitzera littorea.
Mapola, see Hibiscus tiliaceus.
Mapula, see Hibiscus mutabilis.
Maraandarayan, see Rauwolfia amsoniaefolia.
Marabago, see Thespesia populnea.
Marabas, see Sida mysorensis.
Marabayabas, see Eugenia aquea.
Marabayabas, see Eugenia mananquil.
Marachuite, see Croton tiglium.
Maradamortis, see Fithecolohium subacutum.
Maragatas, see Euphorbia hirta.
Maragauak, see Gonocaryum calleryanum.
Maragaued, see Ehretia navesii.
Maragaued, see Gonocaryum calleryanum.
Maragayaman, see Scindapsus spp.
Marag6inon, see Brownlowia lanceolata.
Maragoso, see Momordica charantia.
Mara-ipus, see Streptocaulon baumii.
Maraipus ti bakes, see Tylophora perrottetiana.
Marakapas, see Kleinhovia hospita.
Marakapas, see Pterocymbium tinctorium,
Marak&pas, see Thespesia lampas.
Maramabolo, see Chisocheton cumingianus.
Maramani, see Diplodiscus paniculatus.
Mara-mara, see Ehretia microphylla.
M&rang, see Artocarpus odoratissima.
Marang, see Litsea glutinosa.
Marangis, see Nephelium niutabile.
Maraniok, see Calanthe veratrifolia.
Marantaceae :
Fiber plants, i, 365.
Medicinal plants, iii, 179.
Maraotong, see Acalypha indica.
Marapako, see Cyathea spp.
Marasiksik, see Oxalis repens.
Marasmius capillipes:
Description, iii, 124.
Edible fungi, iii, 124.
Marasmius equicrinis:
Description, iii, 124.
Non-edible fungus, iii, 124.
Marasn^ius erumpens :
Description, iii, 126.
Non-edible fungus, iii, 126.
Marasmius piatouillardi :
Description, iii, 126.
Non-edible fungus, iii, 126.
MarcLsmius pilopus:
Description, iii, 124.
Non-edible fungus, iii, 124.
Marasmius siccus:
Description, iii, 126.
Non-edible fungus, iii, 126.
Maratabako, see Elephantopus spicatus.
Maratakkim-baka, see Sida acuta.
Maratarong, see Cordia cumingiana.
Maratarong, see Sterculia cuneata.
Maratarong, see Thespesia lampas.
Maratekka, see Pithecolobium subacutum.
Maratia, see Ehretia microphylla.
Maratugl, see Stephania japonica.
Marbaar, see Zanthoxylum avicennae.
Marbas, see Abutilon indicum.
Marbas, see Sida mysorensis.
Marcilanana, see Emilia sonchifolia.
Margarine;
Cocos nucifera, ii, 93.
Elaeis guineensis, ii, 103.
Sesamum orientale, ii, 168.
Maribuhok, see Casuarina equisetifolia.
Marighoi, see Ptychoraphis intermedia.
Marigold, see Tagetes patula.
Marikum, see Abelmoschus moschatus.
Marinsiano, see Lepidopetahim perrottetii.
Mariu-bariu, see Enhalus acoroides.
Marmangga, see Lunasia amara.
Mar-mara-ipus, see Sida javensis.
Marobo, see Cinnamomum iners.
300
INDEX
Marokbarok, see Pongamia pinnata.
Maronggoi, see Moringa oleifera.
Maropoto, see Abelmoschus moschatus.
Marsdenia tinctoria:
Description and distribution, ii, 404.
Local name, ii, 404.
Dye, ii, 404.
Martinezia caryotaefolia :
Recently introduced palm, i, 243.
Marubo, see Diplodiscus paniculatus.
Marunggai, see Moringa oleifera.
Marurugi, see Bambusa spinosa.
Marutong, see Euphoria didyma.
Masaplak, see Grewia eriocarpa.
Matabang-dikiit, see Paederia foetida.
Mata-kuo, see Clerodendron bethuneanum.
Matalbak, see Donax canvaeforinis.
Matalisai, see Hymenodictyon excelsum.
Matamata, see Aglaia glomerata.
Matamata, see Aglaia har^nsiana.
Matamata, see Euphoria didyma.
Matanga], see Ceriops roxburghiana.
Matang-araw, see Mussaenda philippica.
Matang-buytid, see Phyllanthus reticulatus.
Matang-hipon, see Breynia rhamnoides.
Matang-olang, see Breynia rhamnoides.
Matang-saga, see Breynia rhaynnoides.
Matang-ulam, see Breynia rhamnoides.
Matang-ulang, see Abrtis precatorius.
Matang ulang, see Adenanthera intermedia.
Matang-ulang, see Aglaia harmaiana.
Matang-uling, see Salacia prinoides.
Matatalina. see Dipterocarpus vernicifluus.
Matobato, see Anacolosa luzoniensis.
Mats :
Andropogon zizanioides, ii, 177.
Calamus spp., i, 158.
Corypha data, i, 192.
Cyperus malaccensis, i, 346.
Cyperus radiatns, i, 348.
Daemonorops spp., i, 205.
Imperata exaltata, i, 340.
Korthalsia spp., i, 212.
Metroxylon sagu, i, 220.
Musa textUis, i, 364.
Nephrolepis hirsutula, i, 323.
Nipa fruticans, i, 222.
Pandanus copelandii, i, 332.
Pandanus dubius, i, 334.
Pandanu.3 luzonensis, i, 334.
Pandanus radicans, i, 334.
Pandanus sabotan, i, 334.
Pandanus simplex, i, 336.
Pandanus tectorius, i, 336.
Rhynchospora corymbosa, i, 352.
Scirpus grossus, i, 353.
Scirpus lacustris, i, 353.
Mattapal, see Donax cannaeformis.
Matting rush, see Juncus effusus.
Mayambago, see Hibiscus tiliaceus.
Mayapis, see Anisoptera thurifera.
Mayapis, see Dipterocarpus grandiflorus.
Mayatbang, see Dioscorea luzonensis.
Maykauayan, see Apluda mutica.
Mayubo, see Diplodiscus paniculatus,
Mayuo, see Pterocymbium tinctorium,.
Medicinal :
Curcuma zedoaria, ii, 183.
Local uses, iii, 163.
Official plants, iii, 63.
Sindora supa, ii, 38.
Melanolepis tnidtiglandulosa :
Distribution, iii, 201.
Local names, iii, 201.
Medicinal, iii, 201.
Melastoniataceae :
Dyes, ii, 402.
Medicinal plants, iii, 217.
Melia azedarach :
Distribution, iii, 197.
Local name, iii, 197.
Medicinal, iii, 197.
Meliaceae :
Food plants, ii, 302.
Mangrove swamps, i, 36.
Medicinal plants, iii, 196.
Oils, ii, 117.
Melochia umbellata:
Description and distribution, i, 397.
Local names, i, 397.
Dimensions of bast fibers, i, 322.
Fiber, i, 397.
Memecylon ovatum :
Distribution, iii, 217.
Local names, iii, 217.
Dye, ii, 402.
Medicinal, iii, 217.
Menispermaceae :
Dyes. 11, 388.
Fiber plants, i, 375.
Medicinal plants, iii, 67, 185.
Poisonous plants, iii, 79.
Mentha arvensis :
Distribution, iii, 233.
Local name, iii, 233.
Medicinal, iii, 233.
Merremia emarginata:
Distribution, iii, 226.
Local names, iii, 226.
Medicinal, iii, 226.
Merremia nymphaeifolia:
Description and distribution, i, 408.
Local names, i, 408.
Fiber, i, 408.
Metroxylon rumphii, see Metroxylon sagu.
Metroxylon sagu :
Description and distribution, i, 408.
Figure, i, 221.
Local names, i, 220.
Alcoholic drink, ii, 252.
Food, ii. 252
Uses, i, 220.
Miagook, see Homonoia riparia.
Miagus, see Homonoia riparia.
Miapi, see Avicennia officinalis.
Michelia champaca:
Description, ii, 188.
Figure, ii, 187.
Local names, ii, 185.
Champaka oil, ii, 185.
INDEX
301
Michelia longi flora:
Description and distribution, ii, 188.
Local name, ii, 188.
Oil, ii, 188.
Micronielum minutum:
Distribution, iii, 194.
Local names, iii, 194.
Medicinal, iii, 194.
Midbid, see Eugenia, mananquil.
Milipili, see Canarium viUosum.
Mimosa ptidica :
Distribution, iii, 191.
Local names, iii, 191.
Medicinal, iii, 191.
Miviusops parvifolia:
Description and distribution, ii, 366.
Figure, ii, 367.
Local names, ii, 366.
Food, ii, 366.
Medicinal, iii, 219.
Mindanao cinnamon, see Cinnamomum min-
danaense.
Mindang, see Macaranga tanarius.
Mindoro pine, see Pinus merkiiaii.
Mini, see Donax cannaeformis.
Mint, see Mentha arvensis.
Miniinga, see Macaranga tanarius.
Mipipi, see Litsea glutinosa.
Miscanthus Sijicnsis;
Description and distribution, i, 342.
Local names i, 342.
Fiber, i, 342.
Miscellaneous useful plants, iii, 85.
Mitbid, see Eugenia mananquil.
Modbod, see Eugenia mananquil.
Moling-moling, see Grewia stylocarpa.
Momordica charantia:
Description and distribution, ii, 376.
Local names, iii, 376.
Food, ii, 376.
Medicinal, iii, 242.
Momordica cochinchinensis :
Description and distribution, ii, 376.
Local names, ii, 376.
Food, ii, 376.
Medicinal, iii, 242.
Monggo, see Phaseolus aureus.
Monotbonot, see Osbornia octodonta.
Mopio, see Pseuderanthemum pulchellum.
Mora, see Andropogon zizanioides.
Moraceae :
Dyes, ii, 387.
Fiber plants, i, 368.
Food plants, ii, 262.
Gums, ii, 70.
Medicinal plants, iii, 180.
Scouring materials, iii, 51.
Morado, see Graptophyllum pictunt.
Moras, see Andropogon zizanioides.
Morinda citrifolia:
Description, ii, 406.
Distribution, ii, 406; iii, 239.
Local names, ii, 405.
Dye, ii, 405.
Medicinal, iii, 239.
Moringaceae :
Food plants, ii, 284.
Medicinal plants, iii, 188.
Oils, ii, 104.
Moringa oleifera:
Description and disti-ibution, ii, 105.
Figure, ii, 283.
Local names, ii, 104.
Ben oil, ii, 104.
Food, ii, 284.
Medicinal, iii, 188.
Uses, ii, 104.
Moropoto, see Triumfetta bartramia.
Mosbor6n, see Scaevola frutescens.
Mucuna nigri<:ans:
Distribution, iii, 192.
Local names, iii, 192.
Medicinal, iii, 192.
Mugwort, see Artemisia vulgaris.
Mulabago, see Hibiscus tiliaceus.
Mulang, see Ardisia boissieri.
Mulato, see Intsia bijuga.
Mul§.uin-aso, see Premna nauseosa.
Muling-muling, see Diplociscus paniculatus.
Mulumustasa, see Emilia sonchijolia.
Munggo, see Phaseolus aureus.
MuiTgilkil, see Eugenia mananquil.
Muntai, see Citrus sp.
I Muntingia calabura:
Description and distribution, i, 386.
Local names, i, 385.
Fiber, i, 385.
Food, ii, 332.
Medicinal, iii, 207.
Murraya paniculata:
Distribution, iii, 194.
Local names, iii, 194.
Medicinal, iii, 194.
Musaceae :
Fiber plants, i, 364.
Food plants, ii, 259.
Medicinal plants, iii, 185.
Paper substitute, iii, 92.
Musa errans :
Distribution, iii, 177.
Local names, iii, 177.
Medicinal plants, iii, 177.
Musa paradisiaca :
Dimensions of iiber, i, 422.
Fiber, i, 364.
Paper, i, 416.
Musa spp. :
Local name, ii, 259 ; iii, 92.
Food, ii, 259.
Paper substitute, iii, 92.
Musa textilis :
Distribution, i, 364.
Figure, i, 363.
Local name, i, 364.
Dimensions of fiber, i, 422.
Fiber, i, 364.
Paper, i, 415.
Tensile strength, i, 322.
Mushrooms, iii, 97.
302
INDEX
Mussaenda philippica:
Distribution, iii, 239.
Local names, iii, 239.
Medicinal, iii, 239.
Musti^a, see Kyllinga monocephaXa.
Muta, see Fhnbristylis globulosa.
Mutha, see Fiynbristylis diphylla.
Mutha, see Kyllinga inonocephala.
Muyon, see Mussaenda philippica.
Myrmecodia :
Distribution, i, 24.
Figure, i, 25.
Myrsinaceae:
Fiber plants, i, 406.
Food plants, ii, 362.
Mangrove swamps, i, 72.
Medicinal plants, iii, 219.
Poisonous plants, iii, 81.
Tannins, iii, 95.
Myrtaceae :
Food plants, ii, 354.
Mangrove swamps, i, 72.
Medicinal plants, iii, 69, 216.
X
Nabo, see Abroma fastitosa.
Naga, see Pterocarpus spp.
Nagdon, see Trema orientalis.
Nag-enis, see Aristolochia tagala.
Naghubo, see Terminalia comintana.
Nakulad, see Lippia nodiflara.
Nala, see Pterocarpus spp.
Nami, see Dioscorea hispida.
Namo, see Dioscorea hispida.
Namut, see Grewia stylocarpa.
Nangka, see Artocarpus Integra.
Nangnangisit, see Sida rhombifolia.
Nara, see Pterocarpus spp.
Narandauel, see Pithelocolobium subacutum.
Naranja, see Citrus maxima.
Narra, see Pterocarpus blancoi.
Nara, see Pterocarpus spp.
Nato-pula, see Palaquium phUippense.
Nauclea junghuhnii:
Distribution, iii, 240.
Local names, iii, 240.
Medicinal, iii, 240.
Nauclea orientalis:
Distribution, iii, 240.
Local names, iii, 240.
Medicinal, iii, 240.
Naui, see Lygodium circinnatum.
Negegan, see Abroma fastuosa.
Nelumbium nelumbo :
Description and distribution, ii, 278.
Figure, iii, 45.
Local names, ii, 278.
Food, ii. 278.
Medicinal, iii, 185.
Ornamental, iii, 46.
Neowashingtonia filijera:
Recently inti-oduced palm, i, 243.
Nephelium lappaceum:
Description and distribution, ii, 328.
Figure, ii, 327.
Local name, ii, 328.
Nephelium lappaceum — Continued.
Food, ii, 328.
Rambutan tallow, ii, 148.
Nephelium mutabile :
Description and distribution, ii, 150, 328.
Figure, ii, 329.
Local names, ii, 150, 328.
Bulala oil, ii, 150.
Food, ii, 328.
Nephrolepis hirsutvla:
Description and distribution, i, 323.
Local names, i, 323.
Fiber, i, 323.
Nerium indicum :
Distribution, iii, 222.
Local names, iii, 222.
Medicinal, iii, 222.
Ngano, see Grewia stylocarpa.
Ngisi-ngisi, see Guioa koelreuteria.
Ngotngot, see Cocos nucifera.
Nguspul, see Psychotria luzoniensis.
Nibong, see Oncosperma filamentosa.
Nicotiana tabacum :
Distribution, iii, 235.
Local name, iii, 235.
Medicinal, iii, 235.
Nigi, see Xylocarpus granatum.
Nigi-puti", see Camptostvmon philippinense.
Kilad, see Scyphiphora hydrophyUacea.
Nilar, see Scyphiphora hydraphyllacea.
Niog, see Cocos nucifera.
Niogniogan, see Bauhinia cumingiana.
Niogniogan, see Orania palindan.
Niog-niogan, see Semecarpus gigantifolia.
Nipa, see Nipa fruticans.
Nipa fruticans :
Description, i, 32, 222.
Distribution, i, 20, 24, 32, 222.
Figure, i, 34, 35, 223, 225, 227, 229.
Local names, i, 32, 222.
Alcohol and alcoholic drinks, i, 224.
Cultivation, i, 230.
Fiber, i, 224.
Sugar, i, 231.
Sweatmeats, i, 224.
Uses, i, 224.
Vinegar, ii, 228.
Nipah, see Nipa fruticans.
Nipai, see Mucuna nigricans.
Nipoi, see Mucuna nigricans.
Niri, see Xylocarpus moluccensis.
Nirih, see Xylocarpus granatum.
Nirih, see Xylocarpus moluccensis.
Nisi-nisi, see Guioa koelreuteria.
Nito, see Dendrobium aureum.
Nito, see Lygodium circinnatum.
Nito, see Lygodium spp.
Nito a dadakkel, see Lygodium flexuosutn.
Niton-nitoan, see Lygodium sca7idens.
Nitong-puti, see Lygodium circinnatum.
Nitong-puti, see Lygodium flexuosutn.
Nitong-puti, see Lygodium japonicum.
Nito-nitoan, see Lygodium scandens.
Nitu, see Lygodium fiexuosum.
Niug, see Cocos nucifera.
Niugniiigan, see Quisqualis indica.
INDEX
303
Njiboeng, see Oncosperma fiZamentosa.
Nothopanax fruticosum :
Distribution, iii, 217.
Local name, iii, 217.
Medicinal, iii, 217.
Nyireh, see Xylocarpus granatum.
Nyireh batu, see Xylocarpus moluccensis.
Nymphaeaceae :
Food plants, ii, 278.
Medicinal plants, iii, 185.
Ornamental plants, iii, 46.
Nymphaea pubescens :
Description and distribution, ii, 278.
Local names, ii, 278.
Food, ii, 278.
o
Obien, see Artocarpus cumingiana.
Obieng, see Flacourtia rukam.
6bod-6bod, see Cyperus radiatus.
Ochrosia littoralis:
Description and distribution, ii, 370.
Local names, ii, 370.
Food, ii, 370.
Ochrosia op positi folia:
Description and distribution, ii, 372.
Local name, ii, 372.
Food, ii, 372.
Ocimum basilicum:
Description and distribution, ii, 218.
Local names, ii, 217.
Flavoring-, ii, 217.
Mediinal ii, 217 ; iii, 70, 233.
Perfume, ii, 218.
Ocimuvi sanctum :
Description and distribution, ii, 219.
Local names, ii, 218.
Beads, ii, 218.
Medicinal, iii, 233.
Oil, ii, 218.
Odiau, see Pterocarpus spp.
Odling, see Aglaia harmsiana.
Odo, see Ganophyllum falcatuin.
Oenotheraceae :
Dyes, ii, 403.
Oil adulterant :
Sindora siipa, ii, 38.
Oil cake:
Arachis hypogaea, ii, 109.
Ceiba pentandra, ii, 152.
Oil palm, see Elaeis guineensis.
Oil, ii, 90.
Okra, see Hibiscus esculentus,
Oksor, see Ardisia boissieri.
Olacaceae :
Food plants, ii, 270.
Olango, see Pandanus radicans.
Olasiman, see Bacopa monniera.
Olasiman, see Portulaca oleracea.
Oldeniandia corymbosa:
Distribution, iii, 240.
Local name, iii, 240.
Medicinal, iii, 240.
Oleaceae :
Medicinal plants, iii, 220.
Oleander, see Neriuvi indicum.
Oleandra neriiformis ;
Distribution, iii, 168.
Local names, iii, 168.
Medicinal, iii, 168.
Oleomargarine ;
Cocos nucifera, ii, 93.
Olikbangon, see Commelina benghalensis.
Oliva, see Cycas circinalis.
Olive oil substitute :
Arachis hypogaea, ii, 109.
Olivo, see Cycas circinalis.
Oloi, see Artocarpus odoratissima.
01-61, see Pinus insularis.
Olos-olos, see Litsea glutinosa.
Onau, see Arenga pinnata.
Oncosperma filamentosa:
Description and distribution, i, 36.
Local name, i, 36.
Uses, i, 36.
Oncosperma filamentosum:
Description, i, 231, 232.
Distribution, i, 232.
Local names, i, 232.
Uses, i, 232.
Oncosperma gracilipes :
Description, i, 232.
Oncosperma horridum:
Description, i, 232.
Local names, i, 232.
Oncospernm platyphyllum:
Description, i, 232.
Oncosper^iia spp. :
Areca nut substitute, ii, 252.
Oncosperma tigiUaria:
Recently introduced palm, i, 243.
Ong&li, see Agelaea everettii.
Oiigot, see Cocos nucifera.
Ongsoi, see Coriandrum sativum.
Onion, see AUium cepa.
Onychium siliculosum :
Distribution, iii, 168.
Local names, iii, 168.
Medicinal, iii, 168.
Oori, see Amaranthus spinosus.
60s, see Sterculia oblongata.
Operculina turpethum :
Description and distribution, i, 408.
Local names, i, 408.
Fiber, i, 408.
Medicinal, iii, 70, 226.
O phioglossaceae :
Food plants, ii, 241.
Oplai, see Pittosporum pentandrum.
Oplig, see Bauhinia cumingiana.
6po, see Lagenaria leucantha.
Opong-opong, see Sterculia cuneata.
Orania decipiens:
Description, i, 234.
Orania palindan:
Description and distribution, i, 234.
Figure, i, 233.
Local names, i, 234.
Ornamental, i, 234.
Orania paraguanensis :
Description, i, 234.
Orania philippinensis, see Orania palindan.
304
INDEX
Orania rubiginosa:
Description, i, 234.
Oras, see Schizostachyuin lumampao.
Orchidaceae :
Fiber plants, i, 365.
Gums, ii, 68.
Medicinal plants, iii, 179.
Ornamental plants, iii, 12.
Oregano, see Coleus amboinicus.
Oregano-lalaki, see Coldenia procumbens.
Oreodoxa ochracea :
Recently introduced palm, i, 243.
Oreodoxa regia:
Description and distribution, i, 234.
Figure, i, 235.
Local name, i, 234.
Ornamental, i, 234.
Oringon, see Cratoxylon blancoi,
Oring-oring, see Adonidia 7nerrillii.
Ornamental plants, iii, 7.
Adonidia merrilUi, i, 139.
Areca ipot, i, 148.
Areca i-idaliana, i, 148.
Arenga ambong, i, 150.
Arenga mindorensis, i, 158.
Arenga tremula, i, 158.
Bambusa glaucescens, i, 258.
Bambusa spinosa, i, 260.
Caryota cumingii, i, 182.
Caryota niajestica, i, 182.
Caryota vierrillii, i, 182.
Caryota initis, i, 182.
Caryota rumphiana, i, 182.
Cocas nueifera, i, 184.
Heterospathe data, i, 210.
Licuala spinosa, i, 212.
Livistona cochinchinensis, i, 216.
Livistona rotundifolia, i, 216.
Orania palindan, i, 234.
Oreodoxa regia, i, 234.
Pinanga spp., i, 236.
Zalacca clemensiana, i, 243.
Oroi, see AmorphophaUus campanrdatus.
Oroxylum indicum:
Description and distribution, ii, 375.
Local names, ii, 375.
Food, ii, 375.
Medicinal, iii, 236.
Orthosiphon aristatus :
Description and distribution, iii, 72.
Medicinal, iii, 72.
Oryza sativa:
Dimensions of fiber, i, 422.
Local names, iii, 171.
Fiber, i, 342.
Medicinal, iii, 171.
Osbornia octodonta:
Description, i, 72.
Figure, i, 73.
Local names i, 72.
Caulking material, i, 72.
Timber, i, 72.
Ottelia alismoides :
Description and distribution, ii, 248.
Local names, ii, 248.
Ottelia alismoides — Continued.
Food, ii, 248.
Medicinal, iii, 169.
Owango, see Pandanus radicans.
Oxalidaceae :
Food plants, ii, 294.
Medicinal plants, iii, 193.
Soap substitutes, iii, 56.
Oxalis repens:
Description and distribution, ii, 296.
Local names, ii, 296.
Salad ingredient, ii, 296.
Oyangd, see Pandanus radicans.
P
Paang-baliwis, see Maiachra capitata.
Faang-baliwis, see Malachra fasciata.
Pabellon de angel, see Quauioclit pinnata.
Pachyrrhizus erosus:
Description and distribution, ii, 110.
Local names, ii, 110.
Food, ii, 292.
Singkamas oil, ii, 110.
Padda-paddak-pusa, see Sida javensis.
Padir, see Justicia gendarussa.
Padsahingin, see Dipterocarpus verniciflults.
Paederia foetida:
Distribution, iii, 240.
Local names, iii, 240.
Medicinal, iii, 240.
Pagai, see Oryza sativa.
Paga-paga, see Lepidopetalum perrottetii.
Pagatapat, see Aegiceras cornicidatum.
Pagatpat, see Sonneratia alba.
Fagatpat, see Sonneratia caseolaris.
Pagbaotot, see Phyllanthus reticidatus.
Fagbilau, see Elephantopus scaber.
Pagiruga, see Antidesma bunius.
Pagoi, see Oryza sativa.
Pagpagai, see Ageratum conyzoides.
Pagpagan, see Mimusops parvifolia.
Pagsahingan, see Dipterocarpus grandiflorua.
Pagsahingin, see Canarium luzonicum.
Pagsahingin, see Canarium viUosum.
Pagsahingin resin :
Canarium vUlosum, ii, 49.
Pagsaingin, see Canarium luzonicum.
Pagsaingin, see Dipterocarpus vemicifluus-
Pagulingin, see Cratoxylon blancoi.
Pagulingon, see Cratoxylon blancoi.
Paho, see Mangifera altissima.
Paho, see Mangifera indica.
Pahuhiitan, see Mangifera altissima.
Fahutan, see Mangifera altissima.
Paina, see Kingiodendron alternifolium,.
Paints :
Aleurites moluccana, ii, 124.
Aleurites trisperma, ii, 134.
Sindora inermis, ii, 38.
Sindora supa, ii, 38.
Sterculia foetida, ii, 154.
Tamarindus indica, ii, 112.
Paipai-amo, see Drynaria quercifolia.
Paitan, see Lunasia amara.
Paitan, see Pygeum preslii.
Pakagonkon, see Cassia aJ.ata.
INDEX
305
Pakak, see A}-tocarpus communis,
Pakalkal, see Abroma fastuosa.
Pakalsa, see Chisocheton cumingianus.
Pakan, see Semecarpus cuneiformis.
Pakapis, see Clerodendron intermedium.
Pakaran, see Palaguium philippense.
Pakarohai, see Sansevieria zeylanica.
Pakat, see Ceriops tagal.
Paket, see Dioscorea luzonensis.
Pakiling, see Ficus ulmifolia.
Pakin-bakir, see Helicteres hirsuta.
Fakit, see Dioscorea luzonensis.
Pako, see Aspleniuyn macrophylluni.
Fak6, see Athyriuni esculentum.
Pako, see Drynaria quercifolia.
Pako, see Nephrolepis hirsutvla.
Pako, see Onychium siliculosum.
Pakoidan, see Ochrosia littoralis.
Pakol, see Musa errans.
Pakong-anuang, see Onychium siliculosum,.
Pakong-gtibat. see Asplenium macrophyUum.
Pako-pako, see Nephrolepis hirsutula.
Pakos larat, see Acrostichum aureum.
Pakp&k-l&uin, see Drynaria quercifolia.
Pakpako-ti-alog, see Grangea maderaspatana.
Pakpak-tutubi, see Ventilago dichotoma.
Paksahinsrin, see Canarium villosum.
Paksion, see Giiioa koelreuteria.
Pakii, see Oryza saliva.
Paku laut, see Acrostichum aureum.
Pakupakuan, see Acrostichum aureum.
Pakupakiian, see Fimbristylis globulosa.
Falagtiki, see Elusine indica.
Piilai, see Oryza sativa.
Palak-palak, see Palaquium philippense.
Palak-palak, see Sterculia crassiramea.
Palalan, see Sonneratia caseolaris.
Palali, see Dillenia philippinensis.
Palali. see Dillenia reifferscheidia.
Falanau. see Rubus fraxinifolius.
Palandiauan, see Prenina cumingiana.
Palange, see Garcinia vidalii.
Palangi, see Garcinia vidalii.
Palango, see Cyathea spp.
Palangpalang, see Ipomoea pes-caprae.
Palapat, see Sonneratia alba.
Palaquium ahernianum:
Description and distribution, ii. 82.
Fijrure, ii, 75, 77, 79, 81.
Local names, ii, 76.
Collection of srutta-percha, ii, 76.
Export of gutta-percha, ii, 76.
Uses, ii, 82.
Palaquium. oleosum, see Palaquium philippense.
Palaquium philippense.
Description and distribution, ii, 366.
Figrure, ii, 368.
Local names, ii, 366.
Food, ii, 366.
OU, ii, 168.
Palaquium spp. :
Medicinal, iii, 70.
Palata, see Sonneratia alba.
Palatangan, see .Aglaia harmsiana.
Palatangen, see .Aglaia harmsiana.
177674 20
Palauan, see Aloca^ia macrorrhiza.
Falauan, see Cyrtosperma merkusii.
Palaupalau, see Barringtonia asiatica.
Pale, see Oryza sativa.
Pali, see Oryza sativa.
PaJia-laut, see Colubrina asiatica.
Palias, see Coix lachryma-jobi.
Palikpik-hito, see Sapindus saponaria.
Palina, see Kingiodendron alter nifolium.
Falind&n, see Orania palindan.
Paling, see Barringtonia racemosa.
F&ling-h&rap, see Anisomeles indica.
Palipe, see Pothos spp.
Falls, see Callicarpa erioclona.
Palis, see Callicarpa formosana.
Pal-la, see Alpinia pyramidata.
Pallaipat-baibai, see Enhalus acoroides,
Pallopallot, see Triumfetta bartramia.
Palma brava, see Livistona rotundifolia,
Palinae :
Food plants, ii, 250.
Mangrove swamps, i, 32.
Medicinal plants, iii, 65, 172.
Oils, ii, 93.
Palms and palm products, i, 127.
Palm-kernel oil :
Elaeis guineensis, ii, 103.
Palm oil :
Elaeis guineensis, ii, 103.
Palo-china, see Cassia alata.
I'alo-kaitana, see Zanthoxyluvi rhetsa.
Palomaria, see Calophyllum blancoi.
Falomaria, see Calophyllum inophyllum.
Palomaria, see Kingiodendron aUernifolium.
Palomaria, see Leucaena glauca.
Falomaria de la playa, see Calophyllum ino-
phyllum.
Palomaria del monte, see Calophyllum blancoi.
Palongapui, see Heritiera littoralis.
Palong-manok, see Kleinhovia hospita.
Palongpong, see Embelia philippinensis.
Palosanto, see Rourea volubilis.
Falos&pis, see Anisoptera thurifera.
Palosapis resin :
Anisoptera thurifera, ii, 52.
Palpalsiiut, see Sphaeranthus africanus.
Palpaltoog, see Cardiospermum halicacabum.
PalsahiiTgin, see Canarium luzonicum.
Palsahingin, see Canarium villosum.
Paltak-vaka, see Cardiospermum halicacaburti.
Paltuk-paltukan, see Cardiospermum AaJicoco-
bUtll:
Paluahan, see Dysoxylum decandrum.
Palugapig, see Heritiera littoralis.
Falumai, see Spilanthes acmellia.
Palumpung, see Ganophyllum falcatum.
Palupo, see Wikstroemia indica.
Palutan, see Flacourtia indica.
Fam&go, see Pericampylus glaucus.
Pamainap, see Aerua lanata.
Pamalalien, see Dipterocarpus grandiflorus.
Pamalafangen, see Chisocheton pentandrus.
Pamamalien, see Dillenia philippinensis.
Pamangkilon, see AmorphophaUus cam.panvla-
tus.
306
INDEX
Pamantulen, see Dipterocarpus grandiflorus.
Pamantulen, see Dipterocarpus vernicifluus.
Pamarnisen, see Dipterocarpus grandiflorus.
Pamarnisen, see Dipterocarpus vernicifluus.
Pamatagin, see Dysoxylum decandrum.
Pamiasin, see Adenanthera intermedia.
Pamilaten, see Calophyllum blancoi.
Pamilingan, see Pygeum preslii.
Pamittaogen, see Calophyllum blancoi.
Pamittaogen, see Calophyllum inophyllum,.
Pampar, see Kleinhovia hospita.
Fampasapit, see Plumbago indica.
Pamutolen, see Guioa koelreuteria.
Panabolong, see Scaevola frutescens.
Panabon, see Ardisia serrata.
Panabor, see Eurycles amboinensis.
Panabulon, see Cerbera manghas.
Panaeolus panaiense :
Description, iii, 122.
Edible fungi, iii, 122.
Panaeolus papilionaceus :
Edible fungi, iii, 124.
Panaeolus pseudopapilionaceus :
Description, iii, 122.
Edible fungi, iii, 122.
Panaeolus velutvceps :
Figure, iii, 123.
Edible fungi, iii, 124.
Panagisien, see Mallotus philippinensia.
Panampat, see Kleinhovia hospita.
Panaptum, see Pseuderanthemum pulchellum.
Panau, see Dipterocarpus grandiflorus.
P&na(i, see Dipterocarpus vernicifluus.
Pan' au, see, Imperata cylindriea.
Panau verdadero, see -Dipterocarpus grandiflo-
rus.
Pandakaki, see Cerbera vianghas.
Pandakaki, see Tabernaemontana pandaca-
qui.
Pandakaki-itim, see Tabernaemontana panda-
cagui.
Pandakaki-puti see Tabernaemontana panda-
caqui.
Pandan, see Pandanus copelandii.
Pandan, see Pandanus simplex.
Pandan, see Pandanus tectorius.
Pandan, common or beach, see Pandanus tec-
torius.
Pandanaceae :
Fiber plants, i, 332.
Medicinal plants, iii, 169.
Pandan de china, see Pandanus luzonensis.
Pandans, see 'Pandanus spp.
Pandan-totoo, see Pandanus simplex.
Pandanus copelandii :
Description and distribution, i, 332.
Local names, i, 332.
Fiber, i, 334.
Pandanus dubius:
Description and distribution, i, 334.
Local names, i, 334,
Fiber, i, 334.
Pandanus luzonensis:
Description and distribution, i, 334.
Local name, i, 334.
Fiber, i, 334.
I Pandanus radicans:
Description and distribution, i, 334.
Local names, i, 334.
Fiber, i, 334.
Pandanus sabotan :
Description and distribution, i, 334.
Figure, i, 333.
Local name, i, 334.
Cultivation, i, 334.
Fiber, i, 336.
Pandanus simplex:
Description and distribution, i, 336.
Figure, i. 335.
Local names, i, 336.
Fiber, i, 336.
Pandanus tectorius :
Description, i, 338.
Distribution, i, 336.
Figure, i, 335, 337.
Local names, i, 336.
Fiber, i, 338.
Medicinal, iii, 169.
Pangahutan, see Mangifera altissima.
Pangalamutien, see Alstonia macrophylla.
Pangalanud-dien, see Alstonia macrophylla.
Pangalisokloen, see Alstonia macrophylla.
Pangal-linasu, see Pterospermum obliquum.
Pangalussiten, see Terminalia calamansanai.
Pangan, see Sterculia oblongata.
Panganto-an, see Pittosporum pentandrum.
Pangapatoten, see Pavetta indica.
Pangarandongen, see Trema orientalis.
Pangardisen, see Bombycidendron vidalianum.
Pangdan, see Pandanus copelandii.
Pangdan, see Pandanus tectorius.
Fang-guisI, see Aristolochia sericea.
Pangi, see Gymnartocarpus woodii.
F&nl'i, see Pangium edule.
Pangium edule :
Description and distribution, ii, 352.
Figure, ii, 351.
Local names, ii, 348.
Food, ii, 348.
Oil, ii, 161.
Panglan, see Pandanus tectorius.
Panglingain, see Pterospermum obliquum.
Panglongboien, see Eugenia mananquil.
Panglumboien, see Eugenia calubcob.
Panglumbuyen, see Eugenia xanthophylla.
Pangmanggaen, see Mangifera altissima.
Pangmarunggayen, see Pithecolobiwtn subacu^
turn.
Pangolaksien, see Alstonia macrophylla.
Pangungan, see Ximenia americana.
PaiTguplasen, see Mallotus philippinensis.
Pangyau, see Nephelium mutabile.
Panicum palmaefoliu m :
Description and distribution, ii, 250.
Figure, ii, 249.
Local names, ii, 250.
Rice substitute, ii, 250.
Panicum stagninum :
Disrtribution, iii, 171.
Local names, iii, 171.
Medicinal, iii, 171.
Panigbin, see Corchoms capsularis.
INDEX
307
Panikin, see Pygeum preslii.
Pansi-pansi, see Leucas lavandulifolia.
Panting-panting, see Lumnitzera littorea.
Panting-panting, see Plumbago indica.
Pantog-lobo, see Hernandia ovigera.
Panuto, see Euphoria didyma.
Paoli, see Greivia stylocarpa.
Papait, see Lunasia ainara.
Papait ti nuang, see Coldenia procumbens.
Papasil, see Lumnitzera littorea.
Papiya, see Carica papaya.
Paper:
Agave cantula, i, 415.
Andropogon citratus, ii, 174.
Anisoptera thurifera, i, 423-425.
Bambusa blumeana, i, 422.
Bambusa lumampao, i, 422.
Bambusa spinosa, i, 419.
Corypha elata, i, 421.
Imperata exaltata, i, 419-422.
Musa paradisiaca, i, 416.
Musa textUis, i, 415.
Oryza sativa, i, 422.
Parkia javanica, i, 423-425.
Pentacme contorta, i, 423-425.
Saccharum sara, i, 421.
Saccharum spontaneum, i, 419-422.
Schizostachyiim lumampao, i, 416-419.
Wikstroemia indica, i, 421.
Wikstroemia meyeniana, i, 421.
Wikstroemia ovata, i, 421.
Paper, non-bibilous :
Agathis alba, ii, 20.
Paper pulp:
Bambusa spinosa, i, 259.
Imperata exaltata, i, 340.
Saccharum spontaneum, i, 344.
Wikstroemia spp., i, 403.
Paper size:
Agathis alba, ii, 20.
Paper substitutes :
Homalomena philippinensis, iii, 90.
Musa spp., iii, 92.
Paper, transparent :
Canarium luzonicum, ii, 42.
Sindora inennis, ii, 38.
Sindora siipa. ii, 48.
Pappagan, see Miynusops parvifolia.
Papu&. see Nothopanax jruticosum.
Paputukan, see Cardiospermum halicacabuni.
Paraiso, see Mclia azedarach.
Paralstonia clusiacea :
Distribution, iii. 223.
Local names, iii, 223.
Medicinal, iii, 223.
Parameria barbata :
Medicinal, iii, 223.
Parandang. see Mallotus philippinensis.
Parangis-sabungan, see Eleusine indica.
Parapit, see Ammania baccifera.
Pararan, see Ganophyllum falcatum.
Parasablut, see Litsea glutinosa.
Parashorea mala<inonan :
Resin, ii, 52.
Parda, see Phaseolus lunatus.
Pare'-pare', see Cissampelos pareira.
Pari', see Cissampdos pareira.
Paria, see Momordica charantia.
Paria-aso, see Cardiospermum halicacabuni.
Pariam, see Momordica charantia.
Parida, see Clerodendron bethuneanuni.
Parina, see Kingiodendron alternifolium.
Parina, see Sindora inennis.
Paritulot, see Justicia gendarussa.
Parkia javanica :
Dimensions of fiber, i, 423.
Paper, i, 423-425.
Parog-parog-ti-noang, see Momordica cochin-
chinensis.
Paroi, see Oryza sativa.
Parol-parolan, see Aristolochia tagala.
Paronapin, see Heritiera littoralis.
Paronapoi, see Heritiera littoralis.
Parparia, see Cardiospermum halicacabum.
Partian, see Parameria philippinensis.
Parua, see Pinus insuluris.
Parug-parug, see Momordica cochinchinensis.
Parukapol, see Vaccinium ichitfordii.
Pasa, see Areca catechu.
Pasak, see Bassia betis.
Pasak, see Mimusops parvifolia.
Pasakla, see Fieus pachyphylla.
Pasalkal, see Malanolepis multiglandulosa.
Pasanglai, see .Asclepias curassavica.
P&sau, see Corchorus olitorius.
Pasau, see Graptophyllum pictum.
Pasau-hapai, see Jxissiaea linifolia.
P&sau na bilog, see Corchorus capsularis.
F&sau, na haba', see Corchorus acuta/ngulus.
Pasguik, see Pittosporum peiitandrum.
Pasingan, see Bambusa spinosa.
Pasioki, see Pseuderanthemum pulchellum.
Pasnit, see Kibatalia blancoi.
Pasoso, see Eugenia mananquil.
Pasotis, see Chenopodium ambrosioides.
Paspalum scrobicidatuin :
Distribution, iii, 171.
Local names, iii, 171.
Medicinal, iii, 171.
Paste:
Cordia viyxa, ii, 88.
Pasfika, see Tylophora brevipes.
Pata, see Dolichandrone spathacea.
Pataga, see Pandanus copelandii.
Pataktol, see Ardisia boissieri.
Patalsik. see Deca.fpermum fruticosnm.
Pat&ni, see Phaseolus lunatus.
Patchouli, see Pogostemon cablin.
Patchouli oil :
Pogostemon cablin, ii, 219.
Patikan, see Caryota cumingii.
Patling, see Grewia stylocarpa.
Patola, see Luffa cylindrica.
Patong, see Dendrocalamus latiflorus.
Patpat, see Sonneratia caseolaris.
Patsaingin, see Canarium villosum.
Patiigo, see Cycas circinalis.
Paua, see Ba7nbusa spinosa.
Paua, see Flagellaria indica.
Paua, see Schizostachyum fenixii.
Pauai, see Fimbristylis diphylla.
Pauai, see Indigofera suffruticosa.
308
INDEX
Pauid, see nipa fruticans.
Paunapin, see Heritiera, littoralis.
Pavetta indica:
Distribution, iii, 241.
Local names, iii, 241.
Medicinal, iii, 241.
Payangit, see Marsdenia tinctoria.
Payipa, see Ficus payapa.
Payar, see Sonn^ratia alba.
Pay ena leerii:
Distribution, ii, 82.
Figure, ii, 83.
Gutta-percha, ii, 82.
Payina, see Kinaiodendron alternifolium.
Peanut, see Arachis hypogaea.
Peanut oil :
Arachis hypogaea, ii, 108.
Pedada, see Sonneratia alba.
Pedaliaceae :
Medicinal plants, iii, 236.
Oils, ii, 168.
Pedis, see Garcinia venvlosa.
Penga-penga, see Heliotropium indicum.
Pentacme contorta:
Dimensions of fiber, i, 423.
Paper, i, 423-425.
Resin, ii, 52.
Pentapetes phoenicea:
Distribution, iii, 211.
Local name, iii, 211.
Medicinal, iii, 211.
Pepinillo de San Gregorio, see Luffa cylin-
drica.
Perag'is, see Paspalum scrobiculatum.
Perapat, see Sonneratia caseolaris.
Perepat, see Sonneratia caseolaris.
Peres, see Citrus hyatrix.
Peres, see Garcinia vidalii.
Perfume :
Acacia farnesiana, ii, 204.
Acorus calamus, ii, 181.
Andropogon zizanioides, ii, 177.
Canangium odoratum, ii, 189.
Citrus hystrix, ii, 210.
Curcuma zedoaria, ii, 183.
Michelia champaka, ii, 185.
Michelia longiftora, ii, 188.
Pogostemon cablin, ii, 219.
Perfume oil :
Sindora inermis, ii, 38.
Perfumery :
Andropogon citratus, ii, 174.
Andropogon nardus, ii, 176.
Citrus micrantha, ii, 210.
Ocimum basilicum, ii, 218.
Toddalia asiatica, ii, 214.
Pericampylus glaucus:
Description and distribution, i, 375.
Figure, i, 377.
Local names, i, 375.
Fiber, i, 375.
Peris, see Garcinia venuLosa.
Peristrophe bivalvis:
Description and distribution, ii, 404.
Local names, ii, 404.
Peristrophe bivaZvis — Continued.
Dye, ii, 404.
Perog-parog-ti-tawo, see Momordica cochin-
chinensis.
Petroleum nut, see Pittosporum resiniferum.
Petroleum-nut oil :
Pittosporum resiniferum, ii, 106.
Phaeanthus ebracte hiatus:
Description and distribution, i, 376.
Local names, i, 376.
Fiber, i, 376.
Phalaenopsis amabilis :
Description and distribution, iii, 30.
Figure, iii, 34.
Local name, iii, 30.
Ornamental, iii, 30.
Phalaenopsis lueddeinanniana :
Description and distribution, iii, 36.
Figrure, iii, 35.
Local names, iii, 36.
Ornamental, iii, 36.
Phalaenopsis schilleriana:
Description and distribution, iii, 36.
Local name, iii, 36.
Ornamental, iii, 36.
Phalaenopsis sp. :
Figure, iii, 37.
Phaleria cumingii:
Description and distribution, i, 403.
Local names, i, 403.
Fiber, i, 403.
Phaleria perrottetiana:
Description and distribution, i, 403.
Local names, i, 403.
Fiber, i, 403.
Phaseolus aureus:
Distribution, iii, 192.
Local names, iii, 192.
Medicinal, iii, 192.
Phaseolus lunatus :
Description, ii, 292.
Local names, ii, 292.
Food, ii, 292.
Phoenix canariensis :
Ornamental, i, 236.
Recently introduced palm, i, 243.
Phoenix dactylifera:
Distribution, i, 236.
Phoenix hanceana:
Description and distribution, i, 236.
Local name, i, 236.
Rain coats, i, 236.
Phoenix pusilla:
Recently introduced palm, i, 243.
Phoenix roebelenii:
Recently introduced palm, i, 243.
Phoenix rupicola :
Ornamental, i, 236.
Recently introduced palm, i, 243.
Phragmites karka:
Description and distribution, i, 342.
Local names, i, 342.
Fiber, i, 342.
Phragmites vulgaris:
Description and distribution, i, S44.
Figure, i, 343, 345.
INDEX
309
Phragmites vulgaris — Continued.
Local names, i, 342.
Fiber, i, 342, 344.
Phyllanthus niruri :
Distribution, iii, 201.
Local names iii, 201.
Medicinal, iii, 201.
Phyllanthus reticulatus:
Description and distribution, iii, 90.
Local names, iii, 90.
Ink, iii, 90.
Medicinal, iii, 201.
Physic nut, see Jatropha curcOyS.
Physic-nut oil :
Jatropha curcas, ii, 140.
Piadak, see Xylocarpus moluccenais.
Piagau, see Xylocarpus granatum.
Piag&u, see Xylocarpus moluccenaia.
Piagau oil :
Xylocarpus moluccensis, ii, 118.
Fiai, see Acrostichum aureum.
PiaiTga, see Bassia hetis.
Piapi, see Avicennia alba.
Piapl, see Avicennia officinalis.
Piay, see Acrostichum aureum.
Pichik, see Oxalis repens.
Picture frames :
Saccharum officinarum, i, 344.
Saccharum spontaneum, i, 344.
Piekal, see Mallotus philippinenais.
Piet, see Corypha elata.
Piksik, see Avicennia officiruilis.
Pilai, see Rubus niveus.
Pilapil, see Aegiceras corniculatum.
Pilauai, see Canarium ovatum.
Pilauai, see Eugenia polycephaloides.
Pilaui, see Canarium ovatum.
PUea microphylla:
Distribution, iii, 182.
Medicinal, iii, 182.
Pilet-pilet, see Spilanthes acmellia.
Pili, see Canarium luzonicum.
Pili, see Canarium ovatum,
Pilig, see Livistona rotundifolia.
Pili-nut oil :
Canarium, ovatum, ii, 114.
Pilipili, see Aglaia harmsia/na.
PiUows :
Asclepias curassavica, i, 407.
Bonibax ceiba, i, 392.
Ceiba pentandra, i, 394.
Typha angustifolia, i, 330.
Pilokong, see Fimbristylis globvlosa.
Pinaceae :
Resin, ii, 18.
Tannins, iii, 92.
Pinanga barnesii:
Description, i, 238.
Pinanga basilanensis :
Description, i, 241.
Pinanga batanensis:
Description, i, 241.
Pinanga copelandii:
Description, i, 238.
Pinanga curran ii :
Description, i, 239.
Pinanga elmerii:
Description, i, 239.
Pinanga geonomaeformis:
Description, i, 238.
Pinanga heterophylla;
Description, i, 238.
Pinanga insignis:
Description, i, 236, 241.
Pinanga isabelensis :
Description, i, 238.
Pinanga kuhlii;
Recently introduced palm, i, 243.
Pinanga tnaculata :
Description, i, 238.
Pinam,ga modesta:
Description, i, 238.
Pinanga negrosensis: '. ■
Description, i, 240.
Pinanga philippinensis :
Description, i, 236, 239.
Figure, i, 237.
Pinanga rigida:
Description, i, 240.
Pinanga samarana:
Description, i, 239.
Pinanga sclerophylla:
Description, i, 240.
Pinanga sibuyanensis :
Description, i, 241.
Pinanga speciosa:
Description, i, 241.
Pinanga spp. :
Description, i, 236.
Local names, i, 241.
Areca-nut substitute, ii, 252.
Conspectus of the species, i, 238.
Pinanga urdanetana:
Description, i, 239.
Pinanga urosperma:
Description, i, 239.
Pinanga woodiana:
Description, i, 240.
Pineapple, see Ananas comosus.
Pinggapinggahan, see Oroxylum indicum,
Pinggot, see Juncus effusus.
Pingit, see Ardisia boissieri.
Pingkapingkahan, see Oroxylum indicum.
Pinit, see Rubus fraxinifolius.
Pino, see Agathis alba.
Piiiones, see Quisqualis indica.
Pintaka, see Coix lachryma-jobi.
Pinus insularis:
Description and distribution, ii, 32, 84.
Figure, ii, 31, 33, 35.
Local names, ii, 30.
Analysis of turpentine, ii, 32.
Method of boxing, ii, 30.
Tannin, iii, 92.
Turpentine, ii, 30.
Pinus m erkusii :
Description and distribution, ii, 34.
Figure, ii, 36.
310
INDEX
Pinus ■nt'Crkusii — Continued.
Local names, ii, 34.
Turpentine, ii, 34.
Piperaceae :
Food plants, ii, 260.
Medicinal plants, iii, 66, 179.
Piper betle :
Description and distribution, iii, 66.
Local names, iii, 66.
Buyo chewing, ii, 252.
Medicinal, iii, 66, 179.
Piper nigrum :
Distribution, iii, 180.
Local name, iii, 180.
Medicinal, iii, 180.
Piper retrojracttim :
Distribution, iii, 180.
Local names, iii, 180.
Medicinal, iii, 180.
Piper uiiibellatum vwr. subpeltatum:
Description and distribution, ii, 260.
Local names, ii, 260.
Condiment, ii, 260.
Pipes (water) :
Gigantochloa levis, i, 262.
Pipestems :
Arundinaria niitakayamensis, i, 258.
Pipisig, see Ai}icennia officinalis.
Pipisik, see Aegiceras corniculatum.
Pipisik. see Avicennia officinalis.
Pipturus arborescens :
Dimensions of bast fibers, i, 322.
Pirara, see Sonneratia caseolaris.
Piris, see Garcinia I'idalii.
Fisft, see Areca hutchinsoniana.
Pisa, see Canarium luzonicum.
Pisa, see Canarium viUosum.
Pisik. see Centipeda mininm.
Piso-piso, see Rhynchospora corymhosa.
Pisos-pisos, see Quamoelit j>innata.
Pistia st ratiotes :
Distribution, ii, 254.
Local names, ii, 254.
Hog food, ii, 254.
Scrubbing, ii, 254.
Pita, see Areca vidaliana.
Pithecolobium dulce :
Description and distrbution, ii, 292.
Figure, ii, 295.
Local names, ii, 292.
Food, ii, 292.
Kamanchile oil, ii, 110.
Tannin, iii, 93.
Pithecolobium subacutum :
Description and distribution, ii, 394.
Local names, ii, 394.
Dye, ii, 394.
Pitjoeng oil:
Pangium edule, ii, 161.
Pit6go, see Cyeas rumphii.
Pittosporaceae :
Medicinal plants, iii, 189.
Oils, ii, 105.
Ptttosporuin pentandrum:
Description and distribution, ii, 106.
Local names, ii, 105.
Ptttosporuin pentandrum — Continued.
Mamalis oil, ii, 105.
Medicinal, iii, 189.
Pittosporum resiniferum :
Description and distribution, ii, 108.
Figure, ii, 107.
Local names, ii, 106.
Petroleum-nut oil, ii, 106.
Plantaginaceae :
Medicinal plants, iii, 74, 238.
Plantago major:
Description and distribution, iii, 74.
Local names, iii, 74.
Medicinal, iii, 74, 238.
Plantain, see Plantago major.
Platycerium biforme :
Description and distribution, iii, 12.
Figure, iii, 6.
Local name, iii, 12.
Plectocoviia elmeri :
Description, i, 242.
Pleurotus applicatus :
Edible fungi, iii, 136.
Pleurotus noctUeucens :
Edible fungi, iii, 136.
Pleurotus ostrcatus:
Description, iii, 136.
Figure, iii, 137.
Edible fungi, iii, 136.
Pleurotus striatulus:
Edible fungi, iii, 136.
Pleurya interrupta:
Distribution, iii, 182.
Local names, iii, 182.
Medicinal, iii, 182.
Pluchea indica:
Description, i, 84.
Local names, i, 84.
Plumbaginaceae :
Medicinal plants, iii, 219.
Plumbago indica:
Distribution, iii, 219.
Local names, iii, 219.
Medicinal, iii, 219.
Plumbago zeylanica :
Distribution, iii, 219.
Local names, iii, 219.
Medicinal plants, iii, 219.
Plumiera acuminata:
Distribution, iii. 223.
Local names, iii, 223.
Medicinal, iii, 223.
Pogostemon cablin:
Description and distribution, ii, 222.
Figure, ii, 221.
Medicinal, iii, 233.
Perfume, ii, 219.
Poisonous plants, iii, 79.
Pola, see Caryota cumingii.
Polianthen tuberosa:
Distribution, iii, 177.
Local names, iii, 177.
Medicinal, iii, 177.
Polish :
Schizostachyum lima, i, 264.
INDEX
311
Polyalfhia flava:
Description and distribution, i, 376.
Local name, i, 376.
Rope, i, 376.
PolygaXaceae :
Soap substitutes, iii, 56.
Polygonaceae :
Medicinal, iii, 183.
Polygonum barbatum:
Distribution, iii, 183.
Local names, iii, 183.
Medicinal, iii, 183.
Polynesian ivory-nut palm, see Coelococcus
amicarnni.
Polypodiaceae :
Fiber plants, i, 323.
Food plants, ii, 241.
Medicinal plants, iii, 167.
Mangrove swamps, i, 32.
Ornamental plants, ii, 11.
Poly podium sinuatum :
Description and distribution, i, 24.
Figure, i, 27.
Polyporaceae :
Edible fungi, iii, 116.
Pomade :
Acacia farnesiana, ii, 204.
Pomelo, see Citrus viaxivia.
Pongamia pinnata:
Description and distribution, i, 379 ; ii,
111, 112.
Figure, ii, 113.
Local names, i, 379 ; ii. 111.
Fiber, 1, 379.
Medicinal, iii, 192.
Pongam oil, ii. 111.
Pongam oil :
Pongamia pinnata, ii. 111.
Pongpong, see Embelia philippinensis.
Poot-si-nuang, see Urena lobata.
Poro, see Fatoua pilosa.
Porong, see Grewia stylocarpa.
Partulacaceae :
Food plants, ii, 276.
Medicinal plants, iii, 185.
Portulaca oleracea:
Description and distribution, ii, 276.
Distribution, iii, 185.
Local names, ii, 276.
Food, ii, 276.
Medicinal, iii, 185.
Pothoidium lobbianum:
Description and distribution, i, 354.
Local names, i, 354.
Fiber, i, 353, 354.
Pathos spp. :
Description and distribution, i, 354.
Figure, i, 355.
Local names, i, 354.
Fiber, i, 353, 354.
Pototan, see Bruguiera conjugata.
Pototan, see Bruguiera cylindrica.
Pototan, see Bruguiera parviflora.
Pototan, see Bruguiera sexangula.
Pototan-babae, see Bruguiera sexangula.
Fot6tan-lal&ki, see Bruguiera cylindrica.
Pouzolzia zeylanica :
Distribution, iii, 182.
Medicinal, iii, 182.
Prayer-bean, see Abru^ precatorius.
Premna cuniingiana:
Distribution, iii, 231.
Local names, iii, 231.
Medicinal, iii, 231.
Premna nauseosa:
Description and distribution, ii, 373.
Distribution, iii, 231.
Local names, ii, 373 ; iii, 231.
Medicinal, iii, 231.
Piper betle substitute, ii, 373.
Premna odorata:
Distribution, iii, 231.
Local names, iii, 231.
Medicinal, iii, 231.
Preservative, leather :
Ricinus communis, ii, 143.
Preservative, wood :
Aleurites moluccana, ii, 126.
Anacardium occidentale, ii, 146.
Pritchardia gaudichaudii :
Recently introduced palm, i, 243,
Pritchardia pacifica:
Recently introduced palm, i, 243.
Pseuderanthemu))i jndchellum :
Distribution, iii, 238.
Local names, iii, 238.
Medicinal, iii, 238.
Psidium guajava :
Description and distribution, ii, 360.
Figure, ii, 363.
Local names, ii, 360.
Food, ii, 360.
Medicinal, iii, 69, 216.
Psychotria luzoniensis :
Distribution, iii, 241.
Local names, iii, 241.
Medicinal, iii, 241.
Psychotria mindorensis :
Distribution, iii, 241.
Local name, iii, 241.
Medicinal, iii, 241.
Pterocarpus blancoi:
Distribution, iii, 192.
Figure, ii, 397.
Local names, iii, 192.
Medicinal, iii, 192.
Pterocarpus indicus:
Figure, ii, 395, 397.
Pterocarpus spp. :
Local names, ii, 396.
Dye, ii, 396.
Pterocarpus vidaliana :
Figure, ii, 397.
Pterocaulon redolens:
Distribution, iii, 245.
Local names, iii, 245.
Medicinal, iii, 245.
Pterocymbium tinctorium :
Description and distribution, i, 398.
Figure, i, 399.
312
INDEX
Pterocymhium tmctormjn— Continued.
Local names, i, 398.
Medicinal, iii, 211.
Rope, i, 398.
Tensile strength, i, 321.
Pterospermum diversifolium :
Description, i, 398.
Distribution, i, 400.
Local names, i, 398.
Dye, ii, 399.
Medicinal, iii, 211.
Rope, i, 398.
Tensile strength, i, 321.
Pterospermum niveum:
Description and distribution, i, 400.
Local names, i, 400.
Dye, ii, 399.
Fiber, i, 400.
Pterospermum obliquum :
Description and distribution, ii, 400.
Local names, ii, 399.
Dye, ii. 400.
Ptychoraphis cagayanensis :
Description, i, 242.
Ptychoraphis elmerii:
Description, i, 242.
Local name, i, 242.
Ptychoraphis intermedia :
Description, i, 242.
Local name, i, 242.
Ptychoraphis microcarpa:
Description, i, 242.
Ptychosperma macarthurii:
Recently introduced palm, i, 243.
Pueng, see Jscha^tnum angustifolium.
Puenig, see Isehaemum angustifolium.
Pugihan, see Caryota cumingii.
Pugapong, see Piper unibellatum .
Puguhan, see Caryota cumingii.
Puis, see Ai'errhoa hilimbi.
Pulau, see Nymphaea pubescens.
Puled, see Greivia stylocarpa.
Pulit, see Grewia stylocarpa.
Pulit, see Xylocarpus granatum.
Pulpiilto, see Justicia gendarussa.
Pulpulto, see Pseuderanthemum pvlchellum.
Pumangga. see Mangifera indica.
Pundung. see Avicennia alba.
Pungapung, see Amorphophallus campanu-
latus.
Pungos, see KyUinga monocephala.
Punit, see Cyathea spp.
Punlaing, see Cocos nucifera.
Puntalefante. see Rotala aquatica.
Puntas-piintas, see Ipomoea digitata.
Puos, see Ficus forstenii.
Pupugan, see Rubus fraxinifolius.
Purgative oil :
Croton tiglium, ii, 138.
Jatropha curcas, ii, 140.
Picinus communis, ii, 143.
Sterculia foetida, ii, 154.
Puriket, see Bidens pHosa.
Purikit, see Urena lobata.
Puropagai, see Phaeanthus ebracteolatue.
Purpuraok, see Cardiospermum halicacabum.
Purpurikit, see Bidens chinensis.
Puser, see Schizostachyum fenixii.
Puspus, see Ficus forstenii.
Piitad, see Barringtonia acutangvla.
Putad, see Barringtonia racemoaa.
Putat, see Barringtonia acutangvla.
Plitat, see Barringtonia racemosa.
Putat oil :
Barringtonia racemosa, ii, 162.
Puti-i babaye, see Lophopetalum toxicutn,
Puti-i lalake, see Lophopetalum toxicum.
Putoputohan, see Scindapsus spp.
Putut, see Biuguiera conjugata.
Putut, see Bruguiera sexangula.
Pututan, see Bruguiera conjugata.
Putiitan, see Bruguiera sexangula.
Puyas, see Coix lachryma-jobi.
Puyugau, see Xylocarpus nwluccensis.
Puyiis, see Diplodiscus paniculatus.
Pycnarrhena 7nanillensis :
Distribution, iii, 186.
Local names, iii, 186.
Medicinal, iii, 186.
Pygeum glandulosum:
Description and distribution, ii, 389.
Local names, ii, 388.
Dye, ii, 389.
Pygeum presUi:
Description and distribution, ii, 389.
Local names, ii, 389.
Dye, ii. 389.
Q
Quanioclit pinnata :
Distribution, iii, 226.
Local names, iii, 226.
Medicinal, iii, 226.
Quisqualis indica:
Distribution, iii, 215.
Local names, iii, 215.
Medicinal, iii, 215.
R
Rabo de leon, see Sansevieria zeylanica.
Rabo de tigre, see Sansevieria zeylanica.
Ragiang, see Alocasia macrorrhiza.
Ragini, see Rubus rosaefolius.
Ragiu, see Rhynchospora corym-bosa.
Ragiu-diu, see Rhynchospora corymbosa.
Ragiudiu, see Scirpus grossus.
Rag-rag&di, see Achyranthea aspera.
Raincoats :
Lix'istona cochinchinensis, i, 216.
Livistona rotundifolia, i, 216.
Nipa fruticans, i, 222.
Phoenix hanceana, i, 236.
Raiya-raiya, see Ficus hauili.
Rakido, see Rhynchospora corymbosa.
Rambutan, see Nephelium lappaceum.
Rambutan tallow :
Nephelium lappaceum, ii, 148.
Ramie, see Boehmeria nivea.
Rangrang&u, see Ipomoea peS'tigridia.
INDEX
313
Eangrangau ng abuduan, see Ipomoea
tigridis.
Raphia ruffia:
Recently introduced palm, i, 243.
Raphidophora merrillii:
Description, i, 356.
Figure, i, 357, 358.
Fiber, i, 353 356.
Raphidophora spp. :
Fibers, i, 356.
Rapitan, see Arenga pinnata.
Rapok, see Sterctdia stiptdaria.
RatOes, see Muntingia ccdabura.
Rauwolfia amsoniaefolia:
Distribution, iii, 223.
Local names, iii, 223.
Medicinal, iii, 223.
Reforestation crop :
Batnhusa spinosa, i, 259.
Renanthera storiei:
Description and distribution, iii, 36.
Ornamental, iii, 36.
Rhantnaceae :
Fiber plants, i, 380.
Medicinal plants, iii, 205.
Soap substitutes, iii, 59.
Rhaphidophora merrillii :
Distribution, iii, 174.
Local names, iii, 174.
Medicinal, iii, 174.
Rhinacanthus nasuta:
Distribution, iii, 238.
Local names, iii, 238.
Medicinal, iii, 238.
Rhizophora candelaria:
Description, i, 62, 68.
Distribution, i, 22, 62.
Figure, i, 10, 65.
Local names, i, 68.
Ciiltivation, i, 100.
Firewood, i, 112-114.
Stands, i, 86-100.
Tannin, i, 119-124.
Timber, i, 66.
Rhizophoraceae :
Mangrove swamps, i, 48.
Rhizophora mangle:
Ballast retainer, i, 26.
Rhizophora mucronata :
Description, i, 62, 68.
Distribution, i, 22, 62.
Figure, i, 67, 69.
Local names, i, 68.
Cultivation, i, 100.
Firewood, i, 112-117.
Stands, i, 86-99.
Tannin, i, 119'-124.
Timber, i, 66.
Rhododendron vidalii :
Distribution, iii, 218.
Local name, iii, 218.
Medicinal, iii, 218.
Rhodomyrlus tomentosa:
Description and distribution, ii, 862.
Food, ii, 362.
Rhynchospora corymbosa :
Description and distribution, i, 352.
Local names, i, 352.
Fiber, i, 352.
Rhynchostylis retusa :
Description and distribution, iii, 36.
Figure, iii, 38.
Ornamental, iii, 36.
Rice, see Oryza sativa.
Ricinus communis :
Description, ii, 144.
Distribution, ii, 143.
Figure, ii, 145.
Local names, ii, 143.
Castor oil, ii, 144.
Dye, ii, 398.
Medicinal, iii, 69, 201.
Rigini, see Cissus repens.
Rimodas, see Andropogon zizanioides.
Rimora, see Andropogon zizanioides.
Rimoras, see Andropogon zizanioides.
Rogrogso, see Gonocaryum caUeryanuin.
Ronas, see Smilax leucophyUa.
Rongon, see Ceriops tagal.
Root beers ingredient :
Cinnanwmum mercadoi, ii, 202.
Rope, see Fibers :
Dendrocalamus merriUianus, i, 261.
Rosaceae :
Dyes, ii, 388.
Food plants, ii, 284.
Rosas-sa-baibai, see Lochnera rosea.
Roselle, see Hibiscus sabdariffa.
Rosmarinus officinalis:
Distribution, iii, 234.
Local names, iii, 234.
Medicinal, iii, 234.
Rosmiro, see Rosmarinus officinalis.
Rotala aquatica:
Distribution, iii, 228.
Local names, iii, 228.
Medicinal, iii, 228.
Round-leaf sali.g'O, see Wikstroemia ovata,
Rourea erecta:
Dog' poison, iii, 79.
Rourea volubilis:
Description and distribution, i, 378,
Local names, i, 378.
Dog poison, iii, 79.
Fiber, i, 378.
Royal palm, see Oreodoxa regia.
Rubber :
Chonemorpha elastica, ii, 84.
Parameria philippinensis, ii, 88.
Rubiaceae :
Dyes' ii, 405.
Mangrove swamps, i, 84.
Rubia cor di folia:
Distribution, iii, 241.
Local name, iii, 241.
Medicinal, iii, 241.
Rubian, see Terminalia comintana.
Rubus copelandii :
Description and distribution, ii, 284.
Food, ii, 284.
314
INDEX
Hubus ellipticus:
Description and distribution, ii, 285.
Local name, ii, 285.
Food, ii, 285.
Rubus elmeri:
Description and distribution, ii, 285.
Local name, ii, 285.
Food, ii, 285.
Rubus fraxinifolius:
Description and distribution, ii, 285.
Local names, ii, 285.
Food, ii, 285.
Rubus niveus :
Description and distribution, ii, 286.
Local name, ii, 286.
Food, ii, 286.
Rubus pectinellus :
Description and distribution, ii, 286.
Figure, ii, 287.
Local name, ii, 286.
Food, ii, 286.
Rubus rolfei:
Description and distribution, ii, 286.
Food, ii, 286.
Rubus rosaefolius :
Description and distribution, ii, 288.
Local names, ii, 288.
Food, ii, 288.
Rugian, see Bambusa sjjinosa.
Rukrokso, see Eugenia aherniana.
Rukrukso, see Ardisia serrata.
Rukurok, see Morinda citrifolia.
Rumaka, see Arenga tremula.
Ruiigon, see Ceriops tagal.
Runo, see Miscanthus sinensis.
Rutacea^ :
Food plante, ii, 296.
Medicinal plants, iii, 193.
Oils, ii, 208.
Sabal adansonii:
Recently introduced palm, i, 243.
Sabal blackburneanum :
Recently introduced palm, i, 243.
Sabal mauritiforme :
Recently introduced palm, i, 243.
Sabal palmetto:
Recently introduced pato, i, 243.
Sabfog, see Ficus minahassae.
Sabia, see Piper retrofractum.
Sabila, see Sansevieria zeylanica.
Babll&u, see Commelina, benghalensia.
Sabl6t, see Litsea glutinosa.
Sabnit, see Hibiscus surattensis.
Saboagon, see Pittosporum pentandrum.
Sabung-sabuiTgan, see Eleusine indiea.
Sabunog, see Phragviites karka.
Sabutan, see Pandanus sabotan.
Sabutan, see Pandanus tectorius.
Sabut4n-buS.ia, see VaUisneria gigantea.
Saccharum officinurum:
Fiber, i, 344.
Saccharum sara :
Paper, i, 421.
Saccharum spontaneum:
Local names, i, 344.
Dimensions of fiber, i, 422.
Fiber, i, 344.
Paper, i, 419-422.
Sachet powder :
Acorus calamus, ii, 181.
Sadak, see Ichnocarpus ovatifolius.
Sadak, see Malaisia scandens.
Sadak, see Parameria philippinensis.
Sadauag, see Pinanga spp.
Sadiiag, see Pinanga spp.
Saga, see Abrus precatorius.
Saga, see Drynaria quercifolia.
Saga, see Nipa fruticans.
Sagadan, see Lepidopetalum perrottetii.
Sagaga, see Pittosporum resiniferum.
Sagai-kaiTgai, see Zanthoxylum rhetsa.
Sagakap, see FlageUaria indiea.
Sagambaging, see Abrus precatorius.
Sagapok, see Mucuna nigricans.
Sagasa, see Bruguiera sexangula.
Sagasa, see Lumnitzera littorea.
Sagasa, see Osbornia octodonta.
Sagasa, see Scyphijyhora hydrophyUacea.
Sagasaga, see, Abrus precatorius.
Sagasak, see Bruguiera sexangula.
Sagat, see Pterocarpus spp.
Sagiat, see Goniothalaynus amuyon.
Baging-s&ging, see Aegiceras corniculatum,
Sagingsagingan, see Helicteres hirsuta.
Sagingsing, see Memecylon ovatum.
Sagisi, see Heterospathe elata.
Sagit, see Vemonia cenerea.
Sagittaria sagittifolia:
Description and distribution, ii, 246.
Local names, ii, 246.
Food, ii, 246.
Sago palm, see Metroxylon sagu.
Sagii, see Metroxylon sagu.
Sagu, see Wikstroemia meyeniana.
Sagun-sagun, see Adenanthera intermedia.
Sahikan, see Portulaca oleracea.
Sdhing, see Canarium luzonicum.
Sakat, see Terminalia calamansanai.
Sakat, see Terminalia edulis.
Saket, see Terminalia calamansanai.
Saket, see Terminalia edulis.
Sako, see Barringtonia acutangula.
Sakolon, see Areca caliao.
Sakolon, see Pinanga spp.
Saksig, see Areca ipot.
Saksik, see Areca ipot.
Salab, see Guioa koelreuteria.
Salab, see Lepidopetalum perrottetii.
Salabagin, see Flacourtia rukam.
Salab na pula. see Mallotus philippinensis.
Salacia prin aides :
Distribution, iii, 203.
Local name, iii, 203.
Medicinal, iii, 203.
Saladai, see Zanthoxylum rhetsa.
Salad oil :
Arachis hypogaea, ii, 109.
Moringa oleifera, ii, 104.
INDEX
315
Salagin, see Chisocheton cumingianus.
Salagip, see Wikstroemiu lanceolata.
Salagisog, see Cibotium baranetz.
Salago, see Phaleria cumingii.
Salago, see Wikstroemia indica.
Salago, see Wikstroemia lanceolata.
Saldgo, see Wikstroemia ovata.
Sal&go, see Wikstroemia spp.
Salago, lance-leaf, see Wikstroemia lanceolata.
Salago, large-leaf, see Wikstroemia meyenicna.
Salago, round-leaf, see Wikstroemia ovata.
Salago, small-leaf, see Wikstroemia indica.
Salagong-babae, see Phaleria, cumingii.
Sal&gong-gubat, see Phaleria cumingii.
Salai, see Zanthoxylum avicennae.
Salai, see Zanthoxylum rhetsa.
Salai-kangai, see Zanthoxylum avicennae.
Salaisau, see Terminalia catappa.
Salalangin, see Kingiodendron alternifolium.
Salamungai, see Aglaia harmsiana.
Salangisag, see Pinanga spp.
Salaniog, see Heterospathe elata.
Salaapu, see Ventilago dichotoma.
Sala'sa, see humnitzera littorea.
Salasaluyut, see Corchorus acutangulus.
Salasandia, see Ipomoea pes-tigridis.
Saleng, see Ganophyllum faleatum.
S&leng, see Pinus insularis.
Salet, see Homalomena philippinensis.
Salet nga nalabaga, see Homalomena philippin-
ensis.
Salibangbang, see Bauhinia cumingiana.
Salibangbang, see Crinum asiaticum.
Saligau, see Croton tiglium.
Saligum, see Momordica charantia.
Salik, see Sida acuta.
Salikut, see Palaquiuni ahernianum.
Salilihan, see D€ca.spermum fruticosum.
Saling, see Canarium vUlosum.
Saling-batc, see Gonocaryum caUeryanuin.
Salinggogon, see Cratoxylon blancoi.
Salingkugi, see Pongamia pinnata.
Salingsingan. see Decaspermum fruticosum.
Saling-uak. see Clerodendron intermedium..
Saling-uak, see Clerodendron quadriloevlare.
Salisai, see Terminalia calamansanai.
Salisai, see Terminalia catappa.
Salisi, see Ficus benjamina.
Sal it, see Pinus merkusii.
Salita, see Leucas lavandidifolia.
Sallapugud. see Aglaia harmsiarui.
Salogon, see Antiaris toxicaria.
SaJomagi, see Tamarindus indica.
Salong, see .4gathis alba.
Saloyot, see Corchorus olitorius.
Salsalida, see Eclipta alba.
Salsallakapu, see Tournefortia sarmentosa.
Salsaltiyut, see Malvastrum coromandelinum.
Saltiki, see Luncusia amara.
Salua-sua, see Capparis micracantha.
Salub. see Guioa koelreuteria.
Salukut, see Palaquium ahernianum.
SalumSgi, see Tamarindus indica.
Saluyong, see Cordia myxa.
Saluyot, see Co-rchorus olitorius.
Saluyut, see Corchorus olitorius.
Salves :
Cocos nucifera, ii, 93.
Samadera indica:
Description and distribution, ii, 114.
Local names, ii, 114.
Manunggal oil, ii, 114.
Medicinal, iii, 196.
Samak, see Macaranga tanarius.
Samak, see Macaranga tanarius.
Samat, see Piper betle.
Sambag, see Tamarindus indica.
Sambalagisai, see Sophora tomentosa.
Sambalduke, see AncLcardiuin, occidentale.
Sambon, see Bluniea balsamifera.
Sambong, see Blumea balsamifera.
Samb6ng-dam6, see Sphaeranthus africanus.
Sambong-gala, see Pterocaulon redolens.
Sambong-gala, see Sphaeranthus africanus.
Sambong-kola, see Buddleia asiatica.
Sambong oil :
Blumea balsamifera, ii, 222.
Sambonotan, see Eugenia aherniana.
Sambung, see Pterocaulon redolens.
Samburagat, see Terminalia calama,nsanaL
Samiling, see Cinnamomum mercadoi.
Sampaga, see Jasminum sambac.
Sampaga, see Plumbago zeylanica.
Sampagita, see .Jasminum sambac.
Sampagita doble, see Jasminum sambac.
Sampaka, see Michelia champaca.
Samp&lok, see Tamarindus indica.
Sampalokan, see Scoparia dulcis.
Sampapare', see Cissampelos pareira.
Saniparan, see Leucas lavandulifolia.
Sampinit, see Rubus fraxinifolius.
Samuk, see Macaranga tanarius.
Samuyau, see Citrus micrantha.
Samuyau oil :
Citrus micrantha, ii, 210.
Sana, see Nelubium nelumbo.
Sanbag, see Tamarindus indica.
Sanda, see Lochinera rosea.
Sandalaitan, see Sophora tomentosa.
Sayidoricum koetjape:
Description and distribution, ii, 308.
Figure, ii, 307.
Local names, ii, 308.
Food, ii, 308.
Medicinal, iii, 197.
San Francisco-bundok, see Justicia gender
rusaa.
Sangdidikit, see Plumbago zeylanica.
Sangdikit, see Plumbago zeylanica.
Sanggumai, see Dendrobium crumenatum.
Sanggumai, see Dendrobium revolutum.
Sangkilan, see Pavetta indica.
Sangkuyong, see Xylocarpus moluccensis.
Sanglai, see Ceiba pentandra.
Sangsangitan, see Sporobolus elongatus.
San Pedro, see Leucaena glaiica.
San Pedro, see Lochn-era rosea.
San Pedro, see Phyllanthus niruri.
316
INDEX
Sansandok, see Celosia argentea.
Sansau, see Cissampelos pareira.
Sansau-sansauan, see Cissampelos pareira.
Sansevieria zeylanica:
Description and distribution, i, 362.
Local names, i, 360.
Fiber, i, 360.
Medicinal, iii, 175.
Santa Elena, see Leucaena glauca.
Santiki, see Lunasia amara.
Santing, see Breynia rhamnoides.
Santing, see Lumnitzera littorea.
Santing-santing, see Acanthus Uicifolius,
Sant61, see Sandoricum koetjape.
Santor, see Sandoricum koetjape.
Saog-machin, see Piper ret rofr actum,.
Saong-saong, see Canarium I'illosum^
Sapang, see Caesalpinia sappan.
Sapang, see Dioscorea pentaphylla.
Sapaun, see Nauclea junghuhnii.
Sapindaceae :
Fiber plants, i, 380.
Food plants, ii, 322.
Medicinal plants, iii, 203.
Oils, ii, 147.
Poisonous plants, iii, 80.
Soap substitutes, iii, 58.
Sap in dus saponar ia :
Description and distribution, i, 380.
Local names, i, 380.
Fiber, i, 380.
Soap substitute, i, 380 ; iii, 59.
Sapinit, see Abelmoschus moschatus.
Sapinit, see Hibiscus surattensis.
Sapinit, see Rubus fraxinifolius.
Sapinil, see Rubus rosaefolius.
Sapin-sapin, see Blechum brownei.
Sapiro, see Alphonsea arborea.
Saplid, see Terminalia calaniansanaL
Saplit, see Pithecolohium subacutum,
Saplungan, see Aglaia ylomerata.
Saplungan, see Aglaia harmsiana.
Saplungan, see Terminalia coviintana.
Sapotaceae :
Food plants, ii, 364.
Gums, ii, 73.
Medicinal plants, iii, 70, 219.
Oils, ii, 166.
Sap-sapang, see Harrisonia perforata.
Sarai, see Zanthoxylum rhetsa.
Saramau, see Pinanga spp.
Saramo, see Achyrantkes aspera.
Sarasa, see Graptophyllum pictum.
Sarau, see Livistona rotundifolia.
Sarauag, see Pinanga spp.
Sarguelas, see Spondia purpurea.
Saripongpong, see Sterculia oblongata.
Sarnugar a dadakkel, see Helicteres hirsuta.
Sarok, see Kingiodendron alternifolium.
Sarok, see Pogostemon cablin.
Sarungkad, see Tylophora brevipes.
Sarungkar, see Tylophora brevipes.
Sarungkara babassit, see Fatoua pUosa.
Sasa, see Nipa fruticans.
Sasitang, see Lygodium, flexuosum..
Sauag-caballo, see Triumfetta bartramia.
Sauang, see Cycas circinalis.
Saung, see Pinus insnlaris.
Savidug, see Terminalia catappa.
Sawale :
Schizostachyum lumampao, i, 264.
Saxyfragaceae :
Tobacco substitutes, iii, 95.
Sayapo, see Abrovra fastuosa.
Sayapii, see Abroma fastuosa.
Sayikan, see Euphorbia hirta.
Sayongkal, see Tylophora brevipes.
Scaevola frutescens :
Distribution, iii, 243.
Local names, iii, 243.
Medicinal, iii. 243.
Schefflera blancoi :
Fish poison, iii, 81.
Schefflera cu»iingil :
Distribution, iii, 217.
Local name, iii, 217.
Medicinal, iii, 217.
Schefflera elliptifoliola:
Distribution, iii, 217.
Local names, iii, 217.
Medicinal, iii, 217.
Schefflera odorata :
Distribution, iii, 217.
Local names, iii, 217.
Medicinal, iii, 217.
Schefflera piperoidea:
Distribution, iii, 217.
Local name, iii, 217.
Schizaeaceae :
Fiber plants, i, 326.
Medicinal plants, iii, 168.
Schizostachyum brachycladum :
Description, i, 263, 264.
Figure, i, 298.
Local names, i, 263.
Schizostachyum curranii :
Description and distribution, i, 265.
Figure, i, 300.
Schizostachyum dielsianum:
Description, i, 263, 264.
Distribution, i, 264 ; iii, 171.
Figure, i, 299.
Local names, i, 264.
Medicinal, iii, 171.
Uses, i, 264.
Schizostachyum diffusum:
Description, i, 263, 264.
Distribution, i, 264.
Figure, i, 301.
Local names, i, 264.
Baskets, i, 264.
Chairs, i, 264.
Schizostachyum fenixii:
Description, i, 263.
Distribution, i, 265.
Figure, i, 302.
Local names, i, 265.
INDEX
317
Schizostachyum hirtiflorum :
Description, i, 263.
Distribution, i, 265.
Figure, i, 303.
Schizostachyum lima:
Description, i, 263, 264.
Distribution, i, 264.
Figure, i, 304.
Local names, i, 264.
Uses, i, 264.
Schizostachyum longispiculatum :
Description, i, 263.
Schizostachyum. luviumpao:
Description, i, 263, 265.
Distribution, i, 264.
Figure, i, 250, 305, 306.
Local names, i, 264.
Paper, i. 416-419.
Planting and growth, i, 278.
Uses, i, 265.
Schizostachyum luzonicum:
Description, i, 263.
Distribution, i, 265.
Figure, i, 307.
Schizostachyum palawanense :
Description, i, 263.
Distribution, i, 265.
Figure, i, 308.
Schizostachyum textorium:
Description, i, 263, 265.
Distribution, i, 265.
Figure, i, 309.
Local names, i, 265.
Looms, i, 265.
Schizostachyum toppingii:
Description and distribution, i, 265.
Figure, i, 310.
Scindapsus spp. :
Local names, i, 356.
Fiber, i, 353, 356.
Scirpiodendron ghaeri:
Description and distribution, i, 352.
Local name, i, 352.
Hats, i, 352.
Scirpus grossus :
Description and distribution, i, 353.
Local names, i, 353.
Fiber, i, 353.
Scirpus lacustris:
Description and distribution, i, 353.
Local names, i, 353.
Mats, i, 353.
Scleroderma aurantacum:
Edible fungi, iii, 144.
Scleroderma dictyosporum:
Description, iii, 144.
Edible fungi, iii, 144.
Scleroderma verrucosUTn:
Description, iii, 144.
Figure, iii, 143.
Edible fungi, iii, 144.
Scleroderma vulgare :
Description, iii, 144.
Edible fungi, iii, 144.
Scopa ria didcis :
Distribution, iii, 236.
Local names, iii, 236.
Medicinal, iii, 236.
Scouring materials, iii, 49.
Screens :
Cyperus radiatus, i, 348.
Miscanthus sinensis, i, 342.
Rhynchospora corymbosa, i, 352.
Saccharum spontaneum, i, 344.
Scrophulariaceae :
Food plants, ii, 375.
Medicinal plants, iii, 235.
Scutellaria luzonica:
Distribution, iii, 234.
Local name. iii. 234.
Medicinal, iii. 234.
Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea:
Description and distribution, i, 84.
Figure, i, 87.
Local names, i, 84.
Securidaca corymbosa:
Description and distribution, iii, 56.
Local names, iii. 56.
Soap substitute, iii, 56.
Securidaca philippinensis :
Description and distribution, iii, 58.
Local names, iii, 58.
Soap substitute, iii. 58.
j Segisi, see Heterospathe data.
Sekoi. see BenitTrnsa hispida.
Semecarpus cuneiformis:
Description and distribution, ii, 320.
Figure, ii, 321.
Local names, ii, 320.
Food, ii, 320.
Medicinal, iii, 202.
Semecarpus gigatitifoUa:
Description and distribution, ii, 322.
Figure, ii, 323.
Local names, ii, 322.
Food, ii, 322.
Serar, see, Corypha elata.
Sere, see Pandanus copelandii.
Besame, see Sesamum orientale.
Sesame oil :
Sesamum orientale, ii, 168.
Sesamum. indicum, see Sesamum orientale.
Sesamum orientale :
Description and distribution, ii, 172.
Figure, ii, 169.
Local names, ii, 168.
Exports of oil, ii, 170.
Medicinal, iii, 74, 236.
Sesame oil, ii, 171.
Sesba n ia grand iflo ra :
Description, ii, 72.
Distribution, ii, 73.
Local names, ii, 72.
Dimensions of bast fibers, i, 322.
Food, ii, 294.
Substitute for gum arable, ii, 72.
318
INDEX
Sesuvium portulacastrutn :
Description and distribution, ii, 276.
Local name, ii, 276.
Food, ii, 276.
Shafts, vehicle:
Dendrocalamns vierriUianus, i, 261.
Shampoo :
Citrus micrantha, ii, 210.
Citrus sp., ii, 212.
Shoe soles :
Sonneratia caseolaris, i, 48.
Shorea balangeran :
Distribution, ii, 160.
Borneo tallow, ii, 160.
Resin, ii, 52.
Shorea eximia:
Resin, ii, 52.
Shorea negrosensis:
Resin, ii, 52.
Shorea i)alosapis :
Resin, ii, 52.
Shorea pohjsperma :
Resin, ii. 52.
Shuttles, hand-loom :
Bambusa sjiinosa, i, 259.
Siapo, see Grewia multiflora.
Siapo, see Melochia umbeUata.
Siblot, see Litsea glutinosa.
Sibukau, see Caesalpinia sappan.
Sibut-sibutan, see Streptocaulon baumii.
Sibuyas, see Allium cepa.
Sida acuta:
Description and distribution, i, 390.
Local names, i, 390.
Fiber, i, 390.
Medicinal, iii, 209.
Tensile strength, i, 321.
Sida cordifoUa :
Description and distribution, i 390.
Local names, i, 390.
Fiber, i, 390.
Medicinal, iii, 209.
Sida javensis:
Distribution, iii, 209.
Local names, iii, 209.
Medicinal, iii, 209.
Sida mysorensis :
Description, i, 390.
Local names, i, 390.
Rope, i, 350.
Sida rhombifolia:
Description and disti-ibution. i, 391.
Local names, i, 391.
Fiber, i, 391.
Sidda, see Saccharum spontaneum.
Sidit, see Scutellaria luzonica.
Siegeshechia orientalis:
Distribution, iii, 245.
Local names, iii, 245.
Medicinal, iii, 245.
Sig-id, see Ichnocarpus ovatifolius.
Sigid, see Malaisia scandens.
Sigre, see Sansevieria zeylanica.
Siitan, see Amaranthv^ spinosus.
Sikal, see Saccharum spontaneum.
Sikamas, see Pachyrrhizus erosus.
Sikkir, see Fatoua pilosa.
Silad, see Corypha elata.
Silag, see Corypha elata.
Silasila, see Jussiaea linifolia.
Sileng-botones, see Capsicum, frutescens.
Sileng-labuyo, see Capsicum frutescens.
Sill, see Capsicum frutescens.
Silipau, see Ventilago dichotoma.
Silisilihan, see Rhinacanthus nasuta.
Silisilihan, see Pseuderanthemum pulchellum.
Silk-cotton tree, see Ceiba pentandra.
Silong-pugo, see Pericanipylus glaucus.
Simarubaceae :
Medicinal plants, iii, 68, 195.
Oils, ii, 114.
Sinaligan, see Cordia myxa.
Sinaligan, see StercuVa oblongata.
Sinambang, see Bambusa vulgaris.
Sinawi, see Sansevieria zeylanica.
Sindora inermis :
Description and distribution, ii, 38.
Figure, ii, 37.
Local names, ii, 38.
Kayu-galu oil, ii, 38.
Perfume oil, ii, 38.
Sindora supa :
Description and distribution, ii, 40.
Figure, ii, 39.
Local names, ii, 38.
Supa oil, ii, 40.
Uses, ii, 38.
Singitan, see Sida rhombifolia.
Singkam&s, see Pachyrrhizus erosus.
Singkamas oil :
Pachyrrhizus erosus, ii, 110.
Siniguglas, see Spondias purpurea.
Sinin-aba, see Alocasia macrorrhiza.
Sinkamas, see Pachyrrhizus erosus.
Sinkilladas, see Pseuderanthemum pulchellum,
Sinsau-sinsauan, see Cissampelos pareira.
Sinsud, see Sindora inermis.
Sintug, see Breynia rhamnoides.
Sinutan, see Sida rhombifolia.
Sipit-kahig, see Leea aculeata.
Sipit-olang, see Smilax bracteata.
Sipit-ulang, see Malachra capitata.
Sipon, see Sophora tomentosa.
Sirguelas, see Spondias purpurea.
Sirinate, see Averrhoa carambola.
Sirisiu, see Ficus benjam.ina.
Sisal, see Agave sisalana.
Sisiohan, see Euphorbia hirta.
Siva, see Datura fastuosa.
Slippers :
Agave cantida, i, 362.
Areca catechu, i, 144.
Corypha elata, i, 192.
Cyperus malaccensis, i, 346.
Fimbristylis diphylla, i, 348.
Fimbristylis globulosa, i, 348.
Ischaemum angustifoUum, i, 340.
INDEX
319
Slippers — Continued.
Oryza sativa, i, 342.
fandanus simplex, i, 336.
Rhynchospora eorymbosa, i, 352.
Typha angustifolia, i, 330.
Smilax bracteata:
Distribution, iii, 175.
Local names, iii, 175.
Medicinal, iii, 175.
Smilax china :
Distribution, iii, 175.
Local names, iii, 175.
Medicinal, iii, 175.
Smilax leucophylla:
Disti-ibution, iii, 175.
Local names, iii, 175.
Medicinal, iii, 175.
Smudge :
Agathis alba, ii, 20.
Soap :
Agathis alba, ii, 20.
Alewrites moluccana, ii, 126.
Arachis hypogaea, ii. 109.
Calophyllum inophyllum, ii, 158.
Ceiba pentandra, ii, 150, 152.
Chisocheton cumingianus, ii, 118.
Cocos nucifera, ii, 93.
Elaeis guineensis, ii, 103.
Ganophyllum falcatum, ii, 148.
Isoptera borneensis, iii, 160.
Jatropha curcas, ii, 140.
Pangium edule, ii, 161.
Pongamia pinnata, ii. 111.
Ricinus communis, ii, 143.
Sesamum orientale, ii, 168.
Shorea balangeran, ii, 160.
Soap substitutes, iii, 49.
Sobosob, see Blumea balsamifera.
Solanaceae :
Dyes, ii, 404.
Food plants, ii, 373.
Medicinal plants, iii. 72, 234.
Tobacco substitutes, iii, 96.
Solan um cumingii:
Description and distribution, ii, 374.
Local names, ii, 374.
Food, ii, 374.
Medicinal, iii, 235.
Solarium ivaequilaterale :
Description, iii, 96.
Local names, iii, 96.
Tobacco substitute, iii, 96.
Solanum melongena :
Distribution, iii, 235.
Local names, iii, 235.
Medicinal, iii, 235.
Solanum nigrum :
Description and distribution, iii, 74.
Local names, iii, 74.
Medicinal, iii, 74, 235.
Solasi, see Ocimum basUicum.
Solda-solda, see Euphorbia tirucalli.
Solsoldong-, see Euphorbia tirucalli.
Sonchus oleraceus:
Description and distribution, ii, 377.
Local name, ii, 377.
Food, ii, 377.
Sonneratia alba:
Description and distribution, i, 44.
Figure, i, 45.
Local names, i, 44.
Firewood, i, 44.
Food, ii, 352.
Vinegar, ii, 352.
Sonneratia caseolaris:
Description, i, 46.
Distribution, i, 22, 46.
Figure, i, 47, 49.
Local names, i, 46.
Cultivation, i, 102.
Firewood, i, 112-116.
Forest charge, i, 125.
Stands, i, 86-100.
Tannin, i, 120-124.
Timber, i, 46.
Sonneratiaceae :
Food plants, ii, 352.
Mangrove swamps, i, 44.
Sophora tomentosa:
Distribution, iii, 192.
Local names, iii, 192.
Medicinal, iii. 192.
Sorog-sorog, see Euphorbia neriifolia.
Boro-soro, see Euphorbia hirta.
Sorosoro, see Euphorbia neriifolia.
Sorosoro, see Euphorbia tirucalli.
Sosong-dalaga, see Grewia stylocarpa.
Sosueldo, see Euphorbia tirucalli.
Sosuerdo, see Euphorbia tirucalli.
Sotis, see Bixa orellana.
Spathiphyllum- commiitatum :
Description, ii, 256.
Food, ii, 256.
Spathoglottis plicata:
Description and distribution, iii, 40.
Figure, iii, 39.
Local names, iii, 40.
Ornamental, iii, 40.
Spear shafts ;
Livistona cochinchinensis, i, 216.
Livistona rotundifoUa, i, 216.
Oncosperma filamentosum, i, 36, 232.
Pinanga spp., i, 236.
Sphaeranthus africanus:
Distribution, iii, 246.
Local names, iii, 246.
Medicinal, iii, 246.
Sphagnaceae:
Sphagnum, iii, 92.
Sphagnum :
Sphagnum spp., iii, 92.
Sphagnum spp. :
Distribution, iii, 92.
Uses, iii, 92.
Spice :
Zingiber officinale, ii, 184.
320
INDEX
Spilanthes acmeUa:
Distribution, iii, 246.
Local names, iii, 246.
Medicinal, iii, 246.
Spiny bamboo, see Bambusa spinosa.
Spondias pinnata:
Description and distribution, ii, 322.
Figure, ii, 324.
Local names, ii, 322.
Food, ii, 322.
Spondias purpurea:
Distribution, iii, 202.
Local names, iii, 202.
Medicinal, iii, 202.
Sponge gourd, see Luffa cylindrica.
Sporobolus elongatus:
Description and distribution, i, 344.
Local names, i, 344.
Fiber, i, 344.
Sporobohis indicus :
Description and distribution, i, 346.
Hats, i, 346.
Stag-horn fern, see Platycerium biforme.
Starch :
Arenga pinnata, i, 150.
Caryota spp., i, 182.
Corypha elata, i, 192.
Metroxylon sagu, i, 220.
Stenochlaena palustris :
Description and distribution, i, 326.
Figrure, i, 324.
Local names, i, 323.
Fiber, i, 323.
Food, i, 326.
Stephania japonica :
Distribution, iii, 186.
Local names, iii, 186.
Medicinal, iii, 186.
Sterculiaceae :
Dyes, ii, 399.
Fiber plants, i, 395.
Food plants, ii, 336.
Mangrove swamps, i, 42.
Medicinal plants, iii, 210.
Oils, ii, 154.
Poisonous plants, iii, 80.
Sferculia crassiramea:
Description and distribution, 1, 400.
Local names, i, 400.
Rope, i, 400.
Tensile strength, i, 321.
Sterculia cuneafa:
Description and distribution, i, 400.
Local names, i, 400.
Rope, i, 400.
Sterculia foetida :
Description and distribution, i. 401 ; ii, 156.
Figures, ii, 153, 155.
Local names, i, 401 ; ii, 154.
Composition of seeds, ii, 154.
Food, ii, 336.
Kalumpang, oil, ii, 156.
Medicinal, iii, 211.
Rope, i, 401.
Tensile strength, i, 321.
Sterculia luzonica :
Description and distribution, i, 401.
Local names, i, 401.
Rope, i, 401.
Sterculia oblongata:
Description and distribution, i, 402 ; ii, 336.
Figure, ii, 337.
Local names, i, 401 ; ii, 336.
Food, ii, 336.
Rope, i, 401.
Tensile strength, i, .321.
Sterculia philippinensis :
Description and distribution, i, 402.
Local names, i, 402.
Rope, i, 402.
Sterculia stipularis :
Description and distribution, i, 402.
Local names, i, 402.
Rope, i, 402.
Tensile strength, i, 321.
St. Ignatius bean, see Strychnos ignatii.
Stinging crystals :
Arenga pinnata, i, 150.
Streblus asper :
Description and distribution, iii, 51.
Local names, iii, 51.
Medicinal, iii, 182.
Sandpaper substitute, iii, 51.
Scouring material, iii, 51.
Streptocaulon baumii:
Description and distribution, i, 408.
Local names, i, 408.
Fiber, i, 408.
Medicinal, iii, 224.
Strophanthus cumingii:
Arrow poison, iii, 81.
Strychnos ignatii:
Description and distribution, iii, 70.
Figure, iii, 71.
Local names, iii, 70.
Medicinal, iii, 70, 221.
Strychnos rnulti flora:
Description and distribution, i, 406.
Local names, i, 406.
Fiber, i. 406.
Medicinal, iii, 221.
Sua, see Citrus maxima.
Suangi, see Citrus sp.
Sua'-siia', see Triphasia trifoliata.
Subit, see Toddalia asiatica.
Subon-manuk, see Piper retrofractum.
Sub6sub, see Pterocaulon redolens.
Subsliban, see Polygonum barhatum.
Sud-sud, see Fimbristylis globulosa.
Sudsud, see Kyllinga monocephala.
Suelda-consuelda, see Euphorbia tirucalli.
Sueldo-consueldo, see Euphorbia tirucalli.
Suerdo-eonsuerdo, see Euphorbia tirucalli.
Suganda, see Coleus amboinicus.
Sugar :
Arenga pinnata, i, 150.
Corypha elata, i, 192.
Nipa fruticans, i, 222.
Sugar cane, see Saccharu^n officin/s/rum.
INDEX
321
Sugar palm, see Arenga pinnata.
Sugpon-sugpon, see Cissus guadrangularis.
Suha', see Citrus maxima.
Suia-soi, see Lilium philippinensis.
Sulasi, see Lumnitzera racemosa.
Sulisi, see Ocimum sanctum.
Sulasig, see Aegiceras eorniculatum.
Suliman, see Maesa cumingii.
Sulimbubu, see SterciiUa cuneata.
Sulingasau, see Callicarpa erioclona.
Sulipa, see Gardenia pseudopsidium.
Sulipa, see Gymnartocarpus woodii.
Sulmin, see Aglaia harmsiana.
Sulpa-sulpa, see Cissus quadrangular is.
Sulsulitik, see Curculigo orchioides.
Sulu-saungan, see Canarium villostim.
Sulusihigan, see Alstonia macrophylla.
Siima, see Archangelisia flava.
Sumpa, see Corchorus capsularis.
Sungut-olang, see Breynia rhamnoides.
Sunting, see Cassia alata.
Sunting, see Cassia ocddentalis.
Sup&, see Sindora supa.
Supa oil:
Sindora supa, ii, 38.
Supstiput, see Elephantopus spicatus.
Surgical appliance :
Palaquium ahernianum, ii, 82.
Surusampalok, see Phyllanthus niruri.
Surusighid, see Sida acuta.
Susokoyili, see 0.rcdis repens.
Susulin, see Fagraea cochinchinensis.
Susumbig, see Grewia stylocarpa.
Susumbiik, see Grewia stylocarpa.
Susumbik, see Grewia stylocarpa.
Susungbiig, see Grewia stylocarpa.
Susung-damulag, see Uvaria rufa.
Susung-kabayo, see Uvaria rufa.
Stisung-kalaljau, see Uvaria rufa.
Susung-kalabau, see Uvaria sorzogonensis.
Suub-kabayo, see Hyptis suaveolens.
Sweet basil, see Ocimum basilicum.
Sweet basil oil :
Ocimum basilicu>n, ii, 217.
Sweet flag, see Acorus calamus.
Syrup :
Corypha elata, i, 192.
T
Taag, see Kleinhovia hospita.
Tabaco, see Nicotiana tabacuyn.
Tabaco-tabaco, see Solanum inaequilaterale.
Tabagisa, see Sophora tomentosa.
Tabaiag, see Lagenaria leucantha.
Tabangongo, see Clerodendron inerme.
Tabas, see Cubilia blancoi.
Taba-taba. see Miissaenda philippica.
Tabau, see Dodonaea viscosa.
Tabau, see Lumnitzera littorea.
Tabau, see Lumnitzera racemosa.
Tabau, see Osbornia octodonta.
Tabau. see Scyphiphora hydrophyUacea.
Tabau-tabau, see Trichosanthes quinquangu-
lata,
177674 21
Tabernaemontana pandacaqui:
Description and distribution, ii, 404.
Local names, ii, 403.
Bleaching agent, ii, 408.
Medicinal, iii, 223.
Tabiaiong, see Lagenaria leucantha.
Tabigi, see Xylocarpus granatum.
Tabigi, see Xylocarpus moluccensis.
Taboan, see Pandanus dubius.
Tabobog, see Luffa cylindrica.
Tabobok, see Luffa cylindrica.
Taboeta, see Excoecaria agallocha.
Tabog, see Chaetospermum glutinosum.
Tabog-6k, see Mom^rdica cochinchinensis.
Tabtabin, see Fimbristylis diphylla.
Tabtabdkol, see Coldenia procumbens.
Tabu, see Ficus ulmifolia.
Tabu-dapi, see Spathoglottis plicata.
Tabugok, see Trichosanthes quinquangulata.
Tabiil, see Canarium villosum.
Tabulak, see Solanum cumingii.
Tabuli, see Gymnartocarpus woodii.
Tabunak, see Phragmites vulgaris.
TabuiTgau, see Lagenaria leucantha.
Tabuyok, see Chaetospermum glutinosum.
Taccaceae :
Food plants, ii, 256.
Tacca pinnatifida :
Description and distribution, ii, 256.
Local name, ii, 256.
Starch, ii, 256.
Tachin-kabayo, see Malvastrum coromandeli-
num.
Tadak, see Calophyllum blancoi.
Tadiang-kalabau, see Aglaia harmsiana.
Tadiang-kalabau, see Dysoxylum decandrum.
Tadlangau, see Adenanthera intermedia.
Tafu, see Mallotus philippinensis.
Tagabang, see Corchorus olitorius.
Tagadeu, see Thysanolaena maxima.
Tagak-tagik, see Rhinacanthus nasuta.
Tagap, see Artocarpus rubrovenia.
Tagasa, see Bruguiera sexangula.
Tagasa, see Ceriops tagal.
Tagatoi, see Mimusops parvifolia.
Tagb&k, see Kolowratia elegans.
Tagbak-babui, see Kolowratia elegans.
Tagbilau, see Oroxylum indicum.
Tagetes patula:
Distribution, iii, 246.
Local names, iii, 246.
Medicinal, iii, 246.
Tagga', see Pterocarpus spp.
Taggat, see Pterocarpus spp.
Tagimi, see ConocephaUus violaceus.
Tagimunau, see Triphasic trifoliata.
Taging-tagak, see Rhinacanthus nasuta.
Tagipan, see Caryota cumingii.
Tagisa, see Thysanolaena maxima.
Tagise, see Heterospathe elata.
Tagisi, see Phragmites vulgaris.
Tagka', see Pterocarpus spp.
Taglima, see Schefflera odorata.
Tagnag, see Kleinhovia hospita.
Tagob, see Bidens chinensis.
322
INDEX
Tagomtagom, see Pithecolobium subacutum.
Tagong-tagong, see hidigofera tinctoria.
Tagpan, see Diplodiscus paniculatus.
Tagpo, see Ardisia boissieri.
Tagpung-pula, see Ardisia boissieri.
Tagughug, see Celcsia argentea.
Tagulinai, see Vernonia cinerea.
Tagulinas, see Ettiilia sonchifolia.
Tagulinau, see Emilia sonchifolia.
Tagulinau, see Fsycliutria mindorensis.
Tagumbau, see Jatropha curcas.
Tagungtiingan, see Pterocymbiuni tinctorium.
Tagurare, see Pithecolobium subacutum.
Tagustus, see Scaevola frutescens.
Tagutugan, see Litsea glutinosa.
Tahid-labuyo, see Dalbergia cumingiana.
Tahig, see Homalomena philippinensis.
Taingang-babui, see Gonocaryum caUerya-
num.
Taingang-daga, see Auricularia spp.
Taingan^-daga, see Oxalis repens.
Taing-aso, see Morinda citrifolia.
Tairas, see Euphorbia hirta.
Taisan, see Ficus ■)n,inahassae.
Taitai, see Paederia foetida.
Taiwanak, see Bambusa vulgaris.
Takad, see Rotala aquatica.
Taka magindjinau, see Corchorus oUtorius.
Takamain, see Blumea balsamifera.
Takim-baka, see Malvastrum coromandelinum.
Takim-vaca, see Sida rhombifoUa.
Taking-baka, see Sida acuta.
Takip-asin, see Melanolepis multiglandulosa.
Takip-kohol, see Centella asiatica.
Takkim-baka, see Sida acuta.
Takkit-vaca, see Sida rhombifoUa.
Taklang-anak, see Garcinia dulcis.
'iakUing-anak, see Garcinia venulosa.
Taklang kurong, see Jussiaea linifolia.
Takling-baka, see Sida acuta.
Takling-vaca, see Sida rhombifoUa.
Tako, see Terminalia edulis.
Takobtob, see Areca catechu.
Takok, see Calophyllum blancoi.
Takoline, Rhaphidophora merrillii.
Takpo, see Psychotria luzoniensis.
Taktak, see Corypha elata.
Takulau, see Phaeanthus ebracteolatus.
Takulau bianco, see Bombycidendron vidaXia-
nu7n.
Takumbau, see Jatropha curcas.
Takung, see Pterocymbiuni tinctorium.
Talahib, see Miscanthus sinensis.
Talahib, see Saccharum spontaneutn.
Talakatak, see Castanopsis philippensis.
Talakau, see Helicteres hirsuta.
Talambasi, see Callicnrpx formosana.
Talampunai, see Datura fastuosa.
Talampiinai, see Ricinus communis.
Talampunai na itim, see Datura fastuosa.
Ta'.ang, see Diospyros discolor.
Talangi, see Curculigo orchioides.
Talangk&u, Bee Plumbago seylanica.
Talantalogan, see Solanum inaequilaterale.
Talatabako, see Sphaeranthus africanus.
Talaunur, see Eurycles amhoinensis.
Talbak, see Kolowratia elegans.
Taliang, see Alocasia macrorrhiza.
Taliantan, see Leea manillensis.
Talibunog, see Ehretia navesii.
Talik-harap, see Mussaenda philippica.
Taliknono, see Buddleia asiatica.
Talikud, see Phyllanthus niruri.
Talinga" an, see Pterospermum diversifolium.
Talingaen, see Pterospermum obliquum.
Talinganan, see Garuga abilo.
Talingtaling, see Solanum cumingii.
Talipopo, see Mimusops parvifolia.
TaKsai, see Terminalia calamansanai.
Talisai, see Terminalia catappa.
Talisai, see Terminalia edulis.
Talisi, see Terminalia catappa.
Talisocho, see Plumiera acuminata.
Taliu, see Pittosporum pentandrum.
Taliunud, see Eurycles amboinensis.
Talo, see Wikstroemia indica.
Talob-alok, see Fagraea racemosa.
Taloktok, see Kleinhovia hospita.
Talolong, see Quisqualis indica.
Talo-magalau, see Mimosa pudica.
Talong, see Solanum melongena.
Talong-punai na itim, see Datura fastuosa.
Talongtalongan. see Solanum cumingii.
Talosan, see Helicteres hirsuta.
Taloto, see Pterocym,bium tinctorium.
TaJtallikud, see Phyllanthus niruri.
Talu-ang, see Spathoglottis plicata.
Talumpapait, see Clerodendron cumingianum.
Talumpapat. see Clerodendron cumingianutn.
Talungtalungan, see Solanum cumingii.
Talu-talu, see Diplodiscus paniculatus.
Taliito, see Pterocymbiuni tinctorium.
Taluto, see Sterculia luzonica.
Tamahilan, see Curcuma zedoaria.
Tamanag, see Kleinhovia hospita.
Tamarind, see Tamarindus indica.
Tamarind-seed oil :
Tamarindus indica, ii, 112.
Tamarindus indica :
Description and distribution, ii, 294.
Figure, ii, 297.
Local names, ii, 294.
Bleaching agent, ii, 396.
Food, ii, 294.
Medicinal, iii, 67.
Tamarind-seed oil, ii, 112.
Tamaiihan, see Lansium dubiuvi.
Tamayan, see Pavetta indica.
Tamayuan, see Pygeum preslii.
Tambak, see Costus speciosus.
Tambal, see Eurycles amboinensis.
Tambalabasi, see CalUcarpa erioclona.
Tambaleta, see Sophora tomentosa.
Tambalisa, see Cassia occidentalis.
Tambalisa, see Cassia sophera.
Tambalisa, see Sophora tomentosa.
Tambal-tungan, see Alstonia macrophylla.
Tambi, see Eugenia mananquil.
Tambiligisa, see Sophora tomentosa.
Tambis, see Eugenia aquea.
INDEX
323
Tambis, see Eugenia calubcob.
Tambis, see Eugenia mananquU.
Tambis-tambis, see Ficus minahassae.
Tambo, see Phragmites vulgaris.
Tambobonot, see Sterculia cuneata.
Tambo-tambo, see Calophyllum inophyUum.
Tambo-tambo, see Xylocarpus granatum.
Tambu, see Phragmites vulgaris.
Tambu, see Thysanolaena inaxima.
Tambulok, see Benincasa hispida.
Tambuyogan, see Ficus minahassae.
Taming-taming, see Dysoxylum decandrum.
Tamo, see Curcuma zedoaria.
Tamohilang, see Zingiber zerumbet.
Tamok, see Pterospermuni niveum.
Tampinbanal, see Rhaphidophora tnerrillii.
Tampinita, see Merremia nymphaeifolia.
Tampoi, see Eugenia calubcob.
Tampoi, see Eugenia xanthophylla.
Tampoi-gubat, see Eugenia xanthophyila.
Tampiii, see Eugenia xanthophylla.
Tamputi, see Eugenia calubcob.
Tan-ag, see Kleinhovia hospita.
Tanak, see Kleinhovia hospita.
Tando', see Lophopetalum toxicum.
Tang-dg, see Kleinhovia hospita.
Tangdl, see Ceriops roxburghiana.
Tangal, see Ceriops tagal.
Tangal, see Terminalia edidis.
Tangalan, see Bruguiera cylindrica.
Tangal-babae, see Bruguiera cylindrica.
TangsU-lalaki, see Ceriops tagal.
Tangalo, see Actinorhytis calapparia.
Tangalon. see Quisqualis indica.
Tangan-tangan, see Jatropha curcas.
Tangan-t&ngan, see Ricinus communi.-j.
Tangantangan-tuba, see Jatropha ourcaa.
TangAs, see Dolichandrone spathaeea.
Tangbo, see Phragmites vulgaris.
Tanggulai. see Alphitonia excelsa.
Tanghal, see Ceriops tagal.
Tanghas, see Dolichandrone spathaeea.
Tafigid. see Canangium odoratum.
Tangiling-bangohan. see Aglaia harmsiana.
Tangisan-bagio, see Breynia rhamnoides.
Tangit, see Canangium odoratum.
Tangitang, see Alstonia mncrophylla.
Tangkoi, see Benincasa hispida.
Tangkong, see Ipomoea reptans.
Tangkiia, see Benincasa hispida.
Tangkung, see Ipomoea reptans.
TanglHd, see Andropogon citratus.
Tangle, see Premna odorata.
Tanglin, see .Adenanthera intermedia.
Tanglon. see Adenanthera intermedia.
Tang6Ion, see Quisqualis indica.
Tangus, see Eugenia mananquil.
Tannin :
Ardisia serrata, iii, 95.
Areca catechu, i, 144.
Bruguiera parviflora, i, 119-124.
Bruguiera sexangula, i, 120-124.
Calophyllum inophyUum, iii. 94.
Canari^nn luzonicum., iii, 94.
Ceriops roxburghiana, i, 121-124.
Tannin — Continued.
Ceriops tagal, i, 119-124.
Pinus insularis, iii, 92.
Pithecolobium dulce, iii, 93.
Rhizophora candelaria, i, 119-124.
Rhizophora mucronata, i, 119-124.
Sonneratia alba, i, 44.
Sonneratia caseolaris, i, 120-124.
Weinmannia luzonensis, iii. 93.
Xylocarpus granatum, i, 120-124.
Xylocarpus ^noluccensis, i, 120-124.
Tanobong, see Phragmites vulgaris.
Tanogo, see Clerodendron cumingianum.
Tantandok, see Gynandropsis gynandra.
Tantandok riga dadakkol, see Gynandropsia
gynandra.
Tanual, see Eurycles amboinensis.
Tanubong, see Phragmites karka.
Taoda, see Peristrophe bivalvis.
Taoda, see Peristrophe tinctoria.
Taoto, see Pterocymbium tinctorium.
Tapiasin, see Coldenia procumbens.
Tapin&g, see Sterculia crassirainea.
Tapira, see Pinanga spp.
Tapolonga, see Hibiscus rosa^sinensis.
Tapiilau, see Cyathocalyx globosus.
TapHlau, see Pinus merkusii.
Tarabang, see Ottelia alismoides.
Tarabtab, see Capparis horrida.
Tarabtab. see Capparis micracantha.
Tarabtab-uak, see Capparis horrida.
Tarabtab-uak, see Capparis micracantha.
Tarambolo, see Solanum cumingii.
Tarangking, see Schefflera odorata.
Taraptap, see Capparis micracantha.
Taratakiipis, see Abutilon indicum.
Tariu, see Livistona cochinchinensis.
Tarau, see Livistona rotundifolia.
Taroi, see Grexvia jnultiflora.
Tarokangan, see Hibiscus rosa-sinensis.
Taroktok, see Bombax ceiba.
Tarong, see Solanum melongena.
Taroi^atiiTgan. see Decaspermum fruticosum.
TaroiTgatir^an, see Pterospermum obliquum.
Tarre-tarre, see Blechum brownei.
Tartaraok, see Qunmoclit pinnata.
Tartaraok, see Quisqualis indica.
Taruntum, see Lumnitzera littorea.
Tata, see Nipa fruticans.
Tata, see Nipa fruticans.
Tatagt&g, see Trema orientalis.
Tataluangi, see Curculigo orchioides.
Taua, see Flagellaria indica.
Taua-taua, see Euphorbia hirta.
Taua-taua, see .Jatropha curcas.
Taua-taua, see Mussaenda philippica.
Tauaua, see Euphorbia hirta.
Tauen-tauen, see Aristolochia tagala.
TauraiTgan, see Hibiscus rosa-sinensis.
Tautu. see Pterocymbium tinctorium.
Tau-ua, see .Jatropha curcas.
Tau-ua-tau-ua, see Ricinus communis.
Tawalis, see Osbornia octodonta.
Tayakpok, see Litsea glutinosa.
Tayam, see Desmodium heterocarpum.
324
INDEX
Taya-taya, see Terminalia eduUs.
Tayokon, see Aegiceras corniculatum.
Tayok-tayok, see Fimbristylis diphylla.
Tayok-tayok, see Fimbristylis globulosa.
Tayom-tayom, see Decaspermum fruticosum.
Tayon, see Indigofera suffruticosa.
Tayum, see Indigofera suffruticosa.
Tayum, see Indigofera tinctoria.
Tayung, see Indigofera suffruticosa.
Tayung-tayungan, see Indigofera tinctoria.
Teak, see Tect ma grandis.
Teca, see Tectona grandis.
Tectona grandis:
Distribution, iii, 231.
Local names, iii, 231.
Medicinal, iii, 231.
Teka, see Fagraea cochinchinensis.
Teka-teka, see Sapindus saponaria.
Tekistekis, see Sapindus saponaria.
Tekiu, see Pithecolobium subacutum.
Telosma procum bens :
Description and distribution, ii, 372.
Local names, ii, 372.
Food, ii, 372.
Temple flower, see Plumiera acuminata.
Tengah, see Ceriops spp.
Tengar, see Ceriops spp.
Tentenedor, see QuamocUt pinnata.
Terentum, see Lumnitzera littorea.
Terminalia calamansanai:
Distribution, iii, 215.
Local names, iii, 215.
Medicinal, iii, 215.
Terminalia catappa:
Description and distribution, ii, 166.
Figure, ii, 163.
Local names, ii, 162.
Dye, ii, 402.
Food, ii, 352.
Indian almond oil, ii, 164.
Medicinal, iii, 215.
Terminalia comintana :
Distribution, iii, 216.
Local names, iii, 216.
Medicinal, iii. 216.
Terminalia edulis:
Description and distribution, ii, 354.
Figure, ii, 353.
Local names, ii, 354.
Feed, ii, 354.
Medicinal, iii, 216.
Temate. see Graptophyllum pictum.
Ternstroemia toQuian :
Fish poison, iii, 8C.
Tetracera scandens :
Description and distribution, iii. 59.
Local names, iii. 59.
Scouring material, iii. 59.
Tetrantigma harmandii:
Description and distribution, ii, 330.
Local names, ii, 330.
Food, ii, 330.
Medicinal, iii. 207.
Tetrastigma loheri:
Description and distribution, ii, 330
Local name, ii, 330.
Food, ii, 330.
Tewanak, see Bambusa vulgaris.
Tewung, see Flagellaria indica.
Thatching material :
Andropogon zizanioides, i, 338; ii, 177.
Arenga pinnata, i, 150.
Cocos nucifera, i, 184.
Corypha elata, i, 192.
Imperata exaltata, i, 340.
Livistona cochinchinensis, i, 216.
Livistona rotundifolia, i, 216.
Metroxylon sagu, i, 220.
Nipa fruticans, i, 222.
Theaceae :
Poisonous plants, iii, 80.
Theobroma cacao:
Distribution, iii, 211.
Medicinal, iii, 211.
Thespesia lam pas :
Description and distribution, i, 391.
Local names, i, 3S1.
Dye, ii, 399.
Rope, i, 391.
Tensile strength, i, 321.
Thespesia populnea:
Distribution, iii, 210.
Local names, iii, 210.
Medicinal, iii, 210.
Thevetia peruviana :
Distribution, iii, 224.
Local name, iii, 224.
Medicinal, iii, 224.
Thrinax argentea:
Recently introduced palm, i, 243.
Thrinax parvifolia :
Recently introduced palm, i, 243.
Thrinax robusta:
Recently introduced palm, i, 243.
Thymelaeaceae :
Fiber plants, i, 403.
Medicinal plants, iii, 213.
Paper, i, 421.
Thysanolaena maxima:
Description and distribution, i, 346.
Figure, i, .347.
Local names, i, ?46.
Brooms, i, 346.
Tiagk6t, see Pithecolobium subacutum.
Tiaora, see Peristrophe bivalvis.
Tibaiaiong, see Benincasa hispida.
Tibangan, see Pinanga spp.
Tibanglan, see Pinanga spp.
Tibanglan, see Strychnos multiflora.
Tibatib, see Pothos spp.
Tibatib, see Rhaphidophora merrilUi.
Tibi, see Ficus benjamina.
Tibig, see Kibatalia blancoi.
Tibigi, see Xylocarpus moluccensis.
Tibulid, see Citrus sp.-
Tibungau. see .Aglaia glomerata.
Tibungau, see Aglaia harmsiana.
Tigahui, see Pinanga spp.
INDEX
325
Tigau, see Callicarpa erioclona.
Tigau, see Callicarpa formosana.
Tigbao, see Saccharum spontarteum.
Tigbau, see Acanthus ebracteatus.
Tig-bi, see Coix lachryina-jobi.
Tigrbikai, see Coix lachryma-jobi.
Tige nga najrnianto, see Amorphophallus cam-
panulatus.
Tiger grass, see Thysanolaena maxima.
Tigi, see Pithecolobium subacutum.
Tigi, see Sansevieria zeylanica.
Tigiu, see Pithecolobium subacutum.
Tigre, see Sansevieria zeylanica.
Tikal, see Livistona rotundifolia.
Tikamas, see Pachyrrhizus erosus.
Tikas-tikas, see Caiina indica.
Tikas-tikas, see Sapindus saponaria.
Tiker, see Scirpus la<-ustris.
Tikes, see Pithecolobium subacutuin.
Tikis, see Livistona rotundifolia.
Tikiu, see Pithecolobium subacutum.
Tikiu, see Scirpus grossus.
Tikla, see Tectona grandis.
Tikog, see Cyperus malaccensis.
Tikog, see Fimbristylis globulosa.
Tikog, see Sagittaria sagittifolia.
Tikug, see Fimbristylis globulosa.
Tikug, see Scirpus grossus.
Tiliaceae :
Dyes, ii, 399.
Fiber plants, 1, 381.
Food plants, ii, 332.
Mangrove swamps, i, 40.
Medicinal plants, iii. 207.
Tilub, see Gleichenia linearis.
Timbab&si, see Callicarpa formosana.
Timbambakis, see Aegiceras corniculatum.
Timbangalan, see Pinanga spp.
Timbingan, see Aristolochia tagala.
Timbang-timbang, see Tinom,iscium philippin-
ense.
Timbangtimbangan, see Aristolochia tagala.
Timbungan, see Coelococcus amicarum.
Timon-timon, see Trichosanthes Quinquangu-
lata.
Timsim, see Panicuvi stagninum.
Tinagasi, see Leucosyke capiteUata.
Tinatina-an, see Indigofera suffruticosa.
Tinatinaan, see Phyllanthus reticulatus.
Tindalo, see Cassia fistula.
Tinder :
Arenga pinnata, i, 150.
Caryota cumingii, i, 182.
Caryota majestica, i, 182.
Caryota merriUii, i, 182.
Caryota mitis, i, 182.
Caryota rumphiana, i, 182.
Tindoi, see Acanthus ilicif alius.
Tindok, see Aegiceras corniculatum.
Tindok-tindok, see Aegiceras corniculatum.
Tinduk-tindukan, see Aegiceras corniculatum.
Tinduktindukan, see Aegiceras floridum.
Tiiigantirigan. see Pterospermum niveum.
Tingantingan, see Pterospermum obliquum.
Tinga-tinga, see Mussaenda philippica.
Tingkal, see Tabernaemontana pandacaqui.
Tingpud, see Tabernaemontana pandacaqui.
Tinikan, see Capparis micracantha.
Tinlai, see Andropogon aciculatus.
Tinlui, see Acanthus ilicifolius.
Tinomiscium philippinense.
Distribution, iii, 186.
Local names, iii, 186.
Medicinal, iii, 186.
Tinta-tinta, see Eclipta alba.
Tinta-tintahan, see Eclipta alba.
Tinta-tintahan, see Lantana camara.
Tinuluan-gatas, see Mussaenda philippica.
Tipolo, see .-irtocarpus commiinis.
Tipon-tipon, see Arenga tremula.
Tiratina-an, see Indigofera suffruticosa.
Tirbatib, see Rhaphidophora merriUii.
Tiroron. see Nauclea junghuhnii.
Tiroron, see Terminalia comintana.
Titau, see Agathis alba.
Titau, see Rubus ellipticus.
Titipuho, see Wikstroemia indica.
Titiu, see Scirpus grossus.
Tivi, see Dolichandrone spathacea.
Tiwayos, see Osbornia octodonta.
Tiwi, see Dolichandrone spathacea.
Tobacco, see Nicotiana tabacum.
Tobacco substitutes :
Astible philippinensis, iii, 95.
Solanum inaequUaterale, iii, 96.
Toddalia asiatica :
Description and distribution, ii, 216.
Figure, ii, 299.
Local names, ii, 214.
Food flavoring, ii, 300.
Medicinal, ii. 300; iii, 194.
Perfume, ii, 216.
Tohod-tohod, see Jussiaea linifolia.
Toilet powders :
Acorus calamus, ii, 181.
Tokman, see Buddleia asiatica.
Tokod-banua, see Amorphophallus cam panu-
latus.
Tolal. see Chloranthus brachystachys.
Tologtolog, see Phyllanthus reticulatus.
Tolosan, see Helicteres hirsjita.
Tolotigre, see Lepidopetalum perrottetii.
Tomato, see Lycopersicum esculentum.
Tcnggui, see Ceriops tagal.
Toiigo, see Dioscorea esculenta.
Tongog, see Ceriops tagal.
Tongtongking, see Helicteres hirsuta.
Tonuar, see Eurycles amboinensis.
Topo, see Semecarpus gigantifolia.
Torches :
Agathis alba, ii, 20.
Canarium luzonicum, ii, 42.
Torog-torog, see Mimosa pudica.
Torronga, see Coleus amboinicus.
Tortoraok, see Quisqualis indica.
Tournefortia sarmentosa :
Distribution, iii, 228.
Local names, iii, 228.
Medicinal, iii, 228.
326
INDEX
Transmission belts :
Achras sapota, ii, 74.
Tree fern trunks :
Cyathea spp., iii, 96.
Trema orientalis:
Description and distribution, i, 366.
Local names, i, 366.
Fiber, i, 366.
Tensile strength, i. 321.
Tremcllaceae :
Edible fungi, iii, 114.
Tremella foliaceae :
Edible fungi, iii, 116.
Tremella fuciformis:
Description, iii, 114.
Edible fungi, iii, 114.
Tres moras, see Andropogon zizanioides.
Tres puntos, see Melanolepis multiglandulosa.
Trianthema portulacastrum :
Description and distribution, ii, 276.
Local name, ii, 276.
Food, ii, 276.
Trichodesma indicum :
Distribution, iii, 228.
Medicinal, iii. 228.
Trichodesma zeylanicum:
Distribution, iii, 228.
Local names, iii, 228.
Medicinal, iii, 228.
Tricholoma tenuis :
Edible fungi, iii, 138.
Trichosavthes qui-iKjuangulata :
Distribution, iii, 242.
Local names, iii, 242.
Me<licinal, iii, 242.
Triphasia trifoliata:
Description and distribution, ii, 300.
Local names, ii, 300.
Food, ii, 300.
TristeUateia australaniae :
Distribution, i, 24.
Triumfetta hartramia:
Description and distribution, i, 386.
Local names, i, 386.
Dimensions of bast fibers, i, 322.
Fiber, i. 386.
Medicinal, iii, 207.
Troentoem, see Aegiceras corniculatUTti.
Trompa-elefante, see Heliotropium indicum.
Trompalipante, see Heliotropium indicum.
Trompalipanti, see Rotala aquatica.
Troughs :
I/ivistona cochinchinensis, i, 216.
Livistona rotundifolia, i, 216
Tsang-bato, see Canscora diffusa.
Tua-an, see Kingiodendron alternifoUnm.
Tuanio, see Osbornia octodonta.
Tuawis, see Oshornia octodonta.
Tuba, see Barringtonia acutangula.
Tuba, see Crofon tiglium.
Tuba, see -Tatropha curcas.
Tubai-basi, see Callicarpa formosana.
Tflbane-'bS.kod, see .Jatropha curras.
Tubang-dalag, see Callicarpa formosana.
Tubang-makaisa, see Croton tiglium.
Tuba-tuba, see Croton tiglium.
Tuba-tiiba, see Jatropha curcas.
Tuba-tuba, see Thespesia populnea.
Tuberose, see Polianthes tuberosa.
Pubjus, see Litsea glutinosa.
Tubli, see Croton tiglium.
Tubo-bato, see Hymenodictyon excelsum.
Tubol-tubol, see Typha angustifolia.
Tub6ng-usa, see Costus speciosus.
Tue. see Dolichandrone spathacea.
Tugabi, see GanophyUum falcatuni.
Tugas-tiigas, see Rubus fraxinifolius.
Tugbak, see Kolowratia elegans.
Tugi, see Dioscorea escuZenta.
Tugisak, see Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea.
Tugi-tugian, see Pericatnpylus glaucus.
Tugnang, see Buddleia asiatica.
Tugtugi, see A.stilhe philippinensis.
Tugtugin, see Canarium luzonicum.
Tugvip, see Artocarpus elastica.
Tuhod-manuk, see .Justicia gendarussa.
Tui, see Dolichandrone spathacea.
Tuka, see Phaleria cumingii.
Tuka, see Phaleria perrottctiana.
Tuka, see Wikstroeniia lanceolata.
Tukal, see Ardisia boissieri.
Ttikod, see Helminthostachys zeylanica.
Tukod-banuwa, see Helminthostachys zeylanica.
Tukud-langit, see Amor pho phallus campanu-
latus.
Tukud-laiigit, see Semecarpus gigantifolia.
Tul-S.nan, see Eugenia aherniana.
Tul-anan, see Lansium dubiuin.
Tulang-manuk, see Pseuderanthemum pulchel-
lum.
Tuliau, see Ficus hauili.
Tulo, see Alphitonia excelsa.
TultulisS,n, see Eclipta alba.
Tumatanud, see Helminthostachys zeylanica.
Tumbong-aso, see Morinda citrifolia.
Tumbong-aso, see Zingiber zerumbet.
Tumbosut, see Leea manillensis.
Tumolubo, see Artocarpus rubrovenia.
Tumu, see Bruguiera conjugata and Bruguiera
sexangula.
Tunduk-tundukan, see Aegiceras corniculatum.
Tunga, see Pygeum preslii.
Tungkut-langit, see Helminthostachys zeyla-
nica.
Tungo, see Dioscorea esculenta.
Tungod. see Ceriops tagal.
Tuiigog, see Ceriops tagal.
Tung oil :
Aleurites fordii, ii, 120.
Aleurites montana, ii. 120.
Tungiid, see Ceriops tagal.
Tungiig, see Ceriops roxburghiana.
Tungung, see Ceriops roxburghiana.
Tuoi, see Eugenia calubcob.
Turkey-red oils :
Ricinus communis, ii, 143.
Turmeric, see Curcuma longa.
Turpentine :
Pinus insularis, ii, 30.
Pinus merkusii, ii. 34.
INDEX
327
Turutalikod, see PhyUanthus niruri.
Tuwi, see Dolichandrone spathacea.
Tylophora brevipes :
Distribution, iii, 224.
Local names, iii, 224.
Medicinal, iii, 224.
Tylophora perrottetiana:
Distribution, iii. 225.
Local names, iii, 225.
Medicinal, iii, 225.
Trjpha angnsti folia :
Description and distn-ibution, i, 330.
Figure, i, 331.
Local names, i, 330.
Fiber, i, 330.
Medicinal, iii, 169.
Typhaceae :
Fiber plants, i, 330.
Medicinal plant.s, iii, 169.
Typhonium divaricatum :
Local name, iii, 174.
Medicinal, iii, 174.
IT
Uag. see Flagellaria indica.
Uai ti uak, see Flagellaria indica.
Uakak, see Ichnocarpus ovatifolius.
Uakatan. see Alphitonia excelsa.
Uakatan, see Rhi-zophora candelaria.
Ualis. see Lepidopetahim perrottetii.
Ualis-ualisan, see Sida acuta.
Ualis-ualisan, see Sida rhombifolia.
Uani, see Mangifera odorata.
Uarat-uarat. see Pothos spp.
Uas, see Guioa koelreuteria.
TJas, see Harpullia nrborea.
Uas, see Lepidopetalum perrottetii.
Uatitik, see Colubrina asiatiea.
Uaualisin, see Sida acuta.
Ubag:, see Dioi^corea liizonensis.
Uban-uban, see Lansium dubinm.
Ubien, see Artocarpus cntningiana.
Ubien, see Artocarpus rubroi'enia.
Ubi-ubihan, see Srnilaa- china.
Ubop, see Dioscorea divaricata.
Ue na grayang. see Flagellaria indica.
Uginai, see Andropogon halepensis.
tjgring, see Cratoxylon blaneoi.
Ugringan, see Cratoxylon blaneoi.
Uprpoi, see Bauhinia cumingiana.
UKsang, see Licuala spinosa.
Uhangro, see Pandanus tectorius.
Ulangia, see Abrus precatorius,
Ulas, see Guioa koelreuteria.
Ulasiman, see Porfidaca oleracea.
TTlasiman-aso, see Baropa inonniera.
Ulasiman-aso, see Oldenladia corymbosa.
Ulayan. see Castanopsis philippensis.
Ulayan, see Euphoria didyma.
Ulayan, see Miniiisops parvifolia.
<Tli. see Agathis alba.
Ulisuman, see Trianthema portulacastrvm.
Uliuan, see Cinnamomum mercadoi.
I'hnaceae:
Fiber plants, i, 366.
Umbelliferae :
Medicinal plants, iii, 69, 218.
Umpig, see Bauhinia cumingiana.
Umpik, see Bauhinia cumingiana.
Umu-um, see Chloranthus brachystachys,
Unau, see Arenga pinnata.
Ungang, see Plectocotnia eltneri.
Ungo, see Elaeocarpus caloinala.
Unip, see Pithecolobiuvi subacutum.
Uog, see Flagellaria indica.
tJos, see Sterculia oblongata.
TJpak, see Sterculia cuneata.
Upas-tree, see Antiaris toxicaria.
Upling. see Bauhinia cumingiana.
Upling-gubat. see Ficus nlmifolia.
Upo, see Lagenaria leucantha.
Upopi, see Cyperus radiatus.
Upplas, see Ficus ulmifolia.
Urai, see Amaranthus spinosus.
Uraroi, see Panictim stagninum.
Uratan, see Gonocaryuni calleryanum.
Urceola imberbis :
Description and distribution, i, 407.
Local names, i, 407.
Fiber, i, 407.
Urena lobata :
Description and distribution, i, 392.
Figure, i, 393.
Local names, i, 391.
Dimensions of bast fibers, i, 322.
Fiber, i, 392.
Medicinal, iii, 210.
Tensile strength, i, 321.
Li rticaceae :
Fiber plants, i, 373.
Food plants, ii, 270.
Medicinal plants, iii. 182.
TJrung, see Fagraea cochinchinensia.
Usau, see Euphoria didyma.
TJsau, see Nephelium lappaceunt.
Usiu, see Schizostachyum dielsianum.
Usiu, see Schizostachyum- diffusum.
Uvaria purpurea :
Description and distribution, ii, 280.
Food, ii, 280.
Uvaria rufa:
Description and distribution, ii, 280.
Figure, ii, 281.
Local names, ii, 280.
Food, ii, 280.
Uvaria sorzogonensis :
Description and distribution, ii. 282.
Local names, ii, 282.
Food, ii, 282.
Uwas, see Guioa koelreuteria.
Uyango, see Pandanus radicans.
Vaccinium myrtoides:
Description and distribution, ii, 362.
Figure, ii. 365.
Local name, ii, 362.
Food, ii, 362.
1 'ace in iu m ^vhitfordii :
Description and distribution, ii, 862.
Local names, ii. 362.
Food, ii, 362.
328
INDEX
VaUisneria gigantea:
Description and distribution, ii, 248.
Local names, ii, 248.
Food, ii, 248.
Valo, see Thespesia populnea.
Vanda lamellata:
Description and distribution, iii, 40.
Figure, iii, 41.
Ornamental, iii, 40.
Vanda sanderiana :
Description and distribution, iii, 40.
Figure, iii, 42, 43.
Ornamental, iii, 40.
Vandopsis lissochiloides :
Description and distribution, iii, 40.
Figure, iii, 44.
Ornamental, iii, 40.
Vanilla ovalis:
Distribution, i, .366.
Fiber, i, 366.
Vanoverberghia sepulchrei :
Description and distribution, ii, 260.
Food, ii, 259.
Varnish :
Agathis alba, ii, 20, 22, 26.
Aleurites inoluccana, ii, 126.
Aleurites trisperma, ii, 134.
Anisoptera thurifera, ii, 52.
Calophyllnm inophyllum, ii, 159.
Canarium luzonicum, ii, 42, 44.
Dipterocarpus grandifiorusf ii, 54.
Dipterocarpus verniciftuus, ii, 62.
Sindora inermis, ii, 38.
Sindora supa, ii, 38.
Tamarindus indica, ii, 112.
Vatica niangachapoi :
Resin, ii, 52.
Ventilago dichotoma:
Distribution, iii, 205.
Local names, iii, 205.
Medicinal, iii, 205.
Verbenaceae :
Food plants, ii, 373.
Mangrove swamps, i, 80.
Medicinal plants, iii, 228.
Oils, ii. 216.
Poisonous plants, iii, 81.
Vermifuge :
Areca catechu, i, 144.
Vernonia cinerea :
Distribution, iii, 246.
Local names, iii, 246.
Medicinal, iii, 246.
Vetiver, see Andropogon zizanioidea.
Vetiver oil:
Andropogon zizanioides, ii, 177.
Vibres, see Guioa koelreuteria.
Vinegar :
Arenga. pinnata, i, 150.
Cocos nucifera, i, 184.
Corypha elata, i, 192
Nipa fruticans, i, 222.
Vitaceae :
Fiber plants, i, 379.
Food plants, ii, 328.
Medicinal plants, iii, 206.
Vital!, see Pterocarpus spp.
Vitex negundo:
Distribution, iii, 232.
Local names, iii, 232.
Lye, i, 154.
Medicinal, iii, 232.
Vitex trifolia:
Distribution, iii, 232.
Local names, iii, 232.
Medicinal, iii, 232.
Voacanga globosa:
Fish poison, iii, 81.
Vodadin, see Leea manillensis.
Voiavoi, see Phoenix hanceana.
Volvaria esculenta :
Description, iii, 126.
Distribution, iii, 126.
Figure, iii, 128, 129, 131.
Edible fungi, iii, 126.
Volvaria pruinosa:
Edible fungi, iii, 130.
Vutalau, see Calophyllum inophyllum.
w
Waling-waling, see Aerides quinquevulnerum.
Walking sticks :
Calamus spp., i, 158.
Daenionorops spp., i, 158.
Korthalsia spp., i, 212.
Livistona rotundifolia, i, 216.
Pinanga spp., i, 236.
Waltheria americana :
Distribution, iii, 212.
Local names, iii, 212.
Medicinal, iii, 212.
Wango, see Pandanus radicans.
Water (drinking) :
Calamus spp., i, 158.
Water pipes :
Livistona cochinchinensis, i, 216.
Livistona rotundifolia, i, 216.
Wax, sealing:
Agathis alba, ii, 20.
Waxgourd. see Benincasa hispida.
Wedelia biflora:
Distribution, iii, 246.
Local names, iii, 246.
Medicinal, iii, 246.
Weinmannia luzonensis:
Description and distribution, iii, 9i
Tannin, iii, 93.
Wikstroemia indica :
Description and distribution, i, 404.
Local names, i, 404.
Fiber, i, 403.
Paper, i, 421.
Wikstroemia lanceolata:
Description and distribution, i, 404.
Local names, i, 404.
Fiber, i, 403.
INDEX
329
Wikstroemia meyeniana :
Description and distribution, i, 404.
Figure, i, 405.
Local names, i, 404.
Fiber, i„ 403.
Paper, i, 421.
Wikstroemia ovata:
Description and distribution, i, 404.
Local names, i, 404.
Dimensions of bast fibers, i, 322.
Fiber, i. 403.
Medicinal, iii, 214.
Paper, i, 421.
"Wild banana, see Musa spp.
Window shades :
Miscanthus sinensis, i, 342.
X
Xinienia atnericana:
Description and distribution, ii, 274.
Figure, ii, 275.
Local names, ii, 274.
Food, ii. 274.
Purgative, ii, 274.
Xylocarpus granatum :
Description, i. 38.
Distribution, i, 22, 38.
Figure, i, 37.
Local names, i, 36.
Dye, i, 38, 122.
Lumber, i, 38.
Medicinal, iii, 197.
Stands, i, 86-100.
Tannin, i, 120-124.
Xylocarpus moluccensis :
Description, i. 38.
Distribution, i, 22.
Figure, i, 39.
Local names, i, 38.
Firewood, i, 112-117.
Forest charge, i, 125.
Piagau oil, ii, 120.
Stands, i, 86.
Tannin, i, 120-124.
Timber, i, 38.
Yabnoi, see Ficus hauili.
Yabyaban, s^e Tacca pinnatifida.
Yagom. see Indigofera suffruticosa.
Yaka, see Corchorus olitoritis.
Yakal-dilau, see Sindora supa.
Yalisai, see Terminalia catappa.
Yam, see Dioscorea esctdenta.
Yamban. see Phaeanthus ebracteolatus.
Yampong. see Abutilon indicum.
Yard grass, see Elensine indicn.
Yas, see Panicum palmaefolium.
Yati, see Tectona grandis.
Yaya, see Gonocaryuni calleryanum.
Yayaod, see Eclipta alba.
Yayasi, see Ficus ulmifolia.
Yayod-no-kangkang, see Emilia sochifolia.
Yayulinau, see Vernonia cinerea.
Yellow lanutan, see Poly alt hia fiava.
Yerba buena, see Mentha arvensis.
Yerba de San Pablo, see Phyllanthus niruri.
Yovas, see Graptophyllhim pictum.
Yunu-yiinu, see Terminalia comintana.
Yu-pa, see Anacolosa luzoniensis.
Zalacca clem ensiana :
Description, i, 243.
Distribution, i, 242.
Ornamental, i, 243.
Zanthoxylum, av'.cev.ncc :
Distribution, iii, 195.
Local names, iii, 195.
Medicinal, iii, 195.
Zanthoxylum rhetsa:
Distribution, iii, 195.
Local names, iii, 195.
Medicinal, iii, 195.
Zap6te, see Diospyros ebenaster.
Zapote negro, see Diospyros ebenaster.
Zarzaparilla-puti, see Smilax lencophylla.
Zea mays:
Distribution, iii, 172.
Local name, iii, 172.
Medicinal, iii, 172.
Zedoary, see Curcuma zedoaria.
Zedoary oil;
Curcuma zedoaria, ii, 183.
Zingiberaceae :
Dyes, ii. 385.
Fiber plants, i, 365.
Food plants, ii, 259.
Medicinal plants, iii, 66, 177.
Oils, ii, 182.
Zingiber officinale :
Local names, ii, 184,
Condiment, ii, 184.
Flavoring, ii, 184.
Medicine, ii, 184.
Oil, ii, 184.
Zingiber zerumbet:
Distribution, iii, 178.
Local names, iii, 178.
Medicinal, iii, 178.
Zizyphus jujuba :
Distribution, iii, 205.
Local names, iii, 205.
J Medicinal, iii, 205.
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